diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'docs/sudoers.ldap.mdoc.in')
| -rw-r--r-- | docs/sudoers.ldap.mdoc.in | 1653 |
1 files changed, 1653 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/docs/sudoers.ldap.mdoc.in b/docs/sudoers.ldap.mdoc.in new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c1a63ea --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/sudoers.ldap.mdoc.in @@ -0,0 +1,1653 @@ +.\" +.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: ISC +.\" +.\" Copyright (c) 2003-2023 Todd C. Miller <Todd.Miller@sudo.ws> +.\" +.\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any +.\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above +.\" copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies. +.\" +.\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES +.\" WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF +.\" MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR +.\" ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES +.\" WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN +.\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF +.\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. +.\" +.Dd June 7, 2023 +.Dt SUDOERS.LDAP @mansectform@ +.Os Sudo @PACKAGE_VERSION@ +.Sh NAME +.Nm sudoers.ldap +.Nd sudo LDAP configuration +.Sh DESCRIPTION +In addition to the standard +.Em sudoers +file, +.Nm sudo +may be configured +via LDAP. +This can be especially useful for synchronizing +.Em sudoers +in a large, distributed environment. +.Pp +Using LDAP for +.Em sudoers +has several benefits: +.Bl -bullet -width 1n +.It +.Nm sudo +no longer needs to read +.Em sudoers +in its entirety. +When LDAP is used, there are only two or three LDAP queries per invocation. +This makes it especially fast and particularly usable in LDAP environments. +.It +It is possible to specify per-entry options that override the global +default options. +.Pa @sysconfdir@/sudoers +only supports default options and limited options associated with +user/host/commands/aliases. +The syntax is complicated and can be difficult for users to understand. +Placing the options directly in the entry is more natural. +.It +The +.Nm visudo +program is no longer needed. +.Nm visudo +provides locking and syntax checking of the +.Pa @sysconfdir@/sudoers +file. +Since LDAP updates are atomic, locking is no longer necessary. +Because syntax is checked when the data is inserted into LDAP, there +is no need for a specialized tool to check syntax. +.El +.Ss SUDOers LDAP container +The +.Em sudoers +configuration is contained in the +.Ql ou=SUDOers +LDAP container. +.Pp +Sudo first looks for the +.Ql cn=defaults +entry in the SUDOers container. +If found, the multi-valued +.Em sudoOption +attribute is parsed in the same manner as a global +.Em Defaults +line in +.Pa @sysconfdir@/sudoers . +In the following example, the +.Ev SSH_AUTH_SOCK +variable will be preserved in the environment for all users. +.Bd -literal -offset 4n +dn: cn=defaults,ou=SUDOers,dc=my-domain,dc=com +objectClass: top +objectClass: sudoRole +cn: defaults +description: Default sudoOption's go here +sudoOption: env_keep+=SSH_AUTH_SOCK +.Ed +.Pp +The equivalent of a sudoer in LDAP is a +.Em sudoRole . +It consists of the following attributes: +.Bl -tag -width 4n +.It Sy sudoUser +A user name, user-ID (prefixed with +.Ql # ) , +Unix group name or ID (prefixed with +.Ql % +or +.Ql %# +respectively), user netgroup (prefixed with +.Ql + ) , +or non-Unix group name or ID (prefixed with +.Ql %: +or +.Ql %:# +respectively). +User netgroups are matched using the user and domain members only; +the host member is not used when matching. +Non-Unix group support is only available when an appropriate +.Em group_plugin +is defined in the global +.Em defaults +.Em sudoRole +object. +If a +.Em sudoUser +entry is preceded by an exclamation point, +.Ql \&! , +and the entry matches, the +.Em sudoRole +in which it resides will be ignored. +Negated +.Em sudoUser +entries are only supported by version 1.9.9 or higher. +.It Sy sudoHost +A host name, IP address, IP network, or host netgroup (prefixed with a +.Ql + ) . +The special value +.Sy ALL +will match any host. +Host netgroups are matched using the host (both qualified and unqualified) +and domain members only; the user member is not used when matching. +If a +.Em sudoHost +entry is preceded by an exclamation point, +.Ql \&! , +and the entry matches, the +.Em sudoRole +in which it resides will be ignored. +Negated +.Em sudoHost +entries are only supported by version 1.8.18 or higher. +.It Sy sudoCommand +A fully-qualified Unix command name with optional command line arguments, +potentially including globbing characters (aka wild cards). +If a command name is preceded by an exclamation point, +.Ql \&! , +the user will be prohibited from running that command. +.Pp +The built-in command +.Dq sudoedit +is used to permit a user to run +.Nm sudo +with the +.Fl e +option (or as +.Nm sudoedit ) . +It may take command line arguments just as a normal command does. +Unlike other commands, +.Dq sudoedit +is a built into +.Nm sudo +itself and must be specified in without a leading path. +.Pp +The special value +.Sy ALL +will match any command. +.Pp +If a command name is prefixed with a SHA-2 digest, it will +only be allowed if the digest matches. +This may be useful in situations where the user invoking +.Nm sudo +has write access to the command or its parent directory. +The following digest formats are supported: sha224, sha256, sha384, and sha512. +The digest name must be followed by a colon +.Pq Ql :\& +and then the actual digest, in either hex or base64 format. +For example, given the following value for sudoCommand: +.Bd -literal -offset 4n +sha224:0GomF8mNN3wlDt1HD9XldjJ3SNgpFdbjO1+NsQ /bin/ls +.Ed +.Pp +The user may only run +.Pa /bin/ls +if its sha224 digest matches the specified value. +Command digests are only supported by version 1.8.7 or higher. +.It Sy sudoOption +Identical in function to the global options described above, but +specific to the +.Em sudoRole +in which it resides. +.It Sy sudoRunAsUser +A user name or user-ID (prefixed with +.Ql # ) +that commands may be run as or a Unix group (prefixed with a +.Ql % ) +or user netgroup (prefixed with a +.Ql + ) +that contains a list of users that commands may be run as. +The special value +.Sy ALL +will match any user. +If a +.Em sudoRunAsUser +entry is preceded by an exclamation point, +.Ql \&! , +and the entry matches, the +.Em sudoRole +in which it resides will be ignored. +If +.Em sudoRunAsUser +is specified but empty, it will match the invoking user. +If neither +.Em sudoRunAsUser +nor +.Em sudoRunAsGroup +are present, the value of the +.Em runas_default +.Em sudoOption +is used (defaults to @runas_default@). +.Pp +The +.Em sudoRunAsUser +attribute is only available in +.Nm sudo +versions +1.7.0 and higher. +Older versions of +.Nm sudo +use the +.Em sudoRunAs +attribute instead. +Negated +.Em sudoRunAsUser +entries are only supported by version 1.8.26 or higher. +.It Sy sudoRunAsGroup +A Unix group or group-ID (prefixed with +.Ql # ) +that commands may be run as. +The special value +.Sy ALL +will match any group. +If a +.Em sudoRunAsGroup +entry is preceded by an exclamation point, +.Ql \&! , +and the entry matches, the +.Em sudoRole +in which it resides will be ignored. +.Pp +The +.Em sudoRunAsGroup +attribute is only available in +.Nm sudo +versions +1.7.0 and higher. +Negated +.Em sudoRunAsGroup +entries are only supported by version 1.8.26 or higher. +.It Sy sudoNotBefore +A timestamp in the form +.Ql yyyymmddHHMMSSZ +that can be used to provide a start date/time for when the +.Em sudoRole +will be valid. +If multiple +.Em sudoNotBefore +entries are present, the earliest is used. +Timestamps must be in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), +not the local timezone. +The minute and seconds portions are optional, but some LDAP servers +require that they be present (contrary to the RFC). +.Pp +The +.Em sudoNotBefore +attribute is only available in +.Nm sudo +versions 1.7.5 and higher and must be explicitly enabled via the +.Sy SUDOERS_TIMED +option in +.Pa @ldap_conf@ . +.It Sy sudoNotAfter +A timestamp in the form +.Ql yyyymmddHHMMSSZ +that indicates an expiration date/time, after which the +.Em sudoRole +will no longer be valid. +If multiple +.Em sudoNotAfter +entries are present, the last one is used. +Timestamps must be in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), +not the local timezone. +The minute and seconds portions are optional, but some LDAP servers +require that they be present (contrary to the RFC). +.Pp +The +.Em sudoNotAfter +attribute is only available in +.Nm sudo +versions +1.7.5 and higher and must be explicitly enabled via the +.Sy SUDOERS_TIMED +option in +.Pa @ldap_conf@ . +.It Sy sudoOrder +The +.Em sudoRole +entries retrieved from the LDAP directory have no inherent order. +The +.Em sudoOrder +attribute is an integer (or floating point value for LDAP servers +that support it) that is used to sort the matching entries. +This allows LDAP-based sudoers entries to more closely mimic the behavior +of the sudoers file, where the order of the entries influences the result. +If multiple entries match, the entry with the highest +.Em sudoOrder +attribute is chosen. +This corresponds to the +.Dq last match +behavior of the sudoers file. +If the +.Em sudoOrder +attribute is not present, a value of 0 is assumed. +.Pp +The +.Em sudoOrder +attribute is only available in +.Nm sudo +versions 1.7.5 and higher. +.El +.Pp +Each attribute listed above should contain a single value, but there +may be multiple instances of each attribute type. +A +.Em sudoRole +must contain at least one +.Em sudoUser , +.Em sudoHost , +and +.Em sudoCommand . +.Pp +The following example allows users in group wheel to run any command +on any host via +.Nm sudo : +.Bd -literal -offset 4n +dn: cn=%wheel,ou=SUDOers,dc=my-domain,dc=com +objectClass: top +objectClass: sudoRole +cn: %wheel +sudoUser: %wheel +sudoHost: ALL +sudoCommand: ALL +.Ed +.Ss Anatomy of LDAP sudoers lookup +When looking up a sudoer using LDAP there are only two or three +LDAP queries per invocation. +The first query is to parse the global options. +The second is to match against the user's name and the groups that +the user belongs to. +(The special +.Sy ALL +tag is matched in this query too.) +If no match is returned for the user's name and groups, a third +query returns all entries containing user netgroups and other +non-Unix groups and checks to see if the user belongs to any of them. +.Pp +If timed entries are enabled with the +.Sy SUDOERS_TIMED +parameter, the LDAP queries include a sub-filter that limits retrieval +to entries that satisfy the time constraints, if any. +.Pp +If the +.Sy NETGROUP_BASE +parameter is present and +.Sy NETGROUP_QUERY +has not been disabled (see +.Sx Configuring ldap.conf +below), queries are performed to determine the list of netgroups +the user belongs to before the sudoers query. +This makes it possible to include netgroups in the sudoers query +string in the same manner as Unix groups. +The third query mentioned above is not performed unless a group provider +plugin is also configured. +The actual LDAP queries performed by +.Nm sudo +are as follows: +.Bl -enum +.It +Match all +.Em nisNetgroup +records with a +.Em nisNetgroupTriple +containing the user, host, and NIS domain. +The query will match +.Em nisNetgroupTriple +entries with either the short or long form of the host name or +no host name specified in the tuple. +If the NIS domain is set, the query will match only match entries +that include the domain or for which there is no domain present. +If the NIS domain is +.Em not +set, a wildcard is used to match any domain name but be aware that the +NIS schema used by some LDAP servers may not support wild cards for +.Em nisNetgroupTriple . +.It +Repeated queries are performed to find any nested +.Em nisNetgroup +records with a +.Em memberNisNetgroup +entry that refers to an already-matched record. +.El +.Pp +For sites with a large number of netgroups, using +.Sy NETGROUP_BASE +can significantly speed up +.Nm sudo Ns 's +execution time as long as the LDAP server supports querying the +.Em nisNetgroup +object by its +.Em nisNetgroupTriple +attribute. +.Ss Differences between LDAP and non-LDAP sudoers +One of the major differences between LDAP and file-based +.Em sudoers +is that in LDAP, +.Nm sudo Ns -specific +Aliases are not supported. +.Pp +For the most part, there is little need for +.Nm sudo Ns -specific +Aliases. +Unix groups, non-Unix groups (via the +.Em group_plugin ) , +or user netgroups can be used in place of User_Aliases and Runas_Aliases. +Host netgroups can be used in place of Host_Aliases. +Since groups and netgroups can also be stored in LDAP there is no real need for +.Nm sudo Ns -specific +aliases. +.Pp +There are also some subtle differences in the way sudoers is handled +once in LDAP. +Probably the biggest is that according to the RFC, LDAP ordering +is arbitrary and you cannot expect that Attributes and Entries are +returned in any specific order. +.Pp +The order in which different entries are applied can be controlled +using the +.Em sudoOrder +attribute, but there is no way to guarantee the order of attributes +within a specific entry. +If there are conflicting command rules in an entry, the negative +takes precedence. +This is called paranoid behavior (not necessarily the most specific +match). +.Pp +Here is an example: +.Bd -literal -offset 4n +# /etc/sudoers: +# Allow all commands except shell +johnny ALL=(root) ALL,!/bin/sh +# Always allows all commands because ALL is matched last +puddles ALL=(root) !/bin/sh,ALL + +# LDAP equivalent of johnny +# Allows all commands except shell +dn: cn=role1,ou=Sudoers,dc=my-domain,dc=com +objectClass: sudoRole +objectClass: top +cn: role1 +sudoUser: johnny +sudoHost: ALL +sudoCommand: ALL +sudoCommand: !/bin/sh + +# LDAP equivalent of puddles +# Notice that even though ALL comes last, it still behaves like +# role1 since the LDAP code assumes the more paranoid configuration +dn: cn=role2,ou=Sudoers,dc=my-domain,dc=com +objectClass: sudoRole +objectClass: top +cn: role2 +sudoUser: puddles +sudoHost: ALL +sudoCommand: !/bin/sh +sudoCommand: ALL +.Ed +.Ss Converting between file-based and LDAP sudoers +The +.Xr cvtsudoers 1 +utility can be used to convert between file-based and LDAP +.Em sudoers . +However, there are features in the file-based sudoers that have +no equivalent in LDAP-based sudoers (and vice versa). +These cannot be converted automatically. +.Pp +For example, a Cmnd_Alias in a +.Em sudoers +file may be converted to a +.Em sudoRole +that contains multiple commands. +Multiple users and/or groups may be assigned to the +.Em sudoRole . +.Pp +Also, host, user, runas, and command-based +.Em Defaults +entries are not supported. +However, a +.Em sudoRole +may contain one or more +.Em sudoOption +attributes which can often serve the same purpose. +.Pp +Consider the following +.Em sudoers +lines: +.Bd -literal -offset 4n +Cmnd_Alias PAGERS = /usr/bin/more, /usr/bin/pg, /usr/bin/less +Defaults!PAGERS noexec +alice, bob ALL = ALL +.Ed +.Pp +In this example, alice and bob are allowed to run all commands, but +the commands listed in PAGERS will have the noexec flag set, +preventing shell escapes. +.Pp +When converting this to LDAP, two sudoRole objects can be used: +.Bd -literal -offset 4n +dn: cn=PAGERS,ou=SUDOers,dc=my-domain,dc=com +objectClass: top +objectClass: sudoRole +cn: PAGERS +sudoUser: alice +sudoUser: bob +sudoHost: ALL +sudoCommand: /usr/bin/more +sudoCommand: /usr/bin/pg +sudoCommand: /usr/bin/less +sudoOption: noexec +sudoOrder: 900 + +dn: cn=ADMINS,ou=SUDOers,dc=my-domain,dc=com +objectClass: top +objectClass: sudoRole +cn: ADMINS +sudoUser: alice +sudoUser: bob +sudoHost: ALL +sudoCommand: ALL +sudoOrder: 100 +.Ed +.Pp +In the LDAP version, the sudoOrder attribute is used to guarantee +that the PAGERS sudoRole with +.Em noexec +has precedence. +Unlike the +.Em sudoers +version, the LDAP version requires that all users for whom the restriction +should apply be assigned to the PAGERS sudoRole. +Using a Unix group or netgroup in PAGERS rather than listing each +user would make this easier to maintain. +.Pp +Per-user +.Em Defaults +entries can be emulated by using one or more sudoOption attributes +in a sudoRole. +Consider the following +.Em sudoers +lines: +.Bd -literal -offset 4n +User_Alias ADMINS = john, sally +Defaults:ADMINS !authenticate +ADMINS ALL = (ALL:ALL) ALL +.Ed +.Pp +In this example, john and sally are allowed to run any command +as any user or group. +.Pp +When converting this to LDAP, we can use a Unix group instead +of the User_Alias. +.Bd -literal -offset 4n +dn: cn=admins,ou=SUDOers,dc=my-domain,dc=com +objectClass: top +objectClass: sudoRole +cn: admins +sudoUser: %admin +sudoHost: ALL +sudoRunAsUser: ALL +sudoRunAsGroup: ALL +sudoCommand: ALL +sudoOption: !authenticate +.Ed +.Pp +This assumes that users john and sally are members of the +.Dq admins +Unix group. +.Ss Sudoers schema +In order to use +.Nm sudo Ns 's +LDAP support, the +.Nm sudo +schema must be +installed on your LDAP server. +In addition, be sure to index the +.Em sudoUser +attribute. +.Pp +The +.Nm sudo +distribution includes versions of the +.Nm sudoers +schema for multiple LDAP servers: +.Bl -tag -width 4n +.It Pa schema.OpenLDAP +OpenLDAP slapd and +.Ox +ldapd +.It Pa schema.olcSudo +OpenLDAP slapd 2.3 and higher when on-line configuration is enabled +.It Pa schema.iPlanet +Netscape-derived servers such as the iPlanet, Oracle, +and 389 Directory Servers +.It Pa schema.ActiveDirectory +Microsoft Active Directory +.El +.Pp +The schema in OpenLDAP format is also included in the +.Sx EXAMPLES +section. +.Ss Configuring ldap.conf +Sudo reads the +.Pa @ldap_conf@ +file for LDAP-specific configuration. +Typically, this file is shared between different LDAP-aware clients. +As such, most of the settings are not +.Nm sudo Ns -specific. +The +.Pa @ldap_conf@ +file is parsed by +.Nm sudo +itself and may support options that differ from those described in the +system's +.Xr ldap.conf @mansectform@ +manual. +The path to +.Pa ldap.conf +may be overridden via the +.Em ldap_conf +plugin argument in +.Xr sudo.conf @mansectform@ . +.Pp +On systems using the OpenLDAP libraries, default values specified in +.Pa /etc/openldap/ldap.conf +or the user's +.Pa .ldaprc +files are not used. +.Pp +.Nm sudo +supports a variety of LDAP library implementations, including +OpenLDAP, Netscape-derived (also used by Solaris and HP-UX), and +IBM LDAP (aka Tivoli). +Some options are specific to certain LDAP implementations or have +implementation-specific behavior. +These differences are noted below where applicable. +.Pp +Only those options explicitly listed in +.Pa @ldap_conf@ +as being supported by +.Nm sudo +are honored. +Configuration options are listed below in upper case but are parsed +in a case-independent manner. +.Pp +Lines beginning with a pound sign +.Pq Ql # +are ignored. +Leading white space is removed from the beginning of lines. +.Bl -tag -width 4n +.It Sy BIND_TIMELIMIT Ar seconds +The +.Sy BIND_TIMELIMIT +parameter specifies the amount of time, in seconds, to wait while trying +to connect to an LDAP server. +If multiple +.Sy URI Ns s +or +.Sy HOST Ns s +are specified, this is the amount of time to wait before trying +the next one in the list. +.It Sy BINDDN Ar DN +The +.Sy BINDDN +parameter specifies the identity, in the form of a Distinguished Name (DN), +to use when performing LDAP operations. +If not specified, LDAP operations are performed with an anonymous identity. +By default, most LDAP servers will allow anonymous access. +.It Sy BINDPW Ar secret +The +.Sy BINDPW +parameter specifies the password to use when performing LDAP operations. +This is typically used in conjunction with the +.Sy BINDDN +parameter. +The +.Ar secret +may be a plaintext password or a base64-encoded string with a +.Dq base64: +prefix. +For example: +.Bd -literal -offset 4n +BINDPW base64:dGVzdA== +.Ed +.Pp +If a plaintext password is used, it should be a simple string without quotes. +Plain text passwords may not include the comment character +.Pq Ql # +and the escaping of special characters with a backslash +.Pq Ql \e +is not supported. +.It Sy DEREF Ar never/searching/finding/always +How alias dereferencing is to be performed when searching. +See the +.Xr ldap.conf @mansectform@ +manual for a full description of this option. +.It Sy HOST Ar name[:port] ... +If no +.Sy URI +is specified (see below), the +.Sy HOST +parameter specifies a white space-delimited list of LDAP servers to connect to. +Each host may include an optional +.Em port +separated by a colon +.Pq Ql :\& . +The +.Sy HOST +parameter is deprecated in favor of the +.Sy URI +specification and is included for backward compatibility only. +.It Sy KRB5_CCNAME Ar file name +The path to the Kerberos 5 credential cache to use when authenticating +with the remote server. +.Pp +This option is only relevant when using SASL authentication (see below). +.It Sy LDAP_VERSION Ar number +The version of the LDAP protocol to use when connecting to the server. +The default value is protocol version 3. +.It Sy NETGROUP_BASE Ar base +The base DN to use when performing LDAP netgroup queries. +Typically this is of the form +.Ql ou=netgroup,dc=my-domain,dc=com +for the domain my-domain.com. +Multiple +.Sy NETGROUP_BASE +lines may be specified, in which case they are queried in the order specified. +.Pp +When this option is enabled, +.Nm sudo +will query the LDAP server directly when matching netgroups present in a +.Em sudoRole +instead of relying on the C library's +.Fn innetgr +function. +.Pp +Additionally, if the +.Sy NETGROUP_QUERY +parameter (which is enabled by default) has not been disabled, the +user's netgroups will be queried directly via LDAP for use in the +main sudoers query. +This is usually faster than fetching every +.Em sudoRole +object containing a +.Em sudoUser +that begins with a +.Ql + +prefix and checking whether the user is a member of each one. +The NIS schema used by some LDAP servers needs a modification to +support querying the +.Em nisNetgroup +object by its +.Em nisNetgroupTriple +attribute. +For example, OpenLDAP's +.Sy slapd +requires the following change to the +.Em nisNetgroupTriple +attribute: +.Bd -literal -offset 4n +attributetype ( 1.3.6.1.1.1.1.14 NAME 'nisNetgroupTriple' + DESC 'Netgroup triple' + EQUALITY caseIgnoreIA5Match + SUBSTR caseIgnoreIA5SubstringsMatch + SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.26 ) +.Ed +.Pp +Before enabling +.Sy NETGROUP_BASE , +you should verify that your LDAP server supports matching +.Em nisNetgroupTriple . +For example, using +.Sy ldapsearch : +.Bd -literal -offset 4n +$ ldapsearch -b $NETGROUP_BASE \e + '(&(objectClass=nisNetgroup)(nisNetgroupTriple=\e28*,USER,\e29))' +.Ed +.Pp +where your +.Em nisNetgroup +data includes an object with the following +.Em nisNetgroupTriple : +.Pp +.Dl nisNetgroupTriple: (,USER,) +.It Sy NETGROUP_QUERY Ar on/true/yes/off/false/no +The +.Sy NETGROUP_QUERY +parameter indicates whether or not the LDAP server supports querying +.Em nisNetgroup +objects by matching on +.Em nisNetgroupTriple +attributes. +By default, +.Nm sudoers +expects to be able to perform queries that match on +.Em nisNetgroupTriple +attributes when +.Sy NETGROUP_BASE +is set, but not all LDAP servers support this. +.Pp +If +.Sy NETGROUP_QUERY +is disabled, +.Nm sudoers +will not attempt to determine the list of netgroups the user belongs +to, but will still use +.Sy NETGROUP_BASE +directly when matching netgroups. +This can be used to support netgroups on systems that lack the +.Fn innetgr +C library function. +See the description of the +.Sy NETGROUP_BASE +parameter for more information. +.It Sy NETGROUP_SEARCH_FILTER Ar ldap_filter +An LDAP filter which is used to restrict the set of records returned +when performing an LDAP netgroup query. +Typically, this is of the form +.Ql attribute=value +or +.Ql (&(attribute=value)(attribute2=value2)) . +The default search filter is: +.Ql objectClass=nisNetgroup . +If +.Ar ldap_filter +is omitted, no search filter will be used. +.Pp +This option is only used when querying netgroups directly via LDAP. +.It Sy NETWORK_TIMEOUT Ar seconds +An alias for +.Sy BIND_TIMELIMIT +provided for OpenLDAP compatibility. +.It Sy PORT Ar port_number +If no +.Sy URI +is specified, the +.Sy PORT +parameter specifies the default port to connect to on the LDAP server if a +.Sy HOST +parameter does not specify the port itself. +If no +.Sy PORT +parameter is used, the default is port 389 for LDAP and port 636 for LDAP +over TLS (SSL). +The +.Sy PORT +parameter is deprecated in favor of the +.Sy URI +specification and is included for backward compatibility only. +.It Sy ROOTBINDDN Ar DN +The +.Sy ROOTBINDDN +parameter specifies the identity, in the form of a Distinguished Name (DN), +to use when performing privileged LDAP operations, such as +.Em sudoers +queries. +The password corresponding to the identity should be stored in the +or the path specified by the +.Em ldap_secret +plugin argument in +.Xr sudo.conf @mansectform@ , +which defaults to +.Pa @ldap_secret@ . +If no +.Sy ROOTBINDDN +is specified, the +.Sy BINDDN +identity is used (if any). +.It Sy ROOTUSE_SASL Ar on/true/yes/off/false/no +Enable +.Sy ROOTUSE_SASL +to enable SASL authentication when connecting +to an LDAP server from a privileged process, such as +.Nm sudo . +.It Sy SASL_AUTH_ID Ar identity +The SASL user name to use when connecting to the LDAP server. +By default, +.Nm sudo +will use an anonymous connection. +.Pp +This option is only relevant when using SASL authentication. +.It Sy SASL_MECH Ar mechanisms +A white space-delimited list of SASL authentication mechanisms to use. +By default, +.Nm sudo +will use +.Dv GSSAPI +authentication. +.It Sy SASL_SECPROPS Ar none/properties +SASL security properties or +.Em none +for no properties. +See the SASL programmer's manual for details. +.Pp +This option is only relevant when using SASL authentication. +.It Sy SSL Ar on/true/yes/off/false/no +If the +.Sy SSL +parameter is set to +.Em on , +.Em true , +or +.Em yes +TLS (SSL) encryption is always used when communicating with the LDAP server. +Typically, this involves connecting to the server on port 636 (ldaps). +.It Sy SSL Ar start_tls +If the +.Sy SSL +parameter is set to +.Em start_tls , +the LDAP server connection is initiated normally and TLS encryption is +begun before the bind credentials are sent. +This has the advantage of not requiring a dedicated port for encrypted +communications. +This parameter is only supported by LDAP servers that honor the +.Em start_tls +extension, such as the OpenLDAP and IBM Tivoli Directory servers. +.It Sy SUDOERS_BASE Ar base +The base DN to use when performing +.Nm sudo +LDAP queries. +Typically this is of the form +.Ql ou=SUDOers,dc=my-domain,dc=com +for the domain my-domain.com. +Multiple +.Sy SUDOERS_BASE +lines may be specified, in which case they are queried in the order specified. +.It Sy SUDOERS_DEBUG Ar debug_level +This sets the debug level for +.Nm sudo +LDAP queries. +Debugging information is printed to the standard error. +A value of 1 results in a moderate amount of debugging information. +A value of 2 shows the results of the matches themselves. +This parameter should not be set in a production environment as the +extra information is likely to confuse users. +.Pp +The +.Sy SUDOERS_DEBUG +parameter is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. +The same information is now logged via the +.Nm sudo +debugging framework using the +.Dq ldap +subsystem at priorities +.Em diag +and +.Em info +for +.Em debug_level +values 1 and 2 respectively. +See the +.Xr sudo.conf @mansectform@ +manual for details on how to configure +.Nm sudo +debugging. +.It Sy SUDOERS_SEARCH_FILTER Ar ldap_filter +An LDAP filter which is used to restrict the set of records returned +when performing a +.Nm sudo +LDAP query. +Typically, this is of the +form +.Ql attribute=value +or +.Ql (&(attribute=value)(attribute2=value2)) . +The default search filter is: +.Ql objectClass=sudoRole . +If +.Ar ldap_filter +is omitted, no search filter will be used. +.It Sy SUDOERS_TIMED Ar on/true/yes/off/false/no +Whether or not to evaluate the +.Em sudoNotBefore +and +.Em sudoNotAfter +attributes that implement time-dependent sudoers entries. +.It Sy TIMELIMIT Ar seconds +The +.Sy TIMELIMIT +parameter specifies the amount of time, in seconds, to wait for a +response to an LDAP query. +.It Sy TIMEOUT Ar seconds +The +.Sy TIMEOUT +parameter specifies the amount of time, in seconds, to wait for a +response from the various LDAP APIs. +.It Sy TLS_CACERT Ar file name +An alias for +.Sy TLS_CACERTFILE +for OpenLDAP compatibility. +.It Sy TLS_CACERTFILE Ar file name +The path to a certificate authority bundle which contains the certificates +for all the Certificate Authorities the client knows to be valid, e.g., +.Pa /etc/ssl/ca-bundle.pem . +.Pp +This option is only supported by the OpenLDAP libraries. +Netscape-derived LDAP libraries use the same certificate +database for CA and client certificates (see +.Sy TLS_CERT ) . +.It Sy TLS_CACERTDIR Ar directory +Similar to +.Sy TLS_CACERTFILE +but instead of a file, it is a directory containing individual +Certificate Authority certificates, e.g., +.Pa /etc/ssl/certs . +The directory specified by +.Sy TLS_CACERTDIR +is checked after +.Sy TLS_CACERTFILE . +.Pp +This option is only supported by the OpenLDAP libraries. +.It Sy TLS_CERT Ar file name +The path to a file containing the client certificate which can +be used to authenticate the client to the LDAP server. +The certificate type depends on the LDAP libraries used. +.Bl -tag -width 4n +.It OpenLDAP: +.Ql tls_cert /etc/ssl/client_cert.pem +.It Netscape-derived: +.Ql tls_cert /var/ldap/cert7.db +.It IBM LDAP: +Unused, the key database specified by +.Sy TLS_KEY +contains both keys and certificates. +.El +.Pp +When using Netscape-derived libraries, this file may also contain +Certificate Authority certificates. +.It Sy TLS_CHECKPEER Ar on/true/yes/off/false/no +If enabled, +.Sy TLS_CHECKPEER +will cause the LDAP server's TLS certificated to be verified. +If the server's TLS certificate cannot be verified (usually because it +is signed by an unknown certificate authority), +.Nm sudo +will be unable to connect to it. +If +.Sy TLS_CHECKPEER +is disabled, no check is made. +Disabling this check creates an opportunity for man-in-the-middle +attacks since the server's identity will not be authenticated. +If possible, the CA's certificate should be installed locally so it can +be verified. +.Pp +This option is not supported by the IBM LDAP libraries. +.It Sy TLS_KEY Ar file name +The path to a file containing the private key which matches the +certificate specified by +.Sy TLS_CERT . +The private key must not be password-protected. +The key type depends on the LDAP libraries used. +.Bl -tag -width 4n +.It OpenLDAP: +.Ql tls_key /etc/ssl/client_key.pem +.It Netscape-derived: +.Ql tls_key /var/ldap/key3.db +.It IBM LDAP: +.Ql tls_key /usr/ldap/ldapkey.kdb +.El +.Pp +When using IBM LDAP libraries, this file may also contain +Certificate Authority and client certificates and may be encrypted. +.It Sy TLS_CIPHERS Ar cipher list +The +.Sy TLS_CIPHERS +parameter allows the administer to restrict which encryption algorithms +may be used for TLS (SSL) connections. +See the OpenLDAP or IBM Tivoli Directory Server manual for a list of valid +ciphers. +.Pp +This option is not supported by Netscape-derived libraries. +.It Sy TLS_KEYPW Ar secret +The +.Sy TLS_KEYPW +contains the password used to decrypt the key database on clients +using the IBM LDAP library. +The +.Ar secret +may be a plaintext password or a base64-encoded string with a +.Dq base64: +prefix. +For example: +.Bd -literal -offset 4n +TLS_KEYPW base64:dGVzdA== +.Ed +.Pp +If a plaintext password is used, it should be a simple string without quotes. +Plain text passwords may not include the comment character +.Pq Ql # +and the escaping of special characters with a backslash +.Pq Ql \e +is not supported. +If this option is used, +.Pa @ldap_conf@ +must not be world-readable to avoid exposing the password. +Alternately, a +.Em stash file +can be used to store the password in encrypted form (see below). +.Pp +If no +.Sy TLS_KEYPW +is specified, a +.Em stash file +will be used if it exists. +The +.Em stash file +must have the same path as the file specified by +.Sy TLS_KEY , +but use a +.Ql .sth +file extension instead of +.Ql .kdb , +for example +.Ql ldapkey.sth . +The default +.Ql ldapkey.kdb +that ships with the IBM Tivoli Directory Server is encrypted with the password +.Ql ssl_password . +The +.Em gsk8capicmd +utility can be used to manage the key database and create a +.Em stash file . +.Pp +This option is only supported by the IBM LDAP libraries. +.It Sy TLS_REQCERT Ar level +The +.Sy TLS_REQCERT +parameter controls how the LDAP server's TLS certificated will be +verified (if at all). +If the server's TLS certificate cannot be verified (usually because it +is signed by an unknown certificate authority), +.Nm sudo +will be unable to connect to it. +The following +.Ar level +values are supported: +.Bl -tag -width 4n -offset 4n +.It never +The server certificate will not be requested or checked. +.It allow +The server certificate will be requested. +A missing or invalid certificate is ignored and not considered an error. +.It try +The server certificate will be requested. +A missing certificate is ignored but an invalid certificate will +result in a connection error. +.It demand | Ar hard +The server certificate will be requested. +A missing or invalid certificate will result in a connection error. +This is the default behavior. +.El +.Pp +This option is only supported by the OpenLDAP libraries. +Other LDAP libraries only support the +.Sy TLS_CHECKPEER +parameter. +.It Sy TLS_RANDFILE Ar file name +The +.Sy TLS_RANDFILE +parameter specifies the path to an entropy source for systems that lack +a random device. +It is generally used in conjunction with +.Em prngd +or +.Em egd . +.Pp +This option is only supported by the OpenLDAP libraries. +.It Sy URI Ar ldap[s]://[hostname[:port]] ... +Specifies a white space-delimited list of one or more URIs describing +the LDAP server(s) to connect to. +The +.Em protocol +may be either +.Em ldap +.Em ldaps , +the latter being for servers that support TLS (SSL) encryption. +If no +.Em port +is specified, the default is port 389 for +.Ql ldap:// +or port 636 for +.Ql ldaps:// . +If no +.Em hostname +is specified, +.Nm sudo +will connect to +.Em localhost . +Multiple +.Sy URI +lines are treated identically to a +.Sy URI +line containing multiple entries. +Only systems using the OpenSSL libraries support the mixing of +.Ql ldap:// +and +.Ql ldaps:// +URIs. +Both the Netscape-derived and IBM LDAP libraries used on most commercial +versions of Unix are only capable of supporting one or the other. +.It Sy USE_SASL Ar on/true/yes/off/false/no +Enable +.Sy USE_SASL +for LDAP servers that support SASL authentication. +.It Sy ROOTSASL_AUTH_ID Ar identity +The SASL user name to use when +.Sy ROOTUSE_SASL +is enabled. +.El +.Pp +See the +.Pa ldap.conf +entry in the +.Sx EXAMPLES +section. +.Ss Configuring nsswitch.conf +Unless it is disabled at build time, +.Nm sudo +consults the Name Service Switch file, +.Pa @nsswitch_conf@ , +to specify the +.Em sudoers +search order. +Sudo looks for a line beginning with +.Em sudoers : +and uses this to determine the search order. +By default, +.Nm sudo +does not stop searching after the first match and later matches take +precedence over earlier ones (unless +.Ql [SUCCESS=return] +is used, see below). +The following sources are recognized: +.Pp +.Bl -tag -width "files" -offset 4n -compact +.It files +read sudoers from +.Pa @sysconfdir@/sudoers +.It ldap +read sudoers from LDAP +.El +.Pp +In addition, a subset of +.Pa nsswitch.conf Ns -style +action statements is supported, specifically +.Ql [SUCCESS=return] +and +.Ql [NOTFOUND=return] . +These will unconditionally terminate the search if the user was either +found +.Ql [SUCCESS=return] +or not found +.Ql [NOTFOUND=return] +in the immediately preceding source. +Other action statements tokens are not supported, nor is test +negation with +.Ql \&! . +.Pp +To consult LDAP first followed by the local sudoers file (if it +exists), use: +.Bd -literal -offset 4n +sudoers: ldap files +.Ed +.Pp +To consult LDAP only when no match is found in the local sudoers +file (if it exists), use: +.Bd -literal -offset 4n +sudoers: files [SUCCESS=return] ldap +.Ed +.Pp +The local +.Em sudoers +file can be ignored completely by using: +.Bd -literal -offset 4n +sudoers: ldap +.Ed +.Pp +If the +.Pa @nsswitch_conf@ +file is not present or there is no sudoers line, the following +default is assumed: +.Bd -literal -offset 4n +sudoers: files +.Ed +.Pp +The +.Pa @nsswitch_conf@ +file is supported even when the underlying operating system does not +support it, except on AIX (see below). +.Ss Configuring netsvc.conf +On AIX systems, the +.Pa @netsvc_conf@ +file is consulted instead of +.Pa @nsswitch_conf@ . +.Nm sudo +simply treats +.Pa netsvc.conf +as a variant of +.Pa nsswitch.conf ; +information in the previous section unrelated to the file format +itself still applies. +.Pp +To consult LDAP first followed by the local sudoers file (if it +exists), use: +.Bd -literal -offset 4n +sudoers = ldap, files +.Ed +.Pp +The local +.Em sudoers +file can be ignored completely by using: +.Bd -literal -offset 4n +sudoers = ldap +.Ed +.Pp +To treat LDAP as authoritative and only use the local sudoers file +if the user is not present in LDAP, use: +.Bd -literal -offset 4n +sudoers = ldap = auth, files +.Ed +.Pp +In the above example, the +.Em auth +qualifier only affects user lookups; both LDAP and +.Em sudoers +will be queried for +.Em Defaults +entries. +.Pp +If the +.Pa @netsvc_conf@ +file is not present or there is no sudoers line, the following +default is assumed: +.Bd -literal -offset 4n +sudoers = files +.Ed +.Ss Integration with sssd +On systems with the +.Em System Security Services Daemon +(SSSD) and where +.Nm sudo +has been built with SSSD support, +it is possible to use SSSD to cache LDAP +.Em sudoers +rules. +To use SSSD as the +.Em sudoers +source, you should use +.Em sss +instead of +.Em ldap +for the sudoers entry in +.Pa @nsswitch_conf@ . +The +.Pa @ldap_conf@ +file is not used by the SSSD +.Nm sudo +back end. +See +.Xr sssd-sudo @mansectform@ +for more information on configuring +.Nm sudo +to work with SSSD. +.Sh FILES +.Bl -tag -width 24n +.It Pa @ldap_conf@ +LDAP configuration file +.It Pa @nsswitch_conf@ +determines sudoers source order +.It Pa @netsvc_conf@ +determines sudoers source order on AIX +.El +.Sh EXAMPLES +.Ss Example ldap.conf +.Bd -literal -offset 2n +# Either specify one or more URIs or one or more host:port pairs. +# If neither is specified sudo will default to localhost, port 389. +# +#host ldapserver +#host ldapserver1 ldapserver2:390 +# +# Default port if host is specified without one, defaults to 389. +#port 389 +# +# URI will override the host and port settings. +uri ldap://ldapserver +#uri ldaps://secureldapserver +#uri ldaps://secureldapserver ldap://ldapserver +# +# The amount of time, in seconds, to wait while trying to connect to +# an LDAP server. +bind_timelimit 30 +# +# The amount of time, in seconds, to wait while performing an LDAP query. +timelimit 30 +# +# Must be set or sudo will ignore LDAP; may be specified multiple times. +sudoers_base ou=SUDOers,dc=my-domain,dc=com +# +# verbose sudoers matching from ldap +#sudoers_debug 2 +# +# Enable support for time-based entries in sudoers. +#sudoers_timed yes +# +# optional proxy credentials +#binddn <who to search as> +#bindpw <password> +#rootbinddn <who to search as, uses /etc/ldap.secret for bindpw> +# +# LDAP protocol version, defaults to 3 +#ldap_version 3 +# +# Define if you want to use an encrypted LDAP connection. +# Typically, you must also set the port to 636 (ldaps). +#ssl on +# +# Define if you want to use port 389 and switch to +# encryption before the bind credentials are sent. +# Only supported by LDAP servers that support the start_tls +# extension such as OpenLDAP. +#ssl start_tls +# +# Additional TLS options follow that allow tweaking of the +# SSL/TLS connection. +# +#tls_checkpeer yes # verify server SSL certificate +#tls_checkpeer no # ignore server SSL certificate +# +# If you enable tls_checkpeer, specify either tls_cacertfile +# or tls_cacertdir. Only supported when using OpenLDAP. +# +#tls_cacertfile /etc/certs/trusted_signers.pem +#tls_cacertdir /etc/certs +# +# For systems that don't have /dev/random +# use this along with PRNGD or EGD.pl to seed the +# random number pool to generate cryptographic session keys. +# Only supported when using OpenLDAP. +# +#tls_randfile /etc/egd-pool +# +# You may restrict which ciphers are used. Consult your SSL +# documentation for which options go here. +# Only supported when using OpenLDAP. +# +#tls_ciphers <cipher-list> +# +# Sudo can provide a client certificate when communicating to +# the LDAP server. +# Tips: +# * Enable both lines at the same time. +# * Do not password protect the key file. +# * Ensure the keyfile is only readable by root. +# +# For OpenLDAP: +#tls_cert /etc/certs/client_cert.pem +#tls_key /etc/certs/client_key.pem +# +# For Netscape-derived LDAP, tls_cert and tls_key may specify either +# a directory, in which case the files in the directory must have the +# default names (e.g., cert8.db and key4.db), or the path to the cert +# and key files themselves. However, a bug in version 5.0 of the LDAP +# SDK will prevent specific file names from working. For this reason +# it is suggested that tls_cert and tls_key be set to a directory, +# not a file name. +# +# The certificate database specified by tls_cert may contain CA certs +# and/or the client's cert. If the client's cert is included, tls_key +# should be specified as well. +# For backward compatibility, "sslpath" may be used in place of tls_cert. +#tls_cert /var/ldap +#tls_key /var/ldap +# +# If using SASL authentication for LDAP (OpenSSL) +# use_sasl yes +# sasl_auth_id <SASL user name> +# rootuse_sasl yes +# rootsasl_auth_id <SASL user name for root access> +# sasl_secprops none +# krb5_ccname /etc/.ldapcache +.Ed +.Ss Sudoers schema for OpenLDAP +The following schema, in OpenLDAP format, is included with +.Nm sudo +source and binary distributions as +.Pa schema.OpenLDAP . +Simply copy +it to the schema directory (e.g., +.Pa /etc/openldap/schema ) , +add the proper +.Em include +line in +.Pa slapd.conf +and restart +.Nm slapd . +Sites using the optional on-line configuration supported by OpenLDAP 2.3 +and higher should apply the +.Pa schema.olcSudo +file instead. +.Bd -literal -offset 2n +attributetype ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.15953.9.1.1 + NAME 'sudoUser' + DESC 'User(s) who may run sudo' + EQUALITY caseExactMatch + SUBSTR caseExactSubstringsMatch + SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.15 ) + +attributetype ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.15953.9.1.2 + NAME 'sudoHost' + DESC 'Host(s) who may run sudo' + EQUALITY caseExactIA5Match + SUBSTR caseExactIA5SubstringsMatch + SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.26 ) + +attributetype ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.15953.9.1.3 + NAME 'sudoCommand' + DESC 'Command(s) to be executed by sudo' + EQUALITY caseExactIA5Match + SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.26 ) + +attributetype ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.15953.9.1.4 + NAME 'sudoRunAs' + DESC 'User(s) impersonated by sudo' + EQUALITY caseExactIA5Match + SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.26 ) + +attributetype ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.15953.9.1.5 + NAME 'sudoOption' + DESC 'Options(s) followed by sudo' + EQUALITY caseExactIA5Match + SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.26 ) + +attributetype ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.15953.9.1.6 + NAME 'sudoRunAsUser' + DESC 'User(s) impersonated by sudo' + EQUALITY caseExactMatch + SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.15 ) + +attributetype ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.15953.9.1.7 + NAME 'sudoRunAsGroup' + DESC 'Group(s) impersonated by sudo' + EQUALITY caseExactMatch + SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.15 ) + +attributetype ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.15953.9.1.8 + NAME 'sudoNotBefore' + DESC 'Start of time interval for which the entry is valid' + EQUALITY generalizedTimeMatch + ORDERING generalizedTimeOrderingMatch + SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.24 ) + +attributetype ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.15953.9.1.9 + NAME 'sudoNotAfter' + DESC 'End of time interval for which the entry is valid' + EQUALITY generalizedTimeMatch + ORDERING generalizedTimeOrderingMatch + SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.24 ) + +attributetype ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.15953.9.1.10 + NAME 'sudoOrder' + DESC 'an integer to order the sudoRole entries' + EQUALITY integerMatch + ORDERING integerOrderingMatch + SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.27 ) + +objectclass ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.15953.9.2.1 NAME 'sudoRole' SUP top STRUCTURAL + DESC 'Sudoer Entries' + MUST ( cn ) + MAY ( sudoUser $ sudoHost $ sudoCommand $ sudoRunAs $ sudoRunAsUser $ + sudoRunAsGroup $ sudoOption $ sudoNotBefore $ sudoNotAfter $ + sudoOrder $ description ) + ) +.Ed +.Sh SEE ALSO +.Xr cvtsudoers 1 , +.Xr ldap.conf @mansectform@ , +.Xr sssd-sudo @mansectform@ , +.Xr sudo.conf @mansectform@ , +.Xr sudoers @mansectform@ +.Sh AUTHORS +Many people have worked on +.Nm sudo +over the years; this version consists of code written primarily by: +.Bd -ragged -offset indent +.An Todd C. Miller +.Ed +.Pp +See the CONTRIBUTORS.md file in the +.Nm sudo +distribution (https://www.sudo.ws/about/contributors/) for an +exhaustive list of people who have contributed to +.Nm sudo . +.Sh CAVEATS +There are differences in the way that LDAP-based +.Em sudoers +is parsed compared to file-based +.Em sudoers . +See the +.Sx Differences between LDAP and non-LDAP sudoers +section for more information. +.Sh BUGS +If you believe you have found a bug in +.Nm sudo , +you can submit a bug report at https://bugzilla.sudo.ws/ +.Sh SUPPORT +Limited free support is available via the sudo-users mailing list, +see https://www.sudo.ws/mailman/listinfo/sudo-users to subscribe or +search the archives. +.Sh DISCLAIMER +.Nm sudo +is provided +.Dq AS IS +and any express or implied warranties, including, but not limited +to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a +particular purpose are disclaimed. +See the LICENSE.md file distributed with +.Nm sudo +or https://www.sudo.ws/about/license/ for complete details. |