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| author | Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org> | 2024-04-19 17:39:49 +0000 |
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| committer | Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org> | 2024-04-19 17:39:49 +0000 |
| commit | a0aa2307322cd47bbf416810ac0292925e03be87 (patch) | |
| tree | 37076262a026c4b48c8a0e84f44ff9187556ca35 /doc/userguide/configuration/suricata-yaml | |
| parent | Initial commit. (diff) | |
| download | suricata-upstream/1%7.0.3.tar.xz suricata-upstream/1%7.0.3.zip | |
Adding upstream version 1:7.0.3.upstream/1%7.0.3
Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>
Diffstat (limited to '')
20 files changed, 2795 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/doc/userguide/configuration/suricata-yaml.rst b/doc/userguide/configuration/suricata-yaml.rst new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6e2e0cd --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/userguide/configuration/suricata-yaml.rst @@ -0,0 +1,2795 @@ +Suricata.yaml +============= + +Suricata uses the Yaml format for configuration. The Suricata.yaml +file included in the source code, is the example configuration of +Suricata. This document will explain each option. + +At the top of the YAML-file you will find % YAML 1.1. Suricata reads +the file and identifies the file as YAML. + +.. _suricata-yaml-max-pending-packets: + +Max-pending-packets +------------------- + +With the max-pending-packets setting you can set the number of packets +you allow Suricata to process simultaneously. This can range from one +packet to tens of thousands/hundreds of thousands of packets. It is a +trade of higher performance and the use of more memory (RAM), or lower +performance and less use of memory. A high number of packets being +processed results in a higher performance and the use of more +memory. A low number of packets, results in lower performance and less +use of memory. Choosing a low number of packets being processed while +having many CPU's/CPU cores, can result in not making use of the whole +computer-capacity. (For instance: using one core while having three +waiting for processing packets.) + +:: + + max-pending-packets: 1024 + +Runmodes +-------- + +By default the runmode option is disabled. With the runmodes setting +you can set the runmode you would like to use. For all runmodes +available, enter **--list-runmodes** in your command line. For more +information, see :doc:`../performance/runmodes`. + +:: + + runmode: autofp + +Default-packet-size +------------------- + +For the max-pending-packets option, Suricata has to keep packets in +memory. With the default-packet-size option, you can set the size of +the packets on your network. It is possible that bigger packets have +to be processed sometimes. The engine can still process these bigger +packets, but processing it will lower the performance. + +:: + + default-packet-size: 1514 + +User and group +-------------- + +It is possible to set the user and group to run Suricata as: + +:: + + run-as: + user: suri + group: suri + + +PID File +-------- + +This option sets the name of the PID file when Suricata is run in +daemon mode. This file records the Suricata process ID. + +:: + + pid-file: /var/run/suricata.pid + +.. note:: This configuration file option only sets the PID file when + running in daemon mode. To force creation of a PID file when + not running in daemon mode, use the :option:`--pidfile` + command line option. + + Also, if running more than one Suricata process, each + process will need to specify a different pid-file location. + +.. _suricata-yaml-action-order: + +Action-order +------------ + +All signatures have different properties. One of those is the Action +property. This one determines what will happen when a signature +matches. There are four types of Action. A summary of what will +happen when a signature matches and contains one of those Actions: + +1) Pass + +If a signature matches and contains pass, Suricata stops scanning the +packet and skips to the end of all rules (only for the current +packet). If the signature matches on a TCP connection, the entire +flow will be passed but details of the flow will still be logged. + +2) Drop + +This only concerns the IPS/inline mode. If the program finds a +signature that matches, containing drop, it stops immediately. The +packet will not be sent any further. Drawback: The receiver does not +receive a message of what is going on, resulting in a time-out +(certainly with TCP). Suricata generates an alert for this packet. + +3) Reject + +This is an active rejection of the packet. Both receiver and sender +receive a reject packet. There are two types of reject packets that +will be automatically selected. If the offending packet concerns TCP, +it will be a Reset-packet. For all other protocols it will be an +ICMP-error packet. Suricata also generates an alert. When in +Inline/IPS mode, the offending packet will also be dropped like with +the 'drop' action. + +4) Alert + +If a signature matches and contains alert, the packet will be treated +like any other non-threatening packet, except for this one an alert +will be generated by Suricata. Only the system administrator can +notice this alert. + +Inline/IPS can block network traffic in two ways. One way is by drop +and the other by reject. + +Rules will be loaded in the order of which they appear in files. But +they will be processed in a different order. Signatures have different +priorities. The most important signatures will be scanned first. There +is a possibility to change the order of priority. The default order +is: pass, drop, reject, alert. + +:: + + action-order: + - pass + - drop + - reject + - alert + +This means a pass rule is considered before a drop rule, a drop rule +before a reject rule and so on. + +Packet alert queue settings +--------------------------- + +It is possible to configure the size of the alerts queue that is used to append alerts triggered by each packet. + +This will influence how many alerts would be perceived to have matched against a given packet. +The default value is 15. If an invalid setting or no value is provided, the engine will fall +back to the default. + +:: + + #Define maximum number of possible alerts that can be triggered for the same + # packet. Default is 15 + packet-alert-max: 15 + +We recommend that you use the default value for this setting unless you are seeing a high number of discarded alerts +(``alert_queue_overflow``) - see the `Discarded and Suppressed Alerts Stats`_ section for more details. + +Impact on engine behavior +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Internally, the Suricata engine represents each packet with a data structure that has its own alert queue. The max size +of the queue is defined by ``packet-alert-max``. The same rule can be triggered by the same packet multiple times. As +long as there is still space in the alert queue, those are appended. + +Rules that have the ``noalert`` keyword will be checked - in case their signatures have actions that must be applied to the Packet or Flow, then suppressed. They have no effect in the final alert queue. + +Rules are queued by priority: higher priority rules may be kept instead of lower priority ones that may have been triggered earlier, if Suricata reaches ``packet-alert-max`` for a given packet (a.k.a. packet alert queue overflow). + +Packet alert queue overflow +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +Once the alert queue reaches its max size, we are potentially at packet alert queue overflow, so new alerts will only be appended in case their rules have a higher priority id (this is the internal id attributed by the engine, not the signature id). + +This may happen in two different situations: + +- a higher priority rule is triggered after a lower priority one: the lower priority rule is replaced in the queue; +- a lower priority rule is triggered: the rule is just discarded. + +.. note :: + + This behavior does not mean that triggered ``drop`` rules would have their action ignored, in IPS mode. + +.. _alerts stats: + +Discarded and Suppressed Alerts Stats +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Both scenarios previously described will be logged as *detect.alert_queue_overflow* in the stats logs (in stats.log and eve-log's stats event). + +When ``noalert`` rules match, they appear in the stats logs as *detect.alerts_suppressed*. + +:: + + Date: 4/6/2022 -- 17:18:08 (uptime: 0d, 00h 00m 00s) + ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + Counter | TM Name | Value + ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + detect.alert | Total | 3 + detect.alert_queue_overflow | Total | 4 + detect.alerts_suppressed | Total | 1 + + +In this example from a stats.log, we read that 8 alerts were generated: 3 were kept in the packet queue while 4 +were discarded due to packets having reached max size for the alert queue, and 1 was suppressed due to coming from a ``noalert`` +rule. + + +Splitting configuration in multiple files +----------------------------------------- + +Some users might have a need or a wish to split their suricata.yaml +file into separate files, this is available via the 'include' and +'!include' keyword. The first example is of taking the contents of the +outputs section and storing them in outputs.yaml. + +:: + + # outputs.yaml + - fast + enabled: yes + filename: fast.log + append: yes + + ... + +:: + + # suricata.yaml + ... + + outputs: !include outputs.yaml + + ... + +The second scenario is where multiple sections are migrated to a +different YAML file. + +:: + + # host_1.yaml + + max-pending-packets: 2048 + + outputs: + - fast + enabled: yes + filename: fast.log + append: yes + +:: + + # suricata.yaml + + include: host_1.yaml + + ... + +If the same section, say outputs is later redefined after the include +statement it will overwrite the included file. Therefore any include +statement at the end of the document will overwrite the already +configured sections. + +Event output +------------ + +Default logging directory +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +In the /var/log/suricata directory, all of Suricata's output (alerts +and events) will be stored. + +:: + + default-log-dir: /var/log/suricata + +This directory can be overridden by entering the -l command line +parameter or by changing the directory directly in Yaml. To change it +with the -l command line parameter, enter the following: + +:: + + suricata -c suricata.yaml -i eth0 -l /var/log/suricata-logs/ + +.. _suricata_yaml_outputs: + +Stats +~~~~~ + +Engine statistics such as packet counters, memory use counters and others +can be logged in several ways. A separate text log 'stats.log' and an EVE +record type 'stats' are enabled by default. + +The stats have a global configuration and a per logger configuration. Here +the global config is documented. + +:: + + # global stats configuration + stats: + enabled: yes + # The interval field (in seconds) controls at what interval + # the loggers are invoked. + interval: 8 + # Add decode events as stats. + #decoder-events: true + # Decoder event prefix in stats. Has been 'decoder' before, but that leads + # to missing events in the eve.stats records. See issue #2225. + #decoder-events-prefix: "decoder.event" + # Add stream events as stats. + #stream-events: false + +Statistics can be `enabled` or disabled here. + +Statistics are dumped on an `interval`. Setting this below 3 or 4 seconds is +not useful due to how threads are synchronized internally. + +The decoder events that the decoding layer generates, can create a counter per +event type. This behaviour is enabled by default. The `decoder-events` option +can be set to `false` to disable. + +In 4.1.x there was a naming clash between the regular decoder counters and +the decoder-event counters. This lead to a fair amount of decoder-event +counters not being shown in the EVE.stats records. To address this without +breaking existing setups, a config option `decoder-events-prefix` was added +to change the naming of the decoder-events from decoder.<proto>.<event> to +decoder.event.<proto>.<event>. In 5.0 this became the default. +See `issue 2225 <https://redmine.openinfosecfoundation.org/issues/2225>`_. + +Similar to the `decoder-events` option, the `stream-events` option controls +whether the stream-events are added as counters as well. This is disabled by +default. + +Outputs +~~~~~~~ + +There are several types of output. The general structure is: + +:: + + outputs: + - fast: + enabled: yes + filename: fast.log + append: yes/no + +Enabling all of the logs, will result in a much lower performance and +the use of more disc space, so enable only the outputs you need. + +Line based alerts log (fast.log) +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +This log contains alerts consisting of a single line. Example of the +appearance of a single fast.log-file line: + +:: + + 10/05/10-10:08:59.667372 [**] [1:2009187:4] ET WEB_CLIENT ACTIVEX iDefense + COMRaider ActiveX Control Arbitrary File Deletion [**] [Classification: Web + Application Attack] [Priority: 3] {TCP} xx.xx.232.144:80 -> 192.168.1.4:56068 + +:: + + -fast: #The log-name. + enabled:yes #This log is enabled. Set to 'no' to disable. + filename: fast.log #The name of the file in the default logging directory. + append: yes/no #If this option is set to yes, the last filled fast.log-file will not be + #overwritten while restarting Suricata. + +.. _suricata-yaml-outputs-eve: + +Eve (Extensible Event Format) +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +This is an JSON output for alerts and events. It allows for easy +integration with 3rd party tools like logstash. + +.. literalinclude:: ../partials/eve-log.yaml + +For more advanced configuration options, see :ref:`Eve JSON Output <eve-json-output>`. + +The format is documented in :ref:`Eve JSON Format <eve-json-format>`. + +.. _suricata-yaml-outputs-tls: + +TLS parameters and certificates logging (tls.log) +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +The TLS handshake parameters can be logged in a line based log as well. +By default, the logfile is `tls.log` in the suricata log directory. +See :ref:`Custom TLS logging <output-custom-tls-logging>` for details +about the configuration and customization of the log format. + +Furthermore there is an output module to store TLS certificate files to +disk. This is similar to :ref:`File-store (File Extraction) +<suricata-yaml-file-store>`, but for TLS certificates. + +Example: + +:: + + # output module to store certificates chain to disk + - tls-store: + enabled: yes + #certs-log-dir: certs # directory to store the certificates files + +A line based log of HTTP requests (http.log) +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +This log keeps track of all HTTP-traffic events. It contains the HTTP +request, hostname, URI and the User-Agent. This information will be +stored in the http.log (default name, in the suricata log +directory). This logging can also be performed through the use of the +:ref:`Eve-log capability <eve-json-format>`. + +Example of a HTTP-log line with non-extended logging: + +:: + + 07/01/2014-04:20:14.338309 vg.no [**] / [**] Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_9_2) + AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/35.0.1916.114 Safari/537.36 [**] + 192.168.1.6:64685 -> 195.88.54.16:80 + +Example of a HTTP-log line with extended logging: + +:: + + 07/01/2014-04:21:06.994705 vg.no [**] / [**] Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_9_2) + AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/35.0.1916.114 Safari/537.36 [**] <no referer> [**] + GET [**] HTTP/1.1 [**] 301 => http://www.vg.no/ [**] 239 bytes [**] 192.168.1.6:64726 -> 195.88.54.16:80 + +:: + + - http-log: #The log-name. + enabled: yes #This log is enabled. Set 'no' to disable. + filename: http.log #The name of the file in the default logging directory. + append: yes/no #If this option is set to yes, the last filled http.log-file will not be + # overwritten while restarting Suricata. + extended: yes # If set to yes more information is written about the event. + +.. _suricata_yaml_pcap_log: + +Packet log (pcap-log) +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +With the pcap-log option you can save all packets, that are registered +by Suricata, in a log file named _log.pcap_. This way, you can take a +look at all packets whenever you want. In the normal mode a pcap file +is created in the default-log-dir. It can also be created elsewhere if +a absolute path is set in the yaml-file. + +The file that is saved in example the default -log-dir +/var/log/suricata, can be be opened with every program which supports +the pcap file format. This can be Wireshark, TCPdump, Suricata, Snort +and many others. + +The pcap-log option can be enabled and disabled. + +There is a size limit for the pcap-log file that can be set. The +default limit is 32 MB. If the log-file reaches this limit, the file +will be rotated and a new one will be created. The pcap-log option +has an extra functionality for "Sguil":http://sguil.sourceforge.net/ +that can be enabled in the 'mode' option. In the sguil mode the +"sguil_base_dir" indicates the base directory. In this base dir the +pcaps are created in a Sguil-specific directory structure that is +based on the day: + +:: + + $sguil_base_dir/YYYY-MM-DD/$filename.<timestamp> + +If you would like to use Suricata with Sguil, do not forget to enable +(and if necessary modify) the base dir in the suricata.yaml file. +Remember that in the 'normal' mode, the file will be saved in +default-log-dir or in the absolute path (if set). + +The pcap files can be compressed before being written to disk by setting +the compression option to lz4. This option is incompatible with sguil +mode. Note: On Windows, this option increases disk I/O instead of +reducing it. When using lz4 compression, you can enable checksums using +the lz4-checksum option, and you can set the compression level lz4-level +to a value between 0 and 16, where higher levels result in higher +compression. + +By default all packets are logged except: + +- TCP streams beyond stream.reassembly.depth +- encrypted streams after the key exchange + +It is possible to do conditional pcap logging by using the `conditional` +option in the pcap-log section. By default the variable is set to `all` +so all packets are logged. If the variable is set to `alerts` then only +the flow with alerts will be logged. If the variable is set to `tag` +then only packets tagged by signatures using the `tag` keyword will +be logged to the pcap file. Please note that if `alerts` or `tag` is +used, then in the case of TCP session, Suricata will use available +information from the streaming engine to log data that have triggered +the alert. + +:: + + - pcap-log: + enabled: yes + filename: log.pcap + + # Limit in MB. + limit: 32 + + mode: sguil # "normal" (default) or sguil. + sguil_base_dir: /nsm_data/ + conditional: alerts + +Verbose Alerts Log (alert-debug.log) +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +This is a log type that gives supplementary information about an +alert. It is particularly convenient for people who investigate false +positives and who write signatures. However, it lowers the performance +because of the amount of information it has to store. + +:: + + - alert-debug: #The log-name. + enabled: no #This log is not enabled. Set 'yes' to enable. + filename: alert-debug.log #The name of the file in the default logging directory. + append: yes/no #If this option is set to yes, the last filled fast.log-file will not be + # overwritten while restarting Suricata. + +Stats +~~~~~ + +In stats you can set the options for stats.log. When enabling +stats.log you can set the amount of time in seconds after which you +want the output-data to be written to the log file. + +:: + + - stats: + enabled: yes #By default, the stats-option is enabled + filename: stats.log #The log-name. Combined with the default logging directory + #(default-log-dir) it will result in /var/log/suricata/stats.log. + #This directory can be overruled with a absolute path. (A + #directory starting with / ). + append: yes/no #If this option is set to yes, the last filled fast.log-file will not be + #overwritten while restarting Suricata. + +The interval and several other options depend on the global stats +section as described above. + +Syslog +~~~~~~ + +With this option it is possible to send all alert and event output to syslog. + +:: + + - syslog: #This is a output-module to direct log-output to several directions. + enabled: no #The use of this output-module is not enabled. + facility: local5 #In this option you can set a syslog facility. + level: Info #In this option you can set the level of output. The possible levels are: + #Emergency, Alert, Critical, Error, Warning, Notice, Info and Debug. + +.. _suricata-yaml-file-store: + +File-store (File Extraction) +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +The `file-store` output enables storing of extracted files to disk and +configures where they are stored. + +The following shows the configuration options for version 2 of the +`file-store` output. + +.. code-block:: yaml + + - file-store: + # This configures version 2 of the file-store. + version: 2 + + enabled: no + + # Set the directory for the filestore. If the path is not + # absolute will be be relative to the default-log-dir. + #dir: filestore + + # Write out a fileinfo record for each occurrence of a + # file. Disabled by default as each occurrence is already logged + # as a fileinfo record to the main eve-log. + #write-fileinfo: yes + + # Force storing of all files. Default: no. + #force-filestore: yes + + # Override the global stream-depth for sessions in which we want + # to perform file extraction. Set to 0 for unlimited; otherwise, + # must be greater than the global stream-depth value to be used. + #stream-depth: 0 + + # Uncomment the following variable to define how many files can + # remain open for filestore by Suricata. Default value is 0 which + # means files get closed after each write + #max-open-files: 1000 + + # Force logging of checksums, available hash functions are md5, + # sha1 and sha256. Note that SHA256 is automatically forced by + # the use of this output module as it uses the SHA256 as the + # file naming scheme. + #force-hash: [sha1, md5] + +Detection engine +---------------- + +Inspection configuration +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +The detection-engine builds internal groups of signatures. Suricata loads signatures, with which the network traffic will be compared. The fact is, that many rules certainly will not be necessary. (For instance: if there appears a packet with the UDP-protocol, all signatures for the TCP-protocol won't be needed.) For that reason, all signatures will be divided in groups. However, a distribution containing many groups will make use of a lot of memory. Not every type of signature gets its own group. There is a possibility that different signatures with several properties in common, will be placed together in a group. The quantity of groups will determine the balance between memory and performance. A small amount of groups will lower the performance yet uses little memory. The opposite counts for a higher amount of groups. The engine allows you to manage the balance between memory and performance. To manage this, (by determining the amount of groups) there are several general options: high for good performance and more use of memory, low for low performance and little use of memory. The option medium is the balance between performance and memory usage. This is the default setting. The option custom is for advanced users. This option has values which can be managed by the user. + +:: + + detect: + profile: medium + custom-values: + toclient-groups: 2 + toserver-groups: 25 + sgh-mpm-context: auto + inspection-recursion-limit: 3000 + +At all of these options, you can add (or change) a value. Most +signatures have the adjustment to focus on one direction, meaning +focusing exclusively on the server, or exclusively on the client. + +If you take a look at example 4, *the Detection-engine grouping tree*, +you see it has many branches. At the end of each branch, there is +actually a 'sig group head'. Within that sig group head there is a +container which contains a list with signatures that are significant +for that specific group/that specific end of the branch. Also within +the sig group head the settings for Multi-Pattern-Matcher (MPM) can be +found: the MPM-context. + +As will be described again at the part 'Pattern matching settings', +there are several MPM-algorithms of which can be chosen from. Because +every sig group head has its own MPM-context, some algorithms use a +lot of memory. For that reason there is the option sgh-mpm-context to +set whether the groups share one MPM-context, or to set that every +group has its own MPM-context. + +For setting the option sgh-mpm-context, you can choose from auto, full +or single. The default setting is 'auto', meaning Suricata selects +full or single based on the algorithm you use. 'Full' means that every +group has its own MPM-context, and 'single' that all groups share one +MPM-context. The algorithm "ac" uses a single MPM-context if the +Sgh-MPM-context setting is 'auto'. The rest of the algorithms use full +in that case. + +The inspection-recursion-limit option has to mitigate that possible +bugs in Suricata cause big problems. Often Suricata has to deal with +complicated issues. It could end up in an 'endless loop' due to a bug, +meaning it will repeat its actions over and over again. With the +option inspection-recursion-limit you can limit this action. + +*Example 4 Detection-engine grouping tree* + +.. image:: suricata-yaml/grouping_tree.png + +:: + + src Stands for source IP-address. + dst Stands for destination IP-address. + sp Stands for source port. + dp Stands for destination port. + +*Example 5 Detail grouping tree* + +.. image:: suricata-yaml/grouping_tree_detail.png + +.. _suricata-yaml-prefilter: + +Prefilter Engines +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +The concept of prefiltering is that there are far too many rules to inspect individually. The approach prefilter takes is that from each rule one condition is added to prefilter, which is then checked in one step. The most common example is MPM (also known as fast_pattern). This takes a single pattern per rule and adds it to the MPM. Only for those rules that have at least one pattern match in the MPM stage, individual inspection is performed. + +Next to MPM, other types of keywords support prefiltering. ICMP itype, icode, icmp_seq and icmp_id for example. TCP window, IP TTL are other examples. + +For a full list of keywords that support prefilter, see: + +:: + + suricata --list-keywords=all + +Suricata can automatically select prefilter options, or it can be set manually. + +:: + + detect: + prefilter: + default: mpm + +By default, only MPM/fast_pattern is used. + +The prefilter engines for other non-MPM keywords can then be enabled in specific rules by using the 'prefilter' keyword. + +E.g. + +:: + + alert ip any any -> any any (ttl:123; prefilter; sid:1;) + +To let Suricata make these decisions set default to 'auto': + +:: + + detect: + prefilter: + default: auto + + +Pattern matcher settings +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +The multi-pattern-matcher (MPM) is a part of the detection engine +within Suricata that searches for multiple patterns at +once. Often, signatures have one or more patterns. Of each +signature, one pattern is used by the multi-pattern-matcher. That way +Suricata can exclude many signatures from being examined, because a +signature can only match when all its patterns match. + +These are the proceedings: + +1) A packet comes in. +2) The packed will be analyzed by the Multi-pattern-matcher in search of patterns that match. +3) All patterns that match, will be further processed by Suricata (signatures). + +*Example 8 Multi-pattern-matcher* + +.. image:: suricata-yaml/MPM2.png + +Suricata offers various implementations of different +multi-pattern-matcher algorithm's. These can be found below. + +To set the multi-pattern-matcher algorithm: + +:: + + mpm-algo: ac + +After 'mpm-algo', you can enter one of the following algorithms: ac, hs and ac-ks. + +On `x86_64` hs (Hyperscan) should be used for best performance. + +.. _suricata-yaml-threading: + +Threading +--------- + +Suricata is multi-threaded. Suricata uses multiple CPUs/CPU cores so +it can process a lot of network packets simultaneously. (In a +single-core engine, the packets will be processed one at a time.) + +There are four thread-modules: Packet acquisition, decode and stream +application layer, detection, and outputs. + +# The packet acquisition module reads packets from the network. + +# The decode module decodes the packets and the stream application +application layer has three tasks: + +:: + + First: it performs stream-tracking, meaning it is making sure all steps will be taken to make a correct network-connection. + Second: TCP-network traffic comes in as packets. The Stream-Assembly engine reconstructs the original stream. + Finally: the application layer will be inspected. HTTP and DCERPC will be analyzed. + +# The detection threads will compare signatures. There can be several detection threads so they can operate simultaneously. + +# In Outputs all alerts and events will be processed. + +*Example 6 Threading* + +.. image:: suricata-yaml/threading.png + +:: + + Packet acquisition: Reads packets from the network + Decode: Decodes packets. + Stream app. Layer: Performs stream-tracking and reassembly. + Detect: Compares signatures. + Outputs: Processes all events and alerts. + +Most computers have multiple CPU's/ CPU cores. By default the +operating system determines which core works on which thread. When a +core is already occupied, another one will be designated to work on +the thread. So, which core works on which thread, can differ from time +to time. + +There is an option within threading: + +:: + + set-cpu-affinity: no + +With this option you can cause Suricata setting fixed cores for every +thread. In that case 1, 2 and 4 are at core 0 (zero). Each core has +its own detect thread. The detect thread running on core 0 has a lower +priority than the other threads running on core 0. If these other +cores are to occupied, the detect thread on core 0 has not much +packets to process. The detect threads running on other cores will +process more packets. This is only the case after setting the option +to 'yes'. + +*Example 7 Balancing workload* + +.. image:: suricata-yaml/balancing_workload.png + +You can set the detect-thread-ratio: + +:: + + detect-thread-ratio: 1.5 + +The detect thread-ratio will determine the amount of detect +threads. By default it will be 1.5 x the amount of CPU's/CPU cores +present at your computer. This will result in having more detection +threads then CPU's/ CPU cores. Meaning you are oversubscribing the +amount of cores. This may be convenient at times when there have to be +waited for a detection thread. The remaining detection thread can +become active. + + +You can alter the per-thread stack-size if the default provided by +your build system is too small. The default value is provided by +your build system; we suggest setting the value to 8MB if the default +value is too small. + +:: + + stack-size: 8MB + + +In the option 'cpu affinity' you can set which CPU's/cores work on which +thread. In this option there are several sets of threads. The management-, +receive-, worker- and verdict-set. These are fixed names and can not be +changed. For each set there are several options: cpu, mode, and prio. In the +option 'cpu' you can set the numbers of the CPU's/cores which will run the +threads from that set. You can set this option to 'all', use a range (0-3) or a +comma separated list (0,1). The option 'mode' can be set to 'balanced' or +'exclusive'. When set to 'balanced', the individual threads can be processed by +all cores set in the option 'cpu'. If the option 'mode' is set to 'exclusive', +there will be fixed cores for each thread. As mentioned before, threads can +have different priority's. In the option 'prio' you can set a priority for each +thread. This priority can be low, medium, high or you can set the priority to +'default'. If you do not set a priority for a CPU, than the settings in +'default' will count. By default Suricata creates one 'detect' (worker) thread +per available CPU/CPU core. + +.. note:: The 'prio' settings could overwrite each other, make sure to not + include the same CPU core in different 'prio' settings. + +:: + + cpu-affinity: + - management-cpu-set: + cpu: [ 0 ] # include only these cpus in affinity settings + - receive-cpu-set: + cpu: [ 0 ] # include only these cpus in affinity settings + - worker-cpu-set: + cpu: [ "all" ] + mode: "exclusive" + # Use explicitly 3 threads and don't compute number by using + # detect-thread-ratio variable: + # threads: 3 + prio: + low: [ 0 ] + medium: [ "1-2" ] + high: [ 3 ] + default: "medium" + - verdict-cpu-set: + cpu: [ 0 ] + prio: + default: "high" + +Relevant cpu-affinity settings for IDS/IPS modes +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +IDS mode +~~~~~~~~ + +Runmode AutoFp:: + + management-cpu-set - used for management (example - flow.managers, flow.recyclers) + receive-cpu-set - used for receive and decode + worker-cpu-set - used for streamtcp,detect,output(logging),reject + +Rumode Workers:: + + management-cpu-set - used for management (example - flow.managers, flow.recyclers) + worker-cpu-set - used for receive,streamtcp,decode,detect,output(logging),respond/reject + + +IPS mode +~~~~~~~~ + +Runmode AutoFp:: + + management-cpu-set - used for management (example - flow.managers, flow.recyclers) + receive-cpu-set - used for receive and decode + worker-cpu-set - used for streamtcp,detect,output(logging) + verdict-cpu-set - used for verdict and respond/reject + +Runmode Workers:: + + management-cpu-set - used for management (example - flow.managers, flow.recyclers) + worker-cpu-set - used for receive,streamtcp,decode,detect,output(logging),respond/reject, verdict + + + +IP Defrag +--------- + +Occasionally network packets appear fragmented. On some networks it +occurs more often than on others. Fragmented packets exist of many +parts. Before Suricata is able to inspect these kind of packets +accurately, the packets have to be reconstructed. This will be done by +a component of Suricata; the defragment-engine. After a fragmented +packet is reconstructed by the defragment-engine, the engine sends on +the reassembled packet to rest of Suricata. + +At the moment Suricata receives a fragment of a packet, it +keeps in memory that other fragments of that packet will appear soon +to complete the packet. However, there is a possibility that one of +the fragments does not appear. To prevent Suricata for keeping waiting +for that packet (thereby using memory) there is a timespan after which +Suricata discards the fragments (timeout). This occurs by default after 60 +seconds. + +In IPS mode, it is possible to tell the engine what to do in case the memcap for +the defrag engine is reached: "drop-packet", "pass-packet", or "ignore" (default +behavior). + +:: + + defrag: + memcap: 32mb + memcap-policy: ignore # in IPS mode, what to do if memcap is reached + hash-size: 65536 + trackers: 65535 # number of defragmented flows to follow + max-frags: 65535 # number of fragments do keep (higher than trackers) + prealloc: yes + timeout: 60 + +Flow and Stream handling +------------------------ + +.. _suricata-yaml-flow-settings: + +Flow Settings +~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Within Suricata, Flows are very important. They play a big part in the +way Suricata organizes data internally. A flow is a bit similar to a +connection, except a flow is more general. All packets having the same +Tuple (protocol, source IP, destination IP, source-port, +destination-port), belong to the same flow. Packets belonging to a +flow are connected to it internally. + +*Example 9 Flow* + +.. image:: suricata-yaml/flow.png + +*Example 10 Tuple* + +.. image:: suricata-yaml/Tuple1.png + +Keeping track of all these flows, uses memory. The more flows, the +more memory it will cost. + +To keep control over memory usage, there are several options: + +The option memcap for setting the maximum amount of bytes the +flow-engine will use, hash-size for setting the size of the hash-table +and prealloc for the following: + + For packets not yet belonging to a flow, Suricata creates a + new flow. This is a relative expensive action. The risk coming + with it, is that attackers /hackers can a attack the engine + system at this part. When they make sure a computer gets a lot + of packets with different tuples, the engine has to make a lot + of new flows. This way, an attacker could flood the system. To + mitigate the engine from being overloaded, this option + instructs Suricata to keep a number of flows ready in + memory. This way Suricata is less vulnerable to these kind of + attacks. + +The flow-engine has a management thread that operates independent from +the packet processing. This thread is called the flow-manager. This +thread ensures that wherever possible and within the memcap. There +will be 10000 flows prepared. + +In IPS mode, a memcap-policy exception policy can be set, telling Suricata +what to do in case memcap is hit: 'drop-packet', 'pass-packet', 'reject', or +'ignore'. + +:: + + flow: + memcap: 33554432 #The maximum amount of bytes the flow-engine will make use of. + memcap-policy: bypass #How to handle the flow if memcap is reached (IPS mode) + hash_size: 65536 #Flows will be organized in a hash-table. With this option you can set the + #size of the hash-table. + Prealloc: 10000 #The amount of flows Suricata has to keep ready in memory. + +At the point the memcap will still be reached, despite prealloc, the +flow-engine goes into the emergency-mode. In this mode, the engine +will make use of shorter time-outs. It lets flows expire in a more +aggressive manner so there will be more space for new Flows. + +There are two options: emergency_recovery and prune_flows. The +emergency recovery is set on 30. This is the percentage of prealloc'd +flows after which the flow-engine will be back to normal (when 30 +percent of the 10000 flows is completed). + + If during the emergency-mode, the aggressive time-outs do not + have the desired result, this option is the final resort. It + ends some flows even if they have not reached their time-outs + yet. The prune-flows option shows how many flows there will be + terminated at each time a new flow is set up. + +:: + + emergency_recovery: 30 #Percentage of 1000 prealloc'd flows. + prune_flows: 5 #Amount of flows being terminated during the emergency mode. + +Flow Time-Outs +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +The amount of time Suricata keeps a flow in memory is determined by +the Flow time-out. + +There are different states in which a flow can be. Suricata +distinguishes three flow-states for TCP and two for UDP. For TCP, +these are: New, Established and Closed,for UDP only new and +established. For each of these states Suricata can employ different +timeouts. + +The state new in a TCP-flow, means the period during the three way +handshake. The state established is the state when the three way +handshake is completed. The state closed in the TCP-flow: there a +several ways to end a flow. This is by means of Reset or the Four-way +FIN handshake. + +New in a UDP-flow: the state in which packets are send from only one +direction. + +Established in a UDP-flow: packets are send from both directions. + +In the example configuration the are settings for each protocol. TCP, +UDP, ICMP and default (all other protocols). + +:: + + flow-timeouts: + + default: + new: 30 #Time-out in seconds after the last activity in this flow in a New state. + established: 300 #Time-out in seconds after the last activity in this flow in a Established + #state. + emergency_new: 10 #Time-out in seconds after the last activity in this flow in a New state + #during the emergency mode. + emergency_established: 100 #Time-out in seconds after the last activity in this flow in a Established + #state in the emergency mode. + tcp: + new: 60 + established: 3600 + closed: 120 + emergency_new: 10 + emergency_established: 300 + emergency_closed: 20 + udp: + new: 30 + established: 300 + emergency_new: 10 + emergency_established: 100 + icmp: + new: 30 + established: 300 + emergency_new: 10 + emergency_established: 100 + +Stream-engine +~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +The Stream-engine keeps track of the TCP-connections. The engine +exists of two parts: The stream tracking- and the reassembly-engine. + +The stream-tracking engine monitors the state of a connection. The +reassembly-engine reconstructs the flow as it used to be, so it will +be recognized by Suricata. + +The stream-engine has two memcaps that can be set. One for the +stream-tracking-engine and one for the reassembly-engine. For both cases, +in IPS mode, an exception policy (memcap-policy) can be set, telling Suricata +what to do in case memcap is hit: 'drop-flow', 'drop-packet', 'pass-flow', +'pass-packet', 'bypass', 'reject', or 'ignore'. + +The stream-tracking-engine keeps information of the flow in +memory. Information about the state, TCP-sequence-numbers and the TCP +window. For keeping this information, it can make use of the capacity +the memcap allows. + +TCP packets have a so-called checksum. This is an internal code which +makes it possible to see if a packet has arrived in a good state. The +stream-engine will not process packets with a wrong checksum. This +option can be set off by entering 'no' instead of 'yes'. + +:: + + stream: + memcap: 64mb # Max memory usage (in bytes) for TCP session tracking + memcap-policy: ignore # In IPS mode, call memcap policy if memcap is reached + checksum_validation: yes # Validate packet checksum, reject packets with invalid checksums. + +To mitigate Suricata from being overloaded by fast session creation, +the option prealloc_sessions instructs Suricata to keep a number of +sessions ready in memory. + +A TCP-session starts with the three-way-handshake. After that, data +can be sent and received. A session can last a long time. It can happen +that Suricata will be started after a few TCP sessions have already been +started. This way, Suricata misses the original setup of those +sessions. This setup always includes a lot of information. If you want +Suricata to check the stream from that time on, you can do so by +setting the option 'midstream' to 'true'. The default setting is +'false'. In IPS mode, it is possible to define a 'midstream-policy', +indicating whether Suricata should drop-flow, drop-packet, pass-flow, +pass-packet, reject, or bypass a midstream flow. The default is ignore. +Normally Suricata is able to see all packets of a connection. Some networks +make it more complicated though. Some of the network-traffic follows a +different route than the other part, in other words: the traffic goes +asynchronous. To make sure Suricata will check the one part it does see, +instead of getting confused, the option 'async-oneside' is brought to life. By +default the option is set to 'false'. + +Suricata inspects content in the normal/IDS mode in chunks. In the +inline/IPS mode it does that on the sliding window way (see example +..) In the case Suricata is set in inline mode, it has to inspect +packets immediately before sending it to the receiver. This way +Suricata is able to drop a packet directly if needed.(see example …) +It is important for Suricata to note which operating system it is +dealing with, because operating systems differ in the way they process +anomalies in streams. See :ref:`host-os-policy`. + +:: + + prealloc_sessions: 32768 # 32k sessions prealloc'd + midstream: false # do not allow midstream session pickups + midstream-policy: drop-flow # in IPS mode, drop flows that start midstream + async_oneside: false # do not enable async stream handling + inline: no # stream inline mode + drop-invalid: yes # drop invalid packets + bypass: no + +The ``drop-invalid`` option can be set to no to avoid blocking packets that are +seen invalid by the streaming engine. This can be useful to cover some weird cases +seen in some layer 2 IPS setup. + +The ``bypass`` option activates 'bypass' for a flow/session when either side +of the session reaches its ``depth``. + +.. warning:: ``bypass`` can lead to missing important traffic. Use with care. + +**Example 11 Normal/IDS mode** + +Suricata inspects traffic in chunks. + +.. image:: suricata-yaml/normal_ids.png + +**Example 12 Inline/IPS Sliding Window** + +Suricata inspects traffic in a sliding window manner. + +.. image:: suricata-yaml/inline_mode.png + +**Example 13 Normal/IDS (reassembly on ACK'D data)** + +.. image:: suricata-yaml/Normal_ids_ack_d.png + +**Example 14 Inline/IPS (reassembly on UNACK'D data)** + +.. image:: suricata-yaml/Inline_reassembly_unackd_data.png + +The reassembly-engine has to keep data segments in memory in order to +be able to reconstruct a stream. To avoid resource starvation a memcap +is used to limit the memory used. In IPS mode, an exception policy +(memcap-policy) can be set, telling Suricata what to do in case memcap +is hit: 'drop-flow', 'drop-packet', 'pass-flow', 'pass-packet', 'bypass', +'reject', or 'ignore'. + +Reassembling a stream is an expensive operation. With the option depth +you can control how far into a stream reassembly is done. By default +this is 1MB. This setting can be overridden per stream by the protocol +parsers that do file extraction. + +Inspection of reassembled data is done in chunks. The size of these +chunks is set with ``toserver_chunk_size`` and ``toclient_chunk_size``. +To avoid making the borders predictable, the sizes can be varied by +adding in a random factor. + +:: + + reassembly: + memcap: 256mb # Memory reserved for stream data reconstruction (in bytes) + memcap-policy: ignore # What to do when memcap for reassembly is hit + depth: 1mb # The depth of the reassembling. + toserver_chunk_size: 2560 # inspect raw stream in chunks of at least this size + toclient_chunk_size: 2560 # inspect raw stream in chunks of at least + randomize-chunk-size: yes + #randomize-chunk-range: 10 + +'Raw' reassembly is done for inspection by simple ``content``, ``pcre`` +keywords use and other payload inspection not done on specific protocol +buffers like ``http_uri``. This type of reassembly can be turned off: + +:: + + reassembly: + raw: no + +Incoming segments are stored in a list in the stream. To avoid constant +memory allocations a per-thread pool is used. + +:: + + reassembly: + segment-prealloc: 2048 # pre-alloc 2k segments per thread + +Resending different data on the same sequence number is a way to confuse +network inspection. + +:: + + reassembly: + check-overlap-different-data: true + + +*Example 15 Stream reassembly* + +.. image:: suricata-yaml/reassembly1.png + +.. image:: suricata-yaml/IDS_chunk_size.png + + +Host Tracking +------------- + +.. _suricata-yaml-host-settings: + + +The Host table is used for tracking per IP address. This is used for tracking +per IP thresholding, per IP tagging, storing `iprep` data and storing `hostbit`. + +Settings +~~~~~~~~ + +The configuration allows specifying the following settings: `hash-size`, `prealloc` and `memcap`. + +.. code-block:: yaml + + host: + hash-size: 4096 + prealloc: 1000 + memcap: 32mb + +* `hash-size`: size of the hash table in number of rows +* `prealloc`: number of `Host` objects preallocated for efficiency +* `memcap`: max memory use for hosts, including the hash table size + +Hosts are evicted from the hash table by the Flow Manager thread when all +data in the host is expired (tag, threshold, etc). Hosts with iprep will +not expire. + + +Application Layer Parsers +------------------------- + +The ``app-layer`` section holds application layer specific configurations. + +In IPS mode, a global exception policy accessed via the ``error-policy`` +setting can be defined to indicate what the engine should do in case it +encounters an app-layer error. Possible values are "drop-flow", "pass-flow", +"bypass", "drop-packet", "pass-packet", "reject" or "ignore" (which maintains +the default behavior). + +Each supported protocol has a dedicated subsection under ``protocols``. + +Asn1_max_frames +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Asn1 (`Abstract Syntax One +<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_Syntax_Notation_One>`_) is a +standard notation to structure and describe data. + +Within Asn1_max_frames there are several frames. To protect itself, +Suricata will inspect a maximum of 256. You can set this amount +differently if wanted. + +Application layer protocols such as X.400 electronic mail, X.500 and +LDAP directory services, H.323 (VoIP), BACnet and SNMP, use ASN.1 to +describe the protocol data units (PDUs) they exchange. It is also +extensively used in the Access and Non-Access Strata of UMTS. + +Limit for the maximum number of asn1 frames to decode (default 256): + +:: + + asn1_max_frames: 256 + +.. _suricata-yaml-configure-ftp: + +FTP +~~~ + +The FTP application layer parser is enabled by default and uses dynamic protocol +detection. + +By default, FTP control channel commands and responses are limited to 4096 +bytes, but this value can be changed. When a command request or response exceeds +the line length limit, the stored data will be truncated, however the parser +will continue to watch for the end of line and acquire the next command. +Commands that are truncated will be noted in the *eve* log file with the fields +``command_truncated`` or ``reply_truncated``. Please note that this affects the +control messages only, not FTP data (file transfers). + + :: + + ftp: + enabled: yes + #memcap: 64mb + + # Maximum line length for control messages before they will be truncated. + #max-line-length: 4kb + +.. _suricata-yaml-configure-libhtp: + +Configure HTTP (libhtp) +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +The library Libhtp is being used by Suricata to parse HTTP-sessions. + +While processing HTTP-traffic, Suricata has to deal with different +kind of servers which each process anomalies in HTTP-traffic +differently. The most common web-server is Apache. This is an open +source web-server program. + +Besides Apache, IIS (Internet Information Services/Server) a web-server +program of Microsoft is also well-known. + +Like with host-os-policy, it is important for Suricata to know which +IP-address/network-address is used by which server. In Libhtp this +assigning of web-servers to IP-and network addresses is called +personality. + +Currently Available Personalities: + +* Minimal +* Generic +* IDS (default) +* IIS_4_0 +* IIS_5_0 +* IIS_5_1 +* IIS_6_0 +* IIS_7_0 +* IIS_7_5 +* Apache +* Apache_2_2 + +You can assign names to each block of settings. Which in this case +is -apache and -iis7. Under these names you can set IP-addresses, +network-addresses the personality and a set of features. + +The version-specific personalities know exactly how web servers +behave, and emulate that. The IDS personality would try to implement +a best-effort approach that would work reasonably well in the cases +where you do not know the specifics. + +The default configuration also applies to every IP-address for which +no specific setting is available. + +HTTP request bodies are often big, so they take a lot of time to +process which has a significant impact on the performance. With the +option 'request-body-limit' you can set the limit (in bytes) of the +client-body that will be inspected. Setting it to 0 will inspect all +of the body. + +The same goes for HTTP response bodies. + +:: + + libhtp: + + default-config: + personality: IDS + request-body-limit: 3072 + response-body-limit: 3072 + + server-config: + - apache: + address: [192.168.1.0/24, 127.0.0.0/8, "::1"] + personality: Apache_2_2 + request-body-limit: 0 + response-body-limit: 0 + + - iis7: + address: + - 192.168.0.0/24 + - 192.168.10.0/24 + personality: IIS_7_0 + request-body-limit: 4096 + response-body-limit: 8192 + +Suricata makes available the whole set of libhtp customisations for its users. + +You can now use these parameters in the conf to customise suricata's +use of libhtp. + +:: + + # Configures whether backslash characters are treated as path segment + # separators. They are not on Unix systems, but are on Windows systems. + # If this setting is enabled, a path such as "/one\two/three" will be + # converted to "/one/two/three". Accepted values - yes, no. + #path-convert-backslash-separators: yes + + # Configures whether input data will be converted to lowercase. + #path-convert-lowercase: yes + + # Configures how the server reacts to encoded NUL bytes. + #path-nul-encoded-terminates: no + + # Configures how the server reacts to raw NUL bytes. + #path-nul-raw-terminates: no + + # Configures whether consecutive path segment separators will be + # compressed. When enabled, a path such as "/one//two" will be normalized + # to "/one/two". The backslash_separators and decode_separators + # parameters are used before compression takes place. For example, if + # backslash_separators and decode_separators are both enabled, the path + # "/one\\/two\/%5cthree/%2f//four" will be converted to + # "/one/two/three/four". Accepted values - yes, no. + #path-separators-compress: yes + + # Configures whether encoded path segment separators will be decoded. + # Apache does not do this, but IIS does. If enabled, a path such as + # "/one%2ftwo" will be normalized to "/one/two". If the + # backslash_separators option is also enabled, encoded backslash + # characters will be converted too (and subsequently normalized to + # forward slashes). Accepted values - yes, no. + #path-separators-decode: yes + + # Configures whether %u-encoded sequences in path will be decoded. Such + # sequences will be treated as invalid URL encoding if decoding is not + # desireable. Accepted values - yes, no. + #path-u-encoding-decode: yes + + # Configures how server reacts to invalid encoding in path. Accepted + # values - preserve_percent, remove_percent, decode_invalid, status_400 + #path-url-encoding-invalid-handling: preserve_percent + + # Controls whether the data should be treated as UTF-8 and converted + # to a single-byte stream using best-fit mapping + #path-utf8-convert-bestfit:yes + + # Sets the replacement character that will be used to in the lossy + # best-fit mapping from Unicode characters into single-byte streams. + # The question mark is the default replacement character. + #path-bestfit-replacement-char: ? + + # Configures whether plus characters are converted to spaces + # when decoding URL-encoded strings. + #query-plusspace-decode: yes + + # response-body-decompress-layer-limit: + # Limit to how many layers of compression will be + # decompressed. Defaults to 2. + + # uri-include-all: Include all parts of the URI. By default the + # 'scheme', username/password, hostname and port + # are excluded. + + # meta-field-limit: Hard size limit for request and response size + # limits. + + # inspection limits + request-body-minimal-inspect-size: 32kb + request-body-inspect-window: 4kb + response-body-minimal-inspect-size: 40kb + response-body-inspect-window: 16kb + + # auto will use http-body-inline mode in IPS mode, yes or no set it statically + http-body-inline: auto + + # Decompress SWF files. + # 2 types: 'deflate', 'lzma', 'both' will decompress deflate and lzma + # compress-depth: + # Specifies the maximum amount of data to decompress, + # set 0 for unlimited. + # decompress-depth: + # Specifies the maximum amount of decompressed data to obtain, + # set 0 for unlimited. + swf-decompression: + enabled: yes + type: both + compress-depth: 0 + decompress-depth: 0 + + # Take a random value for inspection sizes around the specified value. + # This lower the risk of some evasion technics but could lead + # detection change between runs. It is set to 'yes' by default. + #randomize-inspection-sizes: yes + # If randomize-inspection-sizes is active, the value of various + # inspection size will be chosen in the [1 - range%, 1 + range%] + # range + # Default value of randomize-inspection-range is 10. + #randomize-inspection-range: 10 + + # Can enable LZMA decompression + #lzma-enabled: false + # Memory limit usage for LZMA decompression dictionary + # Data is decompressed until dictionary reaches this size + #lzma-memlimit: 1 Mb + # Maximum decompressed size with a compression ratio + # above 2048 (only reachable by LZMA) + #compression-bomb-limit: 1 Mb + # Maximum time spent decompressing a single transaction in usec + #decompression-time-limit: 100000 + +Other parameters are customizable from Suricata. +:: + +# double-decode-path: Double decode path section of the URI +# double-decode-query: Double decode query section of the URI + +decompression-time-limit +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +decompression-time-limit was implemented to avoid DOS by resource exhaustion +on inputs such as decompression bombs (found by fuzzing). +The lower the limit, the better the protection against DOS is, but this +may also lead to false positives. +In case the time limit is reached, +the app-layer event ``http.compression_bomb`` is set +(this event can also set from other conditions). +This can happen on slow configurations (hardware, ASAN, etc...) + +Configure SMB +~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +The SMB parser will parse version 1, 2 and 3 of the SMB protocol over TCP. + +To enable the parser add the following to the ``app-layer`` section of the YAML. + +:: + + smb: + enabled: yes + detection-ports: + dp: 139, 445 + +The parser uses pattern based protocol detection and will fallback to ``probing parsers`` +if the pattern based detection fails. As usual, the pattern based detection is port +independent. The ``probing parsers`` will only run on the ``detection-ports``. + +SMB is commonly used to transfer the DCERPC protocol. This traffic is also handled by +this parser. + +Resource limits +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +Several options are available for limiting record sizes and data chunk tracking. + +:: + + smb: + enabled: yes + max-read-size: 8mb + max-write-size: 1mb + + max-read-queue-size: 16mb + max-read-queue-cnt: 16 + + max-write-queue-size: 16mb + max-write-queue-cnt: 16 + +The `max-read-size` option can be set to control the max size of accepted +READ records. Events will be raised if a READ request asks for too much data +and/or if READ responses are too big. A value of 0 disables the checks. + +The `max-write-size` option can be set to control the max size of accepted +WRITE request records. Events will be raised if a WRITE request sends too much +data. A value of 0 disables the checks. + +Additionally if the `max-read-size` or `max-write-size` values in the +"negotiate protocol response" exceeds this limit an event will also be raised. + + +For file tracking, extraction and file data inspection the parser queues up +out of order data chunks for both READs and WRITEs. To avoid using too much +memory the parser allows for limiting both the size in bytes and the number +of queued chunks. + +:: + + smb: + enabled: yes + + max-read-queue-size: 16mb + max-read-queue-cnt: 16 + + max-write-queue-size: 16mb + max-write-queue-cnt: 16 + +`max-read-queue-size` controls how many bytes can be used per SMB flow for +out of order READs. `max-read-queue-cnt` controls how many READ chunks can be +queued per SMB flow. Processing of these chunks will be blocked when any of +the limits are exceeded, and an event will be raised. + +`max-write-queue-size` and `max-write-queue-cnt` are as the READ variants, +but then for WRITEs. + +Configure HTTP2 +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +HTTP2 has 2 parameters that can be customized. +The point of these 2 parameters is to find a balance between the completeness +of analysis and the resource consumption. + +`http2.max-table-size` refers to `SETTINGS_HEADER_TABLE_SIZE` from rfc 7540 section 6.5.2. +Its default value is 4096 bytes, but it can be set to any uint32 by a flow. + +`http2.max-streams` refers to `SETTINGS_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS` from rfc 7540 section 6.5.2. +Its default value is unlimited. + +SSL/TLS +~~~~~~~ + +SSL/TLS parsers track encrypted SSLv2, SSLv3, TLSv1, TLSv1.1 and TLSv1.2 +sessions. + +Protocol detection is done using patterns and a probing parser running +on only TCP/443 by default. The pattern based protocol detection is +port independent. + +:: + + tls: + enabled: yes + detection-ports: + dp: 443 + + # What to do when the encrypted communications start: + # - default: keep tracking TLS session, check for protocol anomalies, + # inspect tls_* keywords. Disables inspection of unmodified + # 'content' signatures. + # - bypass: stop processing this flow as much as possible. No further + # TLS parsing and inspection. Offload flow bypass to kernel + # or hardware if possible. + # - full: keep tracking and inspection as normal. Unmodified content + # keyword signatures are inspected as well. + # + # For best performance, select 'bypass'. + # + #encryption-handling: default + + +Encrypted traffic +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +There is no decryption of encrypted traffic, so once the handshake is complete +continued tracking of the session is of limited use. The ``encryption-handling`` +option controls the behavior after the handshake. + +If ``encryption-handling`` is set to ``default`` (or if the option is not set), +Suricata will continue to track the SSL/TLS session. Inspection will be limited, +as raw ``content`` inspection will still be disabled. There is no point in doing +pattern matching on traffic known to be encrypted. Inspection for (encrypted) +Heartbleed and other protocol anomalies still happens. + +When ``encryption-handling`` is set to ``bypass``, all processing of this session is +stopped. No further parsing and inspection happens. If ``stream.bypass`` is enabled +this will lead to the flow being bypassed, either inside Suricata or by the +capture method if it supports it and is configured for it. + +Finally, if ``encryption-handling`` is set to ``full``, Suricata will process the +flow as normal, without inspection limitations or bypass. + +The option has replaced the ``no-reassemble`` option. If ``no-reassemble`` is +present, and ``encryption-handling`` is not, ``false`` is interpreted as +``encryption-handling: default`` and ``true`` is interpreted as +``encryption-handling: bypass``. + + +Modbus +~~~~~~ + +According to MODBUS Messaging on TCP/IP Implementation Guide V1.0b, it +is recommended to keep the TCP connection opened with a remote device +and not to open and close it for each MODBUS/TCP transaction. +In that case, it is important to set the stream-depth of the modbus as +unlimited. + +:: + + modbus: + # Stream reassembly size for modbus, default is 0 + stream-depth: 0 + + +MQTT +~~~~ + +The maximum size of a MQTT message is 256MB, potentially containing a lot of +payload data (such as properties, topics, or published payloads) that would end +up parsed and logged. To acknowledge the fact that most MQTT messages, however, +will be quite small and to reduce the potential for denial of service issues, +it is possible to limit the maximum length of a message that Suricata should +parse. Any message larger than the limit will just be logged with reduced +metadata, and rules will only be evaluated against a subset of fields. The +default is 1 MB. + +:: + + mqtt: + max-msg-length: 1mb + +SMTP +~~~~~~ + +SMTP parsers can extract files from attachments. +It is also possible to extract raw conversations as files with the +key ``raw-extraction``. Note that in this case the whole conversation +will be stored as a file, including SMTP headers and body content. The filename +will be set to "rawmsg". Usual file-related signatures will match on the raw +content of the email. +This configuration parameter has a ``false`` default value. It is +incompatible with ``decode-mime``. If both are enabled, +``raw-extraction`` will be automatically disabled. + +:: + + smtp: + # extract messages in raw format from SMTP + raw-extraction: true + +Maximum transactions +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +SMTP, MQTT, FTP, PostgreSQL, SMB, DCERPC, HTTP1 and NFS have each a `max-tx` parameter that can be customized. +`max-tx` refers to the maximum number of live transactions for each flow. +An app-layer event `protocol.too_many_transactions` is triggered when this value is reached. +The point of this parameter is to find a balance between the completeness of analysis +and the resource consumption. + +For HTTP2, this parameter is named `max-streams` as an HTTP2 stream will get translated +into one Suricata transaction. This configuration parameter is used whatever the +value of `SETTINGS_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS` negotiated between a client and a server +in a specific flow is. + +Engine Logging +-------------- + +The engine logging system logs information about the application such +as errors and other diagnostic information during startup, runtime and +shutdown of the Suricata engine. This does not include Suricata +generated alerts and events. + +The engine logging system has the following log levels: + +- error +- warning +- notice +- info +- perf +- config +- debug + +Note that debug level logging will only be emitted if Suricata was +compiled with the ``--enable-debug`` configure option. + +The first option within the logging configuration is the +default-log-level. This option determines the severity/importance +level of information that will be displayed. Messages of lower levels +than the one set here, will not be shown. The default setting is +Info. This means that error, warning and info will be shown and the +other levels won't be. + +Default Configuration Example +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +:: + + # Logging configuration. This is not about logging IDS alerts/events, but + # output about what Suricata is doing, like startup messages, errors, etc. + logging: + # The default log level, can be overridden in an output section. + # Note that debug level logging will only be emitted if Suricata was + # compiled with the --enable-debug configure option. + # + # This value is overridden by the SC_LOG_LEVEL env var. + default-log-level: notice + + # The default output format. Optional parameter, should default to + # something reasonable if not provided. Can be overridden in an + # output section. You can leave this out to get the default. + # + # This console log format value can be overridden by the SC_LOG_FORMAT env var. + #default-log-format: "%D: %S: %M" + # + # For the pre-7.0 log format use: + #default-log-format: "[%i] %t [%S] - (%f:%l) <%d> (%n) -- " + + # A regex to filter output. Can be overridden in an output section. + # Defaults to empty (no filter). + # + # This value is overridden by the SC_LOG_OP_FILTER env var. + default-output-filter: + + # Define your logging outputs. If none are defined, or they are all + # disabled you will get the default - console output. + outputs: + - console: + enabled: yes + # type: json + - file: + enabled: yes + level: info + filename: suricata.log + # format: "[%i - %m] %z %d: %S: %M" + # type: json + - syslog: + enabled: no + facility: local5 + format: "[%i] <%d> -- " + # type: json + + +Default Log Level +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Example:: + + logging: + default-log-level: info + +This option sets the default log level. The default log level is +`notice`. This value will be used in the individual logging +configuration (console, file, syslog) if not otherwise set. + +.. note:: The ``-v`` command line option can be used to quickly + increase the log level at runtime. See :ref:`the -v command + line option <cmdline-option-v>`. + +The ``default-log-level`` set in the configuration value can be +overridden by the ``SC_LOG_LEVEL`` environment variable. + +Default Log Format +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +A logging line exists of two parts. First it displays meta information +(Log-level, Suricata module), and finally the actual log message. Example: + +:: + + i: suricata: This is Suricata version 7.0.2 RELEASE running in USER mode + +(Here the part until the second `:` is the meta info, +"This is Suricata version 7.0.2 RELEASE running in USER mode" is the actual +message.) + +It is possible to determine which information will be displayed in +this line and (the manner how it will be displayed) in which format it +will be displayed. This option is the so called format string:: + + default-log-format: "[%i] %t - (%f:%l) <%d> (%n) -- " + +The % followed by a character has a special meaning. There are thirteen +specified signs: + +:: + + z: ISO-like formatted timestamp: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS + t: Original Suricata log timestamp: DD/MM/YYYY -- HH:MM::SS + p: Process ID. Suricata's whole processing consists of multiple threads. + i: Thread ID. ID of individual threads. + m: Thread module name. (Outputs, Detect etc.) + d: Log-level of specific log-event. (Error, info, debug etc.) + D: Compact log format (E for Error, i for info etc.) + S: Subsystem name. + T: Thread name. + M: Log message body. + f: Filename. Name of C-file (source code) where log-event is generated. + l: Line-number within the filename, where the log-event is generated in the source-code. + n: Function-name in the C-code (source code). + + +The last three options, f, l and n, are mainly convenient for developers. + +The log-format can be overridden in the command line by the +environment variable: SC_LOG_FORMAT + +Output Filter +~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Within logging you can set an output-filter. With this output-filter +you can set which part of the event-logs should be displayed. You can +supply a regular expression (Regex). A line will be shown if the regex +matches. + +:: + + default-output-filter: #In this option the regular expression can be entered. + +This value is overridden by the environment var: SC_LOG_OP_FILTER + +Logging Outputs +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +There are different ways of displaying output. The output can appear +directly on your screen, it can be placed in a file or via syslog. The +last mentioned is an advanced tool for log-management. The tool can be +used to direct log-output to different locations (files, other +computers etc.) + +:: + + outputs: + - console: #Output on your screen. + enabled: yes #This option is enabled. + #level: notice #Use a different level than the default. + - file: #Output stored in a file. + enabled: no #This option is not enabled. + filename: /var/log/suricata.log #Filename and location on disc. + level: info #Use a different level than the default. + - syslog: #This is a program to direct log-output to several directions. + enabled: no #The use of this program is not enabled. + facility: local5 #In this option you can set a syslog facility. + format: "[%i] <%d> -- " #The option to set your own format. + #level: notice #Use a different level than the default. + +Packet Acquisition +------------------ + +.. _dpdk-capture-module: + +Data Plane Development Kit (DPDK) +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +`Data Plane Development Kit <https://www.dpdk.org/>`_ is a framework for fast +packet processing in data plane applications running on a wide variety of CPU +architectures. DPDK's `Environment Abstraction Layer (EAL) +<https://doc.dpdk.org/guides/prog_guide/env_abstraction_layer.html>`_ +provides a generic interface to low-level resources. It is a unique way how +DPDK libraries access NICs. EAL creates an API for an application to access NIC +resources from the userspace level. In DPDK, packets are not retrieved via +interrupt handling. Instead, the application `polls +<https://doc.dpdk.org/guides/prog_guide/poll_mode_drv.html>`_ the NIC for newly +received packets. + +DPDK allows the user space application to directly access memory where the NIC +stores the packets. As a result, neither DPDK nor the application copies the +packets for the inspection. The application directly processes packets via +passed packet descriptors. + + +.. figure:: suricata-yaml/dpdk.png + :align: center + :alt: DPDK basic architecture + :figclass: align-center + + `High-level overview of DPDK application` + +To use DPDK capture module, Suricata must be compiled with DPDK option enabled. +Support for DPDK can be enabled in configure step of the build process such as: + +.. code-block:: bash + + ./configure --enable-dpdk + +Suricata makes use of DPDK for packet acquisition in workers runmode. +The whole DPDK configuration resides in the `dpdk:` node. This node encapsulates +2 main subnodes, and those are eal-params and interfaces. + +:: + + dpdk: + eal-params: + proc-type: primary + allow: ["0000:3b:00.0", "0000:3b:00.1"] + interfaces: + - interface: 0000:3b:00.0 + threads: auto + promisc: true + multicast: true + checksum-checks: true + checksum-checks-offload: true + mtu: 1500 + mempool-size: 65535 + mempool-cache-size: 257 + rx-descriptors: 1024 + tx-descriptors: 1024 + copy-mode: none + copy-iface: none # or PCIe address of the second interface + + +The `DPDK arguments +<https://doc.dpdk.org/guides/linux_gsg/linux_eal_parameters.html>`_, which +are typically provided through the command line, are contained in the node +`dpdk.eal-params`. EAL is configured and initialized using these +parameters. There are two ways to specify arguments: lengthy and short. +Dashes are omitted when describing the arguments. This setup node can be +used to set up the memory configuration, accessible NICs, and other EAL-related +parameters, among other things. The node `dpdk.eal-params` also supports +multiple arguments of the same type. This can be useful for EAL arguments +such as `--vdev`, `--allow`, or `--block`. Values for these EAL arguments +are specified as a comma-separated list. +An example of such usage can be found in the example above where the `allow` +argument only makes `0000:3b:00.0` and `0000:3b:00.1` accessible to Suricata. +arguments with list node. such as --vdev, --allow, --block eal options. +The definition of lcore affinity as an EAL +parameter is a standard practice. However, lcore parameters like `-l`, `-c`, +and `--lcores`` are specified within the `suricata-yaml-threading`_ section +to prevent configuration overlap. + +The node `dpdk.interfaces` wraps a list of interface configurations. Items on +the list follow the structure that can be found in other capture interfaces. +The individual items contain the usual configuration options +such as `threads`/`copy-mode`/`checksum-checks` settings. Other capture +interfaces, such as AF_PACKET, rely on the user to ensure that NICs are +appropriately configured. +Configuration through the kernel does not apply to applications running under +DPDK. The application is solely responsible for the initialization of the NICs +it is using. So, before the start of Suricata, the NICs that Suricata uses, +must undergo the process of initialization. +As a result, there are extra configuration options (how NICs can be +configured) in the items (interfaces) of the `dpdk.interfaces` list. +At the start of the configuration process, all NIC offloads are disabled to +prevent any packet modification. According to the configuration, checksum +validation offload can be enabled to drop invalid packets. Other offloads can +not currently be enabled. +Additionally, the list items in `dpdk.interfaces` contain DPDK specific +settings such as `mempool-size` or `rx-descriptors`. These settings adjust +individual parameters of EAL. One of the entries in `dpdk.interfaces` is +the `default` interface. When loading interface configuration and some entry is +missing, the corresponding value of the `default` interface is used. + +The worker threads must be assigned to specific cores. The configuration +module `threading` must be used to set thread affinity. +Worker threads can be pinned to cores in the array configured in +`threading.cpu-affinity["worker-cpu-set"]`. Performance-oriented setups have +everything (the NIC, memory, and CPU cores interacting with the NIC) based on +one NUMA node. +It is therefore required to know the layout of the server architecture to get the +best results. The CPU core ids and NUMA locations can be determined for example +from the output of `/proc/cpuinfo` where `physical id` described the NUMA +number. The NUMA node to which the NIC is connected to can be determined from +the file `/sys/class/net/<KERNEL NAME OF THE NIC>/device/numa_node`. + +:: + + ## Check ids and NUMA location of individual CPU cores + cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep 'physical id\|processor' + + ## Check NUMA node of the NIC + ## cat /sys/class/net/<KERNEL NAME OF THE NIC>/device/numa_node e.g. + cat /sys/class/net/eth1/device/numa_node + +Suricata operates in workers runmode. Packet distribution relies on Receive +Side Scaling (RSS), which distributes packets across the NIC queues. +Individual Suricata workers then poll packets from the NIC queues. +Internally, DPDK runmode uses a `symmetric hash (0x6d5a) +<https://www.ran-lifshitz.com/2014/08/28/symmetric-rss-receive-side-scaling/>`_ +that redirects bi-flows to specific workers. + +Before Suricata can be run, it is required to allocate a sufficient number of +hugepages. For efficiency, hugepages are continuous chunks of memory (pages) +that are larger (2 MB+) than what is typically used in the operating systems +(4 KB). A lower count of pages allows faster lookup of page entries. The +hugepages need to be allocated on the NUMA node where the NIC and affiniated +CPU cores reside. For example, if the hugepages are allocated only on NUMA +node 0 and the NIC is connected to NUMA node 1, then the application will fail +to start. As a result, it is advised to identify the NUMA node to which the +NIC is attached before allocating hugepages and setting CPU core affinity to +that node. In case Suricata deployment uses multiple NICs, hugepages must be +allocated on each of the NUMA nodes used by the Suricata deployment. + +:: + + ## To check number of allocated hugepages: + sudo dpdk-hugepages.py -s + # alternative (older) way + grep Huge /proc/meminfo + + ## Allocate 2 GB in hugepages on all available NUMA nodes: + # (number of hugepages depend on the default size of hugepages 2 MB / 1 GB) + sudo dpdk-hugepages.py --setup 2G + # alternative (older) way allocates 1024 2 MB hugepages but only on NUMA 0 + echo 1024 | sudo tee \ + /sys/devices/system/node/node0/hugepages/hugepages-2048kB/nr_hugepages + + +DPDK memory pools hold packets received from NICs. These memory pools are +allocated in hugepages. One memory pool is allocated per interface. The size +of each memory pool can be individual and is set with the `mempool-size`. +Memory (in bytes) for one memory pool is calculated as: `mempool-size` * `mtu`. +The sum of memory pool requirements divided by the size of one hugepage results +in the number of required hugepages. It causes no problem to allocate more +memory than required, but it is vital for Suricata to not run out of hugepages. + +The mempool cache is local to the individual CPU cores and holds packets that +were recently processed. As the mempool is shared among all cores, the cache +tries to minimize the required inter-process synchronization. The recommended +size of the cache is covered in the YAML file. + +To be able to run DPDK on Intel cards, it is required to change the default +Intel driver to either `vfio-pci` or `igb_uio` driver. The process is +described in `DPDK manual page regarding Linux drivers +<https://doc.dpdk.org/guides/linux_gsg/linux_drivers.html>`_. +DPDK is natively supported by Mellanox and thus their NICs should work +"out of the box". + +**Current DPDK support** involves Suricata running on: + +* a physical machine with a physical NICs such as: + * mlx5 (ConnectX-4/ConnectX-5/ConnectX-6) + * ixgbe + * i40e + * ice +* a virtual machine with virtual interfaces such as: + * e1000 + * VMXNET3 + * virtio-net + +Other NICs using the same driver as mentioned above should work as well. +The DPDK capture interface has not been tested neither with the virtual +interfaces nor in the virtual environments like VMs, Docker or similar. + +The minimal supported DPDK is version 19.11 which should be available in most +repositories of major distributions. +Alternatively, it is also possible to use `meson` and `ninja` to build and +install DPDK from source files. +It is required to have correctly configured tool `pkg-config` as it is used to +load libraries and CFLAGS during the Suricata configuration and compilation. +This can be tested by querying DPDK version as: + +:: + + pkg-config --modversion libdpdk + +Pf-ring +~~~~~~~ + +The Pf_ring is a library that aims to improve packet capture +performance over libcap. It performs packet acquisition. There are +three options within Pf_ring: interface, cluster-id and cluster-type. + +:: + + pfring: + interface: eth0 # In this option you can set the network-interface + # on which you want the packets of the network to be read. + +Pf_ring will load balance packets based on flow. All packet +acquisition threads that will participate in the load balancing need +to have the same cluster-id. It is important to make sure this ID is +unique for this cluster of threads, so that no other engine / program +is making use of clusters with the same id. + +:: + + cluster-id: 99 + +Pf_ring can load balance traffic using pf_ring-clusters. All traffic +for pf_ring can be load balanced according to the configured cluster +type value; in a round robin manner or a per flow manner that are part +of the same cluster. All traffic for pf_ring will be load balanced across +acquisition threads of the same cluster id. + +The "inner" flow means that the traffic will be load balanced based on +address tuple after the outer vlan has been removed. + ++----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+ +| Cluster Type | Value | ++============================+==================================================+ +| cluster_flow | src ip, src_port, dst ip, dst port, proto, vlan | ++----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+ +| cluster_inner_flow | src ip, src port, dst ip, dst port, proto, vlan | ++----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+ +| cluster_inner_flow_2_tuple | src ip, dst ip | ++----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+ +| cluster_inner_flow_4_tuple | src ip, src port, dst ip, dst port | ++----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+ +| cluster_inner_flow_5_tuple | src ip, src port, dst ip, dst port, proto | ++----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+ +| cluster_round_robin | not recommended | ++----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+ + + +The cluster_round_robin manner is a way of distributing packets one at +a time to each thread (like distributing playing cards to fellow +players). The cluster_flow manner is a way of distributing all packets +of the same flow to the same thread. The flows itself will be +distributed to the threads in a round-robin manner. + +If your deployment has VLANs, the cluster types with "inner" will use the innermost +address tuple for distribution. + +The default cluster type is ``cluster_flow``; the ``cluster_round_robin`` is not recommended with Suricata. + +:: + + cluster-type: cluster_inner_flow_5_tuple + +.. _suricata-yaml-nfq: + +NFQ +~~~ + +Using NFQUEUE in iptables rules, will send packets to Suricata. If the +mode is set to 'accept', the packet that has been send to Suricata by +a rule using NFQ, will by default not be inspected by the rest of the +iptables rules after being processed by Suricata. There are a few more +options to NFQ to change this if desired. + +If the mode is set to 'repeat', the packets will be marked by Suricata +and be re-injected at the first rule of iptables. To mitigate the +packet from being going round in circles, the rule using NFQ will be +skipped because of the mark. + +If the mode is set to 'route', you can make sure the packet will be +send to another tool after being processed by Suricata. It is possible +to assign this tool at the mandatory option 'route_queue'. Every +engine/tool is linked to a queue-number. This number you can add to +the NFQ rule and to the route_queue option. + +Add the numbers of the options repeat_mark and route_queue to the NFQ-rule:: + + iptables -I FORWARD -m mark ! --mark $MARK/$MASK -j NFQUEUE + +:: + + nfq: + mode: accept #By default the packet will be accepted or dropped by Suricata + repeat_mark: 1 #If the mode is set to 'repeat', the packets will be marked after being + #processed by Suricata. + repeat_mask: 1 + route_queue: 2 #Here you can assign the queue-number of the tool that Suricata has to + #send the packets to after processing them. + +*Example 1 NFQ1* + +mode: accept + +.. image:: suricata-yaml/NFQ.png + +*Example 2 NFQ* + +mode: repeat + +.. image:: suricata-yaml/NFQ1.png + +*Example 3 NFQ* + +mode: route + +.. image:: suricata-yaml/NFQ2.png + +Ipfw +~~~~ + +Suricata does not only support Linux, it supports the FreeBSD +operating system (this is an open source Unix operating system) and +Mac OS X as well. The in-line mode on FreeBSD uses ipfw (IP-firewall). + +Certain rules in ipfw send network-traffic to Suricata. Rules have +numbers. In this option you can set the rule to which the +network-traffic will be placed back. Make sure this rule comes after +the one that sends the traffic to Suricata, otherwise it will go +around in circles. + +The following tells the engine to re-inject packets back into the ipfw +firewall at rule number 5500: + +:: + + ipfw: + ipfw-reinjection-rule-number: 5500 + +*Example 16 Ipfw-reinjection.* + +.. image:: suricata-yaml/ipfw_reinjection.png + +Rules +----- + +Rule Files +~~~~~~~~~~ + +Suricata by default is setup for rules to be managed by Suricata-Update with +the following rule file configuration: + +.. code-block:: yaml + + default-rule-path: /var/lib/suricata/rules + rule-files: + - suricata.rules + +A default installation of Suricata-Update will write out the rules to +/var/lib/suricata/rules/suricata.rules. + +You may want to edit this section if you are not using Suricata-Update or want +to add rule files that are not managed by Suricata-Update, for example: + +.. code-block:: yaml + + default-rule-path: /var/lib/suricata/rules + rule-files: + - suricata.rules + - /etc/suricata/rules/custom.rules + +File names can be specific with an absolute path, or just the base name. If +just the base name is provided it will be looked for in the +``default-rule-path``. + +If a rule file cannot be found, Suricata will log a warning message and +continue to load, unless ``--init-errors-fatal`` has been specified on the +command line, in which case Suricata will exit with an error code. + +For more information on rule management see :doc:`../rule-management/index`. + +Threshold-file +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Within this option, you can state the directory in which the +threshold-file will be stored. The default directory is: +/etc/suricata/threshold.config + +Classifications +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +The Classification-file is a file which makes the purpose of rules +clear. + +Some rules are just for providing information. Some of them are to +warn you for serious risks like when you are being hacked etc. + +In this classification-file, there is a part submitted to the rule to +make it possible for the system-administrator to distinguish events. + +A rule in this file exists of three parts: the short name, a +description and the priority of the rule (in which 1 has the highest +priority and 4 the lowest). + +You can notice these descriptions returning in the rule and events / alerts. + +:: + + Example: + + configuration classification: misc-activity,Misc activity,3 + + Rule: + + alert tcp $HOME_NET 21 -> $EXTERNAL_NET any (msg:"ET POLICY FTP Login Successful (non-anonymous)"; + flow:from_server,established;flowbits:isset,ET.ftp.user.login; flowbits:isnotset,ftp.user.logged_in; + flowbits:set,ftp.user.logged_in; content:"230 ";pcre:!"/^230(\s+USER)?\s+(anonymous|ftp)/smi"; + classtype:misc-activity; reference:urldoc.emergingthreats.net/2003410,; + reference:url,www.emergingthreats.net/cgi-bin/cvsweb.cgi/sigs/POLICY/POLICY_FTP_Login; sid:2003410; rev:7;) + + Event/Alert: + + 10/26/10-10:13:42.904785 [**] [1:2003410:7] ET POLICY FTP Login Successful (non-anonymous) [**] + [Classification: Misc activity[Priority: 3] {TCP} 192.168.0.109:21 -> x.x.x.x:34117 + +You can set the direction of the classification configuration. + +:: + + classification-file: /etc/suricata/classification.config + +.. _suricata-yaml-rule-vars: + +Rule-vars +~~~~~~~~~ + +There are variables which can be used in rules. + +Within rules, there is a possibility to set for which IP-address the +rule should be checked and for which IP-address it should not. + +This way, only relevant rules will be used. To prevent you from having +to set this rule by rule, there is an option in which you can set the +relevant IP-address for several rules. This option contains the +address group vars that will be passed in a rule. So, after HOME_NET +you can enter your home IP-address. + +:: + + vars: + address-groups: + HOME_NET: "[192.168.0.0/16,10.0.0.0/8,172.16.0.0/12]" #By using [], it is possible to set + #complicated variables. + EXTERNAL_NET: any + HTTP_SERVERS: "$HOME_NET" #The $-sign tells that what follows is + #a variable. + SMTP_SERVERS: "$HOME_NET" + SQL_SERVERS: "$HOME_NET" + DNS_SERVERS: "$HOME_NET" + TELNET_SERVERS: "$HOME_NET" + AIM_SERVERS: any + +It is a convention to use upper-case characters. + +There are two kinds of variables: Address groups and Port-groups. They +both have the same function: change the rule so it will be relevant to +your needs. + +In a rule there is a part assigned to the address and one to the +port. Both have their variable. + +All options have to be set. If it is not necessary to set a specific +address, you should enter 'any'. + +:: + + port-groups: + HTTP_PORTS: "80" + SHELLCODE_PORTS: "!80" + ORACLE_PORTS: 1521 + SSH_PORTS: 22 + +.. _host-os-policy: + +Host-os-policy +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Operating systems differ in the way they process fragmented packets +and streams. Suricata performs differently with anomalies for +different operating systems. It is important to set of which operating +system your IP-address makes use of, so Suricata knows how to process +fragmented packets and streams. For example in stream-reassembly there +can be packets with overlapping payloads. + +*Example 17 Overlapping payloads* + +.. image:: suricata-yaml/overlap.png + +In the configuration-file, the operating-systems are listed. You can +add your IP-address behind the name of the operating system you make +use of. + +:: + + host-os-policy: + windows: [0.0.0.0/0] + bsd: [] + bsd_right: [] + old_linux: [] + linux: [10.0.0.0/8, 192.168.1.100, "8762:2352:6241:7245:E000:0000:0000:0000"] + old_solaris: [] + solaris: ["::1"] + hpux10: [] + hpux11: [] + irix: [] + macos: [] + vista: [] + windows2k3: [] + +Engine analysis and profiling +----------------------------- + +Suricata offers several ways of analyzing performance of rules and the +engine itself. + +Engine-analysis +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +The option engine-analysis provides information for signature writers +about how Suricata organizes signatures internally. + +Like mentioned before, signatures have zero or more patterns on which +they can match. Only one of these patterns will be used by the multi +pattern matcher (MPM). Suricata determines which patterns will be used +unless the fast-pattern rule option is used. + +The option engine-analysis creates a new log file in the default log +dir. In this file all information about signatures and patterns can be +found so signature writers are able to see which pattern is used and +change it if desired. + +To create this log file, you have to run Suricata with +./src/suricata -c suricata.yaml --engine-analysis. + +:: + + engine-analysis: + rules-fast-pattern: yes + +Example: + +:: + + [10703] 26/11/2010 -- 11:41:15 - (detect.c:560) <Info> (SigLoadSignatures) + -- Engine-Analysis for fast_pattern printed to file - /var/log/suricata/rules_fast_pattern.txt + + alert tcp any any -> any any (content:"Volume Serial Number"; sid:1292;) + + == Sid: 1292 == + Fast pattern matcher: content + Fast pattern set: no + Fast pattern only set: no + Fast pattern chop set: no + Content negated: no + Original content: Volume Serial Number + Final content: Volume Serial Number + + --- + + alert tcp any any -> any any (content:"abc"; content:"defghi"; sid:1;) + + == Sid: 1 == + Fast pattern matcher: content + Fast pattern set: no + Fast pattern only set: no + Fast pattern chop set: no + Content negated: no + Original content: defghi + Final content: defghi + + --- + + alert tcp any any -> any any (content:"abc"; fast_pattern:only; content:"defghi"; sid:1;) + + == Sid: 1 == + Fast pattern matcher: content + Fast pattern set: yes + Fast pattern only set: yes + Fast pattern chop set: no + Content negated: no + Original content: abc + Final content: abc + + --- + + alert tcp any any -> any any (content:"abc"; fast_pattern; content:"defghi"; sid:1;) + + == Sid: 1 == + Fast pattern matcher: content + Fast pattern set: yes + Fast pattern only set: no + Fast pattern chop set: no + Content negated: no + Original content: abc + Final content: abc + + --- + + alert tcp any any -> any any (content:"abc"; fast_pattern:1,2; content:"defghi"; sid:1;) + + == Sid: 1 == + Fast pattern matcher: content + Fast pattern set: yes + Fast pattern only set: no + Fast pattern chop set: yes + Fast pattern offset, length: 1, 2 + Content negated: no + Original content: abc + Final content: bc + +Rule and Packet Profiling settings +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Rule profiling is a part of Suricata to determine how expensive rules +are. Some rules are very expensive while inspecting traffic. Rule +profiling is convenient for people trying to track performance +problems and resolving them. Also for people writing signatures. + +Compiling Suricata with rule-profiling will have an impact on +performance, even if the option is disabled in the configuration file. + +To observe the rule-performance, there are several options. + +:: + + profiling: + rules: + enabled: yes + +This engine is not used by default. It can only be used if Suricata is +compiled with: + +:: + + -- enable-profiling + +At the end of each session, Suricata will display the profiling +statistics. The list will be displayed sorted. + +This order can be changed as pleased. The choice is between ticks, +avgticks, checks, maxticks and matches. The setting of your choice +will be displayed from high to low. + +The amount of time it takes to check the signatures, will be +administrated by Suricata. This will be counted in ticks. One tick is +one CPU computation. 3 GHz will be 3 billion ticks. + +Beside the amount of checks, ticks and matches it will also display +the average and the maximum of a rule per session at the end of the +line. + +The option Limit determines the amount of signatures of which the +statistics will be shown, based on the sorting. + +:: + + sort: avgticks + limit: 100 + +Example of how the rule statistics can look like; + +:: + + Rule Ticks % Checks Matches Max Tick Avg + Ticks + + 7560 107766621 0.02 138 37 105155334 780917.54 + 11963 1605394413 0.29 2623 1 144418923 612045.14 + 7040 1431034011 0.26 2500 0 106018209 572413.60 + 5726 1437574662 0.26 2623 1 115632900 548065.06 + 7037 1355312799 0.24 2562 0 116048286 529005.78 + 11964 1276449255 0.23 2623 1 96412347 486637.15 + 7042 1272562974 0.23 2623 1 96405993 485155.54 + 5719 1233969192 0.22 2562 0 106439661 481642.93 + 5720 1204053246 0.21 2562 0 125155431 469966.14 + +Packet Profiling +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +:: + + packets: + + # Profiling can be disabled here, but it will still have a + # performance impact if compiled in. + + + enabled: yes #this option is enabled by default + filename: packet_stats.log #name of the file in which packet profiling information will be + #stored. + append: yes #If set to yes, new packet profiling information will be added to the + #information that was saved last in the file. + + # per packet csv output + csv: + + # Output can be disabled here, but it will still have a + # performance impact if compiled in. + + enabled: no #the sending of packet output to a csv-file is by default disabled. + filename: packet_stats.csv #name of the file in which csv packet profiling information will be + #stored + +Packet profiling is enabled by default in suricata.yaml but it will +only do its job if you compiled Suricata with --enable profiling. + +The filename in which packet profiling information will be stored, is +packet-stats.log. Information in this file can be added to the last +information that was saved there, or if the append option is set to +no, the existing file will be overwritten. + +Per packet, you can send the output to a csv-file. This file contains +one line for each packet with all profiling information of that +packet. This option can be used only if Suricata is build +with --enable-profiling and if the packet profiling option is enabled +in yaml. + +It is best to use runmode 'single' if you would like to profile the +speed of the code. When using a single thread, there is no situation +in which two threads have to wait for each other. When using two +threads, the time threads might have to wait for each other will be +taken in account when/during profiling packets. For more information +see :doc:`../performance/packet-profiling`. + +Decoder +------- + +Teredo +~~~~~~ + +The Teredo decoder can be disabled. It is enabled by default. + +:: + + decoder: + # Teredo decoder is known to not be completely accurate + # it will sometimes detect non-teredo as teredo. + teredo: + enabled: true + # ports to look for Teredo. Max 4 ports. If no ports are given, or + # the value is set to 'any', Teredo detection runs on _all_ UDP packets. + ports: $TEREDO_PORTS # syntax: '[3544, 1234]' + +Using this default configuration, Teredo detection will run on UDP port +3544. If the `ports` parameter is missing, or set to `any`, all ports will be +inspected for possible presence of Teredo. + +Advanced Options +---------------- + +stacktrace +~~~~~~~~~~ +Display diagnostic stacktraces when a signal unexpectedly terminates Suricata, e.g., such as +SIGSEGV or SIGABRT. Requires the ``libunwind`` library to be available. The default value is +to display the diagnostic message if a signal unexpectedly terminates Suricata -- e.g., +``SIGABRT`` or ``SIGSEGV`` occurs while Suricata is running. + +:: + + logging: + # Requires libunwind to be available when Suricata is configured and built. + # If a signal unexpectedly terminates Suricata, displays a brief diagnostic + # message with the offending stacktrace if enabled. + #stacktrace-on-signal: on + +luajit +~~~~~~ + +states +^^^^^^ + +Luajit has a strange memory requirement, it's 'states' need to be in the +first 2G of the process' memory. For this reason when luajit is used the +states are allocated at the process startup. This option controls how many +states are preallocated. + +If the pool is depleted a warning is generated. Suricata will still try to +continue, but may fail if other parts of the engine take too much memory. +If the pool was depleted a hint will be printed at the engines exit. + +States are allocated as follows: for each detect script a state is used per +detect thread. For each output script, a single state is used. Keep in +mind that a rule reload temporary doubles the states requirement. + +.. _deprecation policy: https://suricata.io/about/deprecation-policy/ + +.. _suricata-yaml-config-hardening: + +Configuration hardening +----------------------- + +The `security` section of suricata.yaml is meant to provide in-depth security configuration options. + +Besides landlock, (see :ref:`landlock`), one setting is available. +`limit-noproc` is a boolean to prevent process creation by Suricata. +If you do not need Suricata to create other processes or threads +(you may need it for LUA scripts for instance or plugins), enable this to +call `setrlimit` with `RLIMIT_NPROC` argument (see `man setrlimit`). +This prevents potential exploits against Suricata to fork a new process, +even if it does not prevent the call of `exec`. + +Warning! This has no effect on Linux when running as root. If you want a hardened configuration, +you probably want to set `run-as` configuration parameter so as to drop root privileges. + +Beyond suricata.yaml, other ways to harden Suricata are +- compilation : enabling ASLR and other exploit mitigation techniques. +- environment : running Suricata on a device that has no direct access to Internet. + +Lua +~~~ + +Suricata 7.0 disables Lua rules by default. Lua rules can be enabled +in the ``security.lua`` section of the configuration file: + +:: + + security: + lua: + # Allow Lua rules. 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