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diff --git a/www/lang_upsert.html b/www/lang_upsert.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bd9646f --- /dev/null +++ b/www/lang_upsert.html @@ -0,0 +1,2780 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html><head> +<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> +<link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> +<title>UPSERT</title> +<!-- path= --> +</head> +<body> +<div class=nosearch> +<a href="index.html"> +<img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0"> +</a> +<div><!-- IE hack to prevent disappearing logo --></div> +<div class="tagline desktoponly"> +Small. Fast. 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+if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ +document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; +} +/* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ +function hideorshow(btn,obj){ +var x = document.getElementById(obj); +var b = document.getElementById(btn); +if( x.style.display!='none' ){ +x.style.display = 'none'; +b.innerHTML='show'; +}else{ +x.style.display = ''; +b.innerHTML='hide'; +} +return false; +} +var antiRobot = 0; +function antiRobotGo(){ +if( antiRobot!=3 ) return; +antiRobot = 7; +var j = document.getElementById("mtimelink"); +if(j && j.hasAttribute("data-href")) j.href=j.getAttribute("data-href"); +} +function antiRobotDefense(){ +document.body.onmousedown=function(){ +antiRobot |= 2; +antiRobotGo(); +document.body.onmousedown=null; +} +document.body.onmousemove=function(){ +antiRobot |= 2; +antiRobotGo(); +document.body.onmousemove=null; +} +setTimeout(function(){ +antiRobot |= 1; +antiRobotGo(); +}, 100) +antiRobotGo(); +} +antiRobotDefense(); +</script> +<div class=fancy> +<div class=nosearch> +<div class="fancy_title"> +UPSERT +</div> +</div> + + + + +<h1 id="syntax"><span>1. </span>Syntax</h1> +<p><b><a href="syntax/upsert-clause.html">upsert-clause:</a></b> +<button id='xe9450c39' onclick='hideorshow("xe9450c39","xfa378d66")'>hide</button></p> + <div id='xfa378d66' class='imgcontainer'> + <div style="max-width:901px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 901.142 363.96"> +<path d="M223,165L759,165L759,51L223,51Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:3.24;stroke:rgb(211,211,211);" /> +<circle cx="5" cy="66" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="47,66 35,71 35,62" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M9,66L41,66" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M62,82L71,82A15 15 0 0 0 86 66A15 15 0 0 0 71 51L62,51A15 15 0 0 0 47 66A15 15 0 0 0 62 82Z" 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onclick='hideorshow("xc7e77f62","xc9d81d54")'>show</button></p> + <div id='xc9d81d54' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> + <div style="max-width:456px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 456.566 223.344"> +<circle cx="5" cy="56" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="32,56 20,60 20,52" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M9,56L26,56" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="66,26 55,30 55,22" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M32,56 L 38,56 Q 43,56 43,41 L 43,41 Q 43,26 52,26 L 61,26" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M82,41L150,41A15 15 0 0 0 165 26L165,26A15 15 0 0 0 150 11L82,11A15 15 0 0 0 66 26L66,26A15 15 0 0 0 82 41Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<text x="116" y="26" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">DISTINCT</text> +<polygon points="183,26 171,30 171,22" 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style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +</svg> +</div> +</div> +<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b> +<button id='x57a8aae3' onclick='hideorshow("x57a8aae3","x7a5d86ca")'>show</button></p> + <div id='x7a5d86ca' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> + <div style="max-width:293px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 293.842 147.96"> +<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="32,17 20,21 20,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M9,17L26,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="68,17 56,21 56,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M32,17L62,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M83,32L127,32A15 15 0 0 0 142 17A15 15 0 0 0 127 2L83,2A15 15 0 0 0 68 17A15 15 0 0 0 83 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<text x="105" y="17" 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style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +</svg> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<p><b><a href="syntax/indexed-column.html">indexed-column:</a></b> +<button id='x23f9d137' onclick='hideorshow("x23f9d137","x9e579f63")'>show</button></p> + <div id='x9e579f63' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> + <div style="max-width:696px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 696.36 102.6"> +<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="50,17 39,21 39,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M9,17L45,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M66,32L160,32A15 15 0 0 0 175 17A15 15 0 0 0 160 2L66,2A15 15 0 0 0 50 17A15 15 0 0 0 66 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<text x="113" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">column-name</text> +<polygon points="246,47 235,51 235,43" 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style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M597,17L675,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M582,62L599,62A15 15 0 0 0 614 47A15 15 0 0 0 599 32L582,32A15 15 0 0 0 567 47A15 15 0 0 0 582 62Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<text x="591" y="47" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">ASC</text> +<polygon points="645,47 633,51 633,43" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M614,47L639,47" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M645,47 L 652,47 Q 660,47 660,40 L 660,32" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="567,47 556,51 556,43" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M541,32 L 541,39 Q 541,47 551,47 L 561,47" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +</svg> +</div> +</div> +</div> + + +<h1 id="description"><span>2. </span>Description</h1> + +<p>UPSERT is a clause added to <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a> that causes the +INSERT to behave as an <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> or a no-op if the INSERT would violate +a uniqueness constraint. +UPSERT is not standard SQL. UPSERT in SQLite follows the +syntax established by PostgreSQL, with generalizations. + +</p><p>An UPSERT is an ordinary <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a> statement that is followed by +one or more ON CONFLICT clauses, as shown in the syntax diagram above. + +</p><p>The syntax in between the "ON CONFLICT" and "DO" keywords +is called the "conflict target". The conflict target specifies a +uniqueness constraint that will trigger the upsert. The conflict target +may be omitted on the last ON CONFLICT clause in the INSERT statement, but +is required for all other ON CONFLICT clauses. + +</p><p>If the insert operation would cause the conflict target uniqueness +constraint to fail, then the insert is omitted and +the corresponding DO NOTHING or DO UPDATE operation is performed instead. +The ON CONFLICT clauses are checked in the order specified. If the last +ON CONFLICT clause omits the conflict target, then it will fire if any +uniqueness constraint fails which is not captured by prior ON CONFLICT clauses. + +</p><p>Only a single ON CONFLICT clause, specifically the first ON CONFLICT +clause with a matching conflict target, may run for each row of the INSERT. +When an ON CONFLICT clause fires, all subsequent ON CONFLICT clauses are +bypassed for that one row. + +</p><p> +In the case of a multi-row insert, the upsert decision is made separately +for each row of the insert. + +</p><p>The UPSERT processing happens only for uniqueness constraints. +A "uniqueness constraint" +is an explicit UNIQUE or PRIMARY KEY constraint within +the CREATE TABLE statement, or a <a href="lang_createindex.html#uniqueidx">unique index</a>. +UPSERT does not intervene for failed NOT NULL, CHECK, +or foreign key constraints +or for constraints that are implemented using triggers. + +</p><p>Column names in the expressions of a DO UPDATE refer to the original +unchanged value of the column, before the attempted INSERT. To use the +value that would have been inserted had the constraint not failed, +add the special "excluded." table qualifier to the column name. + +</p><h2 id="examples"><span>2.1. </span>Examples</h2> + +<p>Some examples will help illustrate how UPSERT works: + +</p><blockquote><pre> +CREATE TABLE vocabulary(word TEXT PRIMARY KEY, count INT DEFAULT 1); +INSERT INTO vocabulary(word) VALUES('jovial') + ON CONFLICT(word) DO UPDATE SET count=count+1; +</pre></blockquote> + +<p>The upsert above inserts the new vocabulary word "jovial" if that +word is not already in the dictionary, or if it is already in the +dictionary, it increments the counter. The "count+1" expression +could also be written as "vocabulary.count". PostgreSQL requires the +second form, but SQLite accepts either. + +</p><blockquote><pre> +CREATE TABLE phonebook(name TEXT PRIMARY KEY, phonenumber TEXT); +INSERT INTO phonebook(name,phonenumber) VALUES('Alice','704-555-1212') + ON CONFLICT(name) DO UPDATE SET phonenumber=excluded.phonenumber; +</pre></blockquote> + +<p>In the second example, the expression in the DO UPDATE clause is +of the form "excluded.phonenumber". The "excluded." prefix causes the +"phonenumber" to refer to the value for phonenumber that would have been +inserted had there been no conflict. Hence, the effect of the upsert +is to insert a phonenumber of Alice if none exists, or to overwrite +any prior phonenumber for Alice with the new one. + +</p><p>Note that the DO UPDATE clause acts only on the single row +that experienced the constraint error during INSERT. It is not +necessary to include a WHERE clause that restricts the action +to that one row. The only use for the WHERE clause at +the end of the DO UPDATE is to optionally change the DO UPDATE +into a no-op depending on the original and/or new values. +For example: + +</p><blockquote><pre> +CREATE TABLE phonebook2( + name TEXT PRIMARY KEY, + phonenumber TEXT, + validDate DATE +); +INSERT INTO phonebook2(name,phonenumber,validDate) + VALUES('Alice','704-555-1212','2018-05-08') + ON CONFLICT(name) DO UPDATE SET + phonenumber=excluded.phonenumber, + validDate=excluded.validDate + WHERE excluded.validDate>phonebook2.validDate; +</pre></blockquote> + +<p>In this last example, the phonebook2 entry is only +updated if the validDate for the newly inserted value is +newer than the entry already in the table. If the table already +contains an entry with the same name and a current validDate, +then the WHERE clause causes the DO UPDATE to become a no-op. + +<a name="parseambig"></a> + + +</p><h2 id="parsing_ambiguity"><span>2.2. </span>Parsing Ambiguity</h2> + +<p>When the <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a> statement to which the UPSERT is attached +takes its values from a <a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a> statement, there is a potential +parsing ambiguity. The parser might not be able to tell if the +"ON" keyword is introducing the UPSERT or if it is the ON clause +of a join. To work around this, the SELECT statement should always +include a WHERE clause, even if that WHERE clause is just +"WHERE true". + +</p><p>Ambiguous use of ON: + +</p><blockquote><pre> +INSERT INTO t1 SELECT * FROM t2 +ON CONFLICT(x) DO UPDATE SET y=excluded.y; +</pre></blockquote> + +<p>Ambiguity resolved using a WHERE clause: + +</p><blockquote><pre> +INSERT INTO t1 SELECT * FROM t2 <font color="blue">WHERE true</font> +ON CONFLICT(x) DO UPDATE SET y=excluded.y; +</pre></blockquote> + +<h1 id="limitations"><span>3. </span>Limitations</h1> + +<p>UPSERT does not currently work for <a href="vtab.html">virtual tables</a>. + +</p><p>The <a href="lang_conflict.html">conflict resolution algorithm</a> for the update operation +of the DO UPDATE clause is always ABORT. In other words, the behavior +is as if the DO UPDATE clause were actually written as +"DO UPDATE OR ABORT". If the DO UPDATE clause encounters any +constraint violation, the entire INSERT statement rolls back and +halts. This is true even if the DO UPDATE clause is +contained within an INSERT statement or a trigger that specifies some +other conflict resolution algorithm. + +</p><h1 id="history"><span>4. </span>History</h1> + +<p>UPSERT syntax was added to SQLite with version 3.24.0 (2018-06-04). +The original implementation closely followed the PostgreSQL syntax in that +it only permitted a single ON CONFLICT clause and it required a +conflict target for on DO UPDATE. +The syntax was generalized to permit multiple ON CONFLICT clauses and +to allow DO UPDATE resolution without a conflict target in +SQLite version 3.35.0 (2021-03-12). +</p><p align="center"><small><i>This page last modified on <a href="https://sqlite.org/docsrc/honeypot" id="mtimelink" data-href="https://sqlite.org/docsrc/finfo/pages/lang_upsert.in?m=e0df5cdd65">2022-01-08 05:02:57</a> UTC </small></i></p> + |