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Diffstat (limited to 'NEWS')
| -rw-r--r-- | NEWS | 1089 |
1 files changed, 1075 insertions, 14 deletions
@@ -1,5 +1,1066 @@ systemd System and Service Manager +CHANGES WITH 256: + + Announcements of Future Feature Removals and Incompatible Changes: + + * Support for automatic flushing of the nscd user/group database caches + will be dropped in a future release. + + * Support for cgroup v1 ('legacy' and 'hybrid' hierarchies) is now + considered obsolete and systemd by default will refuse to boot under + it. To forcibly reenable cgroup v1 support, + SYSTEMD_CGROUP_ENABLE_LEGACY_FORCE=1 must be set on kernel command + line. The meson option 'default-hierarchy=' is also deprecated, i.e. + only cgroup v2 ('unified' hierarchy) can be selected as build-time + default. + + * Support for System V service scripts is deprecated and will be + removed in a future release. Please make sure to update your software + *now* to include a native systemd unit file instead of a legacy + System V script to retain compatibility with future systemd releases. + + * Support for the SystemdOptions EFI variable is deprecated. + 'bootctl systemd-efi-options' will emit a warning when used. It seems + that this feature is little-used and it is better to use alternative + approaches like credentials and confexts. The plan is to drop support + altogether at a later point, but this might be revisited based on + user feedback. + + * systemd-run's switch --expand-environment= which currently is disabled + by default when combined with --scope, will be changed in a future + release to be enabled by default. + + * Previously, systemd-networkd did not explicitly remove any bridge + VLAN IDs assigned on bridge master and ports. Since version 256, if a + .network file for an interface has at least one valid setting in the + [BridgeVLAN] section, then all assigned VLAN IDs on the interface + that are not configured in the .network file are removed. + + * IPForward= setting in .network file is deprecated and replaced with + IPv4Forwarding= and IPv6Forwarding= settings. These new settings are + supported both in .network file and networkd.conf. If specified in a + .network file, they control corresponding per-link settings. If + specified in networkd.conf, they control corresponding global + settings. Note, previously IPv6SendRA= and IPMasquerade= implied + IPForward=, but now they imply the new per-link settings. One of the + simplest ways to migrate configurations, that worked as a router with + the previous version, is enabling both IPv4Forwarding= and + IPv6Forwarding= in networkd.conf. See systemd.network(5) and + networkd.conf(5) for more details. + + * systemd-gpt-auto-generator will stop generating units for ESP or + XBOOTLDR partitions if it finds mount entries for or below the /boot/ + or /efi/ hierarchies in /etc/fstab. This is to prevent the generator + from interfering with systems where the ESP is explicitly configured + to be mounted at some path, for example /boot/efi/ (this type of + setup is obsolete, but still commonly found). + + * The behavior of systemd-sleep and systemd-homed has been updated to + freeze user sessions when entering the various sleep modes or when + locking a homed-managed home area. This is known to cause issues with + the proprietary NVIDIA drivers. Packagers of the NVIDIA proprietary + drivers may want to add drop-in configuration files that set + SYSTEMD_SLEEP_FREEZE_USER_SESSIONS=false for systemd-suspend.service + and related services, and SYSTEMD_HOME_LOCK_FREEZE_SESSION=false for + systemd-homed.service. + + * systemd-tmpfiles and systemd-sysusers, when given a relative + configuration file path (with at least one directory separator '/'), + will open the file directly, instead of searching for the given + partial path in the standard locations. The old mode wasn't useful + because tmpfiles.d/ and sysusers.d/ configuration has a flat + structure with no subdirectories under the standard locations and + this change makes it easier to work with local files with those + tools. + + * systemd-tmpfiles now properly applies nested configuration to 'R' and + 'D' stanzas. For example, with the combination of 'R /foo' and 'x + /foo/bar', /foo/bar will now be excluded from removal. + + * systemd.crash_reboot and related settings are deprecated in favor of + systemd.crash_action=. + + General Changes and New Features: + + * Various programs will now attempt to load the main configuration file + from locations below /usr/lib/, /usr/local/lib/, and /run/, not just + below /etc/. For example, systemd-logind will look for + /etc/systemd/logind.conf, /run/systemd/logind.conf, + /usr/local/lib/systemd/logind.conf, and /usr/lib/systemd/logind.conf, + and use the first file that is found. This means that the search + logic for the main config file and for drop-ins is now the same. + + Similarly, kernel-install will look for the config files in + /usr/lib/kernel/ and the other search locations, and now also + supports drop-ins. + + systemd-udevd now supports drop-ins for udev.conf. + + * A new 'systemd-vpick' binary has been added. It implements the new + vpick protocol, where a "*.v/" directory may contain multiple files + which have versions (following the UAPI version format specification) + embedded in the file name. The files are ordered by version and + the newest one is selected. + + systemd-nspawn --image=/--directory=, systemd-dissect, + systemd-portabled, and the RootDirectory=, RootImage=, + ExtensionImages=, and ExtensionDirectories= settings for units now + support the vpick protocol and allow the latest version to be + selected automatically if a "*.v/" directory is specified as the + source. + + * Encrypted service credentials can now be made accessible to + unprivileged users. systemd-creds gained new options --user/--uid= + for encrypting/decrypting a credential for a specific user. + + * New command-line tool 'importctl' to download, import, and export + disk images via systemd-importd is added with the following verbs: + pull-tar, pull-raw, import-tar, import-raw, import-fs, export-tar, + export-raw, list-transfers, and cancel-transfer. This functionality + was previously available in "machinectl", where it was used + exclusively for machine images. The new "importctl" generalizes this + for sysext, confext, and portable service images. + + * The systemd sources may now be compiled cleanly with all OpenSSL 3.0 + deprecations removed, including the OpenSSL engine logic turned off. + + Service Management: + + * New system manager setting ProtectSystem= has been added. It is + analogous to the unit setting, but applies to the whole system. It is + enabled by default in the initrd. + + Note that this means that code executed in the initrd cannot naively + expect to be able to write to /usr/ during boot. This affects + dracut <= 101, which wrote "hooks" to /lib/dracut/hooks/. See + https://github.com/dracut-ng/dracut-ng/commit/a45048b80c27ee5a45a380. + + * New unit setting WantsMountsFor= has been added. It is analogous to + RequiresMountsFor=, but creates a Wants= dependency instead of + Requires=. This new logic is now used in various places where mounts + were added as dependencies for other settings (WorkingDirectory=-…, + PrivateTmp=yes, cryptsetup lines with 'nofail'). + + * New unit setting MemoryZSwapWriteback= can be used to control the new + memory.zswap.writeback cgroup knob added in kernel 6.8. + + * The manager gained a org.freedesktop.systemd1.StartAuxiliaryScope() + D-Bus method to devolve some processes from a service into a new + scope. This new scope will remain running, even when the original + service unit is restarted or stopped. This allows a service unit to + split out some worker processes which need to continue running. + Control group properties of the new scope are copied from the + originating unit, so various limits are retained. + + * Units now expose properties EffectiveMemoryMax=, + EffectiveMemoryHigh=, and EffectiveTasksMax=, which report the + most stringent limit systemd is aware of for the given unit. + + * A new unit file specifier %D expands to $XDG_DATA_HOME (for user + services) or /usr/share/ (for system services). + + * AllowedCPUs= now supports specifier expansion. + + * What= setting in .mount and .swap units now accepts fstab-style + identifiers, for example UUID=… or LABEL=…. + + * RestrictNetworkInterfaces= now supports alternative network interface + names. + + * PAMName= now implies SetLoginEnvironment=yes. + + * systemd.firstboot=no can be used on the kernel command-line to + disable interactive queries, but allow other first boot configuration + to happen based on credentials. + + * The system's hostname can be configured via the systemd.hostname + system credential. + + * The systemd binary will no longer chainload sysvinit's "telinit" + binary when called under the init/telinit name on a system that isn't + booted with systemd. This previously has been supported to make sure + a distribution that has both init systems installed can reasonably + switch from one to the other via a simple reboot. Distributions + apparently have lost interest in this, and the functionality has not + been supported on the primary distribution this was still intended + for a long time, and hence has been removed now. + + * A new concept called "capsules" has been introduced. "Capsules" wrap + additional per-user service managers, whose users are transient and + are only defined as long as the service manager is running. (This is + implemented via DynamicUser=1), allowing a user manager to be used to + manager a group of processes without needing to create an actual user + account. These service managers run with home directories of + /var/lib/capsules/<capsule-name> and can contain regular services and + other units. A capsule is started via a simple "systemctl start + capsule@<name>.service". See the capsule@.service(5) man page for + further details. + + Various systemd tools (including, and most importantly, systemctl and + systemd-run) have been updated to interact with capsules via the new + "--capsule="/"-C" switch. + + * .socket units gained a new setting PassFileDescriptorsToExec=, taking + a boolean value. If set to true the file descriptors the socket unit + encapsulates are passed to the ExecStartPost=, ExecStopPre=, + ExecStopPost= using the usual $LISTEN_FDS interface. This may be used + for doing additional initializations on the sockets once they are + allocated. (For example, to install an additional eBPF program on + them). + + * The .socket setting MaxConnectionsPerSource= (which so far put a + limit on concurrent connections per IP in Accept=yes socket units), + now also has an effect on AF_UNIX sockets: it will put a limit on the + number of simultaneous connections from the same source UID (as + determined via SO_PEERCRED). This is useful for implementing IPC + services in a simple Accept=yes mode. + + * The service manager will now maintain a counter of soft reboot cycles + the system went through. It may be queried via the D-Bus APIs. + + * systemd's execution logic now supports the new pidfd_spawn() API + introduced by glibc 2.39, which allows us to invoke a subprocess in a + target cgroup and get a pidfd back in a single operation. + + * systemd/PID 1 will now send an additional sd_notify() message to its + supervising VMM or container manager reporting the selected hostname + ("X_SYSTEMD_HOSTNAME=") and machine ID ("X_SYSTEMD_MACHINE_ID=") at + boot. Moreover, the service manager will send additional sd_notify() + messages ("X_SYSTEMD_UNIT_ACTIVE=") whenever a target unit is + reached. This can be used by VMMs/container managers to schedule + access to the system precisely. For example, the moment a system + reports "ssh-access.target" being reached a VMM/container manager + knows it can now connect to the system via SSH. Finally, a new + sd_notify() message ("X_SYSTEMD_SIGNALS_LEVEL=2") is sent the moment + PID 1 has successfully completed installation of its various UNIX + process signal handlers (i.e. the moment where SIGRTMIN+4 sent to + PID 1 will start to have the effect of shutting down the system + cleanly). X_SYSTEMD_SHUTDOWN= is sent shortly before the system shuts + down, and carries a string identifying the type of shutdown, + i.e. "poweroff", "halt", "reboot". X_SYSTEMD_REBOOT_PARAMETER= is + sent at the same time and carries the string passed to "systemctl + --reboot-argument=" if there was one. + + * New D-Bus properties ExecMainHandoffTimestamp and + ExecMainHandoffTimestampMonotonic are now published by services + units. This timestamp is taken as the very last operation before + handing off control to invoked binaries. This information is + available for other unit types that fork off processes (i.e. mount, + swap, socket units), but currently only via "systemd-analyze dump". + + * An additional timestamp is now taken by the service manager when a + system shutdown operation is initiated. It can be queried via D-Bus + during the shutdown phase. It's passed to the following service + manager invocation on soft reboots, which will then use it to log the + overall "grey-out" time of the soft reboot operation, i.e. the time + when the shutdown began until the system is fully up again. + + * "systemctl status" will now display the invocation ID in its usual + output, i.e. the 128bit ID uniquely assigned to the current runtime + cycle of the unit. The ID has been supported for a long time, but is + now more prominently displayed, as it is a very useful handle to a + specific invocation of a service. + + * systemd now generates a new "taint" string "unmerged-bin" for systems + that have /usr/bin/ and /usr/sbin/ separate. It's generally + recommended to make the latter a symlink to the former these days. + + * A new systemd.crash_action= kernel command line option has been added + that configures what to do after the system manager (PID 1) crashes. + This can also be configured through CrashAction= in systemd.conf. + + * "systemctl kill" now supports --wait which will make the command wait + until the signalled services terminate. + + Journal: + + * systemd-journald can now forward journal entries to a socket + (AF_INET, AF_INET6, AF_UNIX, or AF_VSOCK). The socket can be + specified in journald.conf via a new option ForwardToSocket= or via + the 'journald.forward_to_socket' credential. Log records are sent in + the Journal Export Format. A related setting MaxLevelSocket= has been + added to control the maximum log levels for the messages sent to this + socket. + + * systemd-journald now also reads the journal.storage credential when + determining where to store journal files. + + * systemd-vmspawn gained a new --forward-journal= option to forward the + virtual machine's journal entries to the host. This is done over a + AF_VSOCK socket, i.e. it does not require networking in the guest. + + * journalctl gained option '-i' as a shortcut for --file=. + + * journalctl gained a new -T/--exclude-identifier= option to filter + out certain syslog identifiers. + + * journalctl gained a new --list-namespaces option. + + * systemd-journal-remote now also accepts AF_VSOCK and AF_UNIX sockets + (so it can be used to receive entries forwarded by systemd-journald). + + * systemd-journal-gatewayd allows restricting the time range of + retrieved entries with a new "realtime=[<since>]:[<until>]" URL + parameter. + + * systemd-cat gained a new option --namespace= to specify the target + journal namespace to which the output shall be connected. + + * systemd-bsod gained a new option --tty= to specify the output TTY + + Device Management: + + * /dev/ now contains symlinks that combine by-path and by-{label,uuid} + information: + + /dev/disk/by-path/<path>/by-<label|uuid|…>/<label|uuid|…> + + This allows distinguishing partitions with identical contents on + multiple storage devices. This is useful, for example, when copying + raw disk contents between devices. + + * systemd-udevd now creates persistent /dev/media/by-path/ symlinks for + media controllers. For example, the uvcvideo driver may create + /dev/media0 which will be linked as + /dev/media/by-path/pci-0000:04:00.3-usb-0:1:1.0-media-controller. + + * A new unit systemd-udev-load-credentials.service has been added + to pick up udev.conf drop-ins and udev rules from credentials. + + * An allowlist/denylist may be specified to filter which sysfs + attributes are used when crafting network interface names. Those + lists are stored as hwdb entries + ID_NET_NAME_ALLOW_<sysfsattr>=0|1 + and + ID_NET_NAME_ALLOW=0|1. + + The goal is to avoid unexpected changes to interface names when the + kernel is updated and new sysfs attributes become visible. + + * A new unit tpm2.target has been added to provide a synchronization + point for units which expect the TPM hardware to be available. A new + generator "systemd-tpm2-generator" has been added that will insert + this target whenever it detects that the firmware has initialized a + TPM, but Linux hasn't loaded a driver for it yet. + + * systemd-backlight now properly supports numbered devices which the + kernel creates to avoid collisions in the leds subsystem. + + * systemd-hwdb update operation can be disabled with a new environment + variable SYSTEMD_HWDB_UPDATE_BYPASS=1. + + systemd-hostnamed: + + * systemd-hostnamed now exposes the machine ID and boot ID via + D-Bus. It also exposes the hosts AF_VSOCK CID, if available. + + * systemd-hostnamed now provides a basic Varlink interface. + + * systemd-hostnamed exports the full data in os-release(5) and + machine-info(5) via D-Bus and Varlink. + + * hostnamectl now shows the system's product UUID and hardware serial + number if known. + + Network Management: + + * systemd-networkd now provides a basic Varlink interface. + + * systemd-networkd's ARP proxy support gained a new option to configure + a private VLAN variant of the proxy ARP supported by the kernel under + the name IPv4ProxyARPPrivateVLAN=. + + * systemd-networkd now exports the NamespaceId and NamespaceNSID + properties via D-Bus and Varlink. (which expose the inode and NSID of + the network namespace the networkd instance manages) + + * systemd-networkd now supports IPv6RetransmissionTimeSec= and + UseRetransmissionTime= settings in .network files to configure + retransmission time for IPv6 neighbor solicitation messages. + + * networkctl gained new verbs 'mask' and 'unmask' for masking networkd + configuration files such as .network files. + + * 'networkctl edit --runtime' allows editing volatile configuration + under /run/systemd/network/. + + * The implementation behind TTLPropagate= network setting has been + removed and the setting is now ignored. + + * systemd-network-generator will now pick up .netdev/.link/.network/ + networkd.conf configuration from system credentials. + + * systemd-networkd will now pick up wireguard secrets from + credentials. + + * systemd-networkd's Varlink API now supports enumerating LLDP peers. + + * .link files now support new Property=, ImportProperty=, + UnsetProperty= fields for setting udev properties on a link. + + * The various .link files that systemd ships for interfaces that are + supposed to be managed by systemd-networkd only now carry a + ID_NET_MANAGED_BY=io.systemd.Network udev property ensuring that + other network management solutions honouring this udev property do + not come into conflict with networkd, trying to manage these + interfaces. + + * .link files now support a new ReceivePacketSteeringCPUMask= setting + for configuring which CPUs to steer incoming packets to. + + * The [Network] section in .network files gained a new setting + UseDomains=, which is a single generic knob for controlling the + settings of the same name in the [DHCPv4], [DHCPv6] and + [IPv6AcceptRA]. + + * The 99-default.link file we ship by default (that defines the policy + for all network devices to which no other .link file applies) now + lists "mac" among AlternativeNamesPolicy=. This means that network + interfaces will now by default gain an additional MAC-address based + alternative device name. (i.e. enx…) + + systemd-nspawn: + + * systemd-nspawn now provides a /run/systemd/nspawn/unix-export/ + directory where the container payload can expose AF_UNIX sockets to + allow them to be accessed from outside. + + * systemd-nspawn will tint the terminal background for containers in a + blueish color. This can be controller with the new --background= + switch or the new $SYSTEMD_TINT_BACKGROUND environment variable. + + * systemd-nspawn gained support for the 'owneridmap' option for --bind= + mounts to map the target directory owner from inside the container to + the owner of the directory bound from the host filesystem. + + * systemd-nspawn now supports moving Wi-Fi network devices into a + container, just like other network interfaces. + + systemd-resolved: + + * systemd-resolved now reads RFC 8914 EDE error codes provided by + upstream DNS services. + + * systemd-resolved and resolvectl now support RFC 9460 SVCB and HTTPS + records, as well as RFC 2915 NAPTR records. + + * resolvectl gained a new option --relax-single-label= to allow + querying single-label hostnames via unicast DNS on a per-query basis. + + * systemd-resolved's Varlink IPC interface now supports resolving + DNS-SD services as well as an API for resolving raw DNS RRs. + + * systemd-resolved's .dnssd DNS_SD service description files now + support DNS-SD "subtypes" via the new SubType= setting. + + * systemd-resolved's configuration may now be reloaded without + restarting the service. (i.e. "systemctl reload systemd-resolved" is + now supported) + + SSH Integration: + + * An sshd config drop-in to allow ssh keys acquired via userdbctl (for + example expose by homed accounts) to be used for authorization of + incoming SSH connections. + + * A small new unit generator "systemd-ssh-generator" has been added. It + checks if the sshd binary is installed. If so, it binds it via + per-connection socket activation to various sockets depending on the + execution context: + + • If the system is run in a VM providing AF_VSOCK support, it + automatically binds sshd to AF_VSOCK port 22. + + • If the system is invoked as a full-OS container and the container + manager pre-mounts a directory /run/host/unix-export/, it will + bind sshd to an AF_UNIX socket /run/host/unix-export/ssh. The + idea is the container manager bind mounts the directory to an + appropriate place on the host as well, so that the AF_UNIX socket + may be used to easily connect from the host to the container. + + • sshd is also bound to an AF_UNIX socket + /run/ssh-unix-local/socket, which may be to use ssh/sftp in a + "sudo"-like fashion to access resources of other local users. + + • Via the kernel command line option "systemd.ssh_listen=" and the + system credential "ssh.listen" sshd may be bound to additional, + explicitly configured options, including AF_INET/AF_INET6 ports. + + In particular the first two mechanisms should make dealing with local + VMs and full OS containers a lot easier, as SSH connections will + *just* *work* from the host – even if no networking is available + whatsoever. + + systemd-ssh-generator optionally generates a per-connection + socket activation service file wrapping sshd. This is only done if + the distribution does not provide one on its own under the name + "sshd@.service". The generated unit only works correctly if the SSH + privilege separation ("privsep") directory exists. Unfortunately + distributions vary wildly where they place this directory. An + incomprehensive list: + + • /usr/share/empty.sshd/ (new fedora) + • /var/empty/ + • /var/empty/sshd/ + • /run/sshd/ (debian/ubuntu?) + + If the SSH privsep directory is placed below /var/ or /run/ care + needs to be taken that the directory is created automatically at boot + if needed, since these directories possibly or always come up + empty. This can be done via a tmpfiles.d/ drop-in. You may use the + "sshdprivsepdir" meson option provided by systemd to configure the + directory, in case you want systemd to create the directory as needed + automatically, if your distribution does not cover this natively. + + Recommendations to distributions, in order to make things just work: + + • Please provide a per-connection SSH service file under the name + "sshd@.service". + + • Please move the SSH privsep dir into /usr/ (so that it is truly + immutable on image-based operating systems, is strictly under + package manager control, and never requires recreation if the + system boots up with an empty /run/ or /var/). + + • As an extension of this: please consider following Fedora's lead + here, and use /usr/share/empty.sshd/ to minimize needless + differences between distributions. + + • If your distribution insists on placing the directory in /var/ or + /run/ then please at least provide a tmpfiles.d/ drop-in to + recreate it automatically at boot, so that the sshd binary just + works, regardless in which context it is called. + + * A small tool "systemd-ssh-proxy" has been added, which is supposed to + act as counterpart to "systemd-ssh-generator". It's a small plug-in + for the SSH client (via ProxyCommand/ProxyUseFdpass) to allow it to + connect to AF_VSOCK or AF_UNIX sockets. Example: "ssh vsock/4711" + connects to a local VM with cid 4711, or "ssh + unix/run/ssh-unix-local/socket" to connect to the local host via the + AF_UNIX socket /run/ssh-unix-local/socket. + + systemd-boot and systemd-stub and Related Tools: + + * TPM 1.2 PCR measurement support has been removed from systemd-stub. + TPM 1.2 is obsolete and – due to the (by today's standards) weak + cryptographic algorithms it only supports – does not actually provide + the security benefits it's supposed to provide. Given that the rest + of systemd's codebase never supported TPM 1.2, the support has now + been removed from systemd-stub as well. + + * systemd-stub will now measure its payload via the new EFI + Confidential Computing APIs (CC), in addition to the pre-existing + measurements to TPM. + + * confexts are loaded by systemd-stub from the ESP as well. + + * kernel-install gained support for --root= for the 'list' verb. + + * bootctl now provides a basic Varlink interface and can be run as a + daemon via a template unit. + + * systemd-measure gained new options --certificate=, --private-key=, + and --private-key-source= to allow using OpenSSL's "engines" or + "providers" as the signing mechanism to use when creating signed + TPM2 PCR measurement values. + + * ukify gained support for signing of PCR signatures via OpenSSL's + engines and providers. + + * ukify now supports zboot kernels. + + * systemd-boot now supports passing additional kernel command line + switches to invoked kernels via an SMBIOS Type #11 string + "io.systemd.boot.kernel-cmdline-extra". This is similar to the + pre-existing support for this in systemd-stub, but also applies to + Type #1 Boot Loader Specification Entries. + + * systemd-boot's automatic SecureBoot enrollment support gained support + for enrolling "dbx" too (Previously, only db/KEK/PK enrollment was + supported). It also now supports UEFI "Custom" and "Audit" modes. + + * The pcrlock policy is saved in an unencrypted credential file + "pcrlock.<entry-token>.cred" under XBOOTLDR/ESP in the + /loader/credentials/ directory. It will be picked up at boot by + systemd-stub and passed to the initrd, where it can be used to unlock + the root file system. + + * systemd-pcrlock gained an --entry-token= option to configure the + entry-token. + + * systemd-pcrlock now provides a basic Varlink interface and can be run + as a daemon via a template unit. + + * systemd-pcrlock's TPM nvindex access policy has been modified, this + means that previous pcrlock policies stored in nvindexes are + invalidated. They must be removed (systemd-pcrlock remove-policy) and + recreated (systemd-pcrlock make-policy). For the time being + systemd-pcrlock remains an experimental feature, but it is expected + to become stable in the next release, i.e. v257. + + * systemd-pcrlock's --recovery-pin= switch now takes three values: + "hide", "show", "query". If "show" is selected the automatically + generated recovery PIN is shown to the user. If "query" is selected + then the PIN is queried from the user. + + * sd-stub gained support for the new ".ucode" PE section in UKIs, that + may contain CPU microcode data. When control is handed over to the + Linux kernel this data is prepended to the set of initrds passed. + + systemd-run/run0: + + * systemd-run is now a multi-call binary. When invoked as 'run0', it + provides as interface similar to 'sudo', with all arguments starting + at the first non-option parameter being treated the command to invoke + as root. Unlike 'sudo' and similar tools, it does not make use of + setuid binaries or other privilege escalation methods, but instead + runs the specified command as a transient unit, which is started by + the system service manager, so privileges are dropped, rather than + gained, thus implementing a much more robust and safe security + model. As usual, authorization is managed via Polkit. + + * systemd-run/run0 will now tint the terminal background on supported + terminals: in a reddish tone when invoking a root service, in a + yellowish tone otherwise. This may be controlled and turned off via + the new --background= switch or the new $SYSTEMD_TINT_BACKGROUND + environment variable. + + * systemd-run gained a new option '--ignore-failure' to suppress + command failures. + + Command-line tools: + + * 'systemctl edit --stdin' allows creation of unit files and drop-ins + with contents supplied via standard input. This is useful when creating + configuration programmatically; the tool takes care of figuring out + the file name, creating any directories, and reloading the manager + afterwards. + + * 'systemctl disable --now' and 'systemctl mask --now' now work + correctly with template units. + + * 'systemd-analyze architectures' lists known CPU architectures. + + * 'systemd-analyze --json=…' is supported for 'architectures', + 'capability', 'exit-status'. + + * 'systemd-tmpfiles --purge' will purge (remove) all files and + directories created via tmpfiles.d configuration. + + * systemd-id128 gained new options --no-pager, --no-legend, and + -j/--json=. + + * hostnamectl gained '-j' as shortcut for '--json=pretty' or + '--json=short'. + + * loginctl now supports -j/--json=. + + * resolvectl now supports -j/--json= for --type=. + + * systemd-tmpfiles gained a new option --dry-run to print what would be + done without actually taking action. + + * varlinkctl gained a new --collect switch to collect all responses of + a method call that supports multiple replies and turns it into a + single JSON array. + + * systemd-dissect gained a new --make-archive option to generate an + archive file (tar.gz and similar) from a disk image. + + systemd-vmspawn: + + * systemd-vmspawn gained a new --firmware= option to configure or list + firmware definitions for Qemu, a new --tpm= option to enable or + disable the use of a software TPM, a new --linux= option to specify a + kernel binary for direct kernel boot, a new --initrd= option to + specify an initrd for direct kernel boot, a new -D/--directory option + to use a plain directory as the root file system, a new + --private-users option similar to the one in systemd-nspawn, new + options --bind= and --bind-ro= to bind part of the host's file system + hierarchy into the guest, a new --extra-drive= option to attach + additional storage, and -n/--network-tap/--network-user-mode to + configure networking. + + * A new systemd-vmspawn@.service can be used to launch systemd-vmspawn + as a service. + + * systemd-vmspawn gained the new --console= and --background= switches + that control how to interact with the VM. As before, by default an + interactive terminal interface is provided, but now with a background + tinted with a greenish hue. + + * systemd-vmspawn can now register its VMs with systemd-machined, + controlled via the --register= switch. + + * machinectl's start command (and related) can now invoke images either + as containers via `systemd-nspawn` (switch is --runner=nspawn, the + default) or as VMs via `systemd-vmspawn` (switch is --runner=vmspawn, + or short -V). + + * systemd-vmspawn now supports two switches --pass-ssh-key= and + --ssh-key-type= to optionally set up transient SSH keys to pass to the + invoked VMs in order to be able to SSH into them once booted. + + * systemd-vmspawn will now enable various "HyperV enlightenments" and + the "VM Generation ID" on the VMs. + + * A new environment variable $SYSTEMD_VMSPAWN_QEMU_EXTRA may carry + additional qemu command line options to pass to qemu. + + * systemd-machined gained a new GetMachineSSHInfo() D-Bus method that is + used by systemd-vmspawn to fetch the information needed to ssh into the + machine. + + * systemd-machined gained a new Varlink interface that is used by + systemd-vmspawn to register machines with additional information and + metadata. + + systemd-repart: + + * systemd-repart gained new options --generate-fstab= and + --generate-crypttab= to write out fstab and crypttab files matching the + generated partitions. + + * systemd-repart gained a new option --private-key-source= to allow + using OpenSSL's "engines" or "providers" as the signing mechanism to + use when creating verity signature partitions. + + * systemd-repart gained a new DefaultSubvolume= setting in repart.d/ + drop-ins that allow configuring the default btrfs subvolume for newly + formatted btrfs file systems. + + Libraries: + + * libsystemd gained new call sd_bus_creds_new_from_pidfd() to get a + credentials object for a pidfd and sd_bus_creds_get_pidfd_dup() to + retrieve the pidfd from a credentials object. + + * sd-bus' credentials logic will now also acquire peer's UNIX group + lists and peer's pidfd if supported and requested. + + * RPM macro %_kernel_install_dir has been added with the path + to the directory for kernel-install plugins. + + * The liblz4, libzstd, liblzma, libkmod, libgcrypt dependencies have + been changed from regular shared library dependencies into dlopen() + based ones. + + Note that this means that those libraries might not be automatically + pulled in when ELF dependencies are resolved. In particular lack of + libkmod might cause problems with boot. This affects dracut <= 101, + see https://github.com/dracut-ng/dracut-ng/commit/04b362d713235459cf. + + * systemd ELF binaries that use libraries via dlopen() are now built with + a new ELF header note section, following a new specification defined at + docs/ELF_DLOPEN_METADATA.md, that provides information about which + sonames are loaded and used if found at runtime. This allows tools and + packagers to programmatically discover the list of optional + dependencies used by all systemd ELF binaries. A parser with packaging + integration tools is available at + https://github.com/systemd/package-notes + + * The sd-journal API gained a new call + sd_journal_stream_fd_with_namespace() which is just like + sd_journal_stream_fd() but creates a log stream targeted at a + specific log namespace. + + * The sd-id128 API gained a new API call + sd_id128_get_invocation_app_specific() for acquiring an app-specific + ID that is derived from the service invocation ID. + + * The sd-event API gained a new API call + sd_event_source_get_inotify_path() that returns the file system path + an inotify event source was created for. + + systemd-cryptsetup/systemd-cryptenroll: + + * The device node argument to systemd-cryptenroll is now optional. If + omitted it will be derived automatically from the backing block + device of /var/ (which quite likely is the same as the root file + system, hence effectively means if you don't specify things otherwise + the tool will now default to enrolling a key into the root file + system's LUKS device). + + * systemd-cryptenroll can now enroll directly with a PKCS11 public key + (instead of a certificate). + + * systemd-cryptsetup/systemd-cryptenroll now may lock a disk against a + PKCS#11 provided EC key (before it only supported RSA). + + * systemd-cryptsetup gained support for crypttab option + link-volume-key= to link the volume key into the kernel keyring when + the volume is opened. + + * systemd-cryptenroll will no longer enable Dictionary Attack + Protection (i.e. turn on NO_DA) for TPM enrollments that do not + involve a PIN. DA should not be necessary in that case (since key + entropy is high enough to make this unnecessary), but risks + accidental lock-out in case of unexpected PCR changes. + + * systemd-cryptenroll now supports enrolling a new slot while unlocking + the old slot via TPM2 (previously unlocking only worked via password + or FIDO2). + + Documentation: + + * The remaining documentation that was on + https://freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/ has been moved to + https://systemd.io/. + + * A new text describing the VM integration interfaces of systemd has + been added: + + https://systemd.io/VM_INTERFACE + + * The sd_notify() man page has gained examples with C and Python code + that shows how to implement the interface in those languages without + involving libsystemd. + + systemd-homed, systemd-logind, systemd-userdbd: + + * systemd-homed now supports unlocking of home directories when logging + in via SSH. Previously home directories needed to be unlocked before + an SSH login is attempted. + + * JSON User Records have been extended with a separate public storage + area called "User Record Blob Directories". This is intended to store + the user's background image, avatar picture, and other similar items + which are too large to fit into the User Record itself. + + systemd-homed, userdbctl, and homectl gained support for blob + directories. homectl gained --avatar= and --login-background= to + control two specific items of the blob directories. + + * A new "additionalLanguages" field has been added to JSON user records + (as supported by systemd-homed and systemd-userdbd), which is closely + related to the pre-existing "preferredLanguage", and allows + specifying multiple additional languages for the user account. It is + used to initialize the $LANGUAGES environment variable when used. + + * A new pair of "preferredSessionType" and "preferredSessionLauncher" + fields have been added to JSON user records, that may be used to + control which kind of desktop session to preferable activate on + logins of the user. + + * homectl gained a new verb 'firstboot', and a new + systemd-homed-firstboot.service unit uses this verb to create users + in a first boot environment, either from system credentials or by + querying interactively. + + * systemd-logind now supports a new "background-light" session class + which does not pull in the user@.service unit. This is intended in + particular for lighter weight per-user cron jobs which do require any + per-user service manager to be around. + + * The per-user service manager will now be tracked as a distinct "manager" + session type among logind sessions of each user. + + * homectl now supports an --offline mode, by which certain account + properties can be changed without unlocking the home directory. + + * systemd-logind gained a new + org.freedesktop.login1.Manager.ListSessionsEx() method that provides + additional metadata compared to ListSessions(). loginctl makes use of + this to list additional fields in list-sessions. + + * systemd-logind gained a new org.freedesktop.login1.Manager.Sleep() + method that automatically redirects to SuspendThenHibernate(), + Suspend(), HybridSleep(), or Hibernate(), depending on what is + supported and configured, a new configuration setting SleepOperation=, + and an accompanying helper method + org.freedesktop.login1.Manager.CanSleep() and property + org.freedesktop.login1.Manager.SleepOperation. + + 'systemctl sleep' calls the new method to automatically put the + machine to sleep in the most appropriate way. + + Credential Management: + + * systemd-creds now provides a Varlink IPC API for encrypting and + decrypting credentials. + + * systemd-creds' "tpm2-absent" key selection has been renamed to + "null", since that's what it actually does: "encrypt" and "sign" + with a fixed null key. --with-key=null should only be used in very + specific cases, as it provides zero integrity or confidentiality + protections. (i.e. it's only safe to use as fallback in environments + lacking both a TPM and access to the root fs to use the host + encryption key, or when integrity is provided some other way.) + + * systemd-creds gained a new switch --allow-null. If specified, the + "decrypt" verb will decode encrypted credentials that use the "null" + key (by default this is refused, since using the "null" key defeats + the authenticated encryption normally done). + + Suspend & Hibernate: + + * The sleep.conf configuration file gained a new MemorySleepMode= + setting for configuring the sleep mode in more detail. + + * A tiny new service systemd-hibernate-clear.service has been added + which clears hibernation information from the HibernateLocation EFI + variable, in case the resume device is gone. Normally, this variable + is supposed to be cleaned up by the code that initiates the resume + from hibernation image. But when the device is missing and that code + doesn't run, this service will now do the necessary work, ensuring + that no outdated hibernation image information remains on subsequent + boots. + + Unprivileged User Namespaces & Mounts: + + * A small new service systemd-nsresourced.service has been added. It + provides a Varlink IPC API that assigns a free, transiently allocated + 64K UID/GID range to an uninitialized user namespace a client + provides. It may be used to implement unprivileged container managers + and other programs that need dynamic user ID ranges. It also provides + interfaces to then delegate mount file descriptors, control groups + and network interfaces to user namespaces set up this way. + + * A small new service systemd-mountfsd.service has been added. It + provides a Varlink IPC API for mounting DDI images, and returning a set + of mount file descriptors for it. If a user namespace fd is provided + as input, then the mounts are registered with the user namespace. To + ensure trust in the image it must provide Verity information (or + alternatively interactive polkit authentication is required). + + * The systemd-dissect tool now can access DDIs fully unprivileged by + using systemd-nsresourced/systemd-mountfsd. + + * If the service manager runs unprivileged (i.e. systemd --user) it now + supports RootImage= for accessing DDI images, also implemented via + the systemd-nsresourced/systemd-mountfsd. + + * systemd-nspawn may now operate without privileges, if a suitable DDI + is provided via --image=, again implemented via + systemd-nsresourced/systemd-mountfsd. + + Other: + + * timedatectl and machinectl gained option '-P', an alias for + '--value --property=…'. + + * Various tools that pretty-print config files will now highlight + configuration directives. + + * varlinkctl gained support for the "ssh:" transport. This requires + OpenSSH 9.4 or newer. + + * systemd-sysext gained support for enabling system extensions in + mutable fashion, where a writeable upperdir is stored under + /var/lib/extensions.mutable/, and a new --mutable= option to + configure this behaviour. An "ephemeral" mode is not also supported + where the mutable layer is configured to be a tmpfs that is + automatically released when the system extensions are reattached. + + * Coredumps are now retained for two weeks by default (instead of three + days, as before). + + * portablectl --copy= parameter gained a new 'mixed' argument, that will + result in resources owned by the OS (e.g.: portable profiles) to be linked + but resources owned by the portable image (e.g.: the unit files and the + images themselves) to be copied. + + * systemd will now register MIME types for various of its file types + (e.g. journal files, DDIs, encrypted credentials …) via the XDG + shared-mime-info infrastructure. (Files of these types will thus be + recognized as their own thing in desktop file managers such as GNOME + Files.) + + * systemd-dissect will now show the detected sector size of a given DDI + in its default output. + + * systemd-portabled now generates recognizable structured log messages + whenever a portable service is attached or detached. + + * Verity signature checking in userspace (i.e. checking against + /etc/verity.d/ keys) when activating DDIs can now be turned on/off + via a kernel command line option systemd.allow_userspace_verity= and + an environment variable SYSTEMD_ALLOW_USERSPACE_VERITY=. + + * ext4/xfs file system quota handling has been reworked, so that + quotacheck and quotaon are now invoked as per-file-system templated + services (as opposed to single system-wide singletons), similar in + style to the fsck, growfs, pcrfs logic. This means file systems with + quota enabled can now be reasonably enabled at runtime of the system, + not just at boot. + + * "systemd-analyze dot" will now also show BindsTo= dependencies. + + * systemd-debug-generator gained the ability add in arbitrary units + based on them being passed in via system credentials. + + * A new kernel command-line option systemd.default_debug_tty= can be + used to specify the TTY for the debug shell, independently of + enabling or disabling it. + + * portablectl gained a new --clean switch that clears a portable + service's data (cache, logs, state, runtime, fdstore) when detaching + it. + + Contributions from: A S Alam, AKHIL KUMAR, + Abraham Samuel Adekunle, Adrian Vovk, Adrian Wannenmacher, + Alan Liang, Alberto Planas, Alexander Zavyalov, Anders Jonsson, + Andika Triwidada, Andres Beltran, Andrew Sayers, + Antonio Alvarez Feijoo, Arian van Putten, Arthur Zamarin, + Artur Pak, AtariDreams, Benjamin Franzke, Bernhard M. Wiedemann, + Black-Hole1, Bryan Jacobs, Burak Gerz, Carlos Garnacho, + Chandra Pratap, Chris Hofstaedtler, Chris Packham, Chris Simons, + Christian Göttsche, Christian Wesselhoeft, Clayton Craft, + Colin Geniet, Colin Walters, Colin Watson, Costa Tsaousis, + Cristian Rodríguez, Daan De Meyer, Damien Challet, Dan Streetman, + Daniel Winzen, Daniele Medri, David Seifert, David Tardon, + David Venhoek, Diego Viola, Dionna Amalie Glaze, + Dmitry Konishchev, Dmitry V. Levin, Edson Juliano Drosdeck, + Eisuke Kawashima, Eli Schwartz, Emanuele Giuseppe Esposito, + Eric Daigle, Evgeny Vereshchagin, Felix Riemann, + Fernando Fernandez Mancera, Florian Fainelli, Florian Schmaus, + Franck Bui, Frantisek Sumsal, Friedrich Altheide, + Gabríel Arthúr Pétursson, Gaël Donval, Georges Basile Stavracas Neto, + Gerd Hoffmann, GNOME Foundation, Guido Leenders, + Guilhem Lettron, Göran Uddeborg, Hans de Goede, Harald Brinkmann, + Heinrich Schuchardt, Helmut Grohne, Henry Li, Heran Yang, + Holger Assmann, Ivan Kruglov, Ivan Shapovalov, Jakub Sitnicki, + James Muir, Jan Engelhardt, Jan Macku, Jarne Förster, Jeff King, + Jian-Hong Pan, JmbFountain, Joakim Nohlgård, Jonathan Conder, + Julius Alexandre, Jörg Behrmann, Kai Lueke, Kamil Szczęk, + KayJay7, Keian, Kirk, Kristian Klausen, Krzesimir Nowak, + Lain "Fearyncess" Yang, Lars Ellenberg, Lennart Poettering, + Leonard, Luca Boccassi, Lucas Salles, Ludwig Nussel, + Lukáš Nykrýn, Luna Jernberg, Luxiter, Maanya Goenka, + Maciej S. Szmigiero, Mariano Giménez, Markus Merklinger, + Martin Ivicic, Martin Srebotnjak, Martin Trigaux, Martin Wilck, + Mathias Lang, Matt Layher, Matt Muggeridge, Matteo Croce, + Matthias Lisin, Max Gautier, Max Staudt, MaxHearnden, + Michael Biebl, Michal Koutný, Michal Sekletár, Michał Kopeć, + Mike Gilbert, Mike Yuan, Mikko Ylinen, MkfsSion, Moritz Sanft, + MrSmör, Nandakumar Raghavan, Nicholas Little, Nick Cao, + Nick Rosbrook, Nicolas Bouchinet, Norbert Lange, + Ole Peder Brandtzæg, Ondrej Kozina, Oğuz Ersen, + Pablo Méndez Hernández, Pierre GRASSER, Piotr Drąg, QuonXF, + Radoslav Kolev, Rafaël Kooi, Raito Bezarius, Rasmus Villemoes, + Reid Wahl, Renjaya Raga Zenta, Richard Maw, Roland Hieber, + Ronan Pigott, Rose, Ross Burton, Saliba-san, Sam Leonard, + Samuel BF, Sarvajith Adyanthaya, Scrambled 777, + Sebastian Pucilowski, Sergei Zhmylev, Sergey A, Shulhan, + SidhuRupinder, Simon Fowler, Skia, Sludge, Stuart Hayhurst, + Susant Sahani, Takashi Sakamoto, Temuri Doghonadze, Thayne McCombs, + Thilo Fromm, Thomas Blume, Tiago Rocha Cunha, Timo Rothenpieler, + TobiPeterG, Tobias Fleig, Tomáš Pecka, Topi Miettinen, + Tycho Andersen, Unique-Usman, Usman Akinyemi, Vasiliy Kovalev, + Vasiliy Stelmachenok, Victor Berchet, Vishal Chillara Srinivas, + Vitaly Kuznetsov, Vito Caputo, Vladimir Stoiakin, Werner Sembach, + Will Springer, Winterhuman, Xiaotian Wu, Yu Watanabe, + Yuri Chornoivan, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek, Zmyeir, anphir, + aslepykh, chenjiayi, cpackham-atlnz, cunshunxia, djantti, drewbug, + hanjinpeng, hfavisado, hulkoba, hydrargyrum, ksaleem, mburucuyapy, + medusalix, mille-feuille, mkubiak, mooo, msizanoen, networkException, + nl6720, r-vdp, runiq, sam-leonard-ct, samuelvw01, sharad3001, spdfnet, + sushmbha, wangyuhang, zeroskyx, zzywysm, İ. Ensar Gülşen, + Łukasz Stelmach, Štěpán Němec, 我超厉害, 김인수 + + — Edinburgh, 2024-06-11 + CHANGES WITH 255: Announcements of Future Feature Removals and Incompatible Changes: @@ -566,7 +1627,7 @@ CHANGES WITH 255: sd_device_enumerator_add_match_property_required() which allows configuring matches on properties that are strictly required. This is different from the existing sd_device_enumerator_add_match_property() - matches of which one one needs to apply. + matches of which one needs to apply. * The MAC address the veth side of an nspawn container shall get assigned may now be controlled via the $SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_NETWORK_MAC @@ -1350,7 +2411,7 @@ CHANGES WITH 254: user is notified (graphically via Plymouth – if available – as well as in text form on the console), and the system is turned off after a 10s delay. The feature can be disabled by passing - systemd.battery-check=0 through the kernel command line. + systemd.battery_check=0 through the kernel command line. * The 'passwdqc' library is now supported as an alternative to the 'pwquality' library and can be selected at build time. @@ -3678,7 +4739,7 @@ CHANGES WITH 250: interfaces. The Kind= setting in .netdev file accepts "ipoib". And systemd.netdev files gained the [IPoIB] section. - * systemd-networkd and systemd-udevd now support net.ifname-policy= + * systemd-networkd and systemd-udevd now support net.ifname_policy= option on the kernel command-line. This is implemented through the systemd-network-generator service that automatically generates appropriate .link, .network, and .netdev files. @@ -4250,7 +5311,7 @@ CHANGES WITH 249: - Invalid characters in interface names are replaced with "_". The new version of the net naming scheme is "v249". The previous - scheme can be selected via the "net.naming-scheme=v247" kernel + scheme can be selected via the "net.naming_scheme=v247" kernel command line parameter. * sd-bus' sd_bus_is_ready() and sd_bus_is_open() calls now accept a @@ -5781,7 +6842,7 @@ CHANGES WITH 247: bridge. Since this is a naming scheme incompatibility on systems that possess hardware like this it has been introduced as new naming scheme "v247". The previous scheme can be selected via the - "net.naming-scheme=v245" kernel command line parameter. + "net.naming_scheme=v245" kernel command line parameter. * ConditionFirstBoot= semantics have been modified to be safe towards abnormal system power-off during first boot. Specifically, the @@ -5994,12 +7055,12 @@ CHANGES WITH 246: added, which may be used to turn off automatic activation of swap devices listed in /etc/fstab. - * New kernel command line options systemd.condition-needs-update= and - systemd.condition-first-boot= have been added, which override the + * New kernel command line options systemd.condition_needs_update= and + systemd.condition_first_boot= have been added, which override the result of the ConditionNeedsUpdate= and ConditionFirstBoot= conditions. - * A new kernel command line option systemd.clock-usec= has been added + * A new kernel command line option systemd.clock_usec= has been added that allows setting the system clock to the specified time in µs since Jan 1st, 1970 early during boot. This is in particular useful in order to make test cases more reliable. @@ -6686,7 +7747,7 @@ CHANGES WITH 245: multiple containers whose names all begin with the same prefix. Since this changes the primary interface names pointing to containers if truncation happens, the old scheme may still be requested by - selecting an older naming scheme, via the net.naming-scheme= kernel + selecting an older naming scheme, via the net.naming_scheme= kernel command line option. * PrivateUsers= in service files now works in services run by the @@ -7216,9 +8277,9 @@ CHANGES WITH 243: Moreover, the "en" prefix was dropped from the ID_NET_NAME_ONBOARD udev property. - Those two changes form a new net.naming-policy-scheme= entry. - Distributions which want to preserve naming stability may want to set - the -Ddefault-net-naming-scheme= configuration option. + Those two changes form a new net.naming_scheme= entry. Distributions + which want to preserve naming stability may want to set the + -Ddefault-net-naming-scheme= configuration option. * systemd-networkd now supports MACsec, nlmon, IPVTAP and Xfrm interfaces natively. @@ -8293,7 +9354,7 @@ CHANGES WITH 240: name as argument. * systemd-udevd's network naming logic now understands a new - net.naming-scheme= kernel command line switch, which may be used to + net.naming_scheme= kernel command line switch, which may be used to pick a specific version of the naming scheme. This helps stabilizing interface names even as systemd/udev are updated and the naming logic is improved. @@ -15786,7 +16847,7 @@ CHANGES WITH 196: indexed database to link up additional information with journal entries. For further details please check: - https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/catalog + https://systemd.io/CATALOG The indexed message catalog database also needs to be rebuilt after installation of message catalog files. Use |