Adding upstream version 255.4.upstream/255.4

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

1 files changed, 1987 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/src/run/run.c b/src/run/run.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..88eca0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/run/run.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1987 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later */
+
+#include <getopt.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+#include "sd-bus.h"
+#include "sd-event.h"
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "build.h"
+#include "bus-error.h"
+#include "bus-locator.h"
+#include "bus-map-properties.h"
+#include "bus-unit-util.h"
+#include "bus-wait-for-jobs.h"
+#include "calendarspec.h"
+#include "env-util.h"
+#include "escape.h"
+#include "exit-status.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "format-util.h"
+#include "main-func.h"
+#include "parse-argument.h"
+#include "parse-util.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "pretty-print.h"
+#include "process-util.h"
+#include "ptyfwd.h"
+#include "signal-util.h"
+#include "spawn-polkit-agent.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "terminal-util.h"
+#include "unit-def.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "user-util.h"
+
+static bool arg_ask_password = true;
+static bool arg_scope = false;
+static bool arg_remain_after_exit = false;
+static bool arg_no_block = false;
+static bool arg_wait = false;
+static const char *arg_unit = NULL;
+static char *arg_description = NULL;
+static const char *arg_slice = NULL;
+static bool arg_slice_inherit = false;
+static int arg_expand_environment = -1;
+static bool arg_send_sighup = false;
+static BusTransport arg_transport = BUS_TRANSPORT_LOCAL;
+static const char *arg_host = NULL;
+static RuntimeScope arg_runtime_scope = RUNTIME_SCOPE_SYSTEM;
+static const char *arg_service_type = NULL;
+static const char *arg_exec_user = NULL;
+static const char *arg_exec_group = NULL;
+static int arg_nice = 0;
+static bool arg_nice_set = false;
+static char **arg_environment = NULL;
+static char **arg_property = NULL;
+static enum {
+        ARG_STDIO_NONE,      /* The default, as it is for normal services, stdin connected to /dev/null, and stdout+stderr to the journal */
+        ARG_STDIO_PTY,       /* Interactive behaviour, requested by --pty: we allocate a pty and connect it to the TTY we are invoked from */
+        ARG_STDIO_DIRECT,    /* Directly pass our stdin/stdout/stderr to the activated service, useful for usage in shell pipelines, requested by --pipe */
+        ARG_STDIO_AUTO,      /* If --pipe and --pty are used together we use --pty when invoked on a TTY, and --pipe otherwise */
+} arg_stdio = ARG_STDIO_NONE;
+static char **arg_path_property = NULL;
+static char **arg_socket_property = NULL;
+static char **arg_timer_property = NULL;
+static bool arg_with_timer = false;
+static bool arg_quiet = false;
+static bool arg_aggressive_gc = false;
+static char *arg_working_directory = NULL;
+static bool arg_shell = false;
+static char **arg_cmdline = NULL;
+
+STATIC_DESTRUCTOR_REGISTER(arg_description, freep);
+STATIC_DESTRUCTOR_REGISTER(arg_environment, strv_freep);
+STATIC_DESTRUCTOR_REGISTER(arg_property, strv_freep);
+STATIC_DESTRUCTOR_REGISTER(arg_path_property, strv_freep);
+STATIC_DESTRUCTOR_REGISTER(arg_socket_property, strv_freep);
+STATIC_DESTRUCTOR_REGISTER(arg_timer_property, strv_freep);
+STATIC_DESTRUCTOR_REGISTER(arg_working_directory, freep);
+STATIC_DESTRUCTOR_REGISTER(arg_cmdline, strv_freep);
+
+static int help(void) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *link = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        r = terminal_urlify_man("systemd-run", "1", &link);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        printf("%s [OPTIONS...] COMMAND [ARGUMENTS...]\n"
+               "\n%sRun the specified command in a transient scope or service.%s\n\n"
+               "  -h --help                       Show this help\n"
+               "     --version                    Show package version\n"
+               "     --no-ask-password            Do not prompt for password\n"
+               "     --user                       Run as user unit\n"
+               "  -H --host=[USER@]HOST           Operate on remote host\n"
+               "  -M --machine=CONTAINER          Operate on local container\n"
+               "     --scope                      Run this as scope rather than service\n"
+               "  -u --unit=UNIT                  Run under the specified unit name\n"
+               "  -p --property=NAME=VALUE        Set service or scope unit property\n"
+               "     --description=TEXT           Description for unit\n"
+               "     --slice=SLICE                Run in the specified slice\n"
+               "     --slice-inherit              Inherit the slice\n"
+               "     --expand-environment=BOOL    Control expansion of environment variables\n"
+               "     --no-block                   Do not wait until operation finished\n"
+               "  -r --remain-after-exit          Leave service around until explicitly stopped\n"
+               "     --wait                       Wait until service stopped again\n"
+               "     --send-sighup                Send SIGHUP when terminating\n"
+               "     --service-type=TYPE          Service type\n"
+               "     --uid=USER                   Run as system user\n"
+               "     --gid=GROUP                  Run as system group\n"
+               "     --nice=NICE                  Nice level\n"
+               "     --working-directory=PATH     Set working directory\n"
+               "  -d --same-dir                   Inherit working directory from caller\n"
+               "  -E --setenv=NAME[=VALUE]        Set environment variable\n"
+               "  -t --pty                        Run service on pseudo TTY as STDIN/STDOUT/\n"
+               "                                  STDERR\n"
+               "  -P --pipe                       Pass STDIN/STDOUT/STDERR directly to service\n"
+               "  -q --quiet                      Suppress information messages during runtime\n"
+               "  -G --collect                    Unload unit after it ran, even when failed\n"
+               "  -S --shell                      Invoke a $SHELL interactively\n\n"
+               "Path options:\n"
+               "     --path-property=NAME=VALUE   Set path unit property\n\n"
+               "Socket options:\n"
+               "     --socket-property=NAME=VALUE Set socket unit property\n\n"
+               "Timer options:\n"
+               "     --on-active=SECONDS          Run after SECONDS delay\n"
+               "     --on-boot=SECONDS            Run SECONDS after machine was booted up\n"
+               "     --on-startup=SECONDS         Run SECONDS after systemd activation\n"
+               "     --on-unit-active=SECONDS     Run SECONDS after the last activation\n"
+               "     --on-unit-inactive=SECONDS   Run SECONDS after the last deactivation\n"
+               "     --on-calendar=SPEC           Realtime timer\n"
+               "     --on-timezone-change         Run when the timezone changes\n"
+               "     --on-clock-change            Run when the realtime clock jumps\n"
+               "     --timer-property=NAME=VALUE  Set timer unit property\n"
+               "\nSee the %s for details.\n",
+               program_invocation_short_name,
+               ansi_highlight(),
+               ansi_normal(),
+               link);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int add_timer_property(const char *name, const char *val) {
+        char *p;
+
+        assert(name);
+        assert(val);
+
+        p = strjoin(name, "=", val);
+        if (!p)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        if (strv_consume(&arg_timer_property, p) < 0)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+
+        enum {
+                ARG_VERSION = 0x100,
+                ARG_USER,
+                ARG_SYSTEM,
+                ARG_SCOPE,
+                ARG_DESCRIPTION,
+                ARG_SLICE,
+                ARG_SLICE_INHERIT,
+                ARG_EXPAND_ENVIRONMENT,
+                ARG_SEND_SIGHUP,
+                ARG_SERVICE_TYPE,
+                ARG_EXEC_USER,
+                ARG_EXEC_GROUP,
+                ARG_NICE,
+                ARG_ON_ACTIVE,
+                ARG_ON_BOOT,
+                ARG_ON_STARTUP,
+                ARG_ON_UNIT_ACTIVE,
+                ARG_ON_UNIT_INACTIVE,
+                ARG_ON_CALENDAR,
+                ARG_ON_TIMEZONE_CHANGE,
+                ARG_ON_CLOCK_CHANGE,
+                ARG_TIMER_PROPERTY,
+                ARG_PATH_PROPERTY,
+                ARG_SOCKET_PROPERTY,
+                ARG_NO_BLOCK,
+                ARG_NO_ASK_PASSWORD,
+                ARG_WAIT,
+                ARG_WORKING_DIRECTORY,
+                ARG_SHELL,
+        };
+
+        static const struct option options[] = {
+                { "help",               no_argument,       NULL, 'h'                    },
+                { "version",            no_argument,       NULL, ARG_VERSION            },
+                { "user",               no_argument,       NULL, ARG_USER               },
+                { "system",             no_argument,       NULL, ARG_SYSTEM             },
+                { "scope",              no_argument,       NULL, ARG_SCOPE              },
+                { "unit",               required_argument, NULL, 'u'                    },
+                { "description",        required_argument, NULL, ARG_DESCRIPTION        },
+                { "slice",              required_argument, NULL, ARG_SLICE              },
+                { "slice-inherit",      no_argument,       NULL, ARG_SLICE_INHERIT      },
+                { "remain-after-exit",  no_argument,       NULL, 'r'                    },
+                { "expand-environment", required_argument, NULL, ARG_EXPAND_ENVIRONMENT },
+                { "send-sighup",        no_argument,       NULL, ARG_SEND_SIGHUP        },
+                { "host",               required_argument, NULL, 'H'                    },
+                { "machine",            required_argument, NULL, 'M'                    },
+                { "service-type",       required_argument, NULL, ARG_SERVICE_TYPE       },
+                { "wait",               no_argument,       NULL, ARG_WAIT               },
+                { "uid",                required_argument, NULL, ARG_EXEC_USER          },
+                { "gid",                required_argument, NULL, ARG_EXEC_GROUP         },
+                { "nice",               required_argument, NULL, ARG_NICE               },
+                { "setenv",             required_argument, NULL, 'E'                    },
+                { "property",           required_argument, NULL, 'p'                    },
+                { "tty",                no_argument,       NULL, 't'                    }, /* deprecated alias */
+                { "pty",                no_argument,       NULL, 't'                    },
+                { "pipe",               no_argument,       NULL, 'P'                    },
+                { "quiet",              no_argument,       NULL, 'q'                    },
+                { "on-active",          required_argument, NULL, ARG_ON_ACTIVE          },
+                { "on-boot",            required_argument, NULL, ARG_ON_BOOT            },
+                { "on-startup",         required_argument, NULL, ARG_ON_STARTUP         },
+                { "on-unit-active",     required_argument, NULL, ARG_ON_UNIT_ACTIVE     },
+                { "on-unit-inactive",   required_argument, NULL, ARG_ON_UNIT_INACTIVE   },
+                { "on-calendar",        required_argument, NULL, ARG_ON_CALENDAR        },
+                { "on-timezone-change", no_argument,       NULL, ARG_ON_TIMEZONE_CHANGE },
+                { "on-clock-change",    no_argument,       NULL, ARG_ON_CLOCK_CHANGE    },
+                { "timer-property",     required_argument, NULL, ARG_TIMER_PROPERTY     },
+                { "path-property",      required_argument, NULL, ARG_PATH_PROPERTY      },
+                { "socket-property",    required_argument, NULL, ARG_SOCKET_PROPERTY    },
+                { "no-block",           no_argument,       NULL, ARG_NO_BLOCK           },
+                { "no-ask-password",    no_argument,       NULL, ARG_NO_ASK_PASSWORD    },
+                { "collect",            no_argument,       NULL, 'G'                    },
+                { "working-directory",  required_argument, NULL, ARG_WORKING_DIRECTORY  },
+                { "same-dir",           no_argument,       NULL, 'd'                    },
+                { "shell",              no_argument,       NULL, 'S'                    },
+                {},
+        };
+
+        bool with_trigger = false;
+        int r, c;
+
+        assert(argc >= 0);
+        assert(argv);
+
+        /* Resetting to 0 forces the invocation of an internal initialization routine of getopt_long()
+         * that checks for GNU extensions in optstring ('-' or '+' at the beginning). */
+        optind = 0;
+        while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "+hrH:M:E:p:tPqGdSu:", options, NULL)) >= 0)
+
+                switch (c) {
+
+                case 'h':
+                        return help();
+
+                case ARG_VERSION:
+                        return version();
+
+                case ARG_NO_ASK_PASSWORD:
+                        arg_ask_password = false;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_USER:
+                        arg_runtime_scope = RUNTIME_SCOPE_USER;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_SYSTEM:
+                        arg_runtime_scope = RUNTIME_SCOPE_SYSTEM;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_SCOPE:
+                        arg_scope = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case 'u':
+                        arg_unit = optarg;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_DESCRIPTION:
+                        r = free_and_strdup(&arg_description, optarg);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_SLICE:
+                        arg_slice = optarg;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_SLICE_INHERIT:
+                        arg_slice_inherit = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_EXPAND_ENVIRONMENT: {
+                        bool b;
+
+                        r = parse_boolean_argument("--expand-environment=", optarg, &b);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        arg_expand_environment = b;
+
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                case ARG_SEND_SIGHUP:
+                        arg_send_sighup = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case 'r':
+                        arg_remain_after_exit = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case 'H':
+                        arg_transport = BUS_TRANSPORT_REMOTE;
+                        arg_host = optarg;
+                        break;
+
+                case 'M':
+                        arg_transport = BUS_TRANSPORT_MACHINE;
+                        arg_host = optarg;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_SERVICE_TYPE:
+                        arg_service_type = optarg;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_EXEC_USER:
+                        arg_exec_user = optarg;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_EXEC_GROUP:
+                        arg_exec_group = optarg;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_NICE:
+                        r = parse_nice(optarg, &arg_nice);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse nice value: %s", optarg);
+
+                        arg_nice_set = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case 'E':
+                        r = strv_env_replace_strdup_passthrough(&arg_environment, optarg);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Cannot assign environment variable %s: %m", optarg);
+
+                        break;
+
+                case 'p':
+                        if (strv_extend(&arg_property, optarg) < 0)
+                                return log_oom();
+
+                        break;
+
+                case 't': /* --pty */
+                        if (IN_SET(arg_stdio, ARG_STDIO_DIRECT, ARG_STDIO_AUTO)) /* if --pipe is already used, upgrade to auto mode */
+                                arg_stdio = ARG_STDIO_AUTO;
+                        else
+                                arg_stdio = ARG_STDIO_PTY;
+                        break;
+
+                case 'P': /* --pipe */
+                        if (IN_SET(arg_stdio, ARG_STDIO_PTY, ARG_STDIO_AUTO)) /* If --pty is already used, upgrade to auto mode */
+                                arg_stdio = ARG_STDIO_AUTO;
+                        else
+                                arg_stdio = ARG_STDIO_DIRECT;
+                        break;
+
+                case 'q':
+                        arg_quiet = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_ON_ACTIVE:
+                        r = add_timer_property("OnActiveSec", optarg);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        arg_with_timer = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_ON_BOOT:
+                        r = add_timer_property("OnBootSec", optarg);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        arg_with_timer = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_ON_STARTUP:
+                        r = add_timer_property("OnStartupSec", optarg);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        arg_with_timer = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_ON_UNIT_ACTIVE:
+                        r = add_timer_property("OnUnitActiveSec", optarg);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        arg_with_timer = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_ON_UNIT_INACTIVE:
+                        r = add_timer_property("OnUnitInactiveSec", optarg);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        arg_with_timer = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_ON_CALENDAR: {
+                        _cleanup_(calendar_spec_freep) CalendarSpec *cs = NULL;
+
+                        r = calendar_spec_from_string(optarg, &cs);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse calendar event specification: %m");
+
+                        /* Let's make sure the given calendar event is not in the past */
+                        r = calendar_spec_next_usec(cs, now(CLOCK_REALTIME), NULL);
+                        if (r == -ENOENT)
+                                /* The calendar event is in the past — let's warn about this, but install it
+                                 * anyway as is. The service manager will trigger the service right away.
+                                 * Moreover, the server side might have a different clock or timezone than we
+                                 * do, hence it should decide when or whether to run something. */
+                                log_warning("Specified calendar expression is in the past, proceeding anyway.");
+                        else if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to calculate next time calendar expression elapses: %m");
+
+                        r = add_timer_property("OnCalendar", optarg);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        arg_with_timer = true;
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                case ARG_ON_TIMEZONE_CHANGE:
+                        r = add_timer_property("OnTimezoneChange", "yes");
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        arg_with_timer = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_ON_CLOCK_CHANGE:
+                        r = add_timer_property("OnClockChange", "yes");
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        arg_with_timer = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_TIMER_PROPERTY:
+
+                        if (strv_extend(&arg_timer_property, optarg) < 0)
+                                return log_oom();
+
+                        arg_with_timer = arg_with_timer ||
+                                STARTSWITH_SET(optarg,
+                                               "OnActiveSec=",
+                                               "OnBootSec=",
+                                               "OnStartupSec=",
+                                               "OnUnitActiveSec=",
+                                               "OnUnitInactiveSec=",
+                                               "OnCalendar=");
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_PATH_PROPERTY:
+
+                        if (strv_extend(&arg_path_property, optarg) < 0)
+                                return log_oom();
+
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_SOCKET_PROPERTY:
+
+                        if (strv_extend(&arg_socket_property, optarg) < 0)
+                                return log_oom();
+
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_NO_BLOCK:
+                        arg_no_block = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_WAIT:
+                        arg_wait = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_WORKING_DIRECTORY:
+                        r = parse_path_argument(optarg, true, &arg_working_directory);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        break;
+
+                case 'd': {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+
+                        r = safe_getcwd(&p);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get current working directory: %m");
+
+                        if (empty_or_root(p))
+                                arg_working_directory = mfree(arg_working_directory);
+                        else
+                                free_and_replace(arg_working_directory, p);
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                case 'G':
+                        arg_aggressive_gc = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case 'S':
+                        arg_shell = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case '?':
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                default:
+                        assert_not_reached();
+                }
+
+        /* If we are talking to the per-user instance PolicyKit isn't going to help */
+        if (arg_runtime_scope == RUNTIME_SCOPE_USER)
+                arg_ask_password = false;
+
+        with_trigger = !!arg_path_property || !!arg_socket_property || arg_with_timer;
+
+        /* currently, only single trigger (path, socket, timer) unit can be created simultaneously */
+        if ((int) !!arg_path_property + (int) !!arg_socket_property + (int) arg_with_timer > 1)
+                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                       "Only single trigger (path, socket, timer) unit can be created.");
+
+        if (arg_shell) {
+                /* If --shell is imply --pty --pipe --same-dir --service-type=exec --wait --collect, unless otherwise
+                 * specified. */
+
+                if (!arg_scope) {
+                        if (arg_stdio == ARG_STDIO_NONE)
+                                arg_stdio = ARG_STDIO_AUTO;
+
+                        if (!arg_working_directory) {
+                                r = safe_getcwd(&arg_working_directory);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get current working directory: %m");
+                        }
+
+                        if (!arg_service_type) {
+                                arg_service_type = strdup("exec");
+                                if (!arg_service_type)
+                                        return log_oom();
+                        }
+
+                        arg_wait = true;
+                }
+
+                arg_aggressive_gc = true;
+        }
+
+        if (arg_stdio == ARG_STDIO_AUTO)
+                /* If we both --pty and --pipe are specified we'll automatically pick --pty if we are connected fully
+                 * to a TTY and pick direct fd passing otherwise. This way, we automatically adapt to usage in a shell
+                 * pipeline, but we are neatly interactive with tty-level isolation otherwise. */
+                arg_stdio = isatty(STDIN_FILENO) && isatty(STDOUT_FILENO) && isatty(STDERR_FILENO) ?
+                        ARG_STDIO_PTY :
+                        ARG_STDIO_DIRECT;
+
+        if (argc > optind) {
+                char **l;
+
+                if (arg_shell)
+                        return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "If --shell is used, no command line is expected.");
+
+                l = strv_copy(argv + optind);
+                if (!l)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                strv_free_and_replace(arg_cmdline, l);
+
+        } else if (arg_shell) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *s = NULL;
+                char **l;
+
+                r = get_shell(&s);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to determine shell: %m");
+
+                l = strv_new(s);
+                if (!l)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                strv_free_and_replace(arg_cmdline, l);
+
+        } else if (!arg_unit || !with_trigger)
+                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "Command line to execute required.");
+
+        if (arg_runtime_scope == RUNTIME_SCOPE_USER && arg_transport == BUS_TRANSPORT_REMOTE)
+                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                       "Execution in user context is not supported on remote systems.");
+
+        if (arg_scope && arg_transport == BUS_TRANSPORT_REMOTE)
+                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                       "Scope execution is not supported on remote systems.");
+
+        if (arg_scope && (arg_remain_after_exit || arg_service_type))
+                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                       "--remain-after-exit and --service-type= are not supported in --scope mode.");
+
+        if (arg_stdio != ARG_STDIO_NONE && (with_trigger || arg_scope))
+                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                       "--pty/--pipe is not compatible in timer or --scope mode.");
+
+        if (arg_stdio != ARG_STDIO_NONE && arg_transport == BUS_TRANSPORT_REMOTE)
+                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                       "--pty/--pipe is only supported when connecting to the local system or containers.");
+
+        if (arg_stdio != ARG_STDIO_NONE && arg_no_block)
+                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                       "--pty/--pipe is not compatible with --no-block.");
+
+        if (arg_scope && with_trigger)
+                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                       "Path, socket or timer options are not supported in --scope mode.");
+
+        if (arg_timer_property && !arg_with_timer)
+                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                       "--timer-property= has no effect without any other timer options.");
+
+        if (arg_wait) {
+                if (arg_no_block)
+                        return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                               "--wait may not be combined with --no-block.");
+
+                if (with_trigger)
+                        return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                               "--wait may not be combined with path, socket or timer operations.");
+
+                if (arg_scope)
+                        return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                               "--wait may not be combined with --scope.");
+        }
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int transient_unit_set_properties(sd_bus_message *m, UnitType t, char **properties) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "(sv)", "Description", "s", arg_description);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+        if (arg_aggressive_gc) {
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "(sv)", "CollectMode", "s", "inactive-or-failed");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+        }
+
+        r = sd_bus_is_bus_client(sd_bus_message_get_bus(m));
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Can't determine if bus connection is direct or to broker: %m");
+        if (r > 0) {
+                /* Pin the object as least as long as we are around. Note that AddRef (currently) only works
+                 * if we talk via the bus though. */
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "(sv)", "AddRef", "b", 1);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+        }
+
+        return bus_append_unit_property_assignment_many(m, t, properties);
+}
+
+static int transient_cgroup_set_properties(sd_bus_message *m) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *name = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *slice = NULL;
+        int r;
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (arg_slice_inherit) {
+                char *end;
+
+                switch (arg_runtime_scope) {
+
+                case RUNTIME_SCOPE_USER:
+                        r = cg_pid_get_user_slice(0, &name);
+                        break;
+
+                case RUNTIME_SCOPE_SYSTEM:
+                        r = cg_pid_get_slice(0, &name);
+                        break;
+
+                default:
+                        assert_not_reached();
+                }
+
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get PID slice: %m");
+
+                end = endswith(name, ".slice");
+                if (!end)
+                        return -ENXIO;
+                *end = 0;
+        }
+
+        if (!isempty(arg_slice) && !strextend_with_separator(&name, "-", arg_slice))
+                return log_oom();
+
+        if (!name)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = unit_name_mangle_with_suffix(name, "as slice",
+                                         arg_quiet ? 0 : UNIT_NAME_MANGLE_WARN,
+                                         ".slice", &slice);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to mangle name '%s': %m", arg_slice);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "(sv)", "Slice", "s", slice);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int transient_kill_set_properties(sd_bus_message *m) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (arg_send_sighup) {
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "(sv)", "SendSIGHUP", "b", arg_send_sighup);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int transient_service_set_properties(sd_bus_message *m, const char *pty_path) {
+        bool send_term = false;
+        int r;
+
+        /* We disable environment expansion on the server side via ExecStartEx=:.
+         * ExecStartEx was added relatively recently (v243), and some bugs were fixed only later.
+         * So use that feature only if required. It will fail with older systemds. */
+        bool use_ex_prop = arg_expand_environment == 0;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = transient_unit_set_properties(m, UNIT_SERVICE, arg_property);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = transient_kill_set_properties(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = transient_cgroup_set_properties(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (arg_remain_after_exit) {
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "(sv)", "RemainAfterExit", "b", arg_remain_after_exit);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+        }
+
+        if (arg_service_type) {
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "(sv)", "Type", "s", arg_service_type);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+        }
+
+        if (arg_exec_user) {
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "(sv)", "User", "s", arg_exec_user);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+        }
+
+        if (arg_exec_group) {
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "(sv)", "Group", "s", arg_exec_group);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+        }
+
+        if (arg_nice_set) {
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "(sv)", "Nice", "i", arg_nice);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+        }
+
+        if (arg_working_directory) {
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "(sv)", "WorkingDirectory", "s", arg_working_directory);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+        }
+
+        if (pty_path) {
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(m,
+                                          "(sv)(sv)(sv)(sv)",
+                                          "StandardInput", "s", "tty",
+                                          "StandardOutput", "s", "tty",
+                                          "StandardError", "s", "tty",
+                                          "TTYPath", "s", pty_path);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                send_term = true;
+
+        } else if (arg_stdio == ARG_STDIO_DIRECT) {
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(m,
+                                          "(sv)(sv)(sv)",
+                                          "StandardInputFileDescriptor", "h", STDIN_FILENO,
+                                          "StandardOutputFileDescriptor", "h", STDOUT_FILENO,
+                                          "StandardErrorFileDescriptor", "h", STDERR_FILENO);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                send_term = isatty(STDIN_FILENO) || isatty(STDOUT_FILENO) || isatty(STDERR_FILENO);
+        }
+
+        if (send_term) {
+                const char *e;
+
+                e = getenv("TERM");
+                if (e) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *n = NULL;
+
+                        n = strjoin("TERM=", e);
+                        if (!n)
+                                return log_oom();
+
+                        r = sd_bus_message_append(m,
+                                                  "(sv)",
+                                                  "Environment", "as", 1, n);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (!strv_isempty(arg_environment)) {
+                r = sd_bus_message_open_container(m, 'r', "sv");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "s", "Environment");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_open_container(m, 'v', "as");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append_strv(m, arg_environment);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_close_container(m);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_close_container(m);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+        }
+
+        /* Exec container */
+        if (!strv_isempty(arg_cmdline)) {
+                r = sd_bus_message_open_container(m, 'r', "sv");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "s",
+                                          use_ex_prop ? "ExecStartEx" : "ExecStart");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_open_container(m, 'v',
+                                                  use_ex_prop ? "a(sasas)" : "a(sasb)");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_open_container(m, 'a',
+                                                  use_ex_prop ? "(sasas)" : "(sasb)");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_open_container(m, 'r',
+                                                  use_ex_prop ? "sasas" : "sasb");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "s", arg_cmdline[0]);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append_strv(m, arg_cmdline);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                if (use_ex_prop)
+                        r = sd_bus_message_append_strv(
+                                        m,
+                                        STRV_MAKE(arg_expand_environment > 0 ? NULL : "no-env-expand"));
+                else
+                        r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "b", false);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_close_container(m);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_close_container(m);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_close_container(m);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_close_container(m);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int transient_scope_set_properties(sd_bus_message *m, bool allow_pidfd) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = transient_unit_set_properties(m, UNIT_SCOPE, arg_property);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = transient_kill_set_properties(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = transient_cgroup_set_properties(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (allow_pidfd) {
+                _cleanup_(pidref_done) PidRef pidref = PIDREF_NULL;
+
+                r = pidref_set_self(&pidref);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = bus_append_scope_pidref(m, &pidref);
+        } else
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(
+                                m, "(sv)",
+                                "PIDs", "au", 1, getpid_cached());
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int transient_timer_set_properties(sd_bus_message *m) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = transient_unit_set_properties(m, UNIT_TIMER, arg_timer_property);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* Automatically clean up our transient timers */
+        r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "(sv)", "RemainAfterElapse", "b", false);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int make_unit_name(sd_bus *bus, UnitType t, char **ret) {
+        const char *unique, *id;
+        char *p;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(t >= 0);
+        assert(t < _UNIT_TYPE_MAX);
+
+        r = sd_bus_get_unique_name(bus, &unique);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                sd_id128_t rnd;
+
+                /* We couldn't get the unique name, which is a pretty
+                 * common case if we are connected to systemd
+                 * directly. In that case, just pick a random uuid as
+                 * name */
+
+                r = sd_id128_randomize(&rnd);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to generate random run unit name: %m");
+
+                if (asprintf(ret, "run-r" SD_ID128_FORMAT_STR ".%s", SD_ID128_FORMAT_VAL(rnd), unit_type_to_string(t)) < 0)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        /* We managed to get the unique name, then let's use that to name our transient units. */
+
+        id = startswith(unique, ":1."); /* let' strip the usual prefix */
+        if (!id)
+                id = startswith(unique, ":"); /* the spec only requires things to start with a colon, hence
+                                               * let's add a generic fallback for that. */
+        if (!id)
+                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                       "Unique name %s has unexpected format.",
+                                       unique);
+
+        p = strjoin("run-u", id, ".", unit_type_to_string(t));
+        if (!p)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        *ret = p;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+typedef struct RunContext {
+        sd_bus *bus;
+        sd_event *event;
+        PTYForward *forward;
+        sd_bus_slot *match;
+
+        /* Current state of the unit */
+        char *active_state;
+        bool has_job;
+
+        /* The exit data of the unit */
+        uint64_t inactive_exit_usec;
+        uint64_t inactive_enter_usec;
+        char *result;
+        uint64_t cpu_usage_nsec;
+        uint64_t memory_peak;
+        uint64_t memory_swap_peak;
+        uint64_t ip_ingress_bytes;
+        uint64_t ip_egress_bytes;
+        uint64_t io_read_bytes;
+        uint64_t io_write_bytes;
+        uint32_t exit_code;
+        uint32_t exit_status;
+} RunContext;
+
+static void run_context_free(RunContext *c) {
+        assert(c);
+
+        c->forward = pty_forward_free(c->forward);
+        c->match = sd_bus_slot_unref(c->match);
+        c->bus = sd_bus_unref(c->bus);
+        c->event = sd_event_unref(c->event);
+
+        free(c->active_state);
+        free(c->result);
+}
+
+static void run_context_check_done(RunContext *c) {
+        bool done;
+
+        assert(c);
+
+        if (c->match)
+                done = STRPTR_IN_SET(c->active_state, "inactive", "failed") && !c->has_job;
+        else
+                done = true;
+
+        if (c->forward && done) /* If the service is gone, it's time to drain the output */
+                done = pty_forward_drain(c->forward);
+
+        if (done)
+                sd_event_exit(c->event, EXIT_SUCCESS);
+}
+
+static int map_job(sd_bus *bus, const char *member, sd_bus_message *m, sd_bus_error *error, void *userdata) {
+        bool *b = userdata;
+        const char *job;
+        uint32_t id;
+        int r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(m, "(uo)", &id, &job);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        *b = id != 0 || !streq(job, "/");
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int run_context_update(RunContext *c, const char *path) {
+
+        static const struct bus_properties_map map[] = {
+                { "ActiveState",                     "s",    NULL,    offsetof(RunContext, active_state)        },
+                { "InactiveExitTimestampMonotonic",  "t",    NULL,    offsetof(RunContext, inactive_exit_usec)  },
+                { "InactiveEnterTimestampMonotonic", "t",    NULL,    offsetof(RunContext, inactive_enter_usec) },
+                { "Result",                          "s",    NULL,    offsetof(RunContext, result)              },
+                { "ExecMainCode",                    "i",    NULL,    offsetof(RunContext, exit_code)           },
+                { "ExecMainStatus",                  "i",    NULL,    offsetof(RunContext, exit_status)         },
+                { "CPUUsageNSec",                    "t",    NULL,    offsetof(RunContext, cpu_usage_nsec)      },
+                { "MemoryPeak",                      "t",    NULL,    offsetof(RunContext, memory_peak)         },
+                { "MemorySwapPeak",                  "t",    NULL,    offsetof(RunContext, memory_swap_peak)    },
+                { "IPIngressBytes",                  "t",    NULL,    offsetof(RunContext, ip_ingress_bytes)    },
+                { "IPEgressBytes",                   "t",    NULL,    offsetof(RunContext, ip_egress_bytes)     },
+                { "IOReadBytes",                     "t",    NULL,    offsetof(RunContext, io_read_bytes)       },
+                { "IOWriteBytes",                    "t",    NULL,    offsetof(RunContext, io_write_bytes)      },
+                { "Job",                             "(uo)", map_job, offsetof(RunContext, has_job)             },
+                {}
+        };
+
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        r = bus_map_all_properties(c->bus,
+                                   "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
+                                   path,
+                                   map,
+                                   BUS_MAP_STRDUP,
+                                   &error,
+                                   NULL,
+                                   c);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                sd_event_exit(c->event, EXIT_FAILURE);
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to query unit state: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
+        }
+
+        run_context_check_done(c);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int on_properties_changed(sd_bus_message *m, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        RunContext *c = ASSERT_PTR(userdata);
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        return run_context_update(c, sd_bus_message_get_path(m));
+}
+
+static int pty_forward_handler(PTYForward *f, int rcode, void *userdata) {
+        RunContext *c = userdata;
+
+        assert(f);
+
+        if (rcode < 0) {
+                sd_event_exit(c->event, EXIT_FAILURE);
+                return log_error_errno(rcode, "Error on PTY forwarding logic: %m");
+        }
+
+        run_context_check_done(c);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int make_transient_service_unit(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                sd_bus_message **message,
+                const char *service,
+                const char *pty_path) {
+
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *m = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(message);
+        assert(service);
+
+        r = bus_message_new_method_call(bus, &m, bus_systemd_mgr, "StartTransientUnit");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_set_allow_interactive_authorization(m, arg_ask_password);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+        /* Name and mode */
+        r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "ss", service, "fail");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+        /* Properties */
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(m, 'a', "(sv)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+        r = transient_service_set_properties(m, pty_path);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_close_container(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+        /* Auxiliary units */
+        r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "a(sa(sv))", 0);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+        *message = TAKE_PTR(m);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int bus_call_with_hint(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                sd_bus_message *message,
+                const char *name,
+                sd_bus_message **reply) {
+
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_call(bus, message, 0, &error, reply);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to start transient %s unit: %s", name, bus_error_message(&error, r));
+
+                if (arg_expand_environment == 0 &&
+                    sd_bus_error_has_names(&error,
+                                           SD_BUS_ERROR_UNKNOWN_PROPERTY,
+                                           SD_BUS_ERROR_PROPERTY_READ_ONLY))
+                        log_notice_errno(r, "Hint: --expand-environment=no is not supported by old systemd");
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int acquire_invocation_id(sd_bus *bus, const char *unit, sd_id128_t *ret) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *object = NULL;
+        const void *p;
+        size_t l;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        if (unit) {
+                object = unit_dbus_path_from_name(unit);
+                if (!object)
+                        return log_oom();
+        }
+
+        r = sd_bus_get_property(bus,
+                                "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
+                                object ?: "/org/freedesktop/systemd1/unit/self",
+                                "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Unit",
+                                "InvocationID",
+                                &error,
+                                &reply,
+                                "ay");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to request invocation ID for unit: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read_array(reply, 'y', &p, &l);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+        if (l == 0) {
+                *ret = SD_ID128_NULL;
+                return 0; /* no uuid set */
+        }
+
+        if (l != sizeof(sd_id128_t))
+                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "Invalid UUID size, %zu != %zu.", l, sizeof(sd_id128_t));
+
+        memcpy(ret, p, l);
+        return !sd_id128_is_null(*ret);
+}
+
+static int start_transient_service(sd_bus *bus) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *m = NULL, *reply = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        _cleanup_(bus_wait_for_jobs_freep) BusWaitForJobs *w = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *service = NULL, *pty_path = NULL;
+        _cleanup_close_ int master = -EBADF;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+
+        if (arg_stdio == ARG_STDIO_PTY) {
+
+                if (arg_transport == BUS_TRANSPORT_LOCAL) {
+                        master = posix_openpt(O_RDWR|O_NOCTTY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NONBLOCK);
+                        if (master < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to acquire pseudo tty: %m");
+
+                        r = ptsname_malloc(master, &pty_path);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to determine tty name: %m");
+
+                        if (unlockpt(master) < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to unlock tty: %m");
+
+                } else if (arg_transport == BUS_TRANSPORT_MACHINE) {
+                        _cleanup_(sd_bus_unrefp) sd_bus *system_bus = NULL;
+                        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *pty_reply = NULL;
+                        const char *s;
+
+                        r = sd_bus_default_system(&system_bus);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to connect to system bus: %m");
+
+                        r = bus_call_method(system_bus,
+                                            bus_machine_mgr,
+                                            "OpenMachinePTY",
+                                            &error,
+                                            &pty_reply,
+                                            "s", arg_host);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get machine PTY: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
+
+                        r = sd_bus_message_read(pty_reply, "hs", &master, &s);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+                        master = fcntl(master, F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC, 3);
+                        if (master < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to duplicate master fd: %m");
+
+                        pty_path = strdup(s);
+                        if (!pty_path)
+                                return log_oom();
+                } else
+                        assert_not_reached();
+        }
+
+        /* Optionally, wait for the start job to complete. If we are supposed to read the service's stdin
+         * lets skip this however, because we should start that already when the start job is running, and
+         * there's little point in waiting for the start job to complete in that case anyway, as we'll wait
+         * for EOF anyway, which is going to be much later. */
+        if (!arg_no_block && arg_stdio == ARG_STDIO_NONE) {
+                r = bus_wait_for_jobs_new(bus, &w);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Could not watch jobs: %m");
+        }
+
+        if (arg_unit) {
+                r = unit_name_mangle_with_suffix(arg_unit, "as unit",
+                                                 arg_quiet ? 0 : UNIT_NAME_MANGLE_WARN,
+                                                 ".service", &service);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to mangle unit name: %m");
+        } else {
+                r = make_unit_name(bus, UNIT_SERVICE, &service);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        r = make_transient_service_unit(bus, &m, service, pty_path);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        polkit_agent_open_if_enabled(arg_transport, arg_ask_password);
+
+        r = bus_call_with_hint(bus, m, "service", &reply);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (w) {
+                const char *object;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "o", &object);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+                r = bus_wait_for_jobs_one(w,
+                                          object,
+                                          arg_quiet,
+                                          arg_runtime_scope == RUNTIME_SCOPE_USER ? STRV_MAKE_CONST("--user") : NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        if (!arg_quiet) {
+                sd_id128_t invocation_id;
+
+                r = acquire_invocation_id(bus, service, &invocation_id);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0) /* No invocation UUID set */
+                        log_info("Running as unit: %s", service);
+                else
+                        log_info("Running as unit: %s; invocation ID: " SD_ID128_FORMAT_STR, service, SD_ID128_FORMAT_VAL(invocation_id));
+        }
+
+        if (arg_wait || arg_stdio != ARG_STDIO_NONE) {
+                _cleanup_(run_context_free) RunContext c = {
+                        .cpu_usage_nsec = NSEC_INFINITY,
+                        .memory_peak = UINT64_MAX,
+                        .memory_swap_peak = UINT64_MAX,
+                        .ip_ingress_bytes = UINT64_MAX,
+                        .ip_egress_bytes = UINT64_MAX,
+                        .io_read_bytes = UINT64_MAX,
+                        .io_write_bytes = UINT64_MAX,
+                        .inactive_exit_usec = USEC_INFINITY,
+                        .inactive_enter_usec = USEC_INFINITY,
+                };
+                _cleanup_free_ char *path = NULL;
+
+                c.bus = sd_bus_ref(bus);
+
+                r = sd_event_default(&c.event);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get event loop: %m");
+
+                if (master >= 0) {
+                        assert_se(sigprocmask_many(SIG_BLOCK, NULL, SIGWINCH, SIGTERM, SIGINT, -1) >= 0);
+                        (void) sd_event_add_signal(c.event, NULL, SIGINT, NULL, NULL);
+                        (void) sd_event_add_signal(c.event, NULL, SIGTERM, NULL, NULL);
+
+                        if (!arg_quiet)
+                                log_info("Press ^] three times within 1s to disconnect TTY.");
+
+                        r = pty_forward_new(c.event, master, PTY_FORWARD_IGNORE_INITIAL_VHANGUP, &c.forward);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create PTY forwarder: %m");
+
+                        pty_forward_set_handler(c.forward, pty_forward_handler, &c);
+
+                        /* Make sure to process any TTY events before we process bus events */
+                        (void) pty_forward_set_priority(c.forward, SD_EVENT_PRIORITY_IMPORTANT);
+                }
+
+                path = unit_dbus_path_from_name(service);
+                if (!path)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                r = sd_bus_match_signal_async(
+                                bus,
+                                &c.match,
+                                "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
+                                path,
+                                "org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties",
+                                "PropertiesChanged",
+                                on_properties_changed, NULL, &c);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to request properties changed signal match: %m");
+
+                r = sd_bus_attach_event(bus, c.event, SD_EVENT_PRIORITY_NORMAL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to attach bus to event loop: %m");
+
+                r = run_context_update(&c, path);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = sd_event_loop(c.event);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to run event loop: %m");
+
+                if (c.forward) {
+                        char last_char = 0;
+
+                        r = pty_forward_get_last_char(c.forward, &last_char);
+                        if (r >= 0 && !arg_quiet && last_char != '\n')
+                                fputc('\n', stdout);
+                }
+
+                if (arg_wait && !arg_quiet) {
+
+                        /* Explicitly destroy the PTY forwarder, so that the PTY device is usable again, with its
+                         * original settings (i.e. proper line breaks), so that we can show the summary in a pretty
+                         * way. */
+                        c.forward = pty_forward_free(c.forward);
+
+                        if (!isempty(c.result))
+                                log_info("Finished with result: %s", strna(c.result));
+
+                        if (c.exit_code == CLD_EXITED)
+                                log_info("Main processes terminated with: code=%s/status=%u",
+                                         sigchld_code_to_string(c.exit_code), c.exit_status);
+                        else if (c.exit_code > 0)
+                                log_info("Main processes terminated with: code=%s/status=%s",
+                                         sigchld_code_to_string(c.exit_code), signal_to_string(c.exit_status));
+
+                        if (timestamp_is_set(c.inactive_enter_usec) &&
+                            timestamp_is_set(c.inactive_exit_usec) &&
+                            c.inactive_enter_usec > c.inactive_exit_usec)
+                                log_info("Service runtime: %s",
+                                         FORMAT_TIMESPAN(c.inactive_enter_usec - c.inactive_exit_usec, USEC_PER_MSEC));
+
+                        if (c.cpu_usage_nsec != NSEC_INFINITY)
+                                log_info("CPU time consumed: %s",
+                                         FORMAT_TIMESPAN(DIV_ROUND_UP(c.cpu_usage_nsec, NSEC_PER_USEC), USEC_PER_MSEC));
+
+                        if (c.memory_peak != UINT64_MAX)
+                                log_info("Memory peak: %s", FORMAT_BYTES(c.memory_peak));
+
+                        if (c.memory_swap_peak != UINT64_MAX)
+                                log_info("Memory swap peak: %s", FORMAT_BYTES(c.memory_swap_peak));
+
+                        if (c.ip_ingress_bytes != UINT64_MAX)
+                                log_info("IP traffic received: %s", FORMAT_BYTES(c.ip_ingress_bytes));
+
+                        if (c.ip_egress_bytes != UINT64_MAX)
+                                log_info("IP traffic sent: %s", FORMAT_BYTES(c.ip_egress_bytes));
+
+                        if (c.io_read_bytes != UINT64_MAX)
+                                log_info("IO bytes read: %s", FORMAT_BYTES(c.io_read_bytes));
+
+                        if (c.io_write_bytes != UINT64_MAX)
+                                log_info("IO bytes written: %s", FORMAT_BYTES(c.io_write_bytes));
+                }
+
+                /* Try to propagate the service's return value. But if the service defines
+                 * e.g. SuccessExitStatus, honour this, and return 0 to mean "success". */
+                if (streq_ptr(c.result, "success"))
+                        return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+                if (streq_ptr(c.result, "exit-code") && c.exit_status > 0)
+                        return c.exit_status;
+                if (streq_ptr(c.result, "signal"))
+                        return EXIT_EXCEPTION;
+                return EXIT_FAILURE;
+        }
+
+        return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int start_transient_scope(sd_bus *bus) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(bus_wait_for_jobs_freep) BusWaitForJobs *w = NULL;
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **env = NULL, **user_env = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *scope = NULL;
+        const char *object = NULL;
+        sd_id128_t invocation_id;
+        bool allow_pidfd = true;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(!strv_isempty(arg_cmdline));
+
+        r = bus_wait_for_jobs_new(bus, &w);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Could not watch jobs: %m");
+
+        if (arg_unit) {
+                r = unit_name_mangle_with_suffix(arg_unit, "as unit",
+                                                 arg_quiet ? 0 : UNIT_NAME_MANGLE_WARN,
+                                                 ".scope", &scope);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to mangle scope name: %m");
+        } else {
+                r = make_unit_name(bus, UNIT_SCOPE, &scope);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        polkit_agent_open_if_enabled(arg_transport, arg_ask_password);
+
+        for (;;) {
+                _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+                _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *m = NULL;
+
+                r = bus_message_new_method_call(bus, &m, bus_systemd_mgr, "StartTransientUnit");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_set_allow_interactive_authorization(m, arg_ask_password);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                /* Name and Mode */
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "ss", scope, "fail");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                /* Properties */
+                r = sd_bus_message_open_container(m, 'a', "(sv)");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = transient_scope_set_properties(m, allow_pidfd);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_close_container(m);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                /* Auxiliary units */
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "a(sa(sv))", 0);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_call(bus, m, 0, &error, &reply);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        if (sd_bus_error_has_names(&error, SD_BUS_ERROR_UNKNOWN_PROPERTY, SD_BUS_ERROR_PROPERTY_READ_ONLY) && allow_pidfd) {
+                                log_debug("Retrying with classic PIDs.");
+                                allow_pidfd = false;
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to start transient scope unit: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
+                }
+
+                break;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "o", &object);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+        r = bus_wait_for_jobs_one(w, object, arg_quiet, arg_runtime_scope == RUNTIME_SCOPE_USER ? STRV_MAKE_CONST("--user") : NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = acquire_invocation_id(bus, NULL, &invocation_id);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r == 0)
+                log_debug("No invocation ID set.");
+        else {
+                if (strv_extendf(&user_env, "INVOCATION_ID=" SD_ID128_FORMAT_STR, SD_ID128_FORMAT_VAL(invocation_id)) < 0)
+                        return log_oom();
+        }
+
+        if (arg_nice_set) {
+                if (setpriority(PRIO_PROCESS, 0, arg_nice) < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to set nice level: %m");
+        }
+
+        if (arg_exec_group) {
+                gid_t gid;
+
+                r = get_group_creds(&arg_exec_group, &gid, 0);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to resolve group %s: %m", arg_exec_group);
+
+                if (setresgid(gid, gid, gid) < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to change GID to " GID_FMT ": %m", gid);
+        }
+
+        if (arg_exec_user) {
+                const char *home, *shell;
+                uid_t uid;
+                gid_t gid;
+
+                r = get_user_creds(&arg_exec_user, &uid, &gid, &home, &shell, USER_CREDS_CLEAN|USER_CREDS_PREFER_NSS);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to resolve user %s: %m", arg_exec_user);
+
+                if (home) {
+                        r = strv_extendf(&user_env, "HOME=%s", home);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_oom();
+                }
+
+                if (shell) {
+                        r = strv_extendf(&user_env, "SHELL=%s", shell);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_oom();
+                }
+
+                r = strv_extendf(&user_env, "USER=%s", arg_exec_user);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                r = strv_extendf(&user_env, "LOGNAME=%s", arg_exec_user);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                if (!arg_exec_group) {
+                        if (setresgid(gid, gid, gid) < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to change GID to " GID_FMT ": %m", gid);
+                }
+
+                if (setresuid(uid, uid, uid) < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to change UID to " UID_FMT ": %m", uid);
+        }
+
+        if (arg_working_directory && chdir(arg_working_directory) < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to change directory to '%s': %m", arg_working_directory);
+
+        env = strv_env_merge(environ, user_env, arg_environment);
+        if (!env)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        if (!arg_quiet) {
+                if (sd_id128_is_null(invocation_id))
+                        log_info("Running as unit: %s", scope);
+                else
+                        log_info("Running as unit: %s; invocation ID: " SD_ID128_FORMAT_STR, scope, SD_ID128_FORMAT_VAL(invocation_id));
+        }
+
+        if (arg_expand_environment > 0) {
+                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **expanded_cmdline = NULL, **unset_variables = NULL, **bad_variables = NULL;
+
+                r = replace_env_argv(arg_cmdline, env, &expanded_cmdline, &unset_variables, &bad_variables);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to expand environment variables: %m");
+
+                free_and_replace(arg_cmdline, expanded_cmdline);
+
+                if (!strv_isempty(unset_variables)) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *ju = strv_join(unset_variables, ", ");
+                        log_warning("Referenced but unset environment variable evaluates to an empty string: %s", strna(ju));
+                }
+
+                if (!strv_isempty(bad_variables)) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *jb = strv_join(bad_variables, ", ");
+                        log_warning("Invalid environment variable name evaluates to an empty string: %s", strna(jb));
+                }
+        }
+
+        execvpe(arg_cmdline[0], arg_cmdline, env);
+
+        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to execute: %m");
+}
+
+static int make_transient_trigger_unit(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                sd_bus_message **message,
+                const char *suffix,
+                const char *trigger,
+                const char *service) {
+
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *m = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(message);
+        assert(suffix);
+        assert(trigger);
+        assert(service);
+
+        r = bus_message_new_method_call(bus, &m, bus_systemd_mgr, "StartTransientUnit");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_set_allow_interactive_authorization(m, arg_ask_password);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+        /* Name and Mode */
+        r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "ss", trigger, "fail");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+        /* Properties */
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(m, 'a', "(sv)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+        if (streq(suffix, ".path"))
+                r = transient_unit_set_properties(m, UNIT_PATH, arg_path_property);
+        else if (streq(suffix, ".socket"))
+                r = transient_unit_set_properties(m, UNIT_SOCKET, arg_socket_property);
+        else if (streq(suffix, ".timer"))
+                r = transient_timer_set_properties(m);
+        else
+                assert_not_reached();
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_close_container(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(m, 'a', "(sa(sv))");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+        if (!strv_isempty(arg_cmdline)) {
+                r = sd_bus_message_open_container(m, 'r', "sa(sv)");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "s", service);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_open_container(m, 'a', "(sv)");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = transient_service_set_properties(m, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_close_container(m);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_close_container(m);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+        }
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_close_container(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+        *message = TAKE_PTR(m);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int start_transient_trigger(sd_bus *bus, const char *suffix) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *m = NULL, *reply = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(bus_wait_for_jobs_freep) BusWaitForJobs *w = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *trigger = NULL, *service = NULL;
+        const char *object = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(suffix);
+
+        r = bus_wait_for_jobs_new(bus, &w);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Could not watch jobs: %m");
+
+        if (arg_unit) {
+                switch (unit_name_to_type(arg_unit)) {
+
+                case UNIT_SERVICE:
+                        service = strdup(arg_unit);
+                        if (!service)
+                                return log_oom();
+
+                        r = unit_name_change_suffix(service, suffix, &trigger);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to change unit suffix: %m");
+                        break;
+
+                case UNIT_TIMER:
+                        trigger = strdup(arg_unit);
+                        if (!trigger)
+                                return log_oom();
+
+                        r = unit_name_change_suffix(trigger, ".service", &service);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to change unit suffix: %m");
+                        break;
+
+                default:
+                        r = unit_name_mangle_with_suffix(arg_unit, "as unit",
+                                                         arg_quiet ? 0 : UNIT_NAME_MANGLE_WARN,
+                                                         ".service", &service);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to mangle unit name: %m");
+
+                        r = unit_name_mangle_with_suffix(arg_unit, "as trigger",
+                                                         arg_quiet ? 0 : UNIT_NAME_MANGLE_WARN,
+                                                         suffix, &trigger);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to mangle unit name: %m");
+
+                        break;
+                }
+        } else {
+                r = make_unit_name(bus, UNIT_SERVICE, &service);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = unit_name_change_suffix(service, suffix, &trigger);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to change unit suffix: %m");
+        }
+
+        r = make_transient_trigger_unit(bus, &m, suffix, trigger, service);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        polkit_agent_open_if_enabled(arg_transport, arg_ask_password);
+
+        r = bus_call_with_hint(bus, m, suffix + 1, &reply);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "o", &object);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+        r = bus_wait_for_jobs_one(w, object, arg_quiet, arg_runtime_scope == RUNTIME_SCOPE_USER ? STRV_MAKE_CONST("--user") : NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (!arg_quiet) {
+                log_info("Running %s as unit: %s", suffix + 1, trigger);
+                if (!strv_isempty(arg_cmdline))
+                        log_info("Will run service as unit: %s", service);
+        }
+
+        return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static bool shall_make_executable_absolute(void) {
+        if (strv_isempty(arg_cmdline))
+                return false;
+        if (arg_transport != BUS_TRANSPORT_LOCAL)
+                return false;
+
+        FOREACH_STRING(f, "RootDirectory=", "RootImage=", "ExecSearchPath=", "MountImages=", "ExtensionImages=")
+                if (strv_find_startswith(arg_property, f))
+                        return false;
+
+        return true;
+}
+
+static int run(int argc, char* argv[]) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_flush_close_unrefp) sd_bus *bus = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        log_show_color(true);
+        log_parse_environment();
+        log_open();
+
+        r = parse_argv(argc, argv);
+        if (r <= 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (shall_make_executable_absolute()) {
+                /* Patch in an absolute path to fail early for user convenience, but only when we can do it
+                 * (i.e. we will be running from the same file system). This also uses the user's $PATH,
+                 * while we use a fixed search path in the manager. */
+
+                _cleanup_free_ char *command = NULL;
+                r = find_executable(arg_cmdline[0], &command);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to find executable %s: %m", arg_cmdline[0]);
+
+                free_and_replace(arg_cmdline[0], command);
+        }
+
+        if (!arg_description) {
+                char *t;
+
+                if (strv_isempty(arg_cmdline))
+                        t = strdup(arg_unit);
+                else
+                        t = quote_command_line(arg_cmdline, SHELL_ESCAPE_EMPTY);
+                if (!t)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                free_and_replace(arg_description, t);
+        }
+
+        /* For backward compatibility reasons env var expansion is disabled by default for scopes, and
+         * enabled by default for everything else. Try to detect it and print a warning, so that we can
+         * change it in the future and harmonize it. */
+        if (arg_expand_environment < 0) {
+                arg_expand_environment = !arg_scope;
+
+                if (!arg_quiet && arg_scope && strchr(arg_description, '$'))
+                        log_warning("Scope command line contains environment variable, which is not expanded"
+                                    " by default for now, but will be expanded by default in the future."
+                                    " Use --expand-environment=yes/no to explicitly control it as needed.");
+        }
+
+        /* If --wait is used connect via the bus, unconditionally, as ref/unref is not supported via the
+         * limited direct connection */
+        if (arg_wait ||
+            arg_stdio != ARG_STDIO_NONE ||
+            (arg_runtime_scope == RUNTIME_SCOPE_USER && arg_transport != BUS_TRANSPORT_LOCAL))
+                r = bus_connect_transport(arg_transport, arg_host, arg_runtime_scope, &bus);
+        else
+                r = bus_connect_transport_systemd(arg_transport, arg_host, arg_runtime_scope, &bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_connect_error(r, arg_transport);
+
+        if (arg_scope)
+                return start_transient_scope(bus);
+        if (arg_path_property)
+                return start_transient_trigger(bus, ".path");
+        if (arg_socket_property)
+                return start_transient_trigger(bus, ".socket");
+        if (arg_with_timer)
+                return start_transient_trigger(bus, ".timer");
+        return start_transient_service(bus);
+}
+
+DEFINE_MAIN_FUNCTION_WITH_POSITIVE_FAILURE(run);