Adding upstream version 256.upstream/256

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

332 files changed, 7306 insertions, 3124 deletions

diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-01.sh b/test/units/TEST-01-BASIC.sh
index 870b62d..bb3ff2f 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-01.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-01-BASIC.sh
@@ -48,14 +48,16 @@ systemd-analyze blame
 # Test for 'systemd-update-utmp runlevel' vs 'systemctl daemon-reexec'.
 # See issue #27163.
 # shellcheck disable=SC2034
-for _ in {0..10}; do
-    systemctl daemon-reexec &
-    pid_reexec=$!
-    # shellcheck disable=SC2034
+if [[ -x /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-update-utmp ]]; then
     for _ in {0..10}; do
-        SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL=debug /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-update-utmp runlevel
+        systemctl daemon-reexec &
+        pid_reexec=$!
+        # shellcheck disable=SC2034
+        for _ in {0..10}; do
+            SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL=debug /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-update-utmp runlevel
+        done
+        wait "$pid_reexec"
     done
-    wait "$pid_reexec"
-done
+fi
 
 touch /testok
diff --git a/test/units/TEST-02-UNITTESTS.sh b/test/units/TEST-02-UNITTESTS.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..6392425
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/units/TEST-02-UNITTESTS.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+set -eux
+set -o pipefail
+
+if ! systemd-detect-virt -qc && [[ "${TEST_CMDLINE_NEWLINE:-}" != bar ]]; then
+    cat /proc/cmdline
+    echo >&2 "Expected TEST_CMDLINE_NEWLINE=bar from the kernel command line"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+# If we're running with TEST_PREFER_NSPAWN=1 limit the set of tests we run
+# in QEMU to only those that can't run in a container to avoid running
+# the same tests again in a, most likely, very slow environment
+if ! systemd-detect-virt -qc && [[ "${TEST_PREFER_NSPAWN:-0}" -ne 0 ]]; then
+    TESTS_GLOB="test-loop-block"
+else
+    TESTS_GLOB=${TESTS_GLOB:-test-*}
+fi
+
+NPROC=$(nproc)
+MAX_QUEUE_SIZE=${NPROC:-2}
+
+# Reset state
+rm -fv /failed /skipped /testok
+touch /lock
+
+if ! systemd-detect-virt -qc; then
+    # Make sure ping works for unprivileged users (for test-bpf-firewall)
+    sysctl net.ipv4.ping_group_range="0 2147483647"
+fi
+
+# Check & report test results
+# Arguments:
+#   $1: test path
+#   $2: test exit code
+run_test() {
+    if [[ $# -ne 1 ]]; then
+        echo >&2 "run_test: missing arguments"
+        exit 1
+    fi
+
+    local test="$1"
+    local name="${test##*/}"
+    local environment=
+
+    echo "Executing test $name as unit $name.service"
+
+    case "$name" in
+        test-journal-flush)
+            environment="SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL=info"
+            ;;
+        test-journal-verify)
+            environment="SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL=crit"
+            ;;
+    esac
+
+    systemd-run \
+        --quiet \
+        --property Delegate=1 \
+        --property EnvironmentFile=-/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-asan-env \
+        --property "Environment=$environment" \
+        --unit="$name" \
+        --wait "$test" && ret=0 || ret=$?
+
+    exec {LOCK_FD}> /lock
+    flock --exclusive ${LOCK_FD}
+
+    if [[ $ret -eq 77 ]] || [[ $ret -eq 127 ]]; then
+        echo "$name skipped"
+        echo "$name" >>/skipped-tests
+        {
+            echo "--- $name begin ---"
+            journalctl --unit="$name" --no-hostname -o short-monotonic
+            echo "--- $name end ---"
+        } >>/skipped
+    elif [[ $ret -ne 0 ]]; then
+        echo "$name failed with $ret"
+        echo "$name" >>/failed-tests
+        {
+            echo "--- $name begin ---"
+            journalctl --unit="$name" --no-hostname -o short-monotonic
+            echo "--- $name end ---"
+        } >>/failed
+    else
+        echo "$name OK"
+        echo "$name" >>/testok
+    fi
+
+    exec {LOCK_FD}<&-
+}
+
+export -f run_test
+
+find /usr/lib/systemd/tests/unit-tests/ -maxdepth 1 -type f -name "${TESTS_GLOB}" -print0 |
+    xargs -0 -I {} --max-procs="$MAX_QUEUE_SIZE" bash -ec "run_test {}"
+
+# Test logs are sometimes lost, as the system shuts down immediately after
+journalctl --sync
+
+test ! -s /failed
+touch /testok
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-03.sh b/test/units/TEST-03-JOBS.sh
index e3567c2..115b941 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-03.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-03-JOBS.sh
@@ -80,13 +80,13 @@ cat <<EOF >/run/systemd/system/wait2.service
 [Unit]
 Description=Wait for 2 seconds
 [Service]
-ExecStart=/bin/sh -ec 'sleep 2'
+ExecStart=sh -ec 'sleep 2'
 EOF
 cat <<EOF >/run/systemd/system/wait5fail.service
 [Unit]
 Description=Wait for 5 seconds and fail
 [Service]
-ExecStart=/bin/sh -ec 'sleep 5; false'
+ExecStart=sh -ec 'sleep 5; false'
 EOF
 
 # wait2 succeeds
diff --git a/test/units/TEST-04-JOURNAL.LogFilterPatterns.sh b/test/units/TEST-04-JOURNAL.LogFilterPatterns.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..ec99b86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/units/TEST-04-JOURNAL.LogFilterPatterns.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+set -eux
+set -o pipefail
+
+if ! cgroupfs_supports_user_xattrs; then
+    echo "CGroup does not support user xattrs, skipping LogFilterPatterns= tests."
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+# shellcheck source=test/units/util.sh
+. "$(dirname "$0")"/util.sh
+
+NEEDS_RELOAD=
+
+add_logs_filtering_override() {
+    local unit="${1:?}"
+    local override_name="${2:?}"
+    local log_filter="${3:-}"
+
+    mkdir -p "/run/systemd/system/$unit.d/"
+    echo -ne "[Service]\nLogFilterPatterns=$log_filter" >"/run/systemd/system/$unit.d/$override_name.conf"
+    NEEDS_RELOAD=1
+}
+
+run_service_and_fetch_logs() {
+    local unit="${1:?}"
+    local start
+
+    if [[ -n "$NEEDS_RELOAD" ]]; then
+        systemctl daemon-reload
+        NEEDS_RELOAD=
+    fi
+
+    journalctl --sync
+    start="$(date '+%Y-%m-%d %T.%6N')"
+    systemctl start "$unit"
+    journalctl -q -u "$unit" -S "$start" -p notice
+}
+
+at_exit() {
+    rm -rf /run/systemd/system/{logs-filtering,delegated-cgroup-filtering}.service.d
+    systemctl daemon-reload
+}
+
+trap at_exit EXIT
+
+# Accept all log messages
+add_logs_filtering_override "logs-filtering.service" "00-reset" ""
+[[ -n $(run_service_and_fetch_logs "logs-filtering.service") ]]
+
+add_logs_filtering_override "logs-filtering.service" "01-allow-all" ".*"
+[[ -n $(run_service_and_fetch_logs "logs-filtering.service") ]]
+
+# Discard all log messages
+add_logs_filtering_override "logs-filtering.service" "02-discard-all" "~.*"
+[[ -z $(run_service_and_fetch_logs "logs-filtering.service") ]]
+
+# Accept all test messages
+add_logs_filtering_override "logs-filtering.service" "03-reset" ""
+[[ -n $(run_service_and_fetch_logs "logs-filtering.service") ]]
+
+# Discard all test messages
+add_logs_filtering_override "logs-filtering.service" "04-discard-gg" "~.*gg.*"
+[[ -z $(run_service_and_fetch_logs "logs-filtering.service") ]]
+
+# Deny filter takes precedence
+add_logs_filtering_override "logs-filtering.service" "05-allow-all-but-too-late" ".*"
+[[ -z $(run_service_and_fetch_logs "logs-filtering.service") ]]
+
+# Use tilde in a deny pattern
+add_logs_filtering_override "logs-filtering.service" "06-reset" ""
+add_logs_filtering_override "logs-filtering.service" "07-prevent-tilde" "~~more~"
+[[ -z $(run_service_and_fetch_logs "logs-filtering.service") ]]
+
+# Only allow a pattern that won't be matched
+add_logs_filtering_override "logs-filtering.service" "08-reset" ""
+add_logs_filtering_override "logs-filtering.service" "09-allow-only-non-existing" "non-existing string"
+[[ -z $(run_service_and_fetch_logs "logs-filtering.service") ]]
+
+# Allow a pattern starting with a tilde
+add_logs_filtering_override "logs-filtering.service" "10-allow-with-escape-char" "\\\\x7emore~"
+[[ -n $(run_service_and_fetch_logs "logs-filtering.service") ]]
+
+add_logs_filtering_override "logs-filtering.service" "11-reset" ""
+add_logs_filtering_override "logs-filtering.service" "12-allow-with-spaces" "foo bar"
+[[ -n $(run_service_and_fetch_logs "logs-filtering.service") ]]
+
+add_logs_filtering_override "delegated-cgroup-filtering.service" "00-allow-all" ".*"
+[[ -n $(run_service_and_fetch_logs "delegated-cgroup-filtering.service") ]]
+
+add_logs_filtering_override "delegated-cgroup-filtering.service" "01-discard-hello" "~hello"
+[[ -z $(run_service_and_fetch_logs "delegated-cgroup-filtering.service") ]]
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-04.SYSTEMD_JOURNAL_COMPRESS.sh b/test/units/TEST-04-JOURNAL.SYSTEMD_JOURNAL_COMPRESS.sh
index 96d096d..6da9f5e 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-04.SYSTEMD_JOURNAL_COMPRESS.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-04-JOURNAL.SYSTEMD_JOURNAL_COMPRESS.sh
@@ -7,6 +7,12 @@ set -o pipefail
 mkdir /run/systemd/system/systemd-journald.service.d
 MACHINE_ID="$(</etc/machine-id)"
 
+mkdir -p /run/systemd/journald.conf.d
+cat <<EOF >/run/systemd/journald.conf.d/compress.conf
+[Journal]
+Compress=yes
+EOF
+
 # Reset the start-limit counters, as we're going to restart journald a couple of times
 systemctl reset-failed systemd-journald.service
 
@@ -35,6 +41,7 @@ EOF
     fi
 done
 
+rm /run/systemd/journald.conf.d/compress.conf
 rm /run/systemd/system/systemd-journald.service.d/compress.conf
 systemctl daemon-reload
 systemctl restart systemd-journald.service
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-04.bsod.sh b/test/units/TEST-04-JOURNAL.bsod.sh
index 30f0cb0..83feb89 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-04.bsod.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-04-JOURNAL.bsod.sh
@@ -4,7 +4,12 @@ set -eux
 set -o pipefail
 
 if systemd-detect-virt -cq; then
-    echo "This test requires a VM, skipping the test"
+    echo "This test requires a VM, skipping the test" | tee --append /skipped
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+if [[ ! -x /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-bsod ]]; then
+    echo "systemd-bsod is not installed, skipping the test" | tee --append /skipped
     exit 0
 fi
 
@@ -17,8 +22,22 @@ at_exit() {
     fi
 
     if mountpoint -q /var/log/journal; then
+        # In order to preserve the journal from the just run test we need to do a little dance, as
+        # --relinquish-var is not a "true" opposite of --flush, meaning that it won't move the existing
+        # journal(s) from /var/log/ to /run/log/. To do that, let's rotate the journal first, so all
+        # important bits are in the archived journal(s)...
+        journalctl --rotate
+        # ...then instruct sd-journald to write further entries to the runtime journal...
         journalctl --relinquish-var
+        # ...make sure there are no outstanding writes to the persistent journal that might block us from
+        # unmounting the tmpfs...
+        journalctl --sync
+        # ...move the archived journals to the runtime storage...
+        mv -v "/var/log/journal/$(</etc/machine-id)"/system@*.journal "/run/log/journal/$(</etc/machine-id)/"
+        # ...get rid of the tmpfs on /var/log/journal/...
         umount /var/log/journal
+        # ...and finally flush everything to the "real" persistent journal, so we can collect it after the
+        # test finishes.
         journalctl --flush
     fi
 
@@ -88,6 +107,7 @@ systemctl daemon-reload
 systemctl start systemd-bsod
 systemd-cat -p emerg echo "Service emergency message"
 vcs_dump_and_check "Service emergency message"
+systemctl status systemd-bsod
 systemctl stop systemd-bsod
 
 # Wipe the journal
diff --git a/test/units/TEST-04-JOURNAL.cat.sh b/test/units/TEST-04-JOURNAL.cat.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..bef3e18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/units/TEST-04-JOURNAL.cat.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+set -eux
+set -o pipefail
+
+systemctl enable --now systemd-journald@cat-test.socket
+
+systemd-cat --namespace cat-test env CAT_TEST_RESULT=1
+
+timeout 30 bash -c "until systemctl -q is-active systemd-journald@cat-test.service; do sleep .5; done"
+
+journalctl --namespace cat-test --grep "JOURNAL_STREAM="
+journalctl --namespace cat-test --grep "CAT_TEST_RESULT=1"
+
+systemctl disable --now systemd-journald@cat-test.socket
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-04.corrupted-journals.sh b/test/units/TEST-04-JOURNAL.corrupted-journals.sh
index 2123b10..479011e 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-04.corrupted-journals.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-04-JOURNAL.corrupted-journals.sh
@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ set -o pipefail
 JOURNAL_DIR="$(mktemp -d)"
 REMOTE_OUT="$(mktemp -d)"
 # tar on C8S doesn't support the --zstd option
-unzstd --stdout "/test-journals/afl-corrupted-journals.tar.zst" | tar -xC "$JOURNAL_DIR/"
+unzstd --stdout "/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/test-journals/afl-corrupted-journals.tar.zst" | tar -xC "$JOURNAL_DIR/"
 while read -r file; do
     filename="${file##*/}"
     unzstd "$file" -o "$JOURNAL_DIR/${filename%*.zst}"
-done < <(find /test-journals/corrupted/ -name "*.zst")
+done < <(find /usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/test-journals/corrupted/ -name "*.zst")
 # First, try each of them sequentially. Skip this part when running with plain
 # QEMU, as it is excruciatingly slow
 # Note: we care only about exit code 124 (timeout) and special bash exit codes
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-04.fss.sh b/test/units/TEST-04-JOURNAL.fss.sh
index 03351b8..03351b8 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-04.fss.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-04-JOURNAL.fss.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-04.journal-append.sh b/test/units/TEST-04-JOURNAL.journal-append.sh
index 35f9433..35f9433 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-04.journal-append.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-04-JOURNAL.journal-append.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-04.journal-corrupt.sh b/test/units/TEST-04-JOURNAL.journal-corrupt.sh
index 051d0ab..c25cf54 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-04.journal-corrupt.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-04-JOURNAL.journal-corrupt.sh
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ rm -f "/var/log/journal/$(</etc/machine-id)"/user-*@*.journal
 journalctl --header | grep path
 
 # Make sure the user instance is active when we rotate journals
+loginctl enable-linger testuser
 systemd-run --unit user-sleep.service --user -M testuser@ sleep infinity
 
 for _ in {0..9}; do
@@ -20,6 +21,7 @@ for _ in {0..9}; do
 done
 
 systemctl stop --user -M testuser@ user-sleep.service
+loginctl disable-linger testuser
 
 journalctl --sync
 journalctl --rotate --vacuum-files=1
diff --git a/test/units/TEST-04-JOURNAL.journal-gatewayd.sh b/test/units/TEST-04-JOURNAL.journal-gatewayd.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..9c7a3d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/units/TEST-04-JOURNAL.journal-gatewayd.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+set -eux
+set -o pipefail
+
+if [[ ! -x /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-journal-gatewayd ]]; then
+    echo "Built without systemd-journal-gatewayd support, skipping the test"
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+LOG_FILE="$(mktemp)"
+
+at_exit() {
+    if [[ $? -ne 0 ]]; then
+        # The $LOG_FILE is potentially huge (as it might be a full copy of the current journal), so let's
+        # dump it at debug level under a specific syslog tag, so it's clearly separated from the actual test
+        # journal; things get very confusing otherwise.
+        systemd-cat -t log-file-dump -p debug cat "$LOG_FILE"
+    fi
+
+    rm -f "$LOG_FILE"
+}
+
+trap at_exit EXIT
+
+TEST_MESSAGE="-= This is a test message $RANDOM =-"
+TEST_TAG="$(systemd-id128 new)"
+
+BEFORE_TIMESTAMP="$(date +%s)"
+echo "$TEST_MESSAGE" | systemd-cat -t "$TEST_TAG"
+sleep 1
+journalctl --sync
+TEST_CURSOR="$(journalctl -q -t "$TEST_TAG" -n 0 --show-cursor | awk '{ print $3; }')"
+BOOT_CURSOR="$(journalctl -q -b -n 0 --show-cursor | awk '{ print $3; }')"
+AFTER_TIMESTAMP="$(date +%s)"
+
+/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-journal-gatewayd --version
+/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-journal-gatewayd --help
+
+# Default configuration (HTTP, socket activated)
+systemctl start systemd-journal-gatewayd.socket
+
+# /browse
+# We should get redirected to /browse by default
+curl -LSfs http://localhost:19531 >"$LOG_FILE"
+grep -qF "<title>Journal</title>" "$LOG_FILE"
+curl -LSfs http://localhost:19531/browse >"$LOG_FILE"
+grep -qF "<title>Journal</title>" "$LOG_FILE"
+(! curl -LSfs http://localhost:19531/foo/bar/baz)
+(! curl -LSfs http://localhost:19531/foo/../../../bar/../baz)
+
+# /entries
+# Accept: text/plain should be the default
+curl -LSfs http://localhost:19531/entries >"$LOG_FILE"
+grep -qE " $TEST_TAG\[[0-9]+\]: $TEST_MESSAGE" "$LOG_FILE"
+curl -LSfs --header "Accept: text/plain" http://localhost:19531/entries >"$LOG_FILE"
+grep -qE " $TEST_TAG\[[0-9]+\]: $TEST_MESSAGE" "$LOG_FILE"
+curl -LSfs --header "Accept: application/json" http://localhost:19531/entries >"$LOG_FILE"
+jq -se ".[] | select(.MESSAGE == \"$TEST_MESSAGE\")" "$LOG_FILE"
+curl -LSfs --header "Accept: application/json" http://localhost:19531/entries?boot >"$LOG_FILE"
+jq -se ".[] | select(.MESSAGE == \"$TEST_MESSAGE\")" "$LOG_FILE"
+curl -LSfs --header "Accept: application/json" http://localhost:19531/entries?SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER="$TEST_TAG" >"$LOG_FILE"
+jq -se "length == 1 and select(.[].MESSAGE == \"$TEST_MESSAGE\")" "$LOG_FILE"
+# Show 10 entries starting from $BOOT_CURSOR, skip the first 5
+curl -LSfs \
+     --header "Accept: application/json" \
+     --header "Range: entries=$BOOT_CURSOR:5:10" \
+     http://localhost:19531/entries >"$LOG_FILE"
+jq -se "length == 10" "$LOG_FILE"
+# Check if the specified cursor refers to an existing entry and return just that entry
+curl -LSfs \
+     --header "Accept: application/json" \
+     --header "Range: entries=$TEST_CURSOR" \
+     http://localhost:19531/entries?discrete >"$LOG_FILE"
+jq -se "length == 1 and select(.[].MESSAGE == \"$TEST_MESSAGE\")" "$LOG_FILE"
+# Check entry is present (resp. absent) when filtering by timestamp
+curl -LSfs \
+     --header "Range: realtime=$BEFORE_TIMESTAMP:" \
+     http://localhost:19531/entries?SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER="$TEST_TAG" >"$LOG_FILE"
+grep -qE " $TEST_TAG\[[0-9]+\]: $TEST_MESSAGE" "$LOG_FILE"
+curl -LSfs \
+     --header "Range: realtime=:$AFTER_TIMESTAMP" \
+     http://localhost:19531/entries?SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER="$TEST_TAG" >"$LOG_FILE"
+grep -qE " $TEST_TAG\[[0-9]+\]: $TEST_MESSAGE" "$LOG_FILE"
+curl -LSfs \
+     --header "Accept: application/json" \
+     --header "Range: realtime=:$BEFORE_TIMESTAMP" \
+     http://localhost:19531/entries?SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER="$TEST_TAG" >"$LOG_FILE"
+jq -se "length == 0" "$LOG_FILE"
+curl -LSfs \
+     --header "Accept: application/json" \
+     --header "Range: realtime=$AFTER_TIMESTAMP:" \
+     http://localhost:19531/entries?SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER="$TEST_TAG" >"$LOG_FILE"
+jq -se "length == 0" "$LOG_FILE"
+# Check positive and negative skip when filtering by timestamp
+echo "-= This is a second test message =-" | systemd-cat -t "$TEST_TAG"
+journalctl --sync
+TEST2_CURSOR="$(journalctl -q -t "$TEST_TAG" -n 0 --show-cursor | awk '{ print $3; }')"
+echo "-= This is a third test message =-" | systemd-cat -t "$TEST_TAG"
+journalctl --sync
+sleep 1
+END_TIMESTAMP="$(date +%s)"
+curl -LSfs \
+     --header "Accept: application/json" \
+     --header "Range: realtime=$BEFORE_TIMESTAMP::1:1" \
+     http://localhost:19531/entries?SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER="$TEST_TAG" >"$LOG_FILE"
+jq -se "length == 1 and select(.[].__CURSOR == \"$TEST2_CURSOR\")" "$LOG_FILE"
+curl -LSfs \
+     --header "Accept: application/json" \
+     --header "Range: realtime=$END_TIMESTAMP::-1:1" \
+     http://localhost:19531/entries?SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER="$TEST_TAG" >"$LOG_FILE"
+jq -se "length == 1 and select(.[].__CURSOR == \"$TEST2_CURSOR\")" "$LOG_FILE"
+
+# No idea how to properly parse this (jq won't cut it), so let's at least do some sanity checks that every
+# line is either empty or begins with data:
+curl -LSfs --header "Accept: text/event-stream" http://localhost:19531/entries >"$LOG_FILE"
+awk '!/^(data: \{.+\}|)$/ { exit 1; }' "$LOG_FILE"
+# Same thing as journalctl --output=export
+mkdir /tmp/remote-journal
+curl -LSfs --header "Accept: application/vnd.fdo.journal" http://localhost:19531/entries >"$LOG_FILE"
+/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-journal-remote --output=/tmp/remote-journal/system.journal --split-mode=none "$LOG_FILE"
+journalctl --directory=/tmp/remote-journal -t "$TEST_TAG" --grep "$TEST_MESSAGE"
+rm -rf /tmp/remote-journal/*
+# Let's do the same thing again, but let systemd-journal-remote spawn curl itself
+/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-journal-remote --url=http://localhost:19531/entries \
+                                        --output=/tmp/remote-journal/system.journal \
+                                        --split-mode=none
+journalctl --directory=/tmp/remote-journal -t "$TEST_TAG" --grep "$TEST_MESSAGE"
+rm -rf /tmp/remote-journal
+
+# /machine
+curl -LSfs http://localhost:19531/machine >"$LOG_FILE"
+jq . "$LOG_FILE"
+
+# /fields
+curl -LSfs http://localhost:19531/fields/MESSAGE >"$LOG_FILE"
+grep -qE -- "$TEST_MESSAGE" "$LOG_FILE"
+curl -LSfs http://localhost:19531/fields/_TRANSPORT
+(! curl -LSfs http://localhost:19531/fields)
+(! curl -LSfs http://localhost:19531/fields/foo-bar-baz)
+
+systemctl stop systemd-journal-gatewayd.{socket,service}
+
+if ! command -v openssl >/dev/null; then
+    echo "openssl command not available, skipping the HTTPS tests"
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+# Generate a self-signed certificate for systemd-journal-gatewayd
+#
+# Note: older OpenSSL requires a config file with some extra options, unfortunately
+cat >/tmp/openssl.conf <<EOF
+[ req ]
+prompt = no
+distinguished_name = req_distinguished_name
+
+[ req_distinguished_name ]
+C = CZ
+L = Brno
+O = Foo
+OU = Bar
+CN = localhost
+EOF
+openssl req -x509 -nodes -newkey rsa:2048 -sha256 -days 7 \
+            -config /tmp/openssl.conf \
+            -keyout /tmp/key.pem -out /tmp/cert.pem
+# Start HTTPS version of gatewayd via the systemd-socket-activate tool to give it some coverage as well
+systemd-socket-activate --listen=19531 -- \
+    /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-journal-gatewayd \
+        --cert=/tmp/cert.pem \
+        --key=/tmp/key.pem \
+        --file="/var/log/journal/*/*.journal" &
+GATEWAYD_PID=$!
+sleep 1
+
+# Do a limited set of tests, since the underlying code should be the same past the HTTPS transport
+curl -LSfsk https://localhost:19531 >"$LOG_FILE"
+grep -qF "<title>Journal</title>" "$LOG_FILE"
+curl -LSfsk https://localhost:19531/entries >"$LOG_FILE"
+grep -qE " $TEST_TAG\[[0-9]+\]: $TEST_MESSAGE" "$LOG_FILE"
+curl -LSfsk --header "Accept: application/json" https://localhost:19531/entries >"$LOG_FILE"
+jq -se ".[] | select(.MESSAGE == \"$TEST_MESSAGE\")" "$LOG_FILE"
+curl -LSfsk https://localhost:19531/machine >"$LOG_FILE"
+jq . "$LOG_FILE"
+curl -LSfsk https://localhost:19531/fields/_TRANSPORT
+
+kill "$GATEWAYD_PID"
+
+# Test a couple of error scenarios
+GATEWAYD_FILE="$(mktemp /tmp/test-gatewayd-XXX.journal)"
+
+/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-journal-remote --output="$GATEWAYD_FILE" --getter="journalctl -n5 -o export"
+systemd-run --unit="test-gatewayd.service" --socket-property="ListenStream=19531" \
+            /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-journal-gatewayd --file="$GATEWAYD_FILE"
+
+# Call an unsupported endpoint together with some garbage data - gatewayd should not send garbage in return
+# See: https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/9858
+OUT="$(mktemp)"
+for _ in {0..4}; do
+    (! curl --fail-with-body -d "please process this🐱 $RANDOM" -L http://localhost:19531/upload | tee "$OUT")
+    (! grep '[^[:print:]]' "$OUT")
+done
+(! curl --fail-with-body --upload-file "$GATEWAYD_FILE" -L http://localhost:19531/upload | tee "$OUT")
+(! grep '[^[:print:]]' "$OUT")
+rm -rf "$OUT"
+
+curl -LSfs http://localhost:19531/browse >"$LOG_FILE"
+grep -qF "<title>Journal</title>" "$LOG_FILE"
+# Nuke the file behind the /browse endpoint
+mv /usr/share/systemd/gatewayd/browse.html /usr/share/systemd/gatewayd/browse.html.bak
+(! curl --fail-with-body -L http://localhost:19531/browse)
+mv /usr/share/systemd/gatewayd/browse.html.bak /usr/share/systemd/gatewayd/browse.html
+curl -LSfs http://localhost:19531/browse >"$LOG_FILE"
+grep -qF "<title>Journal</title>" "$LOG_FILE"
+
+# Nuke the journal file
+mv "$GATEWAYD_FILE" "$GATEWAYD_FILE.bak"
+(! curl --fail-with-body -L http://localhost:19531/fields/_PID)
+mv "$GATEWAYD_FILE.bak" "$GATEWAYD_FILE"
+curl -LSfs http://localhost:19531/fields/_PID
+
+systemctl stop test-gatewayd.{socket,service}
+rm -f "$GATEWAYD_FILE"
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-04.journal-remote.sh b/test/units/TEST-04-JOURNAL.journal-remote.sh
index c7b99b1..c7b99b1 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-04.journal-remote.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-04-JOURNAL.journal-remote.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-04.journal.sh b/test/units/TEST-04-JOURNAL.journal.sh
index 3b72aa4..bd9f8a5 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-04.journal.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-04-JOURNAL.journal.sh
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env bash
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-# shellcheck disable=SC2317
 set -eux
 set -o pipefail
 
@@ -105,9 +104,16 @@ diff /tmp/expected /tmp/output
 
 # test that LogLevelMax can also suppress logging about services, not only by services
 systemctl start silent-success
-journalctl --sync
 [[ -z "$(journalctl -b -q -u silent-success.service)" ]]
 
+# Test syslog identifiers exclusion
+systemctl start verbose-success.service
+[[ -n "$(journalctl -b -q -u verbose-success.service -t systemd)" ]]
+[[ -n "$(journalctl -b -q -u verbose-success.service -t echo)" ]]
+[[ -n "$(journalctl -b -q -u verbose-success.service -T systemd)" ]]
+[[ -n "$(journalctl -b -q -u verbose-success.service -T echo)" ]]
+[[ -z "$(journalctl -b -q -u verbose-success.service -T echo -T '(echo)' -T sleep -T '(sleep)' -T systemd -T '(systemd)' -T systemd-executor)" ]]
+
 # Exercise the matching machinery
 SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL=debug journalctl -b -n 1 /dev/null /dev/zero /dev/null /dev/null /dev/null
 journalctl -b -n 1 /bin/true /bin/false
@@ -124,6 +130,8 @@ journalctl -b -n 1 -r --user-unit "*"
 
 # Facilities & priorities
 journalctl --facility help
+journalctl --facility help | grep -F 'kern'
+journalctl --facility help | grep -F 'mail'
 journalctl --facility kern -n 1
 journalctl --facility syslog --priority 0..3 -n 1
 journalctl --facility syslog --priority 3..0 -n 1
@@ -135,6 +143,8 @@ journalctl --facility daemon --priority 5..crit -n 1
 
 # Assorted combinations
 journalctl -o help
+journalctl -o help | grep -F 'short'
+journalctl -o help | grep -F 'export'
 journalctl -q -n all -a | grep . >/dev/null
 journalctl -q --no-full | grep . >/dev/null
 journalctl -q --user --system | grep . >/dev/null
@@ -235,7 +245,7 @@ JOURNAL_DIR="$(mktemp -d)"
 while read -r file; do
     filename="${file##*/}"
     unzstd "$file" -o "$JOURNAL_DIR/${filename%*.zst}"
-done < <(find /test-journals/no-rtc -name "*.zst")
+done < <(find /usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/test-journals/no-rtc -name "*.zst")
 
 journalctl --directory="$JOURNAL_DIR" --list-boots --output=json >/tmp/lb1
 diff -u /tmp/lb1 - <<'EOF'
@@ -243,9 +253,6 @@ diff -u /tmp/lb1 - <<'EOF'
 EOF
 rm -rf "$JOURNAL_DIR" /tmp/lb1
 
-# v255-only: skip the following test case, as it suffers from systemd/systemd#30886
-exit 0
-
 # Check that using --after-cursor/--cursor-file= together with journal filters doesn't
 # skip over entries matched by the filter
 # See: https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/30288
@@ -253,8 +260,8 @@ UNIT_NAME="test-cursor-$RANDOM.service"
 CURSOR_FILE="$(mktemp)"
 # Generate some messages we can match against
 journalctl --cursor-file="$CURSOR_FILE" -n1
-systemd-run --unit="$UNIT_NAME" --wait --service-type=exec bash -xec "echo hello; echo world"
-journalctl --sync
+systemd-run --unit="$UNIT_NAME" --wait --service-type=exec -p LogLevelMax=info \
+            bash -ec "set -x; echo hello; echo world; set +x; journalctl --sync"
 # --after-cursor= + --unit=
 # The format of the "Starting ..." message depends on StatusUnitFormat=, so match only the beginning
 # which should be enough in this case
@@ -267,6 +274,7 @@ diff <(journalctl --cursor-file="$CURSOR_FILE" -p info -o cat _SYSTEMD_UNIT="$UN
 hello
 + echo world
 world
++ set +x
 EOF
 rm -f "$CURSOR_FILE"
 
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-04.sh b/test/units/TEST-04-JOURNAL.sh
index 9c2a033..9c2a033 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-04.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-04-JOURNAL.sh
diff --git a/test/units/TEST-05-RLIMITS.effective-limit.sh b/test/units/TEST-05-RLIMITS.effective-limit.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..f6639f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/units/TEST-05-RLIMITS.effective-limit.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+set -eux
+set -o pipefail
+
+# shellcheck source=test/units/util.sh
+. "$(dirname "$0")"/util.sh
+
+pre=test05
+cat >/run/systemd/system/"$pre"alpha.slice <<EOF
+[Slice]
+MemoryMax=400M
+MemoryHigh=400M
+TasksMax=400
+EOF
+
+cat >/run/systemd/system/"$pre"alpha-beta.slice <<EOF
+[Slice]
+MemoryMax=100M
+MemoryHigh=100M
+TasksMax=100
+EOF
+
+cat >/run/systemd/system/"$pre"alpha-beta-gamma.slice <<EOF
+[Slice]
+MemoryMax=200M
+MemoryHigh=200M
+TasksMax=200
+EOF
+
+systemctl daemon-reload
+
+srv=probe.service
+slc0="$pre"alpha.slice
+slc="$pre"alpha-beta-gamma.slice
+
+systemd-run --unit "$srv" --slice "$slc"  \
+    -p MemoryMax=50M \
+    -p MemoryHigh=50M \
+    -p TasksMax=50 \
+    sleep inf
+
+# Compare with inequality because test can run in a constrained container
+assert_le "$(systemctl show -P EffectiveMemoryMax "$srv")" "52428800"
+assert_le "$(systemctl show -P EffectiveMemoryHigh "$srv")" "52428800"
+assert_le "$(systemctl show -P EffectiveTasksMax "$srv")" "50"
+
+systemctl stop "$srv"
+
+systemd-run --unit "$srv" --slice "$slc"  \
+    sleep inf
+
+assert_le "$(systemctl show -P EffectiveMemoryMax "$srv")" "104857600"
+assert_le "$(systemctl show -P EffectiveMemoryHigh "$srv")" "104857600"
+assert_le "$(systemctl show -P EffectiveTasksMax "$srv")" "100"
+
+systemctl set-property "$slc0" \
+    MemoryMax=50M \
+    MemoryHigh=50M \
+    TasksMax=50
+
+assert_le "$(systemctl show -P EffectiveMemoryMax "$srv")" "52428800"
+assert_le "$(systemctl show -P EffectiveMemoryHigh "$srv")" "52428800"
+assert_le "$(systemctl show -P EffectiveTasksMax "$srv")" "50"
+
+systemctl stop "$srv"
+
+rm -f /run/systemd/system/"$pre"* || :
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-05.sh b/test/units/TEST-05-RLIMITS.rlimit.sh
index 870845d..6b425d4 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-05.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-05-RLIMITS.rlimit.sh
@@ -16,12 +16,10 @@ systemctl daemon-reload
 [[ "$(systemctl show -P DefaultLimitNOFILESoft)" = "10000" ]]
 [[ "$(systemctl show -P DefaultLimitNOFILE)" = "16384" ]]
 
-[[ "$(systemctl show -P LimitNOFILESoft testsuite-05.service)" = "10000" ]]
-[[ "$(systemctl show -P LimitNOFILE testsuite-05.service)" = "16384" ]]
+[[ "$(systemctl show -P LimitNOFILESoft TEST-05-RLIMITS.service)" = "10000" ]]
+[[ "$(systemctl show -P LimitNOFILE TEST-05-RLIMITS.service)" = "16384" ]]
 
 # shellcheck disable=SC2016
 systemd-run --wait -t bash -c '[[ "$(ulimit -n -S)" = "10000" ]]'
 # shellcheck disable=SC2016
 systemd-run --wait -t bash -c '[[ "$(ulimit -n -H)" = "16384" ]]'
-
-touch /testok
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-13.sh b/test/units/TEST-05-RLIMITS.sh
index 9c2a033..9c2a033 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-13.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-05-RLIMITS.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-06.sh b/test/units/TEST-06-SELINUX.sh
index 7fc3c37..937a040 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-06.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-06-SELINUX.sh
@@ -3,6 +3,12 @@
 set -eux
 set -o pipefail
 
+. /etc/os-release
+if ! [[ "$ID" =~ centos|fedora ]]; then
+    echo "Skipping because only CentOS and Fedora support SELinux tests" >>/skipped
+    exit 77
+fi
+
 # Note: ATTOW the following checks should work with both Fedora and upstream reference policy
 #       (with or without MCS/MLS)
 
diff --git a/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.aux-scope.sh b/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.aux-scope.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..8e2a99c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.aux-scope.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+set -ex
+set -o pipefail
+
+export SYSTEMD_PAGER=cat
+
+if ! grep -q pidfd_open /proc/kallsyms; then
+    echo "pidfds not available, skipping the test..."
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+systemd-run --unit test-aux-scope.service \
+            --service-type notify -p Slice=aux.slice -p TasksMax=99 -p CPUWeight=199 -p IPAccounting=yes \
+            /usr/lib/systemd/tests/unit-tests/manual/test-aux-scope
+kill -s USR1 "$(systemctl show --value --property MainPID test-aux-scope.service)"
+
+timeout 30s bash -xec 'until systemctl is-active test-aux-scope.scope; do sleep 1; done'
+
+systemctl status test-aux-scope.service
+# shellcheck disable=SC2009
+test "$(ps -eo pid,unit | grep -c test-aux-scope.service)" = 1
+
+systemctl status test-aux-scope.scope
+# shellcheck disable=SC2009
+test "$(ps -eo pid,unit | grep -c test-aux-scope.scope)" = 10
+
+test "$(systemctl show -p Slice --value test-aux-scope.scope)" = aux.slice
+test "$(systemctl show -p TasksMax --value test-aux-scope.scope)" = 99
+test "$(systemctl show -p CPUWeight --value test-aux-scope.scope)" = 199
+test "$(systemctl show -p IPAccounting --value test-aux-scope.scope)" = yes
+
+systemctl stop test-aux-scope.scope
+systemctl stop test-aux-scope.service
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-07.exec-context.sh b/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.exec-context.sh
index b44658f..a3379ef 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-07.exec-context.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.exec-context.sh
@@ -32,10 +32,19 @@ proc_supports_option() {
 # the transient stuff from systemd-run. Let's just skip the following tests
 # in that case instead of complicating the test setup even more */
 if [[ -z "${COVERAGE_BUILD_DIR:-}" ]]; then
+    if ! systemd-detect-virt -cq && command -v bootctl >/dev/null; then
+        boot_path="$(bootctl --print-boot-path)"
+        esp_path="$(bootctl --print-esp-path)"
+
+        # If the mount points are handled by automount units, make sure we trigger
+        # them before proceeding further
+        ls -l "$boot_path" "$esp_path"
+    fi
+
     systemd-run --wait --pipe -p ProtectSystem=yes \
-        bash -xec "test ! -w /usr; test ! -w /boot; test -w /etc; test -w /var"
+        bash -xec "test ! -w /usr; ${boot_path:+"test ! -w $boot_path; test ! -w $esp_path;"} test -w /etc; test -w /var"
     systemd-run --wait --pipe -p ProtectSystem=full \
-        bash -xec "test ! -w /usr; test ! -w /boot; test ! -w /etc; test -w /var"
+        bash -xec "test ! -w /usr; ${boot_path:+"test ! -w $boot_path; test ! -w $esp_path;"} test ! -w /etc; test -w /var"
     systemd-run --wait --pipe -p ProtectSystem=strict \
         bash -xec "test ! -w /; test ! -w /etc; test ! -w /var; test -w /dev; test -w /proc"
     systemd-run --wait --pipe -p ProtectSystem=no \
@@ -149,13 +158,13 @@ if ! systemd-detect-virt -cq; then
         -p DevicePolicy=closed
         -p DevicePolicy=strict
         -p DeviceAllow="char-mem rm"  # Allow read & mknod for /dev/{null,zero,...}
-        -p DeviceAllow="/dev/loop0 rw"
-        -p DeviceAllow="/dev/loop0 w" # Allow write for /dev/loop0
+        -p DeviceAllow="$LODEV rw"
+        -p DeviceAllow="$LODEV w" # Allow write for the loop
         # Everything else should be disallowed per the strict policy
     )
 
     systemd-run --wait --pipe --unit "$SERVICE_NAME" "${ARGUMENTS[@]}" \
-        bash -xec 'test -r /dev/null; test ! -w /dev/null; test ! -r /dev/loop0; test -w /dev/loop0; test ! -r /dev/tty; test ! -w /dev/tty'
+        bash -xec "test -r /dev/null; test ! -w /dev/null; test ! -r $LODEV; test -w $LODEV; test ! -r /dev/tty; test ! -w /dev/tty"
 
     if ! systemctl --version | grep -qF -- "-BPF_FRAMEWORK"; then
         # SocketBind*=
diff --git a/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.exec-deserialization.sh b/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.exec-deserialization.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..04f17c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.exec-deserialization.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+# shellcheck disable=SC2016
+set -eux
+set -o pipefail
+
+# shellcheck source=test/units/test-control.sh
+. "$(dirname "$0")"/test-control.sh
+# shellcheck source=test/units/util.sh
+. "$(dirname "$0")"/util.sh
+
+setup_base_unit() {
+    local unit_path="${1:?}"
+    local log_file="${2:?}"
+    local unit_name="${unit_path##*/}"
+
+    cat >"$unit_path" <<EOF
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+ExecStart=sleep 3
+ExecStart=bash -c "echo foo >>$log_file"
+EOF
+    systemctl daemon-reload
+
+    systemctl --job-mode=replace --no-block start "$unit_name"
+    # Wait until the unit leaves the "inactive" state
+    timeout 5s bash -xec "while [[ \"\$(systemctl show -P ActiveState $unit_name)\" == inactive ]]; do sleep .1; done"
+    # Sleep for 1 second from the unit start to get well "into" the first (or second) ExecStart= directive
+    sleep 1
+}
+
+check_output() {
+    local unit_name="${1:?}"
+    local log_file="${2:?}"
+    local expected="${3?}"
+    local unit_name="${unit_path##*/}"
+
+    # Wait until the unit becomes inactive before checking the log
+    timeout 10s bash -xec "while [[ \"\$(systemctl show -P ActiveState $unit_name)\" != inactive ]]; do sleep .5; done"
+
+    diff "$log_file" <(echo -ne "$expected")
+}
+
+testcase_no_change() {
+    local unit_path log_file
+
+    unit_path="$(mktemp /run/systemd/system/test-deserialization-no-change-XXX.service)"
+    log_file="$(mktemp)"
+
+    setup_base_unit "$unit_path" "$log_file"
+
+    # Simple sanity test without any reordering shenanignans, to check if the base unit works as expected.
+    check_output "$unit_path" "$log_file" "foo\n"
+
+    rm -f "$unit_path" "$log_file"
+}
+
+testcase_swapped() {
+    local unit_path log_file
+
+    unit_path="$(mktemp /run/systemd/system/test-deserialization-swapped-XXX.service)"
+    log_file="$(mktemp)"
+
+    setup_base_unit "$unit_path" "$log_file"
+
+    # Swap the two ExecStart= lines.
+    #
+    # Since we should be in the first "sleep" of the base unit, after replacing the unit with the following
+    # one we should continue running from the respective "ExecStart=sleep 3" line, which is now the last
+    # one, resulting no output in the final log file.
+    cat >"$unit_path" <<EOF
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+ExecStart=bash -c "echo foo >>$log_file"
+ExecStart=sleep 3
+EOF
+    systemctl daemon-reload
+
+    check_output "$unit_path" "$log_file" ""
+
+    rm -f "$unit_path" "$log_file"
+}
+
+testcase_added_before() {
+    local unit_path log_file
+
+    unit_path="$(mktemp /run/systemd/system/test-deserialization-added-before-XXX.service)"
+    log_file="$(mktemp)"
+
+    setup_base_unit "$unit_path" "$log_file"
+
+    # Add one new ExecStart= before the existing ones.
+    #
+    # Since, after reload, we should continue running from the "sleep 3" statement, the newly added "echo
+    # bar" one will have no effect and we should end up with the same output as in the previous case.
+    cat >"$unit_path" <<EOF
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+ExecStart=bash -c "echo bar >>$log_file"
+ExecStart=sleep 3
+ExecStart=bash -c "echo foo >>$log_file"
+EOF
+    systemctl daemon-reload
+
+    check_output "$unit_path" "$log_file" "foo\n"
+
+    rm -f "$unit_path" "$log_file"
+}
+
+testcase_added_after() {
+    local unit_path log_file
+
+    unit_path="$(mktemp /run/systemd/system/test-deserialization-added-after-XXX.service)"
+    log_file="$(mktemp)"
+
+    setup_base_unit "$unit_path" "$log_file"
+
+    # Add an ExecStart= line after the existing ones.
+    #
+    # Same case as above, except the newly added ExecStart= should get executed, as it was added after the
+    # "sleep 3" statement.
+    cat >"$unit_path" <<EOF
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+ExecStart=sleep 3
+ExecStart=bash -c "echo foo >>$log_file"
+ExecStart=bash -c "echo bar >>$log_file"
+EOF
+    systemctl daemon-reload
+
+    check_output "$unit_path" "$log_file" "foo\nbar\n"
+
+    rm -f "$unit_path" "$log_file"
+}
+
+testcase_interleaved() {
+    local unit_path log_file
+
+    unit_path="$(mktemp /run/systemd/system/test-deserialization-interleaved-XXX.service)"
+    log_file="$(mktemp)"
+
+    setup_base_unit "$unit_path" "$log_file"
+
+    # Combination of the two previous cases.
+    cat >"$unit_path" <<EOF
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+ExecStart=bash -c "echo baz >>$log_file"
+ExecStart=sleep 3
+ExecStart=bash -c "echo foo >>$log_file"
+ExecStart=bash -c "echo bar >>$log_file"
+EOF
+    systemctl daemon-reload
+
+    check_output "$unit_path" "$log_file" "foo\nbar\n"
+
+    rm -f "$unit_path" "$log_file"
+}
+
+testcase_removal() {
+    local unit_path log_file
+
+    unit_path="$(mktemp /run/systemd/system/test-deserialization-removal-XXX.service)"
+    log_file="$(mktemp)"
+
+    setup_base_unit "$unit_path" "$log_file"
+
+    # Remove the currently executed ExecStart= line.
+    #
+    # In this case we completely drop the currently executed "sleep 3" statement, so after reload systemd
+    # should complain that the currently executed command vanished and simply finish executing the unit,
+    # resulting in an empty log.
+    cat >"$unit_path" <<EOF
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+ExecStart=bash -c "echo bar >>$log_file"
+ExecStart=bash -c "echo baz >>$log_file"
+EOF
+    systemctl daemon-reload
+
+    check_output "$unit_path" "$log_file" ""
+
+    rm -f "$unit_path" "$log_file"
+}
+
+testcase_issue_6533() {
+    local unit_path unit_name log_file
+
+    unit_path="$(mktemp /run/systemd/system/test-deserialization-issue-6533-XXX.service)"
+    unit_name="${unit_path##*/}"
+    log_file="$(mktemp)"
+
+    cat >"$unit_path" <<EOF
+[Service]
+Type=simple
+ExecStart=/bin/sleep 5
+EOF
+    systemctl daemon-reload
+
+    systemctl --job-mode=replace --no-block start "$unit_name"
+    sleep 2
+
+    # Make sure we try to execute the next command only for oneshot services, as for other types we allow
+    # only one ExecStart= directive.
+    #
+    # See: https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/6533
+    cat >"$unit_path" <<EOF
+[Service]
+Type=simple
+ExecStart=/bin/sleep 5
+ExecStart=bash -c "echo foo >>$log_file"
+EOF
+    systemctl daemon-reload
+
+    check_output "$unit_path" "$log_file" ""
+    (! journalctl -b --grep "Freezing execution" _PID=1)
+}
+
+mkdir -p /run/systemd/system/
+run_testcases
+systemctl daemon-reload
diff --git a/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.exec-timestamps.sh b/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.exec-timestamps.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..0211166
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.exec-timestamps.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+set -eux
+set -o pipefail
+
+# Check that timestamps of a Type=notify service are consistent
+
+systemd-run --service-type notify --property NotifyAccess=all --unit notify.service --wait sh -c 'systemd-notify --ready; exit 1' || :
+
+start=$(systemctl show --property=ExecMainStartTimestampMonotonic --value notify.service)
+handoff=$(systemctl show --property=ExecMainHandoffTimestampMonotonic --value notify.service)
+active=$(systemctl show --property=ActiveEnterTimestampMonotonic --value notify.service)
+exit=$(systemctl show --property=ExecMainExitTimestampMonotonic --value notify.service)
+
+[[ $start -le $handoff ]]
+[[ $handoff -le $active ]]
+[[ $active -le $exit ]]
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-07.issue-14566.sh b/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.issue-14566.sh
index d4be5b5..d4be5b5 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-07.issue-14566.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.issue-14566.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-07.issue-16115.sh b/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.issue-16115.sh
index 8f63826..8f63826 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-07.issue-16115.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.issue-16115.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-07.issue-1981.sh b/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.issue-1981.sh
index 6eb802c..dcfa9b1 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-07.issue-1981.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.issue-1981.sh
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ Type=oneshot
 ExecStartPre=sh -c 'test "$TRIGGER_UNIT" = my.timer'
 ExecStartPre=sh -c 'test -n "$TRIGGER_TIMER_REALTIME_USEC"'
 ExecStartPre=sh -c 'test -n "$TRIGGER_TIMER_MONOTONIC_USEC"'
-ExecStart=/bin/echo Timer runs me
+ExecStart=echo Timer runs me
 EOF
 
 cat >/run/systemd/system/my.timer <<EOF
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-07.issue-2467.sh b/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.issue-2467.sh
index de0577b..de0577b 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-07.issue-2467.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.issue-2467.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-07.issue-27953.sh b/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.issue-27953.sh
index 8659970..8659970 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-07.issue-27953.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.issue-27953.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-07.issue-30412.sh b/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.issue-30412.sh
index c1cb00e..c1cb00e 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-07.issue-30412.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.issue-30412.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-07.issue-3166.sh b/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.issue-3166.sh
index 6677901..6677901 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-07.issue-3166.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.issue-3166.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-07.issue-3171.sh b/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.issue-3171.sh
index db17c25..374df54 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-07.issue-3171.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.issue-3171.sh
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ cat >/run/systemd/system/issue-3171@.service <<EOF
 Description=Test service
 [Service]
 StandardInput=socket
-ExecStart=/bin/sh -x -c cat
+ExecStart=sh -x -c cat
 EOF
 
 systemctl start issue-3171.socket
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-07.main-PID-change.sh b/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.main-PID-change.sh
index bd1144c..16f3510 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-07.main-PID-change.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.main-PID-change.sh
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ set -o pipefail
 
 # The main service PID should be the parent bash process
 MAINPID="${PPID:?}"
-test "$(systemctl show -P MainPID testsuite-07.service)" -eq "$MAINPID"
+test "$(systemctl show -P MainPID TEST-07-PID1.service)" -eq "$MAINPID"
 
 # Start a test process inside of our own cgroup
 sleep infinity &
@@ -23,41 +23,41 @@ EXTERNALPID="$(systemctl show -P MainPID test-sleep.service)"
 
 # Update our own main PID to the external test PID, this should work
 systemd-notify MAINPID="$EXTERNALPID"
-test "$(systemctl show -P MainPID testsuite-07.service)" -eq "$EXTERNALPID"
+test "$(systemctl show -P MainPID TEST-07-PID1.service)" -eq "$EXTERNALPID"
 
 # Update our own main PID to the internal test PID, this should work, too
 systemd-notify MAINPID=$INTERNALPID
-test "$(systemctl show -P MainPID testsuite-07.service)" -eq "$INTERNALPID"
+test "$(systemctl show -P MainPID TEST-07-PID1.service)" -eq "$INTERNALPID"
 
 # Update it back to our own PID, this should also work
 systemd-notify MAINPID="$MAINPID"
-test "$(systemctl show -P MainPID testsuite-07.service)" -eq "$MAINPID"
+test "$(systemctl show -P MainPID TEST-07-PID1.service)" -eq "$MAINPID"
 
 # Try to set it to PID 1, which it should ignore, because that's the manager
 systemd-notify MAINPID=1
-test "$(systemctl show -P MainPID testsuite-07.service)" -eq "$MAINPID"
+test "$(systemctl show -P MainPID TEST-07-PID1.service)" -eq "$MAINPID"
 
 # Try to set it to PID 0, which is invalid and should be ignored
 systemd-notify MAINPID=0
-test "$(systemctl show -P MainPID testsuite-07.service)" -eq "$MAINPID"
+test "$(systemctl show -P MainPID TEST-07-PID1.service)" -eq "$MAINPID"
 
 # Try to set it to a valid but non-existing PID, which should be ignored. (Note
 # that we set the PID to a value well above any known /proc/sys/kernel/pid_max,
 # which means we can be pretty sure it doesn't exist by coincidence)
 systemd-notify MAINPID=1073741824
-test "$(systemctl show -P MainPID testsuite-07.service)" -eq "$MAINPID"
+test "$(systemctl show -P MainPID TEST-07-PID1.service)" -eq "$MAINPID"
 
 # Change it again to the external PID, without privileges this time. This should be ignored, because the PID is from outside of our cgroup and we lack privileges.
 systemd-notify --uid=1000 MAINPID="$EXTERNALPID"
-test "$(systemctl show -P MainPID testsuite-07.service)" -eq "$MAINPID"
+test "$(systemctl show -P MainPID TEST-07-PID1.service)" -eq "$MAINPID"
 
 # Change it again to the internal PID, without privileges this time. This should work, as the process is on our cgroup, and that's enough even if we lack privileges.
 systemd-notify --uid=1000 MAINPID="$INTERNALPID"
-test "$(systemctl show -P MainPID testsuite-07.service)" -eq "$INTERNALPID"
+test "$(systemctl show -P MainPID TEST-07-PID1.service)" -eq "$INTERNALPID"
 
 # Update it back to our own PID, this should also work
 systemd-notify --uid=1000 MAINPID="$MAINPID"
-test "$(systemctl show -P MainPID testsuite-07.service)" -eq "$MAINPID"
+test "$(systemctl show -P MainPID TEST-07-PID1.service)" -eq "$MAINPID"
 
 cat >/tmp/test-mainpid.sh <<\EOF
 #!/usr/bin/env bash
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-07.mount-invalid-chars.sh b/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.mount-invalid-chars.sh
index a879334..a879334 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-07.mount-invalid-chars.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.mount-invalid-chars.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-07.poll-limit.sh b/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.poll-limit.sh
index 480d7ee..ca988b2 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-07.poll-limit.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.poll-limit.sh
@@ -5,12 +5,12 @@ set -o pipefail
 
 systemd-analyze log-level debug
 
-cat > /run/systemd/system/floodme@.service <<EOF
+cat >/run/systemd/system/floodme@.service <<EOF
 [Service]
-ExecStart=/bin/true
+ExecStart=true
 EOF
 
-cat > /run/systemd/system/floodme.socket <<EOF
+cat >/run/systemd/system/floodme.socket <<EOF
 [Socket]
 ListenStream=/tmp/floodme
 PollLimitIntervalSec=10s
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ systemctl start floodme.socket
 START=$(date +%s%N)
 
 # Trigger this 100 times in a flood
-for (( i=0 ; i < 100; i++ )) ; do
+for _ in {1..100}; do
     logger -u /tmp/floodme foo &
 done
 
diff --git a/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.pr-31351.sh b/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.pr-31351.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..f6911f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.pr-31351.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+set -eux
+set -o pipefail
+
+# shellcheck source=test/units/util.sh
+. "$(dirname "$0")"/util.sh
+
+cat >/run/systemd/system/nonexistent-execstart-exit-status.service <<EOF
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+RemainAfterExit=yes
+ExecStart=-/foo/bar/not-exist
+EOF
+
+systemctl start nonexistent-execstart-exit-status.service
+systemctl is-active nonexistent-execstart-exit-status.service
+assert_eq "$(systemctl show nonexistent-execstart-exit-status.service -P Result)" "success"
+(( $(systemctl show nonexistent-execstart-exit-status.service -P ExecMainStatus) > 0 ))
+
+systemctl stop nonexistent-execstart-exit-status.service
+rm /run/systemd/system/nonexistent-execstart-exit-status.service
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-07.private-network.sh b/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.private-network.sh
index 37658f7..37658f7 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-07.private-network.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.private-network.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-07.sh b/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.sh
index 2ee1457..873d638 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-07.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.sh
@@ -13,3 +13,4 @@ mountpoint /issue2730
 run_subtests
 
 touch /testok
+systemctl --no-block exit 123
diff --git a/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.socket-pass-fds.sh b/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.socket-pass-fds.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..a61b1c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.socket-pass-fds.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+set -eux
+set -o pipefail
+
+# Test PassFileDescriptorsToExec= option in socket units
+
+for u in pass-fds-to-exec-{no,yes}.socket; do
+    systemctl start "$u"
+    systemctl stop "$u"
+done
diff --git a/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.type-exec-parallel.sh b/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.type-exec-parallel.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..30f80c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/units/TEST-07-PID1.type-exec-parallel.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+set -eux
+set -o pipefail
+
+# Make sure that we never mistake a process starting but failing quickly for a process failing to start, with Type=exec.
+# See https://github.com/systemd/systemd/pull/30799
+
+seq 25 | xargs -n 1 -P 0 systemd-run -p Type=exec /bin/false
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-08.sh b/test/units/TEST-08-INITRD.sh
index 5c6b4ce..4804527 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-08.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-08-INITRD.sh
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ fi
 if [[ "$(systemctl show -P InitRDTimestampMonotonic)" -eq 0 ]]; then
     echo "systemd didn't run in the initrd, skipping the test"
     touch /skipped
-    exit 0
+    exit 77
 fi
 
 # We should've created a mount under /run in initrd (see the other half of the test)
@@ -22,9 +22,9 @@ test -d /run/initrd-mount-target
 mountpoint /run/initrd-mount-target
 [[ -e /run/initrd-mount-target/hello-world ]]
 
-# Copy the prepared shutdown initrd to its intended location. Check the respective
+# Copy the prepared exitrd to its intended location. Check the respective
 # test.sh file for details
 mkdir -p /run/initramfs
-cp -r /shutdown-initrd/* /run/initramfs/
+cp -r /exitrd/* /run/initramfs/
 
 touch /testok
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-09.journal.sh b/test/units/TEST-09-REBOOT.journal.sh
index 2ef192c..726e800 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-09.journal.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-09-REBOOT.journal.sh
@@ -22,6 +22,22 @@ get_last_timestamp() {
     journalctl -b "${1:?}" -o json -n 1 | jq -r '.__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP'
 }
 
+# There may be huge amount of pending messages in sockets. Processing them may cause journal rotation.
+# If the journal is rotated in the loop below, some journal file may not be loaded and an unexpected
+# result may be provided. To mitigate such, flush (if not yet) and sync before reading journals.
+# Workaround for #32890.
+journalctl --flush
+journalctl --sync
+# Sometimes, loading partially written .journal file, and journalctl handled that as 'truncated':
+# ===
+# May 21 02:25:55 TEST-09-REBOOT.sh[433]: + journalctl --list-boots -o json
+# May 21 02:25:55 journalctl[433]: Journal file /var/log/journal/173da2fad3064e3e9211a7ed7d59360b/system.journal is truncated, ignoring file.
+# ===
+# If that happens, the entries stored in the journal file are ignored, and the results of --list-boots
+# and subsequent call of journalctl may become inconsistent. To prevent such issue, let's also rotate
+# the journal. Then, all journal entries we are interested in are stored in the archived journal files.
+journalctl --rotate
+
 # Issue: #29275, second part
 # Now let's check if the boot entries are in the correct/expected order
 index=0
@@ -70,3 +86,47 @@ journalctl --list-boots -o json | jq -r '.[] | [.index, .boot_id, .first_entry,
             assert_eq "$entry_ts" "$last_ts"
         fi
     done
+
+verify_seqnum() {
+    if [[ "$REBOOT_COUNT" -ne "$NUM_REBOOT" ]]; then
+        return 0
+    fi
+
+    journalctl --flush
+    journalctl --sync
+
+    ls -lR /var/log/journal/
+    ls -lR /run/log/journal/
+
+    journalctl --system --header
+
+    (! journalctl --system -q -o short-monotonic -u systemd-journald.service --grep 'Journal file uses a different sequence number ID, rotating')
+
+    set +x
+    previous_seqnum=0
+    previous_seqnum_id=
+    previous_boot_id=
+    journalctl --system -q -o json | jq -r '[.__SEQNUM, .__SEQNUM_ID, ._BOOT_ID] | @tsv' |
+        while read -r seqnum seqnum_id boot_id; do
+
+            if [[ -n "$previous_seqnum_id" ]]; then
+                if ! test "$seqnum" -gt "$previous_seqnum"; then
+                    echo "seqnum=$seqnum is not greater than previous_seqnum=$previous_seqnum"
+                    echo "seqnum_id=$seqnum_id, previous_seqnum_id=$previous_seqnum_id"
+                    echo "boot_id=$boot_id, previous_boot_id=$previous_boot_id"
+                    return 1
+                fi
+
+                assert_eq "$seqnum_id" "$previous_seqnum_id"
+            fi
+
+            previous_seqnum="$seqnum"
+            previous_seqnum_id="$seqnum_id"
+            previous_boot_id="$boot_id"
+        done
+    set -x
+
+    return 0
+}
+
+verify_seqnum
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-09.sh b/test/units/TEST-09-REBOOT.sh
index cd95660..85630b6 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-09.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-09-REBOOT.sh
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 set -eux
 set -o pipefail
 
-NUM_REBOOT=4
+export NUM_REBOOT=4
 
 # shellcheck source=test/units/test-control.sh
 . "$(dirname "$0")"/test-control.sh
diff --git a/test/units/TEST-13-NSPAWN.importctl.sh b/test/units/TEST-13-NSPAWN.importctl.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..a13e3fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/units/TEST-13-NSPAWN.importctl.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+# shellcheck disable=SC2016
+set -eux
+set -o pipefail
+
+# shellcheck source=test/units/util.sh
+. "$(dirname "$0")"/util.sh
+
+export PAGER=
+
+at_exit() {
+    set +e
+    umount -l -R /var/lib/confexts
+    rm -f /var/tmp/importtest /var/tmp/importtest2 /var/tmp/importtest.tar.gz /var/tmp/importtest2.tar.gz
+}
+
+trap at_exit EXIT
+
+systemctl service-log-level systemd-importd debug
+
+# Mount tmpfs over /var/lib/confexts to not pollute the image
+mkdir -p /var/lib/confexts
+mount -t tmpfs tmpfs /var/lib/confexts -o mode=755
+
+importctl
+importctl --no-pager --help
+importctl --version
+importctl list-transfers
+importctl list-transfers --no-legend --no-ask-password
+importctl list-transfers -j
+importctl list-images
+importctl list-images --no-legend --no-ask-password
+importctl list-images -j
+
+(! importctl cancel-transfer 4711)
+
+dd if=/dev/urandom of=/var/tmp/importtest bs=4096 count=10
+
+importctl import-raw --class=confext /var/tmp/importtest
+cmp /var/tmp/importtest /var/lib/confexts/importtest.raw
+importctl export-raw --class=confext importtest /var/tmp/importtest2
+cmp /var/tmp/importtest /var/tmp/importtest2
+
+(! importctl pull-raw --class=confext file:///var/tmp/importtest)
+importctl pull-raw --verify=no --class=confext file:///var/tmp/importtest importtest3
+cmp /var/tmp/importtest /var/lib/confexts/importtest3.raw
+
+tar czf /var/tmp/importtest.tar.gz -C /var/tmp importtest
+
+importctl import-tar --class=confext /var/tmp/importtest.tar.gz importtest4
+cmp /var/tmp/importtest /var/lib/confexts/importtest4/importtest
+
+importctl export-tar --class=confext importtest4 /var/tmp/importtest2.tar.gz
+importctl import-tar --class=confext /var/tmp/importtest2.tar.gz importtest5
+cmp /var/tmp/importtest /var/lib/confexts/importtest5/importtest
+
+importctl import-fs --class=confext /var/lib/confexts/importtest5 importtest6
+cmp /var/tmp/importtest /var/lib/confexts/importtest6/importtest
+
+(! importctl pull-tar --class=confext file:///var/tmp/importtest.tar.gz importtest7)
+importctl pull-tar --class=confext --verify=no file:///var/tmp/importtest.tar.gz importtest7
+cmp /var/tmp/importtest /var/lib/confexts/importtest7/importtest
+
+importctl list-images
+importctl list-images -j
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-13.machinectl.sh b/test/units/TEST-13-NSPAWN.machinectl.sh
index b5f90f6..462cc6a 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-13.machinectl.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-13-NSPAWN.machinectl.sh
@@ -20,9 +20,12 @@ at_exit() {
 
 trap at_exit EXIT
 
-# Mount tmpfs over /var/lib/machines to not pollute the image
+systemctl service-log-level systemd-machined debug
+systemctl service-log-level systemd-importd debug
+
+# Mount temporary directory over /var/lib/machines to not pollute the image
 mkdir -p /var/lib/machines
-mount -t tmpfs tmpfs /var/lib/machines
+mount --bind "$(mktemp --tmpdir=/var/tmp -d)" /var/lib/machines
 
 # Create a couple of containers we can refer to in tests
 for i in {0..4}; do
@@ -32,7 +35,7 @@ done
 # Create one "long running" container with some basic signal handling
 create_dummy_container /var/lib/machines/long-running
 cat >/var/lib/machines/long-running/sbin/init <<\EOF
-#!/usr/bin/bash -x
+#!/usr/bin/bash
 
 PID=0
 
@@ -129,6 +132,9 @@ machinectl show-image clone1
 machinectl rename clone1 clone2
 (! machinectl show-image clone1)
 machinectl show-image clone2
+# `machinectl read-only` uses chattr (ioctl(FS_IOC_SETFLAGS)) when the container is backed by a directory,
+# and this operation might not be implemented on certain filesystems (i.e. tmpfs on older kernels), so check
+# if we have chattr support before running following tests
 if lsattr -d /var/lib/machines >/dev/null; then
     [[ "$(machinectl show-image --property=ReadOnly --value clone2)" == no ]]
     machinectl read-only clone2 yes
@@ -151,37 +157,37 @@ test ! -d /var/lib/machines/.hidden1
 
 # Prepare a simple raw container
 mkdir -p /tmp/mnt
-dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/container.raw bs=1M count=64
-mkfs.ext4 /tmp/container.raw
-mount -o loop /tmp/container.raw /tmp/mnt
+dd if=/dev/zero of=/var/tmp/container.raw bs=1M count=256
+mkfs.ext4 /var/tmp/container.raw
+mount -o loop /var/tmp/container.raw /tmp/mnt
 cp -r /var/lib/machines/container1/* /tmp/mnt
 umount /tmp/mnt
 # Try to import it, run it, export it, and re-import it
-machinectl import-raw /tmp/container.raw container-raw
+machinectl import-raw /var/tmp/container.raw container-raw
 [[ "$(machinectl show-image --property=Type --value container-raw)" == "raw" ]]
 machinectl start container-raw
-machinectl export-raw container-raw /tmp/container-export.raw
-machinectl import-raw /tmp/container-export.raw container-raw-reimport
+machinectl export-raw container-raw /var/tmp/container-export.raw
+machinectl import-raw /var/tmp/container-export.raw container-raw-reimport
 [[ "$(machinectl show-image --property=Type --value container-raw-reimport)" == "raw" ]]
-rm -f /tmp/container{,-export}.raw
+rm -f /var/tmp/container{,-export}.raw
 
 # Prepare a simple tar.gz container
-tar -pczf /tmp/container.tar.gz -C /var/lib/machines/container1 .
+tar -pczf /var/tmp/container.tar.gz -C /var/lib/machines/container1 .
 # Try to import it, run it, export it, and re-import it
-machinectl import-tar /tmp/container.tar.gz container-tar
-[[ "$(machinectl show-image --property=Type --value container-tar)" == "directory" ]]
+machinectl import-tar /var/tmp/container.tar.gz container-tar
+[[ "$(machinectl show-image --property=Type --value container-tar)" =~ directory|subvolume ]]
 machinectl start container-tar
-machinectl export-tar container-tar /tmp/container-export.tar.gz
-machinectl import-tar /tmp/container-export.tar.gz container-tar-reimport
-[[ "$(machinectl show-image --property=Type --value container-tar-reimport)" == "directory" ]]
-rm -f /tmp/container{,-export}.tar.gz
+machinectl export-tar container-tar /var/tmp/container-export.tar.gz
+machinectl import-tar /var/tmp/container-export.tar.gz container-tar-reimport
+[[ "$(machinectl show-image --property=Type --value container-tar-reimport)" =~ directory|subvolume ]]
+rm -f /var/tmp/container{,-export}.tar.gz
 
 # Try to import a container directory & run it
-cp -r /var/lib/machines/container1 /tmp/container.dir
-machinectl import-fs /tmp/container.dir container-dir
-[[ "$(machinectl show-image --property=Type --value container-dir)" == "directory" ]]
+cp -r /var/lib/machines/container1 /var/tmp/container.dir
+machinectl import-fs /var/tmp/container.dir container-dir
+[[ "$(machinectl show-image --property=Type --value container-dir)" =~ directory|subvolume ]]
 machinectl start container-dir
-rm -fr /tmp/container.dir
+rm -fr /var/tmp/container.dir
 
 timeout 10 bash -c "until machinectl clean --all; do sleep .5; done"
 
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-13.nspawn-oci.sh b/test/units/TEST-13-NSPAWN.nspawn-oci.sh
index 8fa0bc4..65dcc96 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-13.nspawn-oci.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-13-NSPAWN.nspawn-oci.sh
@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@ at_exit() {
 
 trap at_exit EXIT
 
-# Mount tmpfs over /var/lib/machines to not pollute the image
+# Mount temporary directory over /var/lib/machines to not pollute the image
 mkdir -p /var/lib/machines
-mount -t tmpfs tmpfs /var/lib/machines
+mount --bind "$(mktemp --tmpdir=/var/tmp -d)" /var/lib/machines
 
 # Setup a couple of dirs/devices for the OCI containers
 DEV="$(mktemp -u /dev/oci-dev-XXX)"
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ NETNS="$(mktemp /var/tmp/netns.XXX)"
 mount --bind /proc/self/ns/net "$NETNS"
 TMPDIR="$(mktemp -d)"
 touch "$TMPDIR/hello"
-OCI="$(mktemp -d /var/lib/machines/testsuite-13.oci-bundle.XXX)"
+OCI="$(mktemp -d /var/lib/machines/TEST-13-NSPAWN.oci-bundle.XXX)"
 create_dummy_container "$OCI/rootfs"
 mkdir -p "$OCI/rootfs/opt/var"
 mkdir -p "$OCI/rootfs/opt/readonly"
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-13.nspawn.sh b/test/units/TEST-13-NSPAWN.nspawn.sh
index 01f6eb6..7901e98 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-13.nspawn.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-13-NSPAWN.nspawn.sh
@@ -71,9 +71,9 @@ if unshare -U bash -c :; then
     IS_USERNS_SUPPORTED=yes
 fi
 
-# Mount tmpfs over /var/lib/machines to not pollute the image
+# Mount temporary directory over /var/lib/machines to not pollute the image
 mkdir -p /var/lib/machines
-mount -t tmpfs tmpfs /var/lib/machines
+mount --bind "$(mktemp --tmpdir=/var/tmp -d)" /var/lib/machines
 
 testcase_sanity() {
     local template root image uuid tmpdir
@@ -82,8 +82,8 @@ testcase_sanity() {
     template="$(mktemp -d /tmp/nspawn-template.XXX)"
     create_dummy_container "$template"
     # Create a simple image from the just created container template
-    image="$(mktemp /var/lib/machines/testsuite-13.image-XXX.img)"
-    dd if=/dev/zero of="$image" bs=1M count=64
+    image="$(mktemp /var/lib/machines/TEST-13-NSPAWN.image-XXX.img)"
+    dd if=/dev/zero of="$image" bs=1M count=256
     mkfs.ext4 "$image"
     mkdir -p /mnt
     mount -o loop "$image" /mnt
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ testcase_sanity() {
     systemd-nspawn --version
 
     # --template=
-    root="$(mktemp -u -d /var/lib/machines/testsuite-13.sanity.XXX)"
+    root="$(mktemp -u -d /var/lib/machines/TEST-13-NSPAWN.sanity.XXX)"
     coverage_create_nspawn_dropin "$root"
     (! systemd-nspawn --directory="$root" bash -xec 'echo hello')
     # Initialize $root from $template (the $root directory must not exist, hence
@@ -271,6 +271,13 @@ EOF
                    --load-credential=cred.path:/tmp/cred.path \
                    --set-credential="cred.set:hello world" \
                    bash -xec '[[ "$(</run/host/credentials/cred.path)" == "foo bar" ]]; [[ "$(</run/host/credentials/cred.set)" == "hello world" ]]'
+    # Combine with --user to ensure creds are still readable
+    systemd-nspawn --directory="$root" \
+                   --user=testuser \
+                   --no-new-privileges=yes \
+                   --load-credential=cred.path:/tmp/cred.path \
+                   --set-credential="cred.set:hello world" \
+                   bash -xec '[[ "$(</run/host/credentials/cred.path)" == "foo bar" ]]; [[ "$(</run/host/credentials/cred.set)" == "hello world" ]]'
     rm -f /tmp/cred.path
 
     # Assorted tests
@@ -324,7 +331,7 @@ EOF
 }
 
 nspawn_settings_cleanup() {
-    for dev in sd-host-only sd-shared{1,2} sd-macvlan{1,2} sd-ipvlan{1,2}; do
+    for dev in sd-host-only sd-shared{1,2,3} sd-macvlan{1,2} sd-ipvlan{1,2}; do
         ip link del "$dev" || :
     done
 
@@ -332,19 +339,25 @@ nspawn_settings_cleanup() {
 }
 
 testcase_nspawn_settings() {
-    local root container dev private_users
+    local root container dev private_users wlan_names
 
     mkdir -p /run/systemd/nspawn
-    root="$(mktemp -d /var/lib/machines/testsuite-13.nspawn-settings.XXX)"
+    root="$(mktemp -d /var/lib/machines/TEST-13-NSPAWN.nspawn-settings.XXX)"
     container="$(basename "$root")"
     create_dummy_container "$root"
     rm -f "/etc/systemd/nspawn/$container.nspawn"
     mkdir -p "$root/tmp" "$root"/opt/{tmp,inaccessible,also-inaccessible}
 
-    for dev in sd-host-only sd-shared{1,2} sd-macvlan{1,2} sd-macvlanloong sd-ipvlan{1,2} sd-ipvlanlooong; do
+    # add virtual wlan interfaces
+    if modprobe mac80211_hwsim radios=2; then
+        wlan_names="wlan0 wlan1:wl-renamed1"
+    fi
+
+    for dev in sd-host-only sd-shared{1,2,3} sd-macvlan{1,2} sd-macvlanloong sd-ipvlan{1,2} sd-ipvlanlooong; do
         ip link add "$dev" type dummy
     done
     udevadm settle
+    ip link property add dev sd-shared3 altname sd-altname3 altname sd-altname-tooooooooooooo-long
     ip link
     trap nspawn_settings_cleanup RETURN
 
@@ -394,7 +407,7 @@ Private=yes
 VirtualEthernet=yes
 VirtualEthernetExtra=my-fancy-veth1
 VirtualEthernetExtra=fancy-veth2:my-fancy-veth2
-Interface=sd-shared1 sd-shared2:sd-shared2
+Interface=sd-shared1 sd-shared2:sd-renamed2 sd-shared3:sd-altname3 ${wlan_names:-}
 MACVLAN=sd-macvlan1 sd-macvlan2:my-macvlan2 sd-macvlanloong
 IPVLAN=sd-ipvlan1 sd-ipvlan2:my-ipvlan2 sd-ipvlanlooong
 Zone=sd-zone0
@@ -440,12 +453,22 @@ ip link | grep host0@
 ip link | grep my-fancy-veth1@
 ip link | grep my-fancy-veth2@
 ip link | grep sd-shared1
-ip link | grep sd-shared2
+ip link | grep sd-renamed2
+ip link | grep sd-shared3
+ip link | grep sd-altname3
+ip link | grep sd-altname-tooooooooooooo-long
 ip link | grep mv-sd-macvlan1@
 ip link | grep my-macvlan2@
 ip link | grep iv-sd-ipvlan1@
 ip link | grep my-ipvlan2@
 EOF
+    if [[ -n "${wlan_names:-}" ]]; then
+        cat >>"$root/entrypoint.sh" <<\EOF
+ip link | grep wlan0
+ip link | grep wl-renamed1
+EOF
+    fi
+
     timeout 30 systemd-nspawn --directory="$root"
 
     # And now for stuff that needs to run separately
@@ -482,7 +505,7 @@ bind_user_cleanup() {
 testcase_bind_user() {
     local root
 
-    root="$(mktemp -d /var/lib/machines/testsuite-13.bind-user.XXX)"
+    root="$(mktemp -d /var/lib/machines/TEST-13-NSPAWN.bind-user.XXX)"
     create_dummy_container "$root"
     useradd --create-home --user-group nspawn-bind-user-1
     useradd --create-home --user-group nspawn-bind-user-2
@@ -531,7 +554,7 @@ testcase_bind_tmp_path() {
     # https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/4789
     local root
 
-    root="$(mktemp -d /var/lib/machines/testsuite-13.bind-tmp-path.XXX)"
+    root="$(mktemp -d /var/lib/machines/TEST-13-NSPAWN.bind-tmp-path.XXX)"
     create_dummy_container "$root"
     : >/tmp/bind
     systemd-nspawn --register=no \
@@ -546,7 +569,7 @@ testcase_norbind() {
     # https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/13170
     local root
 
-    root="$(mktemp -d /var/lib/machines/testsuite-13.norbind-path.XXX)"
+    root="$(mktemp -d /var/lib/machines/TEST-13-NSPAWN.norbind-path.XXX)"
     mkdir -p /tmp/binddir/subdir
     echo -n "outer" >/tmp/binddir/subdir/file
     mount -t tmpfs tmpfs /tmp/binddir/subdir
@@ -573,7 +596,7 @@ testcase_rootidmap() {
     local root cmd permissions
     local owner=1000
 
-    root="$(mktemp -d /var/lib/machines/testsuite-13.rootidmap-path.XXX)"
+    root="$(mktemp -d /var/lib/machines/TEST-13-NSPAWN.rootidmap-path.XXX)"
     # Create ext4 image, as ext4 supports idmapped-mounts.
     mkdir -p /tmp/rootidmap/bind
     dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/rootidmap/ext4.img bs=4k count=2048
@@ -606,12 +629,82 @@ testcase_rootidmap() {
     fi
 }
 
+owneridmap_cleanup() {
+    local dir="${1:?}"
+
+    mountpoint -q "$dir/bind" && umount "$dir/bind"
+    rm -fr "$dir"
+}
+
+testcase_owneridmap() {
+    local root cmd permissions
+    local owner=1000
+
+    root="$(mktemp -d /var/lib/machines/TEST-13-NSPAWN.owneridmap-path.XXX)"
+    # Create ext4 image, as ext4 supports idmapped-mounts.
+    mkdir -p /tmp/owneridmap/bind
+    dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/owneridmap/ext4.img bs=4k count=2048
+    mkfs.ext4 /tmp/owneridmap/ext4.img
+    mount /tmp/owneridmap/ext4.img /tmp/owneridmap/bind
+    trap "owneridmap_cleanup /tmp/owneridmap/" RETURN
+
+    touch /tmp/owneridmap/bind/file
+    chown -R "$owner:$owner" /tmp/owneridmap/bind
+
+    # Allow users to read and execute / in order to execute binaries
+    chmod o+rx "$root"
+
+    create_dummy_container "$root"
+
+    # --user=
+    # "Fake" getent passwd's bare minimum, so we don't have to pull it in
+    # with all the DSO shenanigans
+    cat >"$root/bin/getent" <<\EOF
+#!/bin/bash
+
+if [[ $# -eq 0 ]]; then
+    :
+elif [[ $1 == passwd ]]; then
+    echo "testuser:x:1010:1010:testuser:/:/bin/sh"
+elif [[ $1 == initgroups ]]; then
+    echo "testuser"
+fi
+EOF
+    chmod +x "$root/bin/getent"
+
+    mkdir -p "$root/home/testuser"
+    chown 1010:1010 "$root/home/testuser"
+
+    cmd='PERMISSIONS=$(stat -c "%u:%g" /home/testuser/file); if [[ $PERMISSIONS != "1010:1010" ]]; then echo "*** wrong permissions: $PERMISSIONS"; return 1; fi; touch /home/testuser/other_file'
+    if ! SYSTEMD_LOG_TARGET=console \
+            systemd-nspawn --register=no \
+                           --directory="$root" \
+                           -U \
+                           --user=testuser \
+                           --bind=/tmp/owneridmap/bind:/home/testuser:owneridmap \
+                           ${COVERAGE_BUILD_DIR:+--bind="$COVERAGE_BUILD_DIR"} \
+                           /usr/bin/bash -c "$cmd" |& tee nspawn.out; then
+        if grep -q "Failed to map ids for bind mount.*: Function not implemented" nspawn.out; then
+            echo "idmapped mounts are not supported, skipping the test..."
+            return 0
+        fi
+
+        return 1
+    fi
+
+    permissions=$(stat -c "%u:%g" /tmp/owneridmap/bind/other_file)
+    if [[ $permissions != "$owner:$owner" ]]; then
+        echo "*** wrong permissions: $permissions"
+        [[ "$IS_USERNS_SUPPORTED" == "yes" ]] && return 1
+    fi
+}
+
 testcase_notification_socket() {
     # https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/4944
     local root
     local cmd='echo a | nc -U -u -w 1 /run/host/notify'
 
-    root="$(mktemp -d /var/lib/machines/testsuite-13.check_notification_socket.XXX)"
+    root="$(mktemp -d /var/lib/machines/TEST-13-NSPAWN.check_notification_socket.XXX)"
     create_dummy_container "$root"
 
     systemd-nspawn --register=no --directory="$root" bash -x -c "$cmd"
@@ -623,7 +716,7 @@ testcase_notification_socket() {
 testcase_os_release() {
     local root entrypoint os_release_source
 
-    root="$(mktemp -d /var/lib/machines/testsuite-13.os-release.XXX)"
+    root="$(mktemp -d /var/lib/machines/TEST-13-NSPAWN.os-release.XXX)"
     create_dummy_container "$root"
     entrypoint="$root/entrypoint.sh"
     cat >"$entrypoint" <<\EOF
@@ -665,7 +758,7 @@ testcase_machinectl_bind() {
     local service_path service_name root container_name ec
     local cmd='for i in $(seq 1 20); do if test -f /tmp/marker; then exit 0; fi; sleep .5; done; exit 1;'
 
-    root="$(mktemp -d /var/lib/machines/testsuite-13.machinectl-bind.XXX)"
+    root="$(mktemp -d /var/lib/machines/TEST-13-NSPAWN.machinectl-bind.XXX)"
     create_dummy_container "$root"
     container_name="$(basename "$root")"
 
@@ -700,7 +793,7 @@ testcase_selinux() {
 
     local root
 
-    root="$(mktemp -d /var/lib/machines/testsuite-13.selinux.XXX)"
+    root="$(mktemp -d /var/lib/machines/TEST-13-NSPAWN.selinux.XXX)"
     create_dummy_container "$root"
     chcon -R -t container_t "$root"
 
@@ -717,7 +810,7 @@ testcase_ephemeral_config() {
     # https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/13297
     local root container_name
 
-    root="$(mktemp -d /var/lib/machines/testsuite-13.ephemeral-config.XXX)"
+    root="$(mktemp -d /var/lib/machines/TEST-13-NSPAWN.ephemeral-config.XXX)"
     create_dummy_container "$root"
     container_name="$(basename "$root")"
 
@@ -760,7 +853,7 @@ matrix_run_one() {
         return 0
     fi
 
-    root="$(mktemp -d "/var/lib/machines/testsuite-13.unified-$1-cgns-$2-api-vfs-writable-$3.XXX")"
+    root="$(mktemp -d "/var/lib/machines/TEST-13-NSPAWN.unified-$1-cgns-$2-api-vfs-writable-$3.XXX")"
     create_dummy_container "$root"
 
     SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_UNIFIED_HIERARCHY="$cgroupsv2" SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_USE_CGNS="$use_cgns" SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_API_VFS_WRITABLE="$api_vfs_writable" \
@@ -848,8 +941,8 @@ testcase_check_os_release() {
     # https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/29185
     local base common_opts root
 
-    base="$(mktemp -d /var/lib/machines/testsuite-13.check_os_release_base.XXX)"
-    root="$(mktemp -d /var/lib/machines/testsuite-13.check_os_release.XXX)"
+    base="$(mktemp -d /var/lib/machines/TEST-13-NSPAWN.check_os_release_base.XXX)"
+    root="$(mktemp -d /var/lib/machines/TEST-13-NSPAWN.check_os_release.XXX)"
     create_dummy_container "$base"
     cp -d "$base"/{bin,sbin,lib,lib64} "$root/"
     common_opts=(
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-13.nss-mymachines.sh b/test/units/TEST-13-NSPAWN.nss-mymachines.sh
index b566c73..817431b 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-13.nss-mymachines.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-13-NSPAWN.nss-mymachines.sh
@@ -17,8 +17,9 @@ at_exit() {
 
 trap at_exit EXIT
 
+# Mount temporary directory over /var/lib/machines to not pollute the image
 mkdir -p /var/lib/machines
-mount -t tmpfs tmpfs /var/lib/machines
+mount --bind "$(mktemp --tmpdir=/var/tmp -d)" /var/lib/machines
 
 # Create a bunch of containers that:
 # 1) Have no IP addresses assigned
@@ -56,7 +57,7 @@ ip addr add 10.2.0.2/24 dev ve-manyips
 for i in {100..120}; do
     ip addr add 10.2.0.$i/24 dev ve-manyips
 done
-ip addr add fd00:dead:beef:cafe::2/64 dev ve-manyips
+ip addr add fd00:dead:beef:cafe::2/64 dev ve-manyips nodad
 ip addr show dev ve-manyips
 touch /initialized
 sleep infinity
@@ -90,7 +91,7 @@ done
 # getaddrinfo() return EAI_NONAME without ever asking nss-mymachines.
 ip addr add 10.1.0.1/24 dev ve-singleip
 ip addr add 10.2.0.1/24 dev ve-manyips
-ip addr add fd00:dead:beef:cafe::1/64 dev ve-manyips
+ip addr add fd00:dead:beef:cafe::1/64 dev ve-manyips nodad
 
 getent hosts -s mymachines
 getent ahosts -s mymachines
diff --git a/test/units/TEST-13-NSPAWN.sh b/test/units/TEST-13-NSPAWN.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..dd7f274
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/units/TEST-13-NSPAWN.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+set -eux
+set -o pipefail
+
+FSTYPE="$(stat --file-system --format "%T" /)"
+
+if [[ "$FSTYPE" == "fuseblk" ]]; then
+    echo "Root filesystem is virtiofs, skipping"
+    exit 77
+fi
+
+# shellcheck source=test/units/test-control.sh
+. "$(dirname "$0")"/test-control.sh
+
+run_subtests
+
+touch /testok
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-15.sh b/test/units/TEST-15-DROPIN.sh
index e790b37..5e4df52 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-15.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-15-DROPIN.sh
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ set -o pipefail
 
 # shellcheck source=test/units/test-control.sh
 . "$(dirname "$0")"/test-control.sh
+# shellcheck source=test/units/util.sh
+. "$(dirname "$0")"/util.sh
 
 clear_unit() {
     local unit_name="${1:?}"
@@ -256,6 +258,8 @@ EOF
                'MemoryMax' t 1000000002 \
                0
 
+        timeout 1m bash -c 'until systemctl is-active a-b-c.slice; do sleep 1s; done'
+
         # The override takes precedence for MemoryMax
         check_ok a-b-c.slice MemoryMax "1000000000"
         # The transient setting replaces the default
@@ -273,6 +277,8 @@ EOF
                StopUnit 'ss' \
                'a-b-c.slice' 'replace'
 
+        timeout 1m bash -c 'while systemctl is-active a-b-c.slice; do sleep 1s; done'
+
         rm -f "/run/systemd/system/$dropin/override.conf"
     done
 
@@ -692,15 +698,15 @@ testcase_symlink_dropin_directory() {
     echo "Testing symlink drop-in directory..."
     create_services test15-a
     rmdir /{etc,run,usr/lib}/systemd/system/test15-a.service.d
-    mkdir -p /tmp/testsuite-15-test15-a-dropin-directory
-    ln -s /tmp/testsuite-15-test15-a-dropin-directory /etc/systemd/system/test15-a.service.d
-    cat >/tmp/testsuite-15-test15-a-dropin-directory/override.conf <<EOF
+    mkdir -p /tmp/TEST-15-DROPIN-test15-a-dropin-directory
+    ln -s /tmp/TEST-15-DROPIN-test15-a-dropin-directory /etc/systemd/system/test15-a.service.d
+    cat >/tmp/TEST-15-DROPIN-test15-a-dropin-directory/override.conf <<EOF
 [Unit]
 Description=hogehoge
 EOF
-    ln -s /tmp/testsuite-15-test15-a-dropin-directory-nonexistent /run/systemd/system/test15-a.service.d
-    touch /tmp/testsuite-15-test15-a-dropin-directory-regular
-    ln -s /tmp/testsuite-15-test15-a-dropin-directory-regular /usr/lib/systemd/system/test15-a.service.d
+    ln -s /tmp/TEST-15-DROPIN-test15-a-dropin-directory-nonexistent /run/systemd/system/test15-a.service.d
+    touch /tmp/TEST-15-DROPIN-test15-a-dropin-directory-regular
+    ln -s /tmp/TEST-15-DROPIN-test15-a-dropin-directory-regular /usr/lib/systemd/system/test15-a.service.d
     check_ok test15-a Description hogehoge
 
     clear_units test15-a.service
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-16.sh b/test/units/TEST-16-EXTEND-TIMEOUT.sh
index c60995a..c60995a 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-16.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-16-EXTEND-TIMEOUT.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-17.00.sh b/test/units/TEST-17-UDEV.00.sh
index d2aec60..d2aec60 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-17.00.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-17-UDEV.00.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-17.01.sh b/test/units/TEST-17-UDEV.01.sh
index 44f36f5..44f36f5 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-17.01.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-17-UDEV.01.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-17.02.sh b/test/units/TEST-17-UDEV.02.sh
index b232fca..96430e6 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-17.02.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-17-UDEV.02.sh
@@ -145,6 +145,7 @@ EOF
     # make sure that 'udevadm monitor' actually monitor uevents
     sleep 1
 
+    journalctl --sync
     since="$(date '+%H:%M:%S')"
 
     # add another interface which will conflict with an existing interface
@@ -172,7 +173,10 @@ EOF
     done
     test -n "$found"
 
-    timeout 30 bash -c "until journalctl _PID=1 _COMM=systemd --since $since | grep -q 'foobar: systemd-udevd failed to process the device, ignoring: File exists'; do sleep 1; done"
+    journalctl --sync
+    set +o pipefail
+    timeout -v 30 journalctl _PID=1 _COMM=systemd --since "$since" -n all --follow | grep -m 1 -q -F 'foobar: systemd-udevd failed to process the device, ignoring: File exists'
+    set -o pipefail
     # check if the invalid SYSTEMD_ALIAS property for the interface foobar is ignored by PID1
     assert_eq "$(systemctl show --property=SysFSPath --value /sys/subsystem/net/devices/hoge)" "/sys/devices/virtual/net/hoge"
 }
diff --git a/test/units/TEST-17-UDEV.03.sh b/test/units/TEST-17-UDEV.03.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..d6b3162
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/units/TEST-17-UDEV.03.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+set -eux
+
+TMPDIR=
+TEST_RULE="/run/udev/rules.d/49-test.rules"
+TEST_CONF="/run/udev/udev.conf.d/test-17.conf"
+KILL_PID=
+
+setup() {
+    mkdir -p "${TEST_RULE%/*}"
+    mkdir -p /run/udev/udev.conf.d
+
+    cat >"${TEST_RULE}" <<EOF
+ACTION!="add", GOTO="test_end"
+SUBSYSTEM!="mem", GOTO="test_end"
+KERNEL!="null", GOTO="test_end"
+
+OPTIONS="log_level=debug"
+PROGRAM=="/bin/touch /tmp/test-udev-marker"
+PROGRAM!="/bin/sleep 60", ENV{PROGRAM_RESULT}="KILLED"
+
+LABEL="test_end"
+EOF
+    cat >"$TEST_CONF" <<EOF
+event_timeout=10
+timeout_signal=SIGABRT
+EOF
+
+    systemctl restart systemd-udevd.service
+}
+
+# shellcheck disable=SC2317
+teardown() {
+    set +e
+
+    if [[ -n "$KILL_PID" ]]; then
+        kill "$KILL_PID"
+    fi
+
+    rm -rf "$TMPDIR"
+    rm -f "$TEST_RULE" "$TEST_CONF"
+    systemctl restart systemd-udevd.service
+}
+
+run_test_timeout() {
+    TMPDIR=$(mktemp -d -p /tmp udev-tests.XXXXXX)
+    udevadm monitor --udev --property --subsystem-match=mem >"$TMPDIR"/monitor.txt &
+    KILL_PID="$!"
+
+    SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL=debug udevadm trigger --verbose --action add /dev/null
+
+    for _ in {1..40}; do
+        if grep -q 'PROGRAM_RESULT=KILLED' "$TMPDIR"/monitor.txt; then
+            sleep .5
+            kill "$KILL_PID"
+            KILL_PID=
+
+            cat "$TMPDIR"/monitor.txt
+            (! grep -q 'UDEV_WORKER_FAILED=1' "$TMPDIR"/monitor.txt)
+            (! grep -q 'UDEV_WORKER_SIGNAL=6' "$TMPDIR"/monitor.txt)
+            (! grep -q 'UDEV_WORKER_SIGNAL_NAME=ABRT' "$TMPDIR"/monitor.txt)
+            grep -q 'PROGRAM_RESULT=KILLED' "$TMPDIR"/monitor.txt
+            rm -rf "$TMPDIR"
+            return 0
+        fi
+        sleep .5
+    done
+
+    return 1
+}
+
+run_test_killed() {
+    local killed=
+
+    TMPDIR=$(mktemp -d -p /tmp udev-tests.XXXXXX)
+    udevadm monitor --udev --property --subsystem-match=mem >"$TMPDIR"/monitor.txt &
+    KILL_PID="$!"
+
+    rm -f /tmp/test-udev-marker
+    SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL=debug udevadm trigger --verbose --action add /dev/null
+
+    for _ in {1..40}; do
+        if [[ -z "$killed" ]]; then
+            if [[ -e /tmp/test-udev-marker ]]; then
+                killall --signal ABRT --regexp udev-worker
+                killed=1
+            fi
+        elif grep -q 'UDEV_WORKER_FAILED=1' "$TMPDIR"/monitor.txt; then
+            sleep .5
+            kill "$KILL_PID"
+            KILL_PID=
+
+            cat "$TMPDIR"/monitor.txt
+            grep -q 'UDEV_WORKER_FAILED=1' "$TMPDIR"/monitor.txt
+            grep -q 'UDEV_WORKER_SIGNAL=6' "$TMPDIR"/monitor.txt
+            grep -q 'UDEV_WORKER_SIGNAL_NAME=ABRT' "$TMPDIR"/monitor.txt
+            (! grep -q 'PROGRAM_RESULT=KILLED' "$TMPDIR"/monitor.txt)
+            rm -rf "$TMPDIR"
+            return 0
+        fi
+        sleep .5
+    done
+
+    return 1
+}
+
+trap teardown EXIT
+
+setup
+run_test_timeout
+run_test_killed
+
+exit 0
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-17.04.sh b/test/units/TEST-17-UDEV.04.sh
index d1c3c85..d1c3c85 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-17.04.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-17-UDEV.04.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-17.05.sh b/test/units/TEST-17-UDEV.05.sh
index 60be31a..60be31a 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-17.05.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-17-UDEV.05.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-17.06.sh b/test/units/TEST-17-UDEV.06.sh
index 6d83645..6d83645 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-17.06.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-17-UDEV.06.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-17.07.sh b/test/units/TEST-17-UDEV.07.sh
index 629393a..629393a 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-17.07.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-17-UDEV.07.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-17.08.sh b/test/units/TEST-17-UDEV.08.sh
index e570c69..e570c69 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-17.08.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-17-UDEV.08.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-17.09.sh b/test/units/TEST-17-UDEV.09.sh
index 9993196..9993196 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-17.09.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-17-UDEV.09.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-17.10.sh b/test/units/TEST-17-UDEV.10.sh
index f229dcf..a2b8b14 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-17.10.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-17-UDEV.10.sh
@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ udevadm control -S
 udevadm control -R
 udevadm control -p HELLO=world
 udevadm control -m 42
-udevadm control --ping
-udevadm control -t 5
+udevadm control --ping -t 5
+udevadm control --load-credentials
 udevadm control -h
 
 udevadm info /dev/null
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-17.11.sh b/test/units/TEST-17-UDEV.11.sh
index 42b925f..42b925f 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-17.11.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-17-UDEV.11.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-17.12.sh b/test/units/TEST-17-UDEV.12.sh
index ccc91bf..ccc91bf 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-17.12.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-17-UDEV.12.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-17.13.sh b/test/units/TEST-17-UDEV.13.sh
index d9dfdd7..d9dfdd7 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-17.13.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-17-UDEV.13.sh
diff --git a/test/units/TEST-17-UDEV.credentials.sh b/test/units/TEST-17-UDEV.credentials.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..42d3883
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/units/TEST-17-UDEV.credentials.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+# shellcheck disable=SC2016
+set -eux
+set -o pipefail
+
+if [[ $(systemctl is-enabled systemd-udev-load-credentials.service) == not-found ]]; then
+    echo "Missing systemd-udev-load-credentials.service" >>/skipped
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+at_exit() {
+    rm -f /run/credstore/udev.*
+    rm -f /run/udev/udev.conf.d/*
+    rm -f /run/udev/rules.d/*
+    rm -rf /run/systemd/system/systemd-udev-load-credentials.service.d
+}
+
+trap at_exit EXIT
+
+mkdir -p /run/credstore
+cat > /run/credstore/udev.conf.50-testme <<EOF
+udev_log=debug
+EOF
+cat > /run/credstore/udev.rules.50-testme <<EOF
+SUBSYSTEM=="net", OPTIONS="log_level=debug"
+EOF
+
+systemctl edit systemd-udev-load-credentials.service --stdin --drop-in=50-testme.conf <<EOF
+[Service]
+LoadCredential=udev.conf.50-testme
+LoadCredential=udev.rules.50-testme
+EOF
+
+systemctl restart systemd-udev-load-credentials.service
+
+diff /run/credstore/udev.conf.50-testme /run/udev/udev.conf.d/50-testme.conf
+diff /run/credstore/udev.rules.50-testme /run/udev/rules.d/50-testme.rules
diff --git a/test/units/TEST-17-UDEV.link-property.sh b/test/units/TEST-17-UDEV.link-property.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..517cc3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/units/TEST-17-UDEV.link-property.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+set -ex
+set -o pipefail
+
+# shellcheck source=test/units/util.sh
+. "$(dirname "$0")"/util.sh
+
+udevadm control --log-level=debug
+
+mkdir -p /run/systemd/network/
+cat >/run/systemd/network/10-test.link <<EOF
+[Match]
+Kind=dummy
+MACAddress=00:50:56:c0:00:19
+
+[Link]
+Name=test1
+EOF
+
+mkdir /run/systemd/network/10-test.link.d
+cat >/run/systemd/network/10-test.link.d/10-override.conf <<EOF
+[Link]
+Property=HOGE=foo BAR=baz SHOULD_BE_UNSET=unset
+UnsetProperty=SHOULD_BE_UNSET
+EOF
+
+udevadm control --reload
+
+ip link add address 00:50:56:c0:00:19 type dummy
+udevadm wait --settle --timeout=30 /sys/class/net/test1
+output=$(udevadm info --query property /sys/class/net/test1)
+assert_in "HOGE=foo" "$output"
+assert_in "BAR=baz" "$output"
+assert_not_in "SHOULD_BE_UNSET=" "$output"
+assert_in "ID_NET_LINK_FILE=/run/systemd/network/10-test.link" "$output"
+assert_in "ID_NET_LINK_FILE_DROPINS=/run/systemd/network/10-test.link.d/10-override.conf" "$output"
+assert_in "ID_NET_NAME=test1" "$output"
+
+cat >/run/systemd/network/10-test.link.d/11-override.conf <<EOF
+[Link]
+Property=
+Property=HOGE2=foo2 BAR2=baz2 SHOULD_BE_UNSET=unset
+ImportProperty=HOGE
+EOF
+
+udevadm control --reload
+
+udevadm trigger --settle --action add /sys/class/net/test1
+output=$(udevadm info --query property /sys/class/net/test1)
+assert_in "HOGE=foo" "$output"
+assert_in "HOGE2=foo2" "$output"
+assert_not_in "BAR=" "$output"
+assert_in "BAR2=baz2" "$output"
+assert_not_in "SHOULD_BE_UNSET=" "$output"
+assert_in "ID_NET_LINK_FILE=/run/systemd/network/10-test.link" "$output"
+assert_in "ID_NET_LINK_FILE_DROPINS=/run/systemd/network/10-test.link.d/10-override.conf:/run/systemd/network/10-test.link.d/11-override.conf" "$output"
+assert_in "ID_NET_NAME=test1" "$output"
+
+# On change event, .link file will not be applied.
+udevadm trigger --settle --action change /sys/class/net/test1
+output=$(udevadm info --query property /sys/class/net/test1)
+assert_not_in "HOGE=" "$output"
+assert_not_in "HOGE2=" "$output"
+assert_not_in "BAR=" "$output"
+assert_not_in "BAR2=" "$output"
+assert_not_in "SHOULD_BE_UNSET=" "$output"
+assert_in "ID_NET_LINK_FILE=/run/systemd/network/10-test.link" "$output"
+assert_in "ID_NET_LINK_FILE_DROPINS=/run/systemd/network/10-test.link.d/10-override.conf:/run/systemd/network/10-test.link.d/11-override.conf" "$output"
+assert_in "ID_NET_NAME=test1" "$output"
+
+### testing with udevadm test-builtin
+output=$(udevadm test-builtin --action add net_setup_link /sys/class/net/test1)
+assert_not_in "HOGE=" "$output"
+assert_in "HOGE2=foo2" "$output"
+assert_not_in "BAR=" "$output"
+assert_in "BAR2=baz2" "$output"
+assert_in "SHOULD_BE_UNSET=" "$output"  # this is expected, as an empty assignment is also logged.
+assert_in "ID_NET_LINK_FILE=/run/systemd/network/10-test.link" "$output"
+assert_in "ID_NET_LINK_FILE_DROPINS=/run/systemd/network/10-test.link.d/10-override.conf:/run/systemd/network/10-test.link.d/11-override.conf" "$output"
+assert_in "ID_NET_NAME=test1" "$output"
+
+# check that test-builtin command does not update udev database.
+output=$(udevadm info --query property /sys/class/net/test1)
+assert_not_in "HOGE=" "$output"
+assert_not_in "HOGE2=" "$output"
+assert_not_in "BAR=" "$output"
+assert_not_in "BAR2=" "$output"
+assert_not_in "SHOULD_BE_UNSET=" "$output"
+assert_in "ID_NET_LINK_FILE=/run/systemd/network/10-test.link" "$output"
+assert_in "ID_NET_LINK_FILE_DROPINS=/run/systemd/network/10-test.link.d/10-override.conf:/run/systemd/network/10-test.link.d/11-override.conf" "$output"
+assert_in "ID_NET_NAME=test1" "$output"
+
+output=$(udevadm test-builtin --action change net_setup_link /sys/class/net/test1)
+assert_not_in "HOGE=" "$output"
+assert_not_in "HOGE2=" "$output"
+assert_not_in "BAR=" "$output"
+assert_not_in "BAR2=" "$output"
+assert_not_in "SHOULD_BE_UNSET=" "$output"
+assert_in "ID_NET_LINK_FILE=/run/systemd/network/10-test.link" "$output"
+assert_in "ID_NET_LINK_FILE_DROPINS=/run/systemd/network/10-test.link.d/10-override.conf:/run/systemd/network/10-test.link.d/11-override.conf" "$output"
+assert_in "ID_NET_NAME=test1" "$output"
+
+output=$(udevadm info --query property /sys/class/net/test1)
+assert_not_in "HOGE=" "$output"
+assert_not_in "HOGE2=" "$output"
+assert_not_in "BAR=" "$output"
+assert_not_in "BAR2=" "$output"
+assert_not_in "SHOULD_BE_UNSET=" "$output"
+assert_in "ID_NET_LINK_FILE=/run/systemd/network/10-test.link" "$output"
+assert_in "ID_NET_LINK_FILE_DROPINS=/run/systemd/network/10-test.link.d/10-override.conf:/run/systemd/network/10-test.link.d/11-override.conf" "$output"
+assert_in "ID_NET_NAME=test1" "$output"
+
+### testing with udevadm test
+output=$(udevadm test --action add /sys/class/net/test1)
+assert_not_in "HOGE=" "$output"
+assert_in "HOGE2=foo2" "$output"
+assert_not_in "BAR=" "$output"
+assert_in "BAR2=baz2" "$output"
+assert_not_in "SHOULD_BE_UNSET=" "$output"
+assert_in "ID_NET_LINK_FILE=/run/systemd/network/10-test.link" "$output"
+assert_in "ID_NET_LINK_FILE_DROPINS=/run/systemd/network/10-test.link.d/10-override.conf:/run/systemd/network/10-test.link.d/11-override.conf" "$output"
+assert_in "ID_NET_NAME=test1" "$output"
+
+# check that test command does not update udev database.
+output=$(udevadm info --query property /sys/class/net/test1)
+assert_not_in "HOGE=" "$output"
+assert_not_in "HOGE2=" "$output"
+assert_not_in "BAR=" "$output"
+assert_not_in "BAR2=" "$output"
+assert_not_in "SHOULD_BE_UNSET=" "$output"
+assert_in "ID_NET_LINK_FILE=/run/systemd/network/10-test.link" "$output"
+assert_in "ID_NET_LINK_FILE_DROPINS=/run/systemd/network/10-test.link.d/10-override.conf:/run/systemd/network/10-test.link.d/11-override.conf" "$output"
+assert_in "ID_NET_NAME=test1" "$output"
+
+output=$(udevadm test --action change /sys/class/net/test1)
+assert_not_in "HOGE=" "$output"
+assert_not_in "HOGE2=" "$output"
+assert_not_in "BAR=" "$output"
+assert_not_in "BAR2=" "$output"
+assert_not_in "SHOULD_BE_UNSET=" "$output"
+assert_in "ID_NET_LINK_FILE=/run/systemd/network/10-test.link" "$output"
+assert_in "ID_NET_LINK_FILE_DROPINS=/run/systemd/network/10-test.link.d/10-override.conf:/run/systemd/network/10-test.link.d/11-override.conf" "$output"
+assert_in "ID_NET_NAME=test1" "$output"
+
+output=$(udevadm info --query property /sys/class/net/test1)
+assert_not_in "HOGE=" "$output"
+assert_not_in "HOGE2=" "$output"
+assert_not_in "BAR=" "$output"
+assert_not_in "BAR2=" "$output"
+assert_not_in "SHOULD_BE_UNSET=" "$output"
+assert_in "ID_NET_LINK_FILE=/run/systemd/network/10-test.link" "$output"
+assert_in "ID_NET_LINK_FILE_DROPINS=/run/systemd/network/10-test.link.d/10-override.conf:/run/systemd/network/10-test.link.d/11-override.conf" "$output"
+assert_in "ID_NET_NAME=test1" "$output"
+
+# test for specifiers
+cat >/run/systemd/network/10-test.link.d/12-override.conf <<EOF
+[Link]
+Property=
+Property=LINK_VERSION=%v
+EOF
+
+udevadm control --reload
+
+output=$(udevadm test --action add /sys/class/net/test1)
+assert_in "LINK_VERSION=$(uname -r)" "$output"
+
+udevadm trigger --settle --action add /sys/class/net/test1
+output=$(udevadm info --query property /sys/class/net/test1)
+assert_in "LINK_VERSION=$(uname -r)" "$output"
+
+# test for constant properties
+cat >/run/systemd/network/10-test.link.d/13-override.conf <<EOF
+[Link]
+Property=
+Property=ACTION=foo IFINDEX=bar
+UnsetProperty=DEVPATH
+EOF
+
+udevadm control --reload
+
+output=$(udevadm test --action add /sys/class/net/test1)
+assert_in "ACTION=add" "$output"
+assert_not_in "ACTION=foo" "$output"
+assert_in "IFINDEX=" "$output"
+assert_not_in "IFINDEX=bar" "$output"
+assert_in "DEVPATH=" "$output"
+
+udevadm trigger --settle --action add /sys/class/net/test1
+output=$(udevadm info --query property /sys/class/net/test1)
+assert_not_in "ACTION=foo" "$output"
+assert_in "IFINDEX=" "$output"
+assert_not_in "IFINDEX=bar" "$output"
+assert_in "DEVPATH=" "$output"
+
+# cleanup
+ip link del dev test1
+
+rm -f /run/systemd/network/10-test.link
+rm -rf /run/systemd/network/10-test.link.d
+udevadm control --reload --log-level=info
+
+exit 0
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-17.sh b/test/units/TEST-17-UDEV.sh
index 14ceeba..14ceeba 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-17.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-17-UDEV.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-18.sh b/test/units/TEST-18-FAILUREACTION.sh
index 44b792f..364c20d 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-18.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-18-FAILUREACTION.sh
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ if ! test -f /firstphase ; then
     systemd-run --wait -p SuccessAction=reboot true
 else
     echo OK >/testok
-    systemd-run --wait -p FailureAction=poweroff false
+    systemd-run --wait -p FailureAction=exit -p FailureActionExitStatus=123 false
 fi
 
 sleep infinity
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-19.ExitType-cgroup.sh b/test/units/TEST-19-CGROUP.ExitType-cgroup.sh
index cd221d7..65c2606 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-19.ExitType-cgroup.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-19-CGROUP.ExitType-cgroup.sh
@@ -27,8 +27,9 @@ disown
 
 systemd-notify --ready
 
-# Run the stop/kill command
-\$1 &
+# Run the stop/kill command, but sleep a bit to make the sleep infinity
+# below actually started before stopping/killing the service.
+(sleep 1; \$1) &
 
 # process tree: systemd -> bash -> sleep
 sleep infinity
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-19.cleanup-slice.sh b/test/units/TEST-19-CGROUP.cleanup-slice.sh
index 5d63160..5d63160 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-19.cleanup-slice.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-19-CGROUP.cleanup-slice.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-19.delegate.sh b/test/units/TEST-19-CGROUP.delegate.sh
index 74d36c4..022515f 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-19.delegate.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-19-CGROUP.delegate.sh
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ for attr in cgroup.threads memory.oom.group memory.reclaim ; do
     if grep -q "$attr" /sys/kernel/cgroup/delegate ; then
         systemd-run --wait \
                     --unit=test-0.service \
+                    --property="MemoryAccounting=1" \
                     --property="DynamicUser=1" \
                     --property="Delegate=" \
                     test -w /sys/fs/cgroup/system.slice/test-0.service/ -a \
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-19.sh b/test/units/TEST-19-CGROUP.sh
index 9c2a033..9c2a033 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-19.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-19-CGROUP.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-21.sh b/test/units/TEST-21-DFUZZER.sh
index 02673ab..08ebfd9 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-21.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-21-DFUZZER.sh
@@ -3,6 +3,12 @@
 set -eux
 set -o pipefail
 
+# check dfuzzer is present before testing
+if ! command -v dfuzzer &>/dev/null; then
+    echo "dfuzzer is not installed, skipping" | tee --append /skipped
+    exit 77
+fi
+
 # Save the end.service state before we start fuzzing, as it might get changed
 # on the fly by one of the fuzzers
 systemctl list-jobs | grep -F 'end.service' && SHUTDOWN_AT_EXIT=1 || SHUTDOWN_AT_EXIT=0
@@ -21,14 +27,32 @@ at_exit() {
     fi
 }
 
+add_suppression() {
+    local interface="${1:?}"
+    local suppression="${2:?}"
+
+    sed -i "\%\[$interface\]%a$suppression" /etc/dfuzzer.conf
+}
+
 trap at_exit EXIT
 
 systemctl log-level info
 
 # FIXME: systemd-run doesn't play well with daemon-reexec
 # See: https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/27204
-sed -i '/\[org.freedesktop.systemd1\]/aorg.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager:Reexecute FIXME' /etc/dfuzzer.conf
-sed -i '/\[org.freedesktop.systemd1\]/aorg.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager:SoftReboot destructive' /etc/dfuzzer.conf
+add_suppression "org.freedesktop.systemd1" "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager:Reexecute FIXME"
+
+add_suppression "org.freedesktop.systemd1" "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager:SoftReboot destructive"
+add_suppression "org.freedesktop.login1" "Sleep destructive"
+
+# Skip calling start and stop methods on unit objects, as doing that is not only time consuming, but it also
+# starts/stops units that interfere with the machine state. The actual code paths should be covered (to some
+# degree) by the respective method counterparts on the manager object.
+for method in Start Stop Restart ReloadOrRestart ReloadOrTryRestart Kill; do
+    add_suppression "org.freedesktop.systemd1" "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Unit:$method"
+done
+
+cat /etc/dfuzzer.conf
 
 # TODO
 #   * check for possibly newly introduced buses?
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-22.01.sh b/test/units/TEST-22-TMPFILES.01.sh
index 2276b75..2276b75 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-22.01.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-22-TMPFILES.01.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-22.02.sh b/test/units/TEST-22-TMPFILES.02.sh
index b883a96..f191ae3 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-22.02.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-22-TMPFILES.02.sh
@@ -14,6 +14,14 @@ mkdir  /tmp/{C,d,D,e}
 mkdir /tmp/d/2
 chmod 777 /tmp/d/2
 
+systemd-tmpfiles --dry-run --create - <<EOF
+d     /tmp/d/1    0755 daemon daemon - -
+d     /tmp/d/2    0755 daemon daemon - -
+EOF
+
+test ! -d /tmp/d/1
+test -d /tmp/d/2
+
 systemd-tmpfiles --create - <<EOF
 d     /tmp/d/1    0755 daemon daemon - -
 d     /tmp/d/2    0755 daemon daemon - -
@@ -104,6 +112,14 @@ chmod 755 /tmp/C/{1,2,3}-origin/f1
 mkdir /tmp/C/{2,3}
 touch /tmp/C/3/f1
 
+systemd-tmpfiles --dry-run --create - <<EOF
+C     /tmp/C/1    0755 daemon daemon - /tmp/C/1-origin
+C     /tmp/C/2    0755 daemon daemon - /tmp/C/2-origin
+EOF
+
+test ! -d /tmp/C/1
+test -d /tmp/C/2
+
 systemd-tmpfiles --create - <<EOF
 C     /tmp/C/1    0755 daemon daemon - /tmp/C/1-origin
 C     /tmp/C/2    0755 daemon daemon - /tmp/C/2-origin
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-22.03.sh b/test/units/TEST-22-TMPFILES.03.sh
index 6fce4c0..d158498 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-22.03.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-22-TMPFILES.03.sh
@@ -12,6 +12,14 @@ touch /tmp/file-owned-by-root
 #
 # 'f'
 #
+systemd-tmpfiles --dry-run --create - <<EOF
+f     /tmp/f/1    0644 - - - -
+f     /tmp/f/2    0644 - - - This string should be written
+EOF
+
+test ! -e /tmp/f/1
+test ! -e /tmp/f/2
+
 systemd-tmpfiles --create - <<EOF
 f     /tmp/f/1    0644 - - - -
 f     /tmp/f/2    0644 - - - This string should be written
@@ -189,6 +197,11 @@ touch /tmp/w/overwritten
 touch /tmp/w/appended
 
 ### nop if the target does not exist.
+systemd-tmpfiles --dry-run --create - <<EOF
+w     /tmp/w/unexistent    0644 - - - new content
+EOF
+test ! -e /tmp/w/unexistent
+
 systemd-tmpfiles --create - <<EOF
 w     /tmp/w/unexistent    0644 - - - new content
 EOF
@@ -200,6 +213,12 @@ w     /tmp/w/unexistent    0644 - - - -
 EOF
 
 ### write into an empty file.
+systemd-tmpfiles --dry-run --create - <<EOF
+w     /tmp/w/overwritten    0644 - - - old content
+EOF
+test -f /tmp/w/overwritten
+test -z "$(< /tmp/w/overwritten)"
+
 systemd-tmpfiles --create - <<EOF
 w     /tmp/w/overwritten    0644 - - - old content
 EOF
@@ -207,6 +226,12 @@ test -f /tmp/w/overwritten
 test "$(< /tmp/w/overwritten)" = "old content"
 
 ### old content is overwritten
+systemd-tmpfiles --dry-run --create - <<EOF
+w     /tmp/w/overwritten    0644 - - - new content
+EOF
+test -f /tmp/w/overwritten
+test "$(< /tmp/w/overwritten)" = "old content"
+
 systemd-tmpfiles --create - <<EOF
 w     /tmp/w/overwritten    0644 - - - new content
 EOF
@@ -223,6 +248,10 @@ test -f /tmp/w/appended
 test "$(< /tmp/w/appended)" = "$(echo -ne '12\n3')"
 
 ### writing into an 'exotic' file should be allowed.
+systemd-tmpfiles --dry-run --create - <<EOF
+w     /dev/null    - - - - new content
+EOF
+
 systemd-tmpfiles --create - <<EOF
 w     /dev/null    - - - - new content
 EOF
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-22.04.sh b/test/units/TEST-22-TMPFILES.04.sh
index 7bf2b28..2c0ffe3 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-22.04.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-22-TMPFILES.04.sh
@@ -9,6 +9,12 @@ rm -fr /tmp/p
 mkdir  /tmp/p
 touch  /tmp/p/f1
 
+systemd-tmpfiles --dry-run --create - <<EOF
+p     /tmp/p/fifo1    0666 - - - -
+EOF
+
+test ! -p /tmp/p/fifo1
+
 systemd-tmpfiles --create - <<EOF
 p     /tmp/p/fifo1    0666 - - - -
 EOF
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-22.05.sh b/test/units/TEST-22-TMPFILES.05.sh
index cde9b5d..d78e7ee 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-22.05.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-22-TMPFILES.05.sh
@@ -12,6 +12,15 @@ mkdir  /tmp/{z,Z}
 mkdir /tmp/z/d{1,2}
 touch /tmp/z/f1 /tmp/z/d1/f11 /tmp/z/d2/f21
 
+systemd-tmpfiles --dry-run --create - <<EOF
+z     /tmp/z/f1    0755 daemon daemon - -
+z     /tmp/z/d1    0755 daemon daemon - -
+EOF
+
+test "$(stat -c %U /tmp/z/f1)" = "$USER"
+test "$(stat -c %U /tmp/z/d1)" = "$USER"
+test "$(stat -c %U /tmp/z/d1/f11)" = "$USER"
+
 systemd-tmpfiles --create - <<EOF
 z     /tmp/z/f1    0755 daemon daemon - -
 z     /tmp/z/d1    0755 daemon daemon - -
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-22.06.sh b/test/units/TEST-22-TMPFILES.06.sh
index f64a95c..45aea9c 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-22.06.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-22-TMPFILES.06.sh
@@ -6,7 +6,14 @@ set -eux
 set -o pipefail
 
 test_snippet() {
-        systemd-tmpfiles "$@" - <<EOF
+    # First call with --dry-run to test the code paths
+    systemd-tmpfiles --dry-run "$@" - <<EOF
+d /var/tmp/foobar-test-06
+d /var/tmp/foobar-test-06/important
+R /var/tmp/foobar-test-06
+EOF
+
+    systemd-tmpfiles "$@" - <<EOF
 d /var/tmp/foobar-test-06
 d /var/tmp/foobar-test-06/important
 R /var/tmp/foobar-test-06
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-22.07.sh b/test/units/TEST-22-TMPFILES.07.sh
index de20d5e..de20d5e 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-22.07.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-22-TMPFILES.07.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-22.08.sh b/test/units/TEST-22-TMPFILES.08.sh
index 40fafd3..40fafd3 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-22.08.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-22-TMPFILES.08.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-22.09.sh b/test/units/TEST-22-TMPFILES.09.sh
index 0857773..0857773 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-22.09.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-22-TMPFILES.09.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-22.10.sh b/test/units/TEST-22-TMPFILES.10.sh
index 99052c8..99052c8 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-22.10.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-22-TMPFILES.10.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-22.11.sh b/test/units/TEST-22-TMPFILES.11.sh
index f71a95f..6f75888 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-22.11.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-22-TMPFILES.11.sh
@@ -12,6 +12,19 @@ mkdir  /tmp/x
 mkdir -p /tmp/x/{1,2}
 touch /tmp/x/1/{x1,x2} /tmp/x/2/{y1,y2} /tmp/x/{z1,z2}
 
+systemd-tmpfiles --clean --dry-run - <<EOF
+d /tmp/x - - - 0
+x /tmp/x/1
+EOF
+
+find /tmp/x | sort
+test -f /tmp/x/1/x1
+test -f /tmp/x/1/x2
+test -f /tmp/x/2/y1
+test -f /tmp/x/2/y2
+test -f /tmp/x/z1
+test -f /tmp/x/z2
+
 systemd-tmpfiles --clean - <<EOF
 d /tmp/x - - - 0
 x /tmp/x/1
@@ -34,6 +47,19 @@ test ! -f /tmp/x/z2
 mkdir -p /tmp/x/{1,2}
 touch /tmp/x/1/{x1,x2} /tmp/x/2/{y1,y2} /tmp/x/{z1,z2}
 
+systemd-tmpfiles --dry-run --clean - <<EOF
+d /tmp/x - - - 0
+X /tmp/x/1
+EOF
+
+find /tmp/x | sort
+test -f /tmp/x/1/x1
+test -f /tmp/x/1/x2
+test -f /tmp/x/2/y1
+test -f /tmp/x/2/y2
+test -f /tmp/x/z1
+test -f /tmp/x/z2
+
 systemd-tmpfiles --clean - <<EOF
 d /tmp/x - - - 0
 X /tmp/x/1
@@ -56,6 +82,20 @@ test ! -f /tmp/x/z2
 mkdir -p /tmp/x/{1,2}
 touch /tmp/x/1/{x1,x2} /tmp/x/2/{y1,y2} /tmp/x/{z1,z2}
 
+systemd-tmpfiles --dry-run --clean - <<EOF
+d /tmp/x - - - 0
+x /tmp/x/[1345]
+x /tmp/x/z*
+EOF
+
+find /tmp/x | sort
+test -f /tmp/x/1/x1
+test -f /tmp/x/1/x2
+test -f /tmp/x/2/y1
+test -f /tmp/x/2/y2
+test -f /tmp/x/z1
+test -f /tmp/x/z2
+
 systemd-tmpfiles --clean - <<EOF
 d /tmp/x - - - 0
 x /tmp/x/[1345]
@@ -79,6 +119,20 @@ test -f /tmp/x/z2
 mkdir -p /tmp/x/{1,2}
 touch /tmp/x/1/{x1,x2} /tmp/x/2/{y1,y2} /tmp/x/{z1,z2}
 
+systemd-tmpfiles --dry-run --clean - <<EOF
+d /tmp/x - - - 0
+X /tmp/x/[1345]
+X /tmp/x/?[12]
+EOF
+
+find /tmp/x | sort
+test -f /tmp/x/1/x1
+test -f /tmp/x/1/x2
+test -f /tmp/x/2/y1
+test -f /tmp/x/2/y2
+test -f /tmp/x/z1
+test -f /tmp/x/z2
+
 systemd-tmpfiles --clean - <<EOF
 d /tmp/x - - - 0
 X /tmp/x/[1345]
@@ -102,6 +156,19 @@ test -f /tmp/x/z2
 mkdir -p /tmp/x/{1,2}/a
 touch /tmp/x/1/a/{x1,x2} /tmp/x/2/a/{y1,y2}
 
+systemd-tmpfiles --dry-run --clean - <<EOF
+# x/X is not supposed to influence r
+x /tmp/x/1/a
+X /tmp/x/2/a
+r /tmp/x/1
+r /tmp/x/2
+EOF
+
+test -f /tmp/x/1/a/x1
+test -f /tmp/x/1/a/x2
+test -f /tmp/x/2/a/y1
+test -f /tmp/x/2/a/y2
+
 systemd-tmpfiles --clean - <<EOF
 # x/X is not supposed to influence r
 x /tmp/x/1/a
@@ -125,17 +192,58 @@ test -f /tmp/x/2/a/y2
 mkdir -p /tmp/x/{1,2}/a
 touch /tmp/x/1/a/{x1,x2} /tmp/x/2/a/{y1,y2}
 
+systemd-tmpfiles --dry-run --remove - <<EOF
+# Check that X is honoured below R
+X /tmp/x/1/a
+X /tmp/x/2/a
+R /tmp/x/1
+EOF
+
+test -f /tmp/x/1/a/x1
+test -f /tmp/x/1/a/x2
+test -f /tmp/x/2/a/y1
+test -f /tmp/x/2/a/y2
+
 systemd-tmpfiles --remove - <<EOF
-# X is not supposed to influence R
+# Check that X is honoured below R
 X /tmp/x/1/a
 X /tmp/x/2/a
 R /tmp/x/1
 EOF
 
 find /tmp/x | sort
-test ! -d /tmp/x/1
-test ! -d /tmp/x/1/a
-test ! -f /tmp/x/1/a/x1
-test ! -f /tmp/x/1/a/x2
+test -d /tmp/x/1
+test -d /tmp/x/1/a
+test -f /tmp/x/1/a/x1
+test -f /tmp/x/1/a/x2
 test -f /tmp/x/2/a/y1
 test -f /tmp/x/2/a/y2
+
+#
+# 'r/R/D' and non-directories
+#
+
+touch /tmp/x/{11,22,33}
+
+systemd-tmpfiles --dry-run --remove - <<EOF
+# Check that X is honoured below R
+r /tmp/x/11
+R /tmp/x/22
+D /tmp/x/33
+EOF
+
+test -f /tmp/x/11
+test -f /tmp/x/22
+test -f /tmp/x/33
+
+systemd-tmpfiles --remove - <<EOF
+# Check that X is honoured below R
+r /tmp/x/11
+R /tmp/x/22
+D /tmp/x/33
+EOF
+
+find /tmp/x | sort
+test ! -f /tmp/x/11
+test ! -f /tmp/x/22
+test -f /tmp/x/33
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-22.12.sh b/test/units/TEST-22-TMPFILES.12.sh
index b8c4da8..57788da 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-22.12.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-22-TMPFILES.12.sh
@@ -52,6 +52,16 @@ sleep 1
 touch /tmp/ageby/d{3,4}/f{2..4}
 
 # Check for cleanup of "f1" in each of "/tmp/d{1..4}".
+systemd-tmpfiles --dry-run --clean - <<-EOF
+d /tmp/ageby/d1 - - - a:1m -
+e /tmp/ageby/d2 - - - m:3m -
+D /tmp/ageby/d3 - - - c:2s -
+EOF
+
+for d in d{1..3}; do
+    test -f "/tmp/ageby/${d}/f1"
+done
+
 systemd-tmpfiles --clean - <<-EOF
 d /tmp/ageby/d1 - - - a:1m -
 e /tmp/ageby/d2 - - - m:3m -
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-22.13.sh b/test/units/TEST-22-TMPFILES.13.sh
index 33ef451..33ef451 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-22.13.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-22-TMPFILES.13.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-22.14.sh b/test/units/TEST-22-TMPFILES.14.sh
index 2132de7..2132de7 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-22.14.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-22-TMPFILES.14.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-22.15.sh b/test/units/TEST-22-TMPFILES.15.sh
index 6cbb498..6ee0e63 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-22.15.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-22-TMPFILES.15.sh
@@ -13,6 +13,12 @@ home='/somewhere'
 dst='/tmp/L/1'
 src="$home"
 HOME="$home" \
+systemd-tmpfiles --dry-run --create - <<EOF
+L     $dst    - - - - %h
+EOF
+test ! -h "$dst"
+
+HOME="$home" \
 systemd-tmpfiles --create - <<EOF
 L     $dst    - - - - %h
 EOF
@@ -26,6 +32,12 @@ src="/usr/share/factory$home"
 mkdir -p "$root$src"
 dst="$root$home"
 HOME="$home" \
+systemd-tmpfiles --create --dry-run --root="$root" - <<EOF
+L     %h    - - - -
+EOF
+test ! -h "$dst"
+
+HOME="$home" \
 systemd-tmpfiles --create --root="$root" - <<EOF
 L     %h    - - - -
 EOF
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-22.16.sh b/test/units/TEST-22-TMPFILES.16.sh
index 555e07f..3d3d0c8 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-22.16.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-22-TMPFILES.16.sh
@@ -12,6 +12,11 @@ rm -f /tmp/acl_exec
 touch /tmp/acl_exec
 
 # No ACL set yet
+systemd-tmpfiles --dry-run --create - <<EOF
+a /tmp/acl_exec - - - - u:root:rwX
+EOF
+assert_not_in 'user:root:rw-' "$(getfacl -Ec /tmp/acl_exec)"
+
 systemd-tmpfiles --create - <<EOF
 a /tmp/acl_exec - - - - u:root:rwX
 EOF
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-22.17.sh b/test/units/TEST-22-TMPFILES.17.sh
index f43aba5..f43aba5 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-22.17.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-22-TMPFILES.17.sh
diff --git a/test/units/TEST-22-TMPFILES.18.sh b/test/units/TEST-22-TMPFILES.18.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..5d24197
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/units/TEST-22-TMPFILES.18.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+#
+# Tests for the --purge switch
+#
+set -eux
+set -o pipefail
+
+export SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL=debug
+
+c='
+d /tmp/somedir
+f /tmp/somedir/somefile - - - - baz
+'
+
+systemd-tmpfiles --create - <<<"$c"
+test -f /tmp/somedir/somefile
+grep -q baz /tmp/somedir/somefile
+
+systemd-tmpfiles --purge --dry-run - <<<"$c"
+test -f /tmp/somedir/somefile
+grep -q baz /tmp/somedir/somefile
+
+systemd-tmpfiles --purge - <<<"$c"
+test ! -f /tmp/somedir/somefile
+test ! -d /tmp/somedir/
+
+systemd-tmpfiles --create --purge --dry-run - <<<"$c"
+test ! -f /tmp/somedir/somefile
+test ! -d /tmp/somedir/
+
+systemd-tmpfiles --create --purge - <<<"$c"
+test -f /tmp/somedir/somefile
+grep -q baz /tmp/somedir/somefile
diff --git a/test/units/TEST-22-TMPFILES.19.sh b/test/units/TEST-22-TMPFILES.19.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..c5a0966
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/units/TEST-22-TMPFILES.19.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+#
+# Tests for character and block device creation
+#
+set -eux
+set -o pipefail
+
+rm -rf /tmp/dev
+mkdir /tmp/dev
+
+# We are running tests in /tmp, which would normally be mounted nodev,
+# so we only try with --dry-run.
+
+systemd-tmpfiles --dry-run --create - <<EOF
+c /tmp/dev/char  - - - - 11:12
+b /tmp/dev/block - - - - 11:14
+EOF
+
+test ! -e /tmp/dev/char
+test ! -e /tmp/dev/block
+
+systemd-tmpfiles --dry-run --create - <<EOF
+c+ /tmp/dev/char  - - - - 11:12
+b+ /tmp/dev/block - - - - 11:14
+EOF
+
+test ! -e /tmp/dev/char
+test ! -e /tmp/dev/block
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-22.sh b/test/units/TEST-22-TMPFILES.sh
index 9c2a033..9c2a033 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-22.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-22-TMPFILES.sh
diff --git a/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-openfile-child.sh b/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-openfile-child.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..4828b9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-openfile-child.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+set -eux
+set -o pipefail
+
+# shellcheck source=test/units/util.sh
+. "$(dirname "$0")"/util.sh
+
+assert_eq "$LISTEN_FDS" "$1"
+assert_eq "$LISTEN_FDNAMES" "$2"
+
+for ((i = 3; i < 3 + LISTEN_FDS; i++)); do
+    read -r -u "$i" text
+    assert_eq "$text" "${!i}" # Dereference $i to get i'th arg
+done
diff --git a/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-short-lived.sh b/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-short-lived.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..4b13070
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-short-lived.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+set -ex
+
+if [ -f /tmp/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.counter ] ; then
+    read -r counter < /tmp/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.counter
+    counter=$((counter + 1))
+else
+    counter=0
+fi
+
+echo "$counter" >/tmp/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.counter
+
+if [ "$counter" -eq 5 ] ; then
+    systemctl kill --kill-whom=main -sUSR1 TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.service
+fi
+
+exec sleep 1.5
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-23.ExecReload.sh b/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.ExecReload.sh
index b497f73..d544ce6 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-23.ExecReload.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.ExecReload.sh
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ SERVICE_NAME="${SERVICE_PATH##*/}"
 echo "[#1] Failing ExecReload= should not kill the service"
 cat >"$SERVICE_PATH" <<EOF
 [Service]
-ExecStart=/bin/sleep infinity
+ExecStart=sleep infinity
 ExecReload=/bin/false
 EOF
 
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ systemctl stop "$SERVICE_NAME"
 echo "[#2] Failing ExecReload= should not kill the service (multiple ExecReload=)"
 cat >"$SERVICE_PATH" <<EOF
 [Service]
-ExecStart=/bin/sleep infinity
+ExecStart=sleep infinity
 ExecReload=/bin/true
 ExecReload=/bin/false
 ExecReload=/bin/true
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ systemctl stop "$SERVICE_NAME"
 echo "[#3] Failing ExecReload=- should not affect reload's exit code"
 cat >"$SERVICE_PATH" <<EOF
 [Service]
-ExecStart=/bin/sleep infinity
+ExecStart=sleep infinity
 ExecReload=-/bin/false
 EOF
 
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-23.ExecStopPost.sh b/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.ExecStopPost.sh
index aeaf3aa..aeaf3aa 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-23.ExecStopPost.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.ExecStopPost.sh
diff --git a/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.JoinsNamespaceOf.sh b/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.JoinsNamespaceOf.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..4fd68d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.JoinsNamespaceOf.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+
+set -eux
+set -o pipefail
+
+# Test JoinsNamespaceOf= with PrivateTmp=yes
+
+systemd-analyze log-level debug
+systemd-analyze log-target journal
+
+# simple case
+systemctl start TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-joins-namespace-of-1.service
+systemctl start TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-joins-namespace-of-2.service
+systemctl start TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-joins-namespace-of-3.service
+systemctl stop TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-joins-namespace-of-1.service
+
+# inverse dependency
+systemctl start TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-joins-namespace-of-4.service
+systemctl start TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-joins-namespace-of-5.service
+systemctl stop TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-joins-namespace-of-4.service
+
+# transitive dependency
+systemctl start TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-joins-namespace-of-6.service
+systemctl start TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-joins-namespace-of-7.service
+systemctl start TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-joins-namespace-of-8.service
+systemctl start TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-joins-namespace-of-9.service
+systemctl stop TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-joins-namespace-of-6.service
+systemctl stop TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-joins-namespace-of-8.service
+
+systemd-analyze log-level info
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-23.RuntimeDirectoryPreserve.sh b/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.RuntimeDirectoryPreserve.sh
index ca57702..ca57702 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-23.RuntimeDirectoryPreserve.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.RuntimeDirectoryPreserve.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-23.StandardOutput.sh b/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.StandardOutput.sh
index 50b9ac2..a951b13 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-23.StandardOutput.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.StandardOutput.sh
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ set -o pipefail
 
 systemd-analyze log-level debug
 
-systemd-run --wait --unit=testsuite-23-standard-output-one \
+systemd-run --wait --unit=TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-standard-output-one \
             -p StandardOutput=file:/tmp/stdout \
             -p StandardError=file:/tmp/stderr \
             -p Type=exec \
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ cmp /tmp/stderr <<EOF
 y
 EOF
 
-systemd-run --wait --unit=testsuite-23-standard-output-two \
+systemd-run --wait --unit=TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-standard-output-two \
             -p StandardOutput=file:/tmp/stdout \
             -p StandardError=file:/tmp/stderr \
             -p Type=exec \
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ cmp /tmp/stderr <<EOF
 a
 EOF
 
-systemd-run --wait --unit=testsuite-23-standard-output-three \
+systemd-run --wait --unit=TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-standard-output-three \
             -p StandardOutput=append:/tmp/stdout \
             -p StandardError=append:/tmp/stderr \
             -p Type=exec \
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ a
 c
 EOF
 
-systemd-run --wait --unit=testsuite-23-standard-output-four \
+systemd-run --wait --unit=TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-standard-output-four \
             -p StandardOutput=truncate:/tmp/stdout \
             -p StandardError=truncate:/tmp/stderr \
             -p Type=exec \
diff --git a/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.Upholds.sh b/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.Upholds.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..20d2d2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.Upholds.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+
+set -eux
+set -o pipefail
+
+# Test OnSuccess= + Uphold= + PropagatesStopTo= + BindsTo=
+
+systemd-analyze log-level debug
+systemd-analyze log-target journal
+
+# Idea is this:
+#    1. we start TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-success.service
+#    2. which through OnSuccess= starts TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-fail.service,
+#    3. which through OnFailure= starts TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-uphold.service,
+#    4. which through Uphold= starts/keeps TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-short-lived.service running,
+#    5. which will sleep 1s when invoked, and on the 5th invocation send us a SIGUSR1
+#    6. once we got that we finish cleanly
+
+sigusr1=0
+trap sigusr1=1 SIGUSR1
+
+trap -p SIGUSR1
+
+systemctl start TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-success.service
+
+while [ "$sigusr1" -eq 0 ] ; do
+    sleep .5
+done
+
+systemctl stop TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-uphold.service
+
+systemctl enable TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-upheldby-install.service
+
+# Idea is this:
+#    1. we start TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-retry-uphold.service
+#    2. which through Uphold= starts TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-retry-upheld.service
+#    3. which through Requires= starts TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-retry-fail.service
+#    4. which fails as /tmp/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-retry-fail does not exist, so TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-retry-upheld.service
+#       is no longer restarted
+#    5. we create /tmp/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-retry-fail
+#    6. now TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-retry-upheld.service will be restarted since upheld, and its dependency will
+#       be satisfied
+
+rm -f /tmp/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-retry-fail
+systemctl start TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-retry-uphold.service
+systemctl is-active TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-upheldby-install.service
+
+until systemctl is-failed TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-retry-fail.service ; do
+    sleep .5
+done
+
+(! systemctl is-active TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-retry-upheld.service)
+
+touch /tmp/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-retry-fail
+
+until systemctl is-active TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-retry-upheld.service ; do
+    sleep .5
+done
+
+systemctl stop TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-retry-uphold.service TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-retry-fail.service TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-retry-upheld.service
+
+# Idea is this:
+#    1. we start TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-prop-stop-one.service
+#    2. which through Wants=/After= pulls in TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-prop-stop-two.service as well
+#    3. TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-prop-stop-one.service then sleeps indefinitely
+#    4. TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-prop-stop-two.service sleeps a short time and exits
+#    5. the StopPropagatedFrom= dependency between the two should ensure *both* will exit as result
+#    6. an ExecStopPost= line on TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-prop-stop-one.service will send us a SIGUSR2
+#    7. once we got that we finish cleanly
+
+sigusr2=0
+trap sigusr2=1 SIGUSR2
+
+systemctl start TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-prop-stop-one.service
+
+while [ "$sigusr2" -eq 0 ] ; do
+    sleep .5
+done
+
+
+# Idea is this:
+#    1. we start TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-binds-to.service
+#    2. which through BindsTo=/After= pulls in TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-bound-by.service as well
+#    3. TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-bound-by.service suddenly dies
+#    4. TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-binds-to.service should then also be pulled down (it otherwise just hangs)
+#    6. an ExecStopPost= line on TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-binds-to.service will send us a SIGRTMIN1+1
+#    7. once we got that we finish cleanly
+
+sigrtmin1=0
+trap sigrtmin1=1 SIGRTMIN+1
+
+systemctl start TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-binds-to.service
+
+while [ "$sigrtmin1" -eq 0 ] ; do
+    sleep .5
+done
+
+systemd-analyze log-level info
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-23.clean-unit.sh b/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.clean-unit.sh
index a82b54f..a883243 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-23.clean-unit.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.clean-unit.sh
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ StateDirectory=test-service
 CacheDirectory=test-service
 LogsDirectory=test-service
 RuntimeDirectoryPreserve=yes
-ExecStart=/bin/sleep infinity
+ExecStart=sleep infinity
 Type=exec
 EOF
 
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ StateDirectory=test-service
 CacheDirectory=test-service
 LogsDirectory=test-service
 RuntimeDirectoryPreserve=yes
-ExecStart=/bin/sleep infinity
+ExecStart=sleep infinity
 Type=exec
 EOF
 
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-23.exec-command-ex.sh b/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.exec-command-ex.sh
index f926e7d..f926e7d 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-23.exec-command-ex.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.exec-command-ex.sh
diff --git a/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.oneshot-restart.sh b/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.oneshot-restart.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..d06dbaa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.oneshot-restart.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+set -eux
+set -o pipefail
+
+# shellcheck source=test/units/util.sh
+. "$(dirname "$0")"/util.sh
+
+# Test oneshot unit restart on failure
+
+# wait this many secs for each test service to succeed in what is being tested
+MAX_SECS=60
+
+systemctl log-level debug
+
+# test one: Restart=on-failure should restart the service
+(! systemd-run --unit=oneshot-restart-one -p Type=oneshot -p Restart=on-failure /bin/bash -c "exit 1")
+
+for ((secs = 0; secs < MAX_SECS; secs++)); do
+    [[ "$(systemctl show oneshot-restart-one.service -P NRestarts)" -le 0 ]] || break
+    sleep 1
+done
+if [[ "$(systemctl show oneshot-restart-one.service -P NRestarts)" -le 0 ]]; then
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+TMP_FILE="/tmp/test-23-oneshot-restart-test$RANDOM"
+
+: >$TMP_FILE
+
+# test two: make sure StartLimitBurst correctly limits the number of restarts
+# and restarts execution of the unit from the first ExecStart=
+(! systemd-run --unit=oneshot-restart-two \
+        -p StartLimitIntervalSec=120 \
+        -p StartLimitBurst=3 \
+        -p Type=oneshot \
+        -p Restart=on-failure \
+        -p ExecStart="/bin/bash -c 'printf a >>$TMP_FILE'" /bin/bash -c "exit 1")
+
+# wait for at least 3 restarts
+for ((secs = 0; secs < MAX_SECS; secs++)); do
+    [[ $(cat $TMP_FILE) != "aaa" ]] || break
+    sleep 1
+done
+if [[ $(cat $TMP_FILE) != "aaa" ]]; then
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+# wait for 5 more seconds to make sure there aren't excess restarts
+sleep 5
+if [[ $(cat $TMP_FILE) != "aaa" ]]; then
+    exit 1
+fi
+rm "$TMP_FILE"
+
+# Test RestartForceExitStatus=. Note that success exit statuses are meant to be skipped
+
+TMP_FILE="/tmp/test-23-oneshot-restart-test$RANDOM"
+UNIT_NAME="TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-oneshot-restartforce.service"
+ONSUCCESS_UNIT_NAME="TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-oneshot-restartforce-onsuccess.service"
+FIFO_FILE="/tmp/test-23-oneshot-restart-test-fifo"
+
+cat >"/run/systemd/system/$UNIT_NAME" <<EOF
+[Unit]
+OnSuccess=$ONSUCCESS_UNIT_NAME
+
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+RestartForceExitStatus=0 2
+ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-oneshot-restartforce.sh "$TMP_FILE"
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=multi-user.target
+EOF
+
+cat >"/run/systemd/system/$ONSUCCESS_UNIT_NAME" <<EOF
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+ExecStart=bash -c 'echo finished >$FIFO_FILE'
+EOF
+
+mkfifo "$FIFO_FILE"
+
+# Pin the unit in memory
+systemctl enable "$UNIT_NAME"
+# Initial run should fail
+(! systemctl start "$UNIT_NAME")
+# Wait for OnSuccess=
+read -r x <"$FIFO_FILE"
+assert_eq "$x" "finished"
+
+cmp -b <(systemctl show "$UNIT_NAME" -p Result -p NRestarts -p SubState) <<EOF
+Result=success
+NRestarts=1
+SubState=dead
+EOF
+
+systemctl disable "$UNIT_NAME"
+rm "$TMP_FILE" /run/systemd/system/{"$UNIT_NAME","$ONSUCCESS_UNIT_NAME"} "$FIFO_FILE"
+
+systemctl log-level info
diff --git a/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.openfile.sh b/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.openfile.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..644b6f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.openfile.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+set -eux
+set -o pipefail
+
+# shellcheck source=test/units/util.sh
+. "$(dirname "$0")"/util.sh
+
+at_exit() {
+    set +e
+
+    rm -rf /tmp/test-open-file/
+}
+
+trap at_exit EXIT
+
+systemctl log-level debug
+
+# Existing files
+
+mkdir /tmp/test-open-file
+echo "Open" >'/tmp/test-open-file/open.txt'
+echo "File" >'/tmp/test-open-file/file:colon.txt'
+
+systemd-run -p DynamicUser=yes -p EnvironmentFile=-/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-asan-env \
+            -p OpenFile='/tmp/test-open-file/open.txt::read-only' \
+            -p OpenFile='/tmp/test-open-file/file\x3Acolon.txt:colon' \
+            -p RemainAfterExit=yes \
+            --unit=test-23-openfile-existing.service \
+            --service-type=oneshot \
+            /usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-openfile-child.sh 2 "open.txt:colon" "Open" "File"
+
+cmp <(systemctl show -p OpenFile test-23-openfile-existing.service) <<EOF
+OpenFile=/tmp/test-open-file/open.txt::read-only
+OpenFile=/tmp/test-open-file/file\\x3acolon.txt:colon
+EOF
+
+systemctl stop test-23-openfile-existing.service
+
+# Sockets
+
+systemctl start TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-openfile-server.socket
+
+systemd-run -p OpenFile=/tmp/test.sock:socket:read-only \
+            --wait \
+            /usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-openfile-child.sh 1 "socket" "Socket"
+
+systemctl stop TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-openfile-server.socket
+
+# Ignore when missing
+
+assert_rc 202 systemd-run -p OpenFile=/run/missing/foo:missing-file:read-only --wait true
+assert_rc 0 systemd-run -p OpenFile=/run/missing/foo:missing-file:read-only,graceful --wait true
+
+systemctl log-level info
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-23.percentj-wantedby.sh b/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.percentj-wantedby.sh
index e9ffaba..c091bd6 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-23.percentj-wantedby.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.percentj-wantedby.sh
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ set -o pipefail
 # Ensure %j Wants directives work
 systemd-run --wait \
             --property="Type=oneshot" \
-            --property="Wants=testsuite-23-specifier-j-wants.service" \
-            --property="After=testsuite-23-specifier-j-wants.service" \
+            --property="Wants=TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-specifier-j-wants.service" \
+            --property="After=TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-specifier-j-wants.service" \
             true
 
 test -f /tmp/tetsuite-23-specifier-j-done
diff --git a/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.runtime-bind-paths.sh b/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.runtime-bind-paths.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..3a78234
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.runtime-bind-paths.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+# shellcheck disable=SC2016
+set -eux
+set -o pipefail
+
+# Test adding new BindPaths while unit is already running
+
+at_exit() {
+    set +e
+
+    rm -f /run/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-marker-{fixed,runtime}
+    rm -fr /run/inaccessible
+}
+
+trap at_exit EXIT
+
+echo "MARKER_FIXED" >/run/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-marker-fixed
+mkdir /run/inaccessible
+
+systemctl start TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-namespaced.service
+
+# Ensure that inaccessible paths aren't bypassed by the runtime setup,
+(! systemctl bind --mkdir TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-namespaced.service /run/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-marker-fixed /run/inaccessible/testfile-marker-fixed)
+
+echo "MARKER_WRONG" >/run/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-marker-wrong
+echo "MARKER_RUNTIME" >/run/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-marker-runtime
+
+# Mount twice to exercise mount-beneath (on kernel 6.5+, on older kernels it will just overmount)
+systemctl bind --mkdir TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-namespaced.service /run/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-marker-wrong /tmp/testfile-marker-runtime
+test "$(systemctl show -P SubState TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-namespaced.service)" = "running"
+systemctl bind --mkdir TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-namespaced.service /run/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-marker-runtime /tmp/testfile-marker-runtime
+
+timeout 10 bash -xec 'while [[ "$(systemctl show -P SubState TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-namespaced.service)" == running ]]; do sleep .5; done'
+systemctl is-active TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-namespaced.service
+
+# Now test that systemctl bind fails when attempted on a non-namespaced unit
+systemctl start TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-non-namespaced.service
+
+(! systemctl bind --mkdir TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-non-namespaced.service /run/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-marker-runtime /tmp/testfile-marker-runtime)
+
+timeout 10 bash -xec 'while [[ "$(systemctl show -P SubState TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-non-namespaced.service)" == running ]]; do sleep .5; done'
+(! systemctl is-active TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-non-namespaced.service)
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-23.sh b/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.sh
index a929c8b..a929c8b 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-23.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.sh
diff --git a/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.start-stop-no-reload.sh b/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.start-stop-no-reload.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..61a6592
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.start-stop-no-reload.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+# -*- mode: shell-script; indent-tabs-mode: nil; sh-basic-offset: 4; -*-
+# ex: ts=8 sw=4 sts=4 et filetype=sh
+set -eux
+set -o pipefail
+
+# Test start & stop operations without daemon-reload
+
+at_exit() {
+    set +e
+
+    rm -f /run/systemd/system/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-no-reload.{service,target}
+}
+
+trap at_exit EXIT
+
+cat >/run/systemd/system/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-no-reload.target <<EOF
+[Unit]
+Wants=TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-no-reload.service
+EOF
+
+systemctl daemon-reload
+
+systemctl start TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-no-reload.target
+
+# The filesystem on the test image, despite being ext4, seems to have a mtime
+# granularity of one second, which means the manager's unit cache won't be
+# marked as dirty when writing the unit file, unless we wait at least a full
+# second after the previous daemon-reload.
+# May 07 23:12:20 H TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.sh[30]: + cat
+# May 07 23:12:20 H TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.sh[30]: + ls -l --full-time /etc/systemd/system/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-no-reload.service
+# May 07 23:12:20 H TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.sh[52]: -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 50 2020-05-07 23:12:20.000000000 +0100 /
+# May 07 23:12:20 H TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.sh[30]: + stat -f --format=%t /etc/systemd/system/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-no-reload.servic
+# May 07 23:12:20 H TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.sh[53]: ef53
+sleep 3.1
+
+cat >/run/systemd/system/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-no-reload.service <<EOF
+[Service]
+ExecStart=sleep infinity
+EOF
+
+systemctl start TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-no-reload.service
+
+systemctl is-active TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-no-reload.service
+
+# Stop and remove, and try again to exercise https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/15992
+systemctl stop TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-no-reload.service
+rm -f /run/systemd/system/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-no-reload.service
+systemctl daemon-reload
+
+sleep 3.1
+
+cat >/run/systemd/system/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-no-reload.service <<EOF
+[Service]
+ExecStart=sleep infinity
+EOF
+
+# Start a non-existing unit first, so that the cache is reloaded for an unrelated
+# reason. Starting the existing unit later should still work thanks to the check
+# for the last load attempt vs cache timestamp.
+systemctl start TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-no-reload-nonexistent.service || true
+
+systemctl start TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-no-reload.service
+
+systemctl is-active TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-no-reload.service
+
+# Stop and remove, and try again to exercise the transaction setup code path by
+# having the target pull in the unloaded but available unit
+systemctl stop TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-no-reload.service TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-no-reload.target
+rm -f /run/systemd/system/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-no-reload.service /run/systemd/system/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-no-reload.target
+systemctl daemon-reload
+
+sleep 3.1
+
+cat >/run/systemd/system/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-no-reload.target <<EOF
+[Unit]
+Conflicts=shutdown.target
+Wants=TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-no-reload.service
+EOF
+
+systemctl daemon-reload
+
+systemctl start TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-no-reload.target
+
+cat >/run/systemd/system/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-no-reload.service <<EOF
+[Service]
+ExecStart=sleep infinity
+EOF
+
+systemctl restart TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-no-reload.target
+
+systemctl is-active TEST-23-UNIT-FILE-no-reload.service
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-23.statedir.sh b/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.statedir.sh
index b592314..b592314 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-23.statedir.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.statedir.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-23.success-failure.sh b/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.success-failure.sh
index 8fc9596..8fc9596 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-23.success-failure.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.success-failure.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-23.type-exec.sh b/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.type-exec.sh
index 87f32cc..87f32cc 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-23.type-exec.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.type-exec.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-23.utmp.sh b/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.utmp.sh
index 4f84315..4f84315 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-23.utmp.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.utmp.sh
diff --git a/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.verify-unit-files.sh b/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.verify-unit-files.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..3e83d44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.verify-unit-files.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+# shellcheck disable=SC2016
+set -eux
+set -o pipefail
+
+# Verify our own unit files (where applicable)
+
+# This is generated by meson during build
+UNIT_FILE_LIST="/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/installed-unit-files.txt"
+
+if [[ ! -f "$UNIT_FILE_LIST" ]]; then
+    echo "Couldn't find the list of installed units, skipping the test"
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+if ! command -v systemd-analyze >/dev/null; then
+    echo "Built without systemd-analyze, skipping the test"
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+mapfile -t UNIT_FILES <"$UNIT_FILE_LIST"
+
+if [[ "${#UNIT_FILES[@]}" -le 0 ]]; then
+    echo >&2 "The unit file list is empty, this is most likely a bug"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+for unit_file in "${UNIT_FILES[@]}"; do
+    # Skip the check for a couple of units, namely:
+    #   - syslog.socket: the corresponding syslog.service might not be installed
+    #   - rc-local.service: compat API, /etc/rc.d/rc.local most likely won't be present
+    if [[ "$unit_file" =~ /(syslog.socket|rc-local.service)$ ]]; then
+        continue
+    fi
+
+    # Skip missing unit files - this is useful for $NO_BUILD runs, where certain unit files might be dropped
+    # in distro packaging
+    if [[ ! -e "$unit_file" ]]; then
+        echo "$unit_file not found, skipping"
+        continue
+    fi
+
+    systemd-analyze --recursive-errors=no --man=no verify "$unit_file"
+done
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-23.whoami.sh b/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.whoami.sh
index a0c73b8..b538d94 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-23.whoami.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.whoami.sh
@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@
 set -eux
 set -o pipefail
 
-test "$(systemctl whoami)" = testsuite-23.service
-test "$(systemctl whoami $$)" = testsuite-23.service
+test "$(systemctl whoami)" = TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.service
+test "$(systemctl whoami $$)" = TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.service
 
 systemctl whoami 1 $$ 1 | cmp - /dev/fd/3 3<<'EOF'
 init.scope
-testsuite-23.service
+TEST-23-UNIT-FILE.service
 init.scope
 EOF
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-24.sh b/test/units/TEST-24-CRYPTSETUP.sh
index c815f90..b788c82 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-24.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-24-CRYPTSETUP.sh
@@ -5,8 +5,6 @@ set -o pipefail
 
 # TODO:
 #   - /proc/cmdline parsing
-#   - figure out token support (apart from TPM2, as that's covered by TEST-70-TPM2)
-#       - this might help https://www.qemu.org/docs/master/system/devices/ccid.html
 #   - expect + interactive auth?
 
 # We set up an encrypted /var partition which should get mounted automatically
@@ -35,6 +33,7 @@ trap at_exit EXIT
 
 cryptsetup_start_and_check() {
     local expect_fail=0
+    local umount_header_and_key=0
     local ec volume unit
 
     if [[ "${1:?}" == "-f" ]]; then
@@ -42,6 +41,11 @@ cryptsetup_start_and_check() {
         shift
     fi
 
+    if [[ "${1:?}" == "-u" ]]; then
+        umount_header_and_key=1
+        shift
+    fi
+
     for volume in "$@"; do
         unit="systemd-cryptsetup@$volume.service"
 
@@ -64,6 +68,12 @@ cryptsetup_start_and_check() {
             return 1
         fi
 
+        if [[ "$umount_header_and_key" -ne 0 ]]; then
+            umount "$TMPFS_DETACHED_KEYFILE"
+            umount "$TMPFS_DETACHED_HEADER"
+            udevadm settle --timeout=60
+        fi
+
         systemctl status "$unit"
         test -e "/dev/mapper/$volume"
         systemctl stop "$unit"
@@ -133,22 +143,31 @@ cryptsetup luksAddKey --batch-mode \
 STORE_IMAGE="$WORKDIR/store.img"
 truncate -s 64M "$STORE_IMAGE"
 STORE_LOOP="$(losetup --show --find --partscan "$STORE_IMAGE")"
-sfdisk "$STORE_LOOP" <<EOF
+udevadm lock --device "$STORE_LOOP" sfdisk "$STORE_LOOP" <<EOF
 label: gpt
 type=0FC63DAF-8483-4772-8E79-3D69D8477DE4 name=header_store size=32M
 type=0FC63DAF-8483-4772-8E79-3D69D8477DE4 name=keyfile_store
 EOF
-udevadm settle --timeout=30
+udevadm settle --timeout=60
 mkdir -p /mnt
-mkfs.ext4 -L header_store "/dev/disk/by-partlabel/header_store"
+udevadm lock --device "/dev/disk/by-partlabel/header_store" mkfs.ext4 -L header_store "/dev/disk/by-partlabel/header_store"
 mount "/dev/disk/by-partlabel/header_store" /mnt
 cp "$IMAGE_DETACHED_HEADER" /mnt/header
 umount /mnt
-mkfs.ext4 -L keyfile_store "/dev/disk/by-partlabel/keyfile_store"
+udevadm lock --device "/dev/disk/by-partlabel/keyfile_store" mkfs.ext4 -L keyfile_store "/dev/disk/by-partlabel/keyfile_store"
 mount "/dev/disk/by-partlabel/keyfile_store" /mnt
 cp "$IMAGE_DETACHED_KEYFILE2" /mnt/keyfile
 umount /mnt
-udevadm settle --timeout=30
+
+# Also copy the key and header on a tmpfs that we will umount after unlocking
+TMPFS_DETACHED_KEYFILE="$(mktemp -d)"
+TMPFS_DETACHED_HEADER="$(mktemp -d)"
+mount -t tmpfs -o size=32M tmpfs "$TMPFS_DETACHED_KEYFILE"
+mount -t tmpfs -o size=32M tmpfs "$TMPFS_DETACHED_HEADER"
+cp "$IMAGE_DETACHED_KEYFILE" "$TMPFS_DETACHED_KEYFILE/keyfile"
+cp "$IMAGE_DETACHED_HEADER" "$TMPFS_DETACHED_HEADER/header"
+
+udevadm settle --timeout=60
 
 # Prepare our test crypttab
 [[ -e /etc/crypttab ]] && cp -fv /etc/crypttab /tmp/crypttab.bak
@@ -164,6 +183,7 @@ empty0               $IMAGE_EMPTY    -                               headless=1,
 empty1               $IMAGE_EMPTY    -                               headless=1,try-empty-password=1
 # This one expects the key to be under /{etc,run}/cryptsetup-keys.d/empty_nokey.key
 empty_nokey          $IMAGE_EMPTY    -                               headless=1
+empty_pkcs11_auto    $IMAGE_EMPTY    -                               headless=1,pkcs11-uri=auto
 
 detached             $IMAGE_DETACHED $IMAGE_DETACHED_KEYFILE         headless=1,header=$IMAGE_DETACHED_HEADER,keyfile-offset=32,keyfile-size=16
 detached_store0      $IMAGE_DETACHED $IMAGE_DETACHED_KEYFILE         headless=1,header=/header:LABEL=header_store,keyfile-offset=32,keyfile-size=16
@@ -177,6 +197,7 @@ detached_fail4       $IMAGE_DETACHED $IMAGE_DETACHED_KEYFILE         headless=1,
 detached_slot0       $IMAGE_DETACHED $IMAGE_DETACHED_KEYFILE2        headless=1,header=$IMAGE_DETACHED_HEADER
 detached_slot1       $IMAGE_DETACHED $IMAGE_DETACHED_KEYFILE2        headless=1,header=$IMAGE_DETACHED_HEADER,key-slot=8
 detached_slot_fail   $IMAGE_DETACHED $IMAGE_DETACHED_KEYFILE2        headless=1,header=$IMAGE_DETACHED_HEADER,key-slot=0
+detached_nofail      $IMAGE_DETACHED $TMPFS_DETACHED_KEYFILE/keyfile headless=1,header=$TMPFS_DETACHED_HEADER/header,keyfile-offset=32,keyfile-size=16,nofail
 EOF
 
 # Temporarily drop luks.name=/luks.uuid= from the kernel command line, as it makes
@@ -207,10 +228,46 @@ mkdir -p /run/cryptsetup-keys.d
 cp "$IMAGE_EMPTY_KEYFILE" /run/cryptsetup-keys.d/empty_nokey.key
 cryptsetup_start_and_check empty_nokey
 
+if [[ -d /usr/lib/softhsm/tokens ]]; then
+    # Test unlocking with a PKCS#11 token
+    export SOFTHSM2_CONF="/etc/softhsm2.conf"
+
+    PIN="1234" systemd-cryptenroll --pkcs11-token-uri="pkcs11:token=TestToken;object=RSATestKey" --unlock-key-file="$IMAGE_EMPTY_KEYFILE" "$IMAGE_EMPTY"
+    cryptsetup_start_and_check empty_pkcs11_auto
+    cryptsetup luksKillSlot -q "$IMAGE_EMPTY" 2
+    cryptsetup token remove --token-id 0 "$IMAGE_EMPTY"
+
+    PIN="1234" systemd-cryptenroll --pkcs11-token-uri="pkcs11:token=TestToken;object=RSATestKey;type=cert" --unlock-key-file="$IMAGE_EMPTY_KEYFILE" "$IMAGE_EMPTY"
+    cryptsetup_start_and_check empty_pkcs11_auto
+    cryptsetup luksKillSlot -q "$IMAGE_EMPTY" 2
+    cryptsetup token remove --token-id 0 "$IMAGE_EMPTY"
+
+    PIN="1234" systemd-cryptenroll --pkcs11-token-uri="pkcs11:token=TestToken;object=RSATestKey;type=public" --unlock-key-file="$IMAGE_EMPTY_KEYFILE" "$IMAGE_EMPTY"
+    cryptsetup_start_and_check empty_pkcs11_auto
+    cryptsetup luksKillSlot -q "$IMAGE_EMPTY" 2
+    cryptsetup token remove --token-id 0 "$IMAGE_EMPTY"
+
+    PIN="1234" systemd-cryptenroll --pkcs11-token-uri="pkcs11:token=TestToken;object=ECTestKey" --unlock-key-file="$IMAGE_EMPTY_KEYFILE" "$IMAGE_EMPTY"
+    cryptsetup_start_and_check empty_pkcs11_auto
+    cryptsetup luksKillSlot -q "$IMAGE_EMPTY" 2
+    cryptsetup token remove --token-id 0 "$IMAGE_EMPTY"
+
+    PIN="1234" systemd-cryptenroll --pkcs11-token-uri="pkcs11:token=TestToken;object=ECTestKey;type=cert" --unlock-key-file="$IMAGE_EMPTY_KEYFILE" "$IMAGE_EMPTY"
+    cryptsetup_start_and_check empty_pkcs11_auto
+    cryptsetup luksKillSlot -q "$IMAGE_EMPTY" 2
+    cryptsetup token remove --token-id 0 "$IMAGE_EMPTY"
+
+    PIN="1234" systemd-cryptenroll --pkcs11-token-uri="pkcs11:token=TestToken;object=ECTestKey;type=public" --unlock-key-file="$IMAGE_EMPTY_KEYFILE" "$IMAGE_EMPTY"
+    cryptsetup_start_and_check empty_pkcs11_auto
+    cryptsetup luksKillSlot -q "$IMAGE_EMPTY" 2
+    cryptsetup token remove --token-id 0 "$IMAGE_EMPTY"
+fi
+
 cryptsetup_start_and_check detached
 cryptsetup_start_and_check detached_store{0..2}
 cryptsetup_start_and_check -f detached_fail{0..4}
 cryptsetup_start_and_check detached_slot{0..1}
 cryptsetup_start_and_check -f detached_slot_fail
+cryptsetup_start_and_check -u detached_nofail
 
 touch /testok
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-25.sh b/test/units/TEST-25-IMPORT.sh
index b298c50..b298c50 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-25.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-25-IMPORT.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-26.sh b/test/units/TEST-26-SYSTEMCTL.sh
index 1e11c42..ae7a5d6 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-26.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-26-SYSTEMCTL.sh
@@ -16,12 +16,12 @@ at_exit() {
     return 0
 }
 
-trap at_exit EXIT
-
 # Create a simple unit file for testing
 # Note: the service file is created under /usr on purpose to test
 #       the 'revert' verb as well
 export UNIT_NAME="systemctl-test-$RANDOM.service"
+export UNIT_NAME2="systemctl-test-$RANDOM.service"
+
 cat >"/usr/lib/systemd/system/$UNIT_NAME" <<\EOF
 [Unit]
 Description=systemctl test
@@ -56,6 +56,20 @@ printf '%b'   '[Service]\n' 'ExecStart=\n' 'ExecStart=sleep 10d' >"+4"
 EDITOR='mv' script -ec 'systemctl edit "$UNIT_NAME"' /dev/null
 printf '%s\n' '[Service]'   'ExecStart='   'ExecStart=sleep 10d' | cmp - "/etc/systemd/system/$UNIT_NAME.d/override.conf"
 
+systemctl edit "$UNIT_NAME" --stdin --drop-in=override2.conf <<EOF
+[Unit]
+Description=spectacular
+# this comment should remain
+
+EOF
+printf '%s\n' '[Unit]'   'Description=spectacular' '# this comment should remain' | \
+    cmp - "/etc/systemd/system/$UNIT_NAME.d/override2.conf"
+
+# Test simultaneous editing of two units and creation of drop-in for a nonexistent unit
+systemctl edit "$UNIT_NAME" "$UNIT_NAME2" --stdin --force --drop-in=override2.conf <<<'[X-Section]'
+printf '%s\n' '[X-Section]' | cmp - "/etc/systemd/system/$UNIT_NAME.d/override2.conf"
+printf '%s\n' '[X-Section]' | cmp - "/etc/systemd/system/$UNIT_NAME2.d/override2.conf"
+
 # Double free when editing a template unit (#26483)
 EDITOR='true' script -ec 'systemctl edit user@0' /dev/null
 
@@ -127,7 +141,7 @@ systemctl reload -T "$UNIT_NAME"
 systemctl restart -T "$UNIT_NAME"
 systemctl try-restart --show-transaction "$UNIT_NAME"
 systemctl try-reload-or-restart --show-transaction "$UNIT_NAME"
-systemctl kill "$UNIT_NAME"
+timeout 10 systemctl kill --wait "$UNIT_NAME"
 (! systemctl is-active "$UNIT_NAME")
 systemctl restart "$UNIT_NAME"
 systemctl is-active "$UNIT_NAME"
@@ -188,6 +202,24 @@ test_mask_unmask_revert() {
 test_mask_unmask_revert
 test_mask_unmask_revert --root=/
 
+# disable --now with template unit
+cat >/run/systemd/system/test-disable@.service <<EOF
+[Service]
+ExecStart=sleep infinity
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=multi-user.target
+EOF
+systemctl enable --now test-disable@1.service test-disable@2.service
+systemctl is-active test-disable@1.service
+systemctl is-active test-disable@2.service
+systemctl disable --now test-disable@.service
+for u in test-disable@{1,2}.service; do
+    (! systemctl is-active "$u")
+    (! systemctl is-enabled "$u")
+done
+rm /run/systemd/system/test-disable@.service
+
 # add-wants/add-requires
 (! systemctl show -P Wants "$UNIT_NAME" | grep "systemd-journald.service")
 systemctl add-wants "$UNIT_NAME" "systemd-journald.service"
@@ -209,7 +241,7 @@ systemctl revert "$UNIT_NAME"
 systemctl set-property --runtime "$UNIT_NAME" CPUAccounting=no CPUQuota=10%
 systemctl cat "$UNIT_NAME"
 grep -r "CPUAccounting=no" "/run/systemd/system.control/${UNIT_NAME}.d/"
-grep -r "CPUQuota=10%" "/run/systemd/system.control/${UNIT_NAME}.d/"
+grep -r "CPUQuota=10.00%" "/run/systemd/system.control/${UNIT_NAME}.d/"
 systemctl revert "$UNIT_NAME"
 (! grep -r "CPUAccounting=" "/run/systemd/system.control/${UNIT_NAME}.d/")
 (! grep -r "CPUQuota=" "/run/systemd/system.control/${UNIT_NAME}.d/")
@@ -306,7 +338,7 @@ done
 
 # Aux verbs & assorted checks
 systemctl is-active "*-journald.service"
-systemctl cat "*journal*"
+systemctl cat "*udevd*"
 systemctl cat "$UNIT_NAME"
 systemctl help "$UNIT_NAME"
 systemctl service-watchdogs
@@ -348,6 +380,10 @@ if [[ -x /usr/lib/systemd/system-generators/systemd-sysv-generator ]]; then
     # at runtime, so let's just support the two most common paths for now.
     [[ -d /etc/rc.d/init.d ]] && SYSVINIT_PATH="/etc/rc.d/init.d" || SYSVINIT_PATH="/etc/init.d"
 
+    # OpenSUSE leaves sysvinit-path enabled, which means systemd-sysv-generator is built
+    # but may not create the directory if there's no services that use it.
+    mkdir -p "$SYSVINIT_PATH"
+
     # invalid dependency
     cat >"${SYSVINIT_PATH:?}/issue-24990" <<\EOF
 #!/bin/bash
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-29.sh b/test/units/TEST-29-PORTABLE.sh
index 676330c..27c24a0 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-29.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-29-PORTABLE.sh
@@ -5,6 +5,11 @@
 set -eux
 set -o pipefail
 
+# shellcheck source=test/units/util.sh
+. "$(dirname "$0")"/util.sh
+
+install_extension_images
+
 # Set longer timeout for slower machines, e.g. non-KVM vm.
 mkdir -p /run/systemd/system.conf.d
 cat >/run/systemd/system.conf.d/10-timeout.conf <<EOF
@@ -31,9 +36,9 @@ fi
 
 systemd-dissect --no-pager /usr/share/minimal_0.raw | grep -q '✓ portable service'
 systemd-dissect --no-pager /usr/share/minimal_1.raw | grep -q '✓ portable service'
-systemd-dissect --no-pager /usr/share/app0.raw | grep -q '✓ sysext for portable service'
-systemd-dissect --no-pager /usr/share/app1.raw | grep -q '✓ sysext for portable service'
-systemd-dissect --no-pager /usr/share/conf0.raw | grep -q '✓ confext for portable service'
+systemd-dissect --no-pager /tmp/app0.raw | grep -q '✓ sysext for portable service'
+systemd-dissect --no-pager /tmp/app1.raw | grep -q '✓ sysext for portable service'
+systemd-dissect --no-pager /tmp/conf0.raw | grep -q '✓ confext for portable service'
 
 export SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL=debug
 mkdir -p /run/systemd/system/systemd-portabled.service.d/
@@ -117,7 +122,7 @@ portablectl detach --now --enable --runtime /tmp/minimal_1 minimal-app0
 portablectl list | grep -q -F "No images."
 busctl tree org.freedesktop.portable1 --no-pager | grep -q -F '/org/freedesktop/portable1/image/minimal_5f1' && exit 1
 
-portablectl "${ARGS[@]}" attach --now --runtime --extension /usr/share/app0.raw /usr/share/minimal_0.raw app0
+portablectl "${ARGS[@]}" attach --now --runtime --extension /tmp/app0.raw /usr/share/minimal_0.raw app0
 
 systemctl is-active app0.service
 status="$(portablectl is-attached --extension app0 minimal_0)"
@@ -127,7 +132,7 @@ grep -q -F "LogExtraFields=PORTABLE_ROOT=minimal_0.raw" /run/systemd/system.atta
 grep -q -F "LogExtraFields=PORTABLE_EXTENSION=app0.raw" /run/systemd/system.attached/app0.service.d/20-portable.conf
 grep -q -F "LogExtraFields=PORTABLE_EXTENSION_NAME_AND_VERSION=app" /run/systemd/system.attached/app0.service.d/20-portable.conf
 
-portablectl "${ARGS[@]}" reattach --now --runtime --extension /usr/share/app0.raw /usr/share/minimal_1.raw app0
+portablectl "${ARGS[@]}" reattach --now --runtime --extension /tmp/app0.raw /usr/share/minimal_1.raw app0
 
 systemctl is-active app0.service
 status="$(portablectl is-attached --extension app0 minimal_1)"
@@ -137,12 +142,12 @@ grep -q -F "LogExtraFields=PORTABLE_ROOT=minimal_1.raw" /run/systemd/system.atta
 grep -q -F "LogExtraFields=PORTABLE_EXTENSION=app0.raw" /run/systemd/system.attached/app0.service.d/20-portable.conf
 grep -q -F "LogExtraFields=PORTABLE_EXTENSION_NAME_AND_VERSION=app" /run/systemd/system.attached/app0.service.d/20-portable.conf
 
-portablectl detach --now --runtime --extension /usr/share/app0.raw /usr/share/minimal_1.raw app0
+portablectl detach --now --runtime --extension /tmp/app0.raw /usr/share/minimal_1.raw app0
 
 # Ensure versioned images are accepted without needing to use --force to override the extension-release
 # matching
 
-cp /usr/share/app0.raw /tmp/app0_1.0.raw
+cp /tmp/app0.raw /tmp/app0_1.0.raw
 portablectl "${ARGS[@]}" attach --now --runtime --extension /tmp/app0_1.0.raw /usr/share/minimal_0.raw app0
 
 systemctl is-active app0.service
@@ -152,28 +157,28 @@ status="$(portablectl is-attached --extension app0_1 minimal_0)"
 portablectl detach --now --runtime --extension /tmp/app0_1.0.raw /usr/share/minimal_1.raw app0
 rm -f /tmp/app0_1.0.raw
 
-portablectl "${ARGS[@]}" attach --now --runtime --extension /usr/share/app1.raw /usr/share/minimal_0.raw app1
+portablectl "${ARGS[@]}" attach --now --runtime --extension /tmp/app1.raw /usr/share/minimal_0.raw app1
 
 systemctl is-active app1.service
 status="$(portablectl is-attached --extension app1 minimal_0)"
 [[ "${status}" == "running-runtime" ]]
 
 # Ensure that adding or removing a version to the image doesn't break reattaching
-cp /usr/share/app1.raw /tmp/app1_2.raw
+cp /tmp/app1.raw /tmp/app1_2.raw
 portablectl "${ARGS[@]}" reattach --now --runtime --extension /tmp/app1_2.raw /usr/share/minimal_1.raw app1
 
 systemctl is-active app1.service
 status="$(portablectl is-attached --extension app1_2 minimal_1)"
 [[ "${status}" == "running-runtime" ]]
 
-portablectl "${ARGS[@]}" reattach --now --runtime --extension /usr/share/app1.raw /usr/share/minimal_1.raw app1
+portablectl "${ARGS[@]}" reattach --now --runtime --extension /tmp/app1.raw /usr/share/minimal_1.raw app1
 
 systemctl is-active app1.service
 status="$(portablectl is-attached --extension app1 minimal_1)"
 [[ "${status}" == "running-runtime" ]]
 
-portablectl detach --force --no-reload --runtime --extension /usr/share/app1.raw /usr/share/minimal_1.raw app1
-portablectl "${ARGS[@]}" attach --force --no-reload --runtime --extension /usr/share/app1.raw /usr/share/minimal_0.raw app1
+portablectl detach --force --no-reload --runtime --extension /tmp/app1.raw /usr/share/minimal_1.raw app1
+portablectl "${ARGS[@]}" attach --force --no-reload --runtime --extension /tmp/app1.raw /usr/share/minimal_0.raw app1
 systemctl daemon-reload
 systemctl restart app1.service
 
@@ -181,7 +186,27 @@ systemctl is-active app1.service
 status="$(portablectl is-attached --extension app1 minimal_0)"
 [[ "${status}" == "running-runtime" ]]
 
-portablectl detach --now --runtime --extension /usr/share/app1.raw /usr/share/minimal_0.raw app1
+portablectl detach --now --runtime --extension /tmp/app1.raw /usr/share/minimal_0.raw app1
+
+# Ensure vpick works, including reattaching to a new image
+mkdir -p /tmp/app1.v/
+cp /tmp/app1.raw /tmp/app1.v/app1_1.0.raw
+cp /tmp/app1_2.raw /tmp/app1.v/app1_2.0.raw
+portablectl "${ARGS[@]}" attach --now --runtime --extension /tmp/app1.v/ /usr/share/minimal_1.raw app1
+
+systemctl is-active app1.service
+status="$(portablectl is-attached --extension app1_2.0.raw minimal_1)"
+[[ "${status}" == "running-runtime" ]]
+
+rm -f /tmp/app1.v/app1_2.0.raw
+portablectl "${ARGS[@]}" reattach --now --runtime --extension /tmp/app1.v/ /usr/share/minimal_1.raw app1
+
+systemctl is-active app1.service
+status="$(portablectl is-attached --extension app1_1.0.raw minimal_1)"
+[[ "${status}" == "running-runtime" ]]
+
+portablectl detach --now --runtime --extension /tmp/app1.v/ /usr/share/minimal_0.raw app1
+rm -f /tmp/app1.v/app1_1.0.raw
 
 # Ensure that the combination of read-only images, state directory and dynamic user works, and that
 # state is retained. Check after detaching, as on slow systems (eg: sanitizers) it might take a while
@@ -190,7 +215,7 @@ grep -q -F bar "${STATE_DIRECTORY}/app0/foo"
 grep -q -F baz "${STATE_DIRECTORY}/app1/foo"
 
 # Ensure that we can override the check on extension-release.NAME
-cp /usr/share/app0.raw /tmp/app10.raw
+cp /tmp/app0.raw /tmp/app10.raw
 portablectl "${ARGS[@]}" attach --force --now --runtime --extension /tmp/app10.raw /usr/share/minimal_0.raw app0
 
 systemctl is-active app0.service
@@ -206,21 +231,59 @@ systemctl stop app0.service
 portablectl detach --force --runtime --extension /tmp/app10.raw /usr/share/minimal_0.raw app0
 
 # portablectl also accepts confexts
-portablectl "${ARGS[@]}" attach --now --runtime --extension /usr/share/app0.raw --extension /usr/share/conf0.raw /usr/share/minimal_0.raw app0
+portablectl "${ARGS[@]}" attach --now --runtime --extension /tmp/app0.raw --extension /tmp/conf0.raw /usr/share/minimal_0.raw app0
 
 systemctl is-active app0.service
-status="$(portablectl is-attached --extension /usr/share/app0.raw --extension /usr/share/conf0.raw /usr/share/minimal_0.raw)"
+status="$(portablectl is-attached --extension /tmp/app0.raw --extension /tmp/conf0.raw /usr/share/minimal_0.raw)"
 [[ "${status}" == "running-runtime" ]]
 
-portablectl inspect --force --cat --extension /usr/share/app0.raw --extension /usr/share/conf0.raw /usr/share/minimal_0.raw app0 | grep -q -F "Extension Release: /usr/share/conf0.raw"
+portablectl inspect --force --cat --extension /tmp/app0.raw --extension /tmp/conf0.raw /usr/share/minimal_0.raw app0 | grep -q -F "Extension Release: /tmp/conf0.raw"
+
+portablectl detach --now --runtime --extension /tmp/app0.raw --extension /tmp/conf0.raw /usr/share/minimal_0.raw app0
+
+# Ensure that mixed mode copies the images and units (client-owned) but symlinks the profile (OS owned)
+portablectl "${ARGS[@]}" attach --copy=mixed --runtime --extension /tmp/app0.raw /usr/share/minimal_0.raw app0
+test -f /run/portables/app0.raw
+test -f /run/portables/minimal_0.raw
+test -f /run/systemd/system.attached/app0.service
+test -L /run/systemd/system.attached/app0.service.d/10-profile.conf
+portablectl detach --runtime --extension /tmp/app0.raw /usr/share/minimal_0.raw app0
+
+# Ensure that when two portables share the same base image, removing one doesn't remove the other too
+
+portablectl "${ARGS[@]}" attach --runtime --extension /tmp/app0.raw /usr/share/minimal_0.raw app0
+portablectl "${ARGS[@]}" attach --runtime --extension /tmp/app1.raw /usr/share/minimal_0.raw app1
+
+status="$(portablectl is-attached --extension app0 minimal_0)"
+[[ "${status}" == "attached-runtime" ]]
+status="$(portablectl is-attached --extension app1 minimal_0)"
+[[ "${status}" == "attached-runtime" ]]
+
+(! portablectl detach --runtime /usr/share/minimal_0.raw app)
+
+status="$(portablectl is-attached --extension app0 minimal_0)"
+[[ "${status}" == "attached-runtime" ]]
+status="$(portablectl is-attached --extension app1 minimal_0)"
+[[ "${status}" == "attached-runtime" ]]
+
+# Ensure 'portablectl list' shows the correct status for both images
+portablectl list
+portablectl list | grep -F "minimal_0" | grep -q -F "attached-runtime"
+portablectl list | grep -F "app0" | grep -q -F "attached-runtime"
+portablectl list | grep -F "app1" | grep -q -F "attached-runtime"
+
+portablectl detach --runtime --extension /tmp/app0.raw /usr/share/minimal_0.raw app
+
+status="$(portablectl is-attached --extension app1 minimal_0)"
+[[ "${status}" == "attached-runtime" ]]
 
-portablectl detach --now --runtime --extension /usr/share/app0.raw --extension /usr/share/conf0.raw /usr/share/minimal_0.raw app0
+portablectl detach --runtime --extension /tmp/app1.raw /usr/share/minimal_0.raw app
 
 # portablectl also works with directory paths rather than images
 
 mkdir /tmp/rootdir /tmp/app0 /tmp/app1 /tmp/overlay /tmp/os-release-fix /tmp/os-release-fix/etc
-mount /usr/share/app0.raw /tmp/app0
-mount /usr/share/app1.raw /tmp/app1
+mount /tmp/app0.raw /tmp/app0
+mount /tmp/app1.raw /tmp/app1
 mount /usr/share/minimal_0.raw /tmp/rootdir
 
 # Fix up os-release to drop the valid PORTABLE_SERVICES field (because we are
@@ -266,7 +329,22 @@ grep -q -F "LogExtraFields=PORTABLE_EXTENSION_NAME_AND_VERSION=app" /run/systemd
 grep -q -F "LogExtraFields=PORTABLE_EXTENSION=app1" /run/systemd/system.attached/app1.service.d/20-portable.conf
 grep -q -F "LogExtraFields=PORTABLE_EXTENSION_NAME_AND_VERSION=app_1" /run/systemd/system.attached/app1.service.d/20-portable.conf
 
-portablectl detach --now --runtime --extension /tmp/app0 --extension /tmp/app1 /tmp/rootdir app0 app1
+portablectl detach --clean --now --runtime --extension /tmp/app0 --extension /tmp/app1 /tmp/rootdir app0 app1
+
+# Ensure --clean remove state and other directories belonging to the portable image being detached
+test ! -d /var/lib/app0
+test ! -d /run/app0
+
+# Ensure that mixed mode copies the images and units (client-owned) but symlinks the profile (OS owned)
+portablectl "${ARGS[@]}" attach --copy=mixed --runtime --extension /tmp/app0 --extension /tmp/app1 /tmp/rootdir app0 app1
+test -d /run/portables/app0
+test -d /run/portables/app1
+test -d /run/portables/rootdir
+test -f /run/systemd/system.attached/app0.service
+test -f /run/systemd/system.attached/app1.service
+test -L /run/systemd/system.attached/app0.service.d/10-profile.conf
+test -L /run/systemd/system.attached/app1.service.d/10-profile.conf
+portablectl detach --runtime --extension /tmp/app0 --extension /tmp/app1 /tmp/rootdir app0 app1
 
 # Attempt to disable the app unit during detaching. Requires --copy=symlink to reproduce.
 # Provides coverage for https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/23481
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-30.sh b/test/units/TEST-30-ONCLOCKCHANGE.sh
index 104c87b..83698b8 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-30.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-30-ONCLOCKCHANGE.sh
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ systemd-run --on-clock-change touch /tmp/clock-changed
 test ! -f /tmp/timezone-changed
 test ! -f /tmp/clock-changed
 
-timedatectl set-timezone Europe/Kiev
+timedatectl set-timezone Europe/Kyiv
 
 while test ! -f /tmp/timezone-changed ; do sleep .5 ; done
 
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-31.sh b/test/units/TEST-31-DEVICE-ENUMERATION.sh
index 03aba36..5e99302 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-31.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-31-DEVICE-ENUMERATION.sh
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 set -eux
 set -o pipefail
 
-if journalctl -b -t systemd --grep '\.device: Changed plugged -> dead'; then
+if journalctl -b -t systemd --grep '(?<!loop.|diskseq-.)\.device: Changed plugged -> dead'; then
     exit 1
 fi
 
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-32.sh b/test/units/TEST-32-OOMPOLICY.sh
index 83b548a..046b8b9 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-32.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-32-OOMPOLICY.sh
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ set -o pipefail
 # an easier thing to test for, and also: let's not get confused by older
 # kernels where the concept was still new.
 
-if test -f /sys/fs/cgroup/system.slice/testsuite-32.service/memory.oom.group; then
+if test -f /sys/fs/cgroup/system.slice/TEST-32-OOMPOLICY.service/memory.oom.group; then
     systemd-analyze log-level debug
 
     # Run a service that is guaranteed to be the first candidate for OOM killing
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-34.sh b/test/units/TEST-34-DYNAMICUSERMIGRATE.sh
index d15b675..d15b675 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-34.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-34-DYNAMICUSERMIGRATE.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-35.sh b/test/units/TEST-35-LOGIN.sh
index 36e26da..78e0c1e 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-35.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-35-LOGIN.sh
@@ -25,14 +25,22 @@ setup_test_user() {
     trap cleanup_test_user EXIT
 }
 
-test_enable_debug() {
-    mkdir -p /run/systemd/system/systemd-logind.service.d
-    cat >/run/systemd/system/systemd-logind.service.d/debug.conf <<EOF
+test_write_dropin() {
+    systemctl edit --runtime --stdin systemd-logind.service --drop-in=debug.conf <<EOF
 [Service]
 Environment=SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL=debug
 EOF
-    systemctl daemon-reload
-    systemctl stop systemd-logind.service
+
+    # We test "coldplug" (completely stop and start logind) here. So we need to preserve
+    # the fdstore, which might contain session leader pidfds. This is extremely rare use case
+    # and shall not be considered fully supported.
+    # See also: https://github.com/systemd/systemd/pull/30610#discussion_r1440507850
+    systemctl edit --runtime --stdin systemd-logind.service --drop-in=fdstore-preserve.conf <<EOF
+[Service]
+FileDescriptorStorePreserve=yes
+EOF
+
+    systemctl restart systemd-logind.service
 }
 
 testcase_properties() {
@@ -57,6 +65,25 @@ EOF
     rm -rf /run/systemd/logind.conf.d
 }
 
+testcase_sleep_automated() {
+    assert_eq "$(busctl get-property org.freedesktop.login1 /org/freedesktop/login1 org.freedesktop.login1.Manager SleepOperation)" 'as 3 "suspend-then-hibernate" "suspend" "hibernate"'
+
+    mkdir -p /run/systemd/logind.conf.d
+
+    cat >/run/systemd/logind.conf.d/sleep-operations.conf <<EOF
+[Login]
+SleepOperation=suspend hybrid-sleep
+EOF
+
+    systemctl restart systemd-logind.service
+
+    assert_eq "$(busctl get-property org.freedesktop.login1 /org/freedesktop/login1 org.freedesktop.login1.Manager SleepOperation)" 'as 2 "hybrid-sleep" "suspend"'
+
+    busctl call org.freedesktop.login1 /org/freedesktop/login1 org.freedesktop.login1.Manager CanSleep
+
+    rm -rf /run/systemd/logind.conf.d
+}
+
 testcase_started() {
     local pid
 
@@ -231,7 +258,7 @@ cleanup_session() (
 
     systemctl stop getty@tty2.service
 
-    for s in $(loginctl --no-legend list-sessions | awk '$3 == "logind-test-user" { print $1 }'); do
+    for s in $(loginctl --no-legend list-sessions | grep -v manager | awk '$3 == "logind-test-user" { print $1 }'); do
         echo "INFO: stopping session $s"
         loginctl terminate-session "$s"
     done
@@ -281,18 +308,18 @@ check_session() (
 
     local seat session leader_pid
 
-    if [[ $(loginctl --no-legend | grep -c "logind-test-user") != 1 ]]; then
+    if [[ $(loginctl --no-legend | grep -v manager | grep -c "logind-test-user") != 1 ]]; then
         echo "no session or multiple sessions for logind-test-user." >&2
         return 1
     fi
 
-    seat=$(loginctl --no-legend | grep 'logind-test-user *seat' | awk '{ print $4 }')
+    seat=$(loginctl --no-legend | grep -v manager | grep 'logind-test-user *seat' | awk '{ print $4 }')
     if [[ -z "$seat" ]]; then
         echo "no seat found for user logind-test-user" >&2
         return 1
     fi
 
-    session=$(loginctl --no-legend | awk '$3 == "logind-test-user" { print $1 }')
+    session=$(loginctl --no-legend | grep -v manager | awk '$3 == "logind-test-user" { print $1 }')
     if [[ -z "$session" ]]; then
         echo "no session found for user logind-test-user" >&2
         return 1
@@ -337,7 +364,7 @@ EOF
         check_session && break
     done
     check_session
-    assert_eq "$(loginctl --no-legend | awk '$3=="logind-test-user" { print $5 }')" "tty2"
+    assert_eq "$(loginctl --no-legend | grep -v manager | awk '$3=="logind-test-user" { print $7 }')" "tty2"
 }
 
 testcase_sanity_check() {
@@ -355,13 +382,15 @@ testcase_sanity_check() {
     # the seat/session autodetection work-ish
     systemd-run --user --pipe --wait -M "logind-test-user@.host" bash -eux <<\EOF
     loginctl list-sessions
+    loginctl list-sessions -j
+    loginctl list-sessions --json=short
     loginctl session-status
     loginctl show-session
     loginctl show-session -P DelayInhibited
 
     # We're not in the same session scope, so in this case we need to specify
     # the session ID explicitly
-    session=$(loginctl --no-legend | awk '$3 == "logind-test-user" { print $1; exit; }')
+    session=$(loginctl --no-legend | grep -v manager | awk '$3 == "logind-test-user" { print $1; exit; }')
     loginctl kill-session --signal=SIGCONT "$session"
     # FIXME(?)
     #loginctl kill-session --signal=SIGCONT --kill-whom=leader "$session"
@@ -428,7 +457,7 @@ EOF
     udevadm info "$dev"
 
     # trigger logind and activate session
-    loginctl activate "$(loginctl --no-legend | awk '$3 == "logind-test-user" { print $1 }')"
+    loginctl activate "$(loginctl --no-legend | grep -v manager | awk '$3 == "logind-test-user" { print $1 }')"
 
     # check ACL
     sleep 1
@@ -469,7 +498,7 @@ testcase_lock_idle_action() {
         return
     fi
 
-    if loginctl --no-legend | grep -q logind-test-user; then
+    if loginctl --no-legend | grep -v manager | grep -q logind-test-user; then
         echo >&2 "Session of the 'logind-test-user' is already present."
         exit 1
     fi
@@ -478,6 +507,7 @@ testcase_lock_idle_action() {
 
     create_session
 
+    journalctl --sync
     ts="$(date '+%H:%M:%S')"
 
     mkdir -p /run/systemd/logind.conf.d
@@ -493,18 +523,24 @@ EOF
     # session active again and next we slept for another 35s so sessions have
     # become idle again. 'Lock' signal is sent out for each session, we have at
     # least one session, so minimum of 2 "Lock" signals must have been sent.
-    timeout 35 bash -c "while [[ \"\$(journalctl -b -u systemd-logind.service --since=$ts | grep -c 'Sent message type=signal .* member=Lock')\" -lt 1 ]]; do sleep 1; done"
+    journalctl --sync
+    set +o pipefail
+    timeout -v 35 journalctl -b -u systemd-logind.service --since="$ts" -n all --follow | grep -m 1 -q 'Sent message type=signal .* member=Lock'
+    set -o pipefail
+
+    # We need to know that a new message was sent after waking up,
+    # so we must track how many happened before sleeping to check we have extra.
+    locks="$(journalctl -b -u systemd-logind.service --since="$ts" | grep -c 'Sent message type=signal .* member=Lock')"
 
     # Wakeup
     touch /dev/tty2
 
     # Wait again
-    timeout 35 bash -c "while [[ \"\$(journalctl -b -u systemd-logind.service --since=$ts | grep -c 'Sent message type=signal .* member=Lock')\" -lt 2 ]]; do sleep 1; done"
-
-    if [[ "$(journalctl -b -u systemd-logind.service --since="$ts" | grep -c 'System idle. Will be locked now.')" -lt 2 ]]; then
-        echo >&2 "System haven't entered idle state at least 2 times."
-        exit 1
-    fi
+    journalctl --sync
+    set +o pipefail
+    timeout -v 35 journalctl -b -u systemd-logind.service --since="$ts" -n all --follow | grep -m "$((locks + 1))" -q 'Sent message type=signal .* member=Lock'
+    timeout -v 35 journalctl -b -u systemd-logind.service --since="$ts" -n all --follow | grep -m 2 -q -F 'System idle. Will be locked now.'
+    set -o pipefail
 }
 
 testcase_session_properties() {
@@ -518,7 +554,7 @@ testcase_session_properties() {
     trap cleanup_session RETURN
     create_session
 
-    s=$(loginctl list-sessions --no-legend | awk '$3 == "logind-test-user" { print $1 }')
+    s=$(loginctl list-sessions --no-legend | grep -v manager | awk '$3 == "logind-test-user" { print $1 }')
     /usr/lib/systemd/tests/unit-tests/manual/test-session-properties "/org/freedesktop/login1/session/_3${s?}" /dev/tty2
 }
 
@@ -534,17 +570,17 @@ testcase_list_users_sessions_seats() {
     create_session
 
     # Activate the session
-    loginctl activate "$(loginctl --no-legend | awk '$3 == "logind-test-user" { print $1 }')"
+    loginctl activate "$(loginctl --no-legend | grep -v manager | awk '$3 == "logind-test-user" { print $1 }')"
 
-    session=$(loginctl list-sessions --no-legend | awk '$3 == "logind-test-user" { print $1 }')
+    session=$(loginctl list-sessions --no-legend | grep -v manager | awk '$3 == "logind-test-user" { print $1 }')
     : check that we got a valid session id
     busctl get-property org.freedesktop.login1 "/org/freedesktop/login1/session/_3${session?}" org.freedesktop.login1.Session Id
-    assert_eq "$(loginctl list-sessions --no-legend | awk '$3 == "logind-test-user" { print $2 }')" "$(id -ru logind-test-user)"
-    seat=$(loginctl list-sessions --no-legend | awk '$3 == "logind-test-user" { print $4 }')
-    assert_eq "$(loginctl list-sessions --no-legend | awk '$3 == "logind-test-user" { print $5 }')" tty2
-    assert_eq "$(loginctl list-sessions --no-legend | awk '$3 == "logind-test-user" { print $6 }')" active
-    assert_eq "$(loginctl list-sessions --no-legend | awk '$3 == "logind-test-user" { print $7 }')" no
-    assert_eq "$(loginctl list-sessions --no-legend | awk '$3 == "logind-test-user" { print $8 }')" '-'
+    assert_eq "$(loginctl list-sessions --no-legend | grep -v manager | awk '$3 == "logind-test-user" { print $2 }')" "$(id -ru logind-test-user)"
+    seat=$(loginctl list-sessions --no-legend | grep -v manager | awk '$3 == "logind-test-user" { print $4 }')
+    assert_eq "$(loginctl list-sessions --no-legend | grep -v manager | awk '$3 == "logind-test-user" { print $6 }')" user
+    assert_eq "$(loginctl list-sessions --no-legend | grep -v manager | awk '$3 == "logind-test-user" { print $7 }')" tty2
+    assert_eq "$(loginctl list-sessions --no-legend | grep -v manager | awk '$3 == "logind-test-user" { print $8 }')" no
+    assert_eq "$(loginctl list-sessions --no-legend | grep -v manager | awk '$3 == "logind-test-user" { print $9 }')" '-'
 
     loginctl list-seats --no-legend | grep -Fwq "${seat?}"
 
@@ -555,15 +591,15 @@ testcase_list_users_sessions_seats() {
     loginctl enable-linger logind-test-user
     assert_eq "$(loginctl list-users --no-legend | awk '$2 == "logind-test-user" { print $3 }')" yes
 
-    for s in $(loginctl list-sessions --no-legend | awk '$3 == "logind-test-user" { print $1 }'); do
+    for s in $(loginctl list-sessions --no-legend | grep tty | awk '$3 == "logind-test-user" { print $1 }'); do
         loginctl terminate-session "$s"
     done
-    if ! timeout 30 bash -c "while loginctl --no-legend | grep -q logind-test-user; do sleep 1; done"; then
+    if ! timeout 30 bash -c "while loginctl --no-legend | grep tty | grep -q logind-test-user; do sleep 1; done"; then
         echo "WARNING: session for logind-test-user still active, ignoring."
         return
     fi
 
-    assert_eq "$(loginctl list-users --no-legend | awk '$2 == "logind-test-user" { print $4 }')" lingering
+    timeout 30 bash -c "until [[ \"\$(loginctl list-users --no-legend | awk '\$2 == \"logind-test-user\" { print \$4 }')\" == lingering ]]; do sleep 1; done"
 }
 
 teardown_stop_idle_session() (
@@ -586,7 +622,9 @@ testcase_stop_idle_session() {
     create_session
     trap teardown_stop_idle_session RETURN
 
-    id="$(loginctl --no-legend | awk '$3 == "logind-test-user" { print $1; }')"
+    id="$(loginctl --no-legend | grep tty | awk '$3 == "logind-test-user" { print $1; }')"
+
+    journalctl --sync
     ts="$(date '+%H:%M:%S')"
 
     mkdir -p /run/systemd/logind.conf.d
@@ -597,8 +635,9 @@ EOF
     systemctl restart systemd-logind.service
     sleep 5
 
+    journalctl --sync
     assert_eq "$(journalctl -b -u systemd-logind.service --since="$ts" --grep "Session \"$id\" of user \"logind-test-user\" is idle, stopping." | wc -l)" 1
-    assert_eq "$(loginctl --no-legend | grep -c "logind-test-user")" 0
+    assert_eq "$(loginctl --no-legend | grep -v manager | grep -c "logind-test-user")" 0
 }
 
 testcase_ambient_caps() {
@@ -653,8 +692,53 @@ EOF
     rm -f "$SCRIPT" "$PAMSERVICE"
 }
 
+background_at_return() {
+    rm -f /etc/pam.d/"$PAMSERVICE"
+    unset PAMSERVICE
+}
+
+testcase_background() {
+
+    local uid TRANSIENTUNIT1 TRANSIENTUNIT2
+
+    uid=$(id -u logind-test-user)
+
+    systemctl stop user@"$uid".service
+
+    PAMSERVICE="pamserv$RANDOM"
+    TRANSIENTUNIT1="bg$RANDOM.service"
+    TRANSIENTUNIT2="bgg$RANDOM.service"
+
+    trap background_at_return RETURN
+
+    cat > /etc/pam.d/"$PAMSERVICE" <<EOF
+auth sufficient    pam_unix.so
+auth required      pam_deny.so
+account sufficient pam_unix.so
+account required   pam_permit.so
+session optional   pam_systemd.so debug
+session required   pam_unix.so
+EOF
+
+    systemd-run -u "$TRANSIENTUNIT1" -p PAMName="$PAMSERVICE" -p "Environment=XDG_SESSION_CLASS=background-light" -p Type=exec -p User=logind-test-user sleep infinity
+
+    # This was a 'light' background service, hence the service manager should not be running
+    (! systemctl is-active user@"$uid".service )
+
+    systemctl stop "$TRANSIENTUNIT1"
+
+    systemd-run -u "$TRANSIENTUNIT2" -p PAMName="$PAMSERVICE" -p "Environment=XDG_SESSION_CLASS=background" -p Type=exec -p User=logind-test-user sleep infinity
+
+    # This was a regular background service, hence the service manager should be running
+    systemctl is-active user@"$uid".service
+
+    systemctl stop "$TRANSIENTUNIT2"
+
+    systemctl stop user@"$uid".service
+}
+
 setup_test_user
-test_enable_debug
+test_write_dropin
 run_testcases
 
 touch /testok
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-36.sh b/test/units/TEST-36-NUMAPOLICY.sh
index 8a53b98..fcd3d6d 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-36.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-36-NUMAPOLICY.sh
@@ -3,6 +3,11 @@
 set -eux
 set -o pipefail
 
+if [[ -n "${ASAN_OPTIONS:-}" ]]; then
+    echo "This test does not support running with sanitizers, skipping the test" | tee --append /skipped
+    exit 77
+fi
+
 # shellcheck disable=SC2317
 at_exit() {
     # shellcheck disable=SC2181
@@ -29,7 +34,7 @@ testUnitFile="/run/systemd/system/$testUnit"
 testUnitNUMAConf="$testUnitFile.d/numa.conf"
 
 # Sleep constants (we should probably figure out something better but nothing comes to mind)
-sleepAfterStart=1
+sleepAfterStart=3
 
 # Journal cursor for easier navigation
 journalCursorFile="jounalCursorFile"
@@ -80,7 +85,7 @@ EOF
 
 writeTestUnit() {
     mkdir -p "$testUnitFile.d/"
-    printf "[Service]\nExecStart=/bin/sleep 3600\n" >"$testUnitFile"
+    printf "[Service]\nExecStart=sleep 3600\n" >"$testUnitFile"
 }
 
 writeTestUnitNUMAPolicy() {
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-38-sleep.service b/test/units/TEST-38-FREEZER-sleep.service
index c116c80..1bb9ddf 100644
--- a/test/units/testsuite-38-sleep.service
+++ b/test/units/TEST-38-FREEZER-sleep.service
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
 [Service]
-ExecStart=/bin/sleep 3600
+ExecStart=sleep 3600
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-38.sh b/test/units/TEST-38-FREEZER.sh
index 5fc87fc..0759784 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-38.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-38-FREEZER.sh
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ set -o pipefail
 
 systemd-analyze log-level debug
 
-unit=testsuite-38-sleep.service
+unit=TEST-38-FREEZER-sleep.service
 
 start_test_service() {
     systemctl daemon-reload
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ check_freezer_state() {
 
         # Ignore the intermediate freezing & thawing states in case we check
         # the unit state too quickly
-        [[ "$state" =~ ^(freezing|thawing)$ ]] || break
+        [[ "$state" =~ ^(freezing|thawing) ]] || break
         sleep .5
     done
 
@@ -105,7 +105,14 @@ check_freezer_state() {
 }
 
 check_cgroup_state() {
-    grep -q "frozen $2" /sys/fs/cgroup/system.slice/"$1"/cgroup.events
+    # foo.unit -> /system.slice/foo.unit/
+    # foo.slice/ -> /foo.slice/./
+    # foo.slice/foo.unit -> /foo.slice/foo.unit/
+    local slice unit
+    unit="${1##*/}"
+    slice="${1%"$unit"}"
+    slice="${slice%/}"
+    grep -q "frozen $2" /sys/fs/cgroup/"${slice:-system.slice}"/"${unit:-.}"/cgroup.events
 }
 
 testcase_dbus_api() {
@@ -142,31 +149,6 @@ testcase_dbus_api() {
     echo
 }
 
-testcase_jobs() {
-    local pid_before=
-    local pid_after=
-    echo "Test that it is possible to apply jobs on frozen units:"
-
-    systemctl start "${unit}"
-    dbus_freeze "${unit}"
-    check_freezer_state "${unit}" "frozen"
-
-    echo -n "  - restart: "
-    pid_before=$(systemctl show -p MainPID "${unit}" --value)
-    systemctl restart "${unit}"
-    pid_after=$(systemctl show -p MainPID "${unit}" --value)
-    [ "$pid_before" != "$pid_after" ] && echo "[ OK ]"
-
-    dbus_freeze "${unit}"
-    check_freezer_state "${unit}" "frozen"
-
-    echo -n "  - stop: "
-    timeout 5s systemctl stop "${unit}"
-    echo "[ OK ]"
-
-    echo
-}
-
 testcase_systemctl() {
     echo "Test that systemctl freeze/thaw verbs:"
 
@@ -224,22 +206,101 @@ testcase_recursive() {
 
     echo "Test recursive freezing:"
 
-    echo -n "  - freeze: "
+    echo -n "  - freeze/thaw parent: "
     systemctl freeze "$slice"
-    check_freezer_state "${slice}" "frozen"
-    check_freezer_state "${unit}" "frozen"
-    grep -q "frozen 1" /sys/fs/cgroup/"${slice}"/cgroup.events
-    grep -q "frozen 1" /sys/fs/cgroup/"${slice}"/"${unit}"/cgroup.events
+    check_freezer_state "$slice" "frozen"
+    check_freezer_state "$unit" "frozen-by-parent"
+    check_cgroup_state "$slice/" 1
+    check_cgroup_state "$slice/$unit" 1
+    systemctl thaw "$slice"
+    check_freezer_state "$slice" "running"
+    check_freezer_state "$unit" "running"
+    check_cgroup_state "$slice/" 0
+    check_cgroup_state "$slice/$unit" 0
     echo "[ OK ]"
 
-    echo -n "  - thaw: "
+    echo -n "  - child freeze/thaw during frozen parent: "
+    systemctl freeze "$slice"
+    check_freezer_state "$slice" "frozen"
+    check_freezer_state "$unit" "frozen-by-parent"
+    check_cgroup_state "$slice/" 1
+    check_cgroup_state "$slice/$unit" 1
+    systemctl freeze "$unit"
+    check_freezer_state "$slice" "frozen"
+    check_freezer_state "$unit" "frozen"
+    check_cgroup_state "$slice/" 1
+    check_cgroup_state "$slice/$unit" 1
+    systemctl thaw "$unit"
+    check_freezer_state "$slice" "frozen"
+    check_freezer_state "$unit" "frozen-by-parent"
+    check_cgroup_state "$slice/" 1
+    check_cgroup_state "$slice/$unit" 1
     systemctl thaw "$slice"
-    check_freezer_state "${unit}" "running"
-    check_freezer_state "${slice}" "running"
-    grep -q "frozen 0" /sys/fs/cgroup/"${slice}"/cgroup.events
-    grep -q "frozen 0" /sys/fs/cgroup/"${slice}"/"${unit}"/cgroup.events
+    check_freezer_state "$slice" "running"
+    check_freezer_state "$unit" "running"
+    check_cgroup_state "$slice/" 0
+    check_cgroup_state "$slice/$unit" 0
     echo "[ OK ]"
 
+    echo -n "  - pre-frozen child not thawed by parent: "
+    systemctl freeze "$unit"
+    check_freezer_state "$slice" "running"
+    check_freezer_state "$unit" "frozen"
+    check_cgroup_state "$slice/" 0
+    check_cgroup_state "$slice/$unit" 1
+    systemctl freeze "$slice"
+    check_freezer_state "$slice" "frozen"
+    check_freezer_state "$unit" "frozen"
+    check_cgroup_state "$slice/" 1
+    check_cgroup_state "$slice/$unit" 1
+    systemctl thaw "$slice"
+    check_freezer_state "$slice" "running"
+    check_freezer_state "$unit" "frozen"
+    check_cgroup_state "$slice/" 0
+    check_cgroup_state "$slice/$unit" 1
+    echo "[ OK ]"
+
+    echo -n "  - pre-frozen child demoted and thawed by parent: "
+    systemctl freeze "$slice"
+    check_freezer_state "$slice" "frozen"
+    check_freezer_state "$unit" "frozen"
+    check_cgroup_state "$slice/" 1
+    check_cgroup_state "$slice/$unit" 1
+    systemctl thaw "$unit"
+    check_freezer_state "$slice" "frozen"
+    check_freezer_state "$unit" "frozen-by-parent"
+    check_cgroup_state "$slice/" 1
+    check_cgroup_state "$slice/$unit" 1
+    systemctl thaw "$slice"
+    check_freezer_state "$slice" "running"
+    check_freezer_state "$unit" "running"
+    check_cgroup_state "$slice/" 0
+    check_cgroup_state "$slice/$unit" 0
+    echo "[ OK ]"
+
+    echo -n "  - child promoted and not thawed by parent: "
+    systemctl freeze "$slice"
+    check_freezer_state "$slice" "frozen"
+    check_freezer_state "$unit" "frozen-by-parent"
+    check_cgroup_state "$slice/" 1
+    check_cgroup_state "$slice/$unit" 1
+    systemctl freeze "$unit"
+    check_freezer_state "$slice" "frozen"
+    check_freezer_state "$unit" "frozen"
+    check_cgroup_state "$slice/" 1
+    check_cgroup_state "$slice/$unit" 1
+    systemctl thaw "$slice"
+    check_freezer_state "$slice" "running"
+    check_freezer_state "$unit" "frozen"
+    check_cgroup_state "$slice/" 0
+    check_cgroup_state "$slice/$unit" 1
+    echo "[ OK ]"
+
+    echo -n "  - can't stop a frozen unit: "
+    (! systemctl -q stop "$unit" )
+    echo "[ OK ]"
+    systemctl thaw "$unit"
+
     systemctl stop "$unit"
     systemctl stop "$slice"
 
@@ -255,38 +316,39 @@ testcase_preserve_state() {
     echo "Test that freezer state is preserved when recursive freezing is initiated from outside (e.g. by manager up the tree):"
 
     echo -n "  - freeze from outside: "
-    echo 1 >/sys/fs/cgroup/"${slice}"/cgroup.freeze
+    echo 1 >/sys/fs/cgroup/"$slice"/cgroup.freeze
     # Give kernel some time to freeze the slice
     sleep 1
 
     # Our state should not be affected
-    check_freezer_state "${slice}" "running"
-    check_freezer_state "${unit}" "running"
+    check_freezer_state "$slice" "running"
+    check_freezer_state "$unit" "running"
 
     # However actual kernel state should be frozen
-    grep -q "frozen 1" /sys/fs/cgroup/"${slice}"/cgroup.events
-    grep -q "frozen 1" /sys/fs/cgroup/"${slice}"/"${unit}"/cgroup.events
+    check_cgroup_state "$slice/" 1
+    check_cgroup_state "$slice/$unit" 1
     echo "[ OK ]"
 
     echo -n "  - thaw from outside: "
-    echo 0 >/sys/fs/cgroup/"${slice}"/cgroup.freeze
+    echo 0 >/sys/fs/cgroup/"$slice"/cgroup.freeze
     sleep 1
 
-    check_freezer_state "${unit}" "running"
-    check_freezer_state "${slice}" "running"
-    grep -q "frozen 0" /sys/fs/cgroup/"${slice}"/cgroup.events
-    grep -q "frozen 0" /sys/fs/cgroup/"${slice}"/"${unit}"/cgroup.events
+    check_freezer_state "$unit" "running"
+    check_freezer_state "$slice" "running"
+    check_cgroup_state "$slice/" 0
+    check_cgroup_state "$slice/$unit" 0
     echo "[ OK ]"
 
     echo -n "  - thaw from outside while inner service is frozen: "
     systemctl freeze "$unit"
-    check_freezer_state "${unit}" "frozen"
-    echo 1 >/sys/fs/cgroup/"${slice}"/cgroup.freeze
-    echo 0 >/sys/fs/cgroup/"${slice}"/cgroup.freeze
-    check_freezer_state "${slice}" "running"
-    check_freezer_state "${unit}" "frozen"
+    check_freezer_state "$unit" "frozen"
+    echo 1 >/sys/fs/cgroup/"$slice"/cgroup.freeze
+    echo 0 >/sys/fs/cgroup/"$slice"/cgroup.freeze
+    check_freezer_state "$slice" "running"
+    check_freezer_state "$unit" "frozen"
     echo "[ OK ]"
 
+    systemctl thaw "$unit"
     systemctl stop "$unit"
     systemctl stop "$slice"
 
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-43.sh b/test/units/TEST-43-PRIVATEUSER-UNPRIV.sh
index 4f31a33..165af47 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-43.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-43-PRIVATEUSER-UNPRIV.sh
@@ -6,9 +6,11 @@ set -o pipefail
 # shellcheck source=test/units/util.sh
 . "$(dirname "$0")"/util.sh
 
+install_extension_images
+
 if [[ "$(sysctl -ne kernel.apparmor_restrict_unprivileged_userns)" -eq 1 ]]; then
     echo "Cannot create unprivileged user namespaces" >/skipped
-    exit 0
+    exit 77
 fi
 
 systemd-analyze log-level debug
@@ -130,7 +132,7 @@ umount /tmp/img_bind
 # Unprivileged overlayfs was added to Linux 5.11, so try to detect it first
 mkdir -p /tmp/a /tmp/b /tmp/c
 if unshare --mount --user --map-root-user mount -t overlay overlay /tmp/c -o lowerdir=/tmp/a:/tmp/b; then
-    unsquashfs -no-xattrs -d /tmp/app2 /usr/share/app1.raw
+    unsquashfs -no-xattrs -d /tmp/app2 /tmp/app1.raw
     runas testuser systemd-run --wait --user --unit=test-extension-dir \
         -p ExtensionDirectories=/tmp/app2 \
         -p TemporaryFileSystem=/run -p RootDirectory=/tmp/img \
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-44.sh b/test/units/TEST-44-LOG-NAMESPACE.sh
index fbd4ae6..0819a4b 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-44.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-44-LOG-NAMESPACE.sh
@@ -4,12 +4,24 @@ set -eux
 
 systemd-analyze log-level debug
 
+journalctl --list-namespaces -o json | jq .
+
 systemd-run --wait -p LogNamespace=foobar echo "hello world"
+systemd-run --wait -p LogNamespace=foobaz echo "hello world"
 
 journalctl --namespace=foobar --sync
+journalctl --namespace=foobaz --sync
+ls -l /var/log/journal/
+journalctl --list-namespaces
+
 journalctl -o cat --namespace=foobar >/tmp/hello-world
 journalctl -o cat >/tmp/no-hello-world
 
+journalctl --list-namespaces | grep foobar
+journalctl --list-namespaces | grep foobaz
+journalctl --list-namespaces -o json | jq .
+[[ "$(journalctl --root=/tmp --list-namespaces --quiet)" == "" ]]
+
 grep "^hello world$" /tmp/hello-world
 (! grep "^hello world$" /tmp/no-hello-world)
 
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-45.sh b/test/units/TEST-45-TIMEDATE.sh
index b426927..dff3ed0 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-45.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-45-TIMEDATE.sh
@@ -57,12 +57,12 @@ testcase_timezone() {
     assert_in "Local time:" "$(timedatectl --no-pager)"
 
     echo 'change timezone'
-    assert_eq "$(timedatectl --no-pager set-timezone Europe/Kiev 2>&1)" ""
-    assert_eq "$(readlink /etc/localtime | sed 's#^.*zoneinfo/##')" "Europe/Kiev"
+    assert_eq "$(timedatectl --no-pager set-timezone Europe/Kyiv 2>&1)" ""
+    assert_eq "$(readlink /etc/localtime | sed 's#^.*zoneinfo/##')" "Europe/Kyiv"
     if [[ -f /etc/timezone ]]; then
-        assert_eq "$(cat /etc/timezone)" "Europe/Kiev"
+        assert_eq "$(cat /etc/timezone)" "Europe/Kyiv"
     fi
-    assert_in "Time zone: Europe/Kiev \(EES*T, \+0[0-9]00\)" "$(timedatectl)"
+    assert_in "Time zone: Europe/Kyiv \(EES*T, \+0[0-9]00\)" "$(timedatectl)"
 
     if [[ -n "$ORIG_TZ" ]]; then
         echo 'reset timezone to original'
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ assert_ntp() {
 assert_timedated_signal() {
     local timestamp="${1:?}"
     local value="${2:?}"
-    local args=(-q -n 1 --since="$timestamp" -p info _SYSTEMD_UNIT="busctl-monitor" + SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER="busctl-monitor")
+    local args=(-q -n 1 --since="$timestamp" -p info _SYSTEMD_UNIT="busctl-monitor.service")
 
     journalctl --sync
 
@@ -258,12 +258,12 @@ ConditionVirtualization=
 Type=simple
 AmbientCapabilities=
 ExecStart=
-ExecStart=/bin/sleep infinity
+ExecStart=sleep infinity
 EOF
         systemctl daemon-reload
     fi
 
-    systemd-run --unit busctl-monitor.service -p SyslogIdentifier=busctl-monitor --service-type=notify \
+    systemd-run --unit busctl-monitor.service --service-type=notify \
         busctl monitor --json=short --match="type=signal,sender=org.freedesktop.timedate1,member=PropertiesChanged,path=/org/freedesktop/timedate1"
 
     : 'Disable NTP'
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ assert_timesyncd_signal() {
     local timestamp="${1:?}"
     local property="${2:?}"
     local value="${3:?}"
-    local args=(-q --since="$timestamp" -p info _SYSTEMD_UNIT="busctl-monitor.service" + SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER="busctl-monitor")
+    local args=(-q --since="$timestamp" -p info _SYSTEMD_UNIT="busctl-monitor.service")
 
     journalctl --sync
 
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ EOF
     systemctl restart systemd-networkd
     networkctl status ntp99
 
-    systemd-run --unit busctl-monitor.service -p SyslogIdentifier=busctl-monitor --service-type=notify \
+    systemd-run --unit busctl-monitor.service --service-type=notify \
         busctl monitor --json=short --match="type=signal,sender=org.freedesktop.timesync1,member=PropertiesChanged,path=/org/freedesktop/timesync1"
 
     # LinkNTPServers
diff --git a/test/units/TEST-46-HOMED.sh b/test/units/TEST-46-HOMED.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..61590a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/units/TEST-46-HOMED.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,620 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+set -eux
+set -o pipefail
+
+# Check if homectl is installed, and if it isn't bail out early instead of failing
+if ! test -x /usr/bin/homectl ; then
+        echo "no homed" >/skipped
+        exit 77
+fi
+
+inspect() {
+    # As updating disk-size-related attributes can take some time on some
+    # filesystems, let's drop these fields before comparing the outputs to
+    # avoid unexpected fails. To see the full outputs of both homectl &
+    # userdbctl (for debugging purposes) drop the fields just before the
+    # comparison.
+    local USERNAME="${1:?}"
+    homectl inspect "$USERNAME" | tee /tmp/a
+    userdbctl user "$USERNAME" | tee /tmp/b
+
+    # diff uses the grep BREs for pattern matching
+    diff -I '^\s*Disk \(Size\|Free\|Floor\|Ceiling\|Usage\):' /tmp/{a,b}
+    rm /tmp/{a,b}
+
+    homectl inspect --json=pretty "$USERNAME"
+}
+
+wait_for_state() {
+    for i in {1..10}; do
+        (( i > 1 )) && sleep 0.5
+        homectl inspect "$1" | grep -qF "State: $2" && break
+    done
+}
+
+FSTYPE="$(stat --file-system --format "%T" /)"
+
+systemctl start systemd-homed.service systemd-userdbd.socket
+
+systemd-analyze log-level debug
+systemctl service-log-level systemd-homed debug
+
+# Create a tmpfs to use as backing store for the home dir. That way we can enforce a size limit nicely.
+mkdir -p /home
+mount -t tmpfs tmpfs /home -o size=290M
+
+TMP_SKEL=$(mktemp -d)
+echo hogehoge >"$TMP_SKEL"/hoge
+
+# we enable --luks-discard= since we run our tests in a tight VM, hence don't
+# needlessly pressure for storage. We also set the cheapest KDF, since we don't
+# want to waste CI CPU cycles on it. We also effectively disable rate-limiting on
+# the user by allowing 1000 logins per second
+NEWPASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl create test-user \
+           --disk-size=min \
+           --luks-discard=yes \
+           --image-path=/home/test-user.home \
+           --luks-pbkdf-type=pbkdf2 \
+           --luks-pbkdf-time-cost=1ms \
+           --rate-limit-interval=1s \
+           --rate-limit-burst=1000 \
+           --skel="$TMP_SKEL"
+inspect test-user
+
+PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl authenticate test-user
+
+PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl activate test-user
+inspect test-user
+
+PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl update test-user --real-name="Inline test"
+inspect test-user
+
+homectl deactivate test-user
+inspect test-user
+
+PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s NEWPASSWORD=yPN4N0fYNKUkOq homectl passwd test-user
+inspect test-user
+
+PASSWORD=yPN4N0fYNKUkOq homectl activate test-user
+inspect test-user
+
+SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL=debug PASSWORD=yPN4N0fYNKUkOq NEWPASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl passwd test-user
+inspect test-user
+
+homectl deactivate test-user
+inspect test-user
+
+homectl update test-user --real-name "Offline test" --offline
+inspect test-user
+
+PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl activate test-user
+inspect test-user
+
+# Ensure that the offline changes were propagated in
+grep "Offline test" /home/test-user/.identity
+
+homectl deactivate test-user
+inspect test-user
+
+PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl update test-user --real-name="Inactive test"
+inspect test-user
+
+PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl activate test-user
+inspect test-user
+
+homectl deactivate test-user
+inspect test-user
+
+# Do some keyring tests, but only on real kernels, since keyring access inside of containers will fail
+# (See: https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/17606)
+if ! systemd-detect-virt -cq ; then
+        PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl activate test-user
+        inspect test-user
+
+        # Key should now be in the keyring
+        homectl update test-user --real-name "Keyring Test"
+        inspect test-user
+
+        # These commands shouldn't use the keyring
+        (! timeout 5s homectl authenticate test-user )
+        (! NEWPASSWORD="foobar" timeout 5s homectl passwd test-user )
+
+        homectl lock test-user
+        inspect test-user
+
+        # Key should be gone from keyring
+        (! timeout 5s homectl update test-user --real-name "Keyring Test 2" )
+
+        PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl unlock test-user
+        inspect test-user
+
+        # Key should have been re-instantiated into the keyring
+        homectl update test-user --real-name "Keyring Test 3"
+        inspect test-user
+
+        homectl deactivate test-user
+        inspect test-user
+fi
+
+# Do some resize tests, but only if we run on real kernels and are on btrfs, as quota inside of containers
+# will fail and minimizing while active only works on btrfs.
+if ! systemd-detect-virt -cq && [[ "$FSTYPE" == "btrfs" ]]; then
+    # grow while inactive
+    PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl resize test-user 300M
+    inspect test-user
+
+    # minimize while inactive
+    PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl resize test-user min
+    inspect test-user
+
+    PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl activate test-user
+    inspect test-user
+
+    # grow while active
+    PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl resize test-user max
+    inspect test-user
+
+    # minimize while active
+    PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl resize test-user 0
+    inspect test-user
+
+    # grow while active
+    PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl resize test-user 300M
+    inspect test-user
+
+    # shrink to original size while active
+    PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl resize test-user 256M
+    inspect test-user
+
+    # minimize again
+    PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl resize test-user min
+    inspect test-user
+
+    # Increase space, so that we can reasonably rebalance free space between to home dirs
+    mount /home -o remount,size=800M
+
+    # create second user
+    NEWPASSWORD=uuXoo8ei homectl create test-user2 \
+           --disk-size=min \
+           --luks-discard=yes \
+           --image-path=/home/test-user2.home \
+           --luks-pbkdf-type=pbkdf2 \
+           --luks-pbkdf-time-cost=1ms \
+           --rate-limit-interval=1s \
+           --rate-limit-burst=1000
+    inspect test-user2
+
+    # activate second user
+    PASSWORD=uuXoo8ei homectl activate test-user2
+    inspect test-user2
+
+    # set second user's rebalance weight to 100
+    PASSWORD=uuXoo8ei homectl update test-user2 --rebalance-weight=100
+    inspect test-user2
+
+    # set first user's rebalance weight to quarter of that of the second
+    PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl update test-user --rebalance-weight=25
+    inspect test-user
+
+    # synchronously rebalance
+    homectl rebalance
+    inspect test-user
+    inspect test-user2
+
+    wait_for_state test-user2 active
+    homectl deactivate test-user2
+    wait_for_state test-user2 inactive
+    homectl remove test-user2
+fi
+
+PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl with test-user -- test ! -f /home/test-user/xyz
+(! PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl with test-user -- test -f /home/test-user/xyz)
+PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl with test-user -- touch /home/test-user/xyz
+PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl with test-user -- test -f /home/test-user/xyz
+PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl with test-user -- rm /home/test-user/xyz
+PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl with test-user -- test ! -f /home/test-user/xyz
+(! PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl with test-user -- test -f /home/test-user/xyz)
+[[ $(PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl with test-user -- stat -c %U /home/test-user/hoge) == "test-user" ]]
+[[ $(PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl with test-user -- cat /home/test-user/hoge) == "$(cat "$TMP_SKEL"/hoge)" ]]
+
+# Regression tests
+wait_for_state test-user inactive
+/usr/lib/systemd/tests/unit-tests/manual/test-homed-regression-31896 test-user
+
+wait_for_state test-user inactive
+homectl remove test-user
+
+# blob directory tests
+# See docs/USER_RECORD_BLOB_DIRS.md
+checkblob() {
+        test -f "/var/cache/systemd/home/blob-user/$1"
+        stat -c "%u %#a" "/var/cache/systemd/home/blob-user/$1" | grep "^0 0644"
+        test -f "/home/blob-user/.identity-blob/$1"
+        stat -c "%u %#a" "/home/blob-user/.identity-blob/$1" | grep "^12345 0644"
+
+        diff "/var/cache/systemd/home/blob-user/$1" "$2"
+        diff "/var/cache/systemd/home/blob-user/$1" "/home/blob-user/.identity-blob/$1"
+}
+
+mkdir /tmp/blob1 /tmp/blob2
+echo data1 blob1 >/tmp/blob1/test1
+echo data1 blob2 >/tmp/blob2/test1
+echo data2 blob1 >/tmp/blob1/test2
+echo data2 blob2 >/tmp/blob2/test2
+echo invalid filename >/tmp/blob1/файл
+echo data3 >/tmp/external-test3
+echo avatardata >/tmp/external-avatar
+ln -s /tmp/external-avatar /tmp/external-avatar-lnk
+dd if=/dev/urandom of=/tmp/external-barely-fits bs=1M count=64
+dd if=/dev/urandom of=/tmp/external-toobig bs=1M count=65
+
+# create w/ prepopulated blob dir
+NEWPASSWORD=EMJuc3zQaMibJo homectl create blob-user \
+           --disk-size=min --luks-discard=yes \
+           --luks-pbkdf-type=pbkdf2 --luks-pbkdf-time-cost=1ms \
+           --rate-limit-interval=1s --rate-limit-burst=1000 \
+           --uid=12345 \
+           --blob=/tmp/blob1
+inspect blob-user
+PASSWORD=EMJuc3zQaMibJo homectl activate blob-user
+inspect blob-user
+
+test -d /var/cache/systemd/home/blob-user
+stat -c "%u %#a" /var/cache/systemd/home/blob-user | grep "^0 0755"
+test -d /home/blob-user/.identity-blob
+stat -c "%u %#a" /home/blob-user/.identity-blob | grep "^12345 0700"
+
+checkblob test1 /tmp/blob1/test1
+(! checkblob test1 /tmp/blob2/test1 )
+checkblob test2 /tmp/blob1/test2
+(! checkblob test2 /tmp/blob2/test2 )
+(! checkblob фаил /tmp/blob1/фаил )
+(! checkblob test3 /tmp/external-test3 )
+(! checkblob avatar /tmp/external-avatar )
+
+# append files to existing blob, both well-known and other
+PASSWORD=EMJuc3zQaMibJo homectl update blob-user \
+        -b test3=/tmp/external-test3 --avatar=/tmp/external-avatar
+inspect blob-user
+checkblob test1 /tmp/blob1/test1
+(! checkblob test1 /tmp/blob2/test1 )
+checkblob test2 /tmp/blob1/test2
+(! checkblob test2 /tmp/blob2/test2 )
+(! checkblob фаил /tmp/blob1/фаил )
+checkblob test3 /tmp/external-test3
+checkblob avatar /tmp/external-avatar
+
+# delete files from existing blob, both well-known and other
+PASSWORD=EMJuc3zQaMibJo homectl update blob-user \
+        -b test3= --avatar=
+inspect blob-user
+checkblob test1 /tmp/blob1/test1
+(! checkblob test1 /tmp/blob2/test1 )
+checkblob test2 /tmp/blob1/test2
+(! checkblob test2 /tmp/blob2/test2 )
+(! checkblob фаил /tmp/blob1/фаил )
+(! checkblob test3 /tmp/external-test3 )
+(! checkblob avatar /tmp/external-avatar )
+
+# swap entire blob directory
+PASSWORD=EMJuc3zQaMibJo homectl update blob-user \
+        -b /tmp/blob2
+inspect blob-user
+(! checkblob test1 /tmp/blob1/test1 )
+checkblob test1 /tmp/blob2/test1
+(! checkblob test2 /tmp/blob1/test2 )
+checkblob test2 /tmp/blob2/test2
+(! checkblob фаил /tmp/blob1/фаил )
+(! checkblob test3 /tmp/external-test3 )
+(! checkblob avatar /tmp/external-avatar )
+
+# create and delete files while swapping blob directory. Also symlinks.
+PASSWORD=EMJuc3zQaMibJo homectl update blob-user \
+        -b /tmp/blob1 -b test2= -b test3=/tmp/external-test3 --avatar=/tmp/external-avatar-lnk
+inspect blob-user
+checkblob test1 /tmp/blob1/test1
+(! checkblob test1 /tmp/blob2/test1 )
+(! checkblob test2 /tmp/blob1/test2 )
+(! checkblob test2 /tmp/blob2/test2 )
+(! checkblob фаил /tmp/blob1/фаил )
+checkblob test3 /tmp/external-test3
+checkblob avatar /tmp/external-avatar # target of the link
+
+# clear the blob directory
+PASSWORD=EMJuc3zQaMibJo homectl update blob-user \
+        -b /tmp/blob2 -b test3=/tmp/external-test3 --blob=
+inspect blob-user
+(! checkblob test1 /tmp/blob1/test1 )
+(! checkblob test1 /tmp/blob2/test1 )
+(! checkblob test2 /tmp/blob1/test2 )
+(! checkblob test2 /tmp/blob2/test2 )
+(! checkblob фаил /tmp/blob1/фаил )
+(! checkblob test3 /tmp/external-test3 )
+(! checkblob avatar /tmp/external-avatar )
+
+# file that's exactly 64M still fits
+# FIXME: Figure out why this fails on ext4.
+if [[ "$FSTYPE" != "ext2/ext3" ]]; then
+    PASSWORD=EMJuc3zQaMibJo homectl update blob-user \
+            -b barely-fits=/tmp/external-barely-fits
+    (! checkblob test1 /tmp/blob1/test1 )
+    (! checkblob test1 /tmp/blob2/test1 )
+    (! checkblob test2 /tmp/blob1/test2 )
+    (! checkblob test2 /tmp/blob2/test2 )
+    (! checkblob фаил /tmp/blob1/фаил )
+    (! checkblob test3 /tmp/external-test3 )
+    (! checkblob avatar /tmp/external-avatar )
+    checkblob barely-fits /tmp/external-barely-fits
+fi
+
+# error out if the file is too big
+(! PASSWORD=EMJuc3zQaMibJo homectl update blob-user -b huge=/tmp/external-toobig )
+
+# error out if filenames are invalid
+(! PASSWORD=EMJuc3zQaMibJo homectl update blob-user -b .hidden=/tmp/external-test3 )
+(! PASSWORD=EMJuc3zQaMibJo homectl update blob-user -b "with spaces=/tmp/external-test3" )
+(! PASSWORD=EMJuc3zQaMibJo homectl update blob-user -b with=equals=/tmp/external-test3 )
+(! PASSWORD=EMJuc3zQaMibJo homectl update blob-user -b файл=/tmp/external-test3 )
+(! PASSWORD=EMJuc3zQaMibJo homectl update blob-user -b special@chars=/tmp/external-test3 )
+
+# Make sure offline updates to blobs get propagated in
+homectl deactivate blob-user
+inspect blob-user
+homectl update blob-user --offline -b barely-fits= -b propagated=/tmp/external-test3
+inspect blob-user
+PASSWORD=EMJuc3zQaMibJo homectl activate blob-user
+inspect blob-user
+(! checkblob barely-fits /tmp/external-barely-fits )
+checkblob propagated /tmp/external-test3
+
+homectl deactivate blob-user
+wait_for_state blob-user inactive
+homectl remove blob-user
+
+# userdbctl tests
+export PAGER=
+
+# Create a couple of user/group records to test io.systemd.DropIn
+# See docs/USER_RECORD.md and docs/GROUP_RECORD.md
+mkdir -p /run/userdb/
+cat >"/run/userdb/dropingroup.group" <<\EOF
+{
+    "groupName" : "dropingroup",
+    "gid"       : 1000000
+}
+EOF
+cat >"/run/userdb/dropinuser.user" <<\EOF
+{
+    "userName" : "dropinuser",
+    "uid"      : 2000000,
+    "realName" : "🐱",
+    "memberOf" : [
+        "dropingroup"
+    ]
+}
+EOF
+cat >"/run/userdb/dropinuser.user-privileged" <<\EOF
+{
+    "privileged" : {
+        "hashedPassword" : [
+            "$6$WHBKvAFFT9jKPA4k$OPY4D4TczKN/jOnJzy54DDuOOagCcvxxybrwMbe1SVdm.Bbr.zOmBdATp.QrwZmvqyr8/SafbbQu.QZ2rRvDs/"
+        ],
+        "sshAuthorizedKeys" : [
+            "ssh-ed25519 AAAAC3NzaC1lZDI1NTE5AAAAIA//dxI2xLg4MgxIKKZv1nqwTEIlE/fdakii2Fb75pG+ foo@bar.tld",
+            "ecdsa-sha2-nistp256 AAAAE2VjZHNhLXNoYTItbmlzdHAyNTYAAAAIbmlzdHAyNTYAAABBBMlaqG2rTMje5CQnfjXJKmoSpEVJ2gWtx4jBvsQbmee2XbU/Qdq5+SRisssR9zVuxgg5NA5fv08MgjwJQMm+csc= hello@world.tld"
+        ]
+    }
+}
+EOF
+# Set permissions and create necessary symlinks as described in nss-systemd(8)
+chmod 0600 "/run/userdb/dropinuser.user-privileged"
+ln -svrf "/run/userdb/dropingroup.group" "/run/userdb/1000000.group"
+ln -svrf "/run/userdb/dropinuser.user" "/run/userdb/2000000.user"
+ln -svrf "/run/userdb/dropinuser.user-privileged" "/run/userdb/2000000.user-privileged"
+
+userdbctl
+userdbctl --version
+userdbctl --help --no-pager
+userdbctl --no-legend
+userdbctl --output=classic
+userdbctl --output=friendly
+userdbctl --output=table
+userdbctl --output=json | jq
+userdbctl -j --json=pretty | jq
+userdbctl -j --json=short | jq
+userdbctl --with-varlink=no
+
+userdbctl user
+userdbctl user testuser
+userdbctl user root
+userdbctl user testuser root
+userdbctl user -j testuser root | jq
+# Check only UID for the nobody user, since the name is build-configurable
+userdbctl user --with-nss=no --synthesize=yes
+userdbctl user --with-nss=no --synthesize=yes 0 root 65534
+userdbctl user dropinuser
+userdbctl user 2000000
+userdbctl user --with-nss=no --with-varlink=no --synthesize=no --multiplexer=no dropinuser
+userdbctl user --with-nss=no 2000000
+(! userdbctl user '')
+(! userdbctl user 🐱)
+(! userdbctl user 🐱 '' bar)
+(! userdbctl user i-do-not-exist)
+(! userdbctl user root i-do-not-exist testuser)
+(! userdbctl user --with-nss=no --synthesize=no 0 root 65534)
+(! userdbctl user -N root nobody)
+(! userdbctl user --with-dropin=no dropinuser)
+(! userdbctl user --with-dropin=no 2000000)
+
+userdbctl group
+userdbctl group testuser
+userdbctl group root
+userdbctl group testuser root
+userdbctl group -j testuser root | jq
+# Check only GID for the nobody group, since the name is build-configurable
+userdbctl group --with-nss=no --synthesize=yes
+userdbctl group --with-nss=no --synthesize=yes 0 root 65534
+userdbctl group dropingroup
+userdbctl group 1000000
+userdbctl group --with-nss=no --with-varlink=no --synthesize=no --multiplexer=no dropingroup
+userdbctl group --with-nss=no 1000000
+(! userdbctl group '')
+(! userdbctl group 🐱)
+(! userdbctl group 🐱 '' bar)
+(! userdbctl group i-do-not-exist)
+(! userdbctl group root i-do-not-exist testuser)
+(! userdbctl group --with-nss=no --synthesize=no 0 root 65534)
+(! userdbctl group --with-dropin=no dropingroup)
+(! userdbctl group --with-dropin=no 1000000)
+
+userdbctl users-in-group
+userdbctl users-in-group testuser
+userdbctl users-in-group testuser root
+userdbctl users-in-group -j testuser root | jq
+userdbctl users-in-group 🐱
+(! userdbctl users-in-group '')
+(! userdbctl users-in-group foo '' bar)
+
+userdbctl groups-of-user
+userdbctl groups-of-user testuser
+userdbctl groups-of-user testuser root
+userdbctl groups-of-user -j testuser root | jq
+userdbctl groups-of-user 🐱
+(! userdbctl groups-of-user '')
+(! userdbctl groups-of-user foo '' bar)
+
+userdbctl services
+userdbctl services -j | jq
+
+varlinkctl call /run/systemd/userdb/io.systemd.Multiplexer io.systemd.UserDatabase.GetUserRecord '{"userName":"testuser","service":"io.systemd.Multiplexer"}'
+varlinkctl call /run/systemd/userdb/io.systemd.Multiplexer io.systemd.UserDatabase.GetUserRecord '{"userName":"root","service":"io.systemd.Multiplexer"}'
+varlinkctl call /run/systemd/userdb/io.systemd.Multiplexer io.systemd.UserDatabase.GetUserRecord '{"userName":"dropinuser","service":"io.systemd.Multiplexer"}'
+varlinkctl call /run/systemd/userdb/io.systemd.Multiplexer io.systemd.UserDatabase.GetUserRecord '{"uid":2000000,"service":"io.systemd.Multiplexer"}'
+(! varlinkctl call /run/systemd/userdb/io.systemd.Multiplexer io.systemd.UserDatabase.GetUserRecord '{"userName":"","service":"io.systemd.Multiplexer"}')
+(! varlinkctl call /run/systemd/userdb/io.systemd.Multiplexer io.systemd.UserDatabase.GetUserRecord '{"userName":"🐱","service":"io.systemd.Multiplexer"}')
+(! varlinkctl call /run/systemd/userdb/io.systemd.Multiplexer io.systemd.UserDatabase.GetUserRecord '{"userName":"i-do-not-exist","service":"io.systemd.Multiplexer"}')
+
+userdbctl ssh-authorized-keys dropinuser | tee /tmp/authorized-keys
+grep "ssh-ed25519" /tmp/authorized-keys
+grep "ecdsa-sha2-nistp256" /tmp/authorized-keys
+echo "my-top-secret-key 🐱" >/tmp/my-top-secret-key
+userdbctl ssh-authorized-keys dropinuser --chain /bin/cat /tmp/my-top-secret-key | tee /tmp/authorized-keys
+grep "ssh-ed25519" /tmp/authorized-keys
+grep "ecdsa-sha2-nistp256" /tmp/authorized-keys
+grep "my-top-secret-key 🐱" /tmp/authorized-keys
+(! userdbctl ssh-authorized-keys 🐱)
+(! userdbctl ssh-authorized-keys dropin-user --chain)
+(! userdbctl ssh-authorized-keys dropin-user --chain '')
+(! SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL=debug userdbctl ssh-authorized-keys dropin-user --chain /bin/false)
+
+(! userdbctl '')
+for opt in json multiplexer output synthesize with-dropin with-nss with-varlink; do
+    (! userdbctl "--$opt=''")
+    (! userdbctl "--$opt='🐱'")
+    (! userdbctl "--$opt=foo")
+    (! userdbctl "--$opt=foo" "--$opt=''" "--$opt=🐱")
+done
+
+# FIXME: sshd seems to crash inside asan currently, skip the actual ssh test hence
+if command -v ssh &>/dev/null && command -v sshd &>/dev/null && ! [[ -v ASAN_OPTIONS ]]; then
+    at_exit() {
+        set +e
+
+        systemctl is-active -q mysshserver.socket && systemctl stop mysshserver.socket
+        rm -f /tmp/homed.id_ecdsa /run/systemd/system/mysshserver{@.service,.socket}
+        systemctl daemon-reload
+        homectl remove homedsshtest
+        for dir in /etc /usr/lib; do
+            if [[ -f "$dir/pam.d/sshd.bak" ]]; then
+                mv "$dir/pam.d/sshd.bak" "$dir/pam.d/sshd"
+            fi
+        done
+    }
+
+    trap at_exit EXIT
+
+    # Test that SSH logins work with delayed unlocking
+    ssh-keygen -N '' -C '' -t ecdsa -f /tmp/homed.id_ecdsa
+    NEWPASSWORD=hunter4711 homectl create \
+                       --disk-size=min \
+                       --luks-discard=yes \
+                       --luks-pbkdf-type=pbkdf2 \
+                       --luks-pbkdf-time-cost=1ms \
+                       --rate-limit-interval=1s \
+                       --rate-limit-burst=1000 \
+                       --enforce-password-policy=no \
+                       --ssh-authorized-keys=@/tmp/homed.id_ecdsa.pub \
+                       --stop-delay=0 \
+                       homedsshtest
+    homectl inspect homedsshtest
+
+    mkdir -p /etc/ssh
+    test -f /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key || ssh-keygen -t ecdsa -C '' -N '' -f /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key
+
+    # ssh wants this dir around, but distros cannot agree on a common name for it, let's just create all that
+    # are aware of distros use
+    mkdir -p /usr/share/empty.sshd /var/empty /var/empty/sshd /run/sshd
+
+    for dir in /etc /usr/lib; do
+        if [[ -f "$dir/pam.d/sshd" ]]; then
+            mv "$dir/pam.d/sshd" "$dir/pam.d/sshd.bak"
+            cat >"$dir/pam.d/sshd" <<EOF
+auth    sufficient pam_unix.so nullok
+auth    sufficient pam_systemd_home.so debug
+auth    required   pam_deny.so
+account sufficient pam_systemd_home.so debug
+account sufficient pam_unix.so
+account required   pam_permit.so
+session optional   pam_systemd_home.so debug
+session optional   pam_systemd.so
+session required   pam_unix.so
+EOF
+            break
+        fi
+    done
+
+    mkdir -p /etc/sshd/
+    cat >/etc/ssh/sshd_config <<EOF
+AuthorizedKeysCommand /usr/bin/userdbctl ssh-authorized-keys %u
+AuthorizedKeysCommandUser root
+UsePAM yes
+AcceptEnv PASSWORD
+LogLevel DEBUG3
+EOF
+
+    cat >/run/systemd/system/mysshserver.socket <<EOF
+[Socket]
+ListenStream=4711
+Accept=yes
+EOF
+
+    cat >/run/systemd/system/mysshserver@.service <<EOF
+[Service]
+ExecStart=-/usr/sbin/sshd -i -d -e
+StandardInput=socket
+StandardOutput=socket
+StandardError=journal
+EOF
+
+    systemctl daemon-reload
+    systemctl start mysshserver.socket
+
+    userdbctl user -j homedsshtest
+
+    ssh -t -t -4 -p 4711 -i /tmp/homed.id_ecdsa \
+        -o "SetEnv PASSWORD=hunter4711" -o "StrictHostKeyChecking no" \
+        homedsshtest@localhost echo zzz | tr -d '\r' | tee /tmp/homedsshtest.out
+    grep -E "^zzz$" /tmp/homedsshtest.out
+    rm /tmp/homedsshtest.out
+
+    ssh -t -t -4 -p 4711 -i /tmp/homed.id_ecdsa \
+        -o "SetEnv PASSWORD=hunter4711" -o "StrictHostKeyChecking no" \
+        homedsshtest@localhost env
+
+    wait_for_state homedsshtest inactive
+fi
+
+systemd-analyze log-level info
+
+touch /testok
diff --git a/test/units/TEST-50-DISSECT.DDI.sh b/test/units/TEST-50-DISSECT.DDI.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..42c9a43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/units/TEST-50-DISSECT.DDI.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+set -eux
+set -o pipefail
+
+# Check that the /sbin/mount.ddi helper works
+dir="/tmp/mounthelper.$RANDOM"
+mount -t ddi "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt" "$dir" -o ro,X-mount.mkdir,discard
+umount -R "$dir"
+
+# Test systemd-repart --make-ddi=:
+if [[ -z "${OPENSSL_CONFIG:?}" ]] || ! command -v mksquashfs &>/dev/null; then
+    echo "Skipping --make-ddi= tests"
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+openssl req -config "$OPENSSL_CONFIG" -subj="/CN=waldo" \
+            -x509 -sha256 -nodes -days 365 -newkey rsa:4096 \
+            -keyout /tmp/test-50-privkey.key -out /tmp/test-50-cert.crt
+mkdir -p /tmp/test-50-confext/etc/extension-release.d/
+echo "foobar50" >/tmp/test-50-confext/etc/waldo
+{
+    grep -e '^\(ID\|VERSION_ID\)=' /etc/os-release
+    echo IMAGE_ID=waldo
+    echo IMAGE_VERSION=7
+} >/tmp/test-50-confext/etc/extension-release.d/extension-release.waldo
+mkdir -p /run/confexts
+
+SYSTEMD_REPART_OVERRIDE_FSTYPE=squashfs \
+    systemd-repart -C \
+                   -s /tmp/test-50-confext \
+                   --certificate=/tmp/test-50-cert.crt \
+                   --private-key=/tmp/test-50-privkey.key \
+                   /run/confexts/waldo.confext.raw
+rm -rf /tmp/test-50-confext
+
+mkdir -p /run/verity.d
+cp /tmp/test-50-cert.crt /run/verity.d/
+systemd-dissect --mtree /run/confexts/waldo.confext.raw
+
+systemd-confext refresh
+test "$(</etc/waldo)" = foobar50
+rm /run/confexts/waldo.confext.raw
+systemd-confext refresh
+test ! -f /etc/waldo
+
+mkdir -p /tmp/test-50-sysext/usr/lib/extension-release.d/
+# Make sure the sysext is big enough to not fit in the minimum partition size of repart so we know the
+# Minimize= logic is working.
+truncate --size=50M /tmp/test-50-sysext/usr/waldo
+{
+    grep -e '^\(ID\|VERSION_ID\)=' /etc/os-release
+    echo IMAGE_ID=waldo
+    echo IMAGE_VERSION=7
+} >/tmp/test-50-sysext/usr/lib/extension-release.d/extension-release.waldo
+mkdir -p /run/extensions
+
+SYSTEMD_REPART_OVERRIDE_FSTYPE=squashfs \
+    systemd-repart -S \
+                   -s /tmp/test-50-sysext \
+                   --certificate=/tmp/test-50-cert.crt \
+                   --private-key=/tmp/test-50-privkey.key \
+                   /run/extensions/waldo.sysext.raw
+
+systemd-dissect --mtree /run/extensions/waldo.sysext.raw
+systemd-sysext refresh
+test -f /usr/waldo
+rm /run/verity.d/test-50-cert.crt /run/extensions/waldo.sysext.raw /tmp/test-50-cert.crt /tmp/test-50-privkey.key
+systemd-sysext refresh
+test ! -f /usr/waldo
diff --git a/test/units/TEST-50-DISSECT.dissect.sh b/test/units/TEST-50-DISSECT.dissect.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..563206c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/units/TEST-50-DISSECT.dissect.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,745 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+# -*- mode: shell-script; indent-tabs-mode: nil; sh-basic-offset: 4; -*-
+# ex: ts=8 sw=4 sts=4 et filetype=sh
+# shellcheck disable=SC2233,SC2235
+set -eux
+set -o pipefail
+
+# shellcheck source=test/units/util.sh
+. "$(dirname "$0")"/util.sh
+
+BIND_LOG_SOCKETS=(
+    --property BindReadOnlyPaths=/dev/log
+    --property BindReadOnlyPaths=/run/systemd/journal/socket
+    --property BindReadOnlyPaths=/run/systemd/journal/stdout
+)
+
+systemd-dissect --json=short "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" | \
+    grep -q -F '{"rw":"ro","designator":"root","partition_uuid":null,"partition_label":null,"fstype":"squashfs","architecture":null,"verity":"external"'
+systemd-dissect "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
+# shellcheck disable=SC2153
+systemd-dissect "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" | grep -q -F -f <(sed 's/"//g' "$OS_RELEASE")
+
+systemd-dissect --list "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" | grep -q '^etc/os-release$'
+systemd-dissect --mtree "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" --mtree-hash yes | \
+    grep -qe "^./usr/bin/cat type=file mode=0755 uid=0 gid=0 size=[0-9]* sha256sum=[a-z0-9]*$"
+systemd-dissect --mtree "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" --mtree-hash no  | \
+    grep -qe "^./usr/bin/cat type=file mode=0755 uid=0 gid=0 size=[0-9]*$"
+
+read -r SHA256SUM1 _ < <(systemd-dissect --copy-from "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" etc/os-release | sha256sum)
+test "$SHA256SUM1" != ""
+read -r SHA256SUM2 _ < <(systemd-dissect --read-only --with "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" sha256sum etc/os-release)
+test "$SHA256SUM2" != ""
+test "$SHA256SUM1" = "$SHA256SUM2"
+
+if systemctl --version | grep -qF -- "+LIBARCHIVE" ; then
+    # Make sure tarballs are reproducible
+    read -r SHA256SUM1 _ < <(systemd-dissect --make-archive "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" | sha256sum)
+    test "$SHA256SUM1" != ""
+    read -r SHA256SUM2 _ < <(systemd-dissect --make-archive "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" | sha256sum)
+    test "$SHA256SUM2" != ""
+    test "$SHA256SUM1" = "$SHA256SUM2"
+    # Also check that a file we expect to be there is there
+    systemd-dissect --make-archive "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" | tar t | grep etc/os-release
+fi
+
+mv "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.verity" "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.fooverity"
+mv "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.roothash" "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.foohash"
+systemd-dissect "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" \
+                --json=short \
+                --root-hash="$MINIMAL_IMAGE_ROOTHASH" \
+                --verity-data="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.fooverity" | \
+                grep -q -F '{"rw":"ro","designator":"root","partition_uuid":null,"partition_label":null,"fstype":"squashfs","architecture":null,"verity":"external"'
+systemd-dissect "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" \
+                --root-hash="$MINIMAL_IMAGE_ROOTHASH" \
+                --verity-data="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.fooverity" | \
+                grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
+systemd-dissect "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" \
+                --root-hash="$MINIMAL_IMAGE_ROOTHASH" \
+                --verity-data="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.fooverity" | \
+                grep -q -F -f <(sed 's/"//g' "$OS_RELEASE")
+mv "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.fooverity" "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.verity"
+mv "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.foohash" "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.roothash"
+
+mkdir -p "$IMAGE_DIR/mount" "$IMAGE_DIR/mount2"
+systemd-dissect --mount "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" "$IMAGE_DIR/mount"
+grep -q -F -f "$OS_RELEASE" "$IMAGE_DIR/mount/usr/lib/os-release"
+grep -q -F -f "$OS_RELEASE" "$IMAGE_DIR/mount/etc/os-release"
+grep -q -F "MARKER=1" "$IMAGE_DIR/mount/usr/lib/os-release"
+# Verity volume should be shared (opened only once)
+systemd-dissect --mount "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" "$IMAGE_DIR/mount2"
+verity_count=$(find /dev/mapper/ -name "*verity*" | wc -l)
+# In theory we should check that count is exactly one. In practice, libdevmapper
+# randomly and unpredictably fails with an unhelpful EINVAL when a device is open
+# (and even mounted and in use), so best-effort is the most we can do for now
+if [[ "$verity_count" -lt 1 ]]; then
+    echo "Verity device $MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw not found in /dev/mapper/"
+    exit 1
+fi
+systemd-dissect --umount "$IMAGE_DIR/mount"
+systemd-dissect --umount "$IMAGE_DIR/mount2"
+
+systemd-run -P -p RootImage="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" "${BIND_LOG_SOCKETS[@]}" cat /usr/lib/os-release | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
+mv "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.verity" "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.fooverity"
+mv "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.roothash" "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.foohash"
+systemd-run -P \
+            -p RootImage="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" \
+            -p RootHash="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.foohash" \
+            -p RootVerity="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.fooverity" \
+            "${BIND_LOG_SOCKETS[@]}" \
+            cat /usr/lib/os-release | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
+# Let's use the long option name just here as a test
+systemd-run -P \
+            --property RootImage="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" \
+            --property RootHash="$MINIMAL_IMAGE_ROOTHASH" \
+            --property RootVerity="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.fooverity" \
+            "${BIND_LOG_SOCKETS[@]}" \
+            cat /usr/lib/os-release | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
+mv "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.fooverity" "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.verity"
+mv "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.foohash" "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.roothash"
+
+# Derive partition UUIDs from root hash, in UUID syntax
+ROOT_UUID="$(systemd-id128 -u show "$(head -c 32 "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.roothash")" -u | tail -n 1 | cut -b 6-)"
+VERITY_UUID="$(systemd-id128 -u show "$(tail -c 32 "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.roothash")" -u | tail -n 1 | cut -b 6-)"
+
+systemd-dissect --json=short \
+                --root-hash "$MINIMAL_IMAGE_ROOTHASH" \
+                "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt" | \
+                grep -q '{"rw":"ro","designator":"root","partition_uuid":"'"$ROOT_UUID"'","partition_label":"Root Partition","fstype":"squashfs","architecture":"'"$ARCHITECTURE"'","verity":"signed",'
+systemd-dissect --json=short \
+                --root-hash "$MINIMAL_IMAGE_ROOTHASH" \
+                "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt" | \
+                grep -q '{"rw":"ro","designator":"root-verity","partition_uuid":"'"$VERITY_UUID"'","partition_label":"Verity Partition","fstype":"DM_verity_hash","architecture":"'"$ARCHITECTURE"'","verity":null,'
+if [[ -n "${OPENSSL_CONFIG:-}" ]]; then
+    systemd-dissect --json=short \
+                    --root-hash "$MINIMAL_IMAGE_ROOTHASH" \
+                    "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt" | \
+                    grep -qE '{"rw":"ro","designator":"root-verity-sig","partition_uuid":"'".*"'","partition_label":"Signature Partition","fstype":"verity_hash_signature","architecture":"'"$ARCHITECTURE"'","verity":null,'
+fi
+systemd-dissect --root-hash "$MINIMAL_IMAGE_ROOTHASH" "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt" | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
+systemd-dissect --root-hash "$MINIMAL_IMAGE_ROOTHASH" "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt" | grep -q -F -f <(sed 's/"//g' "$OS_RELEASE")
+
+# Test image policies
+systemd-dissect --validate "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt"
+systemd-dissect --validate "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt" --image-policy='*'
+(! systemd-dissect --validate "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt" --image-policy='~')
+(! systemd-dissect --validate "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt" --image-policy='-')
+(! systemd-dissect --validate "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt" --image-policy=root=absent)
+(! systemd-dissect --validate "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt" --image-policy=swap=unprotected+encrypted+verity)
+systemd-dissect --validate "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt" --image-policy=root=unprotected
+systemd-dissect --validate "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt" --image-policy=root=verity
+systemd-dissect --validate "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt" --image-policy=root=verity:root-verity-sig=unused+absent
+systemd-dissect --validate "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt" --image-policy=root=verity:swap=absent
+systemd-dissect --validate "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt" --image-policy=root=verity:swap=absent+unprotected
+(! systemd-dissect --validate "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt" --image-policy=root=verity:root-verity=unused+absent)
+systemd-dissect --validate "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt" --image-policy=root=signed
+(! systemd-dissect --validate "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt" --image-policy=root=signed:root-verity-sig=unused+absent)
+(! systemd-dissect --validate "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt" --image-policy=root=signed:root-verity=unused+absent)
+
+# Test RootImagePolicy= unit file setting
+systemd-run --wait -P \
+            -p RootImage="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt" \
+            -p RootHash="$MINIMAL_IMAGE_ROOTHASH" \
+            -p MountAPIVFS=yes \
+            "${BIND_LOG_SOCKETS[@]}" \
+            cat /usr/lib/os-release | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
+systemd-run --wait -P \
+            -p RootImage="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt" \
+            -p RootHash="$MINIMAL_IMAGE_ROOTHASH" \
+            -p RootImagePolicy='*' \
+            -p MountAPIVFS=yes \
+            "${BIND_LOG_SOCKETS[@]}" \
+            cat /usr/lib/os-release | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
+(! systemd-run --wait -P \
+               -p RootImage="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt" \
+               -p RootHash="$MINIMAL_IMAGE_ROOTHASH" \
+               -p RootImagePolicy='~' \
+               -p MountAPIVFS=yes \
+               "${BIND_LOG_SOCKETS[@]}" \
+               cat /usr/lib/os-release | grep -q -F "MARKER=1")
+(! systemd-run --wait -P \
+               -p RootImage="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt" \
+               -p RootHash="$MINIMAL_IMAGE_ROOTHASH" \
+               -p RootImagePolicy='-' \
+               -p MountAPIVFS=yes \
+               "${BIND_LOG_SOCKETS[@]}" \
+               cat /usr/lib/os-release | grep -q -F "MARKER=1")
+(! systemd-run --wait -P \
+               -p RootImage="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt" \
+               -p RootHash="$MINIMAL_IMAGE_ROOTHASH" \
+               -p RootImagePolicy='root=absent' \
+               -p MountAPIVFS=yes \
+               "${BIND_LOG_SOCKETS[@]}" \
+               cat /usr/lib/os-release | grep -q -F "MARKER=1")
+systemd-run --wait -P \
+            -p RootImage="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt" \
+            -p RootHash="$MINIMAL_IMAGE_ROOTHASH" \
+            -p RootImagePolicy='root=verity' \
+            -p MountAPIVFS=yes \
+            "${BIND_LOG_SOCKETS[@]}" \
+            cat /usr/lib/os-release | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
+systemd-run --wait -P \
+            -p RootImage="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt" \
+            -p RootHash="$MINIMAL_IMAGE_ROOTHASH" \
+            -p RootImagePolicy='root=signed' \
+            -p MountAPIVFS=yes \
+            "${BIND_LOG_SOCKETS[@]}" \
+            cat /usr/lib/os-release | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
+(! systemd-run --wait -P \
+               -p RootImage="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt" \
+               -p RootHash="$MINIMAL_IMAGE_ROOTHASH" \
+               -p RootImagePolicy='root=encrypted' \
+               -p MountAPIVFS=yes \
+               "${BIND_LOG_SOCKETS[@]}" \
+               cat /usr/lib/os-release | grep -q -F "MARKER=1")
+
+systemd-dissect --root-hash "$MINIMAL_IMAGE_ROOTHASH" --mount "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt" "$IMAGE_DIR/mount"
+grep -q -F -f "$OS_RELEASE" "$IMAGE_DIR/mount/usr/lib/os-release"
+grep -q -F -f "$OS_RELEASE" "$IMAGE_DIR/mount/etc/os-release"
+grep -q -F "MARKER=1" "$IMAGE_DIR/mount/usr/lib/os-release"
+systemd-dissect --umount "$IMAGE_DIR/mount"
+
+systemd-dissect --root-hash "$MINIMAL_IMAGE_ROOTHASH" --mount "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt" --in-memory "$IMAGE_DIR/mount"
+grep -q -F -f "$OS_RELEASE" "$IMAGE_DIR/mount/usr/lib/os-release"
+grep -q -F -f "$OS_RELEASE" "$IMAGE_DIR/mount/etc/os-release"
+grep -q -F "MARKER=1" "$IMAGE_DIR/mount/usr/lib/os-release"
+systemd-dissect --umount "$IMAGE_DIR/mount"
+
+# add explicit -p MountAPIVFS=yes once to test the parser
+systemd-run -P \
+            -p RootImage="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt" \
+            -p RootHash="$MINIMAL_IMAGE_ROOTHASH" \
+            -p MountAPIVFS=yes \
+            "${BIND_LOG_SOCKETS[@]}" \
+            cat /usr/lib/os-release | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
+systemd-run -P \
+            -p RootImage="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" \
+            -p RootImageOptions="root:nosuid,dev home:ro,dev ro,noatime" \
+            "${BIND_LOG_SOCKETS[@]}" \
+            mount | grep -F "squashfs" | grep -q -F "nosuid"
+systemd-run -P \
+            -p RootImage="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt" \
+            -p RootImageOptions="root:ro,noatime root:ro,dev" \
+            "${BIND_LOG_SOCKETS[@]}" \
+            mount | grep -F "squashfs" | grep -q -F "noatime"
+
+mkdir -p "$IMAGE_DIR/result"
+cat >/run/systemd/system/testservice-50a.service <<EOF
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+ExecStart=bash -c "mount >/run/result/a"
+BindPaths=$IMAGE_DIR/result:/run/result
+TemporaryFileSystem=/run
+RootImage=$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw
+RootImageOptions=root:ro,noatime home:ro,dev relatime,dev
+RootImageOptions=nosuid,dev
+BindReadOnlyPaths=/dev/log /run/systemd/journal/socket /run/systemd/journal/stdout
+EOF
+systemctl start testservice-50a.service
+grep -F "squashfs" "$IMAGE_DIR/result/a" | grep -q -F "noatime"
+grep -F "squashfs" "$IMAGE_DIR/result/a" | grep -q -F -v "nosuid"
+
+cat >/run/systemd/system/testservice-50b.service <<EOF
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+ExecStart=bash -c "mount >/run/result/b"
+BindPaths=$IMAGE_DIR/result:/run/result
+TemporaryFileSystem=/run
+RootImage=$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt
+RootImageOptions=root:ro,noatime,nosuid home:ro,dev nosuid,dev
+RootImageOptions=home:ro,dev nosuid,dev,%%foo
+# this is the default, but let's specify once to test the parser
+MountAPIVFS=yes
+BindReadOnlyPaths=/dev/log /run/systemd/journal/socket /run/systemd/journal/stdout
+EOF
+systemctl start testservice-50b.service
+grep -F "squashfs" "$IMAGE_DIR/result/b" | grep -q -F "noatime"
+
+# Check that specifier escape is applied %%foo → %foo
+busctl get-property org.freedesktop.systemd1 \
+                    /org/freedesktop/systemd1/unit/testservice_2d50b_2eservice \
+                    org.freedesktop.systemd1.Service RootImageOptions | grep -F "nosuid,dev,%foo"
+
+# Now do some checks with MountImages, both by itself, with options and in combination with RootImage, and as single FS or GPT image
+systemd-run -P \
+            -p MountImages="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt:/run/img1 $MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw:/run/img2" \
+            cat /run/img1/usr/lib/os-release | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
+systemd-run -P \
+            -p MountImages="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt:/run/img1 $MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw:/run/img2" \
+            cat /run/img2/usr/lib/os-release | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
+systemd-run -P \
+            -p MountImages="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt:/run/img1 $MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw:/run/img2:nosuid,dev" \
+            mount | grep -F "squashfs" | grep -q -F "nosuid"
+systemd-run -P \
+            -p MountImages="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt:/run/img1:root:nosuid $MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw:/run/img2:home:suid" \
+            mount | grep -F "squashfs" | grep -q -F "nosuid"
+systemd-run -P \
+            -p MountImages="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw:/run/img2\:3" \
+            cat /run/img2:3/usr/lib/os-release | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
+systemd-run -P \
+            -p MountImages="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw:/run/img2\:3:nosuid" \
+            mount | grep -F "squashfs" | grep -q -F "nosuid"
+systemd-run -P \
+            -p TemporaryFileSystem=/run \
+            -p RootImage="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" \
+            -p MountImages="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt:/run/img1 $MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw:/run/img2" \
+            "${BIND_LOG_SOCKETS[@]}" \
+            cat /usr/lib/os-release | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
+systemd-run -P \
+            -p TemporaryFileSystem=/run \
+            -p RootImage="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" \
+            -p MountImages="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt:/run/img1 $MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw:/run/img2" \
+            "${BIND_LOG_SOCKETS[@]}" \
+            cat /run/img1/usr/lib/os-release | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
+systemd-run -P \
+            -p TemporaryFileSystem=/run \
+            -p RootImage="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt" \
+            -p RootHash="$MINIMAL_IMAGE_ROOTHASH" \
+            -p MountImages="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt:/run/img1 $MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw:/run/img2" \
+            "${BIND_LOG_SOCKETS[@]}" \
+            cat /run/img2/usr/lib/os-release | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
+cat >/run/systemd/system/testservice-50c.service <<EOF
+[Service]
+MountAPIVFS=yes
+TemporaryFileSystem=/run
+RootImage=$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw
+BindReadOnlyPaths=/dev/log /run/systemd/journal/socket /run/systemd/journal/stdout
+MountImages=$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt:/run/img1:root:noatime:home:relatime
+MountImages=$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw:/run/img2\:3:nosuid
+ExecStart=bash -c "cat /run/img1/usr/lib/os-release >/run/result/c"
+ExecStart=bash -c "cat /run/img2:3/usr/lib/os-release >>/run/result/c"
+ExecStart=bash -c "mount >>/run/result/c"
+BindPaths=$IMAGE_DIR/result:/run/result
+Type=oneshot
+EOF
+systemctl start testservice-50c.service
+grep -q -F "MARKER=1" "$IMAGE_DIR/result/c"
+grep -F "squashfs" "$IMAGE_DIR/result/c" | grep -q -F "noatime"
+grep -F "squashfs" "$IMAGE_DIR/result/c" | grep -q -F -v "nosuid"
+
+# Adding a new mounts at runtime works if the unit is in the active state,
+# so use Type=notify to make sure there's no race condition in the test
+cat >/run/systemd/system/testservice-50d.service <<EOF
+[Service]
+RuntimeMaxSec=300
+Type=notify
+RemainAfterExit=yes
+MountAPIVFS=yes
+PrivateTmp=yes
+ExecStart=sh -c ' \\
+    systemd-notify --ready; \\
+    while [ ! -f /tmp/img/usr/lib/os-release ] || ! grep -q -F MARKER /tmp/img/usr/lib/os-release; do \\
+        sleep 0.1; \\
+    done; \\
+    mount; \\
+    mount | grep -F "on /tmp/img type squashfs" | grep -q -F "nosuid"; \\
+'
+EOF
+systemctl start testservice-50d.service
+
+# Mount twice to exercise mount-beneath (on kernel 6.5+, on older kernels it will just overmount)
+mkdir -p /tmp/wrong/foo
+mksquashfs /tmp/wrong/foo /tmp/wrong.raw
+systemctl mount-image --mkdir testservice-50d.service /tmp/wrong.raw /tmp/img
+test "$(systemctl show -P SubState testservice-50d.service)" = "running"
+systemctl mount-image --mkdir testservice-50d.service "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" /tmp/img root:nosuid
+# shellcheck disable=SC2016
+timeout 30s bash -xec 'while [[ $(systemctl show -P SubState testservice-50d.service) == running ]]; do sleep .2; done'
+systemctl is-active testservice-50d.service
+
+# ExtensionImages will set up an overlay
+systemd-run -P \
+            --property ExtensionImages=/tmp/app0.raw \
+            --property RootImage="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" \
+            "${BIND_LOG_SOCKETS[@]}" \
+            cat /opt/script0.sh | grep -q -F "extension-release.app0"
+systemd-run -P \
+            --property ExtensionImages=/tmp/app0.raw \
+            --property RootImage="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" \
+            "${BIND_LOG_SOCKETS[@]}" \
+            cat /usr/lib/systemd/system/some_file | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
+systemd-run -P \
+            --property ExtensionImages="/tmp/app0.raw /tmp/app1.raw" \
+            --property RootImage="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" \
+            "${BIND_LOG_SOCKETS[@]}" \
+            cat /opt/script0.sh | grep -q -F "extension-release.app0"
+systemd-run -P \
+            --property ExtensionImages="/tmp/app0.raw /tmp/app1.raw" \
+            --property RootImage="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" \
+            "${BIND_LOG_SOCKETS[@]}" \
+            cat /usr/lib/systemd/system/some_file | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
+systemd-run -P \
+            --property ExtensionImages="/tmp/app0.raw /tmp/app1.raw" \
+            --property RootImage="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" \
+            "${BIND_LOG_SOCKETS[@]}" \
+            cat /opt/script1.sh | grep -q -F "extension-release.app2"
+systemd-run -P \
+            --property ExtensionImages="/tmp/app0.raw /tmp/app1.raw" \
+            --property RootImage="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" \
+            "${BIND_LOG_SOCKETS[@]}" \
+            cat /usr/lib/systemd/system/other_file | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
+systemd-run -P \
+            --property ExtensionImages=/tmp/app-nodistro.raw \
+            --property RootImage="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" \
+            "${BIND_LOG_SOCKETS[@]}" \
+            cat /usr/lib/systemd/system/some_file | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
+systemd-run -P \
+            --property ExtensionImages=/etc/service-scoped-test.raw \
+            --property RootImage="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" \
+            "${BIND_LOG_SOCKETS[@]}" \
+            cat /etc/systemd/system/some_file | grep -q -F "MARKER_CONFEXT_123"
+# Check that using a symlink to NAME-VERSION.raw works as long as the symlink has the correct name NAME.raw
+mkdir -p /tmp/symlink-test/
+cp /tmp/app-nodistro.raw /tmp/symlink-test/app-nodistro-v1.raw
+ln -fs /tmp/symlink-test/app-nodistro-v1.raw /tmp/symlink-test/app-nodistro.raw
+systemd-run -P \
+            --property ExtensionImages=/tmp/symlink-test/app-nodistro.raw \
+            --property RootImage="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" \
+            "${BIND_LOG_SOCKETS[@]}" \
+            cat /usr/lib/systemd/system/some_file | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
+
+# Symlink check again but for confext
+mkdir -p /etc/symlink-test/
+cp /etc/service-scoped-test.raw /etc/symlink-test/service-scoped-test-v1.raw
+ln -fs /etc/symlink-test/service-scoped-test-v1.raw /etc/symlink-test/service-scoped-test.raw
+systemd-run -P \
+            --property ExtensionImages=/etc/symlink-test/service-scoped-test.raw \
+            --property RootImage="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" \
+            "${BIND_LOG_SOCKETS[@]}" \
+            cat /etc/systemd/system/some_file | grep -q -F "MARKER_CONFEXT_123"
+# And again mixing sysext and confext
+systemd-run -P \
+    --property ExtensionImages=/tmp/symlink-test/app-nodistro.raw \
+    --property ExtensionImages=/etc/symlink-test/service-scoped-test.raw \
+    --property RootImage="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" \
+    "${BIND_LOG_SOCKETS[@]}" \
+    cat /etc/systemd/system/some_file | grep -q -F "MARKER_CONFEXT_123"
+systemd-run -P \
+    --property ExtensionImages=/tmp/symlink-test/app-nodistro.raw \
+    --property ExtensionImages=/etc/symlink-test/service-scoped-test.raw \
+    --property RootImage="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" \
+    "${BIND_LOG_SOCKETS[@]}" \
+    cat /usr/lib/systemd/system/some_file | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
+
+cat >/run/systemd/system/testservice-50e.service <<EOF
+[Service]
+MountAPIVFS=yes
+TemporaryFileSystem=/run /var/lib
+StateDirectory=app0
+RootImage=$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw
+ExtensionImages=/tmp/app0.raw /tmp/app1.raw:nosuid
+BindReadOnlyPaths=/dev/log /run/systemd/journal/socket /run/systemd/journal/stdout
+# Relevant only for sanitizer runs
+UnsetEnvironment=LD_PRELOAD
+ExecStart=bash -c '/opt/script0.sh | grep ID'
+ExecStart=bash -c '/opt/script1.sh | grep ID'
+Type=oneshot
+RemainAfterExit=yes
+EOF
+systemctl start testservice-50e.service
+systemctl is-active testservice-50e.service
+
+# Check vpick support in ExtensionImages=
+VBASE="vtest$RANDOM"
+VDIR="/tmp/$VBASE.v"
+mkdir "$VDIR"
+
+ln -s /tmp/app0.raw "$VDIR/${VBASE}_0.raw"
+ln -s /tmp/app1.raw "$VDIR/${VBASE}_1.raw"
+
+systemd-run -P -p ExtensionImages="$VDIR" bash -c '/opt/script1.sh | grep ID'
+
+rm -rf "$VDIR"
+
+# ExtensionDirectories will set up an overlay
+mkdir -p "$IMAGE_DIR/app0" "$IMAGE_DIR/app1" "$IMAGE_DIR/app-nodistro" "$IMAGE_DIR/service-scoped-test"
+(! systemd-run -P \
+               --property ExtensionDirectories="$IMAGE_DIR/nonexistent" \
+               --property RootImage="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" \
+               "${BIND_LOG_SOCKETS[@]}" \
+               cat /opt/script0.sh)
+(! systemd-run -P \
+               --property ExtensionDirectories="$IMAGE_DIR/app0" \
+               --property RootImage="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" \
+               "${BIND_LOG_SOCKETS[@]}" \
+               cat /opt/script0.sh)
+systemd-dissect --mount /tmp/app0.raw "$IMAGE_DIR/app0"
+systemd-dissect --mount /tmp/app1.raw "$IMAGE_DIR/app1"
+systemd-dissect --mount /tmp/app-nodistro.raw "$IMAGE_DIR/app-nodistro"
+systemd-dissect --mount /etc/service-scoped-test.raw "$IMAGE_DIR/service-scoped-test"
+systemd-run -P \
+            --property ExtensionDirectories="$IMAGE_DIR/app0" \
+            --property RootImage="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" \
+            "${BIND_LOG_SOCKETS[@]}" \
+            cat /opt/script0.sh | grep -q -F "extension-release.app0"
+systemd-run -P \
+            --property ExtensionDirectories="$IMAGE_DIR/app0" \
+            --property RootImage="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" \
+            "${BIND_LOG_SOCKETS[@]}" \
+            cat /usr/lib/systemd/system/some_file | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
+systemd-run -P \
+            --property ExtensionDirectories="$IMAGE_DIR/app0 $IMAGE_DIR/app1" \
+            --property RootImage="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" \
+            "${BIND_LOG_SOCKETS[@]}" \
+            cat /opt/script0.sh | grep -q -F "extension-release.app0"
+systemd-run -P \
+            --property ExtensionDirectories="$IMAGE_DIR/app0 $IMAGE_DIR/app1" \
+            --property RootImage="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" \
+            "${BIND_LOG_SOCKETS[@]}" \
+            cat /usr/lib/systemd/system/some_file | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
+systemd-run -P \
+            --property ExtensionDirectories="$IMAGE_DIR/app0 $IMAGE_DIR/app1" \
+            --property RootImage="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" \
+            "${BIND_LOG_SOCKETS[@]}" \
+            cat /opt/script1.sh | grep -q -F "extension-release.app2"
+systemd-run -P \
+            --property ExtensionDirectories="$IMAGE_DIR/app0 $IMAGE_DIR/app1" \
+            --property RootImage="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" \
+            "${BIND_LOG_SOCKETS[@]}" \
+            cat /usr/lib/systemd/system/other_file | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
+systemd-run -P \
+            --property ExtensionDirectories="$IMAGE_DIR/app-nodistro" \
+            --property RootImage="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" \
+            "${BIND_LOG_SOCKETS[@]}" \
+            cat /usr/lib/systemd/system/some_file | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
+systemd-run -P \
+            --property ExtensionDirectories="$IMAGE_DIR/service-scoped-test" \
+            --property RootImage="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" \
+            "${BIND_LOG_SOCKETS[@]}" \
+            cat /etc/systemd/system/some_file | grep -q -F "MARKER_CONFEXT_123"
+cat >/run/systemd/system/testservice-50f.service <<EOF
+[Service]
+MountAPIVFS=yes
+TemporaryFileSystem=/run /var/lib
+StateDirectory=app0
+RootImage=$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw
+BindReadOnlyPaths=/dev/log /run/systemd/journal/socket /run/systemd/journal/stdout
+ExtensionDirectories=$IMAGE_DIR/app0 $IMAGE_DIR/app1
+# Relevant only for sanitizer runs
+UnsetEnvironment=LD_PRELOAD
+ExecStart=bash -c '/opt/script0.sh | grep ID'
+ExecStart=bash -c '/opt/script1.sh | grep ID'
+Type=oneshot
+RemainAfterExit=yes
+EOF
+systemctl start testservice-50f.service
+systemctl is-active testservice-50f.service
+
+# Check vpick support in ExtensionDirectories=
+VBASE="vtest$RANDOM"
+VDIR="/tmp/$VBASE.v"
+mkdir "$VDIR"
+
+ln -s "$IMAGE_DIR/app0" "$VDIR/${VBASE}_0"
+ln -s "$IMAGE_DIR/app1" "$VDIR/${VBASE}_1"
+
+systemd-run -P --property ExtensionDirectories="$VDIR" cat /opt/script1.sh | grep -q -F "extension-release.app2"
+
+rm -rf "$VDIR"
+
+systemd-dissect --umount "$IMAGE_DIR/app0"
+systemd-dissect --umount "$IMAGE_DIR/app1"
+
+# Test that an extension consisting of an empty directory under /etc/extensions/ takes precedence
+mkdir -p /var/lib/extensions/
+ln -s /tmp/app-nodistro.raw /var/lib/extensions/app-nodistro.raw
+systemd-sysext merge
+grep -q -F "MARKER=1" /usr/lib/systemd/system/some_file
+systemd-sysext unmerge
+mkdir -p /etc/extensions/app-nodistro
+systemd-sysext merge
+test ! -e /usr/lib/systemd/system/some_file
+systemd-sysext unmerge
+rmdir /etc/extensions/app-nodistro
+
+# Similar, but go via varlink
+varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.sysext io.systemd.sysext.List '{}'
+(! grep -q -F "MARKER=1" /usr/lib/systemd/system/some_file )
+varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.sysext io.systemd.sysext.Merge '{}'
+grep -q -F "MARKER=1" /usr/lib/systemd/system/some_file
+varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.sysext io.systemd.sysext.Refresh '{}'
+grep -q -F "MARKER=1" /usr/lib/systemd/system/some_file
+varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.sysext io.systemd.sysext.Unmerge '{}'
+(! grep -q -F "MARKER=1" /usr/lib/systemd/system/some_file )
+
+# Check that extensions cannot contain os-release
+mkdir -p /run/extensions/app-reject/usr/lib/{extension-release.d/,systemd/system}
+echo "ID=_any" >/run/extensions/app-reject/usr/lib/extension-release.d/extension-release.app-reject
+echo "ID=_any" >/run/extensions/app-reject/usr/lib/os-release
+touch /run/extensions/app-reject/usr/lib/systemd/system/other_file
+(! systemd-sysext merge)
+test ! -e /usr/lib/systemd/system/some_file
+test ! -e /usr/lib/systemd/system/other_file
+systemd-sysext unmerge
+rm -rf /run/extensions/app-reject
+rm /var/lib/extensions/app-nodistro.raw
+
+# Some super basic test that RootImage= works with .v/ dirs
+VBASE="vtest$RANDOM"
+VDIR="/tmp/$VBASE.v"
+mkdir "$VDIR"
+
+ln -s "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" "$VDIR/${VBASE}_33.raw"
+ln -s "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" "$VDIR/${VBASE}_34.raw"
+ln -s "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" "$VDIR/${VBASE}_35.raw"
+
+systemd-run -P -p RootImage="$VDIR" "${BIND_LOG_SOCKETS[@]}" cat /usr/lib/os-release | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
+
+rm "$VDIR/${VBASE}_33.raw" "$VDIR/${VBASE}_34.raw" "$VDIR/${VBASE}_35.raw"
+rmdir "$VDIR"
+
+mkdir -p /run/machines /run/portables /run/extensions
+touch /run/machines/a.raw /run/portables/b.raw /run/extensions/c.raw
+
+systemd-dissect --discover --json=short >/tmp/discover.json
+grep -q -F '{"name":"a","type":"raw","class":"machine","ro":false,"path":"/run/machines/a.raw"' /tmp/discover.json
+grep -q -F '{"name":"b","type":"raw","class":"portable","ro":false,"path":"/run/portables/b.raw"' /tmp/discover.json
+grep -q -F '{"name":"c","type":"raw","class":"sysext","ro":false,"path":"/run/extensions/c.raw"' /tmp/discover.json
+rm /tmp/discover.json /run/machines/a.raw /run/portables/b.raw /run/extensions/c.raw
+
+LOOP="$(systemd-dissect --attach --loop-ref=waldo "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw")"
+
+# Wait until the symlinks we want to test are established
+udevadm trigger -w "$LOOP"
+
+# Check if the /dev/loop/* symlinks really reference the right device
+test /dev/disk/by-loop-ref/waldo -ef "$LOOP"
+
+if [ "$(stat -c '%Hd:%Ld' "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw")" != '?d:?d' ] ; then
+   # Old stat didn't know the %Hd and %Ld specifiers and turned them into ?d
+   # instead. Let's simply skip the test on such old systems.
+   test "$(stat -c '/dev/disk/by-loop-inode/%Hd:%Ld-%i' "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw")" -ef "$LOOP"
+fi
+
+# Detach by loopback device
+systemd-dissect --detach "$LOOP"
+
+# Test long reference name.
+# Note, sizeof_field(struct loop_info64, lo_file_name) == 64,
+# and --loop-ref accepts upto 63 characters, and udev creates symlink
+# based on the name when it has upto _62_ characters.
+name="$(for _ in {1..62}; do echo -n 'x'; done)"
+LOOP="$(systemd-dissect --attach --loop-ref="$name" "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw")"
+udevadm trigger -w "$LOOP"
+
+# Check if the /dev/disk/by-loop-ref/$name symlink really references the right device
+test "/dev/disk/by-loop-ref/$name" -ef "$LOOP"
+
+# Detach by the /dev/disk/by-loop-ref symlink
+systemd-dissect --detach "/dev/disk/by-loop-ref/$name"
+
+name="$(for _ in {1..63}; do echo -n 'x'; done)"
+LOOP="$(systemd-dissect --attach --loop-ref="$name" "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw")"
+udevadm trigger -w "$LOOP"
+
+# Check if the /dev/disk/by-loop-ref/$name symlink does not exist
+test ! -e "/dev/disk/by-loop-ref/$name"
+
+# Detach by backing inode
+systemd-dissect --detach "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw"
+(! systemd-dissect --detach "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw")
+
+# check for confext functionality
+mkdir -p /run/confexts/test/etc/extension-release.d
+echo "ID=_any" >/run/confexts/test/etc/extension-release.d/extension-release.test
+echo "ARCHITECTURE=_any" >>/run/confexts/test/etc/extension-release.d/extension-release.test
+echo "MARKER_CONFEXT_123" >/run/confexts/test/etc/testfile
+cat <<EOF >/run/confexts/test/etc/testscript
+#!/bin/bash
+echo "This should not happen"
+EOF
+chmod +x /run/confexts/test/etc/testscript
+systemd-confext merge
+grep -q -F "MARKER_CONFEXT_123" /etc/testfile
+(! /etc/testscript)
+systemd-confext status
+systemd-confext unmerge
+rm -rf /run/confexts/
+
+unsquashfs -no-xattrs -d /tmp/img "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw"
+systemd-run --unit=test-root-ephemeral \
+    -p RootDirectory=/tmp/img \
+    -p RootEphemeral=yes \
+    -p Type=exec \
+    "${BIND_LOG_SOCKETS[@]}" \
+    bash -c "touch /abc && sleep infinity"
+test -n "$(ls -A /var/lib/systemd/ephemeral-trees)"
+systemctl stop test-root-ephemeral
+# shellcheck disable=SC2016
+timeout 10 bash -c 'until test -z "$(ls -A /var/lib/systemd/ephemeral-trees)"; do sleep .5; done'
+test ! -f /tmp/img/abc
+
+systemd-dissect --mtree /tmp/img >/dev/null
+systemd-dissect --list /tmp/img >/dev/null
+
+read -r SHA256SUM1 _ < <(systemd-dissect --copy-from /tmp/img etc/os-release | sha256sum)
+test "$SHA256SUM1" != ""
+
+echo abc > abc
+systemd-dissect --copy-to /tmp/img abc /abc
+test -f /tmp/img/abc
+
+# Test for dissect tool support with systemd-sysext
+mkdir -p /run/extensions/ testkit/usr/lib/extension-release.d/
+echo "ID=_any" >testkit/usr/lib/extension-release.d/extension-release.testkit
+echo "ARCHITECTURE=_any" >>testkit/usr/lib/extension-release.d/extension-release.testkit
+echo "MARKER_SYSEXT_123" >testkit/usr/lib/testfile
+mksquashfs testkit/ testkit.raw
+cp testkit.raw /run/extensions/
+unsquashfs -l /run/extensions/testkit.raw
+systemd-dissect --no-pager /run/extensions/testkit.raw | grep -q '✓ sysext for portable service'
+systemd-dissect --no-pager /run/extensions/testkit.raw | grep -q '✓ sysext for system'
+systemd-sysext merge
+systemd-sysext status
+grep -q -F "MARKER_SYSEXT_123" /usr/lib/testfile
+systemd-sysext unmerge
+rm -rf /run/extensions/ testkit/
+
+# Test for dissect tool support with systemd-confext
+mkdir -p /run/confexts/ testjob/etc/extension-release.d/
+echo "ID=_any" >testjob/etc/extension-release.d/extension-release.testjob
+echo "ARCHITECTURE=_any" >>testjob/etc/extension-release.d/extension-release.testjob
+echo "MARKER_CONFEXT_123" >testjob/etc/testfile
+mksquashfs testjob/ testjob.raw
+cp testjob.raw /run/confexts/
+unsquashfs -l /run/confexts/testjob.raw
+systemd-dissect --no-pager /run/confexts/testjob.raw | grep -q '✓ confext for system'
+systemd-dissect --no-pager /run/confexts/testjob.raw | grep -q '✓ confext for portable service'
+systemd-confext merge
+systemd-confext status
+grep -q -F "MARKER_CONFEXT_123" /etc/testfile
+systemd-confext unmerge
+rm -rf /run/confexts/ testjob/
+
+systemd-run -P -p RootImage="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" "${BIND_LOG_SOCKETS[@]}" cat /run/host/os-release | cmp "$OS_RELEASE"
+
+# Test that systemd-sysext reloads the daemon.
+mkdir -p /var/lib/extensions/
+ln -s /tmp/app-reload.raw /var/lib/extensions/app-reload.raw
+systemd-sysext merge --no-reload
+# the service should not be running
+(! systemctl --quiet is-active foo.service)
+systemd-sysext unmerge --no-reload
+systemd-sysext merge
+journalctl --sync
+set +o pipefail
+# "journalctl -u foo.service" may not work as expected, especially entries for _TRANSPORT=stdout,
+# for short-living services or when the service manager generates debugging logs.
+# Instead, SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER= should be reliable for stdout. Let's use it.
+timeout -v 30s journalctl -b SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER=echo _TRANSPORT=stdout -o cat -n all --follow | grep -m 1 -q '^foo$'
+set -o pipefail
+systemd-sysext unmerge --no-reload
+# Grep on the Warning to find the warning helper mentioning the daemon reload.
+systemctl status foo.service 2>&1 | grep -q -F "Warning"
+systemd-sysext merge
+systemd-sysext unmerge
+systemctl status foo.service 2>&1 | grep -v -q -F "Warning"
+rm /var/lib/extensions/app-reload.raw
+
+# Sneak in a couple of expected-to-fail invocations to cover
+# https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/29610
+(! systemd-run -P -p MountImages="/this/should/definitely/not/exist.img:/run/img2\:3:nosuid" false)
+(! systemd-run -P -p ExtensionImages="/this/should/definitely/not/exist.img" false)
+(! systemd-run -P -p RootImage="/this/should/definitely/not/exist.img" false)
+(! systemd-run -P -p ExtensionDirectories="/foo/bar /foo/baz" false)
diff --git a/test/units/TEST-50-DISSECT.mountfsd.sh b/test/units/TEST-50-DISSECT.mountfsd.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..604a9db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/units/TEST-50-DISSECT.mountfsd.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+set -eux
+set -o pipefail
+
+# shellcheck source=test/units/util.sh
+. "$(dirname "$0")"/util.sh
+
+if [[ ! -f /usr/lib/systemd/system/systemd-mountfsd.socket ]] || \
+   [[ ! -f /usr/lib/systemd/system/systemd-nsresourced.socket ]] || \
+   ! command -v mksquashfs || \
+   ! grep -q bpf /sys/kernel/security/lsm ||
+   ! find /usr/lib* -name libbpf.so.1 2>/dev/null | grep . || \
+   systemd-analyze compare-versions "$(uname -r)" lt 6.5 || \
+   systemd-analyze compare-versions "$(pkcheck --version | awk '{print $3}')" lt 124; then
+    echo "Skipping mountfsd/nsresourced tests"
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+at_exit() {
+    set +e
+
+    umount -R /tmp/unpriv/mount
+    rmdir /tmp/unpriv
+    rm -f /tmp/test-50-unpriv-privkey.key /tmp/test-50-unpriv-cert.crt /run/verity.d/test-50-unpriv-cert.crt
+    rm -f /var/tmp/unpriv.raw /tmp/unpriv.raw.mtree /tmp/unpriv2.raw.mtree
+    rm -f /tmp/unpriv.out /tmp/unpriv.out2 /tmp/unpriv.out3
+}
+
+trap at_exit EXIT
+
+systemctl start systemd-mountfsd.socket systemd-nsresourced.socket
+
+openssl req -config "$OPENSSL_CONFIG" -subj="/CN=waldo" \
+            -x509 -sha256 -nodes -days 365 -newkey rsa:4096 \
+            -keyout /tmp/test-50-unpriv-privkey.key -out /tmp/test-50-unpriv-cert.crt
+
+systemd-dissect --mkdir --mount "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" /tmp/unpriv/mount
+SYSTEMD_REPART_OVERRIDE_FSTYPE=squashfs \
+    systemd-repart -P \
+                   -s /tmp/unpriv/mount \
+                   --certificate=/tmp/test-50-unpriv-cert.crt \
+                   --private-key=/tmp/test-50-unpriv-privkey.key \
+                   /var/tmp/unpriv.raw
+systemd-dissect --rmdir --umount /tmp/unpriv/mount
+
+systemd-dissect --image-policy='root=unprotected:=absent+unused' /var/tmp/unpriv.raw
+systemd-dissect --image-policy='root=unprotected:=absent+unused' --mtree /var/tmp/unpriv.raw >/tmp/unpriv.raw.mtree
+
+# Run unpriv, should fail due to lack of privs
+(! runas testuser systemd-dissect /var/tmp/unpriv.raw)
+(! runas testuser systemd-dissect --mtree /var/tmp/unpriv.raw)
+
+if (SYSTEMD_LOG_TARGET=console varlinkctl call \
+        /run/systemd/userdb/io.systemd.NamespaceResource \
+        io.systemd.NamespaceResource.AllocateUserRange \
+        '{"name":"test-supported","size":65536,"userNamespaceFileDescriptor":0}' 2>&1 || true) |
+            grep -q "io.systemd.NamespaceResource.UserNamespaceInterfaceNotSupported"; then
+    echo "User namespace interface not supported, skipping mountfsd/nsresourced tests"
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+# Install key in keychain
+cp /tmp/test-50-unpriv-cert.crt /run/verity.d
+
+# Now run unpriv again, should be OK now.
+runas testuser systemd-dissect /var/tmp/unpriv.raw
+runas testuser systemd-dissect --mtree /var/tmp/unpriv.raw >/tmp/unpriv2.raw.mtree
+
+# Check that unpriv and priv run yielded same results
+cmp /tmp/unpriv.raw.mtree /tmp/unpriv2.raw.mtree
+
+# Make sure nspawn works unpriv, too (for now do not nest)
+if ! systemd-detect-virt -c; then
+    systemd-nspawn --pipe -i /var/tmp/unpriv.raw --read-only echo thisisatest > /tmp/unpriv.out
+    echo thisisatest | cmp /tmp/unpriv.out -
+
+    # The unpriv user has no rights to lock the image or write to it. Let's
+    # turn off both for this test, so that we don't have to copy the image
+    # around.
+    systemd-run -M testuser@ --user --pipe \
+                -p Environment=SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_LOCK=0 \
+                -p Delegate=1 \
+                -p DelegateSubgroup=supervisor \
+                -p Environment=SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL=debug \
+                --wait -- \
+                systemd-nspawn --keep-unit -i /var/tmp/unpriv.raw --read-only --pipe echo thisisatest >/tmp/unpriv.out2
+    echo thisisatest | cmp /tmp/unpriv.out2 -
+fi
+
+systemd-run -M testuser@ --user --pipe -p RootImage=/var/tmp/unpriv.raw -p PrivateUsers=1 --wait echo thisisatest >/tmp/unpriv.out3
+echo thisisatest | cmp /tmp/unpriv.out3 -
diff --git a/test/units/TEST-50-DISSECT.sh b/test/units/TEST-50-DISSECT.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..0e378a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/units/TEST-50-DISSECT.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+set -eux
+set -o pipefail
+
+# shellcheck source=test/units/test-control.sh
+. "$(dirname "$0")"/test-control.sh
+
+# shellcheck source=test/units/util.sh
+. "$(dirname "$0")"/util.sh
+
+# Setup shared stuff & run all subtests
+
+at_exit() {
+    set +e
+
+    if [[ -z "${IMAGE_DIR:-}" ]]; then
+        return
+    fi
+
+    while read -r dir; do
+        if mountpoint -q "$dir"; then
+            umount -Rv "$dir"
+        fi
+    done < <(find "${IMAGE_DIR}" -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 -type d)
+
+    rm -rf "$IMAGE_DIR"
+}
+
+trap at_exit EXIT
+
+: "Setup base images"
+
+export SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL=debug
+export ARCHITECTURE
+export IMAGE_DIR
+export MACHINE
+export MINIMAL_IMAGE
+export MINIMAL_IMAGE_ROOTHASH
+export OPENSSL_CONFIG
+export OS_RELEASE
+export ROOT_GUID
+export SIGNATURE_GUID
+export VERITY_GUID
+
+machine="$(uname -m)"
+if [[ "$machine" == "x86_64" ]]; then
+    ROOT_GUID=4f68bce3-e8cd-4db1-96e7-fbcaf984b709
+    VERITY_GUID=2c7357ed-ebd2-46d9-aec1-23d437ec2bf5
+    SIGNATURE_GUID=41092b05-9fc8-4523-994f-2def0408b176
+    ARCHITECTURE="x86-64"
+elif [[ "$machine" =~ ^(i386|i686|x86)$ ]]; then
+    ROOT_GUID=44479540-f297-41b2-9af7-d131d5f0458a
+    VERITY_GUID=d13c5d3b-b5d1-422a-b29f-9454fdc89d76
+    SIGNATURE_GUID=5996fc05-109c-48de-808b-23fa0830b676
+    ARCHITECTURE="x86"
+elif [[ "$machine" =~ ^(aarch64|aarch64_be|armv8b|armv8l)$ ]]; then
+    ROOT_GUID=b921b045-1df0-41c3-af44-4c6f280d3fae
+    VERITY_GUID=df3300ce-d69f-4c92-978c-9bfb0f38d820
+    SIGNATURE_GUID=6db69de6-29f4-4758-a7a5-962190f00ce3
+    ARCHITECTURE="arm64"
+elif [[ "$machine" == "arm" ]]; then
+    ROOT_GUID=69dad710-2ce4-4e3c-b16c-21a1d49abed3
+    VERITY_GUID=7386cdf2-203c-47a9-a498-f2ecce45a2d6
+    SIGNATURE_GUID=42b0455f-eb11-491d-98d3-56145ba9d037
+    ARCHITECTURE="arm"
+elif [[ "$machine" == "ia64" ]]; then
+    ROOT_GUID=993d8d3d-f80e-4225-855a-9daf8ed7ea97
+    VERITY_GUID=86ed10d5-b607-45bb-8957-d350f23d0571
+    SIGNATURE_GUID=e98b36ee-32ba-4882-9b12-0ce14655f46a
+    ARCHITECTURE="ia64"
+elif [[ "$machine" == "loongarch64" ]]; then
+    ROOT_GUID=77055800-792c-4f94-b39a-98c91b762bb6
+    VERITY_GUID=f3393b22-e9af-4613-a948-9d3bfbd0c535
+    SIGNATURE_GUID=5afb67eb-ecc8-4f85-ae8e-ac1e7c50e7d0
+    ARCHITECTURE="loongarch64"
+elif [[ "$machine" == "s390x" ]]; then
+    ROOT_GUID=5eead9a9-fe09-4a1e-a1d7-520d00531306
+    VERITY_GUID=b325bfbe-c7be-4ab8-8357-139e652d2f6b
+    SIGNATURE_GUID=c80187a5-73a3-491a-901a-017c3fa953e9
+    ARCHITECTURE="s390x"
+elif [[ "$machine" == "ppc64le" ]]; then
+    ROOT_GUID=c31c45e6-3f39-412e-80fb-4809c4980599
+    VERITY_GUID=906bd944-4589-4aae-a4e4-dd983917446a
+    SIGNATURE_GUID=d4a236e7-e873-4c07-bf1d-bf6cf7f1c3c6
+    ARCHITECTURE="ppc64-le"
+elif [[ "$machine" == "riscv64" ]]; then
+    ROOT_GUID=72ec70a6-cf74-40e6-bd49-4bda08e8f224
+    VERITY_GUID=b6ed5582-440b-4209-b8da-5ff7c419ea3d
+    SIGNATURE_GUID=efe0f087-ea8d-4469-821a-4c2a96a8386a
+    ARCHITECTURE="riscv64"
+elif [[ "$machine" == "riscv32" ]]; then
+    ROOT_GUID=60d5a7fe-8e7d-435c-b714-3dd8162144e1
+    VERITY_GUID=ae0253be-1167-4007-ac68-43926c14c5de
+    SIGNATURE_GUID=3a112a75-8729-4380-b4cf-764d79934448
+    ARCHITECTURE="riscv32"
+else
+    echo "Unexpected uname -m: $machine in TEST-50-DISSECT.sh, please fix me"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+udevadm control --log-level=debug
+
+IMAGE_DIR="$(mktemp -d --tmpdir="" TEST-50-IMAGES.XXX)"
+cp -v /usr/share/minimal* "$IMAGE_DIR/"
+MINIMAL_IMAGE="$IMAGE_DIR/minimal_0"
+MINIMAL_IMAGE_ROOTHASH="$(<"$MINIMAL_IMAGE.roothash")"
+
+install_extension_images
+
+OS_RELEASE="$(test -e /etc/os-release && echo /etc/os-release || echo /usr/lib/os-release)"
+
+if systemctl --version | grep -q -- +OPENSSL ; then
+    # The openssl binary is installed conditionally. If we have OpenSSL support enabled and openssl is
+    # missing, fail early with a proper error message.
+    if ! command -v openssl &>/dev/null; then
+        echo "openssl binary is missing" >/failed
+        exit 1
+    fi
+
+    OPENSSL_CONFIG="$(mktemp)"
+    # Unfortunately OpenSSL insists on reading some config file, hence provide one with mostly placeholder contents
+    cat >"${OPENSSL_CONFIG:?}" <<EOF
+[ req ]
+prompt = no
+distinguished_name = req_distinguished_name
+
+[ req_distinguished_name ]
+C = DE
+ST = Test State
+L = Test Locality
+O = Org Name
+OU = Org Unit Name
+CN = Common Name
+emailAddress = test@email.com
+EOF
+fi
+
+# Make a GPT disk on the fly, with the squashfs as partition 1 and the verity hash tree as partition 2
+#
+# du rounds up to block size, which is more helpful for partitioning
+root_size="$(du --apparent-size -k "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" | cut -f1)"
+verity_size="$(du --apparent-size -k "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.verity" | cut -f1)"
+signature_size=4
+# 4MB seems to be the minimum size blkid will accept, below that probing fails
+dd if=/dev/zero of="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt" bs=512 count=$((8192+root_size*2+verity_size*2+signature_size*2))
+# sfdisk seems unhappy if the size overflows into the next unit, eg: 1580KiB will be interpreted as 1MiB
+# so do some basic rounding up if the minimal image is more than 1 MB
+if [[ "$root_size" -ge 1024 ]]; then
+    root_size="$((root_size/1024 + 1))MiB"
+else
+    root_size="${root_size}KiB"
+fi
+verity_size="$((verity_size * 2))KiB"
+signature_size="$((signature_size * 2))KiB"
+
+if [[ -n "${OPENSSL_CONFIG:-}" ]]; then
+    # Create key pair
+    openssl req -config "$OPENSSL_CONFIG" -new -x509 -newkey rsa:1024 \
+                -keyout "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.key" -out "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.crt" -days 365 -nodes
+    # Sign Verity root hash with it
+    openssl smime -sign -nocerts -noattr -binary \
+                  -in "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.roothash" \
+                  -inkey "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.key" \
+                  -signer "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.crt" \
+                  -outform der \
+                  -out "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.roothash.p7s"
+    # Generate signature partition JSON data
+    echo '{"rootHash":"'"$MINIMAL_IMAGE_ROOTHASH"'","signature":"'"$(base64 -w 0 <"$MINIMAL_IMAGE.roothash.p7s")"'"}' >"$MINIMAL_IMAGE.verity-sig"
+    # Pad it
+    truncate -s "$signature_size" "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.verity-sig"
+    # Register certificate in the (userspace) verity key ring
+    mkdir -p /run/verity.d
+    ln -s "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.crt" /run/verity.d/ok.crt
+fi
+
+# Construct a UUID from hash
+# input:  11111111222233334444555566667777
+# output: 11111111-2222-3333-4444-555566667777
+uuid="$(head -c 32 "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.roothash" | sed -r 's/(.{8})(.{4})(.{4})(.{4})(.+)/\1-\2-\3-\4-\5/')"
+echo -e "label: gpt\nsize=$root_size, type=$ROOT_GUID, uuid=$uuid" | sfdisk "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt"
+uuid="$(tail -c 32 "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.roothash" | sed -r 's/(.{8})(.{4})(.{4})(.{4})(.+)/\1-\2-\3-\4-\5/')"
+echo -e "size=$verity_size, type=$VERITY_GUID, uuid=$uuid" | sfdisk "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt" --append
+if [[ -n "${OPENSSL_CONFIG:-}" ]]; then
+    echo -e "size=$signature_size, type=$SIGNATURE_GUID" | sfdisk "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt" --append
+fi
+sfdisk --part-label "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt" 1 "Root Partition"
+sfdisk --part-label "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt" 2 "Verity Partition"
+if [[ -n "${OPENSSL_CONFIG:-}" ]]; then
+    sfdisk --part-label "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt" 3 "Signature Partition"
+fi
+loop="$(losetup --show -P -f "$MINIMAL_IMAGE.gpt")"
+partitions=(
+    "${loop:?}p1"
+    "${loop:?}p2"
+)
+if [[ -n "${OPENSSL_CONFIG:-}" ]]; then
+    partitions+=("${loop:?}p3")
+fi
+# The kernel sometimes(?) does not emit "add" uevent for loop block partition devices.
+# Let's not expect the devices to be initialized.
+udevadm wait --timeout 60 --settle --initialized=no "${partitions[@]}"
+udevadm lock --device="${loop}p1" dd if="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.raw" of="${loop}p1"
+udevadm lock --device="${loop}p2" dd if="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.verity" of="${loop}p2"
+if [[ -n "${OPENSSL_CONFIG:-}" ]]; then
+    udevadm lock --device="${loop}p3" dd if="$MINIMAL_IMAGE.verity-sig" of="${loop}p3"
+fi
+losetup -d "$loop"
+udevadm settle --timeout=60
+
+: "Run subtests"
+
+run_subtests
+
+touch /testok
diff --git a/test/units/TEST-50-DISSECT.sysext.sh b/test/units/TEST-50-DISSECT.sysext.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..3bc8899
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/units/TEST-50-DISSECT.sysext.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,1012 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+set -eux
+set -o pipefail
+
+FAKE_ROOTS_DIR="$(mktemp -d --tmpdir="" fake-roots-XXX)"
+FSTYPE=$(stat --file-system --format "%T" /usr)
+
+shopt -s nullglob
+
+# shellcheck disable=SC2317
+at_exit() {
+    set +ex
+
+    local target
+
+    # Note: `cat` here is used intentionally, so we iterate over our own copy of /proc/mounts. Otherwise
+    #       things get very confusing once we start unmounting things, due to changing file offsets.
+    # shellcheck disable=SC2002
+    cat /proc/mounts | while read -r _ target _ _ _ _; do
+        if [[ "$target" =~ ^"$FAKE_ROOTS_DIR" ]]; then
+            umount -Rv "$target"
+        fi
+    done
+
+    rm -rf "${FAKE_ROOTS_DIR}"
+}
+
+trap at_exit EXIT
+
+# Clears the trap command - it needs to be invoked for every test-case subshell
+# so prepending commands with prepend_trap inside the subshell won't preserve
+# the trap commands from outer shell.
+init_trap() {
+    trap - EXIT
+}
+
+prepend_trap() {
+    set +x
+
+    local command=${1}; shift
+    local previous_commands
+
+    previous_commands=$(trap -p EXIT)
+    if [[ -z $previous_commands ]]; then
+        previous_commands=':'
+    else
+        previous_commands=${previous_commands#'trap -- '}
+        previous_commands=${previous_commands%' EXIT'}
+        previous_commands=$(xargs <<<"$previous_commands")
+    fi
+
+    # shellcheck disable=SC2064 # We use double quotes on purpose here.
+    trap "${command}; ${previous_commands}" EXIT
+
+    set -x
+}
+
+prepare_root() {
+    local root=${1:-}
+    local hierarchy=${2:?}
+    local dir
+
+    if [[ -n $root ]] && [[ -d $root ]]; then
+        echo >&2 "Directory $root already exists, possible copy-paste error?"
+        exit 1
+    fi
+
+    local -a leftovers=( "$root/var/lib/extensions/"* "$root/var/lib/extensions.mutable/"* )
+    if [[ ${#leftovers[@]} -gt 0 ]]; then
+        echo >&2 "Leftovers remained, make sure to clean them up in the test case: ${leftovers[*]}"
+        exit 1
+    fi
+
+    for dir in "$hierarchy" "/usr/lib" "/var/lib/extensions/" "/var/lib/extensions.mutable"; do
+        mkdir -p "$root$dir"
+    done
+
+    if [[ -e $root/usr/lib/os-release ]]; then
+        mv "$root/usr/lib/os-release" "$root/usr/lib/os-release.orig"
+    fi
+
+    {
+        echo "ID=testtest"
+        echo "VERSION=1.2.3"
+    } >"$root/usr/lib/os-release"
+
+    prepend_trap "cleanup_os_release ${root@Q}"
+}
+
+cleanup_os_release() {
+    # shellcheck disable=SC2317 # It is not unreachable, used in a trap couple lines above.
+    local root=${1:-}
+
+    # shellcheck disable=SC2317 # It is not unreachable, used in a trap couple lines above.
+    rm -f "$root/usr/lib/os-release"
+    # shellcheck disable=SC2317 # It is not unreachable, used in a trap couple lines above.
+    if [[ -e $root/usr/lib/os-release.orig ]]; then
+        # shellcheck disable=SC2317 # It is not unreachable, used in a trap couple lines above.
+        mv "$root/usr/lib/os-release.orig" "$root/usr/lib/os-release"
+    fi
+}
+
+prepare_extension_image() {
+    local root=${1:-}
+    local hierarchy=${2:?}
+    local ext_dir ext_release name
+
+    name="test-extension"
+    ext_dir="$root/var/lib/extensions/$name"
+    ext_release="$ext_dir/usr/lib/extension-release.d/extension-release.$name"
+    mkdir -p "${ext_release%/*}"
+    echo "ID=_any" >"$ext_release"
+    mkdir -p "$ext_dir/$hierarchy"
+    touch "$ext_dir$hierarchy/preexisting-file-in-extension-image"
+
+    prepend_trap "rm -rf ${ext_dir@Q}"
+}
+
+prepare_extension_mutable_dir() {
+    local dir=${1:?}
+
+    mkdir -p "$dir"
+    touch "$dir/preexisting-file-in-extensions-mutable"
+    prepend_trap "rm -rf ${dir@Q}"
+}
+
+make_read_only() {
+    local root=${1:-}
+    local hierarchy=${2:?}
+
+    mount -o bind,ro "$root$hierarchy" "$root$hierarchy"
+    prepend_trap "umount ${root@Q}${hierarchy@Q}"
+}
+
+prepare_hierarchy() {
+    local root=${1:-}
+    local hierarchy=${2:?}
+    local file
+
+    file="$root$hierarchy/preexisting-file-in-hierarchy"
+    touch "$file"
+    prepend_trap "rm -f ${file@Q}"
+}
+
+prepare_read_only_hierarchy() {
+    local root=${1:-}
+    local hierarchy=${2:?}
+
+    prepare_hierarchy "$root" "$hierarchy"
+    make_read_only "$root" "$hierarchy"
+}
+
+move_existing_hierarchy_aside() {
+    local root=${1:-}
+    local hierarchy=${2:?}
+
+    if [[ -z $root ]] && [[ $hierarchy = /usr ]]; then
+        echo >&2 "Hell no, not moving /usr aside"
+        exit 1
+    fi
+
+    local path=$root$hierarchy
+
+    if [[ -e $path ]]; then
+        mv "$path" "$path.orig"
+        prepend_trap "mv ${path@Q}.orig ${path@Q}"
+    fi
+}
+
+# Extra arguments:
+#   -e: check for a preexisting file in extension
+#   -h: check for a preexisting file in hierarchy
+#   -u: check for a preexisting file in upperdir
+extension_verify() {
+    local root=${1:-}
+    local hierarchy=${2:?}
+    local message=${3:?}
+    shift 3
+    # Map each option to a pre-defined file name
+    local -A option_files_map=(
+        [e]="preexisting-file-in-extension-image"
+        [h]="preexisting-file-in-hierarchy"
+        [u]="preexisting-file-in-extensions-mutable"
+    )
+    local -A args=(
+        [e]=0
+        [h]=0
+        [u]=0
+    )
+    local file full_path opt option
+
+    while getopts "ehu" opt; do
+        case "$opt" in
+            e|h|u)
+                args["$opt"]=1
+                ;;
+            *)
+                echo >&2 "Unxexpected option: $opt"
+                exit 1
+        esac
+    done
+
+    for option in "${!option_files_map[@]}"; do
+        file=${option_files_map["$option"]}
+        full_path="$root$hierarchy/$file"
+
+        if [[ ${args["$option"]} -ne 0 ]]; then
+            if [[ ! -f $full_path ]]; then
+                ls -la "$root$hierarchy"
+                echo >&2 "Expected file '$file' to exist under $root$hierarchy $message"
+                exit 1
+            fi
+        else
+            if [[ -f $full_path ]]; then
+                ls -la "$root$hierarchy"
+                echo >&2 "Expected file '$file' to not exist under $root$hierarchy $message"
+                exit 1
+            fi
+        fi
+    done
+}
+
+extension_verify_after_merge() (
+    set +x
+
+    local root=${1:-}
+    local hierarchy=${2:?}
+    shift 2
+
+    extension_verify "$root" "$hierarchy" "after merge" "$@"
+)
+
+extension_verify_after_unmerge() (
+    set +x
+
+    local root=${1:-}
+    local hierarchy=${2:?}
+    shift 2
+
+    extension_verify "$root" "$hierarchy" "after unmerge" "$@"
+)
+
+run_systemd_sysext() {
+    local root=${1:-}
+    shift
+
+    local -a sysext_args
+    sysext_args=()
+
+    if [[ -n $root ]]; then
+        sysext_args+=( "--root=$root" )
+    fi
+    sysext_args+=( "$@" )
+    systemd-sysext "${sysext_args[@]}"
+}
+
+# General systemd-sysext tests
+
+run_sysext_tests() {
+    # The roots_dir variable may be empty - in such case all the tests will run
+    # on /, otherwise they will run on $roots_dir/<SEPARATE_DIR_FOR_TEST>.
+    local roots_dir=${1}; shift
+
+    # Each test runs in a subshell, so we can use traps for cleanups without
+    # clobbering toplevel traps, and we can do skips by invoking "exit 0".
+
+( init_trap
+: "No extension data in /var/lib/extensions.mutable/…, R/O hierarchy, mutability disabled by default, read-only merged"
+fake_root=${roots_dir:+"$roots_dir/simple-read-only-with-read-only-hierarchy"}
+hierarchy=/opt
+
+prepare_root "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_image "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_read_only_hierarchy "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+(! touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/should-fail-on-read-only-fs")
+
+run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" merge
+(! touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/should-still-fail-on-read-only-fs")
+extension_verify_after_merge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -e -h
+
+run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" unmerge
+extension_verify_after_unmerge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -h
+(! touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/should-still-fail-on-read-only-fs")
+)
+
+
+( init_trap
+: "No extension data in /var/lib/extensions.mutable/…, mutable hierarchy, mutability disabled by default, read-only merged"
+fake_root=${roots_dir:+"$roots_dir/simple-read-only-with-mutable-hierarchy"}
+hierarchy=/opt
+
+prepare_root "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_image "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_hierarchy "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/should-succeed-on-mutable-fs"
+
+run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" merge
+(! touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/should-fail-on-read-only-fs")
+extension_verify_after_merge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -e -h
+
+run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" unmerge
+extension_verify_after_unmerge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -h
+touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/should-succeed-on-mutable-fs-again"
+)
+
+
+( init_trap
+: "No extension data in /var/lib/extensions.mutable/…, no hierarchy either, mutability disabled by default, read-only merged"
+fake_root=${roots_dir:+"$roots_dir/simple-read-only-with-missing-hierarchy"}
+hierarchy=/opt
+
+move_existing_hierarchy_aside "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_root "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+rmdir "$fake_root/$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_image "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+
+run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" merge
+(! touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/should-still-fail-on-read-only-fs")
+extension_verify_after_merge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -e
+
+run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" unmerge
+extension_verify_after_unmerge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+)
+
+
+( init_trap
+: "No extension data in /var/lib/extensions.mutable/…, empty hierarchy, mutability disabled by default, read-only merged"
+fake_root=${roots_dir:+"$roots_dir/simple-read-only-with-empty-hierarchy"}
+hierarchy=/opt
+
+move_existing_hierarchy_aside "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_root "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_image "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+make_read_only "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+(! touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/should-fail-on-read-only-fs")
+
+run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" merge
+(! touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/should-still-fail-on-read-only-fs")
+extension_verify_after_merge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -e
+
+run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" unmerge
+extension_verify_after_unmerge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+)
+
+
+( init_trap
+: "Extension data in /var/lib/extensions.mutable/…, R/O hierarchy, mutability disabled by default, read-only merged"
+fake_root=${roots_dir:+"$roots_dir/simple-mutable-with-read-only-hierarchy-disabled"}
+hierarchy=/opt
+extension_data_dir="$fake_root/var/lib/extensions.mutable$hierarchy"
+
+prepare_root "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_image "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_mutable_dir "$extension_data_dir"
+prepare_read_only_hierarchy "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+(! touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/should-fail-on-read-only-fs")
+
+run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" merge
+(! touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/should-be-read-only")
+extension_verify_after_merge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -e -h
+
+run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" unmerge
+extension_verify_after_unmerge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -h
+)
+
+
+( init_trap
+: "Extension data in /var/lib/extensions.mutable/…, R/O hierarchy, auto-mutability, mutable merged"
+fake_root=${roots_dir:+"$roots_dir/simple-mutable-with-read-only-hierarchy"}
+hierarchy=/opt
+extension_data_dir="$fake_root/var/lib/extensions.mutable$hierarchy"
+
+[[ "$FSTYPE" == "fuseblk" ]] && exit 0
+
+prepare_root "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_image "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_mutable_dir "$extension_data_dir"
+prepare_read_only_hierarchy "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+(! touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/should-fail-on-read-only-fs")
+
+run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" --mutable=auto merge
+touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/now-is-mutable"
+extension_verify_after_merge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -e -h -u
+test -f "$extension_data_dir/now-is-mutable"
+
+run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" unmerge
+extension_verify_after_unmerge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -h
+test -f "$extension_data_dir/now-is-mutable"
+test ! -f "$fake_root$hierarchy/now-is-mutable"
+)
+
+
+( init_trap
+: "Extension data in /var/lib/extensions.mutable/…, missing hierarchy, auto-mutability, mutable merged"
+fake_root=${roots_dir:+"$roots_dir/simple-mutable-with-missing-hierarchy"}
+hierarchy=/opt
+extension_data_dir="$fake_root/var/lib/extensions.mutable$hierarchy"
+
+[[ "$FSTYPE" == "fuseblk" ]] && exit 0
+
+move_existing_hierarchy_aside "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_root "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+rmdir "$fake_root/$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_image "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_mutable_dir "$extension_data_dir"
+
+run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" --mutable=auto merge
+touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/now-is-mutable"
+extension_verify_after_merge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -e -u
+test -f "$extension_data_dir/now-is-mutable"
+
+run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" unmerge
+extension_verify_after_unmerge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+test -f "$extension_data_dir/now-is-mutable"
+test ! -f "$fake_root$hierarchy/now-is-mutable"
+)
+
+
+( init_trap
+: "Extension data in /var/lib/extensions.mutable/…, empty hierarchy, auto-mutability, mutable merged"
+fake_root=${roots_dir:+"$roots_dir/simple-mutable-with-empty-hierarchy"}
+hierarchy=/opt
+extension_data_dir="$fake_root/var/lib/extensions.mutable$hierarchy"
+
+[[ "$FSTYPE" == "fuseblk" ]] && exit 0
+
+move_existing_hierarchy_aside "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_root "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_image "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_mutable_dir "$extension_data_dir"
+make_read_only "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+(! touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/should-fail-on-read-only-fs")
+
+run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" --mutable=auto merge
+touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/now-is-mutable"
+extension_verify_after_merge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -e -u
+test -f "$extension_data_dir/now-is-mutable"
+
+run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" unmerge
+extension_verify_after_unmerge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+test -f "$extension_data_dir/now-is-mutable"
+test ! -f "$fake_root$hierarchy/now-is-mutable"
+)
+
+
+( init_trap
+: "/var/lib/extensions.mutable/… is a symlink to other dir, R/O hierarchy, auto-mutability, mutable merged"
+fake_root=${roots_dir:+"$roots_dir/mutable-symlink-with-read-only-hierarchy"}
+hierarchy=/opt
+extension_data_dir="$fake_root/var/lib/extensions.mutable$hierarchy"
+extension_real_dir="$fake_root/upperdir"
+
+[[ "$FSTYPE" == "fuseblk" ]] && exit 0
+
+prepare_root "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_image "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_mutable_dir "$extension_real_dir"
+ln -sfTr "$extension_real_dir" "$extension_data_dir"
+prepend_trap "rm -f ${extension_data_dir@Q}"
+prepare_read_only_hierarchy "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+(! touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/should-fail-on-read-only-fs")
+
+run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" --mutable=auto merge
+touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/now-is-mutable"
+extension_verify_after_merge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -e -h -u
+test -f "$extension_data_dir/now-is-mutable"
+test -f "$extension_real_dir/now-is-mutable"
+
+run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" unmerge
+extension_verify_after_unmerge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -h
+test -f "$extension_data_dir/now-is-mutable"
+test -f "$extension_real_dir/now-is-mutable"
+test ! -f "$fake_root$hierarchy/now-is-mutable"
+)
+
+
+( init_trap
+: "/var/lib/extensions.mutable/… is a symlink to the hierarchy itself, mutable hierarchy, auto-mutability, mutable merged"
+fake_root=${roots_dir:+"$roots_dir/mutable-self-upper"}
+hierarchy=/opt
+extension_data_dir="$fake_root/var/lib/extensions.mutable$hierarchy"
+extension_real_dir="$fake_root$hierarchy"
+
+[[ "$FSTYPE" == "fuseblk" ]] && exit 0
+
+prepare_root "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_image "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_mutable_dir "$extension_real_dir"
+ln -sfTr "$extension_real_dir" "$extension_data_dir"
+prepend_trap "rm -f ${extension_data_dir@Q}"
+touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/preexisting-file-in-hierarchy"
+
+run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" --mutable=auto merge
+touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/now-is-mutable"
+extension_verify_after_merge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -e -h -u
+test -f "$extension_data_dir/now-is-mutable"
+test -f "$extension_real_dir/now-is-mutable"
+
+run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" unmerge
+extension_verify_after_unmerge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -h -u
+test -f "$extension_data_dir/now-is-mutable"
+test -f "$extension_real_dir/now-is-mutable"
+)
+
+
+( init_trap
+: "/var/lib/extensions.mutable/… is a symlink to the hierarchy itself, R/O hierarchy, auto-mutability, expected fail"
+fake_root=${roots_dir:+"$roots_dir/failure-self-upper-ro"}
+hierarchy=/opt
+extension_data_dir="$fake_root/var/lib/extensions.mutable$hierarchy"
+extension_real_dir="$fake_root$hierarchy"
+
+prepare_root "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_image "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_mutable_dir "$extension_real_dir"
+ln -sfTr "$extension_real_dir" "$extension_data_dir"
+prepend_trap "rm -f ${extension_data_dir@Q}"
+prepare_read_only_hierarchy "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+
+(! run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" --mutable=auto merge)
+)
+
+
+( init_trap
+: "/var/lib/extensions.mutable/… is a dangling symlink, auto-mutability, read-only merged"
+fake_root=${roots_dir:+"$roots_dir/read-only-mutable-dangling-symlink"}
+hierarchy=/opt
+extension_data_dir="$fake_root/var/lib/extensions.mutable$hierarchy"
+
+prepare_root "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_image "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+ln -sfTr "/should/not/exist/" "$extension_data_dir"
+prepend_trap "rm -f ${extension_data_dir@Q}"
+prepare_read_only_hierarchy "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+(! touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/should-fail-on-read-only-fs")
+
+run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" --mutable=auto merge
+(! touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/should-still-fail-on-read-only-fs")
+extension_verify_after_merge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -e -h
+
+run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" unmerge
+extension_verify_after_unmerge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -h
+)
+
+
+( init_trap
+: "/var/lib/extensions.mutable/… exists but ignored, mutability disabled explicitly, read-only merged"
+fake_root=${roots_dir:+"$roots_dir/disabled"}
+hierarchy=/opt
+extension_data_dir="$fake_root/var/lib/extensions.mutable$hierarchy"
+
+prepare_root "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_image "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_mutable_dir "$extension_data_dir"
+prepare_read_only_hierarchy "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+(! touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/should-fail-on-read-only-fs")
+
+run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" --mutable=no merge
+(! touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/should-still-fail-on-read-only-fs")
+extension_verify_after_merge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -e -h
+
+run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" unmerge
+extension_verify_after_unmerge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -h
+)
+
+
+( init_trap
+: "/var/lib/extensions.mutable/… exists but is imported instead, read-only merged"
+fake_root=${roots_dir:+"$roots_dir/imported"}
+hierarchy=/opt
+extension_data_dir="$fake_root/var/lib/extensions.mutable$hierarchy"
+
+prepare_root "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_image "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_mutable_dir "$extension_data_dir"
+prepare_read_only_hierarchy "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+(! touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/should-fail-on-read-only-fs")
+
+run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" --mutable=import merge
+(! touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/should-still-fail-on-read-only-fs")
+extension_verify_after_merge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -e -h -u
+
+run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" unmerge
+extension_verify_after_unmerge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -h
+)
+
+
+( init_trap
+: "/var/lib/extensions.mutable/… does not exist, mutability enabled, mutable merged"
+fake_root=${roots_dir:+"$roots_dir/enabled"}
+hierarchy=/opt
+extension_data_dir="$fake_root/var/lib/extensions.mutable$hierarchy"
+extension_data_dir_usr="$fake_root/var/lib/extensions.mutable/usr"
+
+[[ "$FSTYPE" == "fuseblk" ]] && exit 0
+
+prepare_root "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_image "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_read_only_hierarchy "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+(! touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/should-fail-on-read-only-fs")
+test ! -d "$extension_data_dir"
+
+run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" --mutable=yes merge
+# systemd-sysext with --mutable=yes creates extensions.mutable directory for
+# the hierarchy, so delete it after the test
+prepend_trap "rm -rf ${extension_data_dir@Q}"
+# systemd-sysext with --mutable=yes creates extensions.mutable directory also
+# for the /usr hierarchy, because the image needs to have
+# /usr/lib/extension-release.d/extension-release.<NAME> file - this causes the
+# /usr hierarchy to also become mutable
+prepend_trap "rm -rf ${extension_data_dir_usr@Q}"
+test -d "$extension_data_dir"
+touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/now-is-mutable"
+extension_verify_after_merge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -e -h
+test -f "$extension_data_dir/now-is-mutable"
+
+run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" unmerge
+extension_verify_after_unmerge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -h
+test -f "$extension_data_dir/now-is-mutable"
+test ! -f "$fake_root$hierarchy/now-is-mutable"
+)
+
+
+( init_trap
+: "/var/lib/extensions.mutable/… does not exist, auto-mutability, read-only merged"
+fake_root=${roots_dir:+"$roots_dir/simple-read-only-explicit"}
+hierarchy=/opt
+
+prepare_root "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_image "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_read_only_hierarchy "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+(! touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/should-fail-on-read-only-fs")
+
+run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" --mutable=auto merge
+(! touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/should-still-fail-on-read-only-fs")
+extension_verify_after_merge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -e -h
+
+run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" unmerge
+extension_verify_after_unmerge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -h
+)
+
+
+( init_trap
+: "/var/lib/extensions.mutable/… does not exist, mutability enabled through env var, mutable merged"
+fake_root=${roots_dir:+"$roots_dir/enabled-env-var"}
+hierarchy=/opt
+extension_data_dir="$fake_root/var/lib/extensions.mutable$hierarchy"
+extension_data_dir_usr="$fake_root/var/lib/extensions.mutable/usr"
+
+[[ "$FSTYPE" == "fuseblk" ]] && exit 0
+
+prepare_root "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_image "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_read_only_hierarchy "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+(! touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/should-fail-on-read-only-fs")
+test ! -d "$extension_data_dir"
+
+SYSTEMD_SYSEXT_MUTABLE_MODE=yes run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" merge
+# systemd-sysext with --mutable=yes creates extensions.mutable directory for
+# the hierarchy, so delete it after the test
+prepend_trap "rm -rf ${extension_data_dir@Q}"
+# systemd-sysext with --mutable=yes creates extensions.mutable directory also
+# for the /usr hierarchy, because the image needs to have
+# /usr/lib/extension-release.d/extension-release.<NAME> file - this causes the
+# /usr hierarchy to also become mutable
+prepend_trap "rm -rf ${extension_data_dir_usr@Q}"
+test -d "$extension_data_dir"
+touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/now-is-mutable"
+extension_verify_after_merge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -e -h
+test -f "$extension_data_dir/now-is-mutable"
+
+SYSTEMD_SYSEXT_MUTABLE_MODE=yes run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" unmerge
+extension_verify_after_unmerge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -h
+test -f "$extension_data_dir/now-is-mutable"
+test ! -f "$fake_root$hierarchy/now-is-mutable"
+)
+
+
+( init_trap
+: "/var/lib/extensions.mutable/… does not exist, auto-mutability enabled through env var, read-only merged"
+fake_root=${roots_dir:+"$roots_dir/read-only-auto-env-var"}
+hierarchy=/opt
+
+prepare_root "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_image "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_read_only_hierarchy "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+(! touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/should-fail-on-read-only-fs")
+
+SYSTEMD_SYSEXT_MUTABLE_MODE=auto run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" --mutable=auto merge
+(! touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/should-still-fail-on-read-only-fs")
+extension_verify_after_merge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -e -h
+
+SYSTEMD_SYSEXT_MUTABLE_MODE=auto run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" unmerge
+extension_verify_after_unmerge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -h
+)
+
+
+( init_trap
+: "Extension data in /var/lib/extensions.mutable/…, R/O hierarchy, auto-mutability enabled through env var, mutable merged"
+fake_root=${roots_dir:+"$roots_dir/auto-mutable-env-var"}
+hierarchy=/opt
+extension_data_dir="$fake_root/var/lib/extensions.mutable$hierarchy"
+
+[[ "$FSTYPE" == "fuseblk" ]] && exit 0
+
+prepare_root "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_image "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_mutable_dir "$extension_data_dir"
+prepare_read_only_hierarchy "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+(! touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/should-fail-on-read-only-fs")
+
+SYSTEMD_SYSEXT_MUTABLE_MODE=auto run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" merge
+touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/now-is-mutable"
+extension_verify_after_merge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -e -h -u
+test -f "$extension_data_dir/now-is-mutable"
+
+SYSTEMD_SYSEXT_MUTABLE_MODE=auto run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" unmerge
+extension_verify_after_unmerge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -h
+test -f "$extension_data_dir/now-is-mutable"
+test ! -f "$fake_root$hierarchy/now-is-mutable"
+)
+
+
+( init_trap
+: "Extension data in /var/lib/extensions.mutable/…, R/O hierarchy, mutability disabled through env var, read-only merged"
+fake_root=${roots_dir:+"$roots_dir/env-var-disabled"}
+hierarchy=/opt
+extension_data_dir="$fake_root/var/lib/extensions.mutable$hierarchy"
+
+prepare_root "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_image "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_mutable_dir "$extension_data_dir"
+prepare_read_only_hierarchy "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+(! touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/should-fail-on-read-only-fs")
+
+SYSTEMD_SYSEXT_MUTABLE_MODE=no run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" merge
+(! touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/should-be-read-only")
+extension_verify_after_merge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -e -h
+
+SYSTEMD_SYSEXT_MUTABLE_MODE=no run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" unmerge
+extension_verify_after_unmerge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -h
+)
+
+
+( init_trap
+: "/var/lib/extensions.mutable/… exists but is imported through env var, read-only merged"
+fake_root=${roots_dir:+"$roots_dir/imported-env-var"}
+hierarchy=/opt
+extension_data_dir="$fake_root/var/lib/extensions.mutable$hierarchy"
+
+prepare_root "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_image "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_mutable_dir "$extension_data_dir"
+prepare_read_only_hierarchy "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+(! touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/should-fail-on-read-only-fs")
+
+SYSTEMD_SYSEXT_MUTABLE_MODE=import run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" merge
+(! touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/should-still-fail-on-read-only-fs")
+extension_verify_after_merge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -e -h -u
+
+SYSTEMD_SYSEXT_MUTABLE_MODE=import run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" unmerge
+extension_verify_after_unmerge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -h
+)
+
+
+( init_trap
+: "Extension data in /var/lib/extensions.mutable/…, R/O hierarchy, mutability enabled through env var but overridden via CLI option, read-only merged"
+fake_root=${roots_dir:+"$roots_dir/env-var-overridden"}
+hierarchy=/opt
+extension_data_dir="$fake_root/var/lib/extensions.mutable$hierarchy"
+
+prepare_root "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_image "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_mutable_dir "$extension_data_dir"
+prepare_read_only_hierarchy "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+(! touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/should-fail-on-read-only-fs")
+
+SYSTEMD_SYSEXT_MUTABLE_MODE=yes run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" --mutable=no merge
+(! touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/should-be-read-only")
+extension_verify_after_merge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -e -h
+
+SYSTEMD_SYSEXT_MUTABLE_MODE=yes run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" unmerge
+extension_verify_after_unmerge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -h
+)
+
+
+( init_trap
+: "Extension data in /var/lib/extensions.mutable/…, R/O hierarchy, ephemeral mutability, mutable merged"
+fake_root=${roots_dir:+"$roots_dir/ephemeral"}
+hierarchy=/opt
+extension_data_dir="$fake_root/var/lib/extensions.mutable$hierarchy"
+
+[[ "$FSTYPE" == "fuseblk" ]] && exit 0
+
+prepare_root "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_image "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_mutable_dir "$extension_data_dir"
+prepare_read_only_hierarchy "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+(! touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/should-fail-on-read-only-fs")
+
+run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" --mutable=ephemeral merge
+touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/now-is-mutable"
+extension_verify_after_merge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -e -h
+test ! -f "$extension_data_dir/now-is-mutable"
+
+run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" unmerge
+extension_verify_after_unmerge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -h
+test ! -f "$extension_data_dir/now-is-mutable"
+test ! -f "$fake_root$hierarchy/now-is-mutable"
+)
+
+
+( init_trap
+: "Extension data in /var/lib/extensions.mutable/…, R/O hierarchy, ephemeral mutability through env var, mutable merged"
+fake_root=${roots_dir:+"$roots_dir/ephemeral-env-var"}
+hierarchy=/opt
+extension_data_dir="$fake_root/var/lib/extensions.mutable$hierarchy"
+
+[[ "$FSTYPE" == "fuseblk" ]] && exit 0
+
+prepare_root "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_image "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_mutable_dir "$extension_data_dir"
+prepare_read_only_hierarchy "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+(! touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/should-fail-on-read-only-fs")
+
+SYSTEMD_SYSEXT_MUTABLE_MODE=ephemeral run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" merge
+touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/now-is-mutable"
+extension_verify_after_merge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -e -h
+test ! -f "$extension_data_dir/now-is-mutable"
+
+SYSTEMD_SYSEXT_MUTABLE_MODE=ephemeral run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" unmerge
+extension_verify_after_unmerge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -h
+test ! -f "$extension_data_dir/now-is-mutable"
+test ! -f "$fake_root$hierarchy/now-is-mutable"
+)
+
+
+( init_trap
+: "Extension data in /var/lib/extensions.mutable/…, R/O hierarchy, ephemeral import mutability, mutable merged"
+fake_root=${roots_dir:+"$roots_dir/ephemeral-import"}
+hierarchy=/opt
+extension_data_dir="$fake_root/var/lib/extensions.mutable$hierarchy"
+
+[[ "$FSTYPE" == "fuseblk" ]] && exit 0
+
+prepare_root "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_image "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_mutable_dir "$extension_data_dir"
+prepare_read_only_hierarchy "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+(! touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/should-fail-on-read-only-fs")
+
+run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" --mutable=ephemeral-import merge
+touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/now-is-mutable"
+extension_verify_after_merge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -e -h -u
+test ! -f "$extension_data_dir/now-is-mutable"
+
+run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" unmerge
+extension_verify_after_unmerge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -h
+test ! -f "$extension_data_dir/now-is-mutable"
+test ! -f "$fake_root$hierarchy/now-is-mutable"
+)
+
+
+( init_trap
+: "Extension data in /var/lib/extensions.mutable/…, R/O hierarchy, ephemeral import mutability through env var, mutable merged"
+fake_root=${roots_dir:+"$roots_dir/ephemeral-import-env-var"}
+hierarchy=/opt
+extension_data_dir="$fake_root/var/lib/extensions.mutable$hierarchy"
+
+[[ "$FSTYPE" == "fuseblk" ]] && exit 0
+
+prepare_root "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_image "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_mutable_dir "$extension_data_dir"
+prepare_read_only_hierarchy "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+(! touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/should-fail-on-read-only-fs")
+
+SYSTEMD_SYSEXT_MUTABLE_MODE=ephemeral-import run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" merge
+touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/now-is-mutable"
+extension_verify_after_merge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -e -h -u
+test ! -f "$extension_data_dir/now-is-mutable"
+
+SYSTEMD_SYSEXT_MUTABLE_MODE=ephemeral-import run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" unmerge
+extension_verify_after_unmerge "$fake_root" "$hierarchy" -h
+test ! -f "$extension_data_dir/now-is-mutable"
+test ! -f "$fake_root$hierarchy/now-is-mutable"
+)
+
+
+( init_trap
+: "Extension data pointing to mutable hierarchy, ephemeral import mutability, expected fail"
+fake_root=${roots_dir:+"$roots_dir/ephemeral-import-self"}
+hierarchy=/opt
+extension_data_dir="$fake_root/var/lib/extensions.mutable$hierarchy"
+extension_real_dir="$fake_root$hierarchy"
+
+[[ "$FSTYPE" == "fuseblk" ]] && exit 0
+
+prepare_root "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_image "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_mutable_dir "$extension_real_dir"
+ln -sfTr "$extension_real_dir" "$extension_data_dir"
+prepend_trap "rm -f ${extension_data_dir@Q}"
+prepare_hierarchy "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/should-succeed-on-read-only-fs"
+
+(! run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" --mutable=ephemeral-import merge)
+)
+
+
+( init_trap
+: "Extension data pointing to mutable hierarchy, import mutability, expected fail"
+fake_root=${roots_dir:+"$roots_dir/import-self"}
+hierarchy=/opt
+extension_data_dir="$fake_root/var/lib/extensions.mutable$hierarchy"
+extension_real_dir="$fake_root$hierarchy"
+
+[[ "$FSTYPE" == "fuseblk" ]] && exit 0
+
+prepare_root "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_image "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_mutable_dir "$extension_real_dir"
+ln -sfTr "$extension_real_dir" "$extension_data_dir"
+prepend_trap "rm -f ${extension_data_dir@Q}"
+prepare_hierarchy "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+touch "$fake_root$hierarchy/should-succeed-on-read-only-fs"
+
+(! run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" --mutable=import merge)
+)
+
+
+for mutable_mode in no yes ephemeral; do
+    ( init_trap
+    : "Check if merging the hierarchy does not change its permissions, checking with --mutable=${mutable_mode}"
+
+    fake_root=${roots_dir:+"$roots_dir/perm-checks-mutable-$mutable_mode"}
+    hierarchy=/opt
+    extension_data_dir="$fake_root/var/lib/extensions.mutable$hierarchy"
+
+    [[ "$FSTYPE" == "fuseblk" ]] && exit 0
+
+    prepare_root "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+    prepare_extension_image "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+    prepare_extension_mutable_dir "$extension_data_dir"
+    prepare_read_only_hierarchy "${fake_root}" "${hierarchy}"
+
+    full_path="$fake_root$hierarchy"
+    permissions_before_merge=$(stat --format=%A "$full_path")
+
+    run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" "--mutable=$mutable_mode" merge
+    if [[ $mutable_mode = yes ]]; then
+        # systemd-sysext with --mutable=yes creates extensions.mutable
+        # directory also for the /usr hierarchy, because the image needs to
+        # have /usr/lib/extension-release.d/extension-release.<NAME> file -
+        # this causes the /usr hierarchy to also become mutable
+        extension_data_dir_usr="$fake_root/var/lib/extensions.mutable/usr"
+        prepend_trap "rm -rf ${extension_data_dir_usr@Q}"
+    fi
+
+    permissions_after_merge=$(stat --format=%A "$full_path")
+
+    run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" unmerge
+
+    permissions_after_unmerge=$(stat --format=%A "$full_path")
+
+    if [[ "$permissions_before_merge" != "$permissions_after_merge" ]]; then
+        echo >&2 "Broken hierarchy permissions after merging with mutable mode ${mutable_mode@Q}, expected ${permissions_before_merge@Q}, got ${permissions_after_merge@Q}"
+        exit 1
+    fi
+
+    if [[ "$permissions_before_merge" != "$permissions_after_unmerge" ]]; then
+        echo >&2 "Broken hierarchy permissions after unmerging with mutable mode ${mutable_mode@Q}, expected ${permissions_before_merge@Q}, got ${permissions_after_unmerge@Q}"
+        exit 1
+    fi
+    )
+done
+
+
+( init_trap
+: "Check if merging fails in case of invalid mutable directory permissions"
+
+fake_root=${roots_dir:+"$roots_dir/mutable-directory-with-invalid-permissions"}
+hierarchy=/opt
+extension_data_dir="$fake_root/var/lib/extensions.mutable$hierarchy"
+
+prepare_root "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_image "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+prepare_extension_mutable_dir "$extension_data_dir"
+prepare_hierarchy "$fake_root" "$hierarchy"
+
+old_mode=$(stat --format '%#a' "$fake_root$hierarchy")
+chmod 0755 "$fake_root$hierarchy"
+prepend_trap "chmod ${old_mode@Q} ${fake_root@Q}${hierarchy@Q}"
+chmod 0700 "$extension_data_dir"
+
+(! run_systemd_sysext "$fake_root" --mutable=yes merge)
+)
+
+} # End of run_sysext_tests
+
+
+# For preparing /, we need mutable /usr/. If it is read only, skip running the
+# sysext tests on /.
+if [[ -w /usr ]]; then
+    run_sysext_tests ''
+fi
+run_sysext_tests "$FAKE_ROOTS_DIR"
+
+
+exit 0
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-52.sh b/test/units/TEST-52-HONORFIRSTSHUTDOWN.sh
index 16ff507..16ff507 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-52.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-52-HONORFIRSTSHUTDOWN.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-53.sh b/test/units/TEST-53-ISSUE-16347.sh
index 84cd661..84cd661 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-53.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-53-ISSUE-16347.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-54.sh b/test/units/TEST-54-CREDS.sh
index bcbe7a1..fe410d5 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-54.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-54-CREDS.sh
@@ -3,15 +3,25 @@
 # shellcheck disable=SC2016
 set -eux
 
+# shellcheck source=test/units/util.sh
+. "$(dirname "$0")"/util.sh
+
 systemd-analyze log-level debug
 
-run_with_cred_compare() {
+run_with_cred_compare() (
     local cred="${1:?}"
     local exp="${2?}"
+    local log_file
     shift 2
 
-    diff <(systemd-run -p SetCredential="$cred" --wait --pipe -- systemd-creds "$@") <(echo -ne "$exp")
-}
+    log_file="$(mktemp)"
+    # shellcheck disable=SC2064
+    trap "rm -f '$log_file'" RETURN
+
+    set -o pipefail
+    systemd-run -p SetCredential="$cred" --wait --pipe -- systemd-creds "$@" | tee "$log_file"
+    diff "$log_file" <(echo -ne "$exp")
+)
 
 # Sanity checks
 #
@@ -197,6 +207,12 @@ elif [ -d /sys/firmware/qemu_fw_cfg/by_name ]; then
     [ "$(cat /tmp/sourcedfromcredential)" = "tmpfilessecret" ]
     [ "$(cat /etc/motd.d/50-provision.conf)" = "hello" ]
     [ "$(cat /etc/issue.d/50-provision.conf)" = "welcome" ]
+
+    # Verify that adding a unit and drop-in via credentials worked
+    systemctl start my-service
+    test -f /tmp/unit-cred
+    test -f /tmp/unit-dropin
+    test -f /tmp/unit-named-dropin
 else
     echo "qemu_fw_cfg support missing in kernel. Sniff!"
     expected_credential=""
@@ -297,11 +313,40 @@ fi
 systemd-run -p DynamicUser=yes -p 'LoadCredential=os:/etc/os-release' \
             -p 'ExecStartPre=true' \
             -p 'ExecStartPre=systemd-creds cat os' \
-            --unit=test-54-exec-start.service \
+            --unit=test-54-exec-start-pre.service \
             --wait \
             --pipe \
             true | cmp /etc/os-release
 
+# https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/31194
+systemd-run -p DynamicUser=yes -p 'LoadCredential=os:/etc/os-release' \
+            -p 'ExecStartPost=systemd-creds cat os' \
+            --unit=test-54-exec-start-post.service \
+            --service-type=oneshot --wait --pipe \
+            true | cmp /etc/os-release
+
+# https://github.com/systemd/systemd/pull/24734#issuecomment-1925440546
+# Also ExecStartPre= should be able to update creds
+dd if=/dev/urandom of=/tmp/cred-huge bs=600K count=1
+chmod 777 /tmp/cred-huge
+systemd-run -p ProtectSystem=full \
+            -p 'LoadCredential=huge:/tmp/cred-huge' \
+            -p 'ExecStartPre=true' \
+            -p 'ExecStartPre=bash -c "echo fresh >/tmp/cred-huge"' \
+            --unit=test-54-huge-cred.service \
+            --wait --pipe \
+            systemd-creds cat huge | cmp - <(echo "fresh")
+rm /tmp/cred-huge
+
+echo stable >/tmp/cred-stable
+systemd-run -p 'LoadCredential=stable:/tmp/cred-stable' \
+            -p 'ExecStartPost=systemd-creds cat stable' \
+            --unit=test-54-stable.service \
+            --service-type=oneshot --wait --pipe \
+            bash -c "echo bogus >/tmp/cred-stable" | cmp - <(echo "stable")
+assert_eq "$(cat /tmp/cred-stable)" "bogus"
+rm /tmp/cred-stable
+
 if ! systemd-detect-virt -q -c ; then
     # Validate that the credential we inserted via the initrd logic arrived
     test "$(systemd-creds cat --system myinitrdcred)" = "guatemala"
@@ -314,6 +359,44 @@ if ! systemd-detect-virt -q -c ; then
     systemctl -P Wants show getty.target | grep -q container-getty@idontexist.service
 fi
 
+# Decrypt/encrypt via varlink
+
+echo '{"data":"Zm9vYmFyCg=="}' > /tmp/vlcredsdata
+
+varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Credentials io.systemd.Credentials.Encrypt "$(cat /tmp/vlcredsdata)" | \
+    varlinkctl call --json=short /run/systemd/io.systemd.Credentials io.systemd.Credentials.Decrypt > /tmp/vlcredsdata2
+
+cmp /tmp/vlcredsdata /tmp/vlcredsdata2
+rm /tmp/vlcredsdata /tmp/vlcredsdata2
+
+clean_usertest() {
+    rm -f /tmp/usertest.data /tmp/usertest.data
+}
+
+trap clean_usertest EXIT
+dd if=/dev/urandom of=/tmp/usertest.data bs=4096 count=1
+
+systemd-creds encrypt --user /tmp/usertest.data /tmp/usertest.cred
+
+systemd-creds decrypt --user /tmp/usertest.cred - | cmp /tmp/usertest.data
+
+# Decryption must fail if it's not done in user context
+(! systemd-creds decrypt /tmp/usertest.cred - )
+
+# Decryption must also fail if a different user is used
+(! systemd-creds decrypt --user --uid=65534 /tmp/usertest.cred - )
+
+# Try the reverse
+systemd-creds encrypt --user --uid=65534 /tmp/usertest.data /tmp/usertest.cred
+(! systemd-creds decrypt --user /tmp/usertest.cred - )
+systemd-creds decrypt --user --uid=65534 /tmp/usertest.cred - | cmp /tmp/usertest.data
+
+systemd-creds encrypt --user /tmp/usertest.data /tmp/usertest.creds --name=mytest
+
+# Make sure we actually can decode this in user context
+systemctl start user@0.service
+XDG_RUNTIME_DIR=/run/user/0 systemd-run --pipe --user --unit=waldi.service -p LoadCredentialEncrypted=mytest:/tmp/usertest.creds cat /run/user/0/credentials/waldi.service/mytest | cmp /tmp/usertest.data
+
 systemd-analyze log-level info
 
 touch /testok
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-55-testbloat.service b/test/units/TEST-55-OOMD-testbloat.service
index 6c8e3c9..ba4f2bc 100644
--- a/test/units/testsuite-55-testbloat.service
+++ b/test/units/TEST-55-OOMD-testbloat.service
@@ -6,5 +6,5 @@ Description=Create a lot of memory pressure
 # A VERY small memory.high will cause the 'stress' (trying to use a lot of memory)
 # to throttle and be put under heavy pressure.
 MemoryHigh=3M
-Slice=testsuite-55-workload.slice
+Slice=TEST-55-OOMD-workload.slice
 ExecStart=stress --timeout 3m --vm 10 --vm-bytes 200M --vm-keep --vm-stride 1
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-55-testchill.service b/test/units/TEST-55-OOMD-testchill.service
index 369b802..1f708dd 100644
--- a/test/units/testsuite-55-testchill.service
+++ b/test/units/TEST-55-OOMD-testchill.service
@@ -4,5 +4,5 @@ Description=No memory pressure
 
 [Service]
 MemoryHigh=3M
-Slice=testsuite-55-workload.slice
+Slice=TEST-55-OOMD-workload.slice
 ExecStart=sleep infinity
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-55-testmunch.service b/test/units/TEST-55-OOMD-testmunch.service
index 3730059..5659906 100644
--- a/test/units/testsuite-55-testmunch.service
+++ b/test/units/TEST-55-OOMD-testmunch.service
@@ -4,5 +4,5 @@ Description=Create some memory pressure
 
 [Service]
 MemoryHigh=12M
-Slice=testsuite-55-workload.slice
+Slice=TEST-55-OOMD-workload.slice
 ExecStart=stress --timeout 3m --vm 10 --vm-bytes 200M --vm-keep --vm-stride 1
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-55-workload.slice b/test/units/TEST-55-OOMD-workload.slice
index d117b75..d117b75 100644
--- a/test/units/testsuite-55-workload.slice
+++ b/test/units/TEST-55-OOMD-workload.slice
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-55.sh b/test/units/TEST-55-OOMD.sh
index 81617db..b04ebca 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-55.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-55-OOMD.sh
@@ -6,6 +6,14 @@ set -o pipefail
 # shellcheck source=test/units/util.sh
  . "$(dirname "$0")"/util.sh
 
+. /etc/os-release
+# OpenSUSE does not have the stress tool packaged. It does have stress-ng but the stress-ng does not support
+# --vm-stride which this test uses.
+if [[ "$ID" =~ "opensuse" ]]; then
+    echo "Skipping due to missing stress package in OpenSUSE" >>/skipped
+    exit 77
+fi
+
 systemd-analyze log-level debug
 
 # Ensure that the init.scope.d drop-in is applied on boot
@@ -16,13 +24,14 @@ test "$(cat /sys/fs/cgroup/init.scope/memory.high)" != "max"
 [[ "$(get_cgroup_hierarchy)" == "unified" ]] || echo "no cgroupsv2" >>/skipped
 [[ -x /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-oomd ]] || echo "no oomd" >>/skipped
 if [[ -s /skipped ]]; then
-    exit 0
+    exit 77
 fi
 
-rm -rf /run/systemd/system/testsuite-55-testbloat.service.d
+rm -rf /run/systemd/system/TEST-55-OOMD-testbloat.service.d
 
 # Activate swap file if we are in a VM
 if systemd-detect-virt --vm --quiet; then
+    swapoff --all
     if [[ "$(findmnt -n -o FSTYPE /)" == btrfs ]]; then
         btrfs filesystem mkswapfile -s 64M /swapfile
     else
@@ -78,35 +87,34 @@ if [[ -v ASAN_OPTIONS || -v UBSAN_OPTIONS ]]; then
     # go on a killing spree. This fact is exacerbated further on Arch Linux which ships unstripped gcc-libs,
     # so sd-executor pulls in over 30M of libs on startup. Let's make the MemoryHigh= limit a bit more
     # generous when running with sanitizers to make the test happy.
-    mkdir -p /run/systemd/system/testsuite-55-testchill.service.d/
-    cat >/run/systemd/system/testsuite-55-testchill.service.d/99-MemoryHigh.conf <<EOF
+    systemctl edit --runtime --stdin --drop-in=99-MemoryHigh.conf TEST-55-OOMD-testchill.service <<EOF
 [Service]
 MemoryHigh=60M
 EOF
     # Do the same for the user instance as well
     mkdir -p /run/systemd/user/
-    cp -rfv /run/systemd/system/testsuite-55-testchill.service.d/ /run/systemd/user/
+    cp -rfv /run/systemd/system/TEST-55-OOMD-testchill.service.d/ /run/systemd/user/
 else
     # Ensure that we can start services even with a very low hard memory cap without oom-kills, but skip
     # under sanitizers as they balloon memory usage.
     systemd-run -t -p MemoryMax=10M -p MemorySwapMax=0 -p MemoryZSwapMax=0 /bin/true
 fi
 
-systemctl start testsuite-55-testchill.service
-systemctl start testsuite-55-testbloat.service
+systemctl start TEST-55-OOMD-testchill.service
+systemctl start TEST-55-OOMD-testbloat.service
 
 # Verify systemd-oomd is monitoring the expected units
-timeout 1m bash -xec 'until oomctl | grep "/testsuite-55-workload.slice"; do sleep 1; done'
-oomctl | grep "/testsuite-55-workload.slice"
+timeout 1m bash -xec 'until oomctl | grep "/TEST-55-OOMD-workload.slice"; do sleep 1; done'
+oomctl | grep "/TEST-55-OOMD-workload.slice"
 oomctl | grep "20.00%"
 oomctl | grep "Default Memory Pressure Duration: 2s"
 
-systemctl status testsuite-55-testchill.service
+systemctl status TEST-55-OOMD-testchill.service
 
 # systemd-oomd watches for elevated pressure for 2 seconds before acting.
 # It can take time to build up pressure so either wait 2 minutes or for the service to fail.
 for _ in {0..59}; do
-    if ! systemctl status testsuite-55-testbloat.service; then
+    if ! systemctl status TEST-55-OOMD-testbloat.service; then
         break
     fi
     oomctl
@@ -114,28 +122,28 @@ for _ in {0..59}; do
 done
 
 # testbloat should be killed and testchill should be fine
-if systemctl status testsuite-55-testbloat.service; then exit 42; fi
-if ! systemctl status testsuite-55-testchill.service; then exit 24; fi
+if systemctl status TEST-55-OOMD-testbloat.service; then exit 42; fi
+if ! systemctl status TEST-55-OOMD-testchill.service; then exit 24; fi
 
 # Make sure we also work correctly on user units.
 loginctl enable-linger testuser
 
-systemctl start --machine "testuser@.host" --user testsuite-55-testchill.service
-systemctl start --machine "testuser@.host" --user testsuite-55-testbloat.service
+systemctl start --machine "testuser@.host" --user TEST-55-OOMD-testchill.service
+systemctl start --machine "testuser@.host" --user TEST-55-OOMD-testbloat.service
 
 # Verify systemd-oomd is monitoring the expected units
 # Try to avoid racing the oomctl output check by checking in a loop with a timeout
-timeout 1m bash -xec 'until oomctl | grep "/testsuite-55-workload.slice"; do sleep 1; done'
-oomctl | grep -E "/user.slice.*/testsuite-55-workload.slice"
+timeout 1m bash -xec 'until oomctl | grep "/TEST-55-OOMD-workload.slice"; do sleep 1; done'
+oomctl | grep -E "/user.slice.*/TEST-55-OOMD-workload.slice"
 oomctl | grep "20.00%"
 oomctl | grep "Default Memory Pressure Duration: 2s"
 
-systemctl --machine "testuser@.host" --user status testsuite-55-testchill.service
+systemctl --machine "testuser@.host" --user status TEST-55-OOMD-testchill.service
 
 # systemd-oomd watches for elevated pressure for 2 seconds before acting.
 # It can take time to build up pressure so either wait 2 minutes or for the service to fail.
 for _ in {0..59}; do
-    if ! systemctl --machine "testuser@.host" --user status testsuite-55-testbloat.service; then
+    if ! systemctl --machine "testuser@.host" --user status TEST-55-OOMD-testbloat.service; then
         break
     fi
     oomctl
@@ -143,8 +151,8 @@ for _ in {0..59}; do
 done
 
 # testbloat should be killed and testchill should be fine
-if systemctl --machine "testuser@.host" --user status testsuite-55-testbloat.service; then exit 42; fi
-if ! systemctl --machine "testuser@.host" --user status testsuite-55-testchill.service; then exit 24; fi
+if systemctl --machine "testuser@.host" --user status TEST-55-OOMD-testbloat.service; then exit 42; fi
+if ! systemctl --machine "testuser@.host" --user status TEST-55-OOMD-testchill.service; then exit 24; fi
 
 loginctl disable-linger testuser
 
@@ -152,19 +160,19 @@ loginctl disable-linger testuser
 if cgroupfs_supports_user_xattrs; then
     sleep 120 # wait for systemd-oomd kill cool down and elevated memory pressure to come down
 
-    mkdir -p /run/systemd/system/testsuite-55-testbloat.service.d/
-    cat >/run/systemd/system/testsuite-55-testbloat.service.d/override.conf <<EOF
+    mkdir -p /run/systemd/system/TEST-55-OOMD-testbloat.service.d/
+    cat >/run/systemd/system/TEST-55-OOMD-testbloat.service.d/override.conf <<EOF
 [Service]
 ManagedOOMPreference=avoid
 EOF
 
     systemctl daemon-reload
-    systemctl start testsuite-55-testchill.service
-    systemctl start testsuite-55-testmunch.service
-    systemctl start testsuite-55-testbloat.service
+    systemctl start TEST-55-OOMD-testchill.service
+    systemctl start TEST-55-OOMD-testmunch.service
+    systemctl start TEST-55-OOMD-testbloat.service
 
     for _ in {0..59}; do
-        if ! systemctl status testsuite-55-testmunch.service; then
+        if ! systemctl status TEST-55-OOMD-testmunch.service; then
             break
         fi
         oomctl
@@ -172,9 +180,9 @@ EOF
     done
 
     # testmunch should be killed since testbloat had the avoid xattr on it
-    if ! systemctl status testsuite-55-testbloat.service; then exit 25; fi
-    if systemctl status testsuite-55-testmunch.service; then exit 43; fi
-    if ! systemctl status testsuite-55-testchill.service; then exit 24; fi
+    if ! systemctl status TEST-55-OOMD-testbloat.service; then exit 25; fi
+    if systemctl status TEST-55-OOMD-testmunch.service; then exit 43; fi
+    if ! systemctl status TEST-55-OOMD-testchill.service; then exit 24; fi
 fi
 
 systemd-analyze log-level info
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-58.sh b/test/units/TEST-58-REPART.sh
index c64b203..8a014ac 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-58.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-58-REPART.sh
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ set -o pipefail
 
 if ! command -v systemd-repart >/dev/null; then
     echo "no systemd-repart" >/skipped
-    exit 0
+    exit 77
 fi
 
 # shellcheck source=test/units/test-control.sh
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ elif [ "${machine}" = "ppc64le" ]; then
     usr_uuid=C0D0823B-8040-4C7C-A629-026248E297FB
     architecture="ppc64-le"
 else
-    echo "Unexpected uname -m: ${machine} in testsuite-58.sh, please fix me"
+    echo "Unexpected uname -m: ${machine} in TEST-58-REPART.sh, please fix me"
     exit 1
 fi
 
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ $imgs/zzz7 : start=     6291416, size=       98304, type=0FC63DAF-8483-4772-8E79
     fi
 
     loop="$(losetup -P --show --find "$imgs/zzz")"
-    udevadm wait --timeout 60 --settle "${loop:?}"
+    udevadm wait --timeout 60 --settle "${loop:?}p7"
 
     volume="test-repart-$RANDOM"
 
@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@ EOF
 		"offset" : 1048576,
 		"old_size" : 0,
 		"raw_size" : 33554432,
-		"size" : "-> 32.0M",
+		"size" : "-> 32M",
 		"old_padding" : 0,
 		"raw_padding" : 0,
 		"padding" : "-> 0B",
@@ -496,7 +496,7 @@ EOF
 		"offset" : 1048576,
 		"old_size" : 0,
 		"raw_size" : 33554432,
-		"size" : "-> 32.0M",
+		"size" : "-> 32M",
 		"old_padding" : 0,
 		"raw_padding" : 0,
 		"padding" : "-> 0B",
@@ -512,7 +512,7 @@ EOF
 		"offset" : 34603008,
 		"old_size" : 0,
 		"raw_size" : 33554432,
-		"size" : "-> 32.0M",
+		"size" : "-> 32M",
 		"old_padding" : 0,
 		"raw_padding" : 0,
 		"padding" : "-> 0B",
@@ -961,7 +961,7 @@ EOF
     # shellcheck disable=SC2064
     trap "rm -rf '$defs' '$imgs' ; losetup -d '$loop'" RETURN ERR
 
-    udevadm wait --timeout 60 --settle "${loop:?}"
+    udevadm wait --timeout 60 --settle "${loop:?}p1" "${loop:?}p2"
 
     # Check that the verity block sizes are as expected
     veritysetup dump "${loop}p2" | grep 'Data block size:' | grep -q '4096'
@@ -1026,7 +1026,7 @@ EOF
     fi
 
     loop=$(losetup -P --show -f "$imgs/zzz")
-    udevadm wait --timeout 60 --settle "${loop:?}"
+    udevadm wait --timeout 60 --settle "${loop:?}p1" "${loop:?}p2"
 
     # Test that /usr/def did not end up in the root partition but other files did.
     mkdir "$imgs/mnt"
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-59.sh b/test/units/TEST-59-RELOADING-RESTART.sh
index 1b622b3..0e04403 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-59.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-59-RELOADING-RESTART.sh
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ Description=TEST-59-RELOADING-RESTART Normal exit
 
 [Service]
 Type=notify
-ExecStart=/bin/bash -c "systemd-notify --ready; systemd-notify RELOADING=1; sleep 1; exit 1"
+ExecStart=bash -c "systemd-notify --ready; systemd-notify RELOADING=1; sleep 1; exit 1"
 EOF
 
 cat >/run/systemd/system/testservice-fail-restart-59.service <<EOF
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ Description=TEST-59-RELOADING-RESTART Restart=on-failure
 
 [Service]
 Type=notify
-ExecStart=/bin/bash -c "systemd-notify --ready; systemd-notify RELOADING=1; sleep 1; exit 1"
+ExecStart=bash -c "systemd-notify --ready; systemd-notify RELOADING=1; sleep 1; exit 1"
 Restart=on-failure
 StartLimitBurst=1
 EOF
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ Description=TEST-59-RELOADING-RESTART Restart=on-abort
 
 [Service]
 Type=notify
-ExecStart=/bin/bash -c "systemd-notify --ready; systemd-notify RELOADING=1; sleep 5; exit 1"
+ExecStart=bash -c "systemd-notify --ready; systemd-notify RELOADING=1; sleep 5; exit 1"
 Restart=on-abort
 EOF
 
@@ -104,6 +104,14 @@ sleep 10
 
 systemctl daemon-reload
 
+# Same test for reexec, but we wait here
+timeout 15 bash -c 'while systemctl daemon-reexec; do true; done'
+
+# Rate limit should reset after 9s
+sleep 10
+
+systemctl daemon-reexec
+
 # Let's now test the notify-reload logic
 
 cat >/run/notify-reload-test.sh <<EOF
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-60.sh b/test/units/TEST-60-MOUNT-RATELIMIT.sh
index e800a7a..a0e99dc 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-60.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-60-MOUNT-RATELIMIT.sh
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ teardown_test_dependencies() (
         losetup -d "${LOOP_1}" || :
     fi
 
-    rm -f /tmp/testsuite-60-dependencies-0.img
-    rm -f /tmp/testsuite-60-dependencies-1.img
+    rm -f /tmp/TEST-60-MOUNT-RATELIMIT-dependencies-0.img
+    rm -f /tmp/TEST-60-MOUNT-RATELIMIT-dependencies-1.img
 
     rm -f /run/systemd/system/tmp-deptest.mount
     systemctl daemon-reload
@@ -33,13 +33,13 @@ teardown_test_dependencies() (
 )
 
 setup_loop() {
-    truncate -s 30m "/tmp/testsuite-60-dependencies-${1?}.img"
-    sfdisk --wipe=always "/tmp/testsuite-60-dependencies-${1?}.img" <<EOF
+    truncate -s 30m "/tmp/TEST-60-MOUNT-RATELIMIT-dependencies-${1?}.img"
+    sfdisk --wipe=always "/tmp/TEST-60-MOUNT-RATELIMIT-dependencies-${1?}.img" <<EOF
 label:gpt
 
 name="loop${1?}-part1"
 EOF
-    LOOP=$(losetup -P --show -f "/tmp/testsuite-60-dependencies-${1?}.img")
+    LOOP=$(losetup -P --show -f "/tmp/TEST-60-MOUNT-RATELIMIT-dependencies-${1?}.img")
     udevadm wait --settle --timeout=10 "${LOOP}"
     udevadm lock --device="${LOOP}" mkfs.ext4 -L "partname${1?}-1" "${LOOP}p1"
 }
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ EOF
 }
 
 test_issue_23796() {
-    local mount_path mount_mytmpfs
+    local mount_path mount_mytmpfs since
 
     mount_path="$(command -v mount 2>/dev/null)"
     mount_mytmpfs="${mount_path/\/bin/\/sbin}.mytmpfs"
@@ -225,6 +225,9 @@ EOF
     # shellcheck disable=SC2064
     trap "rm -f /run/systemd/system/tmp-hoge.mount '$mount_mytmpfs'" RETURN
 
+    journalctl --sync
+    since="$(date '+%H:%M:%S')"
+
     for _ in {1..10}; do
         systemctl --no-block start tmp-hoge.mount
         sleep ".$RANDOM"
@@ -233,7 +236,7 @@ EOF
         sleep 1
 
         if [[ "$(systemctl is-failed tmp-hoge.mount)" == "failed" ]] || \
-           journalctl -u tmp-hoge.mount -q --grep "but there is no mount"; then
+           journalctl --since="$since" -u tmp-hoge.mount -q --grep "but there is no mount"; then
                 exit 1
         fi
 
@@ -249,6 +252,8 @@ NUM_DIRS=20
 # make sure we can handle mounts at very long paths such that mount unit name must be hashed to fall within our unit name limit
 LONGPATH="$(printf "/$(printf "x%0.s" {1..255})%0.s" {1..7})"
 LONGMNT="$(systemd-escape --suffix=mount --path "$LONGPATH")"
+
+journalctl --sync
 TS="$(date '+%H:%M:%S')"
 
 mkdir -p "$LONGPATH"
@@ -271,6 +276,9 @@ for ((i = 0; i < NUM_DIRS; i++)); do
     mkdir "/tmp/meow${i}"
 done
 
+# The following loop may produce many journal entries.
+# Let's process all pending entries before testing.
+journalctl --sync
 TS="$(date '+%H:%M:%S')"
 
 for ((i = 0; i < NUM_DIRS; i++)); do
@@ -286,9 +294,13 @@ done
 
 # Figure out if we have entered the rate limit state.
 # If the infra is slow we might not enter the rate limit state; in that case skip the exit check.
-if timeout 2m bash -c "until journalctl -u init.scope --since=$TS | grep -q '(mount-monitor-dispatch) entered rate limit'; do sleep 1; done"; then
-    timeout 2m bash -c "until journalctl -u init.scope --since=$TS | grep -q '(mount-monitor-dispatch) left rate limit'; do sleep 1; done"
+set +o pipefail
+journalctl --sync
+if timeout 2m journalctl -u init.scope --since="$TS" -n all --follow | grep -m 1 -q -F '(mount-monitor-dispatch) entered rate limit'; then
+    journalctl --sync
+    timeout 2m journalctl -u init.scope --since="$TS" -n all --follow | grep -m 1 -q -F '(mount-monitor-dispatch) left rate limit'
 fi
+set -o pipefail
 
 # Verify that the mount units are always cleaned up at the end.
 # Give some time for units to settle so we don't race between exiting the rate limit state and cleaning up the units.
diff --git a/test/units/TEST-62-RESTRICT-IFACES-1.service b/test/units/TEST-62-RESTRICT-IFACES-1.service
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..16695c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/units/TEST-62-RESTRICT-IFACES-1.service
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+[Unit]
+Description=TEST-62-RESTRICT-IFACES-all-pings-work
+[Service]
+ExecStart=sh -c 'ping -c 1 -W 0.2 192.168.113.1'
+ExecStart=sh -c 'ping -c 1 -W 0.2 192.168.113.5'
+ExecStart=sh -c 'ping -c 1 -W 0.2 192.168.113.9'
+RestrictNetworkInterfaces=
+Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/TEST-62-RESTRICT-IFACES-2.service b/test/units/TEST-62-RESTRICT-IFACES-2.service
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bce7e8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/units/TEST-62-RESTRICT-IFACES-2.service
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+[Unit]
+Description=TEST-62-RESTRICT-IFACES-allow-list
+[Service]
+ExecStart=sh -c 'ping -c 1 -W 0.2 192.168.113.1'
+ExecStart=sh -c 'ping -c 1 -W 0.2 192.168.113.5'
+ExecStart=sh -c '! ping -c 1 -W 0.2 192.168.113.9'
+RestrictNetworkInterfaces=veth0
+RestrictNetworkInterfaces=veth1
+Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-62-3.service b/test/units/TEST-62-RESTRICT-IFACES-3.service
index b6c8e7a..116530b 100644
--- a/test/units/testsuite-62-3.service
+++ b/test/units/TEST-62-RESTRICT-IFACES-3.service
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 [Unit]
 Description=TEST-62-RESTRICT-IFACES-deny-list
 [Service]
-ExecStart=/bin/sh -c '! ping -c 1 -W 0.2 192.168.113.1'
-ExecStart=/bin/sh -c '! ping -c 1 -W 0.2 192.168.113.5'
-ExecStart=/bin/sh -c 'ping -c 1 -W 0.2 192.168.113.9'
+ExecStart=sh -c '! ping -c 1 -W 0.2 192.168.113.1'
+ExecStart=sh -c '! ping -c 1 -W 0.2 192.168.113.5'
+ExecStart=sh -c 'ping -c 1 -W 0.2 192.168.113.9'
 RestrictNetworkInterfaces=~veth0
 RestrictNetworkInterfaces=~veth1
 Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-62-4.service b/test/units/TEST-62-RESTRICT-IFACES-4.service
index 053e6d2..200a383 100644
--- a/test/units/testsuite-62-4.service
+++ b/test/units/TEST-62-RESTRICT-IFACES-4.service
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 [Unit]
 Description=TEST-62-RESTRICT-IFACES-empty-assignment
 [Service]
-ExecStart=/bin/sh -c 'ping -c 1 -W 0.2 192.168.113.1'
-ExecStart=/bin/sh -c 'ping -c 1 -W 0.2 192.168.113.5'
-ExecStart=/bin/sh -c 'ping -c 1 -W 0.2 192.168.113.9'
+ExecStart=sh -c 'ping -c 1 -W 0.2 192.168.113.1'
+ExecStart=sh -c 'ping -c 1 -W 0.2 192.168.113.5'
+ExecStart=sh -c 'ping -c 1 -W 0.2 192.168.113.9'
 RestrictNetworkInterfaces=veth0
 RestrictNetworkInterfaces=
 Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-62-5.service b/test/units/TEST-62-RESTRICT-IFACES-5.service
index a8f268d..51761ba 100644
--- a/test/units/testsuite-62-5.service
+++ b/test/units/TEST-62-RESTRICT-IFACES-5.service
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 [Unit]
 Description=TEST-62-RESTRICT-IFACES-invert-assignment
 [Service]
-ExecStart=/bin/sh -c '! ping -c 1 -W 0.2 192.168.113.1'
-ExecStart=/bin/sh -c 'ping -c 1 -W 0.2 192.168.113.5'
-ExecStart=/bin/sh -c '! ping -c 1 -W 0.2 192.168.113.9'
+ExecStart=sh -c '! ping -c 1 -W 0.2 192.168.113.1'
+ExecStart=sh -c 'ping -c 1 -W 0.2 192.168.113.5'
+ExecStart=sh -c '! ping -c 1 -W 0.2 192.168.113.9'
 RestrictNetworkInterfaces=veth0
 RestrictNetworkInterfaces=veth0 veth1
 RestrictNetworkInterfaces=~veth0
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-62-2.service b/test/units/TEST-62-RESTRICT-IFACES-6.service
index b83362d..876d8f3 100644
--- a/test/units/testsuite-62-2.service
+++ b/test/units/TEST-62-RESTRICT-IFACES-6.service
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
 [Unit]
-Description=TEST-62-RESTRICT-IFACES-allow-list
+Description=TEST-62-RESTRICT-IFACES-altname
 [Service]
 ExecStart=/bin/sh -c 'ping -c 1 -W 0.2 192.168.113.1'
 ExecStart=/bin/sh -c 'ping -c 1 -W 0.2 192.168.113.5'
 ExecStart=/bin/sh -c '! ping -c 1 -W 0.2 192.168.113.9'
-RestrictNetworkInterfaces=veth0
-RestrictNetworkInterfaces=veth1
+RestrictNetworkInterfaces=veth0-altname-with-more-than-15-chars
+RestrictNetworkInterfaces=veth1-altname-with-more-than-15-chars
 Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-62.sh b/test/units/TEST-62-RESTRICT-IFACES.sh
index ed40821..35ab862 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-62.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-62-RESTRICT-IFACES.sh
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ setup() {
         ip -n "ns${i}" link set dev lo up
         ip -n "ns${i}" addr add "192.168.113."$((4*i+1))/30 dev "veth${i}_"
         ip link set dev "veth${i}" up
+        ip link property add dev "veth${i}" altname "veth${i}-altname-with-more-than-15-chars"
         ip addr add "192.168.113."$((4*i+2))/30 dev "veth${i}"
     done
 }
@@ -33,31 +34,23 @@ teardown() {
     systemd-analyze log-level info
 }
 
-KERNEL_VERSION="$(uname -r)"
-KERNEL_MAJOR="${KERNEL_VERSION%%.*}"
-KERNEL_MINOR="${KERNEL_VERSION#"$KERNEL_MAJOR".}"
-KERNEL_MINOR="${KERNEL_MINOR%%.*}"
-
-MAJOR_REQUIRED=5
-MINOR_REQUIRED=7
-
-if [[ "$KERNEL_MAJOR" -lt $MAJOR_REQUIRED || ("$KERNEL_MAJOR" -eq $MAJOR_REQUIRED && "$KERNEL_MINOR" -lt $MINOR_REQUIRED) ]]; then
+if systemd-analyze compare-versions "$(uname -r)" lt 5.7; then
     echo "kernel is not 5.7+" >>/skipped
-    exit 0
+    exit 77
 fi
 
 if systemctl --version | grep -q -F -- "-BPF_FRAMEWORK"; then
     echo "bpf-framework is disabled" >>/skipped
-    exit 0
+    exit 77
 fi
 
 trap teardown EXIT
 setup
 
-systemctl start --wait testsuite-62-1.service
-systemctl start --wait testsuite-62-2.service
-systemctl start --wait testsuite-62-3.service
-systemctl start --wait testsuite-62-4.service
-systemctl start --wait testsuite-62-5.service
+systemctl start --wait TEST-62-RESTRICT-IFACES-1.service
+systemctl start --wait TEST-62-RESTRICT-IFACES-2.service
+systemctl start --wait TEST-62-RESTRICT-IFACES-3.service
+systemctl start --wait TEST-62-RESTRICT-IFACES-4.service
+systemctl start --wait TEST-62-RESTRICT-IFACES-5.service
 
 touch /testok
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-63.sh b/test/units/TEST-63-PATH.sh
index ea8cd94..cdd323c 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-63.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-63-PATH.sh
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ timeout 30 bash -c 'until test "$(systemctl show test63-pr-30768.service -P Acti
 diff /tmp/copyme /tmp/copied
 echo test2 > /tmp/copyme
 exec {lock}<&-
-timeout 30 bash -c 'until diff /tmp/copyme /tmp/copied; do sleep .2; done'
+timeout 30 bash -c 'until diff /tmp/copyme /tmp/copied >/dev/null; do sleep .2; done'
 
 systemctl log-level info
 
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-64.sh b/test/units/TEST-64-UDEV-STORAGE.sh
index 65e5f6c..5ddddf5 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-64.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-64-UDEV-STORAGE.sh
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ check_device_units() {(
         if ! check_device_unit "$log_level" "$path"; then
            return 1
         fi
-    done < <(systemctl list-units --all --type=device --no-legend dev-* | awk '$1 !~ /dev-tty.+/ { print $1 }' | sed -e 's/\.device$//')
+    done < <(systemctl list-units --all --type=device --no-legend dev-* | awk '$1 !~ /dev-tty.+/ && $4 == "plugged" { print $1 }' | sed -e 's/\.device$//')
 
     return 0
 )}
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ helper_check_device_units() {(
     check_device_units 1 "$@"
 )}
 
-testcase_megasas2_basic() {
+testcase_virtio_scsi_basic() {
     lsblk -S
     [[ "$(lsblk --scsi --noheadings | wc -l)" -ge 128 ]]
 }
@@ -239,16 +239,28 @@ testcase_nvme_subsystem() {
 }
 
 testcase_virtio_scsi_identically_named_partitions() {
-    local num
+    local num_part num_disk i j
 
     if [[ -v ASAN_OPTIONS || "$(systemd-detect-virt -v)" == "qemu" ]]; then
-        num=$((4 * 4))
+        num_part=4
+        num_disk=4
     else
-        num=$((16 * 8))
+        num_part=8
+        num_disk=16
     fi
 
+    for ((i = 0; i < num_disk; i++)); do
+        udevadm lock --device "/dev/disk/by-id/scsi-0QEMU_QEMU_HARDDISK_drive$i" \
+                sfdisk "/dev/disk/by-id/scsi-0QEMU_QEMU_HARDDISK_drive$i" <<EOF
+label: gpt
+
+$(for ((j = 1; j <= num_part; j++)); do echo 'name="Hello world", size=2M'; done)
+EOF
+    done
+
+    udevadm settle
     lsblk --noheadings -a -o NAME,PARTLABEL
-    [[ "$(lsblk --noheadings -a -o NAME,PARTLABEL | grep -c "Hello world")" -eq "$num" ]]
+    [[ "$(lsblk --noheadings -a -o NAME,PARTLABEL | grep -c "Hello world")" -eq "$((num_part * num_disk))" ]]
 }
 
 testcase_multipath_basic_failover() {
@@ -270,6 +282,18 @@ blacklist_exceptions {
 blacklist {
 }
 EOF
+
+    udevadm lock --device /dev/disk/by-id/wwn-0xdeaddeadbeef0000 \
+            sfdisk /dev/disk/by-id/wwn-0xdeaddeadbeef0000 <<EOF
+label: gpt
+
+name="first_partition", size=5M
+uuid="deadbeef-dead-dead-beef-000000000000", name="failover_part", size=5M
+EOF
+    udevadm settle
+    udevadm lock --device /dev/disk/by-id/wwn-0xdeaddeadbeef0000-part2 \
+            mkfs.ext4 -U "deadbeef-dead-dead-beef-111111111111" -L "failover_vol" /dev/disk/by-id/wwn-0xdeaddeadbeef0000-part2
+
     modprobe -v dm_multipath
     systemctl start multipathd.service
     systemctl status multipathd.service
@@ -362,7 +386,7 @@ testcase_simultaneous_events_1() {
     else
         num_part=10
         iterations=100
-        timeout=30
+        timeout=60
     fi
 
     for disk in {0..9}; do
@@ -521,9 +545,15 @@ testcase_lvm_basic() {
     local i iterations partitions part timeout
     local vgroup="MyTestGroup$RANDOM"
     local devices=(
-        /dev/disk/by-id/ata-foobar_deadbeeflvm{0..3}
+        /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-0systemd_foobar_deadbeeflvm{0..3}
     )
 
+    . /etc/os-release
+    if [[ "$ID" == "ubuntu" ]]; then
+        echo "LVM on Ubuntu is broken, skipping the test" | tee --append /skipped
+        exit 77
+    fi
+
     if [[ -v ASAN_OPTIONS || "$(systemd-detect-virt -v)" == "qemu" ]]; then
         timeout=180
     else
@@ -544,6 +574,7 @@ testcase_lvm_basic() {
     lvm lvs
     udevadm wait --settle --timeout="$timeout" "/dev/$vgroup/mypart1" "/dev/$vgroup/mypart2"
     mkfs.ext4 -L mylvpart1 "/dev/$vgroup/mypart1"
+    udevadm trigger --settle "/dev/$vgroup/mypart1"
     udevadm wait --settle --timeout="$timeout" "/dev/disk/by-label/mylvpart1"
     helper_check_device_symlinks "/dev/disk" "/dev/$vgroup"
     helper_check_device_units
@@ -599,6 +630,7 @@ testcase_lvm_basic() {
     cryptsetup open --key-file=/etc/lvm_keyfile "/dev/$vgroup/mypart2" "lvmluksmap"
     udevadm wait --settle --timeout="$timeout" "/dev/mapper/lvmluksmap"
     mkfs.ext4 -L lvmluksfs "/dev/mapper/lvmluksmap"
+    udevadm trigger --settle "/dev/mapper/lvmluksmap"
     udevadm wait --settle --timeout="$timeout" "/dev/disk/by-label/lvmluksfs"
     # Make systemd "interested" in the mount by adding it to /etc/fstab
     echo "/dev/disk/by-label/lvmluksfs /tmp/lvmluksmnt ext4 defaults 0 2" >>/etc/fstab
@@ -693,9 +725,14 @@ testcase_lvm_basic() {
 testcase_btrfs_basic() {
     local dev_stub i label mpoint uuid
     local devices=(
-        /dev/disk/by-id/ata-foobar_deadbeefbtrfs{0..3}
+        /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-0systemd_foobar_deadbeefbtrfs{0..3}
     )
 
+    if ! modinfo btrfs; then
+        echo "This test requires the btrfs kernel module but it is not installed, skipping the test" | tee --append /skipped
+        exit 77
+    fi
+
     ls -l "${devices[@]}"
 
     echo "Single device: default settings"
@@ -731,10 +768,10 @@ EOF
     uuid="deadbeef-dead-dead-beef-000000000002"
     label="btrfs_mdisk"
     udevadm lock \
-            --device=/dev/disk/by-id/ata-foobar_deadbeefbtrfs0 \
-            --device=/dev/disk/by-id/ata-foobar_deadbeefbtrfs1 \
-            --device=/dev/disk/by-id/ata-foobar_deadbeefbtrfs2 \
-            --device=/dev/disk/by-id/ata-foobar_deadbeefbtrfs3 \
+            --device=/dev/disk/by-id/scsi-0systemd_foobar_deadbeefbtrfs0 \
+            --device=/dev/disk/by-id/scsi-0systemd_foobar_deadbeefbtrfs1 \
+            --device=/dev/disk/by-id/scsi-0systemd_foobar_deadbeefbtrfs2 \
+            --device=/dev/disk/by-id/scsi-0systemd_foobar_deadbeefbtrfs3 \
             mkfs.btrfs -f -M -d raid10 -m raid10 -L "$label" -U "$uuid" "${devices[@]}"
     udevadm wait --settle --timeout=30 "/dev/disk/by-uuid/$uuid" "/dev/disk/by-label/$label"
     btrfs filesystem show
@@ -755,9 +792,10 @@ EOF
     for ((i = 0; i < ${#devices[@]}; i++)); do
         # Intentionally use weaker cipher-related settings, since we don't care
         # about security here as it's a throwaway LUKS partition
-        cryptsetup luksFormat -q \
-            --use-urandom --pbkdf pbkdf2 --pbkdf-force-iterations 1000 \
-            --uuid "deadbeef-dead-dead-beef-11111111111$i" --label "encdisk$i" "${devices[$i]}" /etc/btrfs_keyfile
+        udevadm lock --device="${devices[$i]}" \
+                cryptsetup luksFormat -q \
+                --use-urandom --pbkdf pbkdf2 --pbkdf-force-iterations 1000 \
+                --uuid "deadbeef-dead-dead-beef-11111111111$i" --label "encdisk$i" "${devices[$i]}" /etc/btrfs_keyfile
         udevadm wait --settle --timeout=30 "/dev/disk/by-uuid/deadbeef-dead-dead-beef-11111111111$i" "/dev/disk/by-label/encdisk$i"
         # Add the device into /etc/crypttab, reload systemd, and then activate
         # the device so we can create a filesystem on it later
@@ -824,14 +862,28 @@ testcase_iscsi_lvm() {
     local vgroup="iscsi_lvm$RANDOM"
     local expected_symlinks=()
     local devices=(
-        /dev/disk/by-id/ata-foobar_deadbeefiscsi{0..3}
+        /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-0systemd_foobar_deadbeefiscsi{0..3}
     )
 
+    . /etc/os-release
+    if [[ "$ID" == "ubuntu" ]]; then
+        echo "LVM on Ubuntu is broken, skipping the test" | tee --append /skipped
+        exit 77
+    fi
+
     ls -l "${devices[@]}"
 
-    # Start the target daemon
-    systemctl start tgtd
-    systemctl status tgtd
+    # Start the target daemon (debian names it tgt.service so make sure we handle that)
+    if systemctl list-unit-files tgt.service; then
+        systemctl start tgt
+        systemctl status tgt
+    elif systemctl list-unit-files tgtd.service; then
+        systemctl start tgtd
+        systemctl status tgtd
+    else
+        echo "This test requires tgtd but it is not installed, skipping ..." | tee --append /skipped
+        exit 77
+    fi
 
     echo "iSCSI LUNs backed by devices"
     # See RFC3721 and RFC7143
@@ -867,7 +919,7 @@ testcase_iscsi_lvm() {
     mpoint="$(mktemp -d /iscsi_storeXXX)"
     expected_symlinks=()
     # Use the first device as it's configured with larger capacity
-    mkfs.ext4 -L iscsi_store "${devices[0]}"
+    udevadm lock --device "${devices[0]}" mkfs.ext4 -L iscsi_store "${devices[0]}"
     udevadm wait --settle --timeout=30 "${devices[0]}"
     mount "${devices[0]}" "$mpoint"
     for i in {1..4}; do
@@ -903,6 +955,7 @@ testcase_iscsi_lvm() {
     lvm lvs
     udevadm wait --settle --timeout=30 "/dev/$vgroup/mypart1" "/dev/$vgroup/mypart2"
     mkfs.ext4 -L mylvpart1 "/dev/$vgroup/mypart1"
+    udevadm trigger --settle "/dev/$vgroup/mypart1"
     udevadm wait --settle --timeout=30 "/dev/disk/by-label/mylvpart1"
     helper_check_device_symlinks "/dev/disk" "/dev/$vgroup"
     helper_check_device_units
@@ -950,6 +1003,16 @@ testcase_long_sysfs_path() {
     stat /sys/block/vda
     readlink -f /sys/block/vda/dev
 
+    dev="/dev/vda"
+    udevadm lock --device "$dev" sfdisk "$dev" <<EOF
+label: gpt
+
+name="test_swap", size=32M
+uuid="deadbeef-dead-dead-beef-000000000000", name="test_part", size=5M
+EOF
+    udevadm settle
+    udevadm lock --device "${dev}1" mkswap -U "deadbeef-dead-dead-beef-111111111111" -L "swap_vol" "${dev}1"
+    udevadm lock --device "${dev}2" mkfs.ext4 -U "deadbeef-dead-dead-beef-222222222222" -L "data_vol" "${dev}2"
     udevadm wait --settle --timeout=30 "${expected_symlinks[@]}"
 
     # Try to mount the data partition manually (using its label)
@@ -992,7 +1055,7 @@ testcase_mdadm_basic() {
     local i part_name raid_name raid_dev uuid
     local expected_symlinks=()
     local devices=(
-        /dev/disk/by-id/ata-foobar_deadbeefmdadm{0..4}
+        /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-0systemd_foobar_deadbeefmdadm{0..4}
     )
 
     ls -l "${devices[@]}"
@@ -1009,9 +1072,11 @@ testcase_mdadm_basic() {
         "/dev/disk/by-label/$part_name" # ext4 partition
     )
     # Create a simple RAID 1 with an ext4 filesystem
-    echo y | mdadm --create "$raid_dev" --name "$raid_name" --uuid "$uuid" /dev/disk/by-id/ata-foobar_deadbeefmdadm{0..1} -v -f --level=1 --raid-devices=2
+    echo y | mdadm --create "$raid_dev" --name "$raid_name" --uuid "$uuid" /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-0systemd_foobar_deadbeefmdadm{0..1} -v -f --level=1 --raid-devices=2
     udevadm wait --settle --timeout=30 "$raid_dev"
+    # udevd does not lock md devices, hence we need to trigger uevent after creating filesystem.
     mkfs.ext4 -L "$part_name" "$raid_dev"
+    udevadm trigger --settle "$raid_dev"
     udevadm wait --settle --timeout=30 "${expected_symlinks[@]}"
     for i in {0..9}; do
         echo "Disassemble - reassemble loop, iteration #$i"
@@ -1038,9 +1103,10 @@ testcase_mdadm_basic() {
         "/dev/disk/by-label/$part_name" # ext4 partition
     )
     # Create a simple RAID 5 with an ext4 filesystem
-    echo y | mdadm --create "$raid_dev" --name "$raid_name" --uuid "$uuid" /dev/disk/by-id/ata-foobar_deadbeefmdadm{0..2} -v -f --level=5 --raid-devices=3
+    echo y | mdadm --create "$raid_dev" --name "$raid_name" --uuid "$uuid" /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-0systemd_foobar_deadbeefmdadm{0..2} -v -f --level=5 --raid-devices=3
     udevadm wait --settle --timeout=30 "$raid_dev"
     mkfs.ext4 -L "$part_name" "$raid_dev"
+    udevadm trigger --settle "$raid_dev"
     udevadm wait --settle --timeout=30 "${expected_symlinks[@]}"
     for i in {0..9}; do
         echo "Disassemble - reassemble loop, iteration #$i"
@@ -1078,10 +1144,11 @@ testcase_mdadm_basic() {
         "/dev/disk/by-id/md-uuid-$uuid-part3"
     )
     # Create a simple RAID 10 with an ext4 filesystem
-    echo y | mdadm --create "$raid_dev" --name "$raid_name" --uuid "$uuid" /dev/disk/by-id/ata-foobar_deadbeefmdadm{0..3} -v -f --level=10 --raid-devices=4
+    echo y | mdadm --create "$raid_dev" --name "$raid_name" --uuid "$uuid" /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-0systemd_foobar_deadbeefmdadm{0..3} -v -f --level=10 --raid-devices=4
     udevadm wait --settle --timeout=30 "$raid_dev"
     # Partition the raid device
     # Here, 'udevadm lock' is meaningless, as udevd does not lock MD devices.
+    # We need to trigger uevents after sfdisk and mkfs.
     sfdisk --wipe=always "$raid_dev" <<EOF
 label: gpt
 
@@ -1089,8 +1156,10 @@ uuid="deadbeef-dead-dead-beef-111111111111", name="mdpart1", size=8M
 uuid="deadbeef-dead-dead-beef-222222222222", name="mdpart2", size=32M
 uuid="deadbeef-dead-dead-beef-333333333333", name="mdpart3", size=16M
 EOF
+    udevadm trigger --settle --parent-match "$raid_dev"
     udevadm wait --settle --timeout=30 "/dev/disk/by-id/md-uuid-$uuid-part2"
     mkfs.ext4 -L "$part_name" "/dev/disk/by-id/md-uuid-$uuid-part2"
+    udevadm trigger --settle "/dev/disk/by-id/md-uuid-$uuid-part2"
     udevadm wait --settle --timeout=30 "${expected_symlinks[@]}"
     for i in {0..9}; do
         echo "Disassemble - reassemble loop, iteration #$i"
@@ -1112,7 +1181,7 @@ testcase_mdadm_lvm() {
     local part_name raid_name raid_dev uuid vgroup
     local expected_symlinks=()
     local devices=(
-        /dev/disk/by-id/ata-foobar_deadbeefmdadmlvm{0..4}
+        /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-0systemd_foobar_deadbeefmdadmlvm{0..4}
     )
 
     ls -l "${devices[@]}"
@@ -1131,7 +1200,7 @@ testcase_mdadm_lvm() {
         "/dev/disk/by-label/$part_name" # ext4 partition
     )
     # Create a RAID 10 with LVM + ext4
-    echo y | mdadm --create "$raid_dev" --name "$raid_name" --uuid "$uuid" /dev/disk/by-id/ata-foobar_deadbeefmdadmlvm{0..3} -v -f --level=10 --raid-devices=4
+    echo y | mdadm --create "$raid_dev" --name "$raid_name" --uuid "$uuid" /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-0systemd_foobar_deadbeefmdadmlvm{0..3} -v -f --level=10 --raid-devices=4
     udevadm wait --settle --timeout=30 "$raid_dev"
     # Create an LVM on the MD
     lvm pvcreate -y "$raid_dev"
@@ -1144,6 +1213,7 @@ testcase_mdadm_lvm() {
     lvm lvs
     udevadm wait --settle --timeout=30 "/dev/$vgroup/mypart1" "/dev/$vgroup/mypart2"
     mkfs.ext4 -L "$part_name" "/dev/$vgroup/mypart2"
+    udevadm trigger --settle "/dev/$vgroup/mypart2"
     udevadm wait --settle --timeout=30 "${expected_symlinks[@]}"
     # Disassemble the array
     lvm vgchange -an "$vgroup"
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-65.sh b/test/units/TEST-65-ANALYZE.sh
index a6bb38d..18f5c4d 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-65.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-65-ANALYZE.sh
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ systemd-analyze critical-chain || :
 # blame
 systemd-analyze blame
 systemd-run --wait --user --pipe -M testuser@.host systemd-analyze blame
+(! systemd-analyze blame --global)
 # plot
 systemd-analyze plot >/dev/null || :
 systemd-analyze plot --json=pretty >/dev/null || :
@@ -30,6 +31,7 @@ systemd-analyze plot --json=short --no-legend >/dev/null || :
 systemd-analyze plot --json=off --no-legend >/dev/null || :
 systemd-analyze plot --table >/dev/null || :
 systemd-analyze plot --table --no-legend >/dev/null || :
+(! systemd-analyze plot --global)
 # legacy/deprecated options (moved to systemctl, but still usable from analyze)
 systemd-analyze log-level
 systemd-analyze log-level "$(systemctl log-level)"
@@ -52,6 +54,7 @@ systemd-analyze dot --order systemd-journald.service systemd-logind.service >/de
 systemd-analyze dot --require systemd-journald.service systemd-logind.service >/dev/null
 systemd-analyze dot "systemd-*.service" >/dev/null
 (! systemd-analyze dot systemd-journald.service systemd-logind.service "*" bbb ccc)
+(! systemd-analyze dot --global systemd-journald.service)
 # dump
 # this should be rate limited to 10 calls in 10 minutes for unprivileged callers
 for _ in {1..10}; do
@@ -73,8 +76,11 @@ systemd-analyze dump "*" >/dev/null
 systemd-analyze dump "*.socket" >/dev/null
 systemd-analyze dump "*.socket" "*.service" aaaaaaa ... >/dev/null
 systemd-analyze dump systemd-journald.service >/dev/null
-systemd-analyze malloc >/dev/null
 (! systemd-analyze dump "")
+(! systemd-analyze dump --global systemd-journald.service)
+# malloc
+systemd-analyze malloc >/dev/null
+(! systemd-analyze malloc --global)
 # unit-files
 systemd-analyze unit-files >/dev/null
 systemd-analyze unit-files systemd-journald.service >/dev/null
@@ -82,6 +88,7 @@ systemd-analyze unit-files "*" >/dev/null
 systemd-analyze unit-files "*" aaaaaa "*.service" "*.target" >/dev/null
 systemd-analyze unit-files --user >/dev/null
 systemd-analyze unit-files --user "*" aaaaaa "*.service" "*.target" >/dev/null
+(! systemd-analyze unit-files --global)
 # unit-paths
 systemd-analyze unit-paths
 systemd-analyze unit-paths --user
@@ -91,11 +98,13 @@ systemd-analyze exit-status
 systemd-analyze exit-status STDOUT BPF
 systemd-analyze exit-status 0 1 {63..65}
 (! systemd-analyze exit-status STDOUT BPF "hello*")
+(! systemd-analyze exit-status --global)
 # capability
 systemd-analyze capability
 systemd-analyze capability cap_chown CAP_KILL
 systemd-analyze capability 0 1 {30..32}
 (! systemd-analyze capability cap_chown CAP_KILL "hello*")
+(! systemd-analyze capability --global)
 # condition
 mkdir -p /run/systemd/system
 UNIT_NAME="analyze-condition-$RANDOM.service"
@@ -107,7 +116,7 @@ ConditionKernelVersion=>1.0
 ConditionPathExists=/etc/os-release
 
 [Service]
-ExecStart=/bin/true
+ExecStart=true
 EOF
 systemctl daemon-reload
 systemd-analyze condition --unit="$UNIT_NAME"
@@ -119,17 +128,20 @@ systemd-analyze condition 'ConditionKernelVersion = ! <4.0' \
 (! systemd-analyze condition 'ConditionArchitecture=|!arm' 'AssertXYZ=foo')
 (! systemd-analyze condition 'ConditionKernelVersion=<1.0')
 (! systemd-analyze condition 'AssertKernelVersion=<1.0')
+(! systemd-analyze condition --global 'ConditionKernelVersion = ! <4.0')
 # syscall-filter
 systemd-analyze syscall-filter >/dev/null
 systemd-analyze syscall-filter @chown @sync
 systemd-analyze syscall-filter @sync @sync @sync
 (! systemd-analyze syscall-filter @chown @sync @foobar)
+(! systemd-analyze syscall-filter --global)
 # filesystems (requires libbpf support)
 if systemctl --version | grep "+BPF_FRAMEWORK"; then
     systemd-analyze filesystems >/dev/null
     systemd-analyze filesystems @basic-api
     systemd-analyze filesystems @basic-api @basic-api @basic-api
     (! systemd-analyze filesystems @basic-api @basic-api @foobar @basic-api)
+    (! systemd-analyze filesystems --global @basic-api)
 fi
 # calendar
 systemd-analyze calendar '*-2-29 0:0:0'
@@ -144,6 +156,7 @@ systemd-analyze calendar --base-time=yesterday --iterations=5 '*-* *:*:*'
 (! systemd-analyze calendar --base-time=never '*-* *:*:*')
 (! systemd-analyze calendar 1)
 (! systemd-analyze calendar "")
+(! systemd-analyze calendar --global '*-2-29 0:0:0')
 # timestamp
 systemd-analyze timestamp now
 systemd-analyze timestamp -- -1
@@ -152,6 +165,7 @@ systemd-analyze timestamp yesterday now tomorrow
 (! systemd-analyze timestamp 1)
 (! systemd-analyze timestamp '*-2-29 0:0:0')
 (! systemd-analyze timestamp "")
+(! systemd-analyze timestamp --global now)
 # timespan
 systemd-analyze timespan 1
 systemd-analyze timespan 1s 300s '1year 0.000001s'
@@ -159,6 +173,7 @@ systemd-analyze timespan 1s 300s '1year 0.000001s'
 (! systemd-analyze timespan -- -1)
 (! systemd-analyze timespan '*-2-29 0:0:0')
 (! systemd-analyze timespan "")
+(! systemd-analyze timespan --global 1)
 # cat-config
 systemd-analyze cat-config systemd/system.conf >/dev/null
 systemd-analyze cat-config /etc/systemd/system.conf >/dev/null
@@ -170,16 +185,21 @@ systemd-analyze cat-config --tldr /etc/systemd/system.conf >/dev/null
 systemd-analyze cat-config --tldr systemd/system.conf systemd/journald.conf >/dev/null
 systemd-analyze cat-config --tldr systemd/system.conf foo/bar systemd/journald.conf >/dev/null
 systemd-analyze cat-config --tldr foo/bar
+(! systemd-analyze cat-config --global systemd/system.conf)
 # security
 systemd-analyze security
 systemd-analyze security --json=off
 systemd-analyze security --json=pretty | jq
 systemd-analyze security --json=short | jq
+(! systemd-analyze security --global)
 
 if [[ ! -v ASAN_OPTIONS ]]; then
     # check that systemd-analyze cat-config paths work in a chroot
     mkdir -p /tmp/root
     mount --bind / /tmp/root
+    if mountpoint -q /usr; then
+        mount --bind /usr /tmp/root/usr
+    fi
     systemd-analyze cat-config systemd/system-preset >/tmp/out1
     chroot /tmp/root systemd-analyze cat-config systemd/system-preset >/tmp/out2
     diff /tmp/out{1,2}
@@ -282,6 +302,11 @@ systemd-analyze security --offline=true /tmp/testfile.service
 # Ensure we print the list of ACLs, see https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/23185
 systemd-analyze security --offline=true /tmp/testfile.service | grep -q -F "/dev/sda"
 
+# Make sure that running generators under systemd-analyze verify works.
+# Note: sd-analyze spawns generators in a sandbox which makes gcov unhapy, so temporarily override
+#       $GCOV_PREFIX to make it skip generating any coverage reports
+GCOV_PREFIX=/tmp systemd-analyze verify --generators /tmp/testfile.service
+
 rm /tmp/testfile.service
 
 cat <<EOF >/tmp/img/usr/lib/systemd/system/testfile.service
@@ -334,6 +359,17 @@ systemd-analyze verify /tmp/hoge@test.service
 (! systemd-analyze verify /tmp/hoge@nonexist.service)
 (! systemd-analyze verify /tmp/hoge@.service)
 
+# test that all commands are verified.
+cat <<EOF >/tmp/multi-exec-start.service
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+ExecStart=true
+ExecStart=ls
+EOF
+systemd-analyze verify /tmp/multi-exec-start.service
+echo 'ExecStart=command-should-not-exist' >>/tmp/multi-exec-start.service
+(! systemd-analyze verify /tmp/multi-exec-start.service)
+
 # Added an additional "INVALID_ID" id to the .json to verify that nothing breaks when input is malformed
 # The PrivateNetwork id description and weight was changed to verify that 'security' is actually reading in
 # values from the .json file when required. The default weight for "PrivateNetwork" is 2500, and the new weight
@@ -904,6 +940,13 @@ systemd-analyze pcrs
 systemd-analyze pcrs --json=pretty
 systemd-analyze pcrs 14 7 0 ima
 
+systemd-analyze architectures
+systemd-analyze architectures --json=pretty
+systemd-analyze architectures x86
+systemd-analyze architectures x86-64
+systemd-analyze architectures native
+systemd-analyze architectures uname
+
 systemd-analyze log-level info
 
 touch /testok
diff --git a/test/units/TEST-66-DEVICE-ISOLATION-device-isolation.service b/test/units/TEST-66-DEVICE-ISOLATION-device-isolation.service
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..85b3d0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/units/TEST-66-DEVICE-ISOLATION-device-isolation.service
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+[Unit]
+Description=Service that uses device isolation
+
+[Service]
+DevicePolicy=strict
+DeviceAllow=/dev/null r
+StandardOutput=file:/tmp/TEST-66-DEVICE-ISOLATION.serviceresults
+ExecStartPre=rm -f /tmp/TEST-66-DEVICE-ISOLATION.serviceresults
+ExecStart=bash -c "while true; do sleep 0.01 && echo meow >/dev/null && echo thisshouldnotbehere; done"
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-66.sh b/test/units/TEST-66-DEVICE-ISOLATION.sh
index 147335a..ccdfcb2 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-66.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-66-DEVICE-ISOLATION.sh
@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@
 set -eux
 set -o pipefail
 
-RESULTS_FILE=/tmp/testsuite66serviceresults
+RESULTS_FILE=/tmp/TEST-66-DEVICE-ISOLATION.serviceresults
 
 systemd-analyze log-level debug
 
-systemctl start testsuite-66-deviceisolation.service
+systemctl start TEST-66-DEVICE-ISOLATION-device-isolation.service
 
 sleep 5
 grep -q "Operation not permitted" "$RESULTS_FILE"
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ grep -q "Operation not permitted" "$RESULTS_FILE"
 systemctl daemon-reload
 systemctl daemon-reexec
 
-systemctl stop testsuite-66-deviceisolation.service
+systemctl stop TEST-66-DEVICE-ISOLATION-device-isolation.service
 
 grep -q "thisshouldnotbehere" "$RESULTS_FILE" && exit 42
 
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-67.sh b/test/units/TEST-67-INTEGRITY.sh
index a42fd66..a42fd66 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-67.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-67-INTEGRITY.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-68.sh b/test/units/TEST-68-PROPAGATE-EXIT-STATUS.sh
index 11da48a..11da48a 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-68.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-68-PROPAGATE-EXIT-STATUS.sh
diff --git a/test/units/TEST-69-SHUTDOWN.py b/test/units/TEST-69-SHUTDOWN.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..eb790f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/units/TEST-69-SHUTDOWN.py
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python3
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+# pylint: disable=broad-except
+
+import logging
+import sys
+
+import pexpect
+
+
+def main():
+    logger = logging.getLogger("test-shutdown")
+
+    consoles = []
+    for _ in range(2):
+        # Use script to allocate a separate pseudo tty to run the login shell in.
+        console = pexpect.spawn(
+            "script", ["--quiet", "--return", "--flush", "--command", "login -f root", "/dev/null"],
+            logfile=sys.stdout,
+            env={"TERM": "dumb"},
+            encoding="utf-8",
+            timeout=60,
+        )
+
+        logger.info("waiting for login prompt")
+        console.expect(".*# ", 10)
+
+        consoles += [console]
+
+    consoles[1].sendline("tty")
+    consoles[1].expect(r"/dev/(pts/\d+)")
+    pty = console.match.group(1)
+    logger.info("window 1 at tty %s", pty)
+
+    logger.info("schedule reboot")
+    consoles[1].sendline("shutdown -r")
+    consoles[1].expect("Reboot scheduled for (?P<date>.*), use 'shutdown -c' to cancel", 2)
+    date = consoles[1].match.group("date")
+    logger.info("reboot scheduled for %s", date)
+
+    logger.info("verify broadcast message")
+    consoles[0].expect(f"Broadcast message from root@H on {pty}", 2)
+    consoles[0].expect(f"The system will reboot at {date}!", 2)
+
+    logger.info("check show output")
+    consoles[1].sendline("shutdown --show")
+    consoles[1].expect(f"Reboot scheduled for {date}, use 'shutdown -c' to cancel", 2)
+
+    logger.info("cancel shutdown")
+    consoles[1].sendline("shutdown -c")
+    consoles[0].expect("System shutdown has been cancelled", 2)
+
+    consoles[0].sendline("> /testok")
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
+
+# vim: sw=4 et
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-70.creds.sh b/test/units/TEST-70-TPM2.creds.sh
index e66bfd1..e66bfd1 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-70.creds.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-70-TPM2.creds.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-70.cryptenroll.sh b/test/units/TEST-70-TPM2.cryptenroll.sh
index 3f8c14e..f18ef02 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-70.cryptenroll.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-70-TPM2.cryptenroll.sh
@@ -59,6 +59,18 @@ systemd-cryptenroll --fido2-with-user-verification=false "$IMAGE"
 systemd-cryptenroll --tpm2-pcrs=8 "$IMAGE"
 systemd-cryptenroll --tpm2-pcrs=boot-loader-code+boot-loader-config "$IMAGE"
 
+# Unlocking using TPM2
+PASSWORD=foo systemd-cryptenroll --tpm2-device=auto "$IMAGE"
+systemd-cryptenroll --unlock-tpm2-device=auto --recovery-key "$IMAGE"
+systemd-cryptenroll --unlock-tpm2-device=auto --tpm2-device=auto --wipe-slot=tpm2 "$IMAGE"
+
+# Add PIN to TPM2 enrollment
+NEWPIN=1234 systemd-cryptenroll --unlock-tpm2-device=auto --tpm2-device=auto --tpm2-with-pin=yes "$IMAGE"
+
+# Change PIN on TPM2 enrollment
+PIN=1234 NEWPIN=4321 systemd-cryptenroll --unlock-tpm2-device=auto --tpm2-device=auto --tpm2-with-pin=yes "$IMAGE"
+PIN=4321 systemd-cryptenroll --unlock-tpm2-device=auto --recovery-key "$IMAGE"
+
 (! systemd-cryptenroll --fido2-with-client-pin=false)
 (! systemd-cryptenroll --fido2-with-user-presence=f "$IMAGE" /tmp/foo)
 (! systemd-cryptenroll --fido2-with-client-pin=1234 "$IMAGE")
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-70.cryptsetup.sh b/test/units/TEST-70-TPM2.cryptsetup.sh
index 4cd627f..cb7c8b1 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-70.cryptsetup.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-70-TPM2.cryptsetup.sh
@@ -212,6 +212,7 @@ Encrypt=tpm2
 EOF
     PASSWORD=passphrase systemd-repart --tpm2-device-key=/tmp/srk.pub --definitions=/tmp/dditest --empty=create --size=50M /tmp/dditest.raw --tpm2-pcrs=
     DEVICE="$(systemd-dissect --attach /tmp/dditest.raw)"
+    udevadm wait --settle --timeout=10 "$DEVICE"p1
     systemd-cryptsetup attach dditest "$DEVICE"p1 - tpm2-device=auto,headless=yes
     mkdir /tmp/dditest.mnt
     mount -t ext4 /dev/mapper/dditest /tmp/dditest.mnt
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-70.measure.sh b/test/units/TEST-70-TPM2.measure.sh
index 3336f38..3336f38 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-70.measure.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-70-TPM2.measure.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-70.pcrextend.sh b/test/units/TEST-70-TPM2.pcrextend.sh
index 318fce0..318fce0 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-70.pcrextend.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-70-TPM2.pcrextend.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-70.pcrlock.sh b/test/units/TEST-70-TPM2.pcrlock.sh
index 3da9926..fd51161 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-70.pcrlock.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-70-TPM2.pcrlock.sh
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ if [[ -n "$SD_STUB" ]]; then
     "$SD_PCRLOCK" lock-uki <"$SD_STUB"
 fi
 
-PIN=huhu "$SD_PCRLOCK" make-policy --pcr="$PCRS" --recovery-pin=yes
+PIN=huhu "$SD_PCRLOCK" make-policy --pcr="$PCRS" --recovery-pin=query
 # Repeat immediately (this call will have to reuse the nvindex, rather than create it)
 "$SD_PCRLOCK" make-policy --pcr="$PCRS"
 "$SD_PCRLOCK" make-policy --pcr="$PCRS" --force
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ echo -n hoho >/tmp/pcrlockpwd
 chmod 0600 /tmp/pcrlockpwd
 cryptsetup luksFormat -q --pbkdf pbkdf2 --pbkdf-force-iterations 1000 --use-urandom "$img" /tmp/pcrlockpwd
 
-systemd-cryptenroll --unlock-key-file=/tmp/pcrlockpwd --tpm2-device=auto --tpm2-pcrlock=/var/lib/systemd/pcrlock.json --tpm2-public-key= --wipe-slot=tpm2 "$img"
+systemd-cryptenroll --unlock-key-file=/tmp/pcrlockpwd --tpm2-device=auto --tpm2-pcrlock=/var/lib/systemd/pcrlock.json --wipe-slot=tpm2 "$img"
 systemd-cryptsetup attach pcrlock "$img" - tpm2-device=auto,tpm2-pcrlock=/var/lib/systemd/pcrlock.json,headless
 systemd-cryptsetup detach pcrlock
 
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ systemd-cryptsetup detach pcrlock
 # work.
 echo -n test70 | "$SD_PCRLOCK" lock-raw --pcrlock=/var/lib/pcrlock.d/910-test70.pcrlock --pcr=16
 (! "$SD_PCRLOCK" make-policy --pcr="$PCRS")
-PIN=huhu "$SD_PCRLOCK" make-policy --pcr="$PCRS" --recovery-pin=yes
+PIN=huhu "$SD_PCRLOCK" make-policy --pcr="$PCRS" --recovery-pin=query
 
 systemd-cryptsetup attach pcrlock "$img" - tpm2-device=auto,tpm2-pcrlock=/var/lib/systemd/pcrlock.json,headless
 systemd-cryptsetup detach pcrlock
@@ -110,6 +110,10 @@ systemd-cryptsetup detach pcrlock
 # And now let's do it the clean way, and generate the right policy ahead of time.
 echo -n test70-take-two | "$SD_PCRLOCK" lock-raw --pcrlock=/var/lib/pcrlock.d/920-test70.pcrlock --pcr=16
 "$SD_PCRLOCK" make-policy --pcr="$PCRS"
+# the next one should be skipped because redundant
+"$SD_PCRLOCK" make-policy --pcr="$PCRS"
+# but this one should not be skipped, even if redundant, because we force it
+"$SD_PCRLOCK" make-policy --pcr="$PCRS" --force --recovery-pin=show
 
 "$SD_PCREXTEND" --pcr=16 test70-take-two
 
@@ -118,7 +122,20 @@ echo -n test70-take-two | "$SD_PCRLOCK" lock-raw --pcrlock=/var/lib/pcrlock.d/92
 systemd-cryptsetup attach pcrlock "$img" - tpm2-device=auto,tpm2-pcrlock=/var/lib/systemd/pcrlock.json,headless
 systemd-cryptsetup detach pcrlock
 
-"$SD_PCRLOCK" remove-policy
+# Now use the root fs support, i.e. make the tool write a copy of the pcrlock
+# file as service credential to some temporary dir and remove the local copy, so that
+# it has to use the credential version.
+mkdir /tmp/fakexbootldr
+SYSTEMD_XBOOTLDR_PATH=/tmp/fakexbootldr SYSTEMD_RELAX_XBOOTLDR_CHECKS=1 "$SD_PCRLOCK" make-policy --pcr="$PCRS" --force
+mv /var/lib/systemd/pcrlock.json /var/lib/systemd/pcrlock.json.gone
+
+systemd-creds decrypt /tmp/fakexbootldr/loader/credentials/pcrlock.*.cred
+
+SYSTEMD_ENCRYPTED_SYSTEM_CREDENTIALS_DIRECTORY=/tmp/fakexbootldr/loader/credentials systemd-cryptsetup attach pcrlock "$img" - tpm2-device=auto,headless
+systemd-cryptsetup detach pcrlock
+
+mv /var/lib/systemd/pcrlock.json.gone /var/lib/systemd/pcrlock.json
+SYSTEMD_XBOOTLDR_PATH=/tmp/fakexbootldr SYSTEMD_RELAX_XBOOTLDR_CHECKS=1 "$SD_PCRLOCK" remove-policy
 
 "$SD_PCRLOCK" unlock-firmware-config
 "$SD_PCRLOCK" unlock-gpt
@@ -143,4 +160,20 @@ systemd-cryptsetup detach pcrlock
 (! "$SD_PCRLOCK" lock-uki /bin/true)
 (! "$SD_PCRLOCK" lock-file-system "")
 
+# Exercise Varlink API a bit (but first turn off condition)
+
+mkdir -p /run/systemd/system/systemd-pcrlock.socket.d
+cat > /run/systemd/system/systemd-pcrlock.socket.d/50-no-condition.conf <<EOF
+[Unit]
+# Turn off all conditions
+ConditionSecurity=
+EOF
+
+systemctl daemon-reload
+systemctl restart systemd-pcrlock.socket
+
+varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.PCRLock io.systemd.PCRLock.RemovePolicy '{}'
+varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.PCRLock io.systemd.PCRLock.MakePolicy '{}'
+varlinkctl call --collect --json=pretty /run/systemd/io.systemd.PCRLock io.systemd.PCRLock.ReadEventLog '{}'
+
 rm "$img" /tmp/pcrlockpwd
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-70.sh b/test/units/TEST-70-TPM2.sh
index 9c2a033..9c2a033 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-70.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-70-TPM2.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-70.tpm2-setup.sh b/test/units/TEST-70-TPM2.tpm2-setup.sh
index faf6fe7..faf6fe7 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-70.tpm2-setup.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-70-TPM2.tpm2-setup.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-71.sh b/test/units/TEST-71-HOSTNAME.sh
index da765a9..dc3f587 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-71.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-71-HOSTNAME.sh
@@ -61,6 +61,12 @@ get_chassis() (
     echo "$CHASSIS"
 )
 
+stop_hostnamed() {
+    systemctl stop systemd-hostnamed.service
+    # Reset trigger limit. This might fail if the unit was unloaded already, so ignore any errors.
+    systemctl reset-failed systemd-hostnamed || :
+}
+
 testcase_chassis() {
     local i
 
@@ -80,7 +86,7 @@ testcase_chassis() {
         assert_eq "$(get_chassis)" "$i"
     done
 
-    systemctl stop systemd-hostnamed.service
+    stop_hostnamed
     rm -f /etc/machine-info
 
     # fallback chassis type
@@ -95,7 +101,7 @@ restore_sysfs_dmi() {
     umount /sys/class/dmi/id
     rm -rf /run/systemd/system/systemd-hostnamed.service.d
     systemctl daemon-reload
-    systemctl stop systemd-hostnamed
+    stop_hostnamed
 }
 
 testcase_firmware_date() {
@@ -120,15 +126,15 @@ EOF
     echo '1' >/sys/class/dmi/id/uevent
 
     echo '09/08/2000' >/sys/class/dmi/id/bios_date
-    systemctl stop systemd-hostnamed
+    stop_hostnamed
     assert_in '2000-09-08' "$(hostnamectl)"
 
     echo '2022' >/sys/class/dmi/id/bios_date
-    systemctl stop systemd-hostnamed
+    stop_hostnamed
     assert_not_in 'Firmware Date' "$(hostnamectl)"
 
     echo 'garbage' >/sys/class/dmi/id/bios_date
-    systemctl stop systemd-hostnamed
+    stop_hostnamed
     assert_not_in 'Firmware Date' "$(hostnamectl)"
 }
 
@@ -223,6 +229,14 @@ testcase_nss-myhostname() {
     (! getent hosts -s myhostname fd00:dead:beef:cafe::1)
 }
 
+test_varlink() {
+    A="$(mktemp -u)"
+    B="$(mktemp -u)"
+    varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Hostname io.systemd.Hostname.Describe '{}' --json=short > "$A"
+    hostnamectl --json=short > "$B"
+    cmp "$A" "$B"
+}
+
 run_testcases
 
 touch /testok
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-72.sh b/test/units/TEST-72-SYSUPDATE.sh
index de657a2..5e658e0 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-72.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-72-SYSUPDATE.sh
@@ -6,16 +6,17 @@ set -eux
 set -o pipefail
 
 SYSUPDATE=/lib/systemd/systemd-sysupdate
-SECTOR_SIZES="512 4096"
-BACKING_FILE=/var/tmp/72-joined.raw
-export SYSTEMD_ESP_PATH=/var/tmp/72-esp
-export SYSTEMD_XBOOTLDR_PATH=/var/tmp/72-xbootldr
+SECTOR_SIZES=(512 4096)
+WORKDIR="$(mktemp -d /var/tmp/test-72-XXXXXX)"
+BACKING_FILE="$WORKDIR/joined.raw"
+export SYSTEMD_ESP_PATH="$WORKDIR/esp"
+export SYSTEMD_XBOOTLDR_PATH="$WORKDIR/xbootldr"
 export SYSTEMD_PAGER=cat
 export SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL=debug
 
-if ! test -x "$SYSUPDATE"; then
+if [[ ! -x "$SYSUPDATE" ]]; then
     echo "no systemd-sysupdate" >/skipped
-    exit 0
+    exit 77
 fi
 
 # Loopback devices may not be supported. They are used because sfdisk cannot
@@ -24,93 +25,93 @@ fi
 # size, and the underlying device is likely to have a sector size of 512 bytes.
 if [[ ! -e /dev/loop-control ]]; then
     echo "No loopback device support"
-    SECTOR_SIZES="512"
+    SECTOR_SIZES=(512)
 fi
 
-trap cleanup ERR
-cleanup() {
-    set +o pipefail
-    blockdev="$( losetup --list --output NAME,BACK-FILE | grep $BACKING_FILE | cut -d' ' -f1)"
-    [ -n "$blockdev" ] && losetup --detach "$blockdev"
-    rm -f "$BACKING_FILE"
-    rm -rf /var/tmp/72-{dirs,defs,source,xbootldr,esp}
-    rm -f /testok
+at_exit() {
+    set +e
+
+    losetup -n --output NAME --associated "$BACKING_FILE" | while read -r loop_dev; do
+        losetup --detach "$loop_dev"
+    done
+
+    rm -rf "$WORKDIR"
 }
 
+trap at_exit EXIT
+
 new_version() {
-    # Inputs:
-    # $1: sector size
-    # $2: version
+    local sector_size="${1:?}"
+    local version="${2:?}"
 
     # Create a pair of random partition payloads, and compress one
-    dd if=/dev/urandom of="/var/tmp/72-source/part1-$2.raw" bs="$1" count=2048
-    dd if=/dev/urandom of="/var/tmp/72-source/part2-$2.raw" bs="$1" count=2048
-    gzip -k -f "/var/tmp/72-source/part2-$2.raw"
+    dd if=/dev/urandom of="$WORKDIR/source/part1-$version.raw" bs="$sector_size" count=2048
+    dd if=/dev/urandom of="$WORKDIR/source/part2-$version.raw" bs="$sector_size" count=2048
+    gzip -k -f "$WORKDIR/source/part2-$version.raw"
 
     # Create a random "UKI" payload
-    echo $RANDOM >"/var/tmp/72-source/uki-$2.efi"
+    echo $RANDOM >"$WORKDIR/source/uki-$version.efi"
 
     # Create a random extra payload
-    echo $RANDOM >"/var/tmp/72-source/uki-extra-$2.efi"
+    echo $RANDOM >"$WORKDIR/source/uki-extra-$version.efi"
 
     # Create tarball of a directory
-    mkdir -p "/var/tmp/72-source/dir-$2"
-    echo $RANDOM >"/var/tmp/72-source/dir-$2/foo.txt"
-    echo $RANDOM >"/var/tmp/72-source/dir-$2/bar.txt"
-    tar --numeric-owner -C "/var/tmp/72-source/dir-$2/" -czf "/var/tmp/72-source/dir-$2.tar.gz" .
+    mkdir -p "$WORKDIR/source/dir-$version"
+    echo $RANDOM >"$WORKDIR/source/dir-$version/foo.txt"
+    echo $RANDOM >"$WORKDIR/source/dir-$version/bar.txt"
+    tar --numeric-owner -C "$WORKDIR/source/dir-$version/" -czf "$WORKDIR/source/dir-$version.tar.gz" .
 
-    ( cd /var/tmp/72-source/ && sha256sum uki* part* dir-*.tar.gz >SHA256SUMS )
+    (cd "$WORKDIR/source" && sha256sum uki* part* dir-*.tar.gz >SHA256SUMS)
 }
 
 update_now() {
     # Update to newest version. First there should be an update ready, then we
     # do the update, and then there should not be any ready anymore
 
-    "$SYSUPDATE" --definitions=/var/tmp/72-defs --verify=no check-new
-    "$SYSUPDATE" --definitions=/var/tmp/72-defs --verify=no update
-    ( ! "$SYSUPDATE" --definitions=/var/tmp/72-defs --verify=no check-new )
+    "$SYSUPDATE" --definitions="$WORKDIR/defs" --verify=no check-new
+    "$SYSUPDATE" --definitions="$WORKDIR/defs" --verify=no update
+    (! "$SYSUPDATE" --definitions="$WORKDIR/defs" --verify=no check-new)
 }
 
 verify_version() {
-    # Inputs:
-    # $1: block device
-    # $2: sector size
-    # $3: version
-    # $4: partition number of part1
-    # $5: partition number of part2
+    local block_device="${1:?}"
+    local sector_size="${2:?}"
+    local version="${3:?}"
+    local part1_number="${4:?}"
+    local part2_number="${5:?}"
+    local gpt_reserved_sectors part1_offset part2_offset
 
-    gpt_reserved_sectors=$(( 1024 * 1024 / $2 ))
-    part1_offset=$(( ( $4 - 1 ) * 2048 + gpt_reserved_sectors ))
-    part2_offset=$(( ( $5 - 1 ) * 2048 + gpt_reserved_sectors ))
+    gpt_reserved_sectors=$((1024 * 1024 / sector_size))
+    part1_offset=$(((part1_number - 1) * 2048 + gpt_reserved_sectors))
+    part2_offset=$(((part2_number - 1) * 2048 + gpt_reserved_sectors))
 
     # Check the partitions
-    dd if="$1" bs="$2" skip="$part1_offset" count=2048 | cmp "/var/tmp/72-source/part1-$3.raw"
-    dd if="$1" bs="$2" skip="$part2_offset" count=2048 | cmp "/var/tmp/72-source/part2-$3.raw"
+    dd if="$block_device" bs="$sector_size" skip="$part1_offset" count=2048 | cmp "$WORKDIR/source/part1-$version.raw"
+    dd if="$block_device" bs="$sector_size" skip="$part2_offset" count=2048 | cmp "$WORKDIR/source/part2-$version.raw"
 
     # Check the UKI
-    cmp "/var/tmp/72-source/uki-$3.efi" "/var/tmp/72-xbootldr/EFI/Linux/uki_$3+3-0.efi"
-    test -z "$(ls -A /var/tmp/72-esp/EFI/Linux)"
+    cmp "$WORKDIR/source/uki-$version.efi" "$WORKDIR/xbootldr/EFI/Linux/uki_$version+3-0.efi"
+    test -z "$(ls -A "$WORKDIR/esp/EFI/Linux")"
 
     # Check the extra efi
-    cmp "/var/tmp/72-source/uki-extra-$3.efi" "/var/tmp/72-xbootldr/EFI/Linux/uki_$3.efi.extra.d/extra.addon.efi"
+    cmp "$WORKDIR/source/uki-extra-$version.efi" "$WORKDIR/xbootldr/EFI/Linux/uki_$version.efi.extra.d/extra.addon.efi"
 
     # Check the directories
-    cmp "/var/tmp/72-source/dir-$3/foo.txt" /var/tmp/72-dirs/current/foo.txt
-    cmp "/var/tmp/72-source/dir-$3/bar.txt" /var/tmp/72-dirs/current/bar.txt
+    cmp "$WORKDIR/source/dir-$version/foo.txt" "$WORKDIR/dirs/current/foo.txt"
+    cmp "$WORKDIR/source/dir-$version/bar.txt" "$WORKDIR/dirs/current/bar.txt"
 }
 
-for sector_size in $SECTOR_SIZES ; do
+for sector_size in "${SECTOR_SIZES[@]}"; do
     # Disk size of:
     # - 1MB for GPT
     # - 4 partitions of 2048 sectors each
     # - 1MB for backup GPT
-    disk_size=$(( sector_size * 2048 * 4 + 1024 * 1024 * 2 ))
+    disk_size=$((sector_size * 2048 * 4 + 1024 * 1024 * 2))
     rm -f "$BACKING_FILE"
     truncate -s "$disk_size" "$BACKING_FILE"
 
     if [[ -e /dev/loop-control ]]; then
-        # shellcheck disable=SC2086
-        blockdev="$(losetup --find --show --sector-size $sector_size $BACKING_FILE)"
+        blockdev="$(losetup --find --show --sector-size "$sector_size" "$BACKING_FILE")"
     else
         blockdev="$BACKING_FILE"
     fi
@@ -126,16 +127,15 @@ size=2048, type=2c7357ed-ebd2-46d9-aec1-23d437ec2bf5, name=_empty
 size=2048, type=2c7357ed-ebd2-46d9-aec1-23d437ec2bf5, name=_empty
 EOF
 
-    rm -rf /var/tmp/72-dirs
-    mkdir -p /var/tmp/72-dirs
+    for d in "dirs" "defs"; do
+        rm -rf "${WORKDIR:?}/$d"
+        mkdir -p "$WORKDIR/$d"
+    done
 
-    rm -rf /var/tmp/72-defs
-    mkdir -p /var/tmp/72-defs
-
-    cat >/var/tmp/72-defs/01-first.conf <<EOF
+    cat >"$WORKDIR/defs/01-first.conf" <<EOF
 [Source]
 Type=regular-file
-Path=/var/tmp/72-source
+Path=$WORKDIR/source
 MatchPattern=part1-@v.raw
 
 [Target]
@@ -145,10 +145,10 @@ MatchPattern=part1-@v
 MatchPartitionType=root-x86-64
 EOF
 
-    cat >/var/tmp/72-defs/02-second.conf <<EOF
+    cat >"$WORKDIR/defs/02-second.conf" <<EOF
 [Source]
 Type=regular-file
-Path=/var/tmp/72-source
+Path=$WORKDIR/source
 MatchPattern=part2-@v.raw.gz
 
 [Target]
@@ -158,24 +158,24 @@ MatchPattern=part2-@v
 MatchPartitionType=root-x86-64-verity
 EOF
 
-    cat >/var/tmp/72-defs/03-third.conf <<EOF
+    cat >"$WORKDIR/defs/03-third.conf" <<EOF
 [Source]
 Type=directory
-Path=/var/tmp/72-source
+Path=$WORKDIR/source
 MatchPattern=dir-@v
 
 [Target]
 Type=directory
-Path=/var/tmp/72-dirs
-CurrentSymlink=/var/tmp/72-dirs/current
+Path=$WORKDIR/dirs
+CurrentSymlink=$WORKDIR/dirs/current
 MatchPattern=dir-@v
 InstancesMax=3
 EOF
 
-    cat >/var/tmp/72-defs/04-fourth.conf <<EOF
+    cat >"$WORKDIR/defs/04-fourth.conf" <<EOF
 [Source]
 Type=regular-file
-Path=/var/tmp/72-source
+Path=$WORKDIR/source
 MatchPattern=uki-@v.efi
 
 [Target]
@@ -191,10 +191,10 @@ TriesDone=0
 InstancesMax=2
 EOF
 
-    cat >/var/tmp/72-defs/05-fifth.conf <<EOF
+    cat >"$WORKDIR/defs/05-fifth.conf" <<EOF
 [Source]
 Type=regular-file
-Path=/var/tmp/72-source
+Path=$WORKDIR/source
 MatchPattern=uki-extra-@v.efi
 
 [Target]
@@ -206,11 +206,8 @@ Mode=0444
 InstancesMax=2
 EOF
 
-    rm -rf /var/tmp/72-esp /var/tmp/72-xbootldr
-    mkdir -p /var/tmp/72-esp/EFI/Linux /var/tmp/72-xbootldr/EFI/Linux
-
-    rm -rf /var/tmp/72-source
-    mkdir -p /var/tmp/72-source
+    rm -rf "${WORKDIR:?}"/{esp,xbootldr,source}
+    mkdir -p "$WORKDIR"/{source,esp/EFI/Linux,xbootldr/EFI/Linux}
 
     # Install initial version and verify
     new_version "$sector_size" v1
@@ -226,9 +223,9 @@ EOF
     new_version "$sector_size" v3
     update_now
     verify_version "$blockdev" "$sector_size" v3 1 3
-    test ! -f "/var/tmp/72-xbootldr/EFI/Linux/uki_v1+3-0.efi"
-    test ! -f "/var/tmp/72-xbootldr/EFI/Linux/uki_v1.efi.extra.d/extra.addon.efi"
-    test ! -d "/var/tmp/72-xbootldr/EFI/Linux/uki_v1.efi.extra.d"
+    test ! -f "$WORKDIR/xbootldr/EFI/Linux/uki_v1+3-0.efi"
+    test ! -f "$WORKDIR/xbootldr/EFI/Linux/uki_v1.efi.extra.d/extra.addon.efi"
+    test ! -d "$WORKDIR/xbootldr/EFI/Linux/uki_v1.efi.extra.d"
 
     # Create fourth version, and update through a file:// URL. This should be
     # almost as good as testing HTTP, but is simpler for us to set up. file:// is
@@ -238,10 +235,10 @@ EOF
     # see above)
     new_version "$sector_size" v4
 
-    cat >/var/tmp/72-defs/02-second.conf <<EOF
+    cat >"$WORKDIR/defs/02-second.conf" <<EOF
 [Source]
 Type=url-file
-Path=file:///var/tmp/72-source
+Path=file://$WORKDIR/source
 MatchPattern=part2-@v.raw.gz
 
 [Target]
@@ -251,16 +248,16 @@ MatchPattern=part2-@v
 MatchPartitionType=root-x86-64-verity
 EOF
 
-    cat >/var/tmp/72-defs/03-third.conf <<EOF
+    cat >"$WORKDIR/defs/03-third.conf" <<EOF
 [Source]
 Type=url-tar
-Path=file:///var/tmp/72-source
+Path=file://$WORKDIR/source
 MatchPattern=dir-@v.tar.gz
 
 [Target]
 Type=directory
-Path=/var/tmp/72-dirs
-CurrentSymlink=/var/tmp/72-dirs/current
+Path=$WORKDIR/dirs
+CurrentSymlink=$WORKDIR/dirs/current
 MatchPattern=dir-@v
 InstancesMax=3
 EOF
@@ -269,10 +266,8 @@ EOF
     verify_version "$blockdev" "$sector_size" v4 2 4
 
     # Cleanup
-    [ -b "$blockdev" ] && losetup --detach "$blockdev"
+    [[ -b "$blockdev" ]] && losetup --detach "$blockdev"
     rm "$BACKING_FILE"
 done
 
-rm -r /var/tmp/72-{dirs,defs,source,xbootldr,esp}
-
 touch /testok
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-73.sh b/test/units/TEST-73-LOCALE.sh
index df5af4b..18539b8 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-73.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-73-LOCALE.sh
@@ -28,31 +28,6 @@ EOF
     systemctl daemon-reload
 }
 
-restore_locale() {
-    if [[ -d /usr/lib/locale/xx_XX.UTF-8 ]]; then
-        rmdir /usr/lib/locale/xx_XX.UTF-8
-    fi
-
-    if [[ -f /tmp/locale.conf.bak ]]; then
-        mv /tmp/locale.conf.bak /etc/locale.conf
-    else
-        rm -f /etc/locale.conf
-    fi
-
-    if [[ -f /tmp/default-locale.bak ]]; then
-        mv /tmp/default-locale.bak /etc/default/locale
-    else
-        rm -f /etc/default/locale
-        rmdir --ignore-fail-on-non-empty /etc/default
-    fi
-
-    if [[ -f /tmp/locale.gen.bak ]]; then
-        mv /tmp/locale.gen.bak /etc/locale.gen
-    else
-        rm -f /etc/locale.gen
-    fi
-}
-
 testcase_locale() {
     local i output
 
@@ -77,13 +52,8 @@ testcase_locale() {
     mkdir -p /etc/default
 
     trap restore_locale RETURN
-
-    if command -v locale-gen >/dev/null 2>&1 &&
-           ! localectl list-locales | grep -F "en_US.UTF-8"; then
-        # ensure at least one utf8 locale exist
-        echo "en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8" >/etc/locale.gen
-        locale-gen en_US.UTF-8
-    fi
+    # Ensure at least one UTF-8 locale exists.
+    generate_locale en_US.UTF-8
 
     # create invalid locale
     mkdir -p /usr/lib/locale/xx_XX.UTF-8
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-74.battery-check.sh b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.battery-check.sh
index 52a92b8..52a92b8 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-74.battery-check.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.battery-check.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-74.bootctl.sh b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.bootctl.sh
index 4be7bfd..78c0e6e 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-74.bootctl.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.bootctl.sh
@@ -59,8 +59,8 @@ basic_tests() {
 }
 
 testcase_bootctl_basic() {
-    assert_eq "$(bootctl --print-esp-path)" "/efi"
-    assert_eq "$(bootctl --print-boot-path)" "/boot"
+    assert_in "$(bootctl --print-esp-path)" "^(/boot/|/efi)$"
+    assert_in "$(bootctl --print-boot-path)" "^(/boot/|/efi)$"
     bootctl --print-root-device
 
     basic_tests
@@ -263,4 +263,17 @@ EOF
     SYSTEMD_RELAX_ESP_CHECKS=yes SYSTEMD_RELAX_XBOOTLDR_CHECKS=yes basic_tests --root "${IMAGE_DIR}/root"
 }
 
+testcase_bootctl_varlink() {
+    varlinkctl call --collect /run/systemd/io.systemd.BootControl io.systemd.BootControl.ListBootEntries '{}'
+
+    # We may have UEFI in the test environment.
+    # If we don't have UEFI then we can test whether bootctl's varlink API fails cleanly.
+    # If we do have UEFI then the rest of the clean fail tests should be skipped.
+    if ! (SYSTEMD_LOG_TARGET=console varlinkctl call --json=short /run/systemd/io.systemd.BootControl io.systemd.BootControl.GetRebootToFirmware '{}' || true) |& grep -q io.systemd.BootControl.RebootToFirmwareNotSupported; then
+        return 0
+    fi
+    (SYSTEMD_LOG_TARGET=console varlinkctl call --json=short /run/systemd/io.systemd.BootControl io.systemd.BootControl.SetRebootToFirmware '{"state":true}' || true) |& grep -q io.systemd.BootControl.RebootToFirmwareNotSupported
+    (SYSTEMD_LOG_TARGET=console varlinkctl call --json=short /run/systemd/io.systemd.BootControl io.systemd.BootControl.SetRebootToFirmware '{"state":false}' || true) |& grep -q io.systemd.BootControl.RebootToFirmwareNotSupported
+}
+
 run_testcases
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-74.busctl.sh b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.busctl.sh
index aaf96d0..aaf96d0 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-74.busctl.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.busctl.sh
diff --git a/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.capsule.sh b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.capsule.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..e7b5c87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.capsule.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+# shellcheck disable=SC2235
+set -eux
+set -o pipefail
+
+at_exit() {
+    set +e
+    systemctl --no-block stop capsule@foobar.service
+    rm -rf /run/capsules/foobar
+    rm -rf /var/lib/capsules/foobar
+    rm -f /run/systemd/system/capsule@.service.d/99-asan.conf
+}
+
+trap at_exit EXIT
+
+# Appease ASan, since the capsule@.service uses DynamicUser=yes
+systemctl edit --runtime --stdin capsule@.service --drop-in=99-asan.conf <<EOF
+[Service]
+EnvironmentFile=-/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-asan-env
+EOF
+
+(! test -f /run/capsules/foobar )
+(! test -f /var/lib/capsules/foobar )
+(! id -u c-foobar )
+
+systemctl start capsule@foobar.service
+
+test -d /run/capsules/foobar
+test -d /var/lib/capsules/foobar
+id -u c-foobar
+
+systemctl status capsule@foobar.service
+
+busctl -C foobar
+
+systemctl -C foobar
+
+systemd-run -C foobar -u sleepinfinity /bin/sleep infinity
+
+systemctl -C foobar status sleepinfinity
+
+systemctl -C foobar stop sleepinfinity
+
+(! systemctl clean capsule@foobar.service )
+
+systemctl stop capsule@foobar.service
+
+systemctl clean capsule@foobar.service --what=all
+
+(! test -f /run/capsules/foobar )
+(! test -f /var/lib/capsules/foobar )
+(! id -u c-foobar )
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-74.cgls.sh b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.cgls.sh
index 9268f42..9268f42 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-74.cgls.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.cgls.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-74.cgtop.sh b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.cgtop.sh
index cf98279..cf98279 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-74.cgtop.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.cgtop.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-74.coredump.sh b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.coredump.sh
index 6552643..b9c8fde 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-74.coredump.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.coredump.sh
@@ -77,24 +77,26 @@ rm -fv /run/systemd/coredump.conf.d/99-external.conf
 # Wait a bit for the coredumps to get processed
 timeout 30 bash -c "while [[ \$(coredumpctl list -q --no-legend $CORE_TEST_BIN | wc -l) -lt 4 ]]; do sleep 1; done"
 
-# Make sure we can forward crashes back to containers
-CONTAINER="testsuite-74-container"
-
-mkdir -p "/var/lib/machines/$CONTAINER"
-mkdir -p "/run/systemd/system/systemd-nspawn@$CONTAINER.service.d"
-# Bind-mounting /etc into the container kinda defeats the purpose of --volatile=,
-# but we need the ASan-related overrides scattered across /etc
-cat > "/run/systemd/system/systemd-nspawn@$CONTAINER.service.d/override.conf" << EOF
+if cgroupfs_supports_user_xattrs; then
+    # Make sure we can forward crashes back to containers
+    CONTAINER="TEST-74-AUX-UTILS-container"
+
+    mkdir -p "/var/lib/machines/$CONTAINER"
+    mkdir -p "/run/systemd/system/systemd-nspawn@$CONTAINER.service.d"
+    # Bind-mounting /etc into the container kinda defeats the purpose of --volatile=,
+    # but we need the ASan-related overrides scattered across /etc
+    cat > "/run/systemd/system/systemd-nspawn@$CONTAINER.service.d/override.conf" <<EOF
 [Service]
 ExecStart=
 ExecStart=systemd-nspawn --quiet --link-journal=try-guest --keep-unit --machine=%i --boot \
                          --volatile=yes --directory=/ --bind-ro=/etc --inaccessible=/etc/machine-id
 EOF
-systemctl daemon-reload
+    systemctl daemon-reload
+
+    [[ "$(systemd-detect-virt)" == "qemu" ]] && TIMEOUT=120 || TIMEOUT=60
 
-if cgroupfs_supports_user_xattrs; then
     machinectl start "$CONTAINER"
-    timeout 60 bash -xec "until systemd-run -M '$CONTAINER' -q --wait --pipe true; do sleep .5; done"
+    timeout "$TIMEOUT" bash -xec "until systemd-run -M '$CONTAINER' -q --wait --pipe true; do sleep .5; done"
 
     [[ "$(systemd-run -M "$CONTAINER" -q --wait --pipe coredumpctl list -q --no-legend /usr/bin/sleep | wc -l)" -eq 0 ]]
     machinectl copy-to "$CONTAINER" "$MAKE_DUMP_SCRIPT"
@@ -102,6 +104,10 @@ if cgroupfs_supports_user_xattrs; then
     systemd-run -M "$CONTAINER" -q --wait --pipe "$MAKE_DUMP_SCRIPT" "/usr/bin/sleep" "SIGTRAP"
     # Wait a bit for the coredumps to get processed
     timeout 30 bash -c "while [[ \$(systemd-run -M $CONTAINER -q --wait --pipe coredumpctl list -q --no-legend /usr/bin/sleep | wc -l) -lt 2 ]]; do sleep 1; done"
+
+    machinectl stop "$CONTAINER"
+    rm -rf "/var/lib/machines/$CONTAINER"
+    unset CONTAINER
 fi
 
 coredumpctl
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-74.delta.sh b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.delta.sh
index a0e1cb5..dabe234 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-74.delta.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.delta.sh
@@ -14,14 +14,14 @@ trap at_exit EXIT
 # Extended unit
 cat >"/run/systemd/system/delta-test-unit-extended.service" <<EOF
 [Service]
-ExecStart=/bin/true
+ExecStart=true
 EOF
 mkdir -p "/run/systemd/system/delta-test-unit-extended.service.d"
 cat >"/run/systemd/system/delta-test-unit-extended.service.d/override.conf" <<EOF
 [Unit]
 Description=Foo Bar
 [Service]
-ExecStartPre=/bin/true
+ExecStartPre=true
 EOF
 # Masked unit
 cp -fv /run/systemd/system/delta-test-unit-extended.service /run/systemd/system/delta-test-unit-masked.service
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-74.escape.sh b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.escape.sh
index e398d40..e398d40 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-74.escape.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.escape.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-74.firstboot.sh b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.firstboot.sh
index be08575..7bab009 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-74.firstboot.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.firstboot.sh
@@ -3,6 +3,9 @@
 set -eux
 set -o pipefail
 
+# shellcheck source=test/units/util.sh
+. "$(dirname "$0")"/util.sh
+
 if ! command -v systemd-firstboot >/dev/null; then
     echo "systemd-firstboot not found, skipping the test"
     exit 0
@@ -13,6 +16,8 @@ at_exit() {
         ls -lR "$ROOT"
         rm -fr "$ROOT"
     fi
+
+    restore_locale
 }
 
 trap at_exit EXIT
@@ -24,6 +29,23 @@ ROOT_HASHED_PASSWORD1='$6$foobarsalt$YbwdaATX6IsFxvWbY3QcZj2gB31R/LFRFrjlFrJtTTq
 # shellcheck disable=SC2016
 ROOT_HASHED_PASSWORD2='$6$foobarsalt$q.P2932zYMLbKnjFwIxPI8y3iuxeuJ2BgE372LcZMMnj3Gcg/9mJg2LPKUl.ha0TG/.fRNNnRQcLfzM0SNot3.'
 
+if [[ -f /etc/locale.conf ]]; then
+    cp /etc/locale.conf /tmp/locale.conf.bak
+fi
+
+# Debian/Ubuntu specific file
+if [[ -f /etc/default/locale ]]; then
+    cp /etc/default/locale /tmp/default-locale.bak
+fi
+
+if [[ -f /etc/locale.gen ]]; then
+    cp /etc/locale.gen /tmp/locale.gen.bak
+fi
+
+# Make sure at least two locales exist (C.UTF-8 and en_US.UTF-8) as systemd-firstboot --prompt-locale will
+# skip writing the locale if it detects only one is installed.
+generate_locale en_US.UTF-8
+
 # Debian and Ubuntu use /etc/default/locale instead of /etc/locale.conf. Make
 # sure we use the appropriate path for locale configuration.
 LOCALE_PATH="/etc/locale.conf"
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-74.id128.sh b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.id128.sh
index c1b80d6..f91cd5f 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-74.id128.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.id128.sh
@@ -22,6 +22,13 @@ systemd-id128 show root-x86-64 --app-specific=4f68bce3e8cd4db196e7fbcaf984b709
 systemd-id128 show --pretty root-x86-64 --app-specific=4f68bce3e8cd4db196e7fbcaf984b709
 [[ "$(systemd-id128 show root-x86-64 --app-specific=4f68bce3e8cd4db196e7fbcaf984b709 -P)" = "8ee5535e7cb14c249e1d28b8dfbb939c" ]]
 
+systemd-id128 show -j
+systemd-id128 show --no-pager
+systemd-id128 show --json=short
+systemd-id128 show --no-legend
+systemd-id128 show --no-pager --no-legend
+systemd-id128 show root -P -u
+
 [[ "$(systemd-id128 new | wc -c)" -eq 33 ]]
 systemd-id128 new -p
 systemd-id128 new -u
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-74.machine-id-setup.sh b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.machine-id-setup.sh
index c2b9db5..c2b9db5 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-74.machine-id-setup.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.machine-id-setup.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-74.modules-load.sh b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.modules-load.sh
index 3d00e07..ceac826 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-74.modules-load.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.modules-load.sh
@@ -17,8 +17,10 @@ if systemd-detect-virt -cq; then
     exit 0
 fi
 
+ORIG_MODULES_LOAD_CONFIG="$(systemd-analyze cat-config modules-load.d)"
+
 # Check if we have required kernel modules
-modprobe --all --resolve-alias loop dummy
+modprobe --all --resolve-alias dummy
 
 mkdir -p /run/modules-load.d/
 
@@ -27,62 +29,58 @@ mkdir -p /run/modules-load.d/
 "$MODULES_LOAD_BIN" --version
 
 # Explicit config file
-modprobe -v --all --remove loop dummy
-printf "loop\ndummy" >"$CONFIG_FILE"
+modprobe -v --all --remove dummy
+printf "dummy" >"$CONFIG_FILE"
 "$MODULES_LOAD_BIN" "$CONFIG_FILE" |& tee /tmp/out.log
-grep -E "Inserted module .*loop" /tmp/out.log
 grep -E "Inserted module .*dummy" /tmp/out.log
 
 # Implicit config file
-modprobe -v --all --remove loop dummy
-printf "loop\ndummy" >"$CONFIG_FILE"
+modprobe -v --all --remove dummy
+printf "dummy" >"$CONFIG_FILE"
 "$MODULES_LOAD_BIN" |& tee /tmp/out.log
-grep -E "Inserted module .*loop" /tmp/out.log
 grep -E "Inserted module .*dummy" /tmp/out.log
 
 # Valid & invalid data mixed together
-modprobe -v --all --remove loop dummy
+modprobe -v --all --remove dummy
 cat >"$CONFIG_FILE" <<EOF
 
-loop
-loop
-loop
-    loop
+dummy
+dummy
+dummy
+    dummy
 dummy
     \\n\n\n\\\\\\
- 
-loo!@@123##2455
+
+dumm!@@123##2455
 # This is a comment
 $(printf "%.0sx" {0..4096})
 dummy
-loop
+dummy
 foo-bar-baz
 1
 "
 '
 EOF
 "$MODULES_LOAD_BIN" |& tee /tmp/out.log
-grep -E "^Inserted module .*loop" /tmp/out.log
 grep -E "^Inserted module .*dummy" /tmp/out.log
 grep -E "^Failed to find module .*foo-bar-baz" /tmp/out.log
 (! grep -E "This is a comment" /tmp/out.log)
 # Each module should be loaded only once, even if specified multiple times
-[[ "$(grep -Ec "^Inserted module" /tmp/out.log)" -eq 2 ]]
+[[ "$(grep -Ec "^Inserted module" /tmp/out.log)" -eq 1 ]]
 [[ "$(grep -Ec "^Failed to find module" /tmp/out.log)" -eq 7 ]]
 
 # Command line arguments
-modprobe -v --all --remove loop dummy
+modprobe -v --all --remove dummy
 # Make sure we have no config files left over that might interfere with
 # following tests
 rm -fv "$CONFIG_FILE"
-[[ -z "$(systemd-analyze cat-config modules-load.d)" ]]
-CMDLINE="ro root= modules_load= modules_load=, / = modules_load=foo-bar-baz,dummy modules_load=loop,loop,loop"
+[[ "$ORIG_MODULES_LOAD_CONFIG" == "$(systemd-analyze cat-config modules-load.d)" ]]
+CMDLINE="ro root= modules_load= modules_load=, / = modules_load=foo-bar-baz,dummy modules_load=dummy,dummy,dummy"
 SYSTEMD_PROC_CMDLINE="$CMDLINE" "$MODULES_LOAD_BIN" |& tee /tmp/out.log
-grep -E "^Inserted module .*loop" /tmp/out.log
 grep -E "^Inserted module .*dummy" /tmp/out.log
 grep -E "^Failed to find module .*foo-bar-baz" /tmp/out.log
 # Each module should be loaded only once, even if specified multiple times
-[[ "$(grep -Ec "^Inserted module" /tmp/out.log)" -eq 2 ]]
+[[ "$(grep -Ec "^Inserted module" /tmp/out.log)" -eq 1 ]]
 
 (! "$MODULES_LOAD_BIN" --nope)
 (! "$MODULES_LOAD_BIN" /foo/bar/baz)
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-74.mount.sh b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.mount.sh
index 41c5c86..14253c3 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-74.mount.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.mount.sh
@@ -6,13 +6,6 @@ set -o pipefail
 # shellcheck source=test/units/util.sh
 . "$(dirname "$0")"/util.sh
 
-# We're going to play around with block/loop devices, so bail out early
-# if we're running in nspawn
-if systemd-detect-virt --container >/dev/null; then
-    echo "Container detected, skipping the test"
-    exit 0
-fi
-
 at_exit() {
     set +e
 
@@ -23,6 +16,7 @@ at_exit() {
 trap at_exit EXIT
 
 WORK_DIR="$(mktemp -d)"
+mkdir -p "$WORK_DIR/mnt"
 
 systemd-mount --list
 systemd-mount --list --full
@@ -30,15 +24,43 @@ systemd-mount --list --no-legend
 systemd-mount --list --no-pager
 systemd-mount --list --quiet
 
+# tmpfs
+mkdir -p "$WORK_DIR/mnt/foo/bar"
+systemd-mount --tmpfs "$WORK_DIR/mnt/foo"
+test ! -d "$WORK_DIR/mnt/foo/bar"
+touch "$WORK_DIR/mnt/foo/baz"
+systemd-umount "$WORK_DIR/mnt/foo"
+test -d "$WORK_DIR/mnt/foo/bar"
+test ! -e "$WORK_DIR/mnt/foo/baz"
+
+# overlay
+systemd-mount --type=overlay --options="lowerdir=/etc,upperdir=$WORK_DIR/upper,workdir=$WORK_DIR/work" /etc "$WORK_DIR/overlay"
+touch "$WORK_DIR/overlay/foo"
+test -e "$WORK_DIR/upper/foo"
+systemd-umount "$WORK_DIR/overlay"
+
+# We're going to play around with block/loop devices, so bail out early
+# if we're running in nspawn
+if systemd-detect-virt --container >/dev/null; then
+    echo "Container detected, skipping the test"
+    exit 0
+fi
+
 # Set up a simple block device for further tests
 dd if=/dev/zero of="$WORK_DIR/simple.img" bs=1M count=16
+mkfs.ext4 -L sd-mount-test "$WORK_DIR/simple.img"
 LOOP="$(losetup --show --find "$WORK_DIR/simple.img")"
-mkfs.ext4 -L sd-mount-test "$LOOP"
-mkdir "$WORK_DIR/mnt"
+udevadm wait --timeout 60 --settle "$LOOP"
+# Also wait for the .device unit for the loop device is active. Otherwise, the .device unit activation
+# that is triggered by the .mount unit introduced by systemd-mount below may time out.
+timeout 60 bash -c "until systemctl is-active $LOOP; do sleep 1; done"
 mount "$LOOP" "$WORK_DIR/mnt"
 touch "$WORK_DIR/mnt/foo.bar"
 umount "$LOOP"
 (! mountpoint "$WORK_DIR/mnt")
+# Wait for the mount unit to be unloaded. Otherwise, creation of the transient unit below may fail.
+MOUNT_UNIT=$(systemd-escape --path --suffix=mount "$WORK_DIR/mnt")
+timeout 60 bash -c "while [[ -n \$(systemctl list-units --all --no-legend $MOUNT_UNIT) ]]; do sleep 1; done"
 
 # Mount with both source and destination set
 systemd-mount "$LOOP" "$WORK_DIR/mnt"
@@ -123,15 +145,37 @@ test -e /run/media/system/simple.img/foo.bar
 # systemd-mount --list and systemd-umount require the loopback block device is initialized by udevd.
 udevadm settle --timeout 30
 assert_in "/dev/loop.* ext4 +sd-mount-test" "$(systemd-mount --list --full)"
+LOOP_AUTO=$(systemd-mount --list --full --no-legend | awk '$6 == "sd-mount-test" { print $1 }')
+LOOP_AUTO_DEVPATH=$(udevadm info --query property --property DEVPATH --value "$LOOP_AUTO")
 systemd-umount "$WORK_DIR/simple.img"
+# Wait for 'change' uevent for the device with DISK_MEDIA_CHANGE=1.
+# After the event, the backing_file attribute should be removed.
+timeout 60 bash -c "while [[ -e /sys/$LOOP_AUTO_DEVPATH/loop/backing_file ]]; do sleep 1; done"
 
 # --owner + vfat
 #
 # Create a vfat image, as ext4 doesn't support uid=/gid= fixating for all
 # files/directories
 dd if=/dev/zero of="$WORK_DIR/owner-vfat.img" bs=1M count=16
+mkfs.vfat -n owner-vfat "$WORK_DIR/owner-vfat.img"
 LOOP="$(losetup --show --find "$WORK_DIR/owner-vfat.img")"
-mkfs.vfat -n owner-vfat "$LOOP"
+# If the synthesized uevent triggered by inotify event has been processed earlier than the kernel finishes to
+# attach the backing file, then SYSTEMD_READY=0 is set for the device. As a workaround, monitor sysattr
+# and re-trigger uevent after that.
+LOOP_DEVPATH=$(udevadm info --query property --property DEVPATH --value "$LOOP")
+timeout 60 bash -c "until [[ -e /sys/$LOOP_DEVPATH/loop/backing_file ]]; do sleep 1; done"
+udevadm trigger --settle "$LOOP"
+# Also wait for the .device unit for the loop device is active. Otherwise, the .device unit activation
+# that is triggered by the .mount unit introduced by systemd-mount below may time out.
+if ! timeout 60 bash -c "until systemctl is-active $LOOP; do sleep 1; done"; then
+    # For debugging issue like
+    # https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/32680#issuecomment-2120959238
+    # https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/32680#issuecomment-2122074805
+    udevadm info "$LOOP"
+    udevadm info --attribute-walk "$LOOP"
+    cat /sys/"$(udevadm info --query property --property DEVPATH --value "$LOOP")"/loop/backing_file || :
+    false
+fi
 # Mount it and check the UID/GID
 [[ "$(stat -c "%U:%G" "$WORK_DIR/mnt")" == "root:root" ]]
 systemd-mount --owner=testuser "$LOOP" "$WORK_DIR/mnt"
@@ -140,12 +184,3 @@ systemctl status "$WORK_DIR/mnt"
 touch "$WORK_DIR/mnt/hello"
 [[ "$(stat -c "%U:%G" "$WORK_DIR/mnt/hello")" == "testuser:testuser" ]]
 systemd-umount LABEL=owner-vfat
-
-# tmpfs
-mkdir -p "$WORK_DIR/mnt/foo/bar"
-systemd-mount --tmpfs "$WORK_DIR/mnt/foo"
-test ! -d "$WORK_DIR/mnt/foo/bar"
-touch "$WORK_DIR/mnt/foo/baz"
-systemd-umount "$WORK_DIR/mnt/foo"
-test -d "$WORK_DIR/mnt/foo/bar"
-test ! -e "$WORK_DIR/mnt/foo/baz"
diff --git a/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.network-generator.sh b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.network-generator.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..5b5b0a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.network-generator.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+# shellcheck disable=SC2016
+set -eux
+set -o pipefail
+
+at_exit() {
+    rm -f /run/credstore/network.conf.50-testme
+    rm -f /run/credstore/network.network.50-testme
+    rm -f /run/systemd/networkd.conf.d/50-testme.conf
+    rm -f /run/systemd/network/50-testme.network
+    rm -f /run/systemd/system/systemd-network-generator.service.d/50-testme.conf
+}
+
+trap at_exit EXIT
+
+mkdir -p /run/credstore
+cat > /run/credstore/network.conf.50-testme <<EOF
+[Network]
+SpeedMeter=yes
+EOF
+
+cat > /run/credstore/network.network.50-testme <<EOF
+[Match]
+Property=IDONTEXIST
+EOF
+
+systemctl edit systemd-network-generator.service --stdin --drop-in=50-testme.conf <<EOF
+[Service]
+LoadCredential=network.conf.50-testme
+LoadCredential=network.network.50-testme
+EOF
+
+systemctl restart systemd-network-generator
+
+diff /run/credstore/network.conf.50-testme /run/systemd/networkd.conf.d/50-testme.conf
+diff /run/credstore/network.network.50-testme /run/systemd/network/50-testme.network
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-74.networkctl.sh b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.networkctl.sh
index 0a687af..3e333a2 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-74.networkctl.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.networkctl.sh
@@ -11,10 +11,12 @@ at_exit() {
     systemctl stop systemd-networkd
 
     if [[ -v NETWORK_NAME && -v NETDEV_NAME && -v LINK_NAME ]]; then
-        rm -fvr {/usr/lib,/etc}/systemd/network/"$NETWORK_NAME" "/usr/lib/systemd/network/$NETDEV_NAME" \
+        rm -fvr {/usr/lib,/etc,/run}/systemd/network/"$NETWORK_NAME" "/usr/lib/systemd/network/$NETDEV_NAME" \
             {/usr/lib,/etc}/systemd/network/"$LINK_NAME" "/etc/systemd/network/${NETWORK_NAME}.d" \
             "new" "+4"
     fi
+
+    rm -f /run/systemd/networkd.conf.d/10-hoge.conf
 }
 
 trap at_exit EXIT
@@ -28,6 +30,16 @@ Name=test
 EOF
 
 # Test files
+
+networkctl mask --runtime "donotexist.network"
+assert_eq "$(readlink /run/systemd/network/donotexist.network)" "/dev/null"
+networkctl unmask "donotexist.network" # unmask should work even without --runtime
+[[ ! -e /run/systemd/network/donotexist.network ]]
+
+touch /usr/lib/systemd/network/donotexist.network
+(! networkctl unmask "donotexist.network")
+rm /usr/lib/systemd/network/donotexist.network
+
 networkctl cat "$NETWORK_NAME" | tail -n +2 | cmp - "/usr/lib/systemd/network/$NETWORK_NAME"
 
 cat >new <<EOF
@@ -35,9 +47,23 @@ cat >new <<EOF
 Name=test2
 EOF
 
-EDITOR='mv new' script -ec 'networkctl edit "$NETWORK_NAME"' /dev/null
+EDITOR='mv new' script -ec 'networkctl edit --runtime "$NETWORK_NAME"' /dev/null
+(! networkctl mask --runtime "$NETWORK_NAME")
+printf '%s\n' '[Match]' 'Name=test2' | cmp - "/run/systemd/network/$NETWORK_NAME"
+
+networkctl mask "$NETWORK_NAME"
+assert_eq "$(readlink "/etc/systemd/network/$NETWORK_NAME")" "/dev/null"
+(! networkctl edit "$NETWORK_NAME")
+(! networkctl edit --runtime "$NETWORK_NAME")
+(! networkctl cat "$NETWORK_NAME")
+networkctl unmask "$NETWORK_NAME"
+
+EDITOR='true' script -ec 'networkctl edit "$NETWORK_NAME"' /dev/null
 printf '%s\n' '[Match]' 'Name=test2' | cmp - "/etc/systemd/network/$NETWORK_NAME"
 
+(! networkctl mask "$NETWORK_NAME")
+(! EDITOR='true' script -ec 'networkctl edit --runtime "$NETWORK_NAME"' /dev/null)
+
 cat >"+4" <<EOF
 [Network]
 IPv6AcceptRA=no
@@ -80,7 +106,19 @@ networkctl cat @test2:network | cmp - <(networkctl cat "$NETWORK_NAME")
 EDITOR='cp' script -ec 'networkctl edit @test2 --drop-in test2.conf' /dev/null
 cmp "+4" "/etc/systemd/network/${NETWORK_NAME}.d/test2.conf"
 
+SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL=debug /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-networkd-wait-online -i test2:carrier --timeout 20
+(! EDITOR='true' script -ec 'networkctl edit @test2 --runtime --drop-in test2.conf' /dev/null)
+
 ip_link="$(ip link show test2)"
 if systemctl --quiet is-active systemd-udevd; then
     assert_in 'alias test_alias' "$ip_link"
 fi
+
+mkdir -p /run/systemd/networkd.conf.d
+cat >/run/systemd/networkd.conf.d/10-hoge.conf <<EOF
+# TEST DROP-IN FILE
+[Network]
+SpeedMeter=yes
+EOF
+
+assert_in '# TEST DROP-IN FILE' "$(networkctl cat)"
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-74.path.sh b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.path.sh
index 79056a5..79056a5 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-74.path.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.path.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-74.pstore.sh b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.pstore.sh
index 9be8066..9be8066 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-74.pstore.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.pstore.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-74.run.sh b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.run.sh
index e894932..b4ff72e 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-74.run.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.run.sh
@@ -218,19 +218,30 @@ for opt in nice on-{active,boot,calendar,startup,unit-active,unit-inactive} prop
 done
 
 # Let's make sure that ProtectProc= properly moves submounts of the original /proc over to the new proc
-
-A=$(cat /proc/sys/kernel/random/boot_id)
-B=$(systemd-run -q --wait --pipe -p ProtectProc=invisible cat /proc/sys/kernel/random/boot_id)
-assert_eq "$A" "$B"
-
-V="/tmp/version.$RANDOM"
-A="$(cat /proc/version).piff"
-echo "$A" > "$V"
-mount --bind "$V" /proc/version
-
-B=$(systemd-run -q --wait --pipe -p ProtectProc=invisible cat /proc/version)
-
-assert_eq "$A" "$B"
-
+BOOT_ID="$(</proc/sys/kernel/random/boot_id)"
+UNIT_BOOT_ID="$(systemd-run -q --wait --pipe -p ProtectProc=invisible cat /proc/sys/kernel/random/boot_id)"
+assert_eq "$BOOT_ID" "$UNIT_BOOT_ID"
+
+TMP_KVER="/tmp/version.$RANDOM"
+KVER="$(</proc/version).piff"
+echo "$KVER" >"$TMP_KVER"
+mount --bind "$TMP_KVER" /proc/version
+UNIT_KVER="$(systemd-run -q --wait --pipe -p ProtectProc=invisible cat /proc/version)"
+assert_eq "$KVER" "$UNIT_KVER"
 umount /proc/version
-rm "$V"
+rm -f "$TMP_KVER"
+
+if [[ -e /usr/lib/pam.d/systemd-run0 ]] || [[ -e /etc/pam.d/systemd-run0 ]]; then
+    # Check that invoking the tool under the run0 alias name works
+    run0 ls /
+    assert_eq "$(run0 echo foo)" "foo"
+    # Check if we set some expected environment variables
+    for arg in "" "--user=root" "--user=testuser"; do
+        assert_eq "$(run0 ${arg:+"$arg"} bash -c 'echo $SUDO_USER')" "$USER"
+        assert_eq "$(run0 ${arg:+"$arg"} bash -c 'echo $SUDO_UID')" "$(id -u "$USER")"
+        assert_eq "$(run0 ${arg:+"$arg"} bash -c 'echo $SUDO_GID')" "$(id -u "$USER")"
+    done
+    # Let's chain a couple of run0 calls together, for fun
+    readarray -t cmdline < <(printf "%.0srun0\n" {0..31})
+    assert_eq "$("${cmdline[@]}" bash -c 'echo $SUDO_USER')" "$USER"
+fi
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-74.sh b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.sh
index 9c2a033..9c2a033 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-74.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.sh
diff --git a/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.socket.sh b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.socket.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..7ef85fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.socket.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+# shellcheck disable=SC2016
+set -eux
+set -o pipefail
+
+# shellcheck source=test/units/util.sh
+. "$(dirname "$0")"/util.sh
+
+at_exit() {
+    systemctl stop per-source-limit.socket
+    rm -f /run/systemd/system/per-source-limit{@.service,.socket} /run/foo.conn{1..4}
+    systemctl daemon-reload
+}
+
+trap at_exit EXIT
+
+cat >/run/systemd/system/per-source-limit.socket <<EOF
+[Socket]
+ListenStream=/run/per-source-limit.sk
+MaxConnectionsPerSource=2
+Accept=yes
+EOF
+
+cat >/run/systemd/system/per-source-limit@.service <<EOF
+[Unit]
+BindsTo=per-source-limit.socket
+After=per-source-limit.socket
+
+[Service]
+ExecStartPre=echo waldo
+ExecStart=sleep infinity
+StandardOutput=socket
+EOF
+
+systemctl daemon-reload
+systemctl start per-source-limit.socket
+systemctl status per-source-limit.socket
+
+# So these two should take up the first two connection slots
+socat -U - UNIX-CONNECT:/run/per-source-limit.sk | tee /tmp/foo.conn1 &
+J1="$!"
+socat -U - UNIX-CONNECT:/run/per-source-limit.sk | tee /tmp/foo.conn2 &
+J2="$!"
+
+waitfor() {
+    local file="${1:?}"
+
+    for _ in {0..20}; do
+        if grep -q waldo "$file"; then
+            return 0
+        fi
+
+        sleep .5
+    done
+
+    echo >&2 "Timeout while waiting for the expected output"
+    return 1
+}
+
+# Wait until the word "waldo" shows in the output files
+waitfor /tmp/foo.conn1
+waitfor /tmp/foo.conn2
+
+# The next connection should fail, because the limit is hit
+socat -U - UNIX-CONNECT:/run/per-source-limit.sk | tee /tmp/foo.conn3 &
+J3="$!"
+
+# But this one should work, because done under a different UID
+setpriv --reuid=1 socat -U - UNIX-CONNECT:/run/per-source-limit.sk | tee /tmp/foo.conn4 &
+J4="$!"
+
+waitfor /tmp/foo.conn4
+
+# The third job should fail quickly, wait for it
+wait "$J3"
+
+# The other jobs will hang forever, since we run "sleep infinity" on the server side. Let's kill the jobs now.
+kill "$J1"
+kill "$J2"
+kill "$J4"
+
+# The 3rd connection should not have seen "waldo", since it should have been refused too early
+(! grep -q "waldo" /tmp/foo.conn3 )
diff --git a/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.ssh.sh b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.ssh.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..5d87d9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.ssh.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+set -eux
+set -o pipefail
+
+if ! command -v ssh &> /dev/null || ! command -v sshd &> /dev/null ; then
+    echo "ssh/sshd not found, skipping test." >&2
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+systemctl -q is-active sshd-unix-local.socket
+
+if test -e /dev/vsock ; then
+    systemctl -q is-active sshd-vsock.socket
+fi
+
+if test -d /run/host/unix-export ; then
+    systemctl -q is-active sshd-unix-export.socket
+fi
+
+# FIXME: sshd seems to crash inside asan currently, skip the actual ssh test hence
+if [[ -v ASAN_OPTIONS ]] ; then
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+ROOTID=$(mktemp -u)
+
+removesshid() {
+    rm -f "$ROOTID" "$ROOTID".pub
+}
+
+ssh-keygen -N '' -C '' -t rsa -f "$ROOTID"
+
+mkdir -p 0700 /root/.ssh
+# Add a newline in case authorized_keys wasn't terminated correctly.
+echo >>/root/.ssh/authorized_keys
+cat "$ROOTID".pub >>/root/.ssh/authorized_keys
+
+# set root pw to "foo", just to set it to something valid
+# shellcheck disable=SC2016
+usermod -p '$5$AAy6BYJ6rzz.QELv$6LpVEU3/RQmVz.svHu/33qoJWWWzZuJ3DM2fo9JgcUD' root
+usermod -U root
+
+mkdir -p /etc/ssh
+test -f /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key || ssh-keygen -t rsa -C '' -N '' -f /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key
+echo "PermitRootLogin yes" >> /etc/ssh/sshd_config
+echo "LogLevel DEBUG3" >> /etc/ssh/sshd_config
+
+test -f /etc/ssh/ssh_config || echo 'Include /etc/ssh/ssh_config.d/*.conf' > /etc/ssh/ssh_config
+
+# ssh wants this dir around, but distros cannot agree on a common name for it, let's just create all that are aware of distros use
+mkdir -p /usr/share/empty.sshd /var/empty /var/empty/sshd /run/sshd
+
+ssh -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no -v -i "$ROOTID" .host cat /etc/machine-id | cmp - /etc/machine-id
+ssh -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no -v -i "$ROOTID" unix/run/ssh-unix-local/socket cat /etc/machine-id | cmp - /etc/machine-id
+
+modprobe vsock_loopback ||:
+if test -e /dev/vsock -a -d /sys/module/vsock_loopback ; then
+    ssh -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no -v -i "$ROOTID" vsock/1 cat /etc/machine-id | cmp - /etc/machine-id
+fi
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-74.varlinkctl.sh b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.varlinkctl.sh
index 5a96269..1d5a98b 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-74.varlinkctl.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.varlinkctl.sh
@@ -32,8 +32,9 @@ if command -v userdbctl >/dev/null; then
     systemctl start systemd-userdbd
     varlinkctl call /run/systemd/userdb/io.systemd.Multiplexer io.systemd.UserDatabase.GetUserRecord '{ "userName" : "testuser", "service" : "io.systemd.Multiplexer" }'
     varlinkctl call -j /run/systemd/userdb/io.systemd.Multiplexer io.systemd.UserDatabase.GetUserRecord '{ "userName" : "testuser", "service" : "io.systemd.Multiplexer" }' | jq .
-    varlinkctl call --more /run/systemd/userdb/io.systemd.Multiplexer io.systemd.UserDatabase.GetMemberships '{ "service" : "io.systemd.Multiplexer" }'
-    varlinkctl call --more -j /run/systemd/userdb/io.systemd.Multiplexer io.systemd.UserDatabase.GetMemberships '{ "service" : "io.systemd.Multiplexer" }' | jq --seq .
+    # We ignore the return value of the following two calls, since if no memberships are defined at all this will return a NotFound error, which is OK
+    (varlinkctl call --more /run/systemd/userdb/io.systemd.Multiplexer io.systemd.UserDatabase.GetMemberships '{ "service" : "io.systemd.Multiplexer" }' ||:)
+    (varlinkctl call --more -j /run/systemd/userdb/io.systemd.Multiplexer io.systemd.UserDatabase.GetMemberships '{ "service" : "io.systemd.Multiplexer" }' ||:) | jq --seq .
     varlinkctl call --oneway /run/systemd/userdb/io.systemd.Multiplexer io.systemd.UserDatabase.GetMemberships '{ "service" : "io.systemd.Multiplexer" }'
     (! varlinkctl call --oneway /run/systemd/userdb/io.systemd.Multiplexer io.systemd.UserDatabase.GetMemberships '{ "service" : "io.systemd.Multiplexer" }' | grep .)
 fi
@@ -53,6 +54,32 @@ if [[ -x /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-pcrextend ]]; then
     varlinkctl introspect /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-pcrextend io.systemd.PCRExtend
 fi
 
+# SSH transport
+SSHBINDIR="$(mktemp -d)"
+
+rm_rf_sshbindir() {
+    rm -rf "$SSHBINDIR"
+}
+
+trap rm_rf_sshbindir EXIT
+
+# Create a fake "ssh" binary that validates everything works as expected
+cat > "$SSHBINDIR"/ssh <<'EOF'
+#!/bin/sh
+
+set -xe
+
+test "$1" = "-W"
+test "$2" = "/run/systemd/journal/io.systemd.journal"
+test "$3" = "foobar"
+
+exec socat - UNIX-CONNECT:/run/systemd/journal/io.systemd.journal
+EOF
+
+chmod +x "$SSHBINDIR"/ssh
+
+SYSTEMD_SSH="$SSHBINDIR/ssh" varlinkctl info ssh:foobar:/run/systemd/journal/io.systemd.journal
+
 # Go through all varlink sockets we can find under /run/systemd/ for some extra coverage
 find /run/systemd/ -name "io.systemd*" -type s | while read -r socket; do
     varlinkctl info "$socket"
@@ -87,3 +114,7 @@ done
 (! varlinkctl call /run/systemd/userdb/io.systemd.Multiplexer io.systemd.UserDatabase.GetUserRecord </dev/null)
 (! varlinkctl validate-idl "")
 (! varlinkctl validate-idl </dev/null)
+
+varlinkctl info /run/systemd/io.systemd.Hostname
+varlinkctl introspect /run/systemd/io.systemd.Hostname io.systemd.Hostname
+varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.Hostname io.systemd.Hostname.Describe '{}'
diff --git a/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.vpick.sh b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.vpick.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..400097f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/units/TEST-74-AUX-UTILS.vpick.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
+set -eux
+set -o pipefail
+
+at_exit() {
+    set +e
+    rm -rf /var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v
+    rm -rf /var/lib/machines/mytree.v
+    rm -rf /var/lib/machines/testroot.v
+    umount -l /tmp/dotvroot
+    rmdir /tmp/dotvroot
+}
+
+trap at_exit EXIT
+
+mkdir -p /var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v
+
+touch /var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v/mymachine_7.5.13.raw
+touch /var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v/mymachine_7.5.14_x86-64.raw
+touch /var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v/mymachine_7.6.0_arm64.raw
+touch /var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v/mymachine_7.7.0_x86-64+0-5.raw
+
+mkdir -p /var/lib/machines/mytree.v
+
+mkdir /var/lib/machines/mytree.v/mytree_33.4
+mkdir /var/lib/machines/mytree.v/mytree_33.5
+mkdir /var/lib/machines/mytree.v/mytree_36.0+0-5
+mkdir /var/lib/machines/mytree.v/mytree_37.0_arm64+2-3
+mkdir /var/lib/machines/mytree.v/mytree_38.0_arm64+0-5
+
+ARCH="$(busctl get-property org.freedesktop.systemd1 /org/freedesktop/systemd1 org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager Architecture | cut -d\" -f 2)"
+
+export SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL=debug
+
+if [ "$ARCH" = "x86-64" ] ; then
+    test "$(systemd-vpick /var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v --suffix=.raw)" = "/var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v/mymachine_7.5.14_x86-64.raw"
+
+    test "$(systemd-vpick /var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v --suffix=.raw -V 7.5.13)" = "/var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v/mymachine_7.5.13.raw"
+    test "$(systemd-vpick /var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v --suffix=.raw -V 7.5.14)" = "/var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v/mymachine_7.5.14_x86-64.raw"
+    (! systemd-vpick /var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v --suffix=.raw -V 7.6.0)
+    test "$(systemd-vpick /var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v --suffix=.raw -V 7.7.0)" = "/var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v/mymachine_7.7.0_x86-64+0-5.raw"
+
+    systemd-dissect --discover | grep "/var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v/mymachine_7.5.14_x86-64.raw"
+elif [ "$ARCH" = "arm64" ] ; then
+    test "$(systemd-vpick /var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v --suffix=.raw)" = "/var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v/mymachine_7.6.0_arm64.raw"
+
+    test "$(systemd-vpick /var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v --suffix=.raw -V 7.5.13)" = "/var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v/mymachine_7.5.13.raw"
+    (! systemd-vpick /var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v --suffix=.raw -V 7.5.14)
+    test "$(systemd-vpick /var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v --suffix=.raw -V 7.6.0)" = "/var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v/mymachine_7.6.0_arm64.raw"
+    (! systemd-vpick /var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v --suffix=.raw -V 7.7.0)
+
+    systemd-dissect --discover | grep "/var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v/mymachine_7.6.0_arm64.raw"
+else
+    test "$(systemd-vpick /var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v --suffix=.raw)" = "/var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v/mymachine_7.5.13.raw"
+
+    test "$(systemd-vpick /var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v --suffix=.raw -V 7.5.13)" = "/var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v/mymachine_7.5.13.raw"
+    (! systemd-vpick /var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v --suffix=.raw -V 7.5.14)
+    (! systemd-vpick /var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v --suffix=.raw -V 7.6.0)
+    (! systemd-vpick /var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v --suffix=.raw -V 7.7.0)
+
+    systemd-dissect --discover | grep "/var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v/mymachine_7.5.13.raw"
+fi
+
+test "$(systemd-vpick /var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v --suffix=.raw -A x86-64)" = "/var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v/mymachine_7.5.14_x86-64.raw"
+test "$(systemd-vpick /var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v --suffix=.raw -A arm64)" = "/var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v/mymachine_7.6.0_arm64.raw"
+(! systemd-vpick /var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v --suffix=.raw -A ia64)
+
+test "$(systemd-vpick /var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v --suffix=.raw -A arm64 -p version)" = "7.6.0"
+test "$(systemd-vpick /var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v --suffix=.raw -A arm64 -p type)" = "reg"
+test "$(systemd-vpick /var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v --suffix=.raw -A arm64 -p filename)" = "mymachine_7.6.0_arm64.raw"
+test "$(systemd-vpick /var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v --suffix=.raw -A arm64 -p arch)" = "arm64"
+
+test "$(systemd-vpick /var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v --suffix=.raw -A arm64 -t reg)" = "/var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v/mymachine_7.6.0_arm64.raw"
+(! systemd-vpick /var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v --suffix=.raw -A arm64 -t dir)
+(! systemd-vpick /var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v --suffix=.raw -A arm64 -t fifo)
+(! systemd-vpick /var/lib/machines/mymachine.raw.v --suffix=.raw -A arm64 -t sock)
+
+if [ "$ARCH" != "arm64" ] ; then
+    test "$(systemd-vpick /var/lib/machines/mytree.v)" = "/var/lib/machines/mytree.v/mytree_33.5/"
+    test "$(systemd-vpick /var/lib/machines/mytree.v --type=dir)" = "/var/lib/machines/mytree.v/mytree_33.5/"
+else
+    test "$(systemd-vpick /var/lib/machines/mytree.v)" = "/var/lib/machines/mytree.v/mytree_37.0_arm64+2-3/"
+    test "$(systemd-vpick /var/lib/machines/mytree.v --type=dir)" = "/var/lib/machines/mytree.v/mytree_37.0_arm64+2-3/"
+fi
+
+(! systemd-vpick /var/lib/machines/mytree.v --type=reg)
+
+mkdir /tmp/dotvroot
+mount --bind / /tmp/dotvroot
+
+mkdir /var/lib/machines/testroot.v
+mkdir /var/lib/machines/testroot.v/testroot_32
+ln -s /tmp/dotvroot /var/lib/machines/testroot.v/testroot_33
+mkdir /var/lib/machines/testroot.v/testroot_34
+
+ls -l /var/lib/machines/testroot.v
+
+test "$(systemd-vpick /var/lib/machines/testroot.v)" = /var/lib/machines/testroot.v/testroot_34/
+test "$(systemd-vpick --resolve=yes /var/lib/machines/testroot.v)" = /var/lib/machines/testroot.v/testroot_34/
+(! systemd-run --wait -p RootDirectory=/var/lib/machines/testroot.v /bin/true)
+
+find /var/lib/machines/testroot.v/testroot_34
+rm -rf /var/lib/machines/testroot.v/testroot_34
+test "$(systemd-vpick /var/lib/machines/testroot.v)" = /var/lib/machines/testroot.v/testroot_33/
+test "$(systemd-vpick --resolve=yes /var/lib/machines/testroot.v)" = /tmp/dotvroot/
+systemd-run --wait -p RootDirectory=/var/lib/machines/testroot.v /bin/true
+
+rm /var/lib/machines/testroot.v/testroot_33
+test "$(systemd-vpick /var/lib/machines/testroot.v)" = /var/lib/machines/testroot.v/testroot_32/
+test "$(systemd-vpick --resolve=yes /var/lib/machines/testroot.v)" = /var/lib/machines/testroot.v/testroot_32/
+(! systemd-run --wait -p RootDirectory=/var/lib/machines/testroot.v /bin/true)
+
+rm -rf /var/lib/machines/testroot.v/testroot_32
+(! systemd-vpick /var/lib/machines/testroot.v)
+(! systemd-run --wait -p RootDirectory=/var/lib/machines/testroot.v /bin/true)
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-75.sh b/test/units/TEST-75-RESOLVED.sh
index 86d602d..a4417ce 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-75.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-75-RESOLVED.sh
@@ -14,6 +14,12 @@ set -o pipefail
 # shellcheck source=test/units/util.sh
 . "$(dirname "$0")"/util.sh
 
+# We need at least Knot 3.0 which support (among others) the ds-push directive
+if ! knotc -c /usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/knot-data/knot.conf conf-check; then
+    echo "This test requires at least Knot 3.0. skipping..." | tee --append /skipped
+    exit 77
+fi
+
 RUN_OUT="$(mktemp)"
 
 run() {
@@ -46,8 +52,7 @@ monitor_check_rr() (
     # displayed. We turn off pipefail for this, since we don't care about the
     # lhs of this pipe expression, we only care about the rhs' result to be
     # clean
-    # v255-only: match against a syslog tag as well to work around systemd/systemd#30886
-    timeout -v 30s journalctl --since "$since" -f --full _SYSTEMD_UNIT="resolvectl-monitor.service" + SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER="resolvectl-monitor" | grep -m1 "$match"
+    timeout -v 30s journalctl -u resolvectl-monitor.service --since "$since" -f --full | grep -m1 "$match"
 )
 
 restart_resolved() {
@@ -103,12 +108,21 @@ assert_in '_localdnsproxy' "$(dig @127.0.0.53 -x 127.0.0.54)"
 mkdir -p /run/systemd/resolved.conf.d
 {
     echo "[Resolve]"
-    echo "MulticastDNS=yes"
-    echo "LLMNR=yes"
+    echo "MulticastDNS=no"
+    echo "LLMNR=no"
 } >/run/systemd/resolved.conf.d/mdns-llmnr.conf
 restart_resolved
 # make sure networkd is not running.
 systemctl stop systemd-networkd.service
+assert_in 'no' "$(resolvectl mdns hoge)"
+assert_in 'no' "$(resolvectl llmnr hoge)"
+# Tests that reloading works
+{
+    echo "[Resolve]"
+    echo "MulticastDNS=yes"
+    echo "LLMNR=yes"
+} >/run/systemd/resolved.conf.d/mdns-llmnr.conf
+systemctl reload systemd-resolved.service
 # defaults to yes (both the global and per-link settings are yes)
 assert_in 'yes' "$(resolvectl mdns hoge)"
 assert_in 'yes' "$(resolvectl llmnr hoge)"
@@ -131,7 +145,7 @@ assert_in 'no' "$(resolvectl llmnr hoge)"
     echo "MulticastDNS=resolve"
     echo "LLMNR=resolve"
 } >/run/systemd/resolved.conf.d/mdns-llmnr.conf
-restart_resolved
+systemctl reload systemd-resolved.service
 # set per-link setting
 resolvectl mdns hoge yes
 resolvectl llmnr hoge yes
@@ -151,7 +165,7 @@ assert_in 'no' "$(resolvectl llmnr hoge)"
     echo "MulticastDNS=no"
     echo "LLMNR=no"
 } >/run/systemd/resolved.conf.d/mdns-llmnr.conf
-restart_resolved
+systemctl reload systemd-resolved.service
 # set per-link setting
 resolvectl mdns hoge yes
 resolvectl llmnr hoge yes
@@ -181,23 +195,44 @@ fd00:dead:beef:cafe::1 ns1.unsigned.test
 127.128.0.5     localhost5 localhost5.localdomain localhost5.localdomain4 localhost.localdomain5 localhost5.localdomain5
 EOF
 
-mkdir -p /etc/systemd/network
-cat >/etc/systemd/network/10-dns0.netdev <<EOF
+mkdir -p /run/systemd/network
+cat >/run/systemd/network/10-dns0.netdev <<EOF
 [NetDev]
 Name=dns0
 Kind=dummy
 EOF
-cat >/etc/systemd/network/10-dns0.network <<EOF
+cat >/run/systemd/network/10-dns0.network <<EOF
 [Match]
 Name=dns0
 
 [Network]
+IPv6AcceptRA=no
 Address=10.0.0.1/24
 Address=fd00:dead:beef:cafe::1/64
 DNSSEC=allow-downgrade
 DNS=10.0.0.1
 DNS=fd00:dead:beef:cafe::1
 EOF
+cat >/run/systemd/network/10-dns1.netdev <<EOF
+[NetDev]
+Name=dns1
+Kind=dummy
+EOF
+cat >/run/systemd/network/10-dns1.network <<EOF
+[Match]
+Name=dns1
+
+[Network]
+IPv6AcceptRA=no
+Address=10.99.0.1/24
+DNSSEC=no
+EOF
+systemctl edit --stdin --full --runtime --force "resolved-dummy-server.service" <<EOF
+[Service]
+Type=notify
+Environment=SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL=debug
+ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/unit-tests/manual/test-resolved-dummy-server 10.99.0.1:53
+EOF
 
 DNS_ADDRESSES=(
     "10.0.0.1"
@@ -217,6 +252,14 @@ ln -svf /run/systemd/resolve/stub-resolv.conf /etc/resolv.conf
 mkdir -p "/etc/dnssec-trust-anchors.d/"
 echo local >/etc/dnssec-trust-anchors.d/local.negative
 
+# Copy over our knot configuration
+mkdir -p /var/lib/knot/zones/ /etc/knot/
+cp -rfv /usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/knot-data/zones/* /var/lib/knot/zones/
+cp -fv /usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/knot-data/knot.conf /etc/knot/knot.conf
+chgrp -R knot /etc/knot/ /var/lib/knot/
+chmod -R ug+rwX /var/lib/knot/
+chmod -R g+r /etc/knot/
+
 # Sign the root zone
 keymgr . generate algorithm=ECDSAP256SHA256 ksk=yes zsk=yes
 # Create a trust anchor for resolved with our root zone
@@ -235,8 +278,11 @@ ln -svf /etc/bind.keys /etc/bind/bind.keys
 
 # Start the services
 systemctl unmask systemd-networkd
-systemctl start systemd-networkd
-restart_resolved
+systemctl restart systemd-networkd
+/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-networkd-wait-online --interface=dns1:routable --timeout=60
+systemctl reload systemd-resolved
+systemctl start resolved-dummy-server
+
 # Create knot's runtime dir, since from certain version it's provided only by
 # the package and not created by tmpfiles/systemd
 if [[ ! -d /run/knot ]]; then
@@ -247,17 +293,22 @@ systemctl start knot
 # Wait a bit for the keys to propagate
 sleep 4
 
+systemctl status resolved-dummy-server
 networkctl status
 resolvectl status
 resolvectl log-level debug
 
 # Start monitoring queries
-systemd-run -u resolvectl-monitor.service -p SyslogIdentifier=resolvectl-monitor -p Type=notify resolvectl monitor
-systemd-run -u resolvectl-monitor-json.service -p SyslogIdentifier=resolvectl-monitor-json -p Type=notify resolvectl monitor --json=short
+systemd-run -u resolvectl-monitor.service -p Type=notify resolvectl monitor
+systemd-run -u resolvectl-monitor-json.service -p Type=notify resolvectl monitor --json=short
 
-# Check if all the zones are valid (zone-check always returns 0, so let's check
-# if it produces any errors/warnings)
-run knotc zone-check
+# FIXME: knot, unfortunately, incorrectly complains about missing zone files for zones
+#        that are forwarded using the `dnsproxy` module. Until the issue is resolved,
+#        let's fall back to pre-processing the `zone-check` output a bit before checking it
+#
+# See: https://gitlab.nic.cz/knot/knot-dns/-/issues/913
+run knotc zone-check || :
+sed -i '/forwarded.test./d' "$RUN_OUT"
 [[ ! -s "$RUN_OUT" ]]
 # We need to manually propagate the DS records of onlinesign.test. to the parent
 # zone, since they're generated online
@@ -273,6 +324,7 @@ done < <(keymgr onlinesign.test. ds)
 knotc zone-commit test.
 
 knotc reload
+sleep 2
 
 ### SETUP END ###
 
@@ -348,6 +400,12 @@ run dig +noall +authority +comments SRV .
 grep -qF "status: NOERROR" "$RUN_OUT"
 grep -qE "IN\s+SOA\s+ns1\.unsigned\.test\." "$RUN_OUT"
 
+run resolvectl query -t SVCB svcb.test
+grep -qF 'alpn="dot"' "$RUN_OUT"
+grep -qF "ipv4hint=10.0.0.1" "$RUN_OUT"
+
+run resolvectl query -t HTTPS https.test
+grep -qF 'alpn="h2,h3"' "$RUN_OUT"
 
 : "--- ZONE: unsigned.test. ---"
 run dig @ns1.unsigned.test +short unsigned.test A unsigned.test AAAA
@@ -405,6 +463,27 @@ grep -qF "myservice.signed.test:1234" "$RUN_OUT"
 grep -qF "10.0.0.20" "$RUN_OUT"
 grep -qF "fd00:dead:beef:cafe::17" "$RUN_OUT"
 grep -qF "authenticated: yes" "$RUN_OUT"
+
+# Test service resolve over Varlink
+run varlinkctl call /run/systemd/resolve/io.systemd.Resolve io.systemd.Resolve.ResolveService '{"name":"","type":"_mysvc._tcp","domain":"signed.test"}'
+grep -qF '"services":[{"priority":10,"weight":5,"port":1234,"hostname":"myservice.signed.test","canonicalName":"myservice.signed.test","addresses":[{"ifindex":' "$RUN_OUT"
+grep -qF '"family":10,"address":[253,0,222,173,190,239,202,254,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,23]' "$RUN_OUT"
+grep -qF '"family":2,"address":[10,0,0,20]' "$RUN_OUT"
+grep -qF '}]}],"txt":["This is TXT for myservice"],"canonical":{"name":null,"type":"_mysvc._tcp","domain":"signed.test"},"flags":' "$RUN_OUT"
+
+# without name
+run varlinkctl call /run/systemd/resolve/io.systemd.Resolve io.systemd.Resolve.ResolveService '{"type":"_mysvc._tcp","domain":"signed.test"}'
+# without txt (SD_RESOLVE_NO_TXT)
+run varlinkctl call /run/systemd/resolve/io.systemd.Resolve io.systemd.Resolve.ResolveService '{"type":"_mysvc._tcp","domain":"signed.test","flags":64}'
+(! grep -qF '"txt"' "$RUN_OUT")
+# without address (SD_RESOLVE_NO_ADDRESS)
+run varlinkctl call /run/systemd/resolve/io.systemd.Resolve io.systemd.Resolve.ResolveService '{"type":"_mysvc._tcp","domain":"signed.test","flags":128}'
+(! grep -qF '"addresses"' "$RUN_OUT")
+# without txt and address
+run varlinkctl call /run/systemd/resolve/io.systemd.Resolve io.systemd.Resolve.ResolveService '{"type":"_mysvc._tcp","domain":"signed.test","flags":192}'
+(! grep -qF '"txt"' "$RUN_OUT")
+(! grep -qF '"addresses"' "$RUN_OUT")
+
 (! run resolvectl service _invalidsvc._udp signed.test)
 grep -qE "invalidservice\.signed\.test' not found" "$RUN_OUT"
 run resolvectl service _untrustedsvc._udp signed.test
@@ -418,6 +497,18 @@ grep -qF "; fully validated" "$RUN_OUT"
 run resolvectl openpgp mr.smith@signed.test
 grep -qF "5a786cdc59c161cdafd818143705026636962198c66ed4c5b3da321e._openpgpkey.signed.test" "$RUN_OUT"
 grep -qF "authenticated: yes" "$RUN_OUT"
+# Check zone transfers (AXFR/IXFR)
+# Note: since resolved doesn't support zone transfers, let's just make sure it
+#       simply refuses such requests without choking on them
+# See: https://github.com/systemd/systemd/pull/30809#issuecomment-1880102804
+run dig @ns1.unsigned.test AXFR signed.test
+grep -qE "SOA\s+ns1.unsigned.test. root.unsigned.test." "$RUN_OUT"
+run dig AXFR signed.test
+grep -qF "; Transfer failed" "$RUN_OUT"
+run dig @ns1.unsigned.test IXFR=43 signed.test
+grep -qE "SOA\s+ns1.unsigned.test. root.unsigned.test." "$RUN_OUT"
+run dig IXFR=43 signed.test
+grep -qF "; Transfer failed" "$RUN_OUT"
 
 # DNSSEC validation with multiple records of the same type for the same name
 # Issue: https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/22002
@@ -460,9 +551,9 @@ monitor_check_rr "$TIMESTAMP" "follow13.almost.final.signed.test IN CNAME follow
 monitor_check_rr "$TIMESTAMP" "follow14.final.signed.test IN A 10.0.0.14"
 
 # Non-existing RR + CNAME chain
-run dig +dnssec AAAA cname-chain.signed.test
-grep -qF "status: NOERROR" "$RUN_OUT"
-grep -qE "^follow14\.final\.signed\.test\..+IN\s+NSEC\s+" "$RUN_OUT"
+#run dig +dnssec AAAA cname-chain.signed.test
+#grep -qF "status: NOERROR" "$RUN_OUT"
+#grep -qE "^follow14\.final\.signed\.test\..+IN\s+NSEC\s+" "$RUN_OUT"
 
 
 : "--- ZONE: onlinesign.test (dynamic DNSSEC) ---"
@@ -545,6 +636,61 @@ grep -qF "fd00:dead:beef:cafe::123" "$RUN_OUT"
 #run dig +dnssec this.does.not.exist.untrusted.test
 #grep -qF "status: NXDOMAIN" "$RUN_OUT"
 
+: "--- ZONE: forwarded.test (queries forwarded to our dummy test server) ---"
+JOURNAL_CURSOR="$(mktemp)"
+journalctl -n0 -q --cursor-file="$JOURNAL_CURSOR"
+
+# See "test-resolved-dummy-server.c" for the server part
+(! run resolvectl query nope.forwarded.test)
+grep -qF "nope.forwarded.test" "$RUN_OUT"
+grep -qF "not found" "$RUN_OUT"
+
+# SERVFAIL + EDE code 6: DNSSEC Bogus
+(! run resolvectl query edns-bogus-dnssec.forwarded.test)
+grep -qE "^edns-bogus-dnssec.forwarded.test:.+: upstream-failure \(DNSSEC Bogus\)" "$RUN_OUT"
+# Same thing, but over Varlink
+(! run varlinkctl call /run/systemd/resolve/io.systemd.Resolve io.systemd.Resolve.ResolveHostname '{"name" : "edns-bogus-dnssec.forwarded.test"}')
+grep -qF "io.systemd.Resolve.DNSSECValidationFailed" "$RUN_OUT"
+grep -qF '{"result":"upstream-failure","extendedDNSErrorCode":6}' "$RUN_OUT"
+journalctl --sync
+journalctl -u systemd-resolved.service --cursor-file="$JOURNAL_CURSOR" --grep "Server returned error: SERVFAIL \(DNSSEC Bogus\). Lookup failed."
+
+# SERVFAIL + EDE code 16: Censored + extra text
+(! run resolvectl query edns-extra-text.forwarded.test)
+grep -qE "^edns-extra-text.forwarded.test.+: SERVFAIL \(Censored: Nothing to see here!\)" "$RUN_OUT"
+(! run varlinkctl call /run/systemd/resolve/io.systemd.Resolve io.systemd.Resolve.ResolveHostname '{"name" : "edns-extra-text.forwarded.test"}')
+grep -qF "io.systemd.Resolve.DNSError" "$RUN_OUT"
+grep -qF '{"rcode":2,"extendedDNSErrorCode":16,"extendedDNSErrorMessage":"Nothing to see here!"}' "$RUN_OUT"
+journalctl --sync
+journalctl -u systemd-resolved.service --cursor-file="$JOURNAL_CURSOR" --grep "Server returned error: SERVFAIL \(Censored: Nothing to see here!\)"
+
+# SERVFAIL + EDE code 0: Other + extra text
+(! run resolvectl query edns-code-zero.forwarded.test)
+grep -qE "^edns-code-zero.forwarded.test:.+: SERVFAIL \(Other: 🐱\)" "$RUN_OUT"
+(! run varlinkctl call /run/systemd/resolve/io.systemd.Resolve io.systemd.Resolve.ResolveHostname '{"name" : "edns-code-zero.forwarded.test"}')
+grep -qF "io.systemd.Resolve.DNSError" "$RUN_OUT"
+grep -qF '{"rcode":2,"extendedDNSErrorCode":0,"extendedDNSErrorMessage":"🐱"}' "$RUN_OUT"
+journalctl --sync
+journalctl -u systemd-resolved.service --cursor-file="$JOURNAL_CURSOR" --grep "Server returned error: SERVFAIL \(Other: 🐱\)"
+
+# SERVFAIL + invalid EDE code
+(! run resolvectl query edns-invalid-code.forwarded.test)
+grep -qE "^edns-invalid-code.forwarded.test:.+: SERVFAIL \([0-9]+\)" "$RUN_OUT"
+(! run varlinkctl call /run/systemd/resolve/io.systemd.Resolve io.systemd.Resolve.ResolveHostname '{"name" : "edns-invalid-code.forwarded.test"}')
+grep -qF "io.systemd.Resolve.DNSError" "$RUN_OUT"
+grep -qE '{"rcode":2,"extendedDNSErrorCode":[0-9]+}' "$RUN_OUT"
+journalctl --sync
+journalctl -u systemd-resolved.service --cursor-file="$JOURNAL_CURSOR" --grep "Server returned error: SERVFAIL \(\d+\)"
+
+# SERVFAIL + invalid EDE code + extra text
+(! run resolvectl query edns-invalid-code-with-extra-text.forwarded.test)
+grep -qE '^edns-invalid-code-with-extra-text.forwarded.test:.+: SERVFAIL \([0-9]+: Hello \[#\]\$%~ World\)' "$RUN_OUT"
+(! run varlinkctl call /run/systemd/resolve/io.systemd.Resolve io.systemd.Resolve.ResolveHostname '{"name" : "edns-invalid-code-with-extra-text.forwarded.test"}')
+grep -qF "io.systemd.Resolve.DNSError" "$RUN_OUT"
+grep -qE '{"rcode":2,"extendedDNSErrorCode":[0-9]+,"extendedDNSErrorMessage":"Hello \[#\]\$%~ World"}' "$RUN_OUT"
+journalctl --sync
+journalctl -u systemd-resolved.service --cursor-file="$JOURNAL_CURSOR" --grep "Server returned error: SERVFAIL \(\d+: Hello \[\#\]\\$%~ World\)"
+
 ### Test resolvectl show-cache
 run resolvectl show-cache
 run resolvectl show-cache --json=short
@@ -559,10 +705,10 @@ systemctl stop resolvectl-monitor-json.service
 # Issue: https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/29580 (part #2)
 #
 # Check for any warnings regarding malformed messages
-(! journalctl -p warning --grep malformed _SYSTEMD_UNIT="resolvectl-monitor-json.service" + SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER="resolvectl-monitor-json")
+(! journalctl -u resolvectl-monitor.service -u reseolvectl-monitor-json.service -p warning --grep malformed)
 # Verify that all queries recorded by `resolvectl monitor --json` produced a valid JSON
 # with expected fields
-journalctl -p info -o cat _SYSTEMD_UNIT="resolvectl-monitor-json.service" + SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER="resolvectl-monitor-json" | while read -r line; do
+journalctl -p info -o cat _SYSTEMD_UNIT="resolvectl-monitor-json.service" | while read -r line; do
     # Check that both "question" and "answer" fields are arrays
     #
     # The expression is slightly more complicated due to the fact that the "answer" field is optional,
@@ -589,7 +735,9 @@ if command -v nft >/dev/null; then
     sleep 2
     drop_dns_outbound_traffic
     set +e
-    run dig stale1.unsigned.test -t A
+    # Make sure we give sd-resolved enough time to timeout (5-10s) before giving up
+    # See: https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/31639#issuecomment-2009152617
+    run dig +tries=1 +timeout=15 stale1.unsigned.test -t A
     set -eux
     grep -qE "no servers could be reached" "$RUN_OUT"
     nft flush ruleset
@@ -602,13 +750,14 @@ if command -v nft >/dev/null; then
         echo "StaleRetentionSec=1d"
     } >/run/systemd/resolved.conf.d/test.conf
     ln -svf /run/systemd/resolve/stub-resolv.conf /etc/resolv.conf
-    restart_resolved
+    systemctl reload systemd-resolved.service
 
     run dig stale1.unsigned.test -t A
     grep -qE "NOERROR" "$RUN_OUT"
     sleep 2
     drop_dns_outbound_traffic
-    run dig stale1.unsigned.test -t A
+    # Make sure we give sd-resolved enough time to timeout (5-10s) and serve the stale data (see above)
+    run dig +tries=1 +timeout=15 stale1.unsigned.test -t A
     grep -qE "NOERROR" "$RUN_OUT"
     grep -qE "10.0.0.112" "$RUN_OUT"
 
@@ -725,6 +874,28 @@ run resolvectl reset-statistics --json=pretty
 
 run resolvectl reset-statistics --json=short
 
+test "$(resolvectl --json=short query -t AAAA localhost)" == '{"key":{"class":1,"type":28,"name":"localhost"},"address":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1]}'
+test "$(resolvectl --json=short query -t A localhost)" == '{"key":{"class":1,"type":1,"name":"localhost"},"address":[127,0,0,1]}'
+
+# Test ResolveRecord RR resolving via Varlink
+test "$(varlinkctl call /run/systemd/resolve/io.systemd.Resolve io.systemd.Resolve.ResolveRecord '{"name":"localhost","type":1}' --json=short | jq -rc 'del(.rrs | .[] | .ifindex)')" == '{"rrs":[{"rr":{"key":{"class":1,"type":1,"name":"localhost"},"address":[127,0,0,1]},"raw":"CWxvY2FsaG9zdAAAAQABAAAAAAAEfwAAAQ=="}],"flags":786945}'
+test "$(varlinkctl call /run/systemd/resolve/io.systemd.Resolve io.systemd.Resolve.ResolveRecord '{"name":"localhost","type":28}' --json=short | jq -rc 'del(.rrs | .[] | .ifindex)')" == '{"rrs":[{"rr":{"key":{"class":1,"type":28,"name":"localhost"},"address":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1]},"raw":"CWxvY2FsaG9zdAAAHAABAAAAAAAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQ=="}],"flags":786945}'
+
+# Ensure that reloading keeps the manually configured address
+{
+    echo "[Resolve]"
+    echo "DNS=8.8.8.8"
+} >/run/systemd/resolved.conf.d/reload.conf
+resolvectl dns dns0 1.1.1.1
+systemctl reload systemd-resolved.service
+resolvectl status
+resolvectl dns dns0 | grep -qF "1.1.1.1"
+# For some reason piping this last command to grep fails with:
+# 'resolvectl[1378]: Failed to print table: Broken pipe'
+# so use an intermediate file in /tmp/
+resolvectl >/tmp/output
+grep -qF "DNS Servers: 8.8.8.8" /tmp/output
+
 # Check if resolved exits cleanly.
 restart_resolved
 
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-76.sh b/test/units/TEST-76-SYSCTL.sh
index 855d0ef..855d0ef 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-76.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-76-SYSCTL.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-78.sh b/test/units/TEST-78-SIGQUEUE.sh
index 46afd3c..46afd3c 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-78.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-78-SIGQUEUE.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-79.sh b/test/units/TEST-79-MEMPRESS.sh
index 205f7f3..2b1de20 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-79.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-79-MEMPRESS.sh
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ fi
 
 systemd-analyze log-level debug
 
-CGROUP=/sys/fs/cgroup/"$(systemctl show testsuite-79.service -P ControlGroup)"
+CGROUP=/sys/fs/cgroup/"$(systemctl show TEST-79-MEMPRESS.service -P ControlGroup)"
 test -d "$CGROUP"
 
 if ! test -f "$CGROUP"/memory.pressure ; then
@@ -49,7 +49,17 @@ EOF
 
 chmod +x "$SCRIPT"
 
-systemd-run -u "$UNIT" -p Type=exec -p ProtectControlGroups=1 -p DynamicUser=1 -p MemoryPressureWatch=on -p MemoryPressureThresholdSec=123ms -p BindPaths=$SCRIPT --wait "$SCRIPT"
+systemd-run \
+    -u "$UNIT" \
+    -p Type=exec \
+    -p ProtectControlGroups=1 \
+    -p DynamicUser=1 \
+    -p MemoryPressureWatch=on \
+    -p MemoryPressureThresholdSec=123ms \
+    -p BindPaths=$SCRIPT \
+    `# Make sanitizers happy when DynamicUser=1 pulls in instrumented systemd NSS modules` \
+    -p EnvironmentFile=-/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-asan-env \
+    --wait "$SCRIPT"
 
 rm "$SCRIPT"
 
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-80.sh b/test/units/TEST-80-NOTIFYACCESS.sh
index 97b222a..97b222a 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-80.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-80-NOTIFYACCESS.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-81.debug-generator.sh b/test/units/TEST-81-GENERATORS.debug-generator.sh
index fddf85a..ef1e205 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-81.debug-generator.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-81-GENERATORS.debug-generator.sh
@@ -62,6 +62,13 @@ SYSTEMD_PROC_CMDLINE="$CMDLINE" run_and_list "$GENERATOR_BIN" "$OUT_DIR"
 link_endswith "$OUT_DIR/early/default.target.wants/debug-shell.service" /lib/systemd/system/debug-shell.service
 grep -F "/dev/tty666" "$OUT_DIR/early/debug-shell.service.d/50-tty.conf"
 
+# Same thing, but with custom tty using systemd.default_debug_tty
+: "debug-shell: regular + systemd.default_debug_tty=/dev/tty666 systemd.debug_shell=yes"
+CMDLINE="$CMDLINE systemd.default_debug_tty=/dev/tty666 systemd.debug_shell=yes"
+SYSTEMD_PROC_CMDLINE="$CMDLINE" run_and_list "$GENERATOR_BIN" "$OUT_DIR"
+link_endswith "$OUT_DIR/early/default.target.wants/debug-shell.service" /lib/systemd/system/debug-shell.service
+grep -F "/dev/tty666" "$OUT_DIR/early/debug-shell.service.d/50-tty.conf"
+
 # Now override the default target via systemd.unit=
 : "debug-shell: regular + systemd.unit="
 CMDLINE="$CMDLINE systemd.unit=my-fancy.target"
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-81.environment-d-generator.sh b/test/units/TEST-81-GENERATORS.environment-d-generator.sh
index 5bc3978..5bc3978 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-81.environment-d-generator.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-81-GENERATORS.environment-d-generator.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-81.fstab-generator.sh b/test/units/TEST-81-GENERATORS.fstab-generator.sh
index 50c4b2f..0c1b27e 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-81.fstab-generator.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-81-GENERATORS.fstab-generator.sh
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ OUT_DIR="$(mktemp -d /tmp/fstab-generator.XXX)"
 FSTAB="$(mktemp)"
 
 at_exit() {
+    mountpoint -q /proc/cmdline && umount /proc/cmdline
     rm -fr "${OUT_DIR:?}" "${FSTAB:?}"
 }
 
@@ -148,7 +149,7 @@ check_fstab_mount_units() {
         fi
         if [[ -n "$opts" ]] && [[ "$opts" != defaults ]]; then
             # Some options are not propagated to the generated unit
-            if [[ "$where" == / ]]; then
+            if [[ "$where" == / || "$where" == /usr ]]; then
                 filtered_options="$(opt_filter "$opts" "(noauto|nofail|x-systemd.(wanted-by=|required-by=|automount|device-timeout=))")"
             else
                 filtered_options="$(opt_filter "$opts" "^x-systemd.device-timeout=")"
@@ -325,7 +326,7 @@ SYSTEMD_IN_INITRD=1 SYSTEMD_FSTAB=/dev/null SYSTEMD_SYSROOT_FSTAB="$FSTAB" check
 
 # Check the default stuff that we (almost) always create in initrd
 : "fstab-generator: initrd default"
-SYSTEMD_IN_INITRD=1 SYSTEMD_FSTAB=/dev/null SYSTEMD_SYSROOT_FSTAB=/dev/null run_and_list "$GENERATOR_BIN" "$OUT_DIR"
+SYSTEMD_PROC_CMDLINE="root=/dev/sda2" SYSTEMD_IN_INITRD=1 SYSTEMD_FSTAB=/dev/null SYSTEMD_SYSROOT_FSTAB=/dev/null run_and_list "$GENERATOR_BIN" "$OUT_DIR"
 test -e "$OUT_DIR/normal/sysroot.mount"
 test -e "$OUT_DIR/normal/systemd-fsck-root.service"
 link_eq "$OUT_DIR/normal/initrd-root-fs.target.requires/sysroot.mount" "../sysroot.mount"
@@ -347,7 +348,7 @@ cat "$FSTAB"
 printf "%s\n" "${FSTAB_INVALID[@]}" >"$FSTAB"
 cat "$FSTAB"
 # Don't care about the exit code here
-SYSTEMD_FSTAB="$FSTAB" run_and_list "$GENERATOR_BIN" "$OUT_DIR" || :
+SYSTEMD_PROC_CMDLINE="" SYSTEMD_FSTAB="$FSTAB" run_and_list "$GENERATOR_BIN" "$OUT_DIR" || :
 # No mounts should get created here
 [[ "$(find "$OUT_DIR" -name "*.mount" | wc -l)" -eq 0 ]]
 
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-81.getty-generator.sh b/test/units/TEST-81-GENERATORS.getty-generator.sh
index 103e966..d1dd22c 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-81.getty-generator.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-81-GENERATORS.getty-generator.sh
@@ -85,5 +85,5 @@ PID1_ENVIRON="SYSTEMD_GETTY_AUTO=0" run_and_list "$GENERATOR_BIN" "$OUT_DIR"
 [[ "$(find "$OUT_DIR" ! -type d | wc -l)" -eq 0 ]]
 
 # Cleanup
-umount /sys/class/tty/console/active
+umount /sys/class/tty/console/active --lazy
 rm -f "${DUMMY_CONSOLES[@]/#//dev/}" /dev/notatty99
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-81.run-generator.sh b/test/units/TEST-81-GENERATORS.run-generator.sh
index 9bd74ef..9bd74ef 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-81.run-generator.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-81-GENERATORS.run-generator.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-81.sh b/test/units/TEST-81-GENERATORS.sh
index 9c2a033..9c2a033 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-81.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-81-GENERATORS.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-81.system-update-generator.sh b/test/units/TEST-81-GENERATORS.system-update-generator.sh
index 8ee1fee..8ee1fee 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-81.system-update-generator.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-81-GENERATORS.system-update-generator.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-82.sh b/test/units/TEST-82-SOFTREBOOT.sh
index b5e6ded..f86bc92 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-82.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-82-SOFTREBOOT.sh
@@ -23,11 +23,13 @@ systemd-analyze log-level debug
 
 export SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL=debug
 
-if [ -f /run/testsuite82.touch3 ]; then
+if [ -f /run/TEST-82-SOFTREBOOT.touch3 ]; then
     echo "This is the fourth boot!"
     systemd-notify --status="Fourth Boot"
 
-    rm /run/testsuite82.touch3
+    test "$(busctl -j get-property org.freedesktop.systemd1 /org/freedesktop/systemd1 org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager SoftRebootsCount | jq -r '.data')" -eq 3
+
+    rm /run/TEST-82-SOFTREBOOT.touch3
     mount
     rmdir /original-root /run/nextroot
 
@@ -37,22 +39,31 @@ if [ -f /run/testsuite82.touch3 ]; then
     test "$x" = "oinkoink"
 
     # Check that the surviving services are still around
-    test "$(systemctl show -P ActiveState testsuite-82-survive.service)" = "active"
-    test "$(systemctl show -P ActiveState testsuite-82-survive-argv.service)" = "active"
-    test "$(systemctl show -P ActiveState testsuite-82-nosurvive-sigterm.service)" != "active"
-    test "$(systemctl show -P ActiveState testsuite-82-nosurvive.service)" != "active"
-
+    test "$(systemctl show -P ActiveState TEST-82-SOFTREBOOT-survive.service)" = "active"
+    test "$(systemctl show -P ActiveState TEST-82-SOFTREBOOT-survive-argv.service)" = "active"
+    test "$(systemctl show -P ActiveState TEST-82-SOFTREBOOT-nosurvive-sigterm.service)" != "active"
+    test "$(systemctl show -P ActiveState TEST-82-SOFTREBOOT-nosurvive.service)" != "active"
+
+    [[ ! -e /run/credentials/TEST-82-SOFTREBOOT-nosurvive.service ]]
+    assert_eq "$(cat /run/credentials/TEST-82-SOFTREBOOT-survive-argv.service/preserve)" "yay"
+
+    # There may be huge amount of pending messages in sockets. Processing them may cause journal rotation and
+    # removal of old archived journal files. If a journal file is removed during journalctl reading it,
+    # the command may fail. To mitigate such, sync before reading journals. Workaround for #32834.
+    journalctl --sync
     # Check journals
     journalctl -o short-monotonic --no-hostname --grep '(will soft-reboot|KILL|corrupt)'
     assert_eq "$(journalctl -q -o short-monotonic -u systemd-journald.service --grep 'corrupt')" ""
 
     # All succeeded, exit cleanly now
 
-elif [ -f /run/testsuite82.touch2 ]; then
+elif [ -f /run/TEST-82-SOFTREBOOT.touch2 ]; then
     echo "This is the third boot!"
     systemd-notify --status="Third Boot"
 
-    rm /run/testsuite82.touch2
+    test "$(busctl -j get-property org.freedesktop.systemd1 /org/freedesktop/systemd1 org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager SoftRebootsCount | jq -r '.data')" -eq 2
+
+    rm /run/TEST-82-SOFTREBOOT.touch2
 
     # Check that the fdstore entry still exists
     test "$LISTEN_FDS" -eq 2
@@ -66,10 +77,10 @@ elif [ -f /run/testsuite82.touch2 ]; then
     rm "$T"
 
     # Check that the surviving services are still around
-    test "$(systemctl show -P ActiveState testsuite-82-survive.service)" = "active"
-    test "$(systemctl show -P ActiveState testsuite-82-survive-argv.service)" = "active"
-    test "$(systemctl show -P ActiveState testsuite-82-nosurvive-sigterm.service)" != "active"
-    test "$(systemctl show -P ActiveState testsuite-82-nosurvive.service)" != "active"
+    test "$(systemctl show -P ActiveState TEST-82-SOFTREBOOT-survive.service)" = "active"
+    test "$(systemctl show -P ActiveState TEST-82-SOFTREBOOT-survive-argv.service)" = "active"
+    test "$(systemctl show -P ActiveState TEST-82-SOFTREBOOT-nosurvive-sigterm.service)" != "active"
+    test "$(systemctl show -P ActiveState TEST-82-SOFTREBOOT-nosurvive.service)" != "active"
 
     # Test that we really are in the new overlayfs root fs
     read -r x </lower
@@ -82,21 +93,23 @@ elif [ -f /run/testsuite82.touch2 ]; then
     mount
 
     # Restart the unit that is not supposed to survive
-    systemd-run --collect --service-type=exec --unit=testsuite-82-nosurvive.service sleep infinity
+    systemd-run --collect --service-type=exec --unit=TEST-82-SOFTREBOOT-nosurvive.service sleep infinity
 
     # Now issue the soft reboot. We should be right back soon.
-    touch /run/testsuite82.touch3
+    touch /run/TEST-82-SOFTREBOOT.touch3
     systemctl --no-block soft-reboot
 
     # Now block until the soft-boot killing spree kills us
     exec sleep infinity
 
-elif [ -f /run/testsuite82.touch ]; then
+elif [ -f /run/TEST-82-SOFTREBOOT.touch ]; then
     echo "This is the second boot!"
     systemd-notify --status="Second Boot"
 
+    test "$(busctl -j get-property org.freedesktop.systemd1 /org/freedesktop/systemd1 org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager SoftRebootsCount | jq -r '.data')" -eq 1
+
     # Clean up what we created earlier
-    rm /run/testsuite82.touch
+    rm /run/TEST-82-SOFTREBOOT.touch
 
     # Check that the fdstore entry still exists
     test "$LISTEN_FDS" -eq 1
@@ -104,8 +117,11 @@ elif [ -f /run/testsuite82.touch ]; then
     test "$x" = "wuffwuff"
 
     # Check that we got a PrepareForShutdownWithMetadata signal with the right type
-    cat /run/testsuite82.signal
-    test "$(jq -r '.payload.data[1].type.data' </run/testsuite82.signal)" = "soft-reboot"
+    cat /run/TEST-82-SOFTREBOOT.signal
+    test "$(jq -r '.payload.data[1].type.data' </run/TEST-82-SOFTREBOOT.signal)" = "soft-reboot"
+
+    # Check that the system credentials survived the soft reboot.
+    test "$(systemd-creds cat --system kernelcmdlinecred)" = "uff"
 
     # Upload another entry
     T="/dev/shm/fdstore.$RANDOM"
@@ -114,10 +130,10 @@ elif [ -f /run/testsuite82.touch ]; then
     rm "$T"
 
     # Check that the surviving services are still around
-    test "$(systemctl show -P ActiveState testsuite-82-survive.service)" = "active"
-    test "$(systemctl show -P ActiveState testsuite-82-survive-argv.service)" = "active"
-    test "$(systemctl show -P ActiveState testsuite-82-nosurvive-sigterm.service)" != "active"
-    test "$(systemctl show -P ActiveState testsuite-82-nosurvive.service)" != "active"
+    test "$(systemctl show -P ActiveState TEST-82-SOFTREBOOT-survive.service)" = "active"
+    test "$(systemctl show -P ActiveState TEST-82-SOFTREBOOT-survive-argv.service)" = "active"
+    test "$(systemctl show -P ActiveState TEST-82-SOFTREBOOT-nosurvive-sigterm.service)" != "active"
+    test "$(systemctl show -P ActiveState TEST-82-SOFTREBOOT-nosurvive.service)" != "active"
 
     # This time we test the /run/nextroot/ root switching logic. (We synthesize a new rootfs from the old via overlayfs)
     mkdir -p /run/nextroot /tmp/nextroot-lower /original-root
@@ -138,11 +154,16 @@ elif [ -f /run/testsuite82.touch ]; then
     mount --bind / /run/nextroot/original-root
 
     # Restart the unit that is not supposed to survive
-    systemd-run --collect --service-type=exec --unit=testsuite-82-nosurvive.service sleep infinity
+    systemd-run --collect --service-type=exec --unit=TEST-82-SOFTREBOOT-nosurvive.service sleep infinity
+
+    # Now ensure there are no naming clashes and a bunch of transient units all succeed
+    for _ in $(seq 1 25); do
+        systemd-run --wait true
+    done
 
     # Now issue the soft reboot. We should be right back soon. Given /run/nextroot exists, we should
     # automatically do a softreboot instead of normal reboot.
-    touch /run/testsuite82.touch2
+    touch /run/TEST-82-SOFTREBOOT.touch2
     systemctl --no-block reboot
 
     # Now block until the soft-boot killing spree kills us
@@ -151,6 +172,8 @@ else
     # This is the first boot
     systemd-notify --status="First Boot"
 
+    test "$(busctl -j get-property org.freedesktop.systemd1 /org/freedesktop/systemd1 org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager SoftRebootsCount | jq -r '.data')" -eq 0
+
     # Let's upload an fd to the fdstore, so that we can verify fdstore passing works correctly
     T="/dev/shm/fdstore.$RANDOM"
     echo "wuffwuff" >"$T"
@@ -178,39 +201,61 @@ EOF
     # This sets DefaultDependencies=no so that they remain running until the very end, and
     # IgnoreOnIsolate=yes so that they aren't stopped via the "testsuite.target" isolation we do on next boot,
     # and will be killed by the final sigterm/sigkill spree.
-    systemd-run --collect --service-type=notify -p DefaultDependencies=no -p IgnoreOnIsolate=yes --unit=testsuite-82-nosurvive-sigterm.service "$survive_sigterm"
-    systemd-run --collect --service-type=exec -p DefaultDependencies=no -p IgnoreOnIsolate=yes --unit=testsuite-82-nosurvive.service sleep infinity
+    systemd-run --collect --service-type=notify -p DefaultDependencies=no -p IgnoreOnIsolate=yes --unit=TEST-82-SOFTREBOOT-nosurvive-sigterm.service "$survive_sigterm"
+    systemd-run --collect --service-type=exec -p DefaultDependencies=no -p IgnoreOnIsolate=yes -p SetCredential=gone:hoge --unit=TEST-82-SOFTREBOOT-nosurvive.service sleep infinity
+
+    # Ensure that the unit doesn't get deactivated by dependencies on the source file. Given it's a verity
+    # image that is already open, even if the tmpfs with the image goes away, the file will be pinned by the
+    # kernel and will keep working.
+    cp /usr/share/minimal_0.* /tmp/
 
     # Configure these transient units to survive the soft reboot - they will not conflict with shutdown.target
     # and it will be ignored on the isolate that happens in the next boot. The first will use argv[0][0] =
     # '@', and the second will use SurviveFinalKillSignal=yes. Both should survive.
-    systemd-run --service-type=notify --unit=testsuite-82-survive-argv.service \
+    # By writing to stdout, which is connected to the journal, we also ensure logging doesn't break across
+    # soft reboots due to journald being temporarily stopped.
+    systemd-run --service-type=notify --unit=TEST-82-SOFTREBOOT-survive-argv.service \
         --property SurviveFinalKillSignal=no \
         --property IgnoreOnIsolate=yes \
         --property DefaultDependencies=no \
         --property After=basic.target \
         --property "Conflicts=reboot.target kexec.target poweroff.target halt.target emergency.target rescue.target" \
         --property "Before=reboot.target kexec.target poweroff.target halt.target emergency.target rescue.target" \
+        --property SetCredential=preserve:yay \
          "$survive_argv"
-    systemd-run --service-type=exec --unit=testsuite-82-survive.service \
+    # shellcheck disable=SC2016
+    systemd-run --service-type=exec --unit=TEST-82-SOFTREBOOT-survive.service \
+        --property TemporaryFileSystem="/run /tmp /var" \
+        --property RootImage=/tmp/minimal_0.raw \
+        --property BindReadOnlyPaths=/dev/log \
+        --property BindReadOnlyPaths=/run/systemd/journal/socket \
+        --property BindReadOnlyPaths=/run/systemd/journal/stdout \
         --property SurviveFinalKillSignal=yes \
         --property IgnoreOnIsolate=yes \
         --property DefaultDependencies=no \
         --property After=basic.target \
         --property "Conflicts=reboot.target kexec.target poweroff.target halt.target emergency.target rescue.target" \
         --property "Before=reboot.target kexec.target poweroff.target halt.target emergency.target rescue.target" \
-        sleep infinity
+        bash -c 'count=0; while echo "$count"; do count=$[$count +1]; sleep 1; done'
 
     # Check that we can set up an inhibitor, and that busctl monitor sees the
     # PrepareForShutdownWithMetadata signal and that it says 'soft-reboot'.
-    systemd-run --unit busctl.service --service-type=exec --property StandardOutput=file:/run/testsuite82.signal \
+    systemd-run --unit busctl.service --service-type=exec --property StandardOutput=file:/run/TEST-82-SOFTREBOOT.signal \
         busctl monitor --json=pretty --match 'sender=org.freedesktop.login1,path=/org/freedesktop/login1,interface=org.freedesktop.login1.Manager,member=PrepareForShutdownWithMetadata,type=signal'
     systemd-run --unit inhibit.service --service-type=exec \
         systemd-inhibit --what=shutdown --who=test --why=test --mode=delay \
             sleep infinity
 
+    # Enqueue a bunch of failing units to try and trigger the transient name clash that happens due to D-Bus
+    # being restarted and the "unique" bus IDs not being unique across restarts
+    for _ in $(seq 1 25); do
+        # Use --wait to ensure we connect to the system bus instead of the private bus (otherwise a UUID is
+        # used instead of the bus ID)
+        systemd-run --wait false || true
+    done
+
     # Now issue the soft reboot. We should be right back soon.
-    touch /run/testsuite82.touch
+    touch /run/TEST-82-SOFTREBOOT.touch
     systemctl --no-block --check-inhibitors=yes soft-reboot
 
     # Now block until the soft-boot killing spree kills us
@@ -220,4 +265,4 @@ fi
 systemd-analyze log-level info
 
 touch /testok
-systemctl --no-block poweroff
+systemctl --no-block exit 123
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-83.sh b/test/units/TEST-83-BTRFS.sh
index a722c79..4f10ae7 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-83.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-83-BTRFS.sh
@@ -3,6 +3,13 @@
 set -eux
 set -o pipefail
 
+FSTYPE="$(stat --file-system --format "%T" /)"
+
+if [[ "$FSTYPE" != "btrfs" ]]; then
+    echo "Root filesystem is $FSTYPE instead of btrfs, skipping"
+    exit 77
+fi
+
 TEST_BTRFS_OFFSET=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/unit-tests/manual/test-btrfs-physical-offset
 
 SWAPFILE=/var/tmp/swapfile
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-84.sh b/test/units/TEST-84-STORAGETM.sh
index eae87d5..eae87d5 100755
--- a/test/units/testsuite-84.sh
+++ b/test/units/TEST-84-STORAGETM.sh
diff --git a/test/units/a-conj.service b/test/units/a-conj.service
index 3a7c9e1..13927e7 100644
--- a/test/units/a-conj.service
+++ b/test/units/a-conj.service
@@ -6,4 +6,4 @@ After=a.service
 Before=a.service
 
 [Service]
-ExecStart=/bin/true
+ExecStart=true
diff --git a/test/units/a.service b/test/units/a.service
index ec5d059..0cc1320 100644
--- a/test/units/a.service
+++ b/test/units/a.service
@@ -5,4 +5,4 @@ Requires=b.service
 Before=b.service
 
 [Service]
-ExecStart=/bin/true
+ExecStart=true
diff --git a/test/units/autorelabel.service b/test/units/autorelabel.service
index 7e5f9a2..5f8386e 100644
--- a/test/units/autorelabel.service
+++ b/test/units/autorelabel.service
@@ -3,17 +3,17 @@
 Description=Relabel all filesystems
 DefaultDependencies=no
 Requires=local-fs.target
-Conflicts=shutdown.target
 After=local-fs.target
-Before=sysinit.target shutdown.target
+Conflicts=shutdown.target
+Before=shutdown.target basic.target
 ConditionSecurity=selinux
 ConditionPathExists=|/.autorelabel
+SuccessAction=reboot
 
 [Service]
-ExecStart=sh -xec 'echo 0 >/sys/fs/selinux/enforce; fixfiles -f -F relabel; rm /.autorelabel; systemctl --force reboot'
+ExecStart=sh -xec 'echo 0 >/sys/fs/selinux/enforce; fixfiles -f -F relabel; rm /.autorelabel;'
 Type=oneshot
 TimeoutSec=infinity
-RemainAfterExit=yes
 
 [Install]
 WantedBy=basic.target
diff --git a/test/units/b.service b/test/units/b.service
index 4503cf3..e875714 100644
--- a/test/units/b.service
+++ b/test/units/b.service
@@ -4,4 +4,4 @@ Description=B
 Wants=f.service
 
 [Service]
-ExecStart=/bin/true
+ExecStart=true
diff --git a/test/units/c.service b/test/units/c.service
index a1ce28c..3fc3717 100644
--- a/test/units/c.service
+++ b/test/units/c.service
@@ -4,4 +4,4 @@ Description=C
 Requires=a.service
 
 [Service]
-ExecStart=/bin/true
+ExecStart=true
diff --git a/test/units/d.service b/test/units/d.service
index 8202325..0438607 100644
--- a/test/units/d.service
+++ b/test/units/d.service
@@ -6,4 +6,4 @@ Before=a.service
 Requires=a.service
 
 [Service]
-ExecStart=/bin/true
+ExecStart=true
diff --git a/test/units/daughter.service b/test/units/daughter.service
index 385fbed..0ee4f24 100644
--- a/test/units/daughter.service
+++ b/test/units/daughter.service
@@ -5,5 +5,5 @@ Description=Daughter Service
 [Service]
 Slice=parent.slice
 Type=oneshot
-ExecStart=/bin/true
+ExecStart=true
 CPUAccounting=true
diff --git a/test/units/delegated_cgroup_filtering_payload.sh b/test/units/delegated_cgroup_filtering_payload.sh
index 50d01a5..1181fbb 100755
--- a/test/units/delegated_cgroup_filtering_payload.sh
+++ b/test/units/delegated_cgroup_filtering_payload.sh
@@ -2,11 +2,8 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
 
 mkdir /sys/fs/cgroup/system.slice/delegated-cgroup-filtering.service/the_child
-/bin/sh /usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/delegated_cgroup_filtering_payload_child.sh &
+/bin/sh /usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/delegated_cgroup_filtering_payload_child.sh
 
-while true
-do
-	echo "parent_process: hello, world!"
-	echo "parent_process: hello, people!"
-    sleep .15
-done
+echo "parent_process: hello, world!"
+echo "parent_process: hello, people!"
+sleep 2
diff --git a/test/units/delegated_cgroup_filtering_payload_child.sh b/test/units/delegated_cgroup_filtering_payload_child.sh
index b5635b5..94f0d3a 100755
--- a/test/units/delegated_cgroup_filtering_payload_child.sh
+++ b/test/units/delegated_cgroup_filtering_payload_child.sh
@@ -3,9 +3,6 @@
 
 echo $$ >/sys/fs/cgroup/system.slice/delegated-cgroup-filtering.service/the_child/cgroup.procs
 
-while true
-do
-	echo "child_process: hello, world!"
-	echo "child_process: hello, people!"
-    sleep .15
-done
+echo "child_process: hello, world!"
+echo "child_process: hello, people!"
+sleep .15
diff --git a/test/units/dml-discard-empty.service b/test/units/dml-discard-empty.service
index 720c1da..c176989 100644
--- a/test/units/dml-discard-empty.service
+++ b/test/units/dml-discard-empty.service
@@ -5,4 +5,4 @@ Description=DML discard empty service
 [Service]
 Slice=dml-discard.slice
 Type=oneshot
-ExecStart=/bin/true
+ExecStart=true
diff --git a/test/units/dml-discard-set-ml.service b/test/units/dml-discard-set-ml.service
index 93246ac..0fba2ac 100644
--- a/test/units/dml-discard-set-ml.service
+++ b/test/units/dml-discard-set-ml.service
@@ -5,5 +5,5 @@ Description=DML discard set ml service
 [Service]
 Slice=dml-discard.slice
 Type=oneshot
-ExecStart=/bin/true
+ExecStart=true
 MemoryLow=15
diff --git a/test/units/dml-override-empty.service b/test/units/dml-override-empty.service
index ac96de0..5f0c143 100644
--- a/test/units/dml-override-empty.service
+++ b/test/units/dml-override-empty.service
@@ -5,4 +5,4 @@ Description=DML override empty service
 [Service]
 Slice=dml-override.slice
 Type=oneshot
-ExecStart=/bin/true
+ExecStart=true
diff --git a/test/units/dml-passthrough-empty.service b/test/units/dml-passthrough-empty.service
index 1e1ba34..8966226 100644
--- a/test/units/dml-passthrough-empty.service
+++ b/test/units/dml-passthrough-empty.service
@@ -5,4 +5,4 @@ Description=DML passthrough empty service
 [Service]
 Slice=dml-passthrough.slice
 Type=oneshot
-ExecStart=/bin/true
+ExecStart=true
diff --git a/test/units/dml-passthrough-set-dml.service b/test/units/dml-passthrough-set-dml.service
index 9a15311..ec82174 100644
--- a/test/units/dml-passthrough-set-dml.service
+++ b/test/units/dml-passthrough-set-dml.service
@@ -5,5 +5,5 @@ Description=DML passthrough set DML service
 [Service]
 Slice=dml-passthrough.slice
 Type=oneshot
-ExecStart=/bin/true
+ExecStart=true
 DefaultMemoryLow=15
diff --git a/test/units/dml-passthrough-set-ml.service b/test/units/dml-passthrough-set-ml.service
index 65083bc..63ec305 100644
--- a/test/units/dml-passthrough-set-ml.service
+++ b/test/units/dml-passthrough-set-ml.service
@@ -5,5 +5,5 @@ Description=DML passthrough set ML service
 [Service]
 Slice=dml-passthrough.slice
 Type=oneshot
-ExecStart=/bin/true
+ExecStart=true
 MemoryLow=0
diff --git a/test/units/e.service b/test/units/e.service
index 5bbcde2..c2acb92 100644
--- a/test/units/e.service
+++ b/test/units/e.service
@@ -6,4 +6,4 @@ Before=a.service
 Wants=a.service
 
 [Service]
-ExecStart=/bin/true
+ExecStart=true
diff --git a/test/units/end.sh b/test/units/end.sh
index 230b716..cc1d7ee 100755
--- a/test/units/end.sh
+++ b/test/units/end.sh
@@ -4,10 +4,14 @@
 set -eux
 set -o pipefail
 
-(! journalctl -q -o short-monotonic --grep "didn't pass validation" >>/failed)
+(! journalctl -q -o short-monotonic --grep "didn't pass validation" | grep -v "test-varlink-idl" >>/failed)
 
-# Here, the redundant '[.]' at the end is for making not the logged self command hit the grep.
-(! journalctl -q -o short-monotonic --grep 'Attempted to close sd-bus after fork whose connection is opened before the fork, this should not happen[.]' >>/failed)
+# Here, the redundant '[ ]' in the pattern is required in order not to match the logged command itself.
+(! journalctl -q -o short-monotonic --grep 'Warning: cannot close sd-bus connection[ ].*after fork' >>/failed)
+
+# Check if sd-executor doesn't complain about not being able to (de)serialize stuff
+(! journalctl -q -o short-monotonic --grep "[F]ailed to parse serialized line" >>/failed)
+(! journalctl -q -o short-monotonic --grep "[F]ailed to (de)?serialize \w+" >>/failed)
 
 systemctl poweroff --no-block
 exit 0
diff --git a/test/units/f.service b/test/units/f.service
index ca20053..a66043e 100644
--- a/test/units/f.service
+++ b/test/units/f.service
@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@
 Description=F
 
 [Service]
-ExecStart=/bin/true
+ExecStart=true
diff --git a/test/units/g.service b/test/units/g.service
index 5fd794d..bfb3d78 100644
--- a/test/units/g.service
+++ b/test/units/g.service
@@ -4,4 +4,4 @@ Description=G
 Conflicts=e.service
 
 [Service]
-ExecStart=/bin/true
+ExecStart=true
diff --git a/test/units/generator-utils.sh b/test/units/generator-utils.sh
index fb62747..97a63d8 100755
--- a/test/units/generator-utils.sh
+++ b/test/units/generator-utils.sh
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ run_and_list() {
     ls -lR "$out_dir"
 
     if [[ -n "${environ:-}" ]]; then
-        umount /proc/1/environ
+        umount /proc/1/environ --lazy
         rm -f "$environ"
     fi
 }
diff --git a/test/units/grandchild.service b/test/units/grandchild.service
index 4fe77b4..bdccfe1 100644
--- a/test/units/grandchild.service
+++ b/test/units/grandchild.service
@@ -5,4 +5,4 @@ Description=Grandchild Service
 [Service]
 Slice=parent-deep.slice
 Type=oneshot
-ExecStart=/bin/true
+ExecStart=true
diff --git a/test/units/h.service b/test/units/h.service
index 5361d42..1c4dbb4 100644
--- a/test/units/h.service
+++ b/test/units/h.service
@@ -4,4 +4,4 @@ Description=H
 Wants=g.service
 
 [Service]
-ExecStart=/bin/true
+ExecStart=true
diff --git a/test/units/i.service b/test/units/i.service
index 2b5e821..783ac65 100644
--- a/test/units/i.service
+++ b/test/units/i.service
@@ -6,4 +6,4 @@ Wants=b.service
 After=b.service
 
 [Service]
-ExecStart=/bin/true
+ExecStart=true
diff --git a/test/units/loopy.service b/test/units/loopy.service
index 7fc0e42..4c1a4a3 100644
--- a/test/units/loopy.service
+++ b/test/units/loopy.service
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
 [Service]
-ExecStart=/bin/true
+ExecStart=true
diff --git a/test/units/loopy2.service b/test/units/loopy2.service
index 7fc0e42..4c1a4a3 100644
--- a/test/units/loopy2.service
+++ b/test/units/loopy2.service
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
 [Service]
-ExecStart=/bin/true
+ExecStart=true
diff --git a/test/units/loopy3.service b/test/units/loopy3.service
index b2af20a..f7a2f67 100644
--- a/test/units/loopy3.service
+++ b/test/units/loopy3.service
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
 [Service]
-ExecStart=/bin/true
+ExecStart=true
 
 [Unit]
 Conflicts=loopy4.service
diff --git a/test/units/loopy4.service b/test/units/loopy4.service
index b2af20a..f7a2f67 100644
--- a/test/units/loopy4.service
+++ b/test/units/loopy4.service
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
 [Service]
-ExecStart=/bin/true
+ExecStart=true
 
 [Unit]
 Conflicts=loopy4.service
diff --git a/test/units/nomemleaf.service b/test/units/nomemleaf.service
index 14ce5ad..2e5c8ce 100644
--- a/test/units/nomemleaf.service
+++ b/test/units/nomemleaf.service
@@ -5,6 +5,6 @@ Description=Nomem Leaf Service
 [Service]
 Slice=nomem.slice
 Type=oneshot
-ExecStart=/bin/true
+ExecStart=true
 IOWeight=200
 MemoryAccounting=true
diff --git a/test/units/sched_idle_bad.service b/test/units/sched_idle_bad.service
index be8f1c2..d9fd6cc 100644
--- a/test/units/sched_idle_bad.service
+++ b/test/units/sched_idle_bad.service
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@
 Description=Bad sched priority for Idle
 
 [Service]
-ExecStart=/bin/true
+ExecStart=true
 CPUSchedulingPriority=1
diff --git a/test/units/sched_idle_ok.service b/test/units/sched_idle_ok.service
index 5a1d809..a7238ed 100644
--- a/test/units/sched_idle_ok.service
+++ b/test/units/sched_idle_ok.service
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@
 Description=Sched idle with prio 0
 
 [Service]
-ExecStart=/bin/true
+ExecStart=true
 CPUSchedulingPriority=0
diff --git a/test/units/sched_rr_bad.service b/test/units/sched_rr_bad.service
index b51b868..3f3bf39 100644
--- a/test/units/sched_rr_bad.service
+++ b/test/units/sched_rr_bad.service
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 Description=Bad sched priority for RR
 
 [Service]
-ExecStart=/bin/true
+ExecStart=true
 CPUSchedulingPriority=-1
 CPUSchedulingPriority=100
 CPUSchedulingPolicy=rr
diff --git a/test/units/sched_rr_change.service b/test/units/sched_rr_change.service
index 6ae1feb..3a72bd6 100644
--- a/test/units/sched_rr_change.service
+++ b/test/units/sched_rr_change.service
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 Description=Change prio
 
 [Service]
-ExecStart=/bin/true
+ExecStart=true
 CPUSchedulingPriority=1
 CPUSchedulingPriority=2
 CPUSchedulingPriority=99
diff --git a/test/units/sched_rr_ok.service b/test/units/sched_rr_ok.service
index 00b9822..5c71f30 100644
--- a/test/units/sched_rr_ok.service
+++ b/test/units/sched_rr_ok.service
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@
 Description=Default prio for RR
 
 [Service]
-ExecStart=/bin/true
+ExecStart=true
 CPUSchedulingPolicy=rr
diff --git a/test/units/son.service b/test/units/son.service
index 2059118..0242509 100644
--- a/test/units/son.service
+++ b/test/units/son.service
@@ -5,5 +5,5 @@ Description=Son Service
 [Service]
 Slice=parent.slice
 Type=oneshot
-ExecStart=/bin/true
+ExecStart=true
 CPUShares=100
diff --git a/test/units/test-control.sh b/test/units/test-control.sh
index 0a1611b..4cede74 100644
--- a/test/units/test-control.sh
+++ b/test/units/test-control.sh
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ run_subtests_with_signals() {
     _show_summary
 }
 
-# Run all subtests (i.e. files named as testsuite-<testid>.<subtest_name>.sh)
+# Run all subtests (i.e. files named as $TESTNAME.<subtest_name>.sh)
 run_subtests() {
     local subtests=("${0%.sh}".*.sh)
     local subtest
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-01.service b/test/units/testsuite-01.service
deleted file mode 100644
index 9074e09..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-01.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-01-BASIC
-After=multi-user.target
-Wants=systemd-resolved.service systemd-networkd.service
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-02.service b/test/units/testsuite-02.service
deleted file mode 100644
index dea2c4f..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-02.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-02-UNITTESTS
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-02.sh b/test/units/testsuite-02.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 2a3cb08..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-02.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,113 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-set -eux
-set -o pipefail
-
-if ! systemd-detect-virt -qc && [[ "${TEST_CMDLINE_NEWLINE:-}" != bar ]]; then
-    cat /proc/cmdline
-    echo >&2 "Expected TEST_CMDLINE_NEWLINE=bar from the kernel command line"
-    exit 1
-fi
-
-# If we're running with TEST_PREFER_NSPAWN=1 limit the set of tests we run
-# in QEMU to only those that can't run in a container to avoid running
-# the same tests again in a, most likely, very slow environment
-if ! systemd-detect-virt -qc && [[ "${TEST_PREFER_NSPAWN:-0}" -ne 0 ]]; then
-    TESTS_GLOB="test-loop-block"
-else
-    TESTS_GLOB=${TESTS_GLOB:-test-*}
-fi
-
-NPROC=$(nproc)
-MAX_QUEUE_SIZE=${NPROC:-2}
-mapfile -t TEST_LIST < <(find /usr/lib/systemd/tests/unit-tests/ -maxdepth 1 -type f -name "${TESTS_GLOB}")
-
-# Reset state
-rm -fv /failed /skipped /testok
-
-if ! systemd-detect-virt -qc; then
-    # Make sure ping works for unprivileged users (for test-bpf-firewall)
-    sysctl net.ipv4.ping_group_range="0 2147483647"
-fi
-
-# Check & report test results
-# Arguments:
-#   $1: test path
-#   $2: test exit code
-report_result() {
-    if [[ $# -ne 2 ]]; then
-        echo >&2 "check_result: missing arguments"
-        exit 1
-    fi
-
-    local name="${1##*/}"
-    local ret=$2
-
-    if [[ $ret -ne 0 && $ret != 77 && $ret != 127 ]]; then
-        echo "$name failed with $ret"
-        echo "$name" >>/failed-tests
-        {
-            echo "--- $name begin ---"
-            cat "/$name.log"
-            echo "--- $name end ---"
-        } >>/failed
-    elif [[ $ret == 77 || $ret == 127 ]]; then
-        echo "$name skipped"
-        echo "$name" >>/skipped-tests
-        {
-            echo "--- $name begin ---"
-            cat "/$name.log"
-            echo "--- $name end ---"
-        } >>/skipped
-    else
-        echo "$name OK"
-        echo "$name" >>/testok
-    fi
-}
-
-set +x
-# Associative array for running tasks, where running[test-path]=PID
-declare -A running=()
-for task in "${TEST_LIST[@]}"; do
-    # If there's MAX_QUEUE_SIZE running tasks, keep checking the running queue
-    # until one of the tasks finishes, so we can replace it.
-    while [[ ${#running[@]} -ge $MAX_QUEUE_SIZE ]]; do
-        for key in "${!running[@]}"; do
-            if ! kill -0 "${running[$key]}" &>/dev/null; then
-                # Task has finished, report its result and drop it from the queue
-                wait "${running[$key]}" && ec=0 || ec=$?
-                report_result "$key" "$ec"
-                unset "running[$key]"
-                # Break from inner for loop and outer while loop to skip
-                # the sleep below when we find a free slot in the queue
-                break 2
-            fi
-        done
-
-        # Precisely* calculated constant to keep the spinlock from burning the CPU(s)
-        sleep 0.01
-    done
-
-    if [[ -x $task ]]; then
-        echo "Executing test '$task'"
-        log_file="/${task##*/}.log"
-        $task &>"$log_file" &
-        running[$task]=$!
-    fi
-done
-
-# Wait for remaining running tasks
-for key in "${!running[@]}"; do
-    echo "Waiting for test '$key' to finish"
-    wait "${running[$key]}" && ec=0 || ec=$?
-    report_result "$key" "$ec"
-    unset "running[$key]"
-done
-
-set -x
-
-# Test logs are sometimes lost, as the system shuts down immediately after
-journalctl --sync
-
-test ! -s /failed
-touch /testok
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-03.service b/test/units/testsuite-03.service
deleted file mode 100644
index 836f962..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-03.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-03-JOBS
-After=multi-user.target
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-04.LogFilterPatterns.sh b/test/units/testsuite-04.LogFilterPatterns.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 2192e84..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-04.LogFilterPatterns.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,86 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-set -eux
-set -o pipefail
-
-# This fails due to https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/30886
-# but it is too complex and risky to backport, so disable the test
-exit 0
-
-# shellcheck source=test/units/util.sh
- . "$(dirname "$0")"/util.sh
-
-add_logs_filtering_override() {
-    local unit="${1:?}"
-    local override_name="${2:?}"
-    local log_filter="${3:-}"
-
-    mkdir -p "/run/systemd/system/$unit.d/"
-    echo -ne "[Service]\nLogFilterPatterns=$log_filter" >"/run/systemd/system/$unit.d/$override_name.conf"
-    systemctl daemon-reload
-}
-
-run_service_and_fetch_logs() {
-    local unit="${1:?}"
-    local start end
-
-    start="$(date '+%Y-%m-%d %T.%6N')"
-    systemctl restart "$unit"
-    sleep .5
-    journalctl --sync
-    end="$(date '+%Y-%m-%d %T.%6N')"
-
-    journalctl -q -u "$unit" -S "$start" -U "$end" -p notice
-    systemctl stop "$unit"
-}
-
-if cgroupfs_supports_user_xattrs; then
-    # Accept all log messages
-    add_logs_filtering_override "logs-filtering.service" "00-reset" ""
-    [[ -n $(run_service_and_fetch_logs "logs-filtering.service") ]]
-
-    add_logs_filtering_override "logs-filtering.service" "01-allow-all" ".*"
-    [[ -n $(run_service_and_fetch_logs "logs-filtering.service") ]]
-
-    # Discard all log messages
-    add_logs_filtering_override "logs-filtering.service" "02-discard-all" "~.*"
-    [[ -z $(run_service_and_fetch_logs "logs-filtering.service") ]]
-
-    # Accept all test messages
-    add_logs_filtering_override "logs-filtering.service" "03-reset" ""
-    [[ -n $(run_service_and_fetch_logs "logs-filtering.service") ]]
-
-    # Discard all test messages
-    add_logs_filtering_override "logs-filtering.service" "04-discard-gg" "~.*gg.*"
-    [[ -z $(run_service_and_fetch_logs "logs-filtering.service") ]]
-
-    # Deny filter takes precedence
-    add_logs_filtering_override "logs-filtering.service" "05-allow-all-but-too-late" ".*"
-    [[ -z $(run_service_and_fetch_logs "logs-filtering.service") ]]
-
-    # Use tilde in a deny pattern
-    add_logs_filtering_override "logs-filtering.service" "06-reset" ""
-    add_logs_filtering_override "logs-filtering.service" "07-prevent-tilde" "~~more~"
-    [[ -z $(run_service_and_fetch_logs "logs-filtering.service") ]]
-
-    # Only allow a pattern that won't be matched
-    add_logs_filtering_override "logs-filtering.service" "08-reset" ""
-    add_logs_filtering_override "logs-filtering.service" "09-allow-only-non-existing" "non-existing string"
-    [[ -z $(run_service_and_fetch_logs "logs-filtering.service") ]]
-
-    # Allow a pattern starting with a tilde
-    add_logs_filtering_override "logs-filtering.service" "10-allow-with-escape-char" "\\\\x7emore~"
-    [[ -n $(run_service_and_fetch_logs "logs-filtering.service") ]]
-
-    add_logs_filtering_override "logs-filtering.service" "11-reset" ""
-    add_logs_filtering_override "logs-filtering.service" "12-allow-with-spaces" "foo bar"
-    [[ -n $(run_service_and_fetch_logs "logs-filtering.service") ]]
-
-    add_logs_filtering_override "delegated-cgroup-filtering.service" "00-allow-all" ".*"
-    [[ -n $(run_service_and_fetch_logs "delegated-cgroup-filtering.service") ]]
-
-    add_logs_filtering_override "delegated-cgroup-filtering.service" "01-discard-hello" "~hello"
-    [[ -z $(run_service_and_fetch_logs "delegated-cgroup-filtering.service") ]]
-
-    rm -rf /run/systemd/system/{logs-filtering,delegated-cgroup-filtering}.service.d
-fi
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-04.journal-gatewayd.sh b/test/units/testsuite-04.journal-gatewayd.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 5755ef1..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-04.journal-gatewayd.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,119 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-set -eux
-# pipefail is disabled intentionally, as `curl | grep -q` is very SIGPIPE happy
-
-if [[ ! -x /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-journal-gatewayd ]]; then
-    echo "Built without systemd-journal-gatewayd support, skipping the test"
-    exit 0
-fi
-
-TEST_MESSAGE="-= This is a test message $RANDOM =-"
-TEST_TAG="$(systemd-id128 new)"
-
-echo "$TEST_MESSAGE" | systemd-cat -t "$TEST_TAG"
-journalctl --sync
-TEST_CURSOR="$(journalctl -q -t "$TEST_TAG" -n 0 --show-cursor | awk '{ print $3; }')"
-BOOT_CURSOR="$(journalctl -q -b -n 0 --show-cursor | awk '{ print $3; }')"
-
-/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-journal-gatewayd --version
-/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-journal-gatewayd --help
-
-# Default configuration (HTTP, socket activated)
-systemctl start systemd-journal-gatewayd.socket
-
-# /browse
-# We should get redirected to /browse by default
-curl -Lfs http://localhost:19531 | grep -qF "<title>Journal</title>"
-curl -Lfs http://localhost:19531/browse | grep -qF "<title>Journal</title>"
-(! curl -Lfs http://localhost:19531/foo/bar/baz)
-(! curl -Lfs http://localhost:19531/foo/../../../bar/../baz)
-
-# /entries
-# Accept: text/plain should be the default
-curl -Lfs http://localhost:19531/entries | \
-    grep -qE " $TEST_TAG\[[0-9]+\]: $TEST_MESSAGE"
-curl -Lfs --header "Accept: text/plain" http://localhost:19531/entries | \
-    grep -qE " $TEST_TAG\[[0-9]+\]: $TEST_MESSAGE"
-curl -Lfs --header "Accept: application/json" http://localhost:19531/entries | \
-    jq -se ".[] | select(.MESSAGE == \"$TEST_MESSAGE\")"
-curl -Lfs --header "Accept: application/json" http://localhost:19531/entries?boot | \
-    jq -se ".[] | select(.MESSAGE == \"$TEST_MESSAGE\")"
-curl -Lfs --header "Accept: application/json" http://localhost:19531/entries?SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER="$TEST_TAG" | \
-    jq -se "length == 1 and select(.[].MESSAGE == \"$TEST_MESSAGE\")"
-# Show 10 entries starting from $BOOT_CURSOR, skip the first 5
-curl -Lfs --header "Accept: application/json" --header "Range: entries=$BOOT_CURSOR:5:10" http://localhost:19531/entries | \
-    jq -se "length == 10"
-# Check if the specified cursor refers to an existing entry and return just that entry
-curl -Lfs --header "Accept: application/json" --header "Range: entries=$TEST_CURSOR" http://localhost:19531/entries?discrete | \
-    jq -se "length == 1 and select(.[].MESSAGE == \"$TEST_MESSAGE\")"
-# No idea how to properly parse this (jq won't cut it), so let's at least do some sanity checks that every
-# line is either empty or begins with data:
-curl -Lfs --header "Accept: text/event-stream" http://localhost:19531/entries | \
-    awk '!/^(data: \{.+\}|)$/ { exit 1; }'
-# Same thing as journalctl --output=export
-mkdir /tmp/remote-journal
-curl -Lfs --header "Accept: application/vnd.fdo.journal" http://localhost:19531/entries | \
-    /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-journal-remote --output=/tmp/remote-journal/system.journal --split-mode=none -
-journalctl --directory=/tmp/remote-journal -t "$TEST_TAG" --grep "$TEST_MESSAGE"
-rm -rf /tmp/remote-journal/*
-# Let's do the same thing again, but let systemd-journal-remote spawn curl itself
-/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-journal-remote --url=http://localhost:19531/entries \
-                                        --output=/tmp/remote-journal/system.journal \
-                                        --split-mode=none
-journalctl --directory=/tmp/remote-journal -t "$TEST_TAG" --grep "$TEST_MESSAGE"
-rm -rf /tmp/remote-journal
-
-# /machine
-curl -Lfs http://localhost:19531/machine | jq
-
-# /fields
-curl -Lfs http://localhost:19531/fields/MESSAGE | grep -qE -- "$TEST_MESSAGE"
-curl -Lfs http://localhost:19531/fields/_TRANSPORT
-(! curl -Lfs http://localhost:19531/fields)
-(! curl -Lfs http://localhost:19531/fields/foo-bar-baz)
-
-systemctl stop systemd-journal-gatewayd.{socket,service}
-
-if ! command -v openssl >/dev/null; then
-    echo "openssl command not available, skipping the HTTPS tests"
-    exit 0
-fi
-
-# Generate a self-signed certificate for systemd-journal-gatewayd
-#
-# Note: older OpenSSL requires a config file with some extra options, unfortunately
-cat >/tmp/openssl.conf <<EOF
-[ req ]
-prompt = no
-distinguished_name = req_distinguished_name
-
-[ req_distinguished_name ]
-C = CZ
-L = Brno
-O = Foo
-OU = Bar
-CN = localhost
-EOF
-openssl req -x509 -nodes -newkey rsa:2048 -sha256 -days 7 \
-            -config /tmp/openssl.conf \
-            -keyout /tmp/key.pem -out /tmp/cert.pem
-# Start HTTPS version of gatewayd via the systemd-socket-activate tool to give it some coverage as well
-systemd-socket-activate --listen=19531 -- \
-    /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-journal-gatewayd \
-        --cert=/tmp/cert.pem \
-        --key=/tmp/key.pem \
-        --file="/var/log/journal/*/*.journal" &
-GATEWAYD_PID=$!
-sleep 1
-
-# Do a limited set of tests, since the underlying code should be the same past the HTTPS transport
-curl -Lfsk https://localhost:19531 | grep -qF "<title>Journal</title>"
-curl -Lfsk https://localhost:19531/entries | \
-    grep -qE " $TEST_TAG\[[0-9]+\]: $TEST_MESSAGE"
-curl -Lfsk --header "Accept: application/json" https://localhost:19531/entries | \
-    jq -se ".[] | select(.MESSAGE == \"$TEST_MESSAGE\")"
-curl -Lfsk https://localhost:19531/machine | jq
-curl -Lfsk https://localhost:19531/fields/_TRANSPORT
-
-kill "$GATEWAYD_PID"
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-04.service b/test/units/testsuite-04.service
deleted file mode 100644
index 63a0104..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-04.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-04-JOURNAL
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-05.service b/test/units/testsuite-05.service
deleted file mode 100644
index ab72d8f..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-05.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-05-RLIMITS
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-06.service b/test/units/testsuite-06.service
deleted file mode 100644
index c4c1d87..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-06.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-06-SELINUX
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-07.service b/test/units/testsuite-07.service
deleted file mode 100644
index 92302bf..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-07.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-07-PID1
-
-[Service]
-Type=oneshot
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-NotifyAccess=all
-# Issue: https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/2691
-ExecStop=sh -c 'kill -SEGV $$$$'
-RemainAfterExit=yes
-TimeoutStopSec=270s
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-08.service b/test/units/testsuite-08.service
deleted file mode 100644
index 2db35cf..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-08.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-08-INITRD
-After=multi-user.target
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-09.service b/test/units/testsuite-09.service
deleted file mode 100644
index 6c957ec..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-09.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-09-REBOOT
-After=multi-user.target
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-13.service b/test/units/testsuite-13.service
deleted file mode 100644
index 95c9a02..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-13.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-13-NSPAWN
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-15.service b/test/units/testsuite-15.service
deleted file mode 100644
index 10af93f..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-15.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-15-DROPIN
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-16.service b/test/units/testsuite-16.service
deleted file mode 100644
index d5494ae..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-16.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-16-EXTEND-TIMEOUT
-# Testsuite: Assess all other testsuite-*.services worked as expected
-
-Wants=success-all.service
-Wants=success-start.service
-Wants=success-runtime.service
-Wants=success-stop.service
-Wants=fail-start.service
-Wants=fail-stop.service
-Wants=fail-runtime.service
-StopWhenUnneeded=yes
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-Type=exec
-TimeoutStartSec=infinity
-ExecStartPre=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-ExecStart=true
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-17.03.sh b/test/units/testsuite-17.03.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 56e352e..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-17.03.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,75 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-set -ex
-
-TEST_RULE="/run/udev/rules.d/49-test.rules"
-KILL_PID=
-
-setup() {
-    mkdir -p "${TEST_RULE%/*}"
-    [[ -e /etc/udev/udev.conf ]] && cp -f /etc/udev/udev.conf /etc/udev/udev.conf.bak
-    # Don't bother storing the coredumps in journal for this particular test
-    mkdir -p /run/systemd/coredump.conf.d/
-    echo -ne "[Coredump]\nStorage=external\n" >/run/systemd/coredump.conf.d/99-storage-journal.conf
-
-    cat >"${TEST_RULE}" <<EOF
-ACTION=="add", SUBSYSTEM=="mem", KERNEL=="null", OPTIONS="log_level=debug"
-ACTION=="add", SUBSYSTEM=="mem", KERNEL=="null", PROGRAM=="/bin/sleep 60"
-EOF
-    cat >/etc/udev/udev.conf <<EOF
-event_timeout=10
-timeout_signal=SIGABRT
-EOF
-
-    systemctl restart systemd-udevd.service
-}
-
-# shellcheck disable=SC2317
-teardown() {
-    set +e
-
-    if [[ -n "$KILL_PID" ]]; then
-        kill "$KILL_PID"
-    fi
-
-    rm -rf "$TMPDIR"
-    rm -f "$TEST_RULE"
-    [[ -e /etc/udev/udev.conf.bak ]] && mv -f /etc/udev/udev.conf.bak /etc/udev/udev.conf
-    rm /run/systemd/coredump.conf.d/99-storage-journal.conf
-    systemctl restart systemd-udevd.service
-}
-
-run_test() {
-    local since
-
-    since="$(date '+%F %T')"
-
-    TMPDIR=$(mktemp -d -p /tmp udev-tests.XXXXXX)
-    udevadm monitor --udev --property --subsystem-match=mem >"$TMPDIR"/monitor.txt &
-    KILL_PID="$!"
-
-    SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL=debug udevadm trigger --verbose --action add /dev/null
-
-    for _ in {1..40}; do
-        if coredumpctl --since "$since" --no-legend --no-pager | grep /bin/udevadm ; then
-            kill "$KILL_PID"
-            KILL_PID=
-
-            cat "$TMPDIR"/monitor.txt
-            grep -q 'UDEV_WORKER_FAILED=1' "$TMPDIR"/monitor.txt
-            grep -q 'UDEV_WORKER_SIGNAL=6' "$TMPDIR"/monitor.txt
-            grep -q 'UDEV_WORKER_SIGNAL_NAME=ABRT' "$TMPDIR"/monitor.txt
-            return 0
-        fi
-        sleep .5
-    done
-
-    return 1
-}
-
-trap teardown EXIT
-
-setup
-run_test
-
-exit 0
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-17.service b/test/units/testsuite-17.service
deleted file mode 100644
index d218d72..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-17.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-17-UDEV
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-18.service b/test/units/testsuite-18.service
deleted file mode 100644
index 16d90a1..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-18.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-18-FAILUREACTION
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-19.service b/test/units/testsuite-19.service
deleted file mode 100644
index 9ee5fc9..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-19.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-19-DELEGATE
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-21.service b/test/units/testsuite-21.service
deleted file mode 100644
index a5f77d0..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-21.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=Fuzz our D-Bus interfaces with dfuzzer
-After=dbus.service multi-user.target
-Wants=dbus.service multi-user.target
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /skipped /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-22.service b/test/units/testsuite-22.service
deleted file mode 100644
index a5ed660..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-22.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-22-TMPFILES
-After=systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service
-Before=getty-pre.target
-Wants=getty-pre.target
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-23-short-lived.sh b/test/units/testsuite-23-short-lived.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 4a12c7f..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-23-short-lived.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-set -ex
-
-if [ -f /tmp/testsuite-23.counter ] ; then
-    read -r counter < /tmp/testsuite-23.counter
-    counter=$((counter + 1))
-else
-    counter=0
-fi
-
-echo "$counter" >/tmp/testsuite-23.counter
-
-if [ "$counter" -eq 5 ] ; then
-    systemctl kill --kill-whom=main -sUSR1 testsuite-23.service
-fi
-
-exec sleep 1.5
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-23.JoinsNamespaceOf.sh b/test/units/testsuite-23.JoinsNamespaceOf.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 68ba465..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-23.JoinsNamespaceOf.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-
-set -eux
-set -o pipefail
-
-# Test JoinsNamespaceOf= with PrivateTmp=yes
-
-systemd-analyze log-level debug
-systemd-analyze log-target journal
-
-# simple case
-systemctl start testsuite-23-joins-namespace-of-1.service
-systemctl start testsuite-23-joins-namespace-of-2.service
-systemctl start testsuite-23-joins-namespace-of-3.service
-systemctl stop testsuite-23-joins-namespace-of-1.service
-
-# inverse dependency
-systemctl start testsuite-23-joins-namespace-of-4.service
-systemctl start testsuite-23-joins-namespace-of-5.service
-systemctl stop testsuite-23-joins-namespace-of-4.service
-
-# transitive dependency
-systemctl start testsuite-23-joins-namespace-of-6.service
-systemctl start testsuite-23-joins-namespace-of-7.service
-systemctl start testsuite-23-joins-namespace-of-8.service
-systemctl start testsuite-23-joins-namespace-of-9.service
-systemctl stop testsuite-23-joins-namespace-of-6.service
-systemctl stop testsuite-23-joins-namespace-of-8.service
-
-systemd-analyze log-level info
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-23.Upholds.sh b/test/units/testsuite-23.Upholds.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index e62f9c6..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-23.Upholds.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,99 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-
-set -eux
-set -o pipefail
-
-# Test OnSuccess= + Uphold= + PropagatesStopTo= + BindsTo=
-
-systemd-analyze log-level debug
-systemd-analyze log-target journal
-
-# Idea is this:
-#    1. we start testsuite-23-success.service
-#    2. which through OnSuccess= starts testsuite-23-fail.service,
-#    3. which through OnFailure= starts testsuite-23-uphold.service,
-#    4. which through Uphold= starts/keeps testsuite-23-short-lived.service running,
-#    5. which will sleep 1s when invoked, and on the 5th invocation send us a SIGUSR1
-#    6. once we got that we finish cleanly
-
-sigusr1=0
-trap sigusr1=1 SIGUSR1
-
-trap -p SIGUSR1
-
-systemctl start testsuite-23-success.service
-
-while [ "$sigusr1" -eq 0 ] ; do
-    sleep .5
-done
-
-systemctl stop testsuite-23-uphold.service
-
-systemctl enable testsuite-23-upheldby-install.service
-
-# Idea is this:
-#    1. we start testsuite-23-retry-uphold.service
-#    2. which through Uphold= starts testsuite-23-retry-upheld.service
-#    3. which through Requires= starts testsuite-23-retry-fail.service
-#    4. which fails as /tmp/testsuite-23-retry-fail does not exist, so testsuite-23-retry-upheld.service
-#       is no longer restarted
-#    5. we create /tmp/testsuite-23-retry-fail
-#    6. now testsuite-23-retry-upheld.service will be restarted since upheld, and its dependency will
-#       be satisfied
-
-rm -f /tmp/testsuite-23-retry-fail
-systemctl start testsuite-23-retry-uphold.service
-systemctl is-active testsuite-23-upheldby-install.service
-
-until systemctl is-failed testsuite-23-retry-fail.service ; do
-    sleep .5
-done
-
-(! systemctl is-active testsuite-23-retry-upheld.service)
-
-touch /tmp/testsuite-23-retry-fail
-
-until systemctl is-active testsuite-23-retry-upheld.service ; do
-    sleep .5
-done
-
-systemctl stop testsuite-23-retry-uphold.service testsuite-23-retry-fail.service testsuite-23-retry-upheld.service
-
-# Idea is this:
-#    1. we start testsuite-23-prop-stop-one.service
-#    2. which through Wants=/After= pulls in testsuite-23-prop-stop-two.service as well
-#    3. testsuite-23-prop-stop-one.service then sleeps indefinitely
-#    4. testsuite-23-prop-stop-two.service sleeps a short time and exits
-#    5. the StopPropagatedFrom= dependency between the two should ensure *both* will exit as result
-#    6. an ExecStopPost= line on testsuite-23-prop-stop-one.service will send us a SIGUSR2
-#    7. once we got that we finish cleanly
-
-sigusr2=0
-trap sigusr2=1 SIGUSR2
-
-systemctl start testsuite-23-prop-stop-one.service
-
-while [ "$sigusr2" -eq 0 ] ; do
-    sleep .5
-done
-
-
-# Idea is this:
-#    1. we start testsuite-23-binds-to.service
-#    2. which through BindsTo=/After= pulls in testsuite-23-bound-by.service as well
-#    3. testsuite-23-bound-by.service suddenly dies
-#    4. testsuite-23-binds-to.service should then also be pulled down (it otherwise just hangs)
-#    6. an ExecStopPost= line on testsuite-23-binds-to.service will send us a SIGRTMIN1+1
-#    7. once we got that we finish cleanly
-
-sigrtmin1=0
-trap sigrtmin1=1 SIGRTMIN+1
-
-systemctl start testsuite-23-binds-to.service
-
-while [ "$sigrtmin1" -eq 0 ] ; do
-    sleep .5
-done
-
-systemd-analyze log-level info
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-23.oneshot-restart.sh b/test/units/testsuite-23.oneshot-restart.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 433cd69..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-23.oneshot-restart.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-set -eux
-set -o pipefail
-
-# Test oneshot unit restart on failure
-
-# wait this many secs for each test service to succeed in what is being tested
-MAX_SECS=60
-
-systemd-analyze log-level debug
-
-# test one: Restart=on-failure should restart the service
-(! systemd-run --unit=oneshot-restart-one -p Type=oneshot -p Restart=on-failure /bin/bash -c "exit 1")
-
-for ((secs = 0; secs < MAX_SECS; secs++)); do
-    [[ "$(systemctl show oneshot-restart-one.service -P NRestarts)" -le 0 ]] || break
-    sleep 1
-done
-if [[ "$(systemctl show oneshot-restart-one.service -P NRestarts)" -le 0 ]]; then
-    exit 1
-fi
-
-TMP_FILE="/tmp/test-41-oneshot-restart-test"
-
-: >$TMP_FILE
-
-# test two: make sure StartLimitBurst correctly limits the number of restarts
-# and restarts execution of the unit from the first ExecStart=
-(! systemd-run --unit=oneshot-restart-two \
-        -p StartLimitIntervalSec=120 \
-        -p StartLimitBurst=3 \
-        -p Type=oneshot \
-        -p Restart=on-failure \
-        -p ExecStart="/bin/bash -c \"printf a >>$TMP_FILE\"" /bin/bash -c "exit 1")
-
-# wait for at least 3 restarts
-for ((secs = 0; secs < MAX_SECS; secs++)); do
-    [[ $(cat $TMP_FILE) != "aaa" ]] || break
-    sleep 1
-done
-if [[ $(cat $TMP_FILE) != "aaa" ]]; then
-    exit 1
-fi
-
-# wait for 5 more seconds to make sure there aren't excess restarts
-sleep 5
-if [[ $(cat $TMP_FILE) != "aaa" ]]; then
-    exit 1
-fi
-
-systemd-analyze log-level info
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-23.runtime-bind-paths.sh b/test/units/testsuite-23.runtime-bind-paths.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 65c2dbf..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-23.runtime-bind-paths.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-# shellcheck disable=SC2016
-set -eux
-set -o pipefail
-
-# Test adding new BindPaths while unit is already running
-
-at_exit() {
-    set +e
-
-    rm -f /run/testsuite-23-marker-{fixed,runtime}
-    rm -fr /run/inaccessible
-}
-
-trap at_exit EXIT
-
-echo "MARKER_FIXED" >/run/testsuite-23-marker-fixed
-mkdir /run/inaccessible
-
-systemctl start testsuite-23-namespaced.service
-
-# Ensure that inaccessible paths aren't bypassed by the runtime setup,
-(! systemctl bind --mkdir testsuite-23-namespaced.service /run/testsuite-23-marker-fixed /run/inaccessible/testfile-marker-fixed)
-
-echo "MARKER_WRONG" >/run/testsuite-23-marker-wrong
-echo "MARKER_RUNTIME" >/run/testsuite-23-marker-runtime
-
-# Mount twice to exercise mount-beneath (on kernel 6.5+, on older kernels it will just overmount)
-systemctl bind --mkdir testsuite-23-namespaced.service /run/testsuite-23-marker-wrong /tmp/testfile-marker-runtime
-test "$(systemctl show -P SubState testsuite-23-namespaced.service)" = "running"
-systemctl bind --mkdir testsuite-23-namespaced.service /run/testsuite-23-marker-runtime /tmp/testfile-marker-runtime
-
-timeout 10 bash -xec 'while [[ "$(systemctl show -P SubState testsuite-23-namespaced.service)" == running ]]; do sleep .5; done'
-systemctl is-active testsuite-23-namespaced.service
-
-# Now test that systemctl bind fails when attempted on a non-namespaced unit
-systemctl start testsuite-23-non-namespaced.service
-
-(! systemctl bind --mkdir testsuite-49-non-namespaced.service /run/testsuite-23-marker-runtime /tmp/testfile-marker-runtime)
-
-timeout 10 bash -xec 'while [[ "$(systemctl show -P SubState testsuite-23-non-namespaced.service)" == running ]]; do sleep .5; done'
-(! systemctl is-active testsuite-23-non-namespaced.service)
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-23.service b/test/units/testsuite-23.service
deleted file mode 100644
index 26f5226..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-23.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-23-TYPE-EXEC
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-23.start-stop-no-reload.sh b/test/units/testsuite-23.start-stop-no-reload.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 9c4f17d..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-23.start-stop-no-reload.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,93 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-# -*- mode: shell-script; indent-tabs-mode: nil; sh-basic-offset: 4; -*-
-# ex: ts=8 sw=4 sts=4 et filetype=sh
-set -eux
-set -o pipefail
-
-# Test start & stop operations without daemon-reload
-
-at_exit() {
-    set +e
-
-    rm -f /run/systemd/system/testsuite-23-no-reload.{service,target}
-}
-
-trap at_exit EXIT
-
-cat >/run/systemd/system/testsuite-23-no-reload.target <<EOF
-[Unit]
-Wants=testsuite-23-no-reload.service
-EOF
-
-systemctl daemon-reload
-
-systemctl start testsuite-23-no-reload.target
-
-# The filesystem on the test image, despite being ext4, seems to have a mtime
-# granularity of one second, which means the manager's unit cache won't be
-# marked as dirty when writing the unit file, unless we wait at least a full
-# second after the previous daemon-reload.
-# May 07 23:12:20 H testsuite-48.sh[30]: + cat
-# May 07 23:12:20 H testsuite-48.sh[30]: + ls -l --full-time /etc/systemd/system/testsuite-23-no-reload.service
-# May 07 23:12:20 H testsuite-48.sh[52]: -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 50 2020-05-07 23:12:20.000000000 +0100 /
-# May 07 23:12:20 H testsuite-48.sh[30]: + stat -f --format=%t /etc/systemd/system/testsuite-23-no-reload.servic
-# May 07 23:12:20 H testsuite-48.sh[53]: ef53
-sleep 3.1
-
-cat >/run/systemd/system/testsuite-23-no-reload.service <<EOF
-[Service]
-ExecStart=/bin/sleep infinity
-EOF
-
-systemctl start testsuite-23-no-reload.service
-
-systemctl is-active testsuite-23-no-reload.service
-
-# Stop and remove, and try again to exercise https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/15992
-systemctl stop testsuite-23-no-reload.service
-rm -f /run/systemd/system/testsuite-23-no-reload.service
-systemctl daemon-reload
-
-sleep 3.1
-
-cat >/run/systemd/system/testsuite-23-no-reload.service <<EOF
-[Service]
-ExecStart=/bin/sleep infinity
-EOF
-
-# Start a non-existing unit first, so that the cache is reloaded for an unrelated
-# reason. Starting the existing unit later should still work thanks to the check
-# for the last load attempt vs cache timestamp.
-systemctl start testsuite-23-no-reload-nonexistent.service || true
-
-systemctl start testsuite-23-no-reload.service
-
-systemctl is-active testsuite-23-no-reload.service
-
-# Stop and remove, and try again to exercise the transaction setup code path by
-# having the target pull in the unloaded but available unit
-systemctl stop testsuite-23-no-reload.service testsuite-23-no-reload.target
-rm -f /run/systemd/system/testsuite-23-no-reload.service /run/systemd/system/testsuite-23-no-reload.target
-systemctl daemon-reload
-
-sleep 3.1
-
-cat >/run/systemd/system/testsuite-23-no-reload.target <<EOF
-[Unit]
-Conflicts=shutdown.target
-Wants=testsuite-23-no-reload.service
-EOF
-
-systemctl daemon-reload
-
-systemctl start testsuite-23-no-reload.target
-
-cat >/run/systemd/system/testsuite-23-no-reload.service <<EOF
-[Service]
-ExecStart=/bin/sleep infinity
-EOF
-
-systemctl restart testsuite-23-no-reload.target
-
-systemctl is-active testsuite-23-no-reload.service
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-24.service b/test/units/testsuite-24.service
deleted file mode 100644
index e192d1c..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-24.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-24-CRYPTSETUP
-After=multi-user.target
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-25.service b/test/units/testsuite-25.service
deleted file mode 100644
index 503eabb..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-25.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-25-IMPORT
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-26.service b/test/units/testsuite-26.service
deleted file mode 100644
index d8fdaff..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-26.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-26-SYSTEMCTL
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-29.service b/test/units/testsuite-29.service
deleted file mode 100644
index 035c6bf..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-29.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-29-PORTABLE
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-30.service b/test/units/testsuite-30.service
deleted file mode 100644
index 253f7b5..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-30.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-30-ONCLOCKCHANGE
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-31.service b/test/units/testsuite-31.service
deleted file mode 100644
index f0e78a9..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-31.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-31-DEVICE-ENUMERATION
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-32.service b/test/units/testsuite-32.service
deleted file mode 100644
index 50f5823..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-32.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-32-OOMPOLICY
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
-MemoryAccounting=yes
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-34.service b/test/units/testsuite-34.service
deleted file mode 100644
index 6917afe..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-34.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-34-DYNAMICUSERMIGRATE
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-35.service b/test/units/testsuite-35.service
deleted file mode 100644
index 0599f61..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-35.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-35-LOGIN
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-36.service b/test/units/testsuite-36.service
deleted file mode 100644
index 5746dc1..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-36.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-36-NUMAPOLICY
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-38.service b/test/units/testsuite-38.service
deleted file mode 100644
index ac77836..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-38.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-38-FREEZER
-
-[Service]
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-43.service b/test/units/testsuite-43.service
deleted file mode 100644
index e36afea..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-43.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-43-PRIVATEUSER-UNPRIV
-After=systemd-logind.service user@4711.service
-Wants=user@4711.service
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-44.service b/test/units/testsuite-44.service
deleted file mode 100644
index 4dffdea..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-44.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TESTSUITE-44-LOG-NAMESPACE
-Before=getty-pre.target
-Wants=getty-pre.target
-Wants=systemd-journald@foobar.socket systemd-journald-varlink@foobar.socket
-After=systemd-journald@foobar.socket systemd-journald-varlink@foobar.socket
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-45.service b/test/units/testsuite-45.service
deleted file mode 100644
index b16ce99..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-45.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-45-TIMEDATE
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-46.service b/test/units/testsuite-46.service
deleted file mode 100644
index 5efb9cc..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-46.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-46-HOMED
-Wants=getty-pre.target
-Before=getty-pre.target
-Requires=systemd-homed.service systemd-userdbd.socket
-After=systemd-homed.service systemd-userdbd.socket
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
-NotifyAccess=all
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-46.sh b/test/units/testsuite-46.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index a77683b..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-46.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,319 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-set -eux
-set -o pipefail
-
-# Check if homectl is installed, and if it isn't bail out early instead of failing
-if ! test -x /usr/bin/homectl ; then
-        echo "no homed" >/skipped
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-inspect() {
-    # As updating disk-size-related attributes can take some time on some
-    # filesystems, let's drop these fields before comparing the outputs to
-    # avoid unexpected fails. To see the full outputs of both homectl &
-    # userdbctl (for debugging purposes) drop the fields just before the
-    # comparison.
-    local USERNAME="${1:?}"
-    homectl inspect "$USERNAME" | tee /tmp/a
-    userdbctl user "$USERNAME" | tee /tmp/b
-
-    # diff uses the grep BREs for pattern matching
-    diff -I '^\s*Disk \(Size\|Free\|Floor\|Ceiling\):' /tmp/{a,b}
-    rm /tmp/{a,b}
-
-    homectl inspect --json=pretty "$USERNAME"
-}
-
-wait_for_state() {
-    for i in {1..10}; do
-        (( i > 1 )) && sleep 0.5
-        homectl inspect "$1" | grep -qF "State: $2" && break
-    done
-}
-
-systemd-analyze log-level debug
-systemctl service-log-level systemd-homed debug
-
-# Create a tmpfs to use as backing store for the home dir. That way we can enforce a size limit nicely.
-mkdir -p /home
-mount -t tmpfs tmpfs /home -o size=290M
-
-# we enable --luks-discard= since we run our tests in a tight VM, hence don't
-# needlessly pressure for storage. We also set the cheapest KDF, since we don't
-# want to waste CI CPU cycles on it.
-NEWPASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl create test-user \
-           --disk-size=min \
-           --luks-discard=yes \
-           --image-path=/home/test-user.home \
-           --luks-pbkdf-type=pbkdf2 \
-           --luks-pbkdf-time-cost=1ms
-inspect test-user
-
-PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl authenticate test-user
-
-PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl activate test-user
-inspect test-user
-
-PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl update test-user --real-name="Inline test"
-inspect test-user
-
-homectl deactivate test-user
-inspect test-user
-
-PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s NEWPASSWORD=yPN4N0fYNKUkOq homectl passwd test-user
-inspect test-user
-
-PASSWORD=yPN4N0fYNKUkOq homectl activate test-user
-inspect test-user
-
-SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL=debug PASSWORD=yPN4N0fYNKUkOq NEWPASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl passwd test-user
-inspect test-user
-
-homectl deactivate test-user
-inspect test-user
-
-PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl activate test-user
-inspect test-user
-
-homectl deactivate test-user
-inspect test-user
-
-PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl update test-user --real-name="Offline test"
-inspect test-user
-
-PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl activate test-user
-inspect test-user
-
-homectl deactivate test-user
-inspect test-user
-
-# Do some resize tests, but only if we run on real kernels, as quota inside of containers will fail
-if ! systemd-detect-virt -cq ; then
-    # grow while inactive
-    PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl resize test-user 300M
-    inspect test-user
-
-    # minimize while inactive
-    PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl resize test-user min
-    inspect test-user
-
-    PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl activate test-user
-    inspect test-user
-
-    # grow while active
-    PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl resize test-user max
-    inspect test-user
-
-    # minimize while active
-    PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl resize test-user 0
-    inspect test-user
-
-    # grow while active
-    PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl resize test-user 300M
-    inspect test-user
-
-    # shrink to original size while active
-    PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl resize test-user 256M
-    inspect test-user
-
-    # minimize again
-    PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl resize test-user min
-    inspect test-user
-
-    # Increase space, so that we can reasonably rebalance free space between to home dirs
-    mount /home -o remount,size=800M
-
-    # create second user
-    NEWPASSWORD=uuXoo8ei homectl create test-user2 \
-           --disk-size=min \
-           --luks-discard=yes \
-           --image-path=/home/test-user2.home \
-           --luks-pbkdf-type=pbkdf2 \
-           --luks-pbkdf-time-cost=1ms
-    inspect test-user2
-
-    # activate second user
-    PASSWORD=uuXoo8ei homectl activate test-user2
-    inspect test-user2
-
-    # set second user's rebalance weight to 100
-    PASSWORD=uuXoo8ei homectl update test-user2 --rebalance-weight=100
-    inspect test-user2
-
-    # set first user's rebalance weight to quarter of that of the second
-    PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl update test-user --rebalance-weight=25
-    inspect test-user
-
-    # synchronously rebalance
-    homectl rebalance
-    inspect test-user
-    inspect test-user2
-fi
-
-PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl with test-user -- test ! -f /home/test-user/xyz
-(! PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl with test-user -- test -f /home/test-user/xyz)
-PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl with test-user -- touch /home/test-user/xyz
-PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl with test-user -- test -f /home/test-user/xyz
-PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl with test-user -- rm /home/test-user/xyz
-PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl with test-user -- test ! -f /home/test-user/xyz
-(! PASSWORD=xEhErW0ndafV4s homectl with test-user -- test -f /home/test-user/xyz)
-
-wait_for_state test-user inactive
-homectl remove test-user
-
-if ! systemd-detect-virt -cq ; then
-    wait_for_state test-user2 active
-    homectl deactivate test-user2
-    wait_for_state test-user2 inactive
-    homectl remove test-user2
-fi
-
-# userdbctl tests
-export PAGER=
-
-# Create a couple of user/group records to test io.systemd.DropIn
-# See docs/USER_RECORD.md and docs/GROUP_RECORD.md
-mkdir -p /run/userdb/
-cat >"/run/userdb/dropingroup.group" <<\EOF
-{
-    "groupName" : "dropingroup",
-    "gid"       : 1000000
-}
-EOF
-cat >"/run/userdb/dropinuser.user" <<\EOF
-{
-    "userName" : "dropinuser",
-    "uid"      : 2000000,
-    "realName" : "🐱",
-    "memberOf" : [
-        "dropingroup"
-    ]
-}
-EOF
-cat >"/run/userdb/dropinuser.user-privileged" <<\EOF
-{
-    "privileged" : {
-        "hashedPassword" : [
-            "$6$WHBKvAFFT9jKPA4k$OPY4D4TczKN/jOnJzy54DDuOOagCcvxxybrwMbe1SVdm.Bbr.zOmBdATp.QrwZmvqyr8/SafbbQu.QZ2rRvDs/"
-        ],
-        "sshAuthorizedKeys" : [
-            "ssh-ed25519 AAAAC3NzaC1lZDI1NTE5AAAAIA//dxI2xLg4MgxIKKZv1nqwTEIlE/fdakii2Fb75pG+ foo@bar.tld",
-            "ecdsa-sha2-nistp256 AAAAE2VjZHNhLXNoYTItbmlzdHAyNTYAAAAIbmlzdHAyNTYAAABBBMlaqG2rTMje5CQnfjXJKmoSpEVJ2gWtx4jBvsQbmee2XbU/Qdq5+SRisssR9zVuxgg5NA5fv08MgjwJQMm+csc= hello@world.tld"
-        ]
-    }
-}
-EOF
-# Set permissions and create necessary symlinks as described in nss-systemd(8)
-chmod 0600 "/run/userdb/dropinuser.user-privileged"
-ln -svrf "/run/userdb/dropingroup.group" "/run/userdb/1000000.group"
-ln -svrf "/run/userdb/dropinuser.user" "/run/userdb/2000000.user"
-ln -svrf "/run/userdb/dropinuser.user-privileged" "/run/userdb/2000000.user-privileged"
-
-userdbctl
-userdbctl --version
-userdbctl --help --no-pager
-userdbctl --no-legend
-userdbctl --output=classic
-userdbctl --output=friendly
-userdbctl --output=table
-userdbctl --output=json | jq
-userdbctl -j --json=pretty | jq
-userdbctl -j --json=short | jq
-userdbctl --with-varlink=no
-
-userdbctl user
-userdbctl user testuser
-userdbctl user root
-userdbctl user testuser root
-userdbctl user -j testuser root | jq
-# Check only UID for the nobody user, since the name is build-configurable
-userdbctl user --with-nss=no --synthesize=yes
-userdbctl user --with-nss=no --synthesize=yes 0 root 65534
-userdbctl user dropinuser
-userdbctl user 2000000
-userdbctl user --with-nss=no --with-varlink=no --synthesize=no --multiplexer=no dropinuser
-userdbctl user --with-nss=no 2000000
-(! userdbctl user '')
-(! userdbctl user 🐱)
-(! userdbctl user 🐱 '' bar)
-(! userdbctl user i-do-not-exist)
-(! userdbctl user root i-do-not-exist testuser)
-(! userdbctl user --with-nss=no --synthesize=no 0 root 65534)
-(! userdbctl user -N root nobody)
-(! userdbctl user --with-dropin=no dropinuser)
-(! userdbctl user --with-dropin=no 2000000)
-
-userdbctl group
-userdbctl group testuser
-userdbctl group root
-userdbctl group testuser root
-userdbctl group -j testuser root | jq
-# Check only GID for the nobody group, since the name is build-configurable
-userdbctl group --with-nss=no --synthesize=yes
-userdbctl group --with-nss=no --synthesize=yes 0 root 65534
-userdbctl group dropingroup
-userdbctl group 1000000
-userdbctl group --with-nss=no --with-varlink=no --synthesize=no --multiplexer=no dropingroup
-userdbctl group --with-nss=no 1000000
-(! userdbctl group '')
-(! userdbctl group 🐱)
-(! userdbctl group 🐱 '' bar)
-(! userdbctl group i-do-not-exist)
-(! userdbctl group root i-do-not-exist testuser)
-(! userdbctl group --with-nss=no --synthesize=no 0 root 65534)
-(! userdbctl group --with-dropin=no dropingroup)
-(! userdbctl group --with-dropin=no 1000000)
-
-userdbctl users-in-group
-userdbctl users-in-group testuser
-userdbctl users-in-group testuser root
-userdbctl users-in-group -j testuser root | jq
-userdbctl users-in-group 🐱
-(! userdbctl users-in-group '')
-(! userdbctl users-in-group foo '' bar)
-
-userdbctl groups-of-user
-userdbctl groups-of-user testuser
-userdbctl groups-of-user testuser root
-userdbctl groups-of-user -j testuser root | jq
-userdbctl groups-of-user 🐱
-(! userdbctl groups-of-user '')
-(! userdbctl groups-of-user foo '' bar)
-
-userdbctl services
-userdbctl services -j | jq
-
-varlinkctl call /run/systemd/userdb/io.systemd.Multiplexer io.systemd.UserDatabase.GetUserRecord '{"userName":"testuser","service":"io.systemd.Multiplexer"}'
-varlinkctl call /run/systemd/userdb/io.systemd.Multiplexer io.systemd.UserDatabase.GetUserRecord '{"userName":"root","service":"io.systemd.Multiplexer"}'
-varlinkctl call /run/systemd/userdb/io.systemd.Multiplexer io.systemd.UserDatabase.GetUserRecord '{"userName":"dropinuser","service":"io.systemd.Multiplexer"}'
-varlinkctl call /run/systemd/userdb/io.systemd.Multiplexer io.systemd.UserDatabase.GetUserRecord '{"uid":2000000,"service":"io.systemd.Multiplexer"}'
-(! varlinkctl call /run/systemd/userdb/io.systemd.Multiplexer io.systemd.UserDatabase.GetUserRecord '{"userName":"","service":"io.systemd.Multiplexer"}')
-(! varlinkctl call /run/systemd/userdb/io.systemd.Multiplexer io.systemd.UserDatabase.GetUserRecord '{"userName":"🐱","service":"io.systemd.Multiplexer"}')
-(! varlinkctl call /run/systemd/userdb/io.systemd.Multiplexer io.systemd.UserDatabase.GetUserRecord '{"userName":"i-do-not-exist","service":"io.systemd.Multiplexer"}')
-
-userdbctl ssh-authorized-keys dropinuser | tee /tmp/authorized-keys
-grep "ssh-ed25519" /tmp/authorized-keys
-grep "ecdsa-sha2-nistp256" /tmp/authorized-keys
-echo "my-top-secret-key 🐱" >/tmp/my-top-secret-key
-userdbctl ssh-authorized-keys dropinuser --chain /bin/cat /tmp/my-top-secret-key | tee /tmp/authorized-keys
-grep "ssh-ed25519" /tmp/authorized-keys
-grep "ecdsa-sha2-nistp256" /tmp/authorized-keys
-grep "my-top-secret-key 🐱" /tmp/authorized-keys
-(! userdbctl ssh-authorized-keys 🐱)
-(! userdbctl ssh-authorized-keys dropin-user --chain)
-(! userdbctl ssh-authorized-keys dropin-user --chain '')
-(! SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL=debug userdbctl ssh-authorized-keys dropin-user --chain /bin/false)
-
-(! userdbctl '')
-for opt in json multiplexer output synthesize with-dropin with-nss with-varlink; do
-    (! userdbctl "--$opt=''")
-    (! userdbctl "--$opt='🐱'")
-    (! userdbctl "--$opt=foo")
-    (! userdbctl "--$opt=foo" "--$opt=''" "--$opt=🐱")
-done
-
-systemd-analyze log-level info
-
-touch /testok
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-50.service b/test/units/testsuite-50.service
deleted file mode 100644
index bcafe6e..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-50.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-50-DISSECT
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-50.sh b/test/units/testsuite-50.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 3726b32..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-50.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,718 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-# -*- mode: shell-script; indent-tabs-mode: nil; sh-basic-offset: 4; -*-
-# ex: ts=8 sw=4 sts=4 et filetype=sh
-# shellcheck disable=SC2233,SC2235
-set -eux
-set -o pipefail
-
-export SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL=debug
-
-# shellcheck disable=SC2317
-cleanup() {(
-    set +ex
-
-    if [ -z "${image_dir}" ]; then
-        return
-    fi
-    umount "${image_dir}/app0"
-    umount "${image_dir}/app1"
-    umount "${image_dir}/app-nodistro"
-    umount "${image_dir}/service-scoped-test"
-    rm -rf "${image_dir}"
-)}
-
-udevadm control --log-level=debug
-
-cd /tmp
-
-image_dir="$(mktemp -d -t -p /tmp tmp.XXXXXX)"
-if [ -z "${image_dir}" ] || [ ! -d "${image_dir}" ]; then
-    echo "mktemp under /tmp failed"
-    exit 1
-fi
-
-trap cleanup EXIT
-
-cp /usr/share/minimal* "${image_dir}/"
-image="${image_dir}/minimal_0"
-roothash="$(cat "${image}.roothash")"
-
-os_release="$(test -e /etc/os-release && echo /etc/os-release || echo /usr/lib/os-release)"
-
-systemd-dissect --json=short "${image}.raw" | grep -q -F '{"rw":"ro","designator":"root","partition_uuid":null,"partition_label":null,"fstype":"squashfs","architecture":null,"verity":"external"'
-systemd-dissect "${image}.raw" | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
-systemd-dissect "${image}.raw" | grep -q -F -f <(sed 's/"//g' "$os_release")
-
-systemd-dissect --list "${image}.raw" | grep -q '^etc/os-release$'
-systemd-dissect --mtree "${image}.raw" --mtree-hash yes | grep -qe "^./usr/bin/cat type=file mode=0755 uid=0 gid=0 size=[0-9]* sha256sum=[a-z0-9]*$"
-systemd-dissect --mtree "${image}.raw" --mtree-hash no  | grep -qe "^./usr/bin/cat type=file mode=0755 uid=0 gid=0 size=[0-9]*$"
-
-read -r SHA256SUM1 _ < <(systemd-dissect --copy-from "${image}.raw" etc/os-release | sha256sum)
-test "$SHA256SUM1" != ""
-read -r SHA256SUM2 _ < <(systemd-dissect --read-only --with "${image}.raw" sha256sum etc/os-release)
-test "$SHA256SUM2" != ""
-test "$SHA256SUM1" = "$SHA256SUM2"
-
-mv "${image}.verity" "${image}.fooverity"
-mv "${image}.roothash" "${image}.foohash"
-systemd-dissect --json=short "${image}.raw" --root-hash="${roothash}" --verity-data="${image}.fooverity" | grep -q -F '{"rw":"ro","designator":"root","partition_uuid":null,"partition_label":null,"fstype":"squashfs","architecture":null,"verity":"external"'
-systemd-dissect "${image}.raw" --root-hash="${roothash}" --verity-data="${image}.fooverity" | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
-systemd-dissect "${image}.raw" --root-hash="${roothash}" --verity-data="${image}.fooverity" | grep -q -F -f <(sed 's/"//g' "$os_release")
-mv "${image}.fooverity" "${image}.verity"
-mv "${image}.foohash" "${image}.roothash"
-
-mkdir -p "${image_dir}/mount" "${image_dir}/mount2"
-systemd-dissect --mount "${image}.raw" "${image_dir}/mount"
-grep -q -F -f "$os_release" "${image_dir}/mount/usr/lib/os-release"
-grep -q -F -f "$os_release" "${image_dir}/mount/etc/os-release"
-grep -q -F "MARKER=1" "${image_dir}/mount/usr/lib/os-release"
-# Verity volume should be shared (opened only once)
-systemd-dissect --mount "${image}.raw" "${image_dir}/mount2"
-verity_count=$(find /dev/mapper/ -name "*verity*" | wc -l)
-# In theory we should check that count is exactly one. In practice, libdevmapper
-# randomly and unpredictably fails with an unhelpful EINVAL when a device is open
-# (and even mounted and in use), so best-effort is the most we can do for now
-if [ "${verity_count}" -lt 1 ]; then
-    echo "Verity device ${image}.raw not found in /dev/mapper/"
-    exit 1
-fi
-systemd-dissect --umount "${image_dir}/mount"
-systemd-dissect --umount "${image_dir}/mount2"
-
-systemd-run -P -p RootImage="${image}.raw" cat /usr/lib/os-release | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
-mv "${image}.verity" "${image}.fooverity"
-mv "${image}.roothash" "${image}.foohash"
-systemd-run -P -p RootImage="${image}.raw" -p RootHash="${image}.foohash" -p RootVerity="${image}.fooverity" cat /usr/lib/os-release | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
-# Let's use the long option name just here as a test
-systemd-run -P --property RootImage="${image}.raw" --property RootHash="${roothash}" --property RootVerity="${image}.fooverity" cat /usr/lib/os-release | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
-mv "${image}.fooverity" "${image}.verity"
-mv "${image}.foohash" "${image}.roothash"
-
-# Make a GPT disk on the fly, with the squashfs as partition 1 and the verity hash tree as partition 2
-machine="$(uname -m)"
-if [ "${machine}" = "x86_64" ]; then
-    root_guid=4f68bce3-e8cd-4db1-96e7-fbcaf984b709
-    verity_guid=2c7357ed-ebd2-46d9-aec1-23d437ec2bf5
-    signature_guid=41092b05-9fc8-4523-994f-2def0408b176
-    architecture="x86-64"
-elif [ "${machine}" = "i386" ] || [ "${machine}" = "i686" ] || [ "${machine}" = "x86" ]; then
-    root_guid=44479540-f297-41b2-9af7-d131d5f0458a
-    verity_guid=d13c5d3b-b5d1-422a-b29f-9454fdc89d76
-    signature_guid=5996fc05-109c-48de-808b-23fa0830b676
-    architecture="x86"
-elif [ "${machine}" = "aarch64" ] || [ "${machine}" = "aarch64_be" ] || [ "${machine}" = "armv8b" ] || [ "${machine}" = "armv8l" ]; then
-    root_guid=b921b045-1df0-41c3-af44-4c6f280d3fae
-    verity_guid=df3300ce-d69f-4c92-978c-9bfb0f38d820
-    signature_guid=6db69de6-29f4-4758-a7a5-962190f00ce3
-    architecture="arm64"
-elif [ "${machine}" = "arm" ]; then
-    root_guid=69dad710-2ce4-4e3c-b16c-21a1d49abed3
-    verity_guid=7386cdf2-203c-47a9-a498-f2ecce45a2d6
-    signature_guid=42b0455f-eb11-491d-98d3-56145ba9d037
-    architecture="arm"
-elif [ "${machine}" = "loongarch64" ]; then
-    root_guid=77055800-792c-4f94-b39a-98c91b762bb6
-    verity_guid=f3393b22-e9af-4613-a948-9d3bfbd0c535
-    signature_guid=5afb67eb-ecc8-4f85-ae8e-ac1e7c50e7d0
-    architecture="loongarch64"
-elif [ "${machine}" = "ia64" ]; then
-    root_guid=993d8d3d-f80e-4225-855a-9daf8ed7ea97
-    verity_guid=86ed10d5-b607-45bb-8957-d350f23d0571
-    signature_guid=e98b36ee-32ba-4882-9b12-0ce14655f46a
-    architecture="ia64"
-elif [ "${machine}" = "s390x" ]; then
-    root_guid=5eead9a9-fe09-4a1e-a1d7-520d00531306
-    verity_guid=b325bfbe-c7be-4ab8-8357-139e652d2f6b
-    signature_guid=c80187a5-73a3-491a-901a-017c3fa953e9
-    architecture="s390x"
-elif [ "${machine}" = "ppc64le" ]; then
-    root_guid=c31c45e6-3f39-412e-80fb-4809c4980599
-    verity_guid=906bd944-4589-4aae-a4e4-dd983917446a
-    signature_guid=d4a236e7-e873-4c07-bf1d-bf6cf7f1c3c6
-    architecture="ppc64-le"
-else
-    echo "Unexpected uname -m: ${machine} in testsuite-50.sh, please fix me"
-    exit 1
-fi
-# du rounds up to block size, which is more helpful for partitioning
-root_size="$(du -k "${image}.raw" | cut -f1)"
-verity_size="$(du -k "${image}.verity" | cut -f1)"
-signature_size=4
-# 4MB seems to be the minimum size blkid will accept, below that probing fails
-dd if=/dev/zero of="${image}.gpt" bs=512 count=$((8192+root_size*2+verity_size*2+signature_size*2))
-# sfdisk seems unhappy if the size overflows into the next unit, eg: 1580KiB will be interpreted as 1MiB
-# so do some basic rounding up if the minimal image is more than 1 MB
-if [ "${root_size}" -ge 1024 ]; then
-    root_size="$((root_size/1024 + 1))MiB"
-else
-    root_size="${root_size}KiB"
-fi
-verity_size="$((verity_size * 2))KiB"
-signature_size="$((signature_size * 2))KiB"
-
-HAVE_OPENSSL=0
-if systemctl --version | grep -q -- +OPENSSL ; then
-    # The openssl binary is installed conditionally.
-    # If we have OpenSSL support enabled and openssl is missing, fail early
-    # with a proper error message.
-    if ! command -v openssl >/dev/null 2>&1; then
-        echo "openssl missing" >/failed
-        exit 1
-    fi
-
-    HAVE_OPENSSL=1
-    OPENSSL_CONFIG="$(mktemp)"
-    # Unfortunately OpenSSL insists on reading some config file, hence provide one with mostly placeholder contents
-    cat >"${OPENSSL_CONFIG:?}" <<EOF
-[ req ]
-prompt = no
-distinguished_name = req_distinguished_name
-
-[ req_distinguished_name ]
-C = DE
-ST = Test State
-L = Test Locality
-O = Org Name
-OU = Org Unit Name
-CN = Common Name
-emailAddress = test@email.com
-EOF
-
-    # Create key pair
-    openssl req -config "$OPENSSL_CONFIG" -new -x509 -newkey rsa:1024 -keyout "${image}.key" -out "${image}.crt" -days 365 -nodes
-    # Sign Verity root hash with it
-    openssl smime -sign -nocerts -noattr -binary -in "${image}.roothash" -inkey "${image}.key" -signer "${image}.crt" -outform der -out "${image}.roothash.p7s"
-    # Generate signature partition JSON data
-    echo '{"rootHash":"'"${roothash}"'","signature":"'"$(base64 -w 0 <"${image}.roothash.p7s")"'"}' >"${image}.verity-sig"
-    # Pad it
-    truncate -s "${signature_size}" "${image}.verity-sig"
-    # Register certificate in the (userspace) verity key ring
-    mkdir -p /run/verity.d
-    ln -s "${image}.crt" /run/verity.d/ok.crt
-fi
-
-# Construct a UUID from hash
-# input:  11111111222233334444555566667777
-# output: 11111111-2222-3333-4444-555566667777
-uuid="$(head -c 32 "${image}.roothash" | sed -r 's/(.{8})(.{4})(.{4})(.{4})(.+)/\1-\2-\3-\4-\5/')"
-echo -e "label: gpt\nsize=${root_size}, type=${root_guid}, uuid=${uuid}" | sfdisk "${image}.gpt"
-uuid="$(tail -c 32 "${image}.roothash" | sed -r 's/(.{8})(.{4})(.{4})(.{4})(.+)/\1-\2-\3-\4-\5/')"
-echo -e "size=${verity_size}, type=${verity_guid}, uuid=${uuid}" | sfdisk "${image}.gpt" --append
-if [ "${HAVE_OPENSSL}" -eq 1 ]; then
-    echo -e "size=${signature_size}, type=${signature_guid}" | sfdisk "${image}.gpt" --append
-fi
-sfdisk --part-label "${image}.gpt" 1 "Root Partition"
-sfdisk --part-label "${image}.gpt" 2 "Verity Partition"
-if [ "${HAVE_OPENSSL}" -eq 1 ]; then
-    sfdisk --part-label "${image}.gpt" 3 "Signature Partition"
-fi
-loop="$(losetup --show -P -f "${image}.gpt")"
-partitions=(
-    "${loop:?}p1"
-    "${loop:?}p2"
-)
-if [ "${HAVE_OPENSSL}" -eq 1 ]; then
-    partitions+=( "${loop:?}p3" )
-fi
-# The kernel sometimes(?) does not emit "add" uevent for loop block partition devices.
-# Let's not expect the devices to be initialized.
-udevadm wait --timeout 60 --settle --initialized=no "${partitions[@]}"
-udevadm lock --device="${loop}p1" dd if="${image}.raw" of="${loop}p1"
-udevadm lock --device="${loop}p2" dd if="${image}.verity" of="${loop}p2"
-if [ "${HAVE_OPENSSL}" -eq 1 ]; then
-    udevadm lock --device="${loop}p3" dd if="${image}.verity-sig" of="${loop}p3"
-fi
-losetup -d "${loop}"
-
-# Derive partition UUIDs from root hash, in UUID syntax
-ROOT_UUID="$(systemd-id128 -u show "$(head -c 32 "${image}.roothash")" -u | tail -n 1 | cut -b 6-)"
-VERITY_UUID="$(systemd-id128 -u show "$(tail -c 32 "${image}.roothash")" -u | tail -n 1 | cut -b 6-)"
-
-systemd-dissect --json=short --root-hash "${roothash}" "${image}.gpt" | grep -q '{"rw":"ro","designator":"root","partition_uuid":"'"$ROOT_UUID"'","partition_label":"Root Partition","fstype":"squashfs","architecture":"'"$architecture"'","verity":"signed",'
-systemd-dissect --json=short --root-hash "${roothash}" "${image}.gpt" | grep -q '{"rw":"ro","designator":"root-verity","partition_uuid":"'"$VERITY_UUID"'","partition_label":"Verity Partition","fstype":"DM_verity_hash","architecture":"'"$architecture"'","verity":null,'
-if [ "${HAVE_OPENSSL}" -eq 1 ]; then
-    systemd-dissect --json=short --root-hash "${roothash}" "${image}.gpt" | grep -q -E '{"rw":"ro","designator":"root-verity-sig","partition_uuid":"'".*"'","partition_label":"Signature Partition","fstype":"verity_hash_signature","architecture":"'"$architecture"'","verity":null,'
-fi
-systemd-dissect --root-hash "${roothash}" "${image}.gpt" | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
-systemd-dissect --root-hash "${roothash}" "${image}.gpt" | grep -q -F -f <(sed 's/"//g' "$os_release")
-
-# Test image policies
-systemd-dissect --validate "${image}.gpt"
-systemd-dissect --validate "${image}.gpt" --image-policy='*'
-(! systemd-dissect --validate "${image}.gpt" --image-policy='~')
-(! systemd-dissect --validate "${image}.gpt" --image-policy='-')
-(! systemd-dissect --validate "${image}.gpt" --image-policy=root=absent)
-(! systemd-dissect --validate "${image}.gpt" --image-policy=swap=unprotected+encrypted+verity)
-systemd-dissect --validate "${image}.gpt" --image-policy=root=unprotected
-systemd-dissect --validate "${image}.gpt" --image-policy=root=verity
-systemd-dissect --validate "${image}.gpt" --image-policy=root=verity:root-verity-sig=unused+absent
-systemd-dissect --validate "${image}.gpt" --image-policy=root=verity:swap=absent
-systemd-dissect --validate "${image}.gpt" --image-policy=root=verity:swap=absent+unprotected
-(! systemd-dissect --validate "${image}.gpt" --image-policy=root=verity:root-verity=unused+absent)
-systemd-dissect --validate "${image}.gpt" --image-policy=root=signed
-(! systemd-dissect --validate "${image}.gpt" --image-policy=root=signed:root-verity-sig=unused+absent)
-(! systemd-dissect --validate "${image}.gpt" --image-policy=root=signed:root-verity=unused+absent)
-
-# Test RootImagePolicy= unit file setting
-systemd-run --wait -P -p RootImage="${image}.gpt" -p RootHash="${roothash}" -p MountAPIVFS=yes cat /usr/lib/os-release | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
-systemd-run --wait -P -p RootImage="${image}.gpt" -p RootHash="${roothash}" -p RootImagePolicy='*' -p MountAPIVFS=yes cat /usr/lib/os-release | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
-(! systemd-run --wait -P -p RootImage="${image}.gpt" -p RootHash="${roothash}" -p RootImagePolicy='~' -p MountAPIVFS=yes cat /usr/lib/os-release | grep -q -F "MARKER=1")
-(! systemd-run --wait -P -p RootImage="${image}.gpt" -p RootHash="${roothash}" -p RootImagePolicy='-' -p MountAPIVFS=yes cat /usr/lib/os-release | grep -q -F "MARKER=1")
-(! systemd-run --wait -P -p RootImage="${image}.gpt" -p RootHash="${roothash}" -p RootImagePolicy='root=absent' -p MountAPIVFS=yes cat /usr/lib/os-release | grep -q -F "MARKER=1")
-systemd-run --wait -P -p RootImage="${image}.gpt" -p RootHash="${roothash}" -p RootImagePolicy='root=verity' -p MountAPIVFS=yes cat /usr/lib/os-release | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
-systemd-run --wait -P -p RootImage="${image}.gpt" -p RootHash="${roothash}" -p RootImagePolicy='root=signed' -p MountAPIVFS=yes cat /usr/lib/os-release | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
-(! systemd-run --wait -P -p RootImage="${image}.gpt" -p RootHash="${roothash}" -p RootImagePolicy='root=encrypted' -p MountAPIVFS=yes cat /usr/lib/os-release | grep -q -F "MARKER=1")
-
-systemd-dissect --root-hash "${roothash}" --mount "${image}.gpt" "${image_dir}/mount"
-grep -q -F -f "$os_release" "${image_dir}/mount/usr/lib/os-release"
-grep -q -F -f "$os_release" "${image_dir}/mount/etc/os-release"
-grep -q -F "MARKER=1" "${image_dir}/mount/usr/lib/os-release"
-systemd-dissect --umount "${image_dir}/mount"
-
-systemd-dissect --root-hash "${roothash}" --mount "${image}.gpt" --in-memory "${image_dir}/mount"
-grep -q -F -f "$os_release" "${image_dir}/mount/usr/lib/os-release"
-grep -q -F -f "$os_release" "${image_dir}/mount/etc/os-release"
-grep -q -F "MARKER=1" "${image_dir}/mount/usr/lib/os-release"
-systemd-dissect --umount "${image_dir}/mount"
-
-# add explicit -p MountAPIVFS=yes once to test the parser
-systemd-run -P -p RootImage="${image}.gpt" -p RootHash="${roothash}" -p MountAPIVFS=yes cat /usr/lib/os-release | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
-
-systemd-run -P -p RootImage="${image}.raw" -p RootImageOptions="root:nosuid,dev home:ro,dev ro,noatime" mount | grep -F "squashfs" | grep -q -F "nosuid"
-systemd-run -P -p RootImage="${image}.gpt" -p RootImageOptions="root:ro,noatime root:ro,dev" mount | grep -F "squashfs" | grep -q -F "noatime"
-
-mkdir -p "${image_dir}/result"
-cat >/run/systemd/system/testservice-50a.service <<EOF
-[Service]
-Type=oneshot
-ExecStart=bash -c "mount >/run/result/a"
-BindPaths=${image_dir}/result:/run/result
-TemporaryFileSystem=/run
-RootImage=${image}.raw
-RootImageOptions=root:ro,noatime home:ro,dev relatime,dev
-RootImageOptions=nosuid,dev
-EOF
-systemctl start testservice-50a.service
-grep -F "squashfs" "${image_dir}/result/a" | grep -q -F "noatime"
-grep -F "squashfs" "${image_dir}/result/a" | grep -q -F -v "nosuid"
-
-cat >/run/systemd/system/testservice-50b.service <<EOF
-[Service]
-Type=oneshot
-ExecStart=bash -c "mount >/run/result/b"
-BindPaths=${image_dir}/result:/run/result
-TemporaryFileSystem=/run
-RootImage=${image}.gpt
-RootImageOptions=root:ro,noatime,nosuid home:ro,dev nosuid,dev
-RootImageOptions=home:ro,dev nosuid,dev,%%foo
-# this is the default, but let's specify once to test the parser
-MountAPIVFS=yes
-EOF
-systemctl start testservice-50b.service
-grep -F "squashfs" "${image_dir}/result/b" | grep -q -F "noatime"
-
-# Check that specifier escape is applied %%foo → %foo
-busctl get-property org.freedesktop.systemd1 /org/freedesktop/systemd1/unit/testservice_2d50b_2eservice org.freedesktop.systemd1.Service RootImageOptions | grep -F "nosuid,dev,%foo"
-
-# Now do some checks with MountImages, both by itself, with options and in combination with RootImage, and as single FS or GPT image
-systemd-run -P -p MountImages="${image}.gpt:/run/img1 ${image}.raw:/run/img2" cat /run/img1/usr/lib/os-release | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
-systemd-run -P -p MountImages="${image}.gpt:/run/img1 ${image}.raw:/run/img2" cat /run/img2/usr/lib/os-release | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
-systemd-run -P -p MountImages="${image}.gpt:/run/img1 ${image}.raw:/run/img2:nosuid,dev" mount | grep -F "squashfs" | grep -q -F "nosuid"
-systemd-run -P -p MountImages="${image}.gpt:/run/img1:root:nosuid ${image}.raw:/run/img2:home:suid" mount | grep -F "squashfs" | grep -q -F "nosuid"
-systemd-run -P -p MountImages="${image}.raw:/run/img2\:3" cat /run/img2:3/usr/lib/os-release | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
-systemd-run -P -p MountImages="${image}.raw:/run/img2\:3:nosuid" mount | grep -F "squashfs" | grep -q -F "nosuid"
-systemd-run -P -p TemporaryFileSystem=/run -p RootImage="${image}.raw" -p MountImages="${image}.gpt:/run/img1 ${image}.raw:/run/img2" cat /usr/lib/os-release | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
-systemd-run -P -p TemporaryFileSystem=/run -p RootImage="${image}.raw" -p MountImages="${image}.gpt:/run/img1 ${image}.raw:/run/img2" cat /run/img1/usr/lib/os-release | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
-systemd-run -P -p TemporaryFileSystem=/run -p RootImage="${image}.gpt" -p RootHash="${roothash}" -p MountImages="${image}.gpt:/run/img1 ${image}.raw:/run/img2" cat /run/img2/usr/lib/os-release | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
-cat >/run/systemd/system/testservice-50c.service <<EOF
-[Service]
-MountAPIVFS=yes
-TemporaryFileSystem=/run
-RootImage=${image}.raw
-MountImages=${image}.gpt:/run/img1:root:noatime:home:relatime
-MountImages=${image}.raw:/run/img2\:3:nosuid
-ExecStart=bash -c "cat /run/img1/usr/lib/os-release >/run/result/c"
-ExecStart=bash -c "cat /run/img2:3/usr/lib/os-release >>/run/result/c"
-ExecStart=bash -c "mount >>/run/result/c"
-BindPaths=${image_dir}/result:/run/result
-Type=oneshot
-EOF
-systemctl start testservice-50c.service
-grep -q -F "MARKER=1" "${image_dir}/result/c"
-grep -F "squashfs" "${image_dir}/result/c" | grep -q -F "noatime"
-grep -F "squashfs" "${image_dir}/result/c" | grep -q -F -v "nosuid"
-
-# Adding a new mounts at runtime works if the unit is in the active state,
-# so use Type=notify to make sure there's no race condition in the test
-cat >/run/systemd/system/testservice-50d.service <<EOF
-[Service]
-RuntimeMaxSec=300
-Type=notify
-RemainAfterExit=yes
-MountAPIVFS=yes
-PrivateTmp=yes
-ExecStart=/bin/sh -c ' \\
-    systemd-notify --ready; \\
-    while [ ! -f /tmp/img/usr/lib/os-release ] || ! grep -q -F MARKER /tmp/img/usr/lib/os-release; do \\
-        sleep 0.1; \\
-    done; \\
-    mount; \\
-    mount | grep -F "on /tmp/img type squashfs" | grep -q -F "nosuid"; \\
-'
-EOF
-systemctl start testservice-50d.service
-
-# Mount twice to exercise mount-beneath (on kernel 6.5+, on older kernels it will just overmount)
-mkdir -p /tmp/wrong/foo
-mksquashfs /tmp/wrong/foo /tmp/wrong.raw
-systemctl mount-image --mkdir testservice-50d.service /tmp/wrong.raw /tmp/img
-test "$(systemctl show -P SubState testservice-50d.service)" = "running"
-systemctl mount-image --mkdir testservice-50d.service "${image}.raw" /tmp/img root:nosuid
-
-while systemctl show -P SubState testservice-50d.service | grep -q running
-do
-    sleep 0.1
-done
-
-systemctl is-active testservice-50d.service
-
-# ExtensionImages will set up an overlay
-systemd-run -P --property ExtensionImages=/usr/share/app0.raw --property RootImage="${image}.raw" cat /opt/script0.sh | grep -q -F "extension-release.app0"
-systemd-run -P --property ExtensionImages=/usr/share/app0.raw --property RootImage="${image}.raw" cat /usr/lib/systemd/system/some_file | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
-systemd-run -P --property ExtensionImages="/usr/share/app0.raw /usr/share/app1.raw" --property RootImage="${image}.raw" cat /opt/script0.sh | grep -q -F "extension-release.app0"
-systemd-run -P --property ExtensionImages="/usr/share/app0.raw /usr/share/app1.raw" --property RootImage="${image}.raw" cat /usr/lib/systemd/system/some_file | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
-systemd-run -P --property ExtensionImages="/usr/share/app0.raw /usr/share/app1.raw" --property RootImage="${image}.raw" cat /opt/script1.sh | grep -q -F "extension-release.app2"
-systemd-run -P --property ExtensionImages="/usr/share/app0.raw /usr/share/app1.raw" --property RootImage="${image}.raw" cat /usr/lib/systemd/system/other_file | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
-systemd-run -P --property ExtensionImages=/usr/share/app-nodistro.raw --property RootImage="${image}.raw" cat /usr/lib/systemd/system/some_file | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
-systemd-run -P --property ExtensionImages=/etc/service-scoped-test.raw --property RootImage="${image}.raw" cat /etc/systemd/system/some_file | grep -q -F "MARKER_CONFEXT_123"
-# Check that using a symlink to NAME-VERSION.raw works as long as the symlink has the correct name NAME.raw
-mkdir -p /usr/share/symlink-test/
-cp /usr/share/app-nodistro.raw /usr/share/symlink-test/app-nodistro-v1.raw
-ln -fs /usr/share/symlink-test/app-nodistro-v1.raw /usr/share/symlink-test/app-nodistro.raw
-systemd-run -P --property ExtensionImages=/usr/share/symlink-test/app-nodistro.raw --property RootImage="${image}.raw" cat /usr/lib/systemd/system/some_file | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
-
-# Symlink check again but for confext
-mkdir -p /etc/symlink-test/
-cp /etc/service-scoped-test.raw /etc/symlink-test/service-scoped-test-v1.raw
-ln -fs /etc/symlink-test/service-scoped-test-v1.raw /etc/symlink-test/service-scoped-test.raw
-systemd-run -P --property ExtensionImages=/etc/symlink-test/service-scoped-test.raw --property RootImage="${image}.raw" cat /etc/systemd/system/some_file | grep -q -F "MARKER_CONFEXT_123"
-# And again mixing sysext and confext
-systemd-run -P \
-    --property ExtensionImages=/usr/share/symlink-test/app-nodistro.raw \
-    --property ExtensionImages=/etc/symlink-test/service-scoped-test.raw \
-    --property RootImage="${image}.raw" cat /etc/systemd/system/some_file | grep -q -F "MARKER_CONFEXT_123"
-systemd-run -P \
-    --property ExtensionImages=/usr/share/symlink-test/app-nodistro.raw \
-    --property ExtensionImages=/etc/symlink-test/service-scoped-test.raw \
-    --property RootImage="${image}.raw" cat /usr/lib/systemd/system/some_file | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
-
-cat >/run/systemd/system/testservice-50e.service <<EOF
-[Service]
-MountAPIVFS=yes
-TemporaryFileSystem=/run /var/lib
-StateDirectory=app0
-RootImage=${image}.raw
-ExtensionImages=/usr/share/app0.raw /usr/share/app1.raw:nosuid
-# Relevant only for sanitizer runs
-UnsetEnvironment=LD_PRELOAD
-ExecStart=/bin/bash -c '/opt/script0.sh | grep ID'
-ExecStart=/bin/bash -c '/opt/script1.sh | grep ID'
-Type=oneshot
-RemainAfterExit=yes
-EOF
-systemctl start testservice-50e.service
-systemctl is-active testservice-50e.service
-
-# ExtensionDirectories will set up an overlay
-mkdir -p "${image_dir}/app0" "${image_dir}/app1" "${image_dir}/app-nodistro" "${image_dir}/service-scoped-test"
-(! systemd-run -P --property ExtensionDirectories="${image_dir}/nonexistent" --property RootImage="${image}.raw" cat /opt/script0.sh)
-(! systemd-run -P --property ExtensionDirectories="${image_dir}/app0" --property RootImage="${image}.raw" cat /opt/script0.sh)
-systemd-dissect --mount /usr/share/app0.raw "${image_dir}/app0"
-systemd-dissect --mount /usr/share/app1.raw "${image_dir}/app1"
-systemd-dissect --mount /usr/share/app-nodistro.raw "${image_dir}/app-nodistro"
-systemd-dissect --mount /etc/service-scoped-test.raw "${image_dir}/service-scoped-test"
-systemd-run -P --property ExtensionDirectories="${image_dir}/app0" --property RootImage="${image}.raw" cat /opt/script0.sh | grep -q -F "extension-release.app0"
-systemd-run -P --property ExtensionDirectories="${image_dir}/app0" --property RootImage="${image}.raw" cat /usr/lib/systemd/system/some_file | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
-systemd-run -P --property ExtensionDirectories="${image_dir}/app0 ${image_dir}/app1" --property RootImage="${image}.raw" cat /opt/script0.sh | grep -q -F "extension-release.app0"
-systemd-run -P --property ExtensionDirectories="${image_dir}/app0 ${image_dir}/app1" --property RootImage="${image}.raw" cat /usr/lib/systemd/system/some_file | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
-systemd-run -P --property ExtensionDirectories="${image_dir}/app0 ${image_dir}/app1" --property RootImage="${image}.raw" cat /opt/script1.sh | grep -q -F "extension-release.app2"
-systemd-run -P --property ExtensionDirectories="${image_dir}/app0 ${image_dir}/app1" --property RootImage="${image}.raw" cat /usr/lib/systemd/system/other_file | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
-systemd-run -P --property ExtensionDirectories="${image_dir}/app-nodistro" --property RootImage="${image}.raw" cat /usr/lib/systemd/system/some_file | grep -q -F "MARKER=1"
-systemd-run -P --property ExtensionDirectories="${image_dir}/service-scoped-test" --property RootImage="${image}.raw" cat /etc/systemd/system/some_file | grep -q -F "MARKER_CONFEXT_123"
-cat >/run/systemd/system/testservice-50f.service <<EOF
-[Service]
-MountAPIVFS=yes
-TemporaryFileSystem=/run /var/lib
-StateDirectory=app0
-RootImage=${image}.raw
-ExtensionDirectories=${image_dir}/app0 ${image_dir}/app1
-# Relevant only for sanitizer runs
-UnsetEnvironment=LD_PRELOAD
-ExecStart=/bin/bash -c '/opt/script0.sh | grep ID'
-ExecStart=/bin/bash -c '/opt/script1.sh | grep ID'
-Type=oneshot
-RemainAfterExit=yes
-EOF
-systemctl start testservice-50f.service
-systemctl is-active testservice-50f.service
-systemd-dissect --umount "${image_dir}/app0"
-systemd-dissect --umount "${image_dir}/app1"
-
-# Test that an extension consisting of an empty directory under /etc/extensions/ takes precedence
-mkdir -p /var/lib/extensions/
-ln -s /usr/share/app-nodistro.raw /var/lib/extensions/app-nodistro.raw
-systemd-sysext merge
-grep -q -F "MARKER=1" /usr/lib/systemd/system/some_file
-systemd-sysext unmerge
-mkdir -p /etc/extensions/app-nodistro
-systemd-sysext merge
-test ! -e /usr/lib/systemd/system/some_file
-systemd-sysext unmerge
-rmdir /etc/extensions/app-nodistro
-
-# Similar, but go via varlink
-varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.sysext io.systemd.sysext.List '{}'
-(! grep -q -F "MARKER=1" /usr/lib/systemd/system/some_file )
-varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.sysext io.systemd.sysext.Merge '{}'
-grep -q -F "MARKER=1" /usr/lib/systemd/system/some_file
-varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.sysext io.systemd.sysext.Refresh '{}'
-grep -q -F "MARKER=1" /usr/lib/systemd/system/some_file
-varlinkctl call /run/systemd/io.systemd.sysext io.systemd.sysext.Unmerge '{}'
-(! grep -q -F "MARKER=1" /usr/lib/systemd/system/some_file )
-
-# Check that extensions cannot contain os-release
-mkdir -p /run/extensions/app-reject/usr/lib/{extension-release.d/,systemd/system}
-echo "ID=_any" >/run/extensions/app-reject/usr/lib/extension-release.d/extension-release.app-reject
-echo "ID=_any" >/run/extensions/app-reject/usr/lib/os-release
-touch /run/extensions/app-reject/usr/lib/systemd/system/other_file
-(! systemd-sysext merge)
-test ! -e /usr/lib/systemd/system/some_file
-test ! -e /usr/lib/systemd/system/other_file
-systemd-sysext unmerge
-rm -rf /run/extensions/app-reject
-rm /var/lib/extensions/app-nodistro.raw
-
-mkdir -p /run/machines /run/portables /run/extensions
-touch /run/machines/a.raw /run/portables/b.raw /run/extensions/c.raw
-
-systemd-dissect --discover --json=short >/tmp/discover.json
-grep -q -F '{"name":"a","type":"raw","class":"machine","ro":false,"path":"/run/machines/a.raw"' /tmp/discover.json
-grep -q -F '{"name":"b","type":"raw","class":"portable","ro":false,"path":"/run/portables/b.raw"' /tmp/discover.json
-grep -q -F '{"name":"c","type":"raw","class":"sysext","ro":false,"path":"/run/extensions/c.raw"' /tmp/discover.json
-rm /tmp/discover.json /run/machines/a.raw /run/portables/b.raw /run/extensions/c.raw
-
-# Check that the /sbin/mount.ddi helper works
-T="/tmp/mounthelper.$RANDOM"
-mount -t ddi "${image}.gpt" "$T" -o ro,X-mount.mkdir,discard
-umount -R "$T"
-rmdir "$T"
-
-LOOP="$(systemd-dissect --attach --loop-ref=waldo "${image}.raw")"
-
-# Wait until the symlinks we want to test are established
-udevadm trigger -w "$LOOP"
-
-# Check if the /dev/loop/* symlinks really reference the right device
-test /dev/disk/by-loop-ref/waldo -ef "$LOOP"
-
-if [ "$(stat -c '%Hd:%Ld' "${image}.raw")" != '?d:?d' ] ; then
-   # Old stat didn't know the %Hd and %Ld specifiers and turned them into ?d
-   # instead. Let's simply skip the test on such old systems.
-   test "$(stat -c '/dev/disk/by-loop-inode/%Hd:%Ld-%i' "${image}.raw")" -ef "$LOOP"
-fi
-
-# Detach by loopback device
-systemd-dissect --detach "$LOOP"
-
-# Test long reference name.
-# Note, sizeof_field(struct loop_info64, lo_file_name) == 64,
-# and --loop-ref accepts upto 63 characters, and udev creates symlink
-# based on the name when it has upto _62_ characters.
-name="$(for _ in {1..62}; do echo -n 'x'; done)"
-LOOP="$(systemd-dissect --attach --loop-ref="$name" "${image}.raw")"
-udevadm trigger -w "$LOOP"
-
-# Check if the /dev/disk/by-loop-ref/$name symlink really references the right device
-test "/dev/disk/by-loop-ref/$name" -ef "$LOOP"
-
-# Detach by the /dev/disk/by-loop-ref symlink
-systemd-dissect --detach "/dev/disk/by-loop-ref/$name"
-
-name="$(for _ in {1..63}; do echo -n 'x'; done)"
-LOOP="$(systemd-dissect --attach --loop-ref="$name" "${image}.raw")"
-udevadm trigger -w "$LOOP"
-
-# Check if the /dev/disk/by-loop-ref/$name symlink does not exist
-test ! -e "/dev/disk/by-loop-ref/$name"
-
-# Detach by backing inode
-systemd-dissect --detach "${image}.raw"
-(! systemd-dissect --detach "${image}.raw")
-
-# check for confext functionality
-mkdir -p /run/confexts/test/etc/extension-release.d
-echo "ID=_any" >/run/confexts/test/etc/extension-release.d/extension-release.test
-echo "ARCHITECTURE=_any" >>/run/confexts/test/etc/extension-release.d/extension-release.test
-echo "MARKER_CONFEXT_123" >/run/confexts/test/etc/testfile
-cat <<EOF >/run/confexts/test/etc/testscript
-#!/bin/bash
-echo "This should not happen"
-EOF
-chmod +x /run/confexts/test/etc/testscript
-systemd-confext merge
-grep -q -F "MARKER_CONFEXT_123" /etc/testfile
-(! /etc/testscript)
-systemd-confext status
-systemd-confext unmerge
-rm -rf /run/confexts/
-
-unsquashfs -no-xattrs -d /tmp/img "${image}.raw"
-systemd-run --unit=test-root-ephemeral \
-    -p RootDirectory=/tmp/img \
-    -p RootEphemeral=yes \
-    -p Type=exec \
-    bash -c "touch /abc && sleep infinity"
-test -n "$(ls -A /var/lib/systemd/ephemeral-trees)"
-systemctl stop test-root-ephemeral
-# shellcheck disable=SC2016
-timeout 10 bash -c 'until test -z "$(ls -A /var/lib/systemd/ephemeral-trees)"; do sleep .5; done'
-test ! -f /tmp/img/abc
-
-systemd-dissect --mtree /tmp/img
-systemd-dissect --list /tmp/img
-
-read -r SHA256SUM1 _ < <(systemd-dissect --copy-from /tmp/img etc/os-release | sha256sum)
-test "$SHA256SUM1" != ""
-
-echo abc > abc
-systemd-dissect --copy-to /tmp/img abc /abc
-test -f /tmp/img/abc
-
-# Test for dissect tool support with systemd-sysext
-mkdir -p /run/extensions/ testkit/usr/lib/extension-release.d/
-echo "ID=_any" >testkit/usr/lib/extension-release.d/extension-release.testkit
-echo "ARCHITECTURE=_any" >>testkit/usr/lib/extension-release.d/extension-release.testkit
-echo "MARKER_SYSEXT_123" >testkit/usr/lib/testfile
-mksquashfs testkit/ testkit.raw
-cp testkit.raw /run/extensions/
-unsquashfs -l /run/extensions/testkit.raw
-systemd-dissect --no-pager /run/extensions/testkit.raw | grep -q '✓ sysext for portable service'
-systemd-dissect --no-pager /run/extensions/testkit.raw | grep -q '✓ sysext for system'
-systemd-sysext merge
-systemd-sysext status
-grep -q -F "MARKER_SYSEXT_123" /usr/lib/testfile
-systemd-sysext unmerge
-rm -rf /run/extensions/ testkit/
-
-# Test for dissect tool support with systemd-confext
-mkdir -p /run/confexts/ testjob/etc/extension-release.d/
-echo "ID=_any" >testjob/etc/extension-release.d/extension-release.testjob
-echo "ARCHITECTURE=_any" >>testjob/etc/extension-release.d/extension-release.testjob
-echo "MARKER_CONFEXT_123" >testjob/etc/testfile
-mksquashfs testjob/ testjob.raw
-cp testjob.raw /run/confexts/
-unsquashfs -l /run/confexts/testjob.raw
-systemd-dissect --no-pager /run/confexts/testjob.raw | grep -q '✓ confext for system'
-systemd-dissect --no-pager /run/confexts/testjob.raw | grep -q '✓ confext for portable service'
-systemd-confext merge
-systemd-confext status
-grep -q -F "MARKER_CONFEXT_123" /etc/testfile
-systemd-confext unmerge
-rm -rf /run/confexts/ testjob/
-
-systemd-run -P -p RootImage="${image}.raw" cat /run/host/os-release | cmp "${os_release}"
-
-# Test that systemd-sysext reloads the daemon.
-mkdir -p /var/lib/extensions/
-ln -s /usr/share/app-reload.raw /var/lib/extensions/app-reload.raw
-systemd-sysext merge --no-reload
-# the service should not be running
-if systemctl --quiet is-active foo.service; then
-    echo "foo.service should not be active"
-    exit 1
-fi
-systemd-sysext unmerge --no-reload
-systemd-sysext merge
-for RETRY in $(seq 60) LAST; do
-  if [[ "$(journalctl --boot _SYSTEMD_UNIT="foo.service" + SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER="sysext-foo" -p info -o cat)" == "foo" ]]; then
-    break
-  fi
-  if [ "${RETRY}" = LAST ]; then
-    echo "Output of foo.service not found"
-    exit 1
-  fi
-  sleep 0.5
-done
-systemd-sysext unmerge --no-reload
-# Grep on the Warning to find the warning helper mentioning the daemon reload.
-systemctl status foo.service 2>&1 | grep -q -F "Warning"
-systemd-sysext merge
-systemd-sysext unmerge
-systemctl status foo.service 2>&1 | grep -v -q -F "Warning"
-rm /var/lib/extensions/app-reload.raw
-
-# Test systemd-repart --make-ddi=:
-if command -v mksquashfs >/dev/null 2>&1; then
-
-    openssl req -config "$OPENSSL_CONFIG" -subj="/CN=waldo" -x509 -sha256 -nodes -days 365 -newkey rsa:4096 -keyout /tmp/test-50-privkey.key -out /tmp/test-50-cert.crt
-
-    mkdir -p /tmp/test-50-confext/etc/extension-release.d/
-
-    echo "foobar50" > /tmp/test-50-confext/etc/waldo
-
-    ( grep -e '^\(ID\|VERSION_ID\)=' /etc/os-release ; echo IMAGE_ID=waldo ; echo IMAGE_VERSION=7 ) > /tmp/test-50-confext/etc/extension-release.d/extension-release.waldo
-
-    mkdir -p /run/confexts
-
-    SYSTEMD_REPART_OVERRIDE_FSTYPE=squashfs systemd-repart -C -s /tmp/test-50-confext --certificate=/tmp/test-50-cert.crt --private-key=/tmp/test-50-privkey.key /run/confexts/waldo.confext.raw
-    rm -rf /tmp/test-50-confext
-
-    mkdir -p /run/verity.d
-    cp /tmp/test-50-cert.crt /run/verity.d/
-    systemd-dissect --mtree /run/confexts/waldo.confext.raw
-
-    systemd-confext refresh
-
-    read -r X < /etc/waldo
-    test "$X" = foobar50
-
-    rm /run/confexts/waldo.confext.raw
-
-    systemd-confext refresh
-
-    (! test -f /etc/waldo )
-
-    mkdir -p /tmp/test-50-sysext/usr/lib/extension-release.d/
-
-    # Make sure the sysext is big enough to not fit in the minimum partition size of repart so we know the
-    # Minimize= logic is working.
-    truncate --size=50M /tmp/test-50-sysext/usr/waldo
-
-    ( grep -e '^\(ID\|VERSION_ID\)=' /etc/os-release ; echo IMAGE_ID=waldo ; echo IMAGE_VERSION=7 ) > /tmp/test-50-sysext/usr/lib/extension-release.d/extension-release.waldo
-
-    mkdir -p /run/extensions
-
-    SYSTEMD_REPART_OVERRIDE_FSTYPE=squashfs systemd-repart -S -s /tmp/test-50-sysext --certificate=/tmp/test-50-cert.crt --private-key=/tmp/test-50-privkey.key /run/extensions/waldo.sysext.raw
-
-    systemd-dissect --mtree /run/extensions/waldo.sysext.raw
-
-    systemd-sysext refresh
-
-    test -f /usr/waldo
-
-    rm /run/verity.d/test-50-cert.crt /run/extensions/waldo.sysext.raw /tmp/test-50-cert.crt /tmp/test-50-privkey.key
-
-    systemd-sysext refresh
-
-    (! test -f /usr/waldo)
-fi
-
-# Sneak in a couple of expected-to-fail invocations to cover
-# https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/29610
-(! systemd-run -P -p MountImages="/this/should/definitely/not/exist.img:/run/img2\:3:nosuid" false)
-(! systemd-run -P -p ExtensionImages="/this/should/definitely/not/exist.img" false)
-(! systemd-run -P -p RootImage="/this/should/definitely/not/exist.img" false)
-(! systemd-run -P -p ExtensionDirectories="/foo/bar /foo/baz" false)
-
-touch /testok
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-52.service b/test/units/testsuite-52.service
deleted file mode 100644
index b9f2909..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-52.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=Testsuite service
-
-[Service]
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-53.service b/test/units/testsuite-53.service
deleted file mode 100644
index cf3adbb..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-53.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-53-ISSUE-16347
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-54.service b/test/units/testsuite-54.service
deleted file mode 100644
index ba8cdad..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-54.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TESTSUITE-54-CREDS
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-55.service b/test/units/testsuite-55.service
deleted file mode 100644
index 00fb499..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-55.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TESTSUITE-55-OOMD
-After=user@4711.service
-Wants=user@4711.service
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /skipped /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-58.service b/test/units/testsuite-58.service
deleted file mode 100644
index f843527..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-58.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-58-REPART
-
-[Service]
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-59.service b/test/units/testsuite-59.service
deleted file mode 100644
index f85cfab..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-59.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-59-RELOADING-RESTART
-
-[Service]
-Type=oneshot
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-60.service b/test/units/testsuite-60.service
deleted file mode 100644
index 1a929e4..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-60.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-60-MOUNT-RATELIMIT
-
-[Service]
-Type=oneshot
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-62-1.service b/test/units/testsuite-62-1.service
deleted file mode 100644
index fa3a7e7..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-62-1.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-62-RESTRICT-IFACES-all-pings-work
-[Service]
-ExecStart=/bin/sh -c 'ping -c 1 -W 0.2 192.168.113.1'
-ExecStart=/bin/sh -c 'ping -c 1 -W 0.2 192.168.113.5'
-ExecStart=/bin/sh -c 'ping -c 1 -W 0.2 192.168.113.9'
-RestrictNetworkInterfaces=
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-62.service b/test/units/testsuite-62.service
deleted file mode 100644
index 5c3f94d..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-62.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-62-RESTRICT-IFACES
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-63.service b/test/units/testsuite-63.service
deleted file mode 100644
index 483c6a8..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-63.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-63-PATH
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-64.service b/test/units/testsuite-64.service
deleted file mode 100644
index f75a3d7..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-64.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-64-UDEV
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-65.service b/test/units/testsuite-65.service
deleted file mode 100644
index 3610baf..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-65.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-65-ANALYZE
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-66-deviceisolation.service b/test/units/testsuite-66-deviceisolation.service
deleted file mode 100644
index 2d815a9..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-66-deviceisolation.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=Service that uses device isolation
-
-[Service]
-DevicePolicy=strict
-DeviceAllow=/dev/null r
-StandardOutput=file:/tmp/testsuite66serviceresults
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /tmp/testsuite66serviceresults
-ExecStart=/bin/bash -c "while true; do sleep 0.01 && echo meow >/dev/null && echo thisshouldnotbehere; done"
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-66.service b/test/units/testsuite-66.service
deleted file mode 100644
index 7e9dc3b..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-66.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TESTSUITE-66-DEVICEISOLATION
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-67.service b/test/units/testsuite-67.service
deleted file mode 100644
index 82f998e..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-67.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-67-INTEGRITY
-After=multi-user.target
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-68.service b/test/units/testsuite-68.service
deleted file mode 100644
index 2d86e1f..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-68.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-68-PROPAGATE-EXIT-STATUS
-
-[Service]
-Type=oneshot
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-69.service b/test/units/testsuite-69.service
deleted file mode 100644
index 7aa0664..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-69.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-69-SHUTDOWN
-
-[Service]
-Type=oneshot
-ExecStart=/bin/true
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-70.service b/test/units/testsuite-70.service
deleted file mode 100644
index c13c2d5..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-70.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-70-TPM2
-
-[Service]
-Type=oneshot
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-71.service b/test/units/testsuite-71.service
deleted file mode 100644
index 1718629..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-71.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-71-HOSTNAME
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-72.service b/test/units/testsuite-72.service
deleted file mode 100644
index 1640350..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-72.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-72-SYSUPDATE
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-73.service b/test/units/testsuite-73.service
deleted file mode 100644
index 3ebd24d..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-73.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-73-LOCALE
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-74.service b/test/units/testsuite-74.service
deleted file mode 100644
index f782132..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-74.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-74-AUX-UTILS
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-75.service b/test/units/testsuite-75.service
deleted file mode 100644
index 111cde3..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-75.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=Tests for systemd-resolved
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-76.service b/test/units/testsuite-76.service
deleted file mode 100644
index 3c8a9e8..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-76.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-76-SYSCTL
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-77-client.sh b/test/units/testsuite-77-client.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 0d9487a..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-77-client.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-set -eux
-set -o pipefail
-
-# shellcheck source=test/units/util.sh
-. "$(dirname "$0")"/util.sh
-
-export SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL=debug
-
-assert_eq "$LISTEN_FDS" "1"
-assert_eq "$LISTEN_FDNAMES" "socket"
-read -r -u 3 text
-assert_eq "$text" "Socket"
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-77-run.sh b/test/units/testsuite-77-run.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index fadd34d..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-77-run.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-set -eux
-set -o pipefail
-
-# shellcheck source=test/units/util.sh
-. "$(dirname "$0")"/util.sh
-
-export SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL=debug
-
-assert_eq "$LISTEN_FDS" "1"
-assert_eq "$LISTEN_FDNAMES" "new-file"
-read -r -u 3 text
-assert_eq "$text" "New"
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-77-server.socket b/test/units/testsuite-77-server.socket
deleted file mode 100644
index 4305077..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-77-server.socket
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-77-OPENFILE server socket
-
-[Socket]
-ListenStream=/tmp/test.sock
-Accept=yes
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-77-server@.service b/test/units/testsuite-77-server@.service
deleted file mode 100644
index 8e99ac8..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-77-server@.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-77-OPENFILE server
-
-[Service]
-ExecStart=echo "Socket"
-StandardInput=socket
-StandardOutput=socket
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-77.service b/test/units/testsuite-77.service
deleted file mode 100644
index 6ed8add..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-77.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-77-OPENFILE
-
-[Service]
-OpenFile=/test-77-open.dat:open:read-only
-OpenFile=/test-77-file.dat
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-77.sh b/test/units/testsuite-77.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 2b85a8c..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-77.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-set -eux
-set -o pipefail
-
-# shellcheck source=test/units/util.sh
-. "$(dirname "$0")"/util.sh
-
-export SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL=debug
-
-assert_eq "$LISTEN_FDS" "2"
-assert_eq "$LISTEN_FDNAMES" "open:test-77-file.dat"
-read -r -u 3 text
-assert_eq "$text" "Open"
-read -r -u 4 text
-assert_eq "$text" "File"
-
-# Test for socket
-systemctl start testsuite-77-server.socket
-systemd-run -p OpenFile=/tmp/test.sock:socket:read-only \
-            --wait \
-            --pipe \
-            /usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/testsuite-77-client.sh
-
-# Tests for D-Bus
-diff <(systemctl show -p OpenFile testsuite-77) - <<EOF
-OpenFile=/test-77-open.dat:open:read-only
-OpenFile=/test-77-file.dat
-EOF
-echo "New" >/test-77-new-file.dat
-systemd-run --wait -p OpenFile=/test-77-new-file.dat:new-file:read-only "$(dirname "$0")"/testsuite-77-run.sh
-
-assert_rc 202 systemd-run --wait -p OpenFile=/test-77-new-file.dat:new-file:read-only -p OpenFile=/test-77-mssing-file.dat:missing-file:read-only "$(dirname "$0")"/testsuite-77-run.sh
-
-assert_rc 0 systemd-run --wait -p OpenFile=/test-77-new-file.dat:new-file:read-only -p OpenFile=/test-77-mssing-file.dat:missing-file:read-only,graceful "$(dirname "$0")"/testsuite-77-run.sh
-
-# End
-touch /testok
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-78.service b/test/units/testsuite-78.service
deleted file mode 100644
index 05f3eff..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-78.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-78-SIGQUEUE
-
-[Service]
-Type=oneshot
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-79.service b/test/units/testsuite-79.service
deleted file mode 100644
index f2d24df..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-79.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-79-MEMPRESS
-
-[Service]
-Type=oneshot
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-MemoryAccounting=1
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-80.service b/test/units/testsuite-80.service
deleted file mode 100644
index 4c7f5d5..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-80.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-80-NOTIFYACCESS
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-81.service b/test/units/testsuite-81.service
deleted file mode 100644
index 3b697b3..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-81.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-81-GENERATORS
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-82.service b/test/units/testsuite-82.service
deleted file mode 100644
index a8fc4f9..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-82.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-82-SOFTREBOOT
-DefaultDependencies=no
-After=basic.target
-
-[Service]
-Type=oneshot
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-FileDescriptorStoreMax=3
-NotifyAccess=all
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-83.service b/test/units/testsuite-83.service
deleted file mode 100644
index 55ebb45..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-83.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-83-BTRFS
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/testsuite-84.service b/test/units/testsuite-84.service
deleted file mode 100644
index 2c25770..0000000
--- a/test/units/testsuite-84.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
-[Unit]
-Description=TEST-84-STORAGETM
-After=multi-user.target
-
-[Service]
-ExecStartPre=rm -f /failed /testok
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/%N.sh
-Type=oneshot
diff --git a/test/units/unit-with-multiple-dashes.service b/test/units/unit-with-multiple-dashes.service
index 4aca904..9ac3c8c 100644
--- a/test/units/unit-with-multiple-dashes.service
+++ b/test/units/unit-with-multiple-dashes.service
@@ -4,4 +4,4 @@ Description=A unit with multiple dashes
 Documentation=man:test
 
 [Service]
-ExecStart=/bin/true
+ExecStart=true
diff --git a/test/units/util.sh b/test/units/util.sh
index b5ed732..f5f6786 100755
--- a/test/units/util.sh
+++ b/test/units/util.sh
@@ -28,6 +28,15 @@ assert_eq() {(
     fi
 )}
 
+assert_le() {(
+    set +ex
+
+    if [[ "${1:?}" -gt "${2:?}" ]]; then
+        echo "FAIL: '$1' > '$2'" >&2
+        exit 1
+    fi
+)}
+
 assert_in() {(
     set +ex
 
@@ -147,13 +156,13 @@ coverage_create_nspawn_dropin() {
 create_dummy_container() {
     local root="${1:?}"
 
-    if [[ ! -d /testsuite-13-container-template ]]; then
+    if [[ ! -d /usr/share/TEST-13-NSPAWN-container-template ]]; then
         echo >&2 "Missing container template, probably not running in TEST-13-NSPAWN?"
         exit 1
     fi
 
     mkdir -p "$root"
-    cp -a /testsuite-13-container-template/* "$root"
+    cp -a /usr/share/TEST-13-NSPAWN-container-template/* "$root"
     coverage_create_nspawn_dropin "$root"
 }
 
@@ -216,3 +225,156 @@ kernel_supports_lsm() {
 
     return 1
 }
+
+install_extension_images() {
+        local os_release
+        os_release="$(test -e /etc/os-release && echo /etc/os-release || echo /usr/lib/os-release)"
+
+        # Rolling distros like Arch do not set VERSION_ID
+        local version_id=""
+        if grep -q "^VERSION_ID=" "$os_release"; then
+            version_id="$(grep "^VERSION_ID=" "$os_release")"
+        fi
+
+        local initdir="/var/tmp/app0"
+        mkdir -p "$initdir/usr/lib/extension-release.d" "$initdir/usr/lib/systemd/system" "$initdir/opt"
+        grep "^ID=" "$os_release" >"$initdir/usr/lib/extension-release.d/extension-release.app0"
+        echo "$version_id" >>"$initdir/usr/lib/extension-release.d/extension-release.app0"
+        (
+            echo "$version_id"
+            echo "SYSEXT_IMAGE_ID=app"
+        ) >>"$initdir/usr/lib/extension-release.d/extension-release.app0"
+        cat >"$initdir/usr/lib/systemd/system/app0.service" <<EOF
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+RemainAfterExit=yes
+ExecStart=/opt/script0.sh
+TemporaryFileSystem=/var/lib
+StateDirectory=app0
+RuntimeDirectory=app0
+EOF
+        cat >"$initdir/opt/script0.sh" <<EOF
+#!/bin/bash
+set -e
+test -e /usr/lib/os-release
+echo bar >\${STATE_DIRECTORY}/foo
+cat /usr/lib/extension-release.d/extension-release.app0
+EOF
+        chmod +x "$initdir/opt/script0.sh"
+        echo MARKER=1 >"$initdir/usr/lib/systemd/system/some_file"
+        mksquashfs "$initdir" /tmp/app0.raw -noappend
+
+        initdir="/var/tmp/conf0"
+        mkdir -p "$initdir/etc/extension-release.d" "$initdir/etc/systemd/system" "$initdir/opt"
+        grep "^ID=" "$os_release" >"$initdir/etc/extension-release.d/extension-release.conf0"
+        echo "$version_id" >>"$initdir/etc/extension-release.d/extension-release.conf0"
+        (
+            echo "$version_id"
+            echo "CONFEXT_IMAGE_ID=app"
+        ) >>"$initdir/etc/extension-release.d/extension-release.conf0"
+        echo MARKER_1 >"$initdir/etc/systemd/system/some_file"
+        mksquashfs "$initdir" /tmp/conf0.raw -noappend
+
+        initdir="/var/tmp/app1"
+        mkdir -p "$initdir/usr/lib/extension-release.d" "$initdir/usr/lib/systemd/system" "$initdir/opt"
+        grep "^ID=" "$os_release" >"$initdir/usr/lib/extension-release.d/extension-release.app2"
+        (
+            echo "$version_id"
+            echo "SYSEXT_SCOPE=portable"
+            echo "SYSEXT_IMAGE_ID=app"
+            echo "SYSEXT_IMAGE_VERSION=1"
+            echo "PORTABLE_PREFIXES=app1"
+        ) >>"$initdir/usr/lib/extension-release.d/extension-release.app2"
+        setfattr -n user.extension-release.strict -v false "$initdir/usr/lib/extension-release.d/extension-release.app2"
+        cat >"$initdir/usr/lib/systemd/system/app1.service" <<EOF
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+RemainAfterExit=yes
+ExecStart=/opt/script1.sh
+StateDirectory=app1
+RuntimeDirectory=app1
+EOF
+        cat >"$initdir/opt/script1.sh" <<EOF
+#!/bin/bash
+set -e
+test -e /usr/lib/os-release
+echo baz >\${STATE_DIRECTORY}/foo
+cat /usr/lib/extension-release.d/extension-release.app2
+EOF
+        chmod +x "$initdir/opt/script1.sh"
+        echo MARKER=1 >"$initdir/usr/lib/systemd/system/other_file"
+        mksquashfs "$initdir" /tmp/app1.raw -noappend
+
+        initdir="/var/tmp/app-nodistro"
+        mkdir -p "$initdir/usr/lib/extension-release.d" "$initdir/usr/lib/systemd/system"
+        (
+            echo "ID=_any"
+            echo "ARCHITECTURE=_any"
+        ) >"$initdir/usr/lib/extension-release.d/extension-release.app-nodistro"
+        echo MARKER=1 >"$initdir/usr/lib/systemd/system/some_file"
+        mksquashfs "$initdir" /tmp/app-nodistro.raw -noappend
+
+        initdir="/var/tmp/service-scoped-test"
+        mkdir -p "$initdir/etc/extension-release.d" "$initdir/etc/systemd/system"
+        (
+            echo "ID=_any"
+            echo "ARCHITECTURE=_any"
+        ) >"$initdir/etc/extension-release.d/extension-release.service-scoped-test"
+        echo MARKER_CONFEXT_123 >"$initdir/etc/systemd/system/some_file"
+        mksquashfs "$initdir" /etc/service-scoped-test.raw -noappend
+
+        # We need to create a dedicated sysext image to test the reload mechanism. If we share an image to install the
+        # 'foo.service' it will be loaded from another test run, which will impact the targeted test.
+        initdir="/var/tmp/app-reload"
+        mkdir -p "$initdir/usr/lib/extension-release.d" "$initdir/usr/lib/systemd/system"
+        (
+            echo "ID=_any"
+            echo "ARCHITECTURE=_any"
+            echo "EXTENSION_RELOAD_MANAGER=1"
+        ) >"$initdir/usr/lib/extension-release.d/extension-release.app-reload"
+        mkdir -p "$initdir/usr/lib/systemd/system/multi-user.target.d"
+        cat >"$initdir/usr/lib/systemd/system/foo.service" <<EOF
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+RemainAfterExit=yes
+ExecStart=echo foo
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=multi-user.target
+EOF
+        echo -e "[Unit]\nUpholds=foo.service" >"$initdir/usr/lib/systemd/system/multi-user.target.d/10-foo-service.conf"
+        mksquashfs "$initdir" /tmp/app-reload.raw -noappend
+}
+
+restore_locale() {
+    if [[ -d /usr/lib/locale/xx_XX.UTF-8 ]]; then
+        rmdir /usr/lib/locale/xx_XX.UTF-8
+    fi
+
+    if [[ -f /tmp/locale.conf.bak ]]; then
+        mv /tmp/locale.conf.bak /etc/locale.conf
+    else
+        rm -f /etc/locale.conf
+    fi
+
+    if [[ -f /tmp/default-locale.bak ]]; then
+        mv /tmp/default-locale.bak /etc/default/locale
+    else
+        rm -rf /etc/default
+    fi
+
+    if [[ -f /tmp/locale.gen.bak ]]; then
+        mv /tmp/locale.gen.bak /etc/locale.gen
+    else
+        rm -f /etc/locale.gen
+    fi
+}
+
+generate_locale() {
+    local locale="${1:?}"
+
+    if command -v locale-gen >/dev/null && ! localectl list-locales | grep -F "$locale"; then
+        echo "$locale UTF-8" >/etc/locale.gen
+        locale-gen "$locale"
+    fi
+}