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diff --git a/man/systemd-analyze.xml b/man/systemd-analyze.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..35ad843 --- /dev/null +++ b/man/systemd-analyze.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1594 @@ +<?xml version='1.0'?> <!--*-nxml-*--> +<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN" + "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd"> +<!-- SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later --> + +<refentry id="systemd-analyze" conditional='ENABLE_ANALYZE' + xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"> + + <refentryinfo> + <title>systemd-analyze</title> + <productname>systemd</productname> + </refentryinfo> + + <refmeta> + <refentrytitle>systemd-analyze</refentrytitle> + <manvolnum>1</manvolnum> + </refmeta> + + <refnamediv> + <refname>systemd-analyze</refname> + <refpurpose>Analyze and debug system manager</refpurpose> + </refnamediv> + + <refsynopsisdiv> + <cmdsynopsis> + <command>systemd-analyze</command> + <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg> + <arg>time</arg> + </cmdsynopsis> + <cmdsynopsis> + <command>systemd-analyze</command> + <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg> + <arg choice="plain">blame</arg> + </cmdsynopsis> + <cmdsynopsis> + <command>systemd-analyze</command> + <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg> + <arg choice="plain">critical-chain</arg> + <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat"><replaceable>UNIT</replaceable></arg> + </cmdsynopsis> + + <cmdsynopsis> + <command>systemd-analyze</command> + <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg> + <arg choice="plain">dump</arg> + <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat"><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable></arg> + </cmdsynopsis> + + <cmdsynopsis> + <command>systemd-analyze</command> + <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg> + <arg choice="plain">plot</arg> + <arg choice="opt">>file.svg</arg> + </cmdsynopsis> + <cmdsynopsis> + <command>systemd-analyze</command> + <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg> + <arg choice="plain">dot</arg> + <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat"><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable></arg> + <arg choice="opt">>file.dot</arg> + </cmdsynopsis> + + <cmdsynopsis> + <command>systemd-analyze</command> + <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg> + <arg choice="plain">unit-files</arg> + </cmdsynopsis> + <cmdsynopsis> + <command>systemd-analyze</command> + <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg> + <arg choice="plain">unit-paths</arg> + </cmdsynopsis> + <cmdsynopsis> + <command>systemd-analyze</command> + <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg> + <arg choice="plain">exit-status</arg> + <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat"><replaceable>STATUS</replaceable></arg> + </cmdsynopsis> + <cmdsynopsis> + <command>systemd-analyze</command> + <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg> + <arg choice="plain">capability</arg> + <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat"><replaceable>CAPABILITY</replaceable></arg> + </cmdsynopsis> + <cmdsynopsis> + <command>systemd-analyze</command> + <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg> + <arg choice="plain">condition</arg> + <arg choice="plain"><replaceable>CONDITION</replaceable>…</arg> + </cmdsynopsis> + <cmdsynopsis> + <command>systemd-analyze</command> + <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg> + <arg choice="plain">syscall-filter</arg> + <arg choice="opt"><replaceable>SET</replaceable>…</arg> + </cmdsynopsis> + <cmdsynopsis> + <command>systemd-analyze</command> + <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg> + <arg choice="plain">filesystems</arg> + <arg choice="opt"><replaceable>SET</replaceable>…</arg> + </cmdsynopsis> + <cmdsynopsis> + <command>systemd-analyze</command> + <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg> + <arg choice="plain">calendar</arg> + <arg choice="plain" rep="repeat"><replaceable>SPEC</replaceable></arg> + </cmdsynopsis> + <cmdsynopsis> + <command>systemd-analyze</command> + <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg> + <arg choice="plain">timestamp</arg> + <arg choice="plain" rep="repeat"><replaceable>TIMESTAMP</replaceable></arg> + </cmdsynopsis> + <cmdsynopsis> + <command>systemd-analyze</command> + <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg> + <arg choice="plain">timespan</arg> + <arg choice="plain" rep="repeat"><replaceable>SPAN</replaceable></arg> + </cmdsynopsis> + <cmdsynopsis> + <command>systemd-analyze</command> + <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg> + <arg choice="plain">cat-config</arg> + <arg choice="plain" rep="repeat"><replaceable>NAME</replaceable>|<replaceable>PATH</replaceable></arg> + </cmdsynopsis> + <cmdsynopsis> + <command>systemd-analyze</command> + <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg> + <arg choice="plain">compare-versions</arg> + <arg choice="plain"><replaceable>VERSION1</replaceable></arg> + <arg choice="opt"><replaceable>OP</replaceable></arg> + <arg choice="plain"><replaceable>VERSION2</replaceable></arg> + </cmdsynopsis> + <cmdsynopsis> + <command>systemd-analyze</command> + <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg> + <arg choice="plain">verify</arg> + <arg choice="plain" rep="repeat"><replaceable>FILE</replaceable></arg> + </cmdsynopsis> + <cmdsynopsis> + <command>systemd-analyze</command> + <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg> + <arg choice="plain">security</arg> + <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat"><replaceable>UNIT</replaceable></arg> + </cmdsynopsis> + <cmdsynopsis> + <command>systemd-analyze</command> + <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg> + <arg choice="plain">inspect-elf</arg> + <arg choice="plain" rep="repeat"><replaceable>FILE</replaceable></arg> + </cmdsynopsis> + <cmdsynopsis> + <command>systemd-analyze</command> + <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg> + <arg choice="plain">malloc</arg> + <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat"><replaceable>D-BUS SERVICE</replaceable></arg> + </cmdsynopsis> + <cmdsynopsis> + <command>systemd-analyze</command> + <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg> + <arg choice="plain">fdstore</arg> + <arg choice="plain" rep="repeat"><replaceable>UNIT</replaceable></arg> + </cmdsynopsis> + <cmdsynopsis> + <command>systemd-analyze</command> + <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg> + <arg choice="plain">image-policy</arg> + <arg choice="plain" rep="repeat"><replaceable>POLICY</replaceable></arg> + </cmdsynopsis> + <cmdsynopsis> + <command>systemd-analyze</command> + <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg> + <arg choice="plain">pcrs</arg> + <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat"><replaceable>PCR</replaceable></arg> + </cmdsynopsis> + <cmdsynopsis> + <command>systemd-analyze</command> + <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg> + <arg choice="plain">srk</arg> ><arg choice="plain"><replaceable>FILE</replaceable></arg> + </cmdsynopsis> + </refsynopsisdiv> + + <refsect1> + <title>Description</title> + + <para><command>systemd-analyze</command> may be used to determine + system boot-up performance statistics and retrieve other state and + tracing information from the system and service manager, and to + verify the correctness of unit files. It is also used to access + special functions useful for advanced system manager debugging.</para> + + <para>If no command is passed, <command>systemd-analyze + time</command> is implied.</para> + + <refsect2> + <title><command>systemd-analyze time</command></title> + + <para>This command prints the time spent in the kernel before userspace has been reached, the time + spent in the initrd before normal system userspace has been reached, and the time normal system + userspace took to initialize. Note that these measurements simply measure the time passed up to the + point where all system services have been spawned, but not necessarily until they fully finished + initialization or the disk is idle.</para> + + <example> + <title><command>Show how long the boot took</command></title> + + <programlisting># in a container +$ systemd-analyze time +Startup finished in 296ms (userspace) +multi-user.target reached after 275ms in userspace + +# on a real machine +$ systemd-analyze time +Startup finished in 2.584s (kernel) + 19.176s (initrd) + 47.847s (userspace) = 1min 9.608s +multi-user.target reached after 47.820s in userspace +</programlisting> + </example> + </refsect2> + + <refsect2> + <title><command>systemd-analyze blame</command></title> + + <para>This command prints a list of all running units, ordered by the time they took to initialize. + This information may be used to optimize boot-up times. Note that the output might be misleading as the + initialization of one service might be slow simply because it waits for the initialization of another + service to complete. Also note: <command>systemd-analyze blame</command> doesn't display results for + services with <varname>Type=simple</varname>, because systemd considers such services to be started + immediately, hence no measurement of the initialization delays can be done. Also note that this command + only shows the time units took for starting up, it does not show how long unit jobs spent in the + execution queue. In particular it shows the time units spent in <literal>activating</literal> state, + which is not defined for units such as device units that transition directly from + <literal>inactive</literal> to <literal>active</literal>. This command hence gives an impression of the + performance of program code, but cannot accurately reflect latency introduced by waiting for + hardware and similar events.</para> + + <example> + <title><command>Show which units took the most time during boot</command></title> + + <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze blame + 32.875s pmlogger.service + 20.905s systemd-networkd-wait-online.service + 13.299s dev-vda1.device + ... + 23ms sysroot.mount + 11ms initrd-udevadm-cleanup-db.service + 3ms sys-kernel-config.mount + </programlisting> + </example> + </refsect2> + + <refsect2> + <title><command>systemd-analyze critical-chain <optional><replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>...</optional></command></title> + + <para>This command prints a tree of the time-critical chain of units (for each of the specified + <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>s or for the default target otherwise). The time after the unit is + active or started is printed after the "@" character. The time the unit takes to start is printed after + the "+" character. Note that the output might be misleading as the initialization of services might + depend on socket activation and because of the parallel execution of units. Also, similarly to the + <command>blame</command> command, this only takes into account the time units spent in + <literal>activating</literal> state, and hence does not cover units that never went through an + <literal>activating</literal> state (such as device units that transition directly from + <literal>inactive</literal> to <literal>active</literal>). Moreover it does not show information on + jobs (and in particular not jobs that timed out).</para> + + <example> + <title><command>systemd-analyze critical-chain</command></title> + + <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze critical-chain +multi-user.target @47.820s +└─pmie.service @35.968s +548ms + └─pmcd.service @33.715s +2.247s + └─network-online.target @33.712s + └─systemd-networkd-wait-online.service @12.804s +20.905s + └─systemd-networkd.service @11.109s +1.690s + └─systemd-udevd.service @9.201s +1.904s + └─systemd-tmpfiles-setup-dev.service @7.306s +1.776s + └─kmod-static-nodes.service @6.976s +177ms + └─systemd-journald.socket + └─system.slice + └─-.slice +</programlisting> + </example> + </refsect2> + + <refsect2> + <title><command>systemd-analyze dump [<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>…]</command></title> + + <para>Without any parameter, this command outputs a (usually very long) human-readable serialization of + the complete service manager state. Optional glob pattern may be specified, causing the output to be + limited to units whose names match one of the patterns. The output format is subject to change without + notice and should not be parsed by applications. This command is rate limited for unprivileged users.</para> + + <example> + <title>Show the internal state of user manager</title> + + <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze --user dump +Timestamp userspace: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET +Timestamp finish: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET +Timestamp generators-start: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET +Timestamp generators-finish: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET +Timestamp units-load-start: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET +Timestamp units-load-finish: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET +-> Unit proc-timer_list.mount: + Description: /proc/timer_list + ... +-> Unit default.target: + Description: Main user target +... +</programlisting> + </example> + </refsect2> + + <refsect2> + <title><command>systemd-analyze malloc [<replaceable>D-Bus service</replaceable>…]</command></title> + + <para>This command can be used to request the output of the internal memory state (as returned by + <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>malloc_info</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>) + of a D-Bus service. If no service is specified, the query will be sent to + <filename>org.freedesktop.systemd1</filename> (the system or user service manager). The output format + is not guaranteed to be stable and should not be parsed by applications.</para> + + <para>The service must implement the <filename>org.freedesktop.MemoryAllocation1</filename> interface. + In the systemd suite, it is currently only implemented by the manager.</para> + </refsect2> + + <refsect2> + <title><command>systemd-analyze plot</command></title> + + <para>This command prints either an SVG graphic, detailing which system services have been started at what + time, highlighting the time they spent on initialization, or the raw time data in JSON or table format.</para> + + <example> + <title><command>Plot a bootchart</command></title> + + <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze plot >bootup.svg +$ eog bootup.svg& +</programlisting> + </example> + + <para>Note that this plot is based on the most recent per-unit timing data of loaded units. This means + that if a unit gets started, then stopped and then started again the information shown will cover the + most recent start cycle, not the first one. Thus it's recommended to consult this information only + shortly after boot, so that this distinction doesn't matter. Moreover, units that are not referenced by + any other unit through a dependency might be unloaded by the service manager once they terminate (and + did not fail). Such units will not show up in the plot.</para> + </refsect2> + + <refsect2> + <title><command>systemd-analyze dot [<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>...]</command></title> + + <para>This command generates textual dependency graph description in dot format for further processing + with the GraphViz + <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>dot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> + tool. Use a command line like <command>systemd-analyze dot | dot -Tsvg >systemd.svg</command> to + generate a graphical dependency tree. Unless <option>--order</option> or <option>--require</option> is + passed, the generated graph will show both ordering and requirement dependencies. Optional pattern + globbing style specifications (e.g. <filename>*.target</filename>) may be given at the end. A unit + dependency is included in the graph if any of these patterns match either the origin or destination + node.</para> + + <example> + <title>Plot all dependencies of any unit whose name starts with <literal>avahi-daemon</literal> + </title> + + <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze dot 'avahi-daemon.*' | dot -Tsvg >avahi.svg +$ eog avahi.svg</programlisting> + </example> + + <example> + <title>Plot the dependencies between all known target units</title> + + <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze dot --to-pattern='*.target' --from-pattern='*.target' \ + | dot -Tsvg >targets.svg +$ eog targets.svg</programlisting> + </example> + </refsect2> + + <refsect2> + <title><command>systemd-analyze unit-paths</command></title> + + <para>This command outputs a list of all directories from which unit files, <filename>.d</filename> + overrides, and <filename>.wants</filename>, <filename>.requires</filename> symlinks may be + loaded. Combine with <option>--user</option> to retrieve the list for the user manager instance, and + <option>--global</option> for the global configuration of user manager instances.</para> + + <example> + <title><command>Show all paths for generated units</command></title> + + <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze unit-paths | grep '^/run' +/run/systemd/system.control +/run/systemd/transient +/run/systemd/generator.early +/run/systemd/system +/run/systemd/system.attached +/run/systemd/generator +/run/systemd/generator.late +</programlisting> + </example> + + <para>Note that this verb prints the list that is compiled into <command>systemd-analyze</command> + itself, and does not communicate with the running manager. Use + <programlisting>systemctl [--user] [--global] show -p UnitPath --value</programlisting> + to retrieve the actual list that the manager uses, with any empty directories omitted.</para> + </refsect2> + + <refsect2> + <title><command>systemd-analyze exit-status <optional><replaceable>STATUS</replaceable>...</optional></command></title> + + <para>This command prints a list of exit statuses along with their "class", i.e. the source of the + definition (one of <literal>glibc</literal>, <literal>systemd</literal>, <literal>LSB</literal>, or + <literal>BSD</literal>), see the Process Exit Codes section in + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. + If no additional arguments are specified, all known statuses are shown. Otherwise, only the + definitions for the specified codes are shown.</para> + + <example> + <title><command>Show some example exit status names</command></title> + + <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze exit-status 0 1 {63..65} +NAME STATUS CLASS +SUCCESS 0 glibc +FAILURE 1 glibc +- 63 - +USAGE 64 BSD +DATAERR 65 BSD +</programlisting> + </example> + </refsect2> + + <refsect2> + <title><command>systemd-analyze capability <optional><replaceable>CAPABILITY</replaceable>...</optional></command></title> + + <para>This command prints a list of Linux capabilities along with their numeric IDs. See <citerefentry + project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>capabilities</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> + for details. If no argument is specified the full list of capabilities known to the service manager and + the kernel is shown. Capabilities defined by the kernel but not known to the service manager are shown + as <literal>cap_???</literal>. Optionally, if arguments are specified they may refer to specific + cabilities by name or numeric ID, in which case only the indicated capabilities are shown in the + table.</para> + + <example> + <title><command>Show some example capability names</command></title> + + <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze capability 0 1 {30..32} +NAME NUMBER +cap_chown 0 +cap_dac_override 1 +cap_audit_control 30 +cap_setfcap 31 +cap_mac_override 32</programlisting> + </example> + </refsect2> + + <refsect2> + <title><command>systemd-analyze condition <replaceable>CONDITION</replaceable>...</command></title> + + <para>This command will evaluate <varname index="false">Condition*=...</varname> and + <varname index="false">Assert*=...</varname> assignments, and print their values, and + the resulting value of the combined condition set. See + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> + for a list of available conditions and asserts.</para> + + <example> + <title>Evaluate conditions that check kernel versions</title> + + <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze condition 'ConditionKernelVersion = ! <4.0' \ + 'ConditionKernelVersion = >=5.1' \ + 'ConditionACPower=|false' \ + 'ConditionArchitecture=|!arm' \ + 'AssertPathExists=/etc/os-release' +test.service: AssertPathExists=/etc/os-release succeeded. +Asserts succeeded. +test.service: ConditionArchitecture=|!arm succeeded. +test.service: ConditionACPower=|false failed. +test.service: ConditionKernelVersion=>=5.1 succeeded. +test.service: ConditionKernelVersion=!<4.0 succeeded. +Conditions succeeded.</programlisting> + </example> + </refsect2> + + <refsect2> + <title><command>systemd-analyze syscall-filter <optional><replaceable>SET</replaceable>...</optional></command></title> + + <para>This command will list system calls contained in the specified system call set + <replaceable>SET</replaceable>, or all known sets if no sets are specified. Argument + <replaceable>SET</replaceable> must include the <literal>@</literal> prefix.</para> + </refsect2> + + <refsect2> + <title><command>systemd-analyze filesystems <optional><replaceable>SET</replaceable>...</optional></command></title> + + <para>This command will list filesystems in the specified filesystem set + <replaceable>SET</replaceable>, or all known sets if no sets are specified. Argument + <replaceable>SET</replaceable> must include the <literal>@</literal> prefix.</para> + </refsect2> + + <refsect2> + <title><command>systemd-analyze calendar <replaceable>EXPRESSION</replaceable>...</command></title> + + <para>This command will parse and normalize repetitive calendar time events, and will calculate when + they elapse next. This takes the same input as the <varname>OnCalendar=</varname> setting in + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.timer</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + following the syntax described in + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.time</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>. By + default, only the next time the calendar expression will elapse is shown; use + <option>--iterations=</option> to show the specified number of next times the expression + elapses. Each time the expression elapses forms a timestamp, see the <command>timestamp</command> + verb below.</para> + + <example> + <title>Show leap days in the near future</title> + + <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze calendar --iterations=5 '*-2-29 0:0:0' + Original form: *-2-29 0:0:0 +Normalized form: *-02-29 00:00:00 + Next elapse: Sat 2020-02-29 00:00:00 UTC + From now: 11 months 15 days left + Iter. #2: Thu 2024-02-29 00:00:00 UTC + From now: 4 years 11 months left + Iter. #3: Tue 2028-02-29 00:00:00 UTC + From now: 8 years 11 months left + Iter. #4: Sun 2032-02-29 00:00:00 UTC + From now: 12 years 11 months left + Iter. #5: Fri 2036-02-29 00:00:00 UTC + From now: 16 years 11 months left +</programlisting> + </example> + </refsect2> + + <refsect2> + <title><command>systemd-analyze timestamp <replaceable>TIMESTAMP</replaceable>...</command></title> + + <para>This command parses a timestamp (i.e. a single point in time) and outputs the normalized form and + the difference between this timestamp and now. The timestamp should adhere to the syntax documented in + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.time</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + section "PARSING TIMESTAMPS".</para> + + <example> + <title>Show parsing of timestamps</title> + + <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze timestamp yesterday now tomorrow + Original form: yesterday +Normalized form: Mon 2019-05-20 00:00:00 CEST + (in UTC): Sun 2019-05-19 22:00:00 UTC + UNIX seconds: @15583032000 + From now: 1 day 9h ago + + Original form: now +Normalized form: Tue 2019-05-21 09:48:39 CEST + (in UTC): Tue 2019-05-21 07:48:39 UTC + UNIX seconds: @1558424919.659757 + From now: 43us ago + + Original form: tomorrow +Normalized form: Wed 2019-05-22 00:00:00 CEST + (in UTC): Tue 2019-05-21 22:00:00 UTC + UNIX seconds: @15584760000 + From now: 14h left +</programlisting> + </example> + </refsect2> + + <refsect2> + <title><command>systemd-analyze timespan <replaceable>EXPRESSION</replaceable>...</command></title> + + <para>This command parses a time span (i.e. a difference between two timestamps) and outputs the + normalized form and the equivalent value in microseconds. The time span should adhere to the syntax + documented in + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.time</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + section "PARSING TIME SPANS". Values without units are parsed as seconds.</para> + + <example> + <title>Show parsing of timespans</title> + + <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze timespan 1s 300s '1year 0.000001s' +Original: 1s + μs: 1000000 + Human: 1s + +Original: 300s + μs: 300000000 + Human: 5min + +Original: 1year 0.000001s + μs: 31557600000001 + Human: 1y 1us +</programlisting> + </example> + </refsect2> + + <refsect2> + <title><command>systemd-analyze cat-config</command> + <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>|<replaceable>PATH</replaceable>...</title> + + <para>This command is similar to <command>systemctl cat</command>, but operates on config files. It + will copy the contents of a config file and any drop-ins to standard output, using the usual systemd + set of directories and rules for precedence. Each argument must be either an absolute path including + the prefix (such as <filename>/etc/systemd/logind.conf</filename> or + <filename>/usr/lib/systemd/logind.conf</filename>), or a name relative to the prefix (such as + <filename>systemd/logind.conf</filename>).</para> + + <example> + <title>Showing logind configuration</title> + <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze cat-config systemd/logind.conf +# /etc/systemd/logind.conf +... +[Login] +NAutoVTs=8 +... + +# /usr/lib/systemd/logind.conf.d/20-test.conf +... some override from another package + +# /etc/systemd/logind.conf.d/50-override.conf +... some administrator override + </programlisting> + </example> + </refsect2> + + <refsect2> + <title><command>systemd-analyze compare-versions + <replaceable>VERSION1</replaceable> + <optional><replaceable>OP</replaceable></optional> + <replaceable>VERSION2</replaceable></command></title> + + <para>This command has two distinct modes of operation, depending on whether the operator + <replaceable>OP</replaceable> is specified.</para> + + <para>In the first mode — when <replaceable>OP</replaceable> is not specified — it will compare the two + version strings and print either <literal><replaceable>VERSION1</replaceable> < + <replaceable>VERSION2</replaceable></literal>, or <literal><replaceable>VERSION1</replaceable> == + <replaceable>VERSION2</replaceable></literal>, or <literal><replaceable>VERSION1</replaceable> > + <replaceable>VERSION2</replaceable></literal> as appropriate.</para> + + <para>The exit status is <constant>0</constant> if the versions are equal, <constant>11</constant> if + the version of the right is smaller, and <constant>12</constant> if the version of the left is + smaller. (This matches the convention used by <command>rpmdev-vercmp</command>.)</para> + + <para>In the second mode — when <replaceable>OP</replaceable> is specified — it will compare the two + version strings using the operation <replaceable>OP</replaceable> and return <constant>0</constant> + (success) if they condition is satisfied, and <constant>1</constant> (failure) + otherwise. <constant>OP</constant> may be <command>lt</command>, <command>le</command>, + <command>eq</command>, <command>ne</command>, <command>ge</command>, <command>gt</command>. In this + mode, no output is printed. + (This matches the convention used by + <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> + <option>--compare-versions</option>.)</para> + + <example> + <title>Compare versions of a package</title> + + <programlisting> +$ systemd-analyze compare-versions systemd-250~rc1.fc36.aarch64 systemd-251.fc36.aarch64 +systemd-250~rc1.fc36.aarch64 < systemd-251.fc36.aarch64 +$ echo $? +12 + +$ systemd-analyze compare-versions 1 lt 2; echo $? +0 +$ systemd-analyze compare-versions 1 ge 2; echo $? +1 + </programlisting> + </example> + </refsect2> + + <refsect2> + <title><command>systemd-analyze verify <replaceable>FILE</replaceable>...</command></title> + + <para>This command will load unit files and print warnings if any errors are detected. Files specified + on the command line will be loaded, but also any other units referenced by them. A unit's name on disk + can be overridden by specifying an alias after a colon; see below for an example. The full unit search + path is formed by combining the directories for all command line arguments, and the usual unit load + paths. The variable <varname>$SYSTEMD_UNIT_PATH</varname> is supported, and may be used to replace or + augment the compiled in set of unit load paths; see + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. All + units files present in the directories containing the command line arguments will be used in preference + to the other paths.</para> + + <para>The following errors are currently detected:</para> + <itemizedlist> + <listitem><para>unknown sections and directives,</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>missing dependencies which are required to start the given unit,</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>man pages listed in <varname>Documentation=</varname> which are not found in the + system,</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>commands listed in <varname>ExecStart=</varname> and similar which are not found in + the system or not executable.</para></listitem> + </itemizedlist> + + <example> + <title>Misspelt directives</title> + + <programlisting>$ cat ./user.slice +[Unit] +WhatIsThis=11 +Documentation=man:nosuchfile(1) +Requires=different.service + +[Service] +Description=x + +$ systemd-analyze verify ./user.slice +[./user.slice:9] Unknown lvalue 'WhatIsThis' in section 'Unit' +[./user.slice:13] Unknown section 'Service'. Ignoring. +Error: org.freedesktop.systemd1.LoadFailed: + Unit different.service failed to load: + No such file or directory. +Failed to create user.slice/start: Invalid argument +user.slice: man nosuchfile(1) command failed with code 16 + </programlisting> + </example> + + <example> + <title>Missing service units</title> + + <programlisting>$ tail ./a.socket ./b.socket +==> ./a.socket <== +[Socket] +ListenStream=100 + +==> ./b.socket <== +[Socket] +ListenStream=100 +Accept=yes + +$ systemd-analyze verify ./a.socket ./b.socket +Service a.service not loaded, a.socket cannot be started. +Service b@0.service not loaded, b.socket cannot be started. + </programlisting> + </example> + + <example> + <title>Aliasing a unit</title> + + <programlisting>$ cat /tmp/source +[Unit] +Description=Hostname printer + +[Service] +Type=simple +ExecStart=/usr/bin/echo %H +MysteryKey=true + +$ systemd-analyze verify /tmp/source +Failed to prepare filename /tmp/source: Invalid argument + +$ systemd-analyze verify /tmp/source:alias.service +alias.service:7: Unknown key name 'MysteryKey' in section 'Service', ignoring. + </programlisting> + </example> + + </refsect2> + + <refsect2> + <title><command>systemd-analyze security <optional><replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>...</optional></command></title> + + <para>This command analyzes the security and sandboxing settings of one or more specified service + units. If at least one unit name is specified the security settings of the specified service units are + inspected and a detailed analysis is shown. If no unit name is specified, all currently loaded, + long-running service units are inspected and a terse table with results shown. The command checks for + various security-related service settings, assigning each a numeric "exposure level" value, depending + on how important a setting is. It then calculates an overall exposure level for the whole unit, which + is an estimation in the range 0.0…10.0 indicating how exposed a service is security-wise. High exposure + levels indicate very little applied sandboxing. Low exposure levels indicate tight sandboxing and + strongest security restrictions. Note that this only analyzes the per-service security features systemd + itself implements. This means that any additional security mechanisms applied by the service code + itself are not accounted for. The exposure level determined this way should not be misunderstood: a + high exposure level neither means that there is no effective sandboxing applied by the service code + itself, nor that the service is actually vulnerable to remote or local attacks. High exposure levels do + indicate however that most likely the service might benefit from additional settings applied to + them.</para> + + <para>Please note that many of the security and sandboxing settings individually can be circumvented — + unless combined with others. For example, if a service retains the privilege to establish or undo mount + points many of the sandboxing options can be undone by the service code itself. Due to that is + essential that each service uses the most comprehensive and strict sandboxing and security settings + possible. The tool will take into account some of these combinations and relationships between the + settings, but not all. Also note that the security and sandboxing settings analyzed here only apply to + the operations executed by the service code itself. If a service has access to an IPC system (such as + D-Bus) it might request operations from other services that are not subject to the same + restrictions. Any comprehensive security and sandboxing analysis is hence incomplete if the IPC access + policy is not validated too.</para> + + <example> + <title>Analyze <filename index="false">systemd-logind.service</filename></title> + + <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze security --no-pager systemd-logind.service + NAME DESCRIPTION EXPOSURE +✗ PrivateNetwork= Service has access to the host's network 0.5 +✗ User=/DynamicUser= Service runs as root user 0.4 +✗ DeviceAllow= Service has no device ACL 0.2 +✓ IPAddressDeny= Service blocks all IP address ranges +... +→ Overall exposure level for systemd-logind.service: 4.1 OK 🙂 +</programlisting> + </example> + </refsect2> + + <refsect2> + <title><command>systemd-analyze inspect-elf <replaceable>FILE</replaceable>...</command></title> + + <para>This command will load the specified files, and if they are ELF objects (executables, + libraries, core files, etc.) it will parse the embedded packaging metadata, if any, and print + it in a table or json format. See the <ulink url="https://systemd.io/COREDUMP_PACKAGE_METADATA/"> + Packaging Metadata</ulink> documentation for more information.</para> + + <example> + <title>Print information about a core file as JSON</title> + + <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze inspect-elf --json=pretty \ + core.fsverity.1000.f77dac5dc161402aa44e15b7dd9dcf97.58561.1637106137000000 +{ + "elfType" : "coredump", + "elfArchitecture" : "AMD x86-64", + "/home/bluca/git/fsverity-utils/fsverity" : { + "type" : "deb", + "name" : "fsverity-utils", + "version" : "1.3-1", + "buildId" : "7c895ecd2a271f93e96268f479fdc3c64a2ec4ee" + }, + "/home/bluca/git/fsverity-utils/libfsverity.so.0" : { + "type" : "deb", + "name" : "fsverity-utils", + "version" : "1.3-1", + "buildId" : "b5e428254abf14237b0ae70ed85fffbb98a78f88" + } +} + </programlisting> + </example> + </refsect2> + + <refsect2> + <title><command>systemd-analyze fdstore <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>...</command></title> + + <para>Lists the current contents of the specified service unit's file descriptor store. This shows + names, inode types, device numbers, inode numbers, paths and open modes of the open file + descriptors. The specified units must have <varname>FileDescriptorStoreMax=</varname> enabled, see + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for + details.</para> + + <example> + <title>Table output</title> + <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze fdstore systemd-journald.service +FDNAME TYPE DEVNO INODE RDEVNO PATH FLAGS +stored sock 0:8 4218620 - socket:[4218620] ro +stored sock 0:8 4213198 - socket:[4213198] ro +stored sock 0:8 4213190 - socket:[4213190] ro +…</programlisting> + </example> + + <para>Note: the "DEVNO" column refers to the major/minor numbers of the device node backing the file + system the file descriptor's inode is on. The "RDEVNO" column refers to the major/minor numbers of the + device node itself if the file descriptor refers to one. Compare with corresponding + <varname>.st_dev</varname> and <varname>.st_rdev</varname> fields in <type>struct stat</type> (see + <citerefentry + project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>stat</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> for + details). The listed inode numbers in the "INODE" column are on the file system indicated by + "DEVNO".</para> + </refsect2> + + <refsect2> + <title><command>systemd-analyze image-policy <replaceable>POLICY</replaceable>…</command></title> + + <para>This command analyzes the specified image policy string, as per + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.image-policy</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>. The + policy is normalized and simplified. For each currently defined partition identifier (as per the <ulink + url="https://uapi-group.org/specifications/specs/discoverable_partitions_specification">Discoverable + Partitions Specification</ulink>) the effect of the image policy string is shown in tabular form.</para> + + <example> + <title>Example Output</title> + + <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze image-policy swap=encrypted:usr=read-only-on+verity:root=encrypted +Analyzing policy: root=encrypted:usr=verity+read-only-on:swap=encrypted + Long form: root=encrypted:usr=verity+read-only-on:swap=encrypted:=unused+absent + +PARTITION MODE READ-ONLY GROWFS +root encrypted - - +usr verity yes - +home ignore - - +srv ignore - - +esp ignore - - +xbootldr ignore - - +swap encrypted - - +root-verity ignore - - +usr-verity unprotected yes - +root-verity-sig ignore - - +usr-verity-sig ignore - - +tmp ignore - - +var ignore - - +default ignore - -</programlisting> + </example> + </refsect2> + + <refsect2> + <title><command>systemd-analyze pcrs <optional><replaceable>PCR</replaceable>…</optional></command></title> + + <para>This command shows the known TPM2 PCRs along with their identifying names and current values.</para> + + <example> + <title>Example Output</title> + + <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze pcrs +NR NAME SHA256 + 0 platform-code bcd2eb527108bbb1f5528409bcbe310aa9b74f687854cc5857605993f3d9eb11 + 1 platform-config b60622856eb7ce52637b80f30a520e6e87c347daa679f3335f4f1a600681bb01 + 2 external-code 1471262403e9a62f9c392941300b4807fbdb6f0bfdd50abfab752732087017dd + 3 external-config 3d458cfe55cc03ea1f443f1562beec8df51c75e14a9fcf9a7234a13f198e7969 + 4 boot-loader-code 939f7fa1458e1f7ce968874d908e524fc0debf890383d355e4ce347b7b78a95c + 5 boot-loader-config 864c61c5ea5ecbdb6951e6cb6d9c1f4b4eac79772f7fe13b8bece569d83d3768 + 6 - 3d458cfe55cc03ea1f443f1562beec8df51c75e14a9fcf9a7234a13f198e7969 + 7 secure-boot-policy 9c905bd9b9891bfb889b90a54c4b537b889cfa817c4389cc25754823a9443255 + 8 - 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 + 9 kernel-initrd 9caa29b128113ef42aa53d421f03437be57211e5ebafc0fa8b5d4514ee37ff0c +10 ima 5ea9e3dab53eb6b483b6ec9e3b2c712bea66bca1b155637841216e0094387400 +11 kernel-boot 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 +12 kernel-config 627ffa4b405e911902fe1f1a8b0164693b31acab04f805f15bccfe2209c7eace +13 sysexts 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 +14 shim-policy 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 +15 system-identity 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 +16 debug 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 +17 - ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff +18 - ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff +19 - ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff +20 - ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff +21 - ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff +22 - ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff +23 application-support 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000</programlisting> + </example> + </refsect2> + + <refsect2> + <title><command>systemd-analyze srk > <replaceable>FILE</replaceable></command></title> + + <para>This command reads the Storage Root Key (SRK) from the TPM2 device, and writes it in marshalled + TPM2B_PUBLIC format to stdout. Example:</para> + + <programlisting>systemd-analyze srk > srk.tpm2b_public</programlisting> + </refsect2> + + </refsect1> + + <refsect1> + <title>Options</title> + + <para>The following options are understood:</para> + + <variablelist> + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--system</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Operates on the system systemd instance. This + is the implied default.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v209"/></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--user</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Operates on the user systemd + instance.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v186"/></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--global</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Operates on the system-wide configuration for + user systemd instance.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v238"/></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--order</option></term> + <term><option>--require</option></term> + + <listitem><para>When used in conjunction with the + <command>dot</command> command (see above), selects which + dependencies are shown in the dependency graph. If + <option>--order</option> is passed, only dependencies of type + <varname>After=</varname> or <varname>Before=</varname> are + shown. If <option>--require</option> is passed, only + dependencies of type <varname>Requires=</varname>, + <varname>Requisite=</varname>, + <varname>Wants=</varname> and <varname>Conflicts=</varname> + are shown. If neither is passed, this shows dependencies of + all these types.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v198"/></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--from-pattern=</option></term> + <term><option>--to-pattern=</option></term> + + <listitem><para>When used in conjunction with the + <command>dot</command> command (see above), this selects which + relationships are shown in the dependency graph. Both options + require a + <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>glob</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> + pattern as an argument, which will be matched against the + left-hand and the right-hand, respectively, nodes of a + relationship.</para> + + <para>Each of these can be used more than once, in which case + the unit name must match one of the values. When tests for + both sides of the relation are present, a relation must pass + both tests to be shown. When patterns are also specified as + positional arguments, they must match at least one side of the + relation. In other words, patterns specified with those two + options will trim the list of edges matched by the positional + arguments, if any are given, and fully determine the list of + edges shown otherwise.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v201"/></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--fuzz=</option><replaceable>timespan</replaceable></term> + + <listitem><para>When used in conjunction with the + <command>critical-chain</command> command (see above), also + show units, which finished <replaceable>timespan</replaceable> + earlier, than the latest unit in the same level. The unit of + <replaceable>timespan</replaceable> is seconds unless + specified with a different unit, e.g. + "50ms".</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v203"/></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--man=no</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Do not invoke + <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>man</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> + to verify the existence of man pages listed in <varname>Documentation=</varname>.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v235"/></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--generators</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Invoke unit generators, see + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>. + Some generators require root privileges. Under a normal user, running with + generators enabled will generally result in some warnings.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v235"/></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--recursive-errors=<replaceable>MODE</replaceable></option></term> + + <listitem><para>Control verification of units and their dependencies and whether + <command>systemd-analyze verify</command> exits with a non-zero process exit status or not. With + <command>yes</command>, return a non-zero process exit status when warnings arise during verification + of either the specified unit or any of its associated dependencies. With <command>no</command>, + return a non-zero process exit status when warnings arise during verification of only the specified + unit. With <command>one</command>, return a non-zero process exit status when warnings arise during + verification of either the specified unit or its immediate dependencies. If this option is not + specified, zero is returned as the exit status regardless whether warnings arise during verification + or not.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v250"/></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--root=<replaceable>PATH</replaceable></option></term> + + <listitem><para>With <command>cat-files</command> and <command>verify</command>, + operate on files underneath the specified root path <replaceable>PATH</replaceable>.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v239"/></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--image=<replaceable>PATH</replaceable></option></term> + + <listitem><para>With <command>cat-files</command> and <command>verify</command>, + operate on files inside the specified image path <replaceable>PATH</replaceable>.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v250"/></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="image-policy-open" /> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--offline=<replaceable>BOOL</replaceable></option></term> + + <listitem><para>With <command>security</command>, perform an offline security review + of the specified unit files, i.e. does not have to rely on PID 1 to acquire security + information for the files like the <command>security</command> verb when used by itself does. + This means that <option>--offline=</option> can be used with <option>--root=</option> and + <option>--image=</option> as well. If a unit's overall exposure level is above that set by + <option>--threshold=</option> (default value is 100), <option>--offline=</option> will return + an error.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v250"/></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--profile=<replaceable>PATH</replaceable></option></term> + + <listitem><para>With <command>security</command> <option>--offline=</option>, takes into + consideration the specified portable profile when assessing unit settings. + The profile can be passed by name, in which case the well-known system locations will + be searched, or it can be the full path to a specific drop-in file.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v250"/></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--threshold=<replaceable>NUMBER</replaceable></option></term> + + <listitem><para>With <command>security</command>, allow the user to set a custom value + to compare the overall exposure level with, for the specified unit files. If a unit's + overall exposure level, is greater than that set by the user, <command>security</command> + will return an error. <option>--threshold=</option> can be used with <option>--offline=</option> + as well and its default value is 100.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v250"/></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--security-policy=<replaceable>PATH</replaceable></option></term> + + <listitem><para>With <command>security</command>, allow the user to define a custom set of + requirements formatted as a JSON file against which to compare the specified unit file(s) + and determine their overall exposure level to security threats.</para> + + <table> + <title>Accepted Assessment Test Identifiers</title> + + <tgroup cols='1'> + <colspec colname='directive' /> + <thead> + <row> + <entry>Assessment Test Identifier</entry> + </row> + </thead> + <tbody> + <row> + <entry>UserOrDynamicUser</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>SupplementaryGroups</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>PrivateMounts</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>PrivateDevices</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>PrivateTmp</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>PrivateNetwork</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>PrivateUsers</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>ProtectControlGroups</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>ProtectKernelModules</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>ProtectKernelTunables</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>ProtectKernelLogs</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>ProtectClock</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>ProtectHome</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>ProtectHostname</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>ProtectSystem</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>RootDirectoryOrRootImage</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>LockPersonality</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>MemoryDenyWriteExecute</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>NoNewPrivileges</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_ADMIN</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SET_UID_GID_PCAP</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_PTRACE</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_TIME</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_NET_ADMIN</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_RAWIO</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_MODULE</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_AUDIT</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYSLOG</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_NICE_RESOURCE</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_MKNOD</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_CHOWN_FSETID_SETFCAP</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_DAC_FOWNER_IPC_OWNER</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_KILL</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE_BROADCAST_RAW</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_BOOT</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_MAC</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_LINUX_IMMUTABLE</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_IPC_LOCK</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_CHROOT</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_BLOCK_SUSPEND</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_WAKE_ALARM</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_LEASE</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_TTY_CONFIG</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_BPF</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>UMask</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>KeyringMode</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>ProtectProc</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>ProcSubset</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>NotifyAccess</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>RemoveIPC</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>Delegate</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>RestrictRealtime</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>RestrictSUIDSGID</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>RestrictNamespaces_user</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>RestrictNamespaces_mnt</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>RestrictNamespaces_ipc</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>RestrictNamespaces_pid</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>RestrictNamespaces_cgroup</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>RestrictNamespaces_uts</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>RestrictNamespaces_net</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>RestrictAddressFamilies_AF_INET_INET6</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>RestrictAddressFamilies_AF_UNIX</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>RestrictAddressFamilies_AF_NETLINK</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>RestrictAddressFamilies_AF_PACKET</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>RestrictAddressFamilies_OTHER</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>SystemCallArchitectures</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>SystemCallFilter_swap</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>SystemCallFilter_obsolete</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>SystemCallFilter_clock</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>SystemCallFilter_cpu_emulation</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>SystemCallFilter_debug</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>SystemCallFilter_mount</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>SystemCallFilter_module</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>SystemCallFilter_raw_io</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>SystemCallFilter_reboot</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>SystemCallFilter_privileged</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>SystemCallFilter_resources</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>IPAddressDeny</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>DeviceAllow</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry>AmbientCapabilities</entry> + </row> + </tbody> + </tgroup> + </table> + + <para>See example "JSON Policy" below.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v250"/></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--json=<replaceable>MODE</replaceable></option></term> + + <listitem><para>With the <command>security</command> command, generate a JSON formatted + output of the security analysis table. The format is a JSON array with objects + containing the following fields: <varname>set</varname> which indicates if the setting has + been enabled or not, <varname>name</varname> which is what is used to refer to the setting, + <varname>json_field</varname> which is the JSON compatible identifier of the setting, + <varname>description</varname> which is an outline of the setting state, and + <varname>exposure</varname> which is a number in the range 0.0…10.0, where a higher value + corresponds to a higher security threat. The JSON version of the table is printed to standard + output. The <replaceable>MODE</replaceable> passed to the option can be one of three: + <option>off</option> which is the default, <option>pretty</option> and <option>short</option> + which respectively output a prettified or shorted JSON version of the security table. + + With the <command>plot</command> command, generate a JSON formatted output of the raw time data. + The format is a JSON array with objects containing the following fields: <varname>name</varname> + which is the unit name, <varname>activated</varname> which is the time after startup the + service was activated, <varname>activating</varname> which is how long after startup the service + was initially started, <varname>time</varname> which is how long the service took to activate + from when it was initially started, <varname>deactivated</varname> which is the time after startup + that the service was deactivated, <varname>deactivating</varname> which is the time after startup + that the service was initially told to deactivate. + </para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v250"/></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--iterations=<replaceable>NUMBER</replaceable></option></term> + + <listitem><para>When used with the <command>calendar</command> command, show the specified number of + iterations the specified calendar expression will elapse next. Defaults to 1.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v242"/></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--base-time=<replaceable>TIMESTAMP</replaceable></option></term> + + <listitem><para>When used with the <command>calendar</command> command, show next iterations relative + to the specified point in time. If not specified defaults to the current time.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v244"/></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--unit=<replaceable>UNIT</replaceable></option></term> + + <listitem><para>When used with the <command>condition</command> command, evaluate all the + <varname index="false">Condition*=...</varname> and <varname index="false">Assert*=...</varname> + assignments in the specified unit file. The full unit search path is formed by combining the + directories for the specified unit with the usual unit load paths. The variable + <varname>$SYSTEMD_UNIT_PATH</varname> is supported, and may be used to replace or augment the + compiled in set of unit load paths; see + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. All + units files present in the directory containing the specified unit will be used in preference to the + other paths.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v250"/></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--table</option></term> + + <listitem><para>When used with the <command>plot</command> command, the raw time data is output in a table. + </para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v253"/></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--no-legend</option></term> + + <listitem><para>When used with the <command>plot</command> command in combination with either + <option>--table</option> or <option>--json=</option>, no legends or hints are included in the output. + </para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v253"/></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <xi:include href="user-system-options.xml" xpointer="host" /> + <xi:include href="user-system-options.xml" xpointer="machine" /> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-q</option></term> + <term><option>--quiet</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Suppress hints and other non-essential output.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v250"/></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--tldr</option></term> + + <listitem><para>With <command>cat-config</command>, only print the "interesting" parts of the + configuration files, skipping comments and empty lines and section headers followed only by + comments and empty lines.</para> + + <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v255"/></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="help" /> + <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="version" /> + <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="no-pager" /> + </variablelist> + + </refsect1> + + <refsect1> + <title>Exit status</title> + + <para>For most commands, 0 is returned on success, and a non-zero failure code otherwise.</para> + + <para>With the verb <command>compare-versions</command>, in the two-argument form, + <constant>12</constant>, <constant>0</constant>, <constant>11</constant> is returned if the second + version string is respectively larger, equal, or smaller to the first. In the three-argument form, + <constant>0</constant> or <constant>1</constant> if the condition is respectively true or false.</para> + </refsect1> + + <xi:include href="common-variables.xml" /> + + <refsect1> + <title>Examples</title> + + <example> + <title>JSON Policy</title> + + <para>The JSON file passed as a path parameter to <option>--security-policy=</option> has a top-level + JSON object, with keys being the assessment test identifiers mentioned above. The values in the file + should be JSON objects with one or more of the following fields: <option>description_na</option> + (string), <option>description_good</option> (string), <option>description_bad</option> (string), + <option>weight</option> (unsigned integer), and <option>range</option> (unsigned integer). If any of + these fields corresponding to a specific id of the unit file is missing from the JSON object, the + default built-in field value corresponding to that same id is used for security analysis as default. + The weight and range fields are used in determining the overall exposure level of the unit files: the + value of each setting is assigned a badness score, which is multiplied by the policy weight and divided + by the policy range to determine the overall exposure that the setting implies. The computed badness is + summed across all settings in the unit file, normalized to the 1…100 range, and used to determine the + overall exposure level of the unit. By allowing users to manipulate these fields, the 'security' verb + gives them the option to decide for themself which ids are more important and hence should have a + greater effect on the exposure level. A weight of <literal>0</literal> means the setting will not be + checked.</para> + + <programlisting> +{ + "PrivateDevices": + { + "description_good": "Service has no access to hardware devices", + "description_bad": "Service potentially has access to hardware devices", + "weight": 1000, + "range": 1 + }, + "PrivateMounts": + { + "description_good": "Service cannot install system mounts", + "description_bad": "Service may install system mounts", + "weight": 1000, + "range": 1 + }, + "PrivateNetwork": + { + "description_good": "Service has no access to the host's network", + "description_bad": "Service has access to the host's network", + "weight": 2500, + "range": 1 + }, + "PrivateTmp": + { + "description_good": "Service has no access to other software's temporary files", + "description_bad": "Service has access to other software's temporary files", + "weight": 1000, + "range": 1 + }, + "PrivateUsers": + { + "description_good": "Service does not have access to other users", + "description_bad": "Service has access to other users", + "weight": 1000, + "range": 1 + } +} + </programlisting> + </example> + </refsect1> + + <refsect1> + <title>See Also</title> + <para> + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> + </para> + </refsect1> + +</refentry> |