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+<?xml version='1.0'?>
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
+ "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
+<!-- SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later -->
+
+<refentry id="sd_bus_error" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
+
+ <refentryinfo>
+ <title>sd_bus_error</title>
+ <productname>systemd</productname>
+ </refentryinfo>
+
+ <refmeta>
+ <refentrytitle>sd_bus_error</refentrytitle>
+ <manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
+ </refmeta>
+
+ <refnamediv>
+ <refname>sd_bus_error</refname>
+ <refname>SD_BUS_ERROR_MAKE_CONST</refname>
+ <refname>SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL</refname>
+ <refname>sd_bus_error_free</refname>
+ <refname>sd_bus_error_set</refname>
+ <refname>sd_bus_error_setf</refname>
+ <refname>sd_bus_error_setfv</refname>
+ <refname>sd_bus_error_set_const</refname>
+ <refname>sd_bus_error_set_errno</refname>
+ <refname>sd_bus_error_set_errnof</refname>
+ <refname>sd_bus_error_set_errnofv</refname>
+ <refname>sd_bus_error_get_errno</refname>
+ <refname>sd_bus_error_copy</refname>
+ <refname>sd_bus_error_move</refname>
+ <refname>sd_bus_error_is_set</refname>
+ <refname>sd_bus_error_has_name</refname>
+ <refname>sd_bus_error_has_names_sentinel</refname>
+ <refname>sd_bus_error_has_names</refname>
+
+ <refpurpose>sd-bus error handling</refpurpose>
+ </refnamediv>
+
+ <refsynopsisdiv>
+ <funcsynopsis>
+ <funcsynopsisinfo>#include &lt;systemd/sd-bus.h&gt;</funcsynopsisinfo>
+
+ <funcsynopsisinfo>typedef struct {
+ const char *name;
+ const char *message;
+ …
+} sd_bus_error;</funcsynopsisinfo>
+
+ <para>
+ <constant>SD_BUS_ERROR_MAKE_CONST(<replaceable>name</replaceable>, <replaceable>message</replaceable>)</constant>
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ <constant>SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL</constant>
+ </para>
+
+ <funcprototype>
+ <funcdef>void <function>sd_bus_error_free</function></funcdef>
+ <paramdef>sd_bus_error *<parameter>e</parameter></paramdef>
+ </funcprototype>
+
+ <funcprototype>
+ <funcdef>int <function>sd_bus_error_set</function></funcdef>
+ <paramdef>sd_bus_error *<parameter>e</parameter></paramdef>
+ <paramdef>const char *<parameter>name</parameter></paramdef>
+ <paramdef>const char *<parameter>message</parameter></paramdef>
+ </funcprototype>
+
+ <funcprototype>
+ <funcdef>int <function>sd_bus_error_setf</function></funcdef>
+ <paramdef>sd_bus_error *<parameter>e</parameter></paramdef>
+ <paramdef>const char *<parameter>name</parameter></paramdef>
+ <paramdef>const char *<parameter>format</parameter></paramdef>
+ <paramdef>…</paramdef>
+ </funcprototype>
+
+ <funcprototype>
+ <funcdef>int <function>sd_bus_error_setfv</function></funcdef>
+ <paramdef>sd_bus_error *<parameter>e</parameter></paramdef>
+ <paramdef>const char *<parameter>name</parameter></paramdef>
+ <paramdef>const char *<parameter>format</parameter></paramdef>
+ <paramdef>va_list <parameter>ap</parameter></paramdef>
+ </funcprototype>
+
+ <funcprototype>
+ <funcdef>int <function>sd_bus_error_set_const</function></funcdef>
+ <paramdef>sd_bus_error *<parameter>e</parameter></paramdef>
+ <paramdef>const char *<parameter>name</parameter></paramdef>
+ <paramdef>const char *<parameter>message</parameter></paramdef>
+ </funcprototype>
+
+ <funcprototype>
+ <funcdef>int <function>sd_bus_error_set_errno</function></funcdef>
+ <paramdef>sd_bus_error *<parameter>e</parameter></paramdef>
+ <paramdef>int <parameter>error</parameter></paramdef>
+ </funcprototype>
+
+ <funcprototype>
+ <funcdef>int <function>sd_bus_error_set_errnof</function></funcdef>
+ <paramdef>sd_bus_error *<parameter>e</parameter></paramdef>
+ <paramdef>int <parameter>error</parameter></paramdef>
+ <paramdef>const char *<parameter>format</parameter></paramdef>
+ <paramdef>…</paramdef>
+ </funcprototype>
+
+ <funcprototype>
+ <funcdef>int <function>sd_bus_error_set_errnofv</function></funcdef>
+ <paramdef>sd_bus_error *<parameter>e</parameter></paramdef>
+ <paramdef>int <parameter>error</parameter></paramdef>
+ <paramdef>const char *<parameter>format</parameter></paramdef>
+ <paramdef>va_list <parameter>ap</parameter></paramdef>
+ </funcprototype>
+
+ <funcprototype>
+ <funcdef>int <function>sd_bus_error_get_errno</function></funcdef>
+ <paramdef>const sd_bus_error *<parameter>e</parameter></paramdef>
+ </funcprototype>
+
+ <funcprototype>
+ <funcdef>int <function>sd_bus_error_copy</function></funcdef>
+ <paramdef>sd_bus_error *<parameter>dst</parameter></paramdef>
+ <paramdef>const sd_bus_error *<parameter>e</parameter></paramdef>
+ </funcprototype>
+
+ <funcprototype>
+ <funcdef>int <function>sd_bus_error_move</function></funcdef>
+ <paramdef>sd_bus_error *<parameter>dst</parameter></paramdef>
+ <paramdef>sd_bus_error *<parameter>e</parameter></paramdef>
+ </funcprototype>
+
+ <funcprototype>
+ <funcdef>int <function>sd_bus_error_is_set</function></funcdef>
+ <paramdef>const sd_bus_error *<parameter>e</parameter></paramdef>
+ </funcprototype>
+
+ <funcprototype>
+ <funcdef>int <function>sd_bus_error_has_name</function></funcdef>
+ <paramdef>const sd_bus_error *<parameter>e</parameter></paramdef>
+ <paramdef>const char *<parameter>name</parameter></paramdef>
+ </funcprototype>
+
+ <funcprototype>
+ <funcdef>int <function>sd_bus_error_has_names_sentinel</function></funcdef>
+ <paramdef>const sd_bus_error *<parameter>e</parameter></paramdef>
+ <paramdef>...</paramdef>
+ </funcprototype>
+
+ <para>
+ &#35;define sd_bus_error_has_names(e, ...) sd_bus_error_has_names_sentinel(e, ..., NULL)
+ </para>
+ </funcsynopsis>
+
+ </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+ <refsect1>
+ <title>Description</title>
+
+ <para>The <structname>sd_bus_error</structname> structure carries information about a D-Bus error
+ condition, or lack thereof. The functions described below may be used to set and query fields in this
+ structure.
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem><para>The <structfield>name</structfield> field contains a short identifier of an error. It
+ should follow the rules for error names described in the D-Bus specification, subsection <ulink
+ url="https://dbus.freedesktop.org/doc/dbus-specification.html#message-protocol-names">Valid
+ D-Bus Names</ulink>. A number of common, standardized error names are described in
+ <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd-bus-errors</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, but
+ additional domain-specific errors may be defined by applications.</para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para>The <structfield>message</structfield> field usually contains a human-readable string
+ describing the details, but might be <constant>NULL</constant>.</para></listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ An unset <structname>sd_bus_error</structname> structure should have both fields initialized to
+ <constant>NULL</constant>, and signifies lack of an error, i.e. success. Assign
+ <constant>SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL</constant> to the structure in order to initialize both fields to
+ <constant>NULL</constant>. When no longer necessary, resources held by the
+ <structname>sd_bus_error</structname> structure should be destroyed with
+ <function>sd_bus_error_free()</function>.</para>
+
+ <para><function>sd_bus_error_set()</function> sets an error structure to the specified name and message
+ strings. The strings will be copied into internal, newly allocated memory. It is essential to free the
+ contents again when they are not required anymore (see above). Do not use this call on error structures
+ that have already been set. If you intend to reuse an error structure, free the old data stored in it
+ with <function>sd_bus_error_free()</function> first.</para>
+
+ <para><function>sd_bus_error_set()</function> will return an <varname>errno</varname>-like value (see
+ <citerefentry
+ project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>errno</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>)
+ determined from the specified error name <parameter>name</parameter>. If <parameter>name</parameter> is
+ <constant>NULL</constant>, it is assumed that no error occurred, and <constant>0</constant> is returned.
+ If <parameter>name</parameter> is nonnull, a negative value is always returned. If
+ <parameter>e</parameter> is <constant>NULL</constant>, no error structure is initialized, but
+ <parameter>name</parameter> is still converted into an <varname>errno</varname>-style value.</para>
+
+ <para>Various well-known D-Bus errors are converted to well-known <varname>errno</varname> counterparts,
+ and the other ones to <constant>-EIO</constant>. See
+ <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd-bus-errors</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> for a
+ list of well-known error names. Additional error mappings may be defined with
+ <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_bus_error_add_map</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para><function>sd_bus_error_set()</function> is designed to be conveniently used in a
+ <function>return</function> statement. If <parameter>message</parameter> is <constant>NULL</constant>, no
+ message is set. This call can fail if no memory may be allocated for the name and message strings, in
+ which case an <constant>SD_BUS_ERROR_NO_MEMORY</constant> error will be set instead and
+ <constant>-ENOMEM</constant> returned. </para>
+
+ <para><function>sd_bus_error_setf()</function> and <function>sd_bus_error_setfv()</function> are similar
+ to <function>sd_bus_error_set()</function>, but take a <citerefentry
+ project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>printf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> format
+ string and corresponding arguments to generate the <structfield>message</structfield> field.
+ <function>sd_bus_error_setf()</function> uses variadic arguments, and
+ <function>sd_bus_error_setfv()</function> accepts the arguments as a
+ <citerefentry
+ project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>va_arg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+ parameter list.</para>
+
+ <para><function>sd_bus_error_set_const()</function> is similar to
+ <function>sd_bus_error_set()</function>, but the string parameters are not copied internally, and must
+ hence remain constant and valid for the lifetime of <parameter>e</parameter>. Use this call to avoid
+ memory allocations when setting error structures. Since this call does not allocate memory, it will not
+ fail with an out-of-memory condition as <function>sd_bus_error_set()</function> may, as described
+ above. Alternatively, the <constant>SD_BUS_ERROR_MAKE_CONST()</constant> macro may be used to generate a
+ literal, constant bus error structure on-the-fly.</para>
+
+ <para><function>sd_bus_error_set_errno()</function> will immediately return <constant>0</constant> if the
+ specified error parameter <parameter>error</parameter> is <constant>0</constant>. Otherwise, it will set
+ <structfield>name</structfield> from an <varname>errno</varname>-like value that is converted to a D-Bus
+ error. <citerefentry
+ project='die-net'><refentrytitle>strerror_r</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> will
+ be used to set <structfield>message</structfield>. Well-known D-Bus error names will be used for
+ <structfield>name</structfield> if applicable, otherwise a name in the <literal>System.Error.</literal>
+ namespace will be generated. The sign of the specified error number is ignored and the absolute value is
+ used implicitly. If the specified error <parameter>error</parameter> is non-zero, the call always returns
+ a negative value, for convenient usage in <function>return</function> statements. This call might fail
+ due to lack of memory, in which case an <constant>SD_BUS_ERROR_NO_MEMORY</constant> error is set instead,
+ and <constant>-ENOMEM</constant> is returned.</para>
+
+ <para><function>sd_bus_error_set_errnof()</function> and <function>sd_bus_error_set_errnof()</function>
+ are similar to <function>sd_bus_error_set_errno()</function>, but in addition to
+ <parameter>error</parameter>, take a <citerefentry
+ project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>printf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> format
+ string and corresponding arguments. The <structfield>message</structfield> field will be generated from
+ <parameter>format</parameter> and the arguments.
+ <function>sd_bus_error_set_errnof()</function> uses variadic arguments, and
+ <function>sd_bus_error_set_errnofv()</function> accepts the arguments as a
+ <citerefentry
+ project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>va_arg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+ parameter list.</para>
+
+ <para><function>sd_bus_error_get_errno()</function> converts the <structfield>name</structfield> field of
+ an error structure to an <varname>errno</varname>-like (positive) value using the same rules as
+ <function>sd_bus_error_set()</function>. If <parameter>e</parameter> is <constant>NULL</constant>,
+ <constant>0</constant> will be returned.</para>
+
+ <para><function>sd_bus_error_copy()</function> will initialize <parameter>dst</parameter> using the
+ values in <parameter>e</parameter>, if <parameter>e</parameter> has been set with an error value before.
+ Otherwise, it will return immediately. If the strings in <parameter>e</parameter> were set using
+ <function>sd_bus_error_set_const()</function>, they will be shared. Otherwise, they will be
+ copied. Before this call, <parameter>dst</parameter> must be unset, i.e. either freshly initialized with
+ <constant>NULL</constant> or reset using <function>sd_bus_error_free()</function>.</para>
+
+ <para><function>sd_bus_error_copy()</function> generally returns <constant>0</constant> or a negative
+ <varname>errno</varname>-like value based on the input parameter <parameter>e</parameter>:
+ <constant>0</constant> if it was unset and a negative integer if it was set to some error, similarly to
+ <function>sd_bus_error_set()</function>. It may however also return an error generated internally, for
+ example <constant>-ENOMEM</constant> if a memory allocation fails.</para>
+
+ <para><function>sd_bus_error_move()</function> is similar to <function>sd_bus_error_copy()</function>,
+ but will move any error information from <parameter>e</parameter> into <parameter>dst</parameter>,
+ resetting the former. This function cannot fail, as no new memory is allocated. Note that if
+ <parameter>e</parameter> is not set, <parameter>dst</parameter> is initialized to
+ <constant>SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL</constant>. Moreover, if <parameter>dst</parameter> is
+ <constant>NULL</constant> no operation is executed on it and resources held by <parameter>e</parameter>
+ are freed and reset. Returns a converted <varname>errno</varname>-like, non-positive error value.</para>
+
+ <para><function>sd_bus_error_is_set()</function> will return a
+ non-zero value if <parameter>e</parameter> is
+ non-<constant>NULL</constant> and an error has been set,
+ <constant>false</constant> otherwise.</para>
+
+ <para><function>sd_bus_error_has_name()</function> will return a
+ non-zero value if <parameter>e</parameter> is
+ non-<constant>NULL</constant> and an error with the same
+ <parameter>name</parameter> has been set,
+ <constant>false</constant> otherwise.</para>
+
+ <para><function>sd_bus_error_has_names_sentinel()</function> is similar to
+ <function>sd_bus_error_has_name()</function>, but takes multiple names to check against. The list must be
+ terminated with <constant>NULL</constant>. <function>sd_bus_error_has_names()</function>
+ is a macro wrapper around <function>sd_bus_error_has_names_sentinel()</function> that adds the
+ <constant>NULL</constant> sentinel automatically.</para>
+
+ <para><function>sd_bus_error_free()</function> will destroy
+ resources held by <parameter>e</parameter>. The parameter itself
+ will not be deallocated, and must be <citerefentry
+ project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>free</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>d
+ by the caller if necessary. The function may also be called safely
+ on unset errors (error structures with both fields set to <constant>NULL</constant>),
+ in which case it performs no operation. This call will reset the
+ error structure after freeing the data, so that all fields are set
+ to <constant>NULL</constant>. The structure may be reused afterwards.</para>
+ </refsect1>
+
+ <refsect1>
+ <title>Reference ownership</title>
+
+ <para><structname>sd_bus_error</structname> is not reference-counted. Users should destroy resources held
+ by it by calling <function>sd_bus_error_free()</function>. Usually, error structures are allocated on the
+ stack or passed in as function parameters, but they may also be allocated dynamically, in which case it
+ is the duty of the caller to <citerefentry
+ project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>free</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> the memory
+ held by the structure itself after freeing its contents with
+ <function>sd_bus_error_free()</function>.</para>
+ </refsect1>
+
+ <refsect1>
+ <title>Return Value</title>
+
+ <para>The functions <function>sd_bus_error_set()</function>, <function>sd_bus_error_setf()</function>,
+ and <function>sd_bus_error_set_const()</function> always return <constant>0</constant> when the specified
+ error value is <constant>NULL</constant>, and a negative errno-like value corresponding to the
+ <parameter>name</parameter> parameter otherwise. The functions
+ <function>sd_bus_error_set_errno()</function>, <function>sd_bus_error_set_errnof()</function> and
+ <function>sd_bus_error_set_errnofv()</function>, return <constant>0</constant> when the specified error
+ value is <constant>0</constant>, and a negative errno-like value corresponding to the
+ <parameter>error</parameter> parameter otherwise. If an error occurs internally, one of the negative
+ error values listed below will be returned. This allows those functions to be conveniently used in a
+ <constant>return</constant> statement, see the example below.</para>
+
+ <para><function>sd_bus_error_get_errno()</function> returns
+ <constant>false</constant> when <parameter>e</parameter> is
+ <constant>NULL</constant>, and a positive errno value mapped from
+ <parameter>e-&gt;name</parameter> otherwise.</para>
+
+ <para><function>sd_bus_error_copy()</function> and <function>sd_bus_error_move()</function> return a
+ negative error value converted from the source error, and zero if the error has not been set. This
+ allows those functions to be conveniently used in a <constant>return</constant> statement, see the
+ example below.</para>
+
+ <para><function>sd_bus_error_is_set()</function> returns a
+ non-zero value when <parameter>e</parameter> and the
+ <structfield>name</structfield> field are
+ non-<constant>NULL</constant>, zero otherwise.</para>
+
+ <para><function>sd_bus_error_has_name()</function>, <function>sd_bus_error_has_names()</function>, and
+ <function>sd_bus_error_has_names_sentinel()</function> return a non-zero value when <parameter>e</parameter> is
+ non-<constant>NULL</constant> and the <structfield>name</structfield> field is equal to one of the given
+ names, zero otherwise.</para>
+
+ <refsect2>
+ <title>Errors</title>
+
+ <para>Return value may indicate the following problems in the invocation of the function itself:</para>
+
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><constant>-EINVAL</constant></term>
+
+ <listitem><para>Error was already set in the <structname>sd_bus_error</structname> structure when
+ one the error-setting functions was called.</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><constant>-ENOMEM</constant></term>
+
+ <listitem><para>Memory allocation failed.</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+
+ <para>On success, <function>sd_bus_error_set()</function>, <function>sd_bus_error_setf()</function>,
+ <function>sd_bus_error_set_const()</function>, <function>sd_bus_error_set_errno()</function>,
+ <function>sd_bus_error_set_errnof()</function>, <function>sd_bus_error_set_errnofv()</function>,
+ <function>sd_bus_error_copy()</function>, and <function>sd_bus_error_move()</function> will return a
+ negative converted <varname>errno</varname>-style value, or <constant>0</constant> if the error
+ parameter is <constant>NULL</constant> or unset. D-Bus errors are converted to the integral
+ <varname>errno</varname>-style value, and the mapping mechanism is extensible, see the discussion
+ above. This effectively means that almost any negative <varname>errno</varname>-style value can be
+ returned.</para>
+ </refsect2>
+ </refsect1>
+
+ <refsect1>
+ <title>Examples</title>
+
+ <example>
+ <title>Using the negative return value to propagate an error</title>
+
+ <programlisting><xi:include href="sd_bus_error-example.c" parse="text" /></programlisting>
+ </example>
+ </refsect1>
+
+ <xi:include href="libsystemd-pkgconfig.xml" />
+
+ <refsect1>
+ <title>History</title>
+ <para><function>sd_bus_error_free()</function>,
+ <function>sd_bus_error_set()</function>,
+ <function>sd_bus_error_setf()</function>,
+ <function>sd_bus_error_set_const()</function>,
+ <function>sd_bus_error_set_errno()</function>,
+ <function>sd_bus_error_set_errnof()</function>,
+ <function>sd_bus_error_get_errno()</function>,
+ <function>sd_bus_error_copy()</function>,
+ <function>sd_bus_error_is_set()</function>, and
+ <function>sd_bus_error_has_name()</function> were added in version 209.</para>
+ <para><function>sd_bus_error_set_errnofv()</function> was added in version 223.</para>
+ <para><function>sd_bus_error_move()</function> was added in version 240.</para>
+ <para><function>sd_bus_error_has_names_sentinel()</function> was added in version 247.</para>
+ <para><function>sd_bus_error_setfv()</function> was added in version 252.</para>
+ </refsect1>
+
+ <refsect1>
+ <title>See Also</title>
+
+ <para>
+ <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+ <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd-bus</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+ <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd-bus-errors</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+ <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_bus_error_add_map</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+ <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>errno</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+ <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>strerror_r</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+ </para>
+ </refsect1>
+
+</refentry>