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<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!--*-nxml-*-->
<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
<!-- SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later -->
<refentry id="systemd.preset">
<refentryinfo>
<title>systemd.preset</title>
<productname>systemd</productname>
</refentryinfo>
<refmeta>
<refentrytitle>systemd.preset</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
</refmeta>
<refnamediv>
<refname>systemd.preset</refname>
<refpurpose>Service enablement presets</refpurpose>
</refnamediv>
<refsynopsisdiv>
<para><filename>/etc/systemd/system-preset/*.preset</filename></para>
<para><filename>/run/systemd/system-preset/*.preset</filename></para>
<para><filename>/usr/lib/systemd/system-preset/*.preset</filename></para>
<para><filename>/etc/systemd/user-preset/*.preset</filename></para>
<para><filename>/run/systemd/user-preset/*.preset</filename></para>
<para><filename>/usr/lib/systemd/user-preset/*.preset</filename></para>
</refsynopsisdiv>
<refsect1>
<title>Description</title>
<para>Preset files may be used to encode policy which units shall be enabled by default and which ones
shall be disabled. They are read by <command>systemctl preset</command> which uses this information to
enable or disable a unit. Depending on that policy, <command>systemctl preset</command> is identical to
<command>systemctl enable</command> or <command>systemctl disable</command>.
<command>systemctl preset</command> is used by the post install scriptlets of rpm packages (or other OS
package formats), to enable/disable specific units by default on package installation, enforcing
distribution, spin or administrator preset policy. This allows choosing a certain set of units to be
enabled/disabled even before installing the actual package. For more information, see
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
<para>It is not recommended to ship preset files within the respective software packages implementing the
units, but rather centralize them in a distribution or spin default policy, which can be amended by
administrator policy, see below.</para>
<para>If no preset files exist, preset operations will enable all units that are installed by default. If
this is not desired and all units shall rather be disabled, it is necessary to ship a preset file with a
single, catchall "<filename>disable *</filename>" line. (See example 1, below.)</para>
<para>When the machine is booted for the first time,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> will
enable/disable all units according to preset policy, similarly to <command>systemctl
preset-all</command>. Also see "First Boot Semantics" in
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>machine-id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
</para>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>Preset File Format</title>
<para>The preset files contain a list of directives, one per line. Empty lines and lines whose first
non-whitespace character is <literal>#</literal> or <literal>;</literal> are ignored. Each directive
consists of one of the words <literal>enable</literal>, <literal>disable</literal>, or
<literal>ignore</literal>, followed by whitespace and a unit name. The unit name may contain shell-style
wildcards.</para>
<para>For the enable directive for template units, one or more instance names may be specified as a
space-separated list after the unit name. In this case, those instances will be enabled instead of the
instance specified via DefaultInstance= in the unit.</para>
<para>Presets must refer to the "real" unit file, and not to any aliases. See
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
for a description of unit aliasing.</para>
<para>Three different directives are understood: <literal>enable</literal> may be used to enable units by
default, <literal>disable</literal> to disable units by default, and <literal>ignore</literal> to ignore
units and leave existing configuration intact.</para>
<para>If multiple lines apply to a unit name, the first matching
one takes precedence over all others.</para>
<para>Each preset file shall be named in the style of
<filename><priority>-<policy-name>.preset</filename>. Files
in <filename>/etc/</filename> override files with the same name in
<filename>/usr/lib/</filename> and <filename>/run/</filename>.
Files in <filename>/run/</filename> override files with the same
name in <filename>/usr/lib/</filename>. Packages should install
their preset files in <filename>/usr/lib/</filename>. Files in
<filename>/etc/</filename> are reserved for the local
administrator, who may use this logic to override the preset files
installed by vendor packages. All preset files are sorted by their
filename in lexicographic order, regardless of which of the
directories they reside in. If multiple files specify the same
unit name, the entry in the file with the lexicographically
earliest name will be applied. It is recommended to prefix all
filenames with a two-digit number and a dash, to simplify the
ordering of the files.</para>
<para>If the administrator wants to disable a preset file supplied
by the vendor, the recommended way is to place a symlink to
<filename>/dev/null</filename> in
<filename>/etc/systemd/system-preset/</filename> bearing the same
filename.</para>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>Examples</title>
<example>
<title>Default to off</title>
<programlisting># /usr/lib/systemd/system-preset/99-default.preset
disable *</programlisting>
</example>
<para>This disables all units. Due to the filename prefix
<literal>99-</literal>, it will be read last and hence can easily
be overridden by spin or administrator preset policy.</para>
<example>
<title>Enable multiple template instances</title>
<programlisting># /usr/lib/systemd/system-preset/80-dirsrv.preset
enable dirsrv@.service foo bar baz</programlisting>
</example>
<para>This enables all three of <filename>dirsrv@foo.service</filename>,
<filename>dirsrv@bar.service</filename> and <filename>dirsrv@baz.service</filename>.</para>
<example>
<title>A GNOME spin</title>
<programlisting># /usr/lib/systemd/system-preset/50-gnome.preset
enable gdm.service
enable colord.service
enable accounts-daemon.service
enable avahi-daemon.*</programlisting>
</example>
<para>This enables the three mentioned units, plus all
<filename>avahi-daemon</filename> regardless of which unit type. A
file like this could be useful for inclusion in a GNOME spin of a
distribution. It will ensure that the units necessary for GNOME
are properly enabled as they are installed. It leaves all other
units untouched, and subject to other (later) preset files, for
example like the one from the first example above.</para>
<example>
<title>Administrator policy</title>
<programlisting># /etc/systemd/system-preset/00-lennart.preset
enable httpd.service
enable sshd.service
enable postfix.service
disable *</programlisting>
</example>
<para>This enables three specific services and disables all
others. This is useful for administrators to specifically select
the units to enable, and disable all others. Due to the filename
prefix <literal>00-</literal> it will be read early and
override all other preset policy files.</para>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>Motivation for the preset logic</title>
<para>Different distributions have different policies on which services shall be enabled by default when
the package they are shipped in is installed. On Fedora all services stay off by default, so that
installing a package will not cause a service to be enabled (with some exceptions). On Debian all
services are immediately enabled by default, so that installing a package will cause its services to be
enabled right-away.</para>
<para>Even within a single distribution, different spins (flavours, remixes, whatever you might want to
call them) of a distribution also have different policies on what services to enable, and what services
to leave off. For example, Fedora Workstation will enable <command>gdm</command> as display manager by
default, while the Fedora KDE spin will enable <command>sddm</command> instead.</para>
<para>Different sites might also have different policies what to turn on by default and what to turn
off. For example, one administrator would prefer to enforce the policy of "<command>sshd</command> should
be always on, but everything else off", while another one might say "<command>snmpd</command> always on,
and for everything else use the distribution policy defaults".</para>
<para>Traditionally, policy about which services shall be enabled were implemented in each package
individually. This made it cumbersome to implement different policies per spin or per site, or to create
software packages that do the right thing on more than one distribution. The enablement mechanism was
also encoding the enablement policy.</para>
<para>The preset mechanism allows clean separation of the enablement mechanism (inside the package
scriptlets, by invoking <command>systemctl preset</command>) and enablement policy (centralized in the
preset files), and lifts the configuration out of individual packages. Preset files may be written for
specific distributions, for specific spins or for specific sites, in order to enforce different policies
as needed. It is recommended to apply the policy encoded in preset files in package installation
scriptlets.</para>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>See Also</title>
<para>
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-delta</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
</para>
<para><citerefentry><refentrytitle>daemon</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
has a discussion of packaging scriptlets.</para>
<para>Fedora page introducing the use of presets:
<ulink url="https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Features/PackagePresets">Features/PackagePresets</ulink>.
</para>
</refsect1>
</refentry>
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