systemd systemd-analyze 1 systemd-analyze Analyze and debug system manager systemd-analyze OPTIONS time systemd-analyze OPTIONS blame systemd-analyze OPTIONS critical-chain UNIT systemd-analyze OPTIONS dump PATTERN systemd-analyze OPTIONS plot >file.svg systemd-analyze OPTIONS dot PATTERN >file.dot systemd-analyze OPTIONS unit-files systemd-analyze OPTIONS unit-paths systemd-analyze OPTIONS exit-status STATUS systemd-analyze OPTIONS capability CAPABILITY systemd-analyze OPTIONS condition CONDITION… systemd-analyze OPTIONS syscall-filter SET… systemd-analyze OPTIONS filesystems SET… systemd-analyze OPTIONS calendar SPEC systemd-analyze OPTIONS timestamp TIMESTAMP systemd-analyze OPTIONS timespan SPAN systemd-analyze OPTIONS cat-config NAME|PATH systemd-analyze OPTIONS compare-versions VERSION1 OP VERSION2 systemd-analyze OPTIONS verify FILE systemd-analyze OPTIONS security UNIT systemd-analyze OPTIONS inspect-elf FILE systemd-analyze OPTIONS malloc D-BUS SERVICE systemd-analyze OPTIONS fdstore UNIT systemd-analyze OPTIONS image-policy POLICY systemd-analyze OPTIONS pcrs PCR systemd-analyze OPTIONS srk >FILE systemd-analyze OPTIONS architectures NAME systemd-analyze may be used to determine system boot-up performance statistics and retrieve other state and tracing information from the system and service manager, and to verify the correctness of unit files. It is also used to access special functions useful for advanced system manager debugging. If no command is passed, systemd-analyze time is implied. This command prints the time spent in the kernel before userspace has been reached, the time spent in the initrd before normal system userspace has been reached, and the time normal system userspace took to initialize. Note that these measurements simply measure the time passed up to the point where all system services have been spawned, but not necessarily until they fully finished initialization or the disk is idle. # in a container $ systemd-analyze time Startup finished in 296ms (userspace) multi-user.target reached after 275ms in userspace # on a real machine $ systemd-analyze time Startup finished in 2.584s (kernel) + 19.176s (initrd) + 47.847s (userspace) = 1min 9.608s multi-user.target reached after 47.820s in userspace This command prints a list of all running units, ordered by the time they took to initialize. This information may be used to optimize boot-up times. Note that the output might be misleading as the initialization of one service might be slow simply because it waits for the initialization of another service to complete. Also note: systemd-analyze blame doesn't display results for services with Type=simple, because systemd considers such services to be started immediately, hence no measurement of the initialization delays can be done. Also note that this command only shows the time units took for starting up, it does not show how long unit jobs spent in the execution queue. In particular it shows the time units spent in activating state, which is not defined for units such as device units that transition directly from inactive to active. This command hence gives an impression of the performance of program code, but cannot accurately reflect latency introduced by waiting for hardware and similar events. $ systemd-analyze blame 32.875s pmlogger.service 20.905s systemd-networkd-wait-online.service 13.299s dev-vda1.device ... 23ms sysroot.mount 11ms initrd-udevadm-cleanup-db.service 3ms sys-kernel-config.mount This command prints a tree of the time-critical chain of units (for each of the specified UNITs or for the default target otherwise). The time after the unit is active or started is printed after the "@" character. The time the unit takes to start is printed after the "+" character. Note that the output might be misleading as the initialization of services might depend on socket activation and because of the parallel execution of units. Also, similarly to the blame command, this only takes into account the time units spent in activating state, and hence does not cover units that never went through an activating state (such as device units that transition directly from inactive to active). Moreover it does not show information on jobs (and in particular not jobs that timed out). $ systemd-analyze critical-chain multi-user.target @47.820s └─pmie.service @35.968s +548ms └─pmcd.service @33.715s +2.247s └─network-online.target @33.712s └─systemd-networkd-wait-online.service @12.804s +20.905s └─systemd-networkd.service @11.109s +1.690s └─systemd-udevd.service @9.201s +1.904s └─systemd-tmpfiles-setup-dev.service @7.306s +1.776s └─kmod-static-nodes.service @6.976s +177ms └─systemd-journald.socket └─system.slice └─-.slice Without any parameter, this command outputs a (usually very long) human-readable serialization of the complete service manager state. Optional glob pattern may be specified, causing the output to be limited to units whose names match one of the patterns. The output format is subject to change without notice and should not be parsed by applications. This command is rate limited for unprivileged users. $ systemd-analyze --user dump Timestamp userspace: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET Timestamp finish: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET Timestamp generators-start: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET Timestamp generators-finish: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET Timestamp units-load-start: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET Timestamp units-load-finish: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET -> Unit proc-timer_list.mount: Description: /proc/timer_list ... -> Unit default.target: Description: Main user target ... This command can be used to request the output of the internal memory state (as returned by malloc_info3) of a D-Bus service. If no service is specified, the query will be sent to org.freedesktop.systemd1 (the system or user service manager). The output format is not guaranteed to be stable and should not be parsed by applications. The service must implement the org.freedesktop.MemoryAllocation1 interface. In the systemd suite, it is currently only implemented by the manager. This command prints either an SVG graphic, detailing which system services have been started at what time, highlighting the time they spent on initialization, or the raw time data in JSON or table format. $ systemd-analyze plot >bootup.svg $ eog bootup.svg& Note that this plot is based on the most recent per-unit timing data of loaded units. This means that if a unit gets started, then stopped and then started again the information shown will cover the most recent start cycle, not the first one. Thus it's recommended to consult this information only shortly after boot, so that this distinction doesn't matter. Moreover, units that are not referenced by any other unit through a dependency might be unloaded by the service manager once they terminate (and did not fail). Such units will not show up in the plot. This command generates textual dependency graph description in dot format for further processing with the GraphViz dot1 tool. Use a command line like systemd-analyze dot | dot -Tsvg >systemd.svg to generate a graphical dependency tree. Unless --order or --require is passed, the generated graph will show both ordering and requirement dependencies. Optional pattern globbing style specifications (e.g. *.target) may be given at the end. A unit dependency is included in the graph if any of these patterns match either the origin or destination node. $ systemd-analyze dot 'avahi-daemon.*' | dot -Tsvg >avahi.svg $ eog avahi.svg $ systemd-analyze dot --to-pattern='*.target' --from-pattern='*.target' \ | dot -Tsvg >targets.svg $ eog targets.svg This command outputs a list of all directories from which unit files, .d overrides, and .wants, .requires symlinks may be loaded. Combine with --user to retrieve the list for the user manager instance, and --global for the global configuration of user manager instances. $ systemd-analyze unit-paths | grep '^/run' /run/systemd/system.control /run/systemd/transient /run/systemd/generator.early /run/systemd/system /run/systemd/system.attached /run/systemd/generator /run/systemd/generator.late Note that this verb prints the list that is compiled into systemd-analyze itself, and does not communicate with the running manager. Use systemctl [--user] [--global] show -p UnitPath --value to retrieve the actual list that the manager uses, with any empty directories omitted. This command prints a list of exit statuses along with their "class", i.e. the source of the definition (one of glibc, systemd, LSB, or BSD), see the Process Exit Codes section in systemd.exec5. If no additional arguments are specified, all known statuses are shown. Otherwise, only the definitions for the specified codes are shown. $ systemd-analyze exit-status 0 1 {63..65} NAME STATUS CLASS SUCCESS 0 glibc FAILURE 1 glibc - 63 - USAGE 64 BSD DATAERR 65 BSD This command prints a list of Linux capabilities along with their numeric IDs. See capabilities7 for details. If no argument is specified the full list of capabilities known to the service manager and the kernel is shown. Capabilities defined by the kernel but not known to the service manager are shown as cap_???. Optionally, if arguments are specified they may refer to specific cabilities by name or numeric ID, in which case only the indicated capabilities are shown in the table. $ systemd-analyze capability 0 1 {30..32} NAME NUMBER cap_chown 0 cap_dac_override 1 cap_audit_control 30 cap_setfcap 31 cap_mac_override 32 This command will evaluate Condition*=... and Assert*=... assignments, and print their values, and the resulting value of the combined condition set. See systemd.unit5 for a list of available conditions and asserts. $ systemd-analyze condition 'ConditionKernelVersion = ! <4.0' \ 'ConditionKernelVersion = >=5.1' \ 'ConditionACPower=|false' \ 'ConditionArchitecture=|!arm' \ 'AssertPathExists=/etc/os-release' test.service: AssertPathExists=/etc/os-release succeeded. Asserts succeeded. test.service: ConditionArchitecture=|!arm succeeded. test.service: ConditionACPower=|false failed. test.service: ConditionKernelVersion=>=5.1 succeeded. test.service: ConditionKernelVersion=!<4.0 succeeded. Conditions succeeded. This command will list system calls contained in the specified system call set SET, or all known sets if no sets are specified. Argument SET must include the @ prefix. This command will list filesystems in the specified filesystem set SET, or all known sets if no sets are specified. Argument SET must include the @ prefix. This command will parse and normalize repetitive calendar time events, and will calculate when they elapse next. This takes the same input as the OnCalendar= setting in systemd.timer5, following the syntax described in systemd.time7. By default, only the next time the calendar expression will elapse is shown; use --iterations= to show the specified number of next times the expression elapses. Each time the expression elapses forms a timestamp, see the timestamp verb below. $ systemd-analyze calendar --iterations=5 '*-2-29 0:0:0' Original form: *-2-29 0:0:0 Normalized form: *-02-29 00:00:00 Next elapse: Sat 2020-02-29 00:00:00 UTC From now: 11 months 15 days left Iter. #2: Thu 2024-02-29 00:00:00 UTC From now: 4 years 11 months left Iter. #3: Tue 2028-02-29 00:00:00 UTC From now: 8 years 11 months left Iter. #4: Sun 2032-02-29 00:00:00 UTC From now: 12 years 11 months left Iter. #5: Fri 2036-02-29 00:00:00 UTC From now: 16 years 11 months left This command parses a timestamp (i.e. a single point in time) and outputs the normalized form and the difference between this timestamp and now. The timestamp should adhere to the syntax documented in systemd.time7, section "PARSING TIMESTAMPS". $ systemd-analyze timestamp yesterday now tomorrow Original form: yesterday Normalized form: Mon 2019-05-20 00:00:00 CEST (in UTC): Sun 2019-05-19 22:00:00 UTC UNIX seconds: @15583032000 From now: 1 day 9h ago Original form: now Normalized form: Tue 2019-05-21 09:48:39 CEST (in UTC): Tue 2019-05-21 07:48:39 UTC UNIX seconds: @1558424919.659757 From now: 43us ago Original form: tomorrow Normalized form: Wed 2019-05-22 00:00:00 CEST (in UTC): Tue 2019-05-21 22:00:00 UTC UNIX seconds: @15584760000 From now: 14h left This command parses a time span (i.e. a difference between two timestamps) and outputs the normalized form and the equivalent value in microseconds. The time span should adhere to the syntax documented in systemd.time7, section "PARSING TIME SPANS". Values without units are parsed as seconds. $ systemd-analyze timespan 1s 300s '1year 0.000001s' Original: 1s μs: 1000000 Human: 1s Original: 300s μs: 300000000 Human: 5min Original: 1year 0.000001s μs: 31557600000001 Human: 1y 1us This command is similar to systemctl cat, but operates on config files. It will copy the contents of a config file and any drop-ins to standard output, using the usual systemd set of directories and rules for precedence. Each argument must be either an absolute path including the prefix (such as /etc/systemd/logind.conf or /usr/lib/systemd/logind.conf), or a name relative to the prefix (such as systemd/logind.conf). $ systemd-analyze cat-config systemd/logind.conf # /etc/systemd/logind.conf ... [Login] NAutoVTs=8 ... # /usr/lib/systemd/logind.conf.d/20-test.conf ... some override from another package # /etc/systemd/logind.conf.d/50-override.conf ... some administrator override This command has two distinct modes of operation, depending on whether the operator OP is specified. In the first mode — when OP is not specified — it will compare the two version strings and print either VERSION1 < VERSION2, or VERSION1 == VERSION2, or VERSION1 > VERSION2 as appropriate. The exit status is 0 if the versions are equal, 11 if the version of the right is smaller, and 12 if the version of the left is smaller. (This matches the convention used by rpmdev-vercmp.) In the second mode — when OP is specified — it will compare the two version strings using the operation OP and return 0 (success) if they condition is satisfied, and 1 (failure) otherwise. OP may be lt, le, eq, ne, ge, gt. In this mode, no output is printed. (This matches the convention used by dpkg1 --compare-versions.) $ systemd-analyze compare-versions systemd-250~rc1.fc36.aarch64 systemd-251.fc36.aarch64 systemd-250~rc1.fc36.aarch64 < systemd-251.fc36.aarch64 $ echo $? 12 $ systemd-analyze compare-versions 1 lt 2; echo $? 0 $ systemd-analyze compare-versions 1 ge 2; echo $? 1 This command will load unit files and print warnings if any errors are detected. Files specified on the command line will be loaded, but also any other units referenced by them. A unit's name on disk can be overridden by specifying an alias after a colon; see below for an example. The full unit search path is formed by combining the directories for all command line arguments, and the usual unit load paths. The variable $SYSTEMD_UNIT_PATH is supported, and may be used to replace or augment the compiled in set of unit load paths; see systemd.unit5. All units files present in the directories containing the command line arguments will be used in preference to the other paths. The following errors are currently detected: unknown sections and directives, missing dependencies which are required to start the given unit, man pages listed in Documentation= which are not found in the system, commands listed in ExecStart= and similar which are not found in the system or not executable. $ cat ./user.slice [Unit] WhatIsThis=11 Documentation=man:nosuchfile(1) Requires=different.service [Service] Description=x $ systemd-analyze verify ./user.slice [./user.slice:9] Unknown lvalue 'WhatIsThis' in section 'Unit' [./user.slice:13] Unknown section 'Service'. Ignoring. Error: org.freedesktop.systemd1.LoadFailed: Unit different.service failed to load: No such file or directory. Failed to create user.slice/start: Invalid argument user.slice: man nosuchfile(1) command failed with code 16 $ tail ./a.socket ./b.socket ==> ./a.socket <== [Socket] ListenStream=100 ==> ./b.socket <== [Socket] ListenStream=100 Accept=yes $ systemd-analyze verify ./a.socket ./b.socket Service a.service not loaded, a.socket cannot be started. Service b@0.service not loaded, b.socket cannot be started. $ cat /tmp/source [Unit] Description=Hostname printer [Service] Type=simple ExecStart=/usr/bin/echo %H MysteryKey=true $ systemd-analyze verify /tmp/source Failed to prepare filename /tmp/source: Invalid argument $ systemd-analyze verify /tmp/source:alias.service alias.service:7: Unknown key name 'MysteryKey' in section 'Service', ignoring. This command analyzes the security and sandboxing settings of one or more specified service units. If at least one unit name is specified the security settings of the specified service units are inspected and a detailed analysis is shown. If no unit name is specified, all currently loaded, long-running service units are inspected and a terse table with results shown. The command checks for various security-related service settings, assigning each a numeric "exposure level" value, depending on how important a setting is. It then calculates an overall exposure level for the whole unit, which is an estimation in the range 0.0…10.0 indicating how exposed a service is security-wise. High exposure levels indicate very little applied sandboxing. Low exposure levels indicate tight sandboxing and strongest security restrictions. Note that this only analyzes the per-service security features systemd itself implements. This means that any additional security mechanisms applied by the service code itself are not accounted for. The exposure level determined this way should not be misunderstood: a high exposure level neither means that there is no effective sandboxing applied by the service code itself, nor that the service is actually vulnerable to remote or local attacks. High exposure levels do indicate however that most likely the service might benefit from additional settings applied to them. Please note that many of the security and sandboxing settings individually can be circumvented — unless combined with others. For example, if a service retains the privilege to establish or undo mount points many of the sandboxing options can be undone by the service code itself. Due to that is essential that each service uses the most comprehensive and strict sandboxing and security settings possible. The tool will take into account some of these combinations and relationships between the settings, but not all. Also note that the security and sandboxing settings analyzed here only apply to the operations executed by the service code itself. If a service has access to an IPC system (such as D-Bus) it might request operations from other services that are not subject to the same restrictions. Any comprehensive security and sandboxing analysis is hence incomplete if the IPC access policy is not validated too. $ systemd-analyze security --no-pager systemd-logind.service NAME DESCRIPTION EXPOSURE ✗ PrivateNetwork= Service has access to the host's network 0.5 ✗ User=/DynamicUser= Service runs as root user 0.4 ✗ DeviceAllow= Service has no device ACL 0.2 ✓ IPAddressDeny= Service blocks all IP address ranges ... → Overall exposure level for systemd-logind.service: 4.1 OK 🙂 This command will load the specified files, and if they are ELF objects (executables, libraries, core files, etc.) it will parse the embedded packaging metadata, if any, and print it in a table or json format. See the Packaging Metadata documentation for more information. $ systemd-analyze inspect-elf --json=pretty \ core.fsverity.1000.f77dac5dc161402aa44e15b7dd9dcf97.58561.1637106137000000 { "elfType" : "coredump", "elfArchitecture" : "AMD x86-64", "/home/bluca/git/fsverity-utils/fsverity" : { "type" : "deb", "name" : "fsverity-utils", "version" : "1.3-1", "buildId" : "7c895ecd2a271f93e96268f479fdc3c64a2ec4ee" }, "/home/bluca/git/fsverity-utils/libfsverity.so.0" : { "type" : "deb", "name" : "fsverity-utils", "version" : "1.3-1", "buildId" : "b5e428254abf14237b0ae70ed85fffbb98a78f88" } } Lists the current contents of the specified service unit's file descriptor store. This shows names, inode types, device numbers, inode numbers, paths and open modes of the open file descriptors. The specified units must have FileDescriptorStoreMax= enabled, see systemd.service5 for details. $ systemd-analyze fdstore systemd-journald.service FDNAME TYPE DEVNO INODE RDEVNO PATH FLAGS stored sock 0:8 4218620 - socket:[4218620] ro stored sock 0:8 4213198 - socket:[4213198] ro stored sock 0:8 4213190 - socket:[4213190] ro … Note: the "DEVNO" column refers to the major/minor numbers of the device node backing the file system the file descriptor's inode is on. The "RDEVNO" column refers to the major/minor numbers of the device node itself if the file descriptor refers to one. Compare with corresponding .st_dev and .st_rdev fields in struct stat (see stat2 for details). The listed inode numbers in the "INODE" column are on the file system indicated by "DEVNO". This command analyzes the specified image policy string, as per systemd.image-policy7. The policy is normalized and simplified. For each currently defined partition identifier (as per the Discoverable Partitions Specification) the effect of the image policy string is shown in tabular form. $ systemd-analyze image-policy swap=encrypted:usr=read-only-on+verity:root=encrypted Analyzing policy: root=encrypted:usr=verity+read-only-on:swap=encrypted Long form: root=encrypted:usr=verity+read-only-on:swap=encrypted:=unused+absent PARTITION MODE READ-ONLY GROWFS root encrypted - - usr verity yes - home ignore - - srv ignore - - esp ignore - - xbootldr ignore - - swap encrypted - - root-verity ignore - - usr-verity unprotected yes - root-verity-sig ignore - - usr-verity-sig ignore - - tmp ignore - - var ignore - - default ignore - - This command shows the known TPM2 PCRs along with their identifying names and current values. $ systemd-analyze pcrs NR NAME SHA256 0 platform-code bcd2eb527108bbb1f5528409bcbe310aa9b74f687854cc5857605993f3d9eb11 1 platform-config b60622856eb7ce52637b80f30a520e6e87c347daa679f3335f4f1a600681bb01 2 external-code 1471262403e9a62f9c392941300b4807fbdb6f0bfdd50abfab752732087017dd 3 external-config 3d458cfe55cc03ea1f443f1562beec8df51c75e14a9fcf9a7234a13f198e7969 4 boot-loader-code 939f7fa1458e1f7ce968874d908e524fc0debf890383d355e4ce347b7b78a95c 5 boot-loader-config 864c61c5ea5ecbdb6951e6cb6d9c1f4b4eac79772f7fe13b8bece569d83d3768 6 - 3d458cfe55cc03ea1f443f1562beec8df51c75e14a9fcf9a7234a13f198e7969 7 secure-boot-policy 9c905bd9b9891bfb889b90a54c4b537b889cfa817c4389cc25754823a9443255 8 - 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 9 kernel-initrd 9caa29b128113ef42aa53d421f03437be57211e5ebafc0fa8b5d4514ee37ff0c 10 ima 5ea9e3dab53eb6b483b6ec9e3b2c712bea66bca1b155637841216e0094387400 11 kernel-boot 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 12 kernel-config 627ffa4b405e911902fe1f1a8b0164693b31acab04f805f15bccfe2209c7eace 13 sysexts 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 14 shim-policy 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 15 system-identity 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 16 debug 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 17 - ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 18 - ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 19 - ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 20 - ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 21 - ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 22 - ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 23 application-support 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 This command reads the Storage Root Key (SRK) from the TPM2 device, and writes it in marshalled TPM2B_PUBLIC format to stdout. The output is non-printable data, so it should be redirected to a file or into a pipe. systemd-analyze srk >srk.tpm2b_public Lists all known CPU architectures, and which ones are native. The listed architecture names are those ConditionArchitecture= supports, see systemd.unit5 for details. If architecture names are specified only those specified are listed. $ systemd-analyze architectures NAME SUPPORT alpha foreign arc foreign arc-be foreign arm foreign arm64 foreign … sparc foreign sparc64 foreign tilegx foreign x86 secondary x86-64 native The following options are understood: --system Operates on the system systemd instance. This is the implied default. --user Operates on the user systemd instance. --global Operates on the system-wide configuration for user systemd instance. --order --require When used in conjunction with the dot command (see above), selects which dependencies are shown in the dependency graph. If --order is passed, only dependencies of type After= or Before= are shown. If --require is passed, only dependencies of type Requires=, Requisite=, BindsTo=, Wants=, and Conflicts= are shown. If neither is passed, this shows dependencies of all these types. --from-pattern= --to-pattern= When used in conjunction with the dot command (see above), this selects which relationships are shown in the dependency graph. Both options require a glob7 pattern as an argument, which will be matched against the left-hand and the right-hand, respectively, nodes of a relationship. Each of these can be used more than once, in which case the unit name must match one of the values. When tests for both sides of the relation are present, a relation must pass both tests to be shown. When patterns are also specified as positional arguments, they must match at least one side of the relation. In other words, patterns specified with those two options will trim the list of edges matched by the positional arguments, if any are given, and fully determine the list of edges shown otherwise. --fuzz=timespan When used in conjunction with the critical-chain command (see above), also show units, which finished timespan earlier, than the latest unit in the same level. The unit of timespan is seconds unless specified with a different unit, e.g. "50ms". --man=no Do not invoke man1 to verify the existence of man pages listed in Documentation=. --generators Invoke unit generators, see systemd.generator7. Some generators require root privileges. Under a normal user, running with generators enabled will generally result in some warnings. --recursive-errors=MODE Control verification of units and their dependencies and whether systemd-analyze verify exits with a non-zero process exit status or not. With yes, return a non-zero process exit status when warnings arise during verification of either the specified unit or any of its associated dependencies. With no, return a non-zero process exit status when warnings arise during verification of only the specified unit. With one, return a non-zero process exit status when warnings arise during verification of either the specified unit or its immediate dependencies. If this option is not specified, zero is returned as the exit status regardless whether warnings arise during verification or not. --root=PATH With cat-config, verify, condition and security when used with --offline=, operate on files underneath the specified root path PATH. --image=PATH With cat-config, verify, condition and security when used with --offline=, operate on files inside the specified image path PATH. --offline=BOOL With security, perform an offline security review of the specified unit files, i.e. does not have to rely on PID 1 to acquire security information for the files like the security verb when used by itself does. This means that --offline= can be used with --root= and --image= as well. If a unit's overall exposure level is above that set by --threshold= (default value is 100), --offline= will return an error. --profile=PATH With security --offline=, takes into consideration the specified portable profile when assessing unit settings. The profile can be passed by name, in which case the well-known system locations will be searched, or it can be the full path to a specific drop-in file. --threshold=NUMBER With security, allow the user to set a custom value to compare the overall exposure level with, for the specified unit files. If a unit's overall exposure level, is greater than that set by the user, security will return an error. --threshold= can be used with --offline= as well and its default value is 100. --security-policy=PATH With security, allow the user to define a custom set of requirements formatted as a JSON file against which to compare the specified unit file(s) and determine their overall exposure level to security threats. Assessment Test Identifier UserOrDynamicUser SupplementaryGroups PrivateMounts PrivateDevices PrivateTmp PrivateNetwork PrivateUsers ProtectControlGroups ProtectKernelModules ProtectKernelTunables ProtectKernelLogs ProtectClock ProtectHome ProtectHostname ProtectSystem RootDirectoryOrRootImage LockPersonality MemoryDenyWriteExecute NoNewPrivileges CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_ADMIN CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SET_UID_GID_PCAP CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_PTRACE CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_TIME CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_NET_ADMIN CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_RAWIO CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_MODULE CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_AUDIT CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYSLOG CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_NICE_RESOURCE CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_MKNOD CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_CHOWN_FSETID_SETFCAP CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_DAC_FOWNER_IPC_OWNER CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_KILL CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE_BROADCAST_RAW CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_BOOT CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_MAC CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_LINUX_IMMUTABLE CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_IPC_LOCK CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_CHROOT CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_BLOCK_SUSPEND CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_WAKE_ALARM CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_LEASE CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_TTY_CONFIG CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_BPF UMask KeyringMode ProtectProc ProcSubset NotifyAccess RemoveIPC Delegate RestrictRealtime RestrictSUIDSGID RestrictNamespaces_user RestrictNamespaces_mnt RestrictNamespaces_ipc RestrictNamespaces_pid RestrictNamespaces_cgroup RestrictNamespaces_uts RestrictNamespaces_net RestrictAddressFamilies_AF_INET_INET6 RestrictAddressFamilies_AF_UNIX RestrictAddressFamilies_AF_NETLINK RestrictAddressFamilies_AF_PACKET RestrictAddressFamilies_OTHER SystemCallArchitectures SystemCallFilter_swap SystemCallFilter_obsolete SystemCallFilter_clock SystemCallFilter_cpu_emulation SystemCallFilter_debug SystemCallFilter_mount SystemCallFilter_module SystemCallFilter_raw_io SystemCallFilter_reboot SystemCallFilter_privileged SystemCallFilter_resources IPAddressDeny DeviceAllow AmbientCapabilities See example "JSON Policy" below. --json=MODE With the security command, generate a JSON formatted output of the security analysis table. The format is a JSON array with objects containing the following fields: set which indicates if the setting has been enabled or not, name which is what is used to refer to the setting, json_field which is the JSON compatible identifier of the setting, description which is an outline of the setting state, and exposure which is a number in the range 0.0…10.0, where a higher value corresponds to a higher security threat. The JSON version of the table is printed to standard output. The MODE passed to the option can be one of three: off which is the default, pretty and short which respectively output a prettified or shorted JSON version of the security table. With the plot command, generate a JSON formatted output of the raw time data. The format is a JSON array with objects containing the following fields: name which is the unit name, activated which is the time after startup the service was activated, activating which is how long after startup the service was initially started, time which is how long the service took to activate from when it was initially started, deactivated which is the time after startup that the service was deactivated, deactivating which is the time after startup that the service was initially told to deactivate. --iterations=NUMBER When used with the calendar command, show the specified number of iterations the specified calendar expression will elapse next. Defaults to 1. --base-time=TIMESTAMP When used with the calendar command, show next iterations relative to the specified point in time. If not specified defaults to the current time. --unit=UNIT When used with the condition command, evaluate all the Condition*=... and Assert*=... assignments in the specified unit file. The full unit search path is formed by combining the directories for the specified unit with the usual unit load paths. The variable $SYSTEMD_UNIT_PATH is supported, and may be used to replace or augment the compiled in set of unit load paths; see systemd.unit5. All units files present in the directory containing the specified unit will be used in preference to the other paths. --table When used with the plot command, the raw time data is output in a table. --no-legend When used with the plot command in combination with either --table or --json=, no legends or hints are included in the output. -q --quiet Suppress hints and other non-essential output. --tldr With cat-config, only print the "interesting" parts of the configuration files, skipping comments and empty lines and section headers followed only by comments and empty lines. For most commands, 0 is returned on success, and a non-zero failure code otherwise. With the verb compare-versions, in the two-argument form, 12, 0, 11 is returned if the second version string is respectively larger, equal, or smaller to the first. In the three-argument form, 0 or 1 if the condition is respectively true or false. The JSON file passed as a path parameter to --security-policy= has a top-level JSON object, with keys being the assessment test identifiers mentioned above. The values in the file should be JSON objects with one or more of the following fields: description_na (string), description_good (string), description_bad (string), weight (unsigned integer), and range (unsigned integer). If any of these fields corresponding to a specific id of the unit file is missing from the JSON object, the default built-in field value corresponding to that same id is used for security analysis as default. The weight and range fields are used in determining the overall exposure level of the unit files: the value of each setting is assigned a badness score, which is multiplied by the policy weight and divided by the policy range to determine the overall exposure that the setting implies. The computed badness is summed across all settings in the unit file, normalized to the 1…100 range, and used to determine the overall exposure level of the unit. By allowing users to manipulate these fields, the 'security' verb gives them the option to decide for themself which ids are more important and hence should have a greater effect on the exposure level. A weight of 0 means the setting will not be checked. { "PrivateDevices": { "description_good": "Service has no access to hardware devices", "description_bad": "Service potentially has access to hardware devices", "weight": 1000, "range": 1 }, "PrivateMounts": { "description_good": "Service cannot install system mounts", "description_bad": "Service may install system mounts", "weight": 1000, "range": 1 }, "PrivateNetwork": { "description_good": "Service has no access to the host's network", "description_bad": "Service has access to the host's network", "weight": 2500, "range": 1 }, "PrivateTmp": { "description_good": "Service has no access to other software's temporary files", "description_bad": "Service has access to other software's temporary files", "weight": 1000, "range": 1 }, "PrivateUsers": { "description_good": "Service does not have access to other users", "description_bad": "Service has access to other users", "weight": 1000, "range": 1 } } systemd1 systemctl1