Adding upstream version 256.upstream/256

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

1 files changed, 977 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/test/units/TEST-13-NSPAWN.nspawn.sh b/test/units/TEST-13-NSPAWN.nspawn.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..7901e98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/units/TEST-13-NSPAWN.nspawn.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,977 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+# shellcheck disable=SC2016
+#
+# Notes on coverage: when collecting coverage we need the $BUILD_DIR present
+# and writable in the container as well. To do this in the least intrusive way,
+# two things are going on in the background (only when built with -Db_coverage=true):
+#   1) the systemd-nspawn@.service is copied to /etc/systemd/system/ with
+#      --bind=$BUILD_DIR appended to the ExecStart= line
+#   2) each create_dummy_container() call also creates an .nspawn file in /run/systemd/nspawn/
+#      with the last fragment from the path used as a name
+#
+# The first change is quite self-contained and applies only to containers run
+# with machinectl. The second one might cause some unexpected side-effects, namely:
+#   - nspawn config (setting) files don't support dropins, so tests that test
+#     the config files might need some tweaking (as seen below with
+#     the $COVERAGE_BUILD_DIR shenanigans) since they overwrite the .nspawn file
+#   - also a note - if /etc/systemd/nspawn/cont-name.nspawn exists, it takes
+#     precedence and /run/systemd/nspawn/cont-name.nspawn won't be read even
+#     if it exists
+#   - also a note 2 - --bind= overrides any Bind= from a config file
+#   - in some cases we don't create a test container using create_dummy_container(),
+#     so in that case an explicit call to coverage_create_nspawn_dropin() is needed
+#
+# However, even after jumping through all these hooks, there still might (and is)
+# some "incorrectly" missing coverage, especially in the window between spawning
+# the inner child process and bind-mounting the coverage $BUILD_DIR
+set -eux
+set -o pipefail
+
+# shellcheck source=test/units/test-control.sh
+. "$(dirname "$0")"/test-control.sh
+# shellcheck source=test/units/util.sh
+. "$(dirname "$0")"/util.sh
+
+
+export SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL=debug
+export SYSTEMD_LOG_TARGET=journal
+
+at_exit() {
+    set +e
+
+    mountpoint -q /var/lib/machines && umount --recursive /var/lib/machines
+    rm -f /run/systemd/nspawn/*.nspawn
+}
+
+trap at_exit EXIT
+
+# check cgroup-v2
+IS_CGROUPSV2_SUPPORTED=no
+mkdir -p /tmp/cgroup2
+if mount -t cgroup2 cgroup2 /tmp/cgroup2; then
+    IS_CGROUPSV2_SUPPORTED=yes
+    umount /tmp/cgroup2
+fi
+rmdir /tmp/cgroup2
+
+# check cgroup namespaces
+IS_CGNS_SUPPORTED=no
+if [[ -f /proc/1/ns/cgroup ]]; then
+    IS_CGNS_SUPPORTED=yes
+fi
+
+IS_USERNS_SUPPORTED=no
+# On some systems (e.g. CentOS 7) the default limit for user namespaces
+# is set to 0, which causes the following unshare syscall to fail, even
+# with enabled user namespaces support. By setting this value explicitly
+# we can ensure the user namespaces support to be detected correctly.
+sysctl -w user.max_user_namespaces=10000
+if unshare -U bash -c :; then
+    IS_USERNS_SUPPORTED=yes
+fi
+
+# Mount temporary directory over /var/lib/machines to not pollute the image
+mkdir -p /var/lib/machines
+mount --bind "$(mktemp --tmpdir=/var/tmp -d)" /var/lib/machines
+
+testcase_sanity() {
+    local template root image uuid tmpdir
+
+    tmpdir="$(mktemp -d)"
+    template="$(mktemp -d /tmp/nspawn-template.XXX)"
+    create_dummy_container "$template"
+    # Create a simple image from the just created container template
+    image="$(mktemp /var/lib/machines/TEST-13-NSPAWN.image-XXX.img)"
+    dd if=/dev/zero of="$image" bs=1M count=256
+    mkfs.ext4 "$image"
+    mkdir -p /mnt
+    mount -o loop "$image" /mnt
+    cp -r "$template"/* /mnt/
+    umount /mnt
+
+    systemd-nspawn --help --no-pager
+    systemd-nspawn --version
+
+    # --template=
+    root="$(mktemp -u -d /var/lib/machines/TEST-13-NSPAWN.sanity.XXX)"
+    coverage_create_nspawn_dropin "$root"
+    (! systemd-nspawn --directory="$root" bash -xec 'echo hello')
+    # Initialize $root from $template (the $root directory must not exist, hence
+    # the `mktemp -u` above)
+    systemd-nspawn --directory="$root" --template="$template" bash -xec 'echo hello'
+    systemd-nspawn --directory="$root" bash -xec 'echo hello; touch /initialized'
+    test -e "$root/initialized"
+    # Check if the $root doesn't get re-initialized once it's not empty
+    systemd-nspawn --directory="$root" --template="$template" bash -xec 'echo hello'
+    test -e "$root/initialized"
+
+    systemd-nspawn --directory="$root" --ephemeral bash -xec 'touch /ephemeral'
+    test ! -e "$root/ephemeral"
+    (! systemd-nspawn --directory="$root" \
+                      --read-only \
+                      bash -xec 'touch /nope')
+    test ! -e "$root/nope"
+    systemd-nspawn --image="$image" bash -xec 'echo hello'
+
+    # --volatile=
+    touch "$root/usr/has-usr"
+    # volatile(=yes): rootfs is tmpfs, /usr/ from the OS tree is mounted read only
+    systemd-nspawn --directory="$root"\
+                   --volatile \
+                   bash -xec 'test -e /usr/has-usr; touch /usr/read-only && exit 1; touch /nope'
+    test ! -e "$root/nope"
+    test ! -e "$root/usr/read-only"
+    systemd-nspawn --directory="$root"\
+                   --volatile=yes \
+                   bash -xec 'test -e /usr/has-usr; touch /usr/read-only && exit 1; touch /nope'
+    test ! -e "$root/nope"
+    test ! -e "$root/usr/read-only"
+    # volatile=state: rootfs is read-only, /var/ is tmpfs
+    systemd-nspawn --directory="$root" \
+                   --volatile=state \
+                   bash -xec 'test -e /usr/has-usr; mountpoint /var; touch /read-only && exit 1; touch /var/nope'
+    test ! -e "$root/read-only"
+    test ! -e "$root/var/nope"
+    # volatile=state: tmpfs overlay is mounted over rootfs
+    systemd-nspawn --directory="$root" \
+                   --volatile=overlay \
+                   bash -xec 'test -e /usr/has-usr; touch /nope; touch /var/also-nope; touch /usr/nope-too'
+    test ! -e "$root/nope"
+    test ! -e "$root/var/also-nope"
+    test ! -e "$root/usr/nope-too"
+
+    # --machine=, --hostname=
+    systemd-nspawn --directory="$root" \
+                   --machine="foo-bar.baz" \
+                   bash -xec '[[ $(hostname) == foo-bar.baz ]]'
+    systemd-nspawn --directory="$root" \
+                   --hostname="hello.world.tld" \
+                   bash -xec '[[ $(hostname) == hello.world.tld ]]'
+    systemd-nspawn --directory="$root" \
+                   --machine="foo-bar.baz" \
+                   --hostname="hello.world.tld" \
+                   bash -xec '[[ $(hostname) == hello.world.tld ]]'
+
+    # --uuid=
+    rm -f "$root/etc/machine-id"
+    uuid="deadbeef-dead-dead-beef-000000000000"
+    systemd-nspawn --directory="$root" \
+                   --uuid="$uuid" \
+                   bash -xec "[[ \$container_uuid == $uuid ]]"
+
+    # --as-pid2
+    systemd-nspawn --directory="$root" bash -xec '[[ $$ -eq 1 ]]'
+    systemd-nspawn --directory="$root" --as-pid2 bash -xec '[[ $$ -eq 2 ]]'
+
+    # --user=
+    # "Fake" getent passwd's bare minimum, so we don't have to pull it in
+    # with all the DSO shenanigans
+    cat >"$root/bin/getent" <<\EOF
+#!/bin/bash
+
+if [[ $# -eq 0 ]]; then
+    :
+elif [[ $1 == passwd ]]; then
+    echo "testuser:x:1000:1000:testuser:/:/bin/sh"
+elif [[ $1 == initgroups ]]; then
+    echo "testuser"
+fi
+EOF
+    chmod +x "$root/bin/getent"
+    systemd-nspawn --directory="$root" bash -xec '[[ $USER == root ]]'
+    systemd-nspawn --directory="$root" --user=testuser bash -xec '[[ $USER == testuser ]]'
+
+    # --settings= + .nspawn files
+    mkdir -p /run/systemd/nspawn/
+    uuid="deadbeef-dead-dead-beef-000000000000"
+    echo -ne "[Exec]\nMachineID=deadbeef-dead-dead-beef-111111111111" >/run/systemd/nspawn/foo-bar.nspawn
+    systemd-nspawn --directory="$root" \
+                   --machine=foo-bar \
+                   --settings=yes \
+                   bash -xec '[[ $container_uuid == deadbeef-dead-dead-beef-111111111111 ]]'
+    systemd-nspawn --directory="$root" \
+                   --machine=foo-bar \
+                   --uuid="$uuid" \
+                   --settings=yes \
+                   bash -xec "[[ \$container_uuid == $uuid ]]"
+    systemd-nspawn --directory="$root" \
+                   --machine=foo-bar \
+                   --uuid="$uuid" \
+                   --settings=override \
+                   bash -xec '[[ $container_uuid == deadbeef-dead-dead-beef-111111111111 ]]'
+    systemd-nspawn --directory="$root" \
+                   --machine=foo-bar \
+                   --uuid="$uuid" \
+                   --settings=trusted \
+                   bash -xec "[[ \$container_uuid == $uuid ]]"
+
+    # Mounts
+    mkdir "$tmpdir"/{1,2,3}
+    touch "$tmpdir/1/one" "$tmpdir/2/two" "$tmpdir/3/three"
+    touch "$tmpdir/foo"
+    # --bind=
+    systemd-nspawn --directory="$root" \
+                   ${COVERAGE_BUILD_DIR:+--bind="$COVERAGE_BUILD_DIR"} \
+                   --bind="$tmpdir:/foo" \
+                   --bind="$tmpdir:/also-foo:noidmap,norbind" \
+                   bash -xec 'test -e /foo/foo; touch /foo/bar; test -e /also-foo/bar'
+    test -e "$tmpdir/bar"
+    # --bind-ro=
+    systemd-nspawn --directory="$root" \
+                   --bind-ro="$tmpdir:/foo" \
+                   --bind-ro="$tmpdir:/bar:noidmap,norbind" \
+                   bash -xec 'test -e /foo/foo; touch /foo/baz && exit 1; touch /bar && exit 1; true'
+    # --inaccessible=
+    systemd-nspawn --directory="$root" \
+                   --inaccessible=/var \
+                   bash -xec 'touch /var/foo && exit 1; true'
+    # --tmpfs=
+    systemd-nspawn --directory="$root" \
+                   --tmpfs=/var:rw,nosuid,noexec \
+                   bash -xec 'touch /var/nope'
+    test ! -e "$root/var/nope"
+    # --overlay=
+    systemd-nspawn --directory="$root" \
+                   --overlay="$tmpdir/1:$tmpdir/2:$tmpdir/3:/var" \
+                   bash -xec 'test -e /var/one; test -e /var/two; test -e /var/three; touch /var/foo'
+    test -e "$tmpdir/3/foo"
+    # --overlay-ro=
+    systemd-nspawn --directory="$root" \
+                   --overlay-ro="$tmpdir/1:$tmpdir/2:$tmpdir/3:/var" \
+                   bash -xec 'test -e /var/one; test -e /var/two; test -e /var/three; touch /var/nope && exit 1; true'
+    test ! -e "$tmpdir/3/nope"
+    rm -fr "$tmpdir"
+
+    # --port (sanity only)
+    systemd-nspawn --network-veth --directory="$root" --port=80 --port=90 true
+    systemd-nspawn --network-veth --directory="$root" --port=80:8080 true
+    systemd-nspawn --network-veth --directory="$root" --port=tcp:80 true
+    systemd-nspawn --network-veth --directory="$root" --port=tcp:80:8080 true
+    systemd-nspawn --network-veth --directory="$root" --port=udp:80 true
+    systemd-nspawn --network-veth --directory="$root" --port=udp:80:8080 --port=tcp:80:8080 true
+    (! systemd-nspawn --network-veth --directory="$root" --port= true)
+    (! systemd-nspawn --network-veth --directory="$root" --port=-1 true)
+    (! systemd-nspawn --network-veth --directory="$root" --port=: true)
+    (! systemd-nspawn --network-veth --directory="$root" --port=icmp:80:8080 true)
+    (! systemd-nspawn --network-veth --directory="$root" --port=tcp::8080 true)
+    (! systemd-nspawn --network-veth --directory="$root" --port=8080: true)
+    # Exercise adding/removing ports from an interface
+    systemd-nspawn --directory="$root" \
+                   --network-veth \
+                   --port=6667 \
+                   --port=80:8080 \
+                   --port=udp:53 \
+                   --port=tcp:22:2222 \
+                   bash -xec 'ip addr add dev host0 10.0.0.10/24; ip a; ip addr del dev host0 10.0.0.10/24'
+
+    # --load-credential=, --set-credential=
+    echo "foo bar" >/tmp/cred.path
+    systemd-nspawn --directory="$root" \
+                   --load-credential=cred.path:/tmp/cred.path \
+                   --set-credential="cred.set:hello world" \
+                   bash -xec '[[ "$(</run/host/credentials/cred.path)" == "foo bar" ]]; [[ "$(</run/host/credentials/cred.set)" == "hello world" ]]'
+    # Combine with --user to ensure creds are still readable
+    systemd-nspawn --directory="$root" \
+                   --user=testuser \
+                   --no-new-privileges=yes \
+                   --load-credential=cred.path:/tmp/cred.path \
+                   --set-credential="cred.set:hello world" \
+                   bash -xec '[[ "$(</run/host/credentials/cred.path)" == "foo bar" ]]; [[ "$(</run/host/credentials/cred.set)" == "hello world" ]]'
+    rm -f /tmp/cred.path
+
+    # Assorted tests
+    systemd-nspawn --directory="$root" --suppress-sync=yes bash -xec 'echo hello'
+    systemd-nspawn --capability=help
+    systemd-nspawn --resolv-conf=help
+    systemd-nspawn --timezone=help
+
+    # Handling of invalid arguments
+    opts=(
+        bind
+        bind-ro
+        bind-user
+        chdir
+        console
+        inaccessible
+        kill-signal
+        link-journal
+        load-credential
+        network-{interface,macvlan,ipvlan,veth-extra,bridge,zone}
+        no-new-privileges
+        oom-score-adjust
+        overlay
+        overlay-ro
+        personality
+        pivot-root
+        port
+        private-users
+        private-users-ownership
+        register
+        resolv-conf
+        rlimit
+        root-hash
+        root-hash-sig
+        set-credential
+        settings
+        suppress-sync
+        timezone
+        tmpfs
+        uuid
+    )
+    for opt in "${opts[@]}"; do
+        (! systemd-nspawn "--$opt")
+        [[ "$opt" == network-zone ]] && continue
+        (! systemd-nspawn "--$opt=''")
+        (! systemd-nspawn "--$opt=%\$š")
+    done
+    (! systemd-nspawn --volatile="")
+    (! systemd-nspawn --volatile=-1)
+    (! systemd-nspawn --rlimit==)
+}
+
+nspawn_settings_cleanup() {
+    for dev in sd-host-only sd-shared{1,2,3} sd-macvlan{1,2} sd-ipvlan{1,2}; do
+        ip link del "$dev" || :
+    done
+
+    return 0
+}
+
+testcase_nspawn_settings() {
+    local root container dev private_users wlan_names
+
+    mkdir -p /run/systemd/nspawn
+    root="$(mktemp -d /var/lib/machines/TEST-13-NSPAWN.nspawn-settings.XXX)"
+    container="$(basename "$root")"
+    create_dummy_container "$root"
+    rm -f "/etc/systemd/nspawn/$container.nspawn"
+    mkdir -p "$root/tmp" "$root"/opt/{tmp,inaccessible,also-inaccessible}
+
+    # add virtual wlan interfaces
+    if modprobe mac80211_hwsim radios=2; then
+        wlan_names="wlan0 wlan1:wl-renamed1"
+    fi
+
+    for dev in sd-host-only sd-shared{1,2,3} sd-macvlan{1,2} sd-macvlanloong sd-ipvlan{1,2} sd-ipvlanlooong; do
+        ip link add "$dev" type dummy
+    done
+    udevadm settle
+    ip link property add dev sd-shared3 altname sd-altname3 altname sd-altname-tooooooooooooo-long
+    ip link
+    trap nspawn_settings_cleanup RETURN
+
+    # Let's start with one huge config to test as much as we can at once
+    cat >"/run/systemd/nspawn/$container.nspawn" <<EOF
+[Exec]
+Boot=no
+Ephemeral=no
+ProcessTwo=no
+Parameters=bash /entrypoint.sh "foo bar" 'bar baz'
+Environment=FOO=bar
+Environment=BAZ="hello world"
+User=root
+WorkingDirectory=/tmp
+Capability=CAP_BLOCK_SUSPEND CAP_BPF CAP_CHOWN
+DropCapability=CAP_AUDIT_CONTROL CAP_AUDIT_WRITE
+AmbientCapability=CAP_BPF CAP_CHOWN
+NoNewPrivileges=no
+MachineID=f28f129b51874b1280a89421ec4b4ad4
+PrivateUsers=no
+NotifyReady=no
+SystemCallFilter=@basic-io @chown
+SystemCallFilter=~ @clock
+LimitNOFILE=1024:2048
+LimitRTPRIO=8:16
+OOMScoreAdjust=32
+CPUAffinity=0,0-5,1-5
+Hostname=nspawn-settings
+ResolvConf=copy-host
+Timezone=delete
+LinkJournal=no
+SuppressSync=no
+
+[Files]
+ReadOnly=no
+Volatile=no
+TemporaryFileSystem=/tmp
+TemporaryFileSystem=/opt/tmp
+Inaccessible=/opt/inaccessible
+Inaccessible=/opt/also-inaccessible
+PrivateUsersOwnership=auto
+Overlay=+/var::/var
+${COVERAGE_BUILD_DIR:+"Bind=$COVERAGE_BUILD_DIR"}
+
+[Network]
+Private=yes
+VirtualEthernet=yes
+VirtualEthernetExtra=my-fancy-veth1
+VirtualEthernetExtra=fancy-veth2:my-fancy-veth2
+Interface=sd-shared1 sd-shared2:sd-renamed2 sd-shared3:sd-altname3 ${wlan_names:-}
+MACVLAN=sd-macvlan1 sd-macvlan2:my-macvlan2 sd-macvlanloong
+IPVLAN=sd-ipvlan1 sd-ipvlan2:my-ipvlan2 sd-ipvlanlooong
+Zone=sd-zone0
+Port=80
+Port=81:8181
+Port=tcp:60
+Port=udp:60:61
+EOF
+    cat >"$root/entrypoint.sh" <<\EOF
+#!/bin/bash
+set -ex
+
+env
+
+[[ "$1" == "foo bar" ]]
+[[ "$2" == "bar baz" ]]
+
+[[ "$USER" == root ]]
+[[ "$FOO" == bar ]]
+[[ "$BAZ" == "hello world" ]]
+[[ "$PWD" == /tmp ]]
+[[ "$container_uuid" == f28f129b-5187-4b12-80a8-9421ec4b4ad4 ]]
+[[ "$(ulimit -S -n)" -eq 1024 ]]
+[[ "$(ulimit -H -n)" -eq 2048 ]]
+[[ "$(ulimit -S -r)" -eq 8 ]]
+[[ "$(ulimit -H -r)" -eq 16 ]]
+[[ "$(</proc/self/oom_score_adj)" -eq 32 ]]
+[[ "$(hostname)" == nspawn-settings ]]
+[[ -e /etc/resolv.conf ]]
+[[ ! -e /etc/localtime ]]
+
+mountpoint /tmp
+touch /tmp/foo
+mountpoint /opt/tmp
+touch /opt/tmp/foo
+touch /opt/inaccessible/foo && exit 1
+touch /opt/also-inaccessible/foo && exit 1
+mountpoint /var
+
+ip link
+ip link | grep host-only && exit 1
+ip link | grep host0@
+ip link | grep my-fancy-veth1@
+ip link | grep my-fancy-veth2@
+ip link | grep sd-shared1
+ip link | grep sd-renamed2
+ip link | grep sd-shared3
+ip link | grep sd-altname3
+ip link | grep sd-altname-tooooooooooooo-long
+ip link | grep mv-sd-macvlan1@
+ip link | grep my-macvlan2@
+ip link | grep iv-sd-ipvlan1@
+ip link | grep my-ipvlan2@
+EOF
+    if [[ -n "${wlan_names:-}" ]]; then
+        cat >>"$root/entrypoint.sh" <<\EOF
+ip link | grep wlan0
+ip link | grep wl-renamed1
+EOF
+    fi
+
+    timeout 30 systemd-nspawn --directory="$root"
+
+    # And now for stuff that needs to run separately
+    #
+    # Note on the condition below: since our container tree is owned by root,
+    # both "yes" and "identity" private users settings will behave the same
+    # as PrivateUsers=0:65535, which makes BindUser= fail as the UID already
+    # exists there, so skip setting it in such case
+    for private_users in "131072:65536" yes identity pick; do
+        cat >"/run/systemd/nspawn/$container.nspawn" <<EOF
+[Exec]
+Hostname=private-users
+PrivateUsers=$private_users
+
+[Files]
+PrivateUsersOwnership=auto
+BindUser=
+$([[ "$private_users" =~ (yes|identity) ]] || echo "BindUser=testuser")
+${COVERAGE_BUILD_DIR:+"Bind=$COVERAGE_BUILD_DIR"}
+EOF
+        cat "/run/systemd/nspawn/$container.nspawn"
+        chown -R root:root "$root"
+        systemd-nspawn --directory="$root" bash -xec '[[ "$(hostname)" == private-users ]]'
+    done
+
+    rm -fr "$root" "/run/systemd/nspawn/$container.nspawn"
+}
+
+bind_user_cleanup() {
+    userdel --force --remove nspawn-bind-user-1
+    userdel --force --remove nspawn-bind-user-2
+}
+
+testcase_bind_user() {
+    local root
+
+    root="$(mktemp -d /var/lib/machines/TEST-13-NSPAWN.bind-user.XXX)"
+    create_dummy_container "$root"
+    useradd --create-home --user-group nspawn-bind-user-1
+    useradd --create-home --user-group nspawn-bind-user-2
+    trap bind_user_cleanup RETURN
+    touch /home/nspawn-bind-user-1/foo
+    touch /home/nspawn-bind-user-2/bar
+    # Add a couple of POSIX ACLs to test the patch-uid stuff
+    mkdir -p "$root/opt"
+    setfacl -R -m 'd:u:nspawn-bind-user-1:rwX' -m 'u:nspawn-bind-user-1:rwX' "$root/opt"
+    setfacl -R -m 'd:g:nspawn-bind-user-1:rwX' -m 'g:nspawn-bind-user-1:rwX' "$root/opt"
+
+    systemd-nspawn --directory="$root" \
+                   --private-users=pick \
+                   --bind-user=nspawn-bind-user-1 \
+                   bash -xec 'test -e /run/host/home/nspawn-bind-user-1/foo'
+
+    systemd-nspawn --directory="$root" \
+                   --private-users=pick \
+                   --private-users-ownership=chown \
+                   --bind-user=nspawn-bind-user-1 \
+                   --bind-user=nspawn-bind-user-2 \
+                   bash -xec 'test -e /run/host/home/nspawn-bind-user-1/foo; test -e /run/host/home/nspawn-bind-user-2/bar'
+    chown -R root:root "$root"
+
+    # User/group name collision
+    echo "nspawn-bind-user-2:x:1000:1000:nspawn-bind-user-2:/home/nspawn-bind-user-2:/bin/bash" >"$root/etc/passwd"
+    (! systemd-nspawn --directory="$root" \
+                      --private-users=pick \
+                      --bind-user=nspawn-bind-user-1 \
+                      --bind-user=nspawn-bind-user-2 \
+                      true)
+    rm -f "$root/etc/passwd"
+
+    echo "nspawn-bind-user-2:x:1000:" >"$root/etc/group"
+    (! systemd-nspawn --directory="$root" \
+                      --private-users=pick \
+                      --bind-user=nspawn-bind-user-1 \
+                      --bind-user=nspawn-bind-user-2 \
+                      true)
+    rm -f "$root/etc/group"
+
+    rm -fr "$root"
+}
+
+testcase_bind_tmp_path() {
+    # https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/4789
+    local root
+
+    root="$(mktemp -d /var/lib/machines/TEST-13-NSPAWN.bind-tmp-path.XXX)"
+    create_dummy_container "$root"
+    : >/tmp/bind
+    systemd-nspawn --register=no \
+                   --directory="$root" \
+                   --bind=/tmp/bind \
+                   bash -c 'test -e /tmp/bind'
+
+    rm -fr "$root" /tmp/bind
+}
+
+testcase_norbind() {
+    # https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/13170
+    local root
+
+    root="$(mktemp -d /var/lib/machines/TEST-13-NSPAWN.norbind-path.XXX)"
+    mkdir -p /tmp/binddir/subdir
+    echo -n "outer" >/tmp/binddir/subdir/file
+    mount -t tmpfs tmpfs /tmp/binddir/subdir
+    echo -n "inner" >/tmp/binddir/subdir/file
+    create_dummy_container "$root"
+
+    systemd-nspawn --register=no \
+                   --directory="$root" \
+                   --bind=/tmp/binddir:/mnt:norbind \
+                   bash -c 'CONTENT=$(cat /mnt/subdir/file); if [[ $CONTENT != "outer" ]]; then echo "*** unexpected content: $CONTENT"; exit 1; fi'
+
+    umount /tmp/binddir/subdir
+    rm -fr "$root" /tmp/binddir/
+}
+
+rootidmap_cleanup() {
+    local dir="${1:?}"
+
+    mountpoint -q "$dir/bind" && umount "$dir/bind"
+    rm -fr "$dir"
+}
+
+testcase_rootidmap() {
+    local root cmd permissions
+    local owner=1000
+
+    root="$(mktemp -d /var/lib/machines/TEST-13-NSPAWN.rootidmap-path.XXX)"
+    # Create ext4 image, as ext4 supports idmapped-mounts.
+    mkdir -p /tmp/rootidmap/bind
+    dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/rootidmap/ext4.img bs=4k count=2048
+    mkfs.ext4 /tmp/rootidmap/ext4.img
+    mount /tmp/rootidmap/ext4.img /tmp/rootidmap/bind
+    trap "rootidmap_cleanup /tmp/rootidmap/" RETURN
+
+    touch /tmp/rootidmap/bind/file
+    chown -R "$owner:$owner" /tmp/rootidmap/bind
+
+    create_dummy_container "$root"
+    cmd='PERMISSIONS=$(stat -c "%u:%g" /mnt/file); if [[ $PERMISSIONS != "0:0" ]]; then echo "*** wrong permissions: $PERMISSIONS"; return 1; fi; touch /mnt/other_file'
+    if ! SYSTEMD_LOG_TARGET=console \
+            systemd-nspawn --register=no \
+                           --directory="$root" \
+                           --bind=/tmp/rootidmap/bind:/mnt:rootidmap \
+                           bash -c "$cmd" |& tee nspawn.out; then
+        if grep -q "Failed to map ids for bind mount.*: Function not implemented" nspawn.out; then
+            echo "idmapped mounts are not supported, skipping the test..."
+            return 0
+        fi
+
+        return 1
+    fi
+
+    permissions=$(stat -c "%u:%g" /tmp/rootidmap/bind/other_file)
+    if [[ $permissions != "$owner:$owner" ]]; then
+        echo "*** wrong permissions: $permissions"
+        [[ "$IS_USERNS_SUPPORTED" == "yes" ]] && return 1
+    fi
+}
+
+owneridmap_cleanup() {
+    local dir="${1:?}"
+
+    mountpoint -q "$dir/bind" && umount "$dir/bind"
+    rm -fr "$dir"
+}
+
+testcase_owneridmap() {
+    local root cmd permissions
+    local owner=1000
+
+    root="$(mktemp -d /var/lib/machines/TEST-13-NSPAWN.owneridmap-path.XXX)"
+    # Create ext4 image, as ext4 supports idmapped-mounts.
+    mkdir -p /tmp/owneridmap/bind
+    dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/owneridmap/ext4.img bs=4k count=2048
+    mkfs.ext4 /tmp/owneridmap/ext4.img
+    mount /tmp/owneridmap/ext4.img /tmp/owneridmap/bind
+    trap "owneridmap_cleanup /tmp/owneridmap/" RETURN
+
+    touch /tmp/owneridmap/bind/file
+    chown -R "$owner:$owner" /tmp/owneridmap/bind
+
+    # Allow users to read and execute / in order to execute binaries
+    chmod o+rx "$root"
+
+    create_dummy_container "$root"
+
+    # --user=
+    # "Fake" getent passwd's bare minimum, so we don't have to pull it in
+    # with all the DSO shenanigans
+    cat >"$root/bin/getent" <<\EOF
+#!/bin/bash
+
+if [[ $# -eq 0 ]]; then
+    :
+elif [[ $1 == passwd ]]; then
+    echo "testuser:x:1010:1010:testuser:/:/bin/sh"
+elif [[ $1 == initgroups ]]; then
+    echo "testuser"
+fi
+EOF
+    chmod +x "$root/bin/getent"
+
+    mkdir -p "$root/home/testuser"
+    chown 1010:1010 "$root/home/testuser"
+
+    cmd='PERMISSIONS=$(stat -c "%u:%g" /home/testuser/file); if [[ $PERMISSIONS != "1010:1010" ]]; then echo "*** wrong permissions: $PERMISSIONS"; return 1; fi; touch /home/testuser/other_file'
+    if ! SYSTEMD_LOG_TARGET=console \
+            systemd-nspawn --register=no \
+                           --directory="$root" \
+                           -U \
+                           --user=testuser \
+                           --bind=/tmp/owneridmap/bind:/home/testuser:owneridmap \
+                           ${COVERAGE_BUILD_DIR:+--bind="$COVERAGE_BUILD_DIR"} \
+                           /usr/bin/bash -c "$cmd" |& tee nspawn.out; then
+        if grep -q "Failed to map ids for bind mount.*: Function not implemented" nspawn.out; then
+            echo "idmapped mounts are not supported, skipping the test..."
+            return 0
+        fi
+
+        return 1
+    fi
+
+    permissions=$(stat -c "%u:%g" /tmp/owneridmap/bind/other_file)
+    if [[ $permissions != "$owner:$owner" ]]; then
+        echo "*** wrong permissions: $permissions"
+        [[ "$IS_USERNS_SUPPORTED" == "yes" ]] && return 1
+    fi
+}
+
+testcase_notification_socket() {
+    # https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/4944
+    local root
+    local cmd='echo a | nc -U -u -w 1 /run/host/notify'
+
+    root="$(mktemp -d /var/lib/machines/TEST-13-NSPAWN.check_notification_socket.XXX)"
+    create_dummy_container "$root"
+
+    systemd-nspawn --register=no --directory="$root" bash -x -c "$cmd"
+    systemd-nspawn --register=no --directory="$root" -U bash -x -c "$cmd"
+
+    rm -fr "$root"
+}
+
+testcase_os_release() {
+    local root entrypoint os_release_source
+
+    root="$(mktemp -d /var/lib/machines/TEST-13-NSPAWN.os-release.XXX)"
+    create_dummy_container "$root"
+    entrypoint="$root/entrypoint.sh"
+    cat >"$entrypoint" <<\EOF
+#!/usr/bin/bash -ex
+
+. /tmp/os-release
+[[ -n "${ID:-}" && "$ID" != "$container_host_id" ]] && exit 1
+[[ -n "${VERSION_ID:-}" && "$VERSION_ID" != "$container_host_version_id" ]] && exit 1
+[[ -n "${BUILD_ID:-}" && "$BUILD_ID" != "$container_host_build_id" ]] && exit 1
+[[ -n "${VARIANT_ID:-}" && "$VARIANT_ID" != "$container_host_variant_id" ]] && exit 1
+
+cd /tmp
+(cd /run/host && md5sum os-release) | md5sum -c
+EOF
+    chmod +x "$entrypoint"
+
+    os_release_source="/etc/os-release"
+    if [[ ! -r "$os_release_source" ]]; then
+        os_release_source="/usr/lib/os-release"
+    elif [[ -L "$os_release_source" ]]; then
+        # Ensure that /etc always wins if available
+        cp --remove-destination -fv /usr/lib/os-release /etc/os-release
+        echo MARKER=1 >>/etc/os-release
+    fi
+
+    systemd-nspawn --register=no \
+                   --directory="$root" \
+                   --bind="$os_release_source:/tmp/os-release" \
+                   "${entrypoint##"$root"}"
+
+    if grep -q MARKER /etc/os-release; then
+        ln -svrf /usr/lib/os-release /etc/os-release
+    fi
+
+    rm -fr "$root"
+}
+
+testcase_machinectl_bind() {
+    local service_path service_name root container_name ec
+    local cmd='for i in $(seq 1 20); do if test -f /tmp/marker; then exit 0; fi; sleep .5; done; exit 1;'
+
+    root="$(mktemp -d /var/lib/machines/TEST-13-NSPAWN.machinectl-bind.XXX)"
+    create_dummy_container "$root"
+    container_name="$(basename "$root")"
+
+    service_path="$(mktemp /run/systemd/system/nspawn-machinectl-bind-XXX.service)"
+    service_name="${service_path##*/}"
+    cat >"$service_path" <<EOF
+[Service]
+Type=notify
+ExecStart=systemd-nspawn --directory="$root" --notify-ready=no /usr/bin/bash -xec "$cmd"
+EOF
+
+    systemctl daemon-reload
+    systemctl start "$service_name"
+    touch /tmp/marker
+    machinectl bind --mkdir "$container_name" /tmp/marker
+
+    timeout 10 bash -c "while [[ '\$(systemctl show -P SubState $service_name)' == running ]]; do sleep .2; done"
+    ec="$(systemctl show -P ExecMainStatus "$service_name")"
+    systemctl stop "$service_name"
+
+    rm -fr "$root" "$service_path"
+
+    return "$ec"
+}
+
+testcase_selinux() {
+    # Basic test coverage to avoid issues like https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/19976
+    if ! command -v selinuxenabled >/dev/null || ! selinuxenabled; then
+        echo >&2 "SELinux is not enabled, skipping SELinux-related tests"
+        return 0
+    fi
+
+    local root
+
+    root="$(mktemp -d /var/lib/machines/TEST-13-NSPAWN.selinux.XXX)"
+    create_dummy_container "$root"
+    chcon -R -t container_t "$root"
+
+    systemd-nspawn --register=no \
+                   --boot \
+                   --directory="$root" \
+                   --selinux-apifs-context=system_u:object_r:container_file_t:s0:c0,c1 \
+                   --selinux-context=system_u:system_r:container_t:s0:c0,c1
+
+    rm -fr "$root"
+}
+
+testcase_ephemeral_config() {
+    # https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/13297
+    local root container_name
+
+    root="$(mktemp -d /var/lib/machines/TEST-13-NSPAWN.ephemeral-config.XXX)"
+    create_dummy_container "$root"
+    container_name="$(basename "$root")"
+
+    mkdir -p /run/systemd/nspawn/
+    rm -f "/etc/systemd/nspawn/$container_name.nspawn"
+    cat >"/run/systemd/nspawn/$container_name.nspawn" <<EOF
+[Files]
+${COVERAGE_BUILD_DIR:+"Bind=$COVERAGE_BUILD_DIR"}
+BindReadOnly=/tmp/ephemeral-config
+EOF
+    touch /tmp/ephemeral-config
+
+    systemd-nspawn --register=no \
+                   --directory="$root" \
+                   --ephemeral \
+                   bash -x -c "test -f /tmp/ephemeral-config"
+
+    systemd-nspawn --register=no \
+                   --directory="$root" \
+                   --ephemeral \
+                   --machine=foobar \
+                   bash -x -c "! test -f /tmp/ephemeral-config"
+
+    rm -fr "$root" "/run/systemd/nspawn/$container_name.nspawn"
+}
+
+matrix_run_one() {
+    local cgroupsv2="${1:?}"
+    local use_cgns="${2:?}"
+    local api_vfs_writable="${3:?}"
+    local root
+
+    if [[ "$cgroupsv2" == "yes" && "$IS_CGROUPSV2_SUPPORTED" == "no" ]]; then
+        echo >&2 "Unified cgroup hierarchy is not supported, skipping..."
+        return 0
+    fi
+
+    if [[ "$use_cgns" == "yes" && "$IS_CGNS_SUPPORTED" == "no" ]];  then
+        echo >&2 "CGroup namespaces are not supported, skipping..."
+        return 0
+    fi
+
+    root="$(mktemp -d "/var/lib/machines/TEST-13-NSPAWN.unified-$1-cgns-$2-api-vfs-writable-$3.XXX")"
+    create_dummy_container "$root"
+
+    SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_UNIFIED_HIERARCHY="$cgroupsv2" SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_USE_CGNS="$use_cgns" SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_API_VFS_WRITABLE="$api_vfs_writable" \
+        systemd-nspawn --register=no \
+                       --directory="$root" \
+                       --boot
+
+    SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_UNIFIED_HIERARCHY="$cgroupsv2" SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_USE_CGNS="$use_cgns" SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_API_VFS_WRITABLE="$api_vfs_writable" \
+        systemd-nspawn --register=no \
+                       --directory="$root" \
+                       --private-network \
+                       --boot
+
+    if SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_UNIFIED_HIERARCHY="$cgroupsv2" SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_USE_CGNS="$use_cgns" SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_API_VFS_WRITABLE="$api_vfs_writable" \
+        systemd-nspawn --register=no \
+                       --directory="$root" \
+                       --private-users=pick \
+                       --boot; then
+        [[ "$IS_USERNS_SUPPORTED" == "yes" && "$api_vfs_writable" == "network" ]] && return 1
+    else
+        [[ "$IS_USERNS_SUPPORTED" == "no" && "$api_vfs_writable" = "network" ]] && return 1
+    fi
+
+    if SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_UNIFIED_HIERARCHY="$cgroupsv2" SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_USE_CGNS="$use_cgns" SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_API_VFS_WRITABLE="$api_vfs_writable" \
+        systemd-nspawn --register=no \
+                       --directory="$root" \
+                       --private-network \
+                       --private-users=pick \
+                       --boot; then
+        [[ "$IS_USERNS_SUPPORTED" == "yes" && "$api_vfs_writable" == "yes" ]] && return 1
+    else
+        [[ "$IS_USERNS_SUPPORTED" == "no" && "$api_vfs_writable" = "yes" ]] && return 1
+    fi
+
+    local netns_opt="--network-namespace-path=/proc/self/ns/net"
+    local net_opt
+    local net_opts=(
+        "--network-bridge=lo"
+        "--network-interface=lo"
+        "--network-ipvlan=lo"
+        "--network-macvlan=lo"
+        "--network-veth"
+        "--network-veth-extra=lo"
+        "--network-zone=zone"
+    )
+
+    # --network-namespace-path and network-related options cannot be used together
+    for net_opt in "${net_opts[@]}"; do
+        echo "$netns_opt in combination with $net_opt should fail"
+        if SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_UNIFIED_HIERARCHY="$cgroupsv2" SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_USE_CGNS="$use_cgns" SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_API_VFS_WRITABLE="$api_vfs_writable" \
+            systemd-nspawn --register=no \
+                           --directory="$root" \
+                           --boot \
+                           "$netns_opt" \
+                           "$net_opt"; then
+            echo >&2 "unexpected pass"
+            return 1
+        fi
+    done
+
+    # allow combination of --network-namespace-path and --private-network
+    SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_UNIFIED_HIERARCHY="$cgroupsv2" SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_USE_CGNS="$use_cgns" SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_API_VFS_WRITABLE="$api_vfs_writable" \
+        systemd-nspawn --register=no \
+                       --directory="$root" \
+                       --boot \
+                       --private-network \
+                       "$netns_opt"
+
+    # test --network-namespace-path works with a network namespace created by "ip netns"
+    ip netns add nspawn_test
+    netns_opt="--network-namespace-path=/run/netns/nspawn_test"
+    SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_UNIFIED_HIERARCHY="$cgroupsv2" SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_USE_CGNS="$use_cgns" SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_API_VFS_WRITABLE="$api_vfs_writable" \
+        systemd-nspawn --register=no \
+                       --directory="$root" \
+                       --network-namespace-path=/run/netns/nspawn_test \
+                       ip a | grep -v -E '^1: lo.*UP'
+    ip netns del nspawn_test
+
+    rm -fr "$root"
+
+    return 0
+}
+
+testcase_check_os_release() {
+    # https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/29185
+    local base common_opts root
+
+    base="$(mktemp -d /var/lib/machines/TEST-13-NSPAWN.check_os_release_base.XXX)"
+    root="$(mktemp -d /var/lib/machines/TEST-13-NSPAWN.check_os_release.XXX)"
+    create_dummy_container "$base"
+    cp -d "$base"/{bin,sbin,lib,lib64} "$root/"
+    common_opts=(
+        --boot
+        --register=no
+        --directory="$root"
+        --bind-ro="$base/usr:/usr"
+    )
+
+    # Empty /etc/ & /usr/
+    (! systemd-nspawn "${common_opts[@]}")
+    (! SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_CHECK_OS_RELEASE=1 systemd-nspawn "${common_opts[@]}")
+    (! SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_CHECK_OS_RELEASE=foo systemd-nspawn "${common_opts[@]}")
+    SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_CHECK_OS_RELEASE=0 systemd-nspawn "${common_opts[@]}"
+
+    # Empty /usr/ + a broken /etc/os-release -> /usr/os-release symlink
+    ln -svrf "$root/etc/os-release" "$root/usr/os-release"
+    (! systemd-nspawn "${common_opts[@]}")
+    (! SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_CHECK_OS_RELEASE=1 systemd-nspawn "${common_opts[@]}")
+    SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_CHECK_OS_RELEASE=0 systemd-nspawn "${common_opts[@]}"
+
+    rm -fr "$root" "$base"
+}
+
+run_testcases
+
+for api_vfs_writable in yes no network; do
+    matrix_run_one no  no  $api_vfs_writable
+    matrix_run_one yes no  $api_vfs_writable
+    matrix_run_one no  yes $api_vfs_writable
+    matrix_run_one yes yes $api_vfs_writable
+done