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+<title>Powersafe Overwrite</title>
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+
+
+
+<h1 align="center">Powersafe Overwrite</h1>
+
+<p>"Powersafe overwrite" is a term used by the SQLite team to describe
+a behavior of some filesystems and disk-controllers related to
+data preservation during a power loss.  Powersafe overwrite
+is a boolean property: either the storage system has it or it does not.
+
+<p>We say that a system has the powersafe overwrite property if the following
+statement is true:
+
+<blockquote>
+  <b>When an application writes a range of bytes in a file, no
+  bytes outside of that range will change, even if the write occurs
+  just before a crash or power failure.</b>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>The powersafe overwrite property says nothing about the state of the
+bytes that were written.  Those bytes might contain their old values,
+their new values, random values, or some combination of these.  The powersafe
+overwrite property merely states that writes cannot change bytes outside
+of the range of bytes written.
+
+<p>In other words, powersafe overwrite means that there is no "collateral
+damage" when a power loss occurs while writing.  Only those bytes actually
+being written might be damaged.
+
+<p>In practical terms, what the powersafe write property means is that when
+the disk controller detects an impending power loss, it finishes writing
+whatever sector it is working on prior to parking the heads.  It means that
+individual sector writes will complete once started, even if
+there is a power loss.
+
+<p>Consider what would happen if disk sector writes are interrupted
+by a power loss.  If an application writes two or three bytes in the middle
+of some file, the operating system will implement this by first reading
+the entire sector containing those bytes, making the change to the
+sector in memory, then writing the entire sector back to the disk.  If a power
+loss occurs during the writeback and the sector was not completely written,
+then on the next read after reboot, error correcting codes
+in the sector will probably detect irreparable damage and the disk 
+controller will read out the sector as all zeros or all ones.  Thus
+values will have changed outside of the range of the two or three bytes 
+that were written at the application level - a violation of the powersafe
+overwrite property.
+
+<h2>SQLite Assumptions About Powersafe Overwrite</h2>
+
+<p>All versions of SQLite up to and including <a href="releaselog/3_7_9.html">version 3.7.9</a>
+(2011-11-01) assume that
+the filesystem does <u>not</u> provide powersafe overwrite.  SQLite 
+has traditionally assumed that when any one byte of a file changes, all
+other bytes within the same sector of that byte have the potential of
+being corrupted on a power loss.  When writing, SQLite has made sure
+to journal all bytes in the same sector of any modifications
+and it pads journal files out to the next sector boundary so that
+subsequent appends to that journal cannot damage prior records.
+SQLite understands the sector size to be the value returned by the
+xSectorSize method in the <a href="vfs.html">VFS</a>.  The SQLite team has often referred
+to the value returned by xSectorSize as the "blast radius" of a write,
+since it expresses the range of bytes that might be damaged if a power
+loss occurs during the write.
+The default <a href="vfs.html">VFSes</a> for unix and windows have always returned 512 as 
+the sector size (or blast radius) for all versions of SQLite up to
+and including version 3.7.9.
+
+<p>Newer disk drives have begun using 4096 byte sectors however.  Beginning
+with SQLite <a href="releaselog/3_7_10.html">version 3.7.10</a> (2012-01-16), 
+the SQLite development team experimented with 
+changes xSectorSize to report 4096 bytes as the blast radius.
+This had the effect of increasing write overhead on
+many databases.  For a database with a <a href="pragma.html#pragma_page_size">PRAGMA page_size</a> of 1024
+(a very common choice) making a change to a single page in the database
+now requires SQLite to backup three other adjacent pages to the rollback
+journal, whereas formerly it only had to backup the one page that was
+changing.  In <a href="wal.html">WAL mode</a>, each transaction had to be padded out to the
+next 4096-byte boundary in the WAL file, rather than the next 512-byte
+boundary, resulting in thousands of extra bytes being written
+per transaction.
+
+<p>The extra write overhead prompted a reexamination of assumptions about
+powersafe overwrite.  With modern disk drives, the capacity has become
+so large and the data density so great that a single sector is very
+small and writing a single sector takes very little time.  We know that
+disk drives can detect an impending power loss and continue
+to operate for some small amount of time on residual energy because those
+drives are able to park their heads before spinning down.  And
+so if an impending power loss is detectable by the disk controller, it
+seems reasonable that the controller will finish writing
+whatever sector it is current working on when the imminent power loss 
+is first detected, prior to parking the heads, as long as doing so
+does not take too long, which it should not with
+small and dense sectors.  Hence it seems reasonable
+to assume powersafe overwrite for modern disks.  Indeed, BerkeleyDB has
+made this assumption for decades, we are told.  Caution is advised
+though. As Roger Binns noted on the SQLite developers mailing list:
+"'poorly written' should be the main assumption about drive firmware."
+
+<a name="tornpage"></a>
+
+<h2>Torn Pages</h2>
+
+<p>A torn page occurs when a database page is larger than a disk sector,
+the database page is written to disk, but a power loss occurs prior to
+all sectors of the database page being written.  Then, upon recovery, part of
+the database page will have the old content while some other parts of the
+page will have the new content.  Some database engines assume that 
+page writes are atomic and hence a torn page is an unrecoverable error.
+</p>
+
+<p>SQLite never assumes that database page writes are atomic,
+regardless of the PSOW setting.<sup>(1)</sup>
+And hence SQLite is always able to automatically recover from torn pages
+induced by a crash.  Enabling PSOW does not decrease SQLite's ability
+to recover from a torn page.</p>
+
+<h2>Changes In SQLite Version 3.7.10</h2>
+
+<p>The <a href="vfs.html">VFS</a> for SQLite <a href="releaselog/3_7_10.html">version 3.7.10</a> (2012-01-16)
+adds a new device characteristic 
+named <a href="c3ref/c_iocap_atomic.html">SQLITE_IOCAP_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE</a>.  Database files that report this
+characteristic are assumed to reside on storage systems that have the
+powersafe overwrite property.
+The default unix and windows <a href="vfs.html">VFSes</a> now report
+<a href="c3ref/c_iocap_atomic.html">SQLITE_IOCAP_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE</a> if SQLite is compiled with
+<a href="compile.html#powersafe_overwrite">-DSQLITE_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE=1</a> or they
+make the legacy assumption that storage does not have the powersafe
+overwrite property if compiled with
+<a href="compile.html#powersafe_overwrite">-DSQLITE_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE=0</a>.
+For now, the default is for powersafe overwrite to be turned on, though
+we may revisit this in the future and default it off.
+
+<p>The powersafe overwrite property for individual databases can be
+specified as the database is opened using the "psow" query parameter
+with a <a href="uri.html">URI filename</a>.  For example, to always assume powersafe
+overwrite for a file (perhaps to ensure maximum write performance), 
+open it as
+
+<blockquote>
+   file:somefile.db?psow=1
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>Or to be extra safe with a database and to force SQLite to assume the
+database lacks powersafe overwrite, open it using
+
+<blockquote>
+   file:somefile.db?psow=0
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>There is also a new <a href="c3ref/c_fcntl_begin_atomic_write.html#sqlitefcntlpowersafeoverwrite">SQLITE_FCNTL_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE</a> opcode for
+the <a href="c3ref/file_control.html">sqlite3_file_control()</a> that allows
+an application to query the powersafe overwrite property for a database
+file.
+
+<hr>
+<h2>Notes:</h2>
+<ol><li value=1><p>
+SQLite never assumes atomic page writes <em>in its default configurations</em>.
+But a custom <a href="vfs.html">VFS</a> can set one of the 
+<a href="c3ref/c_iocap_atomic.html">SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC</a> bits in the result of the xDeviceCharacteristic()
+method and then SQLite will assume that page writes are atomic.  The
+application must supply a custom VFS to accomplish this, however, since
+none of the standard VFSes will ever set any of the atomic bits in the
+xDeviceCharacteristics() vector.
+</ol>
+<p align="center"><small><i>This page last modified on  <a href="https://sqlite.org/docsrc/honeypot" id="mtimelink"  data-href="https://sqlite.org/docsrc/finfo/pages/psow.in?m=7c9c05107b">2022-01-08 05:02:57</a> UTC </small></i></p>
+