path: root/man/sd_bus_add_object.xml

<?xml version='1.0'?> <!--*-nxml-*-->
<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd">
<!-- SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later -->

<refentry id="sd_bus_add_object"
          xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">

  <refentryinfo>
    <title>sd_bus_add_object</title>
    <productname>systemd</productname>
  </refentryinfo>

  <refmeta>
    <refentrytitle>sd_bus_add_object</refentrytitle>
    <manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
  </refmeta>

  <refnamediv>
    <refname>sd_bus_add_object</refname>
    <refname>sd_bus_add_fallback</refname>
    <refname>sd_bus_add_object_vtable</refname>
    <refname>sd_bus_add_fallback_vtable</refname>
    <refname>sd_bus_add_filter</refname>
    <refname>SD_BUS_VTABLE_CAPABILITY</refname>
    <refname>SD_BUS_VTABLE_START</refname>
    <refname>SD_BUS_VTABLE_END</refname>
    <refname>SD_BUS_METHOD_WITH_NAMES_OFFSET</refname>
    <refname>SD_BUS_METHOD_WITH_NAMES</refname>
    <refname>SD_BUS_METHOD_WITH_OFFSET</refname>
    <refname>SD_BUS_METHOD</refname>
    <refname>SD_BUS_SIGNAL_WITH_NAMES</refname>
    <refname>SD_BUS_SIGNAL</refname>
    <refname>SD_BUS_WRITABLE_PROPERTY</refname>
    <refname>SD_BUS_PROPERTY</refname>
    <refname>SD_BUS_PARAM</refname>

    <refpurpose>Declare properties and methods for a D-Bus path</refpurpose>
  </refnamediv>

  <refsynopsisdiv>
    <funcsynopsis>
      <funcsynopsisinfo>#include &lt;systemd/sd-bus-vtable.h&gt;</funcsynopsisinfo>

      <xi:include href="sd_bus_add_match.xml" xpointer="sd_bus_message_handler_t"/>

      <funcprototype>
        <funcdef>typedef int (*<function>sd_bus_property_get_t</function>)</funcdef>
        <paramdef>sd_bus *<parameter>bus</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>const char *<parameter>path</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>const char *<parameter>interface</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>const char *<parameter>property</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>sd_bus_message *<parameter>reply</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>void *<parameter>userdata</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>sd_bus_error *<parameter>ret_error</parameter></paramdef>
      </funcprototype>

      <funcprototype>
        <funcdef>typedef int (*<function>sd_bus_property_set_t</function>)</funcdef>
        <paramdef>sd_bus *<parameter>bus</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>const char *<parameter>path</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>const char *<parameter>interface</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>const char *<parameter>property</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>sd_bus_message *<parameter>value</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>void *<parameter>userdata</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>sd_bus_error *<parameter>ret_error</parameter></paramdef>
      </funcprototype>

      <funcprototype>
        <funcdef>typedef int (*<function>sd_bus_object_find_t</function>)</funcdef>
        <paramdef>const char *<parameter>path</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>const char *<parameter>interface</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>void *<parameter>userdata</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>void **<parameter>ret_found</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>sd_bus_error *<parameter>ret_error</parameter></paramdef>
      </funcprototype>

      <funcprototype>
        <funcdef>int <function>sd_bus_add_object</function></funcdef>
        <paramdef>sd_bus *<parameter>bus</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>sd_bus_slot **<parameter>slot</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>const char *<parameter>path</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>sd_bus_message_handler_t <parameter>callback</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>void *<parameter>userdata</parameter></paramdef>
      </funcprototype>

      <funcprototype>
        <funcdef>int <function>sd_bus_add_fallback</function></funcdef>
        <paramdef>sd_bus *<parameter>bus</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>sd_bus_slot **<parameter>slot</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>const char *<parameter>path</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>sd_bus_message_handler_t <parameter>callback</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>void *<parameter>userdata</parameter></paramdef>
      </funcprototype>

      <funcprototype>
        <funcdef>int <function>sd_bus_add_object_vtable</function></funcdef>
        <paramdef>sd_bus *<parameter>bus</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>sd_bus_slot **<parameter>slot</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>const char *<parameter>path</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>const char *<parameter>interface</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>const sd_bus_vtable *<parameter>vtable</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>void *<parameter>userdata</parameter></paramdef>
      </funcprototype>

      <funcprototype>
        <funcdef>int <function>sd_bus_add_fallback_vtable</function></funcdef>
        <paramdef>sd_bus *<parameter>bus</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>sd_bus_slot **<parameter>slot</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>const char *<parameter>prefix</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>const char *<parameter>interface</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>const sd_bus_vtable *<parameter>vtable</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>sd_bus_object_find_t <parameter>find</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>void *<parameter>userdata</parameter></paramdef>
      </funcprototype>

      <funcprototype>
        <funcdef>int <function>sd_bus_add_filter</function></funcdef>
        <paramdef>sd_bus *<parameter>bus</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>sd_bus_slot **<parameter>slot</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>sd_bus_message_handler_t <parameter>callback</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef>void *<parameter>userdata</parameter></paramdef>
      </funcprototype>
    </funcsynopsis>

    <para>
      <constant>SD_BUS_VTABLE_CAPABILITY(<replaceable>capability</replaceable>)</constant>
    </para>

    <para>
      <constant>SD_BUS_VTABLE_START(<replaceable>flags</replaceable>)</constant>
    </para>
    <para>
      <constant>SD_BUS_VTABLE_END</constant>
    </para>
    <para>
      <constant>SD_BUS_METHOD_WITH_ARGS_OFFSET(<replaceable>member</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>args</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>result</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>handler</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>offset</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>flags</replaceable>)
      </constant>
    </para>
    <para>
      <constant>SD_BUS_METHOD_WITH_ARGS(<replaceable>member</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>args</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>result</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>handler</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>flags</replaceable>)
      </constant>
    </para>
    <para>
      <constant>SD_BUS_METHOD_WITH_NAMES_OFFSET(<replaceable>member</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>signature</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>in_names</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>result</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>out_names</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>handler</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>offset</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>flags</replaceable>)
      </constant>
    </para>
    <para>
      <constant>SD_BUS_METHOD_WITH_NAMES(<replaceable>member</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>signature</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>in_names</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>result</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>out_names</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>handler</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>flags</replaceable>)
      </constant>
    </para>
    <para>
      <constant>SD_BUS_METHOD_WITH_OFFSET(<replaceable>member</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>signature</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>result</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>handler</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>offset</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>flags</replaceable>)
      </constant>
    </para>
    <para>
      <constant>SD_BUS_METHOD(<replaceable>member</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>signature</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>result</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>handler</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>flags</replaceable>)
      </constant>
    </para>
    <para>
      <constant>SD_BUS_SIGNAL_WITH_ARGS(<replaceable>member</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>args</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>flags</replaceable>)
      </constant>
    </para>
    <para>
      <constant>SD_BUS_SIGNAL_WITH_NAMES(<replaceable>member</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>signature</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>names</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>flags</replaceable>)
      </constant>
    </para>
    <para>
      <constant>SD_BUS_SIGNAL(<replaceable>member</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>signature</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>flags</replaceable>)
      </constant>
    </para>
    <para>
      <constant>SD_BUS_WRITABLE_PROPERTY(<replaceable>member</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>signature</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>get</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>set</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>offset</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>flags</replaceable>)
      </constant>
    </para>
    <para>
      <constant>SD_BUS_PROPERTY(<replaceable>member</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>signature</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>get</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>offset</replaceable>,
      <replaceable>flags</replaceable>)
      </constant>
    </para>
    <para>
      <constant>SD_BUS_PARAM(<replaceable>name</replaceable>)</constant>
    </para>
    <para>
      <constant>SD_BUS_ARGS(<replaceable>...</replaceable>)</constant>
    </para>
    <para>
      <constant>SD_BUS_RESULT(<replaceable>...</replaceable>)</constant>
    </para>
    <para>
      <constant>SD_BUS_NO_ARGS</constant>
    </para>
    <para>
      <constant>SD_BUS_NO_RESULT</constant>
    </para>
  </refsynopsisdiv>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Description</title>

    <para><function>sd_bus_add_object_vtable()</function> is used to declare attributes for the
    object path <parameter>path</parameter> connected to the bus connection
    <parameter>bus</parameter> under the interface <parameter>interface</parameter>. The table
    <parameter>vtable</parameter> may contain property declarations using
    <constant>SD_BUS_PROPERTY()</constant> or <constant>SD_BUS_WRITABLE_PROPERTY()</constant>,
    method declarations using <constant>SD_BUS_METHOD()</constant>,
    <constant>SD_BUS_METHOD_WITH_NAMES()</constant>,
    <constant>SD_BUS_METHOD_WITH_OFFSET()</constant>, or
    <constant>SD_BUS_METHOD_WITH_NAMES_OFFSET()</constant>, and signal declarations using
    <constant>SD_BUS_SIGNAL_WITH_NAMES()</constant> or <constant>SD_BUS_SIGNAL()</constant>, see
    below. The <replaceable>userdata</replaceable> parameter contains a pointer that will be passed
    to various callback functions. It may be specified as <constant>NULL</constant> if no value is
    necessary. An interface can have any number of vtables attached to it.</para>

    <para><function>sd_bus_add_fallback_vtable()</function> is similar to
    <function>sd_bus_add_object_vtable()</function>, but is used to register "fallback" attributes.
    When looking for an attribute declaration, bus object paths registered with
    <function>sd_bus_add_object_vtable()</function> are checked first. If no match is found, the
    fallback vtables are checked for each prefix of the bus object path, i.e. with the last
    slash-separated components successively removed. This allows the vtable to be used for an
    arbitrary number of dynamically created objects.</para>

    <para>Parameter <replaceable>find</replaceable> is a function which is used to locate the target
    object based on the bus object path <replaceable>path</replaceable>. It must return
    <constant>1</constant> and set the <parameter>ret_found</parameter> output parameter if the
    object is found, return <constant>0</constant> if the object was not found, and return a
    negative errno-style error code or initialize the error structure
    <replaceable>ret_error</replaceable> on error. The pointer passed in
    <parameter>ret_found</parameter> will be used as the <parameter>userdata</parameter> parameter
    for the callback functions (offset by the <parameter>offset</parameter> offsets as specified in
    the vtable entries).</para>

    <para><function>sd_bus_add_object()</function> attaches a callback directly to the object path
    <parameter>path</parameter>. An object path can have any number of callbacks attached to it.
    Each callback is prepended to the list of callbacks which are always called in order.
    <function>sd_bus_add_fallback()</function> is similar to
    <function>sd_bus_add_object()</function> but applies to fallback paths instead.</para>

    <para><function>sd_bus_add_filter()</function> installs a callback that is invoked for each
    incoming D-Bus message. Filters can be used to handle logic common to all messages received by
    a service (e.g. authentication or authorization).</para>

    <para>When a request is received, any associated callbacks are called sequentially until a
    callback returns a non-zero integer. Return zero from a callback to give other callbacks the
    chance to process the request. Callbacks are called in the following order: first, global
    callbacks installed with <function>sd_bus_add_filter()</function> are called. Second, callbacks
    attached directly to the request object path are called, followed by any D-Bus method callbacks
    attached to the request object path, interface and member. Finally, the property callbacks
    attached to the request object path, interface and member are called. If the final callback
    returns zero, an error reply is sent back to the caller indicating no matching object for the
    request was found.</para>

    <para>Note that you can return a positive integer from a <parameter>method</parameter> callback without
    immediately sending a reply. This informs sd-bus this callback will take responsibility for
    replying to the request without forcing the callback to produce a reply immediately. This allows
    a callback to perform any number of asynchronous operations required to construct a reply.
    However, if producing a reply takes too long, the method call will time out at the caller. This is
    only available to methods and not properties.</para>

    <para>If a callback was invoked to handle a request that expects a reply and the callback
    returns a negative value, the value is interpreted as a negative errno-style error code and sent
    back to the caller as a D-Bus error as if
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_bus_reply_method_errno</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
    was called. Additionally, all callbacks take a <structname>sd_bus_error</structname> output
    parameter that can be used to provide more detailed error information. If
    <parameter>ret_error</parameter> is set when the callback finishes, the corresponding D-Bus
    error is sent back to the caller as if
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_bus_reply_method_error</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
    was called. Any error stored in <parameter>ret_error</parameter> takes priority over any
    negative values returned by the same callback when determining which error to send back to
    the caller. Use
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_bus_error_set</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
    or one of its variants to set <parameter>ret_error</parameter> and return a negative integer
    from a callback with a single function call. To send an error reply after a callback has already
    finished, use
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_bus_reply_method_errno</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
    or one of its variants.</para>

    <para>For all functions, a match slot is created internally. If the output parameter
    <replaceable>slot</replaceable> is <constant>NULL</constant>, a "floating" slot object is
    created, see
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_bus_slot_set_floating</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
    Otherwise, a pointer to the slot object is returned. In that case, the reference to the slot
    object should be dropped when the vtable is not needed anymore, see
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_bus_slot_unref</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
    </para>

    <refsect2>
      <title>The <structname>sd_bus_vtable</structname> array</title>

      <para>The array consists of the structures of type <structname>sd_bus_vtable</structname>, but it
      should never be filled in manually, but through one of the following macros:</para>

      <variablelist>
        <varlistentry>
          <term><constant>SD_BUS_VTABLE_START(<replaceable>flags</replaceable>)</constant></term>
          <term><constant>SD_BUS_VTABLE_END</constant></term>

          <listitem><para>Those must always be the first and last element. The
          <replaceable>flags</replaceable> parameter can be used to set attributes that apply to the whole
          array; see the "Flags" section below.</para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><constant>SD_BUS_METHOD_WITH_ARGS_OFFSET()</constant></term>
          <term><constant>SD_BUS_METHOD_WITH_ARGS()</constant></term>

          <listitem><para>Declare a D-Bus method with the name <replaceable>member</replaceable>,
          arguments <replaceable>args</replaceable> and result <replaceable>result</replaceable>.
          <replaceable>args</replaceable> expects a sequence of argument type/name pairs wrapped in the
          <constant>SD_BUS_ARGS()</constant> macro. The elements at even indices in this list describe the
          types of the method's arguments. The method's parameter signature is the concatenation of all the
          string literals at even indices in <replaceable>args</replaceable>. If a method has no parameters,
          pass <constant>SD_BUS_NO_ARGS</constant> to <replaceable>args</replaceable>. The elements at uneven
          indices describe the names of the method's arguments. <replaceable>result</replaceable> expects a
          sequence of type/name pairs wrapped in the <constant>SD_BUS_RESULT()</constant> macro in the same
          format as <constant>SD_BUS_ARGS()</constant>. The method's result signature is the concatenation of
          all the string literals at even indices in <replaceable>result</replaceable>. If a method has no
          result, pass <constant>SD_BUS_NO_RESULT</constant> to <replaceable>result</replaceable>. Note that
          argument types are expected to be quoted string literals and argument names are expected to be
          unquoted string literals. See below for a complete example.</para>

          <para>The handler function <replaceable>handler</replaceable> must be of type
          <function>sd_bus_message_handler_t</function>. It will be called to handle the incoming messages
          that call this method. It receives a pointer that is the <replaceable>userdata</replaceable>
          parameter passed to the registration function offset by <replaceable>offset</replaceable> bytes.
          This may be used to pass pointers to different fields in the same data structure to different
          methods in the same vtable. To send a reply from <parameter>handler</parameter>, call
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_bus_reply_method_return</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
          with the message the callback was invoked with. Parameter <replaceable>flags</replaceable> is a
          combination of flags, see below.</para>

          <para><constant>SD_BUS_METHOD_WITH_ARGS()</constant> is a shorthand for calling
          <constant>SD_BUS_METHOD_WITH_ARGS_OFFSET()</constant> with an offset of zero.</para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><constant>SD_BUS_METHOD_WITH_NAMES_OFFSET()</constant></term>
          <term><constant>SD_BUS_METHOD_WITH_NAMES()</constant></term>
          <term><constant>SD_BUS_METHOD_WITH_OFFSET()</constant></term>
          <term><constant>SD_BUS_METHOD()</constant></term>

          <listitem><para>Declare a D-Bus method with the name <replaceable>member</replaceable>,
          parameter signature <replaceable>signature</replaceable>, result signature
          <replaceable>result</replaceable>. Parameters <replaceable>in_names</replaceable> and
          <replaceable>out_names</replaceable> specify the argument names of the input and output
          arguments in the function signature. <replaceable>in_names</replaceable> and
          <replaceable>out_names</replaceable> should be created using the
          <constant>SD_BUS_PARAM()</constant> macro, see below. In all other regards, this macro behaves
          exactly the same as <constant>SD_BUS_METHOD_WITH_ARGS_OFFSET()</constant>.</para>

          <para><constant>SD_BUS_METHOD_WITH_NAMES()</constant>,
          <constant>SD_BUS_METHOD_WITH_OFFSET()</constant>, and <constant>SD_BUS_METHOD()</constant>
          are variants which specify zero offset (<replaceable>userdata</replaceable> parameter is
          passed with no change), leave the names unset (i.e. no parameter names), or both.</para>

          <para>Prefer using <constant>SD_BUS_METHOD_WITH_ARGS_OFFSET()</constant> and
          <constant>SD_BUS_METHOD_WITH_ARGS()</constant> over these macros as they allow specifying argument
          types and names next to each other which is less error-prone than first specifying all argument
          types followed by specifying all argument names.</para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><constant>SD_BUS_SIGNAL_WITH_ARGS()</constant></term>

          <listitem><para>Declare a D-Bus signal with the name <replaceable>member</replaceable> and
          arguments <replaceable>args</replaceable>. <replaceable>args</replaceable> expects a sequence of
          argument type/name pairs wrapped in the <constant>SD_BUS_ARGS()</constant> macro. The elements at
          even indices in this list describe the types of the signal's arguments. The signal's parameter
          signature is the concatenation of all the string literals at even indices in
          <replaceable>args</replaceable>. If a signal has no parameters, pass
          <constant>SD_BUS_NO_ARGS</constant> to <replaceable>args</replaceable>. The elements at uneven
          indices describe the names of the signal's arguments. Parameter <replaceable>flags</replaceable> is
          a combination of flags. See below for a complete example.</para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><constant>SD_BUS_SIGNAL_WITH_NAMES()</constant></term>
          <term><constant>SD_BUS_SIGNAL()</constant></term>

          <listitem><para>Declare a D-Bus signal with the name <replaceable>member</replaceable>,
          parameter signature <replaceable>signature</replaceable>, and argument names
          <replaceable>names</replaceable>. <replaceable>names</replaceable> should be
          created using the <constant>SD_BUS_PARAM()</constant> macro, see below.
          Parameter <replaceable>flags</replaceable> is a combination of flags, see below.
          </para>

          <para><constant>SD_BUS_SIGNAL()</constant> is equivalent to
          <constant>SD_BUS_SIGNAL_WITH_NAMES()</constant> with the <replaceable>names</replaceable> parameter
          unset (i.e. no parameter names).</para>

          <para>Prefer using <constant>SD_BUS_SIGNAL_WITH_ARGS()</constant> over these macros as it allows
          specifying argument types and names next to each other which is less error-prone than first
          specifying all argument types followed by specifying all argument names.</para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><constant>SD_BUS_WRITABLE_PROPERTY()</constant></term>
          <term><constant>SD_BUS_PROPERTY()</constant></term>

          <listitem><para>Declare a D-Bus property with the name <replaceable>member</replaceable>
          and value signature <replaceable>signature</replaceable>. Parameters
          <replaceable>get</replaceable> and <replaceable>set</replaceable> are the getter and
          setter methods. They are called with a pointer that is the
          <replaceable>userdata</replaceable> parameter passed to the registration function offset
          by <replaceable>offset</replaceable> bytes. This may be used pass pointers to different
          fields in the same data structure to different setters and getters in the same vtable.
          Parameter <replaceable>flags</replaceable> is a combination of flags, see below.</para>

          <para>The setter and getter methods may be omitted (specified as
          <constant>NULL</constant>), if the property is one of the basic types or
          <literal>as</literal> in case of read-only properties. In those cases, the
          <replaceable>userdata</replaceable> and <replaceable>offset</replaceable> parameters must
          together point to a valid variable of the corresponding type. A default setter and getter
          will be provided, which simply copy the argument between this variable and the message.
          </para>

          <para><constant>SD_BUS_PROPERTY()</constant> is used to define a read-only property.
          </para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><constant>SD_BUS_PARAM()</constant></term>
          <listitem><para>Parameter names should be wrapped in this macro, see the example below.
          </para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
    </refsect2>

    <refsect2>
      <title>Flags</title>

      <para>The <replaceable>flags</replaceable> parameter is used to specify a combination of
      <ulink url="https://dbus.freedesktop.org/doc/dbus-specification.html#introspection-format">D-Bus annotations</ulink>.
      </para>

      <variablelist>
        <varlistentry>
          <term><constant>SD_BUS_VTABLE_DEPRECATED</constant></term>

          <listitem><para>Mark this vtable entry as deprecated using the
          <constant>org.freedesktop.DBus.Deprecated</constant> annotation in introspection data. If
          specified for <constant>SD_BUS_VTABLE_START()</constant>, the annotation is applied to the
          enclosing interface.</para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><constant>SD_BUS_VTABLE_HIDDEN</constant></term>

          <listitem><para>Make this vtable entry hidden. It will not be shown in introspection data.
          If specified for <constant>SD_BUS_VTABLE_START()</constant>, all entries in the array are
          hidden.</para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><constant>SD_BUS_VTABLE_METHOD_NO_REPLY</constant></term>

          <listitem><para>Mark this vtable entry as a method that will not return a reply using the
          <constant>org.freedesktop.DBus.Method.NoReply</constant> annotation in introspection data.
          </para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><constant>SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST</constant></term>
          <term><constant>SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE</constant></term>
          <term><constant>SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_INVALIDATION</constant></term>

          <listitem><para>Those three flags correspond to different values of the
          <constant>org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal</constant> annotation, which
          specifies whether the
          <constant>org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties.PropertiesChanged</constant> signal is emitted
          whenever the property changes. <constant>SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST</constant>
          corresponds to <constant>const</constant> and means that the property never changes during
          the lifetime of the object it belongs to, so no signal needs to be emitted.
          <constant>SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE</constant> corresponds to
          <constant>true</constant> and means that the signal is emitted.
          <constant>SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_INVALIDATION</constant> corresponds to
          <constant>invalidates</constant> and means that the signal is emitted, but the value is
          not included in the signal.</para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><constant>SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EXPLICIT</constant></term>

          <listitem><para>Mark this vtable property entry as requiring explicit request to for the
          value to be shown (generally because the value is large or slow to calculate). This entry
          cannot be combined with <constant>SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE</constant>, and will
          not be shown in property listings by default (e.g. <command>busctl introspect</command>).
          This corresponds to the <constant>org.freedesktop.systemd1.Explicit</constant> annotation
          in introspection data.</para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><constant>SD_BUS_VTABLE_SENSITIVE</constant></term>

          <listitem><para>Mark this vtable method entry as processing sensitive data. When set,
          incoming method call messages and their outgoing reply messages are marked as sensitive using
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_bus_message_sensitive</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
          so that they are erased from memory when freed.</para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><constant>SD_BUS_VTABLE_ABSOLUTE_OFFSET</constant></term>

          <listitem><para>Mark this vtable method or property entry so that the user data pointer passed to
          its associated handler functions is determined slightly differently: instead of adding the offset
          parameter of the entry to the user data pointer specified during vtable registration, the offset is
          passed directly, converted to a pointer, without taking the user data pointer specified during
          vtable registration into account.</para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><constant>SD_BUS_VTABLE_CAPABILITY(<replaceable>capability</replaceable>)</constant></term>

          <listitem><para>Access to this vtable entry will be allowed if the calling process has the
          capability <replaceable>capability</replaceable>, as described in
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_bus_query_sender_privilege</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
          If used for <constant>SD_BUS_VTABLE_START()</constant>, provides a default for all entries in the
          array. If not specified, either for an individual entry or the whole array,
          <constant>CAP_SYS_ADMIN</constant> is checked by default. See <citerefentry
          project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>capabilities</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
          for information about capabilities.</para>

          <para>Note that vtable entries may be marked as unprivileged and the whole bus may be marked as
          trusted, see the discussion of <constant>SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED</constant> below.</para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><constant>SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED</constant></term>

          <listitem><para>Mark this vtable entry as unprivileged. Access to privileged entries is limited to
          users with appropriate capabilities as described above. In practice many vtable entries are marked
          as unprivileged, and either are open to everyone, or the decision whether to allow access is taken
          later, e.g. by delegating to <ulink
          url="https://www.freedesktop.org/software/polkit/docs/latest/">polkit</ulink>.</para>

          <para>The whole bus may be marked as trusted, in which case annotations at the entry level are
          ignored, see
          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_bus_set_trusted</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
          </para>

          <para>When <emphasis>not</emphasis> specified, the
          <constant>org.freedesktop.systemd1.Privileged</constant> annotation with value
          <literal>true</literal> will be shown in introspection data.</para>

          <para>Note that this page describes checks implemented in the D-Bus client. The D-Bus server has an
          additional policy that may permit or deny connections, see
          "CONFIGURATION FILE" in
          <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>dbus-daemon</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
          </para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
    </refsect2>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Examples</title>

    <example>
      <title>Create a simple listener on the bus</title>

      <programlisting><xi:include href="vtable-example.c" parse="text" /></programlisting>

      <para>This creates a simple client on the bus (the user bus, when run as normal user). We may
      use the D-Bus <constant>org.freedesktop.DBus.Introspectable.Introspect</constant> call to
      acquire the XML description of the interface:</para>

      <programlisting><xi:include href="vtable-example.xml" parse="text" /></programlisting>
    </example>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Return Value</title>

    <para>On success, <function>sd_bus_add_object_vtable()</function> and
    <function>sd_bus_add_fallback_vtable()</function> return a non-negative integer. On
    failure, they return a negative errno-style error code.</para>

    <refsect2>
      <title>Errors</title>

      <para>Returned errors may indicate the following problems:</para>

      <variablelist>
        <varlistentry>
          <term><constant>-EINVAL</constant></term>

          <listitem><para>One of the required parameters is <constant>NULL</constant> or invalid. A
          reserved D-Bus interface was passed as the <replaceable>interface</replaceable> parameter.
          </para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><constant>-ENOPKG</constant></term>

          <listitem><para>The bus cannot be resolved.</para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><constant>-ECHILD</constant></term>

          <listitem><para>The bus was created in a different process, library or module instance.</para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><constant>-ENOMEM</constant></term>

          <listitem><para>Memory allocation failed.</para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><constant>-EPROTOTYPE</constant></term>

          <listitem><para><function>sd_bus_add_object_vtable()</function> and
          <function>sd_bus_add_fallback_vtable()</function> have been both called for the same bus
          object path, which is not allowed.</para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><constant>-EEXIST</constant></term>

          <listitem><para>This vtable has already been registered for this
          <replaceable>interface</replaceable> and <replaceable>path</replaceable>.</para></listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
    </refsect2>
  </refsect1>

  <xi:include href="libsystemd-pkgconfig.xml" />

  <refsect1>
    <title>History</title>
    <para><function>sd_bus_property_get_t()</function>,
    <function>sd_bus_property_set_t()</function>,
    <function>sd_bus_object_find_t()</function>,
    <function>sd_bus_add_object()</function>,
    <function>sd_bus_add_fallback()</function>,
    <function>sd_bus_add_object_vtable()</function>,
    <function>sd_bus_add_fallback_vtable()</function>, and
    <function>sd_bus_add_filter()</function> were added in version 221.</para>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>See Also</title>

    <para><simplelist type="inline">
      <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd-bus</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
      <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>busctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
      <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_bus_emit_properties_changed</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
      <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_bus_emit_object_added</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
    </simplelist></para>
  </refsect1>
</refentry>