Adding upstream version 2024a.upstream/2024aupstream

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

32 files changed, 32335 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING b/CONTRIBUTING
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING
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+# Contributing to the tz code and data
+
+Please do not create issues or pull requests on GitHub, as the
+proper procedure for proposing and distributing patches is via
+email as described below.
+
+The time zone database is by no means authoritative: governments
+change timekeeping rules erratically and sometimes with little
+warning, the data entries do not cover all of civil time before
+1970, and undoubtedly errors remain in the code and data.  Feel
+free to fill gaps or fix mistakes, and please email improvements
+to <tz@iana.org> for use in the future.  In your email, please give
+reliable sources that reviewers can check.
+
+## Contributing technical changes
+
+To email small changes, please run a POSIX shell command like
+'diff -u old/europe new/europe >myfix.patch', and attach
+'myfix.patch' to the email.
+
+For more-elaborate or possibly controversial changes,
+such as renaming, adding or removing zones, please read
+"Theory and pragmatics of the tz code and data"
+<https://www.iana.org/time-zones/repository/theory.html>.
+It is also good to browse the mailing list archives
+<https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/> for examples of patches that tend
+to work well.  Additions to data should contain commentary citing
+reliable sources as justification.  Citations should use "https:" URLs
+if available.
+
+For changes that fix sensitive security-related bugs, please see the
+distribution's 'SECURITY' file.
+
+Please submit changes against either the latest release
+<https://www.iana.org/time-zones> or the main branch of the development
+repository.  The latter is preferred.
+
+## Sample Git workflow for developing contributions
+
+If you use Git the following workflow may be helpful:
+
+  * Copy the development repository.
+
+        git clone https://github.com/eggert/tz.git
+        cd tz
+
+  * Get current with the main branch.
+
+        git checkout main
+        git pull
+
+  * Switch to a new branch for the changes.  Choose a different
+    branch name for each change set.
+
+        git checkout -b mybranch
+
+  * Sleuth by using 'git blame'.  For example, when fixing data for
+    Africa/Sao_Tome, if the command 'git blame africa' outputs a line
+    '2951fa3b (Paul Eggert 2018-01-08 09:03:13 -0800 1068) Zone
+    Africa/Sao_Tome 0:26:56 - LMT 1884', commit 2951fa3b should
+    provide some justification for the 'Zone Africa/Sao_Tome' line.
+
+  * Edit source files.  Include commentary that justifies the
+    changes by citing reliable sources.
+
+  * Debug the changes, e.g.:
+
+        make check
+        make install
+        ./zdump -v America/Los_Angeles
+
+  * For each separable change, commit it in the new branch, e.g.:
+
+        git add northamerica
+        git commit
+
+    See recent 'git log' output for the commit-message style.
+
+  * Create patch files 0001-..., 0002-..., ...
+
+        git format-patch main
+
+  * After reviewing the patch files, send the patches to <tz@iana.org>
+    for others to review.
+
+        git send-email main
+
+    For an archived example of such an email, see
+    "[PROPOSED] Fix off-by-1 error for Jamaica and T&C before 1913"
+    <https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-February/026122.html>.
+
+  * Start anew by getting current with the main branch again
+    (the second step above).
+
+-----
+
+This file is in the public domain.
diff --git a/LICENSE b/LICENSE
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Unless specified below, all files in the tz code and data (including
+this LICENSE file) are in the public domain.
+
+If the files date.c, newstrftime.3, and strftime.c are present, they
+contain material derived from BSD and use the BSD 3-clause license.
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d48354c
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+++ b/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,1361 @@
+# Make and install tzdb code and data.
+# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
+# Request POSIX conformance; this must be the first non-comment line.
+.POSIX:
+# On older platforms you may need to scrounge for a POSIX-conforming 'make'.
+# For example, on Solaris 10 (2005), use /usr/sfw/bin/gmake or
+# /usr/xpg4/bin/make, not /usr/ccs/bin/make.
+
+# To affect how this Makefile works, you can run a shell script like this:
+#
+#	#!/bin/sh
+#	make CC='gcc -std=gnu11' "$@"
+#
+# This example script is appropriate for a pre-2017 GNU/Linux system
+# where a non-default setting is needed to support this package's use of C99.
+#
+# Alternatively, you can simply edit this Makefile to tailor the following
+# macro definitions.
+
+###############################################################################
+# Start of macros that one plausibly might want to tailor.
+
+# Package name for the code distribution.
+PACKAGE=	tzcode
+
+# Version number for the distribution, overridden in the 'tarballs' rule below.
+VERSION=	unknown
+
+# Email address for bug reports.
+BUGEMAIL=	tz@iana.org
+
+# DATAFORM selects the data format.
+# Available formats represent essentially the same data, albeit
+# possibly with minor discrepancies that users are not likely to notice.
+# To get new features and the best data right away, use:
+#	DATAFORM=	vanguard
+# To wait a while before using new features, to give downstream users
+# time to upgrade zic (the default), use:
+#	DATAFORM=	main
+# To wait even longer for new features, use:
+#	DATAFORM=	rearguard
+# Rearguard users might also want "ZFLAGS = -b fat"; see below.
+DATAFORM=		main
+
+# Change the line below for your timezone (after finding the one you want in
+# one of the $(TDATA) source files, or adding it to a source file).
+# Alternatively, if you discover you've got the wrong timezone, you can just
+# 'zic -l -' to remove it, or 'zic -l rightzone' to change it.
+# Use the command
+#	make zonenames
+# to get a list of the values you can use for LOCALTIME.
+
+LOCALTIME=	Factory
+
+# The POSIXRULES macro controls interpretation of POSIX-2017.1-like TZ
+# settings like TZ='EET-2EEST' that lack DST transition rules.
+# If POSIXRULES is '-', no template is installed; this is the default.
+# Any other value for POSIXRULES is obsolete and should not be relied on, as:
+# * It does not work correctly in popular implementations such as GNU/Linux.
+# * It does not work even in tzcode, except for historical timestamps
+#   that precede the last explicit transition in the POSIXRULES file.
+#   Hence it typically does not work for current and future timestamps.
+# If, despite the above, you want a template for handling these settings,
+# you can change the line below (after finding the timezone you want in the
+# one of the $(TDATA) source files, or adding it to a source file).
+# Alternatively, if you discover you've got the wrong timezone, you can just
+# 'zic -p -' to remove it, or 'zic -p rightzone' to change it.
+# Use the command
+#	make zonenames
+# to get a list of the values you can use for POSIXRULES.
+
+POSIXRULES=	-
+
+# Also see TZDEFRULESTRING below, which takes effect only
+# if POSIXRULES is '-' or if the template file cannot be accessed.
+
+
+# Installation locations.
+#
+# The defaults are suitable for Debian, except that if REDO is
+# posix_right or right_posix then files that Debian puts under
+# /usr/share/zoneinfo/posix and /usr/share/zoneinfo/right are instead
+# put under /usr/share/zoneinfo-posix and /usr/share/zoneinfo-leaps,
+# respectively.  Problems with the Debian approach are discussed in
+# the commentary for the right_posix rule (below).
+
+# Destination directory, which can be used for staging.
+# 'make DESTDIR=/stage install' installs under /stage (e.g., to
+# /stage/etc/localtime instead of to /etc/localtime).  Files under
+# /stage are not intended to work as-is, but can be copied by hand to
+# the root directory later.  If DESTDIR is empty, 'make install' does
+# not stage, but installs directly into production locations.
+DESTDIR =
+
+# Everything is installed into subdirectories of TOPDIR, and used there.
+# TOPDIR should be empty (meaning the root directory),
+# or a directory name that does not end in "/".
+# TOPDIR should be empty or an absolute name unless you're just testing.
+TOPDIR =
+
+# The default local timezone is taken from the file TZDEFAULT.
+TZDEFAULT = $(TOPDIR)/etc/localtime
+
+# The subdirectory containing installed program and data files, and
+# likewise for installed files that can be shared among architectures.
+# These should be relative file names.
+USRDIR = usr
+USRSHAREDIR = $(USRDIR)/share
+
+# "Compiled" timezone information is placed in the "TZDIR" directory
+# (and subdirectories).
+# TZDIR_BASENAME should not contain "/" and should not be ".", ".." or empty.
+TZDIR_BASENAME=	zoneinfo
+TZDIR = $(TOPDIR)/$(USRSHAREDIR)/$(TZDIR_BASENAME)
+
+# The "tzselect" and (if you do "make INSTALL") "date" commands go in:
+BINDIR = $(TOPDIR)/$(USRDIR)/bin
+
+# The "zdump" command goes in:
+ZDUMPDIR = $(BINDIR)
+
+# The "zic" command goes in:
+ZICDIR = $(TOPDIR)/$(USRDIR)/sbin
+
+# Manual pages go in subdirectories of. . .
+MANDIR = $(TOPDIR)/$(USRSHAREDIR)/man
+
+# Library functions are put in an archive in LIBDIR.
+LIBDIR = $(TOPDIR)/$(USRDIR)/lib
+
+
+# Types to try, as an alternative to time_t.
+TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES = $(TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES_HEAD) $(TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES_TAIL)
+TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES_HEAD = int_least64_t
+TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES_TAIL = int_least32_t uint_least32_t uint_least64_t
+
+# What kind of TZif data files to generate.  (TZif is the binary time
+# zone data format that zic generates; see Internet RFC 8536.)
+# If you want only POSIX time, with time values interpreted as
+# seconds since the epoch (not counting leap seconds), use
+#	REDO=		posix_only
+# below.  If you want only "right" time, with values interpreted
+# as seconds since the epoch (counting leap seconds), use
+#	REDO=		right_only
+# below.  If you want both sets of data available, with leap seconds not
+# counted normally, use
+#	REDO=		posix_right
+# below.  If you want both sets of data available, with leap seconds counted
+# normally, use
+#	REDO=		right_posix
+# below.  POSIX mandates that leap seconds not be counted; for compatibility
+# with it, use "posix_only" or "posix_right".  Use POSIX time on systems with
+# leap smearing; this can work better than unsmeared "right" time with
+# applications that are not leap second aware, and is closer to unsmeared
+# "right" time than unsmeared POSIX time is (e.g., 0.5 vs 1.0 s max error).
+
+REDO=		posix_right
+
+# Whether to put an "Expires" line in the leapseconds file.
+# Use EXPIRES_LINE=1 to put the line in, 0 to omit it.
+# The EXPIRES_LINE value matters only if REDO's value contains "right".
+# If you change EXPIRES_LINE, remove the leapseconds file before running "make".
+# zic's support for the Expires line was introduced in tzdb 2020a,
+# and was modified in tzdb 2021b to generate version 4 TZif files.
+# EXPIRES_LINE defaults to 0 for now so that the leapseconds file
+# can be given to pre-2020a zic implementations and so that TZif files
+# built by newer zic implementations can be read by pre-2021b libraries.
+EXPIRES_LINE=	0
+
+# To install data in text form that has all the information of the TZif data,
+# (optionally incorporating leap second information), use
+#	TZDATA_TEXT=	tzdata.zi leapseconds
+# To install text data without leap second information (e.g., because
+# REDO='posix_only'), use
+#	TZDATA_TEXT=	tzdata.zi
+# To avoid installing text data, use
+#	TZDATA_TEXT=
+
+TZDATA_TEXT=	leapseconds tzdata.zi
+
+# For backward-compatibility links for old zone names, use
+#	BACKWARD=	backward
+# To omit these links, use
+#	BACKWARD=
+
+BACKWARD=	backward
+
+# If you want out-of-scope and often-wrong data from the file 'backzone',
+# but only for entries listed in the backward-compatibility file zone.tab, use
+#	PACKRATDATA=	backzone
+#	PACKRATLIST=	zone.tab
+# If you want all the 'backzone' data, use
+#	PACKRATDATA=	backzone
+#	PACKRATLIST=
+# To omit this data, use
+#	PACKRATDATA=
+#	PACKRATLIST=
+
+PACKRATDATA=
+PACKRATLIST=
+
+# The name of a locale using the UTF-8 encoding, used during self-tests.
+# The tests are skipped if the name does not appear to work on this system.
+
+UTF8_LOCALE=	en_US.utf8
+
+# Non-default libraries needed to link.
+# On some hosts, this should have -lintl unless CFLAGS has -DHAVE_GETTEXT=0.
+LDLIBS=
+
+# Add the following to an uncommented "CFLAGS=" line as needed
+# to override defaults specified in the source code or by the system.
+# "-DFOO" is equivalent to "-DFOO=1".
+#  -DDEPRECATE_TWO_DIGIT_YEARS for optional runtime warnings about strftime
+#	formats that generate only the last two digits of year numbers
+#  -DEPOCH_LOCAL if the 'time' function returns local time not UT
+#  -DEPOCH_OFFSET=N if the 'time' function returns a value N greater
+#	than what POSIX specifies, assuming local time is UT.
+#	For example, N is 252460800 on AmigaOS.
+#  -DHAVE_DECL_ASCTIME_R=0 if <time.h> does not declare asctime_r
+#  -DHAVE_DECL_ENVIRON if <unistd.h> declares 'environ'
+#  -DHAVE_DECL_TIMEGM=0 if <time.h> does not declare timegm
+#  -DHAVE_DIRECT_H if mkdir needs <direct.h> (MS-Windows)
+#  -DHAVE__GENERIC=0 if _Generic does not work*
+#  -DHAVE_GETRANDOM if getrandom works (e.g., GNU/Linux),
+#	-DHAVE_GETRANDOM=0 to avoid using getrandom
+#  -DHAVE_GETTEXT if gettext works (e.g., GNU/Linux, FreeBSD, Solaris),
+#	where LDLIBS also needs to contain -lintl on some hosts;
+#	-DHAVE_GETTEXT=0 to avoid using gettext
+#  -DHAVE_INCOMPATIBLE_CTIME_R if your system's time.h declares
+#	ctime_r and asctime_r incompatibly with the POSIX standard
+#	(Solaris when _POSIX_PTHREAD_SEMANTICS is not defined).
+#  -DHAVE_INTTYPES_H=0 if <inttypes.h> does not work*+
+#  -DHAVE_LINK=0 if your system lacks a link function
+#  -DHAVE_LOCALTIME_R=0 if your system lacks a localtime_r function
+#  -DHAVE_LOCALTIME_RZ=0 if you do not want zdump to use localtime_rz
+#	localtime_rz can make zdump significantly faster, but is nonstandard.
+#  -DHAVE_MALLOC_ERRNO=0 if malloc etc. do not set errno on failure.
+#  -DHAVE_POSIX_DECLS=0 if your system's include files do not declare
+#	functions like 'link' or variables like 'tzname' required by POSIX
+#  -DHAVE_SETENV=0 if your system lacks the setenv function
+#  -DHAVE_SNPRINTF=0 if your system lacks the snprintf function+
+#  -DHAVE_STDCKDINT_H=0 if neither <stdckdint.h> nor substitutes like
+#	__builtin_add_overflow work*
+#  -DHAVE_STDINT_H=0 if <stdint.h> does not work*+
+#  -DHAVE_STRFTIME_L if <time.h> declares locale_t and strftime_l
+#  -DHAVE_STRDUP=0 if your system lacks the strdup function
+#  -DHAVE_STRTOLL=0 if your system lacks the strtoll function+
+#  -DHAVE_SYMLINK=0 if your system lacks the symlink function
+#  -DHAVE_SYS_STAT_H=0 if <sys/stat.h> does not work*
+#  -DHAVE_TZSET=0 if your system lacks a tzset function
+#  -DHAVE_UNISTD_H=0 if <unistd.h> does not work*
+#  -DHAVE_UTMPX_H=0 if <utmpx.h> does not work*
+#  -Dlocale_t=XXX if your system uses XXX instead of locale_t
+#  -DPORT_TO_C89 if tzcode should also run on mostly-C89 platforms+
+#	Typically it is better to use a later standard.  For example,
+#	with GCC 4.9.4 (2016), prefer '-std=gnu11' to '-DPORT_TO_C89'.
+#	Even with -DPORT_TO_C89, the code needs at least one C99
+#	feature (integers at least 64 bits wide) and maybe more.
+#  -DRESERVE_STD_EXT_IDS if your platform reserves standard identifiers
+#	with external linkage, e.g., applications cannot define 'localtime'.
+#  -Dssize_t=long on hosts like MS-Windows that lack ssize_t
+#  -DSUPPORT_C89 if the tzcode library should support C89 callers+
+#	However, this might trigger latent bugs in C99-or-later callers.
+#  -DSUPPRESS_TZDIR to not prepend TZDIR to file names; this has
+#	security implications and is not recommended for general use
+#  -DTHREAD_SAFE to make localtime.c thread-safe, as POSIX requires;
+#	not needed by the main-program tz code, which is single-threaded.
+#	Append other compiler flags as needed, e.g., -pthread on GNU/Linux.
+#  -Dtime_tz=\"T\" to use T as the time_t type, rather than the system time_t
+#	This is intended for internal use only; it mangles external names.
+#  -DTZ_DOMAIN=\"foo\" to use "foo" for gettext domain name; default is "tz"
+#  -DTZ_DOMAINDIR=\"/path\" to use "/path" for gettext directory;
+#	the default is system-supplied, typically "/usr/lib/locale"
+#  -DTZDEFRULESTRING=\",date/time,date/time\" to default to the specified
+#	DST transitions for POSIX.1-2017-style TZ strings lacking them,
+#	in the usual case where POSIXRULES is '-'.  If not specified,
+#	TZDEFRULESTRING defaults to US rules for future DST transitions.
+#	This mishandles some past timestamps, as US DST rules have changed.
+#	It also mishandles settings like TZ='EET-2EEST' for eastern Europe,
+#	as Europe and US DST rules differ.
+#  -DTZNAME_MAXIMUM=N to limit time zone abbreviations to N bytes (default 255)
+#  -DUNINIT_TRAP if reading uninitialized storage can cause problems
+#	other than simply getting garbage data
+#  -DUSE_LTZ=0 to build zdump with the system time zone library
+#	Also set TZDOBJS=zdump.o and CHECK_TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES= below.
+#  -DZIC_BLOAT_DEFAULT=\"fat\" to default zic's -b option to "fat", and
+#	similarly for "slim".  Fat TZif files work around incompatibilities
+#	and bugs in some TZif readers, notably older ones that
+#	ignore or otherwise mishandle 64-bit data in TZif files;
+#	however, fat TZif files may trigger bugs in newer TZif readers.
+#	Slim TZif files are more efficient, and are the default.
+#  -DZIC_MAX_ABBR_LEN_WO_WARN=3
+#	(or some other number) to set the maximum time zone abbreviation length
+#	that zic will accept without a warning (the default is 6)
+#  -g to generate symbolic debugging info
+#  -Idir to include from directory 'dir'
+#  -O0 to disable optimization; other -O options to enable more optimization
+#  -Uname to remove any definition of the macro 'name'
+#  $(GCC_DEBUG_FLAGS) if you are using recent GCC and want lots of checking
+#
+# * Options marked "*" can be omitted if your compiler is C23 compatible.
+# * Options marked "+" are obsolescent and are planned to be removed
+#   once the code assumes C99 or later, say in the year 2029.
+#
+# Select instrumentation via "make GCC_INSTRUMENT='whatever'".
+GCC_INSTRUMENT = \
+  -fsanitize=undefined -fsanitize-address-use-after-scope \
+  -fsanitize-undefined-trap-on-error -fstack-protector
+# Omit -fanalyzer from GCC_DEBUG_FLAGS, as it makes GCC too slow.
+GCC_DEBUG_FLAGS = -DGCC_LINT -g3 -O3 -fno-common \
+  $(GCC_INSTRUMENT) \
+  -Wall -Wextra \
+  -Walloc-size-larger-than=100000 -Warray-bounds=2 \
+  -Wbad-function-cast -Wbidi-chars=any,ucn -Wcast-align=strict -Wdate-time \
+  -Wdeclaration-after-statement -Wdouble-promotion \
+  -Wduplicated-branches -Wduplicated-cond \
+  -Wformat=2 -Wformat-overflow=2 -Wformat-signedness -Wformat-truncation \
+  -Wimplicit-fallthrough=5 -Winit-self -Wlogical-op \
+  -Wmissing-declarations -Wmissing-prototypes -Wnested-externs \
+  -Wnull-dereference \
+  -Wold-style-definition -Woverlength-strings -Wpointer-arith \
+  -Wshadow -Wshift-overflow=2 -Wstrict-overflow \
+  -Wstrict-prototypes -Wstringop-overflow=4 \
+  -Wstringop-truncation -Wsuggest-attribute=cold \
+  -Wsuggest-attribute=const -Wsuggest-attribute=format \
+  -Wsuggest-attribute=malloc \
+  -Wsuggest-attribute=noreturn -Wsuggest-attribute=pure \
+  -Wtrampolines -Wundef -Wuninitialized -Wunused-macros -Wuse-after-free=3 \
+  -Wvariadic-macros -Wvla -Wwrite-strings \
+  -Wno-address -Wno-format-nonliteral -Wno-sign-compare \
+  -Wno-type-limits
+#
+# If your system has a "GMT offset" field in its "struct tm"s
+# (or if you decide to add such a field in your system's "time.h" file),
+# add the name to a define such as
+#	-DTM_GMTOFF=tm_gmtoff
+# to the end of the "CFLAGS=" line.  If not defined, the code attempts to
+# guess TM_GMTOFF from other macros; define NO_TM_GMTOFF to suppress this.
+# Similarly, if your system has a "zone abbreviation" field, define
+#	-DTM_ZONE=tm_zone
+# and define NO_TM_ZONE to suppress any guessing.
+# Although these two fields are not required by POSIX.1-2017,
+# POSIX 202x/D4 requires them and they are widely available
+# on GNU/Linux and BSD systems.
+#
+# The next batch of options control support for external variables
+# exported by tzcode.  In practice these variables are less useful
+# than TM_GMTOFF and TM_ZONE.  However, most of them are standardized.
+# #
+# # To omit or support the external variable "tzname", add one of:
+# #	-DHAVE_TZNAME=0 # do not support "tzname"
+# #	-DHAVE_TZNAME=1 # support "tzname", which is defined by system library
+# #	-DHAVE_TZNAME=2 # support and define "tzname"
+# # to the "CFLAGS=" line.  "tzname" is required by POSIX.1-1988 and later.
+# # If not defined, the code attempts to guess HAVE_TZNAME from other macros.
+# # Warning: unless time_tz is also defined, HAVE_TZNAME=1 can cause
+# # crashes when combined with some platforms' standard libraries,
+# # presumably due to memory allocation issues.
+# #
+# # To omit or support the external variables "timezone" and "daylight", add
+# #	-DUSG_COMPAT=0 # do not support
+# #	-DUSG_COMPAT=1 # support, and variables are defined by system library
+# #	-DUSG_COMPAT=2 # support and define variables
+# # to the "CFLAGS=" line; "timezone" and "daylight" are inspired by Unix
+# # Systems Group code and are required by POSIX.1-2008 and later (with XSI).
+# # If not defined, the code attempts to guess USG_COMPAT from other macros.
+# #
+# # To support the external variable "altzone", add
+# #	-DALTZONE=0 # do not support
+# #	-DALTZONE=1 # support "altzone", which is defined by system library
+# #	-DALTZONE=2 # support and define "altzone"
+# # to the end of the "CFLAGS=" line; although "altzone" appeared in
+# # System V Release 3.1 it has not been standardized.
+# # If not defined, the code attempts to guess ALTZONE from other macros.
+#
+# If you want functions that were inspired by early versions of X3J11's work,
+# add
+#	-DSTD_INSPIRED
+# to the end of the "CFLAGS=" line.  This arranges for the following
+# functions to be added to the time conversion library.
+# "offtime" is like "gmtime" except that it accepts a second (long) argument
+# that gives an offset to add to the time_t when converting it.
+# I.e., "offtime" is like calling "localtime_rz" with a fixed-offset zone.
+# "timelocal" is nearly equivalent to "mktime".
+# "timeoff" is like "timegm" except that it accepts a second (long) argument
+# that gives an offset to use when converting to a time_t.
+# I.e., "timeoff" is like calling "mktime_z" with a fixed-offset zone.
+# "posix2time" and "time2posix" are described in an included manual page.
+# X3J11's work does not describe any of these functions.
+# These functions may well disappear in future releases of the time
+# conversion package.
+#
+# If you don't want functions that were inspired by NetBSD, add
+#	-DNETBSD_INSPIRED=0
+# to the end of the "CFLAGS=" line.  Otherwise, the functions
+# "localtime_rz", "mktime_z", "tzalloc", and "tzfree" are added to the
+# time library, and if STD_INSPIRED is also defined to nonzero the functions
+# "posix2time_z" and "time2posix_z" are added as well.
+# The functions ending in "_z" (or "_rz") are like their unsuffixed
+# (or suffixed-by-"_r") counterparts, except with an extra first
+# argument of opaque type timezone_t that specifies the timezone.
+# "tzalloc" allocates a timezone_t value, and "tzfree" frees it.
+#
+# If you want to allocate state structures in localtime, add
+#	-DALL_STATE
+# to the end of the "CFLAGS=" line.  Storage is obtained by calling malloc.
+#
+# NIST-PCTS:151-2, Version 1.4, (1993-12-03) is a test suite put
+# out by the National Institute of Standards and Technology
+# which claims to test C and POSIX conformance.  If you want to pass PCTS, add
+#	-DPCTS
+# to the end of the "CFLAGS=" line.
+#
+# If you want strict compliance with XPG4 as of 1994-04-09, add
+#	-DXPG4_1994_04_09
+# to the end of the "CFLAGS=" line.  This causes "strftime" to always return
+# 53 as a week number (rather than 52 or 53) for January days before
+# January's first Monday when a "%V" format is used and January 1
+# falls on a Friday, Saturday, or Sunday.
+#
+# POSIX says CFLAGS defaults to "-O 1".
+# Uncomment the following line and edit its contents as needed.
+
+#CFLAGS= -O 1
+
+
+# The name of a POSIX-like library archiver, its flags, C compiler,
+# linker flags, and 'make' utility.  Ordinarily the defaults suffice.
+# The commented-out values are the defaults specified by POSIX.1-202x/D4.
+#AR = ar
+#ARFLAGS = -rv
+#CC = c17
+#LDFLAGS =
+#MAKE = make
+
+# For leap seconds, this Makefile uses LEAPSECONDS='-L leapseconds' in
+# submake command lines.  The default is no leap seconds.
+
+LEAPSECONDS=
+
+# Where to fetch leap-seconds.list from.
+leaplist_URI = \
+  https://hpiers.obspm.fr/iers/bul/bulc/ntp/leap-seconds.list
+# The file is generated by the IERS Earth Orientation Centre, in Paris.
+leaplist_TZ = Europe/Paris
+
+# The zic command and its arguments.
+
+zic=		./zic
+ZIC=		$(zic) $(ZFLAGS)
+
+# To shrink the size of installed TZif files,
+# append "-r @N" to omit data before N-seconds-after-the-Epoch.
+# To grow the files and work around bugs in older applications,
+# possibly at the expense of introducing bugs in newer ones,
+# append "-b fat"; see ZIC_BLOAT_DEFAULT above.
+# See the zic man page for more about -b and -r.
+ZFLAGS=
+
+# How to use zic to install TZif files.
+
+ZIC_INSTALL=	$(ZIC) -d '$(DESTDIR)$(TZDIR)' $(LEAPSECONDS)
+
+# The name of a POSIX-compliant 'awk' on your system.
+# mawk 1.3.3 and Solaris 10 /usr/bin/awk do not work.
+# Also, it is better (though not essential) if 'awk' supports UTF-8,
+# and unfortunately mawk and busybox awk do not support UTF-8.
+# Try AWK=gawk or AWK=nawk if your awk has the abovementioned problems.
+AWK=		awk
+
+# The full path name of a POSIX-compliant shell, preferably one that supports
+# the Korn shell's 'select' statement as an extension.
+# These days, Bash is the most popular.
+# It should be OK to set this to /bin/sh, on platforms where /bin/sh
+# lacks 'select' or doesn't completely conform to POSIX, but /bin/bash
+# is typically nicer if it works.
+KSHELL=		/bin/bash
+
+# Name of curl <https://curl.haxx.se/>, used for HTML validation
+# and to fetch leap-seconds.list from upstream.
+CURL=		curl
+
+# Name of GNU Privacy Guard <https://gnupg.org/>, used to sign distributions.
+GPG=		gpg
+
+# This expensive test requires USE_LTZ.
+# To suppress it, define this macro to be empty.
+CHECK_TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES = check_time_t_alternatives
+
+# SAFE_CHAR is a regular expression that matches a safe character.
+# Some parts of this distribution are limited to safe characters;
+# others can use any UTF-8 character.
+# For now, the safe characters are a safe subset of ASCII.
+# The caller must set the shell variable 'sharp' to the character '#',
+# since Makefile macros cannot contain '#'.
+# TAB_CHAR is a single tab character, in single quotes.
+TAB_CHAR=	'	'
+SAFE_CHARSET1=	$(TAB_CHAR)' !\"'$$sharp'$$%&'\''()*+,./0123456789:;<=>?@'
+SAFE_CHARSET2=	'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\\^_`'
+SAFE_CHARSET3=	'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~'
+SAFE_CHARSET=	$(SAFE_CHARSET1)$(SAFE_CHARSET2)$(SAFE_CHARSET3)
+SAFE_CHAR=	'[]'$(SAFE_CHARSET)'-]'
+
+# These non-alphabetic, non-ASCII printable characters are Latin-1,
+# and so are likely displayable even in editors like XEmacs 21
+# that have limited display capabilities.
+UNUSUAL_OK_LATIN_1 = ¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹»¼½¾¿×÷
+# Non-ASCII non-letters that OK_CHAR allows, as these characters are
+# useful in commentary.
+UNUSUAL_OK_CHARSET= $(UNUSUAL_OK_LATIN_1)
+
+# Put this in a bracket expression to match spaces.
+s = [:space:]
+
+# OK_CHAR matches any character allowed in the distributed files.
+# This is the same as SAFE_CHAR, except that UNUSUAL_OK_CHARSET and
+# multibyte letters are also allowed so that commentary can contain a
+# few safe symbols and people's names and can quote non-English sources.
+# Other non-letters are limited to ASCII renderings for the
+# convenience of maintainers using XEmacs 21.5.34, which by default
+# mishandles Unicode characters U+0100 and greater.
+OK_CHAR=	'[][:alpha:]$(UNUSUAL_OK_CHARSET)'$(SAFE_CHARSET)'-]'
+
+# SAFE_LINE matches a line of safe characters.
+# SAFE_SHARP_LINE is similar, except any OK character can follow '#';
+# this is so that comments can contain non-ASCII characters.
+# OK_LINE matches a line of OK characters.
+SAFE_LINE=	'^'$(SAFE_CHAR)'*$$'
+SAFE_SHARP_LINE='^'$(SAFE_CHAR)'*('$$sharp$(OK_CHAR)'*)?$$'
+OK_LINE=	'^'$(OK_CHAR)'*$$'
+
+# Flags to give 'tar' when making a distribution.
+# Try to use flags appropriate for GNU tar.
+GNUTARFLAGS= --format=pax --pax-option='delete=atime,delete=ctime' \
+  --numeric-owner --owner=0 --group=0 \
+  --mode=go+u,go-w --sort=name
+TARFLAGS=	`if tar $(GNUTARFLAGS) --version >/dev/null 2>&1; \
+		 then echo $(GNUTARFLAGS); \
+		 else :; \
+		 fi`
+
+# Flags to give 'gzip' when making a distribution.
+GZIPFLAGS=	-9n
+
+# When comparing .tzs files, use GNU diff's -F'^TZ=' option if supported.
+# This makes it easier to see which Zone has been affected.
+DIFF_TZS=	 diff -u$$(! diff -u -F'^TZ=' - - <>/dev/null >&0 2>&1 \
+			   || echo ' -F^TZ=')
+
+# ':' on typical hosts; 'ranlib' on the ancient hosts that still need ranlib.
+RANLIB=		:
+
+# POSIX prohibits defining or using SHELL.  However, csh users on systems
+# that use the user shell for Makefile commands may need to define SHELL.
+#SHELL=		/bin/sh
+
+# End of macros that one plausibly might want to tailor.
+###############################################################################
+
+
+TZCOBJS=	zic.o
+TZDOBJS=	zdump.o localtime.o asctime.o strftime.o
+DATEOBJS=	date.o localtime.o strftime.o asctime.o
+LIBSRCS=	localtime.c asctime.c difftime.c strftime.c
+LIBOBJS=	localtime.o asctime.o difftime.o strftime.o
+HEADERS=	tzfile.h private.h
+NONLIBSRCS=	zic.c zdump.c
+NEWUCBSRCS=	date.c
+SOURCES=	$(HEADERS) $(LIBSRCS) $(NONLIBSRCS) $(NEWUCBSRCS) \
+			tzselect.ksh workman.sh
+MANS=		newctime.3 newstrftime.3 newtzset.3 time2posix.3 \
+			tzfile.5 tzselect.8 zic.8 zdump.8
+MANTXTS=	newctime.3.txt newstrftime.3.txt newtzset.3.txt \
+			time2posix.3.txt \
+			tzfile.5.txt tzselect.8.txt zic.8.txt zdump.8.txt \
+			date.1.txt
+COMMON=		calendars CONTRIBUTING LICENSE Makefile \
+			NEWS README SECURITY theory.html version
+WEB_PAGES=	tz-art.html tz-how-to.html tz-link.html
+CHECK_WEB_PAGES=check_theory.html check_tz-art.html \
+			check_tz-how-to.html check_tz-link.html
+DOCS=		$(MANS) date.1 $(MANTXTS) $(WEB_PAGES)
+PRIMARY_YDATA=	africa antarctica asia australasia \
+		europe northamerica southamerica
+YDATA=		$(PRIMARY_YDATA) etcetera
+NDATA=		factory
+TDATA_TO_CHECK=	$(YDATA) $(NDATA) backward
+TDATA=		$(YDATA) $(NDATA) $(BACKWARD)
+ZONETABLES=	zone.tab zone1970.tab zonenow.tab
+TABDATA=	iso3166.tab $(TZDATA_TEXT) $(ZONETABLES)
+LEAP_DEPS=	leapseconds.awk leap-seconds.list
+TZDATA_ZI_DEPS=	ziguard.awk zishrink.awk version $(TDATA) \
+		  $(PACKRATDATA) $(PACKRATLIST)
+DSTDATA_ZI_DEPS= ziguard.awk $(TDATA) $(PACKRATDATA) $(PACKRATLIST)
+DATA=		$(TDATA_TO_CHECK) backzone iso3166.tab leap-seconds.list \
+			leapseconds $(ZONETABLES)
+AWK_SCRIPTS=	checklinks.awk checknow.awk checktab.awk leapseconds.awk \
+			ziguard.awk zishrink.awk
+MISC=		$(AWK_SCRIPTS)
+TZS_YEAR=	2050
+TZS_CUTOFF_FLAG=	-c $(TZS_YEAR)
+TZS=		to$(TZS_YEAR).tzs
+TZS_NEW=	to$(TZS_YEAR)new.tzs
+TZS_DEPS=	$(YDATA) asctime.c localtime.c \
+			private.h tzfile.h zdump.c zic.c
+TZDATA_DIST = $(COMMON) $(DATA) $(MISC)
+# EIGHT_YARDS is just a yard short of the whole ENCHILADA.
+EIGHT_YARDS = $(TZDATA_DIST) $(DOCS) $(SOURCES) tzdata.zi
+ENCHILADA = $(EIGHT_YARDS) $(TZS)
+
+# Consult these files when deciding whether to rebuild the 'version' file.
+# This list is not the same as the output of 'git ls-files', since
+# .gitignore is not distributed.
+VERSION_DEPS= \
+		calendars CONTRIBUTING LICENSE Makefile NEWS README SECURITY \
+		africa antarctica asctime.c asia australasia \
+		backward backzone \
+		checklinks.awk checknow.awk checktab.awk \
+		date.1 date.c difftime.c \
+		etcetera europe factory iso3166.tab \
+		leap-seconds.list leapseconds.awk localtime.c \
+		newctime.3 newstrftime.3 newtzset.3 northamerica \
+		private.h southamerica strftime.c theory.html \
+		time2posix.3 tz-art.html tz-how-to.html tz-link.html \
+		tzfile.5 tzfile.h tzselect.8 tzselect.ksh \
+		workman.sh zdump.8 zdump.c zic.8 zic.c \
+		ziguard.awk zishrink.awk \
+		zone.tab zone1970.tab zonenow.tab
+
+all:		tzselect zic zdump libtz.a $(TABDATA) \
+		  vanguard.zi main.zi rearguard.zi
+
+ALL:		all date $(ENCHILADA)
+
+install:	all $(DATA) $(REDO) $(MANS)
+		mkdir -p '$(DESTDIR)$(BINDIR)' \
+			'$(DESTDIR)$(ZDUMPDIR)' '$(DESTDIR)$(ZICDIR)' \
+			'$(DESTDIR)$(LIBDIR)' \
+			'$(DESTDIR)$(MANDIR)/man3' '$(DESTDIR)$(MANDIR)/man5' \
+			'$(DESTDIR)$(MANDIR)/man8'
+		$(ZIC_INSTALL) -l $(LOCALTIME) \
+			`case '$(POSIXRULES)' in ?*) echo '-p';; esac \
+			` $(POSIXRULES) \
+			-t '$(DESTDIR)$(TZDEFAULT)'
+		cp -f $(TABDATA) '$(DESTDIR)$(TZDIR)/.'
+		cp tzselect '$(DESTDIR)$(BINDIR)/.'
+		cp zdump '$(DESTDIR)$(ZDUMPDIR)/.'
+		cp zic '$(DESTDIR)$(ZICDIR)/.'
+		cp libtz.a '$(DESTDIR)$(LIBDIR)/.'
+		$(RANLIB) '$(DESTDIR)$(LIBDIR)/libtz.a'
+		cp -f newctime.3 newtzset.3 '$(DESTDIR)$(MANDIR)/man3/.'
+		cp -f tzfile.5 '$(DESTDIR)$(MANDIR)/man5/.'
+		cp -f tzselect.8 zdump.8 zic.8 '$(DESTDIR)$(MANDIR)/man8/.'
+
+INSTALL:	ALL install date.1
+		mkdir -p '$(DESTDIR)$(BINDIR)' '$(DESTDIR)$(MANDIR)/man1'
+		cp date '$(DESTDIR)$(BINDIR)/.'
+		cp -f date.1 '$(DESTDIR)$(MANDIR)/man1/.'
+
+# Calculate version number from git, if available.
+# Otherwise, use $(VERSION) unless it is "unknown" and there is already
+# a 'version' file, in which case reuse the existing 'version' contents
+# and append "-dirty" if the contents do not already end in "-dirty".
+version:	$(VERSION_DEPS)
+		{ (type git) >/dev/null 2>&1 && \
+		  V=`git describe --match '[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][a-z]*' \
+				--abbrev=7 --dirty` || \
+		  if test '$(VERSION)' = unknown && V=`cat $@`; then \
+		    case $$V in *-dirty);; *) V=$$V-dirty;; esac; \
+		  else \
+		    V='$(VERSION)'; \
+		  fi; } && \
+		printf '%s\n' "$$V" >$@.out
+		mv $@.out $@
+
+# These files can be tailored by setting BACKWARD, PACKRATDATA, PACKRATLIST.
+vanguard.zi main.zi rearguard.zi: $(DSTDATA_ZI_DEPS)
+		$(AWK) \
+		  -v DATAFORM=`expr $@ : '\(.*\).zi'` \
+		  -v PACKRATDATA='$(PACKRATDATA)' \
+		  -v PACKRATLIST='$(PACKRATLIST)' \
+		  -f ziguard.awk \
+		  $(TDATA) $(PACKRATDATA) >$@.out
+		mv $@.out $@
+# This file has a version comment that attempts to capture any tailoring
+# via BACKWARD, DATAFORM, PACKRATDATA, PACKRATLIST, and REDO.
+tzdata.zi:	$(DATAFORM).zi version zishrink.awk
+		version=`sed 1q version` && \
+		  LC_ALL=C $(AWK) \
+		    -v dataform='$(DATAFORM)' \
+		    -v deps='$(DSTDATA_ZI_DEPS) zishrink.awk' \
+		    -v redo='$(REDO)' \
+		    -v version="$$version" \
+		    -f zishrink.awk \
+		    $(DATAFORM).zi >$@.out
+		mv $@.out $@
+
+tzdir.h:
+		printf '%s\n' >$@.out \
+		  '#ifndef TZDEFAULT' \
+		  '# define TZDEFAULT "$(TZDEFAULT)" /* default zone */' \
+		  '#endif' \
+		  '#ifndef TZDIR' \
+		  '# define TZDIR "$(TZDIR)" /* TZif directory */' \
+		  '#endif'
+		mv $@.out $@
+
+version.h:	version
+		VERSION=`cat version` && printf '%s\n' \
+		  'static char const PKGVERSION[]="($(PACKAGE)) ";' \
+		  "static char const TZVERSION[]=\"$$VERSION\";" \
+		  'static char const REPORT_BUGS_TO[]="$(BUGEMAIL)";' \
+		  >$@.out
+		mv $@.out $@
+
+zdump:		$(TZDOBJS)
+		$(CC) -o $@ $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) $(TZDOBJS) $(LDLIBS)
+
+zic:		$(TZCOBJS)
+		$(CC) -o $@ $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) $(TZCOBJS) $(LDLIBS)
+
+leapseconds:	$(LEAP_DEPS)
+		$(AWK) -v EXPIRES_LINE=$(EXPIRES_LINE) \
+		  -f leapseconds.awk leap-seconds.list >$@.out
+		mv $@.out $@
+
+# Awk script to extract a Git-style author from leap-seconds.list comments.
+EXTRACT_AUTHOR = \
+  author_line { sub(/^.[[:space:]]*/, ""); \
+      sub(/:[[:space:]]*/, " <"); \
+      printf "%s>\n", $$0; \
+      success = 1; \
+      exit \
+  } \
+  /Questions or comments to:/ { author_line = 1 } \
+  END { exit !success }
+
+# Fetch leap-seconds.list from upstream.
+fetch-leap-seconds.list:
+		$(CURL) -OR $(leaplist_URI)
+
+# Fetch leap-seconds.list from upstream and commit it to the local repository.
+commit-leap-seconds.list: fetch-leap-seconds.list
+		author=$$($(AWK) '$(EXTRACT_AUTHOR)' leap-seconds.list) && \
+		date=$$(TZ=$(leaplist_TZ) stat -c%y leap-seconds.list) && \
+		git commit --author="$$author" --date="$$date" -m'make $@' \
+		  leap-seconds.list
+
+# Arguments to pass to submakes of install_data.
+# They can be overridden by later submake arguments.
+INSTALLARGS = \
+ BACKWARD='$(BACKWARD)' \
+ DESTDIR='$(DESTDIR)' \
+ LEAPSECONDS='$(LEAPSECONDS)' \
+ PACKRATDATA='$(PACKRATDATA)' \
+ PACKRATLIST='$(PACKRATLIST)' \
+ TZDEFAULT='$(TZDEFAULT)' \
+ TZDIR='$(TZDIR)' \
+ ZIC='$(ZIC)'
+
+INSTALL_DATA_DEPS = zic leapseconds tzdata.zi
+
+# 'make install_data' installs one set of TZif files.
+install_data: $(INSTALL_DATA_DEPS)
+		$(ZIC_INSTALL) tzdata.zi
+
+posix_only: $(INSTALL_DATA_DEPS)
+		$(MAKE) $(INSTALLARGS) LEAPSECONDS= install_data
+
+right_only: $(INSTALL_DATA_DEPS)
+		$(MAKE) $(INSTALLARGS) LEAPSECONDS='-L leapseconds' \
+			install_data
+
+# In earlier versions of this makefile, the other two directories were
+# subdirectories of $(TZDIR).  However, this led to configuration errors.
+# For example, with posix_right under the earlier scheme,
+# TZ='right/Australia/Adelaide' got you localtime with leap seconds,
+# but gmtime without leap seconds, which led to problems with applications
+# like sendmail that subtract gmtime from localtime.
+# Therefore, the other two directories are now siblings of $(TZDIR).
+# You must replace all of $(TZDIR) to switch from not using leap seconds
+# to using them, or vice versa.
+right_posix:	right_only
+		rm -fr '$(DESTDIR)$(TZDIR)-leaps'
+		ln -s '$(TZDIR_BASENAME)' '$(DESTDIR)$(TZDIR)-leaps' || \
+		  $(MAKE) $(INSTALLARGS) TZDIR='$(TZDIR)-leaps' right_only
+		$(MAKE) $(INSTALLARGS) TZDIR='$(TZDIR)-posix' posix_only
+
+posix_right:	posix_only
+		rm -fr '$(DESTDIR)$(TZDIR)-posix'
+		ln -s '$(TZDIR_BASENAME)' '$(DESTDIR)$(TZDIR)-posix' || \
+		  $(MAKE) $(INSTALLARGS) TZDIR='$(TZDIR)-posix' posix_only
+		$(MAKE) $(INSTALLARGS) TZDIR='$(TZDIR)-leaps' right_only
+
+zones:		$(REDO)
+
+# dummy.zd is not a real file; it is mentioned here only so that the
+# top-level 'make' does not have a syntax error.
+ZDS = dummy.zd
+# Rule used only by submakes invoked by the $(TZS_NEW) rule.
+# It is separate so that GNU 'make -j' can run instances in parallel.
+$(ZDS): zdump
+		./zdump -i $(TZS_CUTOFF_FLAG) '$(wd)/'$$(expr $@ : '\(.*\).zd') \
+		  >$@
+
+TZS_NEW_DEPS = tzdata.zi zdump zic
+$(TZS_NEW): $(TZS_NEW_DEPS)
+		rm -fr tzs$(TZS_YEAR).dir
+		mkdir tzs$(TZS_YEAR).dir
+		$(zic) -d tzs$(TZS_YEAR).dir tzdata.zi
+		$(AWK) '/^L/{print "Link\t" $$2 "\t" $$3}' \
+		   tzdata.zi | LC_ALL=C sort >$@.out
+		wd=`pwd` && \
+		x=`$(AWK) '/^Z/{print "tzs$(TZS_YEAR).dir/" $$2 ".zd"}' \
+				tzdata.zi \
+			| LC_ALL=C sort -t . -k 2,2` && \
+		set x $$x && \
+		shift && \
+		ZDS=$$* && \
+		$(MAKE) wd="$$wd" TZS_CUTOFF_FLAG="$(TZS_CUTOFF_FLAG)" \
+		  ZDS="$$ZDS" $$ZDS && \
+		sed 's,^TZ=".*\.dir/,TZ=",' $$ZDS >>$@.out
+		rm -fr tzs$(TZS_YEAR).dir
+		mv $@.out $@
+
+# If $(TZS) exists but 'make check_tzs' fails, a maintainer should inspect the
+# failed output and fix the inconsistency, perhaps by running 'make force_tzs'.
+$(TZS):
+		touch $@
+
+force_tzs:	$(TZS_NEW)
+		cp $(TZS_NEW) $(TZS)
+
+libtz.a:	$(LIBOBJS)
+		rm -f $@
+		$(AR) $(ARFLAGS) $@ $(LIBOBJS)
+		$(RANLIB) $@
+
+date:		$(DATEOBJS)
+		$(CC) -o $@ $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) $(DATEOBJS) $(LDLIBS)
+
+tzselect:	tzselect.ksh version
+		VERSION=`cat version` && sed \
+		  -e "s'#!/bin/bash'#!"'$(KSHELL)'\' \
+		  -e s\''\(AWK\)=[^}]*'\''\1=\'\''$(AWK)\'\'\' \
+		  -e s\''\(PKGVERSION\)=.*'\''\1=\'\''($(PACKAGE)) \'\'\' \
+		  -e s\''\(REPORT_BUGS_TO\)=.*'\''\1=\'\''$(BUGEMAIL)\'\'\' \
+		  -e s\''\(TZDIR\)=[^}]*'\''\1=\'\''$(TZDIR)\'\'\' \
+		  -e s\''\(TZVERSION\)=.*'\''\1=\'"'$$VERSION\\''" \
+		  <$@.ksh >$@.out
+		chmod +x $@.out
+		mv $@.out $@
+
+check: check_back check_mild
+check_mild:	check_character_set check_white_space check_links \
+		  check_name_lengths check_now \
+		  check_slashed_abbrs check_sorted \
+		  check_tables check_web check_ziguard check_zishrink check_tzs
+
+# True if UTF8_LOCALE does not work;
+# otherwise, false but with LC_ALL set to $(UTF8_LOCALE).
+UTF8_LOCALE_MISSING = \
+  { test ! '$(UTF8_LOCALE)' \
+    || ! printf 'A\304\200B\n' \
+         | LC_ALL='$(UTF8_LOCALE)' grep -q '^A.B$$' >/dev/null 2>&1 \
+    || { LC_ALL='$(UTF8_LOCALE)'; export LC_ALL; false; }; }
+
+check_character_set: $(ENCHILADA)
+	$(UTF8_LOCALE_MISSING) || { \
+		sharp='#' && \
+		! grep -Env $(SAFE_LINE) $(MANS) date.1 $(MANTXTS) \
+			$(MISC) $(SOURCES) $(WEB_PAGES) \
+			CONTRIBUTING LICENSE README SECURITY \
+			version tzdata.zi && \
+		! grep -Env $(SAFE_LINE)'|^UNUSUAL_OK_'$(OK_CHAR)'*$$' \
+			Makefile && \
+		! grep -Env $(SAFE_SHARP_LINE) $(TDATA_TO_CHECK) backzone \
+			leapseconds zone.tab && \
+		! grep -Env $(OK_LINE) $(ENCHILADA); \
+	}
+	touch $@
+
+check_white_space: $(ENCHILADA)
+	$(UTF8_LOCALE_MISSING) || { \
+		patfmt=' \t|[\f\r\v]' && pat=`printf "$$patfmt\\n"` && \
+		! grep -En "$$pat|[$s]\$$" \
+			$$(ls $(ENCHILADA) | grep -Fvx leap-seconds.list); \
+	}
+	touch $@
+
+PRECEDES_FILE_NAME = ^(Zone|Link[$s]+[^$s]+)[$s]+
+FILE_NAME_COMPONENT_TOO_LONG = $(PRECEDES_FILE_NAME)[^$s]*[^/$s]{15}
+
+check_name_lengths: $(TDATA_TO_CHECK) backzone
+		! grep -En '$(FILE_NAME_COMPONENT_TOO_LONG)' \
+			$(TDATA_TO_CHECK) backzone
+		touch $@
+
+PRECEDES_STDOFF = ^(Zone[$s]+[^$s]+)?[$s]+
+STDOFF = [-+]?[0-9:.]+
+RULELESS_SAVE = (-|$(STDOFF)[sd]?)
+RULELESS_SLASHED_ABBRS = \
+  $(PRECEDES_STDOFF)$(STDOFF)[$s]+$(RULELESS_SAVE)[$s]+[^$s]*/
+
+check_slashed_abbrs: $(TDATA_TO_CHECK)
+		! grep -En '$(RULELESS_SLASHED_ABBRS)' $(TDATA_TO_CHECK)
+		touch $@
+
+CHECK_CC_LIST = { n = split($$1,a,/,/); for (i=2; i<=n; i++) print a[1], a[i]; }
+
+check_sorted: backward backzone
+		$(AWK) '/^Link/ {printf "%.5d %s\n", g, $$3} !/./ {g++}' \
+		  backward | LC_ALL=C sort -cu
+		$(AWK) '/^Zone/ {print $$2}' backzone | LC_ALL=C sort -cu
+		touch $@
+
+check_back:	checklinks.awk $(TDATA_TO_CHECK)
+		$(AWK) \
+		  -v DATAFORM=$(DATAFORM) \
+		  -v backcheck=backward \
+		  -f checklinks.awk $(TDATA_TO_CHECK)
+		touch $@
+
+check_links:	checklinks.awk tzdata.zi
+		$(AWK) \
+		  -v DATAFORM=$(DATAFORM) \
+		  -f checklinks.awk tzdata.zi
+		touch $@
+
+# Check timestamps from now through 28 years from now, to make sure
+# that zonenow.tab contains all sequences of planned timestamps,
+# without any duplicate sequences.  In theory this might require
+# 2800 years but that would take a long time to check.
+CHECK_NOW_TIMESTAMP = `./date +%s`
+CHECK_NOW_FUTURE_YEARS = 28
+CHECK_NOW_FUTURE_SECS = $(CHECK_NOW_FUTURE_YEARS) '*' 366 '*' 24 '*' 60 '*' 60
+check_now:	checknow.awk date tzdata.zi zdump zic zone1970.tab zonenow.tab
+		rm -fr $@.dir
+		mkdir $@.dir
+		./zic -d $@.dir tzdata.zi
+		now=$(CHECK_NOW_TIMESTAMP) && \
+		  future=`expr $(CHECK_NOW_FUTURE_SECS) + $$now` && \
+		  ./zdump -i -t $$now,$$future \
+		     $$(find $$PWD/$@.dir/????*/ -type f) \
+		     >$@.dir/zdump.tab
+		$(AWK) \
+		  -v zdump_table=$@.dir/zdump.tab \
+		  -f checknow.awk zonenow.tab
+		rm -fr $@.dir
+		touch $@
+
+check_tables:	checktab.awk $(YDATA) backward zone.tab zone1970.tab
+		for tab in $(ZONETABLES); do \
+		  test "$$tab" = zone.tab && links='$(BACKWARD)' || links=''; \
+		  $(AWK) -f checktab.awk -v zone_table=$$tab $(YDATA) $$links \
+		    || exit; \
+		done
+		touch $@
+
+check_tzs:	$(TZS) $(TZS_NEW)
+		if test -s $(TZS); then \
+		  $(DIFF_TZS) $(TZS) $(TZS_NEW); \
+		else \
+		  cp $(TZS_NEW) $(TZS); \
+		fi
+		touch $@
+
+check_web:	$(CHECK_WEB_PAGES)
+check_theory.html: theory.html
+check_tz-art.html: tz-art.html
+check_tz-how-to.html: tz-how-to.html
+check_tz-link.html: tz-link.html
+check_theory.html check_tz-art.html check_tz-how-to.html check_tz-link.html:
+		$(CURL) -sS --url https://validator.w3.org/nu/ -F out=gnu \
+		    -F file=@$$(expr $@ : 'check_\(.*\)') -o $@.out && \
+		  test ! -s $@.out || { cat $@.out; exit 1; }
+		mv $@.out $@
+
+check_ziguard: rearguard.zi vanguard.zi ziguard.awk
+		$(AWK) -v DATAFORM=rearguard -f ziguard.awk vanguard.zi | \
+		  diff -u rearguard.zi -
+		$(AWK) -v DATAFORM=vanguard -f ziguard.awk rearguard.zi | \
+		  diff -u vanguard.zi -
+		touch $@
+
+# Check that zishrink.awk does not alter the data, and that ziguard.awk
+# preserves main-format data.
+check_zishrink: check_zishrink_posix check_zishrink_right
+check_zishrink_posix check_zishrink_right: \
+  zic leapseconds $(PACKRATDATA) $(PACKRATLIST) \
+  $(TDATA) $(DATAFORM).zi tzdata.zi
+		rm -fr $@.dir $@-t.dir $@-shrunk.dir
+		mkdir $@.dir $@-t.dir $@-shrunk.dir
+		case $@ in \
+		  *_right) leap='-L leapseconds';; \
+		  *) leap=;; \
+		esac && \
+		  $(ZIC) $$leap -d $@.dir $(DATAFORM).zi && \
+		  $(ZIC) $$leap -d $@-shrunk.dir tzdata.zi && \
+		  case $(DATAFORM),$(PACKRATLIST) in \
+		    main,) \
+		      $(ZIC) $$leap -d $@-t.dir $(TDATA) && \
+		      $(AWK) '/^Rule/' $(TDATA) | \
+			$(ZIC) $$leap -d $@-t.dir - $(PACKRATDATA) && \
+		      diff -r $@.dir $@-t.dir;; \
+		  esac
+		diff -r $@.dir $@-shrunk.dir
+		rm -fr $@.dir $@-t.dir $@-shrunk.dir
+		touch $@
+
+clean_misc:
+		rm -fr check_*.dir typecheck_*.dir
+		rm -f *.o *.out $(TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES) \
+		  check_* core typecheck_* \
+		  date tzdir.h tzselect version.h zdump zic libtz.a
+clean:		clean_misc
+		rm -fr *.dir tzdb-*/
+		rm -f *.zi $(TZS_NEW)
+
+maintainer-clean: clean
+		@echo 'This command is intended for maintainers to use; it'
+		@echo 'deletes files that may need special tools to rebuild.'
+		rm -f leapseconds version $(MANTXTS) $(TZS) *.asc *.tar.*
+
+names:
+		@echo $(ENCHILADA)
+
+public:		check check_public $(CHECK_TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES) \
+		tarballs signatures
+
+date.1.txt:	date.1
+newctime.3.txt:	newctime.3
+newstrftime.3.txt: newstrftime.3
+newtzset.3.txt:	newtzset.3
+time2posix.3.txt: time2posix.3
+tzfile.5.txt:	tzfile.5
+tzselect.8.txt:	tzselect.8
+zdump.8.txt:	zdump.8
+zic.8.txt:	zic.8
+
+$(MANTXTS):	workman.sh
+		LC_ALL=C sh workman.sh `expr $@ : '\(.*\)\.txt$$'` >$@.out
+		mv $@.out $@
+
+# Set file timestamps deterministically if possible,
+# so that tarballs containing the timestamps are reproducible.
+#
+# '$(SET_TIMESTAMP_N) N DEST A B C ...' sets the timestamp of the
+# file DEST to the maximum of the timestamps of the files A B C ...,
+# plus N if GNU ls and touch are available.
+SET_TIMESTAMP_N = sh -c '\
+  n=$$0 dest=$$1; shift; \
+  <"$$dest" && \
+  if test $$n != 0 && \
+     lsout=`ls -nt --time-style="+%s" "$$@" 2>/dev/null`; then \
+    set x $$lsout && \
+    timestamp=`expr $$7 + $$n` && \
+    echo "+ touch -md @$$timestamp $$dest" && \
+    touch -md @$$timestamp "$$dest"; \
+  else \
+    newest=`ls -t "$$@" | sed 1q` && \
+    echo "+ touch -mr $$newest $$dest" && \
+    touch -mr "$$newest" "$$dest"; \
+  fi'
+# If DEST depends on A B C ... in this Makefile, callers should use
+# $(SET_TIMESTAMP_DEP) DEST A B C ..., for the benefit of any
+# downstream 'make' that considers equal timestamps to be out of date.
+# POSIX allows this 'make' behavior, and HP-UX 'make' does it.
+# If all that matters is that the timestamp be reproducible
+# and plausible, use $(SET_TIMESTAMP).
+SET_TIMESTAMP = $(SET_TIMESTAMP_N) 0
+SET_TIMESTAMP_DEP = $(SET_TIMESTAMP_N) 1
+
+# Set the timestamps to those of the git repository, if available,
+# and if the files have not changed since then.
+# This uses GNU 'ls --time-style=+%s', which outputs the seconds count,
+# and GNU 'touch -d@N FILE', where N is the number of seconds since 1970.
+# If git or GNU is absent, don't bother to sync with git timestamps.
+# Also, set the timestamp of each prebuilt file like 'leapseconds'
+# to be the maximum of the files it depends on.
+set-timestamps.out: $(EIGHT_YARDS)
+		rm -f $@
+		if (type git) >/dev/null 2>&1 && \
+		   files=`git ls-files $(EIGHT_YARDS)` && \
+		   touch -md @1 test.out; then \
+		  rm -f test.out && \
+		  for file in $$files; do \
+		    if git diff --quiet $$file; then \
+		      time=`TZ=UTC0 git log -1 \
+			--format='tformat:%cd' \
+			--date='format:%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ' \
+			$$file` && \
+		      echo "+ touch -md $$time $$file" && \
+		      touch -md $$time $$file; \
+		    else \
+		      echo >&2 "$$file: warning: does not match repository"; \
+		    fi || exit; \
+		  done; \
+		fi
+		$(SET_TIMESTAMP_DEP) leapseconds $(LEAP_DEPS)
+		for file in `ls $(MANTXTS) | sed 's/\.txt$$//'`; do \
+		  $(SET_TIMESTAMP_DEP) $$file.txt $$file workman.sh || \
+		    exit; \
+		done
+		$(SET_TIMESTAMP_DEP) version $(VERSION_DEPS)
+		$(SET_TIMESTAMP_DEP) tzdata.zi $(TZDATA_ZI_DEPS)
+		touch $@
+set-tzs-timestamp.out: $(TZS)
+		$(SET_TIMESTAMP_DEP) $(TZS) $(TZS_DEPS)
+		touch $@
+
+# The zics below ensure that each data file can stand on its own.
+# We also do an all-files run to catch links to links.
+
+check_public: $(VERSION_DEPS)
+		rm -fr public.dir
+		mkdir public.dir
+		ln $(VERSION_DEPS) public.dir
+		cd public.dir \
+		  && $(MAKE) CFLAGS='$(GCC_DEBUG_FLAGS)' TZDIR='$(TZDIR)' ALL
+		for i in $(TDATA_TO_CHECK) public.dir/tzdata.zi \
+		    public.dir/vanguard.zi public.dir/main.zi \
+		    public.dir/rearguard.zi; \
+		do \
+		  public.dir/zic -v -d public.dir/zoneinfo $$i 2>&1 || exit; \
+		done
+		public.dir/zic -v -d public.dir/zoneinfo-all $(TDATA_TO_CHECK)
+		:
+		: Also check 'backzone' syntax.
+		rm public.dir/main.zi
+		cd public.dir && $(MAKE) PACKRATDATA=backzone main.zi
+		public.dir/zic -d public.dir/zoneinfo main.zi
+		rm public.dir/main.zi
+		cd public.dir && \
+		  $(MAKE) PACKRATDATA=backzone PACKRATLIST=zone.tab main.zi
+		public.dir/zic -d public.dir/zoneinfo main.zi
+		:
+		rm -fr public.dir
+		touch $@
+
+# Check that the code works under various alternative
+# implementations of time_t.
+check_time_t_alternatives: $(TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES)
+$(TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES_TAIL): $(TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES_HEAD)
+$(TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES): $(VERSION_DEPS)
+		rm -fr $@.dir
+		mkdir $@.dir
+		ln $(VERSION_DEPS) $@.dir
+		case $@ in \
+		  int*32_t) range=-2147483648,2147483648;; \
+		  u*) range=0,4294967296;; \
+		  *) range=-4294967296,4294967296;; \
+		esac && \
+		wd=`pwd` && \
+		zones=`$(AWK) '/^[^#]/ { print $$3 }' <zone1970.tab` && \
+		if test $@ = $(TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES_HEAD); then \
+		  range_target=; \
+		else \
+		  range_target=to$$range.tzs; \
+		fi && \
+		(cd $@.dir && \
+		  $(MAKE) TOPDIR="$$wd/$@.dir" \
+		    CFLAGS='$(CFLAGS) -Dtime_tz='"'$@'" \
+		    REDO='$(REDO)' \
+			D=$$wd/$@.dir \
+		    TZS_YEAR="$$range" TZS_CUTOFF_FLAG="-t $$range" \
+		    install $$range_target) && \
+		test $@ = $(TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES_HEAD) || { \
+		  (cd $(TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES_HEAD).dir && \
+		    $(MAKE) TOPDIR="$$wd/$@.dir" \
+		      TZS_YEAR="$$range" TZS_CUTOFF_FLAG="-t $$range" \
+			D=$$wd/$@.dir \
+		      to$$range.tzs) && \
+		  $(DIFF_TZS) $(TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES_HEAD).dir/to$$range.tzs \
+			  $@.dir/to$$range.tzs && \
+		  if diff -q Makefile Makefile 2>/dev/null; then \
+		    quiet_option='-q'; \
+		  else \
+		    quiet_option=''; \
+		  fi && \
+		    diff $$quiet_option -r $(TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES_HEAD).dir/etc \
+					   $@.dir/etc && \
+		    diff $$quiet_option -r \
+		      $(TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES_HEAD).dir/usr/share \
+		      $@.dir/usr/share; \
+		}
+		touch $@
+
+TRADITIONAL_ASC = \
+  tzcode$(VERSION).tar.gz.asc \
+  tzdata$(VERSION).tar.gz.asc
+REARGUARD_ASC = \
+  tzdata$(VERSION)-rearguard.tar.gz.asc
+ALL_ASC = $(TRADITIONAL_ASC) $(REARGUARD_ASC) \
+  tzdb-$(VERSION).tar.lz.asc
+
+tarballs rearguard_tarballs tailored_tarballs traditional_tarballs \
+signatures rearguard_signatures traditional_signatures: \
+  version set-timestamps.out rearguard.zi vanguard.zi
+		VERSION=`cat version` && \
+		$(MAKE) AWK='$(AWK)' VERSION="$$VERSION" $@_version
+
+# These *_version rules are intended for use if VERSION is set by some
+# other means.  Ordinarily these rules are used only by the above
+# non-_version rules, which set VERSION on the 'make' command line.
+tarballs_version: traditional_tarballs_version rearguard_tarballs_version \
+  tzdb-$(VERSION).tar.lz
+rearguard_tarballs_version: \
+  tzdata$(VERSION)-rearguard.tar.gz
+traditional_tarballs_version: \
+  tzcode$(VERSION).tar.gz tzdata$(VERSION).tar.gz
+tailored_tarballs_version: \
+  tzdata$(VERSION)-tailored.tar.gz
+signatures_version: $(ALL_ASC)
+rearguard_signatures_version: $(REARGUARD_ASC)
+traditional_signatures_version: $(TRADITIONAL_ASC)
+
+tzcode$(VERSION).tar.gz: set-timestamps.out
+		LC_ALL=C && export LC_ALL && \
+		tar $(TARFLAGS) -cf - \
+		    $(COMMON) $(DOCS) $(SOURCES) | \
+		  gzip $(GZIPFLAGS) >$@.out
+		mv $@.out $@
+
+tzdata$(VERSION).tar.gz: set-timestamps.out
+		LC_ALL=C && export LC_ALL && \
+		tar $(TARFLAGS) -cf - $(TZDATA_DIST) | \
+		  gzip $(GZIPFLAGS) >$@.out
+		mv $@.out $@
+
+# Create empty files with a reproducible timestamp.
+CREATE_EMPTY = TZ=UTC0 touch -mt 202010122253.00
+
+# The obsolescent *rearguard* targets and related macros are present
+# for backwards compatibility with tz releases 2018e through 2022a.
+# They should go away eventually.  To build rearguard tarballs you
+# can instead use 'make DATAFORM=rearguard tailored_tarballs'.
+tzdata$(VERSION)-rearguard.tar.gz: rearguard.zi set-timestamps.out
+		rm -fr $@.dir
+		mkdir $@.dir
+		ln $(TZDATA_DIST) $@.dir
+		cd $@.dir && rm -f $(TDATA) $(PACKRATDATA) version
+		for f in $(TDATA) $(PACKRATDATA); do \
+		  rearf=$@.dir/$$f; \
+		  $(AWK) -v DATAFORM=rearguard -f ziguard.awk $$f >$$rearf && \
+		  $(SET_TIMESTAMP_DEP) $$rearf ziguard.awk $$f || exit; \
+		done
+		sed '1s/$$/-rearguard/' <version >$@.dir/version
+		: The dummy pacificnew pacifies TZUpdater 2.3.1 and earlier.
+		$(CREATE_EMPTY) $@.dir/pacificnew
+		touch -mr version $@.dir/version
+		LC_ALL=C && export LC_ALL && \
+		  (cd $@.dir && \
+		   tar $(TARFLAGS) -cf - \
+			$(TZDATA_DIST) pacificnew | \
+		     gzip $(GZIPFLAGS)) >$@.out
+		mv $@.out $@
+
+# Create a tailored tarball suitable for TZUpdater and compatible tools.
+# For example, 'make DATAFORM=vanguard tailored_tarballs' makes a tarball
+# useful for testing whether TZUpdater supports vanguard form.
+# The generated tarball is not byte-for-byte equivalent to a hand-tailored
+# traditional tarball, as data entries are put into 'etcetera' even if they
+# came from some other source file.  However, the effect should be the same
+# for ordinary use, which reads all the source files.
+tzdata$(VERSION)-tailored.tar.gz: set-timestamps.out
+		rm -fr $@.dir
+		mkdir $@.dir
+		: The dummy pacificnew pacifies TZUpdater 2.3.1 and earlier.
+		cd $@.dir && \
+		  $(CREATE_EMPTY) $(PRIMARY_YDATA) $(NDATA) backward \
+		  `test $(DATAFORM) = vanguard || echo pacificnew`
+		(grep '^#' tzdata.zi && echo && cat $(DATAFORM).zi) \
+		  >$@.dir/etcetera
+		touch -mr tzdata.zi $@.dir/etcetera
+		sed -n \
+		  -e '/^# *version  *\(.*\)/h' \
+		  -e '/^# *ddeps  */H' \
+		  -e '$$!d' \
+		  -e 'g' \
+		  -e 's/^# *version  *//' \
+		  -e 's/\n# *ddeps  */-/' \
+		  -e 's/ /-/g' \
+		  -e 'p' \
+		  <tzdata.zi >$@.dir/version
+		touch -mr version $@.dir/version
+		links= && \
+		  for file in $(TZDATA_DIST); do \
+		    test -f $@.dir/$$file || links="$$links $$file"; \
+		  done && \
+		  ln $$links $@.dir
+		LC_ALL=C && export LC_ALL && \
+		  (cd $@.dir && \
+		   tar $(TARFLAGS) -cf - * | gzip $(GZIPFLAGS)) >$@.out
+		mv $@.out $@
+
+tzdb-$(VERSION).tar.lz: set-timestamps.out set-tzs-timestamp.out
+		rm -fr tzdb-$(VERSION)
+		mkdir tzdb-$(VERSION)
+		ln $(ENCHILADA) tzdb-$(VERSION)
+		$(SET_TIMESTAMP) tzdb-$(VERSION) tzdb-$(VERSION)/*
+		LC_ALL=C && export LC_ALL && \
+		tar $(TARFLAGS) -cf - tzdb-$(VERSION) | lzip -9 >$@.out
+		mv $@.out $@
+
+tzcode$(VERSION).tar.gz.asc: tzcode$(VERSION).tar.gz
+tzdata$(VERSION).tar.gz.asc: tzdata$(VERSION).tar.gz
+tzdata$(VERSION)-rearguard.tar.gz.asc: tzdata$(VERSION)-rearguard.tar.gz
+tzdb-$(VERSION).tar.lz.asc: tzdb-$(VERSION).tar.lz
+$(ALL_ASC):
+		$(GPG) --armor --detach-sign $?
+
+TYPECHECK_CFLAGS = $(CFLAGS) -DTYPECHECK -D__time_t_defined -D_TIME_T
+typecheck: typecheck_long_long typecheck_unsigned
+typecheck_long_long typecheck_unsigned: $(VERSION_DEPS)
+		rm -fr $@.dir
+		mkdir $@.dir
+		ln $(VERSION_DEPS) $@.dir
+		cd $@.dir && \
+		  case $@ in \
+		    *_long_long) i="long long";; \
+		    *_unsigned ) i="unsigned" ;; \
+		  esac && \
+		  typecheck_cflags='' && \
+		  $(MAKE) \
+		    CFLAGS="$(TYPECHECK_CFLAGS) \"-Dtime_t=$$i\"" \
+		    TOPDIR="`pwd`" \
+		    install
+		$@.dir/zdump -i -c 1970,1971 Europe/Rome
+		touch $@
+
+zonenames:	tzdata.zi
+		@$(AWK) '/^Z/ { print $$2 } /^L/ { print $$3 }' tzdata.zi
+
+asctime.o:	private.h tzfile.h
+date.o:		private.h
+difftime.o:	private.h
+localtime.o:	private.h tzfile.h tzdir.h
+strftime.o:	private.h tzfile.h
+zdump.o:	version.h
+zic.o:		private.h tzfile.h tzdir.h version.h
+
+.PHONY: ALL INSTALL all
+.PHONY: check check_mild check_time_t_alternatives
+.PHONY: check_web check_zishrink
+.PHONY: clean clean_misc commit-leap-seconds.list dummy.zd
+.PHONY: fetch-leap-seconds.list force_tzs
+.PHONY: install install_data maintainer-clean names
+.PHONY: posix_only posix_right public
+.PHONY: rearguard_signatures rearguard_signatures_version
+.PHONY: rearguard_tarballs rearguard_tarballs_version
+.PHONY: right_only right_posix signatures signatures_version
+.PHONY: tarballs tarballs_version
+.PHONY: traditional_signatures traditional_signatures_version
+.PHONY: traditional_tarballs traditional_tarballs_version
+.PHONY: tailored_tarballs tailored_tarballs_version
+.PHONY: typecheck
+.PHONY: zonenames zones
+.PHONY: $(ZDS)
diff --git a/NEWS b/NEWS
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d407342
--- /dev/null
+++ b/NEWS
@@ -0,0 +1,6190 @@
+News for the tz database
+
+Release 2024a - 2024-02-01 09:28:56 -0800
+
+  Briefly:
+    Kazakhstan unifies on UTC+5 beginning 2024-03-01.
+    Palestine springs forward a week later after Ramadan.
+    zic no longer pretends to support indefinite-past DST.
+    localtime no longer mishandles Ciudad Juárez in 2422.
+
+  Changes to future timestamps
+
+    Kazakhstan unifies on UTC+5.  This affects Asia/Almaty and
+    Asia/Qostanay which together represent the eastern portion of the
+    country that will transition from UTC+6 on 2024-03-01 at 00:00 to
+    join the western portion.  (Thanks to Zhanbolat Raimbekov.)
+
+    Palestine springs forward a week later than previously predicted
+    in 2024 and 2025.  (Thanks to Heba Hamad.)  Change spring-forward
+    predictions to the second Saturday after Ramadan, not the first;
+    this also affects other predictions starting in 2039.
+
+  Changes to past timestamps
+
+    Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh's 1955-07-01 transition occurred at 01:00
+    not 00:00.  (Thanks to Đoàn Trần Công Danh.)
+
+    From 1947 through 1949, Toronto's transitions occurred at 02:00
+    not 00:00.  (Thanks to Chris Walton.)
+
+    In 1911 Miquelon adopted standard time on June 15, not May 15.
+
+  Changes to code
+
+    The FROM and TO columns of Rule lines can no longer be "minimum"
+    or an abbreviation of "minimum", because TZif files do not support
+    DST rules that extend into the indefinite past - although these
+    rules were supported when TZif files had only 32-bit data, this
+    stopped working when 64-bit TZif files were introduced in 1995.
+    This should not be a problem for realistic data, since DST was
+    first used in the 20th century.  As a transition aid, FROM columns
+    like "minimum" are now diagnosed and then treated as if they were
+    the year 1900; this should suffice for TZif files on old systems
+    with only 32-bit time_t, and it is more compatible with bugs in
+    2023c-and-earlier localtime.c.  (Problem reported by Yoshito
+    Umaoka.)
+
+    localtime and related functions no longer mishandle some
+    timestamps that occur about 400 years after a switch to a time
+    zone with a DST schedule.  In 2023d data this problem was visible
+    for some timestamps in November 2422, November 2822, etc. in
+    America/Ciudad_Juarez.  (Problem reported by Gilmore Davidson.)
+
+    strftime %s now uses tm_gmtoff if available.  (Problem and draft
+    patch reported by Dag-Erling Smørgrav.)
+
+  Changes to build procedure
+
+    The leap-seconds.list file is now copied from the IERS instead of
+    from its downstream counterpart at NIST, as the IERS version is
+    now in the public domain too and tends to be more up-to-date.
+    (Thanks to Martin Burnicki for liaisoning with the IERS.)
+
+  Changes to documentation
+
+    The strftime man page documents which struct tm members affect
+    which conversion specs, and that tzset is called.  (Problems
+    reported by Robert Elz and Steve Summit.)
+
+
+Release 2023d - 2023-12-21 20:02:24 -0800
+
+  Briefly:
+    Ittoqqortoormiit, Greenland changes time zones on 2024-03-31.
+    Vostok, Antarctica changed time zones on 2023-12-18.
+    Casey, Antarctica changed time zones five times since 2020.
+    Code and data fixes for Palestine timestamps starting in 2072.
+    A new data file zonenow.tab for timestamps starting now.
+
+  Changes to future timestamps
+
+    Ittoqqortoormiit, Greenland (America/Scoresbysund) joins most of
+    the rest of Greenland's timekeeping practice on 2024-03-31, by
+    changing its time zone from -01/+00 to -02/-01 at the same moment
+    as the spring-forward transition.  Its clocks will therefore not
+    spring forward as previously scheduled.  The time zone change
+    reverts to its common practice before 1981.
+
+    Fix predictions for DST transitions in Palestine in 2072-2075,
+    correcting a typo introduced in 2023a.
+
+  Changes to past and future timestamps
+
+    Vostok, Antarctica changed to +05 on 2023-12-18.  It had been at
+    +07 (not +06) for years.  (Thanks to Zakhary V. Akulov.)
+
+    Change data for Casey, Antarctica to agree with timeanddate.com,
+    by adding five time zone changes since 2020.  Casey is now at +08
+    instead of +11.
+
+  Changes to past tm_isdst flags
+
+    Much of Greenland, represented by America/Nuuk, changed its
+    standard time from -03 to -02 on 2023-03-25, not on 2023-10-28.
+    This does not affect UTC offsets, only the tm_isdst flag.
+    (Thanks to Thomas M. Steenholdt.)
+
+  New data file
+
+    A new data file zonenow.tab helps configure applications that use
+    timestamps dated from now on.  This simplifies configuration,
+    since users choose from a smaller Zone set.  The file's format is
+    experimental and subject to change.
+
+  Changes to code
+
+    localtime.c no longer mishandles TZif files that contain a single
+    transition into a DST regime.  Previously, it incorrectly assumed
+    DST was in effect before the transition too.  (Thanks to Alois
+    Treindl for debugging help.)
+
+    localtime.c's timeoff no longer collides with OpenBSD 7.4.
+
+    The C code now uses _Generic only if __STDC_VERSION__ says the
+    compiler is C11 or later.
+
+    tzselect now optionally reads zonenow.tab, to simplify when
+    configuring only for timestamps dated from now on.
+
+    tzselect no longer creates temporary files.
+
+    tzselect no longer mishandles the following:
+
+      Spaces and most other special characters in BUGEMAIL, PACKAGE,
+      TZDIR, and VERSION.
+
+      TZ strings when using mawk 1.4.3, which mishandles regular
+      expressions of the form /X{2,}/.
+
+      ISO 6709 coordinates when using an awk that lacks the GNU
+      extension of newlines in -v option-arguments.
+
+      Non UTF-8 locales when using an iconv command that lacks the GNU
+      //TRANSLIT extension.
+
+    zic no longer mishandles data for Palestine after the year 2075.
+    Previously, it incorrectly omitted post-2075 transitions that are
+    predicted for just before and just after Ramadan.  (Thanks to Ken
+    Murchison for debugging help.)
+
+    zic now works again on Linux 2.6.16 and 2.6.17 (2006).
+    (Problem reported by Rune Torgersen.)
+
+  Changes to build procedure
+
+    The Makefile is now more compatible with POSIX:
+     * It no longer defines AR, CC, CFLAGS, LDFLAGS, and SHELL.
+     * It no longer uses its own 'cc' in place of CC.
+     * It now uses ARFLAGS, with default specified by POSIX.
+     * It does not use LFLAGS incompatibly with POSIX.
+     * It uses the special .POSIX target.
+     * It quotes special characters more carefully.
+     * It no longer mishandles builds in an ISO 8859 locale.
+    Due to the CC changes, TZDIR is now #defined in a file tzfile.h
+    built by 'make', not in a $(CC) -D option.  Also, TZDEFAULT is
+    now treated like TZDIR as they have similar roles.
+
+  Changes to commentary
+
+     Limitations and hazards of the optional support for obsolescent
+     C89 platforms are documented better, along with a tentative
+     schedule for removing this support.
+
+
+Release 2023c - 2023-03-28 12:42:14 -0700
+
+  Changes to past and future timestamps
+
+    Model Lebanon's DST chaos by reverting data to tzdb 2023a.
+    (Thanks to Rany Hany for the heads-up.)
+
+
+Release 2023b - 2023-03-23 19:50:38 -0700
+
+  Changes to future timestamps
+
+    This year Lebanon springs forward April 20/21 not March 25/26.
+    (Thanks to Saadallah Itani.)  [This was reverted in 2023c.]
+
+
+Release 2023a - 2023-03-22 12:39:33 -0700
+
+  Briefly:
+    Egypt now uses DST again, from April through October.
+    This year Morocco springs forward April 23, not April 30.
+    Palestine delays the start of DST this year.
+    Much of Greenland still uses DST from 2024 on.
+    America/Yellowknife now links to America/Edmonton.
+    tzselect can now use current time to help infer timezone.
+    The code now defaults to C99 or later.
+    Fix use of C23 attributes.
+
+  Changes to future timestamps
+
+    Starting in 2023, Egypt will observe DST from April's last Friday
+    through October's last Thursday.  (Thanks to Ahmad ElDardiry.)
+    Assume the transition times are 00:00 and 24:00, respectively.
+
+    In 2023 Morocco's spring-forward transition after Ramadan
+    will occur April 23, not April 30.  (Thanks to Milamber.)
+    Adjust predictions for future years accordingly.  This affects
+    predictions for 2023, 2031, 2038, and later years.
+
+    This year Palestine will delay its spring forward from
+    March 25 to April 29 due to Ramadan.  (Thanks to Heba Hamad.)
+    Make guesses for future Ramadans too.
+
+    Much of Greenland, represented by America/Nuuk, will continue to
+    observe DST using European Union rules.  When combined with
+    Greenland's decision not to change the clocks in fall 2023,
+    America/Nuuk therefore changes from -03/-02 to -02/-01 effective
+    2023-10-29 at 01:00 UTC.  (Thanks to Thomas M. Steenholdt.)
+    This change from 2022g doesn't affect timestamps until 2024-03-30,
+    and doesn't affect tm_isdst until 2023-03-25.
+
+  Changes to past timestamps
+
+    America/Yellowknife has changed from a Zone to a backward
+    compatibility Link, as it no longer differs from America/Edmonton
+    since 1970.  (Thanks to Almaz Mingaleev.)  This affects some
+    pre-1948 timestamps.  The old data are now in 'backzone'.
+
+  Changes to past time zone abbreviations
+
+    When observing Moscow time, Europe/Kirov and Europe/Volgograd now
+    use the abbreviations MSK/MSD instead of numeric abbreviations,
+    for consistency with other timezones observing Moscow time.
+
+  Changes to code
+
+    You can now tell tzselect local time, to simplify later choices.
+    Select the 'time' option in its first prompt.
+
+    You can now compile with -DTZNAME_MAXIMUM=N to limit time zone
+    abbreviations to N bytes (default 255).  The reference runtime
+    library now rejects POSIX-style TZ strings that contain longer
+    abbreviations, treating them as UTC.  Previously the limit was
+    platform dependent and abbreviations were silently truncated to
+    16 bytes even when the limit was greater than 16.
+
+    The code by default is now designed for C99 or later.  To build on
+    a mostly-C89 platform, compile with -DPORT_TO_C89; this should
+    work on C89 platforms that also support C99 'long long' and
+    perhaps a few other extensions to C89.  To support C89 callers of
+    tzcode's library, compile with -DSUPPORT_C89; however, this could
+    trigger latent bugs in C99-or-later callers.  The two new macros
+    are transitional aids planned to be removed in a future version
+    (say, in 2029), when C99 or later will be required.
+
+    The code now builds again on pre-C99 platforms, if you compile
+    with -DPORT_TO_C89.  This fixes a bug introduced in 2022f.
+
+    On C23-compatible platforms tzcode no longer uses syntax like
+    'static [[noreturn]] void usage(void);'.  Instead, it uses
+    '[[noreturn]] static void usage(void);' as strict C23 requires.
+    (Problem reported by Houge Langley.)
+
+    The code's functions now constrain their arguments with the C
+    'restrict' keyword consistently with their documentation.
+    This may allow future optimizations.
+
+    zdump again builds standalone with ckdadd and without setenv,
+    fixing a bug introduced in 2022g.  (Problem reported by panic.)
+
+    leapseconds.awk can now process a leap seconds file that never
+    expires; this might be useful if leap seconds are discontinued.
+
+  Changes to commentary
+
+    tz-link.html has a new section "Coordinating with governments and
+    distributors".  (Thanks to Neil Fuller for some of the text.)
+
+    To improve tzselect diagnostics, zone1970.tab's comments column is
+    now limited to countries that have multiple timezones.
+
+    Note that leap seconds are planned to be discontinued by 2035.
+
+
+Release 2022g - 2022-11-29 08:58:31 -0800
+
+  Briefly:
+    The northern edge of Chihuahua changes to US timekeeping.
+    Much of Greenland stops changing clocks after March 2023.
+    Fix some pre-1996 timestamps in northern Canada.
+    C89 is now deprecated; please use C99 or later.
+    Portability fixes for AIX, libintl, MS-Windows, musl, z/OS
+    In C code, use more C23 features if available.
+    C23 timegm now supported by default
+    Fixes for unlikely integer overflows
+
+  Changes to future timestamps
+
+    In the Mexican state of Chihuahua, the border strip near the US
+    will change to agree with nearby US locations on 2022-11-30.
+    The strip's western part, represented by Ciudad Juárez, switches
+    from -06 all year to -07/-06 with US DST rules, like El Paso, TX.
+    The eastern part, represented by Ojinaga, will observe US DST next
+    year, like Presidio, TX.  (Thanks to Heitor David Pinto.)
+    A new Zone America/Ciudad_Juarez splits from America/Ojinaga.
+
+    Much of Greenland, represented by America/Nuuk, stops observing
+    winter time after March 2023, so its daylight saving time becomes
+    standard time.  (Thanks to Jonas Nyrup and Jürgen Appel.)
+
+  Changes to past timestamps
+
+    Changes for pre-1996 northern Canada (thanks to Chris Walton):
+
+      Merge America/Iqaluit and America/Pangnirtung into the former,
+      with a backward compatibility link for the latter name.
+      There is no good evidence the two locations differ since 1970.
+      This change affects pre-1996 America/Pangnirtung timestamps.
+
+      Cambridge Bay, Inuvik, Iqaluit, Rankin Inlet, Resolute and
+      Yellowknife did not observe DST in 1965, and did observe DST
+      from 1972 through 1979.
+
+      Whitehorse moved from -09 to -08 on 1966-02-27, not 1967-05-28.
+
+    Colombia's 1993 fallback was 02-06 24:00, not 04-04 00:00.
+    (Thanks to Alois Treindl.)
+
+    Singapore's 1981-12-31 change was at 16:00 UTC (23:30 local time),
+    not 24:00 local time.  (Thanks to Geoff Clare via Robert Elz.)
+
+  Changes to code
+
+    Although tzcode still works with C89, bugs found in recent routine
+    maintenance indicate that bitrot has set in and that in practice
+    C89 is no longer used to build tzcode.  As it is a maintenance
+    burden, support for C89 is planned to be removed soon.  Instead,
+    please use compilers compatible with C99, C11, C17, or C23.
+
+    timegm, which tzcode implemented in 1989, will finally be
+    standardized 34 years later as part of C23, so timegm is now
+    supported even if STD_INSPIRED is not defined.
+
+    Fix bug in zdump's tzalloc emulation on hosts that lack tm_zone.
+    (Problem reported by Đoàn Trần Công Danh.)
+
+    Fix bug in zic on hosts where malloc(0) yields NULL on success.
+    (Problem reported by Tim McBrayer for AIX 6.1.)
+
+    Fix zic configuration to avoid linkage failures on some platforms.
+    (Problems reported by Gilmore Davidson and Igor Ivanov.)
+
+    Work around MS-Windows nmake incompatibility with POSIX.
+    (Problem reported by Manuela Friedrich.)
+
+    Port mktime and strftime to debugging platforms where accessing
+    uninitialized data has undefined behavior (strftime problem
+    reported by Robert Elz).
+
+    Check more carefully for unlikely integer overflows, preferring
+    C23 <stdckdint.h> to overflow checking by hand, as the latter has
+    had obscure bugs.
+
+  Changes to build procedure
+
+    New Makefile rule check_mild that skips checking whether Link
+    lines are in the file 'backward'.  (Inspired by a suggestion from
+    Stephen Colebourne.)
+
+
+Release 2022f - 2022-10-28 18:04:57 -0700
+
+  Briefly:
+    Mexico will no longer observe DST except near the US border.
+    Chihuahua moves to year-round -06 on 2022-10-30.
+    Fiji no longer observes DST.
+    Move links to 'backward'.
+    In vanguard form, GMT is now a Zone and Etc/GMT a link.
+    zic now supports links to links, and vanguard form uses this.
+    Simplify four Ontario zones.
+    Fix a Y2438 bug when reading TZif data.
+    Enable 64-bit time_t on 32-bit glibc platforms.
+    Omit large-file support when no longer needed.
+    In C code, use some C23 features if available.
+    Remove no-longer-needed workaround for Qt bug 53071.
+
+  Changes to future timestamps
+
+    Mexico will no longer observe DST after 2022, except for areas
+    near the US border that continue to observe US DST rules.
+    On 2022-10-30 at 02:00 the Mexican state of Chihuahua moves
+    from -07 (-06 with DST) to year-round -06, thus not changing
+    its clocks that day.  The new law states that Chihuahua
+    near the US border no longer observes US DST.
+    (Thanks to gera for the heads-up about Chihuahua.)
+
+    Fiji will not observe DST in 2022/3.  (Thanks to Shalvin Narayan.)
+    For now, assume DST is suspended indefinitely.
+
+  Changes to data
+
+    Move links to 'backward' to ease and simplify link maintenance.
+    This affects generated data only if you use 'make BACKWARD='.
+
+    GMT is now a Zone and Etc/GMT a link instead of vice versa,
+    as GMT is needed for leap second support whereas Etc/GMT is not.
+    However, this change exposes a bug in TZUpdater 2.3.2 so it is
+    present only in vanguard form for now.
+
+    Vanguard form now uses links to links, as zic now supports this.
+
+  Changes to past timestamps
+
+    Simplify four Ontario zones, as most of the post-1970 differences
+    seem to have been imaginary.  (Problem reported by Chris Walton.)
+    Move America/Nipigon, America/Rainy_River, and America/Thunder_Bay
+    to 'backzone'; backward-compatibility links still work, albeit
+    with some different timestamps before November 2005.
+
+  Changes to code
+
+    zic now supports links to links regardless of input line order.
+    For example, if Australia/Sydney is a Zone, the lines
+      Link Australia/Canberra Australia/ACT
+      Link Australia/Sydney Australia/Canberra
+    now work correctly, even though the shell commands
+      ln Australia/Canberra Australia/ACT
+      ln Australia/Sydney Australia/Canberra
+    would fail because the first command attempts to use a link
+    Australia/Canberra that does not exist until after the second
+    command is executed.  Previously, zic had unspecified behavior if
+    a Link line's target was another link, and zic often misbehaved if
+    a Link line's target was a later Link line.
+
+    Fix line number in zic's diagnostic for a link to a link.
+
+    Fix a bug that caused localtime to mishandle timestamps starting
+    in the year 2438 when reading data generated by 'zic -b fat' when
+    distant-future DST transitions occur at times given in standard
+    time or in UT, not the usual case of local time.  This occurs when
+    the corresponding .zi Rule lines specify DST transitions with TO
+    columns of 'max' and AT columns that end in 's' or 'u'.  The
+    number 2438 comes from the 32-bit limit in the year 2038, plus the
+    400-year Gregorian cycle.  (Problem reported by Bradley White.)
+
+    On glibc 2.34 and later, which optionally supports 64-bit time_t
+    on platforms like x86 where time_t was traditionally 32 bits,
+    default time_t to 64 instead of 32 bits.  This lets functions like
+    localtime support timestamps after the year 2038, and fixes
+    year-2038 problems in zic when accessing files dated after 2038.
+    To continue to limit time_t to 32 bits on these platforms, use
+    "make CFLAGS='-D_TIME_BITS=32'".
+
+    In C code, do not enable large-file support on platforms like AIX
+    and macOS that no longer need it now that tzcode does not use
+    off_t or related functions like 'stat'.  Large-file support is
+    still enabled by default on GNU/Linux, as it is needed for 64-bit
+    time_t support.
+
+    In C code, prefer C23 keywords to pre-C23 macros for alignof,
+    bool, false, and true.  Also, use the following C23 features if
+    available: __has_include, unreachable.
+
+    zic no longer works around Qt bug 53071, as the relevant Qt
+    releases have been out of support since 2019.  This change affects
+    only fat TZif files, as thin files never had the workaround.
+
+    zdump no longer modifies the environ vector when compiled on
+    platforms lacking tm_zone or when compiled with -DUSE_LTZ=0.
+    This avoid undefined behavior on POSIX platforms.
+
+
+Release 2022e - 2022-10-11 11:13:02 -0700
+
+  Briefly:
+    Jordan and Syria switch from +02/+03 with DST to year-round +03.
+
+  Changes to future timestamps
+
+    Jordan and Syria are abandoning the DST regime and are changing to
+    permanent +03, so they will not fall back from +03 to +02 on
+    2022-10-28.  (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen and Issam Al-Zuwairi.)
+
+  Changes to past timestamps
+
+    On 1922-01-01 Tijuana adopted standard time at 00:00, not 01:00.
+
+  Changes to past time zone abbreviations and DST flags
+
+    The temporary advancement of clocks in central Mexico in summer
+    1931 is now treated as daylight saving time, instead of as two
+    changes to standard time.
+
+
+Release 2022d - 2022-09-23 12:02:57 -0700
+
+  Briefly:
+    Palestine transitions are now Saturdays at 02:00.
+    Simplify three Ukraine zones into one.
+
+  Changes to future timestamps
+
+    Palestine now springs forward and falls back at 02:00 on the
+    first Saturday on or after March 24 and October 24, respectively.
+    This means 2022 falls back 10-29 at 02:00, not 10-28 at 01:00.
+    (Thanks to Heba Hamad.)
+
+  Changes to past timestamps
+
+    Simplify three Ukraine zones to one, since the post-1970
+    differences seem to have been imaginary.  Move Europe/Uzhgorod and
+    Europe/Zaporozhye to 'backzone'; backward-compatibility links
+    still work, albeit with different timestamps before October 1991.
+
+
+Release 2022c - 2022-08-15 17:47:18 -0700
+
+  Briefly:
+    Work around awk bug in FreeBSD, macOS, etc.
+    Improve tzselect on intercontinental Zones.
+
+  Changes to code
+
+    Work around a bug in onetrueawk that broke commands like
+    'make traditional_tarballs' on FreeBSD, macOS, etc.
+    (Problem reported by Deborah Goldsmith.)
+
+    Add code to tzselect that uses experimental structured comments in
+    zone1970.tab to clarify whether Zones like Africa/Abidjan and
+    Europe/Istanbul cross continent or ocean boundaries.
+    (Inspired by a problem reported by Peter Krefting.)
+
+    Fix bug with 'zic -d /a/b/c' when /a is unwritable but the
+    directory /a/b already exists.
+
+    Remove zoneinfo2tdf.pl, as it was unused and triggered false
+    malware alarms on some email servers.
+
+
+Release 2022b - 2022-08-10 15:38:32 -0700
+
+  Briefly:
+    Chile's DST is delayed by a week in September 2022.
+    Iran no longer observes DST after 2022.
+    Rename Europe/Kiev to Europe/Kyiv.
+    New zic -R option
+    Vanguard form now uses %z.
+    Finish moving duplicate-since-1970 zones to 'backzone'.
+    New build option PACKRATLIST
+    New tailored_tarballs target, replacing rearguard_tarballs
+
+  Changes to future timestamps
+
+    Chile's 2022 DST start is delayed from September 4 to September 11.
+    (Thanks to Juan Correa.)
+
+    Iran plans to stop observing DST permanently, after it falls back
+    on 2022-09-21.  (Thanks to Ali Mirjamali.)
+
+  Changes to past timestamps
+
+    Finish moving to 'backzone' the location-based zones whose
+    timestamps since 1970 are duplicates; adjust links accordingly.
+    This change ordinarily affects only pre-1970 timestamps, and with
+    the new PACKRATLIST option it does not affect any timestamps.
+    In this round the affected zones are Antarctica/Vostok,
+    Asia/Brunei, Asia/Kuala_Lumpur, Atlantic/Reykjavik,
+    Europe/Amsterdam, Europe/Copenhagen, Europe/Luxembourg,
+    Europe/Monaco, Europe/Oslo, Europe/Stockholm, Indian/Christmas,
+    Indian/Cocos, Indian/Kerguelen, Indian/Mahe, Indian/Reunion,
+    Pacific/Chuuk, Pacific/Funafuti, Pacific/Majuro, Pacific/Pohnpei,
+    Pacific/Wake and Pacific/Wallis, and the affected links are
+    Arctic/Longyearbyen, Atlantic/Jan_Mayen, Iceland, Pacific/Ponape,
+    Pacific/Truk, and Pacific/Yap.
+
+    From fall 1994 through fall 1995, Shanks wrote that Crimea's
+    DST transitions were at 02:00 standard time, not at 00:00.
+    (Thanks to Michael Deckers.)
+
+    Iran adopted standard time in 1935, not 1946.  In 1977 it observed
+    DST from 03-21 23:00 to 10-20 24:00; its 1978 transitions were on
+    03-24 and 08-05, not 03-20 and 10-20; and its spring 1979
+    transition was on 05-27, not 03-21.
+    (Thanks to Roozbeh Pournader and Francis Santoni.)
+
+    Chile's observance of -04 from 1946-08-29 through 1947-03-31 was
+    considered DST, not standard time.  Santiago and environs had moved
+    their clocks back to rejoin the rest of mainland Chile; put this
+    change at the end of 1946-08-28.  (Thanks to Michael Deckers.)
+
+    Some old, small clock transitions have been removed, as people at
+    the time did not change their clocks.  This affects Asia/Hong_Kong
+    in 1904, Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh in 1906, and Europe/Dublin in 1880.
+
+  Changes to zone name
+
+    Rename Europe/Kiev to Europe/Kyiv, as "Kyiv" is more common in
+    English now.  Spelling of other names in Ukraine has not yet
+    demonstrably changed in common English practice so for now these
+    names retain old spellings, as in other countries (e.g.,
+    Europe/Prague not "Praha", and Europe/Sofia not "Sofiya").
+
+  Changes to code
+
+    zic has a new option '-R @N' to output explicit transitions < N.
+    (Need suggested by Almaz Mingaleev.)
+
+    'zic -r @N' no longer outputs bad data when N < first transition.
+    (Problem introduced in 2021d and reported by Peter Krefting.)
+
+    zic now checks its input for NUL bytes and unterminated lines, and
+    now supports input line lengths up to 2048 (not 512) bytes.
+
+    gmtime and related code now use the abbreviation "UTC" not "GMT".
+    POSIX is being revised to require this.
+
+    When tzset and related functions set vestigial static variables
+    like tzname, they now prefer specified timestamps to unspecified ones.
+    (Problem reported by Almaz Mingaleev.)
+
+    zic no longer complains "can't determine time zone abbreviation to
+    use just after until time" when a transition to a new standard
+    time occurs simultaneously with the first DST fallback transition.
+
+  Changes to build procedure
+
+    Source data in vanguard form now uses the %z notation, introduced
+    in release 2015f.  For example, for America/Sao_Paulo vanguard
+    form contains the zone continuation line "-3:00 Brazil %z", which
+    is simpler and more reliable than the line "-3:00 Brazil -03/-02"
+    used in main and rearguard forms.  The plan is for the main form
+    to use %z eventually; in the meantime maintainers of zi parsers
+    are encouraged to test the parsers on vanguard.zi.
+
+    The Makefile has a new PACKRATLIST option to select a subset of
+    'backzone'.  For example, 'make PACKRATDATA=backzone
+    PACKRATLIST=zone.tab' now generates TZif files identical to those
+    of the global-tz project.
+
+    The Makefile has a new tailored_tarballs target for generating
+    special-purpose tarballs.  It generalizes and replaces the
+    rearguard_tarballs target and related targets and macros, which
+    are now obsolescent.
+
+    'make install' now defaults LOCALTIME to Factory not GMT,
+    which means the default abbreviation is now "-00" not "GMT".
+
+    Remove the posix_packrat target, marked obsolescent in 2016a.
+
+
+Release 2022a - 2022-03-15 23:02:01 -0700
+
+  Briefly:
+    Palestine will spring forward on 2022-03-27, not -03-26.
+    zdump -v now outputs better failure indications.
+    Bug fixes for code that reads corrupted TZif data.
+
+  Changes to future timestamps
+
+    Palestine will spring forward on 2022-03-27, not 2022-03-26.
+    (Thanks to Heba Hamad.)  Predict future transitions for first
+    Sunday >= March 25.  Additionally, predict fallbacks to be the first
+    Friday on or after October 23, not October's last Friday, to be more
+    consistent with recent practice.  The first differing fallback
+    prediction is on 2025-10-24, not 2025-10-31.
+
+  Changes to past timestamps
+
+    From 1992 through spring 1996, Ukraine's DST transitions were at
+    02:00 standard time, not at 01:00 UTC.  (Thanks to Alois Treindl.)
+
+    Chile's Santiago Mean Time and its LMT precursor have been adjusted
+    eastward by 1 second to align with past and present law.
+
+  Changes to commentary
+
+    Add several references for Chile's 1946/1947 transitions, some of
+    which only affected portions of the country.
+
+  Changes to code
+
+    Fix bug when mktime gets confused by truncated TZif files with
+    unspecified local time.  (Problem reported by Almaz Mingaleev.)
+
+    Fix bug when 32-bit time_t code reads malformed 64-bit TZif data.
+    (Problem reported by Christos Zoulas.)
+
+    When reading a version 2 or later TZif file, the TZif reader now
+    validates the version 1 header and data block only enough to skip
+    over them, as recommended by RFC 8536 section 4.  Also, the TZif
+    reader no longer mistakenly attempts to parse a version 1 TZIf
+    file header as a TZ string.
+
+    zdump -v now outputs "(localtime failed)" and "(gmtime failed)"
+    when local time and UT cannot be determined for a timestamp.
+
+  Changes to build procedure
+
+    Distribution tarballs now use standard POSIX.1-1988 ustar format
+    instead of GNU format.  Although the formats are almost identical
+    for these tarballs, ustar headers' magic fields contain "ustar"
+    instead of "ustar ", and their version fields contain "00" instead
+    of " ".  The two formats are planned to diverge more significantly
+    for tzdb releases after 2242-03-16 12:56:31 UTC, when the ustar
+    format becomes obsolete and the tarballs switch to pax format, an
+    extension of ustar.  For details about these formats, please see
+    "pax - portable archive interchange", IEEE Std 1003.1-2017,
+    <https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/pax.html#tag_20_92_13>.
+
+
+Release 2021e - 2021-10-21 18:41:00 -0700
+
+  Changes to future timestamps
+
+    Palestine will fall back 10-29 (not 10-30) at 01:00.
+    (Thanks to P Chan and Heba Hemad.)
+
+
+Release 2021d - 2021-10-15 13:48:18 -0700
+
+  Briefly:
+    Fiji suspends DST for the 2021/2022 season.
+    'zic -r' marks unspecified timestamps with "-00".
+
+  Changes to future timestamps
+
+    Fiji will suspend observance of DST for the 2021/2022 season.
+    Assume for now that it will return next year.  (Thanks to Jashneel
+    Kumar and P Chan.)
+
+  Changes to code
+
+    'zic -r' now uses "-00" time zone abbreviations for intervals
+    with UT offsets that are unspecified due to -r truncation.
+    This implements a change in draft Internet RFC 8536bis.
+
+
+Release 2021c - 2021-10-01 14:21:49 -0700
+
+  Briefly:
+    Revert most 2021b changes to 'backward'.
+    Fix 'zic -b fat' bug in pre-1970 32-bit data.
+    Fix two Link line typos.
+    Distribute SECURITY file.
+
+    This release is intended as a bugfix release, to fix compatibility
+    problems and typos reported since 2021b was released.
+
+  Changes to Link directives
+
+    Revert almost all of 2021b's changes to the 'backward' file,
+    by moving Link directives back to where they were in 2021a.
+    Although 'zic' doesn't care which source file contains a Link
+    directive, some downstream uses ran into trouble with the move.
+    (Problem reported by Stephen Colebourne for Joda-Time.)
+
+    Fix typo that linked Atlantic/Jan_Mayen to the wrong location
+    (problem reported by Chris Walton).
+
+    Fix 'backzone' typo that linked America/Virgin to the wrong
+    location (problem reported by Michael Deckers).
+
+  Changes to code
+
+    Fix a bug in 'zic -b fat' that caused old timestamps to be
+    mishandled in 32-bit-only readers (problem reported by Daniel
+    Fischer).
+
+  Changes to documentation
+
+    Distribute the SECURITY file (problem reported by Andreas Radke).
+
+
+Release 2021b - 2021-09-24 16:23:00 -0700
+
+  Briefly:
+    Jordan now starts DST on February's last Thursday.
+    Samoa no longer observes DST.
+    Merge more location-based Zones whose timestamps agree since 1970.
+    Move some backward-compatibility links to 'backward'.
+    Rename Pacific/Enderbury to Pacific/Kanton.
+    Correct many pre-1993 transitions in Malawi, Portugal, etc.
+    zic now creates each output file or link atomically.
+    zic -L no longer omits the POSIX TZ string in its output.
+    zic fixes for truncation and leap second table expiration.
+    zic now follows POSIX for TZ strings using all-year DST.
+    Fix some localtime crashes and bugs in obscure cases.
+    zdump -v now outputs more-useful boundary cases.
+    tzfile.5 better matches a draft successor to RFC 8536.
+    A new file SECURITY.
+
+    This release is prompted by recent announcements by Jordan and Samoa.
+    It incorporates many other changes that had accumulated since 2021a.
+    However, it omits most proposed changes that merged all Zones
+    agreeing since 1970, as concerns were raised about doing too many of
+    these changes at once.  It does keeps some of these changes in the
+    interest of making tzdb more equitable one step at a time; see
+    "Merge more location-based Zones" below.
+
+  Changes to future timestamps
+
+    Jordan now starts DST on February's last Thursday.
+    (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+    Samoa no longer observes DST.  (Thanks to Geoffrey D. Bennett.)
+
+  Changes to zone name
+
+    Rename Pacific/Enderbury to Pacific/Kanton.  When we added
+    Enderbury in 1993, we did not know that it is uninhabited and that
+    Kanton (population two dozen) is the only inhabited location in
+    that timezone.  The old name is now a backward-compatibility link.
+
+  Changes to past timestamps
+
+    Correct many pre-1993 transitions, fixing entries originally
+    derived from Shanks, Whitman, and Mundell.  The fixes include:
+      - Barbados: standard time was introduced in 1911, not 1932; and
+	DST was observed in 1942-1944
+      - Cook Islands: In 1899 they switched from east to west of GMT,
+	celebrating Christmas for two days.  They (and Niue) switched
+	to standard time in 1952, not 1901.
+      - Guyana: corrected LMT for Georgetown; the introduction of
+	standard time in 1911, not 1915; and corrections to 1975 and
+	1992 transitions
+      - Kanton: uninhabited before 1937-08-31
+      - Niue: only observed -11:20 from 1952 through 1964, then went to
+        -11 instead of -11:30
+      - Portugal: DST was observed in 1950
+      - Tonga: corrected LMT; the introduction of standard time in 1945,
+        not 1901; and corrections to the transition from +12:20 to +13
+        in 1961, not 1941
+    Additional fixes to entries in the 'backzone' file include:
+      - Enderbury: inhabited only 1860/1885 and 1938-03-06/1942-02-09
+      - The Gambia: 1933 and 1942 transitions
+      - Malawi: several 1911 through 1925 transitions
+      - Sierra Leone: several 1913 through 1941 transitions, and DST
+	was NOT observed in 1957 through 1962
+    (Thanks to P Chan, Michael Deckers, Alexander Krivenyshev and
+    Alois Treindl.)
+
+    Merge more location-based Zones whose timestamps agree since 1970,
+    as pre-1970 timestamps are out of scope.  This is part of a
+    process that has been ongoing since 2013.  This does not affect
+    post-1970 timestamps, and timezone historians who build with 'make
+    PACKRATDATA=backzone' should see no changes to pre-1970 timestamps.
+    When merging, keep the most-populous location's data, and move
+    data for other locations to 'backzone' with a backward
+    link in 'backward'.  For example, move America/Creston data to
+    'backzone' with a link in 'backward' from America/Phoenix because
+    the two timezones' timestamps agree since 1970; this change
+    affects some pre-1968 timestamps in America/Creston because
+    Creston and Phoenix disagreed before 1968.  The affected Zones
+    are Africa/Accra, America/Atikokan, America/Blanc-Sablon,
+    America/Creston, America/Curacao, America/Nassau,
+    America/Port_of_Spain, Antarctica/DumontDUrville, and
+    Antarctica/Syowa.
+
+  Changes to maintenance procedure
+
+    The new file SECURITY covers how to report security-related bugs.
+
+    Several backward-compatibility links have been moved to the
+    'backward' file.  These links, which range from Africa/Addis_Ababa
+    to Pacific/Saipan, are only for compatibility with now-obsolete
+    guidelines suggesting an entry for every ISO 3166 code.
+    The intercontinental convenience links Asia/Istanbul and
+    Europe/Nicosia have also been moved to 'backward'.
+
+  Changes to code
+
+    zic now creates each output file or link atomically,
+    possibly by creating a temporary file and then renaming it.
+    This avoids races where a TZ setting would temporarily stop
+    working while zic was installing a replacement file or link.
+
+    zic -L no longer omits the POSIX TZ string in its output.
+    Starting with 2020a, zic -L truncated its output according to the
+    "Expires" directive or "#expires" comment in the leapseconds file.
+    The resulting TZif files omitted daylight saving transitions after
+    the leap second table expired, which led to far less accurate
+    predictions of times after the expiry.  Although future timestamps
+    cannot be converted accurately in the presence of leap seconds, it
+    is more accurate to convert near-future timestamps with a few
+    seconds error than with an hour error, so zic -L no longer
+    truncates output in this way.
+
+    Instead, when zic -L is given the "Expires" directive, it now
+    outputs the expiration by appending a no-change entry to the leap
+    second table.  Although this should work well with most TZif
+    readers, it does not conform to Internet RFC 8536 and some pickier
+    clients (including tzdb 2017c through 2021a) reject it, so
+    "Expires" directives are currently disabled by default.  To enable
+    them, set the EXPIRES_LINE Makefile variable.  If a TZif file uses
+    this new feature it is marked with a new TZif version number 4,
+    a format intended to be documented in a successor to RFC 8536.
+    The old-format "#expires" comments are now treated solely as
+    comments and have no effect on the TZif files.
+
+    zic -L LEAPFILE -r @LO no longer generates an invalid TZif file
+    that omits leap second information for the range LO..B when LO
+    falls between two leap seconds A and B.  Instead, it generates a
+    TZif version 4 file that represents the previously missing
+    information.
+
+    The TZif reader now allows the leap second table to begin with a
+    correction other than -1 or +1, and to contain adjacent
+    transitions with equal corrections.  This supports TZif version 4.
+
+    The TZif reader now lets leap seconds occur less than 28 days
+    apart.  This supports possible future TZif extensions.
+
+    Fix bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to crash when TZ was
+    set to a all-year DST string like "EST5EDT4,0/0,J365/25" that does
+    not conform to POSIX but does conform to Internet RFC 8536.
+
+    Fix another bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to crash when TZ was
+    set to a POSIX-conforming but unusual TZ string like
+    "EST5EDT4,0/0,J365/0", where almost all the year is DST.
+
+    Fix yet another bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to mishandle slim
+    TZif files containing leap seconds after the last explicit
+    transition in the table, or when handling far-future timestamps
+    in slim TZif files lacking leap seconds.
+
+    Fix localtime misbehavior involving positive leap seconds.
+    This change affects only behavior for "right" system time,
+    which contains leap seconds, and only if the UT offset is
+    not a multiple of 60 seconds when a positive leap second occurs.
+    (No such timezone exists in tzdb, luckily.)  Without the fix,
+    the timestamp was ambiguous during a positive leap second.
+    With the fix, any seconds occurring after a positive leap second
+    and within the same localtime minute are counted through 60, not
+    through 59; their UT offset (tm_gmtoff) is the same as before.
+    Here is how the fix affects timestamps in a timezone with UT
+    offset +01:23:45 (5025 seconds) and with a positive leap second at
+    1972-06-30 23:59:60 UTC (78796800):
+
+	time_t    without the fix      with the fix
+	78796800  1972-07-01 01:23:45  1972-07-01 01:23:45 (leap second)
+	78796801  1972-07-01 01:23:45  1972-07-01 01:23:46
+	...
+	78796815  1972-07-01 01:23:59  1972-07-01 01:23:60
+	78796816  1972-07-01 01:24:00  1972-07-01 01:24:00
+
+    Fix an unlikely bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to misbehave if
+    civil time changes a few seconds before time_t wraps around, when
+    leap seconds are enabled.
+
+    Fix bug in zic -r; in some cases, the dummy time type after the
+    last time transition disagreed with the TZ string, contrary to
+    Internet RFC 8563 section 3.3.
+
+    Fix a bug with 'zic -r @X' when X is a negative leap second that
+    has a nonnegative correction.  Without the fix, the output file
+    was truncated so that X appeared to be a positive leap second.
+    Fix a similar, even less likely bug when truncating at a positive
+    leap second that has a nonpositive correction.
+
+    zic -r now reports an error if given rolling leap seconds, as this
+    usage has never generally worked and is evidently unused.
+
+    zic now generates a POSIX-conforming TZ string for TZif files
+    where all-year DST is predicted for the indefinite future.
+    For example, for all-year Eastern Daylight Time, zic now generates
+    "XXX3EDT4,0/0,J365/23" where it previously generated
+    "EST5EDT,0/0,J365/25" or "".  (Thanks to Michael Deckers for
+    noting the possibility of POSIX conformance.)
+
+    zic.c no longer requires sys/wait.h (thanks to spazmodius for
+    noting it wasn't needed).
+
+    When reading slim TZif files, zdump no longer mishandles leap
+    seconds on the rare platforms where time_t counts leap seconds,
+    fixing a bug introduced in 2014g.
+
+    zdump -v now outputs timestamps at boundaries of what localtime
+    and gmtime can represent, instead of the less useful timestamps
+    one day after the minimum and one day before the maximum.
+    (Thanks to Arthur David Olson for prototype code, and to Manuela
+    Friedrich for debugging help.)
+
+    zdump's -c and -t options are now consistently inclusive for the
+    lower time bound and exclusive for the upper.  Formerly they were
+    inconsistent.  (Confusion noted by Martin Burnicki.)
+
+  Changes to build procedure
+
+    You can now compile with -DHAVE_MALLOC_ERRNO=0 to port to
+    non-POSIX hosts where malloc doesn't set errno.
+    (Problem reported by Jan Engelhardt.)
+
+  Changes to documentation
+
+    tzfile.5 better matches a draft successor to RFC 8536
+    <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-murchison-rfc8536bis/01/>.
+
+
+Release 2021a - 2021-01-24 10:54:57 -0800
+
+  Changes to future timestamps
+
+    South Sudan changes from +03 to +02 on 2021-02-01 at 00:00.
+    (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+
+Release 2020f - 2020-12-29 00:17:46 -0800
+
+  Change to build procedure
+
+    'make rearguard_tarballs' no longer generates a bad rearguard.zi,
+    fixing a 2020e bug.  (Problem reported by Deborah Goldsmith.)
+
+
+Release 2020e - 2020-12-22 15:14:34 -0800
+
+  Briefly:
+    Volgograd switches to Moscow time on 2020-12-27 at 02:00.
+
+  Changes to future timestamps
+
+    Volgograd changes time zone from +04 to +03 on 2020-12-27 at 02:00.
+    (Thanks to Alexander Krivenyshev and Stepan Golosunov.)
+
+  Changes to past timestamps
+
+    Correct many pre-1986 transitions, fixing entries originally
+    derived from Shanks.  The fixes include:
+      - Australia: several 1917 through 1971 transitions
+      - The Bahamas: several 1941 through 1945 transitions
+      - Bermuda: several 1917 through 1956 transitions
+      - Belize: several 1942 through 1968 transitions
+      - Ghana: several 1915 through 1956 transitions
+      - Israel and Palestine: several 1940 through 1985 transitions
+      - Kenya and adjacent: several 1908 through 1960 transitions
+      - Nigeria and adjacent: correcting LMT in Lagos, and several 1905
+        through 1919 transitions
+      - Seychelles: the introduction of standard time in 1907, not 1906
+      - Vanuatu: DST in 1973-1974, and a corrected 1984 transition
+    (Thanks to P Chan.)
+
+    Because of the Australia change, Australia/Currie (King Island) is
+    no longer needed, as it is identical to Australia/Hobart for all
+    timestamps since 1970 and was therefore created by mistake.
+    Australia/Currie has been moved to the 'backward' file and its
+    corrected data moved to the 'backzone' file.
+
+  Changes to past time zone abbreviations and DST flags
+
+    To better match legislation in Turks and Caicos, the 2015 shift to
+    year-round observance of -04 is now modeled as AST throughout before
+    returning to Eastern Time with US DST in 2018, rather than as
+    maintaining EDT until 2015-11-01.  (Thanks to P Chan.)
+
+  Changes to documentation
+
+    The zic man page now documents zic's coalescing of transitions
+    when a zone falls back just before DST springs forward.
+
+
+Release 2020d - 2020-10-21 11:24:13 -0700
+
+  Briefly:
+    Palestine ends DST earlier than predicted, on 2020-10-24.
+
+  Changes to past and future timestamps
+
+    Palestine ends DST on 2020-10-24 at 01:00, instead of 2020-10-31
+    as previously predicted (thanks to Sharef Mustafa.)  Its
+    2019-10-26 fall-back was at 00:00, not 01:00 (thanks to Steffen
+    Thorsen.)  Its 2015-10-23 transition was at 01:00 not 00:00, and
+    its spring 2020 transition was on March 28 at 00:00, not March 27
+    (thanks to Pierre Cashon.)  This affects Asia/Gaza and
+    Asia/Hebron.  Assume future spring and fall transitions will be on
+    the Saturday preceding the last Sunday of March and October,
+    respectively.
+
+
+Release 2020c - 2020-10-16 11:15:53 -0700
+
+  Briefly:
+    Fiji starts DST later than usual, on 2020-12-20.
+
+  Changes to future timestamps
+
+    Fiji will start DST on 2020-12-20, instead of 2020-11-08 as
+    previously predicted.  DST will still end on 2021-01-17.
+    (Thanks to Raymond Kumar and Alan Mintz.)  Assume for now that
+    the later-than-usual start date is a one-time departure from the
+    recent pattern.
+
+  Changes to build procedure
+
+    Rearguard tarballs now contain an empty file pacificnew.
+    Some older downstream software expects this file to exist.
+    (Problem reported by Mike Cullinan.)
+
+
+Release 2020b - 2020-10-06 18:35:04 -0700
+
+  Briefly:
+    Revised predictions for Morocco's changes starting in 2023.
+    Canada's Yukon changes to -07 on 2020-11-01, not 2020-03-08.
+    Macquarie Island has stayed in sync with Tasmania since 2011.
+    Casey, Antarctica is at +08 in winter and +11 in summer.
+    zic no longer supports -y, nor the TYPE field of Rules.
+
+  Changes to future timestamps
+
+    Morocco's spring-forward after Ramadan is now predicted to occur
+    no sooner than two days after Ramadan, instead of one day.
+    (Thanks to Milamber.)  The first altered prediction is for 2023,
+    now predicted to spring-forward on April 30 instead of April 23.
+
+  Changes to past and future timestamps
+
+   Casey Station, Antarctica has been using +08 in winter and +11 in
+   summer since 2018.  The most recent transition from +08 to +11 was
+   2020-10-04 00:01.  Also, Macquarie Island has been staying in
+   sync with Tasmania since 2011.  (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+  Changes to past and future time zone abbreviations and DST flags
+
+    Canada's Yukon, represented by America/Whitehorse and
+    America/Dawson, changes its time zone rules from -08/-07 to
+    permanent -07 on 2020-11-01, not on 2020-03-08 as 2020a had it.
+    This change affects only the time zone abbreviation (MST vs PDT)
+    and daylight saving flag for the period between the two dates.
+    (Thanks to Andrew G. Smith.)
+
+  Changes to past timestamps
+
+    Correct several transitions for Hungary for 1918/1983.
+    For example, the 1983-09-25 fall-back was at 01:00, not 03:00.
+    (Thanks to Géza Nyáry.)  Also, the 1890 transition to standard
+    time was on 11-01, not 10-01 (thanks to Michael Deckers).
+
+    The 1891 French transition was on March 16, not March 15.  The
+    1911-03-11 French transition was at midnight, not a minute later.
+    Monaco's transitions were on 1892-06-01 and 1911-03-29, not
+    1891-03-15 and 1911-03-11.  (Thanks to Michael Deckers.)
+
+  Changes to code
+
+    Support for zic's long-obsolete '-y YEARISTYPE' option has been
+    removed and, with it, so has support for the TYPE field in Rule
+    lines, which is now reserved for compatibility with earlier zic.
+    These features were previously deprecated in release 2015f.
+    (Thanks to Tim Parenti.)
+
+    zic now defaults to '-b slim' instead of to '-b fat'.
+
+    zic's new '-l -' and '-p -' options uninstall any existing
+    localtime and posixrules files, respectively.
+
+    The undocumented and ineffective tzsetwall function has been
+    removed.
+
+  Changes to build procedure
+
+    The Makefile now defaults POSIXRULES to '-', so the posixrules
+    feature (obsolete as of 2019b) is no longer installed by default.
+
+  Changes to documentation and commentary
+
+    The long-obsolete files pacificnew, systemv, and yearistype.sh have
+    been removed from the distribution.  (Thanks to Tim Parenti.)
+
+
+Release 2020a - 2020-04-23 16:03:47 -0700
+
+  Briefly:
+    Morocco springs forward on 2020-05-31, not 2020-05-24.
+    Canada's Yukon advanced to -07 year-round on 2020-03-08.
+    America/Nuuk renamed from America/Godthab.
+    zic now supports expiration dates for leap second lists.
+
+  Changes to future timestamps
+
+    Morocco's second spring-forward transition in 2020 will be May 31,
+    not May 24 as predicted earlier.  (Thanks to Semlali Naoufal.)
+    Adjust future-year predictions to use the first Sunday after the
+    day after Ramadan, not the first Sunday after Ramadan.
+
+    Canada's Yukon, represented by America/Whitehorse and
+    America/Dawson, advanced to -07 year-round, beginning with its
+    spring-forward transition on 2020-03-08, and will not fall back on
+    2020-11-01.  Although a government press release calls this
+    "permanent Pacific Daylight Saving Time", we prefer MST for
+    consistency with nearby Dawson Creek, Creston, and Fort Nelson.
+    (Thanks to Tim Parenti.)
+
+  Changes to past timestamps
+
+    Shanghai observed DST in 1919.  (Thanks to Phake Nick.)
+
+  Changes to timezone identifiers
+
+    To reflect current usage in English better, America/Godthab has
+    been renamed to America/Nuuk.  A backwards-compatibility link
+    remains for the old name.
+
+  Changes to code
+
+    localtime.c no longer mishandles timestamps after the last
+    transition in a TZif file with leap seconds and with daylight
+    saving time transitions projected into the indefinite future.
+    For example, with TZ='America/Los_Angeles' with leap seconds,
+    zdump formerly reported a DST transition on 2038-03-14
+    from 01:59:32.999... to 02:59:33 instead of the correct transition
+    from 01:59:59.999... to 03:00:00.
+
+    zic -L now supports an Expires line in the leapseconds file, and
+    truncates the TZif output accordingly.  This propagates leap
+    second expiration information into the TZif file, and avoids the
+    abovementioned localtime.c bug as well as similar bugs present in
+    many client implementations.  If no Expires line is present, zic
+    -L instead truncates the TZif output based on the #expires comment
+    present in leapseconds files distributed by tzdb 2018f and later;
+    however, this usage is obsolescent.  For now, the distributed
+    leapseconds file has an Expires line that is commented out, so
+    that the file can be fed to older versions of zic which ignore the
+    commented-out line.  Future tzdb distributions are planned to
+    contain a leapseconds file with an Expires line.
+
+    The configuration macros HAVE_TZNAME and USG_COMPAT should now be
+    set to 1 if the system library supports the feature, and 2 if not.
+    As before, these macros are nonzero if tzcode should support the
+    feature, zero otherwise.
+
+    The configuration macro ALTZONE now has the same values with the
+    same meaning as HAVE_TZNAME and USG_COMPAT.
+
+    The code's defense against CRLF in leap-seconds.list is now
+    portable to POSIX awk.  (Problem reported by Deborah Goldsmith.)
+
+    Although the undocumented tzsetwall function is not changed in
+    this release, it is now deprecated in preparation for removal in
+    future releases.  Due to POSIX requirements, tzsetwall has not
+    worked for some time.  Any code that uses it should instead use
+    tzalloc(NULL) or, if portability trumps thread-safety, should
+    unset the TZ environment variable.
+
+  Changes to commentary
+
+    The Îles-de-la-Madeleine and the Listuguj reserve are noted as
+    following America/Halifax, and comments about Yukon's "south" and
+    "north" have been corrected to say "east" and "west".  (Thanks to
+    Jeffery Nichols.)
+
+
+Release 2019c - 2019-09-11 08:59:48 -0700
+
+  Briefly:
+    Fiji observes DST from 2019-11-10 to 2020-01-12.
+    Norfolk Island starts observing Australian-style DST.
+
+  Changes to future timestamps
+
+    Fiji's next DST transitions will be 2019-11-10 and 2020-01-12
+    instead of 2019-11-03 and 2020-01-19.  (Thanks to Raymond Kumar.)
+    Adjust future guesses accordingly.
+
+    Norfolk Island will observe Australian-style DST starting in
+    spring 2019.  The first transition is on 2019-10-06.  (Thanks to
+    Kyle Czech and Michael Deckers.)
+
+  Changes to past timestamps
+
+    Many corrections to time in Turkey from 1940 through 1985.
+    (Thanks to Oya Vulaş via Alois Treindl, and to Kıvanç Yazan.)
+
+    The Norfolk Island 1975-03-02 transition was at 02:00 standard
+    time, not 02:00 DST.  (Thanks to Michael Deckers.)
+
+    South Korea observed DST from 1948 through 1951.  Although this
+    info was supposed to appear in release 2014j, a typo inadvertently
+    suppressed the change.  (Thanks to Alois Treindl.)
+
+    Detroit observed DST in 1967 and 1968 following the US DST rules,
+    except that its 1967 DST began on June 14 at 00:01.  (Thanks to
+    Alois Treindl for pointing out that the old data entries were
+    probably wrong.)
+
+    Fix several errors in pre-1970 transitions in Perry County, IN.
+    (Thanks to Alois Treindl for pointing out the 1967/9 errors.)
+
+    Edmonton did not observe DST in 1967 or 1969.  In 1946 Vancouver
+    ended DST on 09-29 not 10-13, and Vienna ended DST on 10-07 not
+    10-06.  In 1945 Königsberg (now Kaliningrad) switched from +01/+02
+    to +02/+03 on 04-10 not 01-01, and its +02/+03 is abbreviated
+    EET/EEST, not CET/CEST.  (Thanks to Alois Treindl.)  In 1946
+    Königsberg switched to +03 on 04-07 not 01-01.
+
+    In 1946 Louisville switched from CST to CDT on 04-28 at 00:01, not
+    01-01 at 00:00.  (Thanks to Alois Treindl and Michael Deckers.)
+    Also, it switched from CST to CDT on 1950-04-30, not 1947-04-27.
+
+    The 1892-05-01 transition in Brussels was at 00:17:30, not at noon.
+    (Thanks to Michael Deckers.)
+
+  Changes to past time zone abbreviations and DST flags
+
+    Hong Kong Winter Time, observed from 1941-10-01 to 1941-12-25,
+    is now flagged as DST and is abbreviated HKWT not HKT.
+
+  Changes to code
+
+    leapseconds.awk now relies only on its input data, rather than
+    also relying on its comments.  (Inspired by code from Dennis
+    Ferguson and Chris Woodbury.)
+
+    The code now defends against CRLFs in leap-seconds.list.
+    (Thanks to Brian Inglis and Chris Woodbury.)
+
+  Changes to documentation and commentary
+
+    theory.html discusses leap seconds.  (Thanks to Steve Summit.)
+
+    Nashville's newspapers dueled about the time of day in the 1950s.
+    (Thanks to John Seigenthaler.)
+
+    Liechtenstein observed Swiss DST in 1941/2.
+    (Thanks to Alois Treindl.)
+
+
+Release 2019b - 2019-07-01 00:09:53 -0700
+
+  Briefly:
+    Brazil no longer observes DST.
+    'zic -b slim' outputs smaller TZif files; please try it out.
+    Palestine's 2019 spring-forward transition was on 03-29, not 03-30.
+
+  Changes to future timestamps
+
+    Brazil has canceled DST and will stay on standard time indefinitely.
+    (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen, Marcus Diniz, and Daniel Soares de
+    Oliveira.)
+
+    Predictions for Morocco now go through 2087 instead of 2037, to
+    work around a problem on newlib when using TZif files output by
+    zic 2019a or earlier.  (Problem reported by David Gauchard.)
+
+  Changes to past and future timestamps
+
+    Palestine's 2019 spring transition was 03-29 at 00:00, not 03-30
+    at 01:00.  (Thanks to Sharef Mustafa and Even Scharning.)  Guess
+    future transitions to be March's last Friday at 00:00.
+
+  Changes to past timestamps
+
+    Hong Kong's 1941-06-15 spring-forward transition was at 03:00, not
+    03:30.  Its 1945 transition from JST to HKT was on 11-18 at 02:00,
+    not 09-15 at 00:00.  In 1946 its spring-forward transition was on
+    04-21 at 00:00, not the previous day at 03:30.  From 1946 through
+    1952 its fall-back transitions occurred at 04:30, not at 03:30.
+    In 1947 its fall-back transition was on 11-30, not 12-30.
+    (Thanks to P Chan.)
+
+  Changes to past time zone abbreviations
+
+    Italy's 1866 transition to Rome Mean Time was on December 12, not
+    September 22.  This affects only the time zone abbreviation for
+    Europe/Rome between those dates.  (Thanks to Stephen Trainor and
+    Luigi Rosa.)
+
+  Changes affecting metadata only
+
+    Add info about the Crimea situation in zone1970.tab and zone.tab.
+    (Problem reported by Serhii Demediuk.)
+
+  Changes to code
+
+    zic's new -b option supports a way to control data bloat and to
+    test for year-2038 bugs in software that reads TZif files.
+    'zic -b fat' and 'zic -b slim' generate larger and smaller output;
+    for example, changing from fat to slim shrinks the Europe/London
+    file from 3648 to 1599 bytes, saving about 56%.  Fat and slim
+    files represent the same set of timestamps and use the same TZif
+    format as documented in tzfile(5) and in Internet RFC 8536.
+    Fat format attempts to work around bugs or incompatibilities in
+    older software, notably software that mishandles 64-bit TZif data
+    or uses obsolete TZ strings like "EET-2EEST" that lack DST rules.
+    Slim format is more efficient and does not work around 64-bit bugs
+    or obsolete TZ strings.  Currently zic defaults to fat format
+    unless you compile with -DZIC_BLOAT_DEFAULT=\"slim\"; this
+    out-of-the-box default is intended to change in future releases
+    as the buggy software often mishandles timestamps anyway.
+
+    zic no longer treats a set of rules ending in 2037 specially.
+    Previously, zic assumed that such a ruleset meant that future
+    timestamps could not be predicted, and therefore omitted a
+    POSIX-like TZ string in the TZif output.  The old behavior is no
+    longer needed for current tzdata, and caused problems with newlib
+    when used with older tzdata (reported by David Gauchard).
+
+    zic no longer generates some artifact transitions.  For example,
+    Europe/London no longer has a no-op transition in January 1996.
+
+  Changes to build procedure
+
+    tzdata.zi now assumes zic 2017c or later.  This shrinks tzdata.zi
+    by a percent or so.
+
+  Changes to documentation and commentary
+
+    The Makefile now documents the POSIXRULES macro as being obsolete,
+    and similarly, zic's -p POSIXRULES option is now documented as
+    being obsolete.  Although the POSIXRULES feature still exists and
+    works as before, in practice it is rarely used for its intended
+    purpose, and it does not work either in the default reference
+    implementation (for timestamps after 2037) or in common
+    implementations such as GNU/Linux (for contemporary timestamps).
+    Since POSIXRULES was designed primarily as a temporary transition
+    facility for System V platforms that died off decades ago, it is
+    being decommissioned rather than institutionalized.
+
+    New info on Bonin Islands and Marcus (thanks to Wakaba and Phake Nick).
+
+
+Release 2019a - 2019-03-25 22:01:33 -0700
+
+  Briefly:
+    Palestine "springs forward" on 2019-03-30 instead of 2019-03-23.
+    Metlakatla "fell back" to rejoin Alaska Time on 2019-01-20 at 02:00.
+
+  Changes to past and future timestamps
+
+    Palestine will not start DST until 2019-03-30, instead of 2019-03-23 as
+    previously predicted.  Adjust our prediction by guessing that spring
+    transitions will be between 24 and 30 March, which matches recent practice
+    since 2016.  (Thanks to Even Scharning and Tim Parenti.)
+
+    Metlakatla ended its observance of Pacific standard time,
+    rejoining Alaska Time, on 2019-01-20 at 02:00.  (Thanks to Ryan
+    Stanley and Tim Parenti.)
+
+  Changes to past timestamps
+
+    Israel observed DST in 1980 (08-02/09-13) and 1984 (05-05/08-25).
+    (Thanks to Alois Treindl and Isaac Starkman.)
+
+  Changes to time zone abbreviations
+
+    Etc/UCT is now a backward-compatibility link to Etc/UTC, instead
+    of being a separate zone that generates the abbreviation "UCT",
+    which nowadays is typically a typo.  (Problem reported by Isiah
+    Meadows.)
+
+  Changes to code
+
+    zic now has an -r option to limit the time range of output data.
+    For example, 'zic -r @1000000000' limits the output data to
+    timestamps starting 1000000000 seconds after the Epoch.
+    This helps shrink output size and can be useful for applications
+    not needing the full timestamp history, such as TZDIST truncation;
+    see Internet RFC 8536 section 5.1.  (Inspired by a feature request
+    from Christopher Wong, helped along by bug reports from Wong and
+    from Tim Parenti.)
+
+  Changes to documentation
+
+    Mention Internet RFC 8536 (February 2019), which documents TZif.
+
+    tz-link.html now cites tzdata-meta
+    <https://tzdata-meta.timtimeonline.com/>.
+
+
+Release 2018i - 2018-12-30 11:05:43 -0800
+
+  Briefly:
+    São Tomé and Príncipe switches from +01 to +00 on 2019-01-01.
+
+  Changes to future timestamps
+
+    Due to a change in government, São Tomé and Príncipe switches back
+    from +01 to +00 on 2019-01-01 at 02:00.  (Thanks to Vadim
+    Nasardinov and Michael Deckers.)
+
+
+Release 2018h - 2018-12-23 17:59:32 -0800
+
+  Briefly:
+    Qyzylorda, Kazakhstan moved from +06 to +05 on 2018-12-21.
+    New zone Asia/Qostanay because Qostanay, Kazakhstan didn't move.
+    Metlakatla, Alaska observes PST this winter only.
+    Guess Morocco will continue to adjust clocks around Ramadan.
+    Add predictions for Iran from 2038 through 2090.
+
+  Changes to future timestamps
+
+    Guess that Morocco will continue to fall back just before and
+    spring forward just after Ramadan, the practice since 2012.
+    (Thanks to Maamar Abdelkader.)  This means Morocco will observe
+    negative DST during Ramadan in main and vanguard formats, and in
+    rearguard format it stays in the +00 timezone and observes
+    ordinary DST in all months other than Ramadan.  As before, extend
+    this guesswork to the year 2037.  As a consequence, Morocco is
+    scheduled to observe three DST transitions in some Gregorian years
+    (e.g., 2033) due to the mismatch between the Gregorian and Islamic
+    calendars.
+
+    The table of exact transitions for Iranian DST has been extended.
+    It formerly cut off before the year 2038 in a nod to 32-bit time_t.
+    It now cuts off before 2091 as there is doubt about how the Persian
+    calendar will treat 2091.  This change predicts DST transitions in
+    2038-9, 2042-3, and 2046-7 to occur one day later than previously
+    predicted.  As before, post-cutoff transitions are approximated.
+
+  Changes to past and future timestamps
+
+    Qyzylorda (aka Kyzylorda) oblast in Kazakhstan moved from +06 to
+    +05 on 2018-12-21.  This is a zone split as Qostanay (aka
+    Kostanay) did not switch, so create a zone Asia/Qostanay.
+
+    Metlakatla moved from Alaska to Pacific standard time on 2018-11-04.
+    It did not change clocks that day and remains on -08 this winter.
+    (Thanks to Ryan Stanley.)  It will revert to the usual Alaska
+    rules next spring, so this change affects only timestamps
+    from 2018-11-04 through 2019-03-10.
+
+  Change to past timestamps
+
+    Kwajalein's 1993-08-20 transition from -12 to +12 was at 24:00,
+    not 00:00.  I transcribed the time incorrectly from Shanks.
+    (Thanks to Phake Nick.)
+
+    Nauru's 1979 transition was on 02-10 at 02:00, not 05-01 at 00:00.
+    (Thanks to Phake Nick.)
+
+    Guam observed DST irregularly from 1959 through 1977.
+    (Thanks to Phake Nick.)
+
+    Hong Kong observed DST in 1941 starting 06-15 (not 04-01), then on
+    10-01 changed standard time to +08:30 (not +08).  Its transition
+    back to +08 after WWII was on 1945-09-15, not the previous day.
+    Its 1904-10-30 change took effect at 01:00 +08 (not 00:00 LMT).
+    (Thanks to Phake Nick, Steve Allen, and Joseph Myers.)  Also,
+    its 1952 fallback was on 11-02 (not 10-25).
+
+    This release contains many changes to timestamps before 1946 due
+    to Japanese possession or occupation of Pacific/Chuuk,
+    Pacific/Guam, Pacific/Kosrae, Pacific/Kwajalein, Pacific/Majuro,
+    Pacific/Nauru, Pacific/Palau, and Pacific/Pohnpei.
+    (Thanks to Phake Nick.)
+
+    Assume that the Spanish East Indies was like the Philippines and
+    observed American time until the end of 1844.  This affects
+    Pacific/Chuuk, Pacific/Kosrae, Pacific/Palau, and Pacific/Pohnpei.
+
+  Changes to past tm_isdst flags
+
+    For the recent Morocco change, the tm_isdst flag should be 1 from
+    2018-10-27 00:00 to 2018-10-28 03:00.  (Thanks to Michael Deckers.)
+    Give a URL to the official decree.  (Thanks to Matt Johnson.)
+
+
+Release 2018g - 2018-10-26 22:22:45 -0700
+
+  Briefly:
+    Morocco switches to permanent +01 on 2018-10-28.
+
+  Changes to future timestamps
+
+    Morocco switches from +00/+01 to permanent +01 effective 2018-10-28,
+    so its clocks will not fall back as previously scheduled.
+    (Thanks to Mohamed Essedik Najd and Brian Inglis.)
+
+  Changes to code
+
+    When generating TZif files with leap seconds, zic no longer uses a
+    format that trips up older 32-bit clients, fixing a bug introduced
+    in 2018f.  (Reported by Daniel Fischer.)  Also, the zic workaround
+    for QTBUG-53071 now also works for TZif files with leap seconds.
+
+    The translator to rearguard format now rewrites the line
+    "Rule Japan 1948 1951 - Sep Sat>=8 25:00 0 S" to
+    "Rule Japan 1948 1951 - Sep Sun>=9  1:00 0 S".
+    This caters to zic before 2007 and to Oracle TZUpdater 2.2.0
+    and earlier.  (Reported by Christos Zoulas.)
+
+  Changes to past time zone abbreviations
+
+    Change HDT to HWT/HPT for WWII-era abbreviations in Hawaii.
+    This reverts to 2011h, as the abbreviation change in 2011i was
+    likely inadvertent.
+
+  Changes to documentation
+
+    tzfile.5 has new sections on interoperability issues.
+
+
+Release 2018f - 2018-10-18 00:14:18 -0700
+
+  Briefly:
+  Volgograd moves from +03 to +04 on 2018-10-28.
+  Fiji ends DST 2019-01-13, not 2019-01-20.
+  Most of Chile changes DST dates, effective 2019-04-06.
+
+  Changes to future timestamps
+
+    Volgograd moves from +03 to +04 on 2018-10-28 at 02:00.
+    (Thanks to Alexander Fetisov and Stepan Golosunov.)
+
+    Fiji ends DST 2019-01-13 instead of the 2019-01-20 previously
+    predicted.  (Thanks to Raymond Kumar.)  Adjust future predictions
+    accordingly.
+
+    Most of Chile will end DST on the first Saturday in April at 24:00 mainland
+    time, and resume DST on the first Saturday in September at 24:00 mainland
+    time.  The changes are effective from 2019-04-06, and do not affect the
+    Magallanes region modeled by America/Punta_Arenas.  (Thanks to Juan Correa
+    and Tim Parenti.)  Adjust future predictions accordingly.
+
+  Changes to past timestamps
+
+    The 2018-05-05 North Korea 30-minute time zone change took place
+    at 23:30 the previous day, not at 00:00 that day.
+
+    China's 1988 spring-forward transition was on April 17, not
+    April 10.  Its DST transitions in 1986/91 were at 02:00, not 00:00.
+    (Thanks to P Chan.)
+
+    Fix several issues for Macau before 1992.  Macau's pre-1904 LMT
+    was off by 10 s.  Macau switched to +08 in 1904 not 1912, and
+    temporarily switched to +09/+10 during World War II.  Macau
+    observed DST in 1942/79, not 1961/80, and there were several
+    errors for transition times and dates.  (Thanks to P Chan.)
+
+    The 1948-1951 fallback transitions in Japan were at 25:00 on
+    September's second Saturday, not at 24:00.  (Thanks to Phake Nick.)
+    zic turns this into 01:00 on the day after September's second
+    Saturday, which is the best that POSIX or C platforms can do.
+
+    Incorporate 1940-1949 Asia/Shanghai DST transitions from a 2014
+    paper by Li Yu, replacing more-questionable data from Shanks.
+
+  Changes to time zone abbreviations
+
+    Use "PST" and "PDT" for Philippine time.  (Thanks to Paul Goyette.)
+
+  Changes to code
+
+    zic now always generates TZif files where time type 0 is used for
+    timestamps before the first transition.  This simplifies the
+    reading of TZif files and should not affect behavior of existing
+    TZif readers because the same set of time types is used; only
+    their internal indexes may have changed.  This affects only the
+    legacy zones EST5EDT, CST6CDT, MST7MDT, PST8PDT, CET, MET, and
+    EET, which previously used nonzero types for these timestamps.
+
+    Because of the type 0 change, zic no longer outputs a dummy
+    transition at time -2**59 (before the Big Bang), as clients should
+    no longer need this to handle historical timestamps correctly.
+    This reverts a change introduced in 2013d and shrinks most TZif
+    files by a few bytes.
+
+    zic now supports negative time-of-day in Rule and Leap lines, e.g.,
+    "Rule X min max - Apr lastSun -6:00 1:00 -" means the transition
+    occurs at 18:00 on the Saturday before the last Sunday in April.
+    This behavior was documented in 2018a but the code did not
+    entirely match the documentation.
+
+    localtime.c no longer requires at least one time type in TZif
+    files that lack transitions or have a POSIX-style TZ string.  This
+    future-proofs the code against possible future extensions to the
+    format that would allow TZif files with POSIX-style TZ strings and
+    without transitions or time types.
+
+    A read-access subscript error in localtime.c has been fixed.
+    It could occur only in TZif files with timecnt == 0, something that
+    does not happen in practice now but could happen in future versions.
+
+    localtime.c no longer ignores TZif POSIX-style TZ strings that
+    specify only standard time.  Instead, these TZ strings now
+    override the default time type for timestamps after the last
+    transition (or for all timestamps if there are no transitions),
+    just as DST strings specifying DST have always done.
+
+    leapseconds.awk now outputs "#updated" and "#expires" comments,
+    and supports leap seconds at the ends of months other than June
+    and December.  (Inspired by suggestions from Chris Woodbury.)
+
+  Changes to documentation
+
+    New restrictions: A Rule name must start with a character that
+    is neither an ASCII digit nor "-" nor "+", and an unquoted name
+    should not use characters in the set "!$%&'()*,/:;<=>?@[\]^`{|}~".
+    The latter restriction makes room for future extensions (a
+    possibility noted by Tom Lane).
+
+    tzfile.5 now documents what time types apply before the first and
+    after the last transition, if any.
+
+    Documentation now uses the spelling "timezone" for a TZ setting
+    that determines timestamp history, and "time zone" for a
+    geographic region currently sharing the same standard time.
+
+    The name "TZif" is now used for the tz binary data format.
+
+    tz-link.htm now mentions the A0 TimeZone Migration utilities.
+    (Thanks to Aldrin Martoq for the link.)
+
+  Changes to build procedure
+
+    New 'make' target 'rearguard_tarballs' to build the rearguard
+    tarball only.  This is a convenience on platforms that lack lzip
+    if you want to build the rearguard tarball.  (Problem reported by
+    Deborah Goldsmith.)
+
+    tzdata.zi is now more stable from release to release.  (Problem
+    noted by Tom Lane.)  It is also a bit shorter.
+
+    tzdata.zi now can contain comment lines documenting configuration
+    information, such as which data format was selected, which input
+    files were used, and how leap seconds are treated.  (Problems
+    noted by Lester Caine and Brian Inglis.)  If the Makefile defaults
+    are used these comment lines are absent, for backward
+    compatibility.  A redistributor intending to alter its copy of the
+    files should also append "-LABEL" to the 'version' file's first
+    line, where "LABEL" identifies the redistributor's change.
+
+
+Release 2018e - 2018-05-01 23:42:51 -0700
+
+  Briefly:
+
+    North Korea switches back to +09 on 2018-05-05.
+    The main format uses negative DST again, for Ireland etc.
+    'make tarballs' now also builds a rearguard tarball.
+    New 's' and 'd' suffixes in SAVE columns of Rule and Zone lines.
+
+  Changes to past and future timestamps
+
+    North Korea switches back from +0830 to +09 on 2018-05-05.
+    (Thanks to Kang Seonghoon, Arthur David Olson, Seo Sanghyeon,
+    and Tim Parenti.)
+
+    Bring back the negative-DST changes of 2018a, except be more
+    compatible with data parsers that do not support negative DST.
+    Also, this now affects historical timestamps in Namibia and the
+    former Czechoslovakia, not just Ireland.  The main format now uses
+    negative DST to model timestamps in Europe/Dublin (from 1971 on),
+    Europe/Prague (1946/7), and Africa/Windhoek (1994/2017).  This
+    does not affect UT offsets, only time zone abbreviations and the
+    tm_isdst flag.  Also, this does not affect rearguard or vanguard
+    formats; effectively the main format now uses vanguard instead of
+    rearguard format.  Data parsers that do not support negative DST
+    can still use data from the rearguard tarball described below.
+
+  Changes to build procedure
+
+    The command 'make tarballs' now also builds the tarball
+    tzdataVERSION-rearguard.tar.gz, which is like tzdataVERSION.tar.gz
+    except that it uses rearguard format intended for trailing-edge
+    data parsers.
+
+  Changes to data format and to code
+
+    The SAVE column of Rule and Zone lines can now have an 's' or 'd'
+    suffix, which specifies whether the adjusted time is standard time
+    or daylight saving time.  If no suffix is given, daylight saving
+    time is used if and only if the SAVE column is nonzero; this is
+    the longstanding behavior.  Although this new feature is not used
+    in tzdata, it could be used to specify the legal time in Namibia
+    1994-2017, as opposed to the popular time (see below).
+
+  Changes to past timestamps
+
+    From 1994 through 2017 Namibia observed DST in winter, not summer.
+    That is, it used negative DST, as Ireland still does.  This change
+    does not affect UTC offsets; it affects only the tm_isdst flag and
+    the abbreviation used during summer, which is now CAT, not WAST.
+    Although (as noted by Michael Deckers) summer and winter time were
+    both simply called "standard time" in Namibian law, in common
+    practice winter time was considered to be DST (as noted by Stephen
+    Colebourne).  The full effect of this change is only in vanguard
+    and main format; in rearguard format, the tm_isdst flag is still
+    zero in winter and nonzero in summer.
+
+    In 1946/7 Czechoslovakia also observed negative DST in winter.
+    The full effect of this change is only in vanguard and main
+    formats; in rearguard format, it is modeled as plain GMT without
+    daylight saving.  Also, the dates of some 1944/5 DST transitions
+    in Czechoslovakia have been changed.
+
+
+Release 2018d - 2018-03-22 07:05:46 -0700
+
+  Briefly:
+
+  Palestine starts DST a week earlier in 2018.
+  Add support for vanguard and rearguard data consumers.
+  Add subsecond precision to source data format, though not to data.
+
+  Changes to future timestamps
+
+    In 2018, Palestine starts DST on March 24, not March 31.
+    Adjust future predictions accordingly.  (Thanks to Sharef Mustafa.)
+
+  Changes to past and future timestamps
+
+    Casey Station in Antarctica changed from +11 to +08 on 2018-03-11
+    at 04:00.  (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+  Changes to past timestamps
+
+    Historical transitions for Uruguay, represented by
+    America/Montevideo, have been updated per official legal documents,
+    replacing previous data mainly originating from the inventions of
+    Shanks & Pottenger.  This has resulted in adjustments ranging from
+    30 to 90 minutes in either direction over at least two dozen
+    distinct periods ranging from one day to several years in length.
+    A mere handful of pre-1991 transitions are unaffected; data since
+    then has come from more reliable contemporaneous reporting.  These
+    changes affect various timestamps in 1920-1923, 1936, 1939,
+    1942-1943, 1959, 1966-1970, 1972, 1974-1980, and 1988-1990.
+    Additionally, Uruguay's pre-standard-time UT offset has been
+    adjusted westward by 7 seconds, from UT-03:44:44 to UT-03:44:51, to
+    match the location of the Observatory of the National Meteorological
+    Institute in Montevideo.
+    (Thanks to Jeremie Bonjour, Tim Parenti, and Michael Deckers.)
+
+    East Kiribati skipped New Year's Eve 1994, not New Year's Day 1995.
+    (Thanks to Kerry Shetline.)
+
+    Fix the 1912-01-01 transition for Portugal and its colonies.
+    This transition was at 00:00 according to the new UT offset, not
+    according to the old one.  Also assume that Cape Verde switched on
+    the same date as the rest, not in 1907.  This affects
+    Africa/Bissau, Africa/Sao_Tome, Asia/Macau, Atlantic/Azores,
+    Atlantic/Cape_Verde, Atlantic/Madeira, and Europe/Lisbon.
+    (Thanks to Michael Deckers.)
+
+    Fix an off-by-1 error for pre-1913 timestamps in Jamaica and in
+    Turks & Caicos.
+
+  Changes to past time zone abbreviations
+
+    MMT took effect in Uruguay from 1908-06-10, not 1898-06-28.  There
+    is no clock change associated with the transition.
+
+  Changes to build procedure
+
+    The new DATAFORM macro in the Makefile lets the installer choose
+    among three source data formats.  The idea is to lessen downstream
+    disruption when data formats are improved.
+
+    * DATAFORM=vanguard installs from the latest, bleeding-edge
+      format.  DATAFORM=main (the default) installs from the format
+      used in the 'africa' etc. files.  DATAFORM=rearguard installs
+      from a trailing-edge format.  Eventually, elements of today's
+      vanguard format should move to the main format, and similarly
+      the main format's features should eventually move to the
+      rearguard format.
+
+    * In the current version, the main and rearguard formats are
+      identical and match that of 2018c, so this change does not
+      affect default behavior.  The vanguard format currently contains
+      one feature not in the main format: negative SAVE values.  This
+      improves support for Ireland, which uses Irish Standard Time
+      (IST, UTC+01) in summer and GMT (UTC) in winter.  tzcode has
+      supported negative SAVE values for decades, and this feature
+      should move to the main format soon.  However, it will not move
+      to the rearguard format for quite some time because some
+      downstream parsers do not support it.
+
+    * The build procedure constructs three files vanguard.zi, main.zi,
+      and rearguard.zi, one for each format.  Although the files
+      represent essentially the same data, they may have minor
+      discrepancies that users are not likely to notice.  The files
+      are intended for downstream data consumers and are not
+      installed.  Zoneinfo parsers that do not support negative SAVE values
+      should start using rearguard.zi, so that they will be unaffected
+      when the negative-DST feature moves from vanguard to main.
+      Bleeding-edge Zoneinfo parsers that support the new features
+      already can use vanguard.zi; in this respect, current tzcode is
+      bleeding-edge.
+
+    The Makefile should now be safe for parallelized builds, and 'make
+    -j to2050new.tzs' is now much faster on a multiprocessor host
+    with GNU Make.
+
+    When built with -DSUPPRESS_TZDIR, the tzcode library no longer
+    prepends TZDIR/ to file names that do not begin with '/'.  This is
+    not recommended for general use, due to its security implications.
+    (From a suggestion by Manuela Friedrich.)
+
+  Changes to code
+
+    zic now accepts subsecond precision in expressions like
+    00:19:32.13, which is approximately the legal time of the
+    Netherlands from 1835 to 1937.  However, because it is
+    questionable whether the few recorded uses of non-integer offsets
+    had subsecond precision in practice, there are no plans for tzdata
+    to use this feature.  (Thanks to Steve Allen for pointing out
+    the limitations of historical data in this area.)
+
+    The code is a bit more portable to MS-Windows.  Installers can
+    compile with -DRESERVE_STD_EXT_IDS on MS-Windows platforms that
+    reserve identifiers like 'localtime'.  (Thanks to Manuela
+    Friedrich.)
+
+  Changes to documentation and commentary
+
+    theory.html now outlines tzdb's extensions to POSIX's model for
+    civil time, and has a section "POSIX features no longer needed"
+    that lists POSIX API components that are now vestigial.
+    (From suggestions by Steve Summit.)  It also better distinguishes
+    time zones from tz regions.  (From a suggestion by Guy Harris.)
+
+    Commentary is now more consistent about using the phrase "daylight
+    saving time", to match the C name tm_isdst.  Daylight saving time
+    need not occur in summer, and need not have a positive offset from
+    standard time.
+
+    Commentary about historical transitions in Uruguay has been expanded
+    with links to many relevant legal documents.
+    (Thanks to Tim Parenti.)
+
+    Commentary now uses some non-ASCII characters with Unicode value
+    less than U+0100, as they can be useful and should work even with
+    older editors such as XEmacs.
+
+
+Release 2018c - 2018-01-22 23:00:44 -0800
+
+  Briefly:
+  Revert Irish changes that relied on negative SAVE values.
+
+  Changes to tm_isdst
+
+    Revert the 2018a change to Europe/Dublin.  As before, this change
+    does not affect UT offsets or abbreviations; it affects only
+    whether timestamps are considered to be standard time or
+    daylight-saving time, as expressed in the tm_isdst flag of C's
+    struct tm type.  This reversion is intended to be a temporary
+    workaround for problems discovered with downstream uses of
+    releases 2018a and 2018b, which implemented Irish time by using
+    negative SAVE values in the Eire rules of the 'europe' file.
+    Although negative SAVE values have been part of tzcode for many
+    years and are supported by many platforms, they were not
+    documented before 2018a and ICU and OpenJDK do not currently
+    support them.  A mechanism to export data to platforms lacking
+    support for negative DST is planned to be developed before the
+    change is reapplied.  (Problems reported by Deborah Goldsmith and
+    Stephen Colebourne.)
+
+  Changes to past timestamps
+
+    Japanese DST transitions (1948-1951) were Sundays at 00:00, not
+    Saturdays or Sundays at 02:00.  (Thanks to Takayuki Nikai.)
+
+  Changes to build procedure
+
+    The build procedure now works around mawk 1.3.3's lack of support
+    for character class expressions.  (Problem reported by Ohyama.)
+
+
+Release 2018b - 2018-01-17 23:24:48 -0800
+
+  Briefly:
+  Fix a packaging problem in tz2018a, which was missing 'pacificnew'.
+
+  Changes to build procedure
+
+    The distribution now contains the file 'pacificnew' again.
+    This file was inadvertently omitted in the 2018a distribution.
+    (Problem reported by Matias Fonzo.)
+
+
+Release 2018a - 2018-01-12 22:29:21 -0800
+
+  Briefly:
+  São Tomé and Príncipe switched from +00 to +01.
+  Brazil's DST will now start on November's first Sunday.
+  Ireland's standard time is now in the summer, not the winter.
+  Use Debian-style installation locations, instead of 4.3BSD-style.
+  New zic option -t.
+
+  Changes to past and future timestamps
+
+    São Tomé and Príncipe switched from +00 to +01 on 2018-01-01 at
+    01:00.  (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen and Michael Deckers.)
+
+  Changes to future timestamps
+
+    Starting in 2018 southern Brazil will begin DST on November's
+    first Sunday instead of October's third Sunday.  (Thanks to
+    Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+  Changes to past timestamps
+
+    A discrepancy of 4 s in timestamps before 1931 in South Sudan has
+    been corrected.  The 'backzone' and 'zone.tab' files did not agree
+    with the 'africa' and 'zone1970.tab' files.  (Problem reported by
+    Michael Deckers.)
+
+    The abbreviation invented for Bolivia Summer Time (1931-2) is now
+    BST instead of BOST, to be more consistent with the convention
+    used for Latvian Summer Time (1918-9) and for British Summer Time.
+
+  Changes to tm_isdst
+
+    Change Europe/Dublin so that it observes Irish Standard Time (UT
+    +01) in summer and GMT (as negative daylight-saving) in winter,
+    instead of observing standard time (GMT) in winter and Irish
+    Summer Time (UT +01) in summer.  This change does not affect UT
+    offsets or abbreviations; it affects only whether timestamps are
+    considered to be standard time or daylight-saving time, as
+    expressed in the tm_isdst flag of C's struct tm type.
+    (Discrepancy noted by Derick Rethans.)
+
+  Changes to build procedure
+
+    The default installation locations have been changed to mostly
+    match Debian circa 2017, instead of being designed as an add-on to
+    4.3BSD circa 1986.  This affects the Makefile macros TOPDIR,
+    TZDIR, MANDIR, and LIBDIR.  New Makefile macros TZDEFAULT, USRDIR,
+    USRSHAREDIR, BINDIR, ZDUMPDIR, and ZICDIR let installers tailor
+    locations more precisely.  (This responds to suggestions from
+    Brian Inglis and from Steve Summit.)
+
+    The default installation procedure no longer creates the
+    backward-compatibility link US/Pacific-New, which causes
+    confusion during user setup (e.g., see Debian bug 815200).
+    Use 'make BACKWARD="backward pacificnew"' to create the link
+    anyway, for now.  Eventually we plan to remove the link entirely.
+
+    tzdata.zi now contains a version-number comment.
+    (Suggested by Tom Lane.)
+
+    The Makefile now quotes values like BACKWARD more carefully when
+    passing them to the shell.  (Problem reported by Zefram.)
+
+    Builders no longer need to specify -DHAVE_SNPRINTF on platforms
+    that have snprintf and use pre-C99 compilers.  (Problem reported
+    by Jon Skeet.)
+
+  Changes to code
+
+    zic has a new option -t FILE that specifies the location of the
+    file that determines local time when TZ is unset.  The default for
+    this location can be configured via the new TZDEFAULT makefile
+    macro, which defaults to /etc/localtime.
+
+    Diagnostics and commentary now distinguish UT from UTC more
+    carefully; see theory.html for more information about UT vs UTC.
+
+    zic has been ported to GCC 8's -Wstringop-truncation option.
+    (Problem reported by Martin Sebor.)
+
+  Changes to documentation and commentary
+
+    The zic man page now documents the longstanding behavior that
+    times and years can be out of the usual range, with negative times
+    counting backwards from midnight and with year 0 preceding year 1.
+    (Problem reported by Michael Deckers.)
+
+    The theory.html file now mentions the POSIX limit of six chars
+    per abbreviation, and lists alphabetic abbreviations used.
+
+    The files tz-art.htm and tz-link.htm have been renamed to
+    tz-art.html and tz-link.html, respectively, for consistency with
+    other file names and to simplify web server configuration.
+
+
+Release 2017c - 2017-10-20 14:49:34 -0700
+
+  Briefly:
+  Northern Cyprus switches from +03 to +02/+03 on 2017-10-29.
+  Fiji ends DST 2018-01-14, not 2018-01-21.
+  Namibia switches from +01/+02 to +02 on 2018-04-01.
+  Sudan switches from +03 to +02 on 2017-11-01.
+  Tonga likely switches from +13/+14 to +13 on 2017-11-05.
+  Turks & Caicos switches from -04 to -05/-04 on 2018-11-04.
+  A new file tzdata.zi now holds a small text copy of all data.
+  The zic input format has been regularized slightly.
+
+  Changes to future timestamps
+
+    Northern Cyprus has decided to resume EU rules starting
+    2017-10-29, thus reinstituting winter time.
+
+    Fiji ends DST 2018-01-14 instead of the 2018-01-21 previously
+    predicted.  (Thanks to Dominic Fok.)  Adjust future predictions
+    accordingly.
+
+    Namibia will switch from +01 with DST to +02 all year on
+    2017-09-03 at 02:00.  This affects UT offsets starting 2018-04-01
+    at 02:00.  (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+    Sudan will switch from +03 to +02 on 2017-11-01.  (Thanks to Ahmed
+    Atyya and Yahia Abdalla.)  South Sudan is not switching, so
+    Africa/Juba is no longer a link to Africa/Khartoum.
+
+    Tonga has likely ended its experiment with DST, and will not
+    adjust its clocks on 2017-11-05.  Although Tonga has not announced
+    whether it will continue to observe DST, the IATA is assuming that
+    it will not.  (Thanks to David Wade.)
+
+    Turks & Caicos will switch from -04 all year to -05 with US DST on
+    2018-03-11 at 03:00.  This affects UT offsets starting 2018-11-04
+    at 02:00.  (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+  Changes to past timestamps
+
+    Namibia switched from +02 to +01 on 1994-03-21, not 1994-04-03.
+    (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.)
+
+    Detroit did not observe DST in 1967.
+
+    Use railway time for Asia/Kolkata before 1941, by switching to
+    Madras local time (UT +052110) in 1870, then to IST (UT +0530) in
+    1906.  Also, treat 1941-2's +0630 as DST, like 1942-5.
+
+    Europe/Dublin's 1946 and 1947 fallback transitions occurred at
+    02:00 standard time, not 02:00 DST.  (Thanks to Michael Deckers.)
+
+    Pacific/Apia and Pacific/Pago_Pago switched from Antipodean to
+    American time in 1892, not 1879.  (Thanks to Michael Deckers.)
+
+    Adjust the 1867 transition in Alaska to better reflect the
+    historical record, by changing it to occur on 1867-10-18 at 15:30
+    Sitka time rather than at the start of 1867-10-17 local time.
+    Although strictly speaking this is accurate only for Sitka,
+    the rest of Alaska's blanks need to be filled in somehow.
+
+    Fix off-by-one errors in UT offsets for Adak and Nome before 1867.
+    (Thanks to Michael Deckers.)
+
+    Add 7 s to the UT offset in Asia/Yangon before 1920.
+
+  Changes to zone names
+
+    Remove Canada/East-Saskatchewan from the 'backward' file, as it
+    exceeded the 14-character limit and was an unused misnomer anyway.
+
+  Changes to build procedure
+
+    To support applications that prefer to read time zone data in text
+    form, two zic input files tzdata.zi and leapseconds are now
+    installed by default.  The commands 'zic tzdata.zi' and 'zic -L
+    leapseconds tzdata.zi' can reproduce the tzdata binary files
+    without and with leap seconds, respectively.  To prevent these two
+    new files from being installed, use 'make TZDATA_TEXT=', and to
+    suppress leap seconds from the tzdata text installation, use 'make
+    TZDATA_TEXT=tzdata.zi'.
+
+    'make BACKWARD=' now suppresses backward-compatibility names
+    like 'US/Pacific' that are defined in the 'backward' and
+    'pacificnew' files.
+
+    'make check' now works on systems that lack a UTF-8 locale,
+    or that lack the nsgmls program.  Set UTF8_LOCALE to configure
+    the name of a UTF-8 locale, if you have one.
+
+    Y2K runtime checks are no longer enabled by default.  Add
+    -DDEPRECATE_TWO_DIGIT_YEARS to CFLAGS to enable them, instead of
+    adding -DNO_RUN_TIME_WARNINGS_ABOUT_YEAR_2000_PROBLEMS_THANK_YOU
+    to disable them.  (New name suggested by Brian Inglis.)
+
+    The build procedure for zdump now works on AIX 7.1.
+    (Problem reported by Kees Dekker.)
+
+  Changes to code
+
+    zic and the reference runtime now reject multiple leap seconds
+    within 28 days of each other, or leap seconds before the Epoch.
+    As a result, support for double leap seconds, which was
+    obsolescent and undocumented, has been removed.  Double leap
+    seconds were an error in the C89 standard; they have never existed
+    in civil timekeeping.  (Thanks to Robert Elz and Bradley White for
+    noticing glitches in the code that uncovered this problem.)
+
+    zic now warns about use of the obsolescent and undocumented -y
+    option, and about use of the obsolescent TYPE field of Rule lines.
+
+    zic now allows unambiguous abbreviations like "Sa" and "Su" for
+    weekdays; formerly it rejected them due to a bug.  Conversely, zic
+    no longer considers non-prefixes to be abbreviations; for example,
+    it no longer accepts "lF" as an abbreviation for "lastFriday".
+    Also, zic warns about the undocumented usage with a "last-"
+    prefix, e.g., "last-Fri".
+
+    Similarly, zic now accepts the unambiguous abbreviation "L" for
+    "Link" in ordinary context and for "Leap" in leap-second context.
+    Conversely, zic no longer accepts non-prefixes such as "La" as
+    abbreviations for words like "Leap".
+
+    zic no longer accepts leap second lines in ordinary input, or
+    ordinary lines in leap second input.  Formerly, zic sometimes
+    warned about this undocumented usage and handled it incorrectly.
+
+    The new macro HAVE_TZNAME governs whether the tzname external
+    variable is exported, instead of USG_COMPAT.  USG_COMPAT now
+    governs only the external variables "timezone" and "daylight".
+    This change is needed because the three variables are not in the
+    same category: although POSIX requires tzname, it specifies the
+    other two variables as optional.  Also, USG_COMPAT is now 1 or 0:
+    if not defined, the code attempts to guess it from other macros.
+
+    localtime.c and difftime.c no longer require stdio.h, and .c files
+    other than zic.c no longer require sys/wait.h.
+
+    zdump.c no longer assumes snprintf.  (Reported by Jonathan Leffler.)
+
+    Calculation of time_t extrema works around a bug in GCC 4.8.4
+    (Reported by Stan Shebs and Joseph Myers.)
+
+    zic.c no longer mistranslates formats of line numbers in non-English
+    locales.  (Problem reported by Benno Schulenberg.)
+
+    Several minor changes have been made to the code to make it a
+    bit easier to port to MS-Windows and Solaris.  (Thanks to Kees
+    Dekker for reporting the problems.)
+
+  Changes to documentation and commentary
+
+    The two new files 'theory.html' and 'calendars' contain the
+    contents of the removed file 'Theory'.  The goal is to document
+    tzdb theory more accessibly.
+
+    The zic man page now documents abbreviation rules.
+
+    tz-link.htm now covers how to apply tzdata changes to clients.
+    (Thanks to Jorge Fábregas for the AIX link.)  It also mentions MySQL.
+
+    The leap-seconds.list URL has been updated to something that is
+    more reliable for tzdb.  (Thanks to Tim Parenti and Brian Inglis.)
+
+Release 2017b - 2017-03-17 07:30:38 -0700
+
+  Briefly: Haiti has resumed DST.
+
+  Changes to past and future timestamps
+
+    Haiti resumed observance of DST in 2017.  (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+  Changes to past timestamps
+
+    Liberia changed from -004430 to +00 on 1972-01-07, not 1972-05-01.
+
+    Use "MMT" to abbreviate Liberia's time zone before 1972, as "-004430"
+    is one byte over the POSIX limit.  (Problem reported by Derick Rethans.)
+
+  Changes to code
+
+    The reference localtime implementation now falls back on the
+    current US daylight-saving transition rules rather than the
+    1987-2006 rules.  This fallback occurs only when (1) the TZ
+    environment variable has a value like "AST4ADT" that asks
+    for daylight saving time but does not specify the rules, (2) there
+    is no file by that name, and (3) the TZDEFRULES file cannot be
+    loaded.  (Thanks to Tom Lane.)
+
+
+Release 2017a - 2017-02-28 00:05:36 -0800
+
+  Briefly: Southern Chile moves from -04/-03 to -03, and Mongolia
+  discontinues DST.
+
+  Changes to future timestamps
+
+    Mongolia no longer observes DST.  (Thanks to Ganbold Tsagaankhuu.)
+
+    Chile's Region of Magallanes moves from -04/-03 to -03 year-round.
+    Its clocks diverge from America/Santiago starting 2017-05-13 at
+    23:00, hiving off a new zone America/Punta_Arenas.  Although the
+    Chilean government says this change expires in May 2019, for now
+    assume it's permanent.  (Thanks to Juan Correa and Deborah
+    Goldsmith.)  This also affects Antarctica/Palmer.
+
+  Changes to past timestamps
+
+    Fix many entries for historical timestamps for Europe/Madrid
+    before 1979, to agree with tables compiled by Pere Planesas of the
+    National Astronomical Observatory of Spain.  As a side effect,
+    this changes some timestamps for Africa/Ceuta before 1929, which
+    are probably guesswork anyway.  (Thanks to Steve Allen and
+    Pierpaolo Bernardi for the heads-ups, and to Michael Deckers for
+    correcting the 1901 transition.)
+
+    Ecuador observed DST from 1992-11-28 to 1993-02-05.
+    (Thanks to Alois Treindl.)
+
+    Asia/Atyrau and Asia/Oral were at +03 (not +04) before 1930-06-21.
+    (Thanks to Stepan Golosunov.)
+
+  Changes to past and future time zone abbreviations
+
+    Switch to numeric time zone abbreviations for South America, as
+    part of the ongoing project of removing invented abbreviations.
+    This avoids the need to invent an abbreviation for the new Chilean
+    new zone.  Similarly, switch from invented to numeric time zone
+    abbreviations for Afghanistan, American Samoa, the Azores,
+    Bangladesh, Bhutan, the British Indian Ocean Territory, Brunei,
+    Cape Verde, Chatham Is, Christmas I, Cocos (Keeling) Is, Cook Is,
+    Dubai, East Timor, Eucla, Fiji, French Polynesia, Greenland,
+    Indochina, Iran, Iraq, Kiribati, Lord Howe, Macquarie, Malaysia,
+    the Maldives, Marshall Is, Mauritius, Micronesia, Mongolia,
+    Myanmar, Nauru, Nepal, New Caledonia, Niue, Norfolk I, Palau,
+    Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Pitcairn, Qatar, Réunion, St
+    Pierre & Miquelon, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Seychelles, Singapore,
+    Solomon Is, Tokelau, Tuvalu, Wake, Vanuatu, Wallis & Futuna, and
+    Xinjiang; for 20-minute daylight saving time in Ghana before 1943;
+    for half-hour daylight saving time in Belize before 1944 and in
+    the Dominican Republic before 1975; and for Canary Islands before
+    1946, for Guinea-Bissau before 1975, for Iceland before 1969, for
+    Indian Summer Time before 1942, for Indonesia before around 1964,
+    for Kenya before 1960, for Liberia before 1973, for Madeira before
+    1967, for Namibia before 1943, for the Netherlands in 1937-9, for
+    Pakistan before 1971, for Western Sahara before 1977, and for
+    Zaporozhye in 1880-1924.
+
+    For Alaska time from 1900 through 1967, instead of "CAT" use the
+    abbreviation "AST", the abbreviation commonly used at the time
+    (Atlantic Standard Time had not been standardized yet).  Use "AWT"
+    and "APT" instead of the invented abbreviations "CAWT" and "CAPT".
+
+    Use "CST" and "CDT" instead of invented abbreviations for Macau
+    before 1999 and Taiwan before 1938, and use "JST" instead of the
+    invented abbreviation "JCST" for Japan and Korea before 1938.
+
+  Change to database entry category
+
+    Move the Pacific/Johnston link from 'australasia' to 'backward',
+    since Johnston is now uninhabited.
+
+  Changes to code
+
+    zic no longer mishandles some transitions in January 2038 when it
+    attempts to work around Qt bug 53071.  This fixes a bug affecting
+    Pacific/Tongatapu that was introduced in zic 2016e.  localtime.c
+    now contains a workaround, useful when loading a file generated by
+    a buggy zic.  (Problem and localtime.c fix reported by Bradley
+    White.)
+
+    zdump -i now outputs non-hour numeric time zone abbreviations
+    without a colon, e.g., "+0530" rather than "+05:30".  This agrees
+    with zic %z and with common practice, and simplifies auditing of
+    zdump output.
+
+    zdump is now buildable again with -DUSE_LTZ=0.
+    (Problem reported by Joseph Myers.)
+
+    zdump.c now always includes private.h, to avoid code duplication
+    with private.h.  (Problem reported by Kees Dekker.)
+
+    localtime.c no longer mishandles early or late timestamps
+    when TZ is set to a POSIX-style string that specifies DST.
+    (Problem reported by Kees Dekker.)
+
+    date and strftime now cause %z to generate "-0000" instead of
+    "+0000" when the UT offset is zero and the time zone abbreviation
+    begins with "-".
+
+  Changes to documentation and commentary
+
+    The 'Theory' file now better documents choice of historical time
+    zone abbreviations.  (Problems reported by Michael Deckers.)
+
+    tz-link.htm now covers leap smearing, which is popular in clouds.
+
+
+Release 2016j - 2016-11-22 23:17:13 -0800
+
+  Briefly: Saratov, Russia moves from +03 to +04 on 2016-12-04.
+
+  Changes to future timestamps
+
+    Saratov, Russia switches from +03 to +04 on 2016-12-04 at 02:00.
+    This hives off a new zone Europe/Saratov from Europe/Volgograd.
+    (Thanks to Yuri Konotopov and Stepan Golosunov.)
+
+  Changes to past timestamps
+
+    The new zone Asia/Atyrau for Atyraū Region, Kazakhstan, is like
+    Asia/Aqtau except it switched from +05/+06 to +04/+05 in spring
+    1999, not fall 1994.  (Thanks to Stepan Golosunov.)
+
+  Changes to past time zone abbreviations
+
+    Asia/Gaza and Asia/Hebron now use "EEST", not "EET", to denote
+    summer time before 1948.  The old use of "EET" was a typo.
+
+  Changes to code
+
+    zic no longer mishandles file systems that lack hard links, fixing
+    bugs introduced in 2016g.  (Problems reported by Tom Lane.)
+    Also, when the destination already contains symbolic links, zic
+    should now work better on systems where the 'link' system call
+    does not follow symbolic links.
+
+  Changes to documentation and commentary
+
+    tz-link.htm now documents the relationship between release version
+    numbers and development-repository commit tags.  (Suggested by
+    Paul Koning.)
+
+    The 'Theory' file now documents UT.
+
+    iso3166.tab now accents "Curaçao", and commentary now mentions
+    the names "Cabo Verde" and "Czechia".  (Thanks to Jiří Boháč.)
+
+
+Release 2016i - 2016-11-01 23:19:52 -0700
+
+  Briefly: Cyprus split into two time zones on 2016-10-30, and Tonga
+  reintroduces DST on 2016-11-06.
+
+  Changes to future timestamps
+
+    Pacific/Tongatapu begins DST on 2016-11-06 at 02:00, ending on
+    2017-01-15 at 03:00.  Assume future observances in Tonga will be
+    from the first Sunday in November through the third Sunday in
+    January, like Fiji.  (Thanks to Pulu ʻAnau.)  Switch to numeric
+    time zone abbreviations for this zone.
+
+  Changes to past and future timestamps
+
+    Northern Cyprus is now +03 year round, causing a split in Cyprus
+    time zones starting 2016-10-30 at 04:00.  This creates a zone
+    Asia/Famagusta.  (Thanks to Even Scharning and Matt Johnson.)
+
+    Antarctica/Casey switched from +08 to +11 on 2016-10-22.
+    (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+  Changes to past timestamps
+
+    Several corrections were made for pre-1975 timestamps in Italy.
+    These affect Europe/Malta, Europe/Rome, Europe/San_Marino, and
+    Europe/Vatican.
+
+    First, the 1893-11-01 00:00 transition in Italy used the new UT
+    offset (+01), not the old (+00:49:56).  (Thanks to Michael
+    Deckers.)
+
+    Second, rules for daylight saving in Italy were changed to agree
+    with Italy's National Institute of Metrological Research (INRiM)
+    except for 1944, as follows (thanks to Pierpaolo Bernardi, Brian
+    Inglis, and Michael Deckers):
+
+      The 1916-06-03 transition was at 24:00, not 00:00.
+
+      The 1916-10-01, 1919-10-05, and 1920-09-19 transitions were at
+      00:00, not 01:00.
+
+      The 1917-09-30 and 1918-10-06 transitions were at 24:00, not
+      01:00.
+
+      The 1944-09-17 transition was at 03:00, not 01:00.  This
+      particular change is taken from Italian law as INRiM's table,
+      (which says 02:00) appears to have a typo here.  Also, keep the
+      1944-04-03 transition for Europe/Rome, as Rome was controlled by
+      Germany then.
+
+      The 1967-1970 and 1972-1974 fallback transitions were at 01:00,
+      not 00:00.
+
+  Changes to code
+
+    The code should now be buildable on AmigaOS merely by setting the
+    appropriate Makefile variables.  (From a patch by Carsten Larsen.)
+
+
+Release 2016h - 2016-10-19 23:17:57 -0700
+
+  Changes to future timestamps
+
+    Asia/Gaza and Asia/Hebron end DST on 2016-10-29 at 01:00, not
+    2016-10-21 at 00:00.  (Thanks to Sharef Mustafa.)  Predict that
+    future fall transitions will be on the last Saturday of October
+    at 01:00, which is consistent with predicted spring transitions
+    on the last Saturday of March.  (Thanks to Tim Parenti.)
+
+  Changes to past timestamps
+
+    In Turkey, transitions in 1986-1990 were at 01:00 standard time
+    not at 02:00, and the spring 1994 transition was on March 20, not
+    March 27.  (Thanks to Kıvanç Yazan.)
+
+  Changes to past and future time zone abbreviations
+
+    Asia/Colombo now uses numeric time zone abbreviations like "+0530"
+    instead of alphabetic ones like "IST" and "LKT".  Various
+    English-language sources use "IST", "LKT" and "SLST", with no
+    working consensus.  (Usage of "SLST" mentioned by Sadika
+    Sumanapala.)
+
+  Changes to code
+
+    zic no longer mishandles relativizing file names when creating
+    symbolic links like /etc/localtime, when these symbolic links
+    are outside the usual directory hierarchy.  This fixes a bug
+    introduced in 2016g.  (Problem reported by Andreas Stieger.)
+
+  Changes to build procedure
+
+    New rules 'traditional_tarballs' and 'traditional_signatures' for
+    building just the traditional-format distribution.  (Requested by
+    Deborah Goldsmith.)
+
+    The file 'version' is now put into the tzdata tarball too.
+    (Requested by Howard Hinnant.)
+
+  Changes to documentation and commentary
+
+    The 'Theory' file now has a section on interface stability.
+    (Requested by Paul Koning.)  It also mentions features like
+    tm_zone and localtime_rz that have long been supported by the
+    reference code.
+
+    tz-link.htm has improved coverage of time zone boundaries suitable
+    for geolocation.  (Thanks to heads-ups from Evan Siroky and Matt
+    Johnson.)
+
+    The US commentary now mentions Allen and the "day of two noons".
+
+    The Fiji commentary mentions the government's 2016-10-03 press
+    release.  (Thanks to Raymond Kumar.)
+
+
+Release 2016g - 2016-09-13 08:56:38 -0700
+
+  Changes to future timestamps
+
+    Turkey switched from EET/EEST (+02/+03) to permanent +03,
+    effective 2016-09-07.  (Thanks to Burak AYDIN.)  Use "+03" rather
+    than an invented abbreviation for the new time.
+
+    New leap second 2016-12-31 23:59:60 UTC as per IERS Bulletin C 52.
+    (Thanks to Tim Parenti.)
+
+  Changes to past timestamps
+
+    For America/Los_Angeles, spring-forward transition times have been
+    corrected from 02:00 to 02:01 in 1948, and from 02:00 to 01:00 in
+    1950-1966.
+
+    For zones using Soviet time on 1919-07-01, transitions to UT-based
+    time were at 00:00 UT, not at 02:00 local time.  The affected
+    zones are Europe/Kirov, Europe/Moscow, Europe/Samara, and
+    Europe/Ulyanovsk.  (Thanks to Alexander Belopolsky.)
+
+  Changes to past and future time zone abbreviations
+
+    The Factory zone now uses the time zone abbreviation -00 instead
+    of a long English-language string, as -00 is now the normal way to
+    represent an undefined time zone.
+
+    Several zones in Antarctica and the former Soviet Union, along
+    with zones intended for ships at sea that cannot use POSIX TZ
+    strings, now use numeric time zone abbreviations instead of
+    invented or obsolete alphanumeric abbreviations.  The affected
+    zones are Antarctica/Casey, Antarctica/Davis,
+    Antarctica/DumontDUrville, Antarctica/Mawson, Antarctica/Rothera,
+    Antarctica/Syowa, Antarctica/Troll, Antarctica/Vostok,
+    Asia/Anadyr, Asia/Ashgabat, Asia/Baku, Asia/Bishkek, Asia/Chita,
+    Asia/Dushanbe, Asia/Irkutsk, Asia/Kamchatka, Asia/Khandyga,
+    Asia/Krasnoyarsk, Asia/Magadan, Asia/Omsk, Asia/Sakhalin,
+    Asia/Samarkand, Asia/Srednekolymsk, Asia/Tashkent, Asia/Tbilisi,
+    Asia/Ust-Nera, Asia/Vladivostok, Asia/Yakutsk, Asia/Yekaterinburg,
+    Asia/Yerevan, Etc/GMT-14, Etc/GMT-13, Etc/GMT-12, Etc/GMT-11,
+    Etc/GMT-10, Etc/GMT-9, Etc/GMT-8, Etc/GMT-7, Etc/GMT-6, Etc/GMT-5,
+    Etc/GMT-4, Etc/GMT-3, Etc/GMT-2, Etc/GMT-1, Etc/GMT+1, Etc/GMT+2,
+    Etc/GMT+3, Etc/GMT+4, Etc/GMT+5, Etc/GMT+6, Etc/GMT+7, Etc/GMT+8,
+    Etc/GMT+9, Etc/GMT+10, Etc/GMT+11, Etc/GMT+12, Europe/Kaliningrad,
+    Europe/Minsk, Europe/Samara, Europe/Volgograd, and
+    Indian/Kerguelen.  For Europe/Moscow the invented abbreviation MSM
+    was replaced by +05, whereas MSK and MSD were kept as they are not
+    our invention and are widely used.
+
+  Changes to zone names
+
+    Rename Asia/Rangoon to Asia/Yangon, with a backward compatibility link.
+    (Thanks to David Massoud.)
+
+  Changes to code
+
+    zic no longer generates binary files containing POSIX TZ-like
+    strings that disagree with the local time type after the last
+    explicit transition in the data.  This fixes a bug with
+    Africa/Casablanca and Africa/El_Aaiun in some year-2037 timestamps
+    on the reference platform.  (Thanks to Alexander Belopolsky for
+    reporting the bug and suggesting a way forward.)
+
+    If the installed localtime and/or posixrules files are symbolic
+    links, zic now keeps them symbolic links when updating them, for
+    compatibility with platforms like OpenSUSE where other programs
+    configure these files as symlinks.
+
+    zic now avoids hard linking to symbolic links, avoids some
+    unnecessary mkdir and stat system calls, and uses shorter file
+    names internally.
+
+    zdump has a new -i option to generate transitions in a
+    smaller but still human-readable format.  This option is
+    experimental, and the output format may change in future versions.
+    (Thanks to Jon Skeet for suggesting that an option was needed,
+    and thanks to Tim Parenti and Chris Rovick for further comments.)
+
+  Changes to build procedure
+
+    An experimental distribution format is available, in addition
+    to the traditional format which will continue to be distributed.
+    The new format is a tarball tzdb-VERSION.tar.lz with signature
+    file tzdb-VERSION.tar.lz.asc.  It unpacks to a top-level directory
+    tzdb-VERSION containing the code and data of the traditional
+    two-tarball format, along with extra data that may be useful.
+    (Thanks to Antonio Diaz Diaz, Oscar van Vlijmen, and many others
+    for comments about the experimental format.)
+
+    The release version number is now more accurate in the usual case
+    where releases are built from a Git repository.  For example, if
+    23 commits and some working-file changes have been made since
+    release 2016g, the version number is now something like
+    '2016g-23-g50556e3-dirty' instead of the misleading '2016g'.
+    Tagged releases use the same version number format as before,
+    e.g., '2016g'.  To support the more accurate version number, its
+    specification has moved from a line in the Makefile to a new
+    source file 'version'.
+
+    The experimental distribution contains a file to2050.tzs that
+    contains what should be the output of 'zdump -i -c 2050' on
+    primary zones.  If this file is available, 'make check' now checks
+    that zdump generates this output.
+
+    'make check_web' now works on Fedora-like distributions.
+
+  Changes to documentation and commentary
+
+    tzfile.5 now documents the new restriction on POSIX TZ-like
+    strings that is now implemented by zic.
+
+    Comments now cite URLs for some 1917-1921 Russian DST decrees.
+    (Thanks to Alexander Belopolsky.)
+
+    tz-link.htm mentions JuliaTime (thanks to Curtis Vogt) and Time4J
+    (thanks to Meno Hochschild) and ThreeTen-Extra, and its
+    description of Java 8 has been brought up to date (thanks to
+    Stephen Colebourne).  Its description of local time on Mars has
+    been updated to match current practice, and URLs have been updated
+    and some obsolete ones removed.
+
+
+Release 2016f - 2016-07-05 16:26:51 +0200
+
+  Changes affecting future timestamps
+
+    The Egyptian government changed its mind on short notice, and
+    Africa/Cairo will not introduce DST starting 2016-07-07 after all.
+    (Thanks to Mina Samuel.)
+
+    Asia/Novosibirsk switches from +06 to +07 on 2016-07-24 at 02:00.
+    (Thanks to Stepan Golosunov.)
+
+  Changes to past and future timestamps
+
+    Asia/Novokuznetsk and Asia/Novosibirsk now use numeric time zone
+    abbreviations instead of invented ones.
+
+  Changes affecting past timestamps
+
+    Europe/Minsk's 1992-03-29 spring-forward transition was at 02:00 not 00:00.
+    (Thanks to Stepan Golosunov.)
+
+
+Release 2016e - 2016-06-14 08:46:16 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting future timestamps
+
+    Africa/Cairo observes DST in 2016 from July 7 to the end of October.
+    Guess October 27 and 24:00 transitions.  (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+    For future years, guess April's last Thursday to October's last
+    Thursday except for Ramadan.
+
+  Changes affecting past timestamps
+
+    Locations while uninhabited now use '-00', not 'zzz', as a
+    placeholder time zone abbreviation.  This is inspired by Internet
+    RFC 3339 and is more consistent with numeric time zone
+    abbreviations already used elsewhere.  The change affects several
+    arctic and antarctic locations, e.g., America/Cambridge_Bay before
+    1920 and Antarctica/Troll before 2005.
+
+    Asia/Baku's 1992-09-27 transition from +04 (DST) to +04 (non-DST) was
+    at 03:00, not 23:00 the previous day.  (Thanks to Michael Deckers.)
+
+  Changes to code
+
+    zic now outputs a dummy transition at time 2**31 - 1 in zones
+    whose POSIX-style TZ strings contain a '<'.  This mostly works
+    around Qt bug 53071 <https://bugreports.qt.io/browse/QTBUG-53071>.
+    (Thanks to Zhanibek Adilbekov for reporting the Qt bug.)
+
+  Changes affecting documentation and commentary
+
+    tz-link.htm says why governments should give plenty of notice for
+    time zone or DST changes, and refers to Matt Johnson's blog post.
+
+    tz-link.htm mentions Tzdata for Elixir.  (Thanks to Matt Johnson.)
+
+
+Release 2016d - 2016-04-17 22:50:29 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting future timestamps
+
+    America/Caracas switches from -0430 to -04 on 2016-05-01 at 02:30.
+    (Thanks to Alexander Krivenyshev for the heads-up.)
+
+    Asia/Magadan switches from +10 to +11 on 2016-04-24 at 02:00.
+    (Thanks to Alexander Krivenyshev and Matt Johnson.)
+
+    New zone Asia/Tomsk, split off from Asia/Novosibirsk.  It covers
+    Tomsk Oblast, Russia, which switches from +06 to +07 on 2016-05-29
+    at 02:00.  (Thanks to Stepan Golosunov.)
+
+  Changes affecting past timestamps
+
+    New zone Europe/Kirov, split off from Europe/Volgograd.  It covers
+    Kirov Oblast, Russia, which switched from +04/+05 to +03/+04 on
+    1989-03-26 at 02:00, roughly a year after Europe/Volgograd made
+    the same change.  (Thanks to Stepan Golosunov.)
+
+    Russia and nearby locations had daylight-saving transitions on
+    1992-03-29 at 02:00 and 1992-09-27 at 03:00, instead of on
+    1992-03-28 at 23:00 and 1992-09-26 at 23:00.  (Thanks to Stepan
+    Golosunov.)
+
+    Many corrections to historical time in Kazakhstan from 1991
+    through 2005.  (Thanks to Stepan Golosunov.)  Replace Kazakhstan's
+    invented time zone abbreviations with numeric abbreviations.
+
+  Changes to commentary
+
+    Mention Internet RFCs 7808 (TZDIST) and 7809 (CalDAV time zone references).
+
+
+Release 2016c - 2016-03-23 00:51:27 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting future timestamps
+
+    Azerbaijan no longer observes DST.  (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+    Chile reverts from permanent to seasonal DST.  (Thanks to Juan
+    Correa for the heads-up, and to Tim Parenti for corrections.)
+    Guess that future transitions are August's and May's second
+    Saturdays at 24:00 mainland time.  Also, call the period from
+    2014-09-07 through 2016-05-14 daylight saving time instead of
+    standard time, as that seems more appropriate now.
+
+  Changes affecting past timestamps
+
+    Europe/Kaliningrad and Europe/Vilnius changed from +03/+04 to
+    +02/+03 on 1989-03-26, not 1991-03-31.  Europe/Volgograd changed
+    from +04/+05 to +03/+04 on 1988-03-27, not 1989-03-26.
+    (Thanks to Stepan Golosunov.)
+
+  Changes to commentary
+
+    Several updates and URLs for historical and proposed Russian changes.
+    (Thanks to Stepan Golosunov, Matt Johnson, and Alexander Krivenyshev.)
+
+
+Release 2016b - 2016-03-12 17:30:14 -0800
+
+  Compatibility note
+
+    Starting with release 2016b, some data entries cause zic implementations
+    derived from tz releases 2005j through 2015e to issue warnings like
+    "time zone abbreviation differs from POSIX standard (+03)".
+    These warnings should not otherwise affect zic's output and can safely be
+    ignored on today's platforms, as the warnings refer to a restriction in
+    POSIX.1-1988 that was removed in POSIX.1-2001.  One way to suppress the
+    warnings is to upgrade to zic derived from tz releases 2015f and later.
+
+  Changes affecting future timestamps
+
+    New zones Europe/Astrakhan and Europe/Ulyanovsk for Astrakhan and
+    Ulyanovsk Oblasts, Russia, both of which will switch from +03 to +04 on
+    2016-03-27 at 02:00 local time.  They need distinct zones since their
+    post-1970 histories disagree.  New zone Asia/Barnaul for Altai Krai and
+    Altai Republic, Russia, which will switch from +06 to +07 on the same date
+    and local time.  The Astrakhan change is already official; the others have
+    passed the first reading in the State Duma and are extremely likely.
+    Also, Asia/Sakhalin moves from +10 to +11 on 2016-03-27 at 02:00.
+    (Thanks to Alexander Krivenyshev for the heads-up, and to Matt Johnson
+    and Stepan Golosunov for followup.)
+
+    As a trial of a new system that needs less information to be made up,
+    the new zones use numeric time zone abbreviations like "+04"
+    instead of invented abbreviations like "ASTT".
+
+    Haiti will not observe DST in 2016.  (Thanks to Jean Antoine via
+    Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+    Palestine's spring-forward transition on 2016-03-26 is at 01:00, not 00:00.
+    (Thanks to Hannah Kreitem.) Guess future transitions will be March's last
+    Saturday at 01:00, not March's last Friday at 24:00.
+
+  Changes affecting past timestamps
+
+    Europe/Chisinau observed DST during 1990, and switched from +04 to
+    +03 at 1990-05-06 02:00, instead of switching from +03 to +02.
+    (Thanks to Stepan Golosunov.)
+
+    1991 abbreviations in Europe/Samara should be SAMT/SAMST, not
+    KUYT/KUYST.  (Thanks to Stepan Golosunov.)
+
+  Changes to code
+
+    tzselect's diagnostics and checking, and checktab.awk's checking,
+    have been improved.  (Thanks to J William Piggott.)
+
+    tzcode now builds under MinGW.  (Thanks to Ian Abbott and Esben Haabendal.)
+
+    tzselect now tests Julian-date TZ settings more accurately.
+    (Thanks to J William Piggott.)
+
+  Changes to commentary
+
+    Comments in zone tables have been improved.  (Thanks to J William Piggott.)
+
+    tzselect again limits its menu comments so that menus fit on a
+    24×80 alphanumeric display.
+
+    A new web page tz-how-to.html.  (Thanks to Bill Seymour.)
+
+    In the Theory file, the description of possible time zone abbreviations in
+    tzdata has been cleaned up, as the old description was unclear and
+    inconsistent.  (Thanks to Alain Mouette for reporting the problem.)
+
+
+Release 2016a - 2016-01-26 23:28:02 -0800
+
+  Changes affecting future timestamps
+
+    America/Cayman will not observe daylight saving this year after all.
+    Revert our guess that it would.  (Thanks to Matt Johnson.)
+
+    Asia/Chita switches from +0800 to +0900 on 2016-03-27 at 02:00.
+    (Thanks to Alexander Krivenyshev.)
+
+    Asia/Tehran now has DST predictions for the year 2038 and later,
+    to be March 21 00:00 to September 21 00:00.  This is likely better
+    than predicting no DST, albeit off by a day every now and then.
+
+  Changes affecting past and future timestamps
+
+    America/Metlakatla switched from PST all year to AKST/AKDT on
+    2015-11-01 at 02:00.  (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+    America/Santa_Isabel has been removed, and replaced with a
+    backward compatibility link to America/Tijuana.  Its contents were
+    apparently based on a misreading of Mexican legislation.
+
+  Changes affecting past timestamps
+
+    Asia/Karachi's two transition times in 2002 were off by a minute.
+    (Thanks to Matt Johnson.)
+
+  Changes affecting build procedure
+
+    An installer can now combine leap seconds with use of the backzone file,
+    e.g., with 'make PACKRATDATA=backzone REDO=posix_right zones'.
+    The old 'make posix_packrat' rule is now marked as obsolescent.
+    (Thanks to Ian Abbott for an initial implementation.)
+
+  Changes affecting documentation and commentary
+
+    A new file LICENSE makes it easier to see that the code and data
+    are mostly public-domain.  (Thanks to James Knight.)  The three
+    non-public-domain files now use the current (3-clause) BSD license
+    instead of older versions of that license.
+
+    tz-link.htm mentions the BDE library (thanks to Andrew Paprocki),
+    CCTZ (thanks to Tim Parenti), TimeJones.com, and has a new section
+    on editing tz source files (with a mention of Sublime zoneinfo,
+    thanks to Gilmore Davidson).
+
+    The Theory and asia files now mention the 2015 book "The Global
+    Transformation of Time, 1870-1950", and cite a couple of reviews.
+
+    The America/Chicago entry now documents the informal use of US
+    central time in Fort Pierre, South Dakota.  (Thanks to Rick
+    McDermid, Matt Johnson, and Steve Jones.)
+
+
+Release 2015g - 2015-10-01 00:39:51 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting future timestamps
+
+    Turkey's 2015 fall-back transition is scheduled for Nov. 8, not Oct. 25.
+    (Thanks to Fatih.)
+
+    Norfolk moves from +1130 to +1100 on 2015-10-04 at 02:00 local time.
+    (Thanks to Alexander Krivenyshev.)
+
+    Fiji's 2016 fall-back transition is scheduled for January 17, not 24.
+    (Thanks to Ken Rylander.)
+
+    Fort Nelson, British Columbia will not fall back on 2015-11-01.  It has
+    effectively been on MST (-0700) since it advanced its clocks on 2015-03-08.
+    New zone America/Fort_Nelson.  (Thanks to Matt Johnson.)
+
+  Changes affecting past timestamps
+
+    Norfolk observed DST from 1974-10-27 02:00 to 1975-03-02 02:00.
+
+  Changes affecting code
+
+    localtime no longer mishandles America/Anchorage after 2037.
+    (Thanks to Bradley White for reporting the bug.)
+
+    On hosts with signed 32-bit time_t, localtime no longer mishandles
+    Pacific/Fiji after 2038-01-16 14:00 UTC.
+
+    The localtime module allows the variables 'timezone', 'daylight',
+    and 'altzone' to be in common storage shared with other modules,
+    and declares them in case the system <time.h> does not.
+    (Problems reported by Kees Dekker.)
+
+    On platforms with tm_zone, strftime.c now assumes it is not NULL.
+    This simplifies the code and is consistent with zdump.c.
+    (Problem reported by Christos Zoulas.)
+
+  Changes affecting documentation
+
+   The tzfile man page now documents that transition times denote the
+   starts (not the ends) of the corresponding time periods.
+   (Ambiguity reported by Bill Seymour.)
+
+
+Release 2015f - 2015-08-10 18:06:56 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting future timestamps
+
+    North Korea switches to +0830 on 2015-08-15.  (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+    The abbreviation remains "KST".  (Thanks to Robert Elz.)
+
+    Uruguay no longer observes DST.  (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen
+    and Pablo Camargo.)
+
+  Changes affecting past and future timestamps
+
+    Moldova starts and ends DST at 00:00 UTC, not at 01:00 UTC.
+    (Thanks to Roman Tudos.)
+
+  Changes affecting data format and code
+
+    zic's '-y YEARISTYPE' option is no longer documented.  The TYPE
+    field of a Rule line should now be '-'; the old values 'even',
+    'odd', 'uspres', 'nonpres', 'nonuspres' were already undocumented.
+    Although the implementation has not changed, these features do not
+    work in the default installation, they are not used in the data,
+    and they are now considered obsolescent.
+
+    zic now checks that two rules don't take effect at the same time.
+    (Thanks to Jon Skeet and Arthur David Olson.)  Constraints on
+    simultaneity are now documented.
+
+    The two characters '%z' in a zone format now stand for the UT
+    offset, e.g., '-07' for seven hours behind UT and '+0530' for
+    five hours and thirty minutes ahead.  This better supports time
+    zone abbreviations conforming to POSIX.1-2001 and later.
+
+  Changes affecting installed data files
+
+    Comments for America/Halifax and America/Glace_Bay have been improved.
+    (Thanks to Brian Inglis.)
+
+    Data entries have been simplified for Atlantic/Canary, Europe/Simferopol,
+    Europe/Sofia, and Europe/Tallinn.  This yields slightly smaller
+    installed data files for Europe/Simferopol and Europe/Tallinn.
+    It does not affect timestamps.  (Thanks to Howard Hinnant.)
+
+  Changes affecting code
+
+    zdump and zic no longer warn about valid time zone abbreviations
+    like '-05'.
+
+    Some Visual Studio 2013 warnings have been suppressed.
+    (Thanks to Kees Dekker.)
+
+    'date' no longer sets the time of day and its -a, -d, -n and -t
+    options have been removed.  Long obsolescent, the implementation
+    of these features had porting problems.  Builders no longer need
+    to configure HAVE_ADJTIME, HAVE_SETTIMEOFDAY, or HAVE_UTMPX_H.
+    (Thanks to Kees Dekker for pointing out the problem.)
+
+  Changes affecting documentation
+
+    The Theory file mentions naming issues earlier, as these seem to be
+    poorly publicized (thanks to Gilmore Davidson for reporting the problem).
+
+    tz-link.htm mentions Time Zone Database Parser (thanks to Howard Hinnant).
+
+    Mention that Herbert Samuel introduced the term "Summer Time".
+
+
+Release 2015e - 2015-06-13 10:56:02 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting future timestamps
+
+    Morocco will suspend DST from 2015-06-14 03:00 through 2015-07-19 02:00,
+    not 06-13 and 07-18 as we had guessed.  (Thanks to Milamber.)
+
+    Assume Cayman Islands will observe DST starting next year, using US rules.
+    Although it isn't guaranteed, it is the most likely.
+
+  Changes affecting data format
+
+    The file 'iso3166.tab' now uses UTF-8, so that its entries can better
+    spell the names of Åland Islands, Côte d'Ivoire, and Réunion.
+
+  Changes affecting code
+
+    When displaying data, tzselect converts it to the current locale's
+    encoding if the iconv command works.  (Problem reported by random832.)
+
+    tzselect no longer mishandles Dominica, fixing a bug introduced
+    in Release 2014f.  (Problem reported by Owen Leibman.)
+
+    zic -l no longer fails when compiled with -DTZDEFAULT=\"/etc/localtime\".
+    This fixes a bug introduced in Release 2014f.
+    (Problem reported by Leonardo Chiquitto.)
+
+
+Release 2015d - 2015-04-24 08:09:46 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting future timestamps
+
+    Egypt will not observe DST in 2015 and will consider canceling it
+    permanently.  For now, assume no DST indefinitely.
+    (Thanks to Ahmed Nazmy and Tim Parenti.)
+
+  Changes affecting past timestamps
+
+    America/Whitehorse switched from UT -09 to -08 on 1967-05-28, not
+    1966-07-01.  Also, Yukon's time zone history is documented better.
+    (Thanks to Brian Inglis and Dennis Ferguson.)
+
+  Change affecting past and future time zone abbreviations
+
+    The abbreviations for Hawaii-Aleutian standard and daylight times
+    have been changed from HAST/HADT to HST/HDT, as per US Government
+    Printing Office style.  This affects only America/Adak since 1983,
+    as America/Honolulu was already using the new style.
+
+  Changes affecting code
+
+   zic has some minor performance improvements.
+
+
+Release 2015c - 2015-04-11 08:55:55 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting future timestamps
+
+    Egypt's spring-forward transition is at 24:00 on April's last Thursday,
+    not 00:00 on April's last Friday.  2015's transition will therefore be on
+    Thursday, April 30 at 24:00, not Friday, April 24 at 00:00.  Similar fixes
+    apply to 2026, 2037, 2043, etc.  (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+  Changes affecting past timestamps
+
+    The following changes affect some pre-1991 Chile-related timestamps
+    in America/Santiago, Antarctica/Palmer, and Pacific/Easter.
+
+      The 1910 transition was January 10, not January 1.
+
+      The 1918 transition was September 10, not September 1.
+
+      The UT -04 time observed from 1932 to 1942 is now considered to
+      be standard time, not year-round DST.
+
+      Santiago observed DST (UT -03) from 1946-07-15 through
+      1946-08-31, then reverted to standard time, then switched to -05
+      on 1947-04-01.
+
+      Assume transitions before 1968 were at 00:00, since we have no data
+      saying otherwise.
+
+      The spring 1988 transition was 1988-10-09, not 1988-10-02.
+      The fall 1990 transition was 1990-03-11, not 1990-03-18.
+
+      Assume no UT offset change for Pacific/Easter on 1890-01-01,
+      and omit all transitions on Pacific/Easter from 1942 through 1946
+      since we have no data suggesting that they existed.
+
+    One more zone has been turned into a link, as it differed
+    from an existing zone only for older timestamps.  As usual,
+    this change affects UT offsets in pre-1970 timestamps only.
+    The zone's old contents have been moved to the 'backzone' file.
+    The affected zone is America/Montreal.
+
+  Changes affecting commentary
+
+    Mention the TZUpdater tool.
+
+    Mention "The Time Now".  (Thanks to Brandon Ramsey.)
+
+
+Release 2015b - 2015-03-19 23:28:11 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting future timestamps
+
+    Mongolia will start observing DST again this year, from the last
+    Saturday in March at 02:00 to the last Saturday in September at 00:00.
+    (Thanks to Ganbold Tsagaankhuu.)
+
+    Palestine will start DST on March 28, not March 27.  Also,
+    correct the fall 2014 transition from September 26 to October 24.
+    Adjust future predictions accordingly.  (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+  Changes affecting past timestamps
+
+    The 1982 zone shift in Pacific/Easter has been corrected, fixing a 2015a
+    regression.  (Thanks to Stuart Bishop for reporting the problem.)
+
+    Some more zones have been turned into links, when they differed
+    from existing zones only for older timestamps.  As usual,
+    these changes affect UT offsets in pre-1970 timestamps only.
+    Their old contents have been moved to the 'backzone' file.
+    The affected zones are: America/Antigua, America/Cayman,
+    Pacific/Midway, and Pacific/Saipan.
+
+  Changes affecting time zone abbreviations
+
+    Correct the 1992-2010 DST abbreviation in Volgograd from "MSK" to "MSD".
+    (Thanks to Hank W.)
+
+  Changes affecting code
+
+    Fix integer overflow bug in reference 'mktime' implementation.
+    (Problem reported by Jörg Richter.)
+
+    Allow -Dtime_tz=time_t compilations, and allow -Dtime_tz=... libraries
+    to be used in the same executable as standard-library time_t functions.
+    (Problems reported by Bradley White.)
+
+  Changes affecting commentary
+
+    Cite the recent Mexican decree changing Quintana Roo's time zone.
+    (Thanks to Carlos Raúl Perasso.)
+
+    Likewise for the recent Chilean decree.  (Thanks to Eduardo Romero Urra.)
+
+    Update info about Mars time.
+
+
+Release 2015a - 2015-01-29 22:35:20 -0800
+
+  Changes affecting future timestamps
+
+    The Mexican state of Quintana Roo, represented by America/Cancun,
+    will shift from Central Time with DST to Eastern Time without DST
+    on 2015-02-01 at 02:00.  (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen and Gwillim Law.)
+
+    Chile will not change clocks in April or thereafter; its new standard time
+    will be its old daylight saving time.  This affects America/Santiago,
+    Pacific/Easter, and Antarctica/Palmer.  (Thanks to Juan Correa.)
+
+    New leap second 2015-06-30 23:59:60 UTC as per IERS Bulletin C 49.
+    (Thanks to Tim Parenti.)
+
+  Changes affecting past timestamps
+
+    Iceland observed DST in 1919 and 1921, and its 1939 fallback
+    transition was Oct. 29, not Nov. 29.  Remove incorrect data from
+    Shanks about time in Iceland between 1837 and 1908.
+
+    Some more zones have been turned into links, when they differed
+    from existing zones only for older timestamps.  As usual,
+    these changes affect UT offsets in pre-1970 timestamps only.
+    Their old contents have been moved to the 'backzone' file.
+    The affected zones are: Asia/Aden, Asia/Bahrain, Asia/Kuwait,
+    and Asia/Muscat.
+
+  Changes affecting code
+
+    tzalloc now scrubs time zone abbreviations compatibly with the way
+    that tzset always has, by replacing invalid bytes with '_' and by
+    shortening too-long abbreviations.
+
+    tzselect ports to POSIX awk implementations, no longer mishandles
+    POSIX TZ settings when GNU awk is used, and reports POSIX TZ
+    settings to the user.  (Thanks to Stefan Kuhn.)
+
+  Changes affecting build procedure
+
+    'make check' now checks for links to links in the data.
+    One such link (for Africa/Asmera) has been fixed.
+    (Thanks to Stephen Colebourne for pointing out the problem.)
+
+  Changes affecting commentary
+
+    The leapseconds file commentary now mentions the expiration date.
+    (Problem reported by Martin Burnicki.)
+
+    Update Mexican Library of Congress URL.
+
+
+Release 2014j - 2014-11-10 17:37:11 -0800
+
+  Changes affecting current and future timestamps
+
+    Turks & Caicos' switch from US eastern time to UT -04 year-round
+    did not occur on 2014-11-02 at 02:00.  It's currently scheduled
+    for 2015-11-01 at 02:00.  (Thanks to Chris Walton.)
+
+  Changes affecting past timestamps
+
+    Many pre-1989 timestamps have been corrected for Asia/Seoul and
+    Asia/Pyongyang, based on sources for the Korean-language Wikipedia
+    entry for time in Korea.  (Thanks to Sanghyuk Jung.)  Also, no
+    longer guess that Pyongyang mimicked Seoul time after World War II,
+    as this is politically implausible.
+
+    Some more zones have been turned into links, when they differed
+    from existing zones only for older timestamps.  As usual,
+    these changes affect UT offsets in pre-1970 timestamps only.
+    Their old contents have been moved to the 'backzone' file.
+    The affected zones are: Africa/Addis_Ababa, Africa/Asmara,
+    Africa/Dar_es_Salaam, Africa/Djibouti, Africa/Kampala,
+    Africa/Mogadishu, Indian/Antananarivo, Indian/Comoro, and
+    Indian/Mayotte.
+
+  Changes affecting commentary
+
+    The commentary is less enthusiastic about Shanks as a source,
+    and is more careful to distinguish UT from UTC.
+
+
+Release 2014i - 2014-10-21 22:04:57 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting future timestamps
+
+    Pacific/Fiji will observe DST from 2014-11-02 02:00 to 2015-01-18 03:00.
+    (Thanks to Ken Rylander for the heads-up.)  Guess that future
+    years will use a similar pattern.
+
+    A new Zone Pacific/Bougainville, for the part of Papua New Guinea
+    that plans to switch from UT +10 to +11 on 2014-12-28 at 02:00.
+    (Thanks to Kiley Walbom for the heads-up.)
+
+  Changes affecting time zone abbreviations
+
+    Since Belarus is not changing its clocks even though Moscow is,
+    the time zone abbreviation in Europe/Minsk is changing from FET
+    to its more traditional value MSK on 2014-10-26 at 01:00.
+    (Thanks to Alexander Bokovoy for the heads-up about Belarus.)
+
+    The new abbreviation IDT stands for the pre-1976 use of UT +08 in
+    Indochina, to distinguish it better from ICT (+07).
+
+  Changes affecting past timestamps
+
+    Many timestamps have been corrected for Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh before 1976
+    (thanks to Trần Ngọc Quân for an indirect pointer to Trần Tiến Bình's
+    authoritative book).  Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh has been added to
+    zone1970.tab, to give tzselect users in Vietnam two choices,
+    since north and south Vietnam disagreed after our 1970 cutoff.
+
+    Asia/Phnom_Penh and Asia/Vientiane have been turned into links, as
+    they differed from existing zones only for older timestamps.  As
+    usual, these changes affect pre-1970 timestamps only.  Their old
+    contents have been moved to the 'backzone' file.
+
+  Changes affecting code
+
+    The time-related library functions now set errno on failure, and
+    some crashes in the new tzalloc-related library functions have
+    been fixed.  (Thanks to Christos Zoulas for reporting most of
+    these problems and for suggesting fixes.)
+
+    If USG_COMPAT is defined and the requested timestamp is standard time,
+    the tz library's localtime and mktime functions now set the extern
+    variable timezone to a value appropriate for that timestamp; and
+    similarly for ALTZONE, daylight saving time, and the altzone variable.
+    This change is a companion to the tzname change in 2014h, and is
+    designed to make timezone and altzone more compatible with tzname.
+
+    The tz library's functions now set errno to EOVERFLOW if they fail
+    because the result cannot be represented.  ctime and ctime_r now
+    return NULL and set errno when a timestamp is out of range, rather
+    than having undefined behavior.
+
+    Some bugs associated with the new 2014g functions have been fixed.
+    This includes a bug that largely incapacitated the new functions
+    time2posix_z and posix2time_z.  (Thanks to Christos Zoulas.)
+    It also includes some uses of uninitialized variables after tzalloc.
+    The new code uses the standard type 'ssize_t', which the Makefile
+    now gives porting advice about.
+
+  Changes affecting commentary
+
+    Updated URLs for NRC Canada (thanks to Matt Johnson and Brian Inglis).
+
+
+Release 2014h - 2014-09-25 18:59:03 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting past timestamps
+
+    America/Jamaica's 1974 spring-forward transition was Jan. 6, not Apr. 28.
+
+    Shanks says Asia/Novokuznetsk switched from LMT (not "NMT") on 1924-05-01,
+    not 1920-01-06.  The old entry was based on a misinterpretation of Shanks.
+
+    Some more zones have been turned into links, when they differed
+    from existing zones only for older timestamps.  As usual,
+    these changes affect UT offsets in pre-1970 timestamps only.
+    Their old contents have been moved to the 'backzone' file.
+    The affected zones are: Africa/Blantyre, Africa/Bujumbura,
+    Africa/Gaborone, Africa/Harare, Africa/Kigali, Africa/Lubumbashi,
+    Africa/Lusaka, Africa/Maseru, and Africa/Mbabane.
+
+  Changes affecting code
+
+    zdump -V and -v now output gmtoff= values on all platforms,
+    not merely on platforms defining TM_GMTOFF.
+
+    The tz library's localtime and mktime functions now set tzname to a value
+    appropriate for the requested timestamp, and zdump now uses this
+    on platforms not defining TM_ZONE, fixing a 2014g regression.
+    (Thanks to Tim Parenti for reporting the problem.)
+
+    The tz library no longer sets tzname if localtime or mktime fails.
+
+    zdump -c no longer mishandles transitions near year boundaries.
+    (Thanks to Tim Parenti for reporting the problem.)
+
+    An access to uninitialized data has been fixed.
+    (Thanks to Jörg Richter for reporting the problem.)
+
+    When THREAD_SAFE is defined, the code ports to the C11 memory model.
+    A memory leak has been fixed if ALL_STATE and THREAD_SAFE are defined
+    and two threads race to initialize data used by gmtime-like functions.
+    (Thanks to Andy Heninger for reporting the problems.)
+
+  Changes affecting build procedure
+
+    'make check' now checks better for properly sorted data.
+
+  Changes affecting documentation and commentary
+
+    zdump's gmtoff=N output is now documented, and its isdst=D output
+    is now documented to possibly output D values other than 0 or 1.
+
+    zdump -c's treatment of years is now documented to use the
+    Gregorian calendar and Universal Time without leap seconds,
+    and its behavior at cutoff boundaries is now documented better.
+    (Thanks to Arthur David Olson and Tim Parenti for reporting the problems.)
+
+    Programs are now documented to use the proleptic Gregorian calendar.
+    (Thanks to Alan Barrett for the suggestion.)
+
+    Fractional-second GMT offsets have been documented for civil time
+    in 19th-century Chennai, Jakarta, and New York.
+
+
+Release 2014g - 2014-08-28 12:31:23 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting future timestamps
+
+    Turks & Caicos is switching from US eastern time to UT -04
+    year-round, modeled as a switch on 2014-11-02 at 02:00.
+    [As noted in 2014j, this switch was later delayed.]
+
+  Changes affecting past timestamps
+
+    Time in Russia or the USSR before 1926 or so has been corrected by
+    a few seconds in the following zones: Asia/Irkutsk,
+    Asia/Krasnoyarsk, Asia/Omsk, Asia/Samarkand, Asia/Tbilisi,
+    Asia/Vladivostok, Asia/Yakutsk, Europe/Riga, Europe/Samara.  For
+    Asia/Yekaterinburg the correction is a few minutes.  (Thanks to
+    Vladimir Karpinsky.)
+
+    The Portuguese decree of 1911-05-26 took effect on 1912-01-01.
+    This affects 1911 timestamps in Africa/Bissau, Africa/Luanda,
+    Atlantic/Azores, and Atlantic/Madeira.  Also, Lisbon's pre-1912
+    GMT offset was -0:36:45 (rounded from -0:36:44.68), not -0:36:32.
+    (Thanks to Stephen Colebourne for pointing to the decree.)
+
+    Asia/Dhaka ended DST on 2009-12-31 at 24:00, not 23:59.
+
+    A new file 'backzone' contains data which may appeal to
+    connoisseurs of old timestamps, although it is out of scope for
+    the tz database, is often poorly sourced, and contains some data
+    that is known to be incorrect.  The new file is not recommended
+    for ordinary use and its entries are not installed by default.
+    (Thanks to Lester Caine for the high-quality Jersey, Guernsey, and
+    Isle of Man entries.)
+
+    Some more zones have been turned into links, when they differed
+    from existing zones only for older timestamps.  As usual,
+    these changes affect UT offsets in pre-1970 timestamps only.
+    Their old contents have been moved to the 'backzone' file.
+    The affected zones are: Africa/Bangui, Africa/Brazzaville,
+    Africa/Douala, Africa/Kinshasa, Africa/Libreville, Africa/Luanda,
+    Africa/Malabo, Africa/Niamey, and Africa/Porto-Novo.
+
+  Changes affecting code
+
+    Unless NETBSD_INSPIRED is defined to 0, the tz library now
+    supplies functions for creating and using objects that represent
+    timezones. The new functions are tzalloc, tzfree, localtime_rz,
+    mktime_z, and (if STD_INSPIRED is also defined) posix2time_z and
+    time2posix_z.  They are intended for performance: for example,
+    localtime_rz (unlike localtime_r) is trivially thread-safe without
+    locking.  (Thanks to Christos Zoulas for proposing NetBSD-inspired
+    functions, and to Alan Barrett and Jonathan Lennox for helping to
+    debug the change.)
+
+    zdump now builds with the tz library unless USE_LTZ is defined to 0,
+    This lets zdump use tz features even if the system library lacks them.
+    To build zdump with the system library, use 'make CFLAGS=-DUSE_LTZ=0
+    TZDOBJS=zdump.o CHECK_TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES='.
+
+    zdump now uses localtime_rz if available, as it's significantly faster,
+    and it can help zdump better diagnose invalid timezone names.
+    Define HAVE_LOCALTIME_RZ to 0 to suppress this.  HAVE_LOCALTIME_RZ
+    defaults to 1 if NETBSD_INSPIRED && USE_LTZ.  When localtime_rz is
+    not available, zdump now uses localtime_r and tzset if available,
+    as this is a bit cleaner and faster than plain localtime.  Compile
+    with -DHAVE_LOCALTIME_R=0 and/or -DHAVE_TZSET=0 if your system
+    lacks these two functions.
+
+    If THREAD_SAFE is defined to 1, the tz library is now thread-safe.
+    Although not needed for tz's own applications, which are single-threaded,
+    this supports POSIX better if the tz library is used in multithreaded apps.
+
+    Some crashes have been fixed when zdump or the tz library is given
+    invalid or outlandish input.
+
+    The tz library no longer mishandles leap seconds on platforms with
+    unsigned time_t in timezones that lack ordinary transitions after 1970.
+
+    The tz code now attempts to infer TM_GMTOFF and TM_ZONE if not
+    already defined, to make it easier to configure on common platforms.
+    Define NO_TM_GMTOFF and NO_TM_ZONE to suppress this.
+
+    Unless the new macro UNINIT_TRAP is defined to 1, the tz code now
+    assumes that reading uninitialized memory yields garbage values
+    but does not cause other problems such as traps.
+
+    If TM_GMTOFF is defined and UNINIT_TRAP is 0, mktime is now
+    more likely to guess right for ambiguous timestamps near
+    transitions where tm_isdst does not change.
+
+    If HAVE_STRFTIME_L is defined to 1, the tz library now defines
+    strftime_l for compatibility with recent versions of POSIX.
+    Only the C locale is supported, though.  HAVE_STRFTIME_L defaults
+    to 1 on recent POSIX versions, and to 0 otherwise.
+
+    tzselect -c now uses a hybrid distance measure that works better
+    in Africa.  (Thanks to Alan Barrett for noting the problem.)
+
+    The C source code now ports to NetBSD when GCC_DEBUG_FLAGS is used,
+    or when time_tz is defined.
+
+    When HAVE_UTMPX_H is set the 'date' command now builds on systems
+    whose <utmpx.h> file does not define WTMPX_FILE, and when setting
+    the date it updates the wtmpx file if _PATH_WTMPX is defined.
+    This affects GNU/Linux and similar systems.
+
+    For easier maintenance later, some C code has been simplified,
+    some lint has been removed, and the code has been tweaked so that
+    plain 'make' is more likely to work.
+
+    The C type 'bool' is now used for boolean values, instead of 'int'.
+
+    The long-obsolete LOCALE_HOME code has been removed.
+
+    The long-obsolete 'gtime' function has been removed.
+
+  Changes affecting build procedure
+
+    'zdump' no longer links in ialloc.o, as it's not needed.
+
+    'make check_time_t_alternatives' no longer assumes GNU diff.
+
+  Changes affecting distribution tarballs
+
+    The files checktab.awk and zoneinfo2tdf.pl are now distributed in
+    the tzdata tarball instead of the tzcode tarball, since they help
+    maintain the data.  The NEWS and Theory files are now also
+    distributed in the tzdata tarball, as they're relevant for data.
+    (Thanks to Alan Barrett for pointing this out.)  Also, the
+    leapseconds.awk file is no longer distributed in the tzcode
+    tarball, since it belongs in the tzdata tarball (where 2014f
+    inadvertently also distributed it).
+
+  Changes affecting documentation and commentary
+
+    A new file CONTRIBUTING is distributed.  (Thanks to Tim Parenti for
+    suggesting a CONTRIBUTING file, and to Tony Finch and Walter Harms
+    for debugging it.)
+
+    The man pages have been updated to use function prototypes,
+    to document thread-safe variants like localtime_r, and to document
+    the NetBSD-inspired functions tzalloc, tzfree, localtime_rz, and
+    mktime_z.
+
+    The fields in Link lines have been renamed to be more descriptive
+    and more like the parameters of 'ln'.  LINK-FROM has become TARGET,
+    and LINK-TO has become LINK-NAME.
+
+    tz-link.htm mentions the IETF's tzdist working group; Windows
+    Runtime etc. (thanks to Matt Johnson); and HP-UX's tztab.
+
+    Some broken URLs have been fixed in the commentary.  (Thanks to
+    Lester Caine.)
+
+    Commentary about Philippines DST has been updated, and commentary
+    on pre-1970 time in India has been added.
+
+
+Release 2014f - 2014-08-05 17:42:36 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting future timestamps
+
+    Russia will subtract an hour from most of its time zones on 2014-10-26
+    at 02:00 local time.  (Thanks to Alexander Krivenyshev.)
+    There are a few exceptions: Magadan Oblast (Asia/Magadan) and Zabaykalsky
+    Krai are subtracting two hours; conversely, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
+    (Asia/Anadyr), Kamchatka Krai (Asia/Kamchatka), Kemerovo Oblast
+    (Asia/Novokuznetsk), and the Samara Oblast and the Udmurt Republic
+    (Europe/Samara) are not changing their clocks.  The changed zones are
+    Europe/Kaliningrad, Europe/Moscow, Europe/Simferopol, Europe/Volgograd,
+    Asia/Yekaterinburg, Asia/Omsk, Asia/Novosibirsk, Asia/Krasnoyarsk,
+    Asia/Irkutsk, Asia/Yakutsk, Asia/Vladivostok, Asia/Khandyga,
+    Asia/Sakhalin, and Asia/Ust-Nera; Asia/Magadan will have two hours
+    subtracted; and Asia/Novokuznetsk's time zone abbreviation is affected,
+    but not its UTC offset.  Two zones are added: Asia/Chita (split
+    from Asia/Yakutsk, and also with two hours subtracted) and
+    Asia/Srednekolymsk (split from Asia/Magadan, but with only one hour
+    subtracted).  (Thanks to Tim Parenti for much of the above.)
+
+  Changes affecting time zone abbreviations
+
+    Australian eastern time zone abbreviations are now AEST/AEDT not EST,
+    and similarly for the other Australian zones.  That is, for eastern
+    standard and daylight saving time the abbreviations are AEST and AEDT
+    instead of the former EST for both; similarly, ACST/ACDT, ACWST/ACWDT,
+    and AWST/AWDT are now used instead of the former CST, CWST, and WST.
+    This change does not affect UT offsets, only time zone abbreviations.
+    (Thanks to Rich Tibbett and many others.)
+
+    Asia/Novokuznetsk shifts from NOVT to KRAT (remaining on UT +07)
+    effective 2014-10-26 at 02:00 local time.
+
+    The time zone abbreviation for Xinjiang Time (observed in Ürümqi)
+    has been changed from URUT to XJT.  (Thanks to Luther Ma.)
+
+    Prefer MSK/MSD for Moscow time in Russia, even in other cities.
+    Similarly, prefer EET/EEST for eastern European time in Russia.
+
+    Change time zone abbreviations in (western) Samoa to use "ST" and
+    "DT" suffixes, as this is more likely to match common practice.
+    Prefix "W" to (western) Samoa time when its standard-time offset
+    disagrees with that of American Samoa.
+
+    America/Metlakatla now uses PST, not MeST, to abbreviate its time zone.
+
+    Time zone abbreviations have been updated for Japan's two time
+    zones used 1896-1937.  JWST now stands for Western Standard
+    Time, and JCST for Central Standard Time (formerly this was CJT).
+    These abbreviations are now used for time in Korea, Taiwan,
+    and Sakhalin while controlled by Japan.
+
+  Changes affecting past timestamps
+
+    China's five zones have been simplified to two, since the post-1970
+    differences in the other three seem to have been imaginary.  The
+    zones Asia/Harbin, Asia/Chongqing, and Asia/Kashgar have been
+    removed; backwards-compatibility links still work, albeit with
+    different behaviors for timestamps before May 1980.  Asia/Urumqi's
+    1980 transition to UT +08 has been removed, so that it is now at
+    +06 and not +08.  (Thanks to Luther Ma and to Alois Treindl;
+    Treindl sent helpful translations of two papers by Guo Qingsheng.)
+
+    Some zones have been turned into links, when they differed from existing
+    zones only for older UT offsets where data entries were likely invented.
+    These changes affect UT offsets in pre-1970 timestamps only.  This is
+    similar to the change in release 2013e, except this time for western
+    Africa.  The affected zones are: Africa/Bamako, Africa/Banjul,
+    Africa/Conakry, Africa/Dakar, Africa/Freetown, Africa/Lome,
+    Africa/Nouakchott, Africa/Ouagadougou, Africa/Sao_Tome, and
+    Atlantic/St_Helena.  This also affects the backwards-compatibility
+    link Africa/Timbuktu.  (Thanks to Alan Barrett, Stephen Colebourne,
+    Tim Parenti, and David Patte for reporting problems in earlier
+    versions of this change.)
+
+    Asia/Shanghai's pre-standard-time UT offset has been changed from
+    8:05:57 to 8:05:43, the location of Xujiahui Observatory.  Its
+    transition to standard time has been changed from 1928 to 1901.
+
+    Asia/Taipei switched to JWST on 1896-01-01, then to JST on 1937-10-01,
+    then to CST on 1945-09-21 at 01:00, and did not observe DST in 1945.
+    In 1946 it observed DST from 05-15 through 09-30; in 1947
+    from 04-15 through 10-31; and in 1979 from 07-01 through 09-30.
+    (Thanks to Yu-Cheng Chuang.)
+
+    Asia/Riyadh's transition to standard time is now 1947-03-14, not 1950.
+
+    Europe/Helsinki's 1942 fall-back transition was 10-04 at 01:00, not
+    10-03 at 00:00.  (Thanks to Konstantin Hyppönen.)
+
+    Pacific/Pago_Pago has been changed from UT -11:30 to -11 for the
+    period from 1911 to 1950.
+
+    Pacific/Chatham has been changed to New Zealand standard time plus
+    45 minutes for the period before 1957, reflecting a 1956 remark in
+    the New Zealand parliament.
+
+    Europe/Budapest has several pre-1946 corrections: in 1918 the transition
+    out of DST was on 09-16, not 09-29; in 1919 it was on 11-24, not 09-15; in
+    1945 it was on 11-01, not 11-03; in 1941 the transition to DST was 04-08
+    not 04-06 at 02:00; and there was no DST in 1920.
+
+    Africa/Accra is now assumed to have observed DST from 1920 through 1935.
+
+    Time in Russia before 1927 or so has been corrected by a few seconds in
+    the following zones: Europe/Moscow, Asia/Irkutsk, Asia/Tbilisi,
+    Asia/Tashkent, Asia/Vladivostok, Asia/Yekaterinburg, Europe/Helsinki, and
+    Europe/Riga.  Also, Moscow's location has been changed to its Kilometer 0
+    point.  (Thanks to Vladimir Karpinsky for the Moscow changes.)
+
+  Changes affecting data format
+
+    A new file 'zone1970.tab' supersedes 'zone.tab' in the installed data.
+    The new file's extended format allows multiple country codes per zone.
+    The older file is still installed but is deprecated; its format is
+    not changing and it will still be distributed for a while, but new
+    applications should use the new file.
+
+    The new file format simplifies maintenance of obscure locations.
+    To test this, it adds coverage for the Crozet Islands and the
+    Scattered Islands.  (Thanks to Tobias Conradi and Antoine Leca.)
+
+    The file 'iso3166.tab' is planned to switch from ASCII to UTF-8.
+    It is still ASCII now, but commentary about the switch has been added.
+    The new file 'zone1970.tab' already uses UTF-8.
+
+  Changes affecting code
+
+    'localtime', 'mktime', etc. now use much less stack space if ALL_STATE
+    is defined.  (Thanks to Elliott Hughes for reporting the problem.)
+
+    'zic' no longer mishandles input when ignoring case in locales that
+    are not compatible with English, e.g., unibyte Turkish locales when
+    compiled with HAVE_GETTEXT.
+
+    Error diagnostics of 'zic' and 'yearistype' have been reworded so that
+    they no longer use ASCII '-' as if it were a dash.
+
+    'zic' now rejects output file names that contain '.' or '..' components.
+    (Thanks to Tim Parenti for reporting the problem.)
+
+    'zic -v' now warns about output file names that do not follow
+    POSIX rules, or that contain a digit or '.'.  (Thanks to Arthur
+    David Olson for starting the ball rolling on this.)
+
+    Some lint has been removed when using GCC_DEBUG_FLAGS with GCC 4.9.0.
+
+  Changes affecting build procedure
+
+    'zic' no longer links in localtime.o and asctime.o, as they're not needed.
+    (Thanks to John Cochran.)
+
+  Changes affecting documentation and commentary
+
+    The 'Theory' file documents legacy names, the longstanding
+    exceptions to the POSIX-inspired file name rules.
+
+    The 'zic' documentation clarifies the role of time types when
+    interpreting dates.  (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.)
+
+    Documentation and commentary now prefer UTF-8 to US-ASCII,
+    allowing the use of proper accents in foreign words and names.
+    Code and data have not changed because of this.  (Thanks to
+    Garrett Wollman, Ian Abbott, and Guy Harris for helping to debug
+    this.)
+
+    Non-HTML documentation and commentary now use plain-text URLs instead of
+    HTML insertions, and are more consistent about bracketing URLs when they
+    are not already surrounded by white space.  (Thanks to suggestions by
+    Steffen Nurpmeso.)
+
+    There is new commentary about Xujiahui Observatory, the five time-zone
+    project in China from 1918 to 1949, timekeeping in Japanese-occupied
+    Shanghai, and Tibet Time in the 1950s.  The sharp-eyed can spot the
+    warlord Jin Shuren in the data.
+
+    Commentary about the coverage of each Russian zone has been standardized.
+    (Thanks to Tim Parenti.)
+
+    There is new commentary about contemporary timekeeping in Ethiopia.
+
+    Obsolete comments about a 2007 proposal for DST in Kuwait has been removed.
+
+    There is new commentary about time in Poland in 1919.
+
+    Proper credit has been given to DST inventor George Vernon Hudson.
+
+    Commentary about time in Metlakatla, AK and Resolute, NU has been
+    improved, with a new source for the former.
+
+    In zone.tab, Pacific/Easter no longer mentions Salas y Gómez, as it
+    is uninhabited.
+
+    Commentary about permanent Antarctic bases has been updated.
+
+    Several typos have been corrected.  (Thanks to Tim Parenti for
+    contributing some of these fixes.)
+
+    tz-link.htm now mentions the JavaScript libraries Moment Timezone,
+    TimezoneJS.Date, Walltime-js, and Timezone.  (Thanks to a heads-up
+    from Matt Johnson.)  Also, it mentions the Go 'latlong' package.
+    (Thanks to a heads-up from Dirkjan Ochtman.)
+
+    The files usno1988, usno1989, usno1989a, usno1995, usno1997, and usno1998
+    have been removed.  These obsolescent US Naval Observatory entries were no
+    longer helpful for maintenance.  (Thanks to Tim Parenti for the suggestion.)
+
+
+Release 2014e - 2014-06-12 21:53:52 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting near-future timestamps
+
+    Egypt's 2014 Ramadan-based transitions are June 26 and July 31 at 24:00.
+    (Thanks to Imed Chihi.)  Guess that from 2015 on Egypt will temporarily
+    switch to standard time at 24:00 the last Thursday before Ramadan, and
+    back to DST at 00:00 the first Friday after Ramadan.
+
+    Similarly, Morocco's are June 28 at 03:00 and August 2 at 02:00.  (Thanks
+    to Milamber Space Network.)  Guess that from 2015 on Morocco will
+    temporarily switch to standard time at 03:00 the last Saturday before
+    Ramadan, and back to DST at 02:00 the first Saturday after Ramadan.
+
+  Changes affecting past timestamps
+
+    The abbreviation "MSM" (Moscow Midsummer Time) is now used instead of
+    "MSD" for Moscow's double daylight time in summer 1921.  Also, a typo
+    "VLASST" has been repaired to be "VLAST" for Vladivostok summer time
+    in 1991.  (Thanks to Hank W. for reporting the problems.)
+
+  Changes affecting commentary
+
+    tz-link.htm now cites RFC 7265 for jCal, mentions PTP and the
+    draft CalDAV extension, updates URLs for TSP, TZInfo, IATA, and
+    removes stale pointers to World Time Explorer and WORLDTIME.
+
+
+Release 2014d - 2014-05-27 21:34:40 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting code
+
+    zic no longer generates files containing timestamps before the Big Bang.
+    This works around GNOME glib bug 878
+    <https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/glib/issues/878>
+    (Thanks to Leonardo Chiquitto for reporting the bug, and to
+    Arthur David Olson and James Cloos for suggesting improvements to the fix.)
+
+  Changes affecting documentation
+
+    tz-link.htm now mentions GNOME.
+
+
+Release 2014c - 2014-05-13 07:44:13 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting near-future timestamps
+
+    Egypt observes DST starting 2014-05-15 at 24:00.
+    (Thanks to Ahmad El-Dardiry and Gunther Vermier.)
+    Details have not been announced, except that DST will not be observed
+    during Ramadan.  Guess that DST will stop during the same Ramadan dates as
+    Morocco, and that Egypt's future spring and fall transitions will be the
+    same as 2010 when it last observed DST, namely April's last Friday at
+    00:00 to September's last Thursday at 23:00 standard time.  Also, guess
+    that Ramadan transitions will be at 00:00 standard time.
+
+  Changes affecting code
+
+    zic now generates transitions for minimum time values, eliminating guesswork
+    when handling low-valued timestamps.  (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.)
+
+    Port to Cygwin sans glibc.  (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.)
+
+  Changes affecting commentary and documentation
+
+    Remove now-confusing comment about Jordan.  (Thanks to Oleksii Nochovnyi.)
+
+
+Release 2014b - 2014-03-24 21:28:50 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting near-future timestamps
+
+    Crimea switches to Moscow time on 2014-03-30 at 02:00 local time.
+    (Thanks to Alexander Krivenyshev.)  Move its zone.tab entry from UA to RU.
+
+    New entry for Troll station, Antarctica.  (Thanks to Paul-Inge Flakstad and
+    Bengt-Inge Larsson.)  This is currently an approximation; a better version
+    will require the zic and localtime fixes mentioned below, and the plan is
+    to wait for a while until at least the zic fixes propagate.
+
+  Changes affecting code
+
+    'zic' and 'localtime' no longer reject locations needing four transitions
+    per year for the foreseeable future.  (Thanks to Andrew Main (Zefram).)
+    Also, 'zic' avoids some unlikely failures due to integer overflow.
+
+  Changes affecting build procedure
+
+    'make check' now detects Rule lines defined but never used.
+    The NZAQ rules, an instance of this problem, have been removed.
+
+  Changes affecting commentary and documentation
+
+    Fix Tuesday/Thursday typo in description of time in Israel.
+    (Thanks to Bert Katz via Pavel Kharitonov and Mike Frysinger.)
+
+    Microsoft Windows 8.1 doesn't support tz database names.  (Thanks
+    to Donald MacQueen.)  Instead, the Microsoft Windows Store app
+    library supports them.
+
+    Add comments about Johnston Island time in the 1960s.
+    (Thanks to Lyle McElhaney.)
+
+    Morocco's 2014 DST start will be as predicted.
+    (Thanks to Sebastien Willemijns.)
+
+
+Release 2014a - 2014-03-07 23:30:29 -0800
+
+  Changes affecting near-future timestamps
+
+    Turkey begins DST on 2014-03-31, not 03-30.  (Thanks to Faruk Pasin for
+    the heads-up, and to Tim Parenti for simplifying the update.)
+
+  Changes affecting past timestamps
+
+    Fiji ended DST on 2014-01-19 at 02:00, not the previously scheduled 03:00.
+    (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+    Ukraine switched from Moscow to Eastern European time on 1990-07-01
+    (not 1992-01-01), and observed DST during the entire next winter.
+    (Thanks to Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl.)
+
+    In 1988 Israel observed DST from 04-10 to 09-04, not 04-09 to 09-03.
+    (Thanks to Avigdor Finkelstein.)
+
+  Changes affecting code
+
+    A uninitialized-storage bug in 'localtime' has been fixed.
+    (Thanks to Logan Chien.)
+
+  Changes affecting the build procedure
+
+    The settings for 'make check_web' now default to Ubuntu 13.10.
+
+  Changes affecting commentary and documentation
+
+    The boundary of the US Pacific time zone is given more accurately.
+    (Thanks to Alan Mintz.)
+
+    Chile's 2014 DST will be as predicted.  (Thanks to José Miguel Garrido.)
+
+    Paraguay's 2014 DST will be as predicted.  (Thanks to Carlos Raúl Perasso.)
+
+    Better descriptions of countries with same time zone history as
+    Trinidad and Tobago since 1970.  (Thanks to Alan Barrett for suggestion.)
+
+    Several changes affect tz-link.htm, the main web page.
+
+      Mention Time.is (thanks to Even Scharning) and WX-now (thanks to
+      David Braverman).
+
+      Mention xCal (Internet RFC 6321) and jCal.
+
+      Microsoft has some support for tz database names.
+
+      CLDR data formats include both XML and JSON.
+
+      Mention Maggiolo's map of solar vs standard time.
+      (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.)
+
+      Mention TZ4Net.  (Thanks to Matt Johnson.)
+
+      Mention the timezone-olson Haskell package.
+
+      Mention zeitverschiebung.net.  (Thanks to Martin Jäger.)
+
+      Remove moribund links to daylight-savings-time.info and to
+      Simple Timer + Clocks.
+
+      Update two links.  (Thanks to Oscar van Vlijmen.)
+
+      Fix some formatting glitches, e.g., remove random newlines from
+      abbr elements' title attributes.
+
+
+Release 2013i - 2013-12-17 07:25:23 -0800
+
+  Changes affecting near-future timestamps:
+
+    Jordan switches back to standard time at 00:00 on December 20, 2013.
+    The 2006-2011 transition schedule is planned to resume in 2014.
+    (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+  Changes affecting past timestamps:
+
+    In 2004, Cuba began DST on March 28, not April 4.
+    (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+  Changes affecting code
+
+    The compile-time flag NOSOLAR has been removed, as nowadays the
+    benefit of slightly shrinking runtime table size is outweighed by the
+    cost of disallowing potential future updates that exceed old limits.
+
+  Changes affecting documentation and commentary
+
+    The files solar87, solar88, and solar89 are no longer distributed.
+    They were a negative experiment - that is, a demonstration that
+    tz data can represent solar time only with some difficulty and error.
+    Their presence in the distribution caused confusion, as Riyadh
+    civil time was generally not solar time in those years.
+
+    tz-link.htm now mentions Noda Time.  (Thanks to Matt Johnson.)
+
+
+Release 2013h - 2013-10-25 15:32:32 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting current and future timestamps:
+
+    Libya has switched its UT offset back to +02 without DST, instead
+    of +01 with DST.  (Thanks to Even Scharning.)
+
+    Western Sahara (Africa/El_Aaiun) uses Morocco's DST rules.
+    (Thanks to Gwillim Law.)
+
+  Changes affecting future timestamps:
+
+    Acre and (we guess) western Amazonas will switch from UT -04 to -05
+    on 2013-11-10.  This affects America/Rio_Branco and America/Eirunepe.
+    (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+    Add entries for DST transitions in Morocco in the year 2038.
+    This avoids some year-2038 glitches introduced in 2013g.
+    (Thanks to Yoshito Umaoka for reporting the problem.)
+
+  Changes affecting API
+
+    The 'tzselect' command no longer requires the 'select' command,
+    and should now work with /bin/sh on more platforms.  It also works
+    around a bug in BusyBox awk before version 1.21.0.  (Thanks to
+    Patrick 'P. J.' McDermott and Alan Barrett.)
+
+  Changes affecting code
+
+    Fix localtime overflow bugs with 32-bit unsigned time_t.
+
+    zdump no longer assumes sscanf returns maximal values on overflow.
+
+  Changes affecting the build procedure
+
+    The builder can specify which programs to use, if any, instead of
+    'ar' and 'ranlib', and libtz.a is now built locally before being
+    installed.  (Thanks to Michael Forney.)
+
+    A dependency typo in the 'zdump' rule has been fixed.
+    (Thanks to Andrew Paprocki.)
+
+    The Makefile has been simplified by assuming that 'mkdir -p' and 'cp -f'
+    work as specified by POSIX.2-1992 or later; this is portable nowadays.
+
+    'make clean' no longer removes 'leapseconds', since it's
+    host-independent and is part of the distribution.
+
+    The unused makefile macros TZCSRCS, TZDSRCS, DATESRCS have been removed.
+
+  Changes affecting documentation and commentary
+
+    tz-link.htm now mentions TC TIMEZONE's draft time zone service protocol
+    (thanks to Mike Douglass) and TimezoneJS.Date (thanks to Jim Fehrle).
+
+    Update URLs in tz-link page.  Add URLs for Microsoft Windows, since
+    8.1 introduces tz support.  Remove URLs for Tru64 and UnixWare (no
+    longer maintained) and for old advisories.  SOFA now does C.
+
+Release 2013g - 2013-09-30 21:08:26 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting current and near-future timestamps
+
+    Morocco now observes DST from the last Sunday in March to the last
+    Sunday in October, not April to September respectively.  (Thanks
+    to Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+  Changes affecting 'zic'
+
+    'zic' now runs on platforms that lack both hard links and symlinks.
+    (Thanks to Theo Veenker for reporting the problem, for MinGW.)
+    Also, fix some bugs on platforms that lack hard links but have symlinks.
+
+    'zic -v' again warns that Asia/Tehran has no POSIX environment variable
+    to predict the far future, fixing a bug introduced in 2013e.
+
+  Changes affecting the build procedure
+
+    The 'leapseconds' file is again put into the tzdata tarball.
+    Also, 'leapseconds.awk', so tzdata is self-contained.  (Thanks to
+    Matt Burgess and Ian Abbott.)  The timestamps of these and other
+    dependent files in tarballs are adjusted more consistently.
+
+  Changes affecting documentation and commentary
+
+    The README file is now part of the data tarball as well as the code.
+    It now states that files are public domain unless otherwise specified.
+    (Thanks to Andrew Main (Zefram) for asking for clarifications.)
+    Its details about the 1989 release moved to a place of honor near
+    the end of NEWS.
+
+
+Release 2013f - 2013-09-24 23:37:36 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting near-future timestamps
+
+    Tocantins will very likely not observe DST starting this spring.
+    (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+    Jordan will likely stay at UT +03 indefinitely, and will not fall
+    back this fall.
+
+    Palestine will fall back at 00:00, not 01:00.  (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+  Changes affecting API
+
+    The types of the global variables 'timezone' and 'altzone' (if present)
+    have been changed back to 'long'.  This is required for 'timezone'
+    by POSIX, and for 'altzone' by common practice, e.g., Solaris 11.
+    These variables were originally 'long' in the tz code, but were
+    mistakenly changed to 'time_t' in 1987; nobody reported the
+    incompatibility until now.  The difference matters on x32, where
+    'long' is 32 bits and 'time_t' is 64.  (Thanks to Elliott Hughes.)
+
+  Changes affecting the build procedure
+
+    Avoid long strings in leapseconds.awk to work around a mawk bug.
+    (Thanks to Cyril Baurand.)
+
+  Changes affecting documentation and commentary
+
+    New file 'NEWS' that contains release notes like this one.
+
+    Paraguay's law does not specify DST transition time; 00:00 is customary.
+    (Thanks to Waldemar Villamayor-Venialbo.)
+
+    Minor capitalization fixes.
+
+  Changes affecting version-control only
+
+    The experimental GitHub repository now contains annotated and
+    signed tags for recent releases, e.g., '2013e' for Release 2013e.
+    Releases are tagged starting with 2012e; earlier releases were
+    done differently, and tags would either not have a simple name or
+    not exactly match what was released.
+
+    'make set-timestamps' is now simpler and a bit more portable.
+
+
+Release 2013e - 2013-09-19 23:50:04 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting near-future timestamps
+
+    This year Fiji will start DST on October 27, not October 20.
+    (Thanks to David Wheeler for the heads-up.)  For now, guess that
+    Fiji will continue to spring forward the Sunday before the fourth
+    Monday in October.
+
+  Changes affecting current and future time zone abbreviations
+
+    Use WIB/WITA/WIT rather than WIT/CIT/EIT for alphabetic Indonesian
+    time zone abbreviations since 1932.  (Thanks to George Ziegler,
+    Priyadi Iman Nurcahyo, Zakaria, Jason Grimes, Martin Pitt, and
+    Benny Lin.)  This affects Asia/Dili, Asia/Jakarta, Asia/Jayapura,
+    Asia/Makassar, and Asia/Pontianak.
+
+    Use ART (UT -03, standard time), rather than WARST (also -03, but
+    daylight saving time) for San Luis, Argentina since 2009.
+
+  Changes affecting Godthåb timestamps after 2037 if version mismatch
+
+    Allow POSIX-like TZ strings where the transition time's hour can
+    range from -167 through 167, instead of the POSIX-required 0
+    through 24.  E.g., TZ='FJT-12FJST,M10.3.1/146,M1.3.4/75' for the
+    new Fiji rules.  This is a more compact way to represent
+    far-future timestamps for America/Godthab, America/Santiago,
+    Antarctica/Palmer, Asia/Gaza, Asia/Hebron, Asia/Jerusalem,
+    Pacific/Easter, and Pacific/Fiji.  Other zones are unaffected by
+    this change.  (Derived from a suggestion by Arthur David Olson.)
+
+    Allow POSIX-like TZ strings where daylight saving time is in
+    effect all year.  E.g., TZ='WART4WARST,J1/0,J365/25' for Western
+    Argentina Summer Time all year.  This supports a more compact way
+    to represent the 2013d data for America/Argentina/San_Luis.
+    Because of the change for San Luis noted above this change does not
+    affect the current data.  (Thanks to Andrew Main (Zefram) for
+    suggestions that improved this change.)
+
+    Where these two TZ changes take effect, there is a minor extension
+    to the tz file format in that it allows new values for the
+    embedded TZ-format string, and the tz file format version number
+    has therefore been increased from 2 to 3 as a precaution.
+    Version-2-based client code should continue to work as before for
+    all timestamps before 2038.  Existing version-2-based client code
+    (tzcode, GNU/Linux, Solaris) has been tested on version-3-format
+    files, and typically works in practice even for timestamps after
+    2037; the only known exception is America/Godthab.
+
+  Changes affecting timestamps before 1970
+
+    Pacific/Johnston is now a link to Pacific/Honolulu.  This corrects
+    some errors before 1947.
+
+    Some zones have been turned into links, when they differ from existing
+    zones only in older data entries that were likely invented or that
+    differ only in LMT or transitions from LMT.  These changes affect
+    only timestamps before 1943.  The affected zones are:
+    Africa/Juba, America/Anguilla, America/Aruba, America/Dominica,
+    America/Grenada, America/Guadeloupe, America/Marigot,
+    America/Montserrat, America/St_Barthelemy, America/St_Kitts,
+    America/St_Lucia, America/St_Thomas, America/St_Vincent,
+    America/Tortola, and Europe/Vaduz.  (Thanks to Alois Treindl for
+    confirming that the old Europe/Vaduz zone was wrong and the new
+    link is better for WWII-era times.)
+
+    Change Kingston Mean Time from -5:07:12 to -5:07:11.  This affects
+    America/Cayman, America/Jamaica and America/Grand_Turk timestamps
+    from 1890 to 1912.
+
+    Change the UT offset of Bern Mean Time from 0:29:44 to 0:29:46.
+    This affects Europe/Zurich timestamps from 1853 to 1894.  (Thanks
+    to Alois Treindl.)
+
+    Change the date of the circa-1850 Zurich transition from 1849-09-12
+    to 1853-07-16, overriding Shanks with data from Messerli about
+    postal and telegraph time in Switzerland.
+
+  Changes affecting time zone abbreviations before 1970
+
+    For Asia/Jakarta, use BMT (not JMT) for mean time from 1923 to 1932,
+    as Jakarta was called Batavia back then.
+
+  Changes affecting API
+
+    The 'zic' command now outputs a dummy transition when far-future
+    data can't be summarized using a TZ string, and uses a 402-year
+    window rather than a 400-year window.  For the current data, this
+    affects only the Asia/Tehran file.  It does not affect any of the
+    timestamps that this file represents, so zdump outputs the same
+    information as before.  (Thanks to Andrew Main (Zefram).)
+
+    The 'date' command has a new '-r' option, which lets you specify
+    the integer time to display, a la FreeBSD.
+
+    The 'tzselect' command has two new options '-c' and '-n', which lets you
+    select a zone based on latitude and longitude.
+
+    The 'zic' command's '-v' option now warns about constructs that
+    require the new version-3 binary file format.  (Thanks to Arthur
+    David Olson for the suggestion.)
+
+    Support for floating-point time_t has been removed.
+    It was always dicey, and POSIX no longer requires it.
+    (Thanks to Eric Blake for suggesting to the POSIX committee to
+    remove it, and thanks to Alan Barrett, Clive D.W. Feather, Andy
+    Heninger, Arthur David Olson, and Alois Treindl, for reporting
+    bugs and elucidating some of the corners of the old floating-point
+    implementation.)
+
+    The signatures of 'offtime', 'timeoff', and 'gtime' have been
+    changed back to the old practice of using 'long' to represent UT
+    offsets.  This had been inadvertently and mistakenly changed to
+    'int_fast32_t'.  (Thanks to Christos Zoulas.)
+
+    The code avoids undefined behavior on integer overflow in some
+    more places, including gmtime, localtime, mktime and zdump.
+
+  Changes affecting the zdump utility
+
+    zdump now outputs "UT" when referring to Universal Time, not "UTC".
+    "UTC" does not make sense for timestamps that predate the introduction
+    of UTC, whereas "UT", a more generic term, does.  (Thanks to Steve Allen
+    for clarifying UT vs UTC.)
+
+  Data changes affecting behavior of tzselect and similar programs
+
+    Country code BQ is now called the more common name "Caribbean Netherlands"
+    rather than the more official "Bonaire, St Eustatius & Saba".
+
+    Remove from zone.tab the names America/Montreal, America/Shiprock,
+    and Antarctica/South_Pole, as they are equivalent to existing
+    same-country-code zones for post-1970 timestamps.  The data entries for
+    these names are unchanged, so the names continue to work as before.
+
+  Changes affecting code internals
+
+    zic -c now runs way faster on 64-bit hosts when given large numbers.
+
+    zic now uses vfprintf to avoid allocating and freeing some memory.
+
+    tzselect now computes the list of continents from the data,
+    rather than have it hard-coded.
+
+    Minor changes pacify GCC 4.7.3 and GCC 4.8.1.
+
+  Changes affecting the build procedure
+
+    The 'leapseconds' file is now generated automatically from a
+    new file 'leap-seconds.list', which is a copy of
+    <ftp://ftp.nist.gov/pub/time/leap-seconds.list>
+    A new source file 'leapseconds.awk' implements this.
+    The goal is simplification of the future maintenance of 'leapseconds'.
+
+    When building the 'posix' or 'right' subdirectories, if the
+    subdirectory would be a copy of the default subdirectory, it is
+    now made a symbolic link if that is supported.  This saves about
+    2 MB of file system space.
+
+    The links America/Shiprock and Antarctica/South_Pole have been
+    moved to the 'backward' file.  This affects only nondefault builds
+    that omit 'backward'.
+
+  Changes affecting version-control only
+
+    .gitignore now ignores 'date'.
+
+  Changes affecting documentation and commentary
+
+    Changes to the 'tzfile' man page
+
+      It now mentions that the binary file format may be extended in
+      future versions by appending data.
+
+      It now refers to the 'zdump' and 'zic' man pages.
+
+    Changes to the 'zic' man page
+
+      It lists conditions that elicit a warning with '-v'.
+
+      It says that the behavior is unspecified when duplicate names
+      are given, or if the source of one link is the target of another.
+
+      Its examples are updated to match the latest data.
+
+      The definition of white space has been clarified slightly.
+      (Thanks to Michael Deckers.)
+
+    Changes to the 'Theory' file
+
+      There is a new section about the accuracy of the tz database,
+      describing the many ways that errors can creep in, and
+      explaining why so many of the pre-1970 timestamps are wrong or
+      misleading (thanks to Steve Allen, Lester Caine, and Garrett
+      Wollman for discussions that contributed to this).
+
+      The 'Theory' file describes LMT better (this follows a
+      suggestion by Guy Harris).
+
+      It refers to the 2013 edition of POSIX rather than the 2004 edition.
+
+      It's mentioned that excluding 'backward' should not affect the
+      other data, and it suggests at least one zone.tab name per
+      inhabited country (thanks to Stephen Colebourne).
+
+      Some longstanding restrictions on names are documented, e.g.,
+      'America/New_York' precludes 'America/New_York/Bronx'.
+
+      It gives more reasons for the 1970 cutoff.
+
+      It now mentions which time_t variants are supported, such as
+      signed integer time_t.  (Thanks to Paul Goyette for reporting
+      typos in an experimental version of this change.)
+
+      (Thanks to Philip Newton for correcting typos in these changes.)
+
+    Documentation and commentary is more careful to distinguish UT in
+    general from UTC in particular.  (Thanks to Steve Allen.)
+
+    Add a better source for the Zurich 1894 transition.
+    (Thanks to Pierre-Yves Berger.)
+
+    Update shapefile citations in tz-link.htm.  (Thanks to Guy Harris.)
+
+
+Release 2013d - 2013-07-05 07:38:01 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting future timestamps:
+
+    Morocco's midsummer transitions this year are July 7 and August 10,
+    not July 9 and August 8.  (Thanks to Andrew Paprocki.)
+
+    Israel now falls back on the last Sunday of October.
+    (Thanks to Ephraim Silverberg.)
+
+  Changes affecting past timestamps:
+
+    Specify Jerusalem's location more precisely; this changes the pre-1880
+    times by 2 s.
+
+  Changing affecting metadata only:
+
+    Fix typos in the entries for country codes BQ and SX.
+
+  Changes affecting code:
+
+    Rework the code to fix a bug with handling Australia/Macquarie on
+    32-bit hosts (thanks to Arthur David Olson).
+
+    Port to platforms like NetBSD, where time_t can be wider than long.
+
+    Add support for testing time_t types other than the system's.
+    Run 'make check_time_t_alternatives' to try this out.
+    Currently, the tests fail for unsigned time_t;
+    this should get fixed at some point.
+
+  Changes affecting documentation and commentary:
+
+    Deemphasize the significance of national borders.
+
+    Update the zdump man page.
+
+    Remove obsolete NOID comment (thanks to Denis Excoffier).
+
+    Update several URLs and comments in the web pages.
+
+    Spelling fixes (thanks to Kevin Lyda and Jonathan Leffler).
+
+    Update URL for CLDR Zone->Tzid table (thanks to Yoshito Umaoka).
+
+
+Release 2013c - 2013-04-19 16:17:40 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting current and future timestamps:
+
+    Palestine observed DST starting March 29, 2013.  (Thanks to
+    Steffen Thorsen.)  From 2013 on, Gaza and Hebron both observe DST,
+    with the predicted rules being the last Thursday in March at 24:00
+    to the first Friday on or after September 21 at 01:00.
+
+    Assume that the recent change to Paraguay's DST rules is permanent,
+    by moving the end of DST to the 4th Sunday in March every year.
+    (Thanks to Carlos Raúl Perasso.)
+
+  Changes affecting past timestamps:
+
+    Fix some historical data for Palestine to agree with that of
+    timeanddate.com, as follows:
+
+	  The spring 2008 change in Gaza and Hebron was on 00:00 Mar 28, not
+	  00:00 Apr 1.
+
+	  The fall 2009 change in Gaza and Hebron on Sep 4 was at 01:00, not
+	  02:00.
+
+	  The spring 2010 change in Hebron was 00:00 Mar 26, not 00:01 Mar 27.
+
+	  The spring 2011 change in Gaza was 00:01 Apr 1, not 12:01 Apr 2.
+
+	  The spring 2011 change in Hebron on Apr 1 was at 00:01, not 12:01.
+
+	  The fall 2011 change in Hebron on Sep 30 was at 00:00, not 03:00.
+
+    Fix times of habitation for Macquarie to agree with the Tasmania
+    Parks & Wildlife Service history, which indicates that permanent
+    habitation was 1899-1919 and 1948 on.
+
+  Changing affecting metadata only:
+
+    Macquarie Island is politically part of Australia, not Antarctica.
+    (Thanks to Tobias Conradi.)
+
+    Sort Macquarie more consistently with other parts of Australia.
+    (Thanks to Tim Parenti.)
+
+
+Release 2013b - 2013-03-10 22:33:40 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting current and future timestamps:
+
+    Haiti uses US daylight-saving rules this year, and presumably future years.
+    This changes timestamps starting today.  (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+    Paraguay will end DST on March 24 this year.
+    (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)  For now, assume it's just this year.
+
+    Morocco does not observe DST during Ramadan;
+    try to predict Ramadan in Morocco as best we can.
+    (Thanks to Erik Homoet for the heads-up.)
+
+  Changes affecting commentary:
+
+    Update URLs in tz-link page.  Add URLs for webOS, BB10, iOS.
+    Update URL for Solaris.  Mention Internet RFC 6557.
+    Update Internet RFCs 2445->5545, 2822->5322.
+    Switch from FTP to HTTP for Internet RFCs.
+
+
+Release 2013a - 2013-02-27 09:20:35 -0800
+
+  Change affecting binary data format:
+
+    The zone offset at the end of version-2-format zone files is now
+    allowed to be 24:00, as per POSIX.1-2008.  (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.)
+
+  Changes affecting current and future timestamps:
+
+    Chile's 2013 rules, and we guess rules for 2014 and later, will be
+    the same as 2012, namely Apr Sun>=23 03:00 UTC to Sep Sun>=2 04:00 UTC.
+    (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen and Robert Elz.)
+
+    New Zones Asia/Khandyga, Asia/Ust-Nera, Europe/Busingen.
+    (Thanks to Tobias Conradi and Arthur David Olson.)
+
+  Many changes affect historical timestamps before 1940.
+  These were deduced from: Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899
+  Feb;13(2):173-94 <https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>.
+
+  Changes affecting the code:
+
+    Fix zic bug that mishandled Egypt's 2010 changes (this also affected
+    the data).  (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.)
+
+    Fix localtime bug when time_t is unsigned and data files were generated
+    by a signed time_t system.  (Thanks to Doug Bailey for reporting and
+    to Arthur David Olson for fixing.)
+
+    Allow the email address for bug reports to be set by the packager.
+    The default is tz@iana.org, as before.  (Thanks to Joseph S. Myers.)
+
+    Update HTML checking to be compatible with Ubuntu 12.10.
+
+    Check that files are a safe subset of ASCII.  At some point we may
+    relax this requirement to a safe subset of UTF-8.  Without the
+    check, some non-UTF-8 encodings were leaking into the distribution.
+
+  Commentary changes:
+
+    Restore a comment about copyright notices that was inadvertently deleted.
+    (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.)
+
+    Improve the commentary about which districts observe what times
+    in Russia.  (Thanks to Oscar van Vlijmen and Arthur David Olson.)
+
+    Add web page links to tz.js.
+
+    Add "Run by the Monkeys" to tz-art.  (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.)
+
+
+Release 2012j - 2012-11-12 18:34:49 -0800
+
+  Libya moved to CET this weekend, but with DST planned next year.
+  (Thanks to Even Scharning, Steffen Thorsen, and Tim Parenti.)
+
+  Signatures now have the extension .asc, not .sign, as that's more
+  standard.  (Thanks to Phil Pennock.)
+
+  The output of 'zdump --version', and of 'zic --version', now
+  uses a format that is more typical for --version.
+  (Thanks to Joseph S. Myers.)
+
+  The output of 'tzselect --help', 'zdump --help', and 'zic --help'
+  now uses tz@iana.org rather than the old elsie address.
+
+  zic -v now complains about abbreviations that are less than 3
+  or more than 6 characters, as per POSIX.  Formerly, it checked
+  for abbreviations that were more than 3.
+
+  'make public' no longer puts its temporary directory under /tmp,
+  and uses the just-built zic rather than the system zic.
+
+  Various fixes to documentation and commentary.
+
+
+Release 2012i - 2012-11-03 12:57:09 -0700
+
+  Cuba switches from DST tomorrow at 01:00.  (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+  Linker flags can now be specified via LDFLAGS.
+  AWK now defaults to 'awk', not 'nawk'.
+  The shell in tzselect now defaults to /bin/bash, but this can
+  be overridden by specifying KSHELL.
+  The main web page now mentions the unofficial GitHub repository.
+  (Thanks to Mike Frysinger.)
+
+  Tarball signatures can now be built by running 'make signatures'.
+  There are also new makefile rules 'tarballs', 'check_public', and
+  separate makefile rules for each tarball and signature file.
+  A few makefile rules are now more portable to strict POSIX.
+
+  The main web page now lists the canonical IANA URL.
+
+
+Release 2012h - 2012-10-26 22:49:10 -0700
+
+  Bahia no longer has DST.  (Thanks to Kelley Cook.)
+
+  Tocantins has DST.  (Thanks to Rodrigo Severo.)
+
+  Israel has new DST rules next year.  (Thanks to Ephraim Silverberg.)
+
+  Jordan stays on DST this winter.  (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+  Web page updates.
+
+  More C modernization, except that at Arthur David Olson's suggestion
+  the instances of 'register' were kept.
+
+
+Release 2012g - 2012-10-17 20:59:45 -0700
+
+  Samoa fall 2012 and later.  (Thanks to Nicholas Pereira and Robert Elz.)
+
+  Palestine fall 2012.  (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+  Assume C89.
+
+  To attack the version-number problem, this release ships the file
+  'Makefile' (which contains the release number) in both the tzcode and
+  the tzdata tarballs.  The two Makefiles are identical, and should be
+  identical in any matching pair of tarballs, so it shouldn't matter
+  which order you extract the tarballs.  Perhaps we can come up with a
+  better version-number scheme at some point; this scheme does have the
+  virtue of not adding more files.
+
+
+Release 2012f - 2012-09-12 23:17:03 -0700
+
+  * australasia (Pacific/Fiji): Fiji DST is October 21 through January
+    20 this year.  (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+
+Release 2012e - 2012-08-02 20:44:55 -0700
+
+  * australasia (Pacific/Fakaofo): Tokelau is UT +13, not +14.
+    (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+  * Use a single version number for both code and data.
+
+  * .gitignore: New file.
+
+  * Remove trailing white space.
+
+
+Release code2012c-data2012d - 2012-07-19 16:35:33 -0700
+
+  Changes for Morocco's timestamps, which take effect in a couple of
+  hours, along with infrastructure changes to accommodate how the tz
+  code and data are released on IANA.
+
+
+Release data2012c - 2012-03-27 12:17:25 -0400
+
+  africa
+	Summer time changes for Morocco (to start late April 2012)
+
+  asia
+	Changes for 2012 for Gaza & the West Bank (Hebron) and Syria
+
+  northamerica
+	Haiti following US/Canada rules for 2012 (and we're assuming,
+	for now anyway, for the future).
+
+
+Release 2012b - 2012-03-02 12:29:15 +0700
+
+  There is just one change to tzcode2012b (compared with 2012a):
+  the Makefile that was accidentally included with 2012a has been
+  replaced with the version that should have been there, which is
+  identical with the previous version (from tzcode2011i).
+
+  There are just two changes in tzdata2012b compared with 2012a.
+
+  Most significantly, summer time in Cuba has been delayed 3 weeks
+  (now starts April 1 rather than March 11).   Since Mar 11 (the old start
+  date, as listed in 2012a) is just a little over a week away, this
+  change is urgent.
+
+  Less importantly, an excess tab in one of the changes in zone.tab
+  in 2012a has been removed.
+
+
+Release 2012a - 2012-03-01 18:28:10 +0700
+
+  The changes in tzcode2012a (compared to the previous version, 2011i)
+  are entirely to the README and tz-art.htm and tz-link.htm files, if
+  none of those concern you, you can ignore the code update.  The changes
+  reflect the changed addresses for the mailing list and the code and
+  data distribution points & methods (and a link to DateTime::TimeZone::Tzfile
+  has been added to tz-link.htm).
+
+  In tzdata2012a (compared to the previous release, which was 2011n)
+  the major changes are:
+	Chile 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 summer time date adjustments.
+	Falkland Islands onto permanent summer time (we're assuming for the
+		foreseeable future, though 2012 is all we're fairly certain of.)
+	Armenia has abolished Summer Time.
+	Tokelau jumped the International Date Line back last December
+		(just the same as their near neighbour, Samoa).
+	America/Creston is a new zone for a small area of British Columbia
+	There will be a leapsecond 2012-06-30 23:59:60 UTC.
+
+  Other minor changes are:
+	Corrections to 1918 Canadian summer time end dates.
+	Updated URL for UK time zone history (in comments)
+	A few typos in Le Corre's list of free French place names (comments)
+
+
+Release data2011n - 2011-10-30 14:57:54 +0700
+
+  There are three changes of note - most urgently, Cuba (America/Havana)
+  has extended summer time by two weeks, now to end on Nov 13, rather than
+  the (already past) Oct 30.   Second, the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic
+  (Europe/Tiraspol) decided not to split from the rest of Moldova after
+  all, and consequently that zone has been removed (again) and reinstated
+  in the "backward" file as a link to Europe/Chisinau.   And third, the
+  end date for Fiji's summer time this summer was moved forward from the
+  earlier planned Feb 26, to Jan 22.
+
+  Apart from that, Moldova (MD) returns to a single entry in zone.tab
+  (and the incorrect syntax that was in the 2011m version of that file
+  is so fixed - it would have been fixed in a different way had this
+  change not happened - that's the "missing" sccs version id).
+
+
+Release data2011m - 2011-10-24 21:42:16 +0700
+
+  In particular, the typos in comments in the data (2011-11-17 should have
+  been 2011-10-17 as Alan Barrett noted, and spelling of Tiraspol that
+  Tim Parenti noted) have been fixed, and the change for Ukraine has been
+  made in all 4 Ukrainian zones, rather than just Europe/Kiev
+  (again, thanks to Tim Parenti, and also Denys Gavrysh).
+
+  In addition, I added Europe/Tiraspol to zone.tab.
+
+  This time, all the files have new version numbers...  (including the files
+  otherwise unchanged in 2011m that were changed in 2011l but didn't get new
+  version numbers there...)
+
+
+Release data2011l - 2011-10-10 11:15:43 +0700
+
+  There are just 2 changes that cause different generated tzdata files from
+  zic, to Asia/Hebron and Pacific/Fiji - the possible change for Bahia, Brazil
+  is included, but commented out.  Compared with the diff I sent out last week,
+  this version also includes attributions for the sources for the changes
+  (in much the same format as ado used, but the html tags have not been
+  checked, verified, or used in any way at all, so if there are errors there,
+  please let me know.)
+
+
+Release data2011k - 2011-09-20 17:54:03 -0400
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release data2011j - 2011-09-12 09:22:49 -0400
+
+  (contemporary changes for Samoa; past changes for Kenya, Uganda, and
+  Tanzania); there are also two spelling corrections to comments in
+  the australasia file (with thanks to Christos Zoulas).
+
+
+Release 2011i - 2011-08-29 05:56:32 -0400
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release data2011h - 2011-06-15 18:41:48 -0400
+
+  Russia and Curaçao changes
+
+
+Release 2011g - 2011-04-25 09:07:22 -0400
+
+  update the rules for Egypt to reflect its abandonment of DST this year
+
+
+Release 2011f - 2011-04-06 17:14:53 -0400
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release 2011e - 2011-03-31 16:04:38 -0400
+
+  Morocco, Chile, and tz-link changes
+
+
+Release 2011d - 2011-03-14 09:18:01 -0400
+
+  changes that impact present-day timestamps in Cuba, Samoa, and Turkey
+
+
+Release 2011c - 2011-03-07 09:30:09 -0500
+
+  These do affect current timestamps in Chile and Annette Island, Canada.
+
+
+Release 2011b - 2011-02-07 08:44:50 -0500
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release 2011a - 2011-01-24 10:30:16 -0500
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release data2010o - 2010-11-01 09:18:23 -0400
+
+  change to the end of DST in Fiji in 2011
+
+
+Release 2010n - 2010-10-25 08:19:17 -0400
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release 2010m - 2010-09-27 09:24:48 -0400
+
+  Hong Kong, Vostok, and zic.c changes
+
+
+Release 2010l - 2010-08-16 06:57:25 -0400
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release 2010k - 2010-07-26 10:42:27 -0400
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release 2010j - 2010-05-10 09:07:48 -0400
+
+  changes for Bahía de Banderas and for version naming
+
+
+Release data2010i - 2010-04-16 18:50:45 -0400
+
+  the end of DST in Morocco on 2010-08-08
+
+
+Release data2010h - 2010-04-05 09:58:56 -0400
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release data2010g - 2010-03-24 11:14:53 -0400
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release 2010f - 2010-03-22 09:45:46 -0400
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release data2010e - 2010-03-08 14:24:27 -0500
+
+  corrects the Dhaka bug found by Danvin Ruangchan
+
+
+Release data2010d - 2010-03-06 07:26:01 -0500
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release 2010c - 2010-03-01 09:20:58 -0500
+
+  changes including KRE's suggestion for earlier initialization of
+  "goahead" and "goback" structure elements
+
+
+Release code2010a - 2010-02-16 10:40:04 -0500
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release data2010b - 2010-01-20 12:37:01 -0500
+
+  Mexico changes
+
+
+Release data2010a - 2010-01-18 08:30:04 -0500
+
+  changes to Dhaka
+
+
+Release data2009u - 2009-12-26 08:32:28 -0500
+
+  changes to DST in Bangladesh
+
+
+Release 2009t - 2009-12-21 13:24:27 -0500
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release data2009s - 2009-11-14 10:26:32 -0500
+
+  (cosmetic) Antarctica change and the DST-in-Fiji-in-2009-and-2010 change
+
+
+Release 2009r - 2009-11-09 10:10:31 -0500
+
+  "antarctica" and "tz-link.htm" changes
+
+
+Release 2009q - 2009-11-02 09:12:40 -0500
+
+  with two corrections as reported by Eric Muller and Philip Newton
+
+
+Release data2009p - 2009-10-23 15:05:27 -0400
+
+  Argentina (including San Luis) changes (with the correction from
+  Mariano Absatz)
+
+
+Release data2009o - 2009-10-14 16:49:38 -0400
+
+  Samoa (commentary only), Pakistan, and Bangladesh changes
+
+
+Release data2009n - 2009-09-22 15:13:38 -0400
+
+  added commentary for Argentina and a change to the end of DST in
+  2009 in Pakistan
+
+
+Release data2009m - 2009-09-03 10:23:43 -0400
+
+  Samoa and Palestine changes
+
+
+Release data2009l - 2009-08-14 09:13:07 -0400
+
+  Samoa (comments only) and Egypt
+
+
+Release 2009k - 2009-07-20 09:46:08 -0400
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release data2009j - 2009-06-15 06:43:59 -0400
+
+  Bangladesh change (with a short turnaround since the DST change is
+  impending)
+
+
+Release 2009i - 2009-06-08 09:21:22 -0400
+
+  updating for DST in Bangladesh this year
+
+
+Release 2009h - 2009-05-26 09:19:14 -0400
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release data2009g - 2009-04-20 16:34:07 -0400
+
+  Cairo
+
+
+Release data2009f - 2009-04-10 11:00:52 -0400
+
+  correct DST in Pakistan
+
+
+Release 2009e - 2009-04-06 09:08:11 -0400
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release 2009d - 2009-03-23 09:38:12 -0400
+
+  Morocco, Tunisia, Argentina, and American Astronomical Society changes
+
+
+Release data2009c - 2009-03-16 09:47:51 -0400
+
+  change to the start of Cuban DST
+
+
+Release 2009b - 2009-02-09 11:15:22 -0500
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release 2009a - 2009-01-21 10:09:39 -0500
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release data2008i - 2008-10-21 12:10:25 -0400
+
+  southamerica and zone.tab files, with Argentina DST rule changes and
+  United States zone reordering and recommenting
+
+
+Release 2008h - 2008-10-13 07:33:56 -0400
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release 2008g - 2008-10-06 09:03:18 -0400
+
+  Fix a broken HTML anchor and update Brazil's DST transitions;
+  there's also a slight reordering of information in tz-art.htm.
+
+
+Release data2008f - 2008-09-09 22:33:26 -0400
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release 2008e - 2008-07-28 14:11:17 -0400
+
+  changes by Arthur David Olson and Jesper Nørgaard Welen
+
+
+Release data2008d - 2008-07-07 09:51:38 -0400
+
+  changes by Arthur David Olson, Paul Eggert, and Rodrigo Severo
+
+
+Release data2008c - 2008-05-19 17:48:03 -0400
+
+  Pakistan, Morocco, and Mongolia
+
+
+Release data2008b - 2008-03-24 08:30:59 -0400
+
+  including renaming Asia/Calcutta to Asia/Kolkata, with a backward
+  link provided
+
+
+Release 2008a - 2008-03-08 05:42:16 -0500
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release 2007k - 2007-12-31 10:25:22 -0500
+
+  most importantly, changes to the "southamerica" file based on
+  Argentina's readoption of daylight saving time
+
+
+Release 2007j - 2007-12-03 09:51:01 -0500
+
+  1. eliminate the "P" (parameter) macro;
+
+  2. the "noncontroversial" changes circulated on the time zone
+  mailing list (less the changes to "logwtmp.c");
+
+  3. eliminate "too many transition" errors when "min" is used in time
+  zone rules;
+
+  4. changes by Paul Eggert (including updated information for Venezuela).
+
+
+Release data2007i - 2007-10-30 10:28:11 -0400
+
+  changes for Cuba and Syria
+
+
+Release 2007h - 2007-10-01 10:05:51 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert, as well as an updated link to the ICU
+  project in tz-link.htm
+
+
+Release 2007g - 2007-08-20 10:47:59 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  The "leapseconds" file has been updated to incorporate the most
+  recent International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service
+  (IERS) bulletin.
+
+  There's an addition to tz-art.htm regarding the television show "Medium".
+
+
+Release 2007f - 2007-05-07 10:46:46 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert (including Haiti, Turks and Caicos, and New
+  Zealand)
+
+  changes to zic.c to allow hour values greater than 24 (along with
+  Paul's improved time value overflow checking)
+
+
+Release 2007e - 2007-04-02 10:11:52 -0400
+
+  Syria and Honduras changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  zic.c variable renaming changes by Arthur David Olson
+
+
+Release 2007d - 2007-03-20 08:48:30 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  the elimination of white space at the ends of lines
+
+
+Release 2007c - 2007-02-26 09:09:37 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release 2007b - 2007-02-12 09:34:20 -0500
+
+  Paul Eggert's proposed change to the quotation handling logic in zic.c.
+
+  changes to the commentary in "leapseconds" reflecting the IERS
+  announcement that there is to be no positive leap second at the end
+  of June 2007.
+
+
+Release 2007a - 2007-01-08 12:28:29 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  Derick Rethans's Asmara change
+
+  Oscar van Vlijmen's Easter Island local mean time change
+
+  symbolic link changes
+
+
+Release 2006p - 2006-11-27 08:54:27 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release 2006o - 2006-11-06 09:18:07 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release 2006n - 2006-10-10 11:32:06 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release 2006m - 2006-10-02 15:32:35 -0400
+
+  changes for Uruguay, Palestine, and Egypt by Paul Eggert
+
+  (minimalist) changes to zic.8 to clarify "until" information
+
+
+Release data2006l - 2006-09-18 12:58:11 -0400
+
+  Paul's best-effort work on this coming weekend's Egypt time change
+
+
+Release 2006k - 2006-08-28 12:19:09 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release 2006j - 2006-08-21 09:56:32 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release code2006i - 2006-08-07 12:30:55 -0400
+
+  localtime.c fixes
+
+  Ken Pizzini's conversion script
+
+
+Release code2006h - 2006-07-24 09:19:37 -0400
+
+  adds public domain notices to four files
+
+  includes a fix for transition times being off by a second
+
+  adds a new recording to the "arts" file (information courtesy Colin Bowern)
+
+
+Release 2006g - 2006-05-08 17:18:09 -0400
+
+  northamerica changes by Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release 2006f - 2006-05-01 11:46:00 -0400
+
+  a missing version number problem is fixed (with thanks to Bradley
+  White for catching the problem)
+
+
+Release 2006d - 2006-04-17 14:33:43 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  added new items to tz-arts.htm that were found by Paul
+
+
+Release 2006c - 2006-04-03 10:09:32 -0400
+
+  two sets of data changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  a fencepost error fix in zic.c
+
+  changes to zic.c and the "europe" file to minimize differences
+  between output produced by the old 32-bit zic and the new 64-bit
+  version
+
+
+Release 2006b - 2006-02-20 10:08:18 -0500
+  [tz32code2006b + tz64code2006b + tzdata2006b]
+
+  64-bit code
+
+  All SCCS IDs were bumped to "8.1" for this release.
+
+
+Release 2006a - 2006-01-30 08:59:31 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert (in particular, Indiana time zone moves)
+
+  an addition to the zic manual page to describe how special-case
+  transitions are handled
+
+
+Release 2005r - 2005-12-27 09:27:13 -0500
+
+  Canadian changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  They also add "<pre>" directives to time zone data files and reflect
+  changes to warning message logic in "zdump.c" (but with calls to
+  "gettext" kept unbundled at the suggestion of Ken Pizzini).
+
+
+Release 2005q - 2005-12-13 09:17:09 -0500
+
+  Nothing earth-shaking here:
+	1.  Electronic mail addresses have been removed.
+	2.  Casts of the return value of exit have been removed.
+	3.  Casts of the argument of is.* macros have been added.
+	4.  Indentation in one section of zic.c has been fixed.
+	5.  References to dead URLs in the data files have been dealt with.
+
+
+Release 2005p - 2005-12-05 10:30:53 -0500
+
+  "systemv", "tz-link.htm", and "zdump.c" changes
+  (less the casts of arguments to the is* macros)
+
+
+Release 2005o - 2005-11-28 10:55:26 -0500
+
+  Georgia, Cuba, Nicaragua, and Jordan changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  zdump.c lint fixes by Arthur David Olson
+
+
+Release 2005n - 2005-10-03 09:44:09 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert (both the Uruguay changes and the Kyrgyzstan
+  et al. changes)
+
+
+Release 2005m - 2005-08-29 12:15:40 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert (with a small tweak to the tz-art change)
+
+  a declaration of an unused variable has been removed from zdump.c
+
+
+Release 2005l - 2005-08-22 12:06:39 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  overflow/underflow checks by Arthur David Olson, minus changes to
+  the "Theory" file about the pending addition of 64-bit data (I grow
+  less confident of the changes being accepted with each passing day,
+  and the changes no longer increase the data files nine-fold--there's
+  less than a doubling in size by my local Sun's reckoning)
+
+
+Release 2005k - 2005-07-14 14:14:24 -0400
+
+  The "leapseconds" file has been edited to reflect the recently
+  announced leap second at the end of 2005.
+
+  I've also deleted electronic mail addresses from the files as an
+  anti-spam measure.
+
+
+Release 2005j - 2005-06-13 14:34:13 -0400
+
+  These reflect changes to limit the length of time zone abbreviations
+  and the characters used in those abbreviations.
+
+  There are also changes to handle POSIX-style "quoted" timezone
+  environment variables.
+
+  The changes were circulated on the time zone mailing list; the only
+  change since then was the removal of a couple of minimum-length of
+  abbreviation checks.
+
+
+Release data2005i - 2005-04-21 15:04:16 -0400
+
+  changes (most importantly to Nicaragua and Haiti) by Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release 2005h - 2005-04-04 11:24:47 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  minor changes to Makefile and zdump.c to produce more useful output
+  when doing a "make typecheck"
+
+
+Release 2005g - 2005-03-14 10:11:21 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert (a change to current DST rules in Uruguay and
+  an update to a link to time zone software)
+
+
+Release 2005f - 2005-03-01 08:45:32 -0500
+
+  data and documentation changes by Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release 2005e - 2005-02-10 15:59:44 -0500
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release code2005d - 2005-01-31 09:21:47 -0500
+
+  make zic complain about links to links if the -v flag is used
+
+  have "make public" do more code checking
+
+  add an include to "localtime.c" for the benefit of gcc systems
+
+
+Release 2005c - 2005-01-17 18:36:29 -0500
+
+  get better results when mktime runs on a system where time_t is double
+
+  changes to the data files (most importantly to Paraguay)
+
+
+Release 2005b - 2005-01-10 09:19:54 -0500
+
+  Get localtime and gmtime working on systems with exotic time_t types.
+
+  Update the leap second commentary in the "leapseconds" file.
+
+
+Release 2005a - 2005-01-01 13:13:44 -0500
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release code2004i - 2004-12-14 13:42:58 -0500
+
+  Deal with systems where time_t is unsigned.
+
+
+Release code2004h - 2004-12-07 11:40:18 -0500
+
+  64-bit-time_t changes
+
+
+Release 2004g - 2004-11-02 09:06:01 -0500
+
+  update to Cuba (taking effect this weekend)
+
+  other changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  correction of the spelling of Oslo
+
+  changed versions of difftime.c and private.h
+
+
+Release code2004f - 2004-10-21 10:25:22 -0400
+
+  Cope with wide-ranging tm_year values.
+
+
+Release 2004e - 2004-10-11 14:47:21 -0400
+
+  Brazil/Argentina/Israel changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  changes to tz-link.htm by Paul
+
+  one small fix to Makefile
+
+
+Release 2004d - 2004-09-22 08:27:29 -0400
+
+  Avoid overflow problems when TM_YEAR_BASE is added to an integer.
+
+
+Release 2004c - 2004-08-11 12:06:26 -0400
+
+  asctime-related changes
+
+  (variants of) some of the documentation changes suggested by Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release 2004b - 2004-07-19 14:33:35 -0400
+
+  data changes by Paul Eggert - most importantly, updates for Argentina
+
+
+Release 2004a - 2004-05-27 12:00:47 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  Handle DST transitions that occur at the end of a month in some
+  years but at the start of the following month in other years.
+
+  Add a copy of the correspondence that's the basis for claims about
+  DST in the Navajo Nation.
+
+
+Release 2003e - 2003-12-15 09:36:47 -0500
+
+  changes by Arthur David Olson (primarily code changes)
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert (primarily data changes)
+
+  minor changes to "Makefile" and "northamerica" (in the latter case,
+  optimization of the "Toronto" rules)
+
+
+Release 2003d - 2003-10-06 09:34:44 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release 2003c - 2003-09-16 10:47:05 -0400
+
+  Fix bad returns in zic.c's inleap function.
+  Thanks to Bradley White for catching the problem!
+
+
+Release 2003b - 2003-09-16 07:13:44 -0400
+
+  Add a "--version" option (and documentation) to the zic and zdump commands.
+
+  changes to overflow/underflow checking in zic
+
+  a localtime typo fix.
+
+  Update the leapseconds and tz-art.htm files.
+
+
+Release 2003a - 2003-03-24 09:30:54 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  a few additions and modifications to the tz-art.htm file
+
+
+Release 2002d - 2002-10-15 13:12:42 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert, less the "Britain (UK)" change in iso3166.tab
+
+  There's also a new time zone quote in "tz-art.htm".
+
+
+Release 2002c - 2002-04-04 11:55:20 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  Change zic.c to avoid creating symlinks to files that don't exist.
+
+
+Release 2002b - 2002-01-28 12:56:03 -0500
+
+  [These change notes are for Release 2002a, which was corrupted.
+  2002b was a corrected version of 2002a.]
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  Update the "leapseconds" file to note that there'll be no leap
+  second at the end of June, 2002.
+
+  Change "zic.c" to deal with a problem in handling the "Asia/Bishkek" zone.
+
+  Change to "difftime.c" to avoid sizeof problems.
+
+
+Release 2001d - 2001-10-09 13:31:32 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release 2001c - 2001-06-05 13:59:55 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert and Andrew Brown
+
+
+Release 2001b - 2001-04-05 16:44:38 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert (modulo jnorgard's typo fix)
+
+  tz-art.htm has been HTMLified.
+
+
+Release 2001a - 2001-03-13 12:57:44 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  An addition to the "leapseconds" file: comments with the text of the
+  latest IERS leap second notice.
+
+  Trailing white space has been removed from data file lines, and
+  repeated spaces in "Rule Jordan" lines in the "asia" file have been
+  converted to tabs.
+
+
+Release 2000h - 2000-12-14 15:33:38 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  one typo fix in the "art" file
+
+  With providence, this is the last update of the millennium.
+
+
+Release 2000g - 2000-10-10 11:35:22 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  correction of John Mackin's name submitted by Robert Elz
+
+  Garry Shandling's Daylight Saving Time joke (!?!) from the recent
+  Emmy Awards broadcast.
+
+
+Release 2000f - 2000-08-10 09:31:58 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  Added information in "tz-art.htm" on a Seinfeld reference to DST.
+
+  Error checking and messages in the "yearistype" script have been
+  improved.
+
+
+Release 2000e - 2000-07-31 09:27:54 -0400
+
+  data changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  a change to the default value of the defined constant HAVE_STRERROR
+
+  the addition of a Dave Barry quote on DST to the tz-arts file
+
+
+Release 2000d - 2000-04-20 15:43:04 -0400
+
+  changes to the documentation and code of strftime for C99 conformance
+
+  a bug fix for date.c
+
+  These are based on (though modified from) changes by Paul Eggert.
+
+
+Release 2000c - 2000-03-04 10:31:43 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release 2000b - 2000-02-21 12:16:29 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert and Joseph Myers
+
+  modest tweaks to the tz-art.htm and tz-link.htm files
+
+
+Release 2000a - 2000-01-18 09:21:26 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  The two hypertext documents have also been renamed.
+
+
+Release code1999i-data1999j - 1999-11-15 18:43:22 -0500
+
+  Paul Eggert's changes
+
+  additions to the "zic" manual page and the "Arts.htm" file
+
+
+Release code1999h-data1999i - 1999-11-08 14:55:21 -0500
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release data1999h - 1999-10-07 03:50:29 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert to "europe" (most importantly, fixing
+  Lithuania and Estonia)
+
+
+Release 1999g - 1999-09-28 11:06:18 -0400
+
+  data changes by Paul Eggert (most importantly, the change for
+  Lebanon that buys correctness for this coming Sunday)
+
+  The "code" file contains changes to "Makefile" and "checktab.awk" to
+  allow better checking of time zone files before they are published.
+
+
+Release 1999f - 1999-09-23 09:48:14 -0400
+
+  changes by Arthur David Olson and Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release 1999e - 1999-08-17 15:20:54 -0400
+
+  changes circulated by Paul Eggert, although the change to handling
+  of DST-specifying timezone names has been commented out for now
+  (search for "XXX" in "localtime.c" for details).  These files also
+  do not make any changes to the start of DST in Brazil.
+
+  In addition to Paul's changes, there are updates to "Arts.htm" and
+  cleanups of URLs.
+
+
+Release 1999d - 1999-03-30 11:31:07 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  The Makefile's "make public" rule has also been changed to do a test
+  compile of each individual time zone data file (which should help
+  avoid problems such as the one we had with Nicosia).
+
+
+Release 1999c - 1999-03-25 09:47:47 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert, most importantly the change for Chile.
+
+
+Release 1999b - 1999-02-01 17:51:44 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  code changes (suggested by Mani Varadarajan, mani at be.com) for
+  correct handling of symbolic links when building using a relative directory
+
+  code changes to generate correct messages for failed links
+
+  updates to the URLs in Arts.htm
+
+
+Release 1999a - 1999-01-19 16:20:29 -0500
+
+  error message internationalizations and corrections in zic.c and
+  zdump.c (as suggested by Vladimir Michl, vladimir.michl at upol.cz,
+  to whom thanks!)
+
+
+Release code1998h-data1998i - 1998-10-01 09:56:10 -0400
+
+  changes for Brazil, Chile, and Germany
+
+  support for use of "24:00" in the input files for the time zone compiler
+
+
+Release code1998g-data1998h - 1998-09-24 10:50:28 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  correction to a define in the "private.h" file
+
+
+Release data1998g - 1998-08-11 03:28:35 -0000
+  [tzdata1998g.tar.gz is missing!]
+
+  Lithuanian change provided by mgedmin at pub.osf.it
+
+  Move creation of the GMT link with Etc/GMT to "etcetera" (from
+  "backward") to ensure that the GMT file is created even where folks
+  don't want the "backward" links (as suggested by Paul Eggert).
+
+
+Release data1998f - 1998-07-20 13:50:00 -0000
+  [tzdata1998f.tar.gz is missing!]
+
+  Update the "leapseconds" file to include the newly announced
+  insertion at the end of 1998.
+
+
+Release code1998f - 1998-06-01 10:18:31 -0400
+
+  addition to localtime.c by Guy Harris
+
+
+Release 1998e - 1998-05-28 09:56:26 -0400
+
+  The Makefile is changed to produce zoneinfo-posix rather than
+  zoneinfo/posix, and to produce zoneinfo-leaps rather than
+  zoneinfo/right.
+
+  data changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  changes from Guy Harris to provide asctime_r and ctime_r
+
+  A usno1998 file (substantially identical to usno1997) has been added.
+
+
+Release 1998d - 1998-05-14 11:58:34 -0400
+
+  changes to comments (in particular, elimination of references to CIA maps).
+  "Arts.htm", "WWW.htm", "asia", and "australasia" are the only places
+  where changes occur.
+
+
+Release 1998c - 1998-02-28 12:32:26 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert (save the "French correction," on which I'll
+  wait for the dust to settle)
+
+  symlink changes
+
+  changes and additions to Arts.htm
+
+
+Release 1998b - 1998-01-17 14:31:51 -0500
+
+  URL cleanups and additions
+
+
+Release 1998a - 1998-01-13 12:37:35 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release code1997i-data1997k - 1997-12-29 09:53:41 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert, with minor modifications from Arthur David
+  Olson to make the files more browser friendly
+
+
+Release code1997h-data1997j - 1997-12-18 17:47:35 -0500
+
+  minor changes to put "TZif" at the start of each timezone information file
+
+  a rule has also been added to the Makefile so you can
+	make zones
+  to just recompile the zone information files (rather than doing a
+  full "make install" with its other effects).
+
+
+Release data1997i - 1997-10-07 08:45:38 -0400
+
+  changes to Africa by Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release code1997g-data1997h - 1997-09-04 16:56:54 -0400
+
+  corrections for Uruguay (and other locations)
+
+  Arthur David Olson's simple-minded fix allowing mktime to both
+  correctly handle leap seconds and correctly handle tm_sec values
+  upon which arithmetic has been performed.
+
+
+Release code1997f-data1997g - 1997-07-19 13:15:02 -0400
+
+  Paul Eggert's updates
+
+  a small change to a function prototype;
+
+  "Music" has been renamed "Arts.htm", HTMLified, and augmented to
+  include information on Around the World in Eighty Days.
+
+
+Release code1997e-data1997f - 1997-05-03 18:52:34 -0400
+
+  fixes to zic's error handling
+
+  changes inspired by the item circulated on Slovenia
+
+  The description of Web resources has been HTMLified for browsing
+  convenience.
+
+  A new piece of tz-related music has been added to the "Music" file.
+
+
+Release code1997d-data1997e - 1997-03-29 12:48:52 -0500
+
+  Paul Eggert's latest suggestions
+
+
+Release code1997c-data1997d - 1997-03-07 20:37:54 -0500
+
+  changes to "zic.c" to correct performance of the "-s" option
+
+  a new file "usno1997"
+
+
+Release data1997c - 1997-03-04 09:58:18 -0500
+
+  changes in Israel
+
+
+Release 1997b - 1997-02-27 18:34:19 -0500
+
+  The data file incorporates the 1997 leap second.
+
+  The code file incorporates Arthur David Olson's take on the
+  zic/multiprocessor/directory-creation situation.
+
+
+Release 1997a - 1997-01-21 09:11:10 -0500
+
+  Paul Eggert's Antarctica (and other changes)
+
+  Arthur David Olson finessed the "getopt" issue by checking against
+  both -1 and EOF (regardless of POSIX, SunOS 4.1.1's manual says -1
+  is returned while SunOS 5.5's manual says EOF is returned).
+
+
+Release code1996o-data1996n - 1996-12-27 21:42:05 -0500
+
+  Paul Eggert's latest changes
+
+
+Release code1996n - 1996-12-16 09:42:02 -0500
+
+  link snapping fix from Bruce Evans (via Garrett Wollman)
+
+
+Release data1996m - 1996-11-24 02:37:34 -0000
+  [tzdata1996m.tar.gz is missing!]
+
+  Paul Eggert's batch of changes
+
+
+Release code1996m-data1996l - 1996-11-05 14:00:12 -0500
+
+  No functional changes here; the files have simply been changed to
+  make more use of ISO style dates in comments. The names of the above
+  files now include the year in full.
+
+
+Release code96l - 1996-09-08 17:12:20 -0400
+
+  tzcode96k was missing a couple of pieces.
+
+
+Release 96k - 1996-09-08 16:06:22 -0400
+
+  the latest round of changes from Paul Eggert
+
+  the recent Year 2000 material
+
+
+Release code96j - 1996-07-30 13:18:53 -0400
+
+  Set sp->typecnt as suggested by Timothy Patrick Murphy.
+
+
+Release code96i - 1996-07-27 20:11:35 -0400
+
+  Paul's suggested patch for strftime %V week numbers
+
+
+Release data96i - 1996-07-01 18:13:04 -0400
+
+  "northamerica" and "europe" changes by Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release code96h - 1996-06-05 08:02:21 -0400
+
+  fix for handling transitions specified in Universal Time
+
+  Some "public domain" notices have also been added.
+
+
+Release code96g - 1996-05-16 14:00:26 -0400
+
+  fix for the simultaneous-DST-and-zone-change challenge
+
+
+Release data96h - 1996-05-09 17:40:51 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release code96f-data96g - 1996-05-03 03:09:59 -0000
+  [tzcode96f.tar.gz + tzdata96g.tar.gz are both missing!]
+
+  The changes get us some of the way to fixing the problems noted in Paul
+  Eggert's letter yesterday (in addition to a few others).  The approach
+  has been to make zic a bit smarter about figuring out what time zone
+  abbreviations apply just after the time specified in the "UNTIL" part
+  of a zone line.  Putting the smarts in zic means avoiding having
+  transition times show up in both "Zone" lines and "Rule" lines, which
+  in turn avoids multiple transition time entries in time zone files.
+  (This also makes the zic input files such as "europe" a bit shorter and
+  should ease maintenance.)
+
+
+Release data96f - 1996-04-19 19:20:03 -0000
+  [tzdata96f.tar.gz is missing!]
+
+  The only changes are to the "northamerica" file; the time zone
+  abbreviation for Denver is corrected to MST (and MDT), and the
+  comments for Mexico have been updated.
+
+
+Release data96e - 1996-03-19 17:37:26 -0500
+
+  Proposals by Paul Eggert, in particular the Portugal change that
+  comes into play at the end of this month.
+
+
+Release data96d - 1996-03-18 20:49:39 -0500
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release code96e - 1996-02-29 15:43:27 -0000
+  [tzcode96e.tar.gz is missing!]
+
+  internationalization changes and the fix to the documentation for strftime
+
+
+Release code96d-data96c - 1996-02-12 11:05:27 -0500
+
+  The "code" file simply updates Bob Kridle's electronic address.
+
+  The "data" file updates rules for Mexico.
+
+
+Release data96b - 1996-01-27 15:44:42 -0500
+
+  Kiribati change
+
+
+Release code96c - 1996-01-16 16:58:15 -0500
+
+  leap-year streamlining and binary-search changes
+
+  fix to newctime.3
+
+
+Release code96b - 1996-01-10 20:42:39 -0500
+
+  fixes and enhancements from Paul Eggert, including code that
+  emulates the behavior of recent versions of the SunOS "date"
+  command.
+
+
+Release 96a - 1996-01-06 09:08:24 -0500
+
+  Israel updates
+
+  fixes to strftime.c for correct ISO 8601 week number generation,
+  plus support for two new formats ('G' and 'g') to give ISO 8601 year
+  numbers (which are not necessarily the same as calendar year numbers)
+
+
+Release code95i-data95m - 1995-12-21 12:46:47 -0500
+
+  The latest revisions from Paul Eggert are included, the usno1995
+  file has been updated, and a new file ("WWW") covering useful URLs
+  has been added.
+
+
+Release code95h-data95l - 1995-12-19 18:10:12 -0500
+
+  A simplification of a macro definition, a change to data for Sudan,
+  and (for last minute shoppers) notes in the "Music" file on the CD
+  "Old Man Time".
+
+
+Release code95g-data95k - 1995-10-30 10:32:47 -0500
+
+  (slightly reformatted) 8-bit-clean proposed patch
+
+  minor patch: US/Eastern -> America/New_York
+
+  snapshot of the USNO's latest data ("usno1995")
+
+  some other minor cleanups
+
+
+Release code95f-data95j - 1995-10-28 21:01:34 -0000
+  [tzcode95f.tar.gz + tzdata95j.tar.gz are both missing!]
+
+  European cleanups
+
+  support for 64-bit time_t's
+
+  optimization in localtime.c
+
+
+Release code95e - 1995-10-13 13:23:57 -0400
+
+  the mktime change to scan from future to past when trying to find time zone
+  offsets
+
+
+Release data95i - 1995-09-26 10:43:26 -0400
+
+  For Canada/Central, guess that the Sun customer's "one week too
+  early" was just a approximation, and the true error is one month
+  too early.  This is consistent with the rest of Canada.
+
+
+Release data95h - 1995-09-21 11:26:48 -0400
+
+  latest changes from Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release code95d - 1995-09-14 11:14:45 -0400
+
+  the addition of a "Music" file, which documents four recorded
+  versions of the tune "Save That Time".
+
+
+Release data95g - 1995-09-01 17:21:36 -0400
+
+  "yearistype" correction
+
+
+Release data95f - 1995-08-28 20:46:56 -0400
+
+  Paul Eggert's change to the australasia file
+
+
+Release data95e - 1995-07-08 18:02:34 -0400
+
+  The only change is a leap second at the end of this year.
+  Thanks to Bradley White for forwarding news on the leap second.
+
+
+Release data95d - 1995-07-03 13:26:22 -0400
+
+  Paul Eggert's changes
+
+
+Release data95c - 1995-07-02 19:19:28 -0400
+
+  changes to "asia", "backward", "europe", and "southamerica"
+  (read: northamericacentrics need not apply)
+
+
+Release code95c - 1995-03-13 14:00:46 -0500
+
+  one-line fix for sign extension problems in detzcode
+
+
+Release 95b - 1995-03-04 11:22:38 -0500
+
+  Minor changes in both:
+
+  The "code" file contains a workaround for the lack of "unistd.h" in
+  Microsoft C++ version 7.
+
+  The "data" file contains a fixed "Link" for America/Shiprock.
+
+
+Release 94h - 1994-12-10 12:51:14 -0500
+
+  The files:
+
+  *	incorporate the changes to "zdump" and "date" to make changes to
+	the "TZ" environment variable permanent;
+
+  *	incorporate the table changes by Paul Eggert;
+
+  *	include (and document) support for universal time specifications in
+	data files - but do not (yet) include use of this feature in the
+	data files.
+
+  Think of this as "TZ Classic" - the software has been set up not to break if
+  universal time shows up in its input, and data entries have been
+  left as is so as not to break existing implementations.
+
+
+Release data94f - 1994-08-20 12:56:09 -0400
+
+  (with thanks!) the latest data updates from Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release data94e - 1994-06-04 13:13:53 -0400
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release code94g - 1994-05-05 12:14:07 -0400
+
+  fix missing "optind.c" and a reference to it in the Makefile
+
+
+Release code94f - 1994-05-05 13:00:33 -0000
+  [tzcode94f.tar.gz is missing!]
+
+  changes to avoid overflow in difftime, as well as changes to cope
+  with the 52/53 challenge in strftime
+
+
+Release code94e - 1994-03-30 23:32:59 -0500
+
+  change for the benefit of PCTS
+
+
+Release 94d - 1994-02-24 15:42:25 -0500
+
+  Avoid clashes with POSIX semantics for zones such as GMT+4.
+
+  Some other very minor housekeeping is also present.
+
+
+Release code94c - 1994-02-10 08:52:40 -0500
+
+  Fix bug where mkdirs was broken unless you compile with
+  -fwritable-strings (which is generally losing to do).
+
+
+Release 94b - 1994-02-07 10:04:33 -0500
+
+  work by Paul Eggert who notes:
+
+  I found another book of time zone histories by E W Whitman; it's not
+  as extensive as Shanks but has a few goodies of its own.  I used it
+  to update the tables.  I also fixed some more as a result of
+  correspondence with Adam David and Peter Ilieve, and move some stray
+  links from 'europe' to 'backward'.  I corrected some scanning errors
+  in usno1989.
+
+  As far as the code goes, I fixed zic to allow years in the range
+  INT_MIN to INT_MAX; this fixed a few boundary conditions around 1900.
+  And I cleaned up the zic documentation a little bit.
+
+
+Release data94a - 1994-02-03 08:58:54 -0500
+
+  It simply incorporates the recently announced leap second into the
+  "leapseconds" file.
+
+
+Release 93g - 1993-11-22 17:28:27 -0500
+
+  Paul Eggert has provided a good deal of historic information (based
+  on Shanks), and there are some code changes to deal with the buglets
+  that crawled out in dealing with the new information.
+
+
+Release 93f - 1993-10-15 12:27:46 -0400
+
+  Paul Eggert's changes
+
+
+Release 93e - 1993-09-05 21:21:44 -0400
+
+  This has updated data for Israel, England, and Kwajalein.  There's
+  also an update to "zdump" to cope with Kwajalein's 24-hour jump.
+  Thanks to Paul Eggert and Peter Ilieve for the changes.
+
+
+Release 93d - 1993-06-17 23:34:17 -0400
+
+  new fix and new data on Israel
+
+
+Release 93c - 1993-06-06 19:31:55 -0400
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release 93b - 1993-02-02 14:53:58 -0500
+
+  updated "leapseconds" file
+
+
+Release 93 - 1993-01-08 07:01:06 -0500
+
+  At kre's suggestion, the package has been split in two - a code piece
+  (which also includes documentation) that's only of use to folks who
+  want to recompile things and a data piece useful to anyone who can
+  run "zic".
+
+  The new version has a few changes to the data files, a few
+  portability changes, and an off-by-one fix (with thanks to
+  Tom Karzes at deshaw.com for providing a description and a
+  solution).
+
+
+Release 92c - 1992-11-21 17:35:36 -0000
+  [tz92c.tar.Z is missing!]
+
+  The fallout from the latest round of DST transitions.
+
+  There are changes for Portugal, Saskatchewan, and "Pacific-New";
+  there's also a change to "zic.c" that makes it portable to more systems.
+
+
+Release 92 - 1992-04-25 18:17:03 -0000
+  [tz92.tar.Z is missing!]
+
+  By popular demand (well, at any rate, following a request by kre at munnari)
+
+
+The 1989 update of the time zone package featured:
+
+  *	POSIXization (including interpretation of POSIX-style TZ environment
+	variables, provided by Guy Harris),
+  *	ANSIfication (including versions of "mktime" and "difftime"),
+  *	SVIDulation (an "altzone" variable)
+  *	MACHination (the "gtime" function)
+  *	corrections to some time zone data (including corrections to the rules
+	for Great Britain and New Zealand)
+  *	reference data from the United States Naval Observatory for folks who
+	want to do additional time zones
+  *	and the 1989 data for Saudi Arabia.
+
+  (Since this code will be treated as "part of the implementation" in some
+  places and as "part of the application" in others, there's no good way to
+  name functions, such as timegm, that are not part of the proposed ANSI C
+  standard; such functions have kept their old, underscore-free names in this
+  update.)
+
+  And the "dysize" function has disappeared; it was present to allow
+  compilation of the "date" command on old BSD systems, and a version of "date"
+  is now provided in the package.  The "date" command is not created when you
+  "make all" since it may lack options provided by the version distributed with
+  your operating system, or may not interact with the system in the same way
+  the native version does.
+
+  Since POSIX frowns on correct leap second handling, the default behavior of
+  the "zic" command (in the absence of a "-L" option) has been changed to omit
+  leap second information from its output files.
+
+
+-----
+Notes
+
+This file contains copies of the part of each release announcement
+that talks about the changes in that release.  The text has been
+adapted and reformatted for the purposes of this file.
+
+Traditionally a release R consists of a pair of tarball files,
+tzcodeR.tar.gz and tzdataR.tar.gz.  However, some releases (e.g.,
+code2010a, data2012c) consist of just one or the other tarball, and a
+few (e.g., code2012c-data2012d) have tarballs with mixed version
+numbers.  Recent releases also come in an experimental format
+consisting of a single tarball tzdb-R.tar.lz with extra data.
+
+Release timestamps are taken from the release's commit (for newer,
+Git-based releases), from the newest file in the tarball (for older
+releases, where this info is available) or from the email announcing
+the release (if all else fails; these are marked with a time zone
+abbreviation of -0000 and an "is missing!" comment).
+
+Earlier versions of the code and data were not announced on the tz
+list and are not summarized here.
+
+This file is in the public domain.
+
+Local Variables:
+coding: utf-8
+End:
diff --git a/README b/README
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..edabd2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+README for the tz distribution
+
+"Where do I set the hands of the clock?" -- Les Tremayne as The King
+"Oh that--you can set them any place you want." -- Frank Baxter as The Scientist
+					(from the Bell System film "About Time")
+
+The Time Zone Database (called tz, tzdb or zoneinfo) contains code and
+data that represent the history of local time for many representative
+locations around the globe.  It is updated periodically to reflect
+changes made by political bodies to time zone boundaries, UTC offsets,
+and daylight-saving rules.
+
+See <https://www.iana.org/time-zones/repository/tz-link.html> or the
+file tz-link.html for how to acquire the code and data.
+
+Once acquired, read the leading comments in the file "Makefile"
+and make any changes needed to make things right for your system,
+especially when using a platform other than current GNU/Linux.
+
+Then run the following commands, substituting your desired
+installation directory for "$HOME/tzdir":
+
+	make TOPDIR="$HOME/tzdir" install
+	"$HOME/tzdir/usr/bin/zdump" -v America/Los_Angeles
+
+See the file tz-how-to.html for examples of how to read the data files.
+
+This database of historical local time information has several goals:
+
+ * Provide a compendium of data about the history of civil time that
+   is useful even if not 100% accurate.
+
+ * Give an idea of the variety of local time rules that have existed
+   in the past and thus may be expected in the future.
+
+ * Test the generality of the local time rule description system.
+
+The information in the time zone data files is by no means authoritative;
+fixes and enhancements are welcome.  Please see the file CONTRIBUTING
+for details.
+
+Thanks to these Time Zone Caballeros who've made major contributions to the
+time conversion package: Keith Bostic; Bob Devine; Paul Eggert; Robert Elz;
+Guy Harris; Mark Horton; John Mackin; and Bradley White.  Thanks also to
+Michael Bloom, Art Neilson, Stephen Prince, John Sovereign, and Frank Wales
+for testing work, and to Gwillim Law for checking local mean time data.
+Thanks in particular to Arthur David Olson, the project's founder and first
+maintainer, to whom the time zone community owes the greatest debt of all.
+None of them are responsible for remaining errors.
+
+-----
+
+This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of 2009-05-17 by
+Arthur David Olson.  The other files in this distribution are either
+public domain or BSD licensed; see the file LICENSE for details.
diff --git a/SECURITY b/SECURITY
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..40128bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SECURITY
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+Please report any sensitive security-related bugs via email to the
+tzdb designated coordinators, currently Paul Eggert
+<eggert@cs.ucla.edu> and Tim Parenti <tim@timtimeonline.com>.
+Put "tzdb security" at the start of your email's subject line.
+We prefer communications to be in English.
+
+You should receive a response within a week. If not, please follow up
+via email to make sure we received your original message.
+
+If we confirm the bug, we plan to notify affected third-party services
+or software that we know about, prepare an advisory, commit fixes to
+the main development branch as quickly as is practical, and finally
+publish the advisory on tz@iana.org.  As with all tzdb contributions,
+we give credit to security contributors unless they wish to remain
+anonymous.
diff --git a/africa b/africa
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..92d823a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/africa
@@ -0,0 +1,1448 @@
+# tzdb data for Africa and environs
+
+# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
+
+# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
+# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
+# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
+# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-05-27):
+#
+# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
+# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
+# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
+# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
+#
+# Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
+# for time zone data was the International Air Transport
+# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
+# published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
+# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
+# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
+#
+# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
+# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
+# I found in the UCLA library.
+#
+# For data circa 1899, a common source is:
+# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
+# https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
+#
+# For the 1911/1912 establishment of standard time in French possessions, see:
+# Société Française de Physique, Recueil de constantes physiques (1913),
+# page 752, 18b.
+#
+# European-style abbreviations are commonly used along the Mediterranean.
+# For sub-Saharan Africa abbreviations were less standardized.
+# Previous editions of this database used WAT, CAT, SAT, and EAT
+# for UT +00 through +03, respectively,
+# but in 1997 Mark R V Murray reported that
+# 'SAST' is the official abbreviation for +02 in the country of South Africa,
+# 'CAT' is commonly used for +02 in countries north of South Africa, and
+# 'WAT' is probably the best name for +01, as the common phrase for
+# the area that includes Nigeria is "West Africa".
+#
+# To summarize, the following abbreviations seemed to have some currency:
+#	 +00	GMT	Greenwich Mean Time
+#	 +02	CAT	Central Africa Time
+#	 +02	SAST	South Africa Standard Time
+# and Murray suggested the following abbreviation:
+#	 +01	WAT	West Africa Time
+# Murray's suggestion seems to have caught on in news reports and the like.
+# I vaguely recall 'WAT' also being used for -01 in the past but
+# cannot now come up with solid citations.
+#
+# I invented the following abbreviations in the 1990s:
+#	 +02	WAST	West Africa Summer Time
+#	 +03	CAST	Central Africa Summer Time
+#	 +03	SAST	South Africa Summer Time
+#	 +03	EAT	East Africa Time
+# 'EAT' seems to have caught on and is in current timestamps, and though
+# the other abbreviations are rarer and are only in past timestamps,
+# they are paired with better-attested non-DST abbreviations.
+# Corrections are welcome.
+
+# Algeria
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Algeria	1916	only	-	Jun	14	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Algeria	1916	1919	-	Oct	Sun>=1	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Algeria	1917	only	-	Mar	24	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Algeria	1918	only	-	Mar	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Algeria	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Algeria	1920	only	-	Feb	14	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Algeria	1920	only	-	Oct	23	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Algeria	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Algeria	1921	only	-	Jun	21	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Algeria	1939	only	-	Sep	11	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Algeria	1939	only	-	Nov	19	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Algeria	1944	1945	-	Apr	Mon>=1	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Algeria	1944	only	-	Oct	 8	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Algeria	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Algeria	1971	only	-	Apr	25	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Algeria	1971	only	-	Sep	26	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Algeria	1977	only	-	May	 6	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Algeria	1977	only	-	Oct	21	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Algeria	1978	only	-	Mar	24	 1:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Algeria	1978	only	-	Sep	22	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Algeria	1980	only	-	Apr	25	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Algeria	1980	only	-	Oct	31	 2:00	0	-
+# See Europe/Paris for PMT-related transitions.
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Africa/Algiers	0:12:12 -	LMT	1891 Mar 16
+			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
+			0:00	Algeria	WE%sT	1940 Feb 25  2:00
+			1:00	Algeria	CE%sT	1946 Oct  7
+			0:00	-	WET	1956 Jan 29
+			1:00	-	CET	1963 Apr 14
+			0:00	Algeria	WE%sT	1977 Oct 21
+			1:00	Algeria	CE%sT	1979 Oct 26
+			0:00	Algeria	WE%sT	1981 May
+			1:00	-	CET
+
+# Cape Verde / Cabo Verde
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-16):
+# Shanks gives 1907 for the transition to +02.
+# For now, ignore that and follow the 1911-05-26 Portuguese decree
+# (see Europe/Lisbon).
+#
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Atlantic/Cape_Verde -1:34:04 -	LMT	1912 Jan 01  2:00u # Praia
+			-2:00	-	-02	1942 Sep
+			-2:00	1:00	-01	1945 Oct 15
+			-2:00	-	-02	1975 Nov 25  2:00
+			-1:00	-	-01
+
+# Chad
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Africa/Ndjamena	1:00:12 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1 # N'Djamena
+			1:00	-	WAT	1979 Oct 14
+			1:00	1:00	WAST	1980 Mar  8
+			1:00	-	WAT
+
+# Burkina Faso
+# Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)
+# The Gambia
+# Ghana
+# Guinea
+# Iceland
+# Mali
+# Mauritania
+# St Helena
+# Senegal
+# Sierra Leone
+# Togo
+
+# The other parts of the St Helena territory are similar:
+#	Tristan da Cunha: on GMT, say Whitman and the CIA
+#	Ascension: on GMT, say the USNO (1995-12-21) and the CIA
+#	Gough (scientific station since 1955; sealers wintered previously):
+#		on GMT, says the CIA
+#	Inaccessible, Nightingale: uninhabited
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Africa/Abidjan	-0:16:08 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# Egypt
+
+# Milne says Cairo used 2:05:08.9, the local mean time of the Abbasizeh
+# observatory.  Milne also says that the official time for
+# Egypt was mean noon at the Great Pyramid, 2:04:30.5, but apparently this
+# did not apply to Cairo, Alexandria, or Port Said.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Egypt	1940	only	-	Jul	15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	1940	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	1941	only	-	Apr	15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	1941	only	-	Sep	16	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	1942	1944	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	1942	only	-	Oct	27	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	1943	1945	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	1945	only	-	Apr	16	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	1957	only	-	May	10	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	1957	1958	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	1958	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	1959	1981	-	May	 1	1:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	1959	1965	-	Sep	30	3:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	1966	1994	-	Oct	 1	3:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	1982	only	-	Jul	25	1:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	1983	only	-	Jul	12	1:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	1984	1988	-	May	 1	1:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	1989	only	-	May	 6	1:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	1990	1994	-	May	 1	1:00	1:00	S
+# IATA (after 1990) says transitions are at 0:00.
+# Go with IATA starting in 1995, except correct 1995 entry from 09-30 to 09-29.
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-04-20):
+# "...Egypt's interim cabinet decided on Wednesday to cancel daylight
+# saving time after a poll posted on its website showed the majority of
+# Egyptians would approve the cancellation."
+#
+# Egypt to cancel daylight saving time
+# http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/407168
+# or
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_egypt04.html
+Rule	Egypt	1995	2010	-	Apr	lastFri	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	1995	2005	-	Sep	lastThu	24:00	0	-
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2006-09-19):
+# The Egyptian Gazette, issue 41,090 (2006-09-18), page 1, reports:
+# Egypt will turn back clocks by one hour at the midnight of Thursday
+# after observing the daylight saving time since May.
+# http://news.gom.com.eg/gazette/pdf/2006/09/18/01.pdf
+Rule	Egypt	2006	only	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+# From Dirk Losch (2007-08-14):
+# I received a mail from an airline which says that the daylight
+# saving time in Egypt will end in the night of 2007-09-06 to 2007-09-07.
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2007-08-15): [The following agree:]
+# http://www.nentjes.info/Bill/bill5.htm
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=53
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-09-04): The official information...:
+# http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/EgyptOnline/Miscellaneous/000002/0207000000000000001580.htm
+Rule	Egypt	2007	only	-	Sep	Thu>=1	24:00	0	-
+# From Abdelrahman Hassan (2007-09-06):
+# Due to the Hijri (lunar Islamic calendar) year being 11 days shorter
+# than the year of the Gregorian calendar, Ramadan shifts earlier each
+# year. This year it will be observed September 13 (September is quite
+# hot in Egypt), and the idea is to make fasting easier for workers by
+# shifting business hours one hour out of daytime heat. Consequently,
+# unless discontinued, next DST may end Thursday 28 August 2008.
+# From Paul Eggert (2007-08-17):
+# For lack of better info, assume the new rule is last Thursday in August.
+
+# From Petr Machata (2009-04-06):
+# The following appeared in Red Hat bugzilla[1] (edited):
+#
+# > $ zdump -v /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo | grep 2009
+# > /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo  Thu Apr 23 21:59:59 2009 UTC = Thu =
+# Apr 23
+# > 23:59:59 2009 EET isdst=0 gmtoff=7200
+# > /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo  Thu Apr 23 22:00:00 2009 UTC = Fri =
+# Apr 24
+# > 01:00:00 2009 EEST isdst=1 gmtoff=10800
+# > /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo  Thu Aug 27 20:59:59 2009 UTC = Thu =
+# Aug 27
+# > 23:59:59 2009 EEST isdst=1 gmtoff=10800
+# > /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo  Thu Aug 27 21:00:00 2009 UTC = Thu =
+# Aug 27
+# > 23:00:00 2009 EET isdst=0 gmtoff=7200
+#
+# > end date should be Thu Sep 24 2009 (Last Thursday in September at 23:59=
+# :59)
+# > http://support.microsoft.com/kb/958729/
+#
+# timeanddate[2] and another site I've found[3] also support that.
+#
+# [1] https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=492263
+# [2] https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/clockchange.html?n=53
+# [3] https://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/africa/egypt/
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2009-04-20):
+# In 2009 (and for the next several years), Ramadan ends before the fourth
+# Thursday in September; Egypt is expected to revert to the last Thursday
+# in September.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-08-11):
+# We have been able to confirm the August change with the Egyptian Cabinet
+# Information and Decision Support Center:
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/egypt-dst-ends-2009.html
+#
+# The Middle East News Agency
+# https://www.mena.org.eg/index.aspx
+# also reports "Egypt starts winter time on August 21"
+# today in article numbered "71, 11/08/2009 12:25 GMT."
+# Only the title above is available without a subscription to their service,
+# and can be found by searching for "winter" in their search engine
+# (at least today).
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-07-20):
+# According to News from Egypt - Al-Masry Al-Youm Egypt's cabinet has
+# decided that Daylight Saving Time will not be used in Egypt during
+# Ramadan.
+#
+# Arabic translation:
+# "Clocks to go back during Ramadan - and then forward again"
+# http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/news/clocks-go-back-during-ramadan-and-then-forward-again
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_egypt02.html
+
+# From Ahmad El-Dardiry (2014-05-07):
+# Egypt is to change back to Daylight system on May 15
+# http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/100735/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-government-to-reapply-daylight-saving-time-.aspx
+
+# From Gunther Vermier (2014-05-13):
+# our Egypt office confirms that the change will be at 15 May "midnight" (24:00)
+
+# From Imed Chihi (2014-06-04):
+# We have finally "located" a precise official reference about the DST changes
+# in Egypt.  The Ministers Cabinet decision is explained at
+# http://www.cabinet.gov.eg/Media/CabinetMeetingsDetails.aspx?id=347 ...
+# [T]his (Arabic) site is not accessible outside Egypt, but the page ...
+# translates into: "With regard to daylight saving time, it is scheduled to
+# take effect at exactly twelve o'clock this evening, Thursday, 15 MAY 2014,
+# to be suspended by twelve o'clock on the evening of Thursday, 26 JUN 2014,
+# and re-established again at the end of the month of Ramadan, at twelve
+# o'clock on the evening of Thursday, 31 JUL 2014."  This statement has been
+# reproduced by other (more accessible) sites[, e.g.,]...
+# http://elgornal.net/news/news.aspx?id=4699258
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2015-04-08):
+# Egypt will start DST on midnight after Thursday, April 30, 2015.
+# This is based on a law (no 35) from May 15, 2014 saying it starts the last
+# Thursday of April....  Clocks will still be turned back for Ramadan, but
+# dates not yet announced....
+# http://almogaz.com/news/weird-news/2015/04/05/1947105 ...
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/egypt-starts-dst-2015.html
+
+# From Ahmed Nazmy (2015-04-20):
+# Egypt's ministers cabinet just announced ... that it will cancel DST at
+# least for 2015.
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2015-04-20):
+# http://english.ahram.org.eg/WriterArticles/NewsContentP/1/128195/Egypt/No-daylight-saving-this-summer-Egypts-prime-minist.aspx
+# "Egypt's cabinet agreed on Monday not to switch clocks for daylight saving
+# time this summer, and carry out studies on the possibility of canceling the
+# practice altogether in future years."
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-04-24):
+# Yesterday the office of Egyptian President El-Sisi announced his
+# decision to abandon DST permanently.  See Ahram Online 2015-04-24.
+# http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/128509/Egypt/Politics-/Sisi-cancels-daylight-saving-time-in-Egypt.aspx
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2016-04-29):
+# Egypt will have DST from July 7 until the end of October....
+# http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/1/204655/Egypt/Daylight-savings-time-returning-to-Egypt-on--July.aspx
+# From Mina Samuel (2016-07-04):
+# Egyptian government took the decision to cancel the DST,
+
+# From Ahmad ElDardiry (2023-03-01):
+# Egypt officially announced today that daylight savings will be
+# applied from last Friday of April to last Thursday of October.
+# From Paul Eggert (2023-03-01):
+# Assume transitions are at 00:00 and 24:00 respectively.
+# From Amir Adib (2023-03-07):
+# https://www.facebook.com/EgyptianCabinet/posts/638829614954129/
+
+Rule	Egypt	2008	only	-	Aug	lastThu	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	2009	only	-	Aug	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	2010	only	-	Aug	10	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	2010	only	-	Sep	 9	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	2010	only	-	Sep	lastThu	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	2014	only	-	May	15	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	2014	only	-	Jun	26	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	2014	only	-	Jul	31	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	2014	only	-	Sep	lastThu	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	2023	max	-	Apr	lastFri	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	2023	max	-	Oct	lastThu	24:00	0	-
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+		#STDOFF	2:05:08.9
+Zone	Africa/Cairo	2:05:09 -	LMT	1900 Oct
+			2:00	Egypt	EE%sT
+
+# Guinea-Bissau
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-16):
+# Shanks gives 1911-05-26 for the transition to WAT,
+# evidently confusing the date of the Portuguese decree
+# (see Europe/Lisbon) with the date that it took effect.
+#
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Africa/Bissau	-1:02:20 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1  1:00u
+			-1:00	-	-01	1975
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Comoros
+# Djibouti
+# Eritrea
+# Ethiopia
+# Kenya
+# Madagascar
+# Mayotte
+# Somalia
+# Tanzania
+# Uganda
+
+# From P Chan (2020-10-24):
+#
+# The standard time of GMT+2:30 was adopted in the East Africa Protectorate....
+# [The Official Gazette, 1908-05-01, p 274]
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=e-cAC-sjPSEC&pg=PA274
+#
+# At midnight on 30 June 1928 the clocks throughout Kenya was put forward
+# half an hour by the Alteration of Time Ordinance, 1928.
+# https://gazettes.africa/archive/ke/1928/ke-government-gazette-dated-1928-05-11-no-28.pdf
+# [Ordinance No. 11 of 1928, The Official Gazette, 1928-06-26, p 813]
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=2S0S6os32ZUC&pg=PA813
+#
+# The 1928 ordinance was repealed by the Alteration of Time (repeal) Ordinance,
+# 1929 and the time was restored to GMT+2:30 at midnight on 4 January 1930.
+# [Ordinance No. 97 of 1929, The Official Gazette, 1929-12-31, p 2701]
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=_g18jIZQlwwC&pg=PA2701
+#
+# The Alteration of Time Ordinance, 1936 changed the time to GMT+2:45
+# and repealed the previous ordinance at midnight on 31 December 1936.
+# [The Official Gazette, 1936-07-21, p 705]
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=K7j41z0aC5wC&pg=PA705
+#
+# The Defence (Amendment of Laws No. 120) Regulations changed the time
+# to GMT+3 at midnight on 31 July 1942.
+# [Kenya Official Gazette Supplement No. 32, 1942-07-21, p 331]
+# https://books.google.com/books?hl=zh-TW&id=c_E-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA331
+# The provision of the 1936 ordinance was not repealed and was later
+# incorporated in the Interpretation and General Clauses Ordinance in 1948.
+# Although it was overridden by the 1942 regulations.
+# [The Laws of Kenya in force on 1948-09-21, Title I, Chapter 1, 31]
+# https://dds.crl.edu/item/217517 (p.101)
+# In 1950 the Interpretation and General Clauses Ordinance was amended to adopt
+# GMT+3 permanently as the 1942 regulations were due to expire on 10 December.
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=jvR8mUDAwR0C&pg=PA787
+# [Ordinance No. 44 of 1950, Kenya Ordinances 1950, Vol. XXIX, p 294]
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=-_dQAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA294
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2020-10-24):
+# The 1908-05-01 announcement does not give an effective date,
+# so just say "1908 May".
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-09-11):
+# Unfortunately tzdb records only Western clock time in use in Ethiopia,
+# as the tzdb format is not up to properly recording a common Ethiopian
+# timekeeping practice that is based on solar time.  See:
+# Mortada D. If you have a meeting in Ethiopia, you'd better double
+# check the time. PRI's The World. 2015-01-30 15:15 -05.
+# https://www.pri.org/stories/2015-01-30/if-you-have-meeting-ethiopia-you-better-double-check-time
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Africa/Nairobi	2:27:16	-	LMT	1908 May
+			2:30	-	+0230	1928 Jun 30 24:00
+			3:00	-	EAT	1930 Jan  4 24:00
+			2:30	-	+0230	1936 Dec 31 24:00
+			2:45	-	+0245	1942 Jul 31 24:00
+			3:00	-	EAT
+
+# Liberia
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-03-02):
+#
+# The Nautical Almanac for the Year 1970, p 264, is the source for -0:44:30.
+#
+# In 1972 Liberia was the last country to switch from a UT offset
+# that was not a multiple of 15 or 20 minutes.  The 1972 change was on
+# 1972-01-07, according to an entry dated 1972-01-04 on p 330 of:
+# Presidential Papers: First year of the administration of
+# President William R. Tolbert, Jr., July 23, 1971-July 31, 1972.
+# Monrovia: Executive Mansion.
+#
+# Use the abbreviation "MMT" before 1972, as the more accurate numeric
+# abbreviation "-004430" would be one byte over the POSIX limit.
+#
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Africa/Monrovia	-0:43:08 -	LMT	1882
+			-0:43:08 -	MMT	1919 Mar # Monrovia Mean Time
+			-0:44:30 -	MMT	1972 Jan 7 # approximately MMT
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# Libya
+
+# From Even Scharning (2012-11-10):
+# Libya set their time one hour back at 02:00 on Saturday November 10.
+# https://www.libyaherald.com/2012/11/04/clocks-to-go-back-an-hour-on-saturday/
+# Here is an official source [in Arabic]: http://ls.ly/fb6Yc
+#
+# Steffen Thorsen forwarded a translation (2012-11-10) in
+# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2012-November/018451.html
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2012-11-11):
+# Treat the 2012-11-10 change as a zone change from UTC+2 to UTC+1.
+# The DST rules planned for 2013 and onward roughly mirror those of Europe
+# (either two days before them or five days after them, so as to fall on
+# lastFri instead of lastSun).
+
+# From Even Scharning (2013-10-25):
+# The scheduled end of DST in Libya on Friday, October 25, 2013 was
+# cancelled yesterday....
+# https://www.libyaherald.com/2013/10/24/correction-no-time-change-tomorrow/
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-10-25):
+# For now, assume they're reverting to the pre-2012 rules of permanent UT +02.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Libya	1951	only	-	Oct	14	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Libya	1952	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Libya	1953	only	-	Oct	 9	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Libya	1954	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Libya	1955	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Libya	1956	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Libya	1982	1984	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Libya	1982	1985	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Libya	1985	only	-	Apr	 6	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Libya	1986	only	-	Apr	 4	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Libya	1986	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Libya	1987	1989	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Libya	1987	1989	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Libya	1997	only	-	Apr	 4	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Libya	1997	only	-	Oct	 4	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Libya	2013	only	-	Mar	lastFri	1:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Libya	2013	only	-	Oct	lastFri	2:00	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Africa/Tripoli	0:52:44 -	LMT	1920
+			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	1959
+			2:00	-	EET	1982
+			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	1990 May  4
+# The 1996 and 1997 entries are from Shanks & Pottenger;
+# the IATA SSIM data entries contain some obvious errors.
+			2:00	-	EET	1996 Sep 30
+			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	1997 Oct  4
+			2:00	-	EET	2012 Nov 10  2:00
+			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	2013 Oct 25  2:00
+			2:00	-	EET
+
+# Mauritius
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2008-06-25):
+# Mauritius plans to observe DST from 2008-11-01 to 2009-03-31 on a trial
+# basis....
+# It seems that Mauritius observed daylight saving time from 1982-10-10 to
+# 1983-03-20 as well, but that was not successful....
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/mauritius-daylight-saving-time.html
+
+# From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-06-25):
+# http://economicdevelopment.gov.mu/portal/site/Mainhomepage/menuitem.a42b24128104d9845dabddd154508a0c/?content_id=0a7cee8b5d69a110VgnVCM1000000a04a8c0RCRD
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2008-06-30):
+# The www.timeanddate.com article cited by Steffen Thorsen notes that "A
+# final decision has yet to be made on the times that daylight saving
+# would begin and end on these dates." As a place holder, use midnight.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2008-06-30):
+# Follow Thorsen on DST in 1982/1983, instead of Shanks & Pottenger.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2008-07-10):
+# According to
+# http://www.lexpress.mu/display_article.php?news_id=111216
+# (in French), Mauritius will start and end their DST a few days earlier
+# than previously announced (2008-11-01 to 2009-03-31).  The new start
+# date is 2008-10-26 at 02:00 and the new end date is 2009-03-27 (no time
+# given, but it is probably at either 2 or 3 wall clock time).
+#
+# A little strange though, since the article says that they moved the date
+# to align itself with Europe and USA which also change time on that date,
+# but that means they have not paid attention to what happened in
+# USA/Canada last year (DST ends first Sunday in November). I also wonder
+# why that they end on a Friday, instead of aligning with Europe which
+# changes two days later.
+
+# From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-07-11):
+# Seems that English language article "The revival of daylight saving
+# time: Energy conservation?"- No. 16578 (07/11/2008) was originally
+# published on Monday, June 30, 2008...
+#
+# I guess that article in French "Le gouvernement avance l'introduction
+# de l'heure d'été" stating that DST in Mauritius starting on October 26
+# and ending on March 27, 2009 is the most recent one....
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_mauritius02.html
+
+# From Riad M. Hossen Ally (2008-08-03):
+# The Government of Mauritius weblink
+# http://www.gov.mu/portal/site/pmosite/menuitem.4ca0efdee47462e7440a600248a521ca/?content_id=4728ca68b2a5b110VgnVCM1000000a04a8c0RCRD
+# Cabinet Decision of July 18th, 2008 states as follows:
+#
+# 4. ...Cabinet has agreed to the introduction into the National Assembly
+# of the Time Bill which provides for the introduction of summer time in
+# Mauritius. The summer time period which will be of one hour ahead of
+# the standard time, will be aligned with that in Europe and the United
+# States of America. It will start at two o'clock in the morning on the
+# last Sunday of October and will end at two o'clock in the morning on
+# the last Sunday of March the following year. The summer time for the
+# year 2008-2009 will, therefore, be effective as from 26 October 2008
+# and end on 29 March 2009.
+
+# From Ed Maste (2008-10-07):
+# THE TIME BILL (No. XXVII of 2008) Explanatory Memorandum states the
+# beginning / ending of summer time is 2 o'clock standard time in the
+# morning of the last Sunday of October / last Sunday of March.
+# http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/assemblysite/file/bill2708.pdf
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-06-05):
+# According to several sources, Mauritius will not continue to observe
+# DST the coming summer...
+#
+# Some sources, in French:
+# http://www.defimedia.info/news/946/Rashid-Beebeejaun-:-«-L%E2%80%99heure-d%E2%80%99été-ne-sera-pas-appliquée-cette-année-»
+# http://lexpress.mu/Story/3398~Beebeejaun---Les-objectifs-d-économie-d-énergie-de-l-heure-d-été-ont-été-atteints-
+#
+# Our wrap-up:
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/mauritius-dst-will-not-repeat.html
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2009-07-11):
+# The "mauritius-dst-will-not-repeat" wrapup includes this:
+# "The trial ended on March 29, 2009, when the clocks moved back by one hour
+# at 2am (or 02:00) local time..."
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule Mauritius	1982	only	-	Oct	10	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule Mauritius	1983	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	0	-
+Rule Mauritius	2008	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	-
+Rule Mauritius	2009	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Indian/Mauritius	3:50:00 -	LMT	1907 # Port Louis
+			4:00 Mauritius	+04/+05
+# Agalega Is, Rodriguez
+# no information; probably like Indian/Mauritius
+
+
+# Morocco
+# See Africa/Ceuta for Spanish Morocco.
+
+# From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-09):
+# Here is an article that Morocco plan to introduce Daylight Saving Time between
+# 1 June, 2008 and 27 September, 2008.
+#
+# "... Morocco is to save energy by adjusting its clock during summer so it will
+# be one hour ahead of GMT between 1 June and 27 September, according to
+# Communication Minister and Government Spokesman, Khalid Naciri...."
+#
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_morocco01.html
+# http://en.afrik.com/news11892.html
+
+# From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-09):
+# The Morocco time change can be confirmed on Morocco web site Maghreb Arabe
+# Presse:
+# http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/box3/morocco_shifts_to_da/view
+#
+# Morocco shifts to daylight time on June 1st through September 27, Govt.
+# spokesman.
+
+# From Patrice Scattolin (2008-05-09):
+# According to this article:
+# https://www.avmaroc.com/actualite/heure-dete-comment-a127896.html
+# (and republished here: <http://www.actu.ma/heure-dete-comment_i127896_0.html>)
+# the changes occur at midnight:
+#
+# Saturday night May 31st at midnight (which in French is to be
+# interpreted as the night between Saturday and Sunday)
+# Sunday night the 28th at midnight
+#
+# Seeing that the 28th is Monday, I am guessing that she intends to say
+# the midnight of the 28th which is the midnight between Sunday and
+# Monday, which jives with other sources that say that it's inclusive
+# June 1st to Sept 27th.
+#
+# The decision was taken by decree *2-08-224 *but I can't find the decree
+# published on the web.
+#
+# It's also confirmed here:
+# http://www.maroc.ma/NR/exeres/FACF141F-D910-44B0-B7FA-6E03733425D1.htm
+# on a government portal as being between June 1st and Sept 27th (not yet
+# posted in English).
+#
+# The following Google query will generate many relevant hits:
+# https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=Conseil+de+gouvernement+maroc+heure+avance&btnG=Search
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2008-08-27):
+# Morocco will change the clocks back on the midnight between August 31
+# and September 1. They originally planned to observe DST to near the end
+# of September:
+#
+# One article about it (in French):
+# http://www.menara.ma/fr/Actualites/Maroc/Societe/ci.retour_a_l_heure_gmt_a_partir_du_dimanche_31_aout_a_minuit_officiel_.default
+#
+# We have some further details posted here:
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-ends-dst-early-2008.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-17):
+# Morocco will observe DST from 2009-06-01 00:00 to 2009-08-21 00:00 according
+# to many sources, such as
+# http://news.marweb.com/morocco/entertainment/morocco-daylight-saving.html
+# http://www.medi1sat.ma/fr/depeche.aspx?idp=2312
+# (French)
+#
+# Our summary:
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-starts-dst-2009.html
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-17):
+# Here is a link to official document from Royaume du Maroc Premier Ministre,
+# Ministère de la Modernisation des Secteurs Publics
+#
+# Under Article 1 of Royal Decree No. 455-67 of Act 23 safar 1387 (2 June 1967)
+# concerning the amendment of the legal time, the Ministry of Modernization of
+# Public Sectors announced that the official time in the Kingdom will be
+# advanced 60 minutes from Sunday 31 May 2009 at midnight.
+#
+# http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/francais/Actualites_fr/PDF_Actualites_Fr/HeureEte_FR.pdf
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_morocco03.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-04-13):
+# Several news media in Morocco report that the Ministry of Modernization
+# of Public Sectors has announced that Morocco will have DST from
+# 2010-05-02 to 2010-08-08.
+#
+# Example:
+# http://www.lavieeco.com/actualites/4099-le-maroc-passera-a-l-heure-d-ete-gmt1-le-2-mai.html
+# (French)
+# Our page:
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-starts-dst-2010.html
+
+# From Dan Abitol (2011-03-30):
+# ...Rules for Africa/Casablanca are the following (24h format)
+# The 3rd April 2011 at 00:00:00, [it] will be 3rd April 01:00:00
+# The 31st July 2011 at 00:59:59, [it] will be 31st July 00:00:00
+# ...Official links of change in morocco
+# The change was broadcast on the FM Radio
+# I ve called ANRT (telecom regulations in Morocco) at
+# +212.537.71.84.00
+# http://www.anrt.net.ma/fr/
+# They said that
+# http://www.map.ma/fr/sections/accueil/l_heure_legale_au_ma/view
+# is the official publication to look at.
+# They said that the decision was already taken.
+#
+# More articles in the press
+# https://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/5058/secret-l-heure-d-ete-maroc-leve.html
+# http://www.lematin.ma/Actualite/Express/Article.asp?id=148923
+# http://www.lavieeco.com/actualite/Le-Maroc-passe-sur-GMT+1-a-partir-de-dim
+
+# From Petr Machata (2011-03-30):
+# They have it written in English here:
+# http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/home/morocco_to_spring_fo/view
+#
+# It says there that "Morocco will resume its standard time on July 31,
+# 2011 at midnight." Now they don't say whether they mean midnight of
+# wall clock time (i.e. 11pm UTC), but that's what I would assume. It has
+# also been like that in the past.
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2012-03-09):
+# According to Infomédiaire web site from Morocco (infomediaire.ma),
+# on March 9, 2012, (in French) Heure légale:
+# Le Maroc adopte officiellement l'heure d'été
+# http://www.infomediaire.ma/news/maroc/heure-légale-le-maroc-adopte-officiellement-lheure-dété
+# Governing Council adopted draft decree, that Morocco DST starts on
+# the last Sunday of March (March 25, 2012) and ends on
+# last Sunday of September (September 30, 2012)
+# except the month of Ramadan.
+# or (brief)
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_morocco06.html
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-10):
+# The infomediaire.ma source indicates that the system is to be in
+# effect every year. It gives 03H00 as the "fall back" time of day;
+# it lacks a "spring forward" time of day; assume 2:00 XXX.
+# Wait on specifying the Ramadan exception for details about
+# start date, start time of day, end date, and end time of day XXX.
+
+# From Christophe Tropamer (2012-03-16):
+# Seen Morocco change again:
+# http://www.le2uminutes.com/actualite.php
+# "...à partir du dernier dimanche d'avril et non fins mars,
+# comme annoncé précédemment."
+
+# From Milamber Space Network (2012-07-17):
+# The official return to GMT is announced by the Moroccan government:
+# http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=288 [in French]
+#
+# Google translation, lightly edited:
+# Back to the standard time of the Kingdom (GMT)
+# Pursuant to Decree No. 2-12-126 issued on 26 Jumada (I) 1433 (April 18,
+# 2012) and in accordance with the order of Mr. President of the
+# Government No. 3-47-12 issued on 24 Sha'ban (11 July 2012), the Ministry
+# of Public Service and Administration Modernization announces the return
+# of the legal time of the Kingdom (GMT) from Friday, July 20, 2012 until
+# Monday, August 20, 2012.  So the time will be delayed by 60 minutes from
+# 3:00 am Friday, July 20, 2012 and will again be advanced by 60 minutes
+# August 20, 2012 from 2:00 am.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-03-06):
+# Morocco's daylight-saving transitions due to Ramadan seem to be
+# announced a bit in advance.  On 2012-07-11 the Moroccan government
+# announced that year's Ramadan daylight-saving transitions would be
+# 2012-07-20 and 2012-08-20; see
+# http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=288
+
+# From Andrew Paprocki (2013-07-02):
+# Morocco announced that the year's Ramadan daylight-savings
+# transitions would be 2013-07-07 and 2013-08-10; see:
+# http://www.maroc.ma/en/news/morocco-suspends-daylight-saving-time-july-7-aug10
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-09-28):
+# Morocco extends DST by one month, on very short notice, just 1 day
+# before it was going to end.  There is a new decree (2.13.781) for
+# this, where DST from now on goes from last Sunday of March at 02:00
+# to last Sunday of October at 03:00, similar to EU rules.  Official
+# source (French):
+# http://www.maroc.gov.ma/fr/actualites/lhoraire-dete-gmt1-maintenu-jusquau-27-octobre-2013
+# Another source (specifying the time for start and end in the decree):
+# http://www.lemag.ma/Heure-d-ete-au-Maroc-jusqu-au-27-octobre_a75620.html
+
+# From Sebastien Willemijns (2014-03-18):
+# http://www.afriquinfos.com/articles/2014/3/18/maroc-heure-dete-avancez-tous-horloges-247891.asp
+
+# From Milamber Space Network (2014-06-05):
+# The Moroccan government has recently announced that the country will return
+# to standard time at 03:00 on Saturday, June 28, 2014 local time....  DST
+# will resume again at 02:00 on Saturday, August 2, 2014....
+# http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=586
+
+# From Milamber (2015-06-08):
+# (Google Translation) The hour will thus be delayed 60 minutes
+# Sunday, June 14 at 3:00, the ministry said in a statement, adding
+# that the time will be advanced again 60 minutes Sunday, July 19,
+# 2015 at 2:00.  The move comes under 2.12.126 Decree of 26 Jumada I
+# 1433 (18 April 2012) and the decision of the Head of Government of
+# 16 N. 3-29-15 Chaaban 1435 (4 June 2015).
+# Source (french):
+# https://lnt.ma/le-maroc-reculera-dune-heure-le-dimanche-14-juin/
+#
+# From Milamber (2015-06-09):
+# http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=863
+#
+# From Michael Deckers (2015-06-09):
+# [The gov.ma announcement] would (probably) make the switch on 2015-07-19 go
+# from 03:00 to 04:00 rather than from 02:00 to 03:00, as in the patch....
+# I think the patch is correct and the quoted text is wrong; the text in
+# <https://lnt.ma/le-maroc-reculera-dune-heure-le-dimanche-14-juin/> agrees
+# with the patch.
+
+# From Mohamed Essedik Najd (2018-10-26):
+# Today, a Moroccan government council approved the perpetual addition
+# of 60 minutes to the regular Moroccan timezone.
+# From Matt Johnson (2018-10-28):
+# http://www.sgg.gov.ma/Portals/1/BO/2018/BO_6720-bis_Ar.pdf
+#
+# From Maamar Abdelkader (2018-11-01):
+# We usually move clocks back the previous week end and come back to the +1
+# the week end after....  The government does not announce yet the decision
+# about this temporary change.  But it s 99% sure that it will be the case,
+# as in previous years.  An unofficial survey was done these days, showing
+# that 64% of asked people are ok for moving from +1 to +0 during Ramadan.
+# https://leconomiste.com/article/1035870-enquete-l-economiste-sunergia-64-des-marocains-plebiscitent-le-gmt-pendant-ramadan
+
+# From Naoufal Semlali (2019-04-16):
+# Morocco will be on GMT starting from Sunday, May 5th 2019 at 3am.
+# The switch to GMT+1 will occur on Sunday, June 9th 2019 at 2am....
+# http://fr.le360.ma/societe/voici-la-date-du-retour-a-lheure-legale-au-maroc-188222
+
+# From Semlali Naoufal (2020-04-14):
+# Following the announcement by the Moroccan government, the switch to
+# GMT time will take place on Sunday, April 19, 2020 from 3 a.m. and
+# the return to GMT+1 time will take place on Sunday, May 31, 2020 at 2 a.m....
+# https://maroc-diplomatique.net/maroc-le-retour-a-lheure-gmt-est-prevu-dimanche-prochain/
+# http://aujourdhui.ma/actualite/gmt1-retour-a-lheure-normale-dimanche-prochain-1
+#
+# From Milamber (2020-05-31)
+# In Morocco (where I live), the end of Ramadan (Arabic month) is followed by
+# the Eid al-Fitr, and concretely it's 1 or 2 day offs for the people (with
+# traditional visiting of family, big lunches/dinners, etc.).  So for this
+# year the astronomical calculations don't include the following 2 days off in
+# the calc.  These 2 days fall in a Sunday/Monday, so it's not acceptable by
+# people to have a time shift during these 2 days off.  Perhaps you can modify
+# the (predicted) rules for next years: if the end of Ramadan is a (probable)
+# Friday or Saturday (and so the 2 days off are on a weekend), the next time
+# shift will be the next weekend.
+#
+# From Milamber (2021-03-31, 2022-03-10):
+# https://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=2076
+# https://www.ecoactu.ma/horaires-administration-ramadan-gmtheure-gmt-a-partir-de-dimanche-27-mars/
+#
+# From Milamber (2023-03-14, 2023-03-15):
+# The return to legal GMT time will take place this Sunday, March 19 at 3 a.m.
+# ... the return to GMT+1 will be made on Sunday April 23, 2023 at 2 a.m.
+# https://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites/passage-à-l%E2%80%99heure-gmt-à-partir-du-dimanche-19-mars-2023
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2023-03-14):
+# For now, guess that in the future Morocco will fall back at 03:00
+# the last Sunday before Ramadan, and spring forward at 02:00 the
+# first Sunday after one day after Ramadan.  To implement this,
+# transition dates and times for 2019 through 2087 were determined by
+# running the following program under GNU Emacs 28.2.  (This algorithm
+# also produces the correct transition dates for 2016 through 2018,
+# though the times differ due to Morocco's time zone change in 2018.)
+# (let ((islamic-year 1440))
+#   (require 'cal-islam)
+#   (while (< islamic-year 1511)
+#     (let ((a (calendar-islamic-to-absolute (list 9 1 islamic-year)))
+#           (b (+ 1 (calendar-islamic-to-absolute (list 10 1 islamic-year))))
+#           (sunday 0))
+#       (while (/= sunday (mod (setq a (1- a)) 7)))
+#       (while (/= sunday (mod b 7))
+#         (setq b (1+ b)))
+#       (setq a (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute a))
+#       (setq b (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute b))
+#       (insert
+#        (format
+#         (concat "Rule\tMorocco\t%d\tonly\t-\t%s\t%2d\t 3:00\t-1:00\t-\n"
+#                 "Rule\tMorocco\t%d\tonly\t-\t%s\t%2d\t 2:00\t0\t-\n")
+#         (car (cdr (cdr a))) (calendar-month-name (car a) t) (car (cdr a))
+#         (car (cdr (cdr b))) (calendar-month-name (car b) t) (car (cdr b)))))
+#     (setq islamic-year (+ 1 islamic-year))))
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Morocco	1939	only	-	Sep	12	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	1939	only	-	Nov	19	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	1945	only	-	Nov	18	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	1950	only	-	Jun	11	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	1950	only	-	Oct	29	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	1967	only	-	Jun	 3	12:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	1967	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	1974	only	-	Jun	24	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	1974	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	1976	1977	-	May	 1	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	1976	only	-	Aug	 1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	1977	only	-	Sep	28	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	1978	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	1978	only	-	Aug	 4	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2008	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2008	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2009	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2009	only	-	Aug	21	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2010	only	-	May	 2	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2010	only	-	Aug	 8	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2011	only	-	Apr	 3	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2011	only	-	Jul	31	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2012	2013	-	Apr	lastSun	 2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2012	only	-	Jul	20	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2012	only	-	Aug	20	 2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2012	only	-	Sep	30	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2013	only	-	Jul	 7	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2013	only	-	Aug	10	 2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2013	2018	-	Oct	lastSun	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2014	2018	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2014	only	-	Jun	28	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2014	only	-	Aug	 2	 2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2015	only	-	Jun	14	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2015	only	-	Jul	19	 2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2016	only	-	Jun	 5	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2016	only	-	Jul	10	 2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2017	only	-	May	21	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2017	only	-	Jul	 2	 2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2018	only	-	May	13	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2018	only	-	Jun	17	 2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2019	only	-	May	 5	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2019	only	-	Jun	 9	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2020	only	-	Apr	19	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2020	only	-	May	31	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2021	only	-	Apr	11	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2021	only	-	May	16	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2022	only	-	Mar	27	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2022	only	-	May	 8	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2023	only	-	Mar	19	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2023	only	-	Apr	23	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2024	only	-	Mar	10	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2024	only	-	Apr	14	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2025	only	-	Feb	23	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2025	only	-	Apr	 6	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2026	only	-	Feb	15	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2026	only	-	Mar	22	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2027	only	-	Feb	 7	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2027	only	-	Mar	14	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2028	only	-	Jan	23	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2028	only	-	Mar	 5	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2029	only	-	Jan	14	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2029	only	-	Feb	18	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2029	only	-	Dec	30	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2030	only	-	Feb	10	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2030	only	-	Dec	22	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2031	only	-	Jan	26	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2031	only	-	Dec	14	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2032	only	-	Jan	18	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2032	only	-	Nov	28	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2033	only	-	Jan	 9	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2033	only	-	Nov	20	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2033	only	-	Dec	25	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2034	only	-	Nov	 5	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2034	only	-	Dec	17	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2035	only	-	Oct	28	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2035	only	-	Dec	 9	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2036	only	-	Oct	19	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2036	only	-	Nov	23	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2037	only	-	Oct	 4	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2037	only	-	Nov	15	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2038	only	-	Sep	26	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2038	only	-	Oct	31	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2039	only	-	Sep	18	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2039	only	-	Oct	23	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2040	only	-	Sep	 2	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2040	only	-	Oct	14	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2041	only	-	Aug	25	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2041	only	-	Sep	29	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2042	only	-	Aug	10	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2042	only	-	Sep	21	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2043	only	-	Aug	 2	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2043	only	-	Sep	13	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2044	only	-	Jul	24	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2044	only	-	Aug	28	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2045	only	-	Jul	 9	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2045	only	-	Aug	20	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2046	only	-	Jul	 1	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2046	only	-	Aug	 5	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2047	only	-	Jun	23	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2047	only	-	Jul	28	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2048	only	-	Jun	 7	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2048	only	-	Jul	19	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2049	only	-	May	30	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2049	only	-	Jul	 4	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2050	only	-	May	15	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2050	only	-	Jun	26	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2051	only	-	May	 7	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2051	only	-	Jun	18	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2052	only	-	Apr	28	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2052	only	-	Jun	 2	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2053	only	-	Apr	13	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2053	only	-	May	25	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2054	only	-	Apr	 5	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2054	only	-	May	10	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2055	only	-	Mar	28	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2055	only	-	May	 2	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2056	only	-	Mar	12	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2056	only	-	Apr	23	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2057	only	-	Mar	 4	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2057	only	-	Apr	 8	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2058	only	-	Feb	17	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2058	only	-	Mar	31	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2059	only	-	Feb	 9	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2059	only	-	Mar	23	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2060	only	-	Feb	 1	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2060	only	-	Mar	 7	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2061	only	-	Jan	16	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2061	only	-	Feb	27	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2062	only	-	Jan	 8	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2062	only	-	Feb	12	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2062	only	-	Dec	31	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2063	only	-	Feb	 4	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2063	only	-	Dec	16	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2064	only	-	Jan	27	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2064	only	-	Dec	 7	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2065	only	-	Jan	11	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2065	only	-	Nov	22	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2066	only	-	Jan	 3	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2066	only	-	Nov	14	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2066	only	-	Dec	26	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2067	only	-	Nov	 6	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2067	only	-	Dec	11	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2068	only	-	Oct	21	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2068	only	-	Dec	 2	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2069	only	-	Oct	13	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2069	only	-	Nov	17	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2070	only	-	Oct	 5	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2070	only	-	Nov	 9	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2071	only	-	Sep	20	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2071	only	-	Nov	 1	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2072	only	-	Sep	11	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2072	only	-	Oct	16	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2073	only	-	Aug	27	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2073	only	-	Oct	 8	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2074	only	-	Aug	19	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2074	only	-	Sep	30	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2075	only	-	Aug	11	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2075	only	-	Sep	15	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2076	only	-	Jul	26	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2076	only	-	Sep	 6	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2077	only	-	Jul	18	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2077	only	-	Aug	22	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2078	only	-	Jul	10	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2078	only	-	Aug	14	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2079	only	-	Jun	25	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2079	only	-	Aug	 6	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2080	only	-	Jun	16	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2080	only	-	Jul	21	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2081	only	-	Jun	 1	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2081	only	-	Jul	13	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2082	only	-	May	24	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2082	only	-	Jun	28	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2083	only	-	May	16	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2083	only	-	Jun	20	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2084	only	-	Apr	30	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2084	only	-	Jun	11	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2085	only	-	Apr	22	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2085	only	-	May	27	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2086	only	-	Apr	14	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2086	only	-	May	19	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2087	only	-	Mar	30	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2087	only	-	May	11	 2:00	0	-
+# For dates after the somewhat-arbitrary cutoff of 2087, assume that
+# Morocco will no longer observe DST.  At some point this table will
+# need to be extended, though quite possibly Morocco will change the
+# rules first.
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Africa/Casablanca	-0:30:20 -	LMT	1913 Oct 26
+			 0:00	Morocco	+00/+01	1984 Mar 16
+			 1:00	-	+01	1986
+			 0:00	Morocco	+00/+01	2018 Oct 28  3:00
+			 1:00	Morocco	+01/+00
+
+# Western Sahara
+#
+# From Gwillim Law (2013-10-22):
+# A correspondent who is usually well informed about time zone matters
+# ... says that Western Sahara observes daylight saving time, just as
+# Morocco does.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-10-23):
+# Assume that this has been true since Western Sahara switched to GMT,
+# since most of it was then controlled by Morocco.
+
+Zone Africa/El_Aaiun	-0:52:48 -	LMT	1934 Jan # El Aaiún
+			-1:00	-	-01	1976 Apr 14
+			 0:00	Morocco	+00/+01	2018 Oct 28  3:00
+			 1:00	Morocco	+01/+00
+
+# Botswana
+# Burundi
+# Democratic Republic of the Congo (eastern)
+# Malawi
+# Mozambique
+# Rwanda
+# Zambia
+# Zimbabwe
+#
+# Shanks gives 1903-03-01 for the transition to CAT.
+# Perhaps the 1911-05-26 Portuguese decree
+# https://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
+# merely made it official?
+#
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Africa/Maputo	2:10:20 -	LMT	1903 Mar
+			2:00	-	CAT
+
+# Namibia
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2017-08-09):
+# The text of the "Namibia Time Act, 1994" is available online at
+# www.lac.org.na/laws/1994/811.pdf
+# and includes this nugget:
+# Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (2) of section 1, the
+# first winter period after the commencement of this Act shall
+# commence at OOhOO on Monday 21 March 1994 and shall end at 02h00 on
+# Sunday 4 September 1994.
+
+# From Michael Deckers (2017-04-06):
+# ... both summer and winter time are called "standard"
+# (which differs from the use in Ireland) ...
+
+# From Petronella Sibeene (2007-03-30):
+# http://allafrica.com/stories/200703300178.html
+# While the entire country changes its time, Katima Mulilo and other
+# settlements in Caprivi unofficially will not because the sun there
+# rises and sets earlier compared to other regions.  Chief of
+# Forecasting Riaan van Zyl explained that the far eastern parts of
+# the country are close to 40 minutes earlier in sunrise than the rest
+# of the country.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-02-22):
+# Although the Zambezi Region (formerly known as Caprivi) informally
+# observes Botswana time, we have no details about historical practice.
+# In the meantime people there can use Africa/Gaborone.
+# See: Immanuel S. The Namibian. 2017-02-23.
+# https://www.namibian.com.na/51480/read/Time-change-divides-lawmakers
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2017-08-09):
+# Namibia is going to change their time zone to what is now their DST:
+# https://www.newera.com.na/2017/02/23/namibias-winter-time-might-be-repealed/
+# This video is from the government decision:
+# https://www.nbc.na/news/na-passes-namibia-time-bill-repealing-1994-namibia-time-act.8665
+# We have made the assumption so far that they will change their time zone at
+# the same time they would normally start DST, the first Sunday in September:
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/namibia-new-time-zone.html
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-04-09):
+# Before the change, summer and winter time were both standard time legally.
+# However in common parlance, winter time was considered to be DST.  See, e.g.:
+# http://www.nbc.na/news/namibias-winter-time-could-be-scrapped.2706
+# https://zone.my.na/news/times-are-changing-in-namibia
+# https://www.newera.com.na/2017/02/23/namibias-winter-time-might-be-repealed/
+# Use plain "WAT" and "CAT" for the time zone abbreviations, to be compatible
+# with Namibia's neighbors.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support negative DST.
+Rule	Namibia	1994	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	-1:00	WAT
+Rule	Namibia	1994	2017	-	Sep	Sun>=1	2:00	0	CAT
+Rule	Namibia	1995	2017	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	-1:00	WAT
+# Rearguard section, for parsers lacking negative DST; see ziguard.awk.
+#Rule	Namibia	1994	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	0	WAT
+#Rule	Namibia	1994	2017	-	Sep	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	CAT
+#Rule	Namibia	1995	2017	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	0	WAT
+# End of rearguard section.
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Africa/Windhoek	1:08:24 -	LMT	1892 Feb 8
+			1:30	-	+0130	1903 Mar
+			2:00	-	SAST	1942 Sep 20  2:00
+			2:00	1:00	SAST	1943 Mar 21  2:00
+			2:00	-	SAST	1990 Mar 21 # independence
+# Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support negative DST.
+			2:00	Namibia	%s
+# Rearguard section, for parsers lacking negative DST; see ziguard.awk.
+#			2:00	-	CAT	1994 Mar 21  0:00
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-04-07):
+# The official date of the 2017 rule change was 2017-10-24.  See:
+# http://www.lac.org.na/laws/annoSTAT/Namibian%20Time%20Act%209%20of%202017.pdf
+#			1:00	Namibia	%s	2017 Oct 24
+#			2:00	-	CAT
+# End of rearguard section.
+
+
+# Angola
+# Benin
+# Cameroon
+# Central African Republic
+# Democratic Republic of the Congo (western)
+# Republic of the Congo
+# Equatorial Guinea
+# Gabon
+# Niger
+# Nigeria
+
+# From P Chan (2020-12-03):
+# GMT was adopted as the standard time of Lagos on 1905-07-01.
+# Lagos Weekly Record, 1905-06-24, p 3
+# http://ddsnext.crl.edu/titles/31558#?c=0&m=668&s=0&cv=2&r=0&xywh=1446,5221,1931,1235
+# says "It is officially notified that on and after the 1st of July 1905
+# Greenwich Mean Solar Time will be adopted throughout the Colony and
+# Protectorate, and that it will be necessary to put all clocks 13 minutes and
+# 35 seconds back, recording local mean time."
+#
+# It seemed that Lagos returned to LMT on 1908-07-01.
+# [The Lagos Standard], 1908-07-01, p 5
+# http://ddsnext.crl.edu/titles/31556#?c=0&m=78&s=0&cv=4&r=0&xywh=-92,3590,3944,2523
+# says "Scarcely have the people become accustomed to this new time, when
+# another official notice has now appeared announcing that from and after the
+# 1st July next, return will be made to local mean time."
+#
+# From P Chan (2020-11-27):
+# On 1914-01-01, standard time of GMT+0:30 was adopted for the unified Nigeria.
+# Colonial Reports - Annual. No. 878. Nigeria. Report for 1914. (April 1916),
+# p 27
+# https://libsysdigi.library.illinois.edu/ilharvest/Africana/Books2011-05/3064634/3064634_1914/3064634_1914_opt.pdf#page=27
+# "On January 1st [1914], a universal standard time for Nigeria was adopted,
+# viz., half an hour fast on Greenwich mean time, corresponding to the meridian
+# 7° 30' E. long."
+# Lloyd's Register of Shipping (1915) says "Hitherto the time observed in Lagos
+# was the local mean time. On 1st January, 1914, standard time for the whole of
+# Nigeria was introduced ... Lagos time has been advanced about 16 minutes
+# accordingly."
+#
+# In 1919, standard time was changed to GMT+1.
+# Interpretation Ordinance (Cap 2)
+# The Laws of Nigeria, Containing the Ordinances of Nigeria, in Force on the
+# 1st Day of January, 1923, Vol.I [p 16]
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=BOMrAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA16
+# "The expression 'Standard time' means standard time as used in Nigeria:
+# namely, 60 minutes in advance of Greenwich mean time.  (As amended by 18 of
+# 1919, s. 2.)"
+# From Tim Parenti (2020-12-10):
+# The Lagos Weekly Record, 1919-09-20, p 3 details discussion on the first
+# reading of this Bill by the Legislative Council of the Colony of Nigeria on
+# Thursday 1919-08-28:
+# http://ddsnext.crl.edu/titles/31558?terms&item_id=303484#?m=1118&c=1&s=0&cv=2&r=0&xywh=1261,3408,2994,1915
+# "The proposal is that the Globe should be divided into twelve zones East and
+# West of Greenwich, of one hour each, Nigeria falling into the zone with a
+# standard of one hour fast on Greenwich Mean Time.  Nigeria standard time is
+# now 30 minutes in advance of Greenwich Mean Time ... according to the new
+# proposal, standard time will be advanced another 30 minutes".  It was further
+# proposed that the firing of the time guns likewise be adjusted by 30 minutes
+# to compensate.
+# From Tim Parenti (2020-12-10), per P Chan (2020-12-11):
+# The text of Ordinance 18 of 1919, published in Nigeria Gazette, Vol 6, No 52,
+# shows that the change was assented to the following day and took effect "on
+# the 1st day of September, 1919."
+# Nigeria Gazette and Supplements 1919 Jan-Dec, Reference: 73266B-40,
+# img 245-246
+# https://microform.digital/boa/collections/77/volumes/539/nigeria-lagos-1887-1919
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Africa/Lagos	0:13:35 -	LMT	1905 Jul  1
+			0:00	-	GMT	1908 Jul  1
+			0:13:35	-	LMT	1914 Jan  1
+			0:30	-	+0030	1919 Sep  1
+			1:00	-	WAT
+
+# São Tomé and Príncipe
+
+# See Europe/Lisbon for info about the 1912 transition.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2018-01-08):
+# Multiple sources tell that São Tomé changed from UTC to UTC+1 as
+# they entered the year 2018.
+# From Michael Deckers (2018-01-08):
+# the switch is from 01:00 to 02:00 ... [Decree No. 25/2017]
+# http://www.mnec.gov.st/index.php/publicacoes/documentos/file/90-decreto-lei-n-25-2017
+
+# From Vadim Nasardinov (2018-12-29):
+# São Tomé and Príncipe is about to do the following on Jan 1, 2019:
+# https://www.stp-press.st/2018/12/05/governo-jesus-ja-decidiu-repor-hora-legal-sao-tomense/
+#
+# From Michael Deckers (2018-12-30):
+# https://www.legis-palop.org/download.jsp?idFile=102818
+# ... [The legal time of the country, which coincides with universal
+# coordinated time, will be reinstituted at 2 o'clock on day 1 of January, 2019.]
+
+Zone	Africa/Sao_Tome	 0:26:56 -	LMT	1884
+		#STDOFF	-0:36:44.68
+			-0:36:45 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1 00:00u # Lisbon MT
+			 0:00	-	GMT	2018 Jan  1 01:00
+			 1:00	-	WAT	2019 Jan  1 02:00
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Eswatini (Swaziland)
+# Lesotho
+# South Africa
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	SA	1942	1943	-	Sep	Sun>=15	2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	SA	1943	1944	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Africa/Johannesburg 1:52:00 -	LMT	1892 Feb 8
+			1:30	-	SAST	1903 Mar
+			2:00	SA	SAST
+#
+# Marion and Prince Edward Is
+# scientific station since 1947
+# no information
+
+# Sudan
+
+# From <http://www.sunanews.net/sn13jane.html>
+# Sudan News Agency (2000-01-13),
+# also reported by Michaël De Beukelaer-Dossche via Steffen Thorsen:
+# Clocks will be moved ahead for 60 minutes all over the Sudan as of noon
+# Saturday....  This was announced Thursday by Caretaker State Minister for
+# Manpower Abdul-Rahman Nur-Eddin.
+
+# From Ahmed Atyya, National Telecommunications Corp. (NTC), Sudan (2017-10-17):
+# ... the Republic of Sudan is going to change the time zone from (GMT+3:00)
+# to (GMT+ 2:00) starting from Wednesday 1 November 2017.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):
+# A scanned copy (in Arabic) of Cabinet Resolution No. 352 for the
+# year 2017 can be found as an attachment in email today from Yahia
+# Abdalla of NTC, archived at:
+# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2017-October/025333.html
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Sudan	1970	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Sudan	1970	1985	-	Oct	15	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Sudan	1971	only	-	Apr	30	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Sudan	1972	1985	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Africa/Khartoum	2:10:08 -	LMT	1931
+			2:00	Sudan	CA%sT	2000 Jan 15 12:00
+			3:00	-	EAT	2017 Nov  1
+			2:00	-	CAT
+
+# South Sudan
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2021-01-18):
+# "South Sudan will change its time zone by setting the clock back 1
+# hour on February 1, 2021...."
+# from https://eyeradio.org/south-sudan-adopts-new-time-zone-makuei/
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Africa/Juba	2:06:28 -	LMT	1931
+			2:00	Sudan	CA%sT	2000 Jan 15 12:00
+			3:00	-	EAT	2021 Feb  1 00:00
+			2:00	-	CAT
+
+# Tunisia
+
+# From Gwillim Law (2005-04-30):
+# My correspondent, Risto Nykänen, has alerted me to another adoption of DST,
+# this time in Tunisia.  According to Yahoo France News
+# <http://fr.news.yahoo.com/050426/5/4dumk.html>, in a story attributed to AP
+# and dated 2005-04-26, "Tunisia has decided to advance its official time by
+# one hour, starting on Sunday, May 1.  Henceforth, Tunisian time will be
+# UTC+2 instead of UTC+1.  The change will take place at 23:00 UTC next
+# Saturday."  (My translation)
+#
+# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-05-02):
+# La Presse, the first national daily newspaper ...
+# http://www.lapresse.tn/archives/archives280405/actualites/lheure.html
+# ... DST for 2005: on: Sun May 1 0h standard time, off: Fri Sept. 30,
+# 1h standard time.
+#
+# From Atef Loukil (2006-03-28):
+# The daylight saving time will be the same each year:
+# Beginning      : the last Sunday of March at 02:00
+# Ending         : the last Sunday of October at 03:00 ...
+# http://www.tap.info.tn/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1188&Itemid=50
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-16):
+# According to several news sources, Tunisia will not observe DST this year.
+# (Arabic)
+# http://www.elbashayer.com/?page=viewn&nid=42546
+# https://www.babnet.net/kiwidetail-15295.asp
+#
+# We have also confirmed this with the US embassy in Tunisia.
+# We have a wrap-up about this on the following page:
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/tunisia-cancels-dst-2009.html
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-17):
+# Here is a link to Tunis Afrique Presse News Agency
+#
+# Standard time to be kept the whole year long (tap.info.tn):
+#
+# (in English)
+# http://www.tap.info.tn/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=26813&Itemid=157
+#
+# (in Arabic)
+# http://www.tap.info.tn/ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=61240&Itemid=1
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2009-03-18):
+# The Tunis Afrique Presse News Agency notice contains this: "This measure is
+# due to the fact that the fasting month of Ramadan coincides with the period
+# concerned by summer time.  Therefore, the standard time will be kept
+# unchanged the whole year long."  So foregoing DST seems to be an exception
+# (albeit one that may be repeated in the future).
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-27):
+# According to some news reports Tunis confirmed not to use DST in 2010
+#
+# (translation):
+# "The Tunisian government has decided to abandon DST, which was scheduled on
+# Sunday...
+# Tunisian authorities had suspended the DST for the first time last year also
+# coincided with the month of Ramadan..."
+#
+# (in Arabic)
+# http://www.moheet.com/show_news.aspx?nid=358861&pg=1
+# http://www.almadenahnews.com/newss/news.php?c=118&id=38036
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_tunis02.html
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Tunisia	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Tunisia	1939	only	-	Nov	18	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Tunisia	1940	only	-	Feb	25	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Tunisia	1941	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Tunisia	1942	only	-	Mar	 9	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Tunisia	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Tunisia	1943	only	-	Mar	29	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Tunisia	1943	only	-	Apr	17	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Tunisia	1943	only	-	Apr	25	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Tunisia	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Tunisia	1944	1945	-	Apr	Mon>=1	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Tunisia	1944	only	-	Oct	 8	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Tunisia	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Tunisia	1977	only	-	Apr	30	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Tunisia	1977	only	-	Sep	24	 0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Tunisia	1978	only	-	May	 1	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Tunisia	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Tunisia	1988	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Tunisia	1988	1990	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Tunisia	1989	only	-	Mar	26	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Tunisia	1990	only	-	May	 1	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Tunisia	2005	only	-	May	 1	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Tunisia	2005	only	-	Sep	30	 1:00s	0	-
+Rule	Tunisia	2006	2008	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Tunisia	2006	2008	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
+
+# See Europe/Paris commentary for PMT-related transitions.
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Africa/Tunis	0:40:44 -	LMT	1881 May 12
+			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
+			1:00	Tunisia	CE%sT
diff --git a/antarctica b/antarctica
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..763c272
--- /dev/null
+++ b/antarctica
@@ -0,0 +1,362 @@
+# tzdb data for Antarctica and environs
+
+# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-11-15):
+# To keep things manageable, we list only locations occupied year-round; see
+# COMNAP - Stations and Bases
+# http://www.comnap.aq/comnap/comnap.nsf/P/Stations/
+# and
+# Summary of the Peri-Antarctic Islands (1998-07-23)
+# http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/bob/periant.htm
+# for information.
+# Unless otherwise specified, we have no time zone information.
+
+# FORMAT is '-00' and STDOFF is 0 for locations while uninhabited.
+
+# Argentina - year-round bases
+# Belgrano II, Confin Coast, -770227-0343737, since 1972-02-05
+# Carlini, Potter Cove, King George Island, -6414-0602320, since 1982-01
+# Esperanza, Hope Bay, -6323-05659, since 1952-12-17
+# Marambio, -6414-05637, since 1969-10-29
+# Orcadas, Laurie I, -6016-04444, since 1904-02-22
+# San Martín, Barry I, -6808-06706, since 1951-03-21
+#	(except 1960-03 / 1976-03-21)
+
+# Australia - territories
+# Heard Island, McDonald Islands (uninhabited)
+#	previously sealers and scientific personnel wintered
+#	Margaret Turner reports
+#	https://web.archive.org/web/20021204222245/http://www.dstc.qut.edu.au/DST/marg/daylight.html
+#	(1999-09-30) that they're UT +05, with no DST;
+#	presumably this is when they have visitors.
+#
+# year-round bases
+# Casey, Bailey Peninsula, -6617+11032, since 1969
+# Davis, Vestfold Hills, -6835+07759, since 1957-01-13
+#	(except 1964-11 - 1969-02)
+# Mawson, Holme Bay, -6736+06253, since 1954-02-13
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-11):
+# Three Australian stations in Antarctica have changed their time zone:
+# Casey moved from UTC+8 to UTC+11
+# Davis moved from UTC+7 to UTC+5
+# Mawson moved from UTC+6 to UTC+5
+# The changes occurred on 2009-10-18 at 02:00 (local times).
+#
+# Government source: (Australian Antarctic Division)
+# http://www.aad.gov.au/default.asp?casid=37079
+#
+# We have more background information here:
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/antarctica-new-times.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10):
+# We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division: ...
+#
+# - Casey station reverted to its normal time of UTC+8 on 5 March 2010.
+# The change to UTC+11 is being considered as a regular summer thing but
+# has not been decided yet.
+#
+# - Davis station will revert to its normal time of UTC+7 at 10 March 2010
+# 20:00 UTC.
+#
+# - Mawson station stays on UTC+5.
+#
+# Background:
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/antartica-time-changes-2010.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2016-10-28):
+# Australian Antarctica Division informed us that Casey changed time
+# zone to UTC+11 in "the morning of 22nd October 2016".
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2020-10-02, as corrected):
+# Based on information we have received from the Australian Antarctic
+# Division, Casey station and Macquarie Island station will move to Tasmanian
+# daylight savings time on Sunday 4 October. This will take effect from 0001
+# hrs on Sunday 4 October 2020 and will mean Casey and Macquarie Island will
+# be on the same time zone as Hobart.  Some past dates too for this 3 hour
+# time change back and forth between UTC+8 and UTC+11 for Casey:
+# - 2018 Oct  7 4:00 - 2019 Mar 17 3:00 - 2019 Oct  4 3:00 - 2020 Mar  8 3:00
+# and now - 2020 Oct  4 0:01
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2023-12-20):
+# Transitions from 2021 on are taken from:
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zone/antarctica/casey
+# retrieved at various dates.
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Antarctica/Casey	 0	-	-00	1969
+			 8:00	-	+08	2009 Oct 18  2:00
+			11:00	-	+11	2010 Mar  5  2:00
+			 8:00	-	+08	2011 Oct 28  2:00
+			11:00	-	+11	2012 Feb 21 17:00u
+			 8:00	-	+08	2016 Oct 22
+			11:00	-	+11	2018 Mar 11  4:00
+			 8:00	-	+08	2018 Oct  7  4:00
+			11:00	-	+11	2019 Mar 17  3:00
+			 8:00	-	+08	2019 Oct  4  3:00
+			11:00	-	+11	2020 Mar  8  3:00
+			 8:00	-	+08	2020 Oct  4  0:01
+			11:00	-	+11	2021 Mar 14  0:00
+			 8:00	-	+08	2021 Oct  3  0:01
+			11:00	-	+11	2022 Mar 13  0:00
+			 8:00	-	+08	2022 Oct  2  0:01
+			11:00	-	+11	2023 Mar  9  3:00
+			 8:00	-	+08
+Zone Antarctica/Davis	0	-	-00	1957 Jan 13
+			7:00	-	+07	1964 Nov
+			0	-	-00	1969 Feb
+			7:00	-	+07	2009 Oct 18  2:00
+			5:00	-	+05	2010 Mar 10 20:00u
+			7:00	-	+07	2011 Oct 28  2:00
+			5:00	-	+05	2012 Feb 21 20:00u
+			7:00	-	+07
+Zone Antarctica/Mawson	0	-	-00	1954 Feb 13
+			6:00	-	+06	2009 Oct 18  2:00
+			5:00	-	+05
+# References:
+# Casey Weather (1998-02-26)
+# http://www.antdiv.gov.au/aad/exop/sfo/casey/casey_aws.html
+# Davis Station, Antarctica (1998-02-26)
+# http://www.antdiv.gov.au/aad/exop/sfo/davis/video.html
+# Mawson Station, Antarctica (1998-02-25)
+# http://www.antdiv.gov.au/aad/exop/sfo/mawson/video.html
+
+# Belgium - year-round base
+# Princess Elisabeth, Queen Maud Land, -713412+0231200, since 2007
+
+# Brazil - year-round base
+# Ferraz, King George Island, -6205+05824, since 1983/4
+
+# Bulgaria - year-round base
+# St. Kliment Ohridski, Livingston Island, -623829-0602153, since 1988
+
+# Chile - year-round bases and towns
+# Escudero, South Shetland Is, -621157-0585735, since 1994
+# Frei Montalva, King George Island, -6214-05848, since 1969-03-07
+# O'Higgins, Antarctic Peninsula, -6319-05704, since 1948-02
+# Prat, -6230-05941
+# Villa Las Estrellas (a town), around the Frei base, since 1984-04-09
+# These locations employ Region of Magallanes time; use
+# TZ='America/Punta_Arenas'.
+
+# China - year-round bases
+# Great Wall, King George Island, -6213-05858, since 1985-02-20
+# Zhongshan, Larsemann Hills, Prydz Bay, -6922+07623, since 1989-02-26
+
+# France - year-round bases (also see "France & Italy")
+#
+# From Antoine Leca (1997-01-20):
+# Time data entries are from Nicole Pailleau at the IFRTP
+# (French Institute for Polar Research and Technology).
+# She confirms that French Southern Territories and Terre Adélie bases
+# don't observe daylight saving time, even if Terre Adélie supplies came
+# from Tasmania.
+#
+# French Southern Territories with year-round inhabitants
+#
+# Alfred Faure, Possession Island, Crozet Islands, -462551+0515152, since 1964;
+#	sealing & whaling stations operated variously 1802/1911+;
+#	see Asia/Dubai.
+#
+# Martin-de-Viviès, Amsterdam Island, -374105+0773155, since 1950
+# Port-aux-Français, Kerguelen Islands, -492110+0701303, since 1951;
+#	whaling & sealing station operated 1908/1914, 1920/1929, and 1951/1956
+#
+# St Paul Island - near Amsterdam, uninhabited
+#	fishing stations operated variously 1819/1931
+#
+# Kerguelen - see Indian/Maldives.
+#
+# year-round base in the main continent
+# Dumont d'Urville - see Pacific/Port_Moresby.
+
+# France & Italy - year-round base
+# Concordia, -750600+1232000, since 2005
+
+# Germany - year-round base
+# Neumayer III, -704080-0081602, since 2009
+
+# India - year-round bases
+# Bharati, -692428+0761114, since 2012
+# Maitri, -704558+0114356, since 1989
+
+# Italy - year-round base (also see "France & Italy")
+# Zuchelli, Terra Nova Bay, -744140+1640647, since 1986
+
+# Japan - year-round bases
+# See Asia/Riyadh.
+
+# S Korea - year-round base
+# Jang Bogo, Terra Nova Bay, -743700+1641205 since 2014
+# King Sejong, King George Island, -6213-05847, since 1988
+
+# New Zealand - claims
+# Balleny Islands (never inhabited)
+# Scott Island (never inhabited)
+#
+# year-round base
+# Scott Base, Ross Island, since 1957-01.
+# See Pacific/Auckland.
+
+# Norway - territories
+# Bouvet (never inhabited)
+#
+# claims
+# Peter I Island (never inhabited)
+#
+# year-round base
+# Troll, Queen Maud Land, -720041+0023206, since 2005-02-12
+#
+# From Paul-Inge Flakstad (2014-03-10):
+# I recently had a long dialog about this with the developer of timegenie.com.
+# In the absence of specific dates, he decided to choose some likely ones:
+#   GMT +1 - From March 1 to the last Sunday in March
+#   GMT +2 - From the last Sunday in March until the last Sunday in October
+#   GMT +1 - From the last Sunday in October until November 7
+#   GMT +0 - From November 7 until March 1
+# The dates for switching to and from UTC+0 will probably not be absolutely
+# correct, but they should be quite close to the actual dates.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-03-21):
+# The CET-switching Troll rules require zic from tz 2014b or later, so as
+# suggested by Bengt-Inge Larsson comment them out for now, and approximate
+# with only UTC and CEST.  Uncomment them when 2014b is more prevalent.
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+#Rule	Troll	2005	max	-	Mar	 1	1:00u	1:00	+01
+Rule	Troll	2005	max	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00u	2:00	+02
+#Rule	Troll	2005	max	-	Oct	lastSun	1:00u	1:00	+01
+#Rule	Troll	2004	max	-	Nov	 7	1:00u	0:00	+00
+# Remove the following line when uncommenting the above '#Rule' lines.
+Rule	Troll	2004	max	-	Oct	lastSun	1:00u	0:00	+00
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Antarctica/Troll	0	-	-00	2005 Feb 12
+			0:00	Troll	%s
+
+# Poland - year-round base
+# Arctowski, King George Island, -620945-0582745, since 1977
+
+# Romania - year-bound base
+# Law-Racoviță, Larsemann Hills, -692319+0762251, since 1986
+
+# Russia - year-round bases
+# Bellingshausen, King George Island, -621159-0585337, since 1968-02-22
+# Mirny, Davis coast, -6633+09301, since 1956-02
+# Molodezhnaya, Alasheyev Bay, -6740+04551,
+#	year-round from 1962-02 to 1999-07-01
+# Novolazarevskaya, Queen Maud Land, -7046+01150,
+#	year-round from 1960/61 to 1992
+
+# Vostok, since 1957-12-16, temporarily closed 1994-02/1994-11
+# From Craig Mundell (1994-12-15):
+# http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/antarctica/QA/computers/Directions,Time,ZIP
+# Vostok, which is one of the Russian stations, is set on the same
+# time as Moscow, Russia.
+#
+# From Lee Hotz (2001-03-08):
+# I queried the folks at Columbia who spent the summer at Vostok and this is
+# what they had to say about time there:
+# "in the US Camp (East Camp) we have been on New Zealand (McMurdo)
+# time, which is 12 hours ahead of GMT. The Russian Station Vostok was
+# 6 hours behind that (although only 2 miles away, i.e. 6 hours ahead
+# of GMT). This is a time zone I think two hours east of Moscow. The
+# natural time zone is in between the two: 8 hours ahead of GMT."
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-04):
+# This seems to be hopelessly confusing, so I asked Lee Hotz about it
+# in person.  He said that some Antarctic locations set their local
+# time so that noon is the warmest part of the day, and that this
+# changes during the year and does not necessarily correspond to mean
+# solar noon.  So the Vostok time might have been whatever the clocks
+# happened to be during their visit.  So we still don't really know what time
+# it is at Vostok.
+#
+# From Zakhary V. Akulov (2023-12-17 22:00:48 +0700):
+# ... from December, 18, 2023 00:00 by my decision the local time of
+# the Antarctic research base Vostok will correspond to UTC+5.
+# (2023-12-19): We constantly interact with Progress base, with company who
+# builds new wintering station, with sledge convoys, with aviation - they all
+# use UTC+5. Besides, difference between Moscow time is just 2 hours now, not 4.
+# (2023-12-19, in response to the question "Has local time at Vostok
+# been UTC+6 ever since 1957, or has it changed before?"): No. At least
+# since my antarctic career start, 10 years ago, Vostok base has UTC+7.
+# (In response to a 2023-12-18 question "from 02:00 to 00:00 today"): This.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2023-12-18):
+# For lack of better info, guess Vostok was at +07 from founding through today,
+# except when closed.
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Antarctica/Vostok	0	-	-00	1957 Dec 16
+			7:00	-	+07	1994 Feb
+			0	-	-00	1994 Nov
+			7:00	-	+07	2023 Dec 18  2:00
+			5:00	-	+05
+
+# S Africa - year-round bases
+# Marion Island, -4653+03752
+# SANAE IV, Vesleskarvet, Queen Maud Land, -714022-0025026, since 1997
+
+# Ukraine - year-round base
+# Vernadsky (formerly Faraday), Galindez Island, -651445-0641526, since 1954
+
+# United Kingdom
+#
+# British Antarctic Territories (BAT) claims
+# South Orkney Islands
+#	scientific station from 1903
+#	whaling station at Signy I 1920/1926
+# South Shetland Islands
+#
+# year-round bases
+# Bird Island, South Georgia, -5400-03803, since 1983
+# Deception Island, -6259-06034, whaling station 1912/1931,
+#	scientific station 1943/1967,
+#	previously sealers and a scientific expedition wintered by accident,
+#	and a garrison was deployed briefly
+# Halley, Coates Land, -7535-02604, since 1956-01-06
+#	Halley is on a moving ice shelf and is periodically relocated
+#	so that it is never more than 10km from its nominal location.
+# Rothera, Adelaide Island, -6734-6808, since 1976-12-01
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2002-10-22)
+# <http://webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/g.html> says Rothera is -03 all year.
+#
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Antarctica/Rothera	0	-	-00	1976 Dec  1
+			-3:00	-	-03
+
+# Uruguay - year round base
+# Artigas, King George Island, -621104-0585107
+
+# USA - year-round bases
+#
+# Palmer, Anvers Island, since 1965 (moved 2 miles in 1968)
+# See 'southamerica' for Antarctica/Palmer, since it uses South American DST.
+#
+# McMurdo Station, Ross Island, since 1955-12
+# Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, continuously occupied since 1956-11-20
+#
+# From Chris Carrier (1996-06-27):
+# Siple, the first commander of the South Pole station,
+# stated that he would have liked to have kept GMT at the station,
+# but that he found it more convenient to keep GMT+12
+# as supplies for the station were coming from McMurdo Sound,
+# which was on GMT+12 because New Zealand was on GMT+12 all year
+# at that time (1957).  (Source: Siple's book 90° South.)
+#
+# From Susan Smith
+# http://www.cybertours.com/whs/pole10.html
+# (1995-11-13 16:24:56 +1300, no longer available):
+# We use the same time as McMurdo does.
+# And they use the same time as Christchurch, NZ does....
+# One last quirk about South Pole time.
+# All the electric clocks are usually wrong.
+# Something about the generators running at 60.1hertz or something
+# makes all of the clocks run fast.  So every couple of days,
+# we have to go around and set them back 5 minutes or so.
+# Maybe if we let them run fast all of the time, we'd get to leave here sooner!!
+#
+# See Pacific/Auckland.
diff --git a/asia b/asia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..05683b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/asia
@@ -0,0 +1,4149 @@
+# tzdb data for Asia and environs
+
+# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
+
+# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
+# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
+# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
+# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2019-07-11):
+#
+# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
+# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
+# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
+# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
+#
+# Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
+# for time zone data was the International Air Transport
+# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
+# published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
+# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
+# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
+#
+# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
+# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
+# I found in the UCLA library.
+#
+# For data circa 1899, a common source is:
+# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
+# https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
+#
+# For Russian data circa 1919, a source is:
+# Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
+# (See the 'europe' file for a fuller citation.)
+#
+# The following alphabetic abbreviations appear in these tables
+# (corrections are welcome):
+#	     std  dst
+#	     LMT	Local Mean Time
+#	2:00 EET  EEST	Eastern European Time
+#	2:00 IST  IDT	Israel
+#	5:30 IST	India
+#	7:00 WIB	west Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Barat)
+#	8:00 WITA	central Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Tengah)
+#	8:00 CST	China
+#	8:00 HKT  HKST	Hong Kong (HKWT* for Winter Time in late 1941)
+#	8:00 PST  PDT*	Philippines
+#	8:30 KST  KDT	Korea when at +0830
+#	9:00 WIT	east Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Timur)
+#	9:00 JST  JDT	Japan
+#	9:00 KST  KDT	Korea when at +09
+# *I invented the abbreviations HKWT and PDT; see below.
+# Otherwise, these tables typically use numeric abbreviations like +03
+# and +0330 for integer hour and minute UT offsets.  Although earlier
+# editions invented alphabetic time zone abbreviations for every
+# offset, this did not reflect common practice.
+#
+# See the 'europe' file for Russia and Turkey in Asia.
+
+# From Guy Harris:
+# Incorporates data for Singapore from Robert Elz' asia 1.1, as well as
+# additional information from Tom Yap, Sun Microsystems Intercontinental
+# Technical Support (including a page from the Official Airline Guide -
+# Worldwide Edition).
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# These rules are stolen from the 'europe' file.
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	EUAsia	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	EUAsia	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
+Rule	EUAsia	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
+Rule E-EurAsia	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule E-EurAsia	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
+Rule E-EurAsia	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
+Rule RussiaAsia	1981	1984	-	Apr	1	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule RussiaAsia	1981	1983	-	Oct	1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule RussiaAsia	1984	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule RussiaAsia	1985	2010	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	-
+Rule RussiaAsia	1996	2010	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
+
+# Afghanistan
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Kabul	4:36:48 -	LMT	1890
+			4:00	-	+04	1945
+			4:30	-	+0430
+
+# Armenia
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# Shanks & Pottenger have Yerevan switching to 3:00 (with Russian DST)
+# in spring 1991, then to 4:00 with no DST in fall 1995, then
+# readopting Russian DST in 1997.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger, even
+# when they disagree with others.  Edgar Der-Danieliantz
+# reported (1996-05-04) that Yerevan probably wouldn't use DST
+# in 1996, though it did use DST in 1995.  IATA SSIM (1991/1998) reports that
+# Armenia switched from 3:00 to 4:00 in 1998 and observed DST after 1991,
+# but started switching at 3:00s in 1998.
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
+# While Russia abandoned DST in 2011, Armenia may choose to
+# follow Russia's "old" rules.
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2012-02-10):
+# According to News Armenia, on Feb 9, 2012,
+# http://newsarmenia.ru/society/20120209/42609695.html
+#
+# The Armenia National Assembly adopted final reading of Amendments to the
+# Law "On procedure of calculation time on the territory of the Republic of
+# Armenia" according to which Armenia [is] abolishing Daylight Saving Time.
+# or
+# (brief)
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_armenia03.html
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule Armenia	2011	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	-
+Rule Armenia	2011	only	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Yerevan	2:58:00 -	LMT	1924 May  2
+			3:00	-	+03	1957 Mar
+			4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			3:00 RussiaAsia	+03/+04	1995 Sep 24  2:00s
+			4:00	-	+04	1997
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	2011
+			4:00	Armenia	+04/+05
+
+# Azerbaijan
+
+# From Rustam Aliyev of the Azerbaijan Internet Forum (2005-10-23):
+# According to the resolution of Cabinet of Ministers, 1997
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-09-17): It was Resolution No. 21 (1997-03-17).
+# http://code.az/files/daylight_res.pdf
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2016-03-17):
+# ... the Azerbaijani Cabinet of Ministers has cancelled switching to
+# daylight saving time....
+# https://www.azernews.az/azerbaijan/94137.html
+# http://vestnikkavkaza.net/news/Azerbaijani-Cabinet-of-Ministers-cancels-daylight-saving-time.html
+# http://en.apa.az/xeber_azerbaijan_abolishes_daylight_savings_ti_240862.html
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Azer	1997	2015	-	Mar	lastSun	 4:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Azer	1997	2015	-	Oct	lastSun	 5:00	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Baku	3:19:24 -	LMT	1924 May  2
+			3:00	-	+03	1957 Mar
+			4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			3:00 RussiaAsia	+03/+04	1992 Sep lastSun  2:00s
+			4:00	-	+04	1996
+			4:00	EUAsia	+04/+05	1997
+			4:00	Azer	+04/+05
+
+# Bangladesh
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-05-13):
+# According to newspaper Asian Tribune (May 6, 2009) Bangladesh may introduce
+# Daylight Saving Time from June 16 to Sept 30
+#
+# Bangladesh to introduce daylight saving time likely from June 16
+# http://www.asiantribune.com/?q=node/17288
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh02.html
+#
+# "... Bangladesh government has decided to switch daylight saving time from
+# June
+# 16 till September 30 in a bid to ensure maximum use of daylight to cope with
+# crippling power crisis. "
+#
+# The switch will remain in effect from June 16 to Sept 30 (2009) but if
+# implemented the next year, it will come in force from April 1, 2010
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-06-02):
+# They have finally decided now, but changed the start date to midnight between
+# the 19th and 20th, and they have not set the end date yet.
+#
+# Some sources:
+# https://in.reuters.com/article/southAsiaNews/idINIndia-40017620090601
+# http://bdnews24.com/details.php?id=85889&cid=2
+#
+# Our wrap-up:
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/bangladesh-daylight-saving-2009.html
+
+# From A. N. M. Kamrus Saadat (2009-06-15):
+# Finally we've got the official mail regarding DST start time where DST start
+# time is mentioned as Jun 19 2009, 23:00 from BTRC (Bangladesh
+# Telecommunication Regulatory Commission).
+#
+# No DST end date has been announced yet.
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-25):
+# Bangladesh won't go back to Standard Time from October 1, 2009,
+# instead it will continue DST measure till the cabinet makes a fresh decision.
+#
+# Following report by same newspaper-"The Daily Star Friday":
+# "DST change awaits cabinet decision-Clock won't go back by 1-hr from Oct 1"
+# http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=107021
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh04.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-13):
+# IANS (Indo-Asian News Service) now reports:
+# Bangladesh has decided that the clock advanced by an hour to make
+# maximum use of daylight hours as an energy saving measure would
+# "continue for an indefinite period."
+#
+# One of many places where it is published:
+# http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/bangladesh-to-continue-indefinitely-with-advanced-time_100259987.html
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-12-24):
+# According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
+# Bangladesh will change its clock back to Standard Time on Dec 31, 2009.
+#
+# Clock goes back 1-hr on Dec 31 night.
+# http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=119228
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh05.html
+#
+# "...The government yesterday decided to put the clock back by one hour
+# on December 31 midnight and the new time will continue until March 31,
+# 2010 midnight. The decision came at a cabinet meeting at the Prime
+# Minister's Office last night..."
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-22):
+# According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
+# Cabinet cancels Daylight Saving Time
+# http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=22817
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh06.html
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Dhaka	2009	only	-	Jun	19	23:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Dhaka	2009	only	-	Dec	31	24:00	0	-
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Dhaka	6:01:40 -	LMT	1890
+			5:53:20	-	HMT	1941 Oct    # Howrah Mean Time?
+			6:30	-	+0630	1942 May 15
+			5:30	-	+0530	1942 Sep
+			6:30	-	+0630	1951 Sep 30
+			6:00	-	+06	2009
+			6:00	Dhaka	+06/+07
+
+# Bhutan
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Thimphu	5:58:36 -	LMT	1947 Aug 15 # or Thimbu
+			5:30	-	+0530	1987 Oct
+			6:00	-	+06
+
+# British Indian Ocean Territory
+# Whitman and the 1995 CIA time zone map say 5:00, but the
+# 1997 and later maps say 6:00.  Assume the switch occurred in 1996.
+# We have no information as to when standard time was introduced;
+# assume it occurred in 1907, the same year as Mauritius (which
+# then contained the Chagos Archipelago).
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Indian/Chagos	4:49:40	-	LMT	1907
+			5:00	-	+05	1996
+			6:00	-	+06
+
+# Cocos (Keeling) Islands
+# Myanmar (Burma)
+
+# Milne says 6:24:40 was the meridian of the time ball observatory at Rangoon.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-04-20):
+# Page 27 of Reed & Low (cited for Asia/Kolkata) says "Rangoon local time is
+# used upon the railways and telegraphs of Burma, and is 6h. 24m. 47s. ahead
+# of Greenwich."  This refers to the period before Burma's transition to +0630,
+# a transition for which Shanks is the only source.
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Yangon	6:24:47 -	LMT	1880        # or Rangoon
+			6:24:47	-	RMT	1920        # Rangoon local time
+			6:30	-	+0630	1942 May
+			9:00	-	+09	1945 May  3
+			6:30	-	+0630
+
+# China
+
+# From Phake Nick (2020-04-15):
+# According to this news report:
+# http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2004-09-01/19524201403.shtml
+# on April 11, 1919, newspaper in Shanghai said clocks in Shanghai will spring
+# forward for an hour starting from midnight of that Saturday. The report did
+# not mention what happened in Shanghai thereafter, but it mentioned that a
+# similar trial in Tianjin which ended at October 1st as citizens are told to
+# recede the clock on September 30 from 12:00pm to 11:00pm. The trial at
+# Tianjin got terminated in 1920.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2020-04-15):
+# The Returns of Trade and Trade Reports, page 711, says "Daylight saving was
+# given a trial during the year, and from the 12th April to the 1st October
+# the clocks were all set one hour ahead of sun time.  Though the scheme was
+# generally esteemed a success, it was announced early in 1920 that it would
+# not be repeated."
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Shang	1919	only	-	Apr	12	24:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Shang	1919	only	-	Sep	30	24:00	0	S
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-10-02):
+# The following comes from Table 1 of:
+# Li Yu. Research on the daylight saving movement in 1940s Shanghai.
+# Nanjing Journal of Social Sciences. 2014;(2):144-50.
+# http://oversea.cnki.net/kns55/detail.aspx?dbname=CJFD2014&filename=NJSH201402020
+# The table lists dates only; I am guessing 00:00 and 24:00 transition times.
+# Also, the table lists the planned end of DST in 1949, but the corresponding
+# zone line cuts this off on May 28, when the Communists took power.
+
+# From Phake Nick (2020-04-15):
+#
+# For the history of time in Shanghai between 1940-1942, the situation is
+# actually slightly more complex than the table [below]....  At the time,
+# there were three different authorities in Shanghai, including Shanghai
+# International Settlement, a settlement established by western countries with
+# its own westernized form of government, Shanghai French Concession, similar
+# to the international settlement but is controlled by French, and then the
+# rest of the city of Shanghai, which have already been controlled by Japanese
+# force through a puppet local government (Wang Jingwei regime).  It was
+# additionally complicated by the circumstances that, according to the 1940s
+# Shanghai summer time essay cited in the database, some
+# departments/businesses/people in the Shanghai city itself during that time
+# period, refused to change their clock and instead only changed their opening
+# hours.
+#
+# For example, as quoted in the article, in 1940, other than the authority
+# itself, power, tram, bus companies, cinema, department stores, and other
+# public service organizations have all decided to follow the summer time and
+# spring forward the clock.  On the other hand, the custom office refused to
+# spring forward the clock because of worry on mechanical wear to the physical
+# clock, postal office refused to spring forward because of disruption to
+# business and log-keeping, although they did changed their office hour to
+# match rest of the city.  So is travel agents, and also weather
+# observatory.  It is said both time standards had their own supporters in the
+# city at the time, those who prefer new time standard would have moved their
+# clock while those who prefer the old time standard would keep their clock
+# unchange, and there were different clocks that use different time standard
+# in the city at the time for people who use different time standard to adjust
+# their clock to their preferred time.
+#
+# a. For the 1940 May 31 spring forward, the essay [says] ... "Hong
+# Kong government implemented the spring forward in the same time on
+# the same date as Shanghai".
+#
+# b. For the 1940 fall back, it was said that they initially intended to do
+# so on September 30 00:59 at night, however they postponed it to October 12
+# after discussion with relevant parties. However schools restored to the
+# original schedule ten days earlier.
+#
+# c. For the 1941 spring forward, it is said to start from March 15
+# "following the previous year's method", and in addition to that the essay
+# cited an announcement in 1941 from the Wang regime which said the Special
+# City of Shanghai under Wang regime control will follow the DST rule set by
+# the Settlements, irrespective of the original DST plan announced by the Wang
+# regime for other area under its control(April 1 to September 30). (no idea
+# to situation before that announcement)
+#
+# d. For the 1941 fall back, it was said that the fall back would occurs at
+# the end of September (A newspaper headline cited by the essay, published on
+# October 1, 1941, have the headlines which said "French Concession would
+# rewind to the old clock this morning), but it ultimately didn't happen due
+# to disagreement between the international settlement authority and the
+# French concession authority, and the fall back ultimately occurred on
+# November 1.
+#
+# e. In 1941 December, Japan have officially started war with the United
+# States and the United Kingdom, and in Shanghai they have marched into the
+# international settlement, taken over its control
+#
+# f. For the 1942 spring forward, the essay said that the spring forward
+# started on January 31. It said this time the custom office and postal
+# department will also change their clocks, unlike before.
+#
+# g. The essay itself didn't cover any specific changes thereafter until the
+# end of the war, it quoted a November 1942 command from the government of the
+# Wang regime, which claim the daylight saving time applies year round during
+# the war. However, the essay ambiguously said the period is "February 1 to
+# September 30", which I don't really understand what is the meaning of such
+# period in the context of year round implementation here.. More researches
+# might be needed to show exactly what happened during that period of time.
+
+# From Phake Nick (2020-04-15):
+# According to a Japanese tour bus pamphlet in Nanjing area believed to be
+# from around year 1941: http://www.tt-museum.jp/tairiku_0280_nan1941.html ,
+# the schedule listed was in the format of Japanese time.  Which indicate some
+# use of the Japanese time (instead of syncing by DST) might have occurred in
+# the Yangtze river delta area during that period of time although the scope
+# of such use will need to be investigated to determine.
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Shang	1940	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Shang	1940	only	-	Oct	12	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Shang	1941	only	-	Mar	15	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Shang	1941	only	-	Nov	 1	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Shang	1942	only	-	Jan	31	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Shang	1945	only	-	Sep	 1	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Shang	1946	only	-	May	15	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Shang	1946	only	-	Sep	30	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Shang	1947	only	-	Apr	15	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Shang	1947	only	-	Oct	31	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Shang	1948	1949	-	May	 1	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Shang	1948	1949	-	Sep	30	24:00	0	S #plan
+
+# From Guy Harris:
+# People's Republic of China.  Yes, they really have only one time zone.
+
+# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
+# No they don't.  See TIME mag, 1986-02-17 p.52.  Even though
+# China is across 4 physical time zones, before Feb 1, 1986 only the
+# Peking (Beijing) time zone was recognized.  Since that date, China
+# has two of 'em - Peking's and Ürümqi (named after the capital of
+# the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region).  I don't know about DST for it.
+#
+# . . .I just deleted the DST table and this editor makes it too
+# painful to suck in another copy.  So, here is what I have for
+# DST start/end dates for Peking's time zone (info from AP):
+#
+#     1986 May 4 - Sept 14
+#     1987 mid-April - ??
+
+# From U. S. Naval Observatory (1989-01-19):
+# CHINA               8 H  AHEAD OF UTC  ALL OF CHINA, INCL TAIWAN
+# CHINA               9 H  AHEAD OF UTC  APR 17 - SEP 10
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2008-02-11):
+# Jim Mann, "A clumsy embrace for another western custom: China on daylight
+# time - sort of", Los Angeles Times, 1986-05-05 ... [says] that China began
+# observing daylight saving time in 1986.
+
+# From P Chan (2018-05-07):
+# The start and end time of DST in China [from 1986 on] should be 2:00
+# (i.e. 2:00 to 3:00 at the start and 2:00 to 1:00 at the end)....
+# Government notices about summer time:
+#
+# 1986-04-12 http://www.zj.gov.cn/attach/zfgb/198608.pdf p.21-22
+# (To establish summer time from 1986. On 4 May, set the clocks ahead one hour
+# at 2 am. On 14 September, set the clocks backward one hour at 2 am.)
+#
+# 1987-02-15 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1987/gwyb198703.pdf p.114
+# (Summer time in 1987 to start from 12 April until 13 September)
+#
+# 1987-09-09 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1987/gwyb198721.pdf p.709
+# (From 1988, summer time to start from 2 am of the first Sunday of mid-April
+# until 2 am of the first Sunday of mid-September)
+#
+# 1992-03-03 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1992/gwyb199205.pdf p.152
+# (To suspend summer time from 1992)
+#
+# The first page of People's Daily on 12 April 1988 stating that summer time
+# to begin on 17 April.
+# http://data.people.com.cn/pic/101p/1988/04/1988041201.jpg
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	PRC	1986	only	-	May	 4	 2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	PRC	1986	1991	-	Sep	Sun>=11	 2:00	0	S
+Rule	PRC	1987	1991	-	Apr	Sun>=11	 2:00	1:00	D
+
+# From Anthony Fok (2001-12-20):
+# BTW, I did some research on-line and found some info regarding these five
+# historic timezones from some Taiwan websites.  And yes, there are official
+# Chinese names for these locales (before 1949).
+#
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-07-14):
+# I have investigated the timezones around 1970 on the
+# https://www.astro.com/atlas site [with provinces and county
+# boundaries summarized below]....  A few other exceptions were two
+# counties on the Sichuan side of the Xizang-Sichuan border,
+# counties Dege and Baiyu which lies on the Sichuan side and are
+# therefore supposed to be GMT+7, Xizang region being GMT+6, but Dege
+# county is GMT+8 according to astro.com while Baiyu county is GMT+6
+# (could be true), for the moment I am assuming that those two
+# counties are mistakes in the astro.com data.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-01-05):
+# Alois Treindl kindly sent me translations of the following two sources:
+#
+# (1)
+# Guo Qing-sheng (National Time-Service Center, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
+# Beijing Time at the Beginning of the PRC
+# China Historical Materials of Science and Technology
+# (Zhongguo ke ji shi liao, 中国科技史料). 2003;24(1):5-9.
+# http://oversea.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?filename=ZGKS200301000&dbname=CJFD2003
+# It gives evidence that at the beginning of the PRC, Beijing time was
+# officially apparent solar time!  However, Guo also says that the
+# evidence is dubious, as the relevant institute of astronomy had not
+# been taken over by the PRC yet.  It's plausible that apparent solar
+# time was announced but never implemented, and that people continued
+# to use UT+8.  As the Shanghai radio station (and I presume the
+# observatory) was still under control of French missionaries, it
+# could well have ignored any such mandate.
+#
+# (2)
+# Guo Qing-sheng (Shaanxi Astronomical Observatory, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
+# A Study on the Standard Time Changes for the Past 100 Years in China
+# [undated and unknown publication location]
+# It says several things:
+#   * The Qing dynasty used local apparent solar time throughout China.
+#   * The Republic of China instituted Beijing mean solar time effective
+#     the official calendar book of 1914.
+#   * The French Concession in Shanghai set up signal stations in
+#     French docks in the 1890s, controlled by Xujiahui (Zikawei)
+#     Observatory and set to local mean time.
+#   * "From the end of the 19th century" it changed to UT+8.
+#   * Chinese Customs (by then reduced to a tool of foreign powers)
+#     eventually standardized on this time for all ports, and it
+#     became used by railways as well.
+#   * In 1918 the Central Observatory proposed dividing China into
+#     five time zones (see below for details).  This caught on
+#     at first only in coastal areas observing UT+8.
+#   * During WWII all of China was in theory was at UT+7.  In practice
+#     this was ignored in the west, and I presume was ignored in
+#     Japanese-occupied territory.
+#   * Japanese-occupied Manchuria was at UT+9, i.e., Japan time.
+#   * The five-zone plan was resurrected after WWII and officially put into
+#     place (with some modifications) in March 1948.  It's not clear
+#     how well it was observed in areas under Nationalist control.
+#   * The People's Liberation Army used UT+8 during the civil war.
+#
+# An AP article "Shanghai Internat'l Area Little Changed" in the
+# Lewiston (ME) Daily Sun (1939-05-29), p 17, said "Even the time is
+# different - the occupied districts going by Tokyo time, an hour
+# ahead of that prevailing in the rest of Shanghai."  Guess that the
+# Xujiahui Observatory was under French control and stuck with UT +08.
+#
+# In earlier versions of this file, China had many separate Zone entries, but
+# this was based on what were apparently incorrect data in Shanks & Pottenger.
+# This has now been simplified to the two entries Asia/Shanghai and
+# Asia/Urumqi, with the others being links for backward compatibility.
+# Proposed in 1918 and theoretically in effect until 1949 (although in practice
+# mainly observed in coastal areas), the five zones were:
+#
+# Changbai Time ("Long-white Time", Long-white = Heilongjiang area) UT +08:30
+# Now part of Asia/Shanghai; its pre-1970 times are not recorded here.
+# Heilongjiang (except Mohe county), Jilin
+#
+# Zhongyuan Time ("Central plain Time") UT +08
+# Now part of Asia/Shanghai.
+# most of China
+# Milne gives 8:05:43.2 for Xujiahui Observatory time....
+# Guo says Shanghai switched to UT +08 "from the end of the 19th century".
+#
+# Long-shu Time (probably as Long and Shu were two names of the area) UT +07
+# Now part of Asia/Shanghai; its pre-1970 times are not recorded here.
+# Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Ningxia, Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Yunnan;
+# most of Gansu; west Inner Mongolia; east Qinghai; and the Guangdong
+# counties Deqing, Enping, Kaiping, Luoding, Taishan, Xinxing,
+# Yangchun, Yangjiang, Yu'nan, and Yunfu.
+#
+# Xin-zang Time ("Xinjiang-Tibet Time") UT +06
+# This region is now part of either Asia/Urumqi or Asia/Shanghai with
+# current boundaries uncertain; times before 1970 for areas that
+# disagree with Ürümqi or Shanghai are not recorded here.
+# The Gansu counties Aksay, Anxi, Dunhuang, Subei; west Qinghai;
+# the Guangdong counties  Xuwen, Haikang, Suixi, Lianjiang,
+# Zhanjiang, Wuchuan, Huazhou, Gaozhou, Maoming, Dianbai, and Xinyi;
+# east Tibet, including Lhasa, Chamdo, Shigaise, Jimsar, Shawan and Hutubi;
+# east Xinjiang, including Ürümqi, Turpan, Karamay, Korla, Minfeng, Jinghe,
+# Wusu, Qiemo, Xinyan, Wulanwusu, Jinghe, Yumin, Tacheng, Tuoli, Emin,
+# Shihezi, Changji, Yanqi, Heshuo, Tuokexun, Tulufan, Shanshan, Hami,
+# Fukang, Kuitun, Kumukuli, Miquan, Qitai, and Turfan.
+#
+# Kunlun Time UT +05:30
+# This region is now in the same status as Xin-zang Time (see above).
+# West Tibet, including Pulan, Aheqi, Shufu, Shule;
+# West Xinjiang, including Aksu, Atushi, Yining, Hetian, Cele, Luopu, Nileke,
+# Zhaosu, Tekesi, Gongliu, Chabuchaer, Huocheng, Bole, Pishan, Suiding,
+# and Yarkand.
+
+# From Luther Ma (2009-10-17):
+# Almost all (>99.9%) ethnic Chinese (properly ethnic Han) living in
+# Xinjiang use Chinese Standard Time. Some are aware of Xinjiang time,
+# but have no need of it. All planes, trains, and schools function on
+# what is called "Beijing time." When Han make an appointment in Chinese
+# they implicitly use Beijing time.
+#
+# On the other hand, ethnic Uyghurs, who make up about half the
+# population of Xinjiang, typically use "Xinjiang time" which is two
+# hours behind Beijing time, or UT +06. The government of the Xinjiang
+# Uyghur Autonomous Region, (XAUR, or just Xinjiang for short) as well as
+# local governments such as the Ürümqi city government use both times in
+# publications, referring to what is popularly called Xinjiang time as
+# "Ürümqi time." When Uyghurs make an appointment in the Uyghur language
+# they almost invariably use Xinjiang time.
+#
+# (Their ethnic Han compatriots would typically have no clue of its
+# widespread use, however, because so extremely few of them are fluent in
+# Uyghur, comparable to the number of Anglo-Americans fluent in Navajo.)
+#
+# (...As with the rest of China there was a brief interval ending in 1990
+# or 1991 when summer time was in use.  The confusion was severe, with
+# the province not having dual times but four times in use at the same
+# time. Some areas remained on standard Xinjiang time or Beijing time and
+# others moving their clocks ahead.)
+
+# From Luther Ma (2009-11-19):
+# With the risk of being redundant to previous answers these are the most common
+# English "transliterations" (w/o using non-English symbols):
+#
+# 1. Wulumuqi...
+# 2. Kashi...
+# 3. Urumqi...
+# 4. Kashgar...
+# ...
+# 5. It seems that Uyghurs in Ürümqi has been using Xinjiang since at least the
+# 1960's. I know of one Han, now over 50, who grew up in the surrounding
+# countryside and used Xinjiang time as a child.
+#
+# 6. Likewise for Kashgar and the rest of south Xinjiang I don't know of any
+# start date for Xinjiang time.
+#
+# Without having access to local historical records, nor the ability to legally
+# publish them, I would go with October 1, 1949, when Xinjiang became the Uyghur
+# Autonomous Region under the PRC. (Before that Uyghurs, of course, would also
+# not be using Beijing time, but some local time.)
+
+# From David Cochrane (2014-03-26):
+# Just a confirmation that Ürümqi time was implemented in Ürümqi on 1 Feb 1986:
+# https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,960684,00.html
+
+# From Luther Ma (2014-04-22):
+# I have interviewed numerous people of various nationalities and from
+# different localities in Xinjiang and can confirm the information in Guo's
+# report regarding Xinjiang, as well as the Time article reference by David
+# Cochrane.  Whether officially recognized or not (and both are officially
+# recognized), two separate times have been in use in Xinjiang since at least
+# the Cultural Revolution: Xinjiang Time (XJT), aka Ürümqi Time or local time;
+# and Beijing Time.  There is no confusion in Xinjiang as to which name refers
+# to which time. Both are widely used in the province, although in some
+# population groups might be use one to the exclusion of the other.  The only
+# problem is that computers and smart phones list Ürümqi (or Kashgar) as
+# having the same time as Beijing.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
+# In the early days of the PRC, Tibet was given its own time zone (UT +06)
+# but this was withdrawn in 1959 and never reinstated; see Tubten Khétsun,
+# Memories of life in Lhasa under Chinese Rule, Columbia U Press, ISBN
+# 978-0231142861 (2008), translator's introduction by Matthew Akester, p x.
+# As this is before our 1970 cutoff, Tibet doesn't need a separate zone.
+#
+# Xinjiang Time is well-documented as being officially recognized.  E.g., see
+# "The Working-Calendar for The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Government"
+# <http://www.sinkiang.gov.cn/service/ourworking/> (2014-04-22).
+# Unfortunately, we have no good records of time in Xinjiang before 1986.
+# During the 20th century parts of Xinjiang were ruled by the Qing dynasty,
+# the Republic of China, various warlords, the First and Second East Turkestan
+# Republics, the Soviet Union, the Kuomintang, and the People's Republic of
+# China, and tracking down all these organizations' timekeeping rules would be
+# quite a trick.  Approximate this lost history by a transition from LMT to
+# UT +06 at the start of 1928, the year of accession of the warlord Jin Shuren,
+# which happens to be the date given by Shanks & Pottenger (no doubt as a
+# guess) as the transition from LMT.  Ignore the usage of +08 before
+# 1986-02-01 under the theory that the transition date to +08 is unknown and
+# that the sort of users who prefer Asia/Urumqi now typically ignored the
+# +08 mandate back then.
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Beijing time, used throughout China; represented by Shanghai.
+		#STDOFF	8:05:43.2
+Zone	Asia/Shanghai	8:05:43	-	LMT	1901
+			8:00	Shang	C%sT	1949 May 28
+			8:00	PRC	C%sT
+# Xinjiang time, used by many in western China; represented by Ürümqi / Ürümchi
+# / Wulumuqi.  (Please use Asia/Shanghai if you prefer Beijing time.)
+Zone	Asia/Urumqi	5:50:20	-	LMT	1928
+			6:00	-	+06
+
+# Hong Kong
+
+# Milne gives 7:36:41.7.
+
+# From Lee Yiu Chung (2009-10-24):
+# I found there are some mistakes for the...DST rule for Hong
+# Kong. [According] to the DST record from Hong Kong Observatory (actually,
+# it is not [an] observatory, but the official meteorological agency of HK,
+# and also serves as the official timing agency), there are some missing
+# and incorrect rules. Although the exact switch over time is missing, I
+# think 3:30 is correct.
+
+# From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
+# According to Singaporean newspaper
+# http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singfreepresswk19041102-1.2.37
+# the day that Hong Kong start using GMT+8 should be Oct 30, 1904.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-17):
+# Hong Kong had a time ball near the Marine Police Station, Tsim Sha Tsui.
+# "The ball was raised manually each day and dropped at exactly 1pm
+# (except on Sundays and Government holidays)."
+# Dyson AD. From Time Ball to Atomic Clock. Hong Kong Government. 1983.
+# <https://www.hko.gov.hk/publica/gen_pub/timeball_atomic_clock.pdf>
+# "From 1904 October 30 the time-ball at Hong Kong has been dropped by order
+# of the Governor of the Colony at 17h 0m 0s G.M.T., which is 23m 18s.14 in
+# advance of 1h 0m 0s of Hong Kong mean time."
+# Hollis HP. Universal Time, Longitudes, and Geodesy. Mon Not R Astron Soc.
+# 1905-02-10;65(4):405-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/65.4.382
+#
+# From Joseph Myers (2018-11-18):
+# An astronomer before 1925 referring to GMT would have been using the old
+# astronomical convention where the day started at noon, not midnight.
+#
+# From Steve Allen (2018-11-17):
+# Meteorological Observations made at the Hongkong Observatory in the year 1904
+# page 4 <https://books.google.com/books?id=kgw5AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA4>
+# ... the log of drop times in Table II shows that on Sunday 1904-10-30 the
+# ball was dropped.  So that looks like a special case drop for the sake
+# of broadcasting the new local time.
+#
+# From Phake Nick (2018-11-18):
+# According to The Hong Kong Weekly Press, 1904-10-29, p.324, the
+# governor of Hong Kong at the time stated that "We are further desired to
+# make it known that the change will be effected by firing the gun and by the
+# dropping of the Ball at 23min. 18sec. before one."
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
+# See <https://mmis.hkpl.gov.hk> for this; unfortunately Flash is required.
+
+# From Phake Nick (2018-10-26):
+# I went to check microfilm records stored at Hong Kong Public Library....
+# on September 30 1941, according to Ta Kung Pao (Hong Kong edition), it was
+# stated that fallback would occur on the next day (the 1st)'s "03:00 am (Hong
+# Kong Time 04:00 am)" and the clock will fall back for a half hour. (03:00
+# probably refer to the time commonly used in mainland China at the time given
+# the paper's background) ... the sunrise/sunset time given by South China
+# Morning Post for October 1st was indeed moved by half an hour compares to
+# before.  After that, in December, the battle to capture Hong Kong started and
+# the library doesn't seems to have any record stored about press during that
+# period of time.  Some media resumed publication soon after that within the
+# same month, but there were not much information about time there.  Later they
+# started including a radio program guide when they restored radio service,
+# explicitly mentioning it use Tokyo standard time, and later added a note
+# saying it's half an hour ahead of the old Hong Kong standard time, and it
+# also seems to indicate that Hong Kong was not using GMT+8 when it was
+# captured by Japan.
+#
+# Image of related sections on newspaper:
+# * 1941-09-30, Ta Kung Pao (Hong Kong), "Winter Time start tomorrow".
+#   https://i.imgur.com/6waY51Z.jpg (Chinese)
+# * 1941-09-29, South China Morning Post, Information on sunrise/sunset
+#   time and other things for September 30 and October 1.
+#   https://i.imgur.com/kCiUR78.jpg
+# * 1942-02-05. The Hong Kong News, Radio Program Guide.
+#   https://i.imgur.com/eVvDMzS.jpg
+# * 1941-06-14. Hong Kong Daily Press, Daylight Saving from 3am Tomorrow.
+#   https://i.imgur.com/05KkvtC.png
+# * 1941-09-30, Hong Kong Daily Press, Winter Time Warning.
+#   https://i.imgur.com/dge4kFJ.png
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2019-07-11):
+# "Hong Kong winter time" is considered to be daylight saving.
+# "Hong Kong had adopted daylight saving on June 15 as a wartime measure,
+# clocks moving forward one hour until October 1, when they would be put back
+# by just half an hour for 'Hong Kong Winter time', so that daylight saving
+# operated year round." -- Low Z. The longest day: when wartime Hong Kong
+# introduced daylight saving. South China Morning Post. 2019-06-28.
+# https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/short-reads/article/3016281/longest-day-when-wartime-hong-kong-introduced
+
+# From P Chan (2018-12-31):
+# * According to the Hong Kong Daylight-Saving Regulations, 1941, the
+#   1941 spring-forward transition was at 03:00.
+#	http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkgro/view/g1941/304271.pdf
+#	http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkgro/view/g1941/305516.pdf
+# * According to some articles from South China Morning Post, +08 was
+#   resumed on 1945-11-18 at 02:00.
+#	https://i.imgur.com/M2IsZ3c.png
+#	https://i.imgur.com/iOPqrVo.png
+#	https://i.imgur.com/fffcGDs.png
+# * Some newspapers ... said the 1946 spring-forward transition was on
+#   04-21 at 00:00.  The Kung Sheung Evening News 1946-04-20 (Chinese)
+#	https://i.imgur.com/ZSzent0.png
+#	https://mmis.hkpl.gov.hk///c/portal/cover?c=QF757YsWv5%2FH7zGe%2FKF%2BFLYsuqGhRBfe p.4
+#   The Kung Sheung Daily News 1946-04-21 (Chinese)
+#	https://i.imgur.com/7ecmRlcm.png
+#	https://mmis.hkpl.gov.hk///c/portal/cover?c=QF757YsWv5%2BQBGt1%2BwUj5qG2GqtwR3Wh p.4
+# * According to the Summer Time Ordinance (1946), the fallback
+#   transitions between 1946 and 1952 were at 03:30 Standard Time (+08)
+#	http://oelawhk.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/bb74b06a74d5294620a15de560ab33c6.pdf
+# * Some other laws and regulations related to DST from 1953 to 1979
+#   Summer Time Ordinance 1953
+#	https://i.imgur.com/IOlJMav.jpg
+#   Summer Time (Amendment) Ordinance 1965
+#	https://i.imgur.com/8rofeLa.jpg
+#   Interpretation and General Clauses Ordinance (1966)
+#	https://i.imgur.com/joy3msj.jpg
+#   Emergency (Summer Time) Regulation 1973 <https://i.imgur.com/OpRWrKz.jpg>
+#   Interpretation and General Clauses (Amendment) Ordinance 1977
+#	https://i.imgur.com/RaNqnc4.jpg
+#   Resolution of the Legislative Council passed on 9 May 1979
+#	https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr78-79/english/lc_sitg/hansard/h790509.pdf#page=39
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2020-04-15):
+# Here are the dates given at
+# https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/gts/time/Summertime.htm
+# as of 2020-02-10:
+# Year        Period
+# 1941        15 Jun to 30 Sep
+# 1942        Whole year
+# 1943        Whole year
+# 1944        Whole year
+# 1945        Whole year
+# 1946        20 Apr to 1 Dec
+# 1947        13 Apr to 30 Nov
+# 1948        2 May to 31 Oct
+# 1949        3 Apr to 30 Oct
+# 1950        2 Apr to 29 Oct
+# 1951        1 Apr to 28 Oct
+# 1952        6 Apr to 2 Nov
+# 1953        5 Apr to 1 Nov
+# 1954        21 Mar to 31 Oct
+# 1955        20 Mar to 6 Nov
+# 1956        18 Mar to 4 Nov
+# 1957        24 Mar to 3 Nov
+# 1958        23 Mar to 2 Nov
+# 1959        22 Mar to 1 Nov
+# 1960        20 Mar to 6 Nov
+# 1961        19 Mar to 5 Nov
+# 1962        18 Mar to 4 Nov
+# 1963        24 Mar to 3 Nov
+# 1964        22 Mar to 1 Nov
+# 1965        18 Apr to 17 Oct
+# 1966        17 Apr to 16 Oct
+# 1967        16 Apr to 22 Oct
+# 1968        21 Apr to 20 Oct
+# 1969        20 Apr to 19 Oct
+# 1970        19 Apr to 18 Oct
+# 1971        18 Apr to 17 Oct
+# 1972        16 Apr to 22 Oct
+# 1973        22 Apr to 21 Oct
+# 1973/74     30 Dec 73 to 20 Oct 74
+# 1975        20 Apr to 19 Oct
+# 1976        18 Apr to 17 Oct
+# 1977        Nil
+# 1978        Nil
+# 1979        13 May to 21 Oct
+# 1980 to Now Nil
+# The page does not give times of day for transitions,
+# or dates for the 1942 and 1945 transitions.
+# The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began 1941-12-25.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	HK	1946	only	-	Apr	21	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	HK	1946	only	-	Dec	1	3:30s	0	-
+Rule	HK	1947	only	-	Apr	13	3:30s	1:00	S
+Rule	HK	1947	only	-	Nov	30	3:30s	0	-
+Rule	HK	1948	only	-	May	2	3:30s	1:00	S
+Rule	HK	1948	1952	-	Oct	Sun>=28	3:30s	0	-
+Rule	HK	1949	1953	-	Apr	Sun>=1	3:30	1:00	S
+Rule	HK	1953	1964	-	Oct	Sun>=31	3:30	0	-
+Rule	HK	1954	1964	-	Mar	Sun>=18	3:30	1:00	S
+Rule	HK	1965	1976	-	Apr	Sun>=16	3:30	1:00	S
+Rule	HK	1965	1976	-	Oct	Sun>=16	3:30	0	-
+Rule	HK	1973	only	-	Dec	30	3:30	1:00	S
+Rule	HK	1979	only	-	May	13	3:30	1:00	S
+Rule	HK	1979	only	-	Oct	21	3:30	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+		#STDOFF	7:36:41.7
+Zone	Asia/Hong_Kong	7:36:42 -	LMT	1904 Oct 29 17:00u
+			8:00	-	HKT	1941 Jun 15  3:00
+			8:00	1:00	HKST	1941 Oct  1  4:00
+			8:00	0:30	HKWT	1941 Dec 25
+			9:00	-	JST	1945 Nov 18  2:00
+			8:00	HK	HK%sT
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# Taiwan
+
+# From smallufo (2010-04-03):
+# According to Taiwan's CWB [Central Weather Bureau],
+# http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V6/astronomy/cdata/summert.htm
+# Taipei has DST in 1979 between July 1st and Sep 30.
+
+# From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
+# On Dec 28, 1895, the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of
+# Meiji Year 28 "The clause about standard time", mentioned that
+# Taiwan and Penghu Islands, as well as Yaeyama and Miyako Islands
+# (both in Okinawa) adopt the Western Standard Time which is based on
+# 120E. The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896. The original text can be
+# found on Wikisource:
+# https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
+# ... This could be the first adoption of time zone in Taiwan, because
+# during the Qing Dynasty, it seems that there was no time zone
+# declared officially.
+#
+# Later, in the beginning of World War II, on Sep 25, 1937, the Showa
+# Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 "The clause of
+# revision in the ordinance No. 167 of Meiji year 28 about standard
+# time", in which abolished the adoption of Western Standard Time in
+# western islands (listed above), which means the whole Japan
+# territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan Central Time
+# (UT+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937. The original text can
+# be found on Wikisource:
+# https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
+#
+# That is, the time zone of Taipei switched to UT+9 on Oct 1, 1937.
+
+# From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02):
+# I've found more evidence about when the time zone was switched from UT+9
+# back to UT+8 after WW2.  I believe it was on Sep 21, 1945.  In a document
+# during Japanese era [1] in which the officer told the staff to change time
+# zone back to Western Standard Time (UT+8) on Sep 21.  And in another
+# history page of National Cheng Kung University [2], on Sep 21 there is a
+# note "from today, switch back to Western Standard Time".  From these two
+# materials, I believe that the time zone change happened on Sep 21.  And
+# today I have found another monthly journal called "The Astronomical Herald"
+# from The Astronomical Society of Japan [3] in which it mentioned the fact
+# that:
+#
+# 1. Standard Time of the Country (Japan) was adopted on Jan 1, 1888, using
+# the time at 135E (GMT+9)
+#
+# 2. Standard Time of the Country was renamed to Central Standard Time, on Jan
+# 1, 1898, and on the same day, the new territories Taiwan and Penghu islands,
+# as well as Yaeyama and Miyako islands, adopted a new time zone called
+# Western Standard Time, which is in GMT+8.
+#
+# 3. Western Standard Time was deprecated on Sep 30, 1937. From then all the
+# territories of Japan adopted the same time zone, which is Central Standard
+# Time.
+#
+# [1] Academica Historica, Taiwan:
+# http://163.29.208.22:8080/govsaleShowImage/connect_img.php?s=00101738900090036&e=00101738900090037
+# [2] Nat'l Cheng Kung University 70th Anniversary Special Site:
+# http://www.ncku.edu.tw/~ncku70/menu/001/01_01.htm
+# [3] Yukio Niimi, The Standard Time in Japan (1997), p.475:
+# http://www.asj.or.jp/geppou/archive_open/1997/pdf/19971001c.pdf
+
+# Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-03):
+# I finally have found the real official gazette about changing back to
+# Western Standard Time on Sep 21 in Taiwan.  It's Taiwan Governor-General
+# Bulletin No. 386 in Showa 20 years (1945), published on Sep 19, 1945. [1] ...
+# [It] abolishes Bulletin No. 207 in Showa 12 years (1937), which is a local
+# bulletin in Taiwan for that Ordinance No. 529. It also mentioned that 1am on
+# Sep 21, 1945 will be 12am on Sep 21.  I think this bulletin is much more
+# official than the one I mentioned in my first mail, because it's from the
+# top-level government in Taiwan. If you're going to quote any resource, this
+# would be a good one.
+# [1] Taiwan Governor-General Gazette, No. 1018, Sep 19, 1945:
+# http://db2.th.gov.tw/db2/view/viewImg.php?imgcode=0072031018a&num=19&bgn=019&end=019&otherImg=&type=gener
+
+# From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02):
+# In 1946, DST in Taiwan was from May 15 and ended on Sep 30. The info from
+# Central Weather Bureau website was not correct.
+#
+# Original Bulletin:
+# http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=03502F0AKM1AF
+# http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=0350300AKM1B0 (cont.)
+#
+# In 1947, DST in Taiwan was expanded to Oct 31. There is a backup of that
+# telegram announcement from Taiwan Province Government:
+#
+# http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=0360310AKZ431
+#
+# Here is a brief translation:
+#
+#   The Summer Time this year is adopted from midnight Apr 15 until Sep 20
+#   midnight. To save (energy?) consumption, we're expanding Summer Time
+#   adoption till Oct 31 midnight.
+#
+# The Central Weather Bureau website didn't mention that, however it can
+# be found from historical government announcement database.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-03):
+# As per Yu-Cheng Chuang, say that Taiwan was at UT +09 from 1937-10-01
+# until 1945-09-21 at 01:00, overriding Shanks & Pottenger.
+# Likewise, use Yu-Cheng Chuang's data for DST in Taiwan.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Taiwan	1946	only	-	May	15	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Taiwan	1946	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Taiwan	1947	only	-	Apr	15	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Taiwan	1947	only	-	Nov	1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Taiwan	1948	1951	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Taiwan	1948	1951	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Taiwan	1952	only	-	Mar	1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Taiwan	1952	1954	-	Nov	1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Taiwan	1953	1959	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Taiwan	1955	1961	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Taiwan	1960	1961	-	Jun	1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Taiwan	1974	1975	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Taiwan	1974	1975	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Taiwan	1979	only	-	Jul	1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Taiwan	1979	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Taipei or Taibei or T'ai-pei
+Zone	Asia/Taipei	8:06:00 -	LMT	1896 Jan  1
+			8:00	-	CST	1937 Oct  1
+			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 21  1:00
+			8:00	Taiwan	C%sT
+
+# Macau (Macao, Aomen)
+#
+# From P Chan (2018-05-10):
+# * LegisMac
+#   http://legismac.safp.gov.mo/legismac/descqry/Descqry.jsf?lang=pt
+#   A database for searching titles of legal documents of Macau in
+#   Chinese and Portuguese.  The term "HORÁRIO DE VERÃO" can be used for
+#   searching decrees about summer time.
+# * Archives of Macao
+#   http://www.archives.gov.mo/en/bo/
+#   It contains images of old official gazettes.
+# * The Macao Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau have a page listing the
+#   summer time history.  But it is not complete and has some mistakes.
+#   http://www.smg.gov.mo/smg/geophysics/e_t_Summer%20Time.htm
+# Macau adopted GMT+8 on 30 Oct 1904 to follow Hong Kong.  Clocks were
+# advanced by 25 minutes and 50 seconds.  Which means the LMT used was
+# +7:34:10.  As stated in the "Portaria No. 204" dated 21 October 1904
+# and published in the Official Gazette on 29 October 1904.
+# http://igallery.icm.gov.mo/Images/Archives/BO/MO_AH_PUB_BO_1904_10/MO_AH_PUB_BO_1904_10_00025_Grey.JPG
+#
+# Therefore the 1911 decree of Portugal did not change time in Macau.
+#
+# From LegisMac, here is a list of decrees that changed the time ...
+# [Decree Gazette-no. date; titles omitted in this quotation]
+#	DIL 732 BOCM 51 1941.12.20
+#	DIL 764 BOCM 9S 1942.04.30
+#	DIL 781 BOCM 21 1942.10.10
+#	PT 3434 BOCM 8S 1943.04.17
+#	PT 3504 BOCM 20 1943.09.25
+#	PT 3843 BOCM 39 1945.09.29
+#	PT 3961 BOCM 17 1946.04.27
+#	PT 4026 BOCM 39 1946.09.28
+#	PT 4153 BOCM 16 1947.04.10
+#	PT 4271 BOCM 48 1947.11.29
+#	PT 4374 BOCM 18 1948.05.01
+#	PT 4465 BOCM 44 1948.10.30
+#	PT 4590 BOCM 14 1949.04.02
+#	PT 4666 BOCM 44 1949.10.29
+#	PT 4771 BOCM 12 1950.03.25
+#	PT 4838 BOCM 43 1950.10.28
+#	PT 4946 BOCM 12 1951.03.24
+#	PT 5025 BO 43 1951.10.27
+#	PT 5149 BO 14 1952.04.05
+#	PT 5251 BO 43 1952.10.25
+#	PT 5366 BO 13 1953.03.28
+#	PT 5444 BO 44 1953.10.31
+#	PT 5540 BO 12 1954.03.20
+#	PT 5589 BO 44 1954.10.30
+#	PT 5676 BO 12 1955.03.19
+#	PT 5739 BO 45 1955.11.05
+#	PT 5823 BO 11 1956.03.17
+#	PT 5891 BO 44 1956.11.03
+#	PT 5981 BO 12 1957.03.23
+#	PT 6064 BO 43 1957.10.26
+#	PT 6172 BO 12 1958.03.22
+#	PT 6243 BO 43 1958.10.25
+#	PT 6341 BO 12 1959.03.21
+#	PT 6411 BO 43 1959.10.24
+#	PT 6514 BO 11 1960.03.12
+#	PT 6584 BO 44 1960.10.29
+#	PT 6721 BO 10 1961.03.11
+#	PT 6815 BO 43 1961.10.28
+#	PT 6947 BO 10 1962.03.10
+#	PT 7080 BO 43 1962.10.27
+#	PT 7218 BO 12 1963.03.23
+#	PT 7340 BO 43 1963.10.26
+#	PT 7491 BO 11 1964.03.14
+#	PT 7664 BO 43 1964.10.24
+#	PT 7846 BO 15 1965.04.10
+#	PT 7979 BO 42 1965.10.16
+#	PT 8146 BO 15 1966.04.09
+#	PT 8252 BO 41 1966.10.08
+#	PT 8429 BO 15 1967.04.15
+#	PT 8540 BO 41 1967.10.14
+#	PT 8735 BO 15 1968.04.13
+#	PT 8860 BO 41 1968.10.12
+#	PT 9035 BO 16 1969.04.19
+#	PT 9156 BO 42 1969.10.18
+#	PT 9328 BO 15 1970.04.11
+#	PT 9418 BO 41 1970.10.10
+#	PT 9587 BO 14 1971.04.03
+#	PT 9702 BO 41 1971.10.09
+#	PT 38-A/72 BO 14 1972.04.01
+#	PT 126-A/72 BO 41 1972.10.07
+#	PT 61/73 BO 14 1973.04.07
+#	PT 182/73 BO 40 1973.10.06
+#	PT 282/73 BO 51 1973.12.22
+#	PT 177/74 BO 41 1974.10.12
+#	PT 51/75 BO 15 1975.04.12
+#	PT 173/75 BO 41 1975.10.11
+#	PT 67/76/M BO 14 1976.04.03
+#	PT 169/76/M BO 41 1976.10.09
+#	PT 78/79/M BO 19 1979.05.12
+#	PT 166/79/M BO 42 1979.10.20
+# Note that DIL 732 does not belong to "HORÁRIO DE VERÃO" according to
+# LegisMac.... Note that between 1942 and 1945, the time switched
+# between GMT+9 and GMT+10.  Also in 1965 and 1965 the DST ended at 2:30am.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-05-10):
+# The 1904 decree says that Macau changed from the meridian of
+# Fortaleza do Monte, presumably the basis for the 7:34:10 for LMT.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Macau	1942	1943	-	Apr	30	23:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Macau	1942	only	-	Nov	17	23:00	0	-
+Rule	Macau	1943	only	-	Sep	30	23:00	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1946	only	-	Apr	30	23:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1946	only	-	Sep	30	23:00s	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1947	only	-	Apr	19	23:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1947	only	-	Nov	30	23:00s	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1948	only	-	May	 2	23:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1948	only	-	Oct	31	23:00s	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1949	1950	-	Apr	Sat>=1	23:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1949	1950	-	Oct	lastSat	23:00s	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1951	only	-	Mar	31	23:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1951	only	-	Oct	28	23:00s	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1952	1953	-	Apr	Sat>=1	23:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1952	only	-	Nov	 1	23:00s	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1953	1954	-	Oct	lastSat	23:00s	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1954	1956	-	Mar	Sat>=17	23:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1955	only	-	Nov	 5	23:00s	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1956	1964	-	Nov	Sun>=1	03:30	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1957	1964	-	Mar	Sun>=18	03:30	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1965	1973	-	Apr	Sun>=16	03:30	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1965	1966	-	Oct	Sun>=16	02:30	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1967	1976	-	Oct	Sun>=16	03:30	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1973	only	-	Dec	30	03:30	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1975	1976	-	Apr	Sun>=16	03:30	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1979	only	-	May	13	03:30	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1979	only	-	Oct	Sun>=16	03:30	0	S
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Macau	7:34:10 -	LMT	1904 Oct 30
+			8:00	-	CST	1941 Dec 21 23:00
+			9:00	Macau	+09/+10	1945 Sep 30 24:00
+			8:00	Macau	C%sT
+
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# Cyprus
+
+# Milne says the Eastern Telegraph Company used 2:14:00.  Stick with LMT.
+# IATA SSIM (1998-09) has Cyprus using EU rules for the first time.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-09-09):
+# Yesterday's Cyprus Mail reports that Northern Cyprus followed Turkey's
+# lead and switched from +02/+03 to +03 year-round.
+# http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/09/08/two-time-zones-cyprus-turkey-will-not-turn-clocks-back-next-month/
+#
+# From Even Scharning (2016-10-31):
+# Looks like the time zone split in Cyprus went through last night.
+# http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/10/30/cyprus-new-division-two-time-zones-now-reality/
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):
+# Northern Cyprus will reinstate winter time on October 29, thus
+# staying in sync with the rest of Cyprus.  See: Anastasiou A.
+# Cyprus to remain united in time.  Cyprus Mail 2017-10-17.
+# https://cyprus-mail.com/2017/10/17/cyprus-remain-united-time/
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Cyprus	1975	only	-	Apr	13	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Cyprus	1975	only	-	Oct	12	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Cyprus	1976	only	-	May	15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Cyprus	1976	only	-	Oct	11	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Cyprus	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Cyprus	1977	only	-	Sep	25	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Cyprus	1978	only	-	Oct	2	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Cyprus	1979	1997	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Cyprus	1981	1998	-	Mar	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Nicosia	2:13:28 -	LMT	1921 Nov 14
+			2:00	Cyprus	EE%sT	1998 Sep
+			2:00	EUAsia	EE%sT
+Zone	Asia/Famagusta	2:15:48	-	LMT	1921 Nov 14
+			2:00	Cyprus	EE%sT	1998 Sep
+			2:00	EUAsia	EE%sT	2016 Sep  8
+			3:00	-	+03	2017 Oct 29 1:00u
+			2:00	EUAsia	EE%sT
+
+# Georgia
+# From Paul Eggert (1994-11-19):
+# Today's _Economist_ (p 60) reports that Georgia moved its clocks forward
+# an hour recently, due to a law proposed by Zurab Murvanidze,
+# an MP who went on a hunger strike for 11 days to force discussion about it!
+# We have no details, but we'll guess they didn't move the clocks back in fall.
+#
+# From Mathew Englander, quoting AP (1996-10-23 13:05-04):
+# Instead of putting back clocks at the end of October, Georgia
+# will stay on daylight savings time this winter to save energy,
+# President Eduard Shevardnadze decreed Wednesday.
+#
+# From the BBC via Joseph S. Myers (2004-06-27):
+#
+# Georgia moved closer to Western Europe on Sunday...  The former Soviet
+# republic has changed its time zone back to that of Moscow.  As a result it
+# is now just four hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time, rather than five hours
+# ahead.  The switch was decreed by the pro-Western president of Georgia,
+# Mikheil Saakashvili, who said the change was partly prompted by the process
+# of integration into Europe.
+
+# From Teimuraz Abashidze (2005-11-07):
+# Government of Georgia ... decided to NOT CHANGE daylight savings time on
+# [Oct.] 30, as it was done before during last more than 10 years.
+# Currently, we are in fact GMT +4:00, as before 30 October it was GMT
+# +3:00.... The problem is, there is NO FORMAL LAW or governmental document
+# about it.  As far as I can find, I was told, that there is no document,
+# because we just DIDN'T ISSUE document about switching to winter time....
+# I don't know what can be done, especially knowing that some years ago our
+# DST rules where changed THREE TIMES during one month.
+
+# Milne 1899 says Tbilisi (Tiflis) time was 2:59:05.7.
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Georgia was 2:59:11.
+# Go with Byalokoz.
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Tbilisi	2:59:11 -	LMT	1880
+			2:59:11	-	TBMT	1924 May  2 # Tbilisi Mean Time
+			3:00	-	+03	1957 Mar
+			4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04	1992
+			3:00 E-EurAsia	+03/+04	1994 Sep lastSun
+			4:00 E-EurAsia	+04/+05	1996 Oct lastSun
+			4:00	1:00	+05	1997 Mar lastSun
+			4:00 E-EurAsia	+04/+05	2004 Jun 27
+			3:00 RussiaAsia	+03/+04	2005 Mar lastSun  2:00
+			4:00	-	+04
+
+# East Timor
+
+# See Indonesia for the 1945 transition.
+
+# From João Carrascalão, brother of the former governor of East Timor, in
+# East Timor may be late for its millennium
+# <https://etan.org/et99c/december/26-31/30ETMAY.htm> (1999-12-26/31):
+# Portugal tried to change the time forward in 1974 because the sun
+# rises too early but the suggestion raised a lot of problems with the
+# Timorese and I still don't think it would work today because it
+# conflicts with their way of life.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2000-12-04):
+# We don't have any record of the above attempt.
+# Most likely our records are incomplete, but we have no better data.
+
+# From Manoel de Almeida e Silva, Deputy Spokesman for the UN Secretary-General
+# http://www.hri.org/news/world/undh/2000/00-08-16.undh.html
+# (2000-08-16):
+# The Cabinet of the East Timor Transition Administration decided
+# today to advance East Timor's time by one hour.  The time change,
+# which will be permanent, with no seasonal adjustment, will happen at
+# midnight on Saturday, September 16.
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Dili	8:22:20 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1
+			8:00	-	+08	1942 Feb 21 23:00
+			9:00	-	+09	1976 May  3
+			8:00	-	+08	2000 Sep 17  0:00
+			9:00	-	+09
+
+# India
+
+# British astronomer Henry Park Hollis disliked India Standard Time's offset:
+# "A new time system has been proposed for India, Further India, and Burmah.
+# The scheme suggested is that the times of the meridians 5½ and 6½ hours
+# east of Greenwich should be adopted in these territories.  No reason is
+# given why hourly meridians five hours and six hours east should not be
+# chosen; a plan which would bring the time of India into harmony with
+# that of almost the whole of the civilised world."
+# Hollis HP. Universal Time, Longitudes, and Geodesy. Mon Not R Astron Soc.
+# 1905-02-10;65(4):405-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/65.4.382
+
+# From Ian P. Beacock, in "A brief history of (modern) time", The Atlantic
+# https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/12/the-creation-of-modern-time/421419/
+# (2015-12-22):
+# In January 1906, several thousand cotton-mill workers rioted on the
+# outskirts of Bombay....  They were protesting the proposed abolition of
+# local time in favor of Indian Standard Time....  Journalists called this
+# dispute the "Battle of the Clocks."  It lasted nearly half a century.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-04-20):
+# Good luck trying to nail down old timekeeping records in India.
+# "... in the nineteenth century ... Madras Observatory took its magnetic
+# measurements on Göttingen time, its meteorological measurements on Madras
+# (local) time, dropped its time ball on Greenwich (ocean navigator's) time,
+# and distributed civil (local time)." -- Bartky IR. Selling the true time:
+# 19th-century timekeeping in america. Stanford U Press (2000), 247 note 19.
+# "A more potent cause of resistance to the general adoption of the present
+# standard time lies in the fact that it is Madras time.  The citizen of
+# Bombay, proud of being 'primus in Indis' and of Calcutta, equally proud of
+# his city being the Capital of India, and - for a part of the year - the Seat
+# of the Supreme Government, alike look down on Madras, and refuse to change
+# the time they are using, for that of what they regard as a benighted
+# Presidency; while Madras, having for long given the standard time to the
+# rest of India, would resist the adoption of any other Indian standard in its
+# place." -- Oldham RD. On Time in India: a suggestion for its improvement.
+# Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (April 1899), 49-55.
+#
+# "In 1870 ... Madras time - 'now used by the telegraph and regulated from the
+# only government observatory' - was suggested as a standard railway time,
+# first to be adopted on the Great Indian Peninsular Railway (GIPR)....
+# Calcutta, Bombay, and Karachi, were to be allowed to continue with their
+# local time for civil purposes." - Prasad R. Tracks of Change: Railways and
+# Everyday Life in Colonial India. Cambridge University Press (2016), 145.
+#
+# Reed S, Low F. The Indian Year Book 1936-37. Bennett, Coleman, pp 27-8.
+# https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282212
+# This lists +052110 as Madras local time used in railways, and says that on
+# 1906-01-01 railways and telegraphs in India switched to +0530.  Some
+# municipalities retained their former time, and the time in Calcutta
+# continued to depend on whether you were at the railway station or at
+# government offices.  Government time was at +055320 (according to Shanks) or
+# at +0554 (according to the Indian Year Book).  Railway time is more
+# appropriate for our purposes, as it was better documented, it is what we do
+# elsewhere (e.g., Europe/London before 1880), and after 1906 it was
+# consistent in the region now identified by Asia/Kolkata.  So, use railway
+# time for 1870-1941.  Shanks is our only (and dubious) source for the
+# 1941-1945 data.
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Kolkata	5:53:28 -	LMT	1854 Jun 28 # Kolkata
+			5:53:20	-	HMT	1870	    # Howrah Mean Time?
+			5:21:10	-	MMT	1906 Jan  1 # Madras local time
+			5:30	-	IST	1941 Oct
+			5:30	1:00	+0630	1942 May 15
+			5:30	-	IST	1942 Sep
+			5:30	1:00	+0630	1945 Oct 15
+			5:30	-	IST
+# Since 1970 the following are like Asia/Kolkata:
+#	Andaman Is
+#	Lakshadweep (Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Is)
+#	Nicobar Is
+
+# Indonesia
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-09-06):
+# The 1876 Report of the Secretary of the [US] Navy, p 306 says that Batavia
+# civil time was 7:07:12.5.
+#
+# From Gwillim Law (2001-05-28), overriding Shanks & Pottenger:
+# http://www.sumatera-inc.com/go_to_invest/about_indonesia.asp#standtime
+# says that Indonesia's time zones changed on 1988-01-01.  Looking at some
+# time zone maps, I think that must refer to Western Borneo (Kalimantan Barat
+# and Kalimantan Tengah) switching from UTC+8 to UTC+7.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2007-03-10):
+# Here is another correction to Shanks & Pottenger.
+# JohnTWB writes that Japanese forces did not surrender control in
+# Indonesia until 1945-09-01 00:00 at the earliest (in Jakarta) and
+# other formal surrender ceremonies were September 9, 11, and 13, plus
+# September 12 for the regional surrender to Mountbatten in Singapore.
+# These would be the earliest possible times for a change.
+# Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, by Henri Le Corre, (Éditions
+# Traditionnelles, 1987, Paris) says that Java and Madura switched
+# from UT +09 to +07:30 on 1945-09-23, and gives 1944-09-01 for Jayapura
+# (Hollandia).  For now, assume all Indonesian locations other than Jayapura
+# switched on 1945-09-23.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-08-11):
+# Normally the tz database uses English-language abbreviations, but in
+# Indonesia it's typical to use Indonesian-language abbreviations even
+# when writing in English.  For example, see the English-language
+# summary published by the Time and Frequency Laboratory of the
+# Research Center for Calibration, Instrumentation and Metrology,
+# Indonesia, <http://time.kim.lipi.go.id/time-eng.php> (2006-09-29).
+# The time zone abbreviations and UT offsets are:
+#
+# WIB  - +07 - Waktu Indonesia Barat (Indonesia western time)
+# WITA - +08 - Waktu Indonesia Tengah (Indonesia central time)
+# WIT  - +09 - Waktu Indonesia Timur (Indonesia eastern time)
+#
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Java, Sumatra
+		#STDOFF	7:07:12.5
+Zone Asia/Jakarta	7:07:12 -	LMT	1867 Aug 10
+# Shanks & Pottenger say the next transition was at 1924 Jan 1 0:13,
+# but this must be a typo.
+			7:07:12	-	BMT	1923 Dec 31 16:40u # Batavia
+			7:20	-	+0720	1932 Nov
+			7:30	-	+0730	1942 Mar 23
+			9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep 23
+			7:30	-	+0730	1948 May
+			8:00	-	+08	1950 May
+			7:30	-	+0730	1964
+			7:00	-	WIB
+# west and central Borneo
+Zone Asia/Pontianak	7:17:20	-	LMT	1908 May
+			7:17:20	-	PMT	1932 Nov    # Pontianak MT
+			7:30	-	+0730	1942 Jan 29
+			9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep 23
+			7:30	-	+0730	1948 May
+			8:00	-	+08	1950 May
+			7:30	-	+0730	1964
+			8:00	-	WITA	1988 Jan  1
+			7:00	-	WIB
+# Sulawesi, Lesser Sundas, east and south Borneo
+Zone Asia/Makassar	7:57:36 -	LMT	1920
+			7:57:36	-	MMT	1932 Nov    # Macassar MT
+			8:00	-	+08	1942 Feb  9
+			9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep 23
+			8:00	-	WITA
+# Maluku Islands, West Papua, Papua
+Zone Asia/Jayapura	9:22:48 -	LMT	1932 Nov
+			9:00	-	+09	1944 Sep  1
+			9:30	-	+0930	1964
+			9:00	-	WIT
+
+# Iran
+
+# From Roozbeh Pournader (2022-05-30):
+# Here's an order from the Cabinet to the rest of the government to switch to
+# Tehran time, which is mentioned to be already at +03:30:
+# https://qavanin.ir/Law/TreeText/180138
+# Just in case that goes away, I also saved a copy at archive.org:
+# https://web.archive.org/web/20220530111940/https://qavanin.ir/Law/TreeText/180138
+# Here's my translation:
+#
+# "Circular on Matching the Hours of Governmental and Official Circles
+# in Provinces
+# Approved 1314/03/22 [=1935-06-13]
+# According to the ruling of the Honorable Cabinet, it is ordered that from
+# now on in all internal provinces of the country, governmental and official
+# circles set their time to match Tehran time (three hours and half before
+# Greenwich)....
+#
+# I still haven't found out when Tehran itself switched to +03:30....
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-06-05):
+# Although the above says Tehran was at +03:30 before 1935-06-13, we don't
+# know when it switched to +03:30.  For now, use 1935-06-13 as the switch date.
+# Although most likely wrong, we have no better info.
+
+# From Roozbeh Pournader (2022-06-01):
+# This is from Kayhan newspaper, one of the major Iranian newspapers, from
+# March 20, 1978, page 2:
+#
+# "Pull the clocks 60 minutes forward
+# As we informed before, from the fourth day of the month Farvardin of the
+# new year [=1978-03-24], clocks will be pulled forward, and people's daily
+# work and life program will start one hour earlier than the current program.
+# On the 1st day of the month Farvardin of this year [=1977-03-21], they had
+# pulled the clocks forward by one hour, but in the month of Mehr
+# [=1977-09-23], the clocks were pulled back by 30 minutes.
+# In this way, from the 4th day of the month Farvardin, clocks will be ahead
+# of the previous years by one hour and a half.
+# According to the new program, during the night of 4th of Farvardin, when
+# the midnight, meaning 24 o'clock is announced, the hands of the clock must
+# be pulled forward by one hour and thus consider midnight 1 o'clock in the
+# forenoon."
+#
+# This implies that in September 1977, when the daylight savings time was
+# done with, Iran didn't go back to +03:30, but immediately to +04:00.
+#
+#
+# This is from the major Iranian newspaper Ettela'at, dated [1978-08-03]...,
+# page 32. It looks like they decided to get the clocks back to +4:00
+# just in time for Ramadan that year:
+#
+# "Tomorrow Night, Pull the Clocks Back by One Hour
+# At 1 o'clock in the forenoon of Saturday 14 Mordad [=1978-08-05], the
+# clocks will be pulled one hour back and instead of 1 o'clock in the
+# forenoon, Radio Iran will announce 24 o'clock.
+# This decision was made in the Cabinet of Ministers meeting of 25 Tir
+# [=1978-07-16], [...]
+# At the beginning of the year 2537 [=March 1978: Iran was using a different
+# year number for a few years then, based on the Coronation of Cyrus the
+# Great], the country's official time was pulled forward by one hour and now
+# the official time is one hour and a half ahead compared to last year,
+# because in Farvardin of last year [=March 1977], the official time was
+# pulled forward one hour and this continued until the second half of last
+# year [=September 1977] until in the second half of last year the official
+# time was pulled back half an hour and that half hour still remains."
+#
+# This matches the time of the true noon published in the newspapers, as they
+# clearly go from +05:00 to +04:00 after that date (which happened during a
+# long weekend in Iran).
+
+# From Roozbeh Pournader (2022-05-31):
+# [Movahedi S. Cultural preconceptions of time: Can we use operational time
+# to meddle in God's Time? Comp Stud Soc Hist. 1985;27(3):385-400]
+# https://www.jstor.org/stable/178704
+# Here's the quotes from the paper:
+# 1. '"Iran's official time keeper moved the clock one hour forward as from
+# March 22, 1977 (Farvardin 2, 2536) to make maximum use of daylight and save
+# in energy consumption. Thus Iran joined such other countries as Britain in
+# observing what is known as 'daylight saving.' The proposal was originally
+# put forward by the Ministry of Energy, in no way having any influence on
+# observing religious ceremonies. Moving time one hour forward in summer
+# means that at 11:00 o'clock on March 21, the official time was set as
+# midnight March 22. Then September 24 will actually begin one hour later
+# than the end of September 23 [...]." Iran's time base thus continued to be
+# Greenwich Mean Time plus three and one-half hours (plus four and one-half
+# hours in summer).'
+#
+# The article sources this from Iran Almanac and Book of Facts, 1977, Tehran:
+# Echo of Iran, which is on Google Books at
+# https://www.google.com/books/edition/Iran_Almanac_and_Book_of_Facts/9ybVAAAAMAAJ.
+# (I confirmed it by searching for snippets.)
+#
+# 2. "After the fall of the shah, the revolutionary government returned to
+# daylight-saving time (DST) on 26 May 1979."
+#
+# This seems to have been announced just one day in advance, on 25 May 1979.
+#
+# The change in 1977 clearly seems to be the first daylight savings effort in
+# Iran. But the article doesn't mention what happened in 1978 (which was
+# still during the shah's government), or how things continued in 1979
+# onwards (which was during the Islamic Republic).
+
+# From Francis Santoni (2022-06-01):
+# for Iran and 1977 the effective change is only 20 October
+# (UIT No. 143 17.XI.1977) and not 23 September (UIT No. 141 13.IX.1977).
+# UIT is the Operational Bulletin of International Telecommunication Union.
+
+# From Roozbeh Pournader (2003-03-15):
+# This is an English translation of what I just found (originally in Persian).
+# The Gregorian dates in brackets are mine:
+#
+#	Official Newspaper No. 13548-1370/6/25 [1991-09-16]
+#	No. 16760/T233 H				1370/6/10 [1991-09-01]
+#
+#	The Rule About Change of the Official Time of the Country
+#
+#	The Board of Ministers, in the meeting dated 1370/5/23 [1991-08-14],
+#	based on the suggestion number 2221/D dated 1370/4/22 [1991-07-13]
+#	of the Country's Organization for Official and Employment Affairs,
+#	and referring to the law for equating the working hours of workers
+#	and officers in the whole country dated 1359/4/23 [1980-07-14], and
+#	for synchronizing the official times of the country, agreed that:
+#
+#	The official time of the country will should move forward one hour
+#	at the 24[:00] hours of the first day of Farvardin and should return
+#	to its previous state at the 24[:00] hours of the 30th day of
+#	Shahrivar.
+#
+#	First Deputy to the President - Hassan Habibi
+#
+# From personal experience, that agrees with what has been followed
+# for at least the last 5 years.  Before that, for a few years, the
+# date used was the first Thursday night of Farvardin and the last
+# Thursday night of Shahrivar, but I can't give exact dates....
+#
+# From Roozbeh Pournader (2005-04-05):
+# The text of the Iranian law, in effect since 1925, clearly mentions
+# that the true solar year is the measure, and there is no arithmetic
+# leap year calculation involved.  There has never been any serious
+# plan to change that law....
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-06-30):
+# Go with Pournader for 1935 through spring 1979, and for timestamps
+# after August 1991; go with with Shanks & Pottenger for other timestamps.
+# Go with Santoni's citation of the UIT for fall 1977, as 20 October 1977
+# is 28 Mehr 1356, consistent with the "Mehr" in Pournader's source.
+# Assume that the UIT's "1930" is UTC, i.e., 24:00 local time.
+#
+# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-03-30), writing about future
+# discrepancies between cal-persia and the Iranian calendar:
+# For 2091 solar-longitude-after yields 2091-03-20 08:40:07.7 UT for
+# the vernal equinox and that gets so close to 12:00 some local
+# Iranian time that the definition of the correct location needs to be
+# known exactly, amongst other factors.  2157 is even closer:
+# 2157-03-20 08:37:15.5 UT.  But the Gregorian year 2025 should give
+# no interpretation problem whatsoever.  By the way, another instant
+# in the near future where there will be a discrepancy between
+# arithmetical and astronomical Iranian calendars will be in 2058:
+# vernal equinox on 2058-03-20 09:03:05.9 UT.  The Java version of
+# Reingold's/Dershowitz' calculator gives correctly the Gregorian date
+# 2058-03-21 for 1 Farvardin 1437 (astronomical).
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2006-03-22):
+# Several of my users have reported that Iran will not observe DST anymore:
+# http://www.irna.ir/en/news/view/line-17/0603193812164948.htm
+#
+# From Reuters (2007-09-16), with a heads-up from Jesper Nørgaard Welen:
+# ... the Guardian Council ... approved a law on Sunday to re-introduce
+# daylight saving time ...
+# https://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKBLA65048420070916
+#
+# From Roozbeh Pournader (2007-11-05):
+# This is quoted from Official Gazette of the Islamic Republic of
+# Iran, Volume 63, No. 18242, dated Tuesday 1386/6/24
+# [2007-10-16]. I am doing the best translation I can:...
+# The official time of the country will be moved forward for one hour
+# on the 24 hours of the first day of the month of Farvardin and will
+# be changed back to its previous state on the 24 hours of the
+# thirtieth day of Shahrivar.
+#
+# From Ali Mirjamali (2022-05-10):
+# Official IR News Agency announcement: irna.ir/xjJ3TT
+# ...
+# Highlights: DST will be cancelled for the next Iranian year 1402
+# (i.e 2023-March-21) and forthcoming years.
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Work around a bug in zic 2022a and earlier.
+Rule	Iran	1910	only	-	Jan	 1	00:00	0	-
+#
+Rule	Iran	1977	only	-	Mar	21	23:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	1977	only	-	Oct	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	1978	only	-	Mar	24	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	1978	only	-	Aug	 5	01:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	1979	only	-	May	26	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	1979	only	-	Sep	18	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	1980	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	1980	only	-	Sep	22	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	1991	only	-	May	 2	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	1992	1995	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	1991	1995	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	1996	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	1996	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	1997	1999	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	1997	1999	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2000	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2000	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2001	2003	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2001	2003	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2004	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2004	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2005	only	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2005	only	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2008	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2008	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2009	2011	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2009	2011	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2012	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2012	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2013	2015	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2013	2015	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2016	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2016	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2017	2019	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2017	2019	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2020	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2020	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2021	2022	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2021	2022	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Tehran	3:25:44	-	LMT	1916
+			3:25:44	-	TMT	1935 Jun 13 # Tehran Mean Time
+			3:30	Iran	+0330/+0430 1977 Oct 20 24:00
+			4:00	Iran	+04/+05	1979
+			3:30	Iran	+0330/+0430
+
+
+# Iraq
+#
+# From Jonathan Lennox (2000-06-12):
+# An article in this week's Economist ("Inside the Saddam-free zone", p. 50 in
+# the U.S. edition) on the Iraqi Kurds contains a paragraph:
+# "The three northern provinces ... switched their clocks this spring and
+# are an hour ahead of Baghdad."
+#
+# But Rives McDow (2000-06-18) quotes a contact in Iraqi-Kurdistan as follows:
+# In the past, some Kurdish nationalists, as a protest to the Iraqi
+# Government, did not adhere to daylight saving time.  They referred
+# to daylight saving as Saddam time.  But, as of today, the time zone
+# in Iraqi-Kurdistan is on standard time with Baghdad, Iraq.
+#
+# So we'll ignore the Economist's claim.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-10):
+# The cabinet in Iraq abolished DST last week, according to the following
+# news sources (in Arabic):
+# http://www.aljeeran.net/wesima_articles/news-20080305-98602.html
+# http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/article.tpl?id=2047&IdLanguage=17&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=71743&NrIssue=1&NrSection=10
+#
+# We have published a short article in English about the change:
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/iraq-dumps-daylight-saving.html
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Iraq	1982	only	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iraq	1982	1984	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Iraq	1983	only	-	Mar	31	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iraq	1984	1985	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iraq	1985	1990	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
+Rule	Iraq	1986	1990	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	-
+# IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says Apr 1 12:01am UTC; guess the ':01' is a typo.
+# Shanks & Pottenger say Iraq did not observe DST 1992/1997; ignore this.
+#
+Rule	Iraq	1991	2007	-	Apr	 1	3:00s	1:00	-
+Rule	Iraq	1991	2007	-	Oct	 1	3:00s	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Baghdad	2:57:40	-	LMT	1890
+			2:57:36	-	BMT	1918     # Baghdad Mean Time?
+			3:00	-	+03	1982 May
+			3:00	Iraq	+03/+04
+
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# Israel
+
+# For more info about the motivation for DST in Israel, see:
+# Barak Y. Israel's Daylight Saving Time controversy. Israel Affairs.
+# 2020-08-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2020.1806564
+
+# From Ephraim Silverberg (2001-01-11):
+#
+# I coined "IST/IDT" circa 1988.  Until then there were three
+# different abbreviations in use:
+#
+# JST  Jerusalem Standard Time [Danny Braniss, Hebrew University]
+# IZT  Israel Zonal (sic) Time [Prof. Haim Papo, Technion]
+# EEST Eastern Europe Standard Time [used by almost everyone else]
+#
+# Since timezones should be called by country and not capital cities,
+# I ruled out JST.  As Israel is in Asia Minor and not Eastern Europe,
+# EEST was equally unacceptable.  Since "zonal" was not compatible with
+# any other timezone abbreviation, I felt that 'IST' was the way to go
+# and, indeed, it has received almost universal acceptance in timezone
+# settings in Israeli computers.
+#
+# In any case, I am happy to share timezone abbreviations with India,
+# high on my favorite-country list (and not only because my wife's
+# family is from India).
+
+# From P Chan (2020-10-27), with corrections:
+#
+# 1940-1946 Supplement No. 2 to the Palestine Gazette
+# # issue page  Order No.   dated      start        end         note
+# 1 1010  729  67 of 1940 1940-05-22 1940-05-31* 1940-09-30* revoked by #2
+# 2 1013  758  73 of 1940 1940-05-31 1940-05-31  1940-09-30
+# 3 1055 1574 196 of 1940 1940-11-06 1940-11-16  1940-12-31
+# 4 1066 1811 208 of 1940 1940-12-17 1940-12-31  1941-12-31
+# 5 1156 1967 116 of 1941 1941-12-16 1941-12-31  1942-12-31* amended by #6
+# 6 1228 1608  86 of 1942 1942-10-14 1941-12-31  1942-10-31
+# 7 1256  279  21 of 1943 1943-03-18 1943-03-31  1943-10-31
+# 8 1323  249  19 of 1944 1944-03-13 1944-03-31  1944-10-31
+# 9 1402  328  20 of 1945 1945-04-05 1945-04-15  1945-10-31
+#10 1487  596  14 of 1946 1946-04-04 1946-04-15  1946-10-31
+#
+# 1948 Iton Rishmi (Official Gazette of the Provisional Government)
+# #    issue    page   dated      start       end
+#11 2             7 1948-05-20 1948-05-22 1948-10-31*
+#	^This moved timezone to +04, replaced by #12 from 1948-08-31 24:00 GMT.
+#12 17 (Annex B) 84 1948-08-22 1948-08-31 1948-10-31
+#
+# 1949-2000 Kovetz HaTakanot (Collection of Regulations)
+# # issue page  dated      start       end            note
+#13    6  133 1949-03-23 1949-04-30  1949-10-31
+#14   80  755 1950-03-17 1950-04-15  1950-09-14
+#15  164  782 1951-03-22 1951-03-31  1951-09-29* amended by #16
+#16  206 1940 1951-09-23 ----------  1951-10-22* amended by #17
+#17  212   78 1951-10-19 ----------  1951-11-10
+#18  254  652 1952-03-03 1952-04-19  1952-09-27* amended by #19
+#19  300   11 1952-09-15 ----------  1952-10-18
+#20  348  817 1953-03-03 1953-04-11  1953-09-12
+#21  420  385 1954-02-17 1954-06-12  1954-09-11
+#22  497  548 1955-01-14 1955-06-11  1955-09-10
+#23  591  608 1956-03-12 1956-06-02  1956-09-29
+#24  680  957 1957-02-08 1957-04-27  1957-09-21
+#25 3192 1418 1974-06-28 1974-07-06  1974-10-12
+#26 3322 1389 1975-04-03 1975-04-19  1975-08-30
+#27 4146 2089 1980-07-15 1980-08-02  1980-09-13
+#28 4604 1081 1984-02-22 1984-05-05* 1984-08-25* revoked by #29
+#29 4619 1312 1984-04-06 1984-05-05  1984-08-25
+#30 4744  475 1984-12-23 1985-04-13  1985-09-14* amended by #31
+#31 4851 1848 1985-08-18 ----------  1985-08-31
+#32 4932  899 1986-04-22 1986-05-17  1986-09-06
+#33 5013  580 1987-02-15 1987-04-18* 1987-08-22* revoked by #34
+#34 5021  744 1987-03-30 1987-04-14  1987-09-12
+#35 5096  659 1988-02-14 1988-04-09  1988-09-03
+#36 5167  514 1989-02-03 1989-04-29  1989-09-02
+#37 5248  375 1990-01-23 1990-03-24  1990-08-25
+#38 5335  612 1991-02-10 1991-03-09* 1991-08-31	 amended by #39
+#			 1992-03-28  1992-09-05
+#39 5339  709 1991-03-04 1991-03-23  ----------
+#40 5506  503 1993-02-18 1993-04-02  1993-09-05
+#			 1994-04-01  1994-08-28
+#			 1995-03-31  1995-09-03
+#41 5731  438 1996-01-01 1996-03-14  1996-09-15
+#			 1997-03-13* 1997-09-18* overridden by 1997 Temp Prov
+#			 1998-03-19* 1998-09-17* revoked by #42
+#42 5853 1243 1997-09-18 1998-03-19  1998-09-05
+#43 5937   77 1998-10-18 1999-04-02  1999-09-03
+#			 2000-04-14* 2000-09-15* revoked by #44
+#			 2001-04-13* 2001-09-14* revoked by #44
+#44 6024   39 2000-03-14 2000-04-14  2000-10-22* overridden by 2000 Temp Prov
+#			 2001-04-06* 2001-10-10* overridden by 2000 Temp Prov
+#			 2002-03-29* 2002-10-29* overridden by 2000 Temp Prov
+#
+# These are laws enacted by the Knesset since the Minister could only alter the
+# transition dates at least six months in advanced under the 1992 Law.
+#				dated		start		end
+# 1997 Temporary Provisions	1997-03-06	1997-03-20	1997-09-13
+# 2000 Temporary Provisions	2000-07-28	----------	2000-10-06
+#						2001-04-09	2001-09-24
+#						2002-03-29	2002-10-07
+#						2003-03-28	2003-10-03
+#						2004-04-07	2004-09-22
+# Note:
+# Transition times in 1940-1957 (#1-#24) were midnight GMT,
+# in 1974-1998 (#25-#42 and the 1997 Temporary Provisions) were midnight,
+# in 1999-April 2000 (#43,#44) were 02:00,
+# in the 2000 Temporary Provisions were 01:00.
+#
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Links:
+# 1 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537490&increment=687
+# 2 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537490&increment=716
+# 3 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537491&increment=721
+# 4 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537491&increment=958
+# 5 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537502&increment=558
+# 6 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537511&increment=105
+# 7 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537516&increment=278
+# 8 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537522&increment=248
+# 9 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537530&increment=329
+#10 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537537&increment=601
+#11 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law12/er-002.pdf#page=3
+#12 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law12/er-017-t2.pdf#page=4
+#13 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0006.pdf#page=3
+#14 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0080.pdf#page=7
+#15 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0164.pdf#page=10
+#16 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0206.pdf#page=4
+#17 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0212.pdf#page=2
+#18 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0254.pdf#page=4
+#19 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0300.pdf#page=5
+#20 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0348.pdf#page=3
+#21 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0420.pdf#page=5
+#22 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0497.pdf#page=10
+#23 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0591.pdf#page=6
+#24 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0680.pdf#page=3
+#25 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-3192.pdf#page=2
+#26 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-3322.pdf#page=5
+#27 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4146.pdf#page=2
+#28 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4604.pdf#page=7
+#29 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4619.pdf#page=2
+#30 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4744.pdf#page=11
+#31 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4851.pdf#page=2
+#32 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4932.pdf#page=19
+#33 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5013.pdf#page=8
+#34 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5021.pdf#page=8
+#35 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5096.pdf#page=3
+#36 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5167.pdf#page=2
+#37 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5248.pdf#page=7
+#38 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5335.pdf#page=6
+#39 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5339.pdf#page=7
+#40 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5506.pdf#page=19
+#41 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5731.pdf#page=2
+#42 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5853.pdf#page=3
+#43 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5937.pdf#page=9
+#44 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-6024.pdf#page=4
+#
+# Time Determination (Temporary Provisions) Law, 1997
+# https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law19/p201_003.htm
+#
+# Time Determination (Temporary Provisions) Law, 2000
+# https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law19/p201_004.htm
+#
+# Time Determination Law, 1992 and amendments
+# https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/p201_002.htm
+# https://main.knesset.gov.il/Activity/Legislation/Laws/Pages/LawPrimary.aspx?lawitemid=2001174
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2020-10-27):
+# Several of the midnight transitions mentioned above are ambiguous;
+# are they 00:00, 00:00s, 24:00, or 24:00s?  When resolving these ambiguities,
+# try to minimize changes from previous tzdb versions, for lack of better info.
+# Commentary from previous versions is included below, to help explain this.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Zion	1940	only	-	May	31	24:00u	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1940	only	-	Sep	30	24:00u	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1940	only	-	Nov	16	24:00u	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1942	1946	-	Oct	31	24:00u	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1943	1944	-	Mar	31	24:00u	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1945	1946	-	Apr	15	24:00u	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1948	only	-	May	22	24:00u	2:00	DD
+Rule	Zion	1948	only	-	Aug	31	24:00u	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1948	1949	-	Oct	31	24:00u	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1949	only	-	Apr	30	24:00u	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1950	only	-	Apr	15	24:00u	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1950	only	-	Sep	14	24:00u	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1951	only	-	Mar	31	24:00u	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1951	only	-	Nov	10	24:00u	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1952	only	-	Apr	19	24:00u	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1952	only	-	Oct	18	24:00u	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1953	only	-	Apr	11	24:00u	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1953	only	-	Sep	12	24:00u	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1954	only	-	Jun	12	24:00u	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1954	only	-	Sep	11	24:00u	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1955	only	-	Jun	11	24:00u	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1955	only	-	Sep	10	24:00u	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1956	only	-	Jun	 2	24:00u	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1956	only	-	Sep	29	24:00u	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1957	only	-	Apr	27	24:00u	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1957	only	-	Sep	21	24:00u	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1974	only	-	Jul	 6	24:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1974	only	-	Oct	12	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1975	only	-	Apr	19	24:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1975	only	-	Aug	30	24:00	0	S
+
+# From Alois Treindl (2019-03-06):
+# http://www.moin.gov.il/Documents/שעון%20קיץ/clock-50-years-7-2014.pdf
+# From Isaac Starkman (2019-03-06):
+# Summer time was in that period in 1980 and 1984, see
+# https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3951073,00.html
+# You can of course read it in translation.
+# I checked the local newspapers for that years.
+# It started on midnight and end at 01.00 am.
+# From Paul Eggert (2019-03-06):
+# Also see this thread about the moin.gov.il URL:
+# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-November/027194.html
+Rule	Zion	1980	only	-	Aug	 2	24:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1980	only	-	Sep	13	24:00s	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1984	only	-	May	 5	24:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1984	only	-	Aug	25	24:00s	0	S
+
+Rule	Zion	1985	only	-	Apr	13	24:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1985	only	-	Aug	31	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1986	only	-	May	17	24:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1986	only	-	Sep	 6	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1987	only	-	Apr	14	24:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1987	only	-	Sep	12	24:00	0	S
+
+# From Avigdor Finkelstein (2014-03-05):
+# I check the Parliament (Knesset) records and there it's stated that the
+# [1988] transition should take place on Saturday night, when the Sabbath
+# ends and changes to Sunday.
+Rule	Zion	1988	only	-	Apr	 9	24:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1988	only	-	Sep	 3	24:00	0	S
+
+# From Ephraim Silverberg
+# (1997-03-04, 1998-03-16, 1998-12-28, 2000-01-17, 2000-07-25, 2004-12-22,
+# and 2005-02-17):
+
+# According to the Office of the Secretary General of the Ministry of
+# Interior, there is NO set rule for Daylight-Savings/Standard time changes.
+# One thing is entrenched in law, however: that there must be at least 150
+# days of daylight savings time annually.  From 1993-1998, the change to
+# daylight savings time was on a Friday morning from midnight IST to
+# 1 a.m IDT; up until 1998, the change back to standard time was on a
+# Saturday night from midnight daylight savings time to 11 p.m. standard
+# time.  1996 is an exception to this rule where the change back to standard
+# time took place on Sunday night instead of Saturday night to avoid
+# conflicts with the Jewish New Year.  In 1999, the change to
+# daylight savings time was still on a Friday morning but from
+# 2 a.m. IST to 3 a.m. IDT; furthermore, the change back to standard time
+# was also on a Friday morning from 2 a.m. IDT to 1 a.m. IST for
+# 1999 only.  In the year 2000, the change to daylight savings time was
+# similar to 1999, but although the change back will be on a Friday, it
+# will take place from 1 a.m. IDT to midnight IST.  Starting in 2001, all
+# changes to/from will take place at 1 a.m. old time, but now there is no
+# rule as to what day of the week it will take place in as the start date
+# (except in 2003) is the night after the Passover Seder (i.e. the eve
+# of the 16th of Nisan in the lunar Hebrew calendar) and the end date
+# (except in 2002) is three nights before Yom Kippur [Day of Atonement]
+# (the eve of the 7th of Tishrei in the lunar Hebrew calendar).
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Zion	1989	only	-	Apr	29	24:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1989	only	-	Sep	 2	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1990	only	-	Mar	24	24:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1990	only	-	Aug	25	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1991	only	-	Mar	23	24:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1991	only	-	Aug	31	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1992	only	-	Mar	28	24:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1992	only	-	Sep	 5	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1993	only	-	Apr	 2	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1993	only	-	Sep	 5	0:00	0	S
+
+# The dates for 1994-1995 were obtained from Office of the Spokeswoman for the
+# Ministry of Interior, Jerusalem, Israel.  The spokeswoman can be reached by
+# calling the office directly at 972-2-6701447 or 972-2-6701448.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Zion	1994	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1994	only	-	Aug	28	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1995	only	-	Mar	31	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1995	only	-	Sep	 3	0:00	0	S
+
+# The dates for 1996 were determined by the Minister of Interior of the
+# time, Haim Ramon.  The official announcement regarding 1996-1998
+# (with the dates for 1997-1998 no longer being relevant) can be viewed at:
+#
+#   ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/1996-1998.ramon.ps.gz
+#
+# The dates for 1997-1998 were altered by his successor, Rabbi Eli Suissa.
+#
+# The official announcements for the years 1997-1999 can be viewed at:
+#
+#   ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/YYYY.ps.gz
+#
+#       where YYYY is the relevant year.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Zion	1996	only	-	Mar	14	24:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1996	only	-	Sep	15	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1997	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1997	only	-	Sep	13	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1998	only	-	Mar	20	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1998	only	-	Sep	 6	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1999	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1999	only	-	Sep	 3	2:00	0	S
+
+# The Knesset Interior Committee has changed the dates for 2000 for
+# the third time in just over a year and have set new dates for the
+# years 2001-2004 as well.
+#
+# The official announcement for the start date of 2000 can be viewed at:
+#
+#	ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-start.ps.gz
+#
+# The official announcement for the end date of 2000 and the dates
+# for the years 2001-2004 can be viewed at:
+#
+#	ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-2004.ps.gz
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Zion	2000	only	-	Apr	14	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	2000	only	-	Oct	 6	1:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	2001	only	-	Apr	 9	1:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	2001	only	-	Sep	24	1:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	2002	only	-	Mar	29	1:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	2002	only	-	Oct	 7	1:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	2003	only	-	Mar	28	1:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	2003	only	-	Oct	 3	1:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	2004	only	-	Apr	 7	1:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	2004	only	-	Sep	22	1:00	0	S
+
+# The proposed law agreed upon by the Knesset Interior Committee on
+# 2005-02-14 is that, for 2005 and beyond, DST starts at 02:00 the
+# last Friday before April 2nd (i.e. the last Friday in March or April
+# 1st itself if it falls on a Friday) and ends at 02:00 on the Saturday
+# night _before_ the fast of Yom Kippur.
+#
+# Those who can read Hebrew can view the announcement at:
+#
+#	ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2005+beyond.ps
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Zion	2005	2012	-	Apr	Fri<=1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	2005	only	-	Oct	 9	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	2006	only	-	Oct	 1	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	2007	only	-	Sep	16	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	2008	only	-	Oct	 5	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	2009	only	-	Sep	27	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	2010	only	-	Sep	12	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	2011	only	-	Oct	 2	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	2012	only	-	Sep	23	2:00	0	S
+
+# From Ephraim Silverberg (2020-10-26):
+# The current time law (2013) from the State of Israel can be viewed
+# (in Hebrew) at:
+# ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/israel/announcements/2013+law.pdf
+# It translates to:
+# Every year, in the period from the Friday before the last Sunday in
+# the month of March at 02:00 a.m. until the last Sunday of the month
+# of October at 02:00 a.m., Israel Time will be advanced an additional
+# hour such that it will be UTC+3.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Zion	2013	max	-	Mar	Fri>=23	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	2013	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Jerusalem	2:20:54 -	LMT	1880
+			2:20:40	-	JMT	1918 # Jerusalem Mean Time?
+			2:00	Zion	I%sT
+
+
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# Japan
+
+# '9:00' and 'JST' is from Guy Harris.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2020-01-19):
+# Starting in the 7th century, Japan generally followed an ancient Chinese
+# timekeeping system that divided night and day into six hours each,
+# with hour length depending on season.  In 1873 the government
+# started requiring the use of a Western style 24-hour clock.  See:
+# Yulia Frumer, "Making Time: Astronomical Time Measurement in Tokugawa Japan"
+# <https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1043907065>.  As the tzdb code and
+# data support only 24-hour clocks, its tables model timestamps before
+# 1873 using Western-style local mean time.
+
+# From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-09):
+# 'Tokyo' usually stands for the former location of Tokyo Astronomical
+# Observatory: 139° 44' 40.90" E (9h 18m 58.727s), 35° 39' 16.0" N.
+# This data is from 'Rika Nenpyou (Chronological Scientific Tables) 1996'
+# edited by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan....
+# JST (Japan Standard Time) has been used since 1888-01-01 00:00 (JST).
+# The law is enacted on 1886-07-07.
+
+# From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-16):
+# The ordinance No. 51 (1886) established "standard time" in Japan,
+# which stands for the time on 135° E.
+# In the ordinance No. 167 (1895), "standard time" was renamed to "central
+# standard time".  And the same ordinance also established "western standard
+# time", which stands for the time on 120° E....  But "western standard
+# time" was abolished in the ordinance No. 529 (1937).  In the ordinance No.
+# 167, there is no mention regarding for what place western standard time is
+# standard....
+#
+# I wrote "ordinance" above, but I don't know how to translate.
+# In Japanese it's "chokurei", which means ordinance from emperor.
+
+# From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
+# ...the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of Meiji Year 28 "The clause
+# about standard time" ... The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896.
+# https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
+#
+# ...the Showa Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 ... which
+# means the whole Japan territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan
+# Central Time (UT+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937.
+# https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1995-03-06):
+# Today's _Asahi Evening News_ (page 4) reports that Japan had
+# daylight saving between 1948 and 1951, but "the system was discontinued
+# because the public believed it would lead to longer working hours."
+
+# From Mayumi Negishi in the 2005-08-10 Japan Times:
+# http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?nn20050810f2.htm
+# Occupation authorities imposed daylight-saving time on Japan on
+# [1948-05-01]....  But lack of prior debate and the execution of
+# daylight-saving time just three days after the bill was passed generated
+# deep hatred of the concept....  The Diet unceremoniously passed a bill to
+# dump the unpopular system in October 1951, less than a month after the San
+# Francisco Peace Treaty was signed.  (A government poll in 1951 showed 53%
+# of the Japanese wanted to scrap daylight-saving time, as opposed to 30% who
+# wanted to keep it.)
+
+# From Takayuki Nikai (2018-01-19):
+# The source of information is Japanese law.
+# http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/houritsu/00219480428029.htm
+# http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/houritsu/00719500331039.htm
+# ... In summary, it is written as follows.  From 24:00 on the first Saturday
+# in May, until 0:00 on the day after the second Saturday in September.
+
+# From Phake Nick (2018-09-27):
+# [T]he webpage authored by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
+# https://eco.mtk.nao.ac.jp/koyomi/wiki/BBFEB9EF2FB2C6BBFEB9EF.html
+# ... mentioned that using Showa 23 (year 1948) as example, 13pm of September
+# 11 in summer time will equal to 0am of September 12 in standard time.
+# It cited a document issued by the Liaison Office which briefly existed
+# during the postwar period of Japan, where the detail on implementation
+# of the summer time is described in the document.
+# https://eco.mtk.nao.ac.jp/koyomi/wiki/BBFEB9EF2FB2C6BBFEB9EFB2C6BBFEB9EFA4CEBCC2BBDCA4CBA4C4A4A4A4C6.pdf
+# The text in the document do instruct a fall back to occur at
+# September 11, 13pm in summer time, while ordinary citizens can
+# change the clock before they sleep.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-09-27):
+# This instruction is equivalent to "Sat>=8 25:00", so use that.  zic treats
+# it like "Sun>=9 01:00", which is not quite the same but is the best we can
+# do in any POSIX or C platform.  The "25:00" assumes zic from 2007 or later,
+# which should be safe now.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Japan	1948	only	-	May	Sat>=1	24:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Japan	1948	1951	-	Sep	Sat>=8	25:00	0	S
+Rule	Japan	1949	only	-	Apr	Sat>=1	24:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Japan	1950	1951	-	May	Sat>=1	24:00	1:00	D
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Tokyo	9:18:59	-	LMT	1887 Dec 31 15:00u
+			9:00	Japan	J%sT
+# Since 1938, all Japanese possessions have been like Asia/Tokyo,
+# except that Truk (Chuuk), Ponape (Pohnpei), and Jaluit (Kosrae) did not
+# switch from +10 to +09 until 1941-04-01; see the 'australasia' file.
+
+# Jordan
+#
+# From <http://star.arabia.com/990701/JO9.html>
+# Jordan Week (1999-07-01) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
+# Clocks in Jordan were forwarded one hour on Wednesday at midnight,
+# in accordance with the government's decision to implement summer time
+# all year round.
+#
+# From <http://star.arabia.com/990930/JO9.html>
+# Jordan Week (1999-09-30) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-11-09):
+# Winter time starts today Thursday, 30 September. Clocks will be turned back
+# by one hour.  This is the latest government decision and it's final!
+# The decision was taken because of the increase in working hours in
+# government's departments from six to seven hours.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
+# Starting 2003 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23):
+# For Jordan I have received multiple independent user reports every year
+# about DST end dates, as the end-rule is different every year.
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2006-10-01), after a heads-up from Hilal Malawi:
+# http://www.petranews.gov.jo/nepras/2006/Sep/05/4000.htm
+# "Jordan will switch to winter time on Friday, October 27".
+#
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-02):
+# This single one might be good enough, (2009-03-24, Arabic):
+# http://petra.gov.jo/Artical.aspx?Lng=2&Section=8&Artical=95279
+#
+# Google's translation:
+#
+# > The Council of Ministers decided in 2002 to adopt the principle of timely
+# > submission of the summer at 60 minutes as of midnight on the last Thursday
+# > of the month of March of each year.
+#
+# So - this means the midnight between Thursday and Friday since 2002.
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2009-04-06):
+# We still have Jordan switching to DST on Thursdays in 2000 and 2001.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-10-25):
+# Yesterday the government in Jordan announced that they will not
+# switch back to standard time this winter, so the will stay on DST
+# until about the same time next year (at least).
+# http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?NewsID=88950
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-12-11):
+# Jordan Times and other sources say that Jordan is going back to
+# UTC+2 on 2013-12-19 at midnight:
+# http://jordantimes.com/govt-decides-to-switch-back-to-wintertime
+# Official, in Arabic:
+# http://www.petra.gov.jo/public_news/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?Menu_ID=&Site_Id=2&lang=1&NewsID=133230&CatID=14
+# ... Our background/permalink about it
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/jordan-reverses-dst-decision.html
+# ...
+# http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?lang=2&site_id=1&NewsID=133313&Type=P
+# ... says midnight for the coming one and 1:00 for the ones in the future
+# (and they will use DST again next year, using the normal schedule).
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-12-11):
+# As Steffen suggested, consider the past 21-month experiment to be DST.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2021-09-24):
+# The Jordanian Government announced yesterday that they will start DST
+# in February instead of March:
+# https://petra.gov.jo/Include/InnerPage.jsp?ID=37683&lang=en&name=en_news (English)
+# https://petra.gov.jo/Include/InnerPage.jsp?ID=189969&lang=ar&name=news (Arabic)
+# From the Arabic version, it seems to say it would be at midnight
+# (assume 24:00) on the last Thursday in February, starting from 2022.
+
+# From Issam Al-Zuwairi (2022-10-05):
+# The Council of Ministers in Jordan decided Wednesday 5th October 2022,
+# that daylight saving time (DST) will be throughout the year....
+#
+# From Brian Inglis (2022-10-06):
+# https://petra.gov.jo/Include/InnerPage.jsp?ID=45567&lang=en&name=en_news
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-10-05):
+# Like Syria, model this as a transition from EEST +03 (DST) to plain +03
+# (non-DST) at the point where DST would otherwise have ended.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Jordan	1973	only	-	Jun	6	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	1973	1975	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	1974	1977	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	1976	only	-	Nov	1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	1977	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	1978	only	-	Apr	30	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	1978	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	1985	only	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	1985	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	1986	1988	-	Apr	Fri>=1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	1986	1990	-	Oct	Fri>=1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	1989	only	-	May	8	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	1990	only	-	Apr	27	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	1991	only	-	Apr	17	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	1991	only	-	Sep	27	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	1992	only	-	Apr	10	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	1992	1993	-	Oct	Fri>=1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	1993	1998	-	Apr	Fri>=1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	1994	only	-	Sep	Fri>=15	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	1995	1998	-	Sep	Fri>=15	0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	1999	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	1999	2002	-	Sep	lastFri	0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	2000	2001	-	Mar	lastThu	0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	2002	2012	-	Mar	lastThu	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	2003	only	-	Oct	24	0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	2004	only	-	Oct	15	0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	2005	only	-	Sep	lastFri	0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	2006	2011	-	Oct	lastFri	0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	2013	only	-	Dec	20	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	2014	2021	-	Mar	lastThu	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	2014	2022	-	Oct	lastFri	0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	2022	only	-	Feb	lastThu	24:00	1:00	S
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Amman	2:23:44 -	LMT	1931
+			2:00	Jordan	EE%sT	2022 Oct 28 0:00s
+			3:00	-	+03
+
+
+# Kazakhstan
+
+# From Kazakhstan Embassy's News Bulletin No. 11
+# <http://www.kazsociety.org.uk/news/2005/03/30.htm> (2005-03-21):
+# The Government of Kazakhstan passed a resolution March 15 abolishing
+# daylight saving time citing lack of economic benefits and health
+# complications coupled with a decrease in productivity.
+#
+# From Branislav Kojic (in Astana) via Gwillim Law (2005-06-28):
+# ... what happened was that the former Kazakhstan Eastern time zone
+# was "blended" with the Central zone.  Therefore, Kazakhstan now has
+# two time zones, and difference between them is one hour.  The zone
+# closer to UTC is the former Western zone (probably still called the
+# same), encompassing four provinces in the west: Aqtöbe, Atyraū,
+# Mangghystaū, and West Kazakhstan.  The other zone encompasses
+# everything else....  I guess that would make Kazakhstan time zones
+# de jure UTC+5 and UTC+6 respectively.
+
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27):
+# Review of the linked documents from http://adilet.zan.kz/
+# produced the following data for post-1991 Kazakhstan:
+#
+# 0. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR
+# from 1991-02-04 No. 20
+# http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102010545
+# removed the extra hour ("decree time") on the territory of the USSR
+# starting with the last Sunday of March 1991.
+# It also allowed (but not mandated) Kazakh SSR, Kirghiz SSR, Tajik SSR,
+# Turkmen SSR and Uzbek SSR to not have "summer" time.
+#
+# The 1992-01-13 act also refers to the act of the Cabinet of Ministers
+# of the Kazakh SSR from 1991-03-20 No. 170 "About the act of the Cabinet
+# of Ministers of the USSR from 1991-02-04 No. 20" but I didn't found its
+# text.
+#
+# According to Izvestia newspaper No. 68 (23334) from 1991-03-20
+# -- page 6; available at http://libinfo.org/newsr/newsr2574.djvu via
+# http://libinfo.org/index.php?id=58564 -- on 1991-03-31 at 2:00 during
+# transition to "summer" time:
+# Republic of Georgia, Latvian SSR, Lithuanian SSR, SSR Moldova,
+# Estonian SSR; Komi ASSR; Kaliningrad oblast; Nenets autonomous okrug
+# were to move clocks 1 hour forward.
+# Kazakh SSR (excluding Uralsk oblast); Republic of Kyrgyzstan, Tajik
+# SSR; Andijan, Jizzakh, Namangan, Sirdarya, Tashkent, Fergana oblasts
+# of the Uzbek SSR were to move clocks 1 hour backwards.
+# Other territories were to not move clocks.
+# When the "summer" time would end on 1991-09-29, clocks were to be
+# moved 1 hour backwards on the territory of the USSR excluding
+# Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Uzbekistan, Turkmenia, Tajikistan.
+#
+# Apparently there were last minute changes. Apparently Kazakh act No. 170
+# was one of such changes.
+#
+# https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декретное_время
+# claims that Sovetskaya Rossiya newspaper on 1991-03-29 published that
+# Nenets autonomous okrug, Komi and Kazakhstan (excluding Uralsk oblast)
+# were to not move clocks and Uralsk oblast was to move clocks
+# forward; on 1991-09-29 Kazakhstan was to move clocks backwards.
+# (Probably there were changes even after that publication. There is an
+# article claiming that Kaliningrad oblast decided on 1991-03-29 to not
+# move clocks.)
+#
+# This implies that on 1991-03-31 Asia/Oral remained on +04/+05 while
+# the rest of Kazakhstan switched from +06/+07 to +05/06 or from +05/06
+# to +04/+05. It's unclear how Qyzylorda oblast moved into the fifth
+# time belt. (By switching from +04/+05 to +05/+06 on 1991-09-29?) ...
+#
+# 1. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 1992-01-13 No. 28
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P920000028_
+# (text includes modification from the 1996 act)
+# introduced new rules for calculation of time, mirroring Russian
+# 1992-01-08 act.  It specified that time would be calculated
+# according to time belts plus extra hour ("decree time"), moved clocks
+# on the whole territory of Kazakhstan 1 hour forward on 1992-01-19 at
+# 2:00, specified DST rules.  It acknowledged that Kazakhstan was
+# located in the fourth and the fifth time belts and specified the
+# border between them to be located east of Qostanay and Aktyubinsk
+# oblasts (notably including Turgai and Qyzylorda oblasts into the fifth
+# time belt).
+#
+# This means switch on 1992-01-19 at 2:00 from +04/+05 to +05/+06 for
+# Asia/Aqtau, Asia/Aqtobe, Asia/Oral, Atyraū and Qostanay oblasts; from
+# +05/+06 to +06/+07 for Asia/Almaty and Asia/Qyzylorda (and Arkalyk)....
+#
+# 2. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 1992-03-27 No. 284
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P920000284_
+# cancels extra hour ("decree time") for Uralsk and Qyzylorda oblasts
+# since the last Sunday of March 1992, while keeping them in the fourth
+# and the fifth time belts respectively.
+#
+# 3. Order of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 1994-09-23 No. 384
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/R940000384_
+# cancels the extra hour ("decree time") on the territory of Mangghystaū
+# oblast since the last Sunday of September 1994 (saying that time on
+# the territory would correspond to the third time belt as a
+# result)....
+#
+# 4. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 1996-05-08 No. 575
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P960000575_
+# amends the 1992-01-13 act to end summer time in October instead
+# of September, mirroring identical Russian change from 1996-04-23 act.
+#
+# 5. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 1999-03-26 No. 305
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P990000305_
+# cancels the extra hour ("decree time") for Atyraū oblast since the
+# last Sunday of March 1999 while retaining the oblast in the fourth
+# time belt.
+#
+# This means change from +05/+06 to +04/+05....
+#
+# 6. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 2000-11-23 No. 1749
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/archive/docs/P000001749_/23.11.2000
+# replaces the previous five documents.
+#
+# The only changes I noticed are in definition of the border between the
+# fourth and the fifth time belts.  They account for changes in spelling
+# and administrative division (splitting of Turgai oblast in 1997
+# probably changed time in territories incorporated into Qostanay oblast
+# (including Arkalyk) from +06/+07 to +05/+06) and move Qyzylorda oblast
+# from being in the fifth time belt and not using decree time into the
+# fourth time belt (no change in practice).
+#
+# 7. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 2003-12-29 No. 1342
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P030001342_
+# modified the 2000-11-23 act.  No relevant changes, apparently.
+#
+# 8. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 2004-07-20 No. 775
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/archive/docs/P040000775_/20.07.2004
+# modified the 2000-11-23 act to move Qostanay and Qyzylorda oblasts into
+# the fifth time belt and add Aktobe oblast to the list of regions not
+# using extra hour ("decree time"), leaving Kazakhstan with only 2 time
+# zones (+04/+05 and +06/+07).  The changes were to be implemented
+# during DST transitions in 2004 and 2005 but the acts got radically
+# amended before implementation happened.
+#
+# 9. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 2004-09-15 No. 1059
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P040001059_
+# modified the 2000-11-23 act to remove exceptions from the "decree time"
+# (leaving Kazakhstan in +05/+06 and +06/+07 zones), amended the
+# 2004-07-20 act to implement changes for Atyraū, West Kazakhstan,
+# Qostanay, Qyzylorda and Mangghystaū oblasts by not moving clocks
+# during the 2004 transition to "winter" time.
+#
+# This means transition from +04/+05 to +05/+06 for Atyraū oblast (no
+# zone currently), Asia/Oral, Asia/Aqtau and transition from +05/+06 to
+# +06/+07 for Qostanay oblast (Qostanay and Arkalyk, no zones currently)
+# and Asia/Qyzylorda on 2004-10-31 at 3:00....
+#
+# 10. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 2005-03-15 No. 231
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P050000231_
+# removes DST provisions from the 2000-11-23 act, removes most of the
+# (already implemented) provisions from the 2004-07-20 and 2004-09-15
+# acts, comes into effect 10 days after official publication.
+# The only practical effect seems to be the abolition of the summer
+# time.
+#
+# Unamended version of the act of the Government of the Russian Federation
+# No. 23 from 1992-01-08 [See 'europe' file for details].
+# Kazakh 1992-01-13 act appears to provide the same rules and 1992-03-27
+# act was to be enacted on the last Sunday of March 1992.
+
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-08):
+# Turgai reorganization should affect only southern part of Qostanay
+# oblast.  Which should probably be separated into Asia/Arkalyk zone.
+# (There were also 1970, 1988 and 1990 Turgai oblast reorganizations
+# according to wikipedia.)
+#
+# [For Qostanay] http://www.ng.kz/gazeta/195/hranit/
+# suggests that clocks were to be moved 40 minutes backwards on
+# 1920-01-01 to the fourth time belt.  But I do not understand
+# how that could happen....
+#
+# [For Atyrau and Oral] 1919 decree
+# (http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-1919-02-08.html
+# and in Byalokoz) lists Ural river (plus 10 versts on its left bank) in
+# the third time belt (before 1930 this means +03).
+
+# From Alexander Konzurovski (2018-12-20):
+# (Asia/Qyzylorda) is changing its time zone from UTC+6 to UTC+5
+# effective December 21st, 2018....
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P1800000817 (russian language).
+
+# From Zhanbolat Raimbekov (2024-01-19):
+# Kazakhstan (all parts) switching to UTC+5 on March 1, 2024
+# https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mti/press/news/details/688998?lang=ru
+# [in Russian]
+# (2024-01-20): https://primeminister.kz/ru/decisions/19012024-20
+#
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2024-01-19):
+# According to a different news and the official web site for the Ministry of
+# Trade and Integration of the Republic of Kazakhstan:
+# https://en.inform.kz/news/kazakhstan-to-switch-to-single-hour-zone-mar-1-54ad0b/
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+#
+# Almaty (formerly Alma-Ata), representing most locations in Kazakhstan
+# This includes Abai/Abay (ISO 3166-2 code KZ-10), Aqmola/Akmola (KZ-11),
+# Almaty (KZ-19), Almaty city (KZ-75), Astana city (KZ-71),
+# East Kazkhstan (KZ-63), Jambyl/Zhambyl (KZ-31), Jetisu/Zhetysu (KZ-33),
+# Karaganda (KZ-35), North Kazakhstan (KZ-59), Pavlodar (KZ-55),
+# Shyumkent city (KZ-79), Turkistan (KZ-61), and Ulytau (KZ-62).
+Zone	Asia/Almaty	5:07:48 -	LMT	1924 May  2 # or Alma-Ata
+			5:00	-	+05	1930 Jun 21
+			6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			6:00 RussiaAsia	+06/+07	2004 Oct 31  2:00s
+			6:00	-	+06	2024 Mar  1  0:00
+			5:00	-	+05
+# Qyzylorda (aka Kyzylorda, Kizilorda, Kzyl-Orda, etc.) (KZ-43)
+Zone	Asia/Qyzylorda	4:21:52 -	LMT	1924 May  2
+			4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
+			5:00	-	+05	1981 Apr  1
+			5:00	1:00	+06	1981 Oct  1
+			6:00	-	+06	1982 Apr  1
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	1991 Sep 29  2:00s
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			6:00 RussiaAsia	+06/+07	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	2004 Oct 31  2:00s
+			6:00	-	+06	2018 Dec 21  0:00
+			5:00	-	+05
+# Qostanay (aka Kostanay, Kustanay) (KZ-39)
+# The 1991/2 rules are unclear partly because of the 1997 Turgai
+# reorganization.
+Zone	Asia/Qostanay	4:14:28 -	LMT	1924 May  2
+			4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
+			5:00	-	+05	1981 Apr  1
+			5:00	1:00	+06	1981 Oct  1
+			6:00	-	+06	1982 Apr  1
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	2004 Oct 31  2:00s
+			6:00	-	+06	2024 Mar  1  0:00
+			5:00	-	+05
+# Aqtöbe (aka Aktobe, formerly Aktyubinsk) (KZ-15)
+Zone	Asia/Aqtobe	3:48:40	-	LMT	1924 May  2
+			4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
+			5:00	-	+05	1981 Apr  1
+			5:00	1:00	+06	1981 Oct  1
+			6:00	-	+06	1982 Apr  1
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	2004 Oct 31  2:00s
+			5:00	-	+05
+# Mangghystaū (KZ-47)
+# Aqtau was not founded until 1963, but it represents an inhabited region,
+# so include timestamps before 1963.
+Zone	Asia/Aqtau	3:21:04	-	LMT	1924 May  2
+			4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
+			5:00	-	+05	1981 Oct  1
+			6:00	-	+06	1982 Apr  1
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1994 Sep 25  2:00s
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	2004 Oct 31  2:00s
+			5:00	-	+05
+# Atyraū (KZ-23) is like Mangghystaū except it switched from
+# +04/+05 to +05/+06 in spring 1999, not fall 1994.
+Zone	Asia/Atyrau	3:27:44	-	LMT	1924 May  2
+			3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
+			5:00	-	+05	1981 Oct  1
+			6:00	-	+06	1982 Apr  1
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1999 Mar 28  2:00s
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	2004 Oct 31  2:00s
+			5:00	-	+05
+# West Kazakhstan (KZ-27)
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
+Zone	Asia/Oral	3:25:24	-	LMT	1924 May  2 # or Ural'sk
+			3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
+			5:00	-	+05	1981 Apr  1
+			5:00	1:00	+06	1981 Oct  1
+			6:00	-	+06	1982 Apr  1
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	2004 Oct 31  2:00s
+			5:00	-	+05
+
+# Kyrgyzstan (Kirgizstan)
+# Transitions through 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2005-08-15):
+# According to an article dated today in the Kyrgyzstan Development Gateway
+# http://eng.gateway.kg/cgi-bin/page.pl?id=1&story_name=doc9979.shtml
+# Kyrgyzstan is canceling the daylight saving time system.  I take the article
+# to mean that they will leave their clocks at 6 hours ahead of UTC.
+# From Malik Abdugaliev (2005-09-21):
+# Our government cancels daylight saving time 6th of August 2005.
+# From 2005-08-12 our GMT-offset is +6, w/o any daylight saving.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Kyrgyz	1992	1996	-	Apr	Sun>=7	0:00s	1:00	-
+Rule	Kyrgyz	1992	1996	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Kyrgyz	1997	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:30	1:00	-
+Rule	Kyrgyz	1997	2004	-	Oct	lastSun	2:30	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Bishkek	4:58:24 -	LMT	1924 May  2
+			5:00	-	+05	1930 Jun 21
+			6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1991 Aug 31  2:00
+			5:00	Kyrgyz	+05/+06	2005 Aug 12
+			6:00	-	+06
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# Korea (North and South)
+
+# From Annie I. Bang (2006-07-10):
+# http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=200607100012
+# Korea ran a daylight saving program from 1949-61 but stopped it
+# during the 1950-53 Korean War.  The system was temporarily enforced
+# between 1987 and 1988 ...
+
+# From Sanghyuk Jung (2014-10-29):
+# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021830.html
+# According to the Korean Wikipedia
+# https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/한국_표준시
+# [oldid=12896437 2014-09-04 08:03 UTC]
+# DST in Republic of Korea was as follows....  And I checked old
+# newspapers in Korean, all articles correspond with data in Wikipedia.
+# For example, the article in 1948 (Korean Language) proved that DST
+# started at June 1 in that year.  For another example, the article in
+# 1988 said that DST started at 2:00 AM in that year.
+
+# From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
+# 1. According to official announcement from Korean government, the DST end
+# date in South Korea should be
+# 1955-09-08 without specifying time
+# http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027977557
+# 1956-09-29 without specifying time
+# http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027978341
+# 1957-09-21 24 o'clock
+# http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027979690#3
+# 1958-09-20 24 o'clock
+# http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027981189
+# 1959-09-19 24 o'clock
+# http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027982974#2
+# 1960-09-17 24 o'clock
+# http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0028044104
+# ...
+# 2.... https://namu.wiki/w/대한민국%20표준시 ... [says]
+# when Korea was using GMT+8:30 as standard time, the international
+# aviation/marine/meteorological industry in the country refused to
+# follow and continued to use GMT+9:00 for interoperability.
+
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	ROK	1948	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1948	only	-	Sep	12	24:00	0	S
+Rule	ROK	1949	only	-	Apr	 3	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1949	1951	-	Sep	Sat>=7	24:00	0	S
+Rule	ROK	1950	only	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1951	only	-	May	 6	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1955	only	-	May	 5	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1955	only	-	Sep	 8	24:00	0	S
+Rule	ROK	1956	only	-	May	20	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1956	only	-	Sep	29	24:00	0	S
+Rule	ROK	1957	1960	-	May	Sun>=1	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1957	1960	-	Sep	Sat>=17	24:00	0	S
+Rule	ROK	1987	1988	-	May	Sun>=8	 2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1987	1988	-	Oct	Sun>=8	 3:00	0	S
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
+# The Korean Wikipedia entry gives the following sources for UT offsets:
+#
+# 1908: Official Journal Article No. 3994 (decree No. 5)
+# 1912: Governor-General of Korea Official Gazette Issue No. 367
+#       (Announcement No. 338)
+# 1954: Presidential Decree No. 876 (1954-03-17)
+# 1961: Law No. 676 (1961-08-07)
+#
+# (Another source "1987: Law No. 3919 (1986-12-31)" was in the 2014-10-30
+# edition of the Korean Wikipedia entry.)
+#
+# I guessed that time zone abbreviations through 1945 followed the same
+# rules as discussed under Taiwan, with nominal switches from JST to KST
+# when the respective cities were taken over by the Allies after WWII.
+#
+# For Pyongyang, guess no changes from World War II until 2015, as we
+# have no information otherwise.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2015-08-07):
+# According to many news sources, North Korea is going to change to
+# the 8:30 time zone on August 15, one example:
+# http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33815049
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-08-15):
+# Bells rang out midnight (00:00) Friday as part of the celebrations.  See:
+# Talmadge E. North Korea celebrates new time zone, 'Pyongyang Time'
+# http://news.yahoo.com/north-korea-celebrates-time-zone-pyongyang-time-164038128.html
+# There is no common English-language abbreviation for this time zone.
+# Use KST, as that's what we already use for 1954-1961 in ROK.
+
+# From Kang Seonghoon (2018-04-29):
+# North Korea will revert its time zone from UTC+8:30 (PYT; Pyongyang
+# Time) back to UTC+9 (KST; Korea Standard Time).
+#
+# From Seo Sanghyeon (2018-04-30):
+# Rodong Sinmun 2018-04-30 announced Pyongyang Time transition plan.
+# https://www.nknews.org/kcna/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2018/04/rodong-2018-04-30.pdf
+# ... the transition date is 2018-05-05 ...  Citation should be Decree
+# No. 2232 of April 30, 2018, of the Presidium of the Supreme People's
+# Assembly, as published in Rodong Sinmun.
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-04-29):
+# It appears to be the front page story at the top in the right-most column.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-05-04):
+# The BBC reported that the transition was from 23:30 to 24:00 today.
+# https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44010705
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Seoul	8:27:52	-	LMT	1908 Apr  1
+			8:30	-	KST	1912 Jan  1
+			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep  8
+			9:00	ROK	K%sT	1954 Mar 21
+			8:30	ROK	K%sT	1961 Aug 10
+			9:00	ROK	K%sT
+Zone	Asia/Pyongyang	8:23:00 -	LMT	1908 Apr  1
+			8:30	-	KST	1912 Jan  1
+			9:00	-	JST	1945 Aug 24
+			9:00	-	KST	2015 Aug 15 00:00
+			8:30	-	KST	2018 May  4 23:30
+			9:00	-	KST
+
+
+# Lebanon
+#
+# From Saadallah Itani (2023-03-23):
+# Lebanon ... announced today delay of Spring forward from March 25 to April 20.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2023-03-27):
+# This announcement was by the Lebanese caretaker prime minister Najib Mikati.
+# https://www.mtv.com.lb/en/News/Local/1352516/lebanon-postpones-daylight-saving-time-adoption
+# A video was later leaked to the media of parliament speaker Nabih Berri
+# asking Mikati to postpone DST to aid observance of Ramadan, Mikati objecting
+# that this would cause problems such as scheduling airline flights, to which
+# Berri interjected, "What flights?"
+#
+# The change was controversial and led to a partly-sectarian divide.
+# Many Lebanese institutions, including the education ministry, the Maronite
+# church, and two news channels LCBI and MTV, ignored the announcement and
+# went ahead with the long-scheduled spring-forward on March 25/26, some
+# arguing that the prime minister had not followed the law because the change
+# had not been approved by the cabinet.  Google went with the announcement;
+# Apple ignored it.  At least one bank followed the announcement for its doors,
+# but ignored the announcement in internal computer systems.
+# Beirut international airport listed two times for each departure.
+# Dan Azzi wrote "My view is that this whole thing is a Dumb and Dumber movie."
+# Eventually the prime minister backed down, said the cabinet had decided to
+# stick with its 1998 decision, and that DST would begin midnight March 29/30.
+# https://www.nna-leb.gov.lb/en/miscellaneous/604093/lebanon-has-two-times-of-day-amid-daylight-savings
+# https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/27/lebanon-in-two-different-time-zones-as-government-disagrees-on-daylight-savings.html
+#
+# Although we could model the chaos with two Zones, that would likely cause
+# more trouble than it would cure.  Since so many manual clocks and
+# computer-based timestamps ignored the announcement, stick with official
+# cabinet resolutions in the data while recording the prime minister's
+# announcement as a comment.  This is how we treated a similar situation in
+# Rio de Janeiro in spring 1993.
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Lebanon	1920	only	-	Mar	28	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lebanon	1920	only	-	Oct	25	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Lebanon	1921	only	-	Apr	3	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lebanon	1921	only	-	Oct	3	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Lebanon	1922	only	-	Mar	26	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lebanon	1922	only	-	Oct	8	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Lebanon	1923	only	-	Apr	22	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lebanon	1923	only	-	Sep	16	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Lebanon	1957	1961	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lebanon	1957	1961	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Lebanon	1972	only	-	Jun	22	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lebanon	1972	1977	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Lebanon	1973	1977	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lebanon	1978	only	-	Apr	30	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lebanon	1978	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Lebanon	1984	1987	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lebanon	1984	1991	-	Oct	16	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Lebanon	1988	only	-	Jun	1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lebanon	1989	only	-	May	10	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lebanon	1990	1992	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lebanon	1992	only	-	Oct	4	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Lebanon	1993	max	-	Mar	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lebanon	1993	1998	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Lebanon	1999	max	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0	-
+# This one-time rule, announced by the prime minister first for April 21
+# then for March 30, is commented out for reasons described above.
+#Rule	Lebanon	2023	only	-	Mar	30	0:00	1:00	S
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Beirut	2:22:00 -	LMT	1880
+			2:00	Lebanon	EE%sT
+
+# Brunei
+# Malaysia (eastern)
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	NBorneo	1935	1941	-	Sep	14	0:00	0:20	-
+Rule	NBorneo	1935	1941	-	Dec	14	0:00	0	-
+#
+# For peninsular Malaysia see Asia/Singapore.
+#
+# Sabah & Sarawak
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-12):
+# The data entries here are mostly from Shanks & Pottenger, but the 1942, 1945
+# and 1982 transition dates are from Mok Ly Yng.
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Kuching	7:21:20	-	LMT	1926 Mar
+			7:30	-	+0730	1933
+			8:00 NBorneo  +08/+0820	1942 Feb 16
+			9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep 12
+			8:00	-	+08
+
+# Maldives
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Indian/Maldives	4:54:00 -	LMT	1880 # Malé
+			4:54:00	-	MMT	1960 # Malé Mean Time
+			5:00	-	+05
+
+# Mongolia
+
+# Shanks & Pottenger say that Mongolia has three time zones, but
+# The USNO (1995-12-21) and the CIA map Standard Time Zones of the World
+# (2005-03) both say that it has just one.
+
+# From Oscar van Vlijmen (1999-12-11):
+# General Information Mongolia
+# <http://www.mongoliatourism.gov.mn/general.htm> (1999-09)
+# "Time: Mongolia has two time zones. Three westernmost provinces of
+# Bayan-Ölgii, Uvs, and Hovd are one hour earlier than the capital city, and
+# the rest of the country follows the Ulaanbaatar time, which is UTC/GMT plus
+# eight hours."
+
+# From Rives McDow (1999-12-13):
+# Mongolia discontinued the use of daylight savings time in 1999; 1998
+# being the last year it was implemented.  The dates of implementation I am
+# unsure of, but most probably it was similar to Russia, except for the time
+# of implementation may have been different....
+# Some maps in the past have indicated that there was an additional time
+# zone in the eastern part of Mongolia, including the provinces of Dornod,
+# Sükhbaatar, and possibly Khentii.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-12-15):
+# Naming and spelling is tricky in Mongolia.
+# We'll use Hovd (also spelled Chovd and Khovd) to represent the west zone;
+# the capital of the Hovd province is sometimes called Hovd, sometimes Dund-Us,
+# and sometimes Jirgalanta (with variant spellings), but the name Hovd
+# is good enough for our purposes.
+
+# From Rives McDow (2001-05-13):
+# In addition to Mongolia starting daylight savings as reported earlier
+# (adopted DST on 2001-04-27 02:00 local time, ending 2001-09-28),
+# there are three time zones.
+#
+# Provinces [at 7:00]: Bayan-Ölgii, Uvs, Khovd, Zavkhan, Govi-Altai
+# Provinces [at 8:00]: Khövsgöl, Bulgan, Arkhangai, Khentii, Töv,
+#	Bayankhongor, Övörkhangai, Dundgovi, Dornogovi, Ömnögovi
+# Provinces [at 9:00]: Dornod, Sükhbaatar
+#
+# [The province of Selenge is omitted from the above lists.]
+
+# From Ganbold Ts., Ulaanbaatar (2004-04-17):
+# Daylight saving occurs at 02:00 local time last Saturday of March.
+# It will change back to normal at 02:00 local time last Saturday of
+# September.... As I remember this rule was changed in 2001.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2004-04-17):
+# For now, assume Rives McDow's informant got confused about Friday vs
+# Saturday, and that his 2001 dates should have 1 added to them.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2005-07-26):
+# We have wildly conflicting information about Mongolia's time zones.
+# Bill Bonnet (2005-05-19) reports that the US Embassy in Ulaanbaatar says
+# there is only one time zone and that DST is observed, citing Microsoft
+# Windows XP as the source.  Risto Nykänen (2005-05-16) reports that
+# travelmongolia.org says there are two time zones (UT +07, +08) with no DST.
+# Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-05-20) reports that the Mongolian Embassy in
+# Washington, DC says there are two time zones, with DST observed.
+# He also found
+# http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?subaction=showcomments&id=1111634894&archive=&start_from=&ucat=1&
+# which also says that there is DST, and which has a comment by "Toddius"
+# (2005-03-31 06:05 +0700) saying "Mongolia actually has 3.5 time zones.
+# The West (OLGII) is +7 GMT, most of the country is ULAT is +8 GMT
+# and some Eastern provinces are +9 GMT but Sükhbaatar Aimag is SUHK +8.5 GMT.
+# The SUKH timezone is new this year, it is one of the few things the
+# parliament passed during the tumultuous winter session."
+# For now, let's ignore this information, until we have more confirmation.
+
+# From Ganbold Ts. (2007-02-26):
+# Parliament of Mongolia has just changed the daylight-saving rule in February.
+# They decided not to adopt daylight-saving time....
+# http://www.mongolnews.mn/index.php?module=unuudur&sec=view&id=15742
+
+# From Deborah Goldsmith (2008-03-30):
+# We received a bug report claiming that the tz database UTC offset for
+# Asia/Choibalsan (GMT+09:00) is incorrect, and that it should be GMT
+# +08:00 instead. Different sources appear to disagree with the tz
+# database on this, e.g.:
+#
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=1026
+# http://www.worldtimeserver.com/current_time_in_MN.aspx
+#
+# both say GMT+08:00.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-31):
+# eznis airways, which operates several domestic flights, has a flight
+# schedule here:
+# http://www.eznis.com/Container.jsp?id=112
+# (click the English flag for English)
+#
+# There it appears that flights between Choibalsan and Ulaanbaatar arrive
+# about 1:35 - 1:50 hours later in local clock time, no matter the
+# direction, while Ulaanbaatar-Khovd takes 2 hours in the Eastern
+# direction and 3:35 back, which indicates that Ulaanbaatar and Khovd are
+# in different time zones (like we know about), while Choibalsan and
+# Ulaanbaatar are in the same time zone (correction needed).
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
+# Assume that Choibalsan is indeed offset by 8:00.
+# XXX--in the absence of better information, assume that transition
+# was at the start of 2008-03-31 (the day of Steffen Thorsen's report);
+# this is almost surely wrong.
+
+# From Ganbold Tsagaankhuu (2015-03-10):
+# It seems like yesterday Mongolian Government meeting has concluded to use
+# daylight saving time in Mongolia....  Starting at 2:00AM of last Saturday of
+# March 2015, daylight saving time starts.  And 00:00AM of last Saturday of
+# September daylight saving time ends.  Source:
+# http://zasag.mn/news/view/8969
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Mongol	1983	1984	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Mongol	1983	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
+# Shanks & Pottenger and IATA SSIM say 1990s switches occurred at 00:00,
+# but McDow says the 2001 switches occurred at 02:00.  Also, IATA SSIM
+# (1996-09) says 1996-10-25.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger through 1998.
+#
+# Shanks & Pottenger say that the Sept. 1984 through Sept. 1990 switches
+# in Choibalsan (more precisely, in Dornod and Sükhbaatar) took place
+# at 02:00 standard time, not at 00:00 local time as in the rest of
+# the country.  That would be odd, and possibly is a result of their
+# correction of 02:00 (in the previous edition) not being done correctly
+# in the latest edition; so ignore it for now.
+
+# From Ganbold Tsagaankhuu (2017-02-09):
+# Mongolian Government meeting has concluded today to cancel daylight
+# saving time adoption in Mongolia.  Source: http://zasag.mn/news/view/16192
+
+Rule	Mongol	1985	1998	-	Mar	lastSun	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Mongol	1984	1998	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
+# IATA SSIM (1999-09) says Mongolia no longer observes DST.
+Rule	Mongol	2001	only	-	Apr	lastSat	2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Mongol	2001	2006	-	Sep	lastSat	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Mongol	2002	2006	-	Mar	lastSat	2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Mongol	2015	2016	-	Mar	lastSat	2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Mongol	2015	2016	-	Sep	lastSat	0:00	0	-
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Hovd, a.k.a. Chovd, Dund-Us, Dzhargalant, Khovd, Jirgalanta
+Zone	Asia/Hovd	6:06:36 -	LMT	1905 Aug
+			6:00	-	+06	1978
+			7:00	Mongol	+07/+08
+# Ulaanbaatar, a.k.a. Ulan Bataar, Ulan Bator, Urga
+Zone	Asia/Ulaanbaatar 7:07:32 -	LMT	1905 Aug
+			7:00	-	+07	1978
+			8:00	Mongol	+08/+09
+# Choibalsan, a.k.a. Bajan Tümen, Bajan Tumen, Chojbalsan,
+# Choybalsan, Sanbejse, Tchoibalsan
+Zone	Asia/Choibalsan	7:38:00 -	LMT	1905 Aug
+			7:00	-	+07	1978
+			8:00	-	+08	1983 Apr
+			9:00	Mongol	+09/+10	2008 Mar 31
+			8:00	Mongol	+08/+09
+
+# Nepal
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Kathmandu	5:41:16 -	LMT	1920
+			5:30	-	+0530	1986
+			5:45	-	+0545
+
+# Pakistan
+
+# From Rives McDow (2002-03-13):
+# I have been advised that Pakistan has decided to adopt dst on a
+# TRIAL basis for one year, starting 00:01 local time on April 7, 2002
+# and ending at 00:01 local time October 6, 2002.  This is what I was
+# told, but I believe that the actual time of change may be 00:00; the
+# 00:01 was to make it clear which day it was on.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2002-03-15):
+# Jesper Nørgaard found this URL:
+# http://www.pak.gov.pk/public/news/app/app06_dec.htm
+# (dated 2001-12-06) which says that the Cabinet adopted a scheme "to
+# advance the clocks by one hour on the night between the first
+# Saturday and Sunday of April and revert to the original position on
+# 15th October each year".  This agrees with McDow's 04-07 at 00:00,
+# but disagrees about the October transition, and makes it sound like
+# it's not on a trial basis.  Also, the "between the first Saturday
+# and Sunday of April" phrase, if taken literally, means that the
+# transition takes place at 00:00 on the first Sunday on or after 04-02.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2003-02-09):
+# DAWN <http://www.dawn.com/2002/10/06/top13.htm> reported on 2002-10-05
+# that 2002 DST ended that day at midnight.  Go with McDow for now.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2003-03-14):
+# According to http://www.dawn.com/2003/03/07/top15.htm
+# there will be no DST in Pakistan this year:
+#
+# ISLAMABAD, March 6: Information and Media Development Minister Sheikh
+# Rashid Ahmed on Thursday said the cabinet had reversed a previous
+# decision to advance clocks by one hour in summer and put them back by
+# one hour in winter with the aim of saving light hours and energy.
+#
+# The minister told a news conference that the experiment had rather
+# shown 8 per cent higher consumption of electricity.
+
+# From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-15):
+#
+# Here is an article that Pakistan plan to introduce Daylight Saving Time
+# on June 1, 2008 for 3 months.
+#
+# "... The federal cabinet on Wednesday announced a new conservation plan to
+# help reduce load shedding by approving the closure of commercial centres at
+# 9pm and moving clocks forward by one hour for the next three months. ...."
+#
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan01.html
+# http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008\05\15\story_15-5-2008_pg1_4
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
+# XXX--midnight transitions is a guess; 2008 only is a guess.
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-08-28):
+# Pakistan government has decided to keep the watches one-hour advanced
+# for another 2 months - plan to return to Standard Time on October 31
+# instead of August 31.
+#
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan02.html
+# http://dailymailnews.com/200808/28/news/dmbrn03.html
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-04-08):
+# Based on previous media reports that "... proposed plan to
+# advance clocks by one hour from May 1 will cause disturbance
+# to the working schedules rather than bringing discipline in
+# official working."
+# http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=171280
+#
+# recent news that instead of May 2009 - Pakistan plan to
+# introduce DST from April 15, 2009
+#
+# FYI: Associated Press Of Pakistan
+# April 08, 2009
+# Cabinet okays proposal to advance clocks by one hour from April 15
+# http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=73043&Itemid=1
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan05.html
+#
+# ....
+# The Federal Cabinet on Wednesday approved the proposal to
+# advance clocks in the country by one hour from April 15 to
+# conserve energy"
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-17):
+# "The News International," Pakistan reports that: "The Federal
+# Government has decided to restore the previous time by moving the
+# clocks backward by one hour from October 1. A formal announcement to
+# this effect will be made after the Prime Minister grants approval in
+# this regard."
+# http://www.thenews.com.pk/updates.asp?id=87168
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-28):
+# According to Associated Press Of Pakistan, it is confirmed that
+# Pakistan clocks across the country would be turned back by an hour from
+# October 1, 2009.
+#
+# "Clocks to go back one hour from 1 Oct"
+# http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=86715&Itemid=2
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan07.htm
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-29):
+# Now they seem to have changed their mind, November 1 is the new date:
+# http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=24742
+# "The country's clocks will be reversed by one hour on November 1.
+# Officials of Federal Ministry for Interior told this to Geo News on
+# Monday."
+#
+# And more importantly, it seems that these dates will be kept every year:
+# "It has now been decided that clocks will be wound forward by one hour
+# on April 15 and reversed by an hour on November 1 every year without
+# obtaining prior approval, the officials added."
+#
+# We have confirmed this year's end date with both with the Ministry of
+# Water and Power and the Pakistan Electric Power Company:
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/pakistan-ends-dst09.html
+
+# From Christoph Göhre (2009-10-01):
+# [T]he German Consulate General in Karachi reported me today that Pakistan
+# will go back to standard time on 1st of November.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-26):
+# Steffen Thorsen wrote:
+# > On Thursday (2010-03-25) it was announced that DST would start in
+# > Pakistan on 2010-04-01.
+# >
+# > Then today, the president said that they might have to revert the
+# > decision if it is not supported by the parliament. So at the time
+# > being, it seems unclear if DST will be actually observed or not - but
+# > April 1 could be a more likely date than April 15.
+# Now, it seems that the decision to not observe DST in final:
+#
+# "Govt Withdraws Plan To Advance Clocks"
+# http://www.apakistannews.com/govt-withdraws-plan-to-advance-clocks-172041
+#
+# "People laud PM's announcement to end DST"
+# http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=99374&Itemid=2
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule Pakistan	2002	only	-	Apr	Sun>=2	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Pakistan	2002	only	-	Oct	Sun>=2	0:00	0	-
+Rule Pakistan	2008	only	-	Jun	1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Pakistan	2008	2009	-	Nov	1	0:00	0	-
+Rule Pakistan	2009	only	-	Apr	15	0:00	1:00	S
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
+			5:30	-	+0530	1942 Sep
+			5:30	1:00	+0630	1945 Oct 15
+			5:30	-	+0530	1951 Sep 30
+			5:00	-	+05	1971 Mar 26
+			5:00 Pakistan	PK%sT	# Pakistan Time
+
+# Palestine
+
+# From Amos Shapir (1998-02-15):
+#
+# From 1917 until 1948-05-15, all of Palestine, including the parts now
+# known as the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, was under British rule.
+# Therefore the rules given for Israel for that period, apply there too...
+#
+# The Gaza Strip was under Egyptian rule between 1948-05-15 until 1967-06-05
+# (except a short occupation by Israel from 1956-11 till 1957-03, but no
+# time zone was affected then).  It was never formally annexed to Egypt,
+# though.
+#
+# The rest of Palestine was under Jordanian rule at that time, formally
+# annexed in 1950 as the West Bank (and the word "Trans" was dropped from
+# the country's previous name of "the Hashemite Kingdom of the
+# Trans-Jordan").  So the rules for Jordan for that time apply.  Major
+# towns in that area are Nablus (Shchem), El-Halil (Hebron), Ramallah, and
+# East Jerusalem.
+#
+# Both areas were occupied by Israel in June 1967, but not annexed (except
+# for East Jerusalem).  They were on Israel time since then; there might
+# have been a Military Governor's order about time zones, but I'm not aware
+# of any (such orders may have been issued semi-annually whenever summer
+# time was in effect, but maybe the legal aspect of time was just neglected).
+#
+# The Palestinian Authority was established in 1993, and got hold of most
+# towns in the West Bank and Gaza by 1995.  I know that in order to
+# demonstrate...independence, they have been switching to
+# summer time and back on a different schedule than Israel's, but I don't
+# know when this was started, or what algorithm is used (most likely the
+# Jordanian one).
+#
+# To summarize, the table should probably look something like that:
+#
+# Area \ when | 1918-1947 | 1948-1967 | 1967-1995 | 1996-
+# ------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
+# Israel      | Zion      | Zion      | Zion      | Zion
+# West bank   | Zion      | Jordan    | Zion      | Jordan
+# Gaza        | Zion      | Egypt     | Zion      | Jordan
+#
+# I guess more info may be available from the PA's web page (if/when they
+# have one).
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# Shanks & Pottenger write that Gaza did not observe DST until 1957, but go
+# with Shapir and assume that it observed DST from 1940 through 1947,
+# and that it used Jordanian rules starting in 1996.
+# We don't yet need a separate entry for the West Bank, since
+# the only differences between it and Gaza that we know about
+# occurred before our cutoff date of 1970.
+# However, as we get more information, we may need to add entries
+# for parts of the West Bank as they transitioned from Israel's rules
+# to Palestine's rules.
+
+# From IINS News Service - Israel - 1998-03-23 10:38:07 Israel time,
+# forwarded by Ephraim Silverberg:
+#
+# Despite the fact that Israel changed over to daylight savings time
+# last week, the PLO Authority (PA) has decided not to turn its clocks
+# one-hour forward at this time.  As a sign of independence from Israeli rule,
+# the PA has decided to implement DST in April.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-20):
+# Daoud Kuttab writes in Holiday havoc
+# http://www.jpost.com/com/Archive/22.Apr.1999/Opinion/Article-2.html
+# (Jerusalem Post, 1999-04-22) that
+# the Palestinian National Authority changed to DST on 1999-04-15.
+# I vaguely recall that they switch back in October (sorry, forgot the source).
+# For now, let's assume that the spring switch was at 24:00,
+# and that they switch at 0:00 on the 3rd Fridays of April and October.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
+# Starting 2004 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23):
+# A user from Gaza reported that Gaza made the change early because of
+# the Ramadan.  Next year Ramadan will be even earlier, so I think
+# there is a good chance next year's end date will be around two weeks
+# earlier - the same goes for Jordan.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2006-08-17):
+# I was informed by a user in Bethlehem that in Bethlehem it started the
+# same day as Israel, and after checking with other users in the area, I
+# was informed that they started DST one day after Israel.  I was not
+# able to find any authoritative sources at the time, nor details if
+# Gaza changed as well, but presumed Gaza to follow the same rules as
+# the West Bank.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2006-09-26):
+# according to the Palestine News Network (2006-09-19):
+# http://english.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=596&Itemid=5
+# > The Council of Ministers announced that this year its winter schedule
+# > will begin early, as of midnight Thursday.  It is also time to turn
+# > back the clocks for winter.  Friday will begin an hour late this week.
+# I guess it is likely that next year's date will be moved as well,
+# because of the Ramadan.
+
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2007-09-18):
+# According to Steffen Thorsen's web site the Gaza Strip and the rest of the
+# Palestinian territories left DST early on 13.th. of September at 2:00.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2007-09-20):
+# My understanding is that Gaza and the West Bank disagree even over when
+# the weekend is (Thursday+Friday versus Friday+Saturday), so I'd be a bit
+# surprised if they agreed about DST.  But for now, assume they agree.
+# For lack of better information, predict that future changes will be
+# the 2nd Thursday of September at 02:00.
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-08-28):
+# Here is an article, that Mideast running on different clocks at Ramadan.
+#
+# Gaza Strip (as Egypt) ended DST at midnight Thursday (Aug 28, 2008), while
+# the West Bank will end Daylight Saving Time at midnight Sunday (Aug 31, 2008).
+#
+# http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/feedarticle/7759001
+# http://www.abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=5676087
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip01.html
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-26):
+# According to the Palestine News Network (arabic.pnn.ps), Palestinian
+# government decided to start Daylight Time on Thursday night March
+# 26 and continue until the night of 27 September 2009.
+#
+# (in Arabic)
+# http://arabic.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=50850
+#
+# (English translation)
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank01.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-08-31):
+# Palestine's Council of Ministers announced that they will revert back to
+# winter time on Friday, 2009-09-04.
+#
+# One news source:
+# http://www.safa.ps/ara/?action=showdetail&seid=4158
+# (Palestinian press agency, Arabic),
+# Google translate: "Decided that the Palestinian government in Ramallah
+# headed by Salam Fayyad, the start of work in time for the winter of
+# 2009, starting on Friday approved the fourth delay Sept. clock sixty
+# minutes per hour as of Friday morning."
+#
+# We are not sure if Gaza will do the same, last year they had a different
+# end date, we will keep this page updated:
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-dst-2009.html
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-02):
+# Seems that Gaza Strip will go back to Winter Time same date as West Bank.
+#
+# According to Palestinian Ministry Of Interior, West Bank and Gaza Strip plan
+# to change time back to Standard time on September 4, 2009.
+#
+# "Winter time unite the West Bank and Gaza"
+# (from Palestinian National Authority):
+# http://www.moi.gov.ps/en/?page=633167343250594025&nid=11505
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip02.html
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-19):
+# According to Voice of Palestine DST will last for 191 days, from March
+# 26, 2010 till "the last Sunday before the tenth day of Tishri
+# (October), each year" (October 03, 2010?)
+#
+# http://palvoice.org/forums/showthread.php?t=245697
+# (in Arabic)
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank03.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-24):
+# ...Ma'an News Agency reports that Hamas cabinet has decided it will
+# start one day later, at 12:01am. Not sure if they really mean 12:01am or
+# noon though:
+#
+# http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=271178
+# (Ma'an News Agency)
+# "At 12:01am Friday, clocks in Israel and the West Bank will change to
+# 1:01am, while Gaza clocks will change at 12:01am Saturday morning."
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-08-11):
+# According to several sources, including
+# http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=306795
+# the clocks were set back one hour at 2010-08-11 00:00:00 local time in
+# Gaza and the West Bank.
+# Some more background info:
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-end-dst-2010.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2011-08-26):
+# Gaza and the West Bank did go back to standard time in the beginning of
+# August, and will now enter daylight saving time again on 2011-08-30
+# 00:00 (so two periods of DST in 2011). The pause was because of
+# Ramadan.
+#
+# http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=416217
+# Additional info:
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/palestine-dst-2011.html
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-08-27):
+# According to the article in The Jerusalem Post:
+# "...Earlier this month, the Palestinian government in the West Bank decided to
+# move to standard time for 30 days, during Ramadan. The Palestinians in the
+# Gaza Strip accepted the change and also moved their clocks one hour back.
+# The Hamas government said on Saturday that it won't observe summertime after
+# the Muslim feast of Id al-Fitr, which begins on Tuesday..."
+# ...
+# https://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=235650
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip05.html
+# The rules for Egypt are stolen from the 'africa' file.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2011-09-30):
+# West Bank did end Daylight Saving Time this morning/midnight (2011-09-30
+# 00:00).
+# So West Bank and Gaza now have the same time again.
+#
+# Many sources, including:
+# http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=424808
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
+# Palestinian news sources tell that both Gaza and West Bank will start DST
+# on Friday (Thursday midnight, 2012-03-29 24:00).
+# Some of many sources in Arabic:
+# http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=122638
+#
+# http://safa.ps/details/news/74352/بدء-التوقيت-الصيفي-بالضفة-وغزة-ليلة-الجمعة.html
+#
+# Our brief summary:
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/gaza-west-bank-dst-2012.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-03-26):
+# The following news sources tells that Palestine will "start daylight saving
+# time from midnight on Friday, March 29, 2013" (translated).
+# [These are in Arabic and are for Gaza and for Ramallah, respectively.]
+# http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=154120
+# http://safa.ps/details/news/99844/رام-الله-بدء-التوقيت-الصيفي-29-الجاري.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-09-24):
+# The Gaza and West Bank are ending DST Thursday at midnight
+# (2013-09-27 00:00:00) (one hour earlier than last year...).
+# This source in English, says "that winter time will go into effect
+# at midnight on Thursday in the West Bank and Gaza Strip":
+# http://english.wafa.ps/index.php?action=detail&id=23246
+# official source...:
+# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/ar/Views/ViewDetails.aspx?pid=1252
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2015-03-03):
+# Sources such as http://www.alquds.com/news/article/view/id/548257
+# and https://www.raya.ps/ar/news/890705.html say Palestine areas will
+# start DST on 2015-03-28 00:00 which is one day later than expected.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-03-03):
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/ramallah?year=2014
+# says that the fall 2014 transition was Oct 23 at 24:00.
+
+# From Hannah Kreitem (2016-03-09):
+# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/ar/ViewDetails?ID=31728
+# [Google translation]: "The Council also decided to start daylight
+# saving in Palestine as of one o'clock on Saturday morning,
+# 2016-03-26, to provide the clock 60 minutes ahead."
+
+# From Sharef Mustafa (2016-10-19):
+# [T]he Palestinian cabinet decision (Mar 8th 2016) published on
+# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/Upload/Decree/GOV_17/16032016134830.pdf
+# states that summer time will end on Oct 29th at 01:00.
+
+# From Sharef Mustafa (2018-03-16):
+# Palestine summer time will start on Mar 24th 2018 ...
+# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/Website/AR/NDecrees/ViewFile.ashx?ID=e7a42ab7-ee23-435a-b9c8-a4f7e81f3817
+
+# From Even Scharning (2019-03-23):
+# http://pnn.ps/news/401130
+# http://palweather.ps/ar/node/50136.html
+#
+# From Sharif Mustafa (2019-03-26):
+# The Palestinian cabinet announced today that the switch to DST will
+# be on Fri Mar 29th 2019 by advancing the clock by 60 minutes.
+# http://palestinecabinet.gov.ps/Website/AR/NDecrees/ViewFile.ashx?ID=e54e9ea1-50ee-4137-84df-0d6c78da259b
+#
+# From Even Scharning (2019-04-10):
+# Our source in Palestine said it happened Friday 29 at 00:00 local time....
+
+# From Sharef Mustafa (2019-10-18):
+# Palestine summer time will end on midnight Oct 26th 2019 ...
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2020-10-20):
+# Some sources such as these say, and display on clocks, that DST ended at
+# midnight last year...
+# https://www.amad.ps/ar/post/320006
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2020-10-20):
+# The report of the Palestinian Cabinet meeting of 2019-10-14 confirms
+# a decision on (translated): "The start of the winter time in Palestine, by
+# delaying the clock by sixty minutes, starting from midnight on Friday /
+# Saturday corresponding to 26/10/2019."
+# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/portal/meeting/details/43948
+
+# From Sharef Mustafa (2020-10-20):
+# As per the palestinian cabinet announcement yesterday , the day light saving
+# shall [end] on Oct 24th 2020 at 01:00AM by delaying the clock by 60 minutes.
+# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/portal/Meeting/Details/51584
+
+# From Pierre Cashon (2020-10-20):
+# The summer time this year started on March 28 at 00:00.
+# https://wafa.ps/ar_page.aspx?id=GveQNZa872839351758aGveQNZ
+# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/portal/meeting/details/50284
+# The winter time in 2015 started on October 23 at 01:00.
+# https://wafa.ps/ar_page.aspx?id=CgpCdYa670694628582aCgpCdY
+# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/portal/meeting/details/27583
+
+# From P Chan (2021-10-18):
+# http://wafa.ps/Pages/Details/34701
+# Palestine winter time will start from midnight 2021-10-29 (Thursday-Friday).
+#
+# From Heba Hemad, Palestine Ministry of Telecom & IT (2021-10-20):
+# ... winter time will begin in Palestine from Friday 10-29, 01:00 AM
+# by 60 minutes backwards.
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2021-10-25), per Paul Eggert (2021-10-24):
+# Guess future fall transitions at 01:00 on the Friday preceding October's
+# last Sunday (i.e., Fri>=23), as this is more consistent with recent practice.
+
+# From Heba Hamad (2022-03-10):
+# summer time will begin in Palestine from Sunday 03-27-2022, 00:00 AM.
+
+# From Heba Hamad (2022-08-30):
+# winter time will begin in Palestine from Saturday 10-29, 02:00 AM by
+# 60 minutes backwards.  Also the state of Palestine adopted the summer
+# and winter time for the years: 2023,2024,2025,2026 ...
+# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/attachments/20220830/9f024566/Time-0001.pdf
+# (2022-08-31): ... the Saturday before the last Sunday in March and October
+# at 2:00 AM ,for the years from 2023 to 2026.
+# (2022-09-05): https://mtit.pna.ps/Site/New/1453
+
+# From Heba Hamad (2023-03-22):
+# ... summer time will begin in Palestine from Saturday 04-29-2023,
+# 02:00 AM by 60 minutes forward.
+# From Heba Hemad (2023-10-09):
+# ... winter time will begin in Palestine from Saturday 10-28-2023,
+# 02:00 AM by 60 minutes back.
+#
+# From Heba Hamad (2024-01-25):
+# the summer time for the years 2024,2025 will begin in Palestine
+# from Saturday at 02:00 AM by 60 minutes forward as shown below:
+# year date
+# 2024 2024-04-20
+# 2025 2025-04-12
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2024-01-25):
+# For now, guess that spring and fall transitions will normally
+# continue to use 2022's rules, that during DST Palestine will switch
+# to standard time at 02:00 the last Saturday before Ramadan and back
+# to DST at 02:00 the second Saturday after Ramadan, and that
+# if the normal spring-forward or fall-back transition occurs during
+# Ramadan the former is delayed and the latter advanced.
+# To implement this, I predicted Ramadan-oriented transition dates for
+# 2026 through 2086 by running the following program under GNU Emacs 29.2,
+# with the results integrated by hand into the table below.
+# Predictions after 2086 are approximated without Ramadan.
+#
+# (let ((islamic-year 1447))
+#   (require 'cal-islam)
+#   (while (< islamic-year 1510)
+#     (let ((a (calendar-islamic-to-absolute (list 9 1 islamic-year)))
+#           (b (+ 1 (calendar-islamic-to-absolute (list 10 1 islamic-year))))
+#           (saturday 6))
+#       (while (/= saturday (mod (setq a (1- a)) 7)))
+#       (while (/= saturday (mod b 7))
+#         (setq b (1+ b)))
+#       (setq b (+ 7 b))
+#       (setq a (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute a))
+#       (setq b (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute b))
+#       (insert
+#        (format
+#         (concat "Rule Palestine\t%d\tonly\t-\t%s\t%2d\t2:00\t0\t-\n"
+#                 "Rule Palestine\t%d\tonly\t-\t%s\t%2d\t2:00\t1:00\tS\n")
+#         (car (cdr (cdr a))) (calendar-month-name (car a) t) (car (cdr a))
+#         (car (cdr (cdr b))) (calendar-month-name (car b) t) (car (cdr b)))))
+#     (setq islamic-year (+ 1 islamic-year))))
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule EgyptAsia	1957	only	-	May	10	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule EgyptAsia	1957	1958	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule EgyptAsia	1958	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule EgyptAsia	1959	1967	-	May	 1	1:00	1:00	S
+Rule EgyptAsia	1959	1965	-	Sep	30	3:00	0	-
+Rule EgyptAsia	1966	only	-	Oct	 1	3:00	0	-
+
+Rule Palestine	1999	2005	-	Apr	Fri>=15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	1999	2003	-	Oct	Fri>=15	0:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2004	only	-	Oct	 1	1:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2005	only	-	Oct	 4	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2006	2007	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2006	only	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2007	only	-	Sep	13	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2008	2009	-	Mar	lastFri	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2008	only	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2009	only	-	Sep	 4	1:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2010	only	-	Mar	26	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2010	only	-	Aug	11	0:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2011	only	-	Apr	 1	0:01	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2011	only	-	Aug	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2011	only	-	Aug	30	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2011	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2012	2014	-	Mar	lastThu	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2012	only	-	Sep	21	1:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2013	only	-	Sep	27	0:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2014	only	-	Oct	24	0:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2015	only	-	Mar	28	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2015	only	-	Oct	23	1:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2016	2018	-	Mar	Sat<=30	1:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2016	2018	-	Oct	Sat<=30	1:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2019	only	-	Mar	29	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2019	only	-	Oct	Sat<=30	0:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2020	2021	-	Mar	Sat<=30	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2020	only	-	Oct	24	1:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2021	only	-	Oct	29	1:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2022	only	-	Mar	27	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2022	2035	-	Oct	Sat<=30	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2023	only	-	Apr	29	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2024	only	-	Apr	20	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2025	only	-	Apr	12	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2026	2054	-	Mar	Sat<=30	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2036	only	-	Oct	18	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2037	only	-	Oct	10	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2038	only	-	Sep	25	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2039	only	-	Sep	17	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2040	only	-	Sep	 1	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2040	only	-	Oct	20	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2040	2067	-	Oct	Sat<=30	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2041	only	-	Aug	24	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2041	only	-	Oct	 5	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2042	only	-	Aug	16	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2042	only	-	Sep	27	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2043	only	-	Aug	 1	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2043	only	-	Sep	19	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2044	only	-	Jul	23	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2044	only	-	Sep	 3	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2045	only	-	Jul	15	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2045	only	-	Aug	26	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2046	only	-	Jun	30	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2046	only	-	Aug	18	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2047	only	-	Jun	22	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2047	only	-	Aug	 3	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2048	only	-	Jun	 6	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2048	only	-	Jul	25	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2049	only	-	May	29	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2049	only	-	Jul	10	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2050	only	-	May	21	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2050	only	-	Jul	 2	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2051	only	-	May	 6	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2051	only	-	Jun	24	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2052	only	-	Apr	27	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2052	only	-	Jun	 8	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2053	only	-	Apr	12	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2053	only	-	May	31	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2054	only	-	Apr	 4	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2054	only	-	May	23	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2055	only	-	May	 8	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2056	only	-	Apr	29	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2057	only	-	Apr	14	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2058	only	-	Apr	 6	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2059	max	-	Mar	Sat<=30	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2068	only	-	Oct	20	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2069	only	-	Oct	12	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2070	only	-	Oct	 4	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2071	only	-	Sep	19	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2072	only	-	Sep	10	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2072	only	-	Oct	22	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2072	max	-	Oct	Sat<=30	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2073	only	-	Sep	 2	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2073	only	-	Oct	14	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2074	only	-	Aug	18	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2074	only	-	Oct	 6	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2075	only	-	Aug	10	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2075	only	-	Sep	21	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2076	only	-	Jul	25	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2076	only	-	Sep	12	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2077	only	-	Jul	17	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2077	only	-	Sep	 4	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2078	only	-	Jul	 9	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2078	only	-	Aug	20	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2079	only	-	Jun	24	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2079	only	-	Aug	12	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2080	only	-	Jun	15	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2080	only	-	Jul	27	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2081	only	-	Jun	 7	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2081	only	-	Jul	19	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2082	only	-	May	23	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2082	only	-	Jul	11	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2083	only	-	May	15	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2083	only	-	Jun	26	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2084	only	-	Apr	29	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2084	only	-	Jun	17	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2085	only	-	Apr	21	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2085	only	-	Jun	 9	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2086	only	-	Apr	13	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2086	only	-	May	25	2:00	1:00	S
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Gaza	2:17:52	-	LMT	1900 Oct
+			2:00	Zion	EET/EEST 1948 May 15
+			2:00 EgyptAsia	EE%sT	1967 Jun  5
+			2:00	Zion	I%sT	1996
+			2:00	Jordan	EE%sT	1999
+			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT	2008 Aug 29  0:00
+			2:00	-	EET	2008 Sep
+			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT	2010
+			2:00	-	EET	2010 Mar 27  0:01
+			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT	2011 Aug  1
+			2:00	-	EET	2012
+			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT
+
+Zone	Asia/Hebron	2:20:23	-	LMT	1900 Oct
+			2:00	Zion	EET/EEST 1948 May 15
+			2:00 EgyptAsia	EE%sT	1967 Jun  5
+			2:00	Zion	I%sT	1996
+			2:00	Jordan	EE%sT	1999
+			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT
+
+# Paracel Is
+# no information
+
+# Philippines
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2024-01-21):
+# The Spanish initially used American (west-of-Greenwich) time.
+# It is unknown what time Manila kept when the British occupied it from
+# 1762-10-06 through 1764-04; for now assume it kept American time.
+# On 1844-08-16, Narciso Clavería, governor-general of the
+# Philippines, issued a proclamation announcing that 1844-12-30 was to
+# be immediately followed by 1845-01-01; see R.H. van Gent's
+# History of the International Date Line
+# https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl_philippines.htm
+# The rest of the data entries are from Shanks & Pottenger.
+
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-26):
+# ... claims that Philippines had DST last time in 1990:
+# http://story.philippinetimes.com/p.x/ct/9/id/145be20cc6b121c0/cid/3e5bbccc730d258c/
+# [a story dated 2006-04-25 by Cris Larano of Dow Jones Newswires,
+# but no details]
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-14):
+# The following source says DST may be instituted November-January and again
+# March-June, but this is not definite.  It also says DST was last proclaimed
+# during the Ramos administration (1992-1998); but again, no details.
+# Carcamo D. PNoy urged to declare use of daylight saving time.
+# Philippine Star 2014-08-05
+# http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/08/05/1354152/pnoy-urged-declare-use-daylight-saving-time
+
+# From Paul Goyette (2018-06-15):
+# In the Philippines, there is a national law, Republic Act No. 10535
+# which declares the official time here as "Philippine Standard Time".
+# The act [1] even specifies use of PST as the abbreviation, although
+# the FAQ provided by PAGASA [2] uses the "acronym PhST to distinguish
+# it from the Pacific Standard Time (PST)."
+# [1] http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2013/05/15/republic-act-no-10535/
+# [2] https://www1.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/index.php/astronomy/philippine-standard-time#republic-act-10535
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-06-19):
+# I surveyed recent news reports, and my impression is that "PST" is
+# more popular among reliable English-language news sources.  This is
+# not just a measure of Google hit counts: it's also the sizes and
+# influence of the sources.  There is no current abbreviation for DST,
+# so use "PDT", the usual American style.
+
+# From P Chan (2021-05-10):
+# Here's a fairly comprehensive article in Japanese:
+# https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/Philippine%20Time
+# From Paul Eggert (2021-05-10):
+# The info in the Japanese table has not been absorbed (yet) below.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Phil	1936	only	-	Nov	1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Phil	1937	only	-	Feb	1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Phil	1954	only	-	Apr	12	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Phil	1954	only	-	Jul	1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Phil	1978	only	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Phil	1978	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Manila	-15:56:00 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
+			8:04:00 -	LMT	1899 May 11
+			8:00	Phil	P%sT	1942 May
+			9:00	-	JST	1944 Nov
+			8:00	Phil	P%sT
+
+# Bahrain
+# Qatar
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Qatar	3:26:08 -	LMT	1920     # Al Dawhah / Doha
+			4:00	-	+04	1972 Jun
+			3:00	-	+03
+
+# Kuwait
+# Saudi Arabia
+# Yemen
+#
+# Japan's year-round bases in Antarctica match this since 1970.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-08-29):
+# Time in Saudi Arabia and other countries in the Arabian peninsula was not
+# standardized until 1968 or so; we don't know exactly when, and possibly it
+# has never been made official.  Richard P Hunt, in "Islam city yielding to
+# modern times", New York Times (1961-04-09), p 20, wrote that only airlines
+# observed standard time, and that people in Jeddah mostly observed quasi-solar
+# time, doing so by setting their watches at sunrise to 6 o'clock (or to 12
+# o'clock for "Arab" time).
+#
+# Timekeeping differed depending on who you were and which part of Saudi
+# Arabia you were in.  In 1969, Elias Antar wrote that although a common
+# practice had been to set one's watch to 12:00 (i.e., midnight) at sunset -
+# which meant that the time on one side of a mountain could differ greatly from
+# the time on the other side - many foreigners set their watches to 6pm
+# instead, while airlines instead used UTC +03 (except in Dhahran, where they
+# used UTC +04), Aramco used UTC +03 with DST, and the Trans-Arabian Pipe Line
+# Company used Aramco time in eastern Saudi Arabia and airline time in western.
+# (The American Military Aid Advisory Group used plain UTC.)  Antar writes,
+# "A man named Higgins, so the story goes, used to run a local power
+# station. One day, the whole thing became too much for Higgins and he
+# assembled his staff and laid down the law. 'I've had enough of this,' he
+# shrieked. 'It is now 12 o'clock Higgins Time, and from now on this station is
+# going to run on Higgins Time.' And so, until last year, it did."  See:
+# Antar E. Dinner at When? Saudi Aramco World, 1969 March/April. 2-3.
+# http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/196902/dinner.at.when.htm
+# Also see: Antar EN. Arabian flying is confusing.
+# Port Angeles (WA) Evening News. 1965-03-10. page 3.
+#
+# The TZ database cannot represent quasi-solar time; airline time is the best
+# we can do.  The 1946 foreign air news digest of the U.S. Civil Aeronautics
+# Board (OCLC 42299995) reported that the "... Arabian Government, inaugurated
+# a weekly Dhahran-Cairo service, via the Saudi Arabian cities of Riyadh and
+# Jidda, on March 14, 1947".  Shanks & Pottenger guessed 1950; go with the
+# earlier date.
+#
+# Shanks & Pottenger also state that until 1968-05-01 Saudi Arabia had two
+# time zones; the other zone, at UT +04, was in the far eastern part of
+# the country.  Presumably this is documenting airline time.  Ignore this,
+# as it's before our 1970 cutoff.
+#
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Riyadh	3:06:52 -	LMT	1947 Mar 14
+			3:00	-	+03
+
+# Singapore
+# taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
+# https://web.archive.org/web/20190822231045/http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/~mathelmr/teaching/timezone.html
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Singapore	6:55:25 -	LMT	1901 Jan  1
+			6:55:25	-	SMT	1905 Jun  1 # Singapore M.T.
+			7:00	-	+07	1933 Jan  1
+			7:00	0:20	+0720	1936 Jan  1
+			7:20	-	+0720	1941 Sep  1
+			7:30	-	+0730	1942 Feb 16
+			9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep 12
+			7:30	-	+0730	1981 Dec 31 16:00u
+			8:00	-	+08
+
+# Spratly Is
+# no information
+
+# Sri Lanka
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
+# Milne says "Madras mean time use from May 1, 1898.  Prior to this Colombo
+# mean time, 5h. 4m. 21.9s. F., was used."  But 5:04:21.9 differs considerably
+# from Colombo's meridian 5:19:24, so for now ignore Milne and stick with
+# Shanks and Pottenger.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
+# "Sri Lanka advances clock by an hour to avoid blackout"
+# (<http://www.virtual-pc.com/lankaweb/news/items/240596-2.html>, 1996-05-24,
+# no longer available as of 1999-08-17)
+# reported "the country's standard time will be put forward by one hour at
+# midnight Friday (1830 GMT) 'in the light of the present power crisis'."
+#
+# From Dharmasiri Senanayake, Sri Lanka Media Minister (1996-10-24), as quoted
+# by Shamindra in Daily News - Hot News Section
+# <news:54rka5$m5h@mtinsc01-mgt.ops.worldnet.att.net> (1996-10-26):
+# With effect from 12.30 a.m. on 26th October 1996
+# Sri Lanka will be six (06) hours ahead of GMT.
+
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-14), quoting Sri Lanka News Online
+# <http://news.sinhalaya.com/wmview.php?ArtID=11002> (2006-04-13):
+# 0030 hrs on April 15, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006 +30 minutes)
+# at present, become 2400 hours of April 14, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006).
+
+# From Peter Apps and Ranga Sirila of Reuters (2006-04-12) in:
+# http://today.reuters.co.uk/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=scienceNews&storyID=2006-04-12T172228Z_01_COL295762_RTRIDST_0_SCIENCE-SRILANKA-TIME-DC.XML
+# [The Tamil Tigers] never accepted the original 1996 time change and simply
+# kept their clocks set five and a half hours ahead of Greenwich Mean
+# Time (GMT), in line with neighbor India.
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-04-18):
+# People who live in regions under Tamil control can use [TZ='Asia/Kolkata'],
+# as that zone has agreed with the Tamil areas since our cutoff date of 1970.
+
+# From Sadika Sumanapala (2016-10-19):
+# According to http://www.sltime.org (maintained by Measurement Units,
+# Standards & Services Department, Sri Lanka) abbreviation for Sri Lanka
+# standard time is SLST.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-10-18):
+# "SLST" seems to be reasonably recent and rarely used outside time
+# zone nerd sources.  I searched Google News and found three uses of
+# it in the International Business Times of India in February and
+# March of this year when discussing cricket match times, but nothing
+# since then (though there has been a lot of cricket) and nothing in
+# other English-language news sources.  Our old abbreviation "LKT" is
+# even worse.  For now, let's use a numeric abbreviation; we can
+# switch to "SLST" if it catches on.
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Colombo	5:19:24 -	LMT	1880
+			5:19:32	-	MMT	1906        # Moratuwa Mean Time
+			5:30	-	+0530	1942 Jan  5
+			5:30	0:30	+06	1942 Sep
+			5:30	1:00	+0630	1945 Oct 16  2:00
+			5:30	-	+0530	1996 May 25  0:00
+			6:30	-	+0630	1996 Oct 26  0:30
+			6:00	-	+06	2006 Apr 15  0:30
+			5:30	-	+0530
+
+# Syria
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Syria	1920	1923	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Syria	1920	1923	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Syria	1962	only	-	Apr	29	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Syria	1962	only	-	Oct	1	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Syria	1963	1965	-	May	1	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Syria	1963	only	-	Sep	30	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Syria	1964	only	-	Oct	1	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Syria	1965	only	-	Sep	30	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Syria	1966	only	-	Apr	24	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Syria	1966	1976	-	Oct	1	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Syria	1967	1978	-	May	1	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Syria	1977	1978	-	Sep	1	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Syria	1983	1984	-	Apr	9	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Syria	1983	1984	-	Oct	1	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Syria	1986	only	-	Feb	16	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Syria	1986	only	-	Oct	9	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Syria	1987	only	-	Mar	1	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Syria	1987	1988	-	Oct	31	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Syria	1988	only	-	Mar	15	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Syria	1989	only	-	Mar	31	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Syria	1989	only	-	Oct	1	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Syria	1990	only	-	Apr	1	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Syria	1990	only	-	Sep	30	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Syria	1991	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Syria	1991	1992	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Syria	1992	only	-	Apr	 8	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Syria	1993	only	-	Mar	26	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Syria	1993	only	-	Sep	25	0:00	0	-
+# IATA SSIM (1998-02) says 1998-04-02;
+# (1998-09) says 1999-03-29 and 1999-09-29; (1999-02) says 1999-04-02,
+# 2000-04-02, and 2001-04-02; (1999-09) says 2000-03-31 and 2001-03-31;
+# (2006) says 2006-03-31 and 2006-09-22;
+# for now ignore all these claims and go with Shanks & Pottenger,
+# except for the 2006-09-22 claim (which seems right for Ramadan).
+Rule	Syria	1994	1996	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Syria	1994	2005	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Syria	1997	1998	-	Mar	lastMon	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Syria	1999	2006	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+# From Stephen Colebourne (2006-09-18):
+# According to IATA data, Syria will change DST on 21st September [21:00 UTC]
+# this year [only]....  This is probably related to Ramadan, like Egypt.
+Rule	Syria	2006	only	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	-
+# From Paul Eggert (2007-03-29):
+# Today the AP reported "Syria will switch to summertime at midnight Thursday."
+# http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/03/29/africa/ME-GEN-Syria-Time-Change.php
+Rule	Syria	2007	only	-	Mar	lastFri	0:00	1:00	S
+# From Jesper Nørgaard (2007-10-27):
+# The sister center ICARDA of my work CIMMYT is confirming that Syria DST will
+# not take place 1st November at 0:00 o'clock but 1st November at 24:00 or
+# rather Midnight between Thursday and Friday. This does make more sense than
+# having it between Wednesday and Thursday (two workdays in Syria) since the
+# weekend in Syria is not Saturday and Sunday, but Friday and Saturday. So now
+# it is implemented at midnight of the last workday before weekend...
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-10-27):
+# Jesper Nørgaard Welen wrote:
+#
+# > "Winter local time in Syria will be observed at midnight of Thursday 1
+# > November 2007, and the clock will be put back 1 hour."
+#
+# I found confirmation on this in this gov.sy-article (Arabic):
+# http://wehda.alwehda.gov.sy/_print_veiw.asp?FileName=12521710520070926111247
+#
+# which using Google's translate tools says:
+# Council of Ministers also approved the commencement of work on
+# identifying the winter time as of Friday, 2/11/2007 where the 60th
+# minute delay at midnight Thursday 1/11/2007.
+Rule	Syria	2007	only	-	Nov	 Fri>=1	0:00	0	-
+
+# From Stephen Colebourne (2008-03-17):
+# For everyone's info, I saw an IATA time zone change for [Syria] for
+# this month (March 2008) in the last day or so....
+# Country     Time Standard   --- DST Start ---   --- DST End ---  DST
+# Name        Zone Variation   Time    Date        Time    Date
+# Variation
+# Syrian Arab
+# Republic    SY    +0200      2200  03APR08       2100  30SEP08   +0300
+#                              2200  02APR09       2100  30SEP09   +0300
+#                              2200  01APR10       2100  30SEP10   +0300
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-17):
+# Here's a link to English-language coverage by the Syrian Arab News
+# Agency (SANA)...
+# http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2008/03/11/165173.htm
+# ...which reads (in part) "The Cabinet approved the suggestion of the
+# Ministry of Electricity to begin daylight savings time on Friday April
+# 4th, advancing clocks one hour ahead on midnight of Thursday April 3rd."
+# Since Syria is two hours east of UTC, the 2200 and 2100 transition times
+# shown above match up with midnight in Syria.
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
+# My best guess at a Syrian rule is "the Friday nearest April 1";
+# coding that involves either using a "Mar Fri>=29" construct that old time zone
+# compilers can't handle  or having multiple Rules (a la Israel).
+# For now, use "Apr Fri>=1", and go with IATA on a uniform Sep 30 end.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2008-10-07):
+# Syria has now officially decided to end DST on 2008-11-01 this year,
+# according to the following article in the Syrian Arab News Agency (SANA).
+#
+# The article is in Arabic, and seems to tell that they will go back to
+# winter time on 2008-11-01 at 00:00 local daylight time (delaying/setting
+# clocks back 60 minutes).
+#
+# http://sana.sy/ara/2/2008/10/07/195459.htm
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-19):
+# Syria will start DST on 2009-03-27 00:00 this year according to many sources,
+# two examples:
+#
+# http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2009/03/17/217563.htm
+# (English, Syrian Arab News # Agency)
+# http://thawra.alwehda.gov.sy/_View_news2.asp?FileName=94459258720090318012209
+# (Arabic, gov-site)
+#
+# We have not found any sources saying anything about when DST ends this year.
+#
+# Our summary
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-starts-march-27-2009.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-27):
+# The Syrian Arab News Network on 2009-09-29 reported that Syria will
+# revert back to winter (standard) time on midnight between Thursday
+# 2009-10-29 and Friday 2009-10-30:
+# http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2009/09/29/247012.htm (Arabic)
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2009-10-28):
+# We'll see if future DST switching times turn out to be end of the last
+# Thursday of the month or the start of the last Friday of the month or
+# something else. For now, use the start of the last Friday.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-17):
+# The "Syrian News Station" reported on 2010-03-16 that the Council of
+# Ministers has decided that Syria will start DST on midnight Thursday
+# 2010-04-01: (midnight between Thursday and Friday):
+# http://sns.sy/sns/?path=news/read/11421 (Arabic)
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
+# Today, Syria's government announced that they will start DST early on Friday
+# (00:00). This is a bit earlier than the past two years.
+#
+# From Syrian Arab News Agency, in Arabic:
+# http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2012/03/26/408215.htm
+#
+# Our brief summary:
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-2012.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2022-10-05):
+# Syria is adopting year-round DST, starting this autumn....
+# From https://www.enabbaladi.net/archives/607812
+# "This [the decision] came after the weekly government meeting today,
+# Tuesday 4 October ..."
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-10-05):
+# Like Jordan, model this as a transition from EEST +03 (DST) to plain +03
+# (non-DST) at the point where DST would otherwise have ended.
+
+Rule	Syria	2008	only	-	Apr	Fri>=1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Syria	2008	only	-	Nov	1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Syria	2009	only	-	Mar	lastFri	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Syria	2010	2011	-	Apr	Fri>=1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Syria	2012	2022	-	Mar	lastFri	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Syria	2009	2022	-	Oct	lastFri	0:00	0	-
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Damascus	2:25:12 -	LMT	1920 # Dimashq
+			2:00	Syria	EE%sT	2022 Oct 28 0:00
+			3:00	-	+03
+
+# Tajikistan
+# From Shanks & Pottenger.
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Dushanbe	4:35:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
+			5:00	-	+05	1930 Jun 21
+			6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			5:00	1:00	+06	1991 Sep  9  2:00s
+			5:00	-	+05
+
+# Cambodia
+# Christmas I
+# Laos
+# Thailand
+# Vietnam (northern)
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Bangkok	6:42:04	-	LMT	1880
+			6:42:04	-	BMT	1920 Apr # Bangkok Mean Time
+			7:00	-	+07
+
+# Turkmenistan
+# From Shanks & Pottenger.
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Ashgabat	3:53:32 -	LMT	1924 May  2 # or Ashkhabad
+			4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1991 Mar 31  2:00
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	1992 Jan 19  2:00
+			5:00	-	+05
+
+# Oman
+# Réunion
+# Seychelles
+# United Arab Emirates
+#
+# The Crozet Is also observe Réunion time; see the 'antarctica' file.
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Dubai	3:41:12 -	LMT	1920
+			4:00	-	+04
+
+# Uzbekistan
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Uzbekistan was 4:27:53.
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Samarkand	4:27:53 -	LMT	1924 May  2
+			4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
+			5:00	-	+05	1981 Apr  1
+			5:00	1:00	+06	1981 Oct  1
+			6:00	-	+06	1982 Apr  1
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1992
+			5:00	-	+05
+# Milne says Tashkent was 4:37:10.8.
+		#STDOFF	4:37:10.8
+Zone	Asia/Tashkent	4:37:11 -	LMT	1924 May  2
+			5:00	-	+05	1930 Jun 21
+			6:00 RussiaAsia	+06/+07	1991 Mar 31  2:00
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1992
+			5:00	-	+05
+
+# Vietnam (southern)
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-04):
+# Milne gives 7:16:56 for the meridian of Saigon in 1899, as being
+# used in Lower Laos, Cambodia, and Annam.  But this is quite a ways
+# from Saigon's location.  For now, ignore this and stick with Shanks
+# and Pottenger for LMT before 1906.
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
+# The English-language name of Vietnam's most populous city is "Ho Chi Minh
+# City"; use Ho_Chi_Minh below to avoid a name of more than 14 characters.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2024-01-14) after a 2014 heads-up from Trần Ngọc Quân
+# and a 2024-01-14 heads-up from Đoàn Trần Công Danh:
+# Trần Tiến Bình's authoritative book "Lịch Việt Nam: thế kỷ XX-XXI (1901-2100)"
+# (Nhà xuất bản Văn Hoá - Thông Tin, Hanoi, 2005), pp 49-50,
+# is quoted verbatim in:
+# http://www.thoigian.com.vn/?mPage=P80D01
+# is translated by Brian Inglis in:
+# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021654.html
+# and is the basis for the information below.
+#
+# The 1906 transition was effective July 1 and standardized Indochina to
+# Phù Liễn Observatory, legally 104° 17' 17" east of Paris.
+# It's unclear whether this meant legal Paris Mean Time (00:09:21) or
+# the Paris Meridian; for now guess the former and round the exact
+# 07:06:30.1333... to 07:06:30.13 as the legal spec used 66 2/3 ms precision.
+# which is used below even though the modern-day Phù Liễn Observatory
+# is closer to 07:06:31.  Abbreviate Phù Liễn Mean Time as PLMT.
+#
+# The following transitions occurred in Indochina in general (before 1954)
+# and in South Vietnam in particular (after 1954):
+# To 07:00 on 1911-05-01.
+# To 08:00 on 1942-12-31 at 23:00.
+# To 09:00 on 1945-03-14 at 23:00.
+# To 07:00 on 1945-09-02 in Vietnam.
+# To 08:00 on 1947-04-01 in French-controlled Indochina.
+# To 07:00 on 1955-07-01 in South Vietnam.
+# To 08:00 on 1959-12-31 at 23:00 in South Vietnam.
+# To 07:00 on 1975-06-13 in South Vietnam.
+#
+# Trần cites the following sources; it's unclear which supplied the info above.
+#
+#   Hoàng Xuân Hãn: "Lịch và lịch Việt Nam". Tập san Khoa học Xã hội,
+#   No. 9, Paris, February 1982.
+#
+#   Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch và niên biểu lịch sử hai mươi thế kỷ (0001-2010)",
+#   NXB Thống kê, Hanoi, 2000.
+#
+#   Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch hai thế kỷ (1802-2010) và các lịch vĩnh cửu",
+#   NXB Thuận Hoá, Huế, 1995.
+#
+# Here is the decision for the September 1945 transition:
+# Võ Nguyên Giáp, Việt Nam Dân Quốc Công Báo, No. 1 (1945-09-29), page 13
+# http://baochi.nlv.gov.vn/baochi/cgi-bin/baochi?a=d&d=JwvzO19450929.2.5&dliv=none
+# It says that on 1945-09-01 at 24:00, Vietnam moved back two hours, to +07.
+# It also mentions a 1945-03-29 decree (by a Japanese Goveror-General)
+# to set the time zone to +09, but does not say whether that decree
+# merely legalized an earlier change to +09.
+#
+# July 1955 transition:
+# Ngô Đình Diệm, Công Báo Việt Nam, No. 92 (1955-07-02), page 1780-1781
+# Ordinance (Dụ) No. 46 (1955-06-25)
+# http://ddsnext.crl.edu/titles/32341#?c=0&m=29&s=0&cv=4&r=0&xywh=-89%2C342%2C1724%2C1216
+# It says that on 1955-07-01 at 01:00, South Vietnam moved back 1 hour (to +07).
+#
+# December 1959 transition:
+# Ngô Đình Diệm, Công Báo Việt Nam Cộng Hòa, 1960 part 1 (1960-01-02), page 62
+# Decree (Sắc lệnh) No. 362-TTP (1959-12-30)
+# http://ddsnext.crl.edu/titles/32341#?c=0&m=138&s=0&cv=793&r=0&xywh=-54%2C1504%2C1705%2C1202
+# It says that on 1959-12-31 at 23:00, South Vietnam moved forward 1 hour (to +08).
+
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+		#STDOFF	7:06:30.13
+Zone Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh	7:06:30 -	LMT	1906 Jul  1
+			7:06:30	-	PLMT	1911 May  1 # Phù Liễn MT
+			7:00	-	+07	1942 Dec 31 23:00
+			8:00	-	+08	1945 Mar 14 23:00
+			9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep  1 24:00
+			7:00	-	+07	1947 Apr  1
+			8:00	-	+08	1955 Jul  1 01:00
+			7:00	-	+07	1959 Dec 31 23:00
+			8:00	-	+08	1975 Jun 13
+			7:00	-	+07
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2019-02-19):
+#
+# The Ho Chi Minh entry suffices for most purposes as it agrees with all of
+# Vietnam since 1975-06-13.  Presumably clocks often changed in south Vietnam
+# in the early 1970s as locations changed hands during the war; however the
+# details are unknown and would likely be too voluminous for this database.
+#
+# For timestamps in north Vietnam back to 1970 (the tzdb cutoff),
+# use Asia/Bangkok; see the VN entries in the file zone1970.tab.
+# For timestamps before 1970, see Asia/Hanoi in the file 'backzone'.
diff --git a/australasia b/australasia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0e9c259
--- /dev/null
+++ b/australasia
@@ -0,0 +1,2226 @@
+# tzdb data for Australasia and environs, and for much of the Pacific
+
+# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
+
+# This file also includes Pacific islands.
+
+# Notes are at the end of this file
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# Australia
+
+# Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Aus	1917	only	-	Jan	 1	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Aus	1917	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Jan	 1	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Sep	27	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Aus	1943	1944	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	Aus	1943	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00s	1:00	D
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Northern Territory
+Zone Australia/Darwin	 8:43:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
+			 9:00	-	ACST	1899 May
+			 9:30	Aus	AC%sT
+# Western Australia
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	AW	1974	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AW	1975	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AW	1983	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AW	1984	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AW	1991	only	-	Nov	17	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AW	1992	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AW	2006	only	-	Dec	 3	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AW	2007	2009	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AW	2007	2008	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Zone Australia/Perth	 7:43:24 -	LMT	1895 Dec
+			 8:00	Aus	AW%sT	1943 Jul
+			 8:00	AW	AW%sT
+Zone Australia/Eucla	 8:35:28 -	LMT	1895 Dec
+			 8:45	Aus +0845/+0945	1943 Jul
+			 8:45	AW  +0845/+0945
+
+# Queensland
+#
+# From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01):
+# I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast
+# of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after
+# Queensland ceased to.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
+# IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman,
+# Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped.
+# Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria,
+# so use Lindeman.
+#
+# From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):
+# There is no location named Holiday Islands in Queensland Australia; holiday
+# islands is a colloquial term used globally.  Hayman and Lindeman are at the
+# north and south extremes of the Whitsunday Islands archipelago, and
+# Hamilton is in between; it is reasonable to believe that this time zone
+# applies to all of the Whitsundays.
+# http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/austn-islands
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	AQ	1971	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AQ	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AQ	1989	1991	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AQ	1990	1992	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	Holiday	1992	1993	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Holiday	1993	1994	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Zone Australia/Brisbane	10:12:08 -	LMT	1895
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971
+			10:00	AQ	AE%sT
+Zone Australia/Lindeman  9:55:56 -	LMT	1895
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971
+			10:00	AQ	AE%sT	1992 Jul
+			10:00	Holiday	AE%sT
+
+# South Australia
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	AS	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AS	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AS	1987	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AS	1972	only	-	Feb	27	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	1973	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	1991	only	-	Mar	3	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	1992	only	-	Mar	22	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	1993	only	-	Mar	7	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	1994	only	-	Mar	20	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	1995	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	2006	only	-	Apr	2	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Australia/Adelaide	9:14:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
+			9:00	-	ACST	1899 May
+			9:30	Aus	AC%sT	1971
+			9:30	AS	AC%sT
+
+# Tasmania
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16):
+# http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
+# says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971.
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	AT	1916	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	1917	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1917	1918	-	Oct	Sun>=22	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	1918	1919	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1967	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	1968	only	-	Mar	Sun>=29	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1968	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	1969	1971	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1973	1981	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1982	1983	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1984	1986	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1986	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	1987	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1987	only	-	Oct	Sun>=22	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	1988	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	1991	1999	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	1991	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	2001	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Australia/Hobart	9:49:16	-	LMT	1895 Sep
+			10:00	AT	AE%sT	1919 Oct 24
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1967
+			10:00	AT	AE%sT
+
+# Victoria
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	AV	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AV	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	1973	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	1986	1987	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AV	1988	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AV	1991	1994	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	1995	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AV	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AV	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971
+			10:00	AV	AE%sT
+
+# New South Wales
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	AN	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AN	1972	only	-	Feb	27	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	1973	1981	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	1982	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	1983	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	1986	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AN	1987	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AN	1990	1995	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	1996	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AN	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AN	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Australia/Sydney	10:04:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971
+			10:00	AN	AE%sT
+Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 -	LMT	1895 Feb
+			10:00	-	AEST	1896 Aug 23
+			9:00	-	ACST	1899 May
+			9:30	Aus	AC%sT	1971
+			9:30	AN	AC%sT	2000
+			9:30	AS	AC%sT
+
+# Lord Howe Island
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	LH	1981	1984	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	LH	1982	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
+Rule	LH	1985	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	-
+Rule	LH	1986	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
+Rule	LH	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00	0:30	-
+Rule	LH	1987	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	-
+Rule	LH	1990	1995	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
+Rule	LH	1996	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	-
+Rule	LH	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00	0:30	-
+Rule	LH	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	-
+Rule	LH	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
+Rule	LH	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	-
+Rule	LH	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
+Rule	LH	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00	0:30	-
+Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
+			10:00	-	AEST	1981 Mar
+			10:30	LH	+1030/+1130 1985 Jul
+			10:30	LH	+1030/+11
+
+# Australian miscellany
+#
+# Ashmore Is, Cartier
+# no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers
+# no times are set
+#
+# Coral Sea Is
+# no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists
+# no times are set
+#
+# Macquarie
+# Permanent occupation (scientific station) 1911-1915 and since 25 March 1948;
+# sealing and penguin oil station operated Nov 1899 to Apr 1919.  See the
+# Tasmania Parks & Wildlife Service history of sealing at Macquarie Island
+# http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1828
+# http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1831
+# Guess that it was like Australia/Hobart while inhabited before 2010.
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10):
+# We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division:
+# - Macquarie Island will stay on UTC+11 for winter and therefore not
+# switch back from daylight savings time when other parts of Australia do
+# on 4 April.
+#
+# From Arthur David Olson (2013-05-23):
+# The 1919 transition is overspecified below so pre-2013 zics
+# will produce a binary file with an [A]EST-type as the first 32-bit type;
+# this is required for correct handling of times before 1916 by
+# pre-2013 versions of localtime.
+Zone Antarctica/Macquarie 0	-	-00	1899 Nov
+			10:00	-	AEST	1916 Oct  1  2:00
+			10:00	1:00	AEDT	1917 Feb
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1919 Apr  1  0:00s
+			0	-	-00	1948 Mar 25
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1967
+			10:00	AT	AE%sT	2010
+			10:00	1:00	AEDT	2011
+			10:00	AT	AE%sT
+
+# Fiji
+
+# Milne gives 11:55:44 for Suva.
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-11-10):
+# According to Fiji Broadcasting Corporation,  Fiji plans to re-introduce DST
+# from November 29th 2009  to April 25th 2010.
+#
+# "Daylight savings to commence this month"
+# http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/fullstory.php?id=23719
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji01.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-11-10):
+# The Fiji Government has posted some more details about the approved
+# amendments:
+# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_16198.shtml
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-03):
+# The Cabinet in Fiji has decided to end DST about a month early, on
+# 2010-03-28 at 03:00.
+# The plan is to observe DST again, from 2010-10-24 to sometime in March
+# 2011 (last Sunday a good guess?).
+#
+# Official source:
+# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:3310-cabinet-approves-change-in-daylight-savings-dates&catid=49:cabinet-releases&Itemid=166
+#
+# A bit more background info here:
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-10-24):
+# According to Radio Fiji and Fiji Times online, Fiji will end DST 3
+# weeks earlier than expected - on March 6, 2011, not March 27, 2011...
+# Here is confirmation from Government of the Republic of the Fiji Islands,
+# Ministry of Information (fiji.gov.fj) web site:
+# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2608:daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji04.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-03):
+# Now the dates have been confirmed, and at least our start date
+# assumption was correct (end date was one week wrong).
+#
+# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
+# which says
+# Members of the public are reminded to change their time to one hour in
+# advance at 2am to 3am on October 23, 2011 and one hour back at 3am to
+# 2am on February 26 next year.
+
+# From Ken Rylander (2011-10-24)
+# Another change to the Fiji DST end date. In the TZ database the end date for
+# Fiji DST 2012, is currently Feb 26. This has been changed to Jan 22.
+#
+# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5017:amendments-to-daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
+# states:
+#
+# The end of daylight saving scheduled initially for the 26th of February 2012
+# has been brought forward to the 22nd of January 2012.
+# The commencement of daylight saving will remain unchanged and start
+# on the  23rd of October, 2011.
+
+# From the Fiji Government Online Portal (2012-08-21) via Steffen Thorsen:
+# The Minister for Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment Mr Jone Usamate
+# today confirmed that Fiji will start daylight savings at 2 am on Sunday 21st
+# October 2012 and end at 3 am on Sunday 20th January 2013.
+# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6702&catid=71&Itemid=155
+
+# From the Fijian Government Media Center (2013-08-30) via David Wheeler:
+# Fiji will start daylight savings on Sunday 27th October, 2013 ...
+# move clocks forward by one hour from 2am
+# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-27th-OCTOBER-201.aspx
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-01-10):
+# Fiji will end DST on 2014-01-19 02:00:
+# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVINGS-TO-END-THIS-MONTH-(1).aspx
+
+# From Ken Rylander (2014-10-20):
+# DST will start Nov. 2 this year.
+# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-NOVEMBER-2ND.aspx
+
+# From a government order dated 2015-08-26 and published as Legal Notice No. 77
+# in the Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 24 (2015-08-28),
+# via Ken Rylander (2015-09-02):
+# the daylight saving period is 1 hour in advance of the standard time
+# commencing at 2.00 am on Sunday 1st November, 2015 and ending at
+# 3.00 am on Sunday 17th January, 2016.
+
+# From Raymond Kumar (2016-10-04):
+# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-6th-NOVEMBER,-2016.aspx
+# "Fiji's daylight savings will begin on Sunday, 6 November 2016, when
+# clocks go forward an hour at 2am to 3am....  Daylight Saving will
+# end at 3.00am on Sunday 15th January 2017."
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-08-21):
+# Dominic Fok writes (2017-08-20) that DST ends 2018-01-14, citing
+# Extraordinary Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 21 (2017-08-27),
+# [Legal Notice No. 41] of an order of the previous day by J Usamate.
+
+# From Raymond Kumar (2018-07-13):
+# http://www.fijitimes.com/government-approves-2018-daylight-saving/
+# ... The daylight saving period will end at 3am on Sunday January 13, 2019.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2019-08-06):
+# Today Raymond Kumar reported the Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 27
+# (2019-08-02) said that Fiji observes DST "commencing at 2.00 am on
+# Sunday, 10 November 2019 and ending at 3.00 am on Sunday, 12 January 2020."
+# For now, guess DST from 02:00 the second Sunday in November to 03:00
+# the first Sunday on or after January 12.  January transitions reportedly
+# depend on when school terms start.  Although the guess is ad hoc, it matches
+# transitions planned this year and seems more likely to match future practice
+# than guessing no DST.
+# From Michael Deckers (2019-08-06):
+# https://www.laws.gov.fj/LawsAsMade/downloadfile/848
+
+# From Raymond Kumar (2020-10-08):
+# [DST in Fiji] is from December 20th 2020, till 17th January 2021.
+# From Alan Mintz (2020-10-08):
+# https://www.laws.gov.fj/LawsAsMade/GetFile/1071
+# From Tim Parenti (2020-10-08):
+# https://www.fijivillage.com/news/Daylight-saving-from-Dec-20th-this-year-to-Jan-17th-2021-8rf4x5/
+# "Minister for Employment, Parveen Bala says they had never thought of
+# stopping daylight saving. He says it was just to decide on when it should
+# start and end.  Bala says it is a short period..."
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2021-10-11), per Jashneel Kumar (2021-10-11) and P Chan
+# (2021-10-12):
+# https://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Centre/Speeches/English/PM-BAINIMARAMA-S-COVID-19-ANNOUNCEMENT-10-10-21
+# https://www.fbcnews.com.fj/news/covid-19/curfew-moved-back-to-11pm/
+# In a 2021-10-10 speech concerning updated Covid-19 mitigation measures in
+# Fiji, prime minister Josaia Voreqe "Frank" Bainimarama announced the
+# suspension of DST for the 2021/2022 season: "Given that we are in the process
+# of readjusting in the midst of so many changes, we will also put Daylight
+# Savings Time on hold for this year. It will also make the reopening of
+# scheduled commercial air service much smoother if we don't have to be
+# concerned shifting arrival and departure times, which may look like a simple
+# thing but requires some significant logistical adjustments domestically and
+# internationally."
+
+# From Shalvin Narayan (2022-10-27):
+# Please note that there will not be any daylight savings time change
+# in Fiji for 2022-2023....
+# https://www.facebook.com/FijianGovernment/posts/pfbid0mmWVTYmTibn66ybpFda75pDcf34SSpoSaskJW5gXwaKo5Sgc7273Q4fXWc6kQV6Hl
+
+# From Almaz Mingaleev (2023-10-06):
+# Cabinet approved the suspension of Daylight Saving and appropriate
+# legislative changes will be considered including the repeal of the
+# Daylight Saving Act 1998
+# https://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Centre/Speeches/English/CABINET-DECISIONS-3-OCTOBER-2023
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2023-10-06):
+# For now, assume DST is suspended indefinitely.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Fiji	1998	1999	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Fiji	1999	2000	-	Feb	lastSun	3:00	0	-
+Rule	Fiji	2009	only	-	Nov	29	2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Fiji	2010	only	-	Mar	lastSun	3:00	0	-
+Rule	Fiji	2010	2013	-	Oct	Sun>=21	2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Fiji	2011	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	-
+Rule	Fiji	2012	2013	-	Jan	Sun>=18	3:00	0	-
+Rule	Fiji	2014	only	-	Jan	Sun>=18	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Fiji	2014	2018	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Fiji	2015	2021	-	Jan	Sun>=12	3:00	0	-
+Rule	Fiji	2019	only	-	Nov	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Fiji	2020	only	-	Dec	20	2:00	1:00	-
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Pacific/Fiji	11:55:44 -	LMT	1915 Oct 26 # Suva
+			12:00	Fiji	+12/+13
+
+# French Polynesia
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Pacific/Gambier	 -8:59:48 -	LMT	1912 Oct  1 # Rikitea
+			 -9:00	-	-09
+Zone	Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 -	LMT	1912 Oct  1
+			 -9:30	-	-0930
+Zone	Pacific/Tahiti	 -9:58:16 -	LMT	1912 Oct  1 # Papeete
+			-10:00	-	-10
+# Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
+# it is uninhabited.
+
+
+# Guam
+# N Mariana Is
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# http://guamlegislature.com/Public_Laws_5th/PL05-025.pdf
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-59-7-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time-May-6-1959.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1959	only	-	Jun	27	2:00	1:00	D
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-61-5-Revocation-of-Daylight-Saving-Time-and-Restoratio.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1961	only	-	Jan	29	2:00	0	S
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-67-13-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1967	only	-	Sep	 1	2:00	1:00	D
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-69-2-Repeal-of-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1969	only	-	Jan	26	0:01	0	S
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-69-10-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1969	only	-	Jun	22	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Guam	1969	only	-	Aug	31	2:00	0	S
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-70-10-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-70-30-End-of-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-71-5-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1970	1971	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Guam	1970	1971	-	Sep	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-73-28.-Guam-Day-light-Saving-Time.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1973	only	-	Dec	16	2:00	1:00	D
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-74-7-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time-Rescinded.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1974	only	-	Feb	24	2:00	0	S
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-76-13-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1976	only	-	May	26	2:00	1:00	D
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-76-25-Revocation-of-E.O.-76-13.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1976	only	-	Aug	22	2:01	0	S
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-77-4-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1977	only	-	Apr	24	2:00	1:00	D
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-77-18-Guam-Standard-Time.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1977	only	-	Aug	28	2:00	0	S
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Pacific/Guam	-14:21:00 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
+			 9:39:00 -	LMT	1901        # Agana
+			10:00	-	GST	1941 Dec 10 # Guam
+			 9:00	-	+09	1944 Jul 31
+			10:00	Guam	G%sT	2000 Dec 23
+			10:00	-	ChST	# Chamorro Standard Time
+
+
+# Kiribati (Gilbert Is)
+# Marshall Is
+# Tuvalu
+# Wake
+# Wallis & Futuna
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Pacific/Tarawa	 11:32:04 -	LMT	1901 # Bairiki
+			 12:00	-	+12
+
+# Kiribati (except Gilbert Is)
+# See Pacific/Tarawa for the Gilbert Is.
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Pacific/Kanton	  0	-	-00	1937 Aug 31
+			-12:00	-	-12	1979 Oct
+			-11:00	-	-11	1994 Dec 31
+			 13:00	-	+13
+Zone Pacific/Kiritimati	-10:29:20 -	LMT	1901
+			-10:40	-	-1040	1979 Oct
+			-10:00	-	-10	1994 Dec 31
+			 14:00	-	+14
+
+# Marshall Is
+# See Pacific/Tarawa for most locations.
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Pacific/Kwajalein	 11:09:20 -	LMT	1901
+			 11:00	-	+11	1937
+			 10:00	-	+10	1941 Apr  1
+			  9:00	-	+09	1944 Feb  6
+			 11:00	-	+11	1969 Oct
+			-12:00	-	-12	1993 Aug 20 24:00
+			 12:00	-	+12
+
+# Micronesia
+# For Chuuk and Yap see Pacific/Port_Moresby.
+# For Pohnpei see Pacific/Guadalcanal.
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Pacific/Kosrae	-13:08:04 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
+			 10:51:56 -	LMT	1901
+			 11:00	-	+11	1914 Oct
+			  9:00	-	+09	1919 Feb  1
+			 11:00	-	+11	1937
+			 10:00	-	+10	1941 Apr  1
+			  9:00	-	+09	1945 Aug
+			 11:00	-	+11	1969 Oct
+			 12:00	-	+12	1999
+			 11:00	-	+11
+
+# Nauru
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Pacific/Nauru	11:07:40 -	LMT	1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe
+			11:30	-	+1130	1942 Aug 29
+			 9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep  8
+			11:30	-	+1130	1979 Feb 10  2:00
+			12:00	-	+12
+
+# New Caledonia
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	NC	1977	1978	-	Dec	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	NC	1978	1979	-	Feb	27	0:00	0	-
+Rule	NC	1996	only	-	Dec	 1	2:00s	1:00	-
+# Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
+Rule	NC	1997	only	-	Mar	 2	2:00s	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Pacific/Noumea	11:05:48 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13 # Nouméa
+			11:00	NC	+11/+12
+
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# New Zealand
+# McMurdo Station and Scott Base in Antarctica use Auckland time.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	NZ	1927	only	-	Nov	 6	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	NZ	1928	only	-	Mar	 4	2:00	0	M
+Rule	NZ	1928	1933	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:00	0:30	S
+Rule	NZ	1929	1933	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00	0	M
+Rule	NZ	1934	1940	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	0	M
+Rule	NZ	1934	1940	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0:30	S
+Rule	NZ	1946	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	0	S
+# Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but until 2018a
+# there was no documented single notation for the date and time of this
+# transition.  Duplicate the Rule lines for now, to give the 2018a change
+# time to percolate out.
+Rule	NZ	1974	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Chatham	1974	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:45s	1:00	-
+Rule	NZ	1975	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	Chatham	1975	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:45s	0	-
+Rule	NZ	1975	1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Chatham	1975	1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:45s	1:00	-
+Rule	NZ	1976	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	Chatham	1976	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:45s	0	-
+Rule	NZ	1989	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Chatham	1989	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:45s	1:00	-
+Rule	NZ	1990	2006	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Chatham	1990	2006	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:45s	1:00	-
+Rule	NZ	1990	2007	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	Chatham	1990	2007	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:45s	0	-
+Rule	NZ	2007	max	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Chatham	2007	max	-	Sep	lastSun	2:45s	1:00	-
+Rule	NZ	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	Chatham	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:45s	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Pacific/Auckland	11:39:04 -	LMT	1868 Nov  2
+			11:30	NZ	NZ%sT	1946 Jan  1
+			12:00	NZ	NZ%sT
+
+Zone Pacific/Chatham	12:13:48 -	LMT	1868 Nov  2
+			12:15	-	+1215	1946 Jan  1
+			12:45	Chatham	+1245/+1345
+
+# Auckland Is
+# uninhabited; Māori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
+# and scientific personnel have wintered
+
+# Campbell I
+# minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914
+# scientific station operated 1941/1995;
+# previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered
+# was probably like Pacific/Auckland
+
+# Cook Is
+#
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2021-03-24):
+# In 1899 the Cook Islands celebrated Christmas twice to correct the calendar.
+# According to the old books, missionaries were unaware of
+# the International Date line, when they came from Sydney.
+# Thus the Cook Islands were one day ahead....
+# http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-KloDisc-t1-body-d18.html
+# ... Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1900
+# https://atojs.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/atojs?a=d&d=AJHR1900-I.2.1.2.3
+# (page 20)
+#
+# From Michael Deckers (2021-03-24):
+# ... in the Cook Island Act of 1915-10-11, online at
+# http://www.paclii.org/ck/legis/ck-nz_act/cia1915132/
+# "651. The hour of the day shall in each of the islands included in the
+#  Cook Islands be determined in accordance with the meridian of that island."
+# so that local (mean?) time was still used in Rarotonga (and Niue) in 1915.
+# This was changed in the Cook Island Amendment Act of 1952-10-16 ...
+# http://www.paclii.org/ck/legis/ck-nz_act/ciaa1952212/
+# "651 (1) The hour of the day in each of the islands included in the Cook
+#  Islands, other than Niue, shall be determined as if each island were
+#  situated on the meridian one hundred and fifty-seven degrees thirty minutes
+#  West of Greenwich.  (2) The hour of the day in the Island of Niue shall be
+#  determined as if that island were situated on the meridian one hundred and
+#  seventy degrees West of Greenwich."
+# This act does not state when it takes effect, so one has to assume it
+# applies since 1952-10-16.  But there is the possibility that the act just
+# legalized prior existing practice, as we had seen with the Guernsey law of
+# 1913-06-18 for the switch in 1909-04-19.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2021-03-24):
+# Transitions after 1952 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Cook	1978	only	-	Nov	12	0:00	0:30	-
+Rule	Cook	1979	1991	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Cook	1979	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0:30	-
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Pacific/Rarotonga	13:20:56 -	LMT	1899 Dec 26 # Avarua
+			-10:39:04 -	LMT	1952 Oct 16
+			-10:30	-	-1030	1978 Nov 12
+			-10:00	Cook	-10/-0930
+
+###############################################################################
+
+
+# Niue
+# See Pacific/Rarotonga comments for 1952 transition.
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2021-09-13):
+# Consecutive contemporaneous editions of The Air Almanac listed -11:20 for
+# Niue as of Apr 1964 but -11 as of Aug 1964:
+#   Apr 1964: https://books.google.com/books?id=_1So677Y5vUC&pg=SL1-PA23
+#   Aug 1964: https://books.google.com/books?id=MbJloqd-zyUC&pg=SL1-PA23
+# Without greater specificity, guess 1964-07-01 for this transition.
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Pacific/Niue	-11:19:40 -	LMT	1952 Oct 16	# Alofi
+			-11:20	-	-1120	1964 Jul
+			-11:00	-	-11
+
+# Norfolk
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Pacific/Norfolk	11:11:52 -	LMT	1901 # Kingston
+			11:12	-	+1112	1951
+			11:30	-	+1130	1974 Oct 27 02:00s
+			11:30	1:00	+1230	1975 Mar  2 02:00s
+			11:30	-	+1130	2015 Oct  4 02:00s
+			11:00	-	+11	2019 Jul
+			11:00	AN	+11/+12
+
+# Palau (Belau)
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Pacific/Palau	-15:02:04 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31	# Koror
+			  8:57:56 -	LMT	1901
+			  9:00	-	+09
+
+# Papua New Guinea
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 -	LMT	1880
+			9:48:32	-	PMMT	1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
+			10:00	-	+10
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-13):
+# Base the Bougainville entry on the Arawa-Kieta region, which appears to have
+# the most people even though it was devastated in the Bougainville Civil War.
+#
+# Although Shanks gives 1942-03-15 / 1943-11-01 for UT +09, these dates
+# are apparently rough guesswork from the starts of military campaigns.
+# The World War II entries below are instead based on Arawa-Kieta.
+# The Japanese occupied Kieta in July 1942,
+# according to the Pacific War Online Encyclopedia
+# https://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/B/o/Bougainville.htm
+# and seem to have controlled it until their 1945-08-21 surrender.
+#
+# The Autonomous Region of Bougainville switched from UT +10 to +11
+# on 2014-12-28 at 02:00.  They call +11 "Bougainville Standard Time".
+# See:
+# http://www.bougainville24.com/bougainville-issues/bougainville-gets-own-timezone/
+#
+Zone Pacific/Bougainville 10:22:16 -	LMT	1880
+			 9:48:32 -	PMMT	1895
+			10:00	-	+10	1942 Jul
+			 9:00	-	+09	1945 Aug 21
+			10:00	-	+10	2014 Dec 28  2:00
+			11:00	-	+11
+
+# Pitcairn
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Pacific/Pitcairn	-8:40:20 -	LMT	1901        # Adamstown
+			-8:30	-	-0830	1998 Apr 27  0:00
+			-8:00	-	-08
+
+# American Samoa
+# Midway
+Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago	 12:37:12 -	LMT	1892 Jul  5
+			-11:22:48 -	LMT	1911
+			-11:00	-	SST	            # S=Samoa
+
+# Samoa (formerly and also known as Western Samoa)
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-16):
+# We have been in contact with the government of Samoa again, and received
+# the following info:
+#
+# "Cabinet has now approved Daylight Saving to be effected next year
+# commencing from the last Sunday of September 2010 and conclude first
+# Sunday of April 2011."
+#
+# Background info:
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html
+#
+# Samoa's Daylight Saving Time Act 2009 is available here, but does not
+# contain any dates:
+# http://www.parliament.gov.ws/documents/acts/Daylight%20Saving%20Act%20%202009%20(English)%20-%20Final%207-7-091.pdf
+
+# From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2010-10-07):
+# Please see
+# http://www.mcil.gov.ws
+# the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour (sideframe) "Last Sunday
+# September 2010 (26/09/10) - adjust clocks forward from 12:00 midnight
+# to 01:00am and First Sunday April 2011 (03/04/11) - adjust clocks
+# backwards from 1:00am to 12:00am"
+
+# From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-03-07):
+# [http://www.mcil.gov.ws/ftcd/daylight_saving_2011.pdf]
+#
+# ... when the standard time strikes the hour of four o'clock (4.00am
+# or 0400 Hours) on the 2nd April 2011, then all instruments used to
+# measure standard time are to be adjusted/changed to three o'clock
+# (3:00am or 0300Hrs).
+
+# From David Zülke (2011-05-09):
+# Subject: Samoa to move timezone from east to west of international date line
+#
+# http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/markets/newsfeeditem.aspx?id=138501958347963
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-27):
+# The International Date Line Act 2011
+# http://www.parliament.gov.ws/images/ACTS/International_Date_Line_Act__2011_-_Eng.pdf
+# changed Samoa from UT -11 to +13, effective "12 o'clock midnight, on
+# Thursday 29th December 2011".  The International Date Line was adjusted
+# accordingly.
+
+# From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-09-02):
+# http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
+#
+# here is the official website publication for Samoa DST and dateline change
+#
+# DST
+# Year  End      Time              Start        Time
+# 2011  - - -    - - -             24 September 3:00am to 4:00am
+# 2012  01 April 4:00am to 3:00am  - - -        - - -
+#
+# Dateline Change skip Friday 30th Dec 2011
+# Thursday 29th December 2011	23:59:59 Hours
+# Saturday 31st December 2011	00:00:00 Hours
+#
+# From Nicholas Pereira (2012-09-10):
+# Daylight Saving Time commences on Sunday 30th September 2012 and
+# ends on Sunday 7th of April 2013....
+# http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
+# That web page currently lists transitions for 2012/3 and 2013/4.
+# Assume the pattern instituted in 2012 will continue indefinitely.
+#
+# From Geoffrey D. Bennett (2021-09-20):
+# https://www.mcil.gov.ws/storage/2021/09/MCIL-Scan_20210920_120553.pdf
+# DST has been cancelled for this year.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	WS	2010	only	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1	-
+Rule	WS	2011	only	-	Apr	Sat>=1	4:00	0	-
+Rule	WS	2011	only	-	Sep	lastSat	3:00	1	-
+Rule	WS	2012	2021	-	Apr	Sun>=1	4:00	0	-
+Rule	WS	2012	2020	-	Sep	lastSun	3:00	1	-
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Pacific/Apia	 12:33:04 -	LMT	1892 Jul  5
+			-11:26:56 -	LMT	1911
+			-11:30	-	-1130	1950
+			-11:00	WS	-11/-10	2011 Dec 29 24:00
+			 13:00	WS	+13/+14
+
+# Solomon Is
+# excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 -	LMT	1912 Oct  1 # Honiara
+			11:00	-	+11
+
+# Tokelau
+#
+# From Gwillim Law (2011-12-29)
+# A correspondent informed me that Tokelau, like Samoa, will be skipping
+# December 31 this year ...
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-07-25)
+# ... we double checked by calling hotels and offices based in Tokelau asking
+# about the time there, and they all told a time that agrees with UTC+13....
+# Shanks says UT-10 from 1901 [but] ... there is a good chance the change
+# actually was to UT-11 back then.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2012-07-25)
+# A Google Books snippet of Appendix to the Journals of the House of
+# Representatives of New Zealand, Session 1948,
+# <https://books.google.com/books?id=ZaVCAQAAIAAJ>, page 65, says Tokelau
+# was "11 hours slow on G.M.T."  Go with Thorsen and assume Shanks & Pottenger
+# are off by an hour starting in 1901.
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Pacific/Fakaofo	-11:24:56 -	LMT	1901
+			-11:00	-	-11	2011 Dec 30
+			13:00	-	+13
+
+# Tonga
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Tonga	1999	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	1:00	-
+Rule	Tonga	2000	only	-	Mar	19	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Tonga	2000	2001	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Tonga	2001	2002	-	Jan	lastSun	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Tonga	2016	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Tonga	2017	only	-	Jan	Sun>=15	3:00	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Pacific/Tongatapu	12:19:12 -	LMT	1945 Sep 10
+			12:20	-	+1220	1961
+			13:00	-	+13	1999
+			13:00	Tonga	+13/+14
+
+
+# US minor outlying islands
+
+# Howland, Baker
+# Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British
+# 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known.
+# Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944;
+# uninhabited thereafter.
+# Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UT -10:30) in 1937;
+# see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long,
+# Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000).
+# So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935
+# until they were abandoned after the war.
+
+# Jarvis
+# Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?.
+# Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958;
+# uninhabited thereafter.
+# no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
+
+# Johnston
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
+# Sometimes Johnston kept Hawaii time, and sometimes it was an hour behind.
+# Details are uncertain.  We have no data for Johnston after 1970, so
+# treat it like Hawaii for now.  Since Johnston is now uninhabited,
+# its link to Pacific/Honolulu is in the 'backward' file.
+#
+# In his memoirs of June 6th to October 4, 1945
+# <http://www.315bw.org/Herb_Bach.htm> (2005), Herbert C. Bach writes,
+# "We started our letdown to Kwajalein Atoll and landed there at 5:00 AM
+# Johnston time, 1:30 AM Kwajalein time."  This was in June 1945, and
+# confirms that Johnston kept the same time as Honolulu in summer 1945.
+#
+# From Lyle McElhaney (2014-03-11):
+# [W]hen JI was being used for that [atomic bomb] testing, the time being used
+# was not Hawaiian time but rather the same time being used on the ships,
+# which had a GMT offset of -11 hours.  This apparently applied to at least the
+# time from Operation Newsreel (Hardtack I/Teak shot, 1958-08-01) to the last
+# Operation Fishbowl shot (Tightrope, 1962-11-04).... [See] Herman Hoerlin,
+# "The United States High-Altitude Test Experience: A Review Emphasizing the
+# Impact on the Environment", Los Alamos LA-6405, Oct 1976.
+# https://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/docs1/00322994.pdf
+# See the table on page 4 where he lists GMT and local times for the tests; a
+# footnote for the JI tests reads that local time is "JI time = Hawaii Time
+# Minus One Hour".
+
+# Kingman
+# uninhabited
+
+# Palmyra
+# uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
+
+
+# Vanuatu
+
+# From P Chan (2020-11-27):
+# Joint Daylight Saving Regulation No 59 of 1973
+# New Hebrides Condominium Gazette No 336. December 1973
+# http://www.paclii.org/vu/other/VUNHGovGaz//1973/11.pdf#page=15
+#
+# Joint Daylight Saving (Repeal) Regulation No 10 of 1974
+# New Hebrides Condominium Gazette No 336. March 1974
+# http://www.paclii.org/vu/other/VUNHGovGaz//1974/3.pdf#page=11
+#
+# Summer Time Act No. 35 of 1982 [commenced 1983-09-01]
+# http://www.paclii.org/vu/other/VUGovGaz/1982/32.pdf#page=48
+#
+# Summer Time Act (Cap 157)
+# Laws of the Republic of Vanuatu Revised Edition 1988
+# http://www.paclii.org/cgi-bin/sinodisp/vu/legis/consol_act1988/sta147/sta147.html
+#
+# Summer Time (Amendment) Act No. 6 of 1991 [commenced 1991-11-11]
+# http://www.paclii.org/vu/legis/num_act/sta1991227/
+#
+# Summer Time (Repeal) Act No. 4 of 1993 [commenced 1993-05-03]
+# http://www.paclii.org/vu/other/VUGovGaz/1993/15.pdf#page=59
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Vanuatu	1973	only	-	Dec	22	12:00u	1:00	-
+Rule	Vanuatu	1974	only	-	Mar	30	12:00u	0	-
+Rule	Vanuatu	1983	1991	-	Sep	Sat>=22	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Vanuatu	1984	1991	-	Mar	Sat>=22	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Vanuatu	1992	1993	-	Jan	Sat>=22	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Vanuatu	1992	only	-	Oct	Sat>=22	24:00	1:00	-
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Pacific/Efate	11:13:16 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13 # Vila
+			11:00	Vanuatu	+11/+12
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# NOTES
+
+# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
+# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
+# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
+# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
+#
+# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
+# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
+# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
+# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
+#
+# Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
+# for time zone data was the International Air Transport
+# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
+# published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
+# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
+# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
+#
+# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
+# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
+# I found in the UCLA library.
+#
+# For data circa 1899, a common source is:
+# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
+# https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
+#
+# For the 1911/1912 establishment of standard time in French possessions, see:
+# Société Française de Physique, Recueil de constantes physiques (1913),
+# page 752, 18b.
+#
+# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
+# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
+#
+# I invented the abbreviation marked "*".
+# The following abbreviations are from other sources.
+# Corrections are welcome!
+#		std	dst
+#		LMT		Local Mean Time
+#	  8:00	AWST	AWDT	Western Australia
+#	  9:30	ACST	ACDT	Central Australia
+#	 10:00	AEST	AEDT	Eastern Australia
+#	 10:00	GST	GDT*	Guam through 2000
+#	 10:00	ChST		Chamorro
+#	 11:30	NZMT	NZST	New Zealand through 1945
+#	 12:00	NZST	NZDT	New Zealand 1946-present
+#	-11:00	SST		Samoa
+#	-10:00	HST		Hawaii
+#
+# See the 'northamerica' file for Hawaii.
+# See the 'southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galápagos Is.
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# Australia
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
+# Daylight saving time has long been controversial in Australia, pitting
+# region against region, rural against urban, and local against global.
+# For example, in her review of Graeme Davison's _The Unforgiving
+# Minute: how Australians learned to tell the time_ (1993), Perth native
+# Phillipa J Martyr wrote, "The section entitled 'Saving Daylight' was
+# very informative, but was (as can, sadly, only be expected from a
+# Melbourne-based study) replete with the usual chuckleheaded
+# Queenslanders and straw-chewing yokels from the West prattling fables
+# about fading curtains and crazed farm animals."
+# Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History (1997-03-03)
+# http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/reviews/davison.htm
+
+# From P Chan (2020-11-20):
+# Daylight Saving Act 1916 (No. 40 of 1916) [1916-12-21, commenced 1917-01-01]
+# http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/num_act/dsa1916401916192/
+#
+# Daylight Saving Repeal Act 1917 (No. 35 of 1917) [1917-09-25]
+# http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/num_act/dsra1917351917243/
+#
+# Statutory Rules 1941, No. 323 [1941-12-24]
+# https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C1941L00323
+#
+# Statutory Rules 1942, No. 392 [1942-09-10]
+# https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C1942L00392
+#
+# Statutory Rules 1943, No. 241 [1943-09-29]
+# https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C1943L00241
+#
+# All transition times should be 02:00 standard time.
+
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08):
+# Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia
+# http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
+# summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12):
+# Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales
+# http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving
+# covers New South Wales in particular.
+
+# From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
+# We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as 'daylight' time.
+# It is called 'summer' time.  Now by a happy coincidence, 'summer'
+# and 'standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
+# abbreviation does _not_ change...
+# The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
+# in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
+# initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
+# the phrase 'summer time' and does not use the phrase 'daylight
+# time'.
+# Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
+# Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases 'Eastern Standard Time'
+# or 'Eastern Summer Time'.  (Note, though, that as I say in the
+# current australasia file, there is really no such thing.)  Announcers
+# on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
+# prefixed by the word 'Australian' when referring to local times;
+# time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
+#
+# Inspired by Mackin's remarks quoted above, earlier versions of this
+# file used "EST" for both Eastern Standard Time and Eastern Summer
+# Time in Australia, and similarly for "CST", "CWST", and "WST".
+# However, these abbreviations were confusing and were not common
+# practice among Australians, and there were justifiable complaints
+# about them, so I attempted to survey current Australian usage.
+# For the tz database, the full English phrase is not that important;
+# what matters is the abbreviation.  It's difficult to survey the web
+# directly for abbreviation usage, as there are so many false hits for
+# strings like "EST" and "EDT", so I looked for pages that defined an
+# abbreviation for eastern or central DST in Australia, and got the
+# following numbers of unique hits for the listed Google queries:
+#
+#   10 "Eastern Daylight Time AEST" site:au [some are false hits]
+#   10 "Eastern Summer Time AEST" site:au
+#   10 "Summer Time AEDT" site:au
+#   13 "EDST Eastern Daylight Saving Time" site:au
+#   18 "Summer Time ESST" site:au
+#   28 "Eastern Daylight Saving Time EDST" site:au
+#   39 "EDT Eastern Daylight Time" site:au [some are false hits]
+#   53 "Eastern Daylight Time EDT" site:au [some are false hits]
+#   54 "AEDT Australian Eastern Daylight Time" site:au
+#  182 "Eastern Daylight Time AEDT" site:au
+#
+#   17 "Central Daylight Time CDT" site:au [some are false hits]
+#   46 "Central Daylight Time ACDT" site:au
+#
+# I tried several other variants (e.g., "Eastern Summer Time EST") but
+# they all returned fewer than 10 unique hits.  I also looked for pages
+# mentioning both "western standard time" and an abbreviation, since
+# there is no WST in the US to generate false hits, and found:
+#
+#  156 "western standard time" AWST site:au
+#  226 "western standard time" WST site:au
+#
+# I then surveyed the top ten newspapers in Australia by circulation as
+# listed in Wikipedia, using Google queries like "AEDT site:heraldsun.com.au"
+# and obtaining estimated counts from the initial page of search results.
+# All ten papers greatly preferred "AEDT" to "EDT".  The papers
+# surveyed were the Herald Sun, The Daily Telegraph, The Courier-Mail,
+# The Sydney Morning Herald, The West Australian, The Age, The Advertiser,
+# The Australian, The Financial Review, and The Herald (Newcastle).
+#
+# I also searched for historical usage, to see whether abbreviations
+# like "AEDT" are new.  A Trove search <http://trove.nla.gov.au/>
+# found only one newspaper (The Canberra Times) with a house style
+# dating back to the 1970s, I expect because other newspapers weren't
+# fully indexed.  The Canberra Times strongly preferred abbreviations
+# like "AEDT".  The first occurrence of "AEDT" was a World Weather
+# column (1971-11-17, page 24), and of "ACDT" was a Scoreboard column
+# (1993-01-24, p 16).  The style was the typical usage but was not
+# strictly enforced; for example, "Welcome to the twilight zones ..."
+# (1994-10-29, p 1) uses the abbreviations AEST/AEDT, CST/CDT, and
+# WST, and goes on to say, "The confusion and frustration some feel
+# about the lack of uniformity among Australia's six states and two
+# territories has prompted one group to form its very own political
+# party -- the Sydney-based Daylight Saving Extension Party."
+#
+# I also surveyed federal government sources.  They did not agree:
+#
+#   The Australian Government (2014-03-26)
+#   http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/time
+#   (This document was produced by the Department of Finance.)
+#   AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
+#
+#   Bureau of Meteorology (2012-11-08)
+#   http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml
+#   EST CST WST EDT CDT
+#
+#   Civil Aviation Safety Authority (undated)
+#   http://services.casa.gov.au/outnback/inc/pages/episode3/episode-3_time_zones.shtml
+#   EST CST WST (no abbreviations given for DST)
+#
+#   Geoscience Australia (2011-11-24)
+#   http://www.ga.gov.au/geodesy/astro/sunrise.jsp
+#   AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
+#
+#   Parliamentary Library (2008-11-10)
+#   https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/2008-09/09rp14.pdf
+#   EST CST WST preferred for standard time; AEST AEDT ACST ACDT also used
+#
+#   The Transport Safety Bureau has an extensive series of accident reports,
+#   and investigators seem to use whatever abbreviation they like.
+#   Googling site:atsb.gov.au found the following number of unique hits:
+#   311 "ESuT", 195 "EDT", 26 "AEDT", 83 "CSuT", 46 "CDT".
+#   "_SuT" tended to appear in older reports, and "A_DT" tended to
+#   appear in reports of events with international implications.
+#
+# From the above it appears that there is a working consensus in
+# Australia to use trailing "DT" for daylight saving time; although
+# some sources use trailing "SST" or "ST" or "SuT" they are by far in
+# the minority.  The case for leading "A" is weaker, but since it
+# seems to be preferred in the overall web and is preferred in all
+# the leading newspaper websites and in many government departments,
+# it has a stronger case than omitting the leading "A".  The current
+# version of the database therefore uses abbreviations like "AEST" and
+# "AEDT" for Australian time zones.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
+# Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
+# Mark Prior writes that his newspaper
+# reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
+# but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
+# and perhaps the newspaper's '2:00' is referring to standard time.
+# For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
+
+# From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05):
+#
+# Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
+# and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
+# relevant entries in this database.
+#
+# NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
+# Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
+# https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html
+# ACT
+# Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
+# https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html
+# SA
+# Standard Time Act, 1898
+# https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html
+
+# From David Grosz (2005-06-13):
+# It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by
+# one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
+# Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday
+# in April instead of the last Sunday in March.
+#
+# From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14):
+# I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan
+# to extend DST together in 2006.
+# ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt
+# New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html
+# South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html
+# Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772
+# Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles
+# allude to it.
+# But not Queensland
+# http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html
+
+# Northern Territory
+
+# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
+# # The NORTHERN TERRITORY..  [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ]
+# #					[ Nov 1990 ]
+# #	N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location.
+# ...
+# Zone        Australia/North         9:30    -       CST
+
+# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
+# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
+# the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving.
+
+# Western Australia
+
+# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
+# #  The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA..  [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ]
+# #						[ Nov 1990 ]
+# #	W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to
+# #	DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but
+# #	usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus
+# #	before reaching parliament.
+# ...
+# Zone	Australia/West		8:00	AW	%sST
+# ...
+# Rule	AW	1974	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+# Rule	AW	1975	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	W
+# Rule	AW	1983	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+# Rule	AW	1984	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	W
+
+# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
+# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
+# Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving.
+
+# From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02):
+# Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney
+# rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at
+# work at 9.00am.)
+# W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse
+# everybody again.
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
+# The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
+# it matches what was used in the past.
+
+# The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
+# http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm
+# (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
+# South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-04-01):
+# The Guardian Express of Perth, Australia reported today that the
+# government decided to advance the clocks permanently on January 1,
+# 2019, from UT +08 to UT +09.  The article noted that an exemption
+# would be made for people aged 61 and over, who "can apply in writing
+# to have the extra hour of sunshine removed from their area."  See:
+# Daylight saving coming to WA in 2019. Guardian Express. 2018-04-01.
+# https://www.communitynews.com.au/guardian-express/news/exclusive-daylight-savings-coming-wa-summer-2018/
+# [The article ends with "Today's date is April 1."]
+
+# Queensland
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-26):
+# I lack access to the following source for Queensland DST:
+# Pearce C. History of daylight saving time in Queensland.
+# Queensland Hist J. 2017 Aug;23(6):389-403
+# https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=994682348436426;res=IELHSS
+
+# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
+# #   The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
+# #						[ Dec 1990 ]
+# ...
+# Zone	Australia/Queensland	10:00	AQ	%sST
+# ...
+# Rule	AQ	1971	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+# Rule	AQ	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	3:00	0	E
+# Rule	AQ	1989	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+# Rule	AQ	1990	max	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	E
+
+# From Bradley White (1989-12-24):
+# "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from
+# October 1989).
+
+# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
+# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
+# ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
+# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
+
+# From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
+# I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact
+# end on Sunday, 3 March.  I don't know at what hour, though.  (It surprised
+# me.)
+
+# From Bradley White (1992-03-08):
+# ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted
+# in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ...
+# ...
+# Rule	QLD	1989	1991	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+# Rule	QLD	1990	1992	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	S
+# ...
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
+# The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
+
+# From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning
+# from Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-11-01):
+# WA are trialing DST for three years.
+# http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf
+
+# From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):
+# The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the
+# southern coast....  South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western
+# Australia does not.  The two states are one and a half hours apart.  The
+# residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so
+# much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the
+# international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South
+# Australia and Western Australia....
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):
+# This is confirmed by the section entitled
+# "What's the deal with time zones???" in
+# http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html
+#
+# From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07):
+# ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway,
+# which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern
+# coast of the continent.
+#
+# I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no
+# dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border
+# village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west
+# as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is
+# the largest population centre in this zone....
+#
+# Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the
+# question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I
+# just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have,
+# meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45.
+#
+# (2006-12-09):
+# I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving
+# in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis
+# of this time zone.  My hunch is that it's been around since well
+# before 1975.  I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago.
+#
+# From Gilmore Davidson (2019-04-08):
+# https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-04-08/this-remote-stretch-of-desert-has-its-own-custom-time-zone/10981000
+# ... include[s] a rough description of the geographical boundaries...
+# "The time zone exists for about 340 kilometres and takes in the tiny
+# roadhouse communities of Cocklebiddy, Madura, Eucla and Border Village."
+# ... and an indication that the zone has definitely been in existence
+# since before the 1970 cut-off of the database ...
+# From Paul Eggert (2019-05-17):
+# That ABC Esperance story by Christien de Garis also says:
+#    Although the Central Western Time Zone is not officially recognised (your
+#    phones won't automatically change), there is a sign instructing you which
+#    way to wind your clocks 45 minutes and scrawled underneath one of them in
+#    Texta is the word: 'Why'?
+#    "Good question," Mr Pike said.
+#    "I don't even know that, and it's been going for over 50 years."
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15):
+# For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the
+# introduction of standard time in 1895.
+
+
+# southeast Australia
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
+# Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT
+# end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October.
+# http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html
+
+
+# South Australia
+
+# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
+# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
+# ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
+# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
+
+# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
+# #   The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ]
+# #						[ Nov 1990 ]
+# ...
+# Zone	Australia/South		9:30	AS	%sST
+# ...
+# Rule	 AS	1971	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+# Rule	 AS	1972	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	C
+# Rule	 AS	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	3:00	0	C
+# Rule	 AS	1991	max	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	C
+
+# From Bradley White (1992-03-11):
+# Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide
+# contained the following exchange:  "Due to the Adelaide Festival,
+# South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks."
+
+# From Robert Elz (1992-03-13):
+# I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that)
+# South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even
+# numbered year (from 1990).  That's when the Adelaide Festival
+# is on...
+
+# From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000):
+# DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday)....
+# But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever...
+# (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...).
+
+# From Bradley White (1994-04-11):
+# If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March,
+# 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can
+# only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....
+
+# From John Warburton (1994-10-07):
+# The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...
+# was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....
+# start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
+# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
+
+# Tasmania
+
+# From P Chan (2020-11-20):
+# Tasmania observed DST in 1916-1919.
+#
+# Daylight Saving Act, 1916 (7 Geo V, No 2) [1916-09-22]
+# http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/num_act/tdsa19167gvn2267/
+#
+# Daylight Saving Amendment Act, 1917 (8 Geo V, No 5) [1917-10-01]
+# http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/num_act/tdsaa19178gvn5347/
+#
+# Daylight Saving Act Repeal Act, 1919 (10 Geo V, No 9) [1919-10-24]
+# http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/num_act/tdsara191910gvn9339/
+#
+# King Island is mentioned in the 1967 Act but not the 1968 Act.
+# Therefore it possibly observed DST from 1968/69.
+#
+# Daylight Saving Act 1967 (No. 33 of 1967) [1967-09-22]
+# http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/num_act/dsa196733o1967211/
+#
+# Daylight Saving Act 1968 (No. 42 of 1968) [1968-10-15]
+# http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/num_act/dsa196842o1968211/
+
+# The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
+# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
+# #  The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
+# #					[ Nov 1990 ]
+
+# From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
+# Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have
+# 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia
+# (but nothing new about that).
+
+# From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):
+# I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the
+# (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,
+# has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria
+# (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000
+# instead of the first Sunday in October.
+
+# Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
+# http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
+# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
+
+# Victoria
+
+# The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
+# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
+# #   The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
+# #						[ Nov 1990 ]
+
+# From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):
+# On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an
+# interesting story about daylight savings time.  Dr. John Heilbron was
+# discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar
+# Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located
+# in Melbourne, Australia.
+#
+# Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which
+# illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day
+# of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's
+# fallen WWI soldiers.  And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,
+# you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the
+# expected time.
+#
+# However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had
+# to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of
+# the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?).  Perhaps
+# someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.
+#
+# [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html
+# [2] http://www.shrine.org.au
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
+# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
+
+# New South Wales
+
+# From Arthur David Olson:
+# New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.
+# Based on law library research by John Mackin,
+# who notes:
+#	In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
+#	individual states.  Thus, while such terms as "Eastern Standard Time"
+#	[I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
+#	use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
+#	legislation.  This is very important to understand.
+#	I have researched New South Wales time only...
+
+# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26):
+# DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
+# October in 2000.  See: Matthew Moore,
+# Two months more daylight saving, Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).
+# http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
+# See the following official NSW source:
+# Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
+# http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ
+#
+# Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
+# daylight saving next year.  See:
+# Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
+# http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm
+# (1999-07-22).  For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
+#
+# Victoria will follow NSW.  See:
+# Vic to extend daylight saving (1999-07-28)
+# http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm
+#
+# However, South Australia rejected the DST request.  See:
+# South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request (1999-07-19)
+# http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm
+#
+# Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics.  See:
+# Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
+# http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm
+# (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
+# "Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
+# I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
+# well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
+# bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
+# I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules."
+#
+# Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000.  See:
+# Broken Hill to be behind the times (1999-07-21)
+# http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm
+
+# IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
+# Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
+# Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.
+
+# From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
+# The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW
+# towns to use Queensland time.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
+# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
+
+# Yancowinna
+
+# From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
+# 'Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
+
+# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
+# # YANCOWINNA..  [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
+# #					[ Dec 1990 ]
+# ...
+# # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the
+# # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings
+# # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government
+# # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have
+# # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not
+# # presently available.
+# Zone	Australia/Yancowinna	9:30	 AY	%sST
+# ...
+# Rule	 AY	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+# Rule	 AY	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	3:00	0	C
+# [followed by other Rules]
+
+# Lord Howe Island
+
+# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
+# LHI...		[ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ]
+#					[ Dec 1990 ]
+# Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
+# hour ahead of NSW time.
+
+# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):
+# Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same
+# date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27).  For your information the
+# Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is
+# seeking the community's views on various options for summer time
+# arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour
+# instead of only 30 minutes.  [Dependent] on the wishes of residents
+# the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing
+# arrangements.  The starting date for summer time on the Island will
+# however always coincide with the rest of NSW.
+
+# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):
+# Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards
+# clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently
+# introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as
+# shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start
+# of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and
+# Lonergan thereafter.  For times we use Lonergan.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
+# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28):
+# According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight
+# saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009
+# summer (southern hemisphere).
+#
+# From
+# http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf
+# The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling
+# for over the last year is now set to be ongoing.
+# Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each
+# year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year.
+# Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia
+# with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and
+# the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year...
+#
+# We have a wrap-up here:
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html
+###############################################################################
+
+# New Zealand
+
+# From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
+# the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
+# This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
+# subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
+# source - phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
+
+# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
+# # The Country of New Zealand   (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
+# #				   or is Australia the west island of N.Z.
+# #	[ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ]
+# #				[ Nov 1990 ]
+# ...
+# Rule	NZ      1974    1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+# Rule	NZ	1989	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
+# Rule	NZ      1975    1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	S
+# Rule	NZ	1990	max	-	Mar	lastSun	3:00	0	S
+# ...
+# Zone	NZ			12:00	NZ		NZ%sT	# New Zealand
+# Zone	NZ-CHAT			12:45	-		NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
+# The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989
+# rather than the October 1 value.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);
+# Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
+# Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight
+# Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard
+# time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
+# As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,
+# as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.html for the full references.
+# Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger.
+#
+# For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
+# transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham
+# is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland.
+
+# From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30):
+# DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the
+# first Sunday in April.  The changes take effect this year, meaning
+# that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.
+# http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-14):
+# Chatham Island time was formally standardized on 1957-01-01 by
+# New Zealand's Standard Time Amendment Act 1956 (1956-10-26).
+# https://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/legis/hist_act/staa19561956n100244.pdf
+# According to Google Books snippet view, a speaker in the New Zealand
+# parliamentary debates in 1956 said "Clause 78 makes provision for standard
+# time in the Chatham Islands.  The time there is 45 minutes in advance of New
+# Zealand time.  I understand that is the time they keep locally, anyhow."
+# For now, assume this practice goes back to the introduction of standard time
+# in New Zealand, as this would make Chatham Islands time almost exactly match
+# LMT back when New Zealand was at UT +11:30; also, assume Chatham Islands did
+# not observe New Zealand's prewar DST.
+
+###############################################################################
+
+
+# Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands and Marcus Island (Minami-Tori-shima)
+
+# From Wakaba (2019-01-28) via Phake Nick:
+# National Diet Library of Japan has several reports by Japanese Government
+# officers that describe the time used in islands when they visited there.
+# According to them (and other sources such as newspapers), standard time UTC
+# + 10 (JST + 1) and DST UTC + 11 (JST + 2) was used until its return to Japan
+# at 1968-06-26 00:00 JST.  The exact periods of DST are still unknown.
+# I guessed Guam, Mariana, and Bonin and Marcus districts might have
+# synchronized their DST periods, but reports imply they had their own
+# decisions, i.e. there were three or more different time zones....
+#
+# https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/小笠原諸島の標準時
+
+# From Phake Nick (2019-02-12):
+# Because their last time change to return to Japanese time when they returned
+# to Japanese rule was right before 1970, ... per the current tz database
+# rule, the information doesn't warrant creation of a new timezone for Bonin
+# Islands itself and is thus as an anecdotal note for interest purpose only.
+# ... [The abovementioned link] described some special timekeeping phenomenon
+# regarding Marcus island, another remote island currently owned by Japanese
+# in the same administrative unit as Bonin Islands.  Many reports claim that
+# the American coastal guard on the American quarter of the island use its own
+# coastal guard time, and most sources describe the time as UTC+11, being two
+# hours faster than JST used by some Japanese personnel on the island.  Some
+# sites describe it as same as Wake Island/Guam time although it would be
+# incorrect to be same as Guam.  And then in a few Japanese governmental
+# report from 1980s (from National Institute of Information and Communications
+# Technology) regarding the construction of VLBI facility on the Marcus
+# Island, it claimed that there are three time standards being used on the
+# island at the time which include not just JST (UTC+9) or [US]CG time
+# (UTC+11) but also a JMSDF time (UTC+10) (Japan Maritime Self-Defense
+# Force).  Unfortunately there are no other sources that mentioned such time
+# and there are also no information on things like how the time was used.
+
+
+# Fiji
+
+# Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
+# enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
+# instead of the American system (which was one day behind).
+
+# From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
+# Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
+# until 0300 local time 1999-02-28.  Each year the DST period will
+# be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
+# IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time.  Go with McDow.
+
+# From the BBC World Service in
+# http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/205226.stm (1998-10-31 16:03 UTC):
+# The Fijian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
+# improve productivity and reduce road accidents.... [T]he move is also
+# intended to boost Fiji's ability to attract tourists to witness the dawning
+# of the new millennium.
+
+# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
+# reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
+
+
+# Kiribati
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
+# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
+# "declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995"
+# as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
+
+# From Kerry Shetline (2018-02-03):
+# December 31 was the day that was skipped, so that the transition
+# would be from Friday December 30, 1994 to Sunday January 1, 1995.
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-04):
+# One source for this is page 202 of: Bartky IR. One Time Fits All:
+# The Campaigns for Global Uniformity (2007).
+
+# Kanton
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2021-05-27):
+# Kiribati's +13 timezone is represented by Kanton, its only populated
+# island.  (It was formerly spelled "Canton", but Gilbertese lacks "C".)
+# Kanton was settled on 1937-08-31 by two British radio operators
+# <https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1937v02/d94>;
+# Americans came the next year and built an airfield, partly to
+# establish airline service and perhaps partly anticipating the
+# next war.  Aside from the war, the airfield was used by commercial
+# airlines until long-range jets became standard; although currently
+# for emergency use only, China says it is considering rebuilding the
+# airfield for high-end niche tourism.  Kanton has about two dozen
+# people, caretakers who rotate in from the rest of Kiribati in 2-5
+# year shifts, and who use some of the leftover structures
+# <http://pipa.neaq.org/2012/06/images-of-kanton-island.html>.
+
+# Kwajalein
+
+# From an AP article (1993-08-22):
+# "The nearly 3,000 Americans living on this remote Pacific atoll have a good
+# excuse for not remembering Saturday night: there wasn't one.  Residents were
+# going to bed Friday night and waking up Sunday morning because at midnight
+# -- 8 A.M. Eastern daylight time on Saturday -- Kwajalein was jumping from
+# one side of the international date line to the other."
+# "In Marshall Islands, Friday is followed by Sunday", NY Times. 1993-08-22.
+# https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/22/world/in-marshall-islands-friday-is-followed-by-sunday.html
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-03-31):
+# Phake Nick (2018-10-27) noted <https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/南洋群島の標準時>'s
+# citation of a 1993 AP article published in the New York Times saying
+# Kwajalein synchronized its day with the US mainland about 40 years earlier.
+# However the AP article is vague and possibly wrong about this.  The article
+# says the earlier switch was "about 40 years ago when the United States
+# Army established a missile test range here".  However, the Kwajalein Test
+# Center was established on 1960-10-01 and was run by the US Navy.  It was
+# transferred to the US Army on 1964-07-01.  See "Seize the High Ground"
+# <https://history.army.mil/html/books/070/70-88-1/cmhPub_70-88-1.pdf>.
+# Given that Shanks was right on the money about the 1993 change, I'm inclined
+# to take Shanks's word for the 1969 change unless we find better evidence.
+
+
+# N Mariana Is, Guam
+
+# From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
+# Guam Island was briefly annexed by Japan during ... year 1941-1944 ...
+# however there are no detailed information about what time it use during that
+# period.  It would probably be reasonable to assume Guam use GMT+9 during
+# that period of time like the surrounding area.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2023-01-23):
+# Howse writes (p 153) "The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
+# Philippines and the Ladrones from America," and implies that the Ladrones
+# (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
+# For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
+# see Asia/Manila.
+#
+# Use 1941-12-10 and 1944-07-31 for Guam WWII transitions, as the rough start
+# and end of Japanese control of Agana.  We don't know whether the Northern
+# Marianas followed Guam's DST rules from 1959 through 1977; for now, assume
+# they did as that avoids the need for a separate zone due to our 1970 cutoff.
+#
+# US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UT +10 the official standard time,
+# under the name "Chamorro standard time".  There is no official abbreviation,
+# but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
+# wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
+
+# See also the commentary for Micronesia.
+
+
+# Marshall Is
+# See the commentary for Micronesia.
+
+
+# Micronesia (and nearby)
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
+# Like the Ladrones (see Guam commentary), assume the Spanish East Indies
+# kept American time until the Philippines switched at the end of 1844.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
+# The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
+# The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information (1999-01-26)
+# http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html
+# that Truk and Yap are UT +10, and Ponape and Kosrae are +11.
+# We don't know when Kosrae switched from +12; assume January 1 for now.
+
+# From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
+#
+# From a Japanese wiki site https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/南洋群島の標準時
+# ...
+# For "Southern Islands" (modern region of Mariana + Palau + Federation of
+# Micronesia + Marshall Islands):
+#
+# A 1906 Japanese magazine shown the Caroline Islands and Mariana Islands
+# who was occupied by Germany at the time as GMT+10, together with the like
+# of German New Guinea.  However there is a marking saying it have not been
+# implemented (yet).  No further information after that were found.
+#
+# Japan invaded those islands in 1914, and records shows that they were
+# instructed to use JST at the time.
+#
+# 1915 January telecommunication record on the Jaluit Atoll shows they use
+# the meridian of 170E as standard time (GMT+11:20), which is similar to the
+# longitude of the atoll.
+# 1915 February record say the 170E standard time is to be used until
+# February 9 noon, and after February 9 noon they are to use JST.
+# However these are time used within the Japanese Military at the time and
+# probably does not reflect the time used by local resident at the time (that
+# is if they keep their own time back then)
+#
+# In January 1919 the occupying force issued a command that split the area
+# into three different timezone with meridian of 135E, 150E, 165E (JST+0, +1,
+# +2), and the command was to become effective from February 1 of the same
+# year.  Despite the target of the command is still only for the occupying
+# force itself, further publication have described the time as the standard
+# time for the occupied area and thus it can probably be seen as such.
+#  * Area that use meridian of 135E: Palau and Yap civil administration area
+#    (Southern Islands Western Standard Time)
+#  * Area that use meridian of 150E: Truk (Chuuk) and Saipan civil
+#    administration area (Southern Islands Central Standard Time)
+#  * Area that use meridian of 165E: Ponape (Pohnpei) and Jaluit civil
+#    administration area (Southern Islands Eastern Standard Time).
+#  * In the next few years Japanese occupation of those islands have been
+#    formalized via League of Nation Mandate (South Pacific Mandate) and formal
+#    governance structure have been established, these district [become
+#    subprefectures] and timezone classification have been inherited as standard
+#    time of the area.
+#  * Saipan subprefecture include Mariana islands (exclude Guam which was
+#    occupied by America at the time), Palau and Yap subprefecture rule the
+#    Western Caroline Islands with 137E longitude as border, Truk and Ponape
+#    subprefecture rule the Eastern Caroline Islands with 154E as border, Ponape
+#    subprefecture also rule part of Marshall Islands to the west of 164E
+#    starting from (1918?) and Jaluit subprefecture rule the rest of the
+#    Marshall Islands.
+#
+# And then in year 1937, an announcement was made to change the time in the
+# area into 2 timezones:
+#  * Area that use meridian of 135E: area administered by Palau, Yap and
+#    Saipan subprefecture (Southern Islands Western Standard Time)
+#  * Area that use meridian of 150E: area administered by Truk (Chuuk),
+#    Ponape (Pohnpei) and Jaluit subprefecture (Southern Islands Eastern
+#    Standard Time)
+#
+# Another announcement issued in 1941 say that on April 1 that year,
+# standard time of the Southern Islands would be changed to use the meridian
+# of 135E (GMT+9), and thus abolishing timezone different within the area.
+#
+# Then Pacific theater of WWII started and Japan slowly lose control on the
+# island.  The webpage I linked above contain no information during this
+# period of time....
+#
+# After the end of WWII, in 1946 February, a document written by the
+# (former?) Japanese military personnel describe there are 3 hours time
+# different between Caroline islands time/Wake island time and the Chungking
+# time, which would mean the time being used there at the time was GMT+10.
+#
+# After that, the area become Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands
+# under American administration from year 1947.  The site listed some
+# American/International books/maps/publications about time used in those
+# area during this period of time but they doesn't seems to be reliable
+# information so it would be the best if someone know where can more reliable
+# information can be found.
+#
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
+#
+# For the above, use vague dates like "1914" and "1945" for transitions that
+# plausibly exist but for which the details are not known.  The information
+# for Wake is too sketchy to act on.
+#
+# The 1906 GMT+10 info about German-controlled islands might not have been
+# done, so omit it from the data for now.
+#
+# The Jaluit info governs Kwajalein.
+
+
+# Midway
+
+# From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956),
+# quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection
+# <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31):
+# For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight
+# Saving Time.  This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning,
+# your time down there in New Zealand.  Starting September 2, 1956
+# we'll again go back to Standard Time.  This'll mean that we'll go to
+# air at 6am your time.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
+# We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they
+# started DST on June 3.  Possibly DST was observed other years
+# in Midway, but we have no record of it.
+
+# Nauru
+
+# From Phake Nick (2018-10-31):
+# Currently, the tz database say Nauru use LMT until 1921, and then
+# switched to GMT+11:30 for the next two decades.
+# However, a number of timezone map published in America/Japan back then
+# showed its timezone as GMT+11 per https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/ナウルの標準時
+# And it would also be nice if the 1921 transition date could be sourced.
+# ...
+# The "Nauru Standard Time Act 1978 Time Change"
+# http://ronlaw.gov.nr/nauru_lpms/files/gazettes/4b23a17d2030150404db7a5fa5872f52.pdf#page=3
+# based on "Nauru Standard Time Act 1978 Time Change"
+# http://www.paclii.org/nr/legis/num_act/nsta1978207/ defined that "Nauru
+# Alternative Time" (GMT+12) should be in effect from 1979 Feb.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-19):
+# The 1921-01-15 introduction of standard time is in Shanks; it is also in
+# "Standard Time Throughout the World", US National Bureau of Standards (1935),
+# page 3, which does not give the UT offset.  In response to a comment by
+# Phake Nick I set the Nauru time of occupation by Japan to
+# 1942-08-29/1945-09-08 by using dates from:
+# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Nauru
+
+# Norfolk
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2015-09-23):
+# Norfolk Island will change ... from +1130 to +1100:
+# https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01483/Explanatory%20Statement/Text
+# ... at 12.30 am (by legal time in New South Wales) on 4 October 2015.
+# http://www.norfolkisland.gov.nf/nia/MediaRelease/Media%20Release%20Norfolk%20Island%20Standard%20Time%20Change.pdf
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2019-08-28):
+# Transitions before 2015 are from timeanddate.com, which consulted
+# the Norfolk Island Museum and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's
+# Norfolk Island station, and found no record of Norfolk observing DST
+# other than in 1974/5.  See:
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/time/australia/norfolk-island.html
+# However, disagree with timeanddate about the 1975-03-02 transition;
+# timeanddate has 02:00 but 02:00s corresponds to what the NSW law said
+# (thanks to Michael Deckers).
+
+# Norfolk started observing Australian DST in spring 2019.
+# From Kyle Czech (2019-08-13):
+# https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2018L01702
+# From Michael Deckers (2019-08-14):
+# https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2019C00010
+
+# Palau
+# See commentary for Micronesia.
+
+# Pitcairn
+
+# From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
+# A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
+# with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time.  The Proclamation is as follows.
+#
+#	The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
+#	Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
+#	as Pitcairn Standard Time.
+#
+# ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
+# references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
+# somehow in light of this proclamation.
+
+# From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
+# The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
+# ... at midnight.
+
+# From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
+# Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
+# Pacific Standard Time. They used to be ½ hour different from us here in
+# Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
+
+
+# (Western) Samoa and American Samoa
+
+# Howse writes (p 153) that after the 1879 standardization on Antipodean
+# time by the British governor of Fiji, the King of Samoa decided to change
+# "the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
+# ordaining - by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery - that
+# the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year."
+# This happened in 1892, according to the Evening News (Sydney) of 1892-07-20.
+# https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl_alaska_samoa.htm
+
+# Although Shanks & Pottenger says they both switched to UT -11:30
+# in 1911, and to -11 in 1950. many earlier sources give -11
+# for American Samoa, e.g., the US National Bureau of Standards
+# circular "Standard Time Throughout the World", 1932.
+# Assume American Samoa switched to -11 in 1911, not 1950,
+# and that after 1950 they agreed until (western) Samoa skipped a
+# day in 2011.  Assume also that the Samoas follow the US and New
+# Zealand's "ST"/"DT" style of daylight-saving abbreviations.
+
+
+# Tonga
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2021-03-04):
+# In 1943 "The standard time kept is 12 hrs. 19 min. 12 sec. fast
+# on Greenwich mean time." according to the Admiralty's Hydrographic
+# Dept., Pacific Islands Pilot, Vol. II, 7th ed., 1943, p 360.
+
+# From Michael Deckers (2021-03-03):
+# [Ian R Bartky: "One Time Fits All: The Campaigns for Global Uniformity".
+# Stanford University Press. 2007. p. 255]:
+# On 10 September 1945 Tonga adopted a standard time 12 hours,
+# 20 minutes in advance of Greenwich.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
+# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that "Tonga has been plotting
+# to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time."
+# Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
+
+# Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
+# How Tonga became 'The Land where Time Begins':
+# http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm
+#
+# Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
+# 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT.  When New Zealand adjusted its
+# standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
+# local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
+# advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13°
+# (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
+#
+# Because His Majesty King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
+# Tungī, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
+# begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
+#
+# But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
+# islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40
+# minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40
+# minutes we have lost?"
+#
+# The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
+# on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
+# to say your prayers in the morning."
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2021-09-13), per Paul Eggert (2006-03-22) and Michael
+# Deckers (2021-03-03):
+# Mundell places the transition from +12:20 to +13 in 1941, while Shanks &
+# Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01.
+#
+# The Air Almanac published contemporaneous tables of standard times,
+# which listed +12:20 as of Nov 1960 and +13 as of Mar 1961:
+#   Nov 1960: https://books.google.com/books?id=bVgtWM6kPZUC&pg=SL1-PA19
+#   Mar 1961: https://books.google.com/books?id=W2nItAul4g0C&pg=SL1-PA19
+# (Thanks to P Chan for pointing us toward these sources.)
+# This agrees with Bartky, who writes that "since 1961 [Tonga's] official time
+# has been thirteen hours in advance of Greenwich time" (p. 202) and further
+# writes in an endnote that this was because "the legislation was amended" on
+# 1960-10-19. (p. 255)
+#
+# Without greater specificity, presume that Bartky and the Air Almanac point to
+# a 1961-01-01 transition, as Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV was still Crown Prince in
+# 1961 and this still jives with the gist of Mundell's telling, and go with
+# this over Shanks & Pottenger.
+
+# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
+# Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millennium
+# Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
+# He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
+# October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
+# Government.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
+# * Tonga will introduce DST in November
+#
+# I was given this link by John Letts:
+# http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
+#
+# I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
+# yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
+# of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
+# (12 + 1 hour DST).
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20):
+# According to <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html>:
+# "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
+# and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
+# third Saturday of April.  Under the system approved by Privy Council on
+# Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
+# set back an hour on the closing date."
+# Alas, no indication of the time of day.
+
+# From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):
+# Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
+# Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):
+# Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com
+# that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19
+# instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
+# is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
+# text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
+# (Original URL was <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm>)
+
+# From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
+# Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
+
+# From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:
+# At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom
+# shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am.  At 2:00am on the last Sunday
+# of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
+# hour to 1:00am.
+
+# From Pulu ʻAnau (2002-11-05):
+# The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed.  It wasn't.
+
+# From Pulu ʻAnau (2016-10-27):
+# http://mic.gov.to/news-today/press-releases/6375-daylight-saving-set-to-run-from-6-november-2016-to-15-january-2017
+# Cannot find anyone who knows the rules, has seen the duration or has seen
+# the cabinet decision, but it appears we are following Fiji's rule set.
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2016-10-26):
+# Assume Tonga will observe DST from the first Sunday in November at 02:00
+# through the third Sunday in January at 03:00, like Fiji, for now.
+
+# From David Wade (2017-10-18):
+# In August government was dissolved by the King.  The current prime minister
+# continued in office in care taker mode.  It is easy to see that few
+# decisions will be made until elections 16th November.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):
+# For now, guess that DST is discontinued.  That's what the IATA is guessing.
+
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# The International Date Line
+
+# From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
+#
+# The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
+# convention, or treaty.  Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
+# Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
+# the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
+#
+# When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
+# Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
+# to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
+# mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati.  Even that line
+# has a rather arbitrary nature.  The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
+# island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
+# convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is
+# governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
+# places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC.  And, since the IDL is not
+# an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
+# correct date is ambiguous.
+
+# From Wikipedia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_time> (2023-01-23):
+# The nautical time zone system is analogous to the terrestrial time zone
+# system for use on high seas.  Under the system time changes are required for
+# changes of longitude in one-hour steps.  The one-hour step corresponds to a
+# time zone width of 15° longitude.  The 15° gore that is offset from GMT or
+# UT1 (not UTC) by twelve hours is bisected by the nautical date line into two
+# 7°30' gores that differ from GMT by ±12 hours.  A nautical date line is
+# implied but not explicitly drawn on time zone maps.  It follows the 180th
+# meridian except where it is interrupted by territorial waters adjacent to
+# land, forming gaps: it is a pole-to-pole dashed line.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2023-01-23):
+# The American Practical Navigator <https://msi.nga.mil/Publications/APN>,
+# 2019 edition, merely says that the International Date Line
+# "coincides with the 180th meridian over most of its length."
diff --git a/backward b/backward
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..65c711b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backward
@@ -0,0 +1,318 @@
+# tzdb links for backward compatibility
+
+# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
+
+# This file provides links from old or merged timezone names to current ones.
+# Many names changed in 1993 and in 1995, and many merged names moved here
+# in the period from 2013 through 2022.  Several of these names are
+# also present in the file 'backzone', which has data important only
+# for pre-1970 timestamps and so is out of scope for tzdb proper.
+
+# Although this file is optional and tzdb will work if you omit it by
+# building with 'make BACKWARD=', in practice downstream users
+# typically use this file for backward compatibility.
+
+# This file is divided into sections, one for each major reason for a
+# backward compatibility link.  Each section is sorted by link name.
+
+# A "#= TARGET1" comment labels each link inserted only because some
+# .zi parsers (including tzcode through 2022e) mishandle links to links.
+# The comment says what the target would be if these parsers were fixed
+# so that data could contain links to links.  For example, the line
+# "Link Australia/Sydney Australia/ACT #= Australia/Canberra" would be
+# "Link Australia/Canberra Australia/ACT" were it not that data lines
+# refrain from linking to links like Australia/Canberra, which means
+# the Australia/ACT line links instead to Australia/Sydney,
+# Australia/Canberra's target.
+
+
+# Pre-1993 naming conventions
+
+# Link	TARGET			LINK-NAME	#= TARGET1
+Link	Australia/Sydney	Australia/ACT	#= Australia/Canberra
+Link	Australia/Lord_Howe	Australia/LHI
+Link	Australia/Sydney	Australia/NSW
+Link	Australia/Darwin	Australia/North
+Link	Australia/Brisbane	Australia/Queensland
+Link	Australia/Adelaide	Australia/South
+Link	Australia/Hobart	Australia/Tasmania
+Link	Australia/Melbourne	Australia/Victoria
+Link	Australia/Perth		Australia/West
+Link	Australia/Broken_Hill	Australia/Yancowinna
+Link	America/Rio_Branco	Brazil/Acre	#= America/Porto_Acre
+Link	America/Noronha		Brazil/DeNoronha
+Link	America/Sao_Paulo	Brazil/East
+Link	America/Manaus		Brazil/West
+Link	America/Halifax		Canada/Atlantic
+Link	America/Winnipeg	Canada/Central
+# This line is commented out, as the name exceeded the 14-character limit
+# and was an unused misnomer.
+#Link	America/Regina		Canada/East-Saskatchewan
+Link	America/Toronto		Canada/Eastern
+Link	America/Edmonton	Canada/Mountain
+Link	America/St_Johns	Canada/Newfoundland
+Link	America/Vancouver	Canada/Pacific
+Link	America/Regina		Canada/Saskatchewan
+Link	America/Whitehorse	Canada/Yukon
+Link	America/Santiago	Chile/Continental
+Link	Pacific/Easter		Chile/EasterIsland
+Link	America/Havana		Cuba
+Link	Africa/Cairo		Egypt
+Link	Europe/Dublin		Eire
+# Vanguard section, for most .zi parsers.
+#Link	GMT			Etc/GMT
+#Link	GMT			Etc/GMT+0
+#Link	GMT			Etc/GMT-0
+#Link	GMT			Etc/GMT0
+#Link	GMT			Etc/Greenwich
+# Rearguard section, for TZUpdater 2.3.2 and earlier.
+Link	Etc/GMT			Etc/GMT+0
+Link	Etc/GMT			Etc/GMT-0
+Link	Etc/GMT			Etc/GMT0
+Link	Etc/GMT			Etc/Greenwich
+# End of rearguard section.
+Link	Etc/UTC			Etc/UCT
+Link	Etc/UTC			Etc/Universal
+Link	Etc/UTC			Etc/Zulu
+Link	Europe/London		GB
+Link	Europe/London		GB-Eire
+# Vanguard section, for most .zi parsers.
+#Link	GMT			GMT+0
+#Link	GMT			GMT-0
+#Link	GMT			GMT0
+#Link	GMT			Greenwich
+# Rearguard section, for TZUpdater 2.3.2 and earlier.
+Link	Etc/GMT			GMT+0
+Link	Etc/GMT			GMT-0
+Link	Etc/GMT			GMT0
+Link	Etc/GMT			Greenwich
+# End of rearguard section.
+Link	Asia/Hong_Kong		Hongkong
+Link	Africa/Abidjan		Iceland	#= Atlantic/Reykjavik
+Link	Asia/Tehran		Iran
+Link	Asia/Jerusalem		Israel
+Link	America/Jamaica		Jamaica
+Link	Asia/Tokyo		Japan
+Link	Pacific/Kwajalein	Kwajalein
+Link	Africa/Tripoli		Libya
+Link	America/Tijuana		Mexico/BajaNorte
+Link	America/Mazatlan	Mexico/BajaSur
+Link	America/Mexico_City	Mexico/General
+Link	Pacific/Auckland	NZ
+Link	Pacific/Chatham		NZ-CHAT
+Link	America/Denver		Navajo	#= America/Shiprock
+Link	Asia/Shanghai		PRC
+Link	Europe/Warsaw		Poland
+Link	Europe/Lisbon		Portugal
+Link	Asia/Taipei		ROC
+Link	Asia/Seoul		ROK
+Link	Asia/Singapore		Singapore
+Link	Europe/Istanbul		Turkey
+Link	Etc/UTC			UCT
+Link	America/Anchorage	US/Alaska
+Link	America/Adak		US/Aleutian
+Link	America/Phoenix		US/Arizona
+Link	America/Chicago		US/Central
+Link	America/Indiana/Indianapolis	US/East-Indiana
+Link	America/New_York	US/Eastern
+Link	Pacific/Honolulu	US/Hawaii
+Link	America/Indiana/Knox	US/Indiana-Starke
+Link	America/Detroit		US/Michigan
+Link	America/Denver		US/Mountain
+Link	America/Los_Angeles	US/Pacific
+Link	Pacific/Pago_Pago	US/Samoa
+Link	Etc/UTC			UTC
+Link	Etc/UTC			Universal
+Link	Europe/Moscow		W-SU
+Link	Etc/UTC			Zulu
+
+
+# Two-part names that were renamed mostly to three-part names in 1995
+
+# Link	TARGET				LINK-NAME	#= TARGET1
+Link	America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires	America/Buenos_Aires
+Link	America/Argentina/Catamarca	America/Catamarca
+Link	America/Argentina/Cordoba	America/Cordoba
+Link	America/Indiana/Indianapolis	America/Indianapolis
+Link	America/Argentina/Jujuy		America/Jujuy
+Link	America/Indiana/Knox		America/Knox_IN
+Link	America/Kentucky/Louisville	America/Louisville
+Link	America/Argentina/Mendoza	America/Mendoza
+Link	America/Puerto_Rico		America/Virgin	#= America/St_Thomas
+Link	Pacific/Pago_Pago		Pacific/Samoa
+
+
+# Pre-2013 practice, which typically had a Zone per zone.tab line
+
+# Link	TARGET			LINK-NAME
+Link	Africa/Abidjan		Africa/Accra
+Link	Africa/Nairobi		Africa/Addis_Ababa
+Link	Africa/Nairobi		Africa/Asmara
+Link	Africa/Abidjan		Africa/Bamako
+Link	Africa/Lagos		Africa/Bangui
+Link	Africa/Abidjan		Africa/Banjul
+Link	Africa/Maputo		Africa/Blantyre
+Link	Africa/Lagos		Africa/Brazzaville
+Link	Africa/Maputo		Africa/Bujumbura
+Link	Africa/Abidjan		Africa/Conakry
+Link	Africa/Abidjan		Africa/Dakar
+Link	Africa/Nairobi		Africa/Dar_es_Salaam
+Link	Africa/Nairobi		Africa/Djibouti
+Link	Africa/Lagos		Africa/Douala
+Link	Africa/Abidjan		Africa/Freetown
+Link	Africa/Maputo		Africa/Gaborone
+Link	Africa/Maputo		Africa/Harare
+Link	Africa/Nairobi		Africa/Kampala
+Link	Africa/Maputo		Africa/Kigali
+Link	Africa/Lagos		Africa/Kinshasa
+Link	Africa/Lagos		Africa/Libreville
+Link	Africa/Abidjan		Africa/Lome
+Link	Africa/Lagos		Africa/Luanda
+Link	Africa/Maputo		Africa/Lubumbashi
+Link	Africa/Maputo		Africa/Lusaka
+Link	Africa/Lagos		Africa/Malabo
+Link	Africa/Johannesburg	Africa/Maseru
+Link	Africa/Johannesburg	Africa/Mbabane
+Link	Africa/Nairobi		Africa/Mogadishu
+Link	Africa/Lagos		Africa/Niamey
+Link	Africa/Abidjan		Africa/Nouakchott
+Link	Africa/Abidjan		Africa/Ouagadougou
+Link	Africa/Lagos		Africa/Porto-Novo
+Link	America/Puerto_Rico	America/Anguilla
+Link	America/Puerto_Rico	America/Antigua
+Link	America/Puerto_Rico	America/Aruba
+Link	America/Panama		America/Atikokan
+Link	America/Puerto_Rico	America/Blanc-Sablon
+Link	America/Panama		America/Cayman
+Link	America/Phoenix		America/Creston
+Link	America/Puerto_Rico	America/Curacao
+Link	America/Puerto_Rico	America/Dominica
+Link	America/Puerto_Rico	America/Grenada
+Link	America/Puerto_Rico	America/Guadeloupe
+Link	America/Puerto_Rico	America/Kralendijk
+Link	America/Puerto_Rico	America/Lower_Princes
+Link	America/Puerto_Rico	America/Marigot
+Link	America/Puerto_Rico	America/Montserrat
+Link	America/Toronto		America/Nassau
+Link	America/Puerto_Rico	America/Port_of_Spain
+Link	America/Puerto_Rico	America/St_Barthelemy
+Link	America/Puerto_Rico	America/St_Kitts
+Link	America/Puerto_Rico	America/St_Lucia
+Link	America/Puerto_Rico	America/St_Thomas
+Link	America/Puerto_Rico	America/St_Vincent
+Link	America/Puerto_Rico	America/Tortola
+Link	Pacific/Port_Moresby	Antarctica/DumontDUrville
+Link	Pacific/Auckland	Antarctica/McMurdo
+Link	Asia/Riyadh		Antarctica/Syowa
+Link	Europe/Berlin		Arctic/Longyearbyen
+Link	Asia/Riyadh		Asia/Aden
+Link	Asia/Qatar		Asia/Bahrain
+Link	Asia/Kuching		Asia/Brunei
+Link	Asia/Singapore		Asia/Kuala_Lumpur
+Link	Asia/Riyadh		Asia/Kuwait
+Link	Asia/Dubai		Asia/Muscat
+Link	Asia/Bangkok		Asia/Phnom_Penh
+Link	Asia/Bangkok		Asia/Vientiane
+Link	Africa/Abidjan		Atlantic/Reykjavik
+Link	Africa/Abidjan		Atlantic/St_Helena
+Link	Europe/Brussels		Europe/Amsterdam
+Link	Europe/Prague		Europe/Bratislava
+Link	Europe/Zurich		Europe/Busingen
+Link	Europe/Berlin		Europe/Copenhagen
+Link	Europe/London		Europe/Guernsey
+Link	Europe/London		Europe/Isle_of_Man
+Link	Europe/London		Europe/Jersey
+Link	Europe/Belgrade		Europe/Ljubljana
+Link	Europe/Brussels		Europe/Luxembourg
+Link	Europe/Helsinki		Europe/Mariehamn
+Link	Europe/Paris		Europe/Monaco
+Link	Europe/Berlin		Europe/Oslo
+Link	Europe/Belgrade		Europe/Podgorica
+Link	Europe/Rome		Europe/San_Marino
+Link	Europe/Belgrade		Europe/Sarajevo
+Link	Europe/Belgrade		Europe/Skopje
+Link	Europe/Berlin		Europe/Stockholm
+Link	Europe/Zurich		Europe/Vaduz
+Link	Europe/Rome		Europe/Vatican
+Link	Europe/Belgrade		Europe/Zagreb
+Link	Africa/Nairobi		Indian/Antananarivo
+Link	Asia/Bangkok		Indian/Christmas
+Link	Asia/Yangon		Indian/Cocos
+Link	Africa/Nairobi		Indian/Comoro
+Link	Indian/Maldives		Indian/Kerguelen
+Link	Asia/Dubai		Indian/Mahe
+Link	Africa/Nairobi		Indian/Mayotte
+Link	Asia/Dubai		Indian/Reunion
+Link	Pacific/Port_Moresby	Pacific/Chuuk
+Link	Pacific/Tarawa		Pacific/Funafuti
+Link	Pacific/Tarawa		Pacific/Majuro
+Link	Pacific/Pago_Pago	Pacific/Midway
+Link	Pacific/Guadalcanal	Pacific/Pohnpei
+Link	Pacific/Guam		Pacific/Saipan
+Link	Pacific/Tarawa		Pacific/Wake
+Link	Pacific/Tarawa		Pacific/Wallis
+
+
+# Non-zone.tab locations with timestamps since 1970 that duplicate
+# those of an existing location
+
+# Link	TARGET			LINK-NAME
+Link	Africa/Abidjan		Africa/Timbuktu
+Link	America/Argentina/Catamarca	America/Argentina/ComodRivadavia
+Link	America/Adak		America/Atka
+Link	America/Panama		America/Coral_Harbour
+Link	America/Tijuana		America/Ensenada
+Link	America/Indiana/Indianapolis	America/Fort_Wayne
+Link	America/Toronto		America/Montreal
+Link	America/Toronto		America/Nipigon
+Link	America/Iqaluit		America/Pangnirtung
+Link	America/Rio_Branco	America/Porto_Acre
+Link	America/Winnipeg	America/Rainy_River
+Link	America/Argentina/Cordoba	America/Rosario
+Link	America/Tijuana		America/Santa_Isabel
+Link	America/Denver		America/Shiprock
+Link	America/Toronto		America/Thunder_Bay
+Link	America/Edmonton	America/Yellowknife
+Link	Pacific/Auckland	Antarctica/South_Pole
+Link	Asia/Shanghai		Asia/Chongqing
+Link	Asia/Shanghai		Asia/Harbin
+Link	Asia/Urumqi		Asia/Kashgar
+Link	Asia/Jerusalem		Asia/Tel_Aviv
+Link	Europe/Berlin		Atlantic/Jan_Mayen
+Link	Australia/Sydney	Australia/Canberra
+Link	Australia/Hobart	Australia/Currie
+Link	Europe/London		Europe/Belfast
+Link	Europe/Chisinau		Europe/Tiraspol
+Link	Europe/Kyiv		Europe/Uzhgorod
+Link	Europe/Kyiv		Europe/Zaporozhye
+Link	Pacific/Kanton		Pacific/Enderbury
+Link	Pacific/Honolulu	Pacific/Johnston
+Link	Pacific/Port_Moresby	Pacific/Yap
+
+
+# Alternate names for the same location
+
+# Link	TARGET			LINK-NAME	#= TARGET1
+Link	Africa/Nairobi		Africa/Asmera	#= Africa/Asmara
+Link	America/Nuuk		America/Godthab
+Link	Asia/Ashgabat		Asia/Ashkhabad
+Link	Asia/Kolkata		Asia/Calcutta
+Link	Asia/Shanghai		Asia/Chungking	#= Asia/Chongqing
+Link	Asia/Dhaka		Asia/Dacca
+# Istanbul is in both continents.
+Link	Europe/Istanbul		Asia/Istanbul
+Link	Asia/Kathmandu		Asia/Katmandu
+Link	Asia/Macau		Asia/Macao
+Link	Asia/Yangon		Asia/Rangoon
+Link	Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh	Asia/Saigon
+Link	Asia/Thimphu		Asia/Thimbu
+Link	Asia/Makassar		Asia/Ujung_Pandang
+Link	Asia/Ulaanbaatar	Asia/Ulan_Bator
+Link	Atlantic/Faroe		Atlantic/Faeroe
+Link	Europe/Kyiv		Europe/Kiev
+# Classically, Cyprus is in Asia; e.g. see Herodotus, Histories, I.72.
+# However, for various reasons many users expect to find it under Europe.
+Link	Asia/Nicosia		Europe/Nicosia
+Link	Pacific/Guadalcanal	Pacific/Ponape	#= Pacific/Pohnpei
+Link	Pacific/Port_Moresby	Pacific/Truk	#= Pacific/Chuuk
diff --git a/backzone b/backzone
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f452503
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backzone
@@ -0,0 +1,1834 @@
+# Zones that go back beyond the scope of the tz database
+
+# This file is in the public domain.
+
+# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know
+# better, go ahead and edit it (and please send any changes to
+# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
+# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
+
+# When proposing changes to this file, please use 'git format-patch'
+# format, either by attaching the resulting .patch file to your email,
+# or by using 'git send-email'.  This will help maintainers save time.
+
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-31):
+
+# This file contains data outside the normal scope of the tz database,
+# in that its zones do not differ from normal tz zones after 1970.
+# Links in this file point to zones in this file, superseding links in
+# the file 'backward'.
+
+# Although zones in this file may be of some use for analyzing
+# pre-1970 timestamps, they are less reliable, cover only a tiny
+# sliver of the pre-1970 era, and cannot feasibly be improved to cover
+# most of the era.  Because the zones are out of normal scope for the
+# database, less effort is put into maintaining this file.  Many of
+# the zones were formerly in other source files, but were removed or
+# replaced by links as their data entries were questionable and/or they
+# differed from other zones only in pre-1970 timestamps.
+
+# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
+# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
+# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
+# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
+
+# This file is not intended to be compiled standalone, as it
+# assumes rules from other files.  In the tz distribution, use
+# 'make PACKRATDATA=backzone zones' to compile and install this file.
+
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2020-04-15):
+# The following remarks should be incorporated into this table sometime.
+# Patches in 'git format-patch' format would be welcome.
+#
+# From Phake Nick (2020-04-15):
+# ... the historical timezone data for those China zones seems to be
+# incorrect.  The transition to GMT+8 date given there for these zones
+# were 1980 which also contradict the file description that they do
+# not disagree with normal zone after 1970.  According to sources that
+# have also been cited in the asia file, except Xinjiang and Tibet,
+# they should have adopted the Beijing Time from around 1949/1950
+# depends on exactly when each of those cities were taken over by the
+# communist army.  And they should also follow the DST setting of
+# Asia/Shanghai after that point of time.  In addition,
+# http://gaz.ncl.edu.tw/detail.jsp?sysid=E1091792 the document from
+# Chongqing Nationalist government say in year 1945 all of China
+# should adopt summer time due to the war (not sure whether it
+# continued after WWII ends)(Probably only enforced in area under
+# their rule at the time?)  The Asia/Harbin's 1932 and 1940 entry
+# should also be incorrect.  As per sources recorded at
+# https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/%E6%BA%80%E5%B7%9E%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%99%82
+# , in 1932 Harbin should have adopted UTC+8:00 instead of data
+# currently listed in the tz database according to official
+# announcement from Manchuko.  And they should have adopted GMT+9 in
+# 1937 January 1st according to official announcement at the time
+# being cited on the webpage.
+
+
+# Zones are sorted by zone name.  Each zone is preceded by the
+# name of the country that the zone is in, along with any other
+# commentary and rules associated with the entry.
+# If the zone overrides links in the main data, it
+# is followed by the corresponding Link lines.
+# If the zone overrides main-data links only when building with
+# PACKRATLIST=zone.tab, it is followed by a commented-out Link line
+# that starts with "#PACKRATLIST zone.tab".
+#
+# As explained in the zic man page, the zone columns are:
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# and the rule columns are:
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+
+
+# Ghana
+
+# From P Chan (2020-11-20):
+# Interpretation Amendment Ordinance, 1915 (No.24 of 1915) [1915-11-02]
+# Ordinances of the Gold Coast, Ashanti, Northern Territories 1915, p 69-71
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=ErA-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA70
+# This Ordinance added "'Time' shall mean Greenwich Mean Time" to the
+# Interpretation Ordinance, 1876.
+#
+# Determination of the Time Ordinance, 1919 (No. 18 of 1919) [1919-11-24]
+# Ordinances of the Gold Coast, Ashanti, Northern Territories 1919, p 75-76
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=MbA-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA75
+# This Ordinance removed the previous definition of time and introduced DST.
+#
+# Time Determination Ordinance (Cap. 214)
+# The Laws of the Gold Coast (including Togoland Under British Mandate)
+# Vol. II (1937), p 2328
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7M-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA2328
+# Revised edition of the 1919 Ordinance.
+#
+# Time Determination (Amendment) Ordinance, 1940 (No. 9 of 1940) [1940-04-06]
+# Annual Volume of the Laws of the Gold Coast:
+# Containing All Legislation Enacted During Year 1940, p 22
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=1ao-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA22
+# This Ordinance changed the forward transition from September to May.
+#
+# Defence (Time Determination Ordinance Amendment) Regulations, 1942
+# (Regulations No. 6 of 1942) [1942-01-31, commenced on 1942-02-08]
+# Annual Volume of the Laws of the Gold Coast:
+# Containing All Legislation Enacted During Year 1942, p 48
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=Das-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA48
+# These regulations advanced the [standard] time by thirty minutes.
+#
+# Defence (Time Determination Ordinance Amendment (No.2)) Regulations,
+# 1942 (Regulations No. 28 of 1942) [1942-04-25]
+# Annual Volume of the Laws of the Gold Coast:
+# Containing All Legislation Enacted During Year 1942, p 87
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=Das-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA87
+# These regulations abolished DST and changed the time to GMT+0:30.
+#
+# Defence (Revocation) (No.4) Regulations, 1945 (Regulations No. 45 of
+# 1945) [1945-10-24, commenced on 1946-01-06]
+# Annual Volume of the Laws of the Gold Coast:
+# Containing All Legislation Enacted During Year 1945, p 256
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=9as-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA256
+# These regulations revoked the previous two sets of Regulations.
+#
+# Time Determination (Amendment) Ordinance, 1945 (No. 18 of 1945) [1946-01-06]
+# Annual Volume of the Laws of the Gold Coast:
+# Containing All Legislation Enacted During Year 1945, p 69
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=9as-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA69
+# This Ordinance abolished DST.
+#
+# Time Determination (Amendment) Ordinance, 1950 (No. 26 of 1950) [1950-07-22]
+# Annual Volume of the Laws of the Gold Coast:
+# Containing All Legislation Enacted During Year 1950, p 35
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=e60-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA35
+# This Ordinance restored DST but with thirty minutes offset.
+#
+# Time Determination Ordinance (Cap. 264)
+# The Laws of the Gold Coast, Vol. V (1954), p 380
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=Mqc-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA380
+# Revised edition of the Time Determination Ordinance.
+#
+# Time Determination (Amendment) Ordinance, 1956 (No. 21 of 1956) [1956-08-29]
+# Annual Volume of the Ordinances of the Gold Coast Enacted During the
+# Year 1956, p 83
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=VLE-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA83
+# This Ordinance abolished DST.
+
+Rule	Ghana	1919	only	-	Nov	24	0:00	0:20	+0020
+Rule	Ghana	1920	1942	-	Jan	 1	2:00	0	GMT
+Rule	Ghana	1920	1939	-	Sep	 1	2:00	0:20	+0020
+Rule	Ghana	1940	1941	-	May	 1	2:00	0:20	+0020
+Rule	Ghana	1950	1955	-	Sep	 1	2:00	0:30	+0030
+Rule	Ghana	1951	1956	-	Jan	 1	2:00	0	GMT
+
+Zone	Africa/Accra	-0:00:52 -	LMT	1915 Nov  2
+			 0:00	Ghana	%s	1942 Feb  8
+			 0:30	-	+0030	1946 Jan  6
+			 0:00	Ghana	%s
+
+# Ethiopia
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-31):
+# Like the Swahili of Kenya and Tanzania, many Ethiopians keep a
+# 12-hour clock starting at our 06:00, so their "8 o'clock" is our
+# 02:00 or 14:00.  Keep this in mind when you ask the time in Amharic.
+#
+# Shanks & Pottenger write that Ethiopia had six narrowly spaced time
+# zones between 1870 and 1890, that they merged to 38E50 (2:35:20) in
+# 1890, and that they switched to 3:00 on 1936-05-05.  Perhaps 38E50
+# was for Adis Dera.  Quite likely the Shanks data entries are wrong
+# anyway.
+Zone Africa/Addis_Ababa	2:34:48 -	LMT	1870
+			2:35:20	-	ADMT	1936 May  5 # Adis Dera MT
+			3:00	-	EAT
+
+# Eritrea
+Zone	Africa/Asmara	2:35:32 -	LMT	1870
+			2:35:32	-	AMT	1890        # Asmara Mean Time
+			2:35:20	-	ADMT	1936 May  5 # Adis Dera MT
+			3:00	-	EAT
+Link Africa/Asmara Africa/Asmera
+
+# Mali (southern)
+Zone	Africa/Bamako	-0:32:00 -	LMT	1912
+			 0:00	-	GMT	1934 Feb 26
+			-1:00	-	-01	1960 Jun 20
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+#PACKRATLIST zone.tab Link Africa/Bamako Africa/Timbuktu
+
+# Central African Republic
+Zone	Africa/Bangui	1:14:20	-	LMT	1912
+			1:00	-	WAT
+
+# The Gambia
+# From P Chan (2020-12-09):
+# Standard time of GMT-1 was adopted on 1933-04-01.  On 1942-02-01, GMT was
+# adopted as a war time measure.  This was made permanent in 1946.
+#
+# Interpretation Ordinance, 1914 (No. 12 of 1914) [1914-09-29]
+# Interpretation Ordinance, 1933 (No. 10 of 1933) [1933-03-31]
+# Notice No. 5 of 1942, Colony of the Gambia Government Gazette, Vol. LIX,
+# No.2, 1942-01-15, p 2
+# Interpretation (Amendment) Ordinance, 1946 (No. 3 of 1946) [1946-07-15]
+Zone	Africa/Banjul	-1:06:36 -	LMT	1912
+			-1:06:36 -	BMT	1933 Apr  1 # Banjul Mean Time
+			-1:00	-	-01	1942 Feb  1  0:00
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Malawi
+# From P Chan (2020-12-09):
+# In 1911, Zomba mean time was adopted as the legal time of Nyasaland.  In
+# 1914, Zomba mean time switched from GMT+2:21:10 to GMT+2:21. On 1925-07-01,
+# GMT+2 was adopted.
+#
+# Interpretation and General Clauses Ordinance, 1911 (No. 12 of 1911)
+# [1911-07-24]
+# Notice No. 124 of 1914, 1914-06-30, The Nyasaland Government Gazette, Vol.
+# XXI, No. 8, 1914-06-30, p 122
+# Interpretation and General Clauses (Amendment) Ordinance, 1925 (No. 3 of
+# 1925) [1925-04-02]
+Zone	Africa/Blantyre	2:20:00 -	LMT	1911 Jul 24
+			2:21:10	-	ZMT	1914 Jun 30 # Zomba Mean Time
+			2:21	-	ZMT	1925 Jul  1
+			2:00	-	CAT
+
+# Republic of the Congo
+Zone Africa/Brazzaville	1:01:08 -	LMT	1912
+			1:00	-	WAT
+
+# Burundi
+Zone Africa/Bujumbura	1:57:28	-	LMT	1890
+			2:00	-	CAT
+
+# Guinea
+Zone	Africa/Conakry	-0:54:52 -	LMT	1912
+			 0:00	-	GMT	1934 Feb 26
+			-1:00	-	-01	1960
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Senegal
+Zone	Africa/Dakar	-1:09:44 -	LMT	1912
+			-1:00	-	-01	1941 Jun
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Tanzania
+Zone Africa/Dar_es_Salaam 2:37:08 -	LMT	1931
+			3:00	-	EAT	1948
+			2:45	-	+0245	1961
+			3:00	-	EAT
+
+# Djibouti
+Zone	Africa/Djibouti	2:52:36 -	LMT	1911 Jul
+			3:00	-	EAT
+
+# Cameroon
+# Whitman says they switched to 1:00 in 1920; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Zone	Africa/Douala	0:38:48	-	LMT	1912
+			1:00	-	WAT
+# Sierra Leone
+# From P Chan (2020-12-09):
+# Standard time of GMT-1 was adopted on 1913-07-01.  Twenty minutes of DST was
+# introduce[d] in 1932 and was suspended in 1939.  In 1941, GMT was adopted by
+# Defence Regulations.  This was made permanent in 1946.
+#
+# Government Notice No. 121 of 1913, 1913-06-06, Sierra Leone Royal Gazette,
+# Vol. XLIV, No. 1384, 1913-06-14, p 347
+# Alteration of Time Ordinance, 1932 (No. 34 of 1932) [1932-12-01]
+# Alteration of Time (Amendment) Ordinance, 1938 (No. 25 of 1938) [1938-11-24]
+# Defence Regulations (No. 9), 1939 (Regulations No. 9 of 1939), 1939-09-05
+# Defence Regulations (No. 11), 1939 (Regulations No. 11 of 1939), 1939-09-27
+# Defence (Amendment) (No. 17) Regulations, 1941 (Public Notice No. 157 of
+# 1941), 1914-12-04
+# Alteration of Time (Amendment) Ordinance, 1946 (No. 2 of 1946) [1946-02-07]
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2021-03-02), per P Chan (2021-02-25):
+# For Sierra Leone in 1957-1962, the standard time was defined in the
+# Alteration of Time Ordinance, 1932 (as amended in 1946, renamed to Local Time
+# Ordinance in 1960 and Local Time Act in 1961). It was unamended throughout
+# that period.  See references to "Time" in the Alphabetical Index of the
+# Legislation in force on the 31st day of December,
+#   1957: https://books.google.com/books?id=lvQ-AQAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA49
+#   1958: https://books.google.com/books?id=4fQ-AQAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA50
+#   1959: https://books.google.com/books?id=p_U-AQAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA55
+#   1960: https://books.google.com/books?id=JPY-AQAAIAAJ&pg=RA3-PA37
+#   1961: https://books.google.com/books?id=7vY-AQAAIAAJ&pg=RA3-PA41
+#   1962: https://books.google.com/books?id=W_c-AQAAIAAJ&pg=RA3-PA44
+#   1963: https://books.google.com/books?id=9vk-AQAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA47
+#
+# Although Shanks & Pottenger had DST from Jun 1 00:00 to Sep 1 00:00 in this
+# period, many contemporaneous almanacs agree that it wasn't used:
+# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2021-February/029866.html
+# Go with the above.
+
+Rule	SL	1932	only	-	Dec	 1	 0:00	0:20	-0040
+Rule	SL	1933	1938	-	Mar	31	24:00	0	-01
+Rule	SL	1933	1939	-	Aug	31	24:00	0:20	-0040
+Rule	SL	1939	only	-	May	31	24:00	0	-01
+
+Zone	Africa/Freetown	-0:53:00 -	LMT	1882
+			-0:53:00 -	FMT	1913 Jul  1 # Freetown MT
+			-1:00	SL	%s	1939 Sep  5
+			-1:00	-	-01	1941 Dec  6 24:00
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Botswana
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
+# Milne says they were regulated by the Cape Town Signal in 1899;
+# assume they switched to 2:00 when Cape Town did.
+Zone	Africa/Gaborone	1:43:40 -	LMT	1885
+			1:30	-	SAST	1903 Mar
+			2:00	-	CAT	1943 Sep 19  2:00
+			2:00	1:00	CAST	1944 Mar 19  2:00
+			2:00	-	CAT
+
+# Zimbabwe
+Zone	Africa/Harare	2:04:12 -	LMT	1903 Mar
+			2:00	-	CAT
+
+# Uganda
+Zone	Africa/Kampala	2:09:40 -	LMT	1928 Jul
+			3:00	-	EAT	1930
+			2:30	-	+0230	1948
+			2:45	-	+0245	1957
+			3:00	-	EAT
+
+# Rwanda
+Zone	Africa/Kigali	2:00:16 -	LMT	1935 Jun
+			2:00	-	CAT
+
+# Democratic Republic of the Congo (west)
+Zone Africa/Kinshasa	1:01:12 -	LMT	1897 Nov  9
+			1:00	-	WAT
+
+# Gabon
+Zone Africa/Libreville	0:37:48 -	LMT	1912
+			1:00	-	WAT
+
+# Togo
+Zone	Africa/Lome	0:04:52 -	LMT	1893
+			0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Angola
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-16):
+# Shanks gives 1911-05-26 for the transition to WAT,
+# evidently confusing the date of the Portuguese decree
+# (see Europe/Lisbon) with the date that it took effect.
+#
+Zone	Africa/Luanda	0:52:56	-	LMT	1892
+			0:52:04	-	LMT	1911 Dec 31 23:00u # Luanda MT?
+			1:00	-	WAT
+
+# Democratic Republic of the Congo (east)
+#
+# From Alois Treindl (2022-02-28):
+# My main source for its time zone history is
+# Henri le Corre, Régimes horaires pour l'Europe et l'Afrique.
+# Shanks follows le Corre.  As does Françoise Schneider-Gauquelin in her book
+# Problèmes de l'heure résolus pour le monde entier.
+#
+Zone Africa/Lubumbashi	1:49:52 -	LMT	1897 Nov  9
+			1:00	-	WAT	1920 Apr 25
+			2:00	-	CAT
+
+# Zambia
+Zone	Africa/Lusaka	1:53:08 -	LMT	1903 Mar
+			2:00	-	CAT
+
+# Equatorial Guinea
+#
+# Although Shanks says that Malabo switched from UT +00 to +01 on 1963-12-15,
+# a Google Books search says that London Calling, Issues 432-465 (1948), p 19,
+# says that Spanish Guinea was at +01 back then.  The Shanks data entries
+# are most likely wrong, but we have nothing better; use them here for now.
+#
+Zone	Africa/Malabo	0:35:08 -	LMT	1912
+			0:00	-	GMT	1963 Dec 15
+			1:00	-	WAT
+
+# Lesotho
+Zone	Africa/Maseru	1:50:00 -	LMT	1903 Mar
+			2:00	-	SAST	1943 Sep 19  2:00
+			2:00	1:00	SAST	1944 Mar 19  2:00
+			2:00	-	SAST
+
+# Eswatini (formerly Swaziland)
+Zone	Africa/Mbabane	2:04:24 -	LMT	1903 Mar
+			2:00	-	SAST
+
+# Somalia
+Zone Africa/Mogadishu	3:01:28 -	LMT	1893 Nov
+			3:00	-	EAT	1931
+			2:30	-	+0230	1957
+			3:00	-	EAT
+
+# Niger
+Zone	Africa/Niamey	 0:08:28 -	LMT	1912
+			-1:00	-	-01	1934 Feb 26
+			 0:00	-	GMT	1960
+			 1:00	-	WAT
+
+# Mauritania
+Zone Africa/Nouakchott	-1:03:48 -	LMT	1912
+			 0:00	-	GMT	1934 Feb 26
+			-1:00	-	-01	1960 Nov 28
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Burkina Faso
+Zone Africa/Ouagadougou	-0:06:04 -	LMT	1912
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Benin
+# Whitman says they switched to 1:00 in 1946, not 1934;
+# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Zone Africa/Porto-Novo	0:10:28	-	LMT	1912 Jan  1
+			0:00	-	GMT	1934 Feb 26
+			1:00	-	WAT
+
+# Mali (northern)
+Zone	Africa/Timbuktu	-0:12:04 -	LMT	1912
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Anguilla
+Zone America/Anguilla	-4:12:16 -	LMT	1912 Mar  2
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# Antigua and Barbuda
+Zone	America/Antigua	-4:07:12 -	LMT	1912 Mar 2
+			-5:00	-	EST	1951
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# Chubut, Argentina
+# The name "Comodoro Rivadavia" exceeds the 14-byte POSIX limit.
+Zone America/Argentina/ComodRivadavia -4:30:00 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
+			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1991 Mar  3
+			-4:00	-	-04	1991 Oct 20
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	-03	2004 Jun  1
+			-4:00	-	-04	2004 Jun 20
+			-3:00	-	-03
+
+# Aruba
+Zone	America/Aruba	-4:40:24 -	LMT	1912 Feb 12 # Oranjestad
+			-4:30	-	-0430	1965
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# Atikokan, Ontario
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1997-10-17):
+# Mark Brader writes that an article in the 1997-10-14 Toronto Star
+# says that Atikokan, Ontario currently does not observe DST,
+# but will vote on 11-10 whether to use EST/EDT.
+# He also writes that the Ontario Time Act (1990, Chapter T.9)
+# http://www.gov.on.ca/MBS/english/publications/statregs/conttext.html
+# says that Ontario east of 90W uses EST/EDT, and west of 90W uses CST/CDT.
+# Officially Atikokan is therefore on CST/CDT, and most likely this report
+# concerns a non-official time observed as a matter of local practice.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
+# Matthews and Vincent (1998) write that Atikokan, Pickle Lake, and
+# New Osnaburgh observe CST all year, that Big Trout Lake observes
+# CST/CDT, and that Upsala and Shebandowan observe EST/EDT, all in
+# violation of the official Ontario rules.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-07-09):
+# Chris Walton (2006-07-06) mentioned an article by Stephanie MacLellan in the
+# 2005-07-21 Chronicle-Journal, which said:
+#
+#	The clocks in Atikokan stay set on standard time year-round.
+#	This means they spend about half the time on central time and
+#	the other half on eastern time.
+#
+#	For the most part, the system works, Mayor Dennis Brown said.
+#
+#	"The majority of businesses in Atikokan deal more with Eastern
+#	Canada, but there are some that deal with Western Canada," he
+#	said.  "I don't see any changes happening here."
+#
+# Walton also writes "Supposedly Pickle Lake and Mishkeegogamang
+# [New Osnaburgh] follow the same practice."
+
+# From Garry McKinnon (2006-07-14) via Chris Walton:
+# I chatted with a member of my board who has an outstanding memory
+# and a long history in Atikokan (and in the telecom industry) and he
+# can say for certain that Atikokan has been practicing the current
+# time keeping since 1952, at least.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-07-17):
+# Shanks & Pottenger say that Atikokan has agreed with Rainy River
+# ever since standard time was introduced, but the information from
+# McKinnon sounds more authoritative.  For now, assume that Atikokan
+# switched to EST immediately after WWII era daylight saving time
+# ended.  This matches the old (less populous) America/Coral_Harbour
+# entry since our cutoff date of 1970, so we can move
+# America/Coral_Harbour to the 'backward' file.
+
+Zone America/Atikokan	-6:06:28 -	LMT	1895
+			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	1940 Sep 29
+			-6:00	1:00	CDT	1942 Feb  9  2:00s
+			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	1945 Sep 30  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST
+#PACKRATLIST zone.tab Link America/Atikokan America/Coral_Harbour
+
+# Quebec east of Natashquan
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2021-05-09):
+# H. David Matthews and Mary Vincent's map
+# "It's about TIME", _Canadian Geographic_ (September-October 1998)
+# http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/Magazine/SO98/alacarte.asp
+# says that Quebec east of the -63 meridian is supposed to observe
+# AST, but residents as far east as Natashquan use EST/EDT, and
+# residents east of Natashquan use AST.
+# The Quebec department of justice writes in
+# "The situation in Minganie and Basse-Côte-Nord"
+# https://www.justice.gouv.qc.ca/en/department/ministre/functions-and-responsabilities/legal-time-in-quebec/the-situation-in-minganie-and-basse-cote-nord/
+# that the coastal strip from just east of Natashquan to Blanc-Sablon
+# observes Atlantic standard time all year round.
+# This common practice was codified into law as of 2007; see Legal Time Act,
+# CQLR c T-5.1 <http://legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/ShowDoc/cs/T-5.1>.
+# For lack of better info, guess this practice began around 1970, contra to
+# Shanks & Pottenger who have this region observing AST/ADT.
+
+Zone America/Blanc-Sablon -3:48:28 -	LMT	1884
+			-4:00	Canada	A%sT	1970
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# Cayman Is
+Zone	America/Cayman	-5:25:32 -	LMT	1890     # Georgetown
+			-5:07:10 -	KMT	1912 Feb # Kingston Mean Time
+			-5:00	-	EST
+
+# United States
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-03-18):
+# America/Chillicothe would be tricky, as it was a city of two-timers:
+# "To prevent a constant mixup at Chillicothe, caused by the courthouse
+#  clock running on central time and the city running on 'daylight saving'
+#  time, a third hand was added to the dial of the courthouse clock."
+# -- Ohio news in brief. The Cedarville Herald. 1920-05-21;43(21):1 (col. 5)
+# https://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/cedarville_herald/794
+
+# Canada
+Zone America/Coral_Harbour -5:32:40 -	LMT	1884
+			-5:00	NT_YK	E%sT	1946
+			-5:00	-	EST
+
+# From Chris Walton (2011-12-01):
+# There are two areas within the Canadian province of British Columbia
+# that do not currently observe daylight saving:
+# a) The Creston Valley (includes the town of Creston and surrounding area)
+# b) The eastern half of the Peace River Regional District
+# (includes the cities of Dawson Creek and Fort St. John)
+
+# Earlier this year I stumbled across a detailed article about the time
+# keeping history of Creston; it was written by Tammy Hardwick who is the
+# manager of the Creston & District Museum. The article was written in May 2009.
+# http://www.ilovecreston.com/?p=articles&t=spec&ar=260
+# According to the article, Creston has not changed its clocks since June 1918.
+# i.e. Creston has been stuck on UT-7 for 93 years.
+# Dawson Creek, on the other hand, changed its clocks as recently as April 1972.
+
+# Unfortunately the exact date for the time change in June 1918 remains
+# unknown and will be difficult to ascertain.  I e-mailed Tammy a few months
+# ago to ask if Sunday June 2 was a reasonable guess.  She said it was just
+# as plausible as any other date (in June).  She also said that after writing
+# the article she had discovered another time change in 1916; this is the
+# subject of another article which she wrote in October 2010.
+# http://www.creston.museum.bc.ca/index.php?module=comments&uop=view_comment&cm+id=56
+
+# Here is a summary of the three clock change events in Creston's history:
+# 1. 1884 or 1885: adoption of Mountain Standard Time (GMT-7)
+# Exact date unknown
+# 2. Oct 1916: switch to Pacific Standard Time (GMT-8)
+# Exact date in October unknown; Sunday October 1 is a reasonable guess.
+# 3. June 1918: switch to Pacific Daylight Time (GMT-7)
+# Exact date in June unknown; Sunday June 2 is a reasonable guess.
+# note 1:
+# On Oct 27/1918 when daylight saving ended in the rest of Canada,
+# Creston did not change its clocks.
+# note 2:
+# During WWII when the Federal Government legislated a mandatory clock change,
+# Creston did not oblige.
+# note 3:
+# There is no guarantee that Creston will remain on Mountain Standard Time
+# (UTC-7) forever.
+# The subject was debated at least once this year by the town Council.
+# http://www.bclocalnews.com/kootenay_rockies/crestonvalleyadvance/news/116760809.html
+
+# During a period WWII, summer time (Daylight saying) was mandatory in Canada.
+# In Creston, that was handled by shifting the area to PST (-8:00) then applying
+# summer time to cause the offset to be -7:00, the same as it had been before
+# the change.  It can be argued that the timezone abbreviation during this
+# period should be PDT rather than MST, but that doesn't seem important enough
+# (to anyone) to further complicate the rules.
+
+# The transition dates (and times) are guesses.
+
+Zone America/Creston	-7:46:04 -	LMT	1884
+			-7:00	-	MST	1916 Oct 1
+			-8:00	-	PST	1918 Jun 2
+			-7:00	-	MST
+
+# Curaçao
+# Milne gives 4:35:46.9 for Curaçao mean time; round to nearest.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# Shanks & Pottenger say that The Bottom and Philipsburg have been at
+# -4:00 since standard time was introduced on 1912-03-02; and that
+# Kralendijk and Rincon used Kralendijk Mean Time (-4:33:08) from
+# 1912-02-02 to 1965-01-01.  The former is dubious, since S&P also say
+# Saba Island has been like Curaçao.
+# This all predates our 1970 cutoff, though.
+#
+# By July 2007 Curaçao and St Maarten are planned to become
+# associated states within the Netherlands, much like Aruba;
+# Bonaire, Saba and St Eustatius would become directly part of the
+# Netherlands as Kingdom Islands.  This won't affect their time zones
+# though, as far as we know.
+#
+Zone	America/Curacao	-4:35:47 -	LMT	1912 Feb 12 # Willemstad
+			-4:30	-	-0430	1965
+			-4:00	-	AST
+Link	America/Curacao	America/Kralendijk
+Link	America/Curacao	America/Lower_Princes
+
+# Dominica
+Zone America/Dominica	-4:05:36 -	LMT	1911 Jul  1  0:01 # Roseau
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# Baja California
+# See 'northamerica' for why this entry is here rather than there.
+Zone America/Ensenada	-7:46:28 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:13:32
+			-8:00	-	PST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
+			-7:00	-	MST	1930 Nov 16
+			-8:00	-	PST	1942 Apr
+			-7:00	-	MST	1949 Jan 14
+			-8:00	-	PST	1996
+			-8:00	Mexico	P%sT
+
+# Grenada
+Zone	America/Grenada	-4:07:00 -	LMT	1911 Jul # St George's
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# Guadeloupe
+Zone America/Guadeloupe	-4:06:08 -	LMT	1911 Jun  8 # Pointe-à-Pitre
+			-4:00	 -	AST
+
+
+# Canada
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-03-24):
+# Since 1970 most of Quebec has been like Toronto; see
+# America/Toronto.  However, earlier versions of the tz database
+# mistakenly relied on data from Shanks & Pottenger saying that Quebec
+# differed from Ontario after 1970, and the following rules and zone
+# were created for most of Quebec from the incorrect Shanks &
+# Pottenger data.  The post-1970 entries have been corrected, but the
+# pre-1970 entries are unchecked and probably have errors.
+#
+Rule	Mont	1917	only	-	Mar	25	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1917	only	-	Apr	24	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1919	only	-	Mar	31	2:30	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1919	only	-	Oct	25	2:30	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1920	only	-	May	 2	2:30	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1920	1922	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:30	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1921	only	-	May	 1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1922	only	-	Apr	30	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1924	only	-	May	17	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1924	1926	-	Sep	lastSun	2:30	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1925	1926	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1927	1937	-	Apr	lastSat	24:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1927	1937	-	Sep	lastSat	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1938	1940	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1938	1939	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1946	1973	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1945	1948	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1949	1950	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1951	1956	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1957	1973	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Zone America/Montreal	-4:54:16 -	LMT	1884
+			-5:00	Mont	E%sT	1918
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1919
+			-5:00	Mont	E%sT	1942 Feb  9  2:00s
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1946
+			-5:00	Mont	E%sT	1974
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT
+
+# Montserrat
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# In 1995 volcanic eruptions forced evacuation of Plymouth, the capital.
+# world.gazetteer.com says Cork Hill is the most populous location now.
+Zone America/Montserrat	-4:08:52 -	LMT	1911 Jul  1  0:01 # Cork Hill
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# The Bahamas
+#
+# For 1899 Milne gives -5:09:29.5; round that.
+#
+# From P Chan (2020-11-27, corrected on 2020-12-02):
+# There were two periods of DST observed in 1942-1945: 1942-05-01
+# midnight to 1944-12-31 midnight and 1945-02-01 to 1945-10-17 midnight.
+# "midnight" should mean 24:00 from the context.
+#
+# War Time Order 1942 [1942-05-01] and War Time (No. 2) Order 1942  [1942-09-29]
+# Appendix to the Statutes of 7 George VI. and the Year 1942. p 34, 43
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=5rlNAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA3-PA34
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=5rlNAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA3-PA43
+#
+# War Time Order 1943 [1943-03-31] and War Time Order 1944 [1943-12-29]
+# Appendix to the Statutes of 8 George VI. and the Year 1943. p 9-10, 28-29
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=5rlNAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA4-PA9
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=5rlNAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA4-PA28
+#
+# War Time Order 1945 [1945-01-31] and the Order which revoke War Time Order
+# 1945 [1945-10-16] Appendix to the Statutes of 9 George VI. and the Year
+# 1945. p 160, 247-248
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=5rlNAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA6-PA160
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=5rlNAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA6-PA247
+#
+# From Sue Williams (2006-12-07):
+# The Bahamas announced about a month ago that they plan to change their DST
+# rules to sync with the U.S. starting in 2007....
+# http://www.jonesbahamas.com/?c=45&a=10412
+
+Rule	Bahamas	1942	only	-	May	 1	24:00	1:00	W
+Rule	Bahamas	1944	only	-	Dec	31	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Bahamas	1945	only	-	Feb	 1	0:00	1:00	W
+Rule	Bahamas	1945	only	-	Aug	14	23:00u	1:00	P # Peace
+Rule	Bahamas	1945	only	-	Oct	17	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Bahamas	1964	1975	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Bahamas	1964	1975	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+
+Zone	America/Nassau	-5:09:30 -	LMT	1912 Mar 2
+			-5:00	Bahamas	E%sT	1976
+			-5:00	US	E%sT
+
+# Canada
+# From Chris Walton (2022-10-15):
+# I would also like to see America/Nipigon and America/Rainy_River converted
+# into link entries because I have zero faith in the current Shanks based data.
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-10-15):
+# These are now links in the primary data.  Also see America/Thunder_Bay.
+Zone America/Nipigon	-5:53:04 -	LMT	1895
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1940 Sep 29
+			-5:00	1:00	EDT	1942 Feb  9  2:00s
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT
+
+# From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
+# On October 31, when the rest of Nunavut went to Central time,
+# Pangnirtung wobbled.  Here is the result of their wobble:
+#
+# The following businesses and organizations in Pangnirtung use Central Time:
+#
+#	First Air, Power Corp, Nunavut Construction, Health Center, RCMP,
+#	Eastern Arctic National Parks, A & D Specialist
+#
+# The following businesses and organizations in Pangnirtung use Eastern Time:
+#
+#	Hamlet office, All other businesses, Both schools, Airport operator
+#
+# This has made for an interesting situation there, which warranted the news.
+# No one there that I spoke with seems concerned, or has plans to
+# change the local methods of keeping time, as it evidently does not
+# really interfere with any activities or make things difficult locally.
+# They plan to celebrate New Year's turn-over twice, one hour apart,
+# so it appears that the situation will last at least that long.
+# The Nunavut Intergovernmental Affairs hopes that they will "come to
+# their senses", but the locals evidently don't see any problem with
+# the current state of affairs.
+
+# From Michaela Rodrigue, writing in the
+# Nunatsiaq News (1999-11-19):
+# http://www.nunatsiaqonline.ca/archives/nunavut991130/nvt91119_17.html
+# Clyde River, Pangnirtung and Sanikiluaq now operate with two time zones,
+# central - or Nunavut time - for government offices, and eastern time
+# for municipal offices and schools....  Igloolik [was similar but then]
+# made the switch to central time on Saturday, Nov. 6.
+
+# From Chris Walton (2022-11-06):
+# The implication is that Pangnirtung and Qikiqtarjuaq have observed Eastern
+# Time as far back as 1984 (and likely even further back than that).
+# It is possible that these communities never actually observed Atlantic
+# Time, but that would be difficult to prove.
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-11-06):
+# This is in 'backzone' as we have no good evidence that Pangnirtung differs
+# from America/Iqaluit since 1970.  A Google Books snippet view of
+# volume 2, page 186 of "Pilot of Arctic Canada", published 1959 by
+# the Canadian Hydrographic Service, suggests (though does not state)
+# that Pangnirtung observed EST then.
+#
+# aka Panniqtuuq
+Zone America/Pangnirtung 0	-	-00	1921 # trading post est.
+			-5:00	NT_YK	E%sT	1999 Oct 31  2:00
+			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	2000 Oct 29  2:00
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT
+
+# United States
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-03-18):
+# America/Palm_Springs would be tricky, as it kept two sets of clocks
+# in 1946/7.  See the following notes.
+#
+# From Steve Allen (2018-01-19):
+# The shadow of Mt. San Jacinto brings darkness very early in the winter
+# months.  In 1946 the chamber of commerce decided to put the clocks of Palm
+# Springs forward by an hour in the winter.
+# https://www.desertsun.com/story/life/2017/12/27/palm-springs-struggle-daylight-savings-time-and-idea-sun-time/984416001/
+# Desert Sun, Number 18, 1 November 1946
+# https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DS19461101
+# has proposal for meeting on front page and page 21.
+# Desert Sun, Number 19, 5 November 1946
+# https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DS19461105
+# reports that Sun Time won at the meeting on front page and page 5.
+# Desert Sun, Number 37, 7 January 1947
+# https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DS19470107.2.12
+# front page reports request to abandon Sun Time and page 7 notes a "class war".
+# Desert Sun, Number 38, 10 January 1947
+# https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DS19470110
+# front page reports on end.
+
+# Trinidad and Tobago
+Zone America/Port_of_Spain -4:06:04 -	LMT	1912 Mar 2
+			-4:00	-	AST
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Marigot
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/St_Barthelemy
+
+# Canada
+# From Chris Walton (2022-10-15):
+# I would also like to see America/Nipigon and America/Rainy_River converted
+# into link entries because I have zero faith in the current Shanks based data.
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-10-15):
+# These are now links in the primary data.  Also see America/Thunder_Bay.
+Zone America/Rainy_River -6:18:16 -	LMT	1895
+			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	1940 Sep 29
+			-6:00	1:00	CDT	1942 Feb  9  2:00s
+			-6:00	Canada	C%sT
+
+# Argentina
+# This entry was intended for the following areas, but has been superseded by
+# more detailed zones.
+# Santa Fe (SF), Entre Ríos (ER), Corrientes (CN), Misiones (MN), Chaco (CC),
+# Formosa (FM), La Pampa (LP), Chubut (CH)
+Zone America/Rosario	-4:02:40 -	LMT	1894 Nov
+			-4:16:44 -	CMT	1920 May
+			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1991 Jul
+			-3:00	-	-03	1999 Oct  3  0:00
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3  0:00
+			-3:00	-	-03
+
+# St Kitts-Nevis
+Zone America/St_Kitts	-4:10:52 -	LMT	1912 Mar  2 # Basseterre
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# St Lucia
+Zone America/St_Lucia	-4:04:00 -	LMT	1890 # Castries
+			-4:04:00 -	CMT	1912 # Castries Mean Time
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# US Virgin Is
+Zone America/St_Thomas	-4:19:44 -	LMT	1911 Jul # Charlotte Amalie
+			-4:00	-	AST
+Link America/St_Thomas America/Virgin
+
+# St Vincent and the Grenadines
+Zone America/St_Vincent	-4:04:56 -	LMT	1890 # Kingstown
+			-4:04:56 -	KMT	1912 # Kingstown Mean Time
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# Canada
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2003-07-27):
+# Willett (1914-03) writes (p. 17) "In the Cities of Fort William, and
+# Port Arthur, Ontario, the principle of the Bill has been in
+# operation for the past three years, and in the City of Moose Jaw,
+# Saskatchewan, for one year."
+#
+# From David Bryan via Tory Tronrud, Director/Curator,
+# Thunder Bay Museum (2003-11-12):
+# There is some suggestion, however, that, by-law or not, daylight
+# savings time was being practiced in Fort William and Port Arthur
+# before 1909.... [I]n 1910, the line between the Eastern and Central
+# Time Zones was permanently moved about two hundred miles west to
+# include the Thunder Bay area....  When Canada adopted daylight
+# savings time in 1916, Fort William and Port Arthur, having done so
+# already, did not change their clocks....  During the Second World
+# War,... [t]he cities agreed to implement DST during the summer
+# months for the remainder of the war years.
+#
+# From Jeffery Nichols (2020-02-06):
+# According to the [Shanks] atlas, those western Ontario zones are huge,
+# covering most of Ontario northwest of Sault Ste Marie and Timmins.
+# The zones seem to include towns bigger than the ones they're named after,
+# like Dryden in America/Rainy_River and Wawa (and maybe Attawapiskat) in
+# America/Nipigon.  I assume it's too much trouble to change the name of the
+# zone (like when you found out that America/Glace_Bay includes Sydney, Nova
+# Scotia)....
+#
+# From Chris Walton (2022-10-15):
+# The TZ database currently shows that Thunder Bay has observed daylight
+# saving every year from 1970 onwards with the exception of 1973.
+# Back in July I raised some doubts on this mailing list about the 1973 data.
+# I now have more proof that it is wrong.
+# [attached Chronicle-Journal front pages, 1973-04-28 and 1973-10-27]
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-10-15):
+# This is now a link in the primary data.  The following entry is
+# from Shanks & Pottenger, with corrections as noted above.
+#
+Zone America/Thunder_Bay -5:57:00 -	LMT	1895
+			-6:00	-	CST	1910
+			-5:00	-	EST	1942
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1970
+			-5:00	Toronto	E%sT	1974
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT
+
+# British Virgin Is
+Zone America/Tortola	-4:18:28 -	LMT	1911 Jul # Road Town
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# Yellowknife, Northwest Territories
+Zone America/Yellowknife 0	-	-00	1935 # Yellowknife founded?
+			-7:00	NT_YK	M%sT	1980
+			-7:00	Canada	M%sT
+
+# Dumont d'Urville, Île des Pétrels, -6640+14001, since 1956-11
+# <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumont_d'Urville_Station> (2005-12-05)
+#
+# Another base at Port-Martin, 50km east, began operation in 1947.
+# It was destroyed by fire on 1952-01-14.
+#
+Zone Antarctica/DumontDUrville 0 -	-00	1947
+			10:00	-	+10	1952 Jan 14
+			0	-	-00	1956 Nov
+			10:00	-	+10
+
+# McMurdo, Ross Island, since 1955-12
+Zone Antarctica/McMurdo	0	-	-00	1956
+			12:00	NZ	NZ%sT
+Link Antarctica/McMurdo Antarctica/South_Pole
+
+# Syowa, Antarctica
+#
+# From Hideyuki Suzuki (1999-02-06):
+# In all Japanese stations, +0300 is used as the standard time.
+#
+# Syowa station, which is the first antarctic station of Japan,
+# was established on 1957-01-29.  Since Syowa station is still the main
+# station of Japan, it's appropriate for the principal location.
+# See:
+# NIPR Antarctic Research Activities (1999-08-17)
+# http://www.nipr.ac.jp/english/ara01.html
+Zone Antarctica/Syowa	0	-	-00	1957 Jan 29
+			3:00	-	+03
+
+# Yemen
+# Milne says 2:59:54 was the meridian of the saluting battery at Aden,
+# and that Yemen was at 1:55:56, the meridian of the Hagia Sophia.
+Zone	Asia/Aden	2:59:54	-	LMT	1950
+			3:00	-	+03
+
+# Bahrain
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2020-07-23):
+# Most of this data comes from:
+# Stewart A. Why Gulf Standard Time is far from standard: the fascinating story
+# behind the time zone's invention. The National (Abu Dhabi). 2020-07-22.
+# https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/why-gulf-standard-time-is-far-from-standard-the-fascinating-story-behind-the-time-zone-s-invention-1.1052589
+# Stewart writes that before 1941 some companies in Bahrain were at +0330 and
+# others at +0323.  Reginald George Alban, a British political agent based in
+# Manama, worked to standardize this, and from 1941-07-20 Bahrain was at
+# +0330.  However, BOAC asked that clocks be moved to gain more light at day's
+# end, so Bahrain switched to +04 on 1944-01-01.
+#
+# Re the 1941 transition, Stewart privately sent me this citation:
+# "File 16/53 Enquiries Re: Calculation of Local Time", British Library: India
+# Office Records and Private Papers, IOR/R/15/2/1564, in Qatar Digital Library
+# https://www.qdl.qa/archive/81055/vdc_100000000282.0x00012b
+# It says there was no real standard in Bahrain before 1941-07-20.
+# +0330 was used by steamers of the British India Co, by Petroleum Concessions
+# and by Cable & Wireless; +0323 was used by the Eastern Bank Ltd, BOAC, and
+# Bahrein Petroleum (Bapco), and California Arabian Standard Oil Co (Casoc)
+# adopted DST effective 1941-05-24.  Alban suggested adopting DST, R.B. Coomb
+# of C&W countersuggested +0330, and although C.A. Rodstrom of Casoc (formerly
+# of Bapco) stated that Bahrain had formerly used +0330 before Bapco arrived
+# but Bapco switched to +0323 because of "constant confusion", the consensus
+# was +0330.  The government adopted +0330 in 1941-07-20 and companies seem to
+# have switched by 08-01.  No time of day was given for the 1940s transitions.
+Zone	Asia/Bahrain	3:22:20 -	LMT	1941 Jul 20  # Manamah
+			3:30	-	+0330	1944 Jan  1
+			4:00	-	+04	1972 Jun
+			3:00	-	+03
+
+# Brunei
+Zone	Asia/Brunei	7:39:40 -	LMT	1926 Mar # Bandar Seri Begawan
+			7:30	-	+0730	1933
+			8:00	-	+08
+
+# India
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-09-06):
+# The 1876 Report of the Secretary of the [US] Navy, p 305 says that Madras
+# civil time was 5:20:57.3.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-21):
+# In tomorrow's The Hindu, Nitya Menon reports that India had two civil time
+# zones starting in 1884, one in Bombay and one in Calcutta, and that railways
+# used a third time zone based on Madras time (80° 18' 30" E).  Also,
+# in 1881 Bombay briefly switched to Madras time, but switched back.  See:
+# http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/madras-375-when-madras-clocked-the-time/article6339393.ece
+#Zone	  Asia/Chennai  [not enough info to complete]
+
+# China
+# Long-shu Time (probably due to Long and Shu being two names of that area)
+# Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Ningxia, Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Yunnan;
+# most of Gansu; west Inner Mongolia; west Qinghai; and the Guangdong
+# counties Deqing, Enping, Kaiping, Luoding, Taishan, Xinxing,
+# Yangchun, Yangjiang, Yu'nan, and Yunfu.
+Zone	Asia/Chongqing	7:06:20	-	LMT	1928     # or Chungking
+			7:00	-	+07	1980 May
+			8:00	PRC	C%sT
+Link Asia/Chongqing Asia/Chungking
+
+# Vietnam
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-13):
+# See Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh for the source for this data.
+# Trần's book says the 1954-55 transition to 07:00 in Hanoi was in
+# October 1954, with exact date and time unspecified.
+Zone	Asia/Hanoi	7:03:24 -	LMT	1906 Jul  1
+			7:06:30	-	PLMT	1911 May  1
+			7:00	-	+07	1942 Dec 31 23:00
+			8:00	-	+08	1945 Mar 14 23:00
+			9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep  2
+			7:00	-	+07	1947 Apr  1
+			8:00	-	+08	1954 Oct
+			7:00	-	+07
+
+# China
+# Changbai Time ("Long-white Time", Long-white = Heilongjiang area)
+# Heilongjiang (except Mohe county), Jilin
+Zone	Asia/Harbin	8:26:44	-	LMT	1928     # or Haerbin
+			8:30	-	+0830	1932 Mar
+			8:00	-	CST	1940
+			9:00	-	+09	1966 May
+			8:30	-	+0830	1980 May
+			8:00	PRC	C%sT
+
+# far west China
+Zone	Asia/Kashgar	5:03:56	-	LMT	1928     # or Kashi or Kaxgar
+			5:30	-	+0530	1940
+			5:00	-	+05	1980 May
+			8:00	PRC	C%sT
+
+# peninsular Malaysia
+# taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
+# https://web.archive.org/web/20190822231045/http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/~mathelmr/teaching/timezone.html
+# This agrees with Singapore since 1905-06-01.
+Zone Asia/Kuala_Lumpur	6:46:46 -	LMT	1901 Jan  1
+			6:55:25	-	SMT	1905 Jun  1 # Singapore M.T.
+			7:00	-	+07	1933 Jan  1
+			7:00	0:20	+0720	1936 Jan  1
+			7:20	-	+0720	1941 Sep  1
+			7:30	-	+0730	1942 Feb 16
+			9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep 12
+			7:30	-	+0730	1981 Dec 31 16:00u
+			8:00	-	+08
+
+# Kuwait
+Zone	Asia/Kuwait	3:11:56 -	LMT	1950
+			3:00	-	+03
+
+
+# Oman
+# Milne says 3:54:24 was the meridian of the Muscat Tidal Observatory.
+Zone	Asia/Muscat	3:54:24 -	LMT	1920
+			4:00	-	+04
+
+# India
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
+# According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
+# https://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
+# Portuguese India switched to UT +05 on 1912-01-01.
+#Zone	Asia/Panaji	[not enough info to complete]
+
+# Cambodia
+
+# From an adoptive daughter of the late Cambodian ruler Prince Sihanouk,
+# via Alois Treindl (2019-08-08):
+#
+# King Sihanouk said that, during the Japanese occupation, starting with
+# what historians refer to as "le coup de force du 9 mars 1945", Cambodia,
+# like the entire French Indochina, used Tokyo time zone. After Japan
+# surrendered, 2 September 1945, Cambodia fell under French rule again and
+# adopted Hanoi time zone again.
+#
+# However, on 7 January 1946, Sihanouk and Tioulong managed to obtain a
+# status of "internal autonomy" from the government of Charles de Gaulle.
+# Although many fields remained under the administration of the French
+# (customs, taxes, justice, defence, foreign affairs, etc.), the Cambodian
+# administration was responsible for religious matters and traditional
+# celebrations, which included our calendar and time.  The time zone was GMT
+# + 7 and _no_ DST was applied.
+#
+# After Sihanouk and Tioulong achieved full independence, on 9 November 1953,
+# GMT + 7 was maintained.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2019-08-26):
+# See Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh for the source for most of rest of this data.
+
+Zone	Asia/Phnom_Penh	6:59:40 -	LMT	1906 Jul  1
+			7:06:30	-	PLMT	1911 May  1
+			7:00	-	+07	1942 Dec 31 23:00
+			8:00	-	+08	1945 Mar 14 23:00
+			9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep  2
+			7:00	-	+07
+
+# Israel
+Zone	Asia/Tel_Aviv	2:19:04 -	LMT	1880
+			2:21	-	JMT	1918
+			2:00	Zion	I%sT
+
+# Laos
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-11):
+# See Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh for the source for most of this data.
+# Trần's book says that Laos reverted to UT +07 on 1955-04-15.
+# Also, guess that Laos reverted to +07 on 1945-09-02, when Vietnam did;
+# this is probably wrong but it's better than guessing no transition.
+Zone	Asia/Vientiane	6:50:24 -	LMT	1906 Jul  1
+			7:06:30	-	PLMT	1911 May  1
+			7:00	-	+07	1942 Dec 31 23:00
+			8:00	-	+08	1945 Mar 14 23:00
+			9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep  2
+			7:00	-	+07	1947 Apr  1
+			8:00	-	+08	1955 Apr 15
+			7:00	-	+07
+
+# Jan Mayen
+# From Whitman:
+Zone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen	-1:00	-	-01
+
+# Iceland
+#
+# From Adam David (1993-11-06):
+# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
+#
+# (1993-12-05):
+# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
+# Iceland Almanak.
+#
+# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
+# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
+# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavík mean solar time which
+# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
+#
+# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
+# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
+# time the norsemen first settled Iceland.  The first day of winter is always
+# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
+#
+# (1993-12-10):
+# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
+# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
+# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
+#	the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
+#	(old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
+# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
+# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
+# might mean something else (???).
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-11-22):
+# The information below is taken from the 1988 Almanak; see
+# http://www.almanak.hi.is/klukkan.html
+#
+Rule	Iceland	1917	1919	-	Feb	19	23:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iceland	1917	only	-	Oct	21	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Iceland	1918	1919	-	Nov	16	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Iceland	1921	only	-	Mar	19	23:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iceland	1921	only	-	Jun	23	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Iceland	1939	only	-	Apr	29	23:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iceland	1939	only	-	Oct	29	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Iceland	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iceland	1940	1941	-	Nov	Sun>=2	 1:00s	0	-
+Rule	Iceland	1941	1942	-	Mar	Sun>=2	 1:00s	1:00	-
+# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
+Rule	Iceland	1943	1946	-	Mar	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	-
+Rule	Iceland	1942	1948	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00s	0	-
+# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
+Rule	Iceland	1947	1967	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	-
+# 1949 and 1967 Oct transitions delayed by 1 week
+Rule	Iceland	1949	only	-	Oct	30	 1:00s	0	-
+Rule	Iceland	1950	1966	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00s	0	-
+Rule	Iceland	1967	only	-	Oct	29	 1:00s	0	-
+
+Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik	-1:28	-	LMT	1908
+			-1:00	Iceland	-01/+00	1968 Apr  7  1:00s
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+Link Atlantic/Reykjavik Iceland
+
+# St Helena
+Zone Atlantic/St_Helena	-0:22:48 -	LMT	1890 # Jamestown
+			-0:22:48 -	JMT	1951 # Jamestown Mean Time
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# King Island
+Zone Australia/Currie	9:35:28	-	LMT	1895 Sep
+			10:00	AT	AE%sT	1919 Oct 24
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1968 Oct 15
+			10:00	AT	AE%sT
+
+
+# Netherlands
+
+# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
+# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
+
+# However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
+# Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
+# Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
+# the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
+# (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
+# common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
+# not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
+# On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
+# was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
+#
+# (2001-04-08):
+# 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
+# observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
+# practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
+#
+# (2001-04-09):
+# In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
+# municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
+# Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
+# actually followed.
+#
+# From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
+# observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
+# Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
+# places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
+# adopted Amsterdam mean time.
+#
+# Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
+# of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
+# was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
+# Amsterdam mean time.
+
+# The data entries before 1945 are taken from
+# https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/wettijd/wettijd.htm
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2021-05-09):
+# I invented the abbreviations AMT for Amsterdam Mean Time and NST for
+# Netherlands Summer Time, used in the Netherlands from 1835 to 1937.
+
+Rule	Neth	1916	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	NST	# Netherlands Summer Time
+Rule	Neth	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	AMT	# Amsterdam Mean Time
+Rule	Neth	1917	only	-	Apr	16	2:00s	1:00	NST
+Rule	Neth	1917	only	-	Sep	17	2:00s	0	AMT
+Rule	Neth	1918	1921	-	Apr	Mon>=1	2:00s	1:00	NST
+Rule	Neth	1918	1921	-	Sep	lastMon	2:00s	0	AMT
+Rule	Neth	1922	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	NST
+Rule	Neth	1922	1936	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	AMT
+Rule	Neth	1923	only	-	Jun	Fri>=1	2:00s	1:00	NST
+Rule	Neth	1924	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	NST
+Rule	Neth	1925	only	-	Jun	Fri>=1	2:00s	1:00	NST
+# From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
+# in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
+Rule	Neth	1926	1931	-	May	15	2:00s	1:00	NST
+Rule	Neth	1932	only	-	May	22	2:00s	1:00	NST
+Rule	Neth	1933	1936	-	May	15	2:00s	1:00	NST
+Rule	Neth	1937	only	-	May	22	2:00s	1:00	NST
+Rule	Neth	1937	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Neth	1937	1939	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Neth	1938	1939	-	May	15	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Neth	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Neth	1945	only	-	Sep	16	2:00s	0	-
+		#STDOFF	0:19:32.13
+Zone Europe/Amsterdam	0:19:32 -	LMT	1835
+			0:19:32	Neth	%s	1937 Jul  1
+			0:20	Neth +0020/+0120 1940 May 16  0:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00
+			1:00	Neth	CE%sT	1977
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+
+# Northern Ireland
+Zone	Europe/Belfast	-0:23:40 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2
+			-0:25:21 -	DMT	1916 May 21  2:00
+						# DMT = Dublin/Dunsink MT
+			-0:25:21 1:00	IST	1916 Oct  1  2:00s
+						# IST = Irish Summer Time
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Oct 27
+			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31  2:00u
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
+			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST
+
+
+# Denmark
+
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
+# the law [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
+# The page https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/1893/83
+# confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
+#
+# The EU [actually, EEC and Euratom] treaty with effect from 1973:
+# https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/1972/21100
+#
+# This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
+# in subsequent decrees with the law
+# https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/1974/223
+#
+# It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980.  I have
+# not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
+# changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
+# 1980-09-28 at 02:00.  If this is true, this differs slightly from
+# the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00.  We don't know
+# when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
+# confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
+# The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
+# working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
+# was suspended on that night):
+# https://web.archive.org/web/20140104053304/https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=60267
+
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
+# The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
+# Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
+# Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
+# wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
+
+Rule	Denmark	1916	only	-	May	14	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Denmark	1916	only	-	Sep	30	23:00	0	-
+Rule	Denmark	1940	only	-	May	15	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Denmark	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Denmark	1945	only	-	Aug	15	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Denmark	1946	only	-	May	 1	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Denmark	1946	only	-	Sep	 1	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Denmark	1947	only	-	May	 4	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Denmark	1947	only	-	Aug	10	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Denmark	1948	only	-	May	 9	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Denmark	1948	only	-	Aug	 8	 2:00s	0	-
+#
+Zone Europe/Copenhagen	 0:50:20 -	LMT	1890
+			 0:50:20 -	CMT	1894 Jan  1 # Copenhagen MT
+			 1:00	Denmark	CE%sT	1942 Nov  2  2:00s
+			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00
+			 1:00	Denmark	CE%sT	1980
+			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Guernsey
+# Data from Joseph S. Myers
+# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2013-September/019883.html
+# References to be added
+# LMT is for Town Church, St. Peter Port, 49° 27' 17" N, 2° 32' 10" W.
+Zone	Europe/Guernsey	-0:10:09 -	LMT	1913 Jun 18
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1940 Jul  2
+			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  8
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Oct 27
+			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31  2:00u
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
+			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST
+
+# Isle of Man
+#
+# From Lester Caine (2013-09-04):
+# The Isle of Man legislation is now on-line at
+# <https://www.legislation.gov.im>, starting with the original Statutory
+# Time Act in 1883 and including additional confirmation of some of
+# the dates of the 'Summer Time' orders originating at
+# Westminster.  There is a little uncertainty as to the starting date
+# of the first summer time in 1916 which may have been announced a
+# couple of days late.  There is still a substantial number of
+# documents to work through, but it is thought that every GB change
+# was also implemented on the island.
+#
+# AT4 of 1883 - The Statutory Time et cetera Act 1883 -
+# LMT Location - 54.1508N -4.4814E - Tynwald Hill ( Manx parliament )
+Zone Europe/Isle_of_Man	-0:17:55 -	LMT	1883 Mar 30  0:00s
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Oct 27
+			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31  2:00u
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
+			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST
+
+# Jersey
+# Data from Joseph S. Myers
+# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2013-September/019883.html
+# References to be added
+# LMT is for Parish Church, St. Helier, 49° 11' 0.57" N, 2° 6' 24.33" W.
+Zone	Europe/Jersey	-0:08:26 -	LMT	1898 Jun 11 16:00u
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1940 Jul  2
+			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  8
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Oct 27
+			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31  2:00u
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
+			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST
+
+# Slovenia
+Zone Europe/Ljubljana	0:58:04	-	LMT	1884
+			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  8  2:00s
+			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
+			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+
+# Luxembourg
+
+# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
+# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	Lux	1916	only	-	May	14	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lux	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Lux	1917	only	-	Apr	28	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lux	1917	only	-	Sep	17	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Lux	1918	only	-	Apr	Mon>=15	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Lux	1918	only	-	Sep	Mon>=15	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Lux	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lux	1919	only	-	Oct	 5	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Lux	1920	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lux	1920	only	-	Oct	24	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Lux	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lux	1921	only	-	Oct	26	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Lux	1922	only	-	Mar	25	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lux	1922	only	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Lux	1923	only	-	Apr	21	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lux	1923	only	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Lux	1924	only	-	Mar	29	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lux	1924	1928	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Lux	1925	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lux	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lux	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lux	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lux	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00	1:00	S
+
+Zone Europe/Luxembourg	0:24:36 -	LMT	1904 Jun
+			1:00	Lux	CE%sT	1918 Nov 25
+			0:00	Lux	WE%sT	1929 Oct  6  2:00s
+			0:00	Belgium	WE%sT	1940 May 14  3:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	WE%sT	1944 Sep 18  3:00
+			1:00	Belgium	CE%sT	1977
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Monaco
+#
+# From Michael Deckers (2020-06-12):
+# In the "Journal de Monaco" of 1892-05-24, online at
+# https://journaldemonaco.gouv.mc/var/jdm/storage/original/application/b1c67c12c5af11b41ea888fb048e4fe8.pdf
+# we read: ...
+#  [In virtue of a Sovereign Ordinance of the May 13 of the current [year],
+#   legal time in the Principality will be set to, from the date of June 1,
+#   1892 onwards, to the meridian of Paris, as in France.]
+# In the "Journal de Monaco" of 1911-03-28, online at
+# https://journaldemonaco.gouv.mc/var/jdm/storage/original/application/de74ffb7db53d4f599059fe8f0ed482a.pdf
+# we read an ordinance of 1911-03-16: ...
+#  [Legal time in the Principality will be set, from the date of promulgation
+#   of the present ordinance, to legal time in France....  Consequently, legal
+#   time will be retarded by 9 minutes and 21 seconds.]
+#
+Zone	Europe/Monaco	0:29:32 -	LMT	1892 Jun  1
+			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 29 # Paris Mean Time
+			0:00	France	WE%sT	1945 Sep 16  3:00
+			1:00	France	CE%sT	1977
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+
+# Norway
+
+# http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
+# Pottenger.
+Rule	Norway	1916	only	-	May	22	1:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Norway	1916	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Norway	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Norway	1945	only	-	Oct	 1	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Norway	1959	1964	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Norway	1959	1965	-	Sep	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Norway	1965	only	-	Apr	25	2:00s	1:00	S
+
+Zone	Europe/Oslo	0:43:00 -	LMT	1895 Jan  1
+			1:00	Norway	CE%sT	1940 Aug 10 23:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00
+			1:00	Norway	CE%sT	1980
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+Link	Europe/Oslo	Arctic/Longyearbyen
+#PACKRATLIST zone.tab Link Europe/Oslo Atlantic/Jan_Mayen
+
+# Bosnia and Herzegovina
+Zone	Europe/Sarajevo	1:13:40	-	LMT	1884
+			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  8  2:00s
+			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
+			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# North Macedonia
+Zone	Europe/Skopje	1:25:44	-	LMT	1884
+			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  8  2:00s
+			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
+			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+
+# Sweden
+
+# From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
+#
+# The law "Svensk författningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
+# From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
+# places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
+# three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
+# meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm".  The law is dated 1878-05-31.
+#
+# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18° 03' 30"
+# eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time.  Less 12 minutes gives the
+# national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
+#
+# About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
+# författningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
+# of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
+# the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
+# observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
+# from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
+# 1899-06-16.  In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
+# in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
+#
+# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk författningssamling 1916, no 124") states
+# that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
+# pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
+# Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
+#
+# The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
+# Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
+# not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
+# in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
+# "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
+# the Sök-button).
+#
+# (2001-05-13):
+#
+# I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
+# summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
+# 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time.  The article also reports that some
+# people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
+# at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
+# hour before the event took place.
+#
+# Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
+
+# An extra-special abbreviation style is SET for Swedish Time (svensk
+# normaltid) 1879-1899, 3° west of the Stockholm Observatory.
+
+Zone Europe/Stockholm	1:12:12 -	LMT	1879 Jan  1
+			1:00:14	-	SET	1900 Jan  1 # Swedish Time
+			1:00	-	CET	1916 May 14 23:00
+			1:00	1:00	CEST	1916 Oct  1  1:00
+			1:00	-	CET	1980
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+
+# Moldova / Transnistria
+Zone	Europe/Tiraspol	1:58:32	-	LMT	1880
+			1:55	-	CMT	1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
+			1:44:24	-	BMT	1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
+			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1940 Aug 15
+			2:00	1:00	EEST	1941 Jul 17
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug 24
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31  2:00
+			2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD
+
+# Ukraine
+#
+# Although Shanks & Pottenger say Transcarpathia used CET 1990/1991,
+# this unreliable source contradicts contemporaneous government resolutions
+# (see the commentary for Ukraine in the 'europe' file)
+# so for now this dubious zone is in 'backzone'.
+# "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian spelling, but
+# "Uzhgorod" was a common English spelling when this dubious zone was
+# added to TZDB in 1999.
+Zone Europe/Uzhgorod	1:29:12 -	LMT	1890 Oct
+			1:00	-	CET	1940
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct
+			1:00	1:00	CEST	1944 Oct 26
+			1:00	-	CET	1945 Jun 29
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
+			3:00	-	MSK	1990 Jul  1  2:00
+			1:00	-	CET	1991 Mar 31  3:00
+			2:00	-	EET	1992 Mar 20
+			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1996 May 13
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT
+
+# Liechtenstein
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-07-21):
+# Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich starting June 1894.
+
+# From Alois Treindl (2019-07-04):
+# I was able to access the online archive of the Vaduz paper Vaterland ...
+# I could confirm from the paper that Liechtenstein did in fact follow
+# the same DST in 1941 and 1942 as Switzerland did.
+
+Zone	Europe/Vaduz	0:38:04 -	LMT	1894 Jun
+			1:00	Swiss	CE%sT	1981
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Croatia
+Zone	Europe/Zagreb	1:03:52	-	LMT	1884
+			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  8  2:00s
+			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
+			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Ukraine
+
+# Although Shanks & Pottenger say Zaporizhzhia and eastern Lugansk
+# observed DST 1990/1991, this unreliable source contradicts contemporaneous
+# government resolutions (see the commentary for Ukraine in the 'europe' file)
+# so for now this dubious zone is in 'backzone'.
+# "Zaporizhzhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
+# "Zaporozhye" was a common English spelling when this dubious zone was
+# added to TZDB in 1999.
+Zone Europe/Zaporozhye	2:20:40 -	LMT	1880
+			2:20	-	+0220	1924 May  2
+			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
+			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Aug 25
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1943 Oct 25
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31  2:00
+			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1992 Mar 20
+			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1996 May 13
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT
+
+# Madagascar
+Zone Indian/Antananarivo 3:10:04 -	LMT	1911 Jul
+			3:00	-	EAT	1954 Feb 27 23:00s
+			3:00	1:00	EAST	1954 May 29 23:00s
+			3:00	-	EAT
+
+# Christmas
+Zone Indian/Christmas	7:02:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
+			7:00	-	+07
+
+# Cocos (Keeling) Is
+# These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978.
+# We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900.
+Zone	Indian/Cocos	6:27:40	-	LMT	1900
+			6:30	-	+0630
+
+# Comoros
+Zone	Indian/Comoro	2:53:04 -	LMT	1911 Jul # Moroni, Gran Comoro
+			3:00	-	EAT
+
+# Kerguelen
+Zone Indian/Kerguelen	0	-	-00	1950 # Port-aux-Français
+			5:00	-	+05
+
+# Seychelles
+#
+# From P Chan (2020-11-27):
+# Standard Time was adopted on 1907-01-01.
+#
+# Standard Time Ordinance (Chapter 237)
+# The Laws of Seychelles in Force on the 31st December, 1971, Vol. 6, p 571
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=efE-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA571
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2020-12-05):
+# A footnote on https://books.google.com/books?id=DYdDAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1689
+# confirms that Ordinance No. 9 of 1906 "was brought into force on the 1st
+# January, 1907."
+
+Zone	Indian/Mahe	3:41:48 -	LMT	1907 Jan  1 # Victoria
+			4:00	-	+04
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-30):
+# Aldabra, Farquhar, and Desroches, originally dependencies of the
+# Seychelles, were transferred to the British Indian Ocean Territory
+# in 1965 and returned to Seychelles control in 1976.  We don't know
+# whether this affected their time zone, so omit this for now.
+# Possibly the islands were uninhabited.
+
+
+# Mayotte
+Zone	Indian/Mayotte	3:00:56 -	LMT	1911 Jul # Mamoutzou
+			3:00	-	EAT
+
+# Réunion
+Zone	Indian/Reunion	3:41:52 -	LMT	1911 Jun # Saint-Denis
+			4:00	-	+04
+#
+# Scattered Islands (Îles Éparses) administered from Réunion are as follows.
+# The following information about them is taken from
+# Îles Éparses (<http://www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/domtom/ile.htm>, 1997-07-22,
+# in French; no longer available as of 1999-08-17).
+# We have no info about their time zone histories.
+#
+# Bassas da India - uninhabited
+# Europa Island - inhabited from 1905 to 1910 by two families
+# Glorioso Is - inhabited until at least 1958
+# Juan de Nova - uninhabited
+# Tromelin - inhabited until at least 1958
+
+# Micronesia
+# Also see Pacific/Pohnpei and commentary for Micronesia in 'australasia'.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
+# Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),
+# "I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that 'Truk'
+# (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10."
+# Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UT +10 to +11
+# on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now.
+Zone Pacific/Chuuk	-13:52:52 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
+			 10:07:08 -	LMT	1901
+			 10:00	-	+10	1914 Oct
+			  9:00	-	+09	1919 Feb  1
+			 10:00	-	+10	1941 Apr  1
+			  9:00	-	+09	1945 Aug
+			 10:00	-	+10
+Link Pacific/Chuuk Pacific/Truk
+Link Pacific/Chuuk Pacific/Yap
+
+# Phoenix Islands, Kiribati
+# From Paul Eggert (2021-05-27):
+# Enderbury was inhabited 1860/1880s to mine guano, and 1938-03-06/1942-02-09
+# for aviation (ostensibly commercial, but military uses foreseen).
+# The 19th-century dates are approximate.  See Pacific/Kanton for
+# the currently inhabited representative for this timezone.
+Zone Pacific/Enderbury	0	-	-00	1860
+			-11:24:20 -	LMT	1885
+			0	-	-00	1938 Mar  6
+			-12:00	-	-12	1942 Feb  9
+			0	-	-00
+
+# Tuvalu
+Zone Pacific/Funafuti	11:56:52 -	LMT	1901
+			12:00	-	+12
+
+# Johnston
+Zone Pacific/Johnston	-10:00	-	HST
+
+# Marshall Is
+Zone Pacific/Majuro	 11:24:48 -	LMT	1901
+			 11:00	-	+11	1914 Oct
+			  9:00	-	+09	1919 Feb  1
+			 11:00	-	+11	1937
+			 10:00	-	+10	1941 Apr  1
+			  9:00	-	+09	1944 Jan 30
+			 11:00	-	+11	1969 Oct
+			 12:00	-	+12
+
+# Midway
+#
+# From Mark Brader (2005-01-23):
+# [Fallacies and Fantasies of Air Transport History, by R.E.G. Davies,
+# published 1994 by Paladwr Press, McLean, VA, USA; ISBN 0-9626483-5-3]
+# reproduced a Pan American Airways timetable from 1936, for their weekly
+# "Orient Express" flights between San Francisco and Manila, and connecting
+# flights to Chicago and the US East Coast.  As it uses some time zone
+# designations that I've never seen before:....
+# Fri. 6:30A Lv. HONOLOLU (Pearl Harbor), H.I.   H.L.T. Ar. 5:30P Sun.
+#  "   3:00P Ar. MIDWAY ISLAND . . . . . . . . . M.L.T. Lv. 6:00A  "
+#
+Zone Pacific/Midway	-11:49:28 -	LMT	1901
+			-11:00	-	-11	1956 Jun  3
+			-11:00	1:00	-10	1956 Sep  2
+			-11:00	-	SST	# S=Samoa
+
+# Micronesia
+# Also see Pacific/Chuuk and commentary for Micronesia in 'australasia'.
+Zone Pacific/Pohnpei	-13:27:08 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31	# Kolonia
+			 10:32:52 -	LMT	1901
+			 11:00	-	+11	1914 Oct
+			  9:00	-	+09	1919 Feb  1
+			 11:00	-	+11	1937
+			 10:00	-	+10	1941 Apr  1
+			  9:00	-	+09	1945 Aug
+			 11:00	-	+11
+Link Pacific/Pohnpei Pacific/Ponape
+
+# N Mariana Is
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-08-16):
+# Although Shanks & Pottenger say Saipan used +09 and then switched
+# to Guam time in October 1969, this is surely wrong.
+# Saipan used Guam time in the late 1950s; see page 4 of the minutes on the
+# conference of the 12th Saipan Legislature and the Select Committee on
+# Saipan Mission, 5th Guam Legislature (1959-09-11):
+# http://www.nmhcouncil.org/nmhc_archives/U.S.%20Navy%20Civil%20Affairs%20Files%201944-1962/1959/1959%2009%2017%20letter,%20minutes%20of%20conference,%20Borja.pdf
+# For now, assume Saipan switched to Guam time after the Battle of Saipan.
+#
+Zone Pacific/Saipan	-14:17:00 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
+			 9:43:00 -	LMT	1901
+			 9:00	-	+09	1944 Jul  9
+			10:00	Guam	G%sT	2000 Dec 23
+			10:00	-	ChST	# Chamorro Standard Time
+
+
+# Wake
+
+# From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
+# US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):
+#
+# Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] - ...  The time was all the
+# more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the
+# International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays.  Furthermore, we
+# discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time
+# making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost
+# impossible.
+#
+# https://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/andrsonv.htm
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
+# We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.
+
+# Also see commentary for Micronesia in 'australasia'.
+Zone	Pacific/Wake	11:06:28 -	LMT	1901
+			12:00	-	+12
+
+
+# Wallis and Futuna
+Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
+			12:00	-	+12
+
+# Local Variables:
+# coding: utf-8
+# End:
diff --git a/calendars b/calendars
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f4ed9e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/calendars
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+----- Calendrical issues -----
+
+As mentioned in Theory.html, although calendrical issues are out of
+scope for tzdb, they indicate the sort of problems that we would run
+into if we extended tzdb further into the past.  The following
+information and sources go beyond Theory.html's brief discussion.
+They sometimes disagree.
+
+
+France
+
+Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-12-20.
+French Revolutionary calendar used 1793-11-24 through 1805-12-31,
+and (in Paris only) 1871-05-06 through 1871-05-23.
+
+
+Russia
+
+From Chris Carrier (1996-12-02):
+On 1929-10-01 the Soviet Union instituted an "Eternal Calendar"
+with 30-day months plus 5 holidays, with a 5-day week.
+On 1931-12-01 it changed to a 6-day week; in 1934 it reverted to the
+Gregorian calendar while retaining the 6-day week; on 1940-06-27 it
+reverted to the 7-day week.  With the 6-day week the usual days
+off were the 6th, 12th, 18th, 24th and 30th of the month.
+(Source: Evitiar Zerubavel, _The Seven Day Circle_)
+
+
+Mark Brader reported a similar story in "The Book of Calendars", edited
+by Frank Parise (1982, Facts on File, ISBN 0-8719-6467-8), page 377.  But:
+
+From: Petteri Sulonen (via Usenet)
+Date: 14 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT
+...
+
+If your source is correct, how come documents between 1929 and 1940 were
+still dated using the conventional, Gregorian calendar?
+
+I can post a scan of a document dated December 1, 1934, signed by
+Yenukidze, the secretary, on behalf of Kalinin, the President of the
+Executive Committee of the Supreme Soviet, if you like.
+
+
+
+Sweden (and Finland)
+
+From: Mark Brader
+Subject: Re: Gregorian reform - a part of locale?
+<news:1996Jul6.012937.29190@sq.com>
+Date: 1996-07-06
+
+In 1700, Denmark made the transition from Julian to Gregorian.  Sweden
+decided to *start* a transition in 1700 as well, but rather than have one of
+those unsightly calendar gaps :-), they simply decreed that the next leap
+year after 1696 would be in 1744 - putting the whole country on a calendar
+different from both Julian and Gregorian for a period of 40 years.
+
+However, in 1704 something went wrong and the plan was not carried through;
+they did, after all, have a leap year that year.  And one in 1708.  In 1712
+they gave it up and went back to Julian, putting 30 days in February that
+year!...
+
+Then in 1753, Sweden made the transition to Gregorian in the usual manner,
+getting there only 13 years behind the original schedule.
+
+(A previous posting of this story was challenged, and Swedish readers
+produced the following references to support it: "Tideräkning och historia"
+by Natanael Beckman (1924) and "Tid, en bok om tideräkning och
+kalenderväsen" by Lars-Olof Lodén (1968).
+
+
+Grotefend's data
+
+From: "Michael Palmer" [with two obvious typos fixed]
+Subject: Re: Gregorian Calendar (was Re: Another FHC related question
+Newsgroups: soc.genealogy.german
+Date: Tue, 9 Feb 1999 02:32:48 -800
+...
+
+The following is a(n incomplete) listing, arranged chronologically, of
+European states, with the date they converted from the Julian to the
+Gregorian calendar:
+
+04/15 Oct 1582 - Italy (with exceptions), Spain, Portugal, Poland (Roman
+                 Catholics and Danzig only)
+09/20 Dec 1582 - France, Lorraine
+
+21 Dec 1582/
+   01 Jan 1583 - Holland, Brabant, Flanders, Hennegau
+10/21 Feb 1583 - bishopric of Liege (Lüttich)
+13/24 Feb 1583 - bishopric of Augsburg
+04/15 Oct 1583 - electorate of Trier
+05/16 Oct 1583 - Bavaria, bishoprics of Freising, Eichstedt, Regensburg,
+                 Salzburg, Brixen
+13/24 Oct 1583 - Austrian Oberelsaß and Breisgau
+20/31 Oct 1583 - bishopric of Basel
+02/13 Nov 1583 - duchy of Jülich-Berg
+02/13 Nov 1583 - electorate and city of Köln
+04/15 Nov 1583 - bishopric of Würzburg
+11/22 Nov 1583 - electorate of Mainz
+16/27 Nov 1583 - bishopric of Strassburg and the margraviate of Baden
+17/28 Nov 1583 - bishopric of Münster and duchy of Cleve
+14/25 Dec 1583 - Steiermark
+
+06/17 Jan 1584 - Austria and Bohemia
+11/22 Jan 1584 - Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz, Zug, Freiburg, Solothurn
+12/23 Jan 1584 - Silesia and the Lausitz
+22 Jan/
+   02 Feb 1584 - Hungary (legally on 21 Oct 1587)
+      Jun 1584 - Unterwalden
+01/12 Jul 1584 - duchy of Westfalen
+
+16/27 Jun 1585 - bishopric of Paderborn
+
+14/25 Dec 1590 - Transylvania
+
+22 Aug/
+   02 Sep 1612 - duchy of Prussia
+
+13/24 Dec 1614 - Pfalz-Neuburg
+
+          1617 - duchy of Kurland (reverted to the Julian calendar in
+                 1796)
+
+          1624 - bishopric of Osnabrück
+
+          1630 - bishopric of Minden
+
+15/26 Mar 1631 - bishopric of Hildesheim
+
+          1655 - Kanton Wallis
+
+05/16 Feb 1682 - city of Strassburg
+
+18 Feb/
+   01 Mar 1700 - Protestant Germany (including Swedish possessions in
+                 Germany), Denmark, Norway
+30 Jun/
+   12 Jul 1700 - Gelderland, Zutphen
+10 Nov/
+   12 Dec 1700 - Utrecht, Overijssel
+
+31 Dec 1700/
+   12 Jan 1701 - Friesland, Groningen, Zürich, Bern, Basel, Geneva,
+                 Thurgau, and Schaffhausen
+
+          1724 - Glarus, Appenzell, and the city of St. Gallen
+
+01 Jan 1750    - Pisa and Florence
+
+02/14 Sep 1752 - Great Britain
+
+17 Feb/
+   01 Mar 1753 - Sweden
+
+1760-1812      - Graubünden
+
+The Russian empire (including Finland and the Baltic states) did not
+convert to the Gregorian calendar until the Soviet revolution of 1917.
+
+Source: H. Grotefend, _Taschenbuch der Zeitrechnung des deutschen
+Mittelalters und der Neuzeit_, herausgegeben von Dr. O. Grotefend
+(Hannover: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 1941), pp. 26-28.
+
+-----
+
+This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of 2009-05-17 by
+Arthur David Olson.
+
+-----
+Local Variables:
+coding: utf-8
+End:
diff --git a/checklinks.awk b/checklinks.awk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..82a5fea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/checklinks.awk
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+# Check links in tz tables.
+
+# Contributed by Paul Eggert.  This file is in the public domain.
+
+BEGIN {
+    # Special marker indicating that the name is defined as a Zone.
+    # It is a newline so that it cannot match a valid name.
+    # It is not null so that its slot does not appear unset.
+    Zone = "\n"
+}
+
+/^Z/ {
+    if (defined[$2]) {
+	if (defined[$2] == Zone) {
+	    printf "%s: Zone has duplicate definition\n", $2
+	} else {
+	    printf "%s: Link with same name as Zone\n", $2
+	}
+	status = 1
+    }
+    defined[$2] = Zone
+}
+
+/^L/ {
+    if (defined[$3]) {
+	if (defined[$3] == Zone) {
+	    printf "%s: Link with same name as Zone\n", $3
+	} else if (defined[$3] == $2) {
+	    printf "%s: Link has duplicate definition\n", $3
+	} else {
+	    printf "%s: Link to both %s and %s\n", $3, defined[$3], $2
+	}
+	status = 1
+    }
+    if (backcheck && FILENAME != backcheck && $3 != "GMT") {
+      printf "%s: Link should be in '%s'\n", $3, backcheck
+      status = 1
+    }
+    if ($4 == "#=") {
+      shortcut[$5] = $3
+    }
+    used[$2] = 1
+    defined[$3] = $2
+}
+
+END {
+    for (tz in used) {
+	if (defined[tz] != Zone) {
+	  if (!defined[tz]) {
+	    printf "%s: Link to nowhere\n", tz
+	    status = 1
+	  } else if (DATAFORM != "vanguard") {
+	    printf "%s: Link to link\n", tz
+	    status = 1
+	  }
+	}
+    }
+    for (tz in shortcut) {
+      if (defined[shortcut[tz]] != defined[tz]) {
+	target = (!defined[tz] ? "absence" \
+		  : defined[tz] == "\n" ? "zone" \
+		  : defined[tz])
+	printf "%s: target %s disagrees with %s's target %s\n", \
+	  tz, target, shortcut[tz], defined[shortcut[tz]]
+	status = 1
+      }
+    }
+
+    exit status
+}
diff --git a/checknow.awk b/checknow.awk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..57ff3c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/checknow.awk
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+# Check zonenow.tab for consistency with primary data.
+
+# Contributed by Paul Eggert.  This file is in the public domain.
+
+function record_zone(zone, data) {
+  if (zone) {
+    zone_data[zone] = data
+    zones[data] = zones[data] " " zone
+  }
+}
+
+BEGIN {
+  while (getline <zdump_table) {
+    if ($0 ~ /^TZ/) {
+      record_zone(zone, data)
+      zone = $0
+      sub(/.*\.dir\//, "", zone)
+      sub(/\/\//, "/", zone)
+      sub(/"/, "", zone)
+      data = ""
+    } else if ($0 ~ /./)
+      data = data $0 "\n"
+  }
+  record_zone(zone, data)
+  FS = "\t"
+}
+
+/^[^#]/ {
+  zone = $3
+  data = zone_data[zone]
+  if (!data) {
+    printf "%s: no data\n", zone
+    status = 1
+  } else {
+    zone2 = zonenow[data]
+    if (zone2) {
+      printf "zones %s and %s identical from now on\n", zone, zone2
+      status = 1
+    } else
+      zonenow[data] = zone
+  }
+}
+
+END {
+ for (zone in zone_data) {
+    data = zone_data[zone]
+    if (!zonenow[data]) {
+      printf "zonenow.tab should have one of:%s\n", zones[data]
+      zonenow[data] = zone # This suppresses duplicate diagnostics.
+      status = 1
+    }
+ }
+ exit status
+}
diff --git a/checktab.awk b/checktab.awk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9a26e46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/checktab.awk
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+# Check tz tables for consistency.
+
+# Contributed by Paul Eggert.  This file is in the public domain.
+
+BEGIN {
+	FS = "\t"
+
+	if (!iso_table) iso_table = "iso3166.tab"
+	if (!zone_table) zone_table = "zone1970.tab"
+	if (!want_warnings) want_warnings = -1
+
+	while (getline <iso_table) {
+		iso_NR++
+		if ($0 ~ /^#/) continue
+		if (NF != 2) {
+			printf "%s:%d: wrong number of columns\n", \
+				iso_table, iso_NR >>"/dev/stderr"
+			status = 1
+		}
+		cc = $1
+		name = $2
+		if (cc !~ /^[A-Z][A-Z]$/) {
+			printf "%s:%d: invalid country code '%s'\n", \
+				iso_table, iso_NR, cc >>"/dev/stderr"
+			status = 1
+		}
+		if (cc <= cc0) {
+			if (cc == cc0) {
+				s = "duplicate";
+			} else {
+				s = "out of order";
+			}
+
+			printf "%s:%d: country code '%s' is %s\n", \
+				iso_table, iso_NR, cc, s \
+				>>"/dev/stderr"
+			status = 1
+		}
+		cc0 = cc
+		if (name2cc[name]) {
+			printf "%s:%d: '%s' and '%s' have the same name\n", \
+				iso_table, iso_NR, name2cc[name], cc \
+				>>"/dev/stderr"
+			status = 1
+		}
+		name2cc[name] = cc
+		cc2name[cc] = name
+		cc2NR[cc] = iso_NR
+	}
+
+	cc0 = ""
+
+	while (getline <zone_table) {
+		zone_NR++
+		if ($0 ~ /^#/) continue
+		if (NF != 3 && NF != 4) {
+			printf "%s:%d: wrong number of columns\n", \
+				zone_table, zone_NR >>"/dev/stderr"
+			status = 1
+		}
+		ccs = input_ccs[zone_NR] = $1
+		coordinates = $2
+		tz = $3
+		comments = input_comments[zone_NR] = $4
+		split(ccs, cca, /,/)
+		cc = cca[1]
+
+		# Don't complain about a special case for Crimea in zone.tab.
+		# FIXME: zone.tab should be removed, since it is obsolete.
+		# Or at least put just "XX" in its country-code column.
+		if (cc < cc0 \
+		    && !(zone_table == "zone.tab" \
+			 && tz0 == "Europe/Simferopol")) {
+			printf "%s:%d: country code '%s' is out of order\n", \
+				zone_table, zone_NR, cc >>"/dev/stderr"
+			status = 1
+		}
+		cc0 = cc
+		tz0 = tz
+		tztab[tz] = 1
+		tz2NR[tz] = zone_NR
+		for (i in cca) {
+		    cc = cca[i]
+		    if (cc2name[cc]) {
+			cc_used[cc]++
+		    } else if (! (cc == "XX" && zone_table == "zonenow.tab")) {
+			printf "%s:%d: %s: unknown country code\n", \
+				zone_table, zone_NR, cc >>"/dev/stderr"
+			status = 1
+		    }
+		}
+		if (coordinates !~ /^[-+][0-9][0-9][0-5][0-9][-+][01][0-9][0-9][0-5][0-9]$/ \
+		    && coordinates !~ /^[-+][0-9][0-9][0-5][0-9][0-5][0-9][-+][01][0-9][0-9][0-5][0-9][0-5][0-9]$/) {
+			printf "%s:%d: %s: invalid coordinates\n", \
+				zone_table, zone_NR, coordinates >>"/dev/stderr"
+			status = 1
+		}
+	}
+
+	for (i = 1; i <= zone_NR; i++) {
+	  ccs = input_ccs[i]
+	  if (!ccs) continue
+	  comments = input_comments[i]
+	  split(ccs, cca, /,/)
+	  used_max = 0
+          for (j in cca) {
+	    cc = cca[j]
+	    if (used_max < cc_used[cc]) {
+	      used_max = cc_used[cc]
+	      used_max_cc = cc
+	    }
+	  }
+	  if (used_max <= 1 && comments && zone_table != "zonenow.tab") {
+	    printf "%s:%d: unnecessary comment '%s'\n", \
+	      zone_table, i, comments \
+	      >>"/dev/stderr"
+	    status = 1
+	  } else if (1 < used_max && !comments) {
+	    printf "%s:%d: missing comment for %s\n", \
+	      zone_table, i, used_max_cc \
+	      >>"/dev/stderr"
+	    status = 1
+	  }
+	}
+	FS = " "
+}
+
+$1 ~ /^#/ { next }
+
+{
+	tz = rules = ""
+	if ($1 == "Zone") {
+		tz = $2
+		ruleUsed[$4] = 1
+		if ($5 ~ /%/) rulePercentUsed[$4] = 1
+	} else if ($1 == "Link" && zone_table == "zone.tab") {
+		# Ignore Link commands if source and destination basenames
+		# are identical, e.g. Europe/Istanbul versus Asia/Istanbul.
+		src = $2
+		dst = $3
+		while ((i = index(src, "/"))) src = substr(src, i+1)
+		while ((i = index(dst, "/"))) dst = substr(dst, i+1)
+		if (src != dst) tz = $3
+	} else if ($1 == "Rule") {
+		ruleDefined[$2] = 1
+		if ($10 != "-") ruleLetters[$2] = 1
+	} else {
+		ruleUsed[$2] = 1
+		if ($3 ~ /%/) rulePercentUsed[$2] = 1
+	}
+	if (tz && tz ~ /\// && tz !~ /^Etc\//) {
+		if (!tztab[tz] && FILENAME != "backward" \
+		    && zone_table != "zonenow.tab") {
+			printf "%s: no data for '%s'\n", zone_table, tz \
+				>>"/dev/stderr"
+			status = 1
+		}
+		zoneSeen[tz] = 1
+	}
+}
+
+END {
+	for (tz in ruleDefined) {
+		if (!ruleUsed[tz]) {
+			printf "%s: Rule never used\n", tz
+			status = 1
+		}
+	}
+	for (tz in ruleLetters) {
+		if (!rulePercentUsed[tz]) {
+			printf "%s: Rule contains letters never used\n", tz
+			status = 1
+		}
+	}
+	for (tz in tztab) {
+		if (!zoneSeen[tz] && tz !~ /^Etc\//) {
+			printf "%s:%d: no Zone table for '%s'\n", \
+				zone_table, tz2NR[tz], tz >>"/dev/stderr"
+			status = 1
+		}
+	}
+	if (0 < want_warnings) {
+		for (cc in cc2name) {
+			if (!cc_used[cc]) {
+				printf "%s:%d: warning: " \
+					"no Zone entries for %s (%s)\n", \
+					iso_table, cc2NR[cc], cc, cc2name[cc]
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	exit status
+}
diff --git a/etcetera b/etcetera
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..29fbed9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/etcetera
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+# tzdb data for ships at sea and other miscellany
+
+# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
+
+# These entries are for uses not otherwise covered by the tz database.
+# Their main practical use is for platforms like Android that lack
+# support for POSIX.1-2017-style TZ strings.  On such platforms these entries
+# can be useful if the timezone database is wrong or if a ship or
+# aircraft at sea is not in a timezone.
+
+# Starting with POSIX 1003.1-2001, the entries below are all
+# unnecessary as settings for the TZ environment variable.  E.g.,
+# instead of TZ='Etc/GMT+4' one can use the POSIX setting TZ='<-04>+4'.
+#
+# Do not use a POSIX TZ setting like TZ='GMT+4', which is four hours
+# behind GMT but uses the completely misleading abbreviation "GMT".
+
+# The following zone is used by tzcode functions like gmtime,
+# which load the "UTC" file to handle seconds properly.
+Zone	Etc/UTC		0	-	UTC
+
+# Functions like gmtime load the "GMT" file to handle leap seconds properly.
+# Vanguard section, which works with most .zi parsers.
+#Zone	GMT		0	-	GMT
+# Rearguard section, for TZUpdater 2.3.2 and earlier.
+Zone	Etc/GMT		0	-	GMT
+
+# The following link uses older naming conventions,
+# but it belongs here, not in the file 'backward',
+# as it is needed for tzcode releases through 2022a,
+# where functions like gmtime load "GMT" instead of the "Etc/UTC".
+# We want this to work even on installations that omit 'backward'.
+Link	Etc/GMT				GMT
+# End of rearguard section.
+
+# Be consistent with POSIX TZ settings in the Zone names,
+# even though this is the opposite of what many people expect.
+# POSIX has positive signs west of Greenwich, but many people expect
+# positive signs east of Greenwich.  For example, TZ='Etc/GMT+4' uses
+# the abbreviation "-04" and corresponds to 4 hours behind UT
+# (i.e. west of Greenwich) even though many people would expect it to
+# mean 4 hours ahead of UT (i.e. east of Greenwich).
+
+# Earlier incarnations of this package were not POSIX-compliant,
+# and had lines such as
+#		Zone	GMT-12		-12	-	GMT-1200
+# We did not want things to change quietly if someone accustomed to the old
+# way does a
+#		zic -l GMT-12
+# so we moved the names into the Etc subdirectory.
+# Also, the time zone abbreviations are now compatible with %z.
+
+Zone	Etc/GMT-14	14	-	+14
+Zone	Etc/GMT-13	13	-	+13
+Zone	Etc/GMT-12	12	-	+12
+Zone	Etc/GMT-11	11	-	+11
+Zone	Etc/GMT-10	10	-	+10
+Zone	Etc/GMT-9	9	-	+09
+Zone	Etc/GMT-8	8	-	+08
+Zone	Etc/GMT-7	7	-	+07
+Zone	Etc/GMT-6	6	-	+06
+Zone	Etc/GMT-5	5	-	+05
+Zone	Etc/GMT-4	4	-	+04
+Zone	Etc/GMT-3	3	-	+03
+Zone	Etc/GMT-2	2	-	+02
+Zone	Etc/GMT-1	1	-	+01
+Zone	Etc/GMT+1	-1	-	-01
+Zone	Etc/GMT+2	-2	-	-02
+Zone	Etc/GMT+3	-3	-	-03
+Zone	Etc/GMT+4	-4	-	-04
+Zone	Etc/GMT+5	-5	-	-05
+Zone	Etc/GMT+6	-6	-	-06
+Zone	Etc/GMT+7	-7	-	-07
+Zone	Etc/GMT+8	-8	-	-08
+Zone	Etc/GMT+9	-9	-	-09
+Zone	Etc/GMT+10	-10	-	-10
+Zone	Etc/GMT+11	-11	-	-11
+Zone	Etc/GMT+12	-12	-	-12
diff --git a/europe b/europe
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c6b5270
--- /dev/null
+++ b/europe
@@ -0,0 +1,3914 @@
+# tzdb data for Europe and environs
+
+# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
+
+# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
+# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
+# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
+# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
+#
+# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
+# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
+# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
+# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
+#
+# Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
+# for time zone data was the International Air Transport
+# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
+# published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
+# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
+# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
+#
+# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
+# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
+#
+# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
+# entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
+#
+# Other sources occasionally used include:
+#
+#	Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
+#	Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
+#	which I found in the UCLA library.
+#
+#	William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
+#	<http://cs.ucla.edu/~eggert/The-Waste-of-Daylight-19th.pdf>
+#	[PDF] (1914-03)
+#
+#	Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
+#	<https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>.  He writes:
+#	"It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
+#	may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
+#	Savile Row, London."  Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
+#
+#	Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
+#	This Russian-language source was consulted by Vladimir Karpinsky; see
+#	https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-August/021320.html
+#	The full Russian citation is:
+#	Бялокоз, Евгений Людвигович. Новый счет времени в течении суток
+#	введенный декретом Совета народных комиссаров для всей России с 1-го
+#	июля 1919 г. / Изд. 2-е Междуведомственной комиссии. - Петроград:
+#	Десятая гос. тип., 1919.
+#	http://resolver.gpntb.ru/purl?docushare/dsweb/Get/Resource-2011/Byalokoz__E.L.__Novyy__schet__vremeni__v__techenie__sutok__izd__2(1).pdf
+#
+#	Brazil's Divisão Serviço da Hora (DSHO),
+#	History of Summer Time
+#	<http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm>
+#	(1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
+#
+# I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
+# the rest are variants of the "xMT" pattern for a city's mean time,
+# or are from other sources.  Corrections are welcome!
+#                   std  dst  2dst
+#                   LMT             Local Mean Time
+#       -4:00       AST  ADT        Atlantic
+#        0:00       GMT  BST  BDST  Greenwich, British Summer
+#        0:00       GMT  IST        Greenwich, Irish Summer
+#        0:00       WET  WEST WEMT  Western Europe
+#        1:00       BST             British Standard (1968-1971)
+#        1:00       IST  GMT        Irish Standard (1968-) with winter DST
+#        1:00       CET  CEST CEMT  Central Europe
+#        1:00:14    SET             Swedish (1879-1899)
+#        1:36:34    RMT* LST*       Riga, Latvian Summer (1880-1926)*
+#        2:00       EET  EEST       Eastern Europe
+#        3:00       MSK  MSD  MDST* Moscow
+
+# From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04), re EEC/EC/EU members:
+# The original six: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
+# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
+# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
+# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
+# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
+# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
+# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
+# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
+# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
+# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
+# ...
+# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
+# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
+# ...
+# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
+# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
+# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
+# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
+# in the Directive.
+
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
+
+# From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
+#
+# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
+# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
+# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
+# of the text said:
+#
+# 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
+# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
+# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
+# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
+# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
+# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
+# along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
+#
+# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
+# position is 51° 28' 30" N, 0° 18' 45" W. The longitude should
+# be within about ±2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
+#
+# [This yields STDOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
+#
+# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
+# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
+# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
+# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
+# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
+# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
+# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
+# (though not all) railways used London time.  On 1847-09-22 the
+# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
+# adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
+# The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
+# and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
+# railways as using GMT.  By 1855 the vast majority of public
+# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
+# on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
+# one for local time and one for GMT).  The last major holdout was the legal
+# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
+# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
+# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
+# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
+#
+# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
+# transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01.  We don't know as much
+# about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-19):
+# The ancients had no need for daylight saving, as they kept time
+# informally or via hours whose length depended on the time of year.
+# Daylight saving time in its modern sense was invented by the
+# New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson (1867-1946),
+# whose day job as a postal clerk led him to value
+# after-hours daylight in which to pursue his research.
+# In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society
+# that proposed a two-hour daylight-saving shift.  See:
+# Hudson GV. On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30°.
+# Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 1895;28:734
+# http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_28/rsnz_28_00_006110.html
+# Although some interest was expressed in New Zealand, his proposal
+# did not find its way into law and eventually it was almost forgotten.
+#
+# In England, DST was independently reinvented by William Willett (1857-1915),
+# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
+# who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
+# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
+# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
+# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
+# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
+# Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
+# it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
+# See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
+# A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
+# a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
+# subscription and open to the public.  On the south face of the monolith,
+# designed by G. W. Miller, is the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
+# which is permanently set to Summer Time.
+
+# From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
+# It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
+# summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
+# between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
+# plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
+# foundations of civilization throughout the world.
+#	-- "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly;
+#	republished in Finest Hour (Spring 2002) 1(114):26
+#	https://www.winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-114/a-silent-toast-to-william-willett-by-winston-s-churchill
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-08-08):
+# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"
+# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
+# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
+# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer".
+# The term "Summer Time" was introduced by Herbert Samuel, Home Secretary; see:
+# Viscount Samuel. Leisure in a Democracy. Cambridge University Press
+# ISBN 978-1-107-49471-8 (1949, reissued 2015), p 8.
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
+# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
+# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
+
+# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
+# From: Jonathan Leffler
+# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
+# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
+# politics making a fortune, not computing.
+
+# From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
+# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
+# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time.  Look for the published
+# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
+# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
+
+# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
+# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
+# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
+# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
+
+# From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
+# On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
+# Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
+# official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
+# but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
+# Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
+# https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
+# https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/ho-19410421.png
+
+# From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
+# [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
+# which is to be introduced in May....
+# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
+# which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
+# Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common
+# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
+# so we use 'BDST'.
+
+# Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
+# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
+# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
+# and extending this list, which can be found in
+# https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
+
+# From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
+#
+# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
+# see Lord Tanlaw's speech
+# https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo970611/text/70611-10.htm#70611-10_head0
+# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976).
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+#
+# For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
+#
+# Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
+# are incorrect:
+#     * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
+#	1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
+# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
+#     * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
+# It actually just had one transition.
+#     * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
+# Actually, it conformed to Britain.
+#     * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
+# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
+# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
+#
+# Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
+#     * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
+#	to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
+#	conform with Great Britain.
+# S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
+#
+# The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
+# we'll ignore it for now.
+#     * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-12-04):
+#
+# Dunsink Observatory (8 km NW of Dublin's center) was to Dublin as
+# Greenwich was to London.  For example:
+#
+#   "Timeball on the ballast office is down.  Dunsink time."
+#   -- James Joyce, Ulysses
+#
+# The abbreviation DMT stood for "Dublin Mean Time" or "Dunsink Mean Time";
+# this being Ireland, opinions differed.
+#
+# Whitman says Dublin/Dunsink Mean Time was UT-00:25:21, which agrees
+# with measurements of recent visitors to the Meridian Room of Dunsink
+# Observatory; see Malone D. Dunsink and timekeeping. 2016-01-24.
+# <https://www.maths.tcd.ie/~dwmalone/time/dunsink.html>.  Malone
+# writes that the Nautical Almanac listed UT-00:25:22 until 1896, when
+# it moved to UT-00:25:21.1 (I confirmed that the 1893 edition used
+# the former and the 1896 edition used the latter).  Evidently the
+# news of this change propagated slowly, as Milne 1899 still lists
+# UT-00:25:22 and cites the International Telegraph Bureau.  As it is
+# not clear that there was any practical significance to the change
+# from UT-00:25:22 to UT-00:25:21.1 in civil timekeeping, omit this
+# transition for now and just use the latter value.
+
+# "Countess Markievicz ... claimed that the [1916] abolition of Dublin Mean Time
+# was among various actions undertaken by the 'English' government that
+# would 'put the whole country into the SF (Sinn Féin) camp'.  She claimed
+# Irish 'public feeling (was) outraged by forcing of English time on us'."
+# -- Parsons M. Dublin lost its time zone - and 25 minutes - after 1916 Rising.
+# Irish Times 2014-10-27.
+# https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/dublin-lost-its-time-zone-and-25-minutes-after-1916-rising-1.1977411
+
+# From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
+# Irish laws are available online at <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie>.
+# These include various relating to legal time, for example:
+#
+# ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
+#
+# ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
+# ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
+#
+# ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
+# ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
+# ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
+#
+# ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
+# ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
+# ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
+#
+# [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
+# <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
+#
+# (These are those I found, but there could be more.  In any case these
+# should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
+# the laws applicable in Ireland.)
+#
+# (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
+# in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
+# is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
+# being GMT+1.)
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
+# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
+# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
+# (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
+# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
+# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
+# and Frethun run in CT.
+# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
+# the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
+# and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
+# If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
+# I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
+# This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
+
+# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
+# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
+# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive No. 94/21/EC.
+# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
+# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
+# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
+# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-12-07):
+# The 1996 anonymous contributor's goal was to determine the correct
+# abbreviation for summer time in Dublin and so the contributor
+# focused on the "IST", not on the "Irish Summer Time".  Though the
+# "IST" was correct, the "Irish Summer Time" appears to have been an
+# error, as Ireland's Standard Time (Amendment) Act, 1971 states that
+# standard time in Ireland remains at UT +01 and is observed in
+# summer, and that Greenwich mean time is observed in winter.  (Thanks
+# to Derick Rethans for pointing out the error.)  That is, when
+# Ireland amended the 1968 act that established UT +01 as Irish
+# Standard Time, it left standard time unchanged and established GMT
+# as a negative daylight saving time in winter.  So, in this database
+# IST stands for Irish Summer Time for timestamps before 1968, and for
+# Irish Standard Time after that.  See:
+# http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1971/act/17/enacted/en/print
+
+# Michael Deckers (2017-06-01) gave the following URLs for Ireland's
+# Summer Time Act, 1925 and Summer Time Orders, 1926 and 1947:
+# http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1925/act/8/enacted/en/print
+# http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1926/sro/919/made/en/print
+# http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1947/sro/71/made/en/print
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Summer Time Act, 1916
+Rule	GB-Eire	1916	only	-	May	21	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	2:00s	0	GMT
+# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
+Rule	GB-Eire	1917	only	-	Apr	 8	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1917	only	-	Sep	17	2:00s	0	GMT
+# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
+Rule	GB-Eire	1918	only	-	Mar	24	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1918	only	-	Sep	30	2:00s	0	GMT
+# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
+Rule	GB-Eire	1919	only	-	Mar	30	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1919	only	-	Sep	29	2:00s	0	GMT
+# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
+Rule	GB-Eire	1920	only	-	Mar	28	2:00s	1:00	BST
+# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
+Rule	GB-Eire	1920	only	-	Oct	25	2:00s	0	GMT
+# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
+Rule	GB-Eire	1921	only	-	Apr	 3	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1921	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00s	0	GMT
+# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
+Rule	GB-Eire	1922	only	-	Mar	26	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1922	only	-	Oct	 8	2:00s	0	GMT
+# The Summer Time Act, 1922
+Rule	GB-Eire	1923	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1923	1924	-	Sep	Sun>=16	2:00s	0	GMT
+Rule	GB-Eire	1924	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1925	1926	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
+# The Summer Time Act, 1925
+Rule	GB-Eire	1925	1938	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	GMT
+Rule	GB-Eire	1927	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1928	1929	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1930	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1931	1932	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1933	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1934	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1935	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1936	1937	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1938	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1939	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
+# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
+Rule	GB-Eire	1939	only	-	Nov	Sun>=16	2:00s	0	GMT
+# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
+Rule	GB-Eire	1940	only	-	Feb	Sun>=23	2:00s	1:00	BST
+# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
+Rule	GB-Eire	1941	only	-	May	Sun>=2	1:00s	2:00	BDST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1941	1943	-	Aug	Sun>=9	1:00s	1:00	BST
+# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
+Rule	GB-Eire	1942	1944	-	Apr	Sun>=2	1:00s	2:00	BDST
+# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
+Rule	GB-Eire	1944	only	-	Sep	Sun>=16	1:00s	1:00	BST
+# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
+Rule	GB-Eire	1945	only	-	Apr	Mon>=2	1:00s	2:00	BDST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1945	only	-	Jul	Sun>=9	1:00s	1:00	BST
+# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
+Rule	GB-Eire	1945	1946	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	GMT
+Rule	GB-Eire	1946	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
+# The Summer Time Act, 1947
+Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Mar	16	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Apr	13	1:00s	2:00	BDST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Aug	10	1:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Nov	 2	2:00s	0	GMT
+# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
+Rule	GB-Eire	1948	only	-	Mar	14	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1948	only	-	Oct	31	2:00s	0	GMT
+# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
+Rule	GB-Eire	1949	only	-	Apr	 3	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1949	only	-	Oct	30	2:00s	0	GMT
+# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
+# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
+# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
+Rule	GB-Eire	1950	1952	-	Apr	Sun>=14	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1950	1952	-	Oct	Sun>=21	2:00s	0	GMT
+# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
+Rule	GB-Eire	1953	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1953	1960	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	GMT
+Rule	GB-Eire	1954	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1955	1956	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1957	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1958	1959	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1960	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
+# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
+# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
+# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
+Rule	GB-Eire	1961	1963	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1961	1968	-	Oct	Sun>=23	2:00s	0	GMT
+# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
+# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
+# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
+Rule	GB-Eire	1964	1967	-	Mar	Sun>=19	2:00s	1:00	BST
+# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
+Rule	GB-Eire	1968	only	-	Feb	18	2:00s	1:00	BST
+# The British Standard Time Act, 1968
+#	(no summer time)
+# The Summer Time Act, 1972
+Rule	GB-Eire	1972	1980	-	Mar	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1972	1980	-	Oct	Sun>=23	2:00s	0	GMT
+# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
+# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
+# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
+# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
+Rule	GB-Eire	1981	1995	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00u	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire 1981	1989	-	Oct	Sun>=23	1:00u	0	GMT
+# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
+# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
+# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
+Rule	GB-Eire 1990	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=22	1:00u	0	GMT
+# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
+# See EU for rules starting in 1996.
+#
+# Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/London	-0:01:15 -	LMT	1847 Dec  1
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Oct 27
+			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31  2:00u
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
+			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-15):
+# In January 2018 we discovered that the negative SAVE values in the
+# Eire rules cause problems with tests for ICU:
+# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025825.html
+# and with tests for OpenJDK:
+# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025822.html
+#
+# To work around this problem, the build procedure can translate the
+# following data into two forms, one with negative SAVE values and the
+# other form with a traditional approximation for Irish timestamps
+# after 1971-10-31 02:00 UTC; although this approximation has tm_isdst
+# flags that are reversed, its UTC offsets are correct and this often
+# suffices....
+#
+# The following is like GB-Eire and EU, except with standard time in
+# summer and negative daylight saving time in winter.  It is for when
+# negative SAVE values are used.
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Eire	1971	only	-	Oct	31	 2:00u	-1:00	-
+Rule	Eire	1972	1980	-	Mar	Sun>=16	 2:00u	0	-
+Rule	Eire	1972	1980	-	Oct	Sun>=23	 2:00u	-1:00	-
+Rule	Eire	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
+Rule	Eire	1981	1989	-	Oct	Sun>=23	 1:00u	-1:00	-
+Rule	Eire	1990	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00u	-1:00	-
+Rule	Eire	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00u	-1:00	-
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+		#STDOFF	-0:25:21.1
+Zone	Europe/Dublin	-0:25:21 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2
+			-0:25:21 -	DMT	1916 May 21  2:00s
+			-0:25:21 1:00	IST	1916 Oct  1  2:00s
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1921 Dec  6 # independence
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1940 Feb 25  2:00s
+			 0:00	1:00	IST	1946 Oct  6  2:00s
+			 0:00	-	GMT	1947 Mar 16  2:00s
+			 0:00	1:00	IST	1947 Nov  2  2:00s
+			 0:00	-	GMT	1948 Apr 18  2:00s
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1968 Oct 27
+# Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support negative DST.
+			 1:00	Eire	IST/GMT
+# Rearguard section, for parsers lacking negative DST; see ziguard.awk.
+#			 1:00	-	IST	1971 Oct 31  2:00u
+#			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1996
+#			 0:00	EU	GMT/IST
+# End of rearguard section.
+
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# Europe
+
+# The following rules are for the European Union and for its
+# predecessor organization, the European Communities.
+# For brevity they are called "EU rules" elsewhere in this file.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	EU	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	EU	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
+Rule	EU	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00u	0	-
+Rule	EU	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
+Rule	EU	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	EU	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
+# The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002.  See:
+# Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
+# of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
+# http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT
+
+# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
+Rule	W-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	W-Eur	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
+Rule	W-Eur	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00s	0	-
+Rule	W-Eur	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
+Rule	W-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	W-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
+
+# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
+# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
+Rule	C-Eur	1916	only	-	Apr	30	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	C-Eur	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	C-Eur	1917	1918	-	Apr	Mon>=15	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	C-Eur	1917	1918	-	Sep	Mon>=15	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	C-Eur	1940	only	-	Apr	 1	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	C-Eur	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	C-Eur	1943	only	-	Mar	29	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	C-Eur	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	C-Eur	1944	1945	-	Apr	Mon>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
+# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	C-Eur	1944	only	-	Oct	 2	 2:00s	0	-
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
+#
+# I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
+# in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
+# corrected in version 2008d). The circumstantial evidence is simply the
+# tz database itself, as seen below:
+#
+# Zone Europe/Paris ...
+#    0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16  3:00
+#
+# Zone Europe/Monaco ...
+#    0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16  3:00
+#
+# Zone Europe/Belgrade ...
+#    1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16  2:00s
+#
+# Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16  3:00 0 -
+# Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16  2:00s 0 -
+# Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
+#
+# The rule line to be changed is:
+#
+# Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16  2:00 0 -
+#
+# It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
+# 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time.  However there are no
+# countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
+# affected are apparently these fictitious zones that translate acronyms
+# CET and MET:
+#
+# Zone CET  1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
+# Zone MET  1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
+#
+# It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
+#
+# Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16  2:00s 0 -
+#
+# A small step for mankind though 8-)
+Rule	C-Eur	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	C-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	C-Eur	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	C-Eur	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	C-Eur	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	C-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	C-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
+
+# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
+Rule	E-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	E-Eur	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	E-Eur	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	E-Eur	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	E-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	E-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
+
+
+# Daylight saving time for Russia and the Soviet Union
+#
+# The 1917-1921 decree URLs are from Alexander Belopolsky (2016-08-23).
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Jul	 1	23:00	1:00	MST  # Moscow Summer Time
+#
+# Decree No. 142 (1917-12-22) http://istmat.info/node/28137
+Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Dec	28	 0:00	0	MMT  # Moscow Mean Time
+#
+# Decree No. 497 (1918-05-30) http://istmat.info/node/30001
+Rule	Russia	1918	only	-	May	31	22:00	2:00	MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
+Rule	Russia	1918	only	-	Sep	16	 1:00	1:00	MST
+#
+# Decree No. 258 (1919-05-29) http://istmat.info/node/37949
+Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	May	31	23:00	2:00	MDST
+#
+Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Jul	 1	 0:00u	1:00	MSD
+Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Aug	16	 0:00	0	MSK
+#
+# Decree No. 63 (1921-02-03) http://istmat.info/node/45840
+Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	MSD
+#
+# Decree No. 121 (1921-03-07) http://istmat.info/node/45949
+Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Mar	20	23:00	2:00	+05
+#
+Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	1:00	MSD
+Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
+# Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
+Rule	Russia	1981	1984	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Russia	1981	1983	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
+# Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
+# Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
+Rule	Russia	1984	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Russia	1985	2010	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
+#
+Rule	Russia	1996	2010	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
+# As described below, Russia's 2014 change affects Zone data, not Rule data.
+
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
+# Wikipedia and other sources refer to the Act of the Council of
+# Ministers of the USSR from 1988-01-04 No. 5 and the Act of the
+# Council of Ministers of the USSR from 1989-03-14 No. 227.
+#
+# I did not find full texts of these acts.  For the 1989 one we have
+# title at https://base.garant.ru/70754136/ :
+# "About change in calculation of time on the territories of
+# Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR and Estonian SSR, Astrakhan,
+# Kaliningrad, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk and Uralsk oblasts".
+# And http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt appears to
+# contain quotes from both acts: Since last Sunday of March 1988 rules
+# of the second time belt are installed in Volgograd and Saratov
+# oblasts.  Since last Sunday of March 1989:
+# a) Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, Estonian SSR, Kaliningrad oblast:
+# second time belt rules without extra hour (Moscow-1);
+# b) Astrakhan, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk oblasts: second time belt
+# rules (Moscow time)
+# c) Uralsk oblast: third time belt rules (Moscow+1).
+
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27):
+# Unamended version of the act of the
+# Government of the Russian Federation No. 23 from 08.01.1992
+# http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102014034&rdk=0
+# says that every year clocks were to be moved forward on last Sunday
+# of March at 2 hours and moved backwards on last Sunday of September
+# at 3 hours.  It was amended in 1996 to replace September with October.
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
+# According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
+# signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
+# According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
+#
+# Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
+# http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
+#
+# Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
+# https://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
+# Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
+# to be standard.
+
+# These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	WET		0:00	EU	WE%sT
+Zone	CET		1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT
+Zone	MET		1:00	C-Eur	ME%sT
+Zone	EET		2:00	EU	EE%sT
+
+# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
+# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
+
+# From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
+# The official German names ... are
+#
+#	Mitteleuropäische Zeit (MEZ)         = UTC+01:00
+#	Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit (MESZ)  = UTC+02:00
+#
+# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz über die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
+# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
+# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
+#
+#	Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
+#	Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
+#	Postfach 3345
+#	D-38023 Braunschweig
+#	phone: +49 531 592-0
+#
+# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
+# department for time and frequency transmission.  He explained that the
+# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
+#
+#	Central European Time (CET)         = UTC+01:00
+#	Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
+
+
+# Albania
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Albania	1940	only	-	Jun	16	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Albania	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	3:00	0	-
+Rule	Albania	1943	only	-	Mar	29	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Albania	1943	only	-	Apr	10	3:00	0	-
+Rule	Albania	1974	only	-	May	 4	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Albania	1974	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Albania	1975	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Albania	1975	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Albania	1976	only	-	May	 2	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Albania	1976	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Albania	1977	only	-	May	 8	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Albania	1977	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Albania	1978	only	-	May	 6	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Albania	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Albania	1979	only	-	May	 5	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Albania	1979	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Albania	1980	only	-	May	 3	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Albania	1980	only	-	Oct	 4	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Albania	1981	only	-	Apr	26	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Albania	1981	only	-	Sep	27	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Albania	1982	only	-	May	 2	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Albania	1982	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Albania	1983	only	-	Apr	18	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Albania	1983	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Albania	1984	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Tirane	1:19:20 -	LMT	1914
+			1:00	-	CET	1940 Jun 16
+			1:00	Albania	CE%sT	1984 Jul
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Andorra
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Andorra	0:06:04 -	LMT	1901
+			0:00	-	WET	1946 Sep 30
+			1:00	-	CET	1985 Mar 31  2:00
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Austria
+
+# Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
+# 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
+# Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
+# date of 1945-04-12 with no time.  For the 1980-04-06 transition
+# Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00.  Go with the BEV,
+# and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
+
+# From Alois Treindl (2019-07-22):
+# In 1946 the end of DST was on Monday, 7 October 1946, at 3:00 am.
+# Shanks had this right.  Source: Die Weltpresse, 5. Oktober 1946, page 5.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Austria	1920	only	-	Apr	 5	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Austria	1920	only	-	Sep	13	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Austria	1946	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Austria	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Austria	1947	1948	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Austria	1947	only	-	Apr	 6	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Austria	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Austria	1980	only	-	Apr	 6	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Austria	1980	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Vienna	1:05:21 -	LMT	1893 Apr
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1920
+			1:00	Austria	CE%sT	1940 Apr  1  2:00s
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00s
+			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Apr 12  2:00s
+			1:00	-	CET	1946
+			1:00	Austria	CE%sT	1981
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Belarus
+#
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-02):
+# http://www.lawbelarus.com/repub/sub30/texf9611.htm
+# (Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus from
+# 1992-03-25 No. 157) ... says clocks were to be moved forward at 2:00
+# on last Sunday of March and backward at 3:00 on last Sunday of September
+# (the same as previous USSR and contemporary Russian regulations).
+#
+# From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
+# By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
+# GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
+#
+# Sources (Russian language):
+# http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
+# http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
+# https://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
+#
+# From Alexander Bokovoy (2014-10-09):
+# Belarussian government decided against changing to winter time....
+# http://eng.belta.by/all_news/society/Belarus-decides-against-adjusting-time-in-Russias-wake_i_76335.html
+#
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Minsk	1:50:16 -	LMT	1880
+			1:50	-	MMT	1924 May  2 # Minsk Mean Time
+			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
+			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jun 28
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Jul  3
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
+			3:00	-	MSK	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			2:00	Russia	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			3:00	-	+03
+
+# Belgium
+# Luxembourg
+# Netherlands
+#
+# From Michael Deckers (2019-08-25):
+# The exposition in the web page
+# https://www.bestor.be/wiki/index.php/Voyager_dans_le_temps._L%E2%80%99introduction_de_la_norme_de_Greenwich_en_Belgique
+# gives several contemporary sources from which one can conclude that
+# the switch in Europe/Brussels on 1892-05-01 was from 00:17:30 to 00:00:00.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2019-08-28):
+# This quote helps explain the late-1914 situation:
+#   In early November 1914, the Germans imposed the time zone used in central
+#   Europe and forced the inhabitants to set their watches and public clocks
+#   sixty minutes ahead.  Many were reluctant to accept "German time" and
+#   continued to use "Belgian time" among themselves.  Reflecting the spirit of
+#   resistance that arose in the population, a song made fun of this change....
+# The song ended:
+#   Putting your clock forward
+#   Will but hasten the happy hour
+#   When we kick out the Boches!
+# See: Pluvinage G. Brussels on German time. Cahiers Bruxellois -
+# Brusselse Cahiers. 2014;XLVI(1E):15-38.
+# https://www.cairn.info/revue-cahiers-bruxellois-2014-1E-page-15.htm
+#
+# Entries from 1914 through 1917 are taken from "De tijd in België"
+# <https://www.astro.oma.be/GENERAL/INFO/nli001a.html>.
+# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
+#	Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
+#	Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe année, 1991
+#	(Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
+#	pp 8-9.
+# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for the 1918/1991 references.
+# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
+# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Belgium	1918	only	-	Mar	 9	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1918	1919	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Belgium	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1920	only	-	Feb	14	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1920	only	-	Oct	23	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Belgium	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1921	only	-	Oct	25	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Belgium	1922	only	-	Mar	25	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1922	1927	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Belgium	1923	only	-	Apr	21	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1924	only	-	Mar	29	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1925	only	-	Apr	 4	23:00s	1:00	S
+# DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
+# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
+# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
+# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
+Rule	Belgium	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1928	1938	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Belgium	1929	only	-	Apr	21	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1930	only	-	Apr	13	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1931	only	-	Apr	19	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1932	only	-	Apr	 3	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1933	only	-	Mar	26	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1934	only	-	Apr	 8	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1935	only	-	Mar	31	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1936	only	-	Apr	19	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1937	only	-	Apr	 4	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1938	only	-	Mar	27	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1939	only	-	Apr	16	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1939	only	-	Nov	19	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Belgium	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1944	only	-	Sep	17	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Belgium	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Belgium	1946	only	-	May	19	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	 2:00s	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Brussels	0:17:30 -	LMT	1880
+			0:17:30	-	BMT	1892 May  1 00:17:30
+			0:00	-	WET	1914 Nov  8
+			1:00	-	CET	1916 May  1  0:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918 Nov 11 11:00u
+			0:00	Belgium	WE%sT	1940 May 20  2:00s
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Sep  3
+			1:00	Belgium	CE%sT	1977
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Bulgaria
+#
+# From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
+# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No. 94/1997) says:
+# EET -> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
+# EETDST -> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Bulg	1979	only	-	Mar	31	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Bulg	1979	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Bulg	1980	1982	-	Apr	Sat>=1	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Bulg	1980	only	-	Sep	29	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Bulg	1981	only	-	Sep	27	 2:00	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Sofia	1:33:16 -	LMT	1880
+			1:56:56	-	IMT	1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
+			2:00	-	EET	1942 Nov  2  3:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
+			1:00	-	CET	1945 Apr  2  3:00
+			2:00	-	EET	1979 Mar 31 23:00
+			2:00	Bulg	EE%sT	1982 Sep 26  3:00
+			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1991
+			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1997
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT
+
+# Cyprus
+# Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
+
+# Czech Republic (Czechia)
+# Slovakia
+#
+# From Ivan Benovic (2024-01-30):
+# https://www.slov-lex.sk/pravne-predpisy/SK/ZZ/1946/54/
+# (This is an official link to the Czechoslovak Summer Time Act of
+# March 8, 1946 that authorizes the Czechoslovak government to set the
+# exact dates of change to summer time and back to Central European Time.
+# The act also implicitly confirms Central European Time as the
+# official time zone of Czechoslovakia and currently remains in force
+# in both the Czech Republic and Slovakia.)
+# https://www.psp.cz/eknih/1945pns/tisky/t0216_00.htm
+# (This is a link to the original legislative proposal dating back to
+# February 22, 1946. The accompanying memorandum to the proposal says
+# that an advisory committee on European railroad transportation that
+# met in Brussels in October 1945 decided that the change of time
+# should be carried out in all participating countries in a strictly
+# coordinated manner....)
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2024-01-30):
+# The source for Czech data is: Kdy začíná a končí letní čas.
+# https://kalendar.beda.cz/kdy-zacina-a-konci-letni-cas
+# Its main text disagrees with its quoted sources only in 1918,
+# where the main text says spring and autumn transitions
+# occurred at 02:00 and 03:00 respectively (as usual),
+# whereas the 1918 source "Oznámení o zavedení letního času v roce 1918"
+# says transitions were at 01:00 and 02:00 respectively.
+# As the 1918 source appears to be a humorous piece, and it is
+# unlikely that Prague would have disagreed with its neighbors by an hour,
+# go with the main text for now.
+#
+# We know of no English-language name for historical Czech winter time;
+# abbreviate it as "GMT", as it happened to be GMT.
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Apr	Mon>=1	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Oct	 1	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Czech	1946	only	-	May	 6	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Czech	1946	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Czech	1947	1948	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Czech	1949	only	-	Apr	 9	2:00s	1:00	S
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Prague	0:57:44 -	LMT	1850
+			0:57:44	-	PMT	1891 Oct    # Prague Mean Time
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  9
+			1:00	Czech	CE%sT	1946 Dec  1  3:00
+# Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support negative DST.
+			1:00	-1:00	GMT	1947 Feb 23  2:00
+# Rearguard section, for parsers lacking negative DST; see ziguard.awk.
+#			0:00	-	GMT	1947 Feb 23  2:00
+# End of rearguard section.
+			1:00	Czech	CE%sT	1979
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Faroe Is
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Atlantic/Faroe	-0:27:04 -	LMT	1908 Jan 11 # Tórshavn
+			 0:00	-	WET	1981
+			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
+
+# Greenland
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
+# During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
+# East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
+# My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-12-10):
+# Greenland joined the European Communities as part of Denmark,
+# obtained home rule on 1979-05-01, and left the European Communities
+# on 1985-02-01.  It therefore should have been using EU
+# rules at least through 1984.  Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthåb
+# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
+# rules since at least 1991.  Assume EU rules since 1980.
+
+# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-06), citing
+# <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
+# and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
+#
+# Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
+# is according to the following time line:
+#
+# The military zone near Thule	UTC-4
+# Standard Greenland time	UTC-3
+# Scoresbysund			UTC-1
+# Danmarkshavn			UTC
+#
+# In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
+# introduced.
+
+# From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
+#
+# I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
+# the time to clarify the situation in Thule.  Unfortunately, I have
+# not heard back from them regarding my recent letter.  [But I have
+# info from earlier correspondence.]
+#
+# According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
+# Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
+# savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
+#
+# The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
+# uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
+# There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
+# Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
+# email.  The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
+# Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
+# DPC research station at Zackenberg.
+#
+# Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
+# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthåb).
+#
+# The rest of Greenland, including Godthåb (this area, although it
+# includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
+# UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
+#
+# It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
+# North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
+# maintaining traffic in these areas.  However, the official status of
+# this area is that it sticks with Godthåb time.  This area might be
+# considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
+
+# From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
+# I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
+# there at 2:00 AM.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
+# the 1995 map as like Godthåb.
+# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthåb before 1996.
+# startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
+# so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
+# For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
+
+# From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):
+# "Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund" is officially named
+# "National Park" by Executive Order:
+# http://naalakkersuisut.gl/~/media/Nanoq/Files/Attached%20Files/Engelske-tekster/Legislation/Executive%20Order%20National%20Park.rtf
+# It is their only National Park.
+
+# From Jonas Nyrup (2022-11-24):
+# On last Saturday in October 2023 when DST ends America/Nuuk will switch
+# from -03/-02 to -02/-01
+# https://sermitsiaq.ag/forslagtidsforskel-danmark-mindskes-sommertid-beholdes
+# ...
+# https://sermitsiaq.ag/groenland-skifte-tidszone-trods-bekymringer
+#
+# From Jürgen Appel (2022-11-25):
+# https://ina.gl/samlinger/oversigt-over-samlinger/samling/dagsordener/dagsorden.aspx?lang=da&day=24-11-2022
+#
+# From Thomas M. Steenholdt (2022-12-02):
+# - The bill to move America/Nuuk from UTC-03 to UTC-02 passed.
+# - The bill to stop observing DST did not (Greenland will stop observing DST
+#   when EU does).
+# Details on the implementation are here (section 6):
+# https://ina.gl/dvd/EM%202022/pdf/media/2553529/pkt17_em2022_tidens_bestemmelse_bem_da.pdf
+# This is how the change will be implemented:
+# 1. The shift *to* DST in 2023 happens as normal.
+# 2. The shift *from* DST in 2023 happens as normal, but coincides with the
+#    shift to UTC-02 normaltime (people will not change their clocks here).
+# 3. After this, DST is still observed, but as -02/-01 instead of -03/-02.
+#
+# From Múte Bourup Egede via Jógvan Svabo Samuelsen (2023-03-15):
+# Greenland will not switch to Daylight Saving Time this year, 2023,
+# because the standard time for Greenland will change from UTC -3 to UTC -2.
+# However, Greenland will change to Daylight Saving Time again in 2024
+# and onwards.
+
+# From a contributor who wishes to remain anonymous for now (2023-10-29):
+# https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/seneste/i-nat-skal-uret-stilles-en-time-tilbage-men-foerste-gang-sker-det-ikke-i-groenland
+# with a link to that page:
+# https://naalakkersuisut.gl/Nyheder/2023/10/2710_sommertid
+# ... Ittoqqortoormiit joins the time of Nuuk at March 2024.
+# What would mean that America/Scoresbysund would either be in -01 year round
+# or in -02/-01 like America/Nuuk, but no longer in -01/+00.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2023-10-29):
+# For now, assume it will be like America/Nuuk.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Thule	1991	1992	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Thule	1991	1992	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Thule	1993	2006	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Thule	1993	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Thule	2007	max	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Thule	2007	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
+#
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28
+			-3:00	-	-03	1980 Apr  6  2:00
+			-3:00	EU	-03/-02	1996
+			0:00	-	GMT
+#
+# Use the old name Scoresbysund, as the current name Ittoqqortoormiit
+# exceeds tzdb's 14-letter limit and has no common English abbreviation.
+Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
+			-2:00	-	-02	1980 Apr  6  2:00
+			-2:00	C-Eur	-02/-01	1981 Mar 29
+			-1:00	EU	-01/+00 2024 Mar 31
+			-2:00	EU	-02/-01
+Zone America/Nuuk	-3:26:56 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Godthåb
+			-3:00	-	-03	1980 Apr  6  2:00
+			-3:00	EU	-03/-02	2023 Mar 26  1:00u
+			-2:00	-	-02	2023 Oct 29  1:00u
+			-2:00	EU	-02/-01
+Zone America/Thule	-4:35:08 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik
+			-4:00	Thule	A%sT
+
+# Estonia
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
+#
+# From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
+# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
+# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
+# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
+#
+# From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
+# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
+# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
+# "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
+# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
+# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
+# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
+# human physiology.  It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
+# summer time next spring."
+
+# From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
+# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
+# http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390
+# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
+# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22-27, 120).
+#
+# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
+# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
+# (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
+
+# From The Baltic Times <https://www.baltictimes.com/> (1999-09-09)
+# via Steffen Thorsen:
+# This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
+# a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
+# But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
+# Union are still unclear.  In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
+# for all member states until 2001.  Brussels has yet to decide what to do
+# after that.
+
+# From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
+# Regulation No. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
+# No. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
+# the year round.  The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
+
+# From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
+# The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
+# Now we are using again EU rules.
+#
+# From Urmet Jänes (2002-03-28):
+# The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Tallinn	1:39:00	-	LMT	1880
+			1:39:00	-	TMT	1918 Feb    # Tallinn Mean Time
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1919 Jul
+			1:39:00	-	TMT	1921 May
+			2:00	-	EET	1940 Aug  6
+			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Sep 15
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Sep 22
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
+			2:00	1:00	EEST	1989 Sep 24  2:00s
+			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1998 Sep 22
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT	1999 Oct 31  4:00
+			2:00	-	EET	2002 Feb 21
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT
+
+# Finland
+
+# From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
+# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
+# and it's supposed to change at 4am...
+
+# From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15):
+#
+# I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
+# During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
+# earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
+# according to the central European standards.
+#
+# This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
+# Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
+# Finnish) at
+# https://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
+#
+# Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
+# transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
+#
+# This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
+# http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
+#
+# The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
+# exist tonight."
+
+# From Konstantin Hyppönen (2014-06-13):
+# [Heikki Oja's book Aikakirja 2013]
+# https://almanakka.helsinki.fi/images/aikakirja/Aikakirja2013kokonaan.pdf
+# pages 104-105, including a scan from a newspaper published on Apr 2 1942
+# say that ... [o]n Apr 2 1942, 24 o'clock (which means Apr 3 1942,
+# 00:00), clocks were moved one hour forward. The newspaper
+# mentions "on the night from Thursday to Friday"....
+# On Oct 4 1942, clocks were moved at 1:00 one hour backwards.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-14):
+# Go with Oja over Shanks.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Apr	2	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Oct	4	1:00	0	-
+Rule	Finland	1981	1982	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Finland	1981	1982	-	Sep	lastSun	3:00	0	-
+
+# Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document).
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+		#STDOFF	1:39:49.2
+Zone	Europe/Helsinki	1:39:49 -	LMT	1878 May 31
+			1:39:49	-	HMT	1921 May    # Helsinki Mean Time
+			2:00	Finland	EE%sT	1983
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT
+
+# France
+# Monaco
+
+# From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
+#
+# Henri Le Corre, Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, Éditions
+# Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
+#
+# Gabriel, Traité de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Trédaniel,
+# Paris, 1991
+#
+# Françoise Gauquelin, Problèmes de l'heure résolus en astrologie,
+# Guy Trédaniel, Paris 1987
+
+# From Michael Deckers (2020-06-11):
+# the law of 1891 <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k64415343.texteImage>
+# was published on 1891-03-15, so it could only take force on 1891-03-16.
+
+# From Michael Deckers (2020-06-10):
+# Le Gaulois, 1911-03-11, page 1/6, online at
+# https://www.retronews.fr/societe/echo-de-presse/2018/01/29/1911-change-lheure-de-paris
+# ... [ Instantly, all pressure driven clock dials halted...  Nine minutes and
+#       twenty-one seconds later the hands resumed their circular motion. ]
+# There are also precise reports about how the change was prepared in train
+# stations: all the publicly visible clocks stopped at midnight railway time
+# (or were covered), only the chief of service had a watch, labeled
+# "Heure ancienne", that he kept running until it reached 00:04:21, when
+# he announced "Heure nouvelle".  See the "Le Petit Journal 1911-03-11".
+# https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6192911/f1.item.zoom
+#
+# From Michael Deckers (2020-06-12):
+# That "all French clocks stopped" for 00:09:21 is a misreading of French
+# newspapers; this sort of adjustment applies only to certain
+# remote-controlled clocks ("pendules pneumatiques", of which there existed
+# perhaps a dozen in Paris, and which simply could not be set back remotely),
+# but not to all the clocks in all French towns and villages.  For instance,
+# the following story in the "Courrier de Saône-et-Loire" 1911-03-11, page 2:
+# only works if legal time was stepped back (was not monotone): ...
+#   [One can observe that children who had been born at midnight less 5
+#    minutes and who had died at midnight of the old time, would turn out to
+#    be dead before being born, time having been set back and having
+#    suppressed 9 minutes and 25 seconds of their existence, that is, more
+#    than they could spend.]
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2020-06-12):
+# French time in railway stations was legally five minutes behind civil time,
+# which explains why railway "old time" ran to 00:04:21 instead of to 00:09:21.
+# The law's text (which Michael Deckers noted is at
+# <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2022333z/f2>) says only that
+# at 1911-03-11 00:00 legal time was that of Paris mean time delayed by
+# nine minutes and twenty-one seconds, and does not say how the
+# transition from Paris mean time was to occur.
+#
+# tzdb has no way to represent stopped clocks.  As the railway practice
+# was to keep a watch running on "old time" to decide when to restart
+# the other clocks, this could be modeled as a transition for "old time" at
+# 00:09:21.  However, since the law was ambiguous and clocks outside railway
+# stations were probably done haphazardly with the popular impression being
+# that the transition was done at 00:00 "old time", simply leave the time
+# blank; this causes zic to default to 00:00 "old time" which is good enough.
+# Do something similar for the 1891-03-16 transition.  There are similar
+# problems in Algiers, Monaco and Tunis.
+
+#
+# Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	France	1916	only	-	Jun	14	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1916	1919	-	Oct	Sun>=1	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	France	1917	only	-	Mar	24	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1918	only	-	Mar	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1920	only	-	Feb	14	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1920	only	-	Oct	23	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	France	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1921	only	-	Oct	25	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	France	1922	only	-	Mar	25	23:00s	1:00	S
+# DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
+# Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
+# were Apr 12 and Oct 5.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	France	1922	1938	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	France	1923	only	-	May	26	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1924	only	-	Mar	29	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1925	only	-	Apr	 4	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1930	only	-	Apr	12	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1931	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1932	only	-	Apr	 2	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1933	only	-	Mar	25	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1934	only	-	Apr	 7	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1935	only	-	Mar	30	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1936	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1937	only	-	Apr	 3	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1938	only	-	Mar	26	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1939	only	-	Nov	18	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	France	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00	1:00	S
+# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
+# write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
+# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arnéguy, Orthez,
+# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamothe-Montravel, Marœuil, La
+# Rochefoucauld, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
+# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
+# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalon-sur-Saône, Arbois,
+# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
+Rule	France	1941	only	-	May	 5	 0:00	2:00	M # Midsummer
+# Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
+# but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
+# who quotes the Ephémérides astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
+# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
+Rule	France	1941	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1942	only	-	Mar	 9	 0:00	2:00	M
+Rule	France	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	 3:00	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1943	only	-	Mar	29	 2:00	2:00	M
+Rule	France	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	 3:00	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1944	only	-	Apr	 3	 2:00	2:00	M
+Rule	France	1944	only	-	Oct	 8	 1:00	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00	2:00	M
+Rule	France	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 3:00	0	-
+# Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
+# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
+Rule	France	1976	only	-	Mar	28	 1:00	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1976	only	-	Sep	26	 1:00	0	-
+# Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
+# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Paris	0:09:21 -	LMT	1891 Mar 16
+			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
+# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
+			0:00	France	WE%sT	1940 Jun 14 23:00
+# Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
+# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug 25
+			0:00	France	WE%sT	1945 Sep 16  3:00
+			1:00	France	CE%sT	1977
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Denmark
+# Germany
+# Norway
+# Sweden
+
+# From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
+# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
+# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
+# [See tz-link.html for the URL.]
+
+# From Jörg Schilling (2002-10-23):
+# In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
+# https://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/
+# General [Nikolai] Bersarin.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
+# http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
+# says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
+# However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
+# this was equivalent to UT +03, not +04.
+
+# Svalbard & Jan Mayen
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
+# Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
+# Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
+# time they were declared as parts of Norway.  Svalbard was declared
+# as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
+# Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
+# <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html> and
+# <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html>).  The law/regulation
+# for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
+# into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
+# part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
+# <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html>) I have not been
+# able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
+# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabited" since 1921 by
+# Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
+# since 1921.  Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
+# before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
+# between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):
+#
+# Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
+# so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
+# keeping Berlin time.
+#
+# <https://www.jan-mayen.no/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
+# burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
+# 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
+# frequent air attacks from Germans.  In 1943 the Americans established a
+# radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City".  Possibly
+# the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
+# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
+#
+# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
+# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
+# <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>).  The Svalbard FAQ
+# <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
+# expelled on 1942-05-14.  However, small parties of Germans did return,
+# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
+# http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html
+# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
+# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
+#
+# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Berlin
+# for these regions.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Germany	1946	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Germany	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Germany	1947	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
+# https://www.ptb.de/cms/en/ptb/fachabteilungen/abt4/fb-44/ag-441/realisation-of-legal-time-in-germany/dst-and-midsummer-dst-in-germany-until-1979.html
+# says the following transition occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ
+# given in Shanks & Pottenger. Go with the PTB.
+Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	Apr	 6	3:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	May	11	2:00s	2:00	M
+Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	Jun	29	3:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Germany	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Germany	1949	only	-	Apr	10	2:00s	1:00	S
+
+Rule SovietZone	1945	only	-	May	24	2:00	2:00	M # Midsummer
+Rule SovietZone	1945	only	-	Sep	24	3:00	1:00	S
+Rule SovietZone	1945	only	-	Nov	18	2:00s	0	-
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Berlin	0:53:28 -	LMT	1893 Apr
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May 24  2:00
+			1:00 SovietZone	CE%sT	1946
+			1:00	Germany	CE%sT	1980
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Georgia
+# Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
+# Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
+# is in Europe.  Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
+
+# Gibraltar
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Europe/Gibraltar	-0:21:24 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2
+			0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1957 Apr 14  2:00
+			1:00	-	CET	1982
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Greece
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	Greece	1932	only	-	Jul	 7	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Greece	1932	only	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0	-
+# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	Greece	1941	only	-	Apr	 7	0:00	1:00	S
+# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	Greece	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	3:00	0	-
+Rule	Greece	1943	only	-	Mar	30	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Greece	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	0:00	0	-
+# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	Greece	1952	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Greece	1952	only	-	Nov	 2	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Greece	1975	only	-	Apr	12	0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Greece	1975	only	-	Nov	26	0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Greece	1976	only	-	Apr	11	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Greece	1976	only	-	Oct	10	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Greece	1977	1978	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Greece	1977	only	-	Sep	26	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Greece	1978	only	-	Sep	24	4:00	0	-
+Rule	Greece	1979	only	-	Apr	 1	9:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Greece	1979	only	-	Sep	29	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Greece	1980	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Greece	1980	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Athens	1:34:52 -	LMT	1895 Sep 14
+			1:34:52	-	AMT	1916 Jul 28  0:01 # Athens MT
+			2:00	Greece	EE%sT	1941 Apr 30
+			1:00	Greece	CE%sT	1944 Apr  4
+			2:00	Greece	EE%sT	1981
+			# Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
+			# go with EU rules instead, since Greece joined Jan 1.
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT
+
+# Hungary
+
+# From Michael Deckers (2020-06-09):
+# an Austrian encyclopedia of railroads of 1913, online at
+# http://www.zeno.org/Roell-1912/A/Eisenbahnzeit
+# says that the switch [to CET] happened on 1890-11-01.
+
+# From Géza Nyáry (2020-06-07):
+# Data for 1918-1983 are based on the archive database of Library Hungaricana.
+# The dates are collected from original, scanned governmental orders,
+# bulletins, instructions and public press.
+# [See URLs below.]
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/OGYK_RT_1918/?pg=238
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/OGYK_RT_1919/?pg=808
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/OGYK_RT_1920/?pg=201
+Rule	Hungary	1918	1919	-	Apr	15	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Hungary	1918	1920	-	Sep	Mon>=15	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Hungary	1920	only	-	Apr	 5	 2:00	1:00	S
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/OGYK_RT_1945/?pg=882
+Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	May	 1	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	Nov	 1	 1:00	0	-
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/Delmagyarorszag_1946_03/?pg=49
+Rule	Hungary	1946	only	-	Mar	31	 2:00s	1:00	S
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/Delmagyarorszag_1946_09/?pg=54
+Rule	Hungary	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	 2:00	0	-
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/KulfBelfHirek_1947_04_1__001-123/?pg=90
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DunantuliNaplo_1947_09/?pg=128
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/KulfBelfHirek_1948_03_3__001-123/?pg=304
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/Zala_1948_09/?pg=64
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/SatoraljaujhelyiLeveltar_ZempleniNepujsag_1948/?pg=53
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/SatoraljaujhelyiLeveltar_ZempleniNepujsag_1948/?pg=160
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/UjSzo_1949_01-04/?pg=102
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/KeletMagyarorszag_1949_03/?pg=96
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/Delmagyarorszag_1949_09/?pg=94
+Rule	Hungary	1947	1949	-	Apr	Sun>=4	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Hungary	1947	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DTT_KOZL_TanacsokKozlonye_1954/?pg=513
+Rule	Hungary	1954	only	-	May	23	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Hungary	1954	only	-	Oct	 3	 0:00	0	-
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DTT_KOZL_TanacsokKozlonye_1955/?pg=398
+Rule	Hungary	1955	only	-	May	22	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Hungary	1955	only	-	Oct	 2	 3:00	0	-
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/HevesMegyeiNepujsag_1956_06/?pg=0
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/EszakMagyarorszag_1956_06/?pg=6
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/SzolnokMegyeiNeplap_1957_04/?pg=120
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/PestMegyeiHirlap_1957_09/?pg=143
+Rule	Hungary	1956	1957	-	Jun	Sun>=1	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Hungary	1956	1957	-	Sep	lastSun	 3:00	0	-
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DTT_KOZL_TanacsokKozlonye_1980/?pg=189
+Rule	Hungary	1980	only	-	Apr	 6	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Hungary	1980	only	-	Sep	28	 1:00	0	-
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DTT_KOZL_TanacsokKozlonye_1980/?pg=1227
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/Delmagyarorszag_1981_01/?pg=79
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DTT_KOZL_TanacsokKozlonye_1982/?pg=115
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DTT_KOZL_TanacsokKozlonye_1983/?pg=85
+Rule	Hungary	1981	1983	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Hungary	1981	1983	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00	0	-
+#
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Budapest	1:16:20 -	LMT	1890 Nov  1
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/OGYK_RT_1941/?pg=1204
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/OGYK_RT_1942/?pg=3955
+			1:00	Hungary	CE%sT	1941 Apr  7 23:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
+			1:00	Hungary	CE%sT	1984
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Italy
+# San Marino
+# Vatican City
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
+# Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
+# called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
+# During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
+# But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
+# so record only the time in Rome.
+#
+# From Stephen Trainor (2019-05-06):
+# http://www.ac-ilsestante.it/MERIDIANE/ora_legale/ORA_LEGALE_ESTIVA_IN_ITALIA.htm
+# ... the [1866] law went into effect on 12 December 1866, rather than
+# the date of the decree (22 Sep 1866)
+# https://web.archive.org/web/20070824155341/http://www.iav.it/planetario/didastro/didastro/english.htm
+# ... "In Italy in 1866 there were 6 railway times (Torino, Verona, Firenze,
+# Roma, Napoli, Palermo). On that year it was decided to unify them, adopting
+# the average time of Rome (even if this city was not yet part of the
+# kingdom).  On the 12th December 1866, on the starting of the winter time
+# table, it took effect in the railways, the post office and the telegraph,
+# not only for the internal service but also for the public....  Milano set
+# the public watches on the Rome time on the same day (12th December 1866),
+# Torino and Bologna on the 1st January 1867, Venezia the 1st May 1880 and the
+# last city was Cagliari in 1886."
+#
+# From Luigi Rosa (2019-05-07):
+# this is the scan of the decree:
+# http://www.radiomarconi.com/marconi/filopanti/1866c.jpg
+#
+# From Michael Deckers (2016-10-24):
+# http://www.ac-ilsestante.it/MERIDIANE/ora_legale quotes a law of 1893-08-10
+# ... [translated as] "The preceding dispositions will enter into
+# force at the instant at which, according to the time specified in
+# the 1st article, the 1st of November 1893 will begin...."
+#
+# From Pierpaolo Bernardi (2016-10-20):
+# The authoritative source for time in Italy is the national metrological
+# institute, which has a summary page of historical DST data at
+# http://www.inrim.it/res/tf/ora_legale_i.shtml
+# [now at http://oldsite.inrim.it/res/tf/ora_legale_i.shtml as of 2017]
+# (2016-10-24):
+# http://www.renzobaldini.it/le-ore-legali-in-italia/
+# has still different data for 1944.  It divides Italy in two, as
+# there were effectively two governments at the time, north of Gothic
+# Line German controlled territory, official government RSI, and south
+# of the Gothic Line, controlled by allied armies.
+#
+# From Brian Inglis (2016-10-23):
+# Viceregal LEGISLATIVE DECREE. 14 September 1944, no. 219.
+# Restoration of Standard Time. (044U0219) (OJ 62 of 30.9.1944) ...
+# Given the R. law decreed on 1944-03-29, no. 92, by which standard time is
+# advanced to sixty minutes later starting at hour two on 1944-04-02; ...
+# Starting at hour three on the date 1944-09-17 standard time will be resumed.
+#
+# From Alois Treindl (2019-07-02):
+# I spent 6 Euros to buy two archive copies of Il Messaggero, a Roman paper,
+# for 1 and 2 April 1944.  The edition of 2 April has this note: "Tonight at 2
+# am, put forward the clock by one hour.  Remember that in the night between
+# today and Monday the 'ora legale' will come in force again."  That makes it
+# clear that in Rome the change was on Monday, 3 April 1944 at 2 am.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2021-10-05):
+# Go with INRiM for DST rules, except as corrected by Inglis for 1944
+# for the Kingdom of Italy.  This is consistent with Renzo Baldini.
+# Model Rome's occupation by using C-Eur rules from 1943-09-10
+# to 1944-06-04; although Rome was an open city during this period, it
+# was effectively controlled by Germany.  Using C-Eur is consistent
+# with Treindl's comment about Rome in April 1944, as the "Rule Italy"
+# lines during German occupation do not affect Europe/Rome
+# (though they do affect Europe/Malta).
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Italy	1916	only	-	Jun	 3	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1916	1917	-	Sep	30	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1917	only	-	Mar	31	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1918	only	-	Mar	 9	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1918	only	-	Oct	 6	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1919	only	-	Oct	 4	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1920	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1920	only	-	Sep	18	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1940	only	-	Jun	14	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1943	only	-	Mar	29	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1944	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1944	only	-	Sep	17	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1945	only	-	Sep	15	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1946	only	-	Mar	17	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1946	only	-	Oct	 6	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1947	only	-	Mar	16	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1947	only	-	Oct	 5	 0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1948	only	-	Feb	29	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1948	only	-	Oct	 3	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1966	1968	-	May	Sun>=22	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1966	only	-	Sep	24	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1967	1969	-	Sep	Sun>=22	 0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1969	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1970	only	-	May	31	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1970	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1971	1972	-	May	Sun>=22	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1971	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1972	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1973	only	-	Jun	 3	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1973	1974	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1974	only	-	May	26	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1975	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1975	1977	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1976	only	-	May	30	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1977	1979	-	May	Sun>=22	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1979	only	-	Sep	30	 0:00s	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Rome	0:49:56 -	LMT	1866 Dec 12
+			0:49:56	-	RMT	1893 Oct 31 23:00u # Rome Mean
+			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1943 Sep 10
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Jun  4
+			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1980
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Latvia
+
+# From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
+
+# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
+# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
+# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
+# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
+#
+# Act No. 35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
+# according to the Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
+# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
+# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
+# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
+#
+# Act No. 592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
+# according to the Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
+# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
+# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
+# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
+# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
+#
+# Act No. 81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
+# according to the Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
+# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
+# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
+# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
+# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
+# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward.  The end of
+# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
+# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
+# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
+#
+# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
+# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
+# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
+
+# From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
+# This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
+# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
+# 29-Feb-2000 (No. 79) <http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm>,
+# in Latvian for subscribers only).
+
+# From RFE/RL Newsline
+# http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html
+# (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
+# The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
+# institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
+# Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
+# clocks one hour in the spring....
+# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvītis noted that Latvia had too few
+# daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
+# Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
+# time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
+# urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
+# appears that they will not do so....
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Latvia	1989	1996	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Latvia	1989	1996	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
+
+# Milne 1899 says Riga was 1:36:28 (Polytechnique House time).
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Latvia was 1:36:34.
+# Go with Byalokoz.
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Riga	1:36:34	-	LMT	1880
+			1:36:34	-	RMT	1918 Apr 15  2:00 # Riga MT
+			1:36:34	1:00	LST	1918 Sep 16  3:00 # Latvian ST
+			1:36:34	-	RMT	1919 Apr  1  2:00
+			1:36:34	1:00	LST	1919 May 22  3:00
+			1:36:34	-	RMT	1926 May 11
+			2:00	-	EET	1940 Aug  5
+			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jul
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct 13
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar lastSun  2:00s
+			2:00	1:00	EEST	1989 Sep lastSun  2:00s
+			2:00	Latvia	EE%sT	1997 Jan 21
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2000 Feb 29
+			2:00	-	EET	2001 Jan  2
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT
+
+# Lithuania
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
+# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
+# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
+
+# From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
+# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
+# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
+
+# From ELTA No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29) <http://www.elta.lt/>,
+# via Steffen Thorsen:
+# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
+# to be valid here starting from October 31,
+# as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
+# The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
+# motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
+# already done by Estonia.
+
+# From the Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
+# <http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm> (2000-03-27):
+# Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
+
+# From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
+# As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
+# observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
+# down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
+# neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
+# 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
+# http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
+
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Vilnius	1:41:16	-	LMT	1880
+			1:24:00	-	WMT	1917        # Warsaw Mean Time
+			1:35:36	-	KMT	1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
+			1:00	-	CET	1920 Jul 12
+			2:00	-	EET	1920 Oct  9
+			1:00	-	CET	1940 Aug  3
+			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jun 24
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
+			2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1991 Sep 29  2:00s
+			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1998
+			2:00	-	EET	1998 Mar 29  1:00u
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT	1999 Oct 31  1:00u
+			2:00	-	EET	2003 Jan  1
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT
+
+# Malta
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-10-21):
+# Assume 1900-1972 was like Rome, overriding Shanks.
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Malta	1973	only	-	Mar	31	0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Malta	1973	only	-	Sep	29	0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Malta	1974	only	-	Apr	21	0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Malta	1974	only	-	Sep	16	0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Malta	1975	1979	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Malta	1975	1980	-	Sep	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Malta	1980	only	-	Mar	31	2:00	1:00	S
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Malta	0:58:04 -	LMT	1893 Nov  2 # Valletta
+			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1973 Mar 31
+			1:00	Malta	CE%sT	1981
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Moldova
+
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
+# the act of the government of the Republic of Moldova Nr. 132 from 1990-05-04
+# http://lex.justice.md/viewdoc.php?action=view&view=doc&id=298782&lang=2
+# ... says that since 1990-05-06 on the territory of the Moldavian SSR
+# time would be calculated as the standard time of the second time belt
+# plus one hour of the "summer" time. To implement that clocks would be
+# adjusted one hour backwards at 1990-05-06 2:00. After that "summer"
+# time would be cancelled last Sunday of September at 3:00 and
+# reintroduced last Sunday of March at 2:00.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
+# that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
+# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
+# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
+# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
+# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
+# But [two people] separately reported via
+# Jesper Nørgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
+# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
+#
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
+# Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as
+# "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition
+# to the Winter Time).
+#
+# News (in Russian):
+# http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
+# http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
+#
+# The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
+# is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
+# In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
+# a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
+#
+# (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
+#
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
+# NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
+# As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
+# decision to abolish DST this winter.
+# Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
+# Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
+# News from Moldova (in russian):
+# https://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
+
+# From Roman Tudos (2015-07-02):
+# http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=355077
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-07-01):
+# The abovementioned official link to IGO1445-868/2014 states that
+# 2014-10-26's fallback transition occurred at 03:00 local time.  Also,
+# https://www.trm.md/en/social/la-30-martie-vom-trece-la-ora-de-vara
+# says the 2014-03-30 spring-forward transition was at 02:00 local time.
+# Guess that since 1997 Moldova has switched one hour before the EU.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Moldova	1997	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Moldova	1997	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 3:00	0	-
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Chisinau	1:55:20 -	LMT	1880
+			1:55	-	CMT	1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
+			1:44:24	-	BMT	1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
+			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1940 Aug 15
+			2:00	1:00	EEST	1941 Jul 17
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug 24
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990 May  6  2:00
+			2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1992
+			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1997
+# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
+			2:00	Moldova	EE%sT
+
+# Poland
+
+# The 1919 dates and times can be found in Tygodnik Urzędowy nr 1 (1919-03-20),
+# <http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/publication/32156> pp 1-2.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Poland	1918	1919	-	Sep	16	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Poland	1919	only	-	Apr	15	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Poland	1944	only	-	Apr	 3	2:00s	1:00	S
+# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	Poland	1944	only	-	Oct	 4	2:00	0	-
+# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	Poland	1945	only	-	Apr	29	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Poland	1945	only	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	-
+# For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
+# Toruń Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
+# https://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1
+# Thanks to Przemysław Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
+# He also gives these further references:
+# Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
+# Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
+Rule	Poland	1946	only	-	Apr	14	0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Poland	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Poland	1947	only	-	May	 4	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Poland	1947	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Poland	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Poland	1949	only	-	Apr	10	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Poland	1957	only	-	Jun	 2	1:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Poland	1957	1958	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
+Rule	Poland	1958	only	-	Mar	30	1:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Poland	1959	only	-	May	31	1:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Poland	1959	1961	-	Oct	Sun>=1	1:00s	0	-
+Rule	Poland	1960	only	-	Apr	 3	1:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Poland	1961	1964	-	May	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Poland	1962	1964	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Warsaw	1:24:00 -	LMT	1880
+			1:24:00	-	WMT	1915 Aug  5 # Warsaw Mean Time
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918 Sep 16  3:00
+			2:00	Poland	EE%sT	1922 Jun
+			1:00	Poland	CE%sT	1940 Jun 23  2:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct
+			1:00	Poland	CE%sT	1977
+			1:00	W-Eur	CE%sT	1988
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Portugal
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
+# According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
+# https://dre.pt/application/dir/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
+# Lisbon was at -0:36:44.68, but switched to GMT on 1912-01-01 at 00:00.
+#
+# From Michael Deckers (2018-02-15):
+# article 5 [of the 1911 decree; Deckers's translation] ...:
+# These dispositions shall enter into force at the instant at which,
+# according to the 2nd article, the civil day January 1, 1912 begins,
+# all clocks therefore having to be advanced or set back correspondingly ...
+
+# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
+# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
+# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
+#
+# Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
+# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
+# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
+# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
+# at 02:00u, not 01:00u.  Assume that these are typos.
+# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
+# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
+# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
+# harmonized with EU rules), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
+# done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
+# Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	Port	1916	only	-	Jun	17	23:00	1:00	S
+# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	Port	1916	only	-	Nov	 1	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Port	1917	only	-	Feb	28	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1917	1921	-	Oct	14	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Port	1918	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1919	only	-	Feb	28	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1920	only	-	Feb	29	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1921	only	-	Feb	28	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1924	only	-	Apr	16	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1924	only	-	Oct	14	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Port	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1926	1929	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Port	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1931	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
+# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	Port	1931	1932	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Port	1932	only	-	Apr	 2	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1934	only	-	Apr	 7	23:00s	1:00	S
+# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	Port	1934	1938	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
+# Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
+Rule	Port	1935	only	-	Mar	30	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1936	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
+# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	Port	1937	only	-	Apr	 3	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1938	only	-	Mar	26	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
+# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	Port	1939	only	-	Nov	18	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Port	1940	only	-	Feb	24	23:00s	1:00	S
+# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
+Rule	Port	1940	1941	-	Oct	 5	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Port	1941	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1942	1945	-	Mar	Sat>=8	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1942	only	-	Apr	25	22:00s	2:00	M # Midsummer
+Rule	Port	1942	only	-	Aug	15	22:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1942	1945	-	Oct	Sat>=24	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Port	1943	only	-	Apr	17	22:00s	2:00	M
+Rule	Port	1943	1945	-	Aug	Sat>=25	22:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1944	1945	-	Apr	Sat>=21	22:00s	2:00	M
+Rule	Port	1946	only	-	Apr	Sat>=1	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1946	only	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
+# Whitman says DST was not observed in 1950; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	Port	1947	1965	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1947	1965	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Port	1977	only	-	Mar	27	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1977	only	-	Sep	25	 0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Port	1978	1979	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Port	1979	1982	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
+Rule	Port	1980	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1981	1982	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1983	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
+#
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+		#STDOFF	-0:36:44.68
+Zone	Europe/Lisbon	-0:36:45 -	LMT	1884
+			-0:36:45 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1  0:00u # Lisbon MT
+			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1966 Apr  3  2:00
+			 1:00	-	CET	1976 Sep 26  1:00
+			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1983 Sep 25  1:00s
+			 0:00	W-Eur	WE%sT	1992 Sep 27  1:00s
+			 1:00	EU	CE%sT	1996 Mar 31  1:00u
+			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
+Zone Atlantic/Azores	-1:42:40 -	LMT	1884        # Ponta Delgada
+			-1:54:32 -	HMT	1912 Jan  1  2:00u # Horta MT
+# Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support %z.
+#			-2:00	Port	%z	1966 Apr  3  2:00
+#			-1:00	Port	%z	1983 Sep 25  1:00s
+#			-1:00	W-Eur	%z	1992 Sep 27  1:00s
+# Rearguard section, for parsers lacking %z; see ziguard.awk.
+			-2:00	Port	-02/-01	1942 Apr 25 22:00s
+			-2:00	Port	+00	1942 Aug 15 22:00s
+			-2:00	Port	-02/-01	1943 Apr 17 22:00s
+			-2:00	Port	+00	1943 Aug 28 22:00s
+			-2:00	Port	-02/-01	1944 Apr 22 22:00s
+			-2:00	Port	+00	1944 Aug 26 22:00s
+			-2:00	Port	-02/-01	1945 Apr 21 22:00s
+			-2:00	Port	+00	1945 Aug 25 22:00s
+			-2:00	Port	-02/-01	1966 Apr  3  2:00
+			-1:00	Port	-01/+00	1983 Sep 25  1:00s
+			-1:00	W-Eur	-01/+00	1992 Sep 27  1:00s
+# End of rearguard section.
+			 0:00	EU	WE%sT	1993 Mar 28  1:00u
+			-1:00	EU	-01/+00
+Zone Atlantic/Madeira	-1:07:36 -	LMT	1884        # Funchal
+			-1:07:36 -	FMT	1912 Jan  1  1:00u # Funchal MT
+# Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support %z.
+#			-1:00	Port	%z	1966 Apr  3  2:00
+# Rearguard section, for parsers lacking %z; see ziguard.awk.
+			-1:00	Port	-01/+00	1942 Apr 25 22:00s
+			-1:00	Port	+01	1942 Aug 15 22:00s
+			-1:00	Port	-01/+00	1943 Apr 17 22:00s
+			-1:00	Port	+01	1943 Aug 28 22:00s
+			-1:00	Port	-01/+00	1944 Apr 22 22:00s
+			-1:00	Port	+01	1944 Aug 26 22:00s
+			-1:00	Port	-01/+00	1945 Apr 21 22:00s
+			-1:00	Port	+01	1945 Aug 25 22:00s
+			-1:00	Port	-01/+00	1966 Apr  3  2:00
+# End of rearguard section.
+			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1983 Sep 25  1:00s
+			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
+
+# Romania
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
+# Nine O'clock <http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html>
+# (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
+# 04:00 local time in fall 1998.  For lack of better info,
+# assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
+# the same year as Bulgaria.
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Romania	1932	only	-	May	21	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Romania	1932	1939	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Romania	1933	1939	-	Apr	Sun>=2	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Romania	1979	only	-	May	27	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Romania	1979	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Romania	1980	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Romania	1980	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Romania	1991	1993	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Romania	1991	1993	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Europe/Bucharest	1:44:24 -	LMT	1891 Oct
+			1:44:24	-	BMT	1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
+			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1981 Mar 29  2:00s
+			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1991
+			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1994
+			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1997
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT
+
+
+# Russia
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
+# Based on last Russian Government Decree No. 725 on August 31, 2011
+# (Government document
+# http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
+# in Russian)
+# there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
+# All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
+# by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
+
+# From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
+# Scans of [Decree No. 23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
+# http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
+# They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
+# Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
+# changed in September 2011:
+#
+# One source is
+# http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
+# which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
+# 2011 No. 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
+#
+# Another source is
+# https://rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
+# which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
+# Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
+# contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
+# in the 'RG' - Federal Issue No. 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
+# does not contain any "effective date" information.
+#
+# Another source is
+# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
+# which, in note 8, contains "Resolution No. 725 of August 31, 2011...
+# Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
+# but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
+#
+# The Wikipedia article refers to
+# http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
+# which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
+#
+# Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
+# "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
+# with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to
+# get September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias
+# Conradi notes).
+#
+# None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
+#
+# Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-01):
+# According to the Russian news (ITAR-TASS News Agency)
+# http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/738562
+# the State Duma has approved ... the draft bill on returning to
+# winter time standard and return Russia 11 time zones.  The new
+# regulations will come into effect on October 26, 2014 at 02:00 ...
+# http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(Spravka)?OpenAgent&RN=431985-6&02
+# Here is a link where we put together table (based on approved Bill N
+# 431985-6) with proposed 11 Russian time zones and corresponding
+# areas/cities/administrative centers in the Russian Federation (in English):
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia65.html
+#
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-22):
+# Putin signed the Federal Law 431985-6 ... (in Russian)
+# http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1333711
+# http://www.pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?111660
+# http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279
+# From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will look like this:
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
+# are from Andrey A. Chernov.  The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
+# except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
+# 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
+#
+# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
+# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
+# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
+# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
+# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
+#
+# From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
+# 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
+# UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
+# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
+# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
+#
+# From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
+# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
+# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
+# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
+#
+# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
+# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
+# News - often false - is spread by word of mouth.  A rumor that it was
+# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
+# the rest of Russia for two weeks - even soldiers stationed here began
+# enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
+#
+# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
+# There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
+# UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade.  I start with the
+# SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
+# until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
+# since September 1997....  Although the Kuril Islands are
+# administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
+# remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
+
+# From Marat Nigametzianov (2018-07-16):
+# this is link to order from 1956 about timezone in USSR
+# http://astro.uni-altai.ru/~orion/blog/2011/11/novyie-granitsyi-chasovyih-poyasov-v-sssr/
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-07-16):
+# Perhaps someone could translate the above-mentioned link and use it
+# to correct our data for the ex-Soviet Union.  It cites the following:
+# «Поясное время и новые границы часовых поясов» / сост. П.Н. Долгов,
+# отв. ред. Г.Д. Бурдун - М: Комитет стандартов, мер и измерительных
+# приборов при Совете Министров СССР, Междуведомственная комиссия
+# единой службы времени, 1956 г.
+# This book looks like it would be a helpful resource for the Soviet
+# Union through 1956.  Although a copy was in the Scientific Library
+# of Tomsk State University, I have not been able to track down a copy nearby.
+#
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2018-07-21):
+# http://astro.uni-altai.ru/~orion/blog/2015/05/center-reforma-ischisleniya-vremeni-br-na-territorii-sssr-v-1957-godu-center/
+# says that the 1956 decision to change time belts' borders was not
+# implemented as planned in 1956 and the change happened in 1957.
+# There is also the problem that actual time zones were different from
+# the official time belts (and from many time belts' maps) as there were
+# numerous exceptions to application of time belt rules.  For example,
+# https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Московское_время#Перемещение_границы_применения_московского_времени_на_восток
+# says that by 1962 there were many regions in the 3rd time belt that
+# were on Moscow time, referring to a 1962 map.  By 1989 number of such
+# exceptions grew considerably.
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
+# The comments detailing the coverage of each Russian zone are meant to assist
+# with maintenance only and represent our best guesses as to which regions
+# are covered by each zone.  They are not meant to be taken as an authoritative
+# listing.  The region codes listed come from
+# https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Federal_subjects_of_Russia&oldid=611810498
+# and are used for convenience only; no guarantees are made regarding their
+# future stability.  ISO 3166-2:RU codes are also listed for first-level
+# divisions where available.
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Europe/Kaliningrad covers...
+# 39	RU-KGD	Kaliningrad Oblast
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2019-07-25):
+# Although Shanks lists 1945-01-01 as the date for transition from
+# +01/+02 to +02/+03, more likely this is a placeholder.  Guess that
+# the transition occurred at 1945-04-10 00:00, which is about when
+# Königsberg surrendered to Soviet troops.  (Thanks to Alois Treindl.)
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
+
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
+# http://www.rgo.ru/ru/kaliningradskoe-oblastnoe-otdelenie/ob-otdelenii/publikacii/kak-nam-zhilos-bez-letnego-vremeni
+# confirms that the 1989 change to Moscow-1 was implemented.
+# (The article, though, is misattributed to 1990 while saying that
+# summer->winter transition would be done on the 24 of September. But
+# 1990-09-24 was Monday, while 1989-09-24 was Sunday as expected.)
+# ...
+# http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
+# says that Kaliningrad switched to Moscow-1 on 1989-03-26, avoided
+# at the last moment switch to Moscow-1 on 1991-03-31, switched to
+# Moscow on 1991-11-03, switched to Moscow-1 on 1992-01-19.
+
+Zone Europe/Kaliningrad	 1:22:00 -	LMT	1893 Apr
+			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr 10
+			 2:00	Poland	EE%sT	1946 Apr  7
+			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
+			 2:00	Russia	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 3:00	-	+03	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 2:00	-	EET
+
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-02-21), per Tim Parenti (2014-07-03) and
+# Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Europe/Moscow covers...
+# 01	RU-AD	Adygea, Republic of
+# 05	RU-DA	Dagestan, Republic of
+# 06	RU-IN	Ingushetia, Republic of
+# 07	RU-KB	Kabardino-Balkar Republic
+# 08	RU-KL	Kalmykia, Republic of
+# 09	RU-KC	Karachay-Cherkess Republic
+# 10	RU-KR	Karelia, Republic of
+# 11	RU-KO	Komi Republic
+# 12	RU-ME	Mari El Republic
+# 13	RU-MO	Mordovia, Republic of
+# 15	RU-SE	North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of
+# 16	RU-TA	Tatarstan, Republic of
+# 20	RU-CE	Chechen Republic
+# 21	RU-CU	Chuvash Republic
+# 23	RU-KDA	Krasnodar Krai
+# 26	RU-STA	Stavropol Krai
+# 29	RU-ARK	Arkhangelsk Oblast
+# 31	RU-BEL	Belgorod Oblast
+# 32	RU-BRY	Bryansk Oblast
+# 33	RU-VLA	Vladimir Oblast
+# 35	RU-VLG	Vologda Oblast
+# 36	RU-VOR	Voronezh Oblast
+# 37	RU-IVA	Ivanovo Oblast
+# 40	RU-KLU	Kaluga Oblast
+# 44	RU-KOS	Kostroma Oblast
+# 46	RU-KRS	Kursk Oblast
+# 47	RU-LEN	Leningrad Oblast
+# 48	RU-LIP	Lipetsk Oblast
+# 50	RU-MOS	Moscow Oblast
+# 51	RU-MUR	Murmansk Oblast
+# 52	RU-NIZ	Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
+# 53	RU-NGR	Novgorod Oblast
+# 57	RU-ORL	Oryol Oblast
+# 58	RU-PNZ	Penza Oblast
+# 60	RU-PSK	Pskov Oblast
+# 61	RU-ROS	Rostov Oblast
+# 62	RU-RYA	Ryazan Oblast
+# 67	RU-SMO	Smolensk Oblast
+# 68	RU-TAM	Tambov Oblast
+# 69	RU-TVE	Tver Oblast
+# 71	RU-TUL	Tula Oblast
+# 76	RU-YAR	Yaroslavl Oblast
+# 77	RU-MOW	Moscow
+# 78	RU-SPE	Saint Petersburg
+# 83	RU-NEN	Nenets Autonomous Okrug
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
+# The Soviets switched to UT-based time in 1919.  Decree No. 59
+# (1919-02-08) http://istmat.info/node/35567 established UT-based time
+# zones, and Decree No. 147 (1919-03-29) http://istmat.info/node/35854
+# specified a transition date of 1919-07-01, apparently at 00:00 UT.
+# No doubt only the Soviet-controlled regions switched on that date;
+# later transitions to UT-based time in other parts of Russia are
+# taken from what appear to be guesses by Shanks.
+# (Thanks to Alexander Belopolsky for pointers to the decrees.)
+
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
+# 11. Regions-violators, 1981-1982.
+# Wikipedia refers to
+# http://maps.monetonos.ru/maps/raznoe/Old_Maps/Old_Maps/Articles/022/3_1981.html
+# http://besp.narod.ru/nauka_1981_3.htm
+#
+# The second link provides two articles scanned from the Nauka i Zhizn
+# magazine No. 3, 1981 and a scan of the short article attributed to
+# the Trud newspaper from February 1982.  The first link provides the
+# same Nauka i Zhizn articles converted to the text form (but misses
+# time belt changes map).
+#
+# The second Nauka i Zhizn article says that in addition to
+# introduction of summer time on 1981-04-01 there are some time belt
+# border changes on 1981-10-01, mostly affecting Nenets Autonomous
+# Okrug, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Yakutia, Magadan Oblast and Chukotka
+# according to the provided map (colored one).  In addition to that
+# "time violators" (regions which were not using rules of the time
+# belts in which they were located) would not be moving off the DST on
+# 1981-10-01 to restore the decree time usage.  (Komi ASSR was
+# supposed to repeat that move in October 1982 to account for the 2
+# hour difference.)  Map depicting "time violators" before 1981-10-01
+# is also provided.
+#
+# The article from Trud says that 1981-10-01 changes caused problems
+# and some territories would be moved to pre-1981-10-01 time by not
+# moving to summer time on 1982-04-01.  Namely: Dagestan,
+# Kabardino-Balkar, Kalmyk, Komi, Mari, Mordovian, North Ossetian,
+# Tatar, Chechen-Ingush and Chuvash ASSR, Krasnodar and Stavropol
+# krais, Arkhangelsk, Vladimir, Vologda, Voronezh, Gorky, Ivanovo,
+# Kostroma, Lipetsk, Penza, Rostov, Ryazan, Tambov, Tyumen and
+# Yaroslavl oblasts, Nenets and Evenk autonomous okrugs, Khatangsky
+# district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug.  As a result Evenk Autonomous
+# Okrug and Khatangsky district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug would end
+# up on Moscow+4, Tyumen Oblast on Moscow+2 and the rest on Moscow
+# time.
+#
+# http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
+# attributes the 1982 changes to the Act of the Council of Ministers
+# of the USSR No. 126 from 18.02.1982.  1980-925.txt also adds
+# Udmurtia to the list of affected territories and lists Khatangsky
+# district separately from Taymyr Autonomous Okrug.  Probably erroneously.
+#
+# The affected territories are currently listed under Europe/Moscow,
+# Asia/Yekaterinburg and Asia/Krasnoyarsk.
+#
+# 12. Udmurtia
+# The fact that Udmurtia is depicted as a violator in the Nauka i
+# Zhizn article hints at Izhevsk being on different time from
+# Kuybyshev before 1981-10-01. Udmurtia is not mentioned in the 1989 act.
+# http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
+# implies Udmurtia was on Moscow time after 1982-04-01.
+# Wikipedia implies Udmurtia being on Moscow+1 until 1991.
+#
+# ...
+#
+# All Russian zones are supposed to have by default a -1 change at
+# 1991-03-31 2:00 (cancellation of the decree time in the USSR) and a +1
+# change at 1992-01-19 2:00 (restoration of the decree time in Russia).
+#
+# There were some exceptions, though.
+# Wikipedia says newspapers listed Astrakhan, Saratov, Kirov, Volgograd,
+# Izhevsk, Grozny, Kazan and Samara as such exceptions for the 1992
+# change. (Different newspapers providing different lists. And some
+# lists found in the internet are quite wild.)
+#
+# And apparently some exceptions were reverted in the last moment.
+# http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
+# says that Kaliningrad decided not to be an exception 2 days before the
+# 1991-03-31 switch and one person at
+# https://izhevsk.ru/forum_light_message/50/682597-m8369040.html
+# says he remembers that Samara opted out of the 1992-01-19 exception
+# 2 days before the switch.
+#
+# From Alois Treindl (2022-02-15):
+# the Russian wikipedia page
+# https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Московское_время#Перемещение_границы_применения_московского_времени_на_восток
+# contains the sentence (in Google translation) "In the autumn of
+# 1981, Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Yaroslavl, Ivanovo, Vladimir, Ryazan,
+# Lipetsk, Voronezh, Rostov-on-Don, Krasnodar and regions to the east
+# of those named (about 30 in total) parted ways with Moscow time.
+# However, the convenience of common time with Moscow turned out to be
+# decisive - in 1982, these regions again switched to Moscow time."
+# Shanks International atlas has similar information, and also the
+# Russian book Zaitsev A., Kutalev D. A new astrologer's reference
+# book. Coordinates of cities and time corrections, - The World of
+# Urania, 2012 (Russian: Зайцев А., Куталёв Д., Новый справочник
+# астролога. Координаты городов и временные поправки).
+# To me it seems that an extra zone is needed, which starts with LMT
+# util 1919, later follows Moscow since 1930, but deviates from it
+# between 1 October 1981 until 1 April 1982.
+#
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-02-15):
+# Given the above, we appear to be missing some Zone entries for the
+# chaotic early 1980s in Russia.  It's not clear what these entries
+# should be.  For now, sweep this under the rug and just document the
+# time in Moscow.
+
+# From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):
+# LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow
+# Observatory (coordinates: 55° 45' 29.70", 37° 34' 05.30")....
+# LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard.
+# (The info is from the book by Byalokoz ... p. 18.)
+# The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia was defined by
+# Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg.  In 1916 LMT Moscow
+# was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory
+# coordinates: 59° 46' 18.70", 30° 19' 40.70") so 30° 19' 40.70" >
+# 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19.  LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 =
+# 2:31:19 ...
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
+# Milne does not list Moscow, but suggests that its time might be listed in
+# Résumés mensuels et annuels des observations météorologiques (1895).
+# Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in
+# Russian and French.  This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky.
+
+Zone Europe/Moscow	 2:30:17 -	LMT	1880
+			 2:30:17 -	MMT	1916 Jul  3 # Moscow Mean Time
+			 2:31:19 Russia	%s	1919 Jul  1  0:00u
+			 3:00	Russia	%s	1921 Oct
+			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1922 Oct
+			 2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
+			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	MSK	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 3:00	-	MSK
+
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-12-06):
+# Europe/Simferopol covers Crimea.
+
+Zone Europe/Simferopol	 2:16:24 -	LMT	1880
+			 2:16	-	SMT	1924 May  2 # Simferopol Mean T
+			 2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
+			 3:00	-	MSK	1941 Nov
+			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Apr 13
+			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
+			 3:00	-	MSK	1990 Jul  1  2:00
+			 2:00	-	EET	1992 Mar 20
+# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-07-21):
+# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reported that central Crimea switched
+# from Kyiv to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
+# Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
+# sometime between the 1994 DST switches.  Shanks & Pottenger simply say
+# 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right.  For now, guess it
+# changed in May.  This change evidently didn't last long; see below.
+			 2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1994 May
+# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also said that Kerch is still like Kyiv.
+			 3:00	C-Eur	MSK/MSD	1996 Mar 31  0:00s
+			 3:00	1:00	MSD	1996 Oct 27  3:00s
+# IATA SSIM (1997-09) said Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
+# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
+			 3:00	-	MSK	1997 Mar lastSun  1:00u
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
+# time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
+# https://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
+# From Tim Parenti (2022-07-01), per Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
+# The clocks at the railway station in Simferopol were put forward from 22:00
+# to 24:00 the previous day in a "symbolic ceremony"; however, per
+# contemporaneous news reports, "ordinary Crimeans [made] the daylight savings
+# time switch at 2am" on Sunday.
+# https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/crimea-to-set-clocks-to-russia-time-114033000014_1.html
+# https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-crimea-time/crimea-switches-to-moscow-time-amid-incorporation-frenzy-idUKBREA2S0LT20140329
+# https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-26806583
+			 2:00	EU	EE%sT	2014 Mar 30  2:00
+			 4:00	-	MSK	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 3:00	-	MSK
+
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# Europe/Astrakhan covers:
+# 30	RU-AST	Astrakhan Oblast
+#
+# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-12):
+# On February 10, 2016 Astrakhan Oblast got approval by the Federation
+# Council to change its time zone to UTC+4 (from current UTC+3 Moscow time)....
+# This Federal Law shall enter into force on 27 March 2016 at 02:00.
+# From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201602150056
+
+Zone Europe/Astrakhan	 3:12:12 -	LMT	1924 May
+			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
+			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 3:00	-	+03	2016 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-11-11):
+# Europe/Volgograd covers:
+# 34	RU-VGG	Volgograd Oblast
+# The 1988 transition is from USSR act No. 5 (1988-01-04).
+
+# From Alexander Fetisov (2018-09-20):
+# Volgograd region in southern Russia (Europe/Volgograd) change
+# timezone from UTC+3 to UTC+4 from 28oct2018.
+# http://sozd.parliament.gov.ru/bill/452878-7
+#
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2018-10-11):
+# The law has been published today on
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201810110037
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2020-11-27):
+# The State Duma approved (Nov 24, 2020) the transition of the Volgograd
+# region to the Moscow time zone....
+# https://sozd.duma.gov.ru/bill/1012130-7
+#
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2020-12-05):
+# Currently proposed text for the second reading (expected on December 8) ...
+# changes the date to December 27. https://v1.ru/text/gorod/2020/12/04/69601031/
+#
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2020-12-22):
+# The law was published today on
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001202012220002
+
+Zone Europe/Volgograd	 2:57:40 -	LMT	1920 Jan  3
+			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
+			 4:00	-	+04	1961 Nov 11
+			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1988 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	MSK	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 3:00	-	MSK	2018 Oct 28  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04	2020 Dec 27  2:00s
+			 3:00	-	MSK
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-11-11):
+# Europe/Saratov covers:
+# 64	RU-SAR	Saratov Oblast
+
+# From Yuri Konotopov (2016-11-11):
+# Dec 4, 2016 02:00 UTC+3....  Saratov Region's local time will be ... UTC+4.
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-11):
+# ... Byalokoz listed Saratov on 03:04:18.
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-22):
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201611220031
+
+Zone Europe/Saratov	 3:04:18 -	LMT	1919 Jul  1  0:00u
+			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
+			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1988 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 3:00	-	+03	2016 Dec  4  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# Europe/Kirov covers:
+# 43	RU-KIR	Kirov Oblast
+# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
+#
+Zone Europe/Kirov	 3:18:48 -	LMT	1919 Jul  1  0:00u
+			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
+			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	MSK	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 3:00	-	MSK
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Europe/Samara covers...
+# 18	RU-UD	Udmurt Republic
+# 63	RU-SAM	Samara Oblast
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Samara was 3:20:20.
+# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
+
+Zone Europe/Samara	 3:20:20 -	LMT	1919 Jul  1  0:00u
+			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
+			 4:00	-	+04	1935 Jan 27
+			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 2:00	Russia	+02/+03	1991 Sep 29  2:00s
+			 3:00	-	+03	1991 Oct 20  3:00
+			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	2010 Mar 28  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# Europe/Ulyanovsk covers:
+# 73	RU-ULY	Ulyanovsk Oblast
+
+# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
+# Ulyanovsk ... on their way to change time zones by March 27, 2016 at 2am.
+# Ulyanovsk Oblast ... from MSK to MSK+1 (UTC+3 to UTC+4) ...
+# 920582-6 ... 02/17/2016 The State Duma passed the bill in the first reading.
+# From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090051
+
+Zone Europe/Ulyanovsk	 3:13:36 -	LMT	1919 Jul  1  0:00u
+			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
+			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 2:00	Russia	+02/+03	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 3:00	-	+03	2016 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Asia/Yekaterinburg covers...
+# 02	RU-BA	Bashkortostan, Republic of
+# 90	RU-PER	Perm Krai
+# 45	RU-KGN	Kurgan Oblast
+# 56	RU-ORE	Orenburg Oblast
+# 66	RU-SVE	Sverdlovsk Oblast
+# 72	RU-TYU	Tyumen Oblast
+# 74	RU-CHE	Chelyabinsk Oblast
+# 86	RU-KHM	Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra
+# 89	RU-YAN	Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
+#
+# Note: Effective 2005-12-01, (59) Perm Oblast and (81) Komi-Permyak
+# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (90, RU-PER) Perm Krai.
+
+# Milne says Yekaterinburg was 4:02:32.9.
+# Byalokoz 1919 says its provincial time was based on Perm, at 3:45:05.
+# Assume it switched on 1916-07-03, the time of the new standard.
+# The 1919 and 1930 transitions are from Shanks.
+
+		#STDOFF	 4:02:32.9
+Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg	 4:02:33 -	LMT	1916 Jul  3
+			 3:45:05 -	PMT	1919 Jul 15  4:00
+			 4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
+			 5:00	Russia	+05/+06	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 5:00	Russia	+05/+06	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 6:00	-	+06	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 5:00	-	+05
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Asia/Omsk covers...
+# 55	RU-OMS	Omsk Oblast
+
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Omsk was 4:53:30.
+
+Zone Asia/Omsk		 4:53:30 -	LMT	1919 Nov 14
+			 5:00	-	+05	1930 Jun 21
+			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 5:00	Russia	+05/+06	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 7:00	-	+07	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 6:00	-	+06
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-02-22):
+# Asia/Barnaul covers:
+# 04	RU-AL	Altai Republic
+# 22	RU-ALT	Altai Krai
+
+# Data before 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
+
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
+# Letter of Bank of Russia from 1995-05-25
+# http://www.bestpravo.ru/rossijskoje/lj-akty/y3a.htm
+# suggests that Altai Republic transitioned to Moscow+3 on
+# 1995-05-28.
+#
+# https://regnum.ru/news/society/1957270.html
+# has some historical data for Altai Krai:
+# before 1957: west part on UT+6, east on UT+7
+# after 1957: UT+7
+# since 1995: UT+6
+# http://barnaul.rusplt.ru/index/pochemu_altajskij_kraj_okazalsja_v_neprivychnom_chasovom_pojase-17648.html
+# confirms that and provides more details including 1995-05-28 transition date.
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
+# Altai Krai and Altai Republic on their way to change time zones
+# by March 27, 2016 at 2am....
+# Altai Republic / Gorno-Altaysk MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7) ...
+# Altai Krai / Barnaul MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7)
+# From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090043
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090038
+
+Zone Asia/Barnaul	 5:35:00 -	LMT	1919 Dec 10
+			 6:00	-	+06	1930 Jun 21
+			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1995 May 28
+			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 7:00	-	+07	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 6:00	-	+06	2016 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 7:00	-	+07
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# Asia/Novosibirsk covers:
+# 54	RU-NVS	Novosibirsk Oblast
+
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-05-30):
+# http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(Spravka)?OpenAgent&RN=1085784-6
+# moves Novosibirsk oblast from UTC+6 to UTC+7.
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-04):
+# The law was signed yesterday and published today on
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201607040064
+
+Zone Asia/Novosibirsk	 5:31:40 -	LMT	1919 Dec 14  6:00
+			 6:00	-	+06	1930 Jun 21
+			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
+			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 7:00	-	+07	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 6:00	-	+06	2016 Jul 24  2:00s
+			 7:00	-	+07
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# Asia/Tomsk covers:
+# 70	RU-TOM	Tomsk Oblast
+
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-24):
+# Byalokoz listed Tomsk at 5:39:51.
+
+# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
+# Tomsk is still 4 hours ahead of Moscow.
+
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-19):
+# http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102075743
+# (fifth time belt being UTC+5+1(decree time)
+# / UTC+5+1(decree time)+1(summer time)) ...
+# Note that time belts (numbered from 2 (Moscow) to 12 according to their
+# GMT/UTC offset and having too many exceptions like regions formally
+# belonging to one belt but using time from another) were replaced
+# with time zones in 2011 with different numbering (there was a
+# 2-hour gap between second and third zones in 2011-2014).
+
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-04-12):
+# http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(SpravkaNew)?OpenAgent&RN=1006865-6
+# This bill was approved in the first reading today.  It moves Tomsk oblast
+# from UTC+6 to UTC+7 and is supposed to come into effect on 2016-05-29 at
+# 2:00.  The bill needs to be approved in the second and the third readings by
+# the State Duma, approved by the Federation Council, signed by the President
+# and published to become a law.  Minor changes in the text are to be expected
+# before the second reading (references need to be updated to account for the
+# recent changes).
+#
+# Judging by the ultra-short one-day amendments period, recent similar laws,
+# the State Duma schedule and the Federation Council schedule
+# http://www.duma.gov.ru/legislative/planning/day-shedule/por_vesna_2016/
+# http://council.gov.ru/activity/meetings/schedule/63303
+# I speculate that the final text of the bill will be proposed tomorrow, the
+# bill will be approved in the second and the third readings on Friday,
+# approved by the Federation Council on 2016-04-20, signed by the President and
+# published as a law around 2016-04-26.
+
+# From Matt Johnson (2016-04-26):
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604260048
+
+Zone	Asia/Tomsk	 5:39:51 -	LMT	1919 Dec 22
+			 6:00	-	+06	1930 Jun 21
+			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	2002 May  1  3:00
+			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 7:00	-	+07	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 6:00	-	+06	2016 May 29  2:00s
+			 7:00	-	+07
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Asia/Novokuznetsk covers...
+# 42	RU-KEM	Kemerovo Oblast
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
+# Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
+# March 28, 2010:
+# from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
+# to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
+#
+# This is according to Government of Russia decree No. 740, on September
+# 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
+# time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
+#
+# Russian Government web site (Russian language)
+# http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
+# or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
+# map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
+#
+# Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
+# Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
+# The Kemerovo region will remain at UTC+7 through the 2014-10-26 change, thus
+# realigning itself with KRAT.
+
+Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk	 5:48:48 -	LMT	1924 May  1
+			 6:00	-	+06	1930 Jun 21
+			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	2010 Mar 28  2:00s
+			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 7:00	-	+07
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Asia/Krasnoyarsk covers...
+# 17	RU-TY	Tuva Republic
+# 19	RU-KK	Khakassia, Republic of
+# 24	RU-KYA	Krasnoyarsk Krai
+#
+# Note: Effective 2007-01-01, (88) Evenk Autonomous Okrug and (84) Taymyr
+# Autonomous Okrug were merged into (24, RU-KYA) Krasnoyarsk Krai.
+
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Krasnoyarsk was 6:11:26.
+
+Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk	 6:11:26 -	LMT	1920 Jan  6
+			 6:00	-	+06	1930 Jun 21
+			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 8:00	-	+08	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 7:00	-	+07
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Asia/Irkutsk covers...
+# 03	RU-BU	Buryatia, Republic of
+# 38	RU-IRK	Irkutsk Oblast
+#
+# Note: Effective 2008-01-01, (85) Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug was
+# merged into (38, RU-IRK) Irkutsk Oblast.
+
+# Milne 1899 says Irkutsk was 6:57:15.
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Irkutsk was 6:57:05.
+# Go with Byalokoz.
+
+Zone Asia/Irkutsk	 6:57:05 -	LMT	1880
+			 6:57:05 -	IMT	1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
+			 7:00	-	+07	1930 Jun 21
+			 8:00	Russia	+08/+09	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 8:00	Russia	+08/+09	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 9:00	-	+09	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 8:00	-	+08
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
+# Asia/Chita covers...
+# 92	RU-ZAB	Zabaykalsky Krai
+#
+# Note: Effective 2008-03-01, (75) Chita Oblast and (80) Agin-Buryat
+# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (92, RU-ZAB) Zabaykalsky Krai.
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-02):
+# [The] time zone in the Trans-Baikal Territory (Zabaykalsky Krai) -
+# Asia/Chita [is changing] from UTC+8 to UTC+9.  Effective date will
+# be March 27, 2016 at 2:00am....
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201512300107
+
+Zone Asia/Chita	 7:33:52 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
+			 8:00	-	+08	1930 Jun 21
+			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 8:00	Russia	+08/+09	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			10:00	-	+10	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 8:00	-	+08	2016 Mar 27  2:00
+			 9:00	-	+09
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
+# Asia/Yakutsk covers...
+# 28	RU-AMU	Amur Oblast
+#
+# ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
+# 14-02	****	Aldansky District
+# 14-04	****	Amginsky District
+# 14-05	****	Anabarsky District
+# 14-06	****	Bulunsky District
+# 14-07	****	Verkhnevilyuysky District
+# 14-10	****	Vilyuysky District
+# 14-11	****	Gorny District
+# 14-12	****	Zhigansky District
+# 14-13	****	Kobyaysky District
+# 14-14	****	Lensky District
+# 14-15	****	Megino-Kangalassky District
+# 14-16	****	Mirninsky District
+# 14-18	****	Namsky District
+# 14-19	****	Neryungrinsky District
+# 14-21	****	Nyurbinsky District
+# 14-23	****	Olenyoksky District
+# 14-24	****	Olyokminsky District
+# 14-26	****	Suntarsky District
+# 14-27	****	Tattinsky District
+# 14-29	****	Ust-Aldansky District
+# 14-32	****	Khangalassky District
+# 14-33	****	Churapchinsky District
+# 14-34	****	Eveno-Bytantaysky National District
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Our commentary seems to have lost mention of (14-19) Neryungrinsky District.
+# Since the surrounding districts of Sakha are all YAKT, assume this is, too.
+# Also assume its history has been the same as the rest of Asia/Yakutsk.
+
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Yakutsk was 8:38:58.
+
+Zone Asia/Yakutsk	 8:38:58 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
+			 8:00	-	+08	1930 Jun 21
+			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 8:00	Russia	+08/+09	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			10:00	-	+10	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 9:00	-	+09
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
+# Asia/Vladivostok covers...
+# 25	RU-PRI	Primorsky Krai
+# 27	RU-KHA	Khabarovsk Krai
+# 79	RU-YEV	Jewish Autonomous Oblast
+#
+# ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
+# 14-09	****	Verkhoyansky District
+# 14-31	****	Ust-Yansky District
+
+# Milne 1899 says Vladivostok was 8:47:33.5.
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Vladivostok was 8:47:31.
+# Go with Byalokoz.
+
+Zone Asia/Vladivostok	 8:47:31 -	LMT	1922 Nov 15
+			 9:00	-	+09	1930 Jun 21
+			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			11:00	-	+11	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			10:00	-	+10
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Asia/Khandyga covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
+# 14-28	****	Tomponsky District
+# 14-30	****	Ust-Maysky District
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2022-03-21):
+# Tomponsky and Ust-Maysky switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
+# in 2011.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
+# Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
+# Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
+# This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.
+
+Zone Asia/Khandyga	 9:02:13 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
+			 8:00	-	+08	1930 Jun 21
+			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 8:00	Russia	+08/+09	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	2004
+			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			11:00	-	+11	2011 Sep 13  0:00s # Decree 725?
+			10:00	-	+10	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 9:00	-	+09
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Asia/Sakhalin covers...
+# 65	RU-SAK	Sakhalin Oblast
+# ...with the exception of:
+# 65-11	****	Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
+
+# From Matt Johnson (2016-02-22):
+# Asia/Sakhalin is moving (in entirety) from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
+# (2016-03-09):
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090044
+
+# The Zone name should be Asia/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
+Zone Asia/Sakhalin	 9:30:48 -	LMT	1905 Aug 23
+			 9:00	-	+09	1945 Aug 25
+			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1991 Mar 31  2:00s # Sakhalin T
+			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1997 Mar lastSun  2:00s
+			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			11:00	-	+11	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			10:00	-	+10	2016 Mar 27  2:00s
+			11:00	-	+11
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
+# Asia/Magadan covers...
+# 49	RU-MAG	Magadan Oblast
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
+# Magadan Oblast is moving from UTC+12 to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26; however,
+# several districts of Sakha Republic as well as Severo-Kurilsky District of
+# the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands), represented
+# until now by Asia/Magadan, will instead move to UTC+11.  These regions will
+# need their own zone.
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-03-27):
+# ... draft bill 948300-6 to change its time zone from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
+# will take ... effect ... on April 24, 2016 at 2 o'clock
+#
+# From Matt Johnson (2016-04-05):
+# ... signed by the President today ...
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604050038
+
+Zone Asia/Magadan	10:03:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
+			10:00	-	+10	1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
+			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			12:00	-	+12	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			10:00	-	+10	2016 Apr 24  2:00s
+			11:00	-	+11
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
+# Asia/Srednekolymsk covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
+# 14-01	****	Abyysky District
+# 14-03	****	Allaikhovsky District
+# 14-08	****	Verkhnekolymsky District
+# 14-17	****	Momsky District
+# 14-20	****	Nizhnekolymsky District
+# 14-25	****	Srednekolymsky District
+#
+# ...and parts of (65, RU-SAK) Sakhalin Oblast:
+# 65-11	****	Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02):
+# Oymyakonsky District of Sakha Republic (represented by Ust-Nera), along with
+# most of Sakhalin Oblast (represented by Sakhalin) will be moving to UTC+10 on
+# 2014-10-26 to stay aligned with VLAT/SAKT; however, Severo-Kurilsky District
+# of the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands, represented by
+# Severo-Kurilsk) will remain on UTC+11.
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
+# Assume North Kuril Islands have history like Magadan before 2011-03-27.
+# There is a decent chance this is wrong, in which case a new zone
+# Asia/Severo-Kurilsk would become necessary.
+#
+# Srednekolymsk and Zyryanka are the most populous places amongst these
+# districts, but have very similar populations.  In fact, Wikipedia currently
+# lists them both as having 3528 people, exactly 1668 males and 1860 females
+# each!  (Yikes!)
+# https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Srednekolymsky_District&oldid=603435276
+# https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Verkhnekolymsky_District&oldid=594378493
+# Assume this is a mistake, albeit an amusing one.
+#
+# Looking at censuses, the populations of the two municipalities seem to have
+# fluctuated recently.  Zyryanka was more populous than Srednekolymsk in the
+# 1989 and 2002 censuses, but Srednekolymsk was more populous in the most
+# recent (2010) census, 3525 to 3170.  (See pages 195 and 197 of
+# http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf
+# in Russian.)  In addition, Srednekolymsk appears to be a much older
+# settlement and the population of Zyryanka seems to be declining.
+# Go with Srednekolymsk.
+
+Zone Asia/Srednekolymsk	10:14:52 -	LMT	1924 May  2
+			10:00	-	+10	1930 Jun 21
+			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			12:00	-	+12	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			11:00	-	+11
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Asia/Ust-Nera covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
+# 14-22	****	Oymyakonsky District
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2022-03-21):
+# Oymyakonsky and the Kuril Islands switched from
+# Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
+# It's unlikely that any of the Kuril Islands were involved in such a switch,
+# as the South and Middle Kurils have been on UTC+11 (SAKT) with the rest of
+# Sakhalin Oblast since at least 2011-09, and the North Kurils have been on
+# UTC+12 since at least then, too.
+
+Zone Asia/Ust-Nera	 9:32:54 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
+			 8:00	-	+08	1930 Jun 21
+			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	1981 Apr  1
+			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			12:00	-	+12	2011 Sep 13  0:00s # Decree 725?
+			11:00	-	+11	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			10:00	-	+10
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Asia/Kamchatka covers...
+# 91	RU-KAM	Kamchatka Krai
+#
+# Note: Effective 2007-07-01, (41) Kamchatka Oblast and (82) Koryak
+# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (91, RU-KAM) Kamchatka Krai.
+
+# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski or perhaps
+# Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, but these are too long.
+Zone Asia/Kamchatka	10:34:36 -	LMT	1922 Nov 10
+			11:00	-	+11	1930 Jun 21
+			12:00	Russia	+12/+13	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			12:00	Russia	+12/+13	2010 Mar 28  2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			12:00	-	+12
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Asia/Anadyr covers...
+# 87	RU-CHU	Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
+
+Zone Asia/Anadyr	11:49:56 -	LMT	1924 May  2
+			12:00	-	+12	1930 Jun 21
+			13:00	Russia	+13/+14	1982 Apr  1  0:00s
+			12:00	Russia	+12/+13	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			12:00	Russia	+12/+13	2010 Mar 28  2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			12:00	-	+12
+
+# Bosnia & Herzegovina
+# Croatia
+# Kosovo
+# Montenegro
+# North Macedonia
+# Serbia
+# Slovenia
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Belgrade	1:22:00	-	LMT	1884
+			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
+			1:00	-	CET	1945 May  8  2:00s
+			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
+# Metod Koželj reports that the legal date of
+# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
+# Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Koželj.
+			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Spain
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-12-14):
+#
+# The source for Europe/Madrid before 2013 is:
+# Planesas P. La hora oficial en España y sus cambios.
+# Anuario del Observatorio Astronómico de Madrid (2013, in Spanish).
+# http://astronomia.ign.es/rknowsys-theme/images/webAstro/paginas/documentos/Anuario/lahoraoficialenespana.pdf
+# As this source says that historical time in the Canaries is obscure,
+# and it does not discuss Ceuta, stick with Shanks for now for that data.
+#
+# In the 1918 and 1919 fallback transitions in Spain, the clock for
+# the hour-longer day officially kept going after midnight, so that
+# the repeated instances of that day's 00:00 hour were 24 hours apart,
+# with a fallback transition from the second occurrence of 00:59... to
+# the next day's 00:00.  Our data format cannot represent this
+# directly, and instead repeats the first hour of the next day, with a
+# fallback transition from the next day's 00:59... to 00:00.
+
+# From Michael Deckers (2016-12-15):
+# The Royal Decree of 1900-07-26 quoted by Planesas, online at
+# https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1900/209/A00383-00384.pdf
+# says in its article 5 (my translation):
+# These dispositions will enter into force beginning with the
+# instant at which, according to the time indicated in article 1,
+# the 1st day of January of 1901 will begin.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Spain	1918	only	-	Apr	15	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1918	1919	-	Oct	 6	24:00s	0	-
+Rule	Spain	1919	only	-	Apr	 6	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1924	only	-	Apr	16	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1924	only	-	Oct	 4	24:00s	0	-
+Rule	Spain	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1926	1929	-	Oct	Sat>=1	24:00s	0	-
+Rule	Spain	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1928	only	-	Apr	15	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00	1:00	S
+# Republican Spain during the civil war; it controlled Madrid until 1939-03-28.
+Rule	Spain	1937	only	-	Jun	16	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1937	only	-	Oct	 2	24:00s	0	-
+Rule	Spain	1938	only	-	Apr	 2	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1938	only	-	Apr	30	23:00	2:00	M
+Rule	Spain	1938	only	-	Oct	 2	24:00	1:00	S
+# The following rules are for unified Spain again.
+#
+# Planesas does not say what happened in Madrid between its fall on
+# 1939-03-28 and the Nationalist spring-forward transition on
+# 1939-04-15.  For lack of better info, assume Madrid's clocks did not
+# change during that period.
+#
+# The first rule is commented out, as it is redundant for Republican Spain.
+#Rule	Spain	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1939	only	-	Oct	 7	24:00s	0	-
+Rule	Spain	1942	only	-	May	 2	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1942	only	-	Sep	 1	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Spain	1943	1946	-	Apr	Sat>=13	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1943	1944	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Spain	1945	1946	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Spain	1949	only	-	Apr	30	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1949	only	-	Oct	 2	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Spain	1974	1975	-	Apr	Sat>=12	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1974	1975	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Spain	1976	only	-	Mar	27	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1976	1977	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Spain	1977	only	-	Apr	 2	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1978	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 2:00s	0	-
+# Nationalist Spain during the civil war
+#Rule NatSpain	1937	only	-	May	22	23:00	1:00	S
+#Rule NatSpain	1937	1938	-	Oct	Sat>=1	24:00s	0	-
+#Rule NatSpain	1938	only	-	Mar	26	23:00	1:00	S
+# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978,
+# except with "S" letters.
+Rule SpainAfrica 1967	only	-	Jun	 3	12:00	1:00	S
+Rule SpainAfrica 1967	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule SpainAfrica 1974	only	-	Jun	24	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule SpainAfrica 1974	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule SpainAfrica 1976	1977	-	May	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule SpainAfrica 1976	only	-	Aug	 1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule SpainAfrica 1977	only	-	Sep	28	 0:00	0	-
+Rule SpainAfrica 1978	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule SpainAfrica 1978	only	-	Aug	 4	 0:00	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Madrid	-0:14:44 -	LMT	1901 Jan  1  0:00u
+			 0:00	Spain	WE%sT	1940 Mar 16 23:00
+			 1:00	Spain	CE%sT	1979
+			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
+Zone	Africa/Ceuta	-0:21:16 -	LMT	1901 Jan  1  0:00u
+			 0:00	-	WET	1918 May  6 23:00
+			 0:00	1:00	WEST	1918 Oct  7 23:00
+			 0:00	-	WET	1924
+			 0:00	Spain	WE%sT	1929
+			 0:00	-	WET	1967 # Help zishrink.awk.
+			 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT	1984 Mar 16
+			 1:00	-	CET	1986
+			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
+Zone	Atlantic/Canary	-1:01:36 -	LMT	1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
+			-1:00	-	-01	1946 Sep 30  1:00
+			 0:00	-	WET	1980 Apr  6  0:00s
+			 0:00	1:00	WEST	1980 Sep 28  1:00u
+			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
+# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
+# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
+
+
+# Germany (Busingen enclave)
+# Liechtenstein
+# Switzerland
+#
+# From Howse:
+# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
+# and their performance improved enormously.  Communities began to keep
+# mean time in preference to apparent time - Geneva from 1780 ....
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):
+# Rule	Swiss	1940	only	-	Nov	 2	0:00	1:00	S
+# Rule	Swiss	1940	only	-	Dec	31	0:00	0	-
+# From Shanks & Pottenger:
+# Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
+# Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
+
+# From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
+# I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
+#
+# As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
+# to be wrong. This is now verified.
+#
+# I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
+# government, in 'Eidgenössische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
+# federal law collection)...
+#
+# DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
+# DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
+#
+# DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
+# DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
+#
+# There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
+# It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
+# collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
+# other years are made.
+#
+# Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
+# about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
+# night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
+# a thing had happened in Switzerland.
+#
+# I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traité de
+# l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
+# false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
+# by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
+#
+# The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
+# Rule  Swiss   1941    1942    -       May     Mon>=1  1:00    1:00    S
+# Rule  Swiss   1941    1942    -       Oct     Mon>=1  2:00    0       -
+#
+# The 1940 rules must be deleted.
+#
+# One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
+# most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
+# describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
+# the Canton de Genève (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneva did not
+# follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
+# To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
+#
+# From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
+# The Federal regulations say
+# https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
+# ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7° 26' 22.50".
+# Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
+
+# From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
+# the "Circulaire du conseil fédéral" (December 11 1893)
+# http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353
+# clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
+# but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
+# hour before the beginning of service.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
+# Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
+#
+# We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
+# except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12.  This book:
+#
+#	Jakob Messerli. Gleichmässig, pünktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und
+#	Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
+#	ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
+#
+# suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
+# agree about civil time during the transition.  The timekeeping it gives the
+# most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the
+# "Bundesgesetz über die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
+# 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
+# (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859).  On p 72 Messerli writes that in
+# practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
+# offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
+# (Google translation).  For now, model this transition as occurring on
+# 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
+# legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.
+
+# From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
+# Büsingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton
+# Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
+# (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
+# DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
+# which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
+#
+# Source for the time in Büsingen 1980:
+# http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
+#
+# From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
+# Büsingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	May	Mon>=1	1:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	Oct	Mon>=1	2:00	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Zurich	0:34:08 -	LMT	1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
+			0:29:46	-	BMT	1894 Jun    # Bern Mean Time
+			1:00	Swiss	CE%sT	1981
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Turkey
+
+# From Alois Treindl (2019-08-12):
+# http://www.astrolojidergisi.com/yazsaati.htm has researched the time zone
+# history of Turkey, based on newspaper archives and official documents.
+# From Paul Eggert (2019-08-28):
+# That source (Oya Vulaş, "Türkiye'de Yaz Saati Uygulamaları")
+# is used for 1940/1972, where it seems more reliable than our other
+# sources.
+
+# From Kıvanç Yazan (2019-08-12):
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/14539.pdf#page=24
+# 1973-06-03 01:00 -> 02:00, 1973-11-04 02:00 -> 01:00
+#
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/14829.pdf#page=1
+# 1974-03-31 02:00 -> 03:00, 1974-11-03 02:00 -> 01:00
+#
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/15161.pdf#page=1
+# 1975-03-22 02:00 -> 03:00, 1975-11-02 02:00 -> 01:00
+#
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/15535_1.pdf#page=1
+# 1976-03-21 02:00 -> 03:00, 1976-10-31 02:00 -> 01:00
+#
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/15778.pdf#page=5
+# 1977-04-03 02:00 -> 03:00, 1977-10-16 02:00 -> 01:00,
+# 1978-04-02 02:00 -> 03:00 (not applied, see below)
+# 1978-10-15 02:00 -> 01:00 (not applied, see below)
+# 1979-04-01 02:00 -> 03:00 (not applied, see below)
+# 1979-10-14 02:00 -> 01:00 (not applied, see below)
+#
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/16245.pdf#page=17
+# This cancels the previous decision, and repeats it only for 1978.
+# 1978-04-02 02:00 -> 03:00, 1978-10-15 02:00 -> 01:00
+# (not applied due to standard TZ change below)
+#
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/16331.pdf#page=3
+# This decision changes the default longitude for Turkish time zone from 30
+# degrees East to 45 degrees East.  This means a standard TZ change, from +2
+# to +3.  This is published & applied on 1978-06-29.  At that time, Turkey was
+# already on summer time (already on 45E).  Hence, this new law just meant an
+# "continuous summer time".  Note that this was reversed in a few years.
+#
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/18119_1.pdf#page=1
+# 1983-07-31 02:00 -> 03:00 (note that this jumps TZ to +4)
+# 1983-10-02 02:00 -> 01:00 (back to +3)
+#
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/18561.pdf (page 1 and 34)
+# At this time, Turkey is still on +3 with no spring-forward on early
+# 1984.  This decision is published on 10/31/1984.  Page 1 declares
+# the decision of reverting the "default longitude change".  So the
+# standard time should go back to +3 (30E).  And page 34 explains when
+# that will happen: 1984-11-01 02:00 -> 01:00.  You can think of this
+# as "end of continuous summer time, change of standard time zone".
+#
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/18713.pdf#page=1
+# 1985-04-20 01:00 -> 02:00, 1985-09-28 02:00 -> 01:00
+
+# From Kıvanç Yazan (2016-09-25):
+# 1) For 1986-2006, DST started at 01:00 local and ended at 02:00 local, with
+#    no exceptions.
+# 2) 1994's lastSun was overridden with Mar 20 ...
+# Here are official papers:
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19032.pdf#page=2 for 1986
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19400.pdf#page=4 for 1987
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19752.pdf#page=15 for 1988
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20102.pdf#page=6 for 1989
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20464.pdf#page=1 for 1990 - 1992
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21531.pdf#page=15 for 1993 - 1995
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21879.pdf#page=1 for overriding 1994
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/22588.pdf#page=1 for 1996, 1997
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/23286.pdf#page=10 for 1998 - 2000
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2001/03/20010324.htm#2  - for 2001
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2002/03/20020316.htm#2  - for 2002-2006
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-09-25):
+# Prefer the above sources to Shanks & Pottenger for timestamps after 1985.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
+# Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
+# start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
+# http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
+# The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
+# http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
+# I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
+# (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
+# http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
+
+# From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
+# According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
+# time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
+# This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
+# https://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
+# Turkish:
+# https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-bir-gun-ileri-alindi-17230464
+
+# From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14):
+# The DST for Turkey has been changed for this year because of the
+# Turkish Local election....
+# http://www.sabah.com.tr/Ekonomi/2014/02/12/yaz-saatinde-onemli-degisiklik
+# ... so Turkey will move clocks forward one hour on March 31 at 3:00 a.m.
+# From Randal L. Schwartz (2014-04-15):
+# Having landed on a flight from the states to Istanbul (via AMS) on March 31,
+# I can tell you that NOBODY (even the airlines) respected this timezone DST
+# change delay.  Maybe the word just didn't get out in time.
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-15):
+# The press reported massive confusion, as election officials obeyed the rule
+# change but cell phones (and airline baggage systems) did not.  See:
+# Kostidis M. Eventful elections in Turkey. Balkan News Agency
+# http://www.balkaneu.com/eventful-elections-turkey/ 2014-03-30.
+# I guess the best we can do is document the official time.
+
+# From Fatih (2015-09-29):
+# It's officially announced now by the Ministry of Energy.
+# Turkey delays winter time to 8th of November 04:00
+# http://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-8-kasimda-sona-erecek/362217
+#
+# From BBC News (2015-10-25):
+# Confused Turks are asking "what's the time?" after automatic clocks defied a
+# government decision ... "For the next two weeks #Turkey is on EEST... Erdogan
+# Engineered Standard Time," said Twitter user @aysekarahasan.
+# http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34631326
+
+# From Burak AYDIN (2016-09-08):
+# Turkey will stay in Daylight Saving Time even in winter....
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/09/20160908-2.pdf
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-09-07):
+# The change is permanent, so this is the new standard time in Turkey.
+# It takes effect today, which is not much notice.
+
+# From Kıvanç Yazan (2017-10-28):
+# Turkey will go back to Daylight Saving Time starting 2018-10.
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/10/20171028-5.pdf
+#
+# From Even Scharning (2017-11-08):
+# ... today it was announced that the DST will become "continuous":
+# http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/son-dakika-yaz-saati-uygulamasi-surekli-hale-geldi-40637482
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-11-08):
+# Although Google Translate misfires on that source, it looks like
+# Turkey reversed last month's decision, and so will stay at +03.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Turkey	1916	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1920	only	-	Mar	28	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1920	only	-	Oct	25	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1921	only	-	Apr	 3	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1921	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1922	only	-	Mar	26	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1922	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
+# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
+# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	Turkey	1924	only	-	May	13	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1924	1925	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1925	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Oct	 6	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Dec	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1941	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1942	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1945	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1946	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1946	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1947	1948	-	Apr	Sun>=16	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1947	1951	-	Oct	Sun>=2	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1949	only	-	Apr	10	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1950	only	-	Apr	16	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1951	only	-	Apr	22	0:00	1:00	S
+# DST for 15 months; unusual but we'll let it pass.
+Rule	Turkey	1962	only	-	Jul	15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1963	only	-	Oct	30	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1964	only	-	May	15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1964	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1973	only	-	Jun	 3	1:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1973	1976	-	Oct	Sun>=31	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1974	only	-	Mar	31	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1975	only	-	Mar	22	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1976	only	-	Mar	21	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1977	1978	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1977	1978	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1978	only	-	Jun	29	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1983	only	-	Jul	31	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1983	only	-	Oct	 2	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1985	only	-	Apr	20	1:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1985	only	-	Sep	28	1:00s	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1986	1993	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1986	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1994	only	-	Mar	20	1:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1995	2006	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1996	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Istanbul	1:55:52 -	LMT	1880
+			1:56:56	-	IMT	1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
+			2:00	Turkey	EE%sT	1978 Jun 29
+			3:00	Turkey	+03/+04	1984 Nov  1  2:00
+			2:00	Turkey	EE%sT	2007
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27  1:00u
+			2:00	-	EET	2011 Mar 28  1:00u
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2014 Mar 30  1:00u
+			2:00	-	EET	2014 Mar 31  1:00u
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2015 Oct 25  1:00u
+			2:00	1:00	EEST	2015 Nov  8  1:00u
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2016 Sep  7
+			3:00	-	+03
+
+# Ukraine
+#
+# From Alois Treindl (2014-03-01):
+# REGULATION A N O V A on March 20, 1992 N 139 ...  means that from
+# 1992 on, Ukraine had DST with begin time at 02:00 am, on last Sunday
+# in March, and end time 03:00 am, last Sunday in September....
+# CABINET OF MINISTERS OF UKRAINE RESOLUTION on May 13, 1996 N 509
+# "On the order of computation time on the territory of Ukraine" ....
+# As this cabinet decision is from May 1996, it seems likely that the
+# transition in March 1996, which predates it, was still at 2:00 am
+# and not at 3:00 as would have been under EU rules.
+# This is why I have set the change to EU rules into May 1996,
+# so that the change in March is stil covered by the Ukraine rule.
+# The next change in October 1996 happened under EU rules.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-08-27):
+# For now, assume that Ukraine's zones all followed the same rules,
+# except that Crimea switched to Moscow time in 1994 as described elsewhere.
+
+# From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
+# via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
+# BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
+# regulations No. 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
+# "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
+# of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
+# October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20):
+# On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
+# abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
+#
+# Bill No. 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
+# approval from 266 deputies.
+#
+# Ukraine abolishes transfer back to the winter time (in Russian)
+# http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
+#
+# The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
+# http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
+#
+# Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
+# https://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
+#
+# From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
+# Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
+# Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter
+# time this year after all.
+#
+# From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
+# As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone
+# (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
+# to Russia) was reverted today:
+# http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
+#
+# Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
+# The law documents themselves are at
+# http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484
+
+# From Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl re Kyiv time 1991/2 (2014-02-28):
+# First in Ukraine they changed Time zone from UTC+3 to UTC+2 with DST:
+#       03 25 1990 02:00 -03.00 1       Time Zone 3 with DST
+#       07 01 1990 02:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
+# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 18.06.1990, No. 134.
+# http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T001500.html
+#
+# They did not end DST in September, 1990 (according to the law,
+# "summer time" was still in action):
+#       09 30 1990 03:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
+# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 21.09.1990, No. 272.
+# http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KP900272.html
+#
+# Again no change in March, 1991 ("summer time" in action):
+#       03 31 1991 02:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
+#
+# DST ended in September 1991 ("summer time" ended):
+#       09 29 1991 03:00 -02.00 0       Time Zone 2, no DST
+# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 25.09.1991, No. 225.
+# http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_21/pg_iwgdoc.htm
+# This is an answer.
+#
+# Since 1992 they had normal DST procedure:
+#       03 29 1992 02:00 -02.00 1       DST started
+#       09 27 1992 03:00 -02.00 0       DST ended
+# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139.
+# http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Europe/Kyiv	2:02:04 -	LMT	1880
+			2:02:04	-	KMT	1924 May  2 # Kyiv Mean Time
+			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
+			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Sep 20
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1943 Nov  6
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990 Jul  1  2:00
+			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29  3:00
+			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1996 May 13
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
+# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
+# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
+#
+# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
+# uses the WE DST rules.  The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
+# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
+# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST).  It also claims that Turkey
+# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
+# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
+
+# ...
+# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
+# From: Tom Hofmann
+# ...
+#
+# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
+# most European countries started DST.  Before that year, only
+# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
+# to own national rules.  In 1981, however, DST started on
+# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
+# years...
+# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
+# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
+# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
+# lastSun' in 1981 - I don't know how they handle now.
+#
+# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
+# Soviet Union (as far as I know).
+#
+# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
+# 4002 Basle, Switzerland
+# ...
+
+# ...
+# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
+# From: Dik T. Winter
+# ...
+#
+# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
+# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
+# about DST in Europe.  I was able to find all from about 1969.
+#
+# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
+# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
+# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
+# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March.  And from 1982
+# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
+# the Sov[i]et Union.  In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
+# dates...
+#
+# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
+# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
+# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
+# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
+# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe.  Another note: it is always
+# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
+# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
+# in advance of normal time.
+#
+# ...
+# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
+# ...
+
+# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
+# ...
+# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
+# Since 1978.  Change at midnight.
+# ...
+# Monaco: has same DST as France.
+# ...
diff --git a/factory b/factory
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9f5fc33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/factory
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# tzdb data for noncommittal factory settings
+
+# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
+
+# For distributors who don't want to specify a timezone in their
+# installation procedures.  Users who run 'date' will get the
+# time zone abbreviation "-00", indicating that the actual time zone
+# is unknown.
+
+# Zone	NAME	STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT
+Zone	Factory	0	-	-00
diff --git a/iso3166.tab b/iso3166.tab
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..402c015
--- /dev/null
+++ b/iso3166.tab
@@ -0,0 +1,279 @@
+# ISO 3166 alpha-2 country codes
+#
+# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2023-09-06):
+# This file contains a table of two-letter country codes.  Columns are
+# separated by a single tab.  Lines beginning with '#' are comments.
+# All text uses UTF-8 encoding.  The columns of the table are as follows:
+#
+# 1.  ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code, current as of
+#     ISO/TC 46 N1108 (2023-04-05).  See: ISO/TC 46 Documents
+#     https://www.iso.org/committee/48750.html?view=documents
+# 2.  The usual English name for the coded region.  This sometimes
+#     departs from ISO-listed names, sometimes so that sorted subsets
+#     of names are useful (e.g., "Samoa (American)" and "Samoa
+#     (western)" rather than "American Samoa" and "Samoa"),
+#     sometimes to avoid confusion among non-experts (e.g.,
+#     "Czech Republic" and "Turkey" rather than "Czechia" and "Türkiye"),
+#     and sometimes to omit needless detail or churn (e.g., "Netherlands"
+#     rather than "Netherlands (the)" or "Netherlands (Kingdom of the)").
+#
+# The table is sorted by country code.
+#
+# This table is intended as an aid for users, to help them select time
+# zone data appropriate for their practical needs.  It is not intended
+# to take or endorse any position on legal or territorial claims.
+#
+#country-
+#code	name of country, territory, area, or subdivision
+AD	Andorra
+AE	United Arab Emirates
+AF	Afghanistan
+AG	Antigua & Barbuda
+AI	Anguilla
+AL	Albania
+AM	Armenia
+AO	Angola
+AQ	Antarctica
+AR	Argentina
+AS	Samoa (American)
+AT	Austria
+AU	Australia
+AW	Aruba
+AX	Åland Islands
+AZ	Azerbaijan
+BA	Bosnia & Herzegovina
+BB	Barbados
+BD	Bangladesh
+BE	Belgium
+BF	Burkina Faso
+BG	Bulgaria
+BH	Bahrain
+BI	Burundi
+BJ	Benin
+BL	St Barthelemy
+BM	Bermuda
+BN	Brunei
+BO	Bolivia
+BQ	Caribbean NL
+BR	Brazil
+BS	Bahamas
+BT	Bhutan
+BV	Bouvet Island
+BW	Botswana
+BY	Belarus
+BZ	Belize
+CA	Canada
+CC	Cocos (Keeling) Islands
+CD	Congo (Dem. Rep.)
+CF	Central African Rep.
+CG	Congo (Rep.)
+CH	Switzerland
+CI	Côte d'Ivoire
+CK	Cook Islands
+CL	Chile
+CM	Cameroon
+CN	China
+CO	Colombia
+CR	Costa Rica
+CU	Cuba
+CV	Cape Verde
+CW	Curaçao
+CX	Christmas Island
+CY	Cyprus
+CZ	Czech Republic
+DE	Germany
+DJ	Djibouti
+DK	Denmark
+DM	Dominica
+DO	Dominican Republic
+DZ	Algeria
+EC	Ecuador
+EE	Estonia
+EG	Egypt
+EH	Western Sahara
+ER	Eritrea
+ES	Spain
+ET	Ethiopia
+FI	Finland
+FJ	Fiji
+FK	Falkland Islands
+FM	Micronesia
+FO	Faroe Islands
+FR	France
+GA	Gabon
+GB	Britain (UK)
+GD	Grenada
+GE	Georgia
+GF	French Guiana
+GG	Guernsey
+GH	Ghana
+GI	Gibraltar
+GL	Greenland
+GM	Gambia
+GN	Guinea
+GP	Guadeloupe
+GQ	Equatorial Guinea
+GR	Greece
+GS	South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands
+GT	Guatemala
+GU	Guam
+GW	Guinea-Bissau
+GY	Guyana
+HK	Hong Kong
+HM	Heard Island & McDonald Islands
+HN	Honduras
+HR	Croatia
+HT	Haiti
+HU	Hungary
+ID	Indonesia
+IE	Ireland
+IL	Israel
+IM	Isle of Man
+IN	India
+IO	British Indian Ocean Territory
+IQ	Iraq
+IR	Iran
+IS	Iceland
+IT	Italy
+JE	Jersey
+JM	Jamaica
+JO	Jordan
+JP	Japan
+KE	Kenya
+KG	Kyrgyzstan
+KH	Cambodia
+KI	Kiribati
+KM	Comoros
+KN	St Kitts & Nevis
+KP	Korea (North)
+KR	Korea (South)
+KW	Kuwait
+KY	Cayman Islands
+KZ	Kazakhstan
+LA	Laos
+LB	Lebanon
+LC	St Lucia
+LI	Liechtenstein
+LK	Sri Lanka
+LR	Liberia
+LS	Lesotho
+LT	Lithuania
+LU	Luxembourg
+LV	Latvia
+LY	Libya
+MA	Morocco
+MC	Monaco
+MD	Moldova
+ME	Montenegro
+MF	St Martin (French)
+MG	Madagascar
+MH	Marshall Islands
+MK	North Macedonia
+ML	Mali
+MM	Myanmar (Burma)
+MN	Mongolia
+MO	Macau
+MP	Northern Mariana Islands
+MQ	Martinique
+MR	Mauritania
+MS	Montserrat
+MT	Malta
+MU	Mauritius
+MV	Maldives
+MW	Malawi
+MX	Mexico
+MY	Malaysia
+MZ	Mozambique
+NA	Namibia
+NC	New Caledonia
+NE	Niger
+NF	Norfolk Island
+NG	Nigeria
+NI	Nicaragua
+NL	Netherlands
+NO	Norway
+NP	Nepal
+NR	Nauru
+NU	Niue
+NZ	New Zealand
+OM	Oman
+PA	Panama
+PE	Peru
+PF	French Polynesia
+PG	Papua New Guinea
+PH	Philippines
+PK	Pakistan
+PL	Poland
+PM	St Pierre & Miquelon
+PN	Pitcairn
+PR	Puerto Rico
+PS	Palestine
+PT	Portugal
+PW	Palau
+PY	Paraguay
+QA	Qatar
+RE	Réunion
+RO	Romania
+RS	Serbia
+RU	Russia
+RW	Rwanda
+SA	Saudi Arabia
+SB	Solomon Islands
+SC	Seychelles
+SD	Sudan
+SE	Sweden
+SG	Singapore
+SH	St Helena
+SI	Slovenia
+SJ	Svalbard & Jan Mayen
+SK	Slovakia
+SL	Sierra Leone
+SM	San Marino
+SN	Senegal
+SO	Somalia
+SR	Suriname
+SS	South Sudan
+ST	Sao Tome & Principe
+SV	El Salvador
+SX	St Maarten (Dutch)
+SY	Syria
+SZ	Eswatini (Swaziland)
+TC	Turks & Caicos Is
+TD	Chad
+TF	French S. Terr.
+TG	Togo
+TH	Thailand
+TJ	Tajikistan
+TK	Tokelau
+TL	East Timor
+TM	Turkmenistan
+TN	Tunisia
+TO	Tonga
+TR	Turkey
+TT	Trinidad & Tobago
+TV	Tuvalu
+TW	Taiwan
+TZ	Tanzania
+UA	Ukraine
+UG	Uganda
+UM	US minor outlying islands
+US	United States
+UY	Uruguay
+UZ	Uzbekistan
+VA	Vatican City
+VC	St Vincent
+VE	Venezuela
+VG	Virgin Islands (UK)
+VI	Virgin Islands (US)
+VN	Vietnam
+VU	Vanuatu
+WF	Wallis & Futuna
+WS	Samoa (western)
+YE	Yemen
+YT	Mayotte
+ZA	South Africa
+ZM	Zambia
+ZW	Zimbabwe
diff --git a/leap-seconds.list b/leap-seconds.list
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e52effc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/leap-seconds.list
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+#	ATOMIC TIME.
+#	The Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is the reference time scale derived
+#	from The "Temps Atomique International" (TAI) calculated by the Bureau
+#	International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) using a worldwide network of atomic
+#	clocks. UTC differs from TAI by an integer number of seconds; it is the basis
+#	of all activities in the world.
+#
+#
+#	ASTRONOMICAL TIME (UT1) is the time scale based on the rate of rotation of the earth.
+#	It is now mainly derived from Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI). The various
+#	irregular fluctuations progressively detected in the rotation rate of the Earth lead
+#	in 1972 to the replacement of UT1 by UTC as the reference time scale.
+#
+#
+#	LEAP SECOND
+#	Atomic clocks are more stable than the rate of the earth rotation since the latter
+#	undergoes a full range of geophysical perturbations at various time scales: lunisolar
+#	and core-mantle torques, atmospheric and oceanic effetcs, etc.
+#	Leap seconds are needed to keep the two time scales in agreement, i.e. UT1-UTC smaller
+#	than 0.9 second. Therefore, when necessary a "leap second" is applied to UTC.
+#	Since the adoption of this system in 1972 it has been necessary to add a number of seconds to UTC,
+#	firstly due to the initial choice of the value of the second (1/86400 mean solar day of
+#	the year 1820) and secondly to the general slowing down of the Earth's rotation. It is
+#	theorically possible to have a negative leap second (a second removed from UTC), but so far,
+#	all leap seconds have been positive (a second has been added to UTC). Based on what we know about
+#	the earth's rotation, it is unlikely that we will ever have a negative leap second.
+#
+#
+#	HISTORY
+#	The first leap second was added on June 30, 1972. Until yhe year 2000, it was necessary in average to add a
+#       leap second at a rate of 1 to 2 years. Since the year 2000 leap seconds are introduced with an
+#	average interval of 3 to 4 years due to the acceleration of the Earth rotation speed.
+#
+#
+#	RESPONSABILITY OF THE DECISION TO INTRODUCE A LEAP SECOND IN UTC
+#	The decision to introduce a leap second in UTC is the responsibility of the Earth Orientation Center of
+#	the International Earth Rotation and reference System Service (IERS). This center is located at Paris
+#	Observatory. According to international agreements, leap seconds should only be scheduled for certain dates:
+#	first preference is given to the end of December and June, and second preference at the end of March
+#	and September. Since the introduction of leap seconds in 1972, only dates in June and December were used.
+#
+#		Questions or comments to:
+#			Christian Bizouard:  christian.bizouard@obspm.fr
+#			Earth orientation Center of the IERS
+#			Paris Observatory, France
+#
+#
+#
+#    	COPYRIGHT STATUS OF THIS FILE
+#    	This file is in the public domain.
+#
+#
+#	VALIDITY OF THE FILE
+#	It is important to express the validity of the file. These next two dates are
+#	given in units of seconds since 1900.0.
+#
+#	1) Last update of the file.
+#
+#	Updated through IERS Bulletin C (https://hpiers.obspm.fr/iers/bul/bulc/bulletinc.dat)
+#
+#	The following line shows the last update of this file in NTP timestamp:
+#
+#$	3913697179
+#
+#	2) Expiration date of the file given on a semi-annual basis: last June or last December
+#
+#	File expires on 28 December 2024
+#
+#	Expire date in NTP timestamp:
+#
+#@	3944332800
+#
+#
+#	LIST OF LEAP SECONDS
+#	NTP timestamp (X parameter) is the number of seconds since 1900.0
+#
+#	MJD: The Modified Julian Day number. MJD = X/86400 + 15020
+#
+#	DTAI: The difference DTAI= TAI-UTC in units of seconds
+#	It is the quantity to add to UTC to get the time in TAI
+#
+#	Day Month Year : epoch in clear
+#
+#NTP Time      DTAI    Day Month Year
+#
+2272060800      10      # 1 Jan 1972
+2287785600      11      # 1 Jul 1972
+2303683200      12      # 1 Jan 1973
+2335219200      13      # 1 Jan 1974
+2366755200      14      # 1 Jan 1975
+2398291200      15      # 1 Jan 1976
+2429913600      16      # 1 Jan 1977
+2461449600      17      # 1 Jan 1978
+2492985600      18      # 1 Jan 1979
+2524521600      19      # 1 Jan 1980
+2571782400      20      # 1 Jul 1981
+2603318400      21      # 1 Jul 1982
+2634854400      22      # 1 Jul 1983
+2698012800      23      # 1 Jul 1985
+2776982400      24      # 1 Jan 1988
+2840140800      25      # 1 Jan 1990
+2871676800      26      # 1 Jan 1991
+2918937600      27      # 1 Jul 1992
+2950473600      28      # 1 Jul 1993
+2982009600      29      # 1 Jul 1994
+3029443200      30      # 1 Jan 1996
+3076704000      31      # 1 Jul 1997
+3124137600      32      # 1 Jan 1999
+3345062400      33      # 1 Jan 2006
+3439756800      34      # 1 Jan 2009
+3550089600      35      # 1 Jul 2012
+3644697600      36      # 1 Jul 2015
+3692217600      37      # 1 Jan 2017
+#
+#	A hash code has been generated to be able to verify the integrity
+#	of this file. For more information about using this hash code,
+#	please see the readme file in the 'source' directory :
+#	https://hpiers.obspm.fr/iers/bul/bulc/ntp/sources/README
+#
+#h	9dac5845 8acd32c0 2947d462 daf4a943 f58d9391
diff --git a/leapseconds b/leapseconds
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce150bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/leapseconds
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+# Allowance for leap seconds added to each time zone file.
+
+# This file is in the public domain.
+
+# This file is generated automatically from the data in the public-domain
+# NIST/IERS format leap-seconds.list file, which can be copied from
+# <https://hpiers.obspm.fr/iers/bul/bulc/ntp/leap-seconds.list>
+# or, in a variant with different comments, from
+# <ftp://ftp.boulder.nist.gov/pub/time/leap-seconds.list>.
+# For more about leap-seconds.list, please see
+# The NTP Timescale and Leap Seconds
+# <https://www.eecis.udel.edu/~mills/leap.html>.
+
+# The rules for leap seconds are specified in Annex 1 (Time scales) of:
+# Standard-frequency and time-signal emissions.
+# International Telecommunication Union - Radiocommunication Sector
+# (ITU-R) Recommendation TF.460-6 (02/2002)
+# <https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-TF.460-6-200202-I/>.
+# The International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS)
+# periodically uses leap seconds to keep UTC to within 0.9 s of UT1
+# (a proxy for Earth's angle in space as measured by astronomers)
+# and publishes leap second data in a copyrighted file
+# <https://hpiers.obspm.fr/iers/bul/bulc/Leap_Second.dat>.
+# See: Levine J. Coordinated Universal Time and the leap second.
+# URSI Radio Sci Bull. 2016;89(4):30-6. doi:10.23919/URSIRSB.2016.7909995
+# <https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7909995>.
+
+# There were no leap seconds before 1972, as no official mechanism
+# accounted for the discrepancy between atomic time (TAI) and the earth's
+# rotation.  The first ("1 Jan 1972") data line in leap-seconds.list
+# does not denote a leap second; it denotes the start of the current definition
+# of UTC.
+
+# All leap-seconds are Stationary (S) at the given UTC time.
+# The correction (+ or -) is made at the given time, so in the unlikely
+# event of a negative leap second, a line would look like this:
+# Leap	YEAR	MON	DAY	23:59:59	-	S
+# Typical lines look like this:
+# Leap	YEAR	MON	DAY	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	1972	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	1972	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	1973	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	1974	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	1975	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	1976	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	1977	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	1978	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	1979	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	1981	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	1982	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	1983	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	1985	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	1987	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	1989	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	1990	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	1992	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	1993	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	1994	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	1995	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	1997	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	1998	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	2005	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	2008	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	2012	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	2015	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
+Leap	2016	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
+
+# UTC timestamp when this leap second list expires.
+# Any additional leap seconds will come after this.
+# This Expires line is commented out for now,
+# so that pre-2020a zic implementations do not reject this file.
+#Expires 2024	Dec	28	00:00:00
+
+# POSIX timestamps for the data in this file:
+#updated 1704708379 (2024-01-08 10:06:19 UTC)
+#expires 1735344000 (2024-12-28 00:00:00 UTC)
+
+#	Updated through IERS Bulletin C (https://hpiers.obspm.fr/iers/bul/bulc/bulletinc.dat)
+#	File expires on 28 December 2024
diff --git a/leapseconds.awk b/leapseconds.awk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..15e8501
--- /dev/null
+++ b/leapseconds.awk
@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+# Generate zic format 'leapseconds' from NIST/IERS format 'leap-seconds.list'.
+
+# This file is in the public domain.
+
+# This program uses awk arithmetic.  POSIX requires awk to support
+# exact integer arithmetic only through 10**10, which means for NTP
+# timestamps this program works only to the year 2216, which is the
+# year 1900 plus 10**10 seconds.  However, in practice
+# POSIX-conforming awk implementations invariably use IEEE-754 double
+# and so support exact integers through 2**53.  By the year 2216,
+# POSIX will almost surely require at least 2**53 for awk, so for NTP
+# timestamps this program should be good until the year 285,428,681
+# (the year 1900 plus 2**53 seconds).  By then leap seconds will be
+# long obsolete, as the Earth will likely slow down so much that
+# there will be more than 25 hours per day and so some other scheme
+# will be needed.
+
+BEGIN {
+  print "# Allowance for leap seconds added to each time zone file."
+  print ""
+  print "# This file is in the public domain."
+  print ""
+  print "# This file is generated automatically from the data in the public-domain"
+  print "# NIST/IERS format leap-seconds.list file, which can be copied from"
+  print "# <https://hpiers.obspm.fr/iers/bul/bulc/ntp/leap-seconds.list>"
+  print "# or, in a variant with different comments, from"
+  print "# <ftp://ftp.boulder.nist.gov/pub/time/leap-seconds.list>."
+  print "# For more about leap-seconds.list, please see"
+  print "# The NTP Timescale and Leap Seconds"
+  print "# <https://www.eecis.udel.edu/~mills/leap.html>."
+  print ""
+  print "# The rules for leap seconds are specified in Annex 1 (Time scales) of:"
+  print "# Standard-frequency and time-signal emissions."
+  print "# International Telecommunication Union - Radiocommunication Sector"
+  print "# (ITU-R) Recommendation TF.460-6 (02/2002)"
+  print "# <https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-TF.460-6-200202-I/>."
+  print "# The International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS)"
+  print "# periodically uses leap seconds to keep UTC to within 0.9 s of UT1"
+  print "# (a proxy for Earth's angle in space as measured by astronomers)"
+  print "# and publishes leap second data in a copyrighted file"
+  print "# <https://hpiers.obspm.fr/iers/bul/bulc/Leap_Second.dat>."
+  print "# See: Levine J. Coordinated Universal Time and the leap second."
+  print "# URSI Radio Sci Bull. 2016;89(4):30-6. doi:10.23919/URSIRSB.2016.7909995"
+  print "# <https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7909995>."
+  print ""
+  print "# There were no leap seconds before 1972, as no official mechanism"
+  print "# accounted for the discrepancy between atomic time (TAI) and the earth's"
+  print "# rotation.  The first (\"1 Jan 1972\") data line in leap-seconds.list"
+  print "# does not denote a leap second; it denotes the start of the current definition"
+  print "# of UTC."
+  print ""
+  print "# All leap-seconds are Stationary (S) at the given UTC time."
+  print "# The correction (+ or -) is made at the given time, so in the unlikely"
+  print "# event of a negative leap second, a line would look like this:"
+  print "# Leap	YEAR	MON	DAY	23:59:59	-	S"
+  print "# Typical lines look like this:"
+  print "# Leap	YEAR	MON	DAY	23:59:60	+	S"
+
+  monthabbr[ 1] = "Jan"
+  monthabbr[ 2] = "Feb"
+  monthabbr[ 3] = "Mar"
+  monthabbr[ 4] = "Apr"
+  monthabbr[ 5] = "May"
+  monthabbr[ 6] = "Jun"
+  monthabbr[ 7] = "Jul"
+  monthabbr[ 8] = "Aug"
+  monthabbr[ 9] = "Sep"
+  monthabbr[10] = "Oct"
+  monthabbr[11] = "Nov"
+  monthabbr[12] = "Dec"
+
+  sstamp_init()
+}
+
+# In case the input has CRLF form a la NIST.
+{ sub(/\r$/, "") }
+
+/^#[ \t]*[Uu]pdated through/ || /^#[ \t]*[Ff]ile expires on/ {
+    last_lines = last_lines $0 "\n"
+}
+
+/^#[$][ \t]/ { updated = $2 }
+/^#[@][ \t]/ { expires = $2 }
+
+/^[ \t]*#/ { next }
+
+{
+    NTP_timestamp = $1
+    TAI_minus_UTC = $2
+    if (old_TAI_minus_UTC) {
+	if (old_TAI_minus_UTC < TAI_minus_UTC) {
+	    sign = "23:59:60\t+"
+	} else {
+	    sign = "23:59:59\t-"
+	}
+	sstamp_to_ymdhMs(NTP_timestamp - 1, ss_NTP)
+	printf "Leap\t%d\t%s\t%d\t%s\tS\n", \
+	  ss_year, monthabbr[ss_month], ss_mday, sign
+    }
+    old_TAI_minus_UTC = TAI_minus_UTC
+}
+
+END {
+    print ""
+
+    if (expires) {
+      sstamp_to_ymdhMs(expires, ss_NTP)
+
+      print "# UTC timestamp when this leap second list expires."
+      print "# Any additional leap seconds will come after this."
+      if (! EXPIRES_LINE) {
+	print "# This Expires line is commented out for now,"
+	print "# so that pre-2020a zic implementations do not reject this file."
+      }
+      printf "%sExpires %.4d\t%s\t%.2d\t%.2d:%.2d:%.2d\n", \
+	EXPIRES_LINE ? "" : "#", \
+	ss_year, monthabbr[ss_month], ss_mday, ss_hour, ss_min, ss_sec
+    } else {
+      print "# (No Expires line, since the expires time is unknown.)"
+    }
+
+    # The difference between the NTP and POSIX epochs is 70 years
+    # (including 17 leap days), each 24 hours of 60 minutes of 60
+    # seconds each.
+    epoch_minus_NTP = ((1970 - 1900) * 365 + 17) * 24 * 60 * 60
+
+    print ""
+    print "# POSIX timestamps for the data in this file:"
+    if (updated) {
+      sstamp_to_ymdhMs(updated, ss_NTP)
+      printf "#updated %d (%.4d-%.2d-%.2d %.2d:%.2d:%.2d UTC)\n", \
+	updated - epoch_minus_NTP, \
+	ss_year, ss_month, ss_mday, ss_hour, ss_min, ss_sec
+    } else {
+      print "#(updated time unknown)"
+    }
+    if (expires) {
+      sstamp_to_ymdhMs(expires, ss_NTP)
+      printf "#expires %d (%.4d-%.2d-%.2d %.2d:%.2d:%.2d UTC)\n", \
+	expires - epoch_minus_NTP, \
+	ss_year, ss_month, ss_mday, ss_hour, ss_min, ss_sec
+    } else {
+      print "#(expires time unknown)"
+    }
+    printf "\n%s", last_lines
+}
+
+# sstamp_to_ymdhMs - convert seconds timestamp to date and time
+#
+# Call as:
+#
+#    sstamp_to_ymdhMs(sstamp, epoch_days)
+#
+# where:
+#
+#    sstamp - is the seconds timestamp.
+#    epoch_days - is the timestamp epoch in Gregorian days since 1600-03-01.
+#	ss_NTP is appropriate for an NTP sstamp.
+#
+# Both arguments should be nonnegative integers.
+# On return, the following variables are set based on sstamp:
+#
+#    ss_year	- Gregorian calendar year
+#    ss_month	- month of the year (1-January to 12-December)
+#    ss_mday	- day of the month (1-31)
+#    ss_hour	- hour (0-23)
+#    ss_min	- minute (0-59)
+#    ss_sec	- second (0-59)
+#    ss_wday	- day of week (0-Sunday to 6-Saturday)
+#
+# The function sstamp_init should be called prior to using sstamp_to_ymdhMs.
+
+function sstamp_init()
+{
+  # Days in month N, where March is month 0 and January month 10.
+  ss_mon_days[ 0] = 31
+  ss_mon_days[ 1] = 30
+  ss_mon_days[ 2] = 31
+  ss_mon_days[ 3] = 30
+  ss_mon_days[ 4] = 31
+  ss_mon_days[ 5] = 31
+  ss_mon_days[ 6] = 30
+  ss_mon_days[ 7] = 31
+  ss_mon_days[ 8] = 30
+  ss_mon_days[ 9] = 31
+  ss_mon_days[10] = 31
+
+  # Counts of days in a Gregorian year, quad-year, century, and quad-century.
+  ss_year_days = 365
+  ss_quadyear_days = ss_year_days * 4 + 1
+  ss_century_days = ss_quadyear_days * 25 - 1
+  ss_quadcentury_days = ss_century_days * 4 + 1
+
+  # Standard day epochs, suitable for epoch_days.
+  # ss_MJD = 94493
+  # ss_POSIX = 135080
+  ss_NTP = 109513
+}
+
+function sstamp_to_ymdhMs(sstamp, epoch_days, \
+			  quadcentury, century, quadyear, year, month, day)
+{
+  ss_hour = int(sstamp / 3600) % 24
+  ss_min = int(sstamp / 60) % 60
+  ss_sec = sstamp % 60
+
+  # Start with a count of days since 1600-03-01 Gregorian.
+  day = epoch_days + int(sstamp / (24 * 60 * 60))
+
+  # Compute a year-month-day date with days of the month numbered
+  # 0-30, months (March-February) numbered 0-11, and years that start
+  # start March 1 and end after the last day of February.  A quad-year
+  # starts on March 1 of a year evenly divisible by 4 and ends after
+  # the last day of February 4 years later.  A century starts on and
+  # ends before March 1 in years evenly divisible by 100.
+  # A quad-century starts on and ends before March 1 in years divisible
+  # by 400.  While the number of days in a quad-century is a constant,
+  # the number of days in each other time period can vary by 1.
+  # Any variation is in the last day of the time period (there might
+  # or might not be a February 29) where it is easy to deal with.
+
+  quadcentury = int(day / ss_quadcentury_days)
+  day -= quadcentury * ss_quadcentury_days
+  ss_wday = (day + 3) % 7
+  century = int(day / ss_century_days)
+  century -= century == 4
+  day -= century * ss_century_days
+  quadyear = int(day / ss_quadyear_days)
+  day -= quadyear * ss_quadyear_days
+  year = int(day / ss_year_days)
+  year -= year == 4
+  day -= year * ss_year_days
+  for (month = 0; month < 11; month++) {
+    if (day < ss_mon_days[month])
+      break
+    day -= ss_mon_days[month]
+  }
+
+  # Convert the date to a conventional day of month (1-31),
+  # month (1-12, January-December) and Gregorian year.
+  ss_mday = day + 1
+  if (month <= 9) {
+    ss_month = month + 3
+  } else {
+    ss_month = month - 9
+    year++
+  }
+  ss_year = 1600 + quadcentury * 400 + century * 100 + quadyear * 4 + year
+}
diff --git a/northamerica b/northamerica
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bbfce49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/northamerica
@@ -0,0 +1,3627 @@
+# tzdb data for North and Central America and environs
+
+# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
+
+# also includes Central America and the Caribbean
+
+# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
+# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
+# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
+# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-22):
+# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
+# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# United States
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-31):
+# Howse writes (pp 121-125) that time zones were invented by
+# Professor Charles Ferdinand Dowd (1825-1904),
+# Principal of Temple Grove Ladies' Seminary (Saratoga Springs, NY).
+# His pamphlet "A System of National Time for Railroads" (1870)
+# was the result of his proposals at the Convention of Railroad Trunk Lines
+# in New York City (1869-10).  His 1870 proposal was based on Washington, DC,
+# but in 1872-05 he moved the proposed origin to Greenwich.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-03-20):
+# Dowd's proposal left many details unresolved, such as where to draw
+# lines between time zones.  The key individual who made time zones
+# work in the US was William Frederick Allen - railway engineer,
+# managing editor of the Travelers' Guide, and secretary of the
+# General Time Convention, a railway standardization group.  Allen
+# spent months in dialogs with scientific and railway leaders,
+# developed a workable plan to institute time zones, and presented it
+# to the General Time Convention on 1883-04-11, saying that his plan
+# meant "local time would be practically abolished" - a plus for
+# railway scheduling.  By the next convention on 1883-10-11 nearly all
+# railroads had agreed and it took effect on 1883-11-18.  That Sunday
+# was called the "day of two noons", as some locations observed noon
+# twice.  Allen witnessed the transition in New York City, writing:
+#
+#   I heard the bells of St. Paul's strike on the old time.  Four
+#   minutes later, obedient to the electrical signal from the Naval
+#   Observatory ... the time-ball made its rapid descent, the chimes
+#   of old Trinity rang twelve measured strokes, and local time was
+#   abandoned, probably forever.
+#
+# Most of the US soon followed suit.  See:
+# Bartky IR. The adoption of standard time. Technol Cult 1989 Jan;30(1):25-56.
+# https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3105430
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2005-04-16):
+# That 1883 transition occurred at 12:00 new time, not at 12:00 old time.
+# See p 46 of David Prerau, Seize the daylight, Thunder's Mouth Press (2005).
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# A good source for time zone historical data in the US is
+# Thomas G. Shanks, The American Atlas (5th edition),
+# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1991).
+# Make sure you have the errata sheet; the book is somewhat useless without it.
+# It is the source for most of the pre-1991 US entries below.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
+# Daylight Saving Time was first suggested as a joke by Benjamin Franklin
+# in his whimsical essay "An Economical Project for Diminishing the Cost
+# of Light" published in the Journal de Paris (1784-04-26).
+# Not everyone is happy with the results:
+#
+#	I don't really care how time is reckoned so long as there is some
+#	agreement about it, but I object to being told that I am saving
+#	daylight when my reason tells me that I am doing nothing of the kind.
+#	I even object to the implication that I am wasting something
+#	valuable if I stay in bed after the sun has risen.  As an admirer
+#	of moonlight I resent the bossy insistence of those who want to
+#	reduce my time for enjoying it.  At the back of the Daylight Saving
+#	scheme I detect the bony, blue-fingered hand of Puritanism, eager
+#	to push people into bed earlier, and get them up earlier, to make
+#	them healthy, wealthy and wise in spite of themselves.
+#
+#	 -- Robertson Davies, The diary of Samuel Marchbanks,
+#	   Clarke, Irwin (1947), XIX, Sunday
+#
+# For more about the first ten years of DST in the United States, see
+# Robert Garland, Ten years of daylight saving from the Pittsburgh standpoint
+# (Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, 1927).
+# https://web.archive.org/web/20160517155308/http://www.clpgh.org/exhibit/dst.html
+#
+# Shanks says that DST was called "War Time" in the US in 1918 and 1919.
+# However, DST was imposed by the Standard Time Act of 1918, which
+# was the first nationwide legal time standard, and apparently
+# time was just called "Standard Time" or "Daylight Saving Time".
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2019-06-04):
+# Here is the legal basis for the US federal rules.
+# * Public Law 65-106 (1918-03-19) implemented standard and daylight saving
+#   time for the first time across the US, springing forward on March's last
+#   Sunday and falling back on October's last Sunday.
+#   https://www.loc.gov/law/help/statutes-at-large/65th-congress/session-2/c65s2ch24.pdf
+# * Public Law 66-40 (1919-08-20) repealed DST on October 1919's last Sunday.
+#   https://www.loc.gov/law/help/statutes-at-large/66th-congress/session-1/c66s1ch51.pdf
+# * Public Law 77-403 (1942-01-20) started wartime DST on 1942-02-09.
+#   https://www.loc.gov/law/help/statutes-at-large/77th-congress/session-2/c77s2ch7.pdf
+# * Public Law 79-187 (1945-09-25) ended wartime DST on 1945-09-30.
+#   https://www.loc.gov/law/help/statutes-at-large/79th-congress/session-1/c79s1ch388.pdf
+# * Public Law 89-387 (1966-04-13) reinstituted a national standard for DST,
+#   from April's last Sunday to October's last Sunday, effective 1967.
+#   https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-80/pdf/STATUTE-80-Pg107.pdf
+# * Public Law 93-182 (1973-12-15) moved the 1974 spring-forward to 01-06.
+#   https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-87/pdf/STATUTE-87-Pg707.pdf
+# * Public Law 93-434 (1974-10-05) moved the 1975 spring-forward to
+#   February's last Sunday.
+#   https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-88/pdf/STATUTE-88-Pg1209.pdf
+# * Public Law 99-359 (1986-07-08) moved the spring-forward to April's first
+#   Sunday.
+#   https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-100/pdf/STATUTE-100-Pg764.pdf
+# * Public Law 109-58 (2005-08-08), effective 2007, moved the spring-forward
+#   to March's second Sunday and the fall-back to November's first Sunday.
+#   https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-109publ58/pdf/PLAW-109publ58.pdf
+# All transitions are at 02:00 local time.
+
+# From Arthur David Olson:
+# Before the Uniform Time Act of 1966 took effect in 1967, observance of
+# Daylight Saving Time in the US was by local option, except during wartime.
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2000-09-25):
+# Last night I heard part of a rebroadcast of a 1945 Arch Oboler radio drama.
+# In the introduction, Oboler spoke of "Eastern Peace Time."
+# An AltaVista search turned up:
+# https://web.archive.org/web/20000926032210/http://rowayton.org/rhs/hstaug45.html
+# "When the time is announced over the radio now, it is 'Eastern Peace
+# Time' instead of the old familiar 'Eastern War Time.'  Peace is wonderful."
+# (August 1945) by way of confirmation.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-09-23):
+# This was the V-J Day issue of the Clamdigger, a Rowayton, CT newsletter.
+
+# From Joseph Gallant citing
+# George H. Douglas, _The Early Days of Radio Broadcasting_ (1987):
+# At 7 P.M. (Eastern War Time) [on 1945-08-14], the networks were set
+# to switch to London for Attlee's address, but the American people
+# never got to hear his speech live. According to one press account,
+# CBS' Bob Trout was first to announce the word of Japan's surrender,
+# but a few seconds later, NBC, ABC and Mutual also flashed the word
+# of surrender, all of whom interrupting the bells of Big Ben in
+# London which were to precede Mr. Attlee's speech.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2003-02-09): It was Robert St John, not Bob Trout.  From
+# Myrna Oliver's obituary of St John on page B16 of today's Los Angeles Times:
+#
+# ... a war-weary U.S. clung to radios, awaiting word of Japan's surrender.
+# Any announcement from Asia would reach St. John's New York newsroom on a
+# wire service teletype machine, which had prescribed signals for major news.
+# Associated Press, for example, would ring five bells before spewing out
+# typed copy of an important story, and 10 bells for news "of transcendental
+# importance."
+#
+# On Aug. 14, stalling while talking steadily into the NBC networks' open
+# microphone, St. John heard five bells and waited only to hear a sixth bell,
+# before announcing confidently: "Ladies and gentlemen, World War II is over.
+# The Japanese have agreed to our surrender terms."
+#
+# He had scored a 20-second scoop on other broadcasters.
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2005-08-22):
+# Paul has been careful to use the "US" rules only in those locations
+# that are part of the United States; this reflects the real scope of
+# U.S. government action.  So even though the "US" rules have changed
+# in the latest release, other countries won't be affected.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	US	1918	1919	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	US	1918	1919	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	US	1942	only	-	Feb	9	2:00	1:00	W # War
+Rule	US	1945	only	-	Aug	14	23:00u	1:00	P # Peace
+Rule	US	1945	only	-	Sep	30	2:00	0	S
+Rule	US	1967	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	US	1967	1973	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	US	1974	only	-	Jan	6	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	US	1975	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	US	1976	1986	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	US	1987	2006	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	US	2007	max	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	US	2007	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
+
+# From Arthur David Olson, 2005-12-19
+# We generate the files specified below to guard against old files with
+# obsolete information being left in the time zone binary directory.
+# We limit the list to names that have appeared in previous versions of
+# this time zone package.
+# We do these as separate Zones rather than as Links to avoid problems if
+# a particular place changes whether it observes DST.
+# We put these specifications here in the northamerica file both to
+# increase the chances that they'll actually get compiled and to
+# avoid the need to duplicate the US rules in another file.
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	EST		 -5:00	-	EST
+Zone	MST		 -7:00	-	MST
+Zone	HST		-10:00	-	HST
+Zone	EST5EDT		 -5:00	US	E%sT
+Zone	CST6CDT		 -6:00	US	C%sT
+Zone	MST7MDT		 -7:00	US	M%sT
+Zone	PST8PDT		 -8:00	US	P%sT
+
+# From U. S. Naval Observatory (1989-01-19):
+# USA  EASTERN       5 H  BEHIND UTC    NEW YORK, WASHINGTON
+# USA  EASTERN       4 H  BEHIND UTC    APR 3 - OCT 30
+# USA  CENTRAL       6 H  BEHIND UTC    CHICAGO, HOUSTON
+# USA  CENTRAL       5 H  BEHIND UTC    APR 3 - OCT 30
+# USA  MOUNTAIN      7 H  BEHIND UTC    DENVER
+# USA  MOUNTAIN      6 H  BEHIND UTC    APR 3 - OCT 30
+# USA  PACIFIC       8 H  BEHIND UTC    L.A., SAN FRANCISCO
+# USA  PACIFIC       7 H  BEHIND UTC    APR 3 - OCT 30
+# USA  ALASKA STD    9 H  BEHIND UTC    MOST OF ALASKA     (AKST)
+# USA  ALASKA STD    8 H  BEHIND UTC    APR 3 - OCT 30 (AKDT)
+# USA  ALEUTIAN     10 H  BEHIND UTC    ISLANDS WEST OF 170W
+# USA    "           9 H  BEHIND UTC    APR 3 - OCT 30
+# USA  HAWAII       10 H  BEHIND UTC
+# USA  BERING       11 H  BEHIND UTC    SAMOA, MIDWAY
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-21):
+# The above dates are for 1988.
+# Note the "AKST" and "AKDT" abbreviations, the claim that there's
+# no DST in Samoa, and the claim that there is DST in Alaska and the
+# Aleutians.
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (1988-02-13):
+# Legal standard time zone names, from United States Code (1982 Edition and
+# Supplement III), Title 15, Chapter 6, Section 260 and forward.  First, names
+# up to 1967-04-01 (when most provisions of the Uniform Time Act of 1966
+# took effect), as explained in sections 263 and 261:
+#	(none)
+#	United States standard eastern time
+#	United States standard mountain time
+#	United States standard central time
+#	United States standard Pacific time
+#	(none)
+#	United States standard Alaska time
+#	(none)
+# Next, names from 1967-04-01 until 1983-11-30 (the date for
+# public law 98-181):
+#	Atlantic standard time
+#	eastern standard time
+#	central standard time
+#	mountain standard time
+#	Pacific standard time
+#	Yukon standard time
+#	Alaska-Hawaii standard time
+#	Bering standard time
+# And after 1983-11-30:
+#	Atlantic standard time
+#	eastern standard time
+#	central standard time
+#	mountain standard time
+#	Pacific standard time
+#	Alaska standard time
+#	Hawaii-Aleutian standard time
+#	Samoa standard time
+# The law doesn't give abbreviations.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-12-19):
+# Here are URLs for the 1918 and 1966 legislation:
+# http://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=40&page=451
+# http://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=80&page=108
+# Although the 1918 names were officially "United States Standard
+# Eastern Time" and similarly for "Central", "Mountain", "Pacific",
+# and "Alaska", in practice "Standard" was placed just before "Time",
+# as codified in 1966.  In practice, Alaska time was abbreviated "AST"
+# before 1968.  Summarizing the 1967 name changes:
+#	1918 names			1967 names
+#  -08	Standard Pacific Time (PST)	Pacific standard time (PST)
+#  -09	(unofficial) Yukon (YST)	Yukon standard time (YST)
+#  -10	Standard Alaska Time (AST)	Alaska-Hawaii standard time (AHST)
+#  -11	(unofficial) Nome (NST)		Bering standard time (BST)
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2023-01-23), from a 2001-01-08 heads-up from Rives McDow:
+# Public law 106-564 (2000-12-23) introduced "Chamorro standard time"
+# for time in Guam and the Northern Marianas.  See the file "australasia".
+# Also see 15 U.S.C. §263 <https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/263>.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-04-17):
+# HST and HDT are standardized abbreviations for Hawaii-Aleutian
+# standard and daylight times.  See section 9.47 (p 234) of the
+# U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual (2008)
+# https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008/pdf/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008.pdf
+
+# From Arthur David Olson, 2005-08-09
+# The following was signed into law on 2005-08-08.
+#
+# H.R. 6, Energy Policy Act of 2005, SEC. 110. DAYLIGHT SAVINGS.
+#   (a) Amendment.--Section 3(a) of the Uniform Time Act of 1966 (15
+#   U.S.C. 260a(a)) is amended--
+#     (1) by striking "first Sunday of April" and inserting "second
+#     Sunday of March"; and
+#     (2) by striking "last Sunday of October" and inserting "first
+#     Sunday of November'.
+#   (b) Effective Date.--Subsection (a) shall take effect 1 year after the
+#   date of enactment of this Act or March 1, 2007, whichever is later.
+#   (c) Report to Congress.--Not later than 9 months after the effective
+#   date stated in subsection (b), the Secretary shall report to Congress
+#   on the impact of this section on energy consumption in the United
+#   States.
+#   (d) Right to Revert.--Congress retains the right to revert the
+#   Daylight Saving Time back to the 2005 time schedules once the
+#   Department study is complete.
+
+# US eastern time, represented by New York
+
+# Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, most of Florida,
+# Georgia, southeast Indiana (Dearborn and Ohio counties), eastern Kentucky
+# (except America/Kentucky/Louisville below), Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts,
+# New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio,
+# Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, eastern Tennessee,
+# Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia
+
+# From Dave Cantor (2004-11-02):
+# Early this summer I had the occasion to visit the Mount Washington
+# Observatory weather station atop (of course!) Mount Washington [, NH]....
+# One of the staff members said that the station was on Eastern Standard Time
+# and didn't change their clocks for Daylight Saving ... so that their
+# reports will always have times which are 5 hours behind UTC.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2005-08-26):
+# According to today's Huntsville Times
+# http://www.al.com/news/huntsvilletimes/index.ssf?/base/news/1125047783228320.xml&coll=1
+# a few towns on Alabama's "eastern border with Georgia, such as Phenix City
+# in Russell County, Lanett in Chambers County and some towns in Lee County,
+# set their watches and clocks on Eastern time."  It quotes H.H. "Bubba"
+# Roberts, city administrator in Phenix City. as saying "We are in the Central
+# time zone, but we do go by the Eastern time zone because so many people work
+# in Columbus."
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-02-22):
+# Four cities are involved.  The two not mentioned above are Smiths Station
+# and Valley.  Barbara Brooks, Valley's assistant treasurer, heard it started
+# because West Point Pepperell textile mills were in Alabama while the
+# corporate office was in Georgia, and residents voted to keep Eastern
+# time even after the mills closed.  See: Kazek K. Did you know which
+# Alabama towns are in a different time zone?  al.com 2017-02-06.
+# http://www.al.com/living/index.ssf/2017/02/do_you_know_which_alabama_town.html
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-09-06):
+# Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 44, 4 (1884-02-08), 208
+# says that New York City Hall time was 3 minutes 58.4 seconds fast of
+# Eastern time (i.e., -4:56:01.6) just before the 1883 switch.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
+Rule	NYC	1920	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	NYC	1920	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	NYC	1921	1966	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	NYC	1921	1954	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	NYC	1955	1966	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+		#STDOFF	-4:56:01.6
+Zone America/New_York	-4:56:02 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 17:00u
+			-5:00	US	E%sT	1920
+			-5:00	NYC	E%sT	1942
+			-5:00	US	E%sT	1946
+			-5:00	NYC	E%sT	1967
+			-5:00	US	E%sT
+
+# US central time, represented by Chicago
+
+# Alabama, Arkansas, Florida panhandle (Bay, Calhoun, Escambia,
+# Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Walton, and
+# Washington counties), Illinois, western Indiana
+# (Gibson, Jasper, Lake, LaPorte, Newton, Porter, Posey, Spencer,
+# Vanderburgh, and Warrick counties), Iowa, most of Kansas, western
+# Kentucky, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, eastern
+# Nebraska, eastern North Dakota, Oklahoma, eastern South Dakota,
+# western Tennessee, most of Texas, Wisconsin
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-01-07):
+# In 1869 the Chicago Astronomical Society contracted with the city to keep
+# time.  Though delayed by the Great Fire, by 1880 a wire ran from the
+# Dearborn Observatory (on the University of Chicago campus) to City Hall,
+# which then sent signals to police and fire stations.  However, railroads got
+# their time signals from the Allegheny Observatory, the Madison Observatory,
+# the Ann Arbor Observatory, etc., so their clocks did not agree with each
+# other or with the city's official time.  The confusion took some years to
+# clear up.  See:
+# Moser M. How Chicago gave America its time zones. Chicago. 2018-01-04.
+# http://www.chicagomag.com/city-life/January-2018/How-Chicago-Gave-America-Its-Time-Zones/
+
+# From Larry M. Smith (2006-04-26) re Wisconsin:
+# https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/statutes/statutes/175.pdf
+# is currently enforced at the 01:00 time of change.  Because the local
+# "bar time" in the state corresponds to 02:00, a number of citations
+# are issued for the "sale of class 'B' alcohol after prohibited
+# hours" within the deviated hour of this change every year....
+#
+# From Douglas R. Bomberg (2007-03-12):
+# Wisconsin has enacted (nearly eleventh-hour) legislation to get WI
+# Statue 175 closer in synch with the US Congress' intent....
+# https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/2007/related/acts/3
+
+# From an email administrator of the City of Fort Pierre, SD (2015-12-21):
+# Fort Pierre is technically located in the Mountain time zone as is
+# the rest of Stanley County.  Most of Stanley County and Fort Pierre
+# uses the Central time zone due to doing most of their business in
+# Pierre so it simplifies schedules.  I have lived in Stanley County
+# all my life and it has been that way since I can remember.  (43 years!)
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-12-25):
+# Assume this practice predates 1970, so Fort Pierre can use America/Chicago.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-04-06):
+# In 1950s Nashville a public clock had dueling faces, one for conservatives
+# and the other for liberals; the two sides didn't agree about the time of day.
+# I haven't found a photo of this clock, nor have I tracked down the TIME
+# magazine report cited below, but here's the story as told by the late
+# American journalist John Seigenthaler, who was there:
+#
+# "The two [newspaper] owners held strongly contrasting political and
+# ideological views.  Evans was a New South liberal, Stahlman an Old South
+# conservative, and their two papers frequently clashed editorially, often on
+# the same day....  In the 1950s as the state legislature was grappling with
+# the question of whether to approve daylight saving time for the entire state,
+# TIME magazine reported:
+#
+# "'The Nashville Banner and The Nashville Tennessean rarely agree on anything
+# but the time of day - and last week they couldn't agree on that.'
+#
+# "It was all too true. The clock on the front of the building had two faces -
+# The Tennessean side of the building facing west, the other, east.  When it
+# was high noon Banner time, it was 11 a.m. Tennessean time."
+#
+# Seigenthaler J. For 100 years, Tennessean had it covered.
+# The Tennessean 2007-05-11, republished 2015-04-06.
+# https://www.tennessean.com/story/insider/extras/2015/04/06/archives-seigenthaler-for-100-years-the-tennessean-had-it-covered/25348545/
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
+Rule	Chicago	1920	only	-	Jun	13	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Chicago	1920	1921	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Chicago	1921	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Chicago	1922	1966	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Chicago	1922	1954	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Chicago	1955	1966	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Chicago	-5:50:36 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 18:00u
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1920
+			-6:00	Chicago	C%sT	1936 Mar  1  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1936 Nov 15  2:00
+			-6:00	Chicago	C%sT	1942
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
+			-6:00	Chicago	C%sT	1967
+			-6:00	US	C%sT
+# Oliver County, ND switched from mountain to central time on 1992-10-25.
+Zone America/North_Dakota/Center -6:45:12 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 19:00u
+			-7:00	US	M%sT	1992 Oct 25  2:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT
+# Morton County, ND, switched from mountain to central time on
+# 2003-10-26, except for the area around Mandan which was already central time.
+# See <http://dmses.dot.gov/docimages/p63/135818.pdf>.
+# Officially this switch also included part of Sioux County, and
+# Jones, Mellette, and Todd Counties in South Dakota;
+# but in practice these other counties were already observing central time.
+# See <http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-IMPACT/2003/October/Day-28/i27056.htm>.
+Zone America/North_Dakota/New_Salem -6:45:39 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 19:00u
+			-7:00	US	M%sT	2003 Oct 26  2:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT
+
+# From Josh Findley (2011-01-21):
+# ...it appears that Mercer County, North Dakota, changed from the
+# mountain time zone to the central time zone at the last transition from
+# daylight-saving to standard time (on Nov. 7, 2010):
+# https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-09-29/html/2010-24376.htm
+# http://www.bismarcktribune.com/news/local/article_1eb1b588-c758-11df-b472-001cc4c03286.html
+
+# From Andy Lipscomb (2011-01-24):
+# ...according to the Census Bureau, the largest city is Beulah (although
+# it's commonly referred to as Beulah-Hazen, with Hazen being the next
+# largest city in Mercer County).  Google Maps places Beulah's city hall
+# at 47° 15' 51" N, 101° 46' 40" W, which yields an offset of 6h47'07".
+
+Zone America/North_Dakota/Beulah -6:47:07 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 19:00u
+			-7:00	US	M%sT	2010 Nov  7  2:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT
+
+# US mountain time, represented by Denver
+#
+# Colorado, far western Kansas, Montana, western
+# Nebraska, Nevada border (Jackpot, Owyhee, and Mountain City),
+# New Mexico, southwestern North Dakota,
+# western South Dakota, far western Texas (El Paso County, Hudspeth County,
+# and Pine Springs and Nickel Creek in Culberson County), Utah, Wyoming
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-10-25):
+# On 1921-03-04 federal law placed all of Texas into the central time zone.
+# However, El Paso ignored the law for decades and continued to observe
+# mountain time, on the grounds that that's what they had always done
+# and they weren't about to let the federal government tell them what to do.
+# Eventually the federal government gave in and changed the law on
+# 1970-04-10 to match what El Paso was actually doing.  Although
+# that's slightly after our 1970 cutoff, there is no need to create a
+# separate zone for El Paso since they were ignoring the law anyway.  See:
+# Long T. El Pasoans were time rebels, fought to stay in Mountain zone.
+# El Paso Times. 2018-10-24 06:40 -06.
+# https://www.elpasotimes.com/story/news/local/el-paso/2018/10/24/el-pasoans-were-time-rebels-fought-stay-mountain-zone/1744509002/
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
+Rule	Denver	1920	1921	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Denver	1920	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Denver	1921	only	-	May	22	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Denver	1965	1966	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Denver	1965	1966	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Denver	-6:59:56 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 19:00u
+			-7:00	US	M%sT	1920
+			-7:00	Denver	M%sT	1942
+			-7:00	US	M%sT	1946
+			-7:00	Denver	M%sT	1967
+			-7:00	US	M%sT
+
+# US Pacific time, represented by Los Angeles
+#
+# California, northern Idaho (Benewah, Bonner, Boundary, Clearwater,
+# Kootenai, Latah, Lewis, Nez Perce, and Shoshone counties, Idaho county
+# north of the Salmon River, and the towns of Burgdorf and Warren),
+# Nevada (except West Wendover), Oregon (except the northern ¾ of
+# Malheur county), and Washington
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-08-20):
+# In early February 1948, in response to California's electricity shortage,
+# PG&E changed power frequency from 60 to 59.5 Hz during daylight hours,
+# causing electric clocks to lose six minutes per day.  (This did not change
+# legal time, and is not part of the data here.)  See:
+# Ross SA. An energy crisis from the past: Northern California in 1948.
+# Working Paper No. 8, Institute of Governmental Studies, UC Berkeley,
+# 1973-11.  https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8x22k30c
+#
+# In another measure to save electricity, DST was instituted from 1948-03-14
+# at 02:01 to 1949-01-16 at 02:00, with the governor having the option to move
+# the fallback transition earlier.  See pages 3-4 of:
+# http://clerk.assembly.ca.gov/sites/clerk.assembly.ca.gov/files/archive/Statutes/1948/48Vol1_Chapters.pdf
+#
+# In response:
+#
+#   Governor Warren received a torrent of objecting mail, and it is not too much
+#   to speculate that the objections to Daylight Saving Time were one important
+#   factor in the defeat of the Dewey-Warren Presidential ticket in California.
+#     -- Ross, p 25
+#
+# On December 8 the governor exercised the option, setting the date to January 1
+# (LA Times 1948-12-09).  The transition time was 02:00 (LA Times 1949-01-01).
+#
+# Despite the controversy, in 1949 California voters approved Proposition 12,
+# which established DST from April's last Sunday at 01:00 until September's
+# last Sunday at 02:00. This was amended by 1962's Proposition 6, which changed
+# the fall-back date to October's last Sunday. See:
+# https://repository.uchastings.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1501&context=ca_ballot_props
+# https://repository.uchastings.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1636&context=ca_ballot_props
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
+Rule	CA	1948	only	-	Mar	14	2:01	1:00	D
+Rule	CA	1949	only	-	Jan	 1	2:00	0	S
+Rule	CA	1950	1966	-	Apr	lastSun	1:00	1:00	D
+Rule	CA	1950	1961	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	CA	1962	1966	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Los_Angeles -7:52:58 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 20:00u
+			-8:00	US	P%sT	1946
+			-8:00	CA	P%sT	1967
+			-8:00	US	P%sT
+
+# Alaska
+# AK%sT is the modern abbreviation for -09 per USNO.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-06-15):
+# Howse writes that Alaska switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar,
+# and from east-of-GMT to west-of-GMT days, when the US bought it from Russia.
+# On Friday, 1867-10-18 (Gregorian), at precisely 15:30 local time, the
+# Russian forts and fleet at Sitka fired salutes to mark the ceremony of
+# formal transfer.  See the Sacramento Daily Union (1867-11-14), p 3, col 2.
+# https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SDU18671114.2.12.1
+# Sitka workers did not change their calendars until Sunday, 1867-10-20,
+# and so celebrated two Sundays that week.  See: Ahllund T (tr Hallamaa P).
+# From the memoirs of a Finnish workman. Alaska History. 2006 Fall;21(2):1-25.
+# http://alaskahistoricalsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Ahllund-2006-Memoirs-of-a-Finnish-Workman.pdf
+# Include only the time zone part of this transition, ignoring the switch
+# from Julian to Gregorian, since we can't represent the Julian calendar.
+#
+# As far as we know, of the locations mentioned below only Sitka was
+# permanently inhabited in 1867 by anyone using either calendar.
+# (Yakutat was colonized by the Russians in 1799, but the settlement was
+# destroyed in 1805 by a Yakutat-kon war party.)  Many of Alaska's inhabitants
+# were unaware of the US acquisition of Alaska, much less of any calendar or
+# time change.  However, the Russian-influenced part of Alaska did observe
+# Russian time, and it is more accurate to model this than to ignore it.
+# The database format requires an exact transition time; use the Russian
+# salute as a somewhat-arbitrary time for the formal transfer of control for
+# all of Alaska.  Sitka's UTC offset is -9:01:13; adjust its 15:30 to the
+# local times of other Alaskan locations so that they change simultaneously.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-18):
+# One opinion of the early 1980s turmoil in Alaska over time zones and
+# daylight saving time appeared as graffiti on a Juneau airport wall:
+# "Welcome to Juneau.  Please turn your watch back to the 19th century."
+# See: Turner W. Alaska's four time zones now two. NY Times 1983-11-01.
+# http://www.nytimes.com/1983/11/01/us/alaska-s-four-time-zones-now-two.html
+#
+# Steve Ferguson (2011-01-31) referred to the following source:
+# Norris F. Keeping time in Alaska: national directives, local response.
+# Alaska History 2001;16(1-2).
+# http://alaskahistoricalsociety.org/discover-alaska/glimpses-of-the-past/keeping-time-in-alaska/
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2011-02-01):
+# Here's database-relevant material from the 2001 "Alaska History" article:
+#
+# On September 20 [1979]...DOT...officials decreed that on April 27,
+# 1980, Juneau and other nearby communities would move to Yukon Time.
+# Sitka, Petersburg, Wrangell, and Ketchikan, however, would remain on
+# Pacific Time.
+#
+# ...on September 22, 1980, DOT Secretary Neil E. Goldschmidt rescinded the
+# Department's September 1979 decision. Juneau and other communities in
+# northern Southeast reverted to Pacific Time on October 26.
+#
+# On October 28 [1983]...the Metlakatla Indian Community Council voted
+# unanimously to keep the reservation on Pacific Time.
+#
+# According to DOT official Joanne Petrie, Indian reservations are not
+# bound to follow time zones imposed by neighboring jurisdictions.
+#
+# (The last is consistent with how the database now handles the Navajo
+# Nation.)
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2011-02-09):
+# I just spoke by phone with a staff member at the Metlakatla Indian
+# Community office (using contact information available at
+# http://www.commerce.state.ak.us/dca/commdb/CIS.cfm?Comm_Boro_name=Metlakatla
+# It's shortly after 1:00 here on the east coast of the United States;
+# the staffer said it was shortly after 10:00 there. When I asked whether
+# that meant they were on Pacific time, they said no - they were on their
+# own time. I asked about daylight saving; they said it wasn't used. I
+# did not inquire about practices in the past.
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2011-08-17):
+# For lack of better information, assume that Metlakatla's
+# abandonment of use of daylight saving resulted from the 1983 vote.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2015-11-09):
+# It seems Metlakatla did go off PST on Sunday, November 1, changing
+# their time to AKST and are going to follow Alaska's DST, switching
+# between AKST and AKDT from now on....
+# https://www.krbd.org/2015/10/30/annette-island-times-they-are-a-changing/
+
+# From Ryan Stanley (2018-11-06):
+# The Metlakatla community in Alaska has decided not to change its
+# clock back an hour starting on November 4th, 2018 (day before yesterday).
+# They will be gmtoff=-28800 year-round.
+# https://www.facebook.com/141055983004923/photos/pb.141055983004923.-2207520000.1541465673./569081370202380/
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-12-16):
+# In a 2018-12-11 special election, Metlakatla voted to go back to
+# Alaska time (including daylight saving time) starting next year.
+# https://www.krbd.org/2018/12/12/metlakatla-to-follow-alaska-standard-time-allow-liquor-sales/
+#
+# From Ryan Stanley (2019-01-11):
+# The community will be changing back on the 20th of this month...
+# From Tim Parenti (2019-01-11):
+# Per an announcement on the Metlakatla community's official Facebook page, the
+# "fall back" will be on Sunday 2019-01-20 at 02:00:
+# https://www.facebook.com/141055983004923/photos/607150969728753/
+# So they won't be waiting for Alaska to join them on 2019-03-10, but will
+# rather change their clocks twice in seven weeks.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2023-01-23):
+# America/Adak is for the Aleutian Islands that are part of Alaska
+# and are west of 169.5° W.
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Juneau	 15:02:19 -	LMT	1867 Oct 19 15:33:32
+			 -8:57:41 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
+			 -8:00	-	PST	1942
+			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1946
+			 -8:00	-	PST	1969
+			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1980 Apr 27  2:00
+			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1980 Oct 26  2:00
+			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1983 Oct 30  2:00
+			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1983 Nov 30
+			 -9:00	US	AK%sT
+Zone America/Sitka	 14:58:47 -	LMT	1867 Oct 19 15:30
+			 -9:01:13 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
+			 -8:00	-	PST	1942
+			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1946
+			 -8:00	-	PST	1969
+			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1983 Oct 30  2:00
+			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1983 Nov 30
+			 -9:00	US	AK%sT
+Zone America/Metlakatla	 15:13:42 -	LMT	1867 Oct 19 15:44:55
+			 -8:46:18 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
+			 -8:00	-	PST	1942
+			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1946
+			 -8:00	-	PST	1969
+			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1983 Oct 30  2:00
+			 -8:00	-	PST	2015 Nov  1  2:00
+			 -9:00	US	AK%sT	2018 Nov  4  2:00
+			 -8:00	-	PST	2019 Jan 20  2:00
+			 -9:00	US	AK%sT
+Zone America/Yakutat	 14:41:05 -	LMT	1867 Oct 19 15:12:18
+			 -9:18:55 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
+			 -9:00	-	YST	1942
+			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1946
+			 -9:00	-	YST	1969
+			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1983 Nov 30
+			 -9:00	US	AK%sT
+Zone America/Anchorage	 14:00:24 -	LMT	1867 Oct 19 14:31:37
+			 -9:59:36 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
+			-10:00	-	AST	1942
+			-10:00	US	A%sT	1967 Apr
+			-10:00	-	AHST	1969
+			-10:00	US	AH%sT	1983 Oct 30  2:00
+			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1983 Nov 30
+			 -9:00	US	AK%sT
+Zone America/Nome	 12:58:22 -	LMT	1867 Oct 19 13:29:35
+			-11:01:38 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
+			-11:00	-	NST	1942
+			-11:00	US	N%sT	1946
+			-11:00	-	NST	1967 Apr
+			-11:00	-	BST	1969
+			-11:00	US	B%sT	1983 Oct 30  2:00
+			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1983 Nov 30
+			 -9:00	US	AK%sT
+Zone America/Adak	 12:13:22 -	LMT	1867 Oct 19 12:44:35
+			-11:46:38 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
+			-11:00	-	NST	1942
+			-11:00	US	N%sT	1946
+			-11:00	-	NST	1967 Apr
+			-11:00	-	BST	1969
+			-11:00	US	B%sT	1983 Oct 30  2:00
+			-10:00	US	AH%sT	1983 Nov 30
+			-10:00	US	H%sT
+# The following switches don't make our 1970 cutoff.
+#
+# Kiska observed Tokyo date and time during Japanese occupation from
+# 1942-06-06 to 1943-07-29, and similarly for Attu from 1942-06-07 to
+# 1943-05-29 (all dates American).  Both islands are now uninhabited.
+#
+# Shanks writes that part of southwest Alaska (e.g. Aniak)
+# switched from -11:00 to -10:00 on 1968-09-22 at 02:00,
+# and another part (e.g. Akiak) made the same switch five weeks later.
+#
+# From David Flater (2004-11-09):
+# In e-mail, 2004-11-02, Ray Hudson, historian/liaison to the Unalaska
+# Historic Preservation Commission, provided this information, which
+# suggests that Unalaska deviated from statutory time from early 1967
+# possibly until 1983:
+#
+#  Minutes of the Unalaska City Council Meeting, January 10, 1967:
+#  "Except for St. Paul and Akutan, Unalaska is the only important
+#  location not on Alaska Standard Time.  The following resolution was
+#  made by William Robinson and seconded by Henry Swanson: Be it
+#  resolved that the City of Unalaska hereby goes to Alaska Standard
+#  Time as of midnight Friday, January 13, 1967 (1 A.M. Saturday,
+#  January 14, Alaska Standard Time.)  This resolution was passed with
+#  three votes for and one against."
+
+# Hawaii
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2010-12-09):
+# "Hawaiian Time" by Robert C. Schmitt and Doak C. Cox appears on pages 207-225
+# of volume 26 of The Hawaiian Journal of History (1992). As of 2010-12-09,
+# the article is available at
+# https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/239/2/JL26215.pdf
+# and indicates that standard time was adopted effective noon, January
+# 13, 1896 (page 218), that in "1933, the Legislature decreed daylight
+# saving for the period between the last Sunday of each April and the
+# last Sunday of each September, but less than a month later repealed the
+# act," (page 220), that year-round daylight saving time was in effect
+# from 1942-02-09 to 1945-09-30 (page 221, with no time of day given for
+# when clocks changed) and that clocks were changed by 30 minutes
+# effective the second Sunday of June, 1947 (page 219, with no time of
+# day given for when clocks changed). A footnote for the 1933 changes
+# cites Session Laws of Hawaii 1933, "Act. 90 (approved 26 Apr. 1933)
+# and Act 163 (approved 21 May 1933)."
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2011-01-19):
+# The following is from "Laws of the Territory of Hawaii Passed by the
+# Seventeenth Legislature: Regular Session 1933," available (as of
+# 2011-01-19) at American University's Pence Law Library. Page 85: "Act
+# 90...At 2 o'clock ante meridian of the last Sunday in April of each
+# year, the standard time of this Territory shall be advanced one
+# hour...This Act shall take effect upon its approval. Approved this 26th
+# day of April, A. D. 1933. LAWRENCE M JUDD, Governor of the Territory of
+# Hawaii." Page 172: "Act 163...Act 90 of the Session Laws of 1933 is
+# hereby repealed...This Act shall take effect upon its approval, upon
+# which date the standard time of this Territory shall be restored to
+# that existing immediately prior to the taking effect of said Act 90.
+# Approved this 21st day of May, A. D. 1933. LAWRENCE M. JUDD, Governor
+# of the Territory of Hawaii."
+#
+# Note that 1933-05-21 was a Sunday.
+# We're left to guess the time of day when Act 163 was approved; guess noon.
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Pacific/Honolulu	-10:31:26 -	LMT	1896 Jan 13 12:00
+			-10:30	-	HST	1933 Apr 30  2:00
+			-10:30	1:00	HDT	1933 May 21 12:00
+			-10:30	US	H%sT	1947 Jun  8  2:00
+			-10:00	-	HST
+
+# Now we turn to US areas that have diverged from the consensus since 1970.
+
+# Arizona mostly uses MST.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2002-10-20):
+#
+# The information in the rest of this paragraph is derived from the
+# Daylight Saving Time web page
+# <http://www.dlapr.lib.az.us/links/daylight.htm> (2002-01-23)
+# maintained by the Arizona State Library, Archives and Public Records.
+# Between 1944-01-01 and 1944-04-01 the State of Arizona used standard
+# time, but by federal law railroads, airlines, bus lines, military
+# personnel, and some engaged in interstate commerce continued to
+# observe war (i.e., daylight saving) time.  The 1944-03-17 Phoenix
+# Gazette says that was the date the law changed, and that 04-01 was
+# the date the state's clocks would change.  In 1945 the State of
+# Arizona used standard time all year, again with exceptions only as
+# mandated by federal law.  Arizona observed DST in 1967, but Arizona
+# Laws 1968, ch. 183 (effective 1968-03-21) repealed DST.
+#
+# Shanks says the 1944 experiment came to an end on 1944-03-17.
+# Go with the Arizona State Library instead.
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Phoenix	-7:28:18 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 19:00u
+			-7:00	US	M%sT	1944 Jan  1  0:01
+			-7:00	-	MST	1944 Apr  1  0:01
+			-7:00	US	M%sT	1944 Oct  1  0:01
+			-7:00	-	MST	1967
+			-7:00	US	M%sT	1968 Mar 21
+			-7:00	-	MST
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (1988-02-13):
+# A writer from the Inter Tribal Council of Arizona, Inc.,
+# notes in private correspondence dated 1987-12-28 that "Presently, only the
+# Navajo Nation participates in the Daylight Saving Time policy, due to its
+# large size and location in three states."  (The "only" means that other
+# tribal nations don't use DST.)
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-08-26):
+# See America/Denver for a zone appropriate for the Navajo Nation.
+
+# Southern Idaho (Ada, Adams, Bannock, Bear Lake, Bingham, Blaine,
+# Boise, Bonneville, Butte, Camas, Canyon, Caribou, Cassia, Clark,
+# Custer, Elmore, Franklin, Fremont, Gem, Gooding, Jefferson, Jerome,
+# Lemhi, Lincoln, Madison, Minidoka, Oneida, Owyhee, Payette, Power,
+# Teton, Twin Falls, Valley, Washington counties, and the southern
+# quarter of Idaho county) and eastern Oregon (most of Malheur County)
+# switched four weeks late in 1974.
+#
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Boise	-7:44:49 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 20:00u
+			-8:00	US	P%sT	1923 May 13  2:00
+			-7:00	US	M%sT	1974
+			-7:00	-	MST	1974 Feb  3  2:00
+			-7:00	US	M%sT
+
+# Indiana
+#
+# For a map of Indiana's time zone regions, see:
+# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_Indiana
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-30):
+# A brief but entertaining history of time in Indiana describes a 1949 debate
+# in the Indiana House where city legislators (who favored "fast time")
+# tussled with farm legislators (who didn't) over a bill to outlaw DST:
+#  "Lacking enough votes, the city faction tries to filibuster until time runs
+#   out on the session at midnight, but rural champion Rep. Herbert Copeland,
+#   R-Madison, leans over the gallery railing and forces the official clock
+#   back to 9 p.m., breaking it in the process.  The clock sticks on 9 as the
+#   debate rages on into the night.  The filibuster finally dies out and the
+#   bill passes, while outside the chamber, clocks read 3:30 a.m.  In the end,
+#   it doesn't matter which side won.  The law has no enforcement powers and
+#   is simply ignored by fast-time communities."
+# How Indiana went from 'God's time' to split zones and daylight-saving.
+# Indianapolis Star. 2018-11-27 14:58 -05.
+# https://www.indystar.com/story/news/politics/2018/11/27/indianapolis-indiana-time-zone-history-central-eastern-daylight-savings-time/2126300002/
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2007-08-17):
+# Since 1970, most of Indiana has been like America/Indiana/Indianapolis,
+# with the following exceptions:
+#
+# - Gibson, Jasper, Lake, LaPorte, Newton, Porter, Posey, Spencer,
+#   Vanderburgh, and Warrick counties have been like America/Chicago.
+#
+# - Dearborn and Ohio counties have been like America/New_York.
+#
+# - Clark, Floyd, and Harrison counties have been like
+#   America/Kentucky/Louisville.
+#
+# - Crawford, Daviess, Dubois, Knox, Martin, Perry, Pike, Pulaski, Starke,
+#   and Switzerland counties have their own time zone histories as noted below.
+#
+# Shanks partitioned Indiana into 345 regions, each with its own time history,
+# and wrote "Even newspaper reports present contradictory information."
+# Those Hoosiers!  Such a flighty and changeable people!
+# Fortunately, most of the complexity occurred before our cutoff date of 1970.
+#
+# Other than Indianapolis, the Indiana place names are so nondescript
+# that they would be ambiguous if we left them at the 'America' level.
+# So we reluctantly put them all in a subdirectory 'America/Indiana'.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-26):
+# https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2006/01/20/06-563/standard-time-zone-boundary-in-the-state-of-indiana
+# says "DOT is relocating the time zone boundary in Indiana to move Starke,
+# Pulaski, Knox, Daviess, Martin, Pike, Dubois, and Perry Counties from the
+# Eastern Time Zone to the Central Time Zone.... The effective date of
+# this rule is 2 a.m. EST Sunday, April 2, 2006, which is the
+# changeover date from standard time to Daylight Saving Time."
+# Strictly speaking, this meant the affected counties changed their
+# clocks twice that night, but this obviously was in error.  The intent
+# was that 01:59:59 EST be followed by 02:00:00 CDT.
+
+# From Gwillim Law (2007-02-10):
+# The Associated Press has been reporting that Pulaski County, Indiana is
+# going to switch from Central to Eastern Time on March 11, 2007....
+# http://www.indystar.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070207/LOCAL190108/702070524/0/LOCAL
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
+Rule Indianapolis 1941	only	-	Jun	22	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule Indianapolis 1941	1954	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule Indianapolis 1946	1954	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Indiana/Indianapolis -5:44:38 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 18:00u
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1920
+			-6:00 Indianapolis C%sT	1942
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
+			-6:00 Indianapolis C%sT	1955 Apr 24  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1957 Sep 29  2:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	1958 Apr 27  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1969
+			-5:00	US	E%sT	1971
+			-5:00	-	EST	2006
+			-5:00	US	E%sT
+#
+# Eastern Crawford County, Indiana, left its clocks alone in 1974,
+# as well as from 1976 through 2005.
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
+Rule	Marengo	1951	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Marengo	1951	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Marengo	1954	1960	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Marengo	1954	1960	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Indiana/Marengo -5:45:23 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 18:00u
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1951
+			-6:00	Marengo	C%sT	1961 Apr 30  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1969
+			-5:00	US	E%sT	1974 Jan  6  2:00
+			-6:00	1:00	CDT	1974 Oct 27  2:00
+			-5:00	US	E%sT	1976
+			-5:00	-	EST	2006
+			-5:00	US	E%sT
+#
+# Daviess, Dubois, Knox, and Martin Counties, Indiana,
+# switched from eastern to central time in April 2006, then switched back
+# in November 2007.
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
+Rule Vincennes	1946	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule Vincennes	1946	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule Vincennes	1953	1954	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule Vincennes	1953	1959	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule Vincennes	1955	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule Vincennes	1956	1963	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule Vincennes	1960	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule Vincennes	1961	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule Vincennes	1962	1963	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Indiana/Vincennes -5:50:07 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 18:00u
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
+			-6:00 Vincennes	C%sT	1964 Apr 26  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1969
+			-5:00	US	E%sT	1971
+			-5:00	-	EST	2006 Apr  2  2:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	2007 Nov  4  2:00
+			-5:00	US	E%sT
+#
+# Perry County, Indiana, switched from eastern to central time in April 2006.
+# From Alois Treindl (2019-07-09):
+# The Indianapolis News, Friday 27 October 1967 states that Perry County
+# returned to CST.  It went again to EST on 27 April 1969, as documented by the
+# Indianapolis star of Saturday 26 April.
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
+Rule Perry	1955	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule Perry	1955	1960	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule Perry	1956	1963	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule Perry	1961	1963	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Indiana/Tell_City -5:47:03 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 18:00u
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
+			-6:00 Perry	C%sT	1964 Apr 26  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1967 Oct 29  2:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1969 Apr 27  2:00
+			-5:00	US	E%sT	1971
+			-5:00	-	EST	2006 Apr  2  2:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT
+#
+# Pike County, Indiana moved from central to eastern time in 1977,
+# then switched back in 2006, then switched back again in 2007.
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
+Rule	Pike	1955	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Pike	1955	1960	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Pike	1956	1964	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Pike	1961	1964	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Indiana/Petersburg -5:49:07 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 18:00u
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1955
+			-6:00	Pike	C%sT	1965 Apr 25  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1966 Oct 30  2:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1977 Oct 30  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	2006 Apr  2  2:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	2007 Nov  4  2:00
+			-5:00	US	E%sT
+#
+# Starke County, Indiana moved from central to eastern time in 1991,
+# then switched back in 2006.
+# From Arthur David Olson (1991-10-28):
+# An article on page A3 of the Sunday, 1991-10-27 Washington Post
+# notes that Starke County switched from Central time to Eastern time as of
+# 1991-10-27.
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
+Rule	Starke	1947	1961	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Starke	1947	1954	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Starke	1955	1956	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Starke	1957	1958	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Starke	1959	1961	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Indiana/Knox -5:46:30 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 18:00u
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1947
+			-6:00	Starke	C%sT	1962 Apr 29  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1963 Oct 27  2:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1991 Oct 27  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	2006 Apr  2  2:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT
+#
+# Pulaski County, Indiana, switched from eastern to central time in
+# April 2006 and then switched back in March 2007.
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
+Rule	Pulaski	1946	1960	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Pulaski	1946	1954	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Pulaski	1955	1956	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Pulaski	1957	1960	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Indiana/Winamac -5:46:25 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 18:00u
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
+			-6:00	Pulaski	C%sT	1961 Apr 30  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1969
+			-5:00	US	E%sT	1971
+			-5:00	-	EST	2006 Apr  2  2:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	2007 Mar 11  2:00
+			-5:00	US	E%sT
+#
+# Switzerland County, Indiana, did not observe DST from 1973 through 2005.
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Indiana/Vevay -5:40:16 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 18:00u
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1954 Apr 25  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1969
+			-5:00	US	E%sT	1973
+			-5:00	-	EST	2006
+			-5:00	US	E%sT
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-03-20):
+# The Louisville & Nashville Railroad's 1883-11-18 change occurred at
+# 10:00 old local time; train were supposed to come to a standstill
+# for precisely 18 minutes.  See Bartky Fig. 1 (page 50).  It is not
+# clear how this matched civil time in Louisville, so for now continue
+# to assume Louisville switched at noon new local time, like New York.
+#
+# From Michael Deckers (2019-08-06):
+# From the contemporary source given by Alois Treindl,
+# the switch in Louisville on 1946-04-28 was on 00:01
+# From Paul Eggert (2019-08-26):
+# That source was the Louisville Courier-Journal, 1946-04-27, p 4.
+# Shanks gives 02:00 for all 20th-century transition times in Louisville.
+# Evidently this is wrong for spring 1946.  Although also likely wrong
+# for other dates, we have no data.
+#
+# Part of Kentucky left its clocks alone in 1974.
+# This also includes Clark, Floyd, and Harrison counties in Indiana.
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
+Rule Louisville	1921	only	-	May	1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule Louisville	1921	only	-	Sep	1	2:00	0	S
+Rule Louisville	1941	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule Louisville	1941	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule Louisville	1946	only	-	Apr	lastSun	0:01	1:00	D
+Rule Louisville	1946	only	-	Jun	2	2:00	0	S
+Rule Louisville	1950	1961	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule Louisville	1950	1955	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule Louisville	1956	1961	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Kentucky/Louisville -5:43:02 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 18:00u
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1921
+			-6:00 Louisville C%sT	1942
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
+			-6:00 Louisville C%sT	1961 Jul 23  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1968
+			-5:00	US	E%sT	1974 Jan  6  2:00
+			-6:00	1:00	CDT	1974 Oct 27  2:00
+			-5:00	US	E%sT
+#
+# Wayne County, Kentucky
+#
+# From Lake Cumberland LIFE
+# http://www.lake-cumberland.com/life/archive/news990129time.shtml
+# (1999-01-29) via WKYM-101.7:
+# Clinton County has joined Wayne County in asking the DoT to change from
+# the Central to the Eastern time zone....  The Wayne County government made
+# the same request in December.  And while Russell County officials have not
+# taken action, the majority of respondents to a poll conducted there in
+# August indicated they would like to change to "fast time" also.
+# The three Lake Cumberland counties are the farthest east of any U.S.
+# location in the Central time zone.
+#
+# From Rich Wales (2000-08-29):
+# After prolonged debate, and despite continuing deep differences of opinion,
+# Wayne County (central Kentucky) is switching from Central (-0600) to Eastern
+# (-0500) time.  They won't "fall back" this year.  See Sara Shipley,
+# The difference an hour makes, Nando Times (2000-08-29 15:33 -0400).
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-07-16):
+# The final rule was published in the
+# Federal Register 65, 160 (2000-08-17), pp 50154-50158.
+# https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2000-08-17/html/00-20854.htm
+#
+Zone America/Kentucky/Monticello -5:39:24 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 18:00u
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
+			-6:00	-	CST	1968
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	2000 Oct 29  2:00
+			-5:00	US	E%sT
+
+
+# From Rives McDow (2000-08-30):
+# Here ... are all the changes in the US since 1985.
+# Kearny County, KS (put all of county on central;
+#	previously split between MST and CST) ... 1990-10
+# Starke County, IN (from CST to EST) ... 1991-10
+# Oliver County, ND (from MST to CST) ... 1992-10
+# West Wendover, NV (from PST TO MST) ... 1999-10
+# Wayne County, KY (from CST to EST) ... 2000-10
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-07-17):
+# We don't know where the line used to be within Kearny County, KS,
+# so omit that change for now.
+# See America/Indiana/Knox for the Starke County, IN change.
+# See America/North_Dakota/Center for the Oliver County, ND change.
+# West Wendover, NV officially switched from Pacific to mountain time on
+# 1999-10-31.  See the
+# Federal Register 64, 203 (1999-10-21), pp 56705-56707.
+# https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-1999-10-21/html/99-27240.htm
+# However, the Federal Register says that West Wendover already operated
+# on mountain time, and the rule merely made this official;
+# hence a separate tz entry is not needed.
+
+# Michigan
+#
+# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
+# Michigan didn't observe DST from 1968 to 1973.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-31):
+# Shanks writes that Michigan started using standard time on 1885-09-18,
+# but Howse writes (pp 124-125, referring to Popular Astronomy, 1901-01)
+# that Detroit kept
+#
+#	local time until 1900 when the City Council decreed that clocks should
+#	be put back twenty-eight minutes to Central Standard Time.  Half the
+#	city obeyed, half refused.  After considerable debate, the decision
+#	was rescinded and the city reverted to Sun time.  A derisive offer to
+#	erect a sundial in front of the city hall was referred to the
+#	Committee on Sewers.  Then, in 1905, Central time was adopted
+#	by city vote.
+#
+# This story is too entertaining to be false, so go with Howse over Shanks.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
+# Garland (1927) writes "Cleveland and Detroit advanced their clocks
+# one hour in 1914."  This change is not in Shanks.  We have no more
+# info, so omit this for now.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2019-07-06):
+# Due to a complicated set of legal maneuvers, in 1967 Michigan did
+# not start daylight saving time when the rest of the US did.
+# Instead, it began DST on Jun 14 at 00:01.  This was big news:
+# the Detroit Free Press reported it at the top of Page 1 on
+# 1967-06-14, in an article "State Adjusting to Switch to Fast Time"
+# by Gary Blonston, above an article about Thurgood Marshall's
+# confirmation to the US Supreme Court.  Although Shanks says Detroit
+# observed DST until 1967-10-29 00:01, that time of day seems to be
+# incorrect, as the Free Press later said DST ended in Michigan at the
+# same time as the rest of the US.  Also, although Shanks reports no DST in
+# Detroit in 1968, it did observe DST that year; in the November 1968
+# election Michigan voters narrowly repealed DST, effective 1969.
+#
+# Most of Michigan observed DST from 1973 on, but was a bit late in 1975.
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
+Rule	Detroit	1948	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Detroit	1948	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Detroit	-5:32:11 -	LMT	1905
+			-6:00	-	CST	1915 May 15  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1942
+			-5:00	US	E%sT	1946
+			-5:00	Detroit	E%sT	1967 Jun 14  0:01
+			-5:00	US	E%sT	1969
+			-5:00	-	EST	1973
+			-5:00	US	E%sT	1975
+			-5:00	-	EST	1975 Apr 27  2:00
+			-5:00	US	E%sT
+#
+# Dickinson, Gogebic, Iron, and Menominee Counties, Michigan,
+# switched from EST to CST/CDT in 1973.
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
+Rule Menominee	1946	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule Menominee	1946	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule Menominee	1966	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule Menominee	1966	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Menominee	-5:50:27 -	LMT	1885 Sep 18 12:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
+			-6:00 Menominee	C%sT	1969 Apr 27  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1973 Apr 29  2:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT
+
+# Navassa
+# administered by the US Fish and Wildlife Service
+# claimed by US under the provisions of the 1856 Guano Islands Act
+# also claimed by Haiti
+# occupied 1857/1900 by the Navassa Phosphate Co
+# US lighthouse 1917/1996-09
+# currently uninhabited
+# see Mark Fineman, "An Isle Rich in Guano and Discord",
+# _Los Angeles Times_ (1998-11-10), A1, A10; it cites
+# Jimmy Skaggs, _The Great Guano Rush_ (1994).
+
+################################################################################
+
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
+#
+# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
+# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
+# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
+# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
+#
+# Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
+# for time zone data was the International Air Transport
+# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
+# published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
+# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
+# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
+#
+# Other sources occasionally used include:
+#
+#	Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
+#	<https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>.
+#
+#	Pearce C. The Great Daylight Saving Time Controversy.
+#	Australian Ebook Publisher. 2017. ISBN 978-1-925516-96-8.
+#
+#	Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
+#	Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
+#	which I found in the UCLA library.
+#
+#	William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
+#	<http://cs.ucla.edu/~eggert/The-Waste-of-Daylight-19th.pdf>
+#	[PDF] (1914-03)
+#
+# For the 1911/1912 establishment of standard time in French possessions, see:
+# Société Française de Physique, Recueil de constantes physiques (1913),
+# page 752, 18b.
+#
+# See the 'europe' file for Greenland.
+
+# Canada
+
+# From Alain LaBonté (1994-11-14):
+# I post here the time zone abbreviations standardized in Canada
+# for both English and French in the CAN/CSA-Z234.4-89 standard....
+#
+#	UTC	Standard time	Daylight saving time
+#	offset	French	English	French	English
+#	-2:30	-	-	HAT	NDT
+#	-3	-	-	HAA	ADT
+#	-3:30	HNT	NST	-	-
+#	-4	HNA	AST	HAE	EDT
+#	-5	HNE	EST	HAC	CDT
+#	-6	HNC	CST	HAR	MDT
+#	-7	HNR	MST	HAP	PDT
+#	-8	HNP	PST	HAY	YDT
+#	-9	HNY	YST	-	-
+#
+#	HN: Heure Normale	ST: Standard Time
+#	HA: Heure Avancée	DT: Daylight saving Time
+#
+#	A: de l'Atlantique	Atlantic
+#	C: du Centre		Central
+#	E: de l'Est		Eastern
+#	M:			Mountain
+#	N:			Newfoundland
+#	P: du Pacifique		Pacific
+#	R: des Rocheuses
+#	T: de Terre-Neuve
+#	Y: du Yukon		Yukon
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (1994-11-22):
+# Alas, this sort of thing must be handled by localization software.
+
+# Unless otherwise specified, the data entries for Canada are all from Shanks
+# & Pottenger.
+
+# From Chris Walton (2006-04-01, 2006-04-25, 2006-06-26, 2007-01-31,
+# 2007-03-01):
+# The British Columbia government announced yesterday that it will
+# adjust daylight savings next year to align with changes in the
+# U.S. and the rest of Canada....
+# https://archive.news.gov.bc.ca/releases/news_releases_2005-2009/2006AG0014-000330.htm
+# ...
+# Nova Scotia
+# Daylight saving time will be extended by four weeks starting in 2007....
+# https://www.novascotia.ca/just/regulations/rg2/2006/ma1206.pdf
+#
+# [For New Brunswick] the new legislation dictates that the time change is to
+# be done at 02:00 instead of 00:01.
+# https://www.gnb.ca/0062/acts/BBA-2006/Chap-19.pdf
+# ...
+# Manitoba has traditionally changed the clock every fall at 03:00.
+# As of 2006, the transition is to take place one hour earlier at 02:00.
+# https://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/statutes/ccsm/o030e.php
+# ...
+# [Alberta, Ontario, Quebec] will follow US rules.
+# http://www.qp.gov.ab.ca/documents/spring/CH03_06.CFM
+# http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/DBLaws/Source/Regs/English/2006/R06111_e.htm
+# http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=5&file=2006C39A.PDF
+# ...
+# P.E.I. will follow US rules....
+# http://www.assembly.pe.ca/bills/pdf_chapter/62/3/chapter-41.pdf
+# ...
+# Province of Newfoundland and Labrador....
+# http://www.hoa.gov.nl.ca/hoa/bills/Bill0634.htm
+# ...
+# Yukon
+# https://www.gov.yk.ca/legislation/regs/oic2006_127.pdf
+# ...
+# N.W.T. will follow US rules.  Whoever maintains the government web site
+# does not seem to believe in bookmarks.  To see the news release, click the
+# following link and search for "Daylight Savings Time Change".  Press the
+# "Daylight Savings Time Change" link; it will fire off a popup using
+# JavaScript.
+# http://www.exec.gov.nt.ca/currentnews/currentPR.asp?mode=archive
+# ...
+# Nunavut
+# An amendment to the Interpretation Act was registered on February 19/2007....
+# http://action.attavik.ca/home/justice-gn/attach/2007/gaz02part2.pdf
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-18):
+# H. David Matthews and Mary Vincent's map
+# "It's about TIME", _Canadian Geographic_ (September-October 1998)
+# https://web.archive.org/web/19990827055050/https://canadiangeographic.ca/SO98/geomap.htm
+# contains detailed boundaries for regions observing nonstandard
+# time and daylight saving time arrangements in Canada circa 1998.
+#
+# National Research Council Canada maintains info about time zones and DST.
+# https://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/services/time/time_zones.html
+# https://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/services/time/faq/index.html#Q5
+# Its unofficial information is often taken from Matthews and Vincent.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-06-27):
+# For now, assume all of DST-observing Canada will fall into line with the
+# new US DST rules,
+
+# From Chris Walton (2011-12-01)
+# In the first of Tammy Hardwick's articles
+# http://www.ilovecreston.com/?p=articles&t=spec&ar=260
+# she quotes the Friday November 1/1918 edition of the Creston Review.
+# The quote includes these two statements:
+# 'Sunday the CPR went back to the old system of time...'
+# '... The daylight saving scheme was dropped all over Canada at the same time,'
+# These statements refer to a transition from daylight time to standard time
+# that occurred nationally on Sunday October 27/1918.  This transition was
+# also documented in the Saturday October 26/1918 edition of the Toronto Star.
+
+# In light of that evidence, we alter the date from the earlier believed
+# Oct 31, to Oct 27, 1918 (and Sunday is a more likely transition day
+# than Thursday) in all Canadian rulesets.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Canada	1918	only	-	Apr	14	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Canada	1918	only	-	Oct	27	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Canada	1942	only	-	Feb	 9	2:00	1:00	W # War
+Rule	Canada	1945	only	-	Aug	14	23:00u	1:00	P # Peace
+Rule	Canada	1945	only	-	Sep	30	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Canada	1974	1986	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Canada	1974	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Canada	1987	2006	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Canada	2007	max	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Canada	2007	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
+
+
+# Newfoundland and Labrador
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-10-14):
+# Legally Labrador should observe Newfoundland time; see:
+# McLeod J. Labrador time - legal or not? St. John's Telegram, 2017-10-07
+# http://www.thetelegram.com/news/local/labrador-time--legal-or-not-154860/
+# Matthews and Vincent (1998) write that the only part of Labrador
+# that follows the rules is the southeast corner, including Port Hope
+# Simpson and Mary's Harbour, but excluding, say, Black Tickle.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	StJohns	1917	only	-	Apr	 8	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	StJohns	1917	only	-	Sep	17	2:00	0	S
+# Whitman gives 1919 Apr 5 and 1920 Apr 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	StJohns	1919	only	-	May	 5	23:00	1:00	D
+Rule	StJohns	1919	only	-	Aug	12	23:00	0	S
+# For 1931-1935 Whitman gives Apr same date; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	StJohns	1920	1935	-	May	Sun>=1	23:00	1:00	D
+Rule	StJohns	1920	1935	-	Oct	lastSun	23:00	0	S
+# For 1936-1941 Whitman gives May Sun>=8 and Oct Sun>=1; go with Shanks &
+# Pottenger.
+Rule	StJohns	1936	1941	-	May	Mon>=9	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	StJohns	1936	1941	-	Oct	Mon>=2	0:00	0	S
+# Whitman gives the following transitions:
+# 1942 03-01/12-31, 1943 05-30/09-05, 1944 07-10/09-02, 1945 01-01/10-07
+# but go with Shanks & Pottenger and assume they used Canadian rules.
+# For 1946-9 Whitman gives May 5,4,9,1 - Oct 1,5,3,2, and for 1950 he gives
+# Apr 30 - Sep 24; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	StJohns	1946	1950	-	May	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	StJohns	1946	1950	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00	0	S
+Rule	StJohns	1951	1986	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	StJohns	1951	1959	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	StJohns	1960	1986	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
+# INMS (2000-09-12) says that, since 1988 at least, Newfoundland switches
+# at 00:01 local time.  For now, assume it started in 1987.
+
+# From Michael Pelley (2011-09-12):
+# We received today, Monday, September 12, 2011, notification that the
+# changes to the Newfoundland Standard Time Act have been proclaimed.
+# The change in the Act stipulates that the change from Daylight Savings
+# Time to Standard Time and from Standard Time to Daylight Savings Time
+# now occurs at 2:00AM.
+# ...
+# http://www.assembly.nl.ca/legislation/sr/annualstatutes/2011/1106.chp.htm
+# ...
+# MICHAEL PELLEY  |  Manager of Enterprise Architecture - Solution Delivery
+# Office of the Chief Information Officer
+# Executive Council
+# Government of Newfoundland & Labrador
+
+Rule	StJohns	1987	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:01	1:00	D
+Rule	StJohns	1987	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	0:01	0	S
+Rule	StJohns	1988	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:01	2:00	DD
+Rule	StJohns	1989	2006	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:01	1:00	D
+Rule	StJohns	2007	2011	-	Mar	Sun>=8	0:01	1:00	D
+Rule	StJohns	2007	2010	-	Nov	Sun>=1	0:01	0	S
+#
+# St John's has an apostrophe, but POSIX file names can't have apostrophes.
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/St_Johns	-3:30:52 -	LMT	1884
+			-3:30:52 StJohns N%sT	1918
+			-3:30:52 Canada	N%sT	1919
+			-3:30:52 StJohns N%sT	1935 Mar 30
+			-3:30	StJohns	N%sT	1942 May 11
+			-3:30	Canada	N%sT	1946
+			-3:30	StJohns	N%sT	2011 Nov
+			-3:30	Canada	N%sT
+
+# most of east Labrador
+
+# The name 'Happy Valley-Goose Bay' is too long; use 'Goose Bay'.
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Goose_Bay	-4:01:40 -	LMT	1884 # Happy Valley-Goose Bay
+			-3:30:52 -	NST	1918
+			-3:30:52 Canada N%sT	1919
+			-3:30:52 -	NST	1935 Mar 30
+			-3:30	-	NST	1936
+			-3:30	StJohns	N%sT	1942 May 11
+			-3:30	Canada	N%sT	1946
+			-3:30	StJohns	N%sT	1966 Mar 15  2:00
+			-4:00	StJohns	A%sT	2011 Nov
+			-4:00	Canada	A%sT
+
+
+# west Labrador, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward I,
+# Îles-de-la-Madeleine, Listuguj reserve
+
+# From Brian Inglis (2015-07-20):
+# From the historical weather station records available at:
+# https://weatherspark.com/history/28351/1971/Sydney-Nova-Scotia-Canada
+# Sydney shares the same time history as Glace Bay, so was
+# likely to be the same across the island....
+# Sydney, as the capital and most populous location, or Cape Breton, would
+# have been better names for the zone had we known this in 1996.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-07-20):
+# Shanks & Pottenger write that since 1970 most of this region has been like
+# Halifax.  Many locales did not observe peacetime DST until 1972;
+# the Cape Breton area, represented by Glace Bay, is the largest we know of
+# (Glace Bay was perhaps not the best name choice but no point changing now).
+# Shanks & Pottenger also write that Liverpool, NS was the only town
+# in Canada to observe DST in 1971 but not 1970; for now we'll assume
+# this is a typo.
+
+# From Jeffery Nichols (2020-01-09):
+# America/Halifax ... also applies to Îles-de-la-Madeleine and the Listuguj
+# reserve in Quebec. Officially, this came into effect on January 1, 2007
+# (Legal Time Act, CQLR c T-5.1), but the legislative debates surrounding that
+# bill say that it is "accommodating the customs and practices" of those
+# regions, which suggests that they have always been in-line with Halifax.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Halifax	1916	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Halifax	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Halifax	1920	only	-	May	 9	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Halifax	1920	only	-	Aug	29	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Halifax	1921	only	-	May	 6	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Halifax	1921	1922	-	Sep	 5	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Halifax	1922	only	-	Apr	30	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Halifax	1923	1925	-	May	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Halifax	1923	only	-	Sep	 4	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Halifax	1924	only	-	Sep	15	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Halifax	1925	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Halifax	1926	only	-	May	16	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Halifax	1926	only	-	Sep	13	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Halifax	1927	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Halifax	1927	only	-	Sep	26	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Halifax	1928	1931	-	May	Sun>=8	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Halifax	1928	only	-	Sep	 9	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Halifax	1929	only	-	Sep	 3	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Halifax	1930	only	-	Sep	15	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Halifax	1931	1932	-	Sep	Mon>=24	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Halifax	1932	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Halifax	1933	only	-	Apr	30	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Halifax	1933	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Halifax	1934	only	-	May	20	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Halifax	1934	only	-	Sep	16	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Halifax	1935	only	-	Jun	 2	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Halifax	1935	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Halifax	1936	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Halifax	1936	only	-	Sep	14	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Halifax	1937	1938	-	May	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Halifax	1937	1941	-	Sep	Mon>=24	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Halifax	1939	only	-	May	28	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Halifax	1940	1941	-	May	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Halifax	1946	1949	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Halifax	1946	1949	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Halifax	1951	1954	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Halifax	1951	1954	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Halifax	1956	1959	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Halifax	1956	1959	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Halifax	1962	1973	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Halifax	1962	1973	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Halifax	-4:14:24 -	LMT	1902 Jun 15
+			-4:00	Halifax	A%sT	1918
+			-4:00	Canada	A%sT	1919
+			-4:00	Halifax	A%sT	1942 Feb  9  2:00s
+			-4:00	Canada	A%sT	1946
+			-4:00	Halifax	A%sT	1974
+			-4:00	Canada	A%sT
+Zone America/Glace_Bay	-3:59:48 -	LMT	1902 Jun 15
+			-4:00	Canada	A%sT	1953
+			-4:00	Halifax	A%sT	1954
+			-4:00	-	AST	1972
+			-4:00	Halifax	A%sT	1974
+			-4:00	Canada	A%sT
+
+# New Brunswick
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2007-01-31):
+# The Time Definition Act <http://www.gnb.ca/0062/PDF-acts/t-06.pdf>
+# says they changed at 00:01 through 2006, and
+# <http://www.canlii.org/nb/laws/sta/t-6/20030127/whole.html> makes it
+# clear that this was the case since at least 1993.
+# For now, assume it started in 1993.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Moncton	1933	1935	-	Jun	Sun>=8	1:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Moncton	1933	1935	-	Sep	Sun>=8	1:00	0	S
+Rule	Moncton	1936	1938	-	Jun	Sun>=1	1:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Moncton	1936	1938	-	Sep	Sun>=1	1:00	0	S
+Rule	Moncton	1939	only	-	May	27	1:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Moncton	1939	1941	-	Sep	Sat>=21	1:00	0	S
+Rule	Moncton	1940	only	-	May	19	1:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Moncton	1941	only	-	May	 4	1:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Moncton	1946	1972	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Moncton	1946	1956	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Moncton	1957	1972	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Moncton	1993	2006	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:01	1:00	D
+Rule	Moncton	1993	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	0:01	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Moncton	-4:19:08 -	LMT	1883 Dec  9
+			-5:00	-	EST	1902 Jun 15
+			-4:00	Canada	A%sT	1933
+			-4:00	Moncton	A%sT	1942
+			-4:00	Canada	A%sT	1946
+			-4:00	Moncton	A%sT	1973
+			-4:00	Canada	A%sT	1993
+			-4:00	Moncton	A%sT	2007
+			-4:00	Canada	A%sT
+
+# Quebec
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2020-01-10):
+# See America/Toronto for most of Quebec, including Montreal.
+# See America/Halifax for the Îles de la Madeleine and the Listuguj reserve.
+# See America/Puerto_Rico for east of Natashquan.
+
+# Ontario
+
+# From Mark Brader (2003-07-26):
+# [According to the Toronto Star] Orillia, Ontario, adopted DST
+# effective Saturday, 1912-06-22, 22:00; the article mentions that
+# Port Arthur (now part of Thunder Bay, Ontario) as well as Moose Jaw
+# have already done so.  In Orillia DST was to run until Saturday,
+# 1912-08-31 (no time mentioned), but it was met with considerable
+# hostility from certain segments of the public, and was revoked after
+# only two weeks - I copied it as Saturday, 1912-07-07, 22:00, but
+# presumably that should be -07-06.  (1912-06-19, -07-12; also letters
+# earlier in June).
+#
+# Kenora, Ontario, was to abandon DST on 1914-06-01 (-05-21).
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-07-08):
+# For more on Orillia, see: Daubs K. Bold attempt at daylight saving
+# time became a comic failure in Orillia. Toronto Star 2017-07-08.
+# https://www.thestar.com/news/insight/2017/07/08/bold-attempt-at-daylight-saving-time-became-a-comic-failure-in-orillia.html
+
+# From Mark Brader (2010-03-06):
+#
+# In the (Toronto) Globe and Mail for Saturday, 1955-09-24, in the bottom
+# right corner of page 1, it says that Toronto will return to standard
+# time at 2 am Sunday morning (which agrees with the database), and that:
+#
+#     The one-hour setback will go into effect throughout most of Ontario,
+#     except in areas like Windsor which remains on standard time all year.
+#
+# ... I don't know if Windsor began observing DST when Detroit did,
+# or in 1974, or on some other date.
+#
+# By the way, the article continues by noting that:
+#
+#     Some cities in the United States have pushed the deadline back
+#     three weeks and will change over from daylight saving in October.
+
+# From Chris Walton (2024-01-09):
+# The [Toronto] changes in 1947, 1948, and 1949 took place at 2:00 a.m. local
+# time instead of midnight....  Toronto Daily Star - ...
+# April 2, 1947 - Page 39 ... April 7, 1948 - Page 13 ...
+# April 2, 1949 - Page 1 ... April 7, 1949 - Page 24 ...
+# November 25, 1949 - Page 52 ... April 21, 1950 - Page 14 ...
+# September 19, 1950 - Page 46 ... September 20, 1950 - Page 3 ...
+# November 24, 1950 - Page 21
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2010-07-17):
+#
+# "Standard Time and Time Zones in Canada" appeared in
+# The Journal of The Royal Astronomical Society of Canada,
+# volume 26, number 2 (February 1932) and, as of 2010-07-17,
+# was available at
+# http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1932JRASC..26...49S
+#
+# It includes the text below (starting on page 57):
+#
+#   A list of the places in Canada using daylight saving time would
+# require yearly revision. From information kindly furnished by
+# the provincial governments and by the postmasters in many cities
+# and towns, it is found that the following places used daylight sav-
+# ing in 1930. The information for the province of Quebec is definite,
+# for the other provinces only approximate:
+#
+#	Province	Daylight saving time used
+# Prince Edward Island	Not used.
+# Nova Scotia		In Halifax only.
+# New Brunswick		In St. John only.
+# Quebec		In the following places:
+#			Montreal	Lachine
+#			Quebec		Mont-Royal
+#			Lévis		Iberville
+#			St. Lambert	Cap de la Madelèine
+#			Verdun		Loretteville
+#			Westmount	Richmond
+#			Outremont	St. Jérôme
+#			Longueuil	Greenfield Park
+#			Arvida		Waterloo
+#			Chambly-Canton	Beaulieu
+#			Melbourne	La Tuque
+#			St. Théophile	Buckingham
+# Ontario		Used generally in the cities and towns along
+#			the southerly part of the province. Not
+#			used in the northwesterly part.
+# Manitoba		Not used.
+# Saskatchewan		In Regina only.
+# Alberta		Not used.
+# British Columbia	Not used.
+#
+#   With some exceptions, the use of daylight saving may be said to be limited
+# to those cities and towns lying between Quebec city and Windsor, Ont.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Toronto	1919	only	-	Mar	30	23:30	1:00	D
+Rule	Toronto	1919	only	-	Oct	26	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Toronto	1920	only	-	May	 2	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Toronto	1920	only	-	Sep	26	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Toronto	1921	only	-	May	15	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Toronto	1921	only	-	Sep	15	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Toronto	1922	1923	-	May	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
+# Shanks & Pottenger say 1923-09-19; assume it's a typo and that "-16"
+# was meant.
+Rule	Toronto	1922	1926	-	Sep	Sun>=15	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Toronto	1924	1927	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Toronto	1927	1937	-	Sep	Sun>=25	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Toronto	1928	1937	-	Apr	Sun>=25	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Toronto	1938	1940	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Toronto	1938	1939	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Toronto	1945	1948	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Toronto	1946	1973	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Toronto	1949	1950	-	Nov	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Toronto	1951	1956	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+# Shanks & Pottenger say Toronto ended DST a week early in 1971,
+# namely on 1971-10-24, but Mark Brader wrote (2003-05-31) that this
+# is wrong, and that he had confirmed it by checking the 1971-10-30
+# Toronto Star, which said that DST was ending 1971-10-31 as usual.
+Rule	Toronto	1957	1973	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+
+# The Bahamas match Toronto since 1970.
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Toronto	-5:17:32 -	LMT	1895
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1919
+			-5:00	Toronto	E%sT	1942 Feb  9  2:00s
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1946
+			-5:00	Toronto	E%sT	1974
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT
+# For Atikokan see America/Panama.
+
+
+# Manitoba
+
+# From Rob Douglas (2006-04-06):
+# the old Manitoba Time Act - as amended by Bill 2, assented to
+# March 27, 1987 ... said ...
+# "between two o'clock Central Standard Time in the morning of
+# the first Sunday of April of each year and two o'clock Central
+# Standard Time in the morning of the last Sunday of October next
+# following, one hour in advance of Central Standard Time."...
+# I believe that the English legislation [of the old time act] had
+# been assented to (March 22, 1967)....
+# Also, as far as I can tell, there was no order-in-council varying
+# the time of Daylight Saving Time for 2005 and so the provisions of
+# the 1987 version would apply - the changeover was at 2:00 Central
+# Standard Time (i.e. not until 3:00 Central Daylight Time).
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-04-10):
+# Shanks & Pottenger say Manitoba switched at 02:00 (not 02:00s)
+# starting 1966.  Since 02:00s is clearly correct for 1967 on, assume
+# it was also 02:00s in 1966.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Winn	1916	only	-	Apr	23	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Winn	1916	only	-	Sep	17	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Winn	1918	only	-	Apr	14	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Winn	1918	only	-	Oct	27	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Winn	1937	only	-	May	16	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Winn	1937	only	-	Sep	26	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Winn	1942	only	-	Feb	 9	2:00	1:00	W # War
+Rule	Winn	1945	only	-	Aug	14	23:00u	1:00	P # Peace
+Rule	Winn	1945	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Winn	1946	only	-	May	12	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Winn	1946	only	-	Oct	13	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Winn	1947	1949	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Winn	1947	1949	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Winn	1950	only	-	May	 1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Winn	1950	only	-	Sep	30	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Winn	1951	1960	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Winn	1951	1958	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Winn	1959	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Winn	1960	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Winn	1963	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Winn	1963	only	-	Sep	22	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Winn	1966	1986	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Winn	1966	2005	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	Winn	1987	2005	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Winnipeg	-6:28:36 -	LMT	1887 Jul 16
+			-6:00	Winn	C%sT	2006
+			-6:00	Canada	C%sT
+
+
+# Saskatchewan
+
+# From Mark Brader (2003-07-26):
+# The first actual adoption of DST in Canada was at the municipal
+# level.  As the [Toronto] Star put it (1912-06-07), "While people
+# elsewhere have long been talking of legislation to save daylight,
+# the city of Moose Jaw [Saskatchewan] has acted on its own hook."
+# DST in Moose Jaw began on Saturday, 1912-06-01 (no time mentioned:
+# presumably late evening, as below), and would run until "the end of
+# the summer".  The discrepancy between municipal time and railroad
+# time was noted.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2003-07-27):
+# Willett (1914-03) notes that DST "has been in operation ... in the
+# City of Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, for one year."
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2019-07-25):
+# Pearce's book says Regina observed DST in 1914-1917.  No dates and times,
+# unfortunately.  It also says that in 1914 Saskatoon observed DST
+# from 1 June to 6 July, and that DST was also tried out in Davidson,
+# Melfort, and Prince Albert.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# Shanks & Pottenger say that since 1970 this region has mostly been as Regina.
+# Some western towns (e.g. Swift Current) switched from MST/MDT to CST in 1972.
+# Other western towns (e.g. Lloydminster) are like Edmonton.
+# Matthews and Vincent (1998) write that Denare Beach and Creighton
+# are like Winnipeg, in violation of Saskatchewan law.
+
+# From W. Jones (1992-11-06):
+# The. . .below is based on information I got from our law library, the
+# provincial archives, and the provincial Community Services department.
+# A precise history would require digging through newspaper archives, and
+# since you didn't say what you wanted, I didn't bother.
+#
+# Saskatchewan is split by a time zone meridian (105W) and over the years
+# the boundary became pretty ragged as communities near it reevaluated
+# their affiliations in one direction or the other.  In 1965 a provincial
+# referendum favoured legislating common time practices.
+#
+# On 15 April 1966 the Time Act (c. T-14, Revised Statutes of
+# Saskatchewan 1978) was proclaimed, and established that the eastern
+# part of Saskatchewan would use CST year round, that districts in
+# northwest Saskatchewan would by default follow CST but could opt to
+# follow Mountain Time rules (thus 1 hour difference in the winter and
+# zero in the summer), and that districts in southwest Saskatchewan would
+# by default follow MT but could opt to follow CST.
+#
+# It took a few years for the dust to settle (I know one story of a town
+# on one time zone having its school in another, such that a mom had to
+# serve her family lunch in two shifts), but presently it seems that only
+# a few towns on the border with Alberta (e.g. Lloydminster) follow MT
+# rules any more; all other districts appear to have used CST year round
+# since sometime in the 1960s.
+
+# From Chris Walton (2006-06-26):
+# The Saskatchewan time act which was last updated in 1996 is about 30 pages
+# long and rather painful to read.
+# http://www.qp.gov.sk.ca/documents/English/Statutes/Statutes/T14.pdf
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Regina	1918	only	-	Apr	14	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Regina	1918	only	-	Oct	27	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Regina	1930	1934	-	May	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Regina	1930	1934	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Regina	1937	1941	-	Apr	Sun>=8	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Regina	1937	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Regina	1938	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Regina	1939	1941	-	Oct	Sun>=8	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Regina	1942	only	-	Feb	 9	2:00	1:00	W # War
+Rule	Regina	1945	only	-	Aug	14	23:00u	1:00	P # Peace
+Rule	Regina	1945	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Regina	1946	only	-	Apr	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Regina	1946	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Regina	1947	1957	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Regina	1947	1957	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Regina	1959	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Regina	1959	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+#
+Rule	Swift	1957	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Swift	1957	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Swift	1959	1961	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Swift	1959	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Swift	1960	1961	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Regina	-6:58:36 -	LMT	1905 Sep
+			-7:00	Regina	M%sT	1960 Apr lastSun  2:00
+			-6:00	-	CST
+Zone America/Swift_Current -7:11:20 -	LMT	1905 Sep
+			-7:00	Canada	M%sT	1946 Apr lastSun  2:00
+			-7:00	Regina	M%sT	1950
+			-7:00	Swift	M%sT	1972 Apr lastSun  2:00
+			-6:00	-	CST
+
+
+# Alberta
+
+# From Alois Treindl (2019-07-19):
+# There was no DST in Alberta in 1967... Calgary Herald, 29 April 1967.
+# 1969, no DST, from Edmonton Journal 18 April 1969
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2019-07-25):
+# Pearce's book says that Alberta's 1948 Daylight Saving Act required
+# Mountain Standard Time without DST, and that "anyone who broke that law
+# could be fined up to $25 and costs".  There seems to be no record of
+# anybody paying the fine.  The law was not changed until an August 1971
+# plebiscite reinstituted DST in 1972.  This story is also mentioned in:
+# Boyer JP. Forcing Choice: The Risky Reward of Referendums. Dundum. 2017.
+# ISBN 978-1459739123.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Edm	1918	1919	-	Apr	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Edm	1918	only	-	Oct	27	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Edm	1919	only	-	May	27	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Edm	1920	1923	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Edm	1920	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Edm	1921	1923	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Edm	1942	only	-	Feb	 9	2:00	1:00	W # War
+Rule	Edm	1945	only	-	Aug	14	23:00u	1:00	P # Peace
+Rule	Edm	1945	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Edm	1947	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Edm	1947	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Edm	1972	1986	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Edm	1972	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Edmonton	-7:33:52 -	LMT	1906 Sep
+			-7:00	Edm	M%sT	1987
+			-7:00	Canada	M%sT
+
+
+# British Columbia
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# Shanks & Pottenger write that since 1970 most of this region has
+# been like Vancouver.
+# Dawson Creek uses MST.  Much of east BC is like Edmonton.
+
+# From Matt Johnson (2015-09-21):
+# Fort Nelson, BC, Canada will cancel DST this year.  So while previously they
+# were aligned with America/Vancouver, they're now aligned with
+# America/Dawson_Creek.
+# http://www.northernrockies.ca/EN/meta/news/archives/2015/northern-rockies-time-change.html
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2015-09-23):
+# This requires a new zone for the Northern Rockies Regional Municipality,
+# America/Fort_Nelson.  The resolution of 2014-12-08 was reached following a
+# 2014-11-15 poll with nearly 75% support.  Effectively, the municipality has
+# been on MST (-0700) like Dawson Creek since it advanced its clocks on
+# 2015-03-08.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2019-07-25):
+# Shanks says Fort Nelson did not observe DST in 1946, unlike Vancouver.
+# Alois Treindl confirmed this on 07-22, citing the 1946-04-27 Vancouver Daily
+# Province.  He also cited the 1946-09-28 Victoria Daily Times, which said
+# that Vancouver, Victoria, etc. "change at midnight Saturday"; for now,
+# guess they meant 02:00 Sunday since 02:00 was common practice in Vancouver.
+#
+# Early Vancouver, Volume Four, by Major J.S. Matthews, V.D., 2011 edition
+# says that a 1922 plebiscite adopted DST, but a 1923 plebiscite rejected it.
+# http://former.vancouver.ca/ctyclerk/archives/digitized/EarlyVan/SearchEarlyVan/Vol4pdf/MatthewsEarlyVancouverVol4_DaylightSavings.pdf
+# A catalog entry for a newspaper clipping seems to indicate that Vancouver
+# observed DST in 1941 from 07-07 through 09-27; see
+# https://searcharchives.vancouver.ca/daylight-saving-1918-starts-again-july-7-1941-start-d-s-sept-27-end-of-d-s-1941
+# We have no further details, so omit them for now.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Vanc	1918	only	-	Apr	14	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Vanc	1918	only	-	Oct	27	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Vanc	1942	only	-	Feb	 9	2:00	1:00	W # War
+Rule	Vanc	1945	only	-	Aug	14	23:00u	1:00	P # Peace
+Rule	Vanc	1945	only	-	Sep	30	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Vanc	1946	1986	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Vanc	1946	only	-	Sep	29	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Vanc	1947	1961	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Vanc	1962	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Vancouver	-8:12:28 -	LMT	1884
+			-8:00	Vanc	P%sT	1987
+			-8:00	Canada	P%sT
+Zone America/Dawson_Creek -8:00:56 -	LMT	1884
+			-8:00	Canada	P%sT	1947
+			-8:00	Vanc	P%sT	1972 Aug 30  2:00
+			-7:00	-	MST
+Zone America/Fort_Nelson	-8:10:47 -	LMT	1884
+			-8:00	Vanc	P%sT	1946
+			-8:00	-	PST	1947
+			-8:00	Vanc	P%sT	1987
+			-8:00	Canada	P%sT	2015 Mar  8  2:00
+			-7:00	-	MST
+# For Creston see America/Phoenix.
+
+# Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Yukon
+
+# From Chris Walton (2022-11-06):
+# Whitehorse Star - Thursday April 22, 1965 - page 1
+# title: DST Starts Monday ...
+# https://www.newspapers.com/image/578587481/
+# The title of this first article is wrong and/or misleading.
+# Also, the start time shown in the  article is vague; it simply says "after
+# midnight" when it probably should have stated 2:00a.m....
+#
+# Whitehorse Star - Monday October 25, 1965 - page 15 ...
+# https://www.newspapers.com/image/578589147/
+# The 1965 Yukon Council minutes can be found here:
+# http://assets.yukonarchives.ca/PER_YG_06_1965_C20_S02_v1.pdf
+# ... I do not currently believe that NWT touched any of its clocks in 1965....
+#
+# Whitehorse Star - Thursday Feb 24,1966 - page 2
+# title: It's Time for YDT ...
+# https://www.newspapers.com/image/578575979/ ...
+# America/Whitehorse as a permanent change from UTC-9(YST) to
+# UTC-8(PST) at 00:00 on Sunday February 27, 1966....
+#
+# Whitehorse Star - Friday April 28,1972 - page 6
+# title: Daylight Saving Time for N.W.T....
+# https://www.newspapers.com/image/578701610/ ...
+# Nunavut and NWT zones ... DST starting in 1972.... Start and End ...
+# should be the same as the rest of Canada
+#
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-11-06):
+# For now, assume Yukon's 1965-04-22 spring forward was 00:00 -> 02:00, as this
+# seems likely than 02:00 -> 04:00 and matches "after midnight".
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# Dawson switched to PST in 1973.  Inuvik switched to MST in 1979.
+# Mathew Englander (1996-10-07) gives the following refs:
+#	* 1967. Paragraph 28(34)(g) of the Interpretation Act, S.C. 1967-68,
+#	c. 7 defines Yukon standard time as UTC-9....
+#	see Interpretation Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. I-21, s. 35(1).
+#	[https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/laws/stat/rsc-1985-c-i-21/latest/rsc-1985-c-i-21.html]
+#	* C.O. 1973/214 switched Yukon to PST on 1973-10-28 00:00.
+#	* O.I.C. 1980/02 established DST.
+#	* O.I.C. 1987/056 changed DST to Apr firstSun 2:00 to Oct lastSun 2:00.
+
+# From Brian Inglis (2015-04-14):
+#
+# I tried to trace the history of Yukon time and found the following
+# regulations, giving the reference title and URL if found, regulation name,
+# and relevant quote if available.  Each regulation specifically revokes its
+# predecessor.  The final reference is to the current Interpretation Act
+# authorizing and resulting from these regulatory changes.
+#
+# Only recent regulations were retrievable via Yukon government site search or
+# index, and only some via Canadian legal sources.  Other sources used include
+# articles titled "Standard Time and Time Zones in Canada" from JRASC via ADS
+# Abstracts, cited by ADO for 1932 ..., and updated versions from 1958 and
+# 1970 quoted below; each article includes current extracts from provincial
+# and territorial ST and DST regulations at the end, summaries and details of
+# standard times and daylight saving time at many locations across Canada,
+# with time zone maps, tables and calculations for Canadian Sunrise, Sunset,
+# and LMST; they also cover many countries and global locations, with a chart
+# and table showing current Universal Time offsets, and may be useful as
+# another source of information for 1970 and earlier.
+#
+# * Standard Time and Time Zones in Canada; Smith, C.C.; JRASC, Vol. 26,
+#   pp.49-77; February 1932; SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
+#   http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1932JRASC..26...49S from p.75:
+#   Yukon Interpretation Ordinance
+#   Yukon standard time is the local mean time at the one hundred and
+#   thirty-fifth meridian.
+#
+# * Standard Time and Time Zones in Canada; Smith, C.C.; Thomson, Malcolm M.;
+#   JRASC, Vol. 52, pp.193-223; October 1958; SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System
+#   (ADS) http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958JRASC..52..193S from pp.220-1:
+#   Yukon Interpretation Ordinance, 1955, Chap. 16.
+#
+#     (1) Subject to this section, standard time shall be reckoned as nine
+#     hours behind Greenwich Time and called Yukon Standard Time.
+#
+#     (2) Notwithstanding subsection (1), the Commissioner may make regulations
+#     varying the manner of reckoning standard time.
+#
+# * Yukon Territory Commissioner's Order 1966-20 Interpretation Ordinance
+#   [no online source found]
+#
+# * Standard Time and Time Zones in Canada; Thomson, Malcolm M.; JRASC,
+#   Vol. 64, pp.129-162; June 1970; SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
+#   http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970JRASC..64..129T from p.156: Yukon
+#   Territory Commissioner's Order 1967-59 Interpretation Ordinance ...
+#
+#     1. Commissioner's Order 1966-20 dated at Whitehorse in the Yukon
+#     Territory on 27th January, 1966, is hereby revoked.
+#
+#     2. Yukon (East) Standard Time as defined by section 36 of the
+#     Interpretation Ordinance from and after mid-night on the 28th day of May,
+#     1967 shall be reckoned in the same manner as Pacific Standard Time, that
+#     is to say, eight hours behind Greenwich Time in the area of the Yukon
+#     Territory lying east of the 138th degree longitude west.
+#
+#     3. In the remainder of the Territory, lying west of the 138th degree
+#     longitude west, Yukon (West) Standard Time shall be reckoned as nine
+#     hours behind Greenwich Time.
+#
+# * Yukon Standard Time defined as Pacific Standard Time, YCO 1973/214
+#   https://www.canlii.org/en/yk/laws/regu/yco-1973-214/latest/yco-1973-214.html
+#   C.O. 1973/214 INTERPRETATION ACT ...
+#
+#     1. Effective October 28, 1973 Commissioner's Order 1967/59 is hereby
+#     revoked.
+#
+#     2. Yukon Standard Time as defined by section 36 of the Interpretation
+#     Act from and after midnight on the twenty-eighth day of October, 1973
+#     shall be reckoned in the same manner as Pacific Standard Time, that is
+#     to say eight hours behind Greenwich Time.
+#
+# * O.I.C. 1980/02 INTERPRETATION ACT
+#   https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/attachments/20201125/d5adc93b/CAYTOIC1980-02DST1980-01-04-0001.pdf
+#
+# * Yukon Daylight Saving Time, YOIC 1987/56
+#   https://www.canlii.org/en/yk/laws/regu/yoic-1987-56/latest/yoic-1987-56.html
+#   O.I.C. 1987/056 INTERPRETATION ACT ...
+#
+#   In every year between
+#     (a) two o'clock in the morning in the first Sunday in April, and
+#     (b) two o'clock in the morning in the last Sunday in October,
+#   Standard Time shall be reckoned as seven hours behind Greenwich Time and
+#   called Yukon Daylight Saving Time.
+#   ...
+#   Dated ... 9th day of March, A.D., 1987.
+#
+# * Yukon Daylight Saving Time 2006, YOIC 2006/127
+#   https://www.canlii.org/en/yk/laws/regu/yoic-2006-127/latest/yoic-2006-127.html
+#   O.I.C. 2006/127 INTERPRETATION ACT ...
+#
+#     1. In Yukon each year the time for general purposes shall be 7 hours
+#     behind Greenwich mean time during the period commencing at two o'clock
+#     in the forenoon on the second Sunday of March and ending at two o'clock
+#     in the forenoon on the first Sunday of November and shall be called
+#     Yukon Daylight Saving Time.
+#
+#     2. Order-in-Council 1987/56 is revoked.
+#
+#     3. This order comes into force January 1, 2007.
+#
+# * Interpretation Act, RSY 2002, c 125
+# https://www.canlii.org/en/yk/laws/stat/rsy-2002-c-125/latest/rsy-2002-c-125.html
+
+# From Chris Walton (2022-11-06):
+# The 5th edition of the Atlas of Canada contains a time zone map that
+# shows both legislated and observed time zone boundaries.
+# All communities on Baffin Island are shown to be observing Eastern time.
+# The date on the map is 1984.
+# https://ftp.maps.canada.ca/pub/nrcan_rncan/raster/atlas_5_ed/eng/other/referencemaps/mcr4056.pdf
+
+# From Rives McDow (1999-09-04):
+# Nunavut ... moved ... to incorporate the whole territory into one time zone.
+# Nunavut moves to single time zone Oct. 31
+# http://www.nunatsiaq.com/nunavut/nvt90903_13.html
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-20):
+# Basic Facts: The New Territory
+# http://www.nunavut.com/basicfacts/english/basicfacts_1territory.html
+# (1999) reports that ... Coral Harbour does not observe DST.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
+# Matthews and Vincent (1998) say the following, but we lack histories
+# for these potential new Zones.
+#
+# The Canadian Forces station at Alert uses Eastern Time while the
+# handful of residents at the Eureka weather station [in the Central
+# zone] skip daylight savings.  Baffin Island, which is crossed by the
+# Central, Eastern and Atlantic Time zones only uses Eastern Time.
+# Gjoa Haven, Taloyoak and Pelly Bay all use Mountain instead of
+# Central Time and Southampton Island [in the Central zone] is not
+# required to use daylight savings.
+
+# From <http://www.nunatsiaqonline.ca/archives/nunavut001130/nvt21110_02.html>
+# Nunavut now has two time zones (2000-11-10):
+# The Nunavut government would allow its employees in Kugluktuk and
+# Cambridge Bay to operate on central time year-round, putting them
+# one hour behind the rest of Nunavut for six months during the winter.
+# At the end of October the two communities had rebelled against
+# Nunavut's unified time zone, refusing to shift to eastern time with
+# the rest of the territory for the winter.  Cambridge Bay remained on
+# central time, while Kugluktuk, even farther west, reverted to
+# mountain time, which they had used before the advent of Nunavut's
+# unified time zone in 1999.
+#
+# From Rives McDow (2001-01-20), quoting the Nunavut government:
+# The preceding decision came into effect at midnight, Saturday Nov 4, 2000.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2000-12-04):
+# Let's just keep track of the official times for now.
+
+# From Rives McDow (2001-03-07):
+# The premier of Nunavut has issued a ministerial statement advising
+# that effective 2001-04-01, the territory of Nunavut will revert
+# back to three time zones (mountain, central, and eastern).  Of the
+# cities in Nunavut, Coral Harbor is the only one that I know of that
+# has said it will not observe dst, staying on EST year round.  I'm
+# checking for more info, and will get back to you if I come up with
+# more.
+# [Also see <http://www.nunatsiaq.com/nunavut/nvt10309_06.html> (2001-03-09).]
+
+# From Gwillim Law (2005-05-21):
+# According to ...
+# http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/Magazine/SO98/geomap.asp
+# (from a 1998 Canadian Geographic article), the de facto and de jure time
+# for Southampton Island (at the north end of Hudson Bay) is UTC-5 all year
+# round.  Using Google, it's easy to find other websites that confirm this.
+# I wasn't able to find how far back this time regimen goes, but since it
+# predates the creation of Nunavut, it probably goes back many years....
+# The Inuktitut name of Coral Harbour is Sallit, but it's rarely used.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-17):
+# For lack of better information, assume that Southampton Island observed
+# daylight saving only during wartime.  Gwillim Law's email also
+# mentioned maps now maintained by National Research Council Canada;
+# see above for an up-to-date link.
+
+# From Chris Walton (2007-03-01):
+# ... the community of Resolute (located on Cornwallis Island in
+# Nunavut) moved from Central Time to Eastern Time last November.
+# Basically the community did not change its clocks at the end of
+# daylight saving....
+# http://www.nnsl.com/frames/newspapers/2006-11/nov13_06none.html
+
+# From Chris Walton (2011-03-21):
+# Back in 2007 I initiated the creation of a new "zone file" for Resolute
+# Bay. Resolute Bay is a small community located about 900km north of
+# the Arctic Circle. The zone file was required because Resolute Bay had
+# decided to use UTC-5 instead of UTC-6 for the winter of 2006-2007.
+#
+# According to new information which I received last week, Resolute Bay
+# went back to using UTC-6 in the winter of 2007-2008...
+#
+# On March 11/2007 most of Canada went onto daylight saving. On March
+# 14/2007 I phoned the Resolute Bay hamlet office to do a "time check." I
+# talked to somebody that was both knowledgeable and helpful. I was able
+# to confirm that Resolute Bay was still operating on UTC-5. It was
+# explained to me that Resolute Bay had been on the Eastern Time zone
+# (EST) in the winter, and was now back on the Central Time zone (CDT).
+# i.e. the time zone had changed twice in the last year but the clocks
+# had not moved. The residents had to know which time zone they were in
+# so they could follow the correct TV schedule...
+#
+# On Nov 02/2008 most of Canada went onto standard time. On Nov 03/2008 I
+# phoned the Resolute Bay hamlet office...[D]ue to the challenging nature
+# of the phone call, I decided to seek out an alternate source of
+# information. I found an e-mail address for somebody by the name of
+# Stephanie Adams whose job was listed as "Inns North Support Officer for
+# Arctic Co-operatives." I was under the impression that Stephanie lived
+# and worked in Resolute Bay...
+#
+# On March 14/2011 I phoned the hamlet office again. I was told that
+# Resolute Bay had been using Central Standard Time over the winter of
+# 2010-2011 and that the clocks had therefore been moved one hour ahead
+# on March 13/2011. The person I talked to was aware that Resolute Bay
+# had previously experimented with Eastern Standard Time but he could not
+# tell me when the practice had stopped.
+#
+# On March 17/2011 I searched the Web to find an e-mail address of
+# somebody that might be able to tell me exactly when Resolute Bay went
+# off Eastern Standard Time. I stumbled on the name "Aziz Kheraj." Aziz
+# used to be the mayor of Resolute Bay and he apparently owns half the
+# businesses including "South Camp Inn." This website has some info on
+# Aziz:
+# http://www.uphere.ca/node/493
+#
+# I sent Aziz an e-mail asking when Resolute Bay had stopped using
+# Eastern Standard Time.
+#
+# Aziz responded quickly with this: "hi, The time was not changed for the
+# 1 year only, the following year, the community went back to the old way
+# of "spring ahead-fall behind" currently we are zulu plus 5 hrs and in
+# the winter Zulu plus 6 hrs"
+#
+# This of course conflicted with everything I had ascertained in November 2008.
+#
+# I sent Aziz a copy of my 2008 e-mail exchange with Stephanie. Aziz
+# responded with this: "Hi, Stephanie lives in Winnipeg. I live here, You
+# may want to check with the weather office in Resolute Bay or do a
+# search on the weather through Env. Canada. web site"
+#
+# If I had realized the Stephanie did not live in Resolute Bay I would
+# never have contacted her.  I now believe that all the information I
+# obtained in November 2008 should be ignored...
+# I apologize for reporting incorrect information in 2008.
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2020-03-05):
+# The government of Yukon announced [yesterday] the cessation of seasonal time
+# changes.  "After clocks are pushed ahead one hour on March 8, the territory
+# will remain on [UTC-07].  ... [The government] found 93 per cent of
+# respondents wanted to end seasonal time changes and, of that group, 70 per
+# cent wanted 'permanent Pacific Daylight Saving Time.'"
+# https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/yukon-end-daylight-saving-time-1.5486358
+#
+# Although the government press release prefers PDT, we prefer MST for
+# consistency with nearby Dawson Creek, Creston, and Fort Nelson.
+# https://yukon.ca/en/news/yukon-end-seasonal-time-change
+
+# From Andrew G. Smith (2020-09-24):
+# Yukon has completed its regulatory change to be on UTC -7 year-round....
+# http://www.gov.yk.ca/legislation/regs/oic2020_125.pdf
+# What we have done is re-defined Yukon Standard Time, as we are
+# authorized to do under section 33 of our Interpretation Act:
+# http://www.gov.yk.ca/legislation/acts/interpretation_c.pdf
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2020-09-24):
+# tzdb uses the obsolete YST abbreviation for standard time in Yukon through
+# about 1970, and uses PST for standard time in Yukon since then.  Consistent
+# with that, use MST for -07, the new standard time in Yukon effective Nov. 1.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	NT_YK	1918	only	-	Apr	14	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	NT_YK	1918	only	-	Oct	27	2:00	0	S
+Rule	NT_YK	1919	only	-	May	25	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	NT_YK	1919	only	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	NT_YK	1942	only	-	Feb	 9	2:00	1:00	W # War
+Rule	NT_YK	1945	only	-	Aug	14	23:00u	1:00	P # Peace
+Rule	NT_YK	1945	only	-	Sep	30	2:00	0	S
+Rule	NT_YK	1972	1986	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	NT_YK	1972	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	NT_YK	1987	2006	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Yukon	1965	only	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	2:00	DD
+Rule	Yukon	1965	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# formerly Frobisher Bay
+Zone America/Iqaluit	0	-	-00	1942 Aug # Frobisher Bay est.
+			-5:00	NT_YK	E%sT	1999 Oct 31  2:00
+			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	2000 Oct 29  2:00
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT
+# aka Qausuittuq
+Zone America/Resolute	0	-	-00	1947 Aug 31 # Resolute founded
+			-6:00	NT_YK	C%sT	2000 Oct 29  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	2001 Apr  1  3:00
+			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	2006 Oct 29  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	2007 Mar 11  3:00
+			-6:00	Canada	C%sT
+# aka Kangiqiniq
+Zone America/Rankin_Inlet 0	-	-00	1957 # Rankin Inlet founded
+			-6:00	NT_YK	C%sT	2000 Oct 29  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	2001 Apr  1  3:00
+			-6:00	Canada	C%sT
+# aka Iqaluktuuttiaq
+Zone America/Cambridge_Bay 0	-	-00	1920 # trading post est.?
+			-7:00	NT_YK	M%sT	1999 Oct 31  2:00
+			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	2000 Oct 29  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	2000 Nov  5  0:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	2001 Apr  1  3:00
+			-7:00	Canada	M%sT
+Zone America/Inuvik	0	-	-00	1953 # Inuvik founded
+			-8:00	NT_YK	P%sT	1979 Apr lastSun  2:00
+			-7:00	NT_YK	M%sT	1980
+			-7:00	Canada	M%sT
+Zone America/Whitehorse	-9:00:12 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
+			-9:00	NT_YK	Y%sT	1965
+			-9:00	Yukon	Y%sT	1966 Feb 27  0:00
+			-8:00	-	PST	1980
+			-8:00	Canada	P%sT	2020 Nov  1
+			-7:00	-	MST
+Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
+			-9:00	NT_YK	Y%sT	1965
+			-9:00	Yukon	Y%sT	1973 Oct 28  0:00
+			-8:00	-	PST	1980
+			-8:00	Canada	P%sT	2020 Nov  1
+			-7:00	-	MST
+
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# Mexico
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-12-07):
+# The Investigation and Analysis Service of the
+# Mexican Library of Congress (MLoC) has published a
+# history of Mexican local time (in Spanish)
+# http://www.diputados.gob.mx/bibliot/publica/inveyana/polisoc/horver/index.htm
+#
+# Here are the discrepancies between Shanks & Pottenger (S&P) and the MLoC.
+# (In all cases we go with the MLoC.)
+# S&P report that Baja was at -8:00 in 1922/1923.
+# S&P say the 1930 transition in Baja was 1930-11-16.
+# S&P report no DST during summer 1931.
+# S&P report a transition at 1932-03-30 23:00, not 1932-04-01.
+
+# From Gwillim Law (2001-02-20):
+# There are some other discrepancies between the Decrees page and the
+# tz database.  I think they can best be explained by supposing that
+# the researchers who prepared the Decrees page failed to find some of
+# the relevant documents.
+
+# From Alan Perry (1996-02-15):
+# A guy from our Mexico subsidiary finally found the Presidential Decree
+# outlining the timezone changes in Mexico.
+#
+# ------------- Begin Forwarded Message -------------
+#
+# I finally got my hands on the Official Presidential Decree that sets up the
+# rules for the DST changes. The rules are:
+#
+# 1. The country is divided in 3 timezones:
+#    - Baja California Norte (the Mexico/BajaNorte TZ)
+#    - Baja California Sur, Nayarit, Sinaloa and Sonora (the Mexico/BajaSur TZ)
+#    - The rest of the country (the Mexico/General TZ)
+#
+# 2. From the first Sunday in April at 2:00 AM to the last Sunday in October
+#    at 2:00 AM, the times in each zone are as follows:
+#    BajaNorte: GMT+7
+#    BajaSur:   GMT+6
+#    General:   GMT+5
+#
+# 3. The rest of the year, the times are as follows:
+#    BajaNorte: GMT+8
+#    BajaSur:   GMT+7
+#    General:   GMT+6
+#
+# The Decree was published in Mexico's Official Newspaper on January 4th.
+#
+# -------------- End Forwarded Message --------------
+# From Paul Eggert (1996-06-12):
+# For an English translation of the decree, see
+# "Diario Oficial: Time Zone Changeover" (1996-01-04).
+# http://mexico-travel.com/extra/timezone_eng.html
+
+# From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
+# The State of Quintana Roo has reverted back to central STD and DST times
+# (i.e. UTC -0600 and -0500 as of 1998-08-02).
+
+# From Rives McDow (2000-01-10):
+# Effective April 4, 1999 at 2:00 AM local time, Sonora changed to the time
+# zone 5 hours from the International Date Line, and will not observe daylight
+# savings time so as to stay on the same time zone as the southern part of
+# Arizona year round.
+
+# From Jesper Nørgaard, translating
+# <http://www.reforma.com/nacional/articulo/064327/> (2001-01-17):
+# In Oaxaca, the 55.000 teachers from the Section 22 of the National
+# Syndicate of Education Workers, refuse to apply daylight saving each
+# year, so that the more than 10,000 schools work at normal hour the
+# whole year.
+
+# From Gwillim Law (2001-01-19):
+# <http://www.reforma.com/negocios_y_dinero/articulo/064481/> ... says
+# (translated):...
+# January 17, 2000 - The Energy Secretary, Ernesto Martens, announced
+# that Summer Time will be reduced from seven to five months, starting
+# this year....
+# http://www.publico.com.mx/scripts/texto3.asp?action=pagina&pag=21&pos=p&secc=naci&date=01/17/2001
+# [translated], says "summer time will ... take effect on the first Sunday
+# in May, and end on the last Sunday of September.
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2001-01-25):
+# The 2001-01-24 traditional Washington Post contained the page one
+# story "Timely Issue Divides Mexicans."...
+# http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A37383-2001Jan23.html
+# ... Mexico City Mayor López Obrador "...is threatening to keep
+# Mexico City and its 20 million residents on a different time than
+# the rest of the country..." In particular, López Obrador would abolish
+# observation of Daylight Saving Time.
+
+# Official statute published by the Energy Department
+# http://www.conae.gob.mx/ahorro/decretohorver2001.html#decre
+# (2001-02-01) shows Baja and Chihauhua as still using US DST rules,
+# and Sonora with no DST.  This was reported by Jesper Nørgaard (2001-02-03).
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-03):
+#
+# https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-mar-03-mn-32561-story.html
+# James F. Smith writes in today's LA Times
+# * Sonora will continue to observe standard time.
+# * Last week Mexico City's mayor Andrés Manuel López Obrador decreed that
+#   the Federal District will not adopt DST.
+# * 4 of 16 district leaders announced they'll ignore the decree.
+# * The decree does not affect federal-controlled facilities including
+#   the airport, banks, hospitals, and schools.
+#
+# For now we'll assume that the Federal District will bow to federal rules.
+
+# From Jesper Nørgaard (2001-04-01):
+# I found some references to the Mexican application of daylight
+# saving, which modifies what I had already sent you, stating earlier
+# that a number of northern Mexican states would go on daylight
+# saving. The modification reverts this to only cover Baja California
+# (Norte), while all other states (except Sonora, who has no daylight
+# saving all year) will follow the original decree of president
+# Vicente Fox, starting daylight saving May 6, 2001 and ending
+# September 30, 2001.
+# References: "Diario de Monterrey" <http://www.diariodemonterrey.com/index.asp>
+# Palabra <http://palabra.infosel.com/010331/primera/ppri3101.pdf> (2001-03-31)
+
+# From Reuters (2001-09-04):
+# Mexico's Supreme Court on Tuesday declared that daylight savings was
+# unconstitutional in Mexico City, creating the possibility the
+# capital will be in a different time zone from the rest of the nation
+# next year....  The Supreme Court's ruling takes effect at 2:00
+# a.m. (0800 GMT) on Sept. 30, when Mexico is scheduled to revert to
+# standard time. "This is so residents of the Federal District are not
+# subject to unexpected time changes," a statement from the court said.
+
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2002-03-12):
+# ... consulting my local grocery store(!) and my coworkers, they all insisted
+# that a new decision had been made to reinstate US style DST in Mexico....
+# http://www.conae.gob.mx/ahorro/horaver2001_m1_2002.html (2002-02-20)
+# confirms this.  Sonora as usual is the only state where DST is not applied.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-12-28):
+#
+# Steffen Thorsen wrote:
+# > Mexico's House of Representatives has approved a proposal for northern
+# > Mexico's border cities to share the same daylight saving schedule as
+# > the United States.
+# Now this has passed both the Congress and the Senate, so starting from
+# 2010, some border regions will be the same:
+# http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/2009/dec/28/clocks-will-match-both-sides-border/
+# http://www.elmananarey.com/diario/noticia/nacional/noticias/empatan_horario_de_frontera_con_eu/621939
+# (Spanish)
+#
+# Could not find the new law text, but the proposed law text changes are here:
+# http://gaceta.diputados.gob.mx/Gaceta/61/2009/dic/20091210-V.pdf
+# (Gaceta Parlamentaria)
+#
+# There is also a list of the votes here:
+# http://gaceta.diputados.gob.mx/Gaceta/61/2009/dic/V2-101209.html
+#
+# Our page:
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/north-mexico-dst-change.html
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2010-01-20):
+# The page
+# http://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5127480&fecha=06/01/2010
+# includes this text:
+# En los municipios fronterizos de Tijuana y Mexicali en Baja California;
+# Juárez y Ojinaga en Chihuahua; Acuña y Piedras Negras en Coahuila;
+# Anáhuac en Nuevo León; y Nuevo Laredo, Reynosa y Matamoros en
+# Tamaulipas, la aplicación de este horario estacional surtirá efecto
+# desde las dos horas del segundo domingo de marzo y concluirá a las dos
+# horas del primer domingo de noviembre.
+# En los municipios fronterizos que se encuentren ubicados en la franja
+# fronteriza norte en el territorio comprendido entre la línea
+# internacional y la línea paralela ubicada a una distancia de veinte
+# kilómetros, así como la Ciudad de Ensenada, Baja California, hacia el
+# interior del país, la aplicación de este horario estacional surtirá
+# efecto desde las dos horas del segundo domingo de marzo y concluirá a
+# las dos horas del primer domingo de noviembre.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2014-12-08), translated by Gwillim Law:
+# The Mexican state of Quintana Roo will likely change to EST in 2015.
+#
+# http://www.unioncancun.mx/articulo/2014/12/04/medio-ambiente/congreso-aprueba-una-hora-mas-de-sol-en-qroo
+# "With this change, the time conflict that has existed between the municipios
+# of Quintana Roo and the municipio of Felipe Carrillo Puerto may come to an
+# end. The latter declared itself in rebellion 15 years ago when a time change
+# was initiated in Mexico, and since then it has refused to change its time
+# zone along with the rest of the country."
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2015-01-14), translated by Gwillim Law:
+# http://sipse.com/novedades/confirman-aplicacion-de-nueva-zona-horaria-para-quintana-roo-132331.html
+# "...the new time zone will come into effect at two o'clock on the first Sunday
+# of February, when we will have to advance the clock one hour from its current
+# time..."
+# Also, the new zone will not use DST.
+#
+# From Carlos Raúl Perasso (2015-02-02):
+# The decree that modifies the Mexican Hour System Law has finally
+# been published at the Diario Oficial de la Federación
+# http://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5380123&fecha=31/01/2015
+# It establishes 5 zones for Mexico:
+# 1- Zona Centro (Central Zone): Corresponds to longitude 90 W,
+#    includes most of Mexico, excluding what's mentioned below.
+# 2- Zona Pacífico (Pacific Zone): Longitude 105 W, includes the
+#    states of Baja California Sur; Chihuahua; Nayarit (excluding Bahía
+#    de Banderas which lies in Central Zone); Sinaloa and Sonora.
+# 3- Zona Noroeste (Northwest Zone): Longitude 120 W, includes the
+#    state of Baja California.
+# 4- Zona Sureste (Southeast Zone): Longitude 75 W, includes the state
+#    of Quintana Roo.
+# 5- The islands, reefs and keys shall take their timezone from the
+#    longitude they are located at.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-10-28):
+# The new Mexican law was published today:
+# https://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5670045&fecha=28/10/2022
+# This abolishes DST except where US DST rules are observed,
+# and in addition changes all of Chihuahua to -06 with no DST.
+
+# From Heitor David Pinto (2022-11-28):
+# Now the northern [municipios] want to have the same time zone as the
+# respective neighboring cities in the US, for example Juárez in UTC-7 with
+# DST, matching El Paso, and Ojinaga in UTC-6 with DST, matching Presidio....
+# the president authorized the publication of the decree for November 29,
+# so the time change would occur on November 30 at 0:00.
+# http://puentelibre.mx/noticia/ciudad_juarez_cambio_horario_noviembre_2022/
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Mexico	1931	only	-	May	1	23:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mexico	1931	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Mexico	1939	only	-	Feb	5	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mexico	1939	only	-	Jun	25	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Mexico	1940	only	-	Dec	9	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mexico	1941	only	-	Apr	1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Mexico	1943	only	-	Dec	16	0:00	1:00	W # War
+Rule	Mexico	1944	only	-	May	1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Mexico	1950	only	-	Feb	12	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mexico	1950	only	-	Jul	30	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Mexico	1996	2000	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mexico	1996	2000	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Mexico	2001	only	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mexico	2001	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Mexico	2002	2022	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mexico	2002	2022	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Quintana Roo; represented by Cancún
+Zone America/Cancun	-5:47:04 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  6:00u
+			-6:00	-	CST	1981 Dec 23
+			-5:00	Mexico	E%sT	1998 Aug  2  2:00
+			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT	2015 Feb  1  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST
+# Campeche, Yucatán; represented by Mérida
+Zone America/Merida	-5:58:28 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  6:00u
+			-6:00	-	CST	1981 Dec 23
+			-5:00	-	EST	1982 Dec  2
+			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT
+# Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas (near US border)
+# This includes the following municipios:
+#   in Coahuila: Acuña, Allende, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jiménez, Morelos, Nava,
+#     Ocampo, Piedras Negras, Villa Unión, Zaragoza
+#   in Nuevo León: Anáhuac
+#   in Tamaulipas: Nuevo Laredo, Guerrero, Mier, Miguel Alemán, Camargo,
+#     Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, Reynosa, Río Bravo, Valle Hermoso, Matamoros.
+# https://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5670045&fecha=28/10/2022
+Zone America/Matamoros	-6:30:00 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  6:00u
+			-6:00	-	CST	1988
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1989
+			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT	2010
+			-6:00	US	C%sT
+# Durango; Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas (away from US border)
+Zone America/Monterrey	-6:41:16 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  6:00u
+			-6:00	-	CST	1988
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1989
+			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT
+# Central Mexico
+Zone America/Mexico_City -6:36:36 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  7:00u
+			-7:00	-	MST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	1930 Nov 15
+			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT	1932 Apr  1
+			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT	2001 Sep 30  2:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	2002 Feb 20
+			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT
+# Chihuahua (near US border - western side)
+# This includes the municipios of Janos, Ascensión, Juárez, Guadalupe, and
+# Práxedis G Guerrero.
+# http://gaceta.diputados.gob.mx/PDF/65/2a022/nov/20221124-VII.pdf
+Zone America/Ciudad_Juarez -7:05:56 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  7:00u
+			-7:00	-	MST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	1930 Nov 15
+			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT	1932 Apr  1
+			-6:00	-	CST	1996
+			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT	1998
+			-6:00	-	CST	1998 Apr Sun>=1  3:00
+			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT	2010
+			-7:00	US	M%sT	2022 Oct 30  2:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	2022 Nov 30  0:00
+			-7:00	US	M%sT
+# Chihuahua (near US border - eastern side)
+# This includes the municipios of Coyame del Sotol, Ojinaga, and Manuel
+# Benavides.
+# http://gaceta.diputados.gob.mx/PDF/65/2a022/nov/20221124-VII.pdf
+Zone America/Ojinaga	-6:57:40 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  7:00u
+			-7:00	-	MST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	1930 Nov 15
+			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT	1932 Apr  1
+			-6:00	-	CST	1996
+			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT	1998
+			-6:00	-	CST	1998 Apr Sun>=1  3:00
+			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT	2010
+			-7:00	US	M%sT	2022 Oct 30  2:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	2022 Nov 30  0:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT
+# Chihuahua (away from US border)
+Zone America/Chihuahua	-7:04:20 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  7:00u
+			-7:00	-	MST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	1930 Nov 15
+			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT	1932 Apr  1
+			-6:00	-	CST	1996
+			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT	1998
+			-6:00	-	CST	1998 Apr Sun>=1  3:00
+			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT	2022 Oct 30  2:00
+			-6:00	-	CST
+# Sonora
+Zone America/Hermosillo	-7:23:52 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  7:00u
+			-7:00	-	MST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	1930 Nov 15
+			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT	1932 Apr  1
+			-6:00	-	CST	1942 Apr 24
+			-7:00	-	MST	1949 Jan 14
+			-8:00	-	PST	1970
+			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT	1999
+			-7:00	-	MST
+
+# Baja California Sur, Nayarit (except Bahía de Banderas), Sinaloa
+Zone America/Mazatlan	-7:05:40 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  7:00u
+			-7:00	-	MST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	1930 Nov 15
+			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT	1932 Apr  1
+			-6:00	-	CST	1942 Apr 24
+			-7:00	-	MST	1949 Jan 14
+			-8:00	-	PST	1970
+			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT
+
+# Bahía de Banderas
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-04-21):
+# According to news, Bahía de Banderas (Mexican state of Nayarit)
+# changed time zone UTC-7 to new time zone UTC-6 on April 4, 2010 (to
+# share the same time zone as nearby city Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco).
+#
+# (Spanish)
+# Bahía de Banderas homologa su horario al del centro del
+# país, a partir de este domingo
+# http://www.nayarit.gob.mx/notes.asp?id=20748
+#
+# Bahía de Banderas homologa su horario con el del Centro del
+# País
+# http://www.bahiadebanderas.gob.mx/principal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=261:bahia-de-banderas-homologa-su-horario-con-el-del-centro-del-pais&catid=42:comunicacion-social&Itemid=50
+#
+# (English)
+# Puerto Vallarta and Bahía de Banderas: One Time Zone
+# http://virtualvallarta.com/puertovallarta/puertovallarta/localnews/2009-12-03-Puerto-Vallarta-and-Bahia-de-Banderas-One-Time-Zone.shtml
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_mexico08.html
+#
+# "Mexico's Senate approved the amendments to the Mexican Schedule System that
+# will allow Bahía de Banderas and Puerto Vallarta to share the same time
+# zone ..."
+# Baja California Sur, Nayarit, Sinaloa
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2010-05-01):
+# Use "Bahia_Banderas" to keep the name to fourteen characters.
+
+Zone America/Bahia_Banderas -7:01:00 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  7:00u
+			-7:00	-	MST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	1930 Nov 15
+			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT	1932 Apr  1
+			-6:00	-	CST	1942 Apr 24
+			-7:00	-	MST	1949 Jan 14
+			-8:00	-	PST	1970
+			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT	2010 Apr  4  2:00
+			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT
+
+# Baja California
+Zone America/Tijuana	-7:48:04 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  7:00u
+			-7:00	-	MST	1924
+			-8:00	-	PST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
+			-7:00	-	MST	1930 Nov 15
+			-8:00	-	PST	1931 Apr  1
+			-8:00	1:00	PDT	1931 Sep 30
+			-8:00	-	PST	1942 Apr 24
+			-8:00	1:00	PWT	1945 Aug 14 23:00u
+			-8:00	1:00	PPT	1945 Nov 12 # Peace
+			-8:00	-	PST	1948 Apr  5
+			-8:00	1:00	PDT	1949 Jan 14
+			-8:00	-	PST	1954
+			-8:00	CA	P%sT	1961
+			-8:00	-	PST	1976
+			-8:00	US	P%sT	1996
+			-8:00	Mexico	P%sT	2001
+			-8:00	US	P%sT	2002 Feb 20
+			-8:00	Mexico	P%sT	2010
+			-8:00	US	P%sT
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# Formerly there was an America/Ensenada zone, which differed from
+# America/Tijuana only in that it did not observe DST from 1976
+# through 1995.  This was as per Shanks (1999).  But Shanks & Pottenger say
+# Ensenada did not observe DST from 1948 through 1975.  Guy Harris reports
+# that the 1987 OAG says "Only Ensenada, Mexicali, San Felipe and
+# Tijuana observe DST," which agrees with Shanks & Pottenger but implies that
+# DST-observance was a town-by-town matter back then.  This concerns
+# data after 1970 so most likely there should be at least one Zone
+# other than America/Tijuana for Baja, but it's not clear yet what its
+# name or contents should be.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-10-08):
+# Formerly there was an America/Santa_Isabel zone, but this appears to
+# have come from a misreading of
+# http://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5127480&fecha=06/01/2010
+# It has been moved to the 'backward' file.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-10-28):
+# Today's new law states that the entire state of Baja California
+# follows US DST rules, which agrees with simplifications noted above.
+#
+#
+# Revillagigedo Is
+# no information
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# Barbados
+
+# For 1899 Milne gives -3:58:29.2.
+
+# From P Chan (2020-12-09 and 2020-12-11):
+# Standard time of GMT-4 was adopted in 1911.
+# Definition of Time Act, 1911 (1911-7) [1911-08-28]
+# 1912, Laws of Barbados (5 v.), OCLC Number: 919801291, Vol. 4, Image No. 522
+# 1944, Laws of Barbados (5 v.), OCLC Number: 84548697, Vol. 4, Image No. 122
+# http://llmc.com/browse.aspx?type=2&coll=85&div=297
+#
+# DST was observed in 1942-44.
+# Defence (Daylight Saving) Regulations, 1942, 1942-04-13
+# Defence (Daylight Saving) (Repeal) Regulations, 1942, 1942-08-22
+# Defence (Daylight Saving) Regulations, 1943, 1943-04-16
+# Defence (Daylight Saving) (Repeal) Regulations, 1943, 1943-09-01
+# Defence (Daylight Saving) Regulations, 1944, 1944-03-21
+# [Defence (Daylight Saving) (Amendment) Regulations 1944, 1944-03-28]
+# Defence (Daylight Saving) (Repeal) Regulations, 1944, 1944-08-30
+#
+# 1914-, Subsidiary Legis., Annual Vols. OCLC Number: 226290591
+# 1942: Image Nos. 527-528, 555-556
+# 1943: Image Nos. 178-179, 198
+# 1944: Image Nos. 113-115, 129
+# http://llmc.com/titledescfull.aspx?type=2&coll=85&div=297&set=98437
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2021-02-20):
+# The transitions below are derived from P Chan's sources, except that the 1977
+# through 1980 transitions are from Shanks & Pottenger since we have no better
+# data there.  Of particular note, the 1944 DST regulation only advanced the
+# time to "exactly three and a half hours later than Greenwich mean time", as
+# opposed to "three hours" in the 1942 and 1943 regulations.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Barb	1942	only	-	Apr	19	5:00u	1:00	D
+Rule	Barb	1942	only	-	Aug	31	6:00u	0	S
+Rule	Barb	1943	only	-	May	 2	5:00u	1:00	D
+Rule	Barb	1943	only	-	Sep	 5	6:00u	0	S
+Rule	Barb	1944	only	-	Apr	10	5:00u	0:30	-
+Rule	Barb	1944	only	-	Sep	10	6:00u	0	S
+Rule	Barb	1977	only	-	Jun	12	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Barb	1977	1978	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Barb	1978	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Barb	1979	only	-	Sep	30	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Barb	1980	only	-	Sep	25	2:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+		#STDOFF	-3:58:29.2
+Zone America/Barbados	-3:58:29 -	LMT	1911 Aug 28 # Bridgetown
+			-4:00	Barb	A%sT	1944
+			-4:00	Barb	AST/-0330 1945
+			-4:00	Barb	A%sT
+
+# Belize
+
+# From P Chan (2020-11-03):
+# Below are some laws related to the time in British Honduras/Belize:
+#
+# Definition of Time Ordinance, 1927 (No.4 of 1927) [1927-04-01]
+# Ordinances of British Honduras Passed in the Year 1927, p 19-20
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=LqEpAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PA19
+#
+# Definition of Time (Amendment) Ordinance, 1942 (No. 5 of 1942) [1942-06-27]
+# Ordinances of British Honduras Passed in the Year 1942, p 31-32
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=h6MpAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA6-PA95-IA44
+#
+# Definition of Time Ordinance, 1945 (No. 19 of 1945) [1945-12-15]
+# Ordinances of British Honduras Passed in the Year 1945, p 49-50
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=xaMpAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PP1
+#
+# Definition of Time Ordinance, 1947 (No. 1 of 1947) [1947-03-11]
+# Ordinances of British Honduras Passed in the Year 1947, p 1-2
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=xaMpAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PA1
+#
+# Time (Definition of) Ordinance  (Chapter 180)
+# The Laws of British Honduras in Force on the 15th Day of September, 1958 , Volume IV, p 2580
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=v5QpAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA2580
+#
+# Time (Definition of) (Amendment) Ordinance, 1968 (No. 13 of 1968) [1968-08-03]
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=xij7KEB_58wC&pg=RA1-PA428-IA9
+#
+# Definition of Time Act (Chapter 339)
+# Law of Belize, Revised Edition 2000
+# http://www.belizelaw.org/web/lawadmin/PDF%20files/cap339.pdf
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2020-11-03):
+# The transitions below are derived from P Chan's sources, except that the
+# 1973 through 1983 transitions are from Shanks & Pottenger since we have
+# no better data there.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Belize	1918	1941	-	Oct	Sat>=1	24:00	0:30	-0530
+Rule	Belize	1919	1942	-	Feb	Sat>=8	24:00	0	CST
+Rule	Belize	1942	only	-	Jun	27	24:00	1:00	CWT
+Rule	Belize	1945	only	-	Aug	14	23:00u	1:00	CPT
+Rule	Belize	1945	only	-	Dec	15	24:00	0	CST
+Rule	Belize	1947	1967	-	Oct	Sat>=1	24:00	0:30	-0530
+Rule	Belize	1948	1968	-	Feb	Sat>=8	24:00	0	CST
+Rule	Belize	1973	only	-	Dec	 5	0:00	1:00	CDT
+Rule	Belize	1974	only	-	Feb	 9	0:00	0	CST
+Rule	Belize	1982	only	-	Dec	18	0:00	1:00	CDT
+Rule	Belize	1983	only	-	Feb	12	0:00	0	CST
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	America/Belize	-5:52:48 -	LMT	1912 Apr  1
+			-6:00	Belize	%s
+
+# Bermuda
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-07-27):
+# For 1899 Milne gives -4:19:18.3 as the meridian of the clock tower,
+# Bermuda dockyard, Ireland I.  This agrees with standard offset given in the
+# Daylight Saving Act, 1917 cited below.
+# It is not known when this time became standard for Bermuda; guess 1890.
+# The transition to -04 was specified by:
+# 1930: The Time Zone Act, 1929 (1929: No. 39) [1929-11-08]
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=7tdMAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA54-PP1
+
+# From P Chan (2020-11-20):
+# Most of the information can be found online from the Bermuda National
+# Library - Digital Collection which includes The Royal Gazette (RG) until 1957
+# https://bnl.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/
+# I will cite the ID.  For example, [10000] means
+# https://bnl.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/BermudaNP02/id/10000
+#
+# 1917: Apr 5 midnight to Sep 30 midnight
+# Daylight Saving Act, 1917 (1917 No. 13) [1917-04-02]
+# Bermuda Acts and Resolves 1917, p 37-38
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=M-lCAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA36-IA2
+# RG, 1917-04-04, p 6 [42340] gives the spring forward date.
+#
+# 1918: Apr 13 midnight to Sep 15 midnight
+# Daylight Saving Act, 1918 (1918 No. 9) [1918-04-06]
+# Bermuda Acts and Resolves 1917, p 13
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=K-lCAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA7
+#
+# Note that local mean time was still used before 1930.
+#
+# During WWII, DST was introduced by Defence Regulations
+# 1942: Jan 11 02:00 to Oct 18 02:00 [113646], [115726]
+# 1943: Mar 21 02:00 to Oct 31 02:00 [116704], [118193]
+# 1944: Mar 12 02:00 to Nov 5 02:00 [119225], [121593]
+# 1945: Mar 11 02:00 to Nov 4 02:00 [122369], [124461]
+# RG, 1942-01-08, p 2, 1942-10-12, p 2 , 1943-03-06, p 2, 1943-09-03, p 1,
+# 1944-02-29, p 6, 1944-09-20, p 2, 1945-02-13, p 2, 1945-11-03, p 1
+#
+# In 1946, the House of Assembly rejected DST twice. [128686], [128076]
+# RG, 1946-03-16 p 1,1946-04-13 p 1
+#
+# 1947: third Sunday in May 02:00 to second Sunday in September 02:00
+# DST in 1947 was defined in the Daylight Saving Act, 1947 (1947: No. 12)
+# which expired at the end of the year.  [125784] ,[132405], [144454], [138226]
+# RG, 1947-02-27, p 1, 1947-05-15, p 1, 1947-09-13, p 1, 1947-12-30, p 1
+#
+# 1948-1952: fourth Sunday in May 02:00 to first Sunday in September 02:00
+# DST in 1948 was defined in the Daylight Saving Act, 1948 (1948 : No. 12)
+# which was set to expired at the end of the year but it was extended until
+# the end of 1952 and was not further extended.
+# [129802], [139403], [146008], [135240], [144330], [139049], [143309],
+# [148271], [149773], [153589], [153802], [155924]
+# RG, 1948-04-13, p 1, 1948-05-22, p 1, 1948-09-04, p 1, 1949-05-21, p1,
+# 1949-09-03, p 1, 1950-05-27 p 1, 1950-09-02, p 1, 1951-05-27, p 1,
+# 1951-09-01, p 1, 1952-05-23, p 1, 1952-09-26, p 1, 1952-12-21, p 8
+#
+# In 1953-1955, the House of Assembly rejected DST each year. [158996],
+# [162620], [166720] RG, 1953-05-02, p 1, 1954-04-01 p 1, 1955-03-12, p 1
+#
+# 1956: fourth Sunday in May 02:00 to last Sunday in October 02:00
+# Time Zone (Seasonal Variation) Act, 1956 (1956: No.44) [1956-05-25]
+# Bermuda Public Acts 1956, p 331-332
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=Xs1AlmD_cEwC&pg=PA63
+#
+# The extension of the Act was rejected by the House of Assembly. [176218]
+# RG, 1956-12-13, p 1
+#
+# From the Chronological Table of Public and Private Acts up to 1985, it seems
+# that there does not exist other Acts related to DST before 1973.
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=r9hMAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA23-PA1
+# Public Acts of the Legislature of the Islands of Bermuda, Together with
+# Statutory Instruments in Force Thereunder, Vol VII
+
+# From Dan Jones, reporting in The Royal Gazette (2006-06-26):
+# Next year, however, clocks in the US will go forward on the second Sunday
+# in March, until the first Sunday in November.  And, after the Time Zone
+# (Seasonal Variation) Bill 2006 was passed in the House of Assembly on
+# Friday, the same thing will happen in Bermuda.
+# http://www.theroyalgazette.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060529/NEWS/105290135
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Bermuda	1917	only	-	Apr	 5	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Bermuda	1917	only	-	Sep	30	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Bermuda	1918	only	-	Apr	13	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Bermuda	1918	only	-	Sep	15	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Bermuda	1942	only	-	Jan	11	 2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Bermuda	1942	only	-	Oct	18	 2:00	0	S
+Rule	Bermuda	1943	only	-	Mar	21	 2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Bermuda	1943	only	-	Oct	31	 2:00	0	S
+Rule	Bermuda	1944	1945	-	Mar	Sun>=8	 2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Bermuda	1944	1945	-	Nov	Sun>=1	 2:00	0	S
+Rule	Bermuda	1947	only	-	May	Sun>=15	 2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Bermuda	1947	only	-	Sep	Sun>=8	 2:00	0	S
+Rule	Bermuda	1948	1952	-	May	Sun>=22	 2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Bermuda	1948	1952	-	Sep	Sun>=1	 2:00	0	S
+Rule	Bermuda	1956	only	-	May	Sun>=22	 2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Bermuda	1956	only	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00	0	S
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+		#STDOFF	-4:19:18.3
+Zone Atlantic/Bermuda	-4:19:18 -	LMT	1890	# Hamilton
+			-4:19:18 Bermuda BMT/BST 1930 Jan 1  2:00
+			-4:00	Bermuda	A%sT	1974 Apr 28  2:00
+			-4:00	Canada	A%sT	1976
+			-4:00	US	A%sT
+
+# Costa Rica
+
+# Milne gives -5:36:13.3 as San José mean time.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	CR	1979	1980	-	Feb	lastSun	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	CR	1979	1980	-	Jun	Sun>=1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	CR	1991	1992	-	Jan	Sat>=15	0:00	1:00	D
+# IATA SSIM (1991-09) says the following was at 1:00;
+# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	CR	1991	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	CR	1992	only	-	Mar	15	0:00	0	S
+# There are too many San Josés elsewhere, so we'll use 'Costa Rica'.
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+		#STDOFF	-5:36:13.3
+Zone America/Costa_Rica	-5:36:13 -	LMT	1890        # San José
+			-5:36:13 -	SJMT	1921 Jan 15 # San José Mean Time
+			-6:00	CR	C%sT
+# Coco
+# no information; probably like America/Costa_Rica
+
+# Cuba
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
+# Milne gives -5:28:50.45 for the observatory at Havana, -5:29:23.57
+# for the port, and -5:30 for meteorological observations.
+# For now, stick with Shanks & Pottenger.
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (1999-03-29):
+# The 1999-03-28 exhibition baseball game held in Havana, Cuba, between
+# the Cuban National Team and the Baltimore Orioles was carried live on
+# the Orioles Radio Network, including affiliate WTOP in Washington, DC.
+# During the game, play-by-play announcer Jim Hunter noted that
+# "We'll be losing two hours of sleep...Cuba switched to Daylight Saving
+# Time today."  (The "two hour" remark referred to losing one hour of
+# sleep on 1999-03-28 - when the announcers were in Cuba as it switched
+# to DST - and one more hour on 1999-04-04 - when the announcers will have
+# returned to Baltimore, which switches on that date.)
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-11-11):
+# DST start in Cuba in 2004 ... does not follow the same rules as the
+# years before.  The correct date should be Sunday 2004-03-28 00:00 ...
+# https://web.archive.org/web/20040402060750/http://www.granma.cu/espanol/2004/marzo/sab27/reloj.html
+
+# From Evert van der Veer via Steffen Thorsen (2004-10-28):
+# Cuba is not going back to standard time this year.
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# http://www.granma.cu/ingles/2004/septiembre/juev30/41medid-i.html
+# says that it's due to a problem at the Antonio Guiteras
+# thermoelectric plant, and says "This October there will be no return
+# to normal hours (after daylight saving time)".
+# For now, let's assume that it's a temporary measure.
+
+# From Carlos A. Carnero Delgado (2005-11-12):
+# This year (just like in 2004-2005) there's no change in time zone
+# adjustment in Cuba.  We will stay in daylight saving time:
+# http://www.granma.cu/espanol/2005/noviembre/mier9/horario.html
+
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-10-21):
+# An article in GRANMA INTERNACIONAL claims that Cuba will end
+# the 3 years of permanent DST next weekend, see
+# http://www.granma.cu/ingles/2006/octubre/lun16/43horario.html
+# "On Saturday night, October 28 going into Sunday, October 29, at 01:00,
+# watches should be set back one hour - going back to 00:00 hours - returning
+# to the normal schedule....
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2007-03-02):
+# <http://www.granma.cubaweb.cu/english/news/art89.html>, dated yesterday,
+# says Cuban clocks will advance at midnight on March 10.
+# For lack of better information, assume Cuba will use US rules,
+# except that it switches at midnight standard time as usual.
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-10-25):
+# Carlos Alberto Fonseca Arauz informed me that Cuba will end DST one week
+# earlier - on the last Sunday of October, just like in 2006.
+#
+# He supplied these references:
+#
+# http://www.prensalatina.com.mx/article.asp?ID={4CC32C1B-A9F7-42FB-8A07-8631AFC923AF}&language=ES
+# http://actualidad.terra.es/sociedad/articulo/cuba_llama_ahorrar_energia_cambio_1957044.htm
+#
+# From Alex Krivenyshev (2007-10-25):
+# Here is also article from Granma (Cuba):
+#
+# Regirá el Horario Normal desde el próximo domingo 28 de octubre
+# http://www.granma.cubaweb.cu/2007/10/24/nacional/artic07.html
+#
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_cuba03.html
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-09):
+# I'm in Maryland which is now observing United States Eastern Daylight
+# Time. At 9:44 local time I used RealPlayer to listen to
+# http://media.enet.cu/radioreloj
+# a Cuban information station, and heard
+# the time announced as "ocho cuarenta y cuatro" ("eight forty-four"),
+# indicating that Cuba is still on standard time.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-12):
+# It seems that Cuba will start DST on Sunday, 2007-03-16...
+# It was announced yesterday, according to this source (in Spanish):
+# http://www.nnc.cubaweb.cu/marzo-2008/cien-1-11-3-08.htm
+#
+# Some more background information is posted here:
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/cuba-starts-dst-march-16.html
+#
+# The article also says that Cuba has been observing DST since 1963,
+# while Shanks (and tzdata) has 1965 as the first date (except in the
+# 1940's). Many other web pages in Cuba also claim that it has been
+# observed since 1963, but with the exception of 1970 - an exception
+# which is not present in tzdata/Shanks. So there is a chance we need to
+# change some historic records as well.
+#
+# One example:
+# http://www.radiohc.cu/espanol/noticias/mar07/11mar/hor.htm
+
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-03-13):
+# The Cuban time change has just been confirmed on the most authoritative
+# web site, the Granma.  Please check out
+# http://www.granma.cubaweb.cu/2008/03/13/nacional/artic10.html
+#
+# Basically as expected after Steffen Thorsen's information, the change
+# will take place midnight between Saturday and Sunday.
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-12):
+# Assume Sun>=15 (third Sunday) going forward.
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-04)
+# According to the Radio Reloj - Cuba will start Daylight Saving Time on
+# midnight between Saturday, March 07, 2009 and Sunday, March 08, 2009-
+# not on midnight March 14 / March 15 as previously thought.
+#
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_cuba05.html
+# (in Spanish)
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2009-03-09)
+# I listened over the Internet to
+# http://media.enet.cu/readioreloj
+# this morning; when it was 10:05 a. m. here in Bethesda, Maryland the
+# the time was announced as "diez cinco" - the same time as here, indicating
+# that has indeed switched to DST. Assume second Sunday from 2009 forward.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2011-03-08):
+# Granma announced that Cuba is going to start DST on 2011-03-20 00:00:00
+# this year. Nothing about the end date known so far (if that has
+# changed at all).
+#
+# Source:
+# http://granma.co.cu/2011/03/08/nacional/artic01.html
+#
+# Our info:
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/cuba-starts-dst-2011.html
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-30)
+# Cuba will end DST two weeks later this year. Instead of going back
+# tonight, it has been delayed to 2011-11-13 at 01:00.
+#
+# One source (Spanish)
+# http://www.radioangulo.cu/noticias/cuba/17105-cuba-restablecera-el-horario-del-meridiano-de-greenwich.html
+#
+# Our page:
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/cuba-time-changes-2011.html
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-01)
+# According to Radio Reloj, Cuba will start DST on Midnight between March
+# 31 and April 1.
+#
+# Radio Reloj has the following info (Spanish):
+# http://www.radioreloj.cu/index.php/noticias-radio-reloj/71-miscelaneas/7529-cuba-aplicara-el-horario-de-verano-desde-el-1-de-abril
+#
+# Our info on it:
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/cuba-starts-dst-2012.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-11-03):
+# Radio Reloj and many other sources report that Cuba is changing back
+# to standard time on 2012-11-04:
+# http://www.radioreloj.cu/index.php/noticias-radio-reloj/36-nacionales/9961-regira-horario-normal-en-cuba-desde-el-domingo-cuatro-de-noviembre
+# From Paul Eggert (2012-11-03):
+# For now, assume the future rule is first Sunday in November.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Cuba	1928	only	-	Jun	10	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	1928	only	-	Oct	10	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Cuba	1940	1942	-	Jun	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	1940	1942	-	Sep	Sun>=1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Cuba	1945	1946	-	Jun	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	1945	1946	-	Sep	Sun>=1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Cuba	1965	only	-	Jun	1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	1965	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Cuba	1966	only	-	May	29	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	1966	only	-	Oct	2	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Cuba	1967	only	-	Apr	8	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	1967	1968	-	Sep	Sun>=8	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Cuba	1968	only	-	Apr	14	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	1969	1977	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	1969	1971	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Cuba	1972	1974	-	Oct	8	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Cuba	1975	1977	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Cuba	1978	only	-	May	7	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	1978	1990	-	Oct	Sun>=8	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Cuba	1979	1980	-	Mar	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	1981	1985	-	May	Sun>=5	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	1986	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=14	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	1990	1997	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	1991	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=8	0:00s	0	S
+Rule	Cuba	1996	only	-	Oct	 6	0:00s	0	S
+Rule	Cuba	1997	only	-	Oct	12	0:00s	0	S
+Rule	Cuba	1998	1999	-	Mar	lastSun	0:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	1998	2003	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00s	0	S
+Rule	Cuba	2000	2003	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	2004	only	-	Mar	lastSun	0:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	2006	2010	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00s	0	S
+Rule	Cuba	2007	only	-	Mar	Sun>=8	0:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	2008	only	-	Mar	Sun>=15	0:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	2009	2010	-	Mar	Sun>=8	0:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	2011	only	-	Mar	Sun>=15	0:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	2011	only	-	Nov	13	0:00s	0	S
+Rule	Cuba	2012	only	-	Apr	1	0:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	2012	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	0:00s	0	S
+Rule	Cuba	2013	max	-	Mar	Sun>=8	0:00s	1:00	D
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	America/Havana	-5:29:28 -	LMT	1890
+			-5:29:36 -	HMT	1925 Jul 19 12:00 # Havana MT
+			-5:00	Cuba	C%sT
+
+# Dominican Republic
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-30):
+# Enrique Morales reported to me that the Dominican Republic has changed the
+# time zone to Eastern Standard Time as of Sunday 29 at 2 am....
+# http://www.listin.com.do/antes/261000/republica/princi.html
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2000-12-04):
+# That URL (2000-10-26, in Spanish) says they planned to use US-style DST.
+
+# From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
+# Dominican Republic changed its mind and presidential decree on Tuesday,
+# November 28, 2000, with a new decree.  On Sunday, December 3 at 1:00 AM the
+# Dominican Republic will be reverting to 8 hours from the International Date
+# Line, and will not be using DST in the foreseeable future.  The reason they
+# decided to use DST was to be in synch with Puerto Rico, who was also going
+# to implement DST.  When Puerto Rico didn't implement DST, the president
+# decided to revert.
+
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	DR	1966	only	-	Oct	30	0:00	1:00	EDT
+Rule	DR	1967	only	-	Feb	28	0:00	0	EST
+Rule	DR	1969	1973	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0:30	-0430
+Rule	DR	1970	only	-	Feb	21	0:00	0	EST
+Rule	DR	1971	only	-	Jan	20	0:00	0	EST
+Rule	DR	1972	1974	-	Jan	21	0:00	0	EST
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Santo_Domingo -4:39:36 -	LMT	1890
+			-4:40	-	SDMT	1933 Apr  1 12:00 # S. Dom. MT
+			-5:00	DR	%s	1974 Oct 27
+			-4:00	-	AST	2000 Oct 29  2:00
+			-5:00	US	E%sT	2000 Dec  3  1:00
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# El Salvador
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Salv	1987	1988	-	May	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Salv	1987	1988	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	S
+# There are too many San Salvadors elsewhere, so use America/El_Salvador
+# instead of America/San_Salvador.
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/El_Salvador -5:56:48 -	LMT	1921 # San Salvador
+			-6:00	Salv	C%sT
+
+# Guatemala
+#
+# From Gwillim Law (2006-04-22), after a heads-up from Oscar van Vlijmen:
+# Diario Co Latino, at
+# <http://www.diariocolatino.com/internacionales/detalles.asp?NewsID=8079>,
+# says in an article dated 2006-04-19 that the Guatemalan government had
+# decided on that date to advance official time by 60 minutes, to lessen the
+# impact of the elevated cost of oil....  Daylight saving time will last from
+# 2006-04-29 24:00 (Guatemalan standard time) to 2006-09-30 (time unspecified).
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-06-22):
+# The Ministry of Energy and Mines, press release CP-15/2006
+# (2006-04-19), says DST ends at 24:00.  See
+# http://www.sieca.org.gt/Sitio_publico/Energeticos/Doc/Medidas/Cambio_Horario_Nac_190406.pdf
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Guat	1973	only	-	Nov	25	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Guat	1974	only	-	Feb	24	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Guat	1983	only	-	May	21	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Guat	1983	only	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Guat	1991	only	-	Mar	23	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Guat	1991	only	-	Sep	 7	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Guat	2006	only	-	Apr	30	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Guat	2006	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Guatemala	-6:02:04 -	LMT	1918 Oct 5
+			-6:00	Guat	C%sT
+
+# Haiti
+# From Gwillim Law (2005-04-15):
+# Risto O. Nykänen wrote me that Haiti is now on DST.
+# I searched for confirmation, and I found a press release
+# on the Web page of the Haitian Consulate in Chicago (2005-03-31),
+# <http://www.haitianconsulate.org/time.doc>.  Translated from French, it says:
+#
+#  "The Prime Minister's Communication Office notifies the public in general
+#   and the press in particular that, following a decision of the Interior
+#   Ministry and the Territorial Collectivities [I suppose that means the
+#   provinces], Haiti will move to Eastern Daylight Time in the night from next
+#   Saturday the 2nd to Sunday the 3rd.
+#
+#  "Consequently, the Prime Minister's Communication Office wishes to inform
+#   the population that the country's clocks will be set forward one hour
+#   starting at midnight.  This provision will hold until the last Saturday in
+#   October 2005.
+#
+#  "Port-au-Prince, March 31, 2005"
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2006-04-04):
+# I have been informed by users that Haiti observes DST this year like
+# last year, so the current "only" rule for 2005 might be changed to a
+# "max" rule or to last until 2006. (Who knows if they will observe DST
+# next year or if they will extend their DST like US/Canada next year).
+#
+# I have found this article about it (in French):
+# http://www.haitipressnetwork.com/news.cfm?articleID=7612
+#
+# The reason seems to be an energy crisis.
+
+# From Stephen Colebourne (2007-02-22):
+# Some IATA info: Haiti won't be having DST in 2007.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-11):
+# According to several news sources, Haiti will observe DST this year,
+# apparently using the same start and end date as USA/Canada.
+# So this means they have already changed their time.
+#
+# http://www.alterpresse.org/spip.php?article12510
+# http://radiovision2000haiti.net/home/?p=13253
+#
+# From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-11):
+# The alterpresse.org source seems to show a US-style leap from 2:00 a.m. to
+# 3:00 a.m. rather than the traditional Haitian jump at midnight.
+# Assume a US-style fall back as well.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-03-10):
+# It appears that Haiti is observing DST this year as well, same rules
+# as US/Canada.  They did it last year as well, and it looks like they
+# are going to observe DST every year now...
+#
+# http://radiovision2000haiti.net/public/haiti-avis-changement-dheure-dimanche/
+# http://www.canalplushaiti.net/?p=6714
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2016-03-12):
+# Jean Antoine, editor of www.haiti-reference.com informed us that Haiti
+# are not going on DST this year.  Several other resources confirm this: ...
+# https://www.radiotelevisioncaraibes.com/presse/heure_d_t_pas_de_changement_d_heure_pr_vu_pour_cet_ann_e.html
+# https://www.vantbefinfo.com/changement-dheure-pas-pour-haiti/
+# http://news.anmwe.com/haiti-lheure-nationale-ne-sera-ni-avancee-ni-reculee-cette-annee/
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2017-03-12):
+# We have received 4 mails from different people telling that Haiti
+# has started DST again today, and this source seems to confirm that,
+# I have not been able to find a more authoritative source:
+# https://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-20319-haiti-notices-time-change-in-haiti.html
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Haiti	1983	only	-	May	8	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Haiti	1984	1987	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Haiti	1983	1987	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0	S
+# Shanks & Pottenger say AT is 2:00, but IATA SSIM (1991/1997) says 1:00s.
+# Go with IATA.
+Rule	Haiti	1988	1997	-	Apr	Sun>=1	1:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Haiti	1988	1997	-	Oct	lastSun	1:00s	0	S
+Rule	Haiti	2005	2006	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Haiti	2005	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Haiti	2012	2015	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Haiti	2012	2015	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Haiti	2017	max	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Haiti	2017	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Port-au-Prince -4:49:20 -	LMT	1890
+			-4:49	-	PPMT	1917 Jan 24 12:00 # P-a-P MT
+			-5:00	Haiti	E%sT
+
+# Honduras
+# Shanks & Pottenger say 1921 Jan 1; go with Whitman's more precise Apr 1.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-05-05):
+# worldtimezone.com reports a 2006-05-02 Spanish-language AP article
+# saying Honduras will start using DST midnight Saturday, effective 4
+# months until September.  La Tribuna reported today
+# <http://www.latribuna.hn/99299.html> that Manuel Zelaya, the president
+# of Honduras, refused to back down on this.
+
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-08-08):
+# It seems that Honduras has returned from DST to standard time this Monday at
+# 00:00 hours (prolonging Sunday to 25 hours duration).
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_honduras04.html
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-08-08):
+# Also see Diario El Heraldo, The country returns to standard time (2006-08-08).
+# http://www.elheraldo.hn/nota.php?nid=54941&sec=12
+# It mentions executive decree 18-2006.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2006-08-17):
+# Honduras will observe DST from 2007 to 2009, exact dates are not
+# published, I have located this authoritative source:
+# http://www.presidencia.gob.hn/noticia.aspx?nId=47
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-30):
+# http://www.laprensahn.com/pais_nota.php?id04962=7386
+# So it seems that Honduras will not enter DST this year....
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Hond	1987	1988	-	May	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Hond	1987	1988	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Hond	2006	only	-	May	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Hond	2006	only	-	Aug	Mon>=1	0:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Tegucigalpa -5:48:52 -	LMT	1921 Apr
+			-6:00	Hond	C%sT
+#
+# Great Swan I ceded by US to Honduras in 1972
+
+# Jamaica
+# Shanks & Pottenger give -5:07:12, but Milne records -5:07:10.41 from an
+# unspecified official document, and says "This time is used throughout the
+# island".  Go with Milne.
+#
+# Shanks & Pottenger give April 28 for the 1974 spring-forward transition, but
+# Lance Neita writes that Prime Minister Michael Manley decreed it January 5.
+# Assume Neita meant Jan 6 02:00, the same as the US.  Neita also writes that
+# Manley's supporters associated this act with Manley's nickname "Joshua"
+# (recall that in the Bible the sun stood still at Joshua's request),
+# and with the Rod of Correction which Manley said he had received from
+# Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia.  See:
+# Neita L. The politician in all of us. Jamaica Observer 2014-09-20
+# http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/columns/The-politician-in-all-of-us_17573647
+#
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+		#STDOFF	-5:07:10.41
+Zone	America/Jamaica	-5:07:10 -	LMT	1890        # Kingston
+			-5:07:10 -	KMT	1912 Feb    # Kingston Mean Time
+			-5:00	-	EST	1974
+			-5:00	US	E%sT	1984
+			-5:00	-	EST
+
+# Martinique
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Martinique	-4:04:20 -      LMT	1890        # Fort-de-France
+			-4:04:20 -	FFMT	1911 May  1 # Fort-de-France MT
+			-4:00	-	AST	1980 Apr  6
+			-4:00	1:00	ADT	1980 Sep 28
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# Nicaragua
+#
+# This uses Shanks & Pottenger for times before 2005.
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2005-04-12):
+# I've got reports from 8 different people that Nicaragua just started
+# DST on Sunday 2005-04-10, in order to save energy because of
+# expensive petroleum.  The exact end date for DST is not yet
+# announced, only "September" but some sites also say "mid-September".
+# Some background information is available on the President's official site:
+# http://www.presidencia.gob.ni/Presidencia/Files_index/Secretaria/Notas%20de%20Prensa/Presidente/2005/ABRIL/Gobierno-de-nicaragua-adelanta-hora-oficial-06abril.htm
+# The Decree, no 23-2005 is available here:
+# http://www.presidencia.gob.ni/buscador_gaceta/BD/DECRETOS/2005/Decreto%2023-2005%20Se%20adelanta%20en%20una%20hora%20en%20todo%20el%20territorio%20nacional%20apartir%20de%20las%2024horas%20del%2009%20de%20Abril.pdf
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2005-05-01):
+# The decree doesn't say anything about daylight saving, but for now let's
+# assume that it is daylight saving....
+#
+# From Gwillim Law (2005-04-21):
+# The Associated Press story on the time change, which can be found at
+# http://www.lapalmainteractivo.com/guias/content/gen/ap/America_Latina/AMC_GEN_NICARAGUA_HORA.html
+# and elsewhere, says (fifth paragraph, translated from Spanish): "The last
+# time that a change of clocks was applied to save energy was in the year 2000
+# during the Arnoldo Alemán administration."...
+# The northamerica file says that Nicaragua has been on UTC-6 continuously
+# since December 1998.  I wasn't able to find any details of Nicaraguan time
+# changes in 2000.  Perhaps a note could be added to the northamerica file, to
+# the effect that we have indirect evidence that DST was observed in 2000.
+#
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-11-02):
+# Nicaragua left DST the 2005-10-02 at 00:00 (local time).
+# http://www.presidencia.gob.ni/presidencia/files_index/secretaria/comunicados/2005/septiembre/26septiembre-cambio-hora.htm
+# (2005-09-26)
+#
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-05-05):
+# http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/2006/05/01/nacionales/18410
+# (my informal translation)
+# By order of the president of the republic, Enrique Bolaños, Nicaragua
+# advanced by sixty minutes their official time, yesterday at 2 in the
+# morning, and will stay that way until 30th of September.
+#
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-09-30):
+# http://www.presidencia.gob.ni/buscador_gaceta/BD/DECRETOS/2006/D-063-2006P-PRN-Cambio-Hora.pdf
+# My informal translation runs:
+# The natural sun time is restored in all the national territory, in that the
+# time is returned one hour at 01:00 am of October 1 of 2006.
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Nic	1979	1980	-	Mar	Sun>=16	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Nic	1979	1980	-	Jun	Mon>=23	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Nic	2005	only	-	Apr	10	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Nic	2005	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Nic	2006	only	-	Apr	30	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Nic	2006	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	1:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	America/Managua	-5:45:08 -	LMT	1890
+			-5:45:12 -	MMT	1934 Jun 23 # Managua Mean Time?
+			-6:00	-	CST	1973 May
+			-5:00	-	EST	1975 Feb 16
+			-6:00	Nic	C%sT	1992 Jan  1  4:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1992 Sep 24
+			-6:00	-	CST	1993
+			-5:00	-	EST	1997
+			-6:00	Nic	C%sT
+
+# Cayman Is
+# Panama
+#
+# Atikokan and Coral Harbour, Canada, match Panama since 1970.
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	America/Panama	-5:18:08 -	LMT	1890
+			-5:19:36 -	CMT	1908 Apr 22 # Colón Mean Time
+			-5:00	-	EST
+
+# Anguilla
+# Antigua & Barbuda
+# Aruba
+# Caribbean Netherlands
+# Curaçao
+# Dominica
+# Grenada
+# Guadeloupe
+# Montserrat
+# Puerto Rico
+# St Barthélemy
+# St Kitts-Nevis
+# Sint Maarten / St Martin
+# St Lucia
+# St Vincent & the Grenadines
+# Trinidad & Tobago
+# Virgin Is (UK & US)
+#
+# There are too many San Juans elsewhere, so we'll use 'Puerto_Rico'.
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Puerto_Rico -4:24:25 -	LMT	1899 Mar 28 12:00 # San Juan
+			-4:00	-	AST	1942 May  3
+			-4:00	US	A%sT	1946
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# St Pierre and Miquelon
+# There are too many St Pierres elsewhere, so we'll use 'Miquelon'.
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Miquelon	-3:44:40 -	LMT	1911 Jun 15 # St Pierre
+			-4:00	-	AST	1980 May
+			-3:00	-	-03	1987
+			-3:00	Canada	-03/-02
+
+# Turks and Caicos
+#
+# From Chris Dunn in
+# https://bugs.debian.org/415007
+# (2007-03-15): In the Turks & Caicos Islands (America/Grand_Turk) the
+# daylight saving dates for time changes have been adjusted to match
+# the recent U.S. change of dates.
+#
+# From Brian Inglis (2007-04-28):
+# http://www.turksandcaicos.tc/calendar/index.htm [2007-04-26]
+# there is an entry for Nov 4 "Daylight Savings Time Ends 2007" and three
+# rows before that there is an out of date entry for Oct:
+# "Eastern Standard Times Begins 2007
+# Clocks are set back one hour at 2:00 a.m. local Daylight Saving Time"
+# indicating that the normal ET rules are followed.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-19):
+# The 2014-08-13 Cabinet meeting decided to stay on UT -04 year-round.  See:
+# http://tcweeklynews.com/daylight-savings-time-to-be-maintained-p5353-127.htm
+# Model this as a switch from EST/EDT to AST ...
+# From Chris Walton (2014-11-04):
+# ... the TCI government appears to have delayed the switch to
+# "permanent daylight saving time" by one year....
+# http://tcweeklynews.com/time-change-to-go-ahead-this-november-p5437-127.htm
+#
+# From the Turks & Caicos Cabinet (2017-07-20), heads-up from Steffen Thorsen:
+# ... agreed to the reintroduction in TCI of Daylight Saving Time (DST)
+# during the summer months and Standard Time, also known as Local
+# Time, during the winter months with effect from April 2018 ...
+# https://www.gov.uk/government/news/turks-and-caicos-post-cabinet-meeting-statement--3
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-08-26):
+# The date of effect of the spring 2018 change appears to be March 11,
+# which makes more sense.  See: Hamilton D. Time change back
+# by March 2018 for TCI. Magnetic Media. 2017-08-25.
+# http://magneticmediatv.com/2017/08/time-change-back-by-march-2018-for-tci/
+#
+# From P Chan (2020-11-27):
+# Standard Time Declaration Order 2015 (L.N. 15/2015)
+# http://online.fliphtml5.com/fizd/czin/#p=2
+#
+# Standard Time Declaration Order 2017 (L.N. 31/2017)
+# http://online.fliphtml5.com/fizd/dmcu/#p=2
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2020-12-05):
+# Although L.N. 31/2017 reads that it "shall come into operation at 2:00 a.m.
+# on 11th March 2018", a precise interpretation here poses some problems.  The
+# order states that "the standard time to be observed throughout the Turks and
+# Caicos Islands shall be the same time zone as the Eastern United States of
+# America" and further clarifies "[f]or the avoidance of doubt" that it
+# "applies to the Eastern Standard Time as well as any changes thereto for
+# Daylight Saving Time."  However, as clocks in Turks and Caicos approached
+# 02:00 -04, and thus the declared implementation time, it was still 01:00 EST
+# (-05), as DST in the Eastern US would not start until an hour later.
+#
+# Since it is unlikely that those on the islands switched their clocks twice in
+# the span of an hour, we assume instead that the adoption of EDT actually took
+# effect once clocks in the Eastern US had sprung forward, from 03:00 -04.
+# This discrepancy only affects the time zone abbreviation and DST flag for the
+# intervening hour, not wall clock times, as -04 was maintained throughout.
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Grand_Turk	-4:44:32 -	LMT	1890
+		#STDOFF	-5:07:10.41
+			-5:07:10 -	KMT	1912 Feb # Kingston Mean Time
+			-5:00	-	EST	1979
+			-5:00	US	E%sT	2015 Mar  8  2:00
+			-4:00	-	AST	2018 Mar 11  3:00
+			-5:00	US	E%sT
+
+# Local Variables:
+# coding: utf-8
+# End:
diff --git a/southamerica b/southamerica
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..344e67f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/southamerica
@@ -0,0 +1,2019 @@
+# tzdb data for South America and environs
+
+# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
+
+# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
+# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
+# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
+# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-12-05):
+#
+# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
+# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
+# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
+# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
+#
+# Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
+# for time zone data was the International Air Transport
+# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
+# published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
+# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
+# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
+#
+# For data circa 1899, a common source is:
+# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
+# https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
+#
+# These tables use numeric abbreviations like -03 and -0330 for
+# integer hour and minute UT offsets.  Although earlier editions used
+# alphabetic time zone abbreviations, these abbreviations were
+# invented and did not reflect common practice.
+
+###############################################################################
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# Argentina
+
+# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
+# Argentina: first Sunday in October to first Sunday in April since 1976.
+# Double Summer time from 1969 to 1974.  Switches at midnight.
+
+# From U. S. Naval Observatory (1988-01-19):
+# ARGENTINA           3 H BEHIND   UTC
+
+# From Hernan G. Otero (1995-06-26):
+# I am sending modifications to the Argentine time zone table...
+# AR was chosen because they are the ISO letters that represent Argentina.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Arg	1930	only	-	Dec	 1	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Arg	1931	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Arg	1931	only	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Arg	1932	1940	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Arg	1932	1939	-	Nov	 1	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Arg	1940	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Arg	1941	only	-	Jun	15	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Arg	1941	only	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Arg	1943	only	-	Aug	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Arg	1943	only	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Arg	1946	only	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Arg	1946	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Arg	1963	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Arg	1963	only	-	Dec	15	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Arg	1964	1966	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Arg	1964	1966	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Arg	1967	only	-	Apr	 2	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Arg	1967	1968	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Arg	1968	1969	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Arg	1974	only	-	Jan	23	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Arg	1974	only	-	May	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Arg	1988	only	-	Dec	 1	0:00	1:00	-
+#
+# From Hernan G. Otero (1995-06-26):
+# These corrections were contributed by InterSoft Argentina S.A.,
+# obtaining the data from the:
+# Talleres de Hidrografía Naval Argentina
+# (Argentine Naval Hydrography Institute)
+Rule	Arg	1989	1993	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Arg	1989	1992	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	-
+#
+# From Hernan G. Otero (1995-06-26):
+# From this moment on, the law that mandated the daylight saving
+# time corrections was derogated and no more modifications
+# to the time zones (for daylight saving) are now made.
+#
+# From Rives McDow (2000-01-10):
+# On October 3, 1999, 0:00 local, Argentina implemented daylight savings time,
+# which did not result in the switch of a time zone, as they stayed 9 hours
+# from the International Date Line.
+Rule	Arg	1999	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	-
+# From Paul Eggert (2007-12-28):
+# DST was set to expire on March 5, not March 3, but since it was converted
+# to standard time on March 3 it's more convenient for us to pretend that
+# it ended on March 3.
+Rule	Arg	2000	only	-	Mar	3	0:00	0	-
+#
+# From Peter Gradelski via Steffen Thorsen (2000-03-01):
+# We just checked with our São Paulo office and they say the government of
+# Argentina decided not to become one of the countries that go on or off DST.
+# So Buenos Aires should be -3 hours from GMT at all times.
+#
+# From Fabián L. Arce Jofré (2000-04-04):
+# The law that claimed DST for Argentina was derogated by President Fernando
+# de la Rúa on March 2, 2000, because it would make people spend more energy
+# in the winter time, rather than less.  The change took effect on March 3.
+#
+# From Mariano Absatz (2001-06-06):
+# one of the major newspapers here in Argentina said that the 1999
+# Timezone Law (which never was effectively applied) will (would?) be
+# in effect.... The article is at
+# http://ar.clarin.com/diario/2001-06-06/e-01701.htm
+# ... The Law itself is "Ley No. 25155", sanctioned on 1999-08-25, enacted
+# 1999-09-17, and published 1999-09-21.  The official publication is at:
+# http://www.boletin.jus.gov.ar/BON/Primera/1999/09-Septiembre/21/PDF/BO21-09-99LEG.PDF
+# Regretfully, you have to subscribe (and pay) for the on-line version....
+#
+# (2001-06-12):
+# the timezone for Argentina will not change next Sunday.
+# Apparently it will do so on Sunday 24th....
+# http://ar.clarin.com/diario/2001-06-12/s-03501.htm
+#
+# (2001-06-25):
+# Last Friday (yes, the last working day before the date of the change), the
+# Senate annulled the 1999 law that introduced the changes later postponed.
+# http://www.clarin.com.ar/diario/2001-06-22/s-03601.htm
+# It remains the vote of the Deputies..., but it will be the same....
+# This kind of things had always been done this way in Argentina.
+# We are still -03:00 all year round in all of the country.
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-12-21):
+# A user (Leonardo Chaim) reported that Argentina will adopt DST....
+# all of the country (all Zone-entries) are affected.  News reports like
+# http://www.lanacion.com.ar/opinion/nota.asp?nota_id=973037 indicate
+# that Argentina will use DST next year as well, from October to
+# March, although exact rules are not given.
+#
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2007-12-26)
+# The last hurdle of Argentina DST is over, the proposal was approved in
+# the lower chamber too (Diputados) with a vote 192 for and 2 against.
+# By the way thanks to Mariano Absatz and Daniel Mario Vega for the link to
+# the original scanned proposal, where the dates and the zero hours are
+# clear and unambiguous...This is the article about final approval:
+# http://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/nota.asp?nota_id=973996
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2007-12-22):
+# For dates after mid-2008, the following rules are my guesses and
+# are quite possibly wrong, but are more likely than no DST at all.
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-09-05):
+# As per message from Carlos Alberto Fonseca Arauz (Nicaragua),
+# Argentina will start DST on Sunday October 19, 2008.
+#
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_argentina03.html
+# http://www.impulsobaires.com.ar/nota.php?id=57832 (in spanish)
+
+# From Juan Manuel Docile in https://bugs.gentoo.org/240339 (2008-10-07)
+# via Rodrigo Severo:
+# Argentinian law No. 25.155 is no longer valid.
+# http://www.infoleg.gov.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/60000-64999/60036/norma.htm
+# The new one is law No. 26.350
+# http://www.infoleg.gov.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/135000-139999/136191/norma.htm
+# So there is no summer time in Argentina for now.
+
+# From Mariano Absatz (2008-10-20):
+# Decree 1693/2008 applies Law 26.350 for the summer 2008/2009 establishing DST
+# in Argentina from 2008-10-19 until 2009-03-15.
+# http://www.boletinoficial.gov.ar/Bora.Portal/CustomControls/PdfContent.aspx?fp=16102008&pi=3&pf=4&s=0&sec=01
+#
+
+# Decree 1705/2008 excepting 12 Provinces from applying DST in the summer
+# 2008/2009: Catamarca, La Rioja, Mendoza, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, La
+# Pampa, Neuquén, Rio Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego
+# http://www.boletinoficial.gov.ar/Bora.Portal/CustomControls/PdfContent.aspx?fp=17102008&pi=1&pf=1&s=0&sec=01
+#
+# Press release 235 dated Saturday October 18th, from the Government of the
+# Province of Jujuy saying it will not apply DST either (even when it was not
+# included in Decree 1705/2008).
+# http://www.jujuy.gov.ar/index2/partes_prensa/18_10_08/235-181008.doc
+
+# From fullinet (2009-10-18):
+# As announced in
+# http://www.argentina.gob.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=356
+# (an official .gob.ar) under title: "Sin Cambio de Hora"
+# (English: "No hour change").
+#
+# "Por el momento, el Gobierno Nacional resolvió no modificar la hora
+# oficial, decisión que estaba en estudio para su implementación el
+# domingo 18 de octubre. Desde el Ministerio de Planificación se anunció
+# que la Argentina hoy, en estas condiciones meteorológicas, no necesita
+# la modificación del huso horario, ya que 2009 nos encuentra con
+# crecimiento en la producción y distribución energética."
+
+Rule	Arg	2007	only	-	Dec	30	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Arg	2008	2009	-	Mar	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	-
+
+# From Mariano Absatz (2004-05-21):
+# Today it was officially published that the Province of Mendoza is changing
+# its timezone this winter... starting tomorrow night....
+# http://www.gobernac.mendoza.gov.ar/boletin/pdf/20040521-27158-normas.pdf
+# From Paul Eggert (2004-05-24):
+# It's Law No. 7,210.  This change is due to a public power emergency, so for
+# now we'll assume it's for this year only.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-01-31):
+# Hora de verano para la República Argentina
+# http://buenasiembra.com.ar/esoterismo/astrologia/hora-de-verano-de-la-republica-argentina-27.html
+# says that standard time in Argentina from 1894-10-31
+# to 1920-05-01 was -4:16:48.25.  Go with this more precise value
+# over Shanks & Pottenger.  It is upward compatible with Milne, who
+# says Córdoba time was -4:16:48.2.
+
+#
+# From Mariano Absatz (2004-06-05):
+# These media articles from a major newspaper mostly cover the current state:
+# http://www.lanacion.com.ar/04/05/27/de_604825.asp
+# http://www.lanacion.com.ar/04/05/28/de_605203.asp
+#
+# The following eight (8) provinces pulled clocks back to UTC-04:00 at
+# midnight Monday May 31st. (that is, the night between 05/31 and 06/01).
+# Apparently, all nine provinces would go back to UTC-03:00 at the same
+# time in October 17th.
+#
+# Catamarca, Chubut, La Rioja, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Cruz,
+# Tierra del Fuego, Tucumán.
+#
+# From Mariano Absatz (2004-06-14):
+# ... this weekend, the Province of Tucumán decided it'd go back to UTC-03:00
+# yesterday midnight (that is, at 24:00 Saturday 12th), since the people's
+# annoyance with the change is much higher than the power savings obtained....
+#
+# From Gwillim Law (2004-06-14):
+# http://www.lanacion.com.ar/04/06/10/de_609078.asp ...
+#     "The time change in Tierra del Fuego was a conflicted decision from
+#   the start.  The government had decreed that the measure would take
+#   effect on June 1, but a normative error forced the new time to begin
+#   three days earlier, from a Saturday to a Sunday....
+# Our understanding was that the change was originally scheduled to take place
+# on June 1 at 00:00 in Chubut, Santa Cruz, Tierra del Fuego (and some other
+# provinces).  Sunday was May 30, only two days earlier.  So the article
+# contains a contradiction.  I would give more credence to the Saturday/Sunday
+# date than the "three days earlier" phrase, and conclude that Tierra del
+# Fuego set its clocks back at 2004-05-30 00:00.
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2004-10-05):
+# The previous law 7210 which changed the province of Mendoza's time zone
+# back in May have been modified slightly in a new law 7277, which set the
+# new end date to 2004-09-26 (original date was 2004-10-17).
+# http://www.gobernac.mendoza.gov.ar/boletin/pdf/20040924-27244-normas.pdf
+#
+# From Mariano Absatz (2004-10-05):
+# San Juan changed from UTC-03:00 to UTC-04:00 at midnight between
+# Sunday, May 30th and Monday, May 31st.  It changed back to UTC-03:00
+# at midnight between Saturday, July 24th and Sunday, July 25th....
+# http://www.sanjuan.gov.ar/prensa/archivo/000329.html
+# http://www.sanjuan.gov.ar/prensa/archivo/000426.html
+# http://www.sanjuan.gov.ar/prensa/archivo/000441.html
+
+# From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-01-17):
+# Here are articles that Argentina Province San Luis is planning to end DST
+# as earlier as upcoming Monday January 21, 2008 or February 2008:
+#
+# Provincia argentina retrasa reloj y marca diferencia con resto del país
+# (Argentine Province delayed clock and mark difference with the rest of the
+# country)
+# http://cl.invertia.com/noticias/noticia.aspx?idNoticia=200801171849_EFE_ET4373&idtel
+#
+# Es inminente que en San Luis atrasen una hora los relojes
+# (It is imminent in San Luis clocks one hour delay)
+# https://www.lagaceta.com.ar/nota/253414/Economia/Es-inminente-que-en-San-Luis-atrasen-una-hora-los-relojes.html
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_argentina02.html
+
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-01-18):
+# The page of the San Luis provincial government
+# http://www.sanluis.gov.ar/notas.asp?idCanal=0&id=22812
+# confirms what Alex Krivenyshev has earlier sent to the tz
+# emailing list about that San Luis plans to return to standard
+# time much earlier than the rest of the country. It also
+# confirms that upon request the provinces San Juan and Mendoza
+# refused to follow San Luis in this change.
+#
+# The change is supposed to take place Monday the 21st at 0:00
+# hours. As far as I understand it if this goes ahead, we need
+# a new timezone for San Luis (although there are also documented
+# independent changes in the southamerica file of San Luis in
+# 1990 and 1991 which has not been confirmed).
+
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-01-25):
+# Unfortunately the below page has become defunct, about the San Luis
+# time change. Perhaps because it now is part of a group of pages "Most
+# important pages of 2008."
+#
+# You can use
+# http://www.sanluis.gov.ar/notas.asp?idCanal=8141&id=22834
+# instead it seems. Or use "Buscador" from the main page of the San Luis
+# government, and fill in "huso" and click OK, and you will get 3 pages
+# from which the first one is identical to the above.
+
+# From Mariano Absatz (2008-01-28):
+# I can confirm that the Province of San Luis (and so far only that
+# province) decided to go back to UTC-3 effective midnight Jan 20th 2008
+# (that is, Monday 21st at 0:00 is the time the clocks were delayed back
+# 1 hour), and they intend to keep UTC-3 as their timezone all year round
+# (that is, unless they change their mind any minute now).
+#
+# So we'll have to add yet another city to 'southamerica' (I think San
+# Luis city is the mos populated city in the Province, so it'd be
+# America/Argentina/San_Luis... of course I can't remember if San Luis's
+# history of particular changes goes along with Mendoza or San Juan :-(
+# (I only remember not being able to collect hard facts about San Luis
+# back in 2004, when these provinces changed to UTC-4 for a few days, I
+# mailed them personally and never got an answer).
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-12):
+# Unless otherwise specified, data entries are from Shanks & Pottenger through
+# 1992, from the IATA otherwise.  As noted below, Shanks & Pottenger say that
+# America/Cordoba split into 6 subregions during 1991/1992, one of which
+# was America/San_Luis, but we haven't verified this yet so for now we'll
+# keep America/Cordoba a single region rather than splitting it into the
+# other 5 subregions.
+
+# From Mariano Absatz (2009-03-13):
+# Yesterday (with our usual 2-day notice) the Province of San Luis
+# decided that next Sunday instead of "staying" @utc-03:00 they will go
+# to utc-04:00 until the second Saturday in October...
+#
+# The press release is at
+# http://www.sanluis.gov.ar/SL/Paginas/NoticiaDetalle.asp?TemaId=1&InfoPrensaId=3102
+# (I couldn't find the decree, but www.sanluis.gov.ar
+# is the official page for the Province Government.)
+#
+# There's also a note in only one of the major national papers ...
+# http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1107912
+#
+# The press release says [quick and dirty translation]:
+# ... announced that next Sunday, at 00:00, Puntanos (the San Luis
+# inhabitants) will have to turn back one hour their clocks
+#
+# Since then, San Luis will establish its own Province timezone. Thus,
+# during 2009, this timezone change will run from 00:00 the third Sunday
+# in March until 24:00 of the second Saturday in October.
+
+# From Mariano Absatz (2009-10-16):
+# ...the Province of San Luis is a case in itself.
+#
+# The Law at
+# http://www.diputadossanluis.gov.ar/diputadosasp/paginas/verNorma.asp?NormaID=276
+# is ambiguous because establishes a calendar from the 2nd Sunday in
+# October at 0:00 thru the 2nd Saturday in March at 24:00 and the
+# complement of that starting on the 2nd Sunday of March at 0:00 and
+# ending on the 2nd Saturday of March at 24:00.
+#
+# This clearly breaks every time the 1st of March or October is a Sunday.
+#
+# IMHO, the "spirit of the Law" is to make the changes at 0:00 on the 2nd
+# Sunday of October and March.
+#
+# The problem is that the changes in the rest of the Provinces that did
+# change in 2007/2008, were made according to the Federal Law and Decrees
+# that did so on the 3rd Sunday of October and March.
+#
+# In fact, San Luis actually switched from UTC-4 to UTC-3 last Sunday
+# (October 11th) at 0:00.
+#
+# So I guess a new set of rules, besides "Arg", must be made and the last
+# America/Argentina/San_Luis entries should change to use these...
+# ...
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-04-09):
+# According to news reports from El Diario de la República Province San
+# Luis, Argentina (standard time UTC-04) will keep Daylight Saving Time
+# after April 11, 2010 - will continue to have same time as rest of
+# Argentina (UTC-3) (no DST).
+#
+# Confirmaron la prórroga del huso horario de verano (Spanish)
+# http://www.eldiariodelarepublica.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=29383&Itemid=9
+# or (some English translation):
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_argentina08.html
+
+# From Mariano Absatz (2010-04-12):
+# yes...I can confirm this...and given that San Luis keeps calling
+# UTC-03:00 "summer time", we should't just let San Luis go back to "Arg"
+# rules...San Luis is still using "Western ARgentina Time" and it got
+# stuck on Summer daylight savings time even though the summer is over.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-01-23):
+# Perhaps San Luis operates on the legal fiction that it is at -04
+# with perpetual daylight saving time, but ordinary usage typically seems to
+# just say it's at -03; see, for example,
+# https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hora_oficial_argentina
+# We've documented similar situations as being plain changes to
+# standard time, so let's do that here too.  This does not change UTC
+# offsets, only tm_isdst and the time zone abbreviations.  One minor
+# plus is that this silences a zic complaint that there's no POSIX TZ
+# setting for timestamps past 2038.
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+#
+# Buenos Aires (BA), Capital Federal (CF),
+Zone America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires -3:53:48 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
+		#STDOFF	-4:16:48.25
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May    # Córdoba Mean Time
+			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02
+#
+# Córdoba (CB), Santa Fe (SF), Entre Ríos (ER), Corrientes (CN), Misiones (MN),
+# Chaco (CC), Formosa (FM), Santiago del Estero (SE)
+#
+# Shanks & Pottenger also make the following claims, which we haven't verified:
+# - Formosa switched to -3:00 on 1991-01-07.
+# - Misiones switched to -3:00 on 1990-12-29.
+# - Chaco switched to -3:00 on 1991-01-04.
+# - Santiago del Estero switched to -4:00 on 1991-04-01,
+#   then to -3:00 on 1991-04-26.
+#
+		#STDOFF	       -4:16:48.25
+Zone America/Argentina/Cordoba -4:16:48 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
+			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1991 Mar  3
+			-4:00	-	-04	1991 Oct 20
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02
+#
+# Salta (SA), La Pampa (LP), Neuquén (NQ), Rio Negro (RN)
+Zone America/Argentina/Salta -4:21:40 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
+		#STDOFF	-4:16:48.25
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
+			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1991 Mar  3
+			-4:00	-	-04	1991 Oct 20
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	2008 Oct 18
+			-3:00	-	-03
+#
+# Tucumán (TM)
+Zone America/Argentina/Tucuman -4:20:52 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
+		#STDOFF	-4:16:48.25
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
+			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1991 Mar  3
+			-4:00	-	-04	1991 Oct 20
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	-03	2004 Jun  1
+			-4:00	-	-04	2004 Jun 13
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02
+#
+# La Rioja (LR)
+Zone America/Argentina/La_Rioja -4:27:24 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
+		#STDOFF	-4:16:48.25
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
+			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1991 Mar  1
+			-4:00	-	-04	1991 May  7
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	-03	2004 Jun  1
+			-4:00	-	-04	2004 Jun 20
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	2008 Oct 18
+			-3:00	-	-03
+#
+# San Juan (SJ)
+Zone America/Argentina/San_Juan -4:34:04 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
+		#STDOFF	-4:16:48.25
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
+			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1991 Mar  1
+			-4:00	-	-04	1991 May  7
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	-03	2004 May 31
+			-4:00	-	-04	2004 Jul 25
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	2008 Oct 18
+			-3:00	-	-03
+#
+# Jujuy (JY)
+Zone America/Argentina/Jujuy -4:21:12 -	LMT	1894 Oct 31
+		#STDOFF	-4:16:48.25
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
+			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1990 Mar  4
+			-4:00	-	-04	1990 Oct 28
+			-4:00	1:00	-03	1991 Mar 17
+			-4:00	-	-04	1991 Oct  6
+			-3:00	1:00	-02	1992
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	2008 Oct 18
+			-3:00	-	-03
+#
+# Catamarca (CT), Chubut (CH)
+Zone America/Argentina/Catamarca -4:23:08 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
+		#STDOFF	-4:16:48.25
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
+			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1991 Mar  3
+			-4:00	-	-04	1991 Oct 20
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	-03	2004 Jun  1
+			-4:00	-	-04	2004 Jun 20
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	2008 Oct 18
+			-3:00	-	-03
+#
+# Mendoza (MZ)
+Zone America/Argentina/Mendoza -4:35:16 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
+		#STDOFF	-4:16:48.25
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
+			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1990 Mar  4
+			-4:00	-	-04	1990 Oct 15
+			-4:00	1:00	-03	1991 Mar  1
+			-4:00	-	-04	1991 Oct 15
+			-4:00	1:00	-03	1992 Mar  1
+			-4:00	-	-04	1992 Oct 18
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	-03	2004 May 23
+			-4:00	-	-04	2004 Sep 26
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	2008 Oct 18
+			-3:00	-	-03
+#
+# San Luis (SL)
+
+Rule	SanLuis	2008	2009	-	Mar	Sun>=8	0:00	0	-
+Rule	SanLuis	2007	2008	-	Oct	Sun>=8	0:00	1:00	-
+
+Zone America/Argentina/San_Luis -4:25:24 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
+		#STDOFF	-4:16:48.25
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
+			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1990
+			-3:00	1:00	-02	1990 Mar 14
+			-4:00	-	-04	1990 Oct 15
+			-4:00	1:00	-03	1991 Mar  1
+			-4:00	-	-04	1991 Jun  1
+			-3:00	-	-03	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	1:00	-03	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	-03	2004 May 31
+			-4:00	-	-04	2004 Jul 25
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	2008 Jan 21
+			-4:00	SanLuis	-04/-03	2009 Oct 11
+			-3:00	-	-03
+#
+# Santa Cruz (SC)
+Zone America/Argentina/Rio_Gallegos -4:36:52 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
+		#STDOFF	-4:16:48.25
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
+			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	-03	2004 Jun  1
+			-4:00	-	-04	2004 Jun 20
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	2008 Oct 18
+			-3:00	-	-03
+#
+# Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur (TF)
+Zone America/Argentina/Ushuaia -4:33:12 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
+		#STDOFF	-4:16:48.25
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
+			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	-03	2004 May 30
+			-4:00	-	-04	2004 Jun 20
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	2008 Oct 18
+			-3:00	-	-03
+
+# Bolivia
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
+			-4:32:36 -	CMT	1931 Oct 15 # Calamarca MT
+			-4:32:36 1:00	BST	1932 Mar 21 # Bolivia ST
+			-4:00	-	-04
+
+# Brazil
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
+# The mayor of Rio recently attempted to change the time zone rules
+# just in his city, in order to leave more summer time for the tourist trade.
+# The rule change lasted only part of the day;
+# the federal government refused to follow the city's rules, and business
+# was in a chaos, so the mayor backed down that afternoon.
+
+# From IATA SSIM (1996-02):
+# _Only_ the following states in BR1 observe DST: Rio Grande do Sul (RS),
+# Santa Catarina (SC), Paraná (PR), São Paulo (SP), Rio de Janeiro (RJ),
+# Espírito Santo (ES), Minas Gerais (MG), Bahia (BA), Goiás (GO),
+# Distrito Federal (DF), Tocantins (TO), Sergipe [SE] and Alagoas [AL].
+# [The last three states are new to this issue of the IATA SSIM.]
+
+# From Gwillim Law (1996-10-07):
+# Geography, history (Tocantins was part of Goiás until 1989), and other
+# sources of time zone information lead me to believe that AL, SE, and TO were
+# always in BR1, and so the only change was whether or not they observed DST....
+# The earliest issue of the SSIM I have is 2/91.  Each issue from then until
+# 9/95 says that DST is observed only in the ten states I quoted from 9/95,
+# along with Mato Grosso (MT) and Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), which are in BR2
+# (UTC-4)....  The other two time zones given for Brazil are BR3, which is
+# UTC-5, no DST, and applies only in the state of Acre (AC); and BR4, which is
+# UTC-2, and applies to Fernando de Noronha (formerly FN, but I believe it's
+# become part of the state of Pernambuco).  The boundary between BR1 and BR2
+# has never been clearly stated.  They've simply been called East and West.
+# However, some conclusions can be drawn from another IATA manual: the Airline
+# Coding Directory, which lists close to 400 airports in Brazil.  For each
+# airport it gives a time zone which is coded to the SSIM.  From that
+# information, I'm led to conclude that the states of Amapá (AP), Ceará (CE),
+# Maranhão (MA), Paraíba (PR), Pernambuco (PE), Piauí (PI), and Rio Grande do
+# Norte (RN), and the eastern part of Pará (PA) are all in BR1 without DST.
+
+# From Marcos Tadeu (1998-09-27):
+# Brazilian official page <http://pcdsh01.on.br/verao1.html>
+
+# From Jesper Nørgaard (2000-11-03):
+# [For an official list of which regions in Brazil use which time zones, see:]
+# http://pcdsh01.on.br/Fusbr.htm
+# http://pcdsh01.on.br/Fusbrhv.htm
+
+# From Celso Doria via David Madeo (2002-10-09):
+# The reason for the delay this year has to do with elections in Brazil.
+#
+# Unlike in the United States, elections in Brazil are 100% computerized and
+# the results are known almost immediately.  Yesterday, it was the first
+# round of the elections when 115 million Brazilians voted for President,
+# Governor, Senators, Federal Deputies, and State Deputies.  Nobody is
+# counting (or re-counting) votes anymore and we know there will be a second
+# round for the Presidency and also for some Governors.  The 2nd round will
+# take place on October 27th.
+#
+# The reason why the DST will only begin November 3rd is that the thousands
+# of electoral machines used cannot have their time changed, and since the
+# Constitution says the elections must begin at 8:00 AM and end at 5:00 PM,
+# the Government decided to postpone DST, instead of changing the Constitution
+# (maybe, for the next elections, it will be possible to change the clock)...
+
+# From Rodrigo Severo (2004-10-04):
+# It's just the biannual change made necessary by the much hyped, supposedly
+# modern Brazilian ... voting machines which, apparently, can't deal
+# with a time change between the first and the second rounds of the elections.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-09-20):
+# Brazil will start DST on 2007-10-14 00:00 and end on 2008-02-17 00:00:
+# http://www.mme.gov.br/site/news/detail.do;jsessionid=BBA06811AFCAAC28F0285210913513DA?newsId=13975
+
+# From Paul Schulze (2008-06-24):
+# ...by law number 11.662 of April 24, 2008 (published in the "Diario
+# Oficial da União"...) in Brazil there are changes in the timezones,
+# effective today (00:00am at June 24, 2008) as follows:
+#
+# a) The timezone UTC+5 is extinguished, with all the Acre state and the
+# part of the Amazonas state that had this timezone now being put to the
+# timezone UTC+4
+# b) The whole Pará state now is put at timezone UTC+3, instead of just
+# part of it, as was before.
+#
+# This change follows a proposal of senator Tiao Viana of Acre state, that
+# proposed it due to concerns about open television channels displaying
+# programs inappropriate to youths in the states that had the timezone
+# UTC+5 too early in the night. In the occasion, some more corrections
+# were proposed, trying to unify the timezones of any given state. This
+# change modifies timezone rules defined in decree 2.784 of 18 June,
+# 1913.
+
+# From Rodrigo Severo (2008-06-24):
+# Just correcting the URL:
+# https://www.in.gov.br/imprensa/visualiza/index.jsp?jornal=do&secao=1&pagina=1&data=25/04/2008
+#
+# As a result of the above Decree I believe the America/Rio_Branco
+# timezone shall be modified from UTC-5 to UTC-4 and a new timezone shall
+# be created to represent the...west side of the Pará State. I
+# suggest this new timezone be called Santarem as the most
+# important/populated city in the affected area.
+#
+# This new timezone would be the same as the Rio_Branco timezone up to
+# the 2008/06/24 change which would be to UTC-3 instead of UTC-4.
+
+# From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-06-24):
+# This is a quick reference page for New and Old Brazil Time Zones map.
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/brazil-time-new-old.php
+#
+# - 4 time zones replaced by 3 time zones - eliminating time zone UTC-05
+# (state Acre and the part of the Amazonas will be UTC/GMT-04) - western
+# part of Par state is moving to one timezone UTC-03 (from UTC-04).
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2002-10-10):
+# The official decrees referenced below are mostly taken from
+# Decretos sobre o Horário de Verão no Brasil.
+# http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2008-08-29):
+# As announced by the government and many newspapers in Brazil late
+# yesterday, Brazil will start DST on 2008-10-19 (need to change rule) and
+# it will end on 2009-02-15 (current rule for Brazil is fine). Based on
+# past years experience with the elections, there was a good chance that
+# the start was postponed to November, but it did not happen this year.
+#
+# It has not yet been posted to http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV.html
+#
+# An official page about it:
+# http://www.mme.gov.br/site/news/detail.do?newsId=16722
+# Note that this link does not always work directly, but must be accessed
+# by going to
+# http://www.mme.gov.br/first
+#
+# One example link that works directly:
+# http://jornale.com.br/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13530&Itemid=54
+# (Portuguese)
+#
+# We have a written a short article about it as well:
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/brazil-dst-2008-2009.html
+#
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-04):
+# State Bahia will return to Daylight savings time this year after 8 years off.
+# The announcement was made by Governor Jaques Wagner in an interview to a
+# television station in Salvador.
+
+# In Portuguese:
+# http://g1.globo.com/bahia/noticia/2011/10/governador-jaques-wagner-confirma-horario-de-verao-na-bahia.html
+# https://noticias.terra.com.br/brasil/noticias/0,,OI5390887-EI8139,00-Bahia+volta+a+ter+horario+de+verao+apos+oito+anos.html
+
+# From Guilherme Bernardes Rodrigues (2011-10-07):
+# There is news in the media, however there is still no decree about it.
+# I just send a e-mail to Zulmira Brandao at http://pcdsh01.on.br/ the
+# official agency about time in Brazil, and she confirmed that the old rule is
+# still in force.
+
+# From Guilherme Bernardes Rodrigues (2011-10-14)
+# It's official, the President signed a decree that includes Bahia in summer
+# time.
+#	 [ and in a second message (same day): ]
+# I found the decree.
+#
+# DECRETO No. 7.584, DE 13 DE OUTUBRO DE 2011
+# Link :
+# http://www.in.gov.br/visualiza/index.jsp?data=13/10/2011&jornal=1000&pagina=6&totalArquivos=6
+
+# From Kelley Cook (2012-10-16):
+# The governor of state of Bahia in Brazil announced on Thursday that
+# due to public pressure, he is reversing the DST policy they implemented
+# last year and will not be going to Summer Time on October 21st....
+# http://www.correio24horas.com.br/r/artigo/apos-pressoes-wagner-suspende-horario-de-verao-na-bahia
+
+# From Rodrigo Severo (2012-10-16):
+# Tocantins state will have DST.
+# https://noticias.terra.com.br/brasil/noticias/0,,OI6232536-EI306.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-09-20):
+# Tocantins in Brazil is very likely not to observe DST from October....
+# http://conexaoto.com.br/2013/09/18/ministerio-confirma-que-tocantins-esta-fora-do-horario-de-verao-em-2013-mas-falta-publicacao-de-decreto
+# We will keep this article updated when this is confirmed:
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/brazil-starts-dst-2013.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-10-17):
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/acre-amazonas-change-time-zone.html
+# Senator Jorge Viana announced that Acre will change time zone on November 10.
+# He did not specify the time of the change, nor if western parts of Amazonas
+# will change as well.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-10-17):
+# For now, assume western Amazonas will change as well.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Decree 20,466 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV20466.htm> (1931-10-01)
+# Decree 21,896 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV21896.htm> (1932-01-10)
+Rule	Brazil	1931	only	-	Oct	 3	11:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Brazil	1932	1933	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Brazil	1932	only	-	Oct	 3	 0:00	1:00	-
+# Decree 23,195 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV23195.htm> (1933-10-10)
+# revoked DST.
+# Decree 27,496 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV27496.htm> (1949-11-24)
+# Decree 27,998 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV27998.htm> (1950-04-13)
+Rule	Brazil	1949	1952	-	Dec	 1	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Brazil	1950	only	-	Apr	16	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Brazil	1951	1952	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree 32,308 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV32308.htm> (1953-02-24)
+Rule	Brazil	1953	only	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree 34,724 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV34724.htm> (1953-11-30)
+# revoked DST.
+# Decree 52,700 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV52700.htm> (1963-10-18)
+# established DST from 1963-10-23 00:00 to 1964-02-29 00:00
+# in SP, RJ, GB, MG, ES, due to the prolongation of the drought.
+# Decree 53,071 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV53071.htm> (1963-12-03)
+# extended the above decree to all of the national territory on 12-09.
+Rule	Brazil	1963	only	-	Dec	 9	 0:00	1:00	-
+# Decree 53,604 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV53604.htm> (1964-02-25)
+# extended summer time by one day to 1964-03-01 00:00 (start of school).
+Rule	Brazil	1964	only	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree 55,639 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV55639.htm> (1965-01-27)
+Rule	Brazil	1965	only	-	Jan	31	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Brazil	1965	only	-	Mar	31	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree 57,303 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV57303.htm> (1965-11-22)
+Rule	Brazil	1965	only	-	Dec	 1	 0:00	1:00	-
+# Decree 57,843 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV57843.htm> (1966-02-18)
+Rule	Brazil	1966	1968	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Brazil	1966	1967	-	Nov	 1	 0:00	1:00	-
+# Decree 63,429 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV63429.htm> (1968-10-15)
+# revoked DST.
+# Decree 91,698 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV91698.htm> (1985-09-27)
+Rule	Brazil	1985	only	-	Nov	 2	 0:00	1:00	-
+# Decree 92,310 (1986-01-21)
+# Decree 92,463 (1986-03-13)
+Rule	Brazil	1986	only	-	Mar	15	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree 93,316 (1986-10-01)
+Rule	Brazil	1986	only	-	Oct	25	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Brazil	1987	only	-	Feb	14	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree 94,922 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV94922.htm> (1987-09-22)
+Rule	Brazil	1987	only	-	Oct	25	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Brazil	1988	only	-	Feb	 7	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree 96,676 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV96676.htm> (1988-09-12)
+# except for the states of AC, AM, PA, RR, RO, and AP (then a territory)
+Rule	Brazil	1988	only	-	Oct	16	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Brazil	1989	only	-	Jan	29	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree 98,077 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV98077.htm> (1989-08-21)
+# with the same exceptions
+Rule	Brazil	1989	only	-	Oct	15	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Brazil	1990	only	-	Feb	11	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree 99,530 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV99530.htm> (1990-09-17)
+# adopted by RS, SC, PR, SP, RJ, ES, MG, GO, MS, DF.
+# Decree 99,629 (1990-10-19) adds BA, MT.
+Rule	Brazil	1990	only	-	Oct	21	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Brazil	1991	only	-	Feb	17	 0:00	0	-
+# Unnumbered decree <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1991.htm> (1991-09-25)
+# adopted by RS, SC, PR, SP, RJ, ES, MG, BA, GO, MT, MS, DF.
+Rule	Brazil	1991	only	-	Oct	20	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Brazil	1992	only	-	Feb	 9	 0:00	0	-
+# Unnumbered decree <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1992.htm> (1992-10-16)
+# adopted by same states.
+Rule	Brazil	1992	only	-	Oct	25	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Brazil	1993	only	-	Jan	31	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree 942 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV942.htm> (1993-09-28)
+# adopted by same states, plus AM.
+# Decree 1,252 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1252.htm> (1994-09-22;
+# web page corrected 2004-01-07) adopted by same states, minus AM.
+# Decree 1,636 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1636.htm> (1995-09-14)
+# adopted by same states, plus MT and TO.
+# Decree 1,674 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1674.htm> (1995-10-13)
+# adds AL, SE.
+Rule	Brazil	1993	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=11	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Brazil	1994	1995	-	Feb	Sun>=15	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Brazil	1996	only	-	Feb	11	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree 2,000 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV2000.htm> (1996-09-04)
+# adopted by same states, minus AL, SE.
+Rule	Brazil	1996	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Brazil	1997	only	-	Feb	16	 0:00	0	-
+# From Daniel C. Sobral (1998-02-12):
+# In 1997, the DS began on October 6. The stated reason was that
+# because international television networks ignored Brazil's policy on DS,
+# they bought the wrong times on satellite for coverage of Pope's visit.
+# This year, the ending date of DS was postponed to March 1
+# to help dealing with the shortages of electric power.
+#
+# Decree 2,317 (1997-09-04), adopted by same states.
+Rule	Brazil	1997	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	-
+# Decree 2,495 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/figuras/HV2495.JPG>
+# (1998-02-10)
+Rule	Brazil	1998	only	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree 2,780 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/figuras/Hv98.jpg> (1998-09-11)
+# adopted by the same states as before.
+Rule	Brazil	1998	only	-	Oct	11	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Brazil	1999	only	-	Feb	21	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree 3,150 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/figuras/HV3150.gif>
+# (1999-08-23) adopted by same states.
+# Decree 3,188 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV99.gif> (1999-09-30)
+# adds SE, AL, PB, PE, RN, CE, PI, MA and RR.
+Rule	Brazil	1999	only	-	Oct	 3	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Brazil	2000	only	-	Feb	27	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree 3,592 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/DEC3592.htm> (2000-09-06)
+# adopted by the same states as before.
+# Decree 3,630 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/Dec3630.jpg> (2000-10-13)
+# repeals DST in PE and RR, effective 2000-10-15 00:00.
+# Decree 3,632 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/Dec3632.jpg> (2000-10-17)
+# repeals DST in SE, AL, PB, RN, CE, PI and MA, effective 2000-10-22 00:00.
+# Decree 3,916 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/figuras/HV3916.gif>
+# (2001-09-13) reestablishes DST in AL, CE, MA, PB, PE, PI, RN, SE.
+Rule	Brazil	2000	2001	-	Oct	Sun>=8	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Brazil	2001	2006	-	Feb	Sun>=15	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree 4,399 (2002-10-01) repeals DST in AL, CE, MA, PB, PE, PI, RN, SE.
+# 4,399 <http://www.presidencia.gov.br/CCIVIL/decreto/2002/D4399.htm>
+Rule	Brazil	2002	only	-	Nov	 3	 0:00	1:00	-
+# Decree 4,844 (2003-09-24; corrected 2003-09-26) repeals DST in BA, MT, TO.
+# 4,844 <http://www.presidencia.gov.br/CCIVIL/decreto/2003/D4844.htm>
+Rule	Brazil	2003	only	-	Oct	19	 0:00	1:00	-
+# Decree 5,223 (2004-10-01) reestablishes DST in MT.
+# 5,223 <http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2004-2006/2004/Decreto/D5223.htm>
+Rule	Brazil	2004	only	-	Nov	 2	 0:00	1:00	-
+# Decree 5,539 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV5539.gif> (2005-09-19),
+# adopted by the same states as before.
+Rule	Brazil	2005	only	-	Oct	16	 0:00	1:00	-
+# Decree 5,920 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV5920.gif> (2006-10-03),
+# adopted by the same states as before.
+Rule	Brazil	2006	only	-	Nov	 5	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Brazil	2007	only	-	Feb	25	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree 6,212 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV6212.gif> (2007-09-26),
+# adopted by the same states as before.
+Rule	Brazil	2007	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	 0:00	1:00	-
+# From Frederico A. C. Neves (2008-09-10):
+# According to this decree
+# http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2007-2010/2008/Decreto/D6558.htm
+# [t]he DST period in Brazil now on will be from the 3rd Oct Sunday to the
+# 3rd Feb Sunday. There is an exception on the return date when this is
+# the Carnival Sunday then the return date will be the next Sunday...
+Rule	Brazil	2008	2017	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Brazil	2008	2011	-	Feb	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
+# Decree 7,584 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HVdecreto7584_20111013.jpg> (2011-10-13)
+# added Bahia.
+Rule	Brazil	2012	only	-	Feb	Sun>=22	0:00	0	-
+# Decree 7,826 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HVdecreto7826_20121015.jpg> (2012-10-15)
+# removed Bahia and added Tocantins.
+# Decree 8,112 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HVdecreto8112_20130930.JPG> (2013-09-30)
+# removed Tocantins.
+Rule	Brazil	2013	2014	-	Feb	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Brazil	2015	only	-	Feb	Sun>=22	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Brazil	2016	2019	-	Feb	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2017-12-18):
+# According to many media sources, next year's DST start in Brazil will move to
+# the first Sunday of November
+# ... https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/brazil-delays-dst-2018.html
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2017-12-20):
+# http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2015-2018/2017/decreto/D9242.htm
+# From Fábio Gomes (2018-10-04):
+# The Brazilian president just announced a new change on this year DST.
+# It was scheduled to start on November 4th and it was changed to November 18th.
+# From Rodrigo Brüning Wessler (2018-10-15):
+# The Brazilian government just announced that the change in DST was
+# canceled....  Maybe the president Michel Temer also woke up one hour
+# earlier today. :)
+Rule	Brazil	2018	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	-
+# The last ruleset listed above says that the following states observed DST:
+# DF, ES, GO, MG, MS, MT, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP.
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2019-04-05):
+# According to multiple sources the Brazilian president wants to get rid of DST.
+# https://gmconline.com.br/noticias/politica/bolsonaro-horario-de-verao-deve-acabar-este-ano
+# https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2019/04/05/governo-anuncia-fim-do-horario-de-verao.ghtml
+# From Marcus Diniz (2019-04-25):
+# Brazil no longer has DST changes - decree signed today
+# https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2019/04/25/bolsonaro-assina-decreto-que-acaba-com-o-horario-de-verao.ghtml
+# From Daniel Soares de Oliveira (2019-04-26):
+# http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2019-2022/2019/Decreto/D9772.htm
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+#
+# Fernando de Noronha (administratively part of PE)
+Zone America/Noronha	-2:09:40 -	LMT	1914
+			-2:00	Brazil	-02/-01	1990 Sep 17
+			-2:00	-	-02	1999 Sep 30
+			-2:00	Brazil	-02/-01	2000 Oct 15
+			-2:00	-	-02	2001 Sep 13
+			-2:00	Brazil	-02/-01	2002 Oct  1
+			-2:00	-	-02
+# Other Atlantic islands have no permanent settlement.
+# These include Trindade and Martim Vaz (administratively part of ES),
+# Rocas Atoll (RN), and the St Peter and St Paul Archipelago (PE).
+# Fernando de Noronha was a separate territory from 1942-09-02 to 1989-01-01;
+# it also included the Penedos.
+#
+# Amapá (AP), east Pará (PA)
+# East Pará includes Belém, Marabá, Serra Norte, and São Félix do Xingu.
+# The division between east and west Pará is the river Xingu.
+# In the north a very small part from the river Javary (now Jari I guess,
+# the border with Amapá) to the Amazon, then to the Xingu.
+Zone America/Belem	-3:13:56 -	LMT	1914
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	1988 Sep 12
+			-3:00	-	-03
+#
+# west Pará (PA)
+# West Pará includes Altamira, Óbidos, Prainha, Oriximiná, and Santarém.
+Zone America/Santarem	-3:38:48 -	LMT	1914
+			-4:00	Brazil	-04/-03	1988 Sep 12
+			-4:00	-	-04	2008 Jun 24  0:00
+			-3:00	-	-03
+#
+# Maranhão (MA), Piauí (PI), Ceará (CE), Rio Grande do Norte (RN),
+# Paraíba (PB)
+Zone America/Fortaleza	-2:34:00 -	LMT	1914
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	1990 Sep 17
+			-3:00	-	-03	1999 Sep 30
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2000 Oct 22
+			-3:00	-	-03	2001 Sep 13
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2002 Oct  1
+			-3:00	-	-03
+#
+# Pernambuco (PE) (except Atlantic islands)
+Zone America/Recife	-2:19:36 -	LMT	1914
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	1990 Sep 17
+			-3:00	-	-03	1999 Sep 30
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2000 Oct 15
+			-3:00	-	-03	2001 Sep 13
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2002 Oct  1
+			-3:00	-	-03
+#
+# Tocantins (TO)
+Zone America/Araguaina	-3:12:48 -	LMT	1914
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	1990 Sep 17
+			-3:00	-	-03	1995 Sep 14
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2003 Sep 24
+			-3:00	-	-03	2012 Oct 21
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2013 Sep
+			-3:00	-	-03
+#
+# Alagoas (AL), Sergipe (SE)
+Zone America/Maceio	-2:22:52 -	LMT	1914
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	1990 Sep 17
+			-3:00	-	-03	1995 Oct 13
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	1996 Sep  4
+			-3:00	-	-03	1999 Sep 30
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2000 Oct 22
+			-3:00	-	-03	2001 Sep 13
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2002 Oct  1
+			-3:00	-	-03
+#
+# Bahia (BA)
+# There are too many Salvadors elsewhere, so use America/Bahia instead
+# of America/Salvador.
+Zone America/Bahia	-2:34:04 -	LMT	1914
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2003 Sep 24
+			-3:00	-	-03	2011 Oct 16
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	2012 Oct 21
+			-3:00	-	-03
+#
+# Goiás (GO), Distrito Federal (DF), Minas Gerais (MG),
+# Espírito Santo (ES), Rio de Janeiro (RJ), São Paulo (SP), Paraná (PR),
+# Santa Catarina (SC), Rio Grande do Sul (RS)
+Zone America/Sao_Paulo	-3:06:28 -	LMT	1914
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02	1963 Oct 23  0:00
+			-3:00	1:00	-02	1964
+			-3:00	Brazil	-03/-02
+#
+# Mato Grosso do Sul (MS)
+Zone America/Campo_Grande -3:38:28 -	LMT	1914
+			-4:00	Brazil	-04/-03
+#
+# Mato Grosso (MT)
+Zone America/Cuiaba	-3:44:20 -	LMT	1914
+			-4:00	Brazil	-04/-03	2003 Sep 24
+			-4:00	-	-04	2004 Oct  1
+			-4:00	Brazil	-04/-03
+#
+# Rondônia (RO)
+Zone America/Porto_Velho -4:15:36 -	LMT	1914
+			-4:00	Brazil	-04/-03	1988 Sep 12
+			-4:00	-	-04
+#
+# Roraima (RR)
+Zone America/Boa_Vista	-4:02:40 -	LMT	1914
+			-4:00	Brazil	-04/-03	1988 Sep 12
+			-4:00	-	-04	1999 Sep 30
+			-4:00	Brazil	-04/-03	2000 Oct 15
+			-4:00	-	-04
+#
+# east Amazonas (AM): Boca do Acre, Jutaí, Manaus, Floriano Peixoto
+# The great circle line from Tabatinga to Porto Acre divides
+# east from west Amazonas.
+Zone America/Manaus	-4:00:04 -	LMT	1914
+			-4:00	Brazil	-04/-03	1988 Sep 12
+			-4:00	-	-04	1993 Sep 28
+			-4:00	Brazil	-04/-03	1994 Sep 22
+			-4:00	-	-04
+#
+# west Amazonas (AM): Atalaia do Norte, Boca do Maoco, Benjamin Constant,
+#	Eirunepé, Envira, Ipixuna
+Zone America/Eirunepe	-4:39:28 -	LMT	1914
+			-5:00	Brazil	-05/-04	1988 Sep 12
+			-5:00	-	-05	1993 Sep 28
+			-5:00	Brazil	-05/-04	1994 Sep 22
+			-5:00	-	-05	2008 Jun 24  0:00
+			-4:00	-	-04	2013 Nov 10
+			-5:00	-	-05
+#
+# Acre (AC)
+Zone America/Rio_Branco	-4:31:12 -	LMT	1914
+			-5:00	Brazil	-05/-04	1988 Sep 12
+			-5:00	-	-05	2008 Jun 24  0:00
+			-4:00	-	-04	2013 Nov 10
+			-5:00	-	-05
+
+# Chile
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-03-15):
+# Shanks & Pottenger says America/Santiago introduced standard time in
+# 1890 and rounds its UT offset to 70W40; guess that in practice this
+# was the same offset as in 1916-1919.  It also says Pacific/Easter
+# standardized on 109W22 in 1890; assume this didn't change the clocks.
+#
+# Dates for America/Santiago from 1910 to 2004 are primarily from
+# the following source, cited by Oscar van Vlijmen (2006-10-08):
+# [1] Chile Law
+# http://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/chile.html
+# This contains a copy of this official table:
+# Cambios en la hora oficial de Chile desde 1900 (retrieved 2008-03-30)
+# https://web.archive.org/web/20080330200901/http://www.horaoficial.cl/cambio.htm
+# [1] needs several corrections, though.
+#
+# The first set of corrections is from:
+# [2] History of the Official Time of Chile
+# http://www.horaoficial.cl/ing/horaof_ing.html (retrieved 2012-03-06).  See:
+# https://web.archive.org/web/20120306042032/http://www.horaoficial.cl/ing/horaof_ing.html
+# This is an English translation of:
+# Historia de la hora oficial de Chile (retrieved 2012-10-24).  See:
+# https://web.archive.org/web/20121024234627/http://www.horaoficial.cl/horaof.htm
+# A fancier Spanish version (requiring mouse-clicking) is at:
+# http://www.horaoficial.cl/historia_hora.php
+# Conflicts between [1] and [2] were resolved as follows:
+#
+#  - [1] says the 1910 transition was Jan 1, [2] says Jan 10 and cites
+#    Boletín No. 1, Aviso No. 1 (1910).  Go with [2].
+#
+#  - [1] says SMT was -4:42:45, [2] says Chile's official time from
+#    1916 to 1919 was -4:42:46.3, the meridian of Chile's National
+#    Astronomical Observatory (OAN), then located in what is now
+#    Quinta Normal in Santiago.  Go with [1], as this matches the meridian
+#    referred to by the relevant Chilean laws to this day.
+#
+#  - [1] says the 1918 transition was Sep 1, [2] says Sep 10 and cites
+#    Boletín No. 22, Aviso No. 129/1918 (1918-08-23).  Go with [2].
+#
+#  - [1] does not give times for transitions; assume they occur
+#    at midnight mainland time, the current common practice.  However,
+#    go with [2]'s specification of 23:00 for the 1947-05-21 transition.
+#
+# Another correction to [1] is from Jesper Nørgaard Welen, who
+# wrote (2006-10-08), "I think that there are some obvious mistakes in
+# the suggested link from Oscar van Vlijmen,... for instance entry 66
+# says that GMT-4 ended 1990-09-12 while entry 67 only begins GMT-3 at
+# 1990-09-15 (they should have been 1990-09-15 and 1990-09-16
+# respectively), but anyhow it clears up some doubts too."
+#
+# Data for Pacific/Easter from 1910 through 1967 come from Shanks &
+# Pottenger.  After that, for lack of better info assume
+# Pacific/Easter is always two hours behind America/Santiago;
+# this is known to work for DST transitions starting in 2008 and
+# may well be true for earlier transitions.
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2022-07-06):
+# For a brief period of roughly six weeks in 1946, DST was only observed on an
+# emergency basis in specific regions of central Chile; namely, "the national
+# territory between the provinces of Coquimbo and Concepción, inclusive".
+# This was enacted by Decree 3,891, dated 1946-07-13, and took effect
+# 1946-07-14 24:00, advancing these central regions to -03.
+# https://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/versiones-anteriores/do-h/19460715/#page/1
+# The decree contemplated "[t]hat this advancement of the Official Time, even
+# though it has been proposed for the cities of Santiago and Valparaíso only,
+# must be agreed with that of other cities, due to the connection of various
+# activities that require it, such as, for example, the operation of rail
+# services".  It was originally set to expire after 30 days but was extended
+# through 1946-08-31 by Decree 4,506, dated 1946-08-13.
+# https://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/versiones-anteriores/do-h/19460814/#page/1
+#
+# Law Number 8,522, promulgated 1946-08-27, reunified Chilean clocks at their
+# new "Summer Time" of -04, reckoned as that of "the meridian of the
+# Astronomical Observatory of Lo Espejo, advanced by 42 minutes and 45
+# seconds".  Although this law specified the new Summer Time to start on 1
+# September each year, a special "transitional article" started it a few days
+# early, as soon as the law took effect.  As the law was to take force "from
+# the date of its publication in the 'Diario Oficial', which happened the
+# following day, presume the change took place in Santiago and its environs
+# from 24:00 -03 to 23:00 -04 on Wednesday 1946-08-28.  Although this was a
+# no-op for wall clocks in the north and south of the country, put their formal
+# start to DST an hour later when they reached 24:00 -04.
+# https://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/versiones-anteriores/do-h/19460828/#page/1
+# After a brief "Winter Time" stint at -05 beginning 1947-04-01, Law Number
+# 8,777, promulgated 1947-05-17, established year-round -04 "from 23:00 on the
+# second day after it is published in the 'Diario Oficial'."  It was published
+# on Monday 1947-05-19 and so took effect from Wednesday 1947-05-21 23:00.
+# https://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/versiones-anteriores/do-h/19470519/#page/1
+
+# From Eduardo Krell (1995-10-19):
+# The law says to switch to DST at midnight [24:00] on the second SATURDAY
+# of October....  The law is the same for March and October.
+# (1998-09-29):
+# Because of the drought this year, the government decided to go into
+# DST earlier (saturday 9/26 at 24:00). This is a one-time change only ...
+# (unless there's another dry season next year, I guess).
+
+# From Julio I. Pacheco Troncoso (1999-03-18):
+# Because of the same drought, the government decided to end DST later,
+# on April 3, (one-time change).
+
+# From Germán Poo-Caamaño (2008-03-03):
+# Due to drought, Chile extends Daylight Time in three weeks.  This
+# is one-time change (Saturday 3/29 at 24:00 for America/Santiago
+# and Saturday 3/29 at 22:00 for Pacific/Easter)
+# The Supreme Decree is located at
+# http://www.shoa.cl/servicios/supremo316.pdf
+#
+# From José Miguel Garrido (2008-03-05):
+# http://www.shoa.cl/noticias/2008/04hora/hora.htm
+
+# From Angel Chiang (2010-03-04):
+# Subject: DST in Chile exceptionally extended to 3 April due to earthquake
+# http://www.gobiernodechile.cl/viewNoticia.aspx?idArticulo=30098
+#
+# From Arthur David Olson (2010-03-06):
+# Angel Chiang's message confirmed by Julio Pacheco; Julio provided a patch.
+
+# From Glenn Eychaner (2011-03-28):
+# http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/03/28/_portada/_portada/noticias/7565897A-CA86-49E6-9E03-660B21A4883E.htm?id=3D{7565897A-CA86-49E6-9E03-660B21A4883E}
+# In English:
+# Chile's clocks will go back an hour this year on the 7th of May instead
+# of this Saturday. They will go forward again the 3rd Saturday in
+# August, not in October as they have since 1968.
+
+# From Mauricio Parada (2012-02-22), translated by Glenn Eychaner (2012-02-23):
+# As stated in the website of the Chilean Energy Ministry
+# http://www.minenergia.cl/ministerio/noticias/generales/gobierno-anuncia-fechas-de-cambio-de.html
+# The Chilean Government has decided to postpone the entrance into winter time
+# (to leave DST) from March 11 2012 to April 28th 2012....
+# Quote from the website communication:
+#
+# 6. For the year 2012, the dates of entry into winter time will be as follows:
+# a. Saturday April 28, 2012, clocks should go back 60 minutes; that is, at
+# 23:59:59, instead of passing to 0:00, the time should be adjusted to be 23:00
+# of the same day.
+# b. Saturday, September 1, 2012, clocks should go forward 60 minutes; that is,
+# at 23:59:59, instead of passing to 0:00, the time should be adjusted to be
+# 01:00 on September 2.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-02-15):
+# According to several news sources, Chile has extended DST this year,
+# they will end DST later and start DST earlier than planned.  They
+# hope to save energy.  The new end date is 2013-04-28 00:00 and new
+# start date is 2013-09-08 00:00....
+# http://www.gob.cl/informa/2013/02/15/gobierno-anuncia-fechas-de-cambio-de-hora-para-el-ano-2013.htm
+
+# From José Miguel Garrido (2014-02-19):
+# Today appeared in the Diario Oficial a decree amending the time change
+# dates to 2014.
+# DST End: last Saturday of April 2014 (Sun 27 Apr 2014 03:00 UTC)
+# DST Start: first Saturday of September 2014 (Sun 07 Sep 2014 04:00 UTC)
+# http://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl//media/2014/02/19/do-20140219.pdf
+
+# From Eduardo Romero Urra (2015-03-03):
+# Today has been published officially that Chile will use the DST time
+# permanently until March 25 of 2017
+# http://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/media/2015/03/03/1-large.jpg
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-03-03):
+# For now, assume that the extension will persist indefinitely.
+
+# From Juan Correa (2016-03-18):
+# The decree regarding DST has been published in today's Official Gazette:
+# http://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/versiones-anteriores/do/20160318/
+# http://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idNorma=1088502
+# It does consider the second Saturday of May and August as the dates
+# for the transition; and it lists DST dates until 2019, but I think
+# this scheme will stick.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# For now, assume the pattern holds for the indefinite future.
+# The decree says transitions occur at 24:00; in practice this appears
+# to mean 24:00 mainland time, not 24:00 local time, so that Easter
+# Island is always two hours behind the mainland.
+
+# From Juan Correa (2016-12-04):
+# Magallanes region ... will keep DST (UTC -3) all year round....
+# http://www.soychile.cl/Santiago/Sociedad/2016/12/04/433428/Bachelet-firmo-el-decreto-para-establecer-un-horario-unico-para-la-Region-de-Magallanes.aspx
+# From Deborah Goldsmith (2017-01-19):
+# http://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/publicaciones/2017/01/17/41660/01/1169626.pdf
+
+# From Juan Correa (2018-08-13):
+# As of moments ago, the Ministry of Energy in Chile has announced the new
+# schema for DST. ...  Announcement in video (in Spanish):
+# https://twitter.com/MinEnergia/status/1029000399129374720
+# From Yonathan Dossow (2018-08-13):
+# The video says "first Saturday of September", we all know it means Sunday at
+# midnight.
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-08-13):
+# Translating the captions on the video at 0:44-0:55, "We want to announce as
+# Government that from 2019, Winter Time will be increased to 5 months, between
+# the first Saturday of April and the first Saturday of September."
+# At 2:08-2:20, "The Magallanes region will maintain its current time, as
+# decided by the citizens during 2017, but our Government will promote a
+# regional dialogue table to gather their opinion on this matter."
+# https://twitter.com/MinEnergia/status/1029009354001973248
+# "We will keep the new time policy unchanged for at least the next 4 years."
+# So we extend the new rules on Saturdays at 24:00 mainland time indefinitely.
+# From Juan Correa (2019-02-04):
+# http://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/publicaciones/2018/11/23/42212/01/1498738.pdf
+
+# From Juan Correa (2022-04-02):
+# I found there was a decree published last Thursday that will keep
+# Magallanes region to UTC -3 "indefinitely". The decree is available at
+# https://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/publicaciones/2022/03/31/43217-B/01/2108910.pdf
+
+# From Juan Correa (2022-08-09):
+# the Internal Affairs Ministry (Ministerio del Interior) informed DST
+# for America/Santiago will start on midnight of September 11th;
+# and will end on April 1st, 2023. Magallanes region (America/Punta_Arenas)
+# will keep UTC -3 "indefinitely"...  This is because on September 4th
+# we will have a voting whether to approve a new Constitution.
+#
+# From Eduardo Romero Urra (2022-08-17):
+# https://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/publicaciones/2022/08/13/43327/01/2172567.pdf
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-08-17):
+# Although the presidential decree stops at fall 2026, assume that
+# similar DST rules will continue thereafter.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Chile	1927	1931	-	Sep	 1	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Chile	1928	1932	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Chile	1968	only	-	Nov	 3	4:00u	1:00	-
+Rule	Chile	1969	only	-	Mar	30	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	1969	only	-	Nov	23	4:00u	1:00	-
+Rule	Chile	1970	only	-	Mar	29	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	1971	only	-	Mar	14	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	1970	1972	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	-
+Rule	Chile	1972	1986	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	1973	only	-	Sep	30	4:00u	1:00	-
+Rule	Chile	1974	1987	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	-
+Rule	Chile	1987	only	-	Apr	12	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	1988	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	1988	1989	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	-
+Rule	Chile	1990	only	-	Sep	16	4:00u	1:00	-
+Rule	Chile	1991	1996	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	1991	1997	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	-
+Rule	Chile	1997	only	-	Mar	30	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	1998	only	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	1998	only	-	Sep	27	4:00u	1:00	-
+Rule	Chile	1999	only	-	Apr	 4	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	1999	2010	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	-
+Rule	Chile	2000	2007	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
+# N.B.: the end of March 29 in Chile is March 30 in Universal time,
+# which is used below in specifying the transition.
+Rule	Chile	2008	only	-	Mar	30	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	2009	only	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	2010	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	2011	only	-	May	Sun>=2	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	2011	only	-	Aug	Sun>=16	4:00u	1:00	-
+Rule	Chile	2012	2014	-	Apr	Sun>=23	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	2012	2014	-	Sep	Sun>=2	4:00u	1:00	-
+Rule	Chile	2016	2018	-	May	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	2016	2018	-	Aug	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	-
+Rule	Chile	2019	max	-	Apr	Sun>=2	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	2019	2021	-	Sep	Sun>=2	4:00u	1:00	-
+Rule	Chile	2022	only	-	Sep	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	-
+Rule	Chile	2023	max	-	Sep	Sun>=2	4:00u	1:00	-
+# IATA SSIM anomalies: (1992-02) says 1992-03-14;
+# (1996-09) says 1998-03-08.  Ignore these.
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Santiago	-4:42:45 -	LMT	1890
+			-4:42:45 -	SMT	1910 Jan 10 # Santiago Mean Time
+			-5:00	-	-05	1916 Jul  1
+			-4:42:45 -	SMT	1918 Sep 10
+			-4:00	-	-04	1919 Jul  1
+			-4:42:45 -	SMT	1927 Sep  1
+			-5:00	Chile	-05/-04	1932 Sep  1
+			-4:00	-	-04	1942 Jun  1
+			-5:00	-	-05	1942 Aug  1
+			-4:00	-	-04	1946 Jul 14 24:00
+			-4:00	1:00	-03	1946 Aug 28 24:00 # central CL
+			-5:00	1:00	-04	1947 Mar 31 24:00
+			-5:00	-	-05	1947 May 21 23:00
+			-4:00	Chile	-04/-03
+Zone America/Punta_Arenas -4:43:40 -	LMT	1890
+			-4:42:45 -	SMT	1910 Jan 10
+			-5:00	-	-05	1916 Jul  1
+			-4:42:45 -	SMT	1918 Sep 10
+			-4:00	-	-04	1919 Jul  1
+			-4:42:45 -	SMT	1927 Sep  1
+			-5:00	Chile	-05/-04	1932 Sep  1
+			-4:00	-	-04	1942 Jun  1
+			-5:00	-	-05	1942 Aug  1
+			-4:00	-	-04	1946 Aug 28 24:00
+			-5:00	1:00	-04	1947 Mar 31 24:00
+			-5:00	-	-05	1947 May 21 23:00
+			-4:00	Chile	-04/-03	2016 Dec  4
+			-3:00	-	-03
+Zone Pacific/Easter	-7:17:28 -	LMT	1890
+			-7:17:28 -	EMT	1932 Sep    # Easter Mean Time
+			-7:00	Chile	-07/-06	1982 Mar 14 3:00u # Easter Time
+			-6:00	Chile	-06/-05
+#
+# Salas y Gómez Island is uninhabited.
+# Other Chilean locations, including Juan Fernández Is, Desventuradas Is,
+# and Antarctic bases, are like America/Santiago.
+
+# Antarctic base using South American rules
+# (See the file 'antarctica' for more.)
+#
+# Palmer, Anvers Island, since 1965 (moved 2 miles in 1968)
+#
+# From Ethan Dicks (1996-10-06):
+# It keeps the same time as Punta Arenas, Chile, because, just like us
+# and the South Pole, that's the other end of their supply line....
+# I verified with someone who was there that since 1980,
+# Palmer has followed Chile.  Prior to that, before the Falklands War,
+# Palmer used to be supplied from Argentina.
+#
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Antarctica/Palmer	0	-	-00	1965
+			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1982 May
+			-4:00	Chile	-04/-03	2016 Dec  4
+			-3:00	-	-03
+
+# Colombia
+
+# Milne gives 4:56:16.4 for Bogotá time in 1899.  He writes,
+# "A variation of fifteen minutes in the public clocks of Bogota is not rare."
+
+# From Alois Treindl (2022-11-10):
+# End of time change in Colombia 1993 ... should be 6 February 24h ...
+# DECRETO 267 DE 1993
+# https://www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Decretos/1061335
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	CO	1992	only	-	May	 3	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	CO	1993	only	-	Feb	 6	24:00	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+		#STDOFF	-4:56:16.4
+Zone	America/Bogota	-4:56:16 -	LMT	1884 Mar 13
+			-4:56:16 -	BMT	1914 Nov 23 # Bogotá Mean Time
+			-5:00	CO	-05/-04
+# Malpelo, Providencia, San Andres
+# no information; probably like America/Bogota
+
+
+# Ecuador
+#
+# Milne says the Central and South American Telegraph Company used -5:24:15.
+#
+# From Alois Treindl (2016-12-15):
+# https://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/hora-sixto-1993.html
+# ... Whether the law applied also to Galápagos, I do not know.
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-12-15):
+# https://www.elcomercio.com/afull/modificacion-husohorario-ecuador-presidentes-decreto.html
+# This says President Sixto Durán Ballén signed decree No. 285, which
+# established DST from 1992-11-28 to 1993-02-05; it does not give transition
+# times.  The people called it "hora de Sixto" ("Sixto hour").  The change did
+# not go over well; a popular song "Qué hora es" by Jaime Guevara had lyrics
+# that included "Amanecía en mitad de la noche, los guaguas iban a clase sin
+# sol" ("It was dawning in the middle of the night, the buses went to class
+# without sun").  Although Ballén's campaign slogan was "Ni un paso atrás"
+# (Not one step back), the clocks went back in 1993 and the experiment was not
+# repeated.  For now, assume transitions were at 00:00 local time country-wide.
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Ecuador	1992	only	-	Nov	28	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Ecuador	1993	only	-	Feb	 5	0:00	0	-
+#
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Guayaquil	-5:19:20 -	LMT	1890
+			-5:14:00 -	QMT	1931 # Quito Mean Time
+			-5:00	Ecuador	-05/-04
+Zone Pacific/Galapagos	-5:58:24 -	LMT	1931 # Puerto Baquerizo Moreno
+			-5:00	-	-05	1986
+			-6:00	Ecuador	-06/-05
+
+# Falklands
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# Between 1990 and 2000 inclusive, Shanks & Pottenger and the IATA agree except
+# the IATA gives 1996-09-08.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+
+# From Falkland Islands Government Office, London (2001-01-22)
+# via Jesper Nørgaard:
+# ... the clocks revert back to Local Mean Time at 2 am on Sunday 15
+# April 2001 and advance one hour to summer time at 2 am on Sunday 2
+# September.  It is anticipated that the clocks will revert back at 2
+# am on Sunday 21 April 2002 and advance to summer time at 2 am on
+# Sunday 1 September.
+
+# From Rives McDow (2001-02-13):
+#
+# I have communicated several times with people there, and the last
+# time I had communications that was helpful was in 1998.  Here is
+# what was said then:
+#
+# "The general rule was that Stanley used daylight saving and the Camp
+# did not. However for various reasons many people in the Camp have
+# started to use daylight saving (known locally as 'Stanley Time')
+# There is no rule as to who uses daylight saving - it is a matter of
+# personal choice and so it is impossible to draw a map showing who
+# uses it and who does not. Any list would be out of date as soon as
+# it was produced. This year daylight saving ended on April 18/19th
+# and started again on September 12/13th.  I do not know what the rule
+# is, but can find out if you like.  We do not change at the same time
+# as UK or Chile."
+#
+# I did have in my notes that the rule was "Second Saturday in Sep at
+# 0:00 until third Saturday in Apr at 0:00".  I think that this does
+# not agree in some cases with Shanks; is this true?
+#
+# Also, there is no mention in the list that some areas in the
+# Falklands do not use DST.  I have found in my communications there
+# that these areas are on the western half of East Falkland and all of
+# West Falkland.  Stanley is the only place that consistently observes
+# DST.  Again, as in other places in the world, the farmers don't like
+# it.  West Falkland is almost entirely sheep farmers.
+#
+# I know one lady there that keeps a list of which farm keeps DST and
+# which doesn't each year.  She runs a shop in Stanley, and says that
+# the list changes each year.  She uses it to communicate to her
+# customers, catching them when they are home for lunch or dinner.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-05):
+# For now, we'll just record the time in Stanley, since we have no
+# better info.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2011-04-01):
+# The Falkland Islands will not turn back clocks this winter, but stay on
+# daylight saving time.
+#
+# One source:
+# http://www.falklandnews.com/public/story.cfm?get=5914&source=3
+#
+# We have gotten this confirmed by a clerk of the legislative assembly:
+# Normally the clocks revert to Local Mean Time (UTC/GMT -4 hours) on the
+# third Sunday of April at 0200hrs and advance to Summer Time (UTC/GMT -3
+# hours) on the first Sunday of September at 0200hrs.
+#
+# IMPORTANT NOTE: During 2011, on a trial basis, the Falkland Islands
+# will not revert to local mean time, but clocks will remain on Summer
+# time (UTC/GMT - 3 hours) throughout the whole of 2011.  Any long term
+# change to local time following the trial period will be notified.
+#
+# From Andrew Newman (2012-02-24)
+# A letter from Justin McPhee, Chief Executive,
+# Cable & Wireless Falkland Islands (dated 2012-02-22)
+# states...
+#   The current Atlantic/Stanley entry under South America expects the
+#   clocks to go back to standard Falklands Time (FKT) on the 15th April.
+#   The database entry states that in 2011 Stanley was staying on fixed
+#   summer time on a trial basis only.  FIG need to contact IANA and/or
+#   the maintainers of the database to inform them we're adopting
+#   the same policy this year and suggest recommendations for future years.
+#
+# For now we will assume permanent -03 for the Falklands
+# until advised differently (to apply for 2012 and beyond, after the 2011
+# experiment was apparently successful.)
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Falk	1937	1938	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Falk	1938	1942	-	Mar	Sun>=19	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Falk	1939	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Falk	1940	1942	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Falk	1943	only	-	Jan	1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Falk	1983	only	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Falk	1984	1985	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Falk	1984	only	-	Sep	16	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Falk	1985	2000	-	Sep	Sun>=9	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Falk	1986	2000	-	Apr	Sun>=16	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Falk	2001	2010	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Falk	2001	2010	-	Sep	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	-
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Atlantic/Stanley	-3:51:24 -	LMT	1890
+			-3:51:24 -	SMT	1912 Mar 12 # Stanley Mean Time
+			-4:00	Falk	-04/-03	1983 May
+			-3:00	Falk	-03/-02	1985 Sep 15
+			-4:00	Falk	-04/-03	2010 Sep  5  2:00
+			-3:00	-	-03
+
+# French Guiana
+# For the 1911/1912 establishment of standard time in French possessions, see:
+# Société Française de Physique, Recueil de constantes physiques (1913),
+# page 752, 18b.
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Cayenne	-3:29:20 -	LMT	1911 Jul  1
+			-4:00	-	-04	1967 Oct
+			-3:00	-	-03
+
+# Guyana
+
+# From P Chan (2020-11-27):
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=5-5CAQAAMAAJ&pg=SA1-PA547
+# The Official Gazette of British Guiana. (New Series.) Vol. XL. July to
+# December, 1915, p 1547, lists as several notes:
+# "Local Mean Time 3 hours 52 mins. 39 secs. slow of Greenwich Mean Time
+# (Georgetown.) From 1st August, 1911, British Guiana Standard Mean Time 4
+# hours slow of Greenwich Mean Time, by notice in Official Gazette on 1st July,
+# 1911.  From 1st March, 1915, British Guiana Standard Mean Time 3 hours 45
+# mins. 0 secs. slow of Greenwich Mean Time, by notice in Official Gazette on
+# 23rd January, 1915."
+#
+# https://parliament.gov.gy/documents/acts/10923-act_no._27_of_1975_-_interpretation_and_general_clauses_(amendment)_act_1975.pdf
+# Interpretation and general clauses (Amendment) Act 1975 (Act No. 27 of 1975)
+# [dated 1975-07-31]
+# "This Act...shall come into operation on 1st August, 1975."
+# "...where any expression of time occurs...the time referred to shall signify
+# the standard time of Guyana which shall be three hours behind Greenwich Mean
+# Time."
+#
+# Circular No. 10/1992 dated 1992-03-20
+# https://dps.gov.gy/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/1992-03-20-Circular-010.pdf
+# "...cabinet has decided that with effect from Sunday 29th March, 1992, Guyana
+# Standard Time would be re-established at 01:00 hours by adjusting the hands
+# of the clock back to 24:00 hours."
+# Legislated in the Interpretation and general clauses (Amendment) Act 1992
+# (Act No. 6 of 1992) [passed 1992-03-27, published 1992-04-18]
+# https://parliament.gov.gy/documents/acts/5885-6_of_1992_interpretation_and_general_clauses_(amendment)_act_1992.pdf
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	America/Guyana	-3:52:39 -	LMT	1911 Aug  1 # Georgetown
+			-4:00	-	-04	1915 Mar  1
+			-3:45	-	-0345	1975 Aug  1
+			-3:00	-	-03	1992 Mar 29  1:00
+			-4:00	-	-04
+
+# Paraguay
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# Shanks & Pottenger say that spring transitions are 01:00 -> 02:00,
+# and autumn transitions are 00:00 -> 23:00.  Go with pre-1999
+# editions of Shanks, and with the IATA, who say transitions occur at 00:00.
+#
+# From Waldemar Villamayor-Venialbo (2013-09-20):
+# No time of the day is established for the adjustment, so people normally
+# adjust their clocks at 0 hour of the given dates.
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Para	1975	1988	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Para	1975	1978	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Para	1979	1991	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Para	1989	only	-	Oct	22	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Para	1990	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Para	1991	only	-	Oct	 6	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Para	1992	only	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Para	1992	only	-	Oct	 5	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Para	1993	only	-	Mar	31	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Para	1993	1995	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Para	1994	1995	-	Feb	lastSun	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Para	1996	only	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
+# IATA SSIM (2000-02) says 1999-10-10; ignore this for now.
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-02):
+# I have three independent reports that Paraguay changed to DST this Sunday
+# (10-01).
+#
+# Translated by Gwillim Law (2001-02-27) from
+# Noticias, a daily paper in Asunción, Paraguay (2000-10-01):
+# http://www.diarionoticias.com.py/011000/nacional/naciona1.htm
+# Starting at 0:00 today, the clock will be set forward 60 minutes, in
+# fulfillment of Decree No. 7,273 of the Executive Power....  The time change
+# system has been operating for several years.  Formerly there was a separate
+# decree each year; the new law has the same effect, but permanently.  Every
+# year, the time will change on the first Sunday of October; likewise, the
+# clock will be set back on the first Sunday of March.
+#
+Rule	Para	1996	2001	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	-
+# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Mar 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	Para	1997	only	-	Feb	lastSun	0:00	0	-
+# Shanks & Pottenger say 1999-02-28; IATA SSIM (1999-02) says 1999-02-27, but
+# (1999-09) reports no date; go with above sources and Gerd Knops (2001-02-27).
+Rule	Para	1998	2001	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
+# From Rives McDow (2002-02-28):
+# A decree was issued in Paraguay (No. 16350) on 2002-02-26 that changed the
+# dst method to be from the first Sunday in September to the first Sunday in
+# April.
+Rule	Para	2002	2004	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Para	2002	2003	-	Sep	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	-
+#
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-01-02):
+# There are several sources that claim that Paraguay made
+# a timezone rule change in autumn 2004.
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2005-01-05):
+# Decree 1,867 (2004-03-05)
+# From Carlos Raúl Perasso via Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-10-13)
+# http://www.presidencia.gov.py/decretos/D1867.pdf
+Rule	Para	2004	2009	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Para	2005	2009	-	Mar	Sun>=8	0:00	0	-
+# From Carlos Raúl Perasso (2010-02-18):
+# By decree number 3958 issued yesterday
+# http://www.presidencia.gov.py/v1/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/decreto3958.pdf
+# Paraguay changes its DST schedule, postponing the March rule to April and
+# modifying the October date. The decree reads:
+# ...
+# Art. 1. It is hereby established that from the second Sunday of the month of
+# April of this year (2010), the official time is to be set back 60 minutes,
+# and that on the first Sunday of the month of October, it is to be set
+# forward 60 minutes, in all the territory of the Paraguayan Republic.
+# ...
+Rule	Para	2010	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Para	2010	2012	-	Apr	Sun>=8	0:00	0	-
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-03-07):
+# Paraguay will end DST on 2013-03-24 00:00....
+# http://www.ande.gov.py/interna.php?id=1075
+#
+# From Carlos Raúl Perasso (2013-03-15):
+# The change in Paraguay is now final.  Decree number 10780
+# http://www.presidencia.gov.py/uploads/pdf/presidencia-3b86ff4b691c79d4f5927ca964922ec74772ce857c02ca054a52a37b49afc7fb.pdf
+# From Carlos Raúl Perasso (2014-02-28):
+# Decree 1264 can be found at:
+# http://www.presidencia.gov.py/archivos/documentos/DECRETO1264_ey9r8zai.pdf
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2023-07-26):
+# Transition dates are now set by Law No. 7115, not by presidential decree.
+# https://www.abc.com.py/politica/2023/07/12/promulgacion-el-cambio-de-hora-sera-por-ley/
+# From Carlos Raúl Perasso (2023-07-27):
+# http://silpy.congreso.gov.py/descarga/ley-144138
+Rule	Para	2013	max	-	Mar	Sun>=22	0:00	0	-
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Asuncion	-3:50:40 -	LMT	1890
+			-3:50:40 -	AMT	1931 Oct 10 # Asunción Mean Time
+			-4:00	-	-04	1972 Oct
+			-3:00	-	-03	1974 Apr
+			-4:00	Para	-04/-03
+
+# Peru
+#
+# From Evelyn C. Leeper via Mark Brader (2003-10-26)
+# <news:xrGmb.39935$gA1.13896113@news4.srv.hcvlny.cv.net>:
+# When we were in Peru in 1985-1986, they apparently switched over
+# sometime between December 29 and January 3 while we were on the Amazon.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# Shanks & Pottenger don't have this transition.  Assume 1986 was like 1987.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Peru	1938	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Peru	1938	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Peru	1938	1939	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Peru	1939	1940	-	Mar	Sun>=24	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Peru	1986	1987	-	Jan	 1	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Peru	1986	1987	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Peru	1990	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Peru	1990	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
+# IATA is ambiguous for 1993/1995; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	Peru	1994	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Peru	1994	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	America/Lima	-5:08:12 -	LMT	1890
+			-5:08:36 -	LMT	1908 Jul 28 # Lima Mean Time?
+			-5:00	Peru	-05/-04
+
+# South Georgia
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Atlantic/South_Georgia -2:26:08 -	LMT	1890 # Grytviken
+			-2:00	-	-02
+
+# South Sandwich Is
+# uninhabited; scientific personnel have wintered
+
+# Suriname
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Paramaribo	-3:40:40 -	LMT	1911
+			-3:40:52 -	PMT	1935     # Paramaribo Mean Time
+			-3:40:36 -	PMT	1945 Oct    # The capital moved?
+			-3:30	-	-0330	1984 Oct
+			-3:00	-	-03
+
+# Uruguay
+# From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
+# Uruguay wins the prize for the strangest peacetime manipulation of the rules.
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-20), per Jeremie Bonjour (2018-01-31) and Michael
+# Deckers (2018-02-20):
+# ... At least they kept good records...
+#
+# http://www.armada.mil.uy/ContenidosPDFs/sohma/web/almanaque/almanaque_2018.pdf#page=36
+# Page 36 of Almanaque 2018, published by the Oceanography, Hydrography, and
+# Meteorology Service of the Uruguayan Navy, seems to give many transitions
+# with greater clarity than we've had before.  It directly references many laws
+# and decrees which are, in turn, referenced below.  They can be viewed in the
+# public archives of the Diario Oficial (in Spanish) at
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/
+#
+# Ley No. 3920 of 1908-06-10 placed the determination of legal time under the
+# auspices of the National Institute for the Prediction of Time.  It is unclear
+# exactly what offset was used during this period, though Ley No. 7200 of
+# 1920-04-23 used the Observatory of the National Meteorological Institute in
+# Montevideo (34° 54' 33" S, 56° 12' 45" W) as its reference meridian,
+# retarding legal time by 15 minutes 9 seconds from 1920-04-30 24:00,
+# resulting in UT-04.  Assume the corresponding LMT of UT-03:44:51 (given on
+# page 725 of the Proceedings of the Second Pan-American Scientific Congress,
+# 1915-1916) was in use, and merely became official from 1908-06-10.
+# https://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1908/06/18/12
+# https://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1920/04/27/9
+#
+# Ley No. 7594 of 1923-06-28 specified legal time as Observatory time advanced
+# by 44 minutes 51 seconds (UT-03) "from 30 September to 31 March", and by 14
+# minutes 51 seconds (UT-03:30) "the rest of the year"; a message from the
+# National Council of Administration the same day, published directly below the
+# law in the Diario Oficial, specified the first transition to be 1923-09-30
+# 24:00.  This effectively established standard time at UT-03:30 with 30
+# minutes DST.  Assume transitions at 24:00 on the specified days until Ley No.
+# 7919 of 1926-03-05 ended this arrangement, repealing all "laws and other
+# provisions which oppose" it, resulting in year-round UT-03:30; a Resolución
+# of 1926-03-11 puts the final transition at 1926-03-31 24:00, the same as it
+# would have been under the previous law.
+# https://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1923/07/02/2
+# https://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1926/03/10/2
+# https://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1926/03/18/2
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Uruguay	1923	1925	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0:30	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1924	1926	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	0	-
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1933/10/27/6
+#
+# It appears Ley No. 9122 of 1933 was never published as such in the Diario
+# Oficial, but instead appeared as Document 26 in the Diario on Friday
+# 1933-10-27 as a decree made Monday 1933-10-23 and filed under the Ministry of
+# National Defense.  It reinstituted a DST of 30 minutes (to UT-03) "from the
+# last Sunday of October...until the last Saturday of March."  In accordance
+# with this provision, the first transition was explicitly specified in Article
+# 2 of the decree as Saturday 1933-10-28 at 24:00; that is, Sunday 1933-10-29
+# at 00:00.  Assume transitions at 00:00 Sunday throughout.
+#
+# Departing from the matter-of-fact nature of previous timekeeping laws, the
+# 1933 decree "consider[s] the advantages of...the advance of legal time":
+#
+#   "Whereas: The measure adopted by almost all nations at the time of the last
+#    World War still persists in North America and Europe, precisely because of
+#    the economic, hygienic, and social advantages derived from such an
+#    emergency measure...
+#
+#    Whereas: The advance of the legal time during the summer seasons, by
+#    displacing social activity near sunrise, favors the citizen populations
+#    and especially the society that creates and works..."
+#
+# It further specified that "necessary measures" be taken to ensure that
+# "public spectacles finish, in general, before [01:00]."
+Rule	Uruguay	1933	1938	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00	0:30	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1934	1941	-	Mar	lastSat	24:00	0	-
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# Most of the Rules below, and their contemporaneous Zone lines, have been
+# updated simply to match the Almanaque 2018.  Although the document does not
+# list exact transition times, midnight transitions were already present in our
+# data here for all transitions through 2004-09, and this is both consistent
+# with prior transitions and verified in several decrees marked below between
+# 1939-09 and 2004-09, wherein the relevant text was typically of the form:
+#
+#   "From 0 hours on [date], the legal time of the entire Republic will be...
+#
+#    In accordance with [the preceding], on [previous date] at 24 hours, all
+#    clocks throughout the Republic will be [advanced/retarded] by..."
+#
+# It is possible that there is greater specificity to be found for the Rules
+# below, but it is buried in no fewer than 40 different decrees individually
+# referenced by the Almanaque for the period from 1939-09 to 2014-09.
+# Four-fifths of these were promulgated less than two weeks before taking
+# effect; more than half within a week and none more than 5 weeks.  Only the
+# handful with comments below have been checked with any thoroughness.
+Rule	Uruguay	1939	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0:30	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1940	only	-	Oct	27	 0:00	0:30	-
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# Decreto 1145 of the Ministry of National Defense, dated 1941-07-26, specified
+# UT-03 from Friday 1941-08-01 00:00, citing an "urgent...need to save fuel".
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1941/08/04/1
+Rule	Uruguay	1941	only	-	Aug	 1	 0:00	0:30	-
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# Decreto 1866 of the Ministry of National Defense, dated 1942-12-09, specified
+# further advancement (to UT-02:30) from Sunday 1942-12-13 24:00.  Since clocks
+# never went back to UT-03:30 thereafter, this is modeled as advancing standard
+# time by 30 minutes to UT-03, while retaining 30 minutes of DST.
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1942/12/16/3
+Rule	Uruguay	1942	only	-	Dec	14	 0:00	0:30	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1943	only	-	Mar	14	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1959	only	-	May	24	 0:00	0:30	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1959	only	-	Nov	15	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1960	only	-	Jan	17	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1960	only	-	Mar	 6	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1965	only	-	Apr	 4	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1965	only	-	Sep	26	 0:00	0	-
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# Decreto 321/968 of 1968-05-25, citing emergency drought measures decreed the
+# day before, brought clocks forward 30 minutes from Monday 1968-05-27 00:00.
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1968/05/30/5
+Rule	Uruguay	1968	only	-	May	27	 0:00	0:30	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1968	only	-	Dec	 1	 0:00	0	-
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# Decreto 188/970 of 1970-04-23 instituted restrictions on electricity
+# consumption "as a consequence of the current rainfall regime in the country".
+# Articles 13 and 14 advanced clocks by an hour from Saturday 1970-04-25 00:00.
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1970/04/29/4
+Rule	Uruguay	1970	only	-	Apr	25	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1970	only	-	Jun	14	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1972	only	-	Apr	23	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1972	only	-	Jul	16	 0:00	0	-
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# Decreto 29/974 of 1974-01-11, citing "the international rise in the price of
+# oil", advanced clocks by 90 minutes (to UT-01:30).  Decreto 163/974 of
+# 1974-03-04 returned 60 of those minutes (to UT-02:30), and the remaining 30
+# minutes followed in Decreto 679/974 of 1974-08-29.
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1974/01/22/11
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1974/03/14/3
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1974/09/04/6
+Rule	Uruguay	1974	only	-	Jan	13	 0:00	1:30	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1974	only	-	Mar	10	 0:00	0:30	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1974	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1974	only	-	Dec	22	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1975	only	-	Mar	30	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1976	only	-	Dec	19	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1977	only	-	Mar	 6	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1977	only	-	Dec	 4	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1978	1979	-	Mar	Sun>=1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1978	only	-	Dec	17	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1979	only	-	Apr	29	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1980	only	-	Mar	16	 0:00	0	-
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# Decreto 725/987 of 1987-12-04 cited "better use of national tourist
+# attractions" to advance clocks one hour from Monday 1987-12-14 00:00.
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1988/01/25/1
+Rule	Uruguay	1987	only	-	Dec	14	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1988	only	-	Feb	28	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1988	only	-	Dec	11	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1989	only	-	Mar	 5	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1989	only	-	Oct	29	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1990	only	-	Feb	25	 0:00	0	-
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15), per Paul Eggert (1999-11-04):
+# IATA agrees as below for 1990-10 through 1993-02.  Per Almanaque 2018, the
+# 1992/1993 season appears to be the first in over half a century where DST
+# both began and ended pursuant to the same decree.
+Rule	Uruguay	1990	1991	-	Oct	Sun>=21	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1991	1992	-	Mar	Sun>=1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1992	only	-	Oct	18	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1993	only	-	Feb	28	 0:00	0	-
+# From Eduardo Cota (2004-09-20):
+# The Uruguayan government has decreed a change in the local time....
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# Decreto 328/004 of 2004-09-15.
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/2004/09/23/documentos.pdf#page=1
+Rule	Uruguay	2004	only	-	Sep	19	 0:00	1:00	-
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2005-03-11):
+# Uruguay's DST was scheduled to end on Sunday, 2005-03-13, but in order to
+# save energy ... it was postponed two weeks....
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# This 2005 postponement is not in Almanaque 2018.  Go with the contemporaneous
+# reporting, which is confirmed by Decreto 107/005 of 2005-03-10 amending
+# Decreto 328/004:
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/2005/03/15/documentos.pdf#page=1
+# The original decree specified a transition of 2005-03-12 24:00, but the new
+# one specified 2005-03-27 02:00.
+Rule	Uruguay	2005	only	-	Mar	27	 2:00	0	-
+# From Eduardo Cota (2005-09-27):
+# ...from 2005-10-09 at 02:00 local time, until 2006-03-12 at 02:00 local time,
+# official time in Uruguay will be at GMT -2.
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# Decreto 318/005 of 2005-09-19.
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/2005/09/23/documentos.pdf#page=1
+Rule	Uruguay	2005	only	-	Oct	 9	 2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	2006	2015	-	Mar	Sun>=8	 2:00	0	-
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15), per Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-09-06):
+# Decreto 311/006 of 2006-09-04 established regular DST from the first Sunday
+# of October at 02:00 through the second Sunday of March at 02:00.  Almanaque
+# 2018 appears to have a few typoed dates through this period; ignore them.
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/2006/09/08/documentos.pdf#page=1
+Rule	Uruguay	2006	2014	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00	1:00	-
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2015-06-30):
+# ... it looks like they will not be using DST the coming summer:
+# http://www.elobservador.com.uy/gobierno-resolvio-que-no-habra-cambio-horario-verano-n656787
+# http://www.republica.com.uy/este-ano-no-se-modificara-el-huso-horario-en-uruguay/523760/
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-06-30):
+# Apparently restaurateurs complained that DST caused people to go to the beach
+# instead of out to dinner.
+# From Pablo Camargo (2015-07-13):
+# http://archivo.presidencia.gub.uy/sci/decretos/2015/06/cons_min_201.pdf
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# Decreto 178/015 of 2015-06-29; repeals Decreto 311/006.
+
+# This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
+Zone America/Montevideo	-3:44:51 -	LMT	1908 Jun 10
+			-3:44:51 -	MMT	1920 May  1 # Montevideo MT
+			-4:00	-	-04	1923 Oct  1
+			-3:30	Uruguay	-0330/-03 1942 Dec 14
+			-3:00	Uruguay	-03/-0230 1960
+			-3:00	Uruguay	-03/-02	1968
+			-3:00	Uruguay	-03/-0230 1970
+			-3:00	Uruguay	-03/-02	1974
+			-3:00	Uruguay	-03/-0130 1974 Mar 10
+			-3:00	Uruguay	-03/-0230 1974 Dec 22
+			-3:00	Uruguay	-03/-02
+
+# Venezuela
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-07-28):
+# For the 1965 transition see Gaceta Oficial No. 27.619 (1964-12-15), p 205.533
+# http://www.pgr.gob.ve/dmdocuments/1964/27619.pdf
+#
+# From John Stainforth (2007-11-28):
+# ... the change for Venezuela originally expected for 2007-12-31 has
+# been brought forward to 2007-12-09.  The official announcement was
+# published today in the "Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana
+# de Venezuela, número 38.819" (official document for all laws or
+# resolution publication)
+# http://www.globovision.com/news.php?nid=72208
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-04-15):
+# https://actualidad.rt.com/actualidad/204758-venezuela-modificar-huso-horario-sequia-elnino
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-04-15):
+# Clocks advance 30 minutes on 2016-05-01 at 02:30....
+# "'Venezuela's new time-zone: hours without light, hours without water,
+# hours of presidential broadcasts, hours of lines,' quipped comedian
+# Jean Mary Curró ...". See: Cawthorne A, Kai D. Venezuela scraps
+# half-hour time difference set by Chavez. Reuters 2016-04-15 14:50 -0400
+# https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-timezone-idUSKCN0XC2BE
+#
+# From Matt Johnson (2016-04-20):
+# ... published in the official Gazette [2016-04-18], here:
+# http://historico.tsj.gob.ve/gaceta_ext/abril/1842016/E-1842016-4551.pdf
+
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	America/Caracas	-4:27:44 -	LMT	1890
+			-4:27:40 -	CMT	1912 Feb 12 # Caracas Mean Time?
+			-4:30	-	-0430	1965 Jan  1  0:00
+			-4:00	-	-04	2007 Dec  9  3:00
+			-4:30	-	-0430	2016 May  1  2:30
+			-4:00	-	-04
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+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+<head>
+  <title>Theory and pragmatics of the tz code and data</title>
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+  <style>
+    pre {margin-left: 2em; white-space: pre-wrap;}
+  </style>
+</head>
+
+<body>
+<h1>Theory and pragmatics of the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> code and data</h1>
+  <h3>Outline</h3>
+  <nav>
+    <ul>
+      <li><a href="#scope">Scope of the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>
+	  database</a></li>
+      <li><a href="#naming">Timezone identifiers</a></li>
+      <li><a href="#abbreviations">Time zone abbreviations</a></li>
+      <li><a href="#accuracy">Accuracy of the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>
+	  database</a></li>
+      <li><a href="#functions">Time and date functions</a></li>
+      <li><a href="#stability">Interface stability</a></li>
+      <li><a href="#leapsec">Leap seconds</a></li>
+      <li><a href="#calendar">Calendrical issues</a></li>
+      <li><a href="#planets">Time and time zones off earth</a></li>
+    </ul>
+  </nav>
+
+<section>
+  <h2 id="scope">Scope of the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database</h2>
+<p>
+The <a
+href="https://www.iana.org/time-zones"><code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>
+database</a> attempts to record the history and predicted future of
+civil time scales.
+It organizes <a href="tz-link.html">time zone and daylight saving time
+data</a> by partitioning the world into <a
+href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tz_database_time_zones"><dfn>timezones</dfn></a>
+whose clocks all agree about timestamps that occur after the <a
+href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_time">POSIX Epoch</a>
+(1970-01-01 00:00:00 <a
+href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time"><abbr
+title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</abbr></a>).
+Although 1970 is a somewhat-arbitrary cutoff, there are significant
+challenges to moving the cutoff earlier even by a decade or two, due
+to the wide variety of local practices before computer timekeeping
+became prevalent.
+Most timezones correspond to a notable location and the database
+records all known clock transitions for that location;
+some timezones correspond instead to a fixed <abbr>UTC</abbr> offset.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Each timezone typically corresponds to a geographical region that is
+smaller than a traditional time zone, because clocks in a timezone
+all agree after 1970 whereas a traditional time zone merely
+specifies current standard time. For example, applications that deal
+with current and future timestamps in the traditional North
+American mountain time zone can choose from the timezones
+<code>America/Denver</code> which observes US-style daylight saving
+time (<abbr>DST</abbr>),
+and <code>America/Phoenix</code> which does not observe <abbr>DST</abbr>.
+Applications that also deal with past timestamps in the mountain time
+zone can choose from over a dozen timezones, such as
+<code>America/Boise</code>, <code>America/Edmonton</code>, and
+<code>America/Hermosillo</code>, each of which currently uses mountain
+time but differs from other timezones for some timestamps after 1970.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Clock transitions before 1970 are recorded for location-based timezones,
+because most systems support timestamps before 1970 and could
+misbehave if data entries were omitted for pre-1970 transitions.
+However, the database is not designed for and does not suffice for
+applications requiring accurate handling of all past times everywhere,
+as it would take far too much effort and guesswork to record all
+details of pre-1970 civil timekeeping.
+Although some information outside the scope of the database is
+collected in a file <code>backzone</code> that is distributed along
+with the database proper, this file is less reliable and does not
+necessarily follow database guidelines.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As described below, reference source code for using the
+<code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database is also available.
+The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> code is upwards compatible with <a
+href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX">POSIX</a>, an international
+standard for <a
+href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix">UNIX</a>-like systems.
+As of this writing, the current edition of POSIX is: <a
+href="https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/"> The Open
+Group Base Specifications Issue 7</a>, IEEE Std 1003.1-2017, 2018
+Edition.
+Because the database's scope encompasses real-world changes to civil
+timekeeping, its model for describing time is more complex than the
+standard and daylight saving times supported by POSIX.1-2017.
+A <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> timezone corresponds to a ruleset that can
+have more than two changes per year, these changes need not merely
+flip back and forth between two alternatives, and the rules themselves
+can change at times.
+Whether and when a timezone changes its clock,
+and even the timezone's notional base offset from <abbr>UTC</abbr>,
+are variable.
+It does not always make sense to talk about a timezone's
+"base offset", which is not necessarily a single number.
+</p>
+
+</section>
+
+<section>
+  <h2 id="naming">Timezone identifiers</h2>
+<p>
+Each timezone has a name that uniquely identifies the timezone.
+Inexperienced users are not expected to select these names unaided.
+Distributors should provide documentation and/or a simple selection
+interface that explains each name via a map or via descriptive text like
+"Czech Republic" instead of the timezone name "<code>Europe/Prague</code>".
+If geolocation information is available, a selection interface can
+locate the user on a timezone map or prioritize names that are
+geographically close. For an example selection interface, see the
+<code>tzselect</code> program in the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> code.
+The <a href="https://cldr.unicode.org">Unicode Common Locale Data
+Repository</a> contains data that may be useful for other selection
+interfaces; it maps timezone names like <code>Europe/Prague</code> to
+locale-dependent strings like "Prague", "Praha", "Прага", and "布拉格".
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The naming conventions attempt to strike a balance
+among the following goals:
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+  <li>
+    Uniquely identify every timezone where clocks have agreed since 1970.
+    This is essential for the intended use: static clocks keeping local
+    civil time.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    Indicate to experts where the timezone's clocks typically are.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    Be robust in the presence of political changes.
+    For example, names are typically not tied to countries, to avoid
+    incompatibilities when countries change their name (e.g.,
+    Swaziland&rarr;Eswatini) or when locations change countries (e.g., Hong
+    Kong from UK colony to China).
+    There is no requirement that every country or national
+    capital must have a timezone name.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    Be portable to a wide variety of implementations.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    Use a consistent naming conventions over the entire world.
+  </li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+Names normally have the form
+<var>AREA</var><code>/</code><var>LOCATION</var>, where
+<var>AREA</var> is a continent or ocean, and
+<var>LOCATION</var> is a specific location within the area.
+North and South America share the same area, '<code>America</code>'.
+Typical names are '<code>Africa/Cairo</code>',
+'<code>America/New_York</code>', and '<code>Pacific/Honolulu</code>'.
+Some names are further qualified to help avoid confusion; for example,
+'<code>America/Indiana/Petersburg</code>' distinguishes Petersburg,
+Indiana from other Petersburgs in America.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Here are the general guidelines used for
+choosing timezone names,
+in decreasing order of importance:
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+  <li>
+    Use only valid POSIX file name components (i.e., the parts of
+    names other than '<code>/</code>').
+    Do not use the file name components '<code>.</code>' and
+    '<code>..</code>'.
+    Within a file name component, use only <a
+    href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII">ASCII</a> letters,
+    '<code>.</code>', '<code>-</code>' and '<code>_</code>'.
+    Do not use digits, as that might create an ambiguity with <a
+    href="https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap08.html#tag_08_03">POSIX.1-2017
+    <code>TZ</code> strings</a>.
+    A file name component must not exceed 14 characters or start with
+    '<code>-</code>'.
+    E.g., prefer <code>America/Noronha</code> to
+    <code>America/Fernando_de_Noronha</code>.
+    Exceptions: see the discussion of legacy names below.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    A name must not be empty, or contain '<code>//</code>', or
+    start or end with '<code>/</code>'.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    Do not use names that differ only in case.
+    Although the reference implementation is case-sensitive, some
+    other implementations are not, and they would mishandle names
+    differing only in case.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    If one name <var>A</var> is an initial prefix of another
+    name <var>AB</var> (ignoring case), then <var>B</var> must not
+    start with '<code>/</code>', as a regular file cannot have the
+    same name as a directory in POSIX.
+    For example, <code>America/New_York</code> precludes
+    <code>America/New_York/Bronx</code>.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    Uninhabited regions like the North Pole and Bouvet Island
+    do not need locations, since local time is not defined there.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    If all the clocks in a timezone have agreed since 1970,
+    do not bother to include more than one timezone
+    even if some of the clocks disagreed before 1970.
+    Otherwise these tables would become annoyingly large.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    If boundaries between regions are fluid, such as during a war or
+    insurrection, do not bother to create a new timezone merely
+    because of yet another boundary change. This helps prevent table
+    bloat and simplifies maintenance.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    If a name is ambiguous, use a less ambiguous alternative;
+    e.g., many cities are named San José and Georgetown, so
+    prefer <code>America/Costa_Rica</code> to
+    <code>America/San_Jose</code> and <code>America/Guyana</code>
+    to <code>America/Georgetown</code>.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    Keep locations compact.
+    Use cities or small islands, not countries or regions, so that any
+    future changes do not split individual locations into different
+    timezones.
+    E.g., prefer <code>Europe/Paris</code> to <code>Europe/France</code>,
+    since
+    <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_France#History">France
+    has had multiple time zones</a>.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    Use mainstream English spelling, e.g., prefer
+    <code>Europe/Rome</code> to <code>Europa/Roma</code>, and
+    prefer <code>Europe/Athens</code> to the Greek
+    <code>Ευρώπη/Αθήνα</code> or the Romanized
+    <code>Evrópi/Athína</code>.
+    The POSIX file name restrictions encourage this guideline.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    Use the most populous among locations in a region,
+    e.g., prefer <code>Asia/Shanghai</code> to
+    <code>Asia/Beijing</code>.
+    Among locations with similar populations, pick the best-known
+    location, e.g., prefer <code>Europe/Rome</code> to
+    <code>Europe/Milan</code>.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    Use the singular form, e.g., prefer <code>Atlantic/Canary</code> to
+    <code>Atlantic/Canaries</code>.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    Omit common suffixes like '<code>_Islands</code>' and
+    '<code>_City</code>', unless that would lead to ambiguity.
+    E.g., prefer <code>America/Cayman</code> to
+    <code>America/Cayman_Islands</code> and
+    <code>America/Guatemala</code> to
+    <code>America/Guatemala_City</code>, but prefer
+    <code>America/Mexico_City</code> to
+    <code>America/Mexico</code>
+    because <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_Mexico">the
+    country of Mexico has several time zones</a>.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    Use '<code>_</code>' to represent a space.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    Omit '<code>.</code>' from abbreviations in names.
+    E.g., prefer <code>Atlantic/St_Helena</code> to
+    <code>Atlantic/St._Helena</code>.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    Do not change established names if they only marginally violate
+    the above guidelines.
+    For example, do not change the existing name <code>Europe/Rome</code> to
+    <code>Europe/Milan</code> merely because Milan's population has grown
+    to be somewhat greater than Rome's.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    If a name is changed, put its old spelling in the
+    '<code>backward</code>' file as a link to the new spelling.
+    This means old spellings will continue to work.
+    Ordinarily a name change should occur only in the rare case when
+    a location's consensus English-language spelling changes; for example,
+    in 2008 <code>Asia/Calcutta</code> was renamed to <code>Asia/Kolkata</code>
+    due to long-time widespread use of the new city name instead of the old.
+  </li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+Guidelines have evolved with time, and names following old versions of
+these guidelines might not follow the current version. When guidelines
+have changed, old names continue to be supported. Guideline changes
+have included the following:
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>
+Older versions of this package used a different naming scheme.
+See the file '<code>backward</code>' for most of these older names
+(e.g., '<code>US/Eastern</code>' instead of '<code>America/New_York</code>').
+The other old-fashioned names still supported are
+'<code>WET</code>', '<code>CET</code>', '<code>MET</code>', and
+'<code>EET</code>' (see the file '<code>europe</code>').
+</li>
+
+<li>
+Older versions of this package defined legacy names that are
+incompatible with the first guideline of location names, but which are
+still supported.
+These legacy names are mostly defined in the file
+'<code>etcetera</code>'.
+Also, the file '<code>backward</code>' defines the legacy names
+'<code>Etc/GMT0</code>', '<code>Etc/GMT-0</code>', '<code>Etc/GMT+0</code>',
+'<code>GMT0</code>', '<code>GMT-0</code>' and '<code>GMT+0</code>',
+and the file '<code>northamerica</code>' defines the legacy names
+'<code>EST5EDT</code>', '<code>CST6CDT</code>',
+'<code>MST7MDT</code>', and '<code>PST8PDT</code>'.
+</li>
+
+<li>
+Older versions of these guidelines said that
+there should typically be at least one name for each <a
+href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-1"><abbr
+title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</abbr>
+3166-1</a> officially assigned two-letter code for an inhabited
+country or territory.
+This old guideline has been dropped, as it was not needed to handle
+timestamps correctly and it increased maintenance burden.
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+The file <code>zone1970.tab</code> lists geographical locations used
+to name timezones.
+It is intended to be an exhaustive list of names for geographic
+regions as described above; this is a subset of the timezones in the data.
+Although a <code>zone1970.tab</code> location's
+<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitude">longitude</a>
+corresponds to
+its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_mean_time">local mean
+time (<abbr>LMT</abbr>)</a> offset with one hour for every 15&deg;
+east longitude, this relationship is not exact.
+The backward-compatibility file <code>zone.tab</code> is similar
+but conforms to the older-version guidelines related to <abbr>ISO</abbr> 3166-1;
+it lists only one country code per entry and unlike <code>zone1970.tab</code>
+it can list names defined in <code>backward</code>.
+Applications that process only timestamps from now on can instead use the file
+<code>zonenow.tab</code>, which partitions the world more coarsely,
+into regions where clocks agree now and in the predicted future;
+this file is smaller and simpler than <code>zone1970.tab</code>
+and <code>zone.tab</code>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The database defines each timezone name to be a zone, or a link to a zone.
+The source file <code>backward</code> defines links for backward
+compatibility; it does not define zones.
+Although <code>backward</code> was originally designed to be optional,
+nowadays distributions typically use it
+and no great weight should be attached to whether a link
+is defined in <code>backward</code> or in some other file.
+The source file <code>etcetera</code> defines names that may be useful
+on platforms that do not support POSIX.1-2017-style <code>TZ</code> strings;
+no other source file other than <code>backward</code>
+contains links to its zones.
+One of <code>etcetera</code>'s names is <code>Etc/UTC</code>,
+used by functions like <code>gmtime</code> to obtain leap
+second information on platforms that support leap seconds.
+Another <code>etcetera</code> name, <code>GMT</code>,
+is used by older code releases.
+</p>
+</section>
+
+<section>
+  <h2 id="abbreviations">Time zone abbreviations</h2>
+<p>
+When this package is installed, it generates time zone abbreviations
+like '<code>EST</code>' to be compatible with human tradition and POSIX.
+Here are the general guidelines used for choosing time zone abbreviations,
+in decreasing order of importance:
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+  <li>
+    Use three to six characters that are ASCII alphanumerics or
+    '<code>+</code>' or '<code>-</code>'.
+    Previous editions of this database also used characters like
+    space and '<code>?</code>', but these characters have a
+    special meaning to the
+    <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_shell">UNIX shell</a>
+    and cause commands like
+    '<code><a href="https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/V3_chap02.html#set">set</a>
+    `<a href="https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/date.html">date</a>`</code>'
+    to have unexpected effects.
+    Previous editions of this guideline required upper-case letters, but the
+    Congressman who introduced
+    <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamorro_Time_Zone">Chamorro
+    Standard Time</a> preferred "ChST", so lower-case letters are now
+    allowed.
+    Also, POSIX from 2001 on relaxed the rule to allow '<code>-</code>',
+    '<code>+</code>', and alphanumeric characters from the portable
+    character set in the current locale.
+    In practice ASCII alphanumerics and '<code>+</code>' and
+    '<code>-</code>' are safe in all locales.
+
+    <p>
+    In other words, in the C locale the POSIX extended regular
+    expression <code>[-+[:alnum:]]{3,6}</code> should match the
+    abbreviation.
+    This guarantees that all abbreviations could have been specified by a
+    POSIX.1-2017 <code>TZ</code> string.
+    </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    Use abbreviations that are in common use among English-speakers,
+    e.g., 'EST' for Eastern Standard Time in North America.
+    We assume that applications translate them to other languages
+    as part of the normal localization process; for example,
+    a French application might translate 'EST' to 'HNE'.
+
+    <p>
+    <small>These abbreviations (for standard/daylight/etc. time) are:
+      ACST/ACDT Australian Central,
+      AST/ADT/APT/AWT/ADDT Atlantic,
+      AEST/AEDT Australian Eastern,
+      AHST/AHDT Alaska-Hawaii,
+      AKST/AKDT Alaska,
+      AWST/AWDT Australian Western,
+      BST/BDT Bering,
+      CAT/CAST Central Africa,
+      CET/CEST/CEMT Central European,
+      ChST Chamorro,
+      CST/CDT/CWT/CPT Central [North America],
+      CST/CDT China,
+      GMT/BST/IST/BDST Greenwich,
+      EAT East Africa,
+      EST/EDT/EWT/EPT Eastern [North America],
+      EET/EEST Eastern European,
+      GST/GDT Guam,
+      HST/HDT/HWT/HPT Hawaii,
+      HKT/HKST/HKWT Hong Kong,
+      IST India,
+      IST/GMT Irish,
+      IST/IDT/IDDT Israel,
+      JST/JDT Japan,
+      KST/KDT Korea,
+      MET/MEST Middle European (a backward-compatibility alias for
+	Central European),
+      MSK/MSD Moscow,
+      MST/MDT/MWT/MPT Mountain,
+      NST/NDT/NWT/NPT/NDDT Newfoundland,
+      NST/NDT/NWT/NPT Nome,
+      NZMT/NZST New Zealand through 1945,
+      NZST/NZDT New Zealand 1946&ndash;present,
+      PKT/PKST Pakistan,
+      PST/PDT/PWT/PPT Pacific,
+      PST/PDT Philippine,
+      SAST South Africa,
+      SST Samoa,
+      UTC Universal,
+      WAT/WAST West Africa,
+      WET/WEST/WEMT Western European,
+      WIB Waktu Indonesia Barat,
+      WIT Waktu Indonesia Timur,
+      WITA Waktu Indonesia Tengah,
+      YST/YDT/YWT/YPT/YDDT Yukon</small>.
+    </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    <p>
+    For times taken from a city's longitude, use the
+    traditional <var>x</var>MT notation.
+    The only abbreviation like this in current use is '<abbr>GMT</abbr>'.
+    The others are for timestamps before 1960,
+    except that Monrovia Mean Time persisted until 1972.
+    Typically, numeric abbreviations (e.g., '<code>-</code>004430' for
+    MMT) would cause trouble here, as the numeric strings would exceed
+    the POSIX length limit.
+    </p>
+
+    <p>
+    <small>These abbreviations are:
+      AMT Asunción, Athens;
+      BMT Baghdad, Bangkok, Batavia, Bermuda, Bern, Bogotá,
+        Brussels, Bucharest;
+      CMT Calamarca, Caracas, Chisinau, Colón, Córdoba;
+      DMT Dublin/Dunsink;
+      EMT Easter;
+      FFMT Fort-de-France;
+      FMT Funchal;
+      GMT Greenwich;
+      HMT Havana, Helsinki, Horta, Howrah;
+      IMT Irkutsk, Istanbul;
+      JMT Jerusalem;
+      KMT Kaunas, Kyiv, Kingston;
+      LMT Lima, Lisbon, local;
+      MMT Macassar, Madras, Malé, Managua, Minsk, Monrovia, Montevideo,
+	Moratuwa, Moscow;
+      PLMT Phù Liễn;
+      PMT Paramaribo, Paris, Perm, Pontianak, Prague;
+      PMMT Port Moresby;
+      PPMT Port-au-Prince;
+      QMT Quito;
+      RMT Rangoon, Riga, Rome;
+      SDMT Santo Domingo;
+      SJMT San José;
+      SMT Santiago, Simferopol, Singapore, Stanley;
+      TBMT Tbilisi;
+      TMT Tallinn, Tehran;
+      WMT Warsaw.</small>
+    </p>
+
+    <p>
+    <small>A few abbreviations also follow the pattern that
+    <abbr>GMT</abbr>/<abbr>BST</abbr> established for time in the UK.
+    They are:
+      BMT/BST for Bermuda 1890&ndash;1930,
+      CMT/BST for Calamarca Mean Time and Bolivian Summer Time
+	1890&ndash;1932,
+      DMT/IST for Dublin/Dunsink Mean Time and Irish Summer Time
+	1880&ndash;1916,
+      MMT/MST/MDST for Moscow 1880&ndash;1919, and
+      RMT/LST for Riga Mean Time and Latvian Summer time 1880&ndash;1926.
+    </small>
+    </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    Use '<abbr>LMT</abbr>' for local mean time of locations before the
+    introduction of standard time; see "<a href="#scope">Scope of the
+    <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database</a>".
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    If there is no common English abbreviation, use numeric offsets like
+    <code>-</code>05 and <code>+</code>0530 that are generated
+    by <code>zic</code>'s <code>%z</code> notation.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    Use current abbreviations for older timestamps to avoid confusion.
+    For example, in 1910 a common English abbreviation for time
+    in central Europe was 'MEZ' (short for both "Middle European
+    Zone" and for "Mitteleuropäische Zeit" in German).
+    Nowadays 'CET' ("Central European Time") is more common in
+    English, and the database uses 'CET' even for circa-1910
+    timestamps as this is less confusing for modern users and avoids
+    the need for determining when 'CET' supplanted 'MEZ' in common
+    usage.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    Use a consistent style in a timezone's history.
+    For example, if a history tends to use numeric
+    abbreviations and a particular entry could go either way, use a
+    numeric abbreviation.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    Use
+    <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Time">Universal Time</a>
+    (<abbr>UT</abbr>) (with time zone abbreviation '<code>-</code>00') for
+    locations while uninhabited.
+    The leading '<code>-</code>' is a flag that the <abbr>UT</abbr> offset is in
+    some sense undefined; this notation is derived
+    from <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3339">Internet
+    <abbr title="Request For Comments">RFC</abbr> 3339</a>.
+  </li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+Application writers should note that these abbreviations are ambiguous
+in practice: e.g., 'CST' means one thing in China and something else
+in North America, and 'IST' can refer to time in India, Ireland or
+Israel.
+To avoid ambiguity, use numeric <abbr>UT</abbr> offsets like
+'<code>-</code>0600' instead of time zone abbreviations like 'CST'.
+</p>
+</section>
+
+<section>
+  <h2 id="accuracy">Accuracy of the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database</h2>
+<p>
+The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database is not authoritative, and it
+surely has errors.
+Corrections are welcome and encouraged; see the file <code>CONTRIBUTING</code>.
+Users requiring authoritative data should consult national standards
+bodies and the references cited in the database's comments.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Errors in the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database arise from many sources:
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+  <li>
+    The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database predicts future
+    timestamps, and current predictions
+    will be incorrect after future governments change the rules.
+    For example, if today someone schedules a meeting for 13:00 next
+    October 1, Casablanca time, and tomorrow Morocco changes its
+    daylight saving rules, software can mess up after the rule change
+    if it blithely relies on conversions made before the change.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    The pre-1970 entries in this database cover only a tiny sliver of how
+    clocks actually behaved; the vast majority of the necessary
+    information was lost or never recorded.
+    Thousands more timezones would be needed if
+    the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database's scope were extended to
+    cover even just the known or guessed history of standard time; for
+    example, the current single entry for France would need to split
+    into dozens of entries, perhaps hundreds.
+    And in most of the world even this approach would be misleading
+    due to widespread disagreement or indifference about what times
+    should be observed.
+    In her 2015 book
+    <cite><a
+    href="https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674286146">The
+    Global Transformation of Time, 1870&ndash;1950</a></cite>,
+    Vanessa Ogle writes
+    "Outside of Europe and North America there was no system of time
+    zones at all, often not even a stable landscape of mean times,
+    prior to the middle decades of the twentieth century".
+    See: Timothy Shenk, <a
+href="https://www.dissentmagazine.org/blog/booked-a-global-history-of-time-vanessa-ogle">Booked:
+      A Global History of Time</a>. <cite>Dissent</cite> 2015-12-17.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    Most of the pre-1970 data entries come from unreliable sources, often
+    astrology books that lack citations and whose compilers evidently
+    invented entries when the true facts were unknown, without
+    reporting which entries were known and which were invented.
+    These books often contradict each other or give implausible entries,
+    and on the rare occasions when they are checked they are
+    typically found to be incorrect.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    For the UK the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database relies on
+    years of first-class work done by
+    Joseph Myers and others; see
+    "<a href="https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/">History of
+    legal time in Britain</a>".
+    Other countries are not done nearly as well.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    Sometimes, different people in the same city maintain clocks
+    that differ significantly.
+    Historically, railway time was used by railroad companies (which
+    did not always
+    agree with each other), church-clock time was used for birth
+    certificates, etc.
+    More recently, competing political groups might disagree about
+    clock settings. Often this is merely common practice, but
+    sometimes it is set by law.
+    For example, from 1891 to 1911 the <abbr>UT</abbr> offset in France
+    was legally <abbr>UT</abbr> +00:09:21 outside train stations and
+    <abbr>UT</abbr> +00:04:21 inside. Other examples include
+    Chillicothe in 1920, Palm Springs in 1946/7, and Jerusalem and
+    Ürümqi to this day.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    Although a named location in the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>
+    database stands for the containing region, its pre-1970 data
+    entries are often accurate for only a small subset of that region.
+    For example, <code>Europe/London</code> stands for the United
+    Kingdom, but its pre-1847 times are valid only for locations that
+    have London's exact meridian, and its 1847 transition
+    to <abbr>GMT</abbr> is known to be valid only for the L&amp;NW and
+    the Caledonian railways.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database does not record the
+    earliest time for which a timezone's
+    data entries are thereafter valid for every location in the region.
+    For example, <code>Europe/London</code> is valid for all locations
+    in its region after <abbr>GMT</abbr> was made the standard time,
+    but the date of standardization (1880-08-02) is not in the
+    <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database, other than in commentary.
+    For many timezones the earliest time of
+    validity is unknown.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database does not record a
+    region's boundaries, and in many cases the boundaries are not known.
+    For example, the timezone
+    <code>America/Kentucky/Louisville</code> represents a region
+    around the city of Louisville, the boundaries of which are
+    unclear.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    Changes that are modeled as instantaneous transitions in the
+    <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>
+    database were often spread out over hours, days, or even decades.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    Even if the time is specified by law, locations sometimes
+    deliberately flout the law.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    Early timekeeping practices, even assuming perfect clocks, were
+    often not specified to the accuracy that the
+    <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database requires.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database cannot represent stopped clocks.
+    However, on 1911-03-11 at 00:00, some public-facing French clocks
+    were changed by stopping them for a few minutes to effect a transition.
+    The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database models this via a
+    backward transition; the relevant French legislation does not
+    specify exactly how the transition was to occur.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    Sometimes historical timekeeping was specified more precisely
+    than what the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> code can handle.
+    For example, from 1880 to 1916 clocks in Ireland observed Dublin Mean
+    Time (estimated to be <abbr>UT</abbr>
+    &minus;00:25:21.1); although the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>
+    source data can represent the .1 second, TZif files and the code cannot.
+    In practice these old specifications were rarely if ever
+    implemented to subsecond precision.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    Even when all the timestamp transitions recorded by the
+    <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database are correct, the
+    <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> rules that generate them may not
+    faithfully reflect the historical rules.
+    For example, from 1922 until World War II the UK moved clocks
+    forward the day following the third Saturday in April unless that
+    was Easter, in which case it moved clocks forward the previous
+    Sunday.
+    Because the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database has no
+    way to specify Easter, these exceptional years are entered as
+    separate <code><abbr>tz</abbr> Rule</code> lines, even though the
+    legal rules did not change.
+    When transitions are known but the historical rules behind them are not,
+    the database contains <code>Zone</code> and <code>Rule</code>
+    entries that are intended to represent only the generated
+    transitions, not any underlying historical rules; however, this
+    intent is recorded at best only in commentary.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database models time
+    using the <a
+    href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar">proleptic
+    Gregorian calendar</a> with days containing 24 equal-length hours
+    numbered 00 through 23, except when clock transitions occur.
+    Pre-standard time is modeled as local mean time.
+    However, historically many people used other calendars and other timescales.
+    For example, the Roman Empire used
+    the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar">Julian
+    calendar</a>,
+    and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_timekeeping">Roman
+    timekeeping</a> had twelve varying-length daytime hours with a
+    non-hour-based system at night.
+    And even today, some local practices diverge from the Gregorian
+    calendar with 24-hour days. These divergences range from
+    relatively minor, such as Japanese bars giving times like "24:30" for the
+    wee hours of the morning, to more-significant differences such as <a
+    href="https://theworld.org/stories/2015-01-30/if-you-have-meeting-ethiopia-you-better-double-check-time">the
+    east African practice of starting the day at dawn</a>, renumbering
+    the Western 06:00 to be 12:00. These practices are largely outside
+    the scope of the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> code and data, which
+    provide only limited support for date and time localization
+    such as that required by POSIX.1-2017.
+    If <abbr>DST</abbr> is not used a different time zone
+    can often do the trick; for example, in Kenya a <code>TZ</code> setting
+    like <code>&lt;-03&gt;3</code> or <code>America/Cayenne</code> starts
+    the day six hours later than <code>Africa/Nairobi</code> does.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    Early clocks were less reliable, and data entries do not represent
+    clock error.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database assumes Universal Time
+    (<abbr>UT</abbr>) as an origin, even though <abbr>UT</abbr> is not
+    standardized for older timestamps.
+    In the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database commentary,
+    <abbr>UT</abbr> denotes a family of time standards that includes
+    Coordinated Universal Time (<abbr>UTC</abbr>) along with other
+    variants such as <abbr>UT1</abbr> and <abbr>GMT</abbr>,
+    with days starting at midnight.
+    Although <abbr>UT</abbr> equals <abbr>UTC</abbr> for modern
+    timestamps, <abbr>UTC</abbr> was not defined until 1960, so
+    commentary uses the more general abbreviation <abbr>UT</abbr> for
+    timestamps that might predate 1960.
+    Since <abbr>UT</abbr>, <abbr>UT1</abbr>, etc. disagree slightly,
+    and since pre-1972 <abbr>UTC</abbr> seconds varied in length,
+    interpretation of older timestamps can be problematic when
+    subsecond accuracy is needed.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    Civil time was not based on atomic time before 1972, and we do not
+    know the history of
+    <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_rotation">earth's
+    rotation</a> accurately enough to map <a
+    href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units"><abbr
+    title="International System of Units">SI</abbr></a> seconds to
+    historical <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_time">solar time</a>
+    to more than about one-hour accuracy.
+    See: Stephenson FR, Morrison LV, Hohenkerk CY.
+    <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2016.0404">Measurement of
+    the Earth's rotation: 720 BC to AD 2015</a>.
+    <cite>Proc Royal Soc A</cite>. 2016;472:20160404.
+    Also see: Espenak F. <a
+    href="https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEhelp/uncertainty2004.html">Uncertainty
+    in Delta T (ΔT)</a>.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    The relationship between POSIX time (that is, <abbr>UTC</abbr> but
+    ignoring <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_second">leap
+    seconds</a>) and <abbr>UTC</abbr> is not agreed upon.
+    This affects time stamps during the leap second era (1972&ndash;2035).
+    Although the POSIX
+    clock officially stops during an inserted leap second, at least one
+    proposed standard has it jumping back a second instead; and in
+    practice POSIX clocks more typically either progress glacially during
+    a leap second, or are slightly slowed while near a leap second.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database does not represent how
+    uncertain its information is.
+    Ideally it would contain information about when data entries are
+    incomplete or dicey.
+    Partial temporal knowledge is a field of active research, though,
+    and it is not clear how to apply it here.
+  </li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+In short, many, perhaps most, of the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>
+database's pre-1970 and future timestamps are either wrong or
+misleading.
+Any attempt to pass the
+<code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database off as the definition of time
+should be unacceptable to anybody who cares about the facts.
+In particular, the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database's
+<abbr>LMT</abbr> offsets should not be considered meaningful, and
+should not prompt creation of timezones
+merely because two locations
+differ in <abbr>LMT</abbr> or transitioned to standard time at
+different dates.
+</p>
+</section>
+
+<section>
+  <h2 id="functions">Time and date functions</h2>
+<p>
+The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> code contains time and date functions
+that are upwards compatible with those of POSIX.
+Code compatible with this package is already
+<a href="tz-link.html#tzdb">part of many platforms</a>, where the
+primary use of this package is to update obsolete time-related files.
+To do this, you may need to compile the time zone compiler
+'<code>zic</code>' supplied with this package instead of using the
+system '<code>zic</code>', since the format of <code>zic</code>'s
+input is occasionally extended, and a platform may still be shipping
+an older <code>zic</code>.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="POSIX">POSIX.1-2017 properties and limitations</h3>
+<ul>
+  <li>
+    <p>
+    In POSIX.1-2017, time display in a process is controlled by the
+    environment variable <code>TZ</code>.
+    Unfortunately, the POSIX.1-2017
+    <code>TZ</code> string takes a form that is hard to describe and
+    is error-prone in practice.
+    Also, POSIX.1-2017 <code>TZ</code> strings cannot deal with daylight
+    saving time rules not based on the Gregorian calendar (as in
+    Morocco), or with situations where more than two time zone
+    abbreviations or <abbr>UT</abbr> offsets are used in an area.
+    </p>
+
+    <p>
+    The POSIX.1-2017 <code>TZ</code> string takes the following form:
+    </p>
+
+    <p>
+    <var>stdoffset</var>[<var>dst</var>[<var>offset</var>][<code>,</code><var>date</var>[<code>/</code><var>time</var>]<code>,</code><var>date</var>[<code>/</code><var>time</var>]]]
+    </p>
+
+    <p>
+    where:
+    </p>
+
+    <dl>
+      <dt><var>std</var> and <var>dst</var></dt><dd>
+	are 3 or more characters specifying the standard
+	and daylight saving time (<abbr>DST</abbr>) zone abbreviations.
+	Starting with POSIX.1-2001, <var>std</var> and <var>dst</var>
+	may also be in a quoted form like '<code>&lt;+09&gt;</code>';
+	this allows "<code>+</code>" and "<code>-</code>" in the names.
+      </dd>
+      <dt><var>offset</var></dt><dd>
+	is of the form
+	'<code>[&plusmn;]<var>hh</var>:[<var>mm</var>[:<var>ss</var>]]</code>'
+	and specifies the offset west of <abbr>UT</abbr>.
+	'<var>hh</var>' may be a single digit;
+	0&le;<var>hh</var>&le;24.
+	The default <abbr>DST</abbr> offset is one hour ahead of
+	standard time.
+      </dd>
+      <dt><var>date</var>[<code>/</code><var>time</var>]<code>,</code><var>date</var>[<code>/</code><var>time</var>]</dt><dd>
+	specifies the beginning and end of <abbr>DST</abbr>.
+	If this is absent, the system supplies its own ruleset
+	for <abbr>DST</abbr>, typically	current <abbr>US</abbr>
+	<abbr>DST</abbr> rules.
+      </dd>
+      <dt><var>time</var></dt><dd>
+	takes the form
+	'<var>hh</var><code>:</code>[<var>mm</var>[<code>:</code><var>ss</var>]]'
+	and defaults to 02:00.
+	This is the same format as the offset, except that a
+	leading '<code>+</code>' or '<code>-</code>' is not allowed.
+      </dd>
+      <dt><var>date</var></dt><dd>
+	takes one of the following forms:
+	<dl>
+	  <dt>J<var>n</var> (1&le;<var>n</var>&le;365)</dt><dd>
+	    origin-1 day number not counting February 29
+	  </dd>
+	  <dt><var>n</var> (0&le;<var>n</var>&le;365)</dt><dd>
+	    origin-0 day number counting February 29 if present
+	  </dd>
+	  <dt><code>M</code><var>m</var><code>.</code><var>n</var><code>.</code><var>d</var>
+	    (0[Sunday]&le;<var>d</var>&le;6[Saturday], 1&le;<var>n</var>&le;5,
+	    1&le;<var>m</var>&le;12)</dt><dd>
+	    for the <var>d</var>th day of week <var>n</var> of
+	    month <var>m</var> of the year, where week 1 is the first
+	    week in which day <var>d</var> appears, and
+	    '<code>5</code>' stands for the last week in which
+	    day <var>d</var> appears (which may be either the 4th or
+	    5th week).
+	    Typically, this is the only useful form; the <var>n</var>
+	    and <code>J</code><var>n</var> forms are rarely used.
+	  </dd>
+	</dl>
+      </dd>
+    </dl>
+
+    <p>
+    Here is an example POSIX.1-2017 <code>TZ</code> string for New
+    Zealand after 2007.
+    It says that standard time (<abbr>NZST</abbr>) is 12 hours ahead
+    of <abbr>UT</abbr>, and that daylight saving time
+    (<abbr>NZDT</abbr>) is observed from September's last Sunday at
+    02:00 until April's first Sunday at 03:00:
+    </p>
+
+    <pre><code>TZ='NZST-12NZDT,M9.5.0,M4.1.0/3'</code></pre>
+
+    <p>
+    This POSIX.1-2017 <code>TZ</code> string is hard to remember, and
+    mishandles some timestamps before 2008.
+    With this package you can use this instead:
+    </p>
+
+    <pre><code>TZ='Pacific/Auckland'</code></pre>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    POSIX does not define the <abbr>DST</abbr> transitions
+    for <code>TZ</code> values like
+    "<code>EST5EDT</code>".
+    Traditionally the current <abbr>US</abbr> <abbr>DST</abbr> rules
+    were used to interpret such values, but this meant that the
+    <abbr>US</abbr> <abbr>DST</abbr> rules were compiled into each
+    time conversion package, and when
+    <abbr>US</abbr> time conversion rules changed (as in the United
+    States in 1987 and again in 2007), all packages that
+    interpreted <code>TZ</code> values had to be updated
+    to ensure proper results.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    The <code>TZ</code> environment variable is process-global, which
+    makes it hard to write efficient, thread-safe applications that
+    need access to multiple timezones.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    In POSIX, there is no tamper-proof way for a process to learn the
+    system's best idea of local (wall clock) time.
+    This is important for applications that an administrator wants
+    used only at certain times &ndash; without regard to whether the
+    user has fiddled the
+    <code>TZ</code> environment variable.
+    While an administrator can "do everything in <abbr>UT</abbr>" to
+    get around the problem, doing so is inconvenient and precludes
+    handling daylight saving time shifts &ndash; as might be required to
+    limit phone calls to off-peak hours.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    POSIX.1-2017 provides no convenient and efficient way to determine
+    the <abbr>UT</abbr> offset and time zone abbreviation of arbitrary
+    timestamps, particularly for timezones
+    that do not fit into the POSIX model.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    POSIX requires that <code>time_t</code> clock counts exclude leap
+    seconds.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> code attempts to support all the
+    <code>time_t</code> implementations allowed by POSIX.
+    The <code>time_t</code> type represents a nonnegative count of seconds
+    since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 <abbr>UTC</abbr>, ignoring leap seconds.
+    In practice, <code>time_t</code> is usually a signed 64- or 32-bit
+    integer; 32-bit signed <code>time_t</code> values stop working after
+    2038-01-19 03:14:07 <abbr>UTC</abbr>, so new implementations these
+    days typically use a signed 64-bit integer.
+    Unsigned 32-bit integers are used on one or two platforms, and 36-bit
+    and 40-bit integers are also used occasionally.
+    Although earlier POSIX versions allowed <code>time_t</code> to be a
+    floating-point type, this was not supported by any practical system,
+    and POSIX.1-2013 and the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> code both
+    require <code>time_t</code> to be an integer type.
+  </li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 id="POSIX-extensions">Extensions to POSIX.1-2017 in the
+<code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> code</h3>
+<ul>
+  <li>
+    <p>
+    The <code>TZ</code> environment variable is used in generating
+    the name of a file from which time-related information is read
+    (or is interpreted à la POSIX.1-2017); <code>TZ</code> is no longer
+    constrained to be a string containing abbreviations
+    and numeric data as described <a href="#POSIX">above</a>.
+    The file's format is <dfn><abbr>TZif</abbr></dfn>,
+    a timezone information format that contains binary data; see
+    <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/8536">Internet
+    <abbr>RFC</abbr> 8536</a>.
+    The daylight saving time rules to be used for a
+    particular timezone are encoded in the
+    <abbr>TZif</abbr> file; the format of the file allows <abbr>US</abbr>,
+    Australian, and other rules to be encoded, and
+    allows for situations where more than two time zone
+    abbreviations are used.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+    It was recognized that allowing the <code>TZ</code> environment
+    variable to take on values such as '<code>America/New_York</code>'
+    might cause "old" programs (that expect <code>TZ</code> to have a
+    certain form) to operate incorrectly; consideration was given to using
+    some other environment variable (for example, <code>TIMEZONE</code>)
+    to hold the string used to generate the <abbr>TZif</abbr> file's name.
+    In the end, however, it was decided to continue using
+    <code>TZ</code>: it is widely used for time zone purposes;
+    separately maintaining both <code>TZ</code>
+    and <code>TIMEZONE</code> seemed a nuisance; and systems where
+    "new" forms of <code>TZ</code> might cause problems can simply
+    use legacy <code>TZ</code> values such as "<code>EST5EDT</code>" which
+    can be used by "new" programs as well as by "old" programs that
+    assume pre-POSIX <code>TZ</code> values.
+    </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    The code supports platforms with a <abbr>UT</abbr> offset member
+    in <code>struct tm</code>, e.g., <code>tm_gmtoff</code>,
+    or with a time zone abbreviation member in
+    <code>struct tm</code>, e.g., <code>tm_zone</code>. As noted
+    in <a href="https://austingroupbugs.net/view.php?id=1533">Austin
+    Group defect 1533</a>, a future version of POSIX is planned to
+    require <code>tm_gmtoff</code> and <code>tm_zone</code>.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    Functions <code>tzalloc</code>, <code>tzfree</code>,
+    <code>localtime_rz</code>, and <code>mktime_z</code> for
+    more-efficient thread-safe applications that need to use multiple
+    timezones.
+    The <code>tzalloc</code> and <code>tzfree</code> functions
+    allocate and free objects of type <code>timezone_t</code>,
+    and <code>localtime_rz</code> and <code>mktime_z</code> are
+    like <code>localtime_r</code> and <code>mktime</code> with an
+    extra <code>timezone_t</code> argument.
+    The functions were inspired by <a href="https://netbsd.org/">NetBSD</a>.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    Negative <code>time_t</code> values are supported, on systems
+    where <code>time_t</code> is signed.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    These functions can account for leap seconds;
+    see <a href="#leapsec">Leap seconds</a> below.
+  </li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 id="vestigial">POSIX features no longer needed</h3>
+<p>
+POSIX and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_C"><abbr>ISO</abbr> C</a>
+define some <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API"><abbr
+title="application programming interface">API</abbr>s</a> that are vestigial:
+they are not needed, and are relics of a too-simple model that does
+not suffice to handle many real-world timestamps.
+Although the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> code supports these
+vestigial <abbr>API</abbr>s for backwards compatibility, they should
+be avoided in portable applications.
+The vestigial <abbr>API</abbr>s are:
+</p>
+<ul>
+  <li>
+    The POSIX <code>tzname</code> variable does not suffice and is no
+    longer needed.
+    To get a timestamp's time zone abbreviation, consult
+    the <code>tm_zone</code> member if available; otherwise,
+    use <code>strftime</code>'s <code>"%Z"</code> conversion
+    specification.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    The POSIX <code>daylight</code> and <code>timezone</code>
+    variables do not suffice and are no longer needed.
+    To get a timestamp's <abbr>UT</abbr> offset, consult
+    the <code>tm_gmtoff</code> member if available; otherwise,
+    subtract values returned by <code>localtime</code>
+    and <code>gmtime</code> using the rules of the Gregorian calendar,
+    or use <code>strftime</code>'s <code>"%z"</code> conversion
+    specification if a string like <code>"+0900"</code> suffices.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    The <code>tm_isdst</code> member is almost never needed and most of
+    its uses should be discouraged in favor of the abovementioned
+    <abbr>API</abbr>s.
+    Although it can still be used in arguments to
+    <code>mktime</code> to disambiguate timestamps near
+    a <abbr>DST</abbr> transition when the clock jumps back on
+    platforms lacking <code>tm_gmtoff</code>, this
+    disambiguation does not work when standard time itself jumps back,
+    which can occur when a location changes to a time zone with a
+    lesser <abbr>UT</abbr> offset.
+  </li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 id="other-portability">Other portability notes</h3>
+<ul>
+  <li>
+    The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Version_7_Unix">7th Edition
+    UNIX</a> <code>timezone</code> function is not present in this
+    package; it is impossible to reliably map <code>timezone</code>'s
+    arguments (a "minutes west of <abbr>GMT</abbr>" value and a
+    "daylight saving time in effect" flag) to a time zone
+    abbreviation, and we refuse to guess.
+    Programs that in the past used the <code>timezone</code> function
+    may now examine <code>localtime(&amp;clock)-&gt;tm_zone</code>
+    (if <code>TM_ZONE</code> is defined) or
+    <code>tzname[localtime(&amp;clock)-&gt;tm_isdst]</code>
+    (if <code>HAVE_TZNAME</code> is nonzero) to learn the correct time
+    zone abbreviation to use.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    The <a
+    href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Berkeley_Software_Distribution#4.2BSD"><abbr>4.2BSD</abbr></a>
+    <code>gettimeofday</code> function is not
+    used in this package.
+    This formerly let users obtain the current <abbr>UTC</abbr> offset
+    and <abbr>DST</abbr> flag, but this functionality was removed in
+    later versions of <abbr>BSD</abbr>.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    In <abbr>SVR2</abbr>, time conversion fails for near-minimum or
+    near-maximum <code>time_t</code> values when doing conversions
+    for places that do not use <abbr>UT</abbr>.
+    This package takes care to do these conversions correctly.
+    A comment in the source code tells how to get compatibly wrong
+    results.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    The functions that are conditionally compiled
+    if <code>STD_INSPIRED</code> is nonzero should, at this point, be
+    looked on primarily as food for thought.
+    They are not in any sense "standard compatible" &ndash; some are
+    not, in fact, specified in <em>any</em> standard.
+    They do, however, represent responses of various authors to
+    standardization proposals.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    Other time conversion proposals, in particular those supported by the
+    <a href="https://howardhinnant.github.io/date/tz.html">Time Zone
+    Database Parser</a>, offer a wider selection of functions
+    that provide capabilities beyond those provided here.
+    The absence of such functions from this package is not meant to
+    discourage the development, standardization, or use of such
+    functions.
+    Rather, their absence reflects the decision to make this package
+    contain valid extensions to POSIX, to ensure its broad
+    acceptability.
+    If more powerful time conversion functions can be standardized, so
+    much the better.
+  </li>
+</ul>
+</section>
+
+<section>
+  <h2 id="stability">Interface stability</h2>
+<p>
+The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> code and data supply the following interfaces:
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+  <li>
+    A set of timezone names as per
+      "<a href="#naming">Timezone identifiers</a>" above.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    Library functions described in "<a href="#functions">Time and date
+      functions</a>" above.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    The programs <code>tzselect</code>, <code>zdump</code>,
+    and <code>zic</code>, documented in their man pages.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    The format of <code>zic</code> input files, documented in
+    the <code>zic</code> man page.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    The format of <code>zic</code> output files, documented in
+    the <code>tzfile</code> man page.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    The format of zone table files, documented in <code>zone1970.tab</code>.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    The format of the country code file, documented in <code>iso3166.tab</code>.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    The version number of the code and data, as the first line of
+    the text file '<code>version</code>' in each release.
+  </li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+Interface changes in a release attempt to preserve compatibility with
+recent releases.
+For example, <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> data files typically do not
+rely on recently added <code>zic</code> features, so that users can
+run older <code>zic</code> versions to process newer data files.
+<a href="tz-link.html#download">Downloading
+the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database</a> describes how releases
+are tagged and distributed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Interfaces not listed above are less stable.
+For example, users should not rely on particular <abbr>UT</abbr>
+offsets or abbreviations for timestamps, as data entries are often
+based on guesswork and these guesses may be corrected or improved.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Timezone boundaries are not part of the stable interface.
+For example, even though the <samp>Asia/Bangkok</samp> timezone
+currently includes Chang Mai, Hanoi, and Phnom Penh, this is not part
+of the stable interface and the timezone can split at any time.
+If a calendar application records a future event in some location other
+than Bangkok by putting "<samp>Asia/Bangkok</samp>" in the event's record,
+the application should be robust in the presence of timezone splits
+between now and the future time.
+</p>
+</section>
+
+<section>
+  <h2 id="leapsec">Leap seconds</h2>
+<p>
+Leap seconds were introduced in 1972 to accommodate the
+difference between atomic time and the less regular rotation of the earth.
+Unfortunately they caused so many problems with civil
+timekeeping that they
+are <a href="https://www.bipm.org/en/cgpm-2022/resolution-4">planned
+to be discontinued by 2035</a>, with some as-yet-undetermined
+mechanism replacing them, perhaps after the year 2135.
+Despite their impending obsolescence, a record of leap seconds is still
+needed to resolve timestamps from 1972 through 2035.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> code and data can account for leap seconds,
+thanks to code contributed by Bradley White.
+However, the leap second support of this package is rarely used directly
+because POSIX requires leap seconds to be excluded and many
+software packages would mishandle leap seconds if they were present.
+Instead, leap seconds are more commonly handled by occasionally adjusting
+the operating system kernel clock as described in
+<a href="tz-link.html#precision">Precision timekeeping</a>,
+and this package by default installs a <samp>leapseconds</samp> file
+commonly used by
+<a href="https://www.ntp.org"><abbr title="Network Time Protocol">NTP</abbr></a>
+software that adjusts the kernel clock.
+However, kernel-clock twiddling approximates UTC only roughly,
+and systems needing more precise UTC can use this package's leap
+second support directly.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The directly supported mechanism assumes that <code>time_t</code>
+counts of seconds since the POSIX epoch normally include leap seconds,
+as opposed to POSIX <code>time_t</code> counts which exclude leap seconds.
+This modified timescale is converted to <abbr>UTC</abbr>
+at the same point that time zone and <abbr>DST</abbr>
+adjustments are applied &ndash;
+namely, at calls to <code>localtime</code> and analogous functions &ndash;
+and the process is driven by leap second information
+stored in alternate versions of the <abbr>TZif</abbr> files.
+Because a leap second adjustment may be needed even
+if no time zone correction is desired,
+calls to <code>gmtime</code>-like functions
+also need to consult a <abbr>TZif</abbr> file,
+conventionally named <samp><abbr>Etc/UTC</abbr></samp>
+(<samp><abbr>GMT</abbr></samp> in previous versions),
+to see whether leap second corrections are needed.
+To convert an application's <code>time_t</code> timestamps to or from
+POSIX <code>time_t</code> timestamps (for use when, say,
+embedding or interpreting timestamps in portable
+<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar_(computing)"><code>tar</code></a>
+files),
+the application can call the utility functions
+<code>time2posix</code> and <code>posix2time</code>
+included with this package.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If the POSIX-compatible <abbr>TZif</abbr> file set is installed
+in a directory whose basename is <samp>zoneinfo</samp>, the
+leap-second-aware file set is by default installed in a separate
+directory <samp>zoneinfo-leaps</samp>.
+Although each process can have its own time zone by setting
+its <code>TZ</code> environment variable, there is no support for some
+processes being leap-second aware while other processes are
+POSIX-compatible; the leap-second choice is system-wide.
+So if you configure your kernel to count leap seconds, you should also
+discard <samp>zoneinfo</samp> and rename <samp>zoneinfo-leaps</samp>
+to <samp>zoneinfo</samp>.
+Alternatively, you can install just one set of <abbr>TZif</abbr> files
+in the first place; see the <code>REDO</code> variable in this package's
+<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makefile">makefile</a>.
+</p>
+</section>
+
+<section>
+  <h2 id="calendar">Calendrical issues</h2>
+<p>
+Calendrical issues are a bit out of scope for a time zone database,
+but they indicate the sort of problems that we would run into if we
+extended the time zone database further into the past.
+An excellent resource in this area is Edward M. Reingold
+and Nachum Dershowitz, <cite><a
+href="https://www.cambridge.org/fr/academic/subjects/computer-science/computing-general-interest/calendrical-calculations-ultimate-edition-4th-edition">Calendrical
+Calculations: The Ultimate Edition</a></cite>, Cambridge University Press (2018).
+Other information and sources are given in the file '<code>calendars</code>'
+in the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> distribution.
+They sometimes disagree.
+</p>
+</section>
+
+<section>
+  <h2 id="planets">Time and time zones off Earth</h2>
+<p>
+The European Space Agency is <a
+href='https://www.esa.int/Applications/Navigation/Telling_time_on_the_Moon'>considering</a>
+the establishment of a reference timescale for the Moon, which has
+days roughly equivalent to 29.5 Earth days, and where relativistic
+effects cause clocks to tick slightly faster than on Earth.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Some people's work schedules have used
+<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timekeeping_on_Mars">Mars time</a>.
+Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) coordinators kept Mars time on
+and off during the
+<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder">Mars
+Pathfinder</a> mission (1997).
+Some of their family members also adapted to Mars time.
+Dozens of special Mars watches were built for JPL workers who kept
+Mars time during the
+<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover">Mars
+Exploration Rovers (MER)</a> mission (2004&ndash;2018).
+These timepieces looked like normal Seikos and Citizens but were adjusted
+to use Mars seconds rather than terrestrial seconds, although
+unfortunately the adjusted watches were unreliable and appear to have
+had only limited use.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A Mars solar day is called a "sol" and has a mean period equal to
+about 24 hours 39 minutes 35.244 seconds in terrestrial time.
+It is divided into a conventional 24-hour clock, so each Mars second
+equals about 1.02749125 terrestrial seconds.
+(One MER worker noted, "If I am working Mars hours, and Mars hours are
+2.5% more than Earth hours, shouldn't I get an extra 2.5% pay raise?")
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_meridian">prime
+meridian</a> of Mars goes through the center of the crater
+<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airy-0">Airy-0</a>, named in
+honor of the British astronomer who built the Greenwich telescope that
+defines Earth's prime meridian.
+Mean solar time on the Mars prime meridian is
+called Mars Coordinated Time (<abbr>MTC</abbr>).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Each landed mission on Mars has adopted a different reference for
+solar timekeeping, so there is no real standard for Mars time zones.
+For example, the MER mission defined two time zones "Local
+Solar Time A" and "Local Solar Time B" for its two missions, each zone
+designed so that its time equals local true solar time at
+approximately the middle of the nominal mission.
+The A and B zones differ enough so that an MER worker assigned to
+the A zone might suffer "Mars lag" when switching to work in the B zone.
+Such a "time zone" is not particularly suited for any application
+other than the mission itself.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Many calendars have been proposed for Mars, but none have achieved
+wide acceptance.
+Astronomers often use Mars Sol Date (<abbr>MSD</abbr>) which is a
+sequential count of Mars solar days elapsed since about 1873-12-29
+12:00 <abbr>GMT</abbr>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In our solar system, Mars is the planet with time and calendar most
+like Earth's.
+On other planets, Sun-based time and calendars would work quite
+differently.
+For example, although Mercury's
+<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_period">sidereal
+rotation period</a> is 58.646 Earth days, Mercury revolves around the
+Sun so rapidly that an observer on Mercury's equator would see a
+sunrise only every 175.97 Earth days, i.e., a Mercury year is 0.5 of a
+Mercury day.
+Venus is more complicated, partly because its rotation is slightly
+<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrograde_motion">retrograde</a>:
+its year is 1.92 of its days.
+Gas giants like Jupiter are trickier still, as their polar and
+equatorial regions rotate at different rates, so that the length of a
+day depends on latitude.
+This effect is most pronounced on Neptune, where the day is about 12
+hours at the poles and 18 hours at the equator.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Although the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database does not support
+time on other planets, it is documented here in the hopes that support
+will be added eventually.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Sources for time on other planets:
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+  <li>
+    Michael Allison and Robert Schmunk,
+    "<a href="https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/mars24/help/notes.html">Technical
+      Notes on Mars Solar Time as Adopted by the Mars24 Sunclock</a>"
+    (2020-03-08).
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    Zara Mirmalek,
+    <em><a href="https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/making-time-mars">Making
+	Time on Mars</a></em>, MIT Press (March 2020), ISBN 978-0262043854.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    Jia-Rui Chong,
+    "<a href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-jan-14-sci-marstime14-story.html">Workdays
+    Fit for a Martian</a>", <cite>Los Angeles Times</cite>
+    (2004-01-14), pp A1, A20&ndash;A21.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    Tom Chmielewski,
+    "<a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/02/jet-lag-is-worse-on-mars/386033/">Jet
+    Lag Is Worse on Mars</a>", <cite>The Atlantic</cite> (2015-02-26)
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    Matt Williams,
+    "<a href="https://www.universetoday.com/37481/days-of-the-planets/">How
+    long is a day on the other planets of the solar system?</a>"
+    (2016-01-20).
+  </li>
+</ul>
+</section>
+
+<footer>
+  <hr>
+  This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of 2009-05-17 by
+  Arthur David Olson.
+</footer>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/version b/version
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..04fe674
--- /dev/null
+++ b/version
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+2024a
diff --git a/ziguard.awk b/ziguard.awk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7a3404f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ziguard.awk
@@ -0,0 +1,386 @@
+# Convert tzdata source into vanguard or rearguard form.
+
+# Contributed by Paul Eggert.  This file is in the public domain.
+
+# This is not a general-purpose converter; it is designed for current tzdata.
+# It just converts from current source to main, vanguard, and rearguard forms.
+# Although it might be nice for it to be idempotent, or to be useful
+# for converting back and forth between vanguard and rearguard formats,
+# it does not do these nonessential tasks now.
+#
+# Although main and vanguard forms are currently equivalent,
+# this need not always be the case.  When the two forms differ,
+# this script can convert either from main to vanguard form (needed then),
+# or from vanguard to main form (this conversion would be needed later,
+# after main became rearguard and vanguard became main).
+# There is no need to convert rearguard to other forms.
+#
+# When converting to vanguard form, the output can use the line
+# "Zone GMT 0 - GMT" which TZUpdater 2.3.2 mistakenly rejects.
+#
+# When converting to vanguard form, the output can use negative SAVE
+# values.
+#
+# When converting to rearguard form, the output uses only nonnegative
+# SAVE values.  The idea is for the output data to simulate the behavior
+# of the input data as best it can within the constraints of the
+# rearguard format.
+
+# Given a FIELD like "-0:30", return a minute count like -30.
+function get_minutes(field, \
+		     sign, hours, minutes)
+{
+  sign = field ~ /^-/ ? -1 : 1
+  hours = +field
+  if (field ~ /:/) {
+    minutes = field
+    sub(/[^:]*:/, "", minutes)
+  }
+  return 60 * hours + sign * minutes
+}
+
+# Given an OFFSET, which is a minute count like 300 or 330,
+# return a %z-style abbreviation like "+05" or "+0530".
+function offset_abbr(offset, \
+		     hours, minutes, sign)
+{
+  hours = int(offset / 60)
+  minutes = offset % 60
+  if (minutes) {
+    return sprintf("%+.4d", hours * 100 + minutes);
+  } else {
+    return sprintf("%+.2d", hours)
+  }
+}
+
+# Round TIMESTAMP (a +-hh:mm:ss.dddd string) to the nearest second.
+function round_to_second(timestamp, \
+			 hh, mm, ss, seconds, dot_dddd, subseconds)
+{
+  dot_dddd = timestamp
+  if (!sub(/^[+-]?[0-9]+:[0-9]+:[0-9]+\./, ".", dot_dddd))
+    return timestamp
+  hh = mm = ss = timestamp
+  sub(/^[-+]?[0-9]+:[0-9]+:/, "", ss)
+  sub(/^[-+]?[0-9]+:/, "", mm)
+  sub(/^[-+]?/, "", hh)
+  seconds = 3600 * hh + 60 * mm + ss
+  subseconds = +dot_dddd
+  seconds += 0.5 < subseconds || ((subseconds == 0.5) && (seconds % 2));
+  return sprintf("%s%d:%.2d:%.2d", timestamp ~ /^-/ ? "-" : "", \
+		 seconds / 3600, seconds / 60 % 60, seconds % 60)
+}
+
+BEGIN {
+  dataform_type["vanguard"] = 1
+  dataform_type["main"] = 1
+  dataform_type["rearguard"] = 1
+
+  if (PACKRATLIST) {
+    while (getline <PACKRATLIST) {
+      if ($0 ~ /^#/) continue
+      packratlist[$3] = 1
+    }
+  }
+
+  # The command line should set DATAFORM.
+  if (!dataform_type[DATAFORM]) exit 1
+}
+
+$1 == "#PACKRATLIST" && $2 == PACKRATLIST {
+  sub(/^#PACKRATLIST[\t ]+[^\t ]+[\t ]+/, "")
+}
+
+/^Zone/ { zone = $2 }
+
+DATAFORM != "main" {
+  in_comment = $0 ~ /^#/
+  uncomment = comment_out = 0
+
+  # If this line should differ due to Czechoslovakia using negative SAVE values,
+  # uncomment the desired version and comment out the undesired one.
+  if (zone == "Europe/Prague" && $0 ~ /^#?[\t ]+[01]:00[\t ]/ \
+      && $0 ~ /1947 Feb 23/) {
+    if (($(in_comment + 2) != "-") == (DATAFORM != "rearguard")) {
+      uncomment = in_comment
+    } else {
+      comment_out = !in_comment
+    }
+  }
+
+  # If this line should differ due to Ireland using negative SAVE values,
+  # uncomment the desired version and comment out the undesired one.
+  Rule_Eire = $0 ~ /^#?Rule[\t ]+Eire[\t ]/
+  Zone_Dublin_post_1968 \
+    = (zone == "Europe/Dublin" && $0 ~ /^#?[\t ]+[01]:00[\t ]/ \
+       && (!$(in_comment + 4) || 1968 < $(in_comment + 4)))
+  if (Rule_Eire || Zone_Dublin_post_1968) {
+    if ((Rule_Eire \
+	 || (Zone_Dublin_post_1968 && $(in_comment + 3) == "IST/GMT"))	\
+	== (DATAFORM != "rearguard")) {
+      uncomment = in_comment
+    } else {
+      comment_out = !in_comment
+    }
+  }
+
+  # If this line should differ due to Namibia using negative SAVE values,
+  # uncomment the desired version and comment out the undesired one.
+  Rule_Namibia = $0 ~ /^#?Rule[\t ]+Namibia[\t ]/
+  Zone_using_Namibia_rule \
+    = (zone == "Africa/Windhoek" && $0 ~ /^#?[\t ]+[12]:00[\t ]/ \
+       && ($(in_comment + 2) == "Namibia" \
+	   || ($(in_comment + 2) == "-" && $(in_comment + 3) == "CAT" \
+	       && ((1994 <= $(in_comment + 4) && $(in_comment + 4) <= 2017) \
+		   || in_comment + 3 == NF))))
+  if (Rule_Namibia || Zone_using_Namibia_rule) {
+    if ((Rule_Namibia \
+	 ? ($9 ~ /^-/ || ($9 == 0 && $10 == "CAT")) \
+	 : $(in_comment + 1) == "2:00" && $(in_comment + 2) == "Namibia") \
+	== (DATAFORM != "rearguard")) {
+      uncomment = in_comment
+    } else {
+      comment_out = !in_comment
+    }
+  }
+
+  # If this line should differ due to Portugal benefiting from %z if supported,
+  # uncomment the desired version and comment out the undesired one.
+  if ($0 ~ /^#?[\t ]+-[12]:00[\t ]+Port[\t ]+[%+-]/) {
+    if (($0 ~ /%z/) == (DATAFORM == "vanguard")) {
+      uncomment = in_comment
+    } else {
+      comment_out = !in_comment
+    }
+  }
+
+  # In vanguard form, use the line "Zone GMT 0 - GMT" instead of
+  # "Zone Etc/GMT 0 - GMT" and adjust Link lines accordingly.
+  # This works around a bug in TZUpdater 2.3.2.
+  if (/^#?(Zone|Link)[\t ]+(Etc\/)?GMT[\t ]/) {
+    if (($2 == "GMT") == (DATAFORM == "vanguard")) {
+      uncomment = in_comment
+    } else {
+      comment_out = !in_comment
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (uncomment) {
+    sub(/^#/, "")
+  }
+  if (comment_out) {
+    sub(/^/, "#")
+  }
+
+  # Prefer %z in vanguard form, explicit abbreviations otherwise.
+  if (DATAFORM == "vanguard") {
+    sub(/^(Zone[\t ]+[^\t ]+)?[\t ]+[^\t ]+[\t ]+[^\t ]+[\t ]+[-+][^\t ]+/, \
+	"&CHANGE-TO-%z")
+    sub(/-00CHANGE-TO-%z/, "-00")
+    sub(/[-+][^\t ]+CHANGE-TO-/, "")
+  } else {
+    if ($0 ~ /^[^#]*%z/) {
+      stdoff_column = 2 * ($0 ~ /^Zone/) + 1
+      rules_column = stdoff_column + 1
+      stdoff = get_minutes($stdoff_column)
+      rules = $rules_column
+      stdabbr = offset_abbr(stdoff)
+      if (rules == "-") {
+	abbr = stdabbr
+      } else {
+	dstabbr_only = rules ~ /^[+0-9-]/
+	if (dstabbr_only) {
+	  dstoff = get_minutes(rules)
+	} else {
+	  # The DST offset is normally an hour, but there are special cases.
+	  if (rules == "Morocco" && NF == 3) {
+	    dstoff = -60
+	  } else if (rules == "NBorneo") {
+	    dstoff = 20
+	  } else if (((rules == "Cook" || rules == "LH") && NF == 3) \
+		     || (rules == "Uruguay" \
+			 && $0 ~ /[\t ](1942 Dec 14|1960|1970|1974 Dec 22)$/)) {
+	    dstoff = 30
+	  } else if (rules == "Uruguay" && $0 ~ /[\t ]1974 Mar 10$/) {
+	    dstoff = 90
+	  } else {
+	    dstoff = 60
+	  }
+	}
+	dstabbr = offset_abbr(stdoff + dstoff)
+	if (dstabbr_only) {
+	  abbr = dstabbr
+	} else {
+	  abbr = stdabbr "/" dstabbr
+	}
+      }
+      sub(/%z/, abbr)
+    }
+  }
+
+  # Normally, prefer whole seconds.  However, prefer subseconds
+  # if generating vanguard form and the otherwise-undocumented
+  # VANGUARD_SUBSECONDS environment variable is set.
+  # This relies on #STDOFF comment lines in the data.
+  # It is for hypothetical clients that support UT offsets that are
+  # not integer multiples of one second (e.g., Europe/Lisbon, 1884 to 1912).
+  # No known clients need this currently, and this experimental
+  # feature may be changed or withdrawn in future releases.
+  if ($1 == "#STDOFF") {
+    stdoff = $2
+    rounded_stdoff = round_to_second(stdoff)
+    if (DATAFORM == "vanguard" && ENVIRON["VANGUARD_SUBSECONDS"]) {
+      stdoff_subst[0] = rounded_stdoff
+      stdoff_subst[1] = stdoff
+    } else {
+      stdoff_subst[0] = stdoff
+      stdoff_subst[1] = rounded_stdoff
+    }
+  } else if (stdoff_subst[0]) {
+    stdoff_column = 2 * ($0 ~ /^Zone/) + 1
+    stdoff_column_val = $stdoff_column
+    if (stdoff_column_val == stdoff_subst[0]) {
+      sub(stdoff_subst[0], stdoff_subst[1])
+    } else if (stdoff_column_val != stdoff_subst[1]) {
+      stdoff_subst[0] = 0
+    }
+  }
+
+  # In rearguard form, change the Japan rule line with "Sat>=8 25:00"
+  # to "Sun>=9 1:00", to cater to zic before 2007 and to older Java.
+  if ($0 ~ /^Rule/ && $2 == "Japan") {
+    if (DATAFORM == "rearguard") {
+      if ($7 == "Sat>=8" && $8 == "25:00") {
+	sub(/Sat>=8/, "Sun>=9")
+	sub(/25:00/, " 1:00")
+      }
+    } else {
+      if ($7 == "Sun>=9" && $8 == "1:00") {
+	sub(/Sun>=9/, "Sat>=8")
+	sub(/ 1:00/, "25:00")
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  # In rearguard form, change the Morocco lines with negative SAVE values
+  # to use positive SAVE values.
+  if ($2 == "Morocco") {
+    if ($0 ~ /^Rule/) {
+      if ($4 ~ /^201[78]$/ && $6 == "Oct") {
+	if (DATAFORM == "rearguard") {
+	  sub(/\t2018\t/, "\t2017\t")
+	} else {
+	  sub(/\t2017\t/, "\t2018\t")
+	}
+      }
+
+      if (2019 <= $3) {
+	if ($8 == "2:00") {
+	  if (DATAFORM == "rearguard") {
+	    sub(/\t0\t/, "\t1:00\t")
+	  } else {
+	    sub(/\t1:00\t/, "\t0\t")
+	  }
+	} else {
+	  if (DATAFORM == "rearguard") {
+	    sub(/\t-1:00\t/, "\t0\t")
+	  } else {
+	    sub(/\t0\t/, "\t-1:00\t")
+	  }
+	}
+      }
+    }
+    if ($1 ~ /^[+0-9-]/ && NF == 3) {
+      if (DATAFORM == "rearguard") {
+	sub(/1:00\tMorocco/, "0:00\tMorocco")
+	sub(/\t\+01\/\+00$/, "\t+00/+01")
+      } else {
+	sub(/0:00\tMorocco/, "1:00\tMorocco")
+	sub(/\t\+00\/+01$/, "\t+01/+00")
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/^Zone/ {
+  packrat_ignored = FILENAME == PACKRATDATA && PACKRATLIST && !packratlist[$2];
+}
+{
+  if (packrat_ignored && $0 !~ /^Rule/) {
+    sub(/^/, "#")
+  }
+}
+
+# Return a link line resulting by changing OLDLINE to link to TARGET
+# from LINKNAME, instead of linking to OLDTARGET from LINKNAME.
+# Align data columns the same as they were in OLDLINE.
+# Also, replace any existing white space followed by comment with COMMENT.
+function make_linkline(oldline, target, linkname, oldtarget, comment, \
+		       oldprefix, oldprefixlen, oldtargettabs, \
+		       replsuffix, targettabs)
+{
+  oldprefix = "Link\t" oldtarget "\t"
+  oldprefixlen = length(oldprefix)
+  if (substr(oldline, 1, oldprefixlen) == oldprefix) {
+    # Use tab stops to preserve LINKNAME's column.
+    replsuffix = substr(oldline, oldprefixlen + 1)
+    sub(/[\t ]*#.*/, "", replsuffix)
+    oldtargettabs = int(length(oldtarget) / 8) + 1
+    targettabs = int(length(target) / 8) + 1
+    for (; targettabs < oldtargettabs; targettabs++) {
+      replsuffix = "\t" replsuffix
+    }
+    for (; oldtargettabs < targettabs && replsuffix ~ /^\t/; targettabs--) {
+      replsuffix = substr(replsuffix, 2)
+    }
+  } else {
+    # Odd format line; don't bother lining up its replacement nicely.
+    replsuffix = linkname
+  }
+  return "Link\t" target "\t" replsuffix comment
+}
+
+/^Link/ && $4 == "#=" && DATAFORM == "vanguard" {
+  $0 = make_linkline($0, $5, $3, $2)
+}
+
+# If a Link line is followed by a Link or Zone line for the same data, comment
+# out the Link line.  This can happen if backzone overrides a Link
+# with a Zone or a different Link.
+/^Zone/ {
+  sub(/^Link/, "#Link", line[linkline[$2]])
+}
+/^Link/ {
+  sub(/^Link/, "#Link", line[linkline[$3]])
+  linkline[$3] = NR
+  linktarget[$3] = $2
+}
+
+{ line[NR] = $0 }
+
+function cut_link_chains_short( \
+			       l, linkname, t, target)
+{
+  for (linkname in linktarget) {
+    target = linktarget[linkname]
+    t = linktarget[target]
+    if (t) {
+      # TARGET is itself a link name.  Replace the line "Link TARGET LINKNAME"
+      # with "Link T LINKNAME #= TARGET", where T is at the end of the chain
+      # of links that LINKNAME points to.
+      while ((u = linktarget[t])) {
+	t = u
+      }
+      l = linkline[linkname]
+      line[l] = make_linkline(line[l], t, linkname, target, "\t#= " target)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+END {
+  if (DATAFORM != "vanguard") {
+    cut_link_chains_short()
+  }
+  for (i = 1; i <= NR; i++)
+    print line[i]
+}
diff --git a/zishrink.awk b/zishrink.awk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c98dc6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zishrink.awk
@@ -0,0 +1,388 @@
+# Convert tzdata source into a smaller version of itself.
+
+# Contributed by Paul Eggert.  This file is in the public domain.
+
+# This is not a general-purpose converter; it is designed for current tzdata.
+# 'zic' should treat this script's output as if it were identical to
+# this script's input.
+
+# Record a hash N for the new name NAME, checking for collisions.
+
+function record_hash(n, name)
+{
+  if (used_hashes[n]) {
+    printf "# ! collision: %s %s\n", used_hashes[n], name
+    exit 1
+  }
+  used_hashes[n] = name
+}
+
+# Return a shortened rule name representing NAME,
+# and record this relationship to the hash table.
+
+function gen_rule_name(name, \
+		       n)
+{
+  # Use a simple mnemonic: the first two letters.
+  n = substr(name, 1, 2)
+  record_hash(n, name)
+  # printf "# %s = %s\n", n, name
+  return n
+}
+
+function prehash_rule_names( \
+			    name)
+{
+  # Rule names are not part of the tzdb API, so substitute shorter
+  # ones.  Shortening them consistently from one release to the next
+  # simplifies comparison of the output.  That being said, the
+  # 1-letter names below are not standardized in any way, and can
+  # change arbitrarily from one release to the next, as the main goal
+  # here is compression not comparison.
+
+  # Abbreviating these rules names to one letter saved the most space
+  # circa 2018e.
+  rule["Arg"] = "A"
+  rule["Brazil"] = "B"
+  rule["Canada"] = "C"
+  rule["Denmark"] = "D"
+  rule["EU"] = "E"
+  rule["France"] = "F"
+  rule["GB-Eire"] = "G"
+  rule["Halifax"] = "H"
+  rule["Italy"] = "I"
+  rule["Jordan"] = "J"
+  rule["Egypt"] = "K" # "Kemet" in ancient Egyptian
+  rule["Libya"] = "L"
+  rule["Morocco"] = "M"
+  rule["Neth"] = "N"
+  rule["Poland"] = "O" # arbitrary
+  rule["Palestine"] = "P"
+  rule["Cuba"] = "Q" # Its start sounds like "Q".
+  rule["Russia"] = "R"
+  rule["Syria"] = "S"
+  rule["Turkey"] = "T"
+  rule["Uruguay"] = "U"
+  rule["Vincennes"] = "V"
+  rule["Winn"] = "W"
+  rule["Mongol"] = "X" # arbitrary
+  rule["NT_YK"] = "Y"
+  rule["Zion"] = "Z"
+  rule["Austria"] = "a"
+  rule["Belgium"] = "b"
+  rule["C-Eur"] = "c"
+  rule["Algeria"] = "d" # country code DZ
+  rule["E-Eur"] = "e"
+  rule["Taiwan"] = "f" # Formosa
+  rule["Greece"] = "g"
+  rule["Hungary"] = "h"
+  rule["Iran"] = "i"
+  rule["StJohns"] = "j"
+  rule["Chatham"] = "k" # arbitrary
+  rule["Lebanon"] = "l"
+  rule["Mexico"] = "m"
+  rule["Tunisia"] = "n" # country code TN
+  rule["Moncton"] = "o" # arbitrary
+  rule["Port"] = "p"
+  rule["Albania"] = "q" # arbitrary
+  rule["Regina"] = "r"
+  rule["Spain"] = "s"
+  rule["Toronto"] = "t"
+  rule["US"] = "u"
+  rule["Louisville"] = "v" # ville
+  rule["Iceland"] = "w" # arbitrary
+  rule["Chile"] = "x" # arbitrary
+  rule["Para"] = "y" # country code PY
+  rule["Romania"] = "z" # arbitrary
+  rule["Macau"] = "_" # arbitrary
+
+  # Use ISO 3166 alpha-2 country codes for remaining names that are countries.
+  # This is more systematic, and avoids collisions (e.g., Malta and Moldova).
+  rule["Armenia"] = "AM"
+  rule["Aus"] = "AU"
+  rule["Azer"] = "AZ"
+  rule["Barb"] = "BB"
+  rule["Dhaka"] = "BD"
+  rule["Bulg"] = "BG"
+  rule["Bahamas"] = "BS"
+  rule["Belize"] = "BZ"
+  rule["Swiss"] = "CH"
+  rule["Cook"] = "CK"
+  rule["PRC"] = "CN"
+  rule["Cyprus"] = "CY"
+  rule["Czech"] = "CZ"
+  rule["Germany"] = "DE"
+  rule["DR"] = "DO"
+  rule["Ecuador"] = "EC"
+  rule["Finland"] = "FI"
+  rule["Fiji"] = "FJ"
+  rule["Falk"] = "FK"
+  rule["Ghana"] = "GH"
+  rule["Guat"] = "GT"
+  rule["Hond"] = "HN"
+  rule["Haiti"] = "HT"
+  rule["Eire"] = "IE"
+  rule["Iraq"] = "IQ"
+  rule["Japan"] = "JP"
+  rule["Kyrgyz"] = "KG"
+  rule["ROK"] = "KR"
+  rule["Latvia"] = "LV"
+  rule["Lux"] = "LX"
+  rule["Moldova"] = "MD"
+  rule["Malta"] = "MT"
+  rule["Mauritius"] = "MU"
+  rule["Namibia"] = "NA"
+  rule["Nic"] = "NI"
+  rule["Norway"] = "NO"
+  rule["Peru"] = "PE"
+  rule["Phil"] = "PH"
+  rule["Pakistan"] = "PK"
+  rule["Sudan"] = "SD"
+  rule["Salv"] = "SV"
+  rule["Tonga"] = "TO"
+  rule["Vanuatu"] = "VU"
+
+  # Avoid collisions.
+  rule["Detroit"] = "Dt" # De = Denver
+
+  for (name in rule) {
+    record_hash(rule[name], name)
+  }
+}
+
+function make_line(n, field, \
+		   f, r)
+{
+  r = field[1]
+  for (f = 2; f <= n; f++)
+    r = r " " field[f]
+  return r
+}
+
+# Process the input line LINE and save it for later output.
+
+function process_input_line(line, \
+			    f, field, end, n, outline, r, \
+			    linkline, ruleline, zoneline)
+{
+  # Remove comments, normalize spaces, and append a space to each line.
+  sub(/#.*/, "", line)
+  line = line " "
+  gsub(/[\t ]+/, " ", line)
+
+  # Abbreviate keywords and determine line type.
+  linkline = sub(/^Link /, "L ", line)
+  ruleline = sub(/^Rule /, "R ", line)
+  zoneline = sub(/^Zone /, "Z ", line)
+
+  # Replace FooAsia rules with the same rules without "Asia", as they
+  # are duplicates.
+  if (match(line, /[^ ]Asia /)) {
+    if (ruleline) return
+    line = substr(line, 1, RSTART) substr(line, RSTART + 5)
+  }
+
+  # Abbreviate times.
+  while (match(line, /[: ]0+[0-9]/))
+    line = substr(line, 1, RSTART) substr(line, RSTART + RLENGTH - 1)
+  while (match(line, /:0[^:]/))
+    line = substr(line, 1, RSTART - 1) substr(line, RSTART + 2)
+
+  # Abbreviate weekday names.
+  while (match(line, / (last)?(Mon|Wed|Fri)[ <>]/)) {
+    end = RSTART + RLENGTH
+    line = substr(line, 1, end - 4) substr(line, end - 1)
+  }
+  while (match(line, / (last)?(Sun|Tue|Thu|Sat)[ <>]/)) {
+    end = RSTART + RLENGTH
+    line = substr(line, 1, end - 3) substr(line, end - 1)
+  }
+
+  # Abbreviate "max", "min", "only" and month names.
+  # Although "max" and "min" can both be abbreviated to just "m",
+  # the longer forms "ma" and "mi" are needed with zic 2023d and earlier.
+  gsub(/ max /, dataform == "vanguard" ? " m " : " ma ", line)
+  gsub(/ min /, dataform == "vanguard" ? " m " : " mi ", line)
+  gsub(/ only /, " o ", line)
+  gsub(/ Jan /, " Ja ", line)
+  gsub(/ Feb /, " F ", line)
+  gsub(/ Apr /, " Ap ", line)
+  gsub(/ Aug /, " Au ", line)
+  gsub(/ Sep /, " S ", line)
+  gsub(/ Oct /, " O ", line)
+  gsub(/ Nov /, " N ", line)
+  gsub(/ Dec /, " D ", line)
+
+  # Strip leading and trailing space.
+  sub(/^ /, "", line)
+  sub(/ $/, "", line)
+
+  # Remove unnecessary trailing zero fields.
+  sub(/ 0+$/, "", line)
+
+  # Remove unnecessary trailing days-of-month "1".
+  if (match(line, /[A-Za-z] 1$/))
+    line = substr(line, 1, RSTART)
+
+  # Remove unnecessary trailing " Ja" (for January).
+  sub(/ Ja$/, "", line)
+
+  n = split(line, field)
+
+  # Record which rule names are used, and generate their abbreviations.
+  f = zoneline ? 4 : linkline || ruleline ? 0 : 2
+  r = field[f]
+  if (r ~ /^[^-+0-9]/) {
+    rule_used[r] = 1
+  }
+
+  if (zoneline)
+    zonename = startdef = field[2]
+  else if (linkline)
+    zonename = startdef = field[3]
+  else if (ruleline)
+    zonename = ""
+
+  # Save the information for later output.
+  outline = make_line(n, field)
+  if (ruleline)
+    rule_output_line[nrule_out++] = outline
+  else if (linkline) {
+    # In vanguard format with Gawk, links are output sorted by destination.
+    if (dataform == "vanguard" && PROCINFO["version"])
+      linkdef[zonename] = field[2]
+    else
+      link_output_line[nlink_out++] = outline
+  }else
+    zonedef[zonename] = (zoneline ? "" : zonedef[zonename] "\n") outline
+}
+
+function omit_unused_rules( \
+			   i, field)
+{
+  for (i = 0; i < nrule_out; i++) {
+    split(rule_output_line[i], field)
+    if (!rule_used[field[2]])
+      rule_output_line[i] = ""
+  }
+}
+
+function abbreviate_rule_names( \
+			       abbr, f, field, i, n, newdef, newline, r, \
+			       zoneline, zonelines, zonename)
+{
+  for (i = 0; i < nrule_out; i++) {
+    n = split(rule_output_line[i], field)
+    if (n) {
+      r = field[2]
+      if (r ~ /^[^-+0-9]/) {
+	abbr = rule[r]
+	if (!abbr) {
+	  rule[r] = abbr = gen_rule_name(r)
+	}
+	field[2] = abbr
+	rule_output_line[i] = make_line(n, field)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  for (zonename in zonedef) {
+    zonelines = split(zonedef[zonename], zoneline, /\n/)
+    newdef = ""
+    for (i = 1; i <= zonelines; i++) {
+      newline = zoneline[i]
+      n = split(newline, field)
+      f = i == 1 ? 4 : 2
+      r = rule[field[f]]
+      if (r) {
+	field[f] = r
+	newline = make_line(n, field)
+      }
+      newdef = (newdef ? newdef "\n" : "") newline
+    }
+    zonedef[zonename] = newdef
+  }
+}
+
+function output_saved_lines( \
+			    i, zonename)
+{
+  for (i = 0; i < nrule_out; i++)
+    if (rule_output_line[i])
+      print rule_output_line[i]
+
+  # When using gawk, output zones sorted by name.
+  # This makes the output a bit more compressible.
+  PROCINFO["sorted_in"] = "@ind_str_asc"
+  for (zonename in zonedef)
+    print zonedef[zonename]
+
+  if (nlink_out)
+    for (i = 0; i < nlink_out; i++)
+      print link_output_line[i]
+  else {
+    # When using gawk, output links sorted by destination.
+    # This also helps compressibility a bit.
+    PROCINFO["sorted_in"] = "@val_type_asc"
+    for (zonename in linkdef)
+      printf "L %s %s\n", linkdef[zonename], zonename
+  }
+}
+
+BEGIN {
+  # Files that the output normally depends on.
+  default_dep["africa"] = 1
+  default_dep["antarctica"] = 1
+  default_dep["asia"] = 1
+  default_dep["australasia"] = 1
+  default_dep["backward"] = 1
+  default_dep["etcetera"] = 1
+  default_dep["europe"] = 1
+  default_dep["factory"] = 1
+  default_dep["northamerica"] = 1
+  default_dep["southamerica"] = 1
+  default_dep["ziguard.awk"] = 1
+  default_dep["zishrink.awk"] = 1
+
+  # Output a version string from 'version' and related configuration variables
+  # supported by tzdb's Makefile.  If you change the makefile or any other files
+  # that affect the output of this script, you should append '-SOMETHING'
+  # to the contents of 'version', where SOMETHING identifies what was changed.
+
+  ndeps = split(deps, dep)
+  ddeps = ""
+  for (i = 1; i <= ndeps; i++) {
+    if (default_dep[dep[i]]) {
+      default_dep[dep[i]]++
+    } else {
+      ddeps = ddeps " " dep[i]
+    }
+  }
+  for (d in default_dep) {
+    if (default_dep[d] == 1) {
+      ddeps = ddeps " !" d
+    }
+  }
+  print "# version", version
+  if (dataform != "main") {
+    print "# dataform", dataform
+  }
+  if (redo != "posix_right") {
+    print "# redo " redo
+  }
+  if (ddeps) {
+    print "# ddeps" ddeps
+  }
+  print "# This zic input file is in the public domain."
+
+  prehash_rule_names()
+}
+
+/^[\t ]*[^#\t ]/ {
+  process_input_line($0)
+}
+
+END {
+  omit_unused_rules()
+  abbreviate_rule_names()
+  output_saved_lines()
+}
diff --git a/zone.tab b/zone.tab
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3fa9306
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zone.tab
@@ -0,0 +1,448 @@
+# tzdb timezone descriptions (deprecated version)
+#
+# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2021-09-20):
+# This file is intended as a backward-compatibility aid for older programs.
+# New programs should use zone1970.tab.  This file is like zone1970.tab (see
+# zone1970.tab's comments), but with the following additional restrictions:
+#
+# 1.  This file contains only ASCII characters.
+# 2.  The first data column contains exactly one country code.
+#
+# Because of (2), each row stands for an area that is the intersection
+# of a region identified by a country code and of a timezone where civil
+# clocks have agreed since 1970; this is a narrower definition than
+# that of zone1970.tab.
+#
+# Unlike zone1970.tab, a row's third column can be a Link from
+# 'backward' instead of a Zone.
+#
+# This table is intended as an aid for users, to help them select timezones
+# appropriate for their practical needs.  It is not intended to take or
+# endorse any position on legal or territorial claims.
+#
+#country-
+#code	coordinates	TZ			comments
+AD	+4230+00131	Europe/Andorra
+AE	+2518+05518	Asia/Dubai
+AF	+3431+06912	Asia/Kabul
+AG	+1703-06148	America/Antigua
+AI	+1812-06304	America/Anguilla
+AL	+4120+01950	Europe/Tirane
+AM	+4011+04430	Asia/Yerevan
+AO	-0848+01314	Africa/Luanda
+AQ	-7750+16636	Antarctica/McMurdo	New Zealand time - McMurdo, South Pole
+AQ	-6617+11031	Antarctica/Casey	Casey
+AQ	-6835+07758	Antarctica/Davis	Davis
+AQ	-6640+14001	Antarctica/DumontDUrville	Dumont-d'Urville
+AQ	-6736+06253	Antarctica/Mawson	Mawson
+AQ	-6448-06406	Antarctica/Palmer	Palmer
+AQ	-6734-06808	Antarctica/Rothera	Rothera
+AQ	-690022+0393524	Antarctica/Syowa	Syowa
+AQ	-720041+0023206	Antarctica/Troll	Troll
+AQ	-7824+10654	Antarctica/Vostok	Vostok
+AR	-3436-05827	America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires	Buenos Aires (BA, CF)
+AR	-3124-06411	America/Argentina/Cordoba	Argentina (most areas: CB, CC, CN, ER, FM, MN, SE, SF)
+AR	-2447-06525	America/Argentina/Salta	Salta (SA, LP, NQ, RN)
+AR	-2411-06518	America/Argentina/Jujuy	Jujuy (JY)
+AR	-2649-06513	America/Argentina/Tucuman	Tucuman (TM)
+AR	-2828-06547	America/Argentina/Catamarca	Catamarca (CT), Chubut (CH)
+AR	-2926-06651	America/Argentina/La_Rioja	La Rioja (LR)
+AR	-3132-06831	America/Argentina/San_Juan	San Juan (SJ)
+AR	-3253-06849	America/Argentina/Mendoza	Mendoza (MZ)
+AR	-3319-06621	America/Argentina/San_Luis	San Luis (SL)
+AR	-5138-06913	America/Argentina/Rio_Gallegos	Santa Cruz (SC)
+AR	-5448-06818	America/Argentina/Ushuaia	Tierra del Fuego (TF)
+AS	-1416-17042	Pacific/Pago_Pago
+AT	+4813+01620	Europe/Vienna
+AU	-3133+15905	Australia/Lord_Howe	Lord Howe Island
+AU	-5430+15857	Antarctica/Macquarie	Macquarie Island
+AU	-4253+14719	Australia/Hobart	Tasmania
+AU	-3749+14458	Australia/Melbourne	Victoria
+AU	-3352+15113	Australia/Sydney	New South Wales (most areas)
+AU	-3157+14127	Australia/Broken_Hill	New South Wales (Yancowinna)
+AU	-2728+15302	Australia/Brisbane	Queensland (most areas)
+AU	-2016+14900	Australia/Lindeman	Queensland (Whitsunday Islands)
+AU	-3455+13835	Australia/Adelaide	South Australia
+AU	-1228+13050	Australia/Darwin	Northern Territory
+AU	-3157+11551	Australia/Perth	Western Australia (most areas)
+AU	-3143+12852	Australia/Eucla	Western Australia (Eucla)
+AW	+1230-06958	America/Aruba
+AX	+6006+01957	Europe/Mariehamn
+AZ	+4023+04951	Asia/Baku
+BA	+4352+01825	Europe/Sarajevo
+BB	+1306-05937	America/Barbados
+BD	+2343+09025	Asia/Dhaka
+BE	+5050+00420	Europe/Brussels
+BF	+1222-00131	Africa/Ouagadougou
+BG	+4241+02319	Europe/Sofia
+BH	+2623+05035	Asia/Bahrain
+BI	-0323+02922	Africa/Bujumbura
+BJ	+0629+00237	Africa/Porto-Novo
+BL	+1753-06251	America/St_Barthelemy
+BM	+3217-06446	Atlantic/Bermuda
+BN	+0456+11455	Asia/Brunei
+BO	-1630-06809	America/La_Paz
+BQ	+120903-0681636	America/Kralendijk
+BR	-0351-03225	America/Noronha	Atlantic islands
+BR	-0127-04829	America/Belem	Para (east), Amapa
+BR	-0343-03830	America/Fortaleza	Brazil (northeast: MA, PI, CE, RN, PB)
+BR	-0803-03454	America/Recife	Pernambuco
+BR	-0712-04812	America/Araguaina	Tocantins
+BR	-0940-03543	America/Maceio	Alagoas, Sergipe
+BR	-1259-03831	America/Bahia	Bahia
+BR	-2332-04637	America/Sao_Paulo	Brazil (southeast: GO, DF, MG, ES, RJ, SP, PR, SC, RS)
+BR	-2027-05437	America/Campo_Grande	Mato Grosso do Sul
+BR	-1535-05605	America/Cuiaba	Mato Grosso
+BR	-0226-05452	America/Santarem	Para (west)
+BR	-0846-06354	America/Porto_Velho	Rondonia
+BR	+0249-06040	America/Boa_Vista	Roraima
+BR	-0308-06001	America/Manaus	Amazonas (east)
+BR	-0640-06952	America/Eirunepe	Amazonas (west)
+BR	-0958-06748	America/Rio_Branco	Acre
+BS	+2505-07721	America/Nassau
+BT	+2728+08939	Asia/Thimphu
+BW	-2439+02555	Africa/Gaborone
+BY	+5354+02734	Europe/Minsk
+BZ	+1730-08812	America/Belize
+CA	+4734-05243	America/St_Johns	Newfoundland, Labrador (SE)
+CA	+4439-06336	America/Halifax	Atlantic - NS (most areas), PE
+CA	+4612-05957	America/Glace_Bay	Atlantic - NS (Cape Breton)
+CA	+4606-06447	America/Moncton	Atlantic - New Brunswick
+CA	+5320-06025	America/Goose_Bay	Atlantic - Labrador (most areas)
+CA	+5125-05707	America/Blanc-Sablon	AST - QC (Lower North Shore)
+CA	+4339-07923	America/Toronto	Eastern - ON & QC (most areas)
+CA	+6344-06828	America/Iqaluit	Eastern - NU (most areas)
+CA	+484531-0913718	America/Atikokan	EST - ON (Atikokan), NU (Coral H)
+CA	+4953-09709	America/Winnipeg	Central - ON (west), Manitoba
+CA	+744144-0944945	America/Resolute	Central - NU (Resolute)
+CA	+624900-0920459	America/Rankin_Inlet	Central - NU (central)
+CA	+5024-10439	America/Regina	CST - SK (most areas)
+CA	+5017-10750	America/Swift_Current	CST - SK (midwest)
+CA	+5333-11328	America/Edmonton	Mountain - AB, BC(E), NT(E), SK(W)
+CA	+690650-1050310	America/Cambridge_Bay	Mountain - NU (west)
+CA	+682059-1334300	America/Inuvik	Mountain - NT (west)
+CA	+4906-11631	America/Creston	MST - BC (Creston)
+CA	+5546-12014	America/Dawson_Creek	MST - BC (Dawson Cr, Ft St John)
+CA	+5848-12242	America/Fort_Nelson	MST - BC (Ft Nelson)
+CA	+6043-13503	America/Whitehorse	MST - Yukon (east)
+CA	+6404-13925	America/Dawson	MST - Yukon (west)
+CA	+4916-12307	America/Vancouver	Pacific - BC (most areas)
+CC	-1210+09655	Indian/Cocos
+CD	-0418+01518	Africa/Kinshasa	Dem. Rep. of Congo (west)
+CD	-1140+02728	Africa/Lubumbashi	Dem. Rep. of Congo (east)
+CF	+0422+01835	Africa/Bangui
+CG	-0416+01517	Africa/Brazzaville
+CH	+4723+00832	Europe/Zurich
+CI	+0519-00402	Africa/Abidjan
+CK	-2114-15946	Pacific/Rarotonga
+CL	-3327-07040	America/Santiago	most of Chile
+CL	-5309-07055	America/Punta_Arenas	Region of Magallanes
+CL	-2709-10926	Pacific/Easter	Easter Island
+CM	+0403+00942	Africa/Douala
+CN	+3114+12128	Asia/Shanghai	Beijing Time
+CN	+4348+08735	Asia/Urumqi	Xinjiang Time
+CO	+0436-07405	America/Bogota
+CR	+0956-08405	America/Costa_Rica
+CU	+2308-08222	America/Havana
+CV	+1455-02331	Atlantic/Cape_Verde
+CW	+1211-06900	America/Curacao
+CX	-1025+10543	Indian/Christmas
+CY	+3510+03322	Asia/Nicosia	most of Cyprus
+CY	+3507+03357	Asia/Famagusta	Northern Cyprus
+CZ	+5005+01426	Europe/Prague
+DE	+5230+01322	Europe/Berlin	most of Germany
+DE	+4742+00841	Europe/Busingen	Busingen
+DJ	+1136+04309	Africa/Djibouti
+DK	+5540+01235	Europe/Copenhagen
+DM	+1518-06124	America/Dominica
+DO	+1828-06954	America/Santo_Domingo
+DZ	+3647+00303	Africa/Algiers
+EC	-0210-07950	America/Guayaquil	Ecuador (mainland)
+EC	-0054-08936	Pacific/Galapagos	Galapagos Islands
+EE	+5925+02445	Europe/Tallinn
+EG	+3003+03115	Africa/Cairo
+EH	+2709-01312	Africa/El_Aaiun
+ER	+1520+03853	Africa/Asmara
+ES	+4024-00341	Europe/Madrid	Spain (mainland)
+ES	+3553-00519	Africa/Ceuta	Ceuta, Melilla
+ES	+2806-01524	Atlantic/Canary	Canary Islands
+ET	+0902+03842	Africa/Addis_Ababa
+FI	+6010+02458	Europe/Helsinki
+FJ	-1808+17825	Pacific/Fiji
+FK	-5142-05751	Atlantic/Stanley
+FM	+0725+15147	Pacific/Chuuk	Chuuk/Truk, Yap
+FM	+0658+15813	Pacific/Pohnpei	Pohnpei/Ponape
+FM	+0519+16259	Pacific/Kosrae	Kosrae
+FO	+6201-00646	Atlantic/Faroe
+FR	+4852+00220	Europe/Paris
+GA	+0023+00927	Africa/Libreville
+GB	+513030-0000731	Europe/London
+GD	+1203-06145	America/Grenada
+GE	+4143+04449	Asia/Tbilisi
+GF	+0456-05220	America/Cayenne
+GG	+492717-0023210	Europe/Guernsey
+GH	+0533-00013	Africa/Accra
+GI	+3608-00521	Europe/Gibraltar
+GL	+6411-05144	America/Nuuk	most of Greenland
+GL	+7646-01840	America/Danmarkshavn	National Park (east coast)
+GL	+7029-02158	America/Scoresbysund	Scoresbysund/Ittoqqortoormiit
+GL	+7634-06847	America/Thule	Thule/Pituffik
+GM	+1328-01639	Africa/Banjul
+GN	+0931-01343	Africa/Conakry
+GP	+1614-06132	America/Guadeloupe
+GQ	+0345+00847	Africa/Malabo
+GR	+3758+02343	Europe/Athens
+GS	-5416-03632	Atlantic/South_Georgia
+GT	+1438-09031	America/Guatemala
+GU	+1328+14445	Pacific/Guam
+GW	+1151-01535	Africa/Bissau
+GY	+0648-05810	America/Guyana
+HK	+2217+11409	Asia/Hong_Kong
+HN	+1406-08713	America/Tegucigalpa
+HR	+4548+01558	Europe/Zagreb
+HT	+1832-07220	America/Port-au-Prince
+HU	+4730+01905	Europe/Budapest
+ID	-0610+10648	Asia/Jakarta	Java, Sumatra
+ID	-0002+10920	Asia/Pontianak	Borneo (west, central)
+ID	-0507+11924	Asia/Makassar	Borneo (east, south), Sulawesi/Celebes, Bali, Nusa Tengarra, Timor (west)
+ID	-0232+14042	Asia/Jayapura	New Guinea (West Papua / Irian Jaya), Malukus/Moluccas
+IE	+5320-00615	Europe/Dublin
+IL	+314650+0351326	Asia/Jerusalem
+IM	+5409-00428	Europe/Isle_of_Man
+IN	+2232+08822	Asia/Kolkata
+IO	-0720+07225	Indian/Chagos
+IQ	+3321+04425	Asia/Baghdad
+IR	+3540+05126	Asia/Tehran
+IS	+6409-02151	Atlantic/Reykjavik
+IT	+4154+01229	Europe/Rome
+JE	+491101-0020624	Europe/Jersey
+JM	+175805-0764736	America/Jamaica
+JO	+3157+03556	Asia/Amman
+JP	+353916+1394441	Asia/Tokyo
+KE	-0117+03649	Africa/Nairobi
+KG	+4254+07436	Asia/Bishkek
+KH	+1133+10455	Asia/Phnom_Penh
+KI	+0125+17300	Pacific/Tarawa	Gilbert Islands
+KI	-0247-17143	Pacific/Kanton	Phoenix Islands
+KI	+0152-15720	Pacific/Kiritimati	Line Islands
+KM	-1141+04316	Indian/Comoro
+KN	+1718-06243	America/St_Kitts
+KP	+3901+12545	Asia/Pyongyang
+KR	+3733+12658	Asia/Seoul
+KW	+2920+04759	Asia/Kuwait
+KY	+1918-08123	America/Cayman
+KZ	+4315+07657	Asia/Almaty	most of Kazakhstan
+KZ	+4448+06528	Asia/Qyzylorda	Qyzylorda/Kyzylorda/Kzyl-Orda
+KZ	+5312+06337	Asia/Qostanay	Qostanay/Kostanay/Kustanay
+KZ	+5017+05710	Asia/Aqtobe	Aqtobe/Aktobe
+KZ	+4431+05016	Asia/Aqtau	Mangghystau/Mankistau
+KZ	+4707+05156	Asia/Atyrau	Atyrau/Atirau/Gur'yev
+KZ	+5113+05121	Asia/Oral	West Kazakhstan
+LA	+1758+10236	Asia/Vientiane
+LB	+3353+03530	Asia/Beirut
+LC	+1401-06100	America/St_Lucia
+LI	+4709+00931	Europe/Vaduz
+LK	+0656+07951	Asia/Colombo
+LR	+0618-01047	Africa/Monrovia
+LS	-2928+02730	Africa/Maseru
+LT	+5441+02519	Europe/Vilnius
+LU	+4936+00609	Europe/Luxembourg
+LV	+5657+02406	Europe/Riga
+LY	+3254+01311	Africa/Tripoli
+MA	+3339-00735	Africa/Casablanca
+MC	+4342+00723	Europe/Monaco
+MD	+4700+02850	Europe/Chisinau
+ME	+4226+01916	Europe/Podgorica
+MF	+1804-06305	America/Marigot
+MG	-1855+04731	Indian/Antananarivo
+MH	+0709+17112	Pacific/Majuro	most of Marshall Islands
+MH	+0905+16720	Pacific/Kwajalein	Kwajalein
+MK	+4159+02126	Europe/Skopje
+ML	+1239-00800	Africa/Bamako
+MM	+1647+09610	Asia/Yangon
+MN	+4755+10653	Asia/Ulaanbaatar	most of Mongolia
+MN	+4801+09139	Asia/Hovd	Bayan-Olgiy, Govi-Altai, Hovd, Uvs, Zavkhan
+MN	+4804+11430	Asia/Choibalsan	Dornod, Sukhbaatar
+MO	+221150+1133230	Asia/Macau
+MP	+1512+14545	Pacific/Saipan
+MQ	+1436-06105	America/Martinique
+MR	+1806-01557	Africa/Nouakchott
+MS	+1643-06213	America/Montserrat
+MT	+3554+01431	Europe/Malta
+MU	-2010+05730	Indian/Mauritius
+MV	+0410+07330	Indian/Maldives
+MW	-1547+03500	Africa/Blantyre
+MX	+1924-09909	America/Mexico_City	Central Mexico
+MX	+2105-08646	America/Cancun	Quintana Roo
+MX	+2058-08937	America/Merida	Campeche, Yucatan
+MX	+2540-10019	America/Monterrey	Durango; Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas (most areas)
+MX	+2550-09730	America/Matamoros	Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas (US border)
+MX	+2838-10605	America/Chihuahua	Chihuahua (most areas)
+MX	+3144-10629	America/Ciudad_Juarez	Chihuahua (US border - west)
+MX	+2934-10425	America/Ojinaga	Chihuahua (US border - east)
+MX	+2313-10625	America/Mazatlan	Baja California Sur, Nayarit (most areas), Sinaloa
+MX	+2048-10515	America/Bahia_Banderas	Bahia de Banderas
+MX	+2904-11058	America/Hermosillo	Sonora
+MX	+3232-11701	America/Tijuana	Baja California
+MY	+0310+10142	Asia/Kuala_Lumpur	Malaysia (peninsula)
+MY	+0133+11020	Asia/Kuching	Sabah, Sarawak
+MZ	-2558+03235	Africa/Maputo
+NA	-2234+01706	Africa/Windhoek
+NC	-2216+16627	Pacific/Noumea
+NE	+1331+00207	Africa/Niamey
+NF	-2903+16758	Pacific/Norfolk
+NG	+0627+00324	Africa/Lagos
+NI	+1209-08617	America/Managua
+NL	+5222+00454	Europe/Amsterdam
+NO	+5955+01045	Europe/Oslo
+NP	+2743+08519	Asia/Kathmandu
+NR	-0031+16655	Pacific/Nauru
+NU	-1901-16955	Pacific/Niue
+NZ	-3652+17446	Pacific/Auckland	most of New Zealand
+NZ	-4357-17633	Pacific/Chatham	Chatham Islands
+OM	+2336+05835	Asia/Muscat
+PA	+0858-07932	America/Panama
+PE	-1203-07703	America/Lima
+PF	-1732-14934	Pacific/Tahiti	Society Islands
+PF	-0900-13930	Pacific/Marquesas	Marquesas Islands
+PF	-2308-13457	Pacific/Gambier	Gambier Islands
+PG	-0930+14710	Pacific/Port_Moresby	most of Papua New Guinea
+PG	-0613+15534	Pacific/Bougainville	Bougainville
+PH	+1435+12100	Asia/Manila
+PK	+2452+06703	Asia/Karachi
+PL	+5215+02100	Europe/Warsaw
+PM	+4703-05620	America/Miquelon
+PN	-2504-13005	Pacific/Pitcairn
+PR	+182806-0660622	America/Puerto_Rico
+PS	+3130+03428	Asia/Gaza	Gaza Strip
+PS	+313200+0350542	Asia/Hebron	West Bank
+PT	+3843-00908	Europe/Lisbon	Portugal (mainland)
+PT	+3238-01654	Atlantic/Madeira	Madeira Islands
+PT	+3744-02540	Atlantic/Azores	Azores
+PW	+0720+13429	Pacific/Palau
+PY	-2516-05740	America/Asuncion
+QA	+2517+05132	Asia/Qatar
+RE	-2052+05528	Indian/Reunion
+RO	+4426+02606	Europe/Bucharest
+RS	+4450+02030	Europe/Belgrade
+RU	+5443+02030	Europe/Kaliningrad	MSK-01 - Kaliningrad
+RU	+554521+0373704	Europe/Moscow	MSK+00 - Moscow area
+# The obsolescent zone.tab format cannot represent Europe/Simferopol well.
+# Put it in RU section and list as UA.  See "territorial claims" above.
+# Programs should use zone1970.tab instead; see above.
+UA	+4457+03406	Europe/Simferopol	Crimea
+RU	+5836+04939	Europe/Kirov	MSK+00 - Kirov
+RU	+4844+04425	Europe/Volgograd	MSK+00 - Volgograd
+RU	+4621+04803	Europe/Astrakhan	MSK+01 - Astrakhan
+RU	+5134+04602	Europe/Saratov	MSK+01 - Saratov
+RU	+5420+04824	Europe/Ulyanovsk	MSK+01 - Ulyanovsk
+RU	+5312+05009	Europe/Samara	MSK+01 - Samara, Udmurtia
+RU	+5651+06036	Asia/Yekaterinburg	MSK+02 - Urals
+RU	+5500+07324	Asia/Omsk	MSK+03 - Omsk
+RU	+5502+08255	Asia/Novosibirsk	MSK+04 - Novosibirsk
+RU	+5322+08345	Asia/Barnaul	MSK+04 - Altai
+RU	+5630+08458	Asia/Tomsk	MSK+04 - Tomsk
+RU	+5345+08707	Asia/Novokuznetsk	MSK+04 - Kemerovo
+RU	+5601+09250	Asia/Krasnoyarsk	MSK+04 - Krasnoyarsk area
+RU	+5216+10420	Asia/Irkutsk	MSK+05 - Irkutsk, Buryatia
+RU	+5203+11328	Asia/Chita	MSK+06 - Zabaykalsky
+RU	+6200+12940	Asia/Yakutsk	MSK+06 - Lena River
+RU	+623923+1353314	Asia/Khandyga	MSK+06 - Tomponsky, Ust-Maysky
+RU	+4310+13156	Asia/Vladivostok	MSK+07 - Amur River
+RU	+643337+1431336	Asia/Ust-Nera	MSK+07 - Oymyakonsky
+RU	+5934+15048	Asia/Magadan	MSK+08 - Magadan
+RU	+4658+14242	Asia/Sakhalin	MSK+08 - Sakhalin Island
+RU	+6728+15343	Asia/Srednekolymsk	MSK+08 - Sakha (E), N Kuril Is
+RU	+5301+15839	Asia/Kamchatka	MSK+09 - Kamchatka
+RU	+6445+17729	Asia/Anadyr	MSK+09 - Bering Sea
+RW	-0157+03004	Africa/Kigali
+SA	+2438+04643	Asia/Riyadh
+SB	-0932+16012	Pacific/Guadalcanal
+SC	-0440+05528	Indian/Mahe
+SD	+1536+03232	Africa/Khartoum
+SE	+5920+01803	Europe/Stockholm
+SG	+0117+10351	Asia/Singapore
+SH	-1555-00542	Atlantic/St_Helena
+SI	+4603+01431	Europe/Ljubljana
+SJ	+7800+01600	Arctic/Longyearbyen
+SK	+4809+01707	Europe/Bratislava
+SL	+0830-01315	Africa/Freetown
+SM	+4355+01228	Europe/San_Marino
+SN	+1440-01726	Africa/Dakar
+SO	+0204+04522	Africa/Mogadishu
+SR	+0550-05510	America/Paramaribo
+SS	+0451+03137	Africa/Juba
+ST	+0020+00644	Africa/Sao_Tome
+SV	+1342-08912	America/El_Salvador
+SX	+180305-0630250	America/Lower_Princes
+SY	+3330+03618	Asia/Damascus
+SZ	-2618+03106	Africa/Mbabane
+TC	+2128-07108	America/Grand_Turk
+TD	+1207+01503	Africa/Ndjamena
+TF	-492110+0701303	Indian/Kerguelen
+TG	+0608+00113	Africa/Lome
+TH	+1345+10031	Asia/Bangkok
+TJ	+3835+06848	Asia/Dushanbe
+TK	-0922-17114	Pacific/Fakaofo
+TL	-0833+12535	Asia/Dili
+TM	+3757+05823	Asia/Ashgabat
+TN	+3648+01011	Africa/Tunis
+TO	-210800-1751200	Pacific/Tongatapu
+TR	+4101+02858	Europe/Istanbul
+TT	+1039-06131	America/Port_of_Spain
+TV	-0831+17913	Pacific/Funafuti
+TW	+2503+12130	Asia/Taipei
+TZ	-0648+03917	Africa/Dar_es_Salaam
+UA	+5026+03031	Europe/Kyiv	most of Ukraine
+UG	+0019+03225	Africa/Kampala
+UM	+2813-17722	Pacific/Midway	Midway Islands
+UM	+1917+16637	Pacific/Wake	Wake Island
+US	+404251-0740023	America/New_York	Eastern (most areas)
+US	+421953-0830245	America/Detroit	Eastern - MI (most areas)
+US	+381515-0854534	America/Kentucky/Louisville	Eastern - KY (Louisville area)
+US	+364947-0845057	America/Kentucky/Monticello	Eastern - KY (Wayne)
+US	+394606-0860929	America/Indiana/Indianapolis	Eastern - IN (most areas)
+US	+384038-0873143	America/Indiana/Vincennes	Eastern - IN (Da, Du, K, Mn)
+US	+410305-0863611	America/Indiana/Winamac	Eastern - IN (Pulaski)
+US	+382232-0862041	America/Indiana/Marengo	Eastern - IN (Crawford)
+US	+382931-0871643	America/Indiana/Petersburg	Eastern - IN (Pike)
+US	+384452-0850402	America/Indiana/Vevay	Eastern - IN (Switzerland)
+US	+415100-0873900	America/Chicago	Central (most areas)
+US	+375711-0864541	America/Indiana/Tell_City	Central - IN (Perry)
+US	+411745-0863730	America/Indiana/Knox	Central - IN (Starke)
+US	+450628-0873651	America/Menominee	Central - MI (Wisconsin border)
+US	+470659-1011757	America/North_Dakota/Center	Central - ND (Oliver)
+US	+465042-1012439	America/North_Dakota/New_Salem	Central - ND (Morton rural)
+US	+471551-1014640	America/North_Dakota/Beulah	Central - ND (Mercer)
+US	+394421-1045903	America/Denver	Mountain (most areas)
+US	+433649-1161209	America/Boise	Mountain - ID (south), OR (east)
+US	+332654-1120424	America/Phoenix	MST - AZ (except Navajo)
+US	+340308-1181434	America/Los_Angeles	Pacific
+US	+611305-1495401	America/Anchorage	Alaska (most areas)
+US	+581807-1342511	America/Juneau	Alaska - Juneau area
+US	+571035-1351807	America/Sitka	Alaska - Sitka area
+US	+550737-1313435	America/Metlakatla	Alaska - Annette Island
+US	+593249-1394338	America/Yakutat	Alaska - Yakutat
+US	+643004-1652423	America/Nome	Alaska (west)
+US	+515248-1763929	America/Adak	Alaska - western Aleutians
+US	+211825-1575130	Pacific/Honolulu	Hawaii
+UY	-345433-0561245	America/Montevideo
+UZ	+3940+06648	Asia/Samarkand	Uzbekistan (west)
+UZ	+4120+06918	Asia/Tashkent	Uzbekistan (east)
+VA	+415408+0122711	Europe/Vatican
+VC	+1309-06114	America/St_Vincent
+VE	+1030-06656	America/Caracas
+VG	+1827-06437	America/Tortola
+VI	+1821-06456	America/St_Thomas
+VN	+1045+10640	Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh
+VU	-1740+16825	Pacific/Efate
+WF	-1318-17610	Pacific/Wallis
+WS	-1350-17144	Pacific/Apia
+YE	+1245+04512	Asia/Aden
+YT	-1247+04514	Indian/Mayotte
+ZA	-2615+02800	Africa/Johannesburg
+ZM	-1525+02817	Africa/Lusaka
+ZW	-1750+03103	Africa/Harare
diff --git a/zone1970.tab b/zone1970.tab
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..abd9489
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zone1970.tab
@@ -0,0 +1,375 @@
+# tzdb timezone descriptions
+#
+# This file is in the public domain.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-06-27):
+# This file contains a table where each row stands for a timezone where
+# civil timestamps have agreed since 1970.  Columns are separated by
+# a single tab.  Lines beginning with '#' are comments.  All text uses
+# UTF-8 encoding.  The columns of the table are as follows:
+#
+# 1.  The countries that overlap the timezone, as a comma-separated list
+#     of ISO 3166 2-character country codes.  See the file 'iso3166.tab'.
+# 2.  Latitude and longitude of the timezone's principal location
+#     in ISO 6709 sign-degrees-minutes-seconds format,
+#     either ±DDMM±DDDMM or ±DDMMSS±DDDMMSS,
+#     first latitude (+ is north), then longitude (+ is east).
+# 3.  Timezone name used in value of TZ environment variable.
+#     Please see the theory.html file for how these names are chosen.
+#     If multiple timezones overlap a country, each has a row in the
+#     table, with each column 1 containing the country code.
+# 4.  Comments; present if and only if countries have multiple timezones,
+#     and useful only for those countries.  For example, the comments
+#     for the row with countries CH,DE,LI and name Europe/Zurich
+#     are useful only for DE, since CH and LI have no other timezones.
+#
+# If a timezone covers multiple countries, the most-populous city is used,
+# and that country is listed first in column 1; any other countries
+# are listed alphabetically by country code.  The table is sorted
+# first by country code, then (if possible) by an order within the
+# country that (1) makes some geographical sense, and (2) puts the
+# most populous timezones first, where that does not contradict (1).
+#
+# This table is intended as an aid for users, to help them select timezones
+# appropriate for their practical needs.  It is not intended to take or
+# endorse any position on legal or territorial claims.
+#
+#country-
+#codes	coordinates	TZ	comments
+AD	+4230+00131	Europe/Andorra
+AE,OM,RE,SC,TF	+2518+05518	Asia/Dubai	Crozet
+AF	+3431+06912	Asia/Kabul
+AL	+4120+01950	Europe/Tirane
+AM	+4011+04430	Asia/Yerevan
+AQ	-6617+11031	Antarctica/Casey	Casey
+AQ	-6835+07758	Antarctica/Davis	Davis
+AQ	-6736+06253	Antarctica/Mawson	Mawson
+AQ	-6448-06406	Antarctica/Palmer	Palmer
+AQ	-6734-06808	Antarctica/Rothera	Rothera
+AQ	-720041+0023206	Antarctica/Troll	Troll
+AQ	-7824+10654	Antarctica/Vostok	Vostok
+AR	-3436-05827	America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires	Buenos Aires (BA, CF)
+AR	-3124-06411	America/Argentina/Cordoba	most areas: CB, CC, CN, ER, FM, MN, SE, SF
+AR	-2447-06525	America/Argentina/Salta	Salta (SA, LP, NQ, RN)
+AR	-2411-06518	America/Argentina/Jujuy	Jujuy (JY)
+AR	-2649-06513	America/Argentina/Tucuman	Tucumán (TM)
+AR	-2828-06547	America/Argentina/Catamarca	Catamarca (CT), Chubut (CH)
+AR	-2926-06651	America/Argentina/La_Rioja	La Rioja (LR)
+AR	-3132-06831	America/Argentina/San_Juan	San Juan (SJ)
+AR	-3253-06849	America/Argentina/Mendoza	Mendoza (MZ)
+AR	-3319-06621	America/Argentina/San_Luis	San Luis (SL)
+AR	-5138-06913	America/Argentina/Rio_Gallegos	Santa Cruz (SC)
+AR	-5448-06818	America/Argentina/Ushuaia	Tierra del Fuego (TF)
+AS,UM	-1416-17042	Pacific/Pago_Pago	Midway
+AT	+4813+01620	Europe/Vienna
+AU	-3133+15905	Australia/Lord_Howe	Lord Howe Island
+AU	-5430+15857	Antarctica/Macquarie	Macquarie Island
+AU	-4253+14719	Australia/Hobart	Tasmania
+AU	-3749+14458	Australia/Melbourne	Victoria
+AU	-3352+15113	Australia/Sydney	New South Wales (most areas)
+AU	-3157+14127	Australia/Broken_Hill	New South Wales (Yancowinna)
+AU	-2728+15302	Australia/Brisbane	Queensland (most areas)
+AU	-2016+14900	Australia/Lindeman	Queensland (Whitsunday Islands)
+AU	-3455+13835	Australia/Adelaide	South Australia
+AU	-1228+13050	Australia/Darwin	Northern Territory
+AU	-3157+11551	Australia/Perth	Western Australia (most areas)
+AU	-3143+12852	Australia/Eucla	Western Australia (Eucla)
+AZ	+4023+04951	Asia/Baku
+BB	+1306-05937	America/Barbados
+BD	+2343+09025	Asia/Dhaka
+BE,LU,NL	+5050+00420	Europe/Brussels
+BG	+4241+02319	Europe/Sofia
+BM	+3217-06446	Atlantic/Bermuda
+BO	-1630-06809	America/La_Paz
+BR	-0351-03225	America/Noronha	Atlantic islands
+BR	-0127-04829	America/Belem	Pará (east), Amapá
+BR	-0343-03830	America/Fortaleza	Brazil (northeast: MA, PI, CE, RN, PB)
+BR	-0803-03454	America/Recife	Pernambuco
+BR	-0712-04812	America/Araguaina	Tocantins
+BR	-0940-03543	America/Maceio	Alagoas, Sergipe
+BR	-1259-03831	America/Bahia	Bahia
+BR	-2332-04637	America/Sao_Paulo	Brazil (southeast: GO, DF, MG, ES, RJ, SP, PR, SC, RS)
+BR	-2027-05437	America/Campo_Grande	Mato Grosso do Sul
+BR	-1535-05605	America/Cuiaba	Mato Grosso
+BR	-0226-05452	America/Santarem	Pará (west)
+BR	-0846-06354	America/Porto_Velho	Rondônia
+BR	+0249-06040	America/Boa_Vista	Roraima
+BR	-0308-06001	America/Manaus	Amazonas (east)
+BR	-0640-06952	America/Eirunepe	Amazonas (west)
+BR	-0958-06748	America/Rio_Branco	Acre
+BT	+2728+08939	Asia/Thimphu
+BY	+5354+02734	Europe/Minsk
+BZ	+1730-08812	America/Belize
+CA	+4734-05243	America/St_Johns	Newfoundland, Labrador (SE)
+CA	+4439-06336	America/Halifax	Atlantic - NS (most areas), PE
+CA	+4612-05957	America/Glace_Bay	Atlantic - NS (Cape Breton)
+CA	+4606-06447	America/Moncton	Atlantic - New Brunswick
+CA	+5320-06025	America/Goose_Bay	Atlantic - Labrador (most areas)
+CA,BS	+4339-07923	America/Toronto	Eastern - ON & QC (most areas)
+CA	+6344-06828	America/Iqaluit	Eastern - NU (most areas)
+CA	+4953-09709	America/Winnipeg	Central - ON (west), Manitoba
+CA	+744144-0944945	America/Resolute	Central - NU (Resolute)
+CA	+624900-0920459	America/Rankin_Inlet	Central - NU (central)
+CA	+5024-10439	America/Regina	CST - SK (most areas)
+CA	+5017-10750	America/Swift_Current	CST - SK (midwest)
+CA	+5333-11328	America/Edmonton	Mountain - AB, BC(E), NT(E), SK(W)
+CA	+690650-1050310	America/Cambridge_Bay	Mountain - NU (west)
+CA	+682059-1334300	America/Inuvik	Mountain - NT (west)
+CA	+5546-12014	America/Dawson_Creek	MST - BC (Dawson Cr, Ft St John)
+CA	+5848-12242	America/Fort_Nelson	MST - BC (Ft Nelson)
+CA	+6043-13503	America/Whitehorse	MST - Yukon (east)
+CA	+6404-13925	America/Dawson	MST - Yukon (west)
+CA	+4916-12307	America/Vancouver	Pacific - BC (most areas)
+CH,DE,LI	+4723+00832	Europe/Zurich	Büsingen
+CI,BF,GH,GM,GN,IS,ML,MR,SH,SL,SN,TG	+0519-00402	Africa/Abidjan
+CK	-2114-15946	Pacific/Rarotonga
+CL	-3327-07040	America/Santiago	most of Chile
+CL	-5309-07055	America/Punta_Arenas	Region of Magallanes
+CL	-2709-10926	Pacific/Easter	Easter Island
+CN	+3114+12128	Asia/Shanghai	Beijing Time
+CN	+4348+08735	Asia/Urumqi	Xinjiang Time
+CO	+0436-07405	America/Bogota
+CR	+0956-08405	America/Costa_Rica
+CU	+2308-08222	America/Havana
+CV	+1455-02331	Atlantic/Cape_Verde
+CY	+3510+03322	Asia/Nicosia	most of Cyprus
+CY	+3507+03357	Asia/Famagusta	Northern Cyprus
+CZ,SK	+5005+01426	Europe/Prague
+DE,DK,NO,SE,SJ	+5230+01322	Europe/Berlin	most of Germany
+DO	+1828-06954	America/Santo_Domingo
+DZ	+3647+00303	Africa/Algiers
+EC	-0210-07950	America/Guayaquil	Ecuador (mainland)
+EC	-0054-08936	Pacific/Galapagos	Galápagos Islands
+EE	+5925+02445	Europe/Tallinn
+EG	+3003+03115	Africa/Cairo
+EH	+2709-01312	Africa/El_Aaiun
+ES	+4024-00341	Europe/Madrid	Spain (mainland)
+ES	+3553-00519	Africa/Ceuta	Ceuta, Melilla
+ES	+2806-01524	Atlantic/Canary	Canary Islands
+FI,AX	+6010+02458	Europe/Helsinki
+FJ	-1808+17825	Pacific/Fiji
+FK	-5142-05751	Atlantic/Stanley
+FM	+0519+16259	Pacific/Kosrae	Kosrae
+FO	+6201-00646	Atlantic/Faroe
+FR,MC	+4852+00220	Europe/Paris
+GB,GG,IM,JE	+513030-0000731	Europe/London
+GE	+4143+04449	Asia/Tbilisi
+GF	+0456-05220	America/Cayenne
+GI	+3608-00521	Europe/Gibraltar
+GL	+6411-05144	America/Nuuk	most of Greenland
+GL	+7646-01840	America/Danmarkshavn	National Park (east coast)
+GL	+7029-02158	America/Scoresbysund	Scoresbysund/Ittoqqortoormiit
+GL	+7634-06847	America/Thule	Thule/Pituffik
+GR	+3758+02343	Europe/Athens
+GS	-5416-03632	Atlantic/South_Georgia
+GT	+1438-09031	America/Guatemala
+GU,MP	+1328+14445	Pacific/Guam
+GW	+1151-01535	Africa/Bissau
+GY	+0648-05810	America/Guyana
+HK	+2217+11409	Asia/Hong_Kong
+HN	+1406-08713	America/Tegucigalpa
+HT	+1832-07220	America/Port-au-Prince
+HU	+4730+01905	Europe/Budapest
+ID	-0610+10648	Asia/Jakarta	Java, Sumatra
+ID	-0002+10920	Asia/Pontianak	Borneo (west, central)
+ID	-0507+11924	Asia/Makassar	Borneo (east, south), Sulawesi/Celebes, Bali, Nusa Tengarra, Timor (west)
+ID	-0232+14042	Asia/Jayapura	New Guinea (West Papua / Irian Jaya), Malukus/Moluccas
+IE	+5320-00615	Europe/Dublin
+IL	+314650+0351326	Asia/Jerusalem
+IN	+2232+08822	Asia/Kolkata
+IO	-0720+07225	Indian/Chagos
+IQ	+3321+04425	Asia/Baghdad
+IR	+3540+05126	Asia/Tehran
+IT,SM,VA	+4154+01229	Europe/Rome
+JM	+175805-0764736	America/Jamaica
+JO	+3157+03556	Asia/Amman
+JP	+353916+1394441	Asia/Tokyo
+KE,DJ,ER,ET,KM,MG,SO,TZ,UG,YT	-0117+03649	Africa/Nairobi
+KG	+4254+07436	Asia/Bishkek
+KI,MH,TV,UM,WF	+0125+17300	Pacific/Tarawa	Gilberts, Marshalls, Wake
+KI	-0247-17143	Pacific/Kanton	Phoenix Islands
+KI	+0152-15720	Pacific/Kiritimati	Line Islands
+KP	+3901+12545	Asia/Pyongyang
+KR	+3733+12658	Asia/Seoul
+KZ	+4315+07657	Asia/Almaty	most of Kazakhstan
+KZ	+4448+06528	Asia/Qyzylorda	Qyzylorda/Kyzylorda/Kzyl-Orda
+KZ	+5312+06337	Asia/Qostanay	Qostanay/Kostanay/Kustanay
+KZ	+5017+05710	Asia/Aqtobe	Aqtöbe/Aktobe
+KZ	+4431+05016	Asia/Aqtau	Mangghystaū/Mankistau
+KZ	+4707+05156	Asia/Atyrau	Atyraū/Atirau/Gur'yev
+KZ	+5113+05121	Asia/Oral	West Kazakhstan
+LB	+3353+03530	Asia/Beirut
+LK	+0656+07951	Asia/Colombo
+LR	+0618-01047	Africa/Monrovia
+LT	+5441+02519	Europe/Vilnius
+LV	+5657+02406	Europe/Riga
+LY	+3254+01311	Africa/Tripoli
+MA	+3339-00735	Africa/Casablanca
+MD	+4700+02850	Europe/Chisinau
+MH	+0905+16720	Pacific/Kwajalein	Kwajalein
+MM,CC	+1647+09610	Asia/Yangon
+MN	+4755+10653	Asia/Ulaanbaatar	most of Mongolia
+MN	+4801+09139	Asia/Hovd	Bayan-Ölgii, Govi-Altai, Hovd, Uvs, Zavkhan
+MN	+4804+11430	Asia/Choibalsan	Dornod, Sükhbaatar
+MO	+221150+1133230	Asia/Macau
+MQ	+1436-06105	America/Martinique
+MT	+3554+01431	Europe/Malta
+MU	-2010+05730	Indian/Mauritius
+MV,TF	+0410+07330	Indian/Maldives	Kerguelen, St Paul I, Amsterdam I
+MX	+1924-09909	America/Mexico_City	Central Mexico
+MX	+2105-08646	America/Cancun	Quintana Roo
+MX	+2058-08937	America/Merida	Campeche, Yucatán
+MX	+2540-10019	America/Monterrey	Durango; Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas (most areas)
+MX	+2550-09730	America/Matamoros	Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas (US border)
+MX	+2838-10605	America/Chihuahua	Chihuahua (most areas)
+MX	+3144-10629	America/Ciudad_Juarez	Chihuahua (US border - west)
+MX	+2934-10425	America/Ojinaga	Chihuahua (US border - east)
+MX	+2313-10625	America/Mazatlan	Baja California Sur, Nayarit (most areas), Sinaloa
+MX	+2048-10515	America/Bahia_Banderas	Bahía de Banderas
+MX	+2904-11058	America/Hermosillo	Sonora
+MX	+3232-11701	America/Tijuana	Baja California
+MY,BN	+0133+11020	Asia/Kuching	Sabah, Sarawak
+MZ,BI,BW,CD,MW,RW,ZM,ZW	-2558+03235	Africa/Maputo	Central Africa Time
+NA	-2234+01706	Africa/Windhoek
+NC	-2216+16627	Pacific/Noumea
+NF	-2903+16758	Pacific/Norfolk
+NG,AO,BJ,CD,CF,CG,CM,GA,GQ,NE	+0627+00324	Africa/Lagos	West Africa Time
+NI	+1209-08617	America/Managua
+NP	+2743+08519	Asia/Kathmandu
+NR	-0031+16655	Pacific/Nauru
+NU	-1901-16955	Pacific/Niue
+NZ,AQ	-3652+17446	Pacific/Auckland	New Zealand time
+NZ	-4357-17633	Pacific/Chatham	Chatham Islands
+PA,CA,KY	+0858-07932	America/Panama	EST - ON (Atikokan), NU (Coral H)
+PE	-1203-07703	America/Lima
+PF	-1732-14934	Pacific/Tahiti	Society Islands
+PF	-0900-13930	Pacific/Marquesas	Marquesas Islands
+PF	-2308-13457	Pacific/Gambier	Gambier Islands
+PG,AQ,FM	-0930+14710	Pacific/Port_Moresby	Papua New Guinea (most areas), Chuuk, Yap, Dumont d'Urville
+PG	-0613+15534	Pacific/Bougainville	Bougainville
+PH	+1435+12100	Asia/Manila
+PK	+2452+06703	Asia/Karachi
+PL	+5215+02100	Europe/Warsaw
+PM	+4703-05620	America/Miquelon
+PN	-2504-13005	Pacific/Pitcairn
+PR,AG,CA,AI,AW,BL,BQ,CW,DM,GD,GP,KN,LC,MF,MS,SX,TT,VC,VG,VI	+182806-0660622	America/Puerto_Rico	AST - QC (Lower North Shore)
+PS	+3130+03428	Asia/Gaza	Gaza Strip
+PS	+313200+0350542	Asia/Hebron	West Bank
+PT	+3843-00908	Europe/Lisbon	Portugal (mainland)
+PT	+3238-01654	Atlantic/Madeira	Madeira Islands
+PT	+3744-02540	Atlantic/Azores	Azores
+PW	+0720+13429	Pacific/Palau
+PY	-2516-05740	America/Asuncion
+QA,BH	+2517+05132	Asia/Qatar
+RO	+4426+02606	Europe/Bucharest
+RS,BA,HR,ME,MK,SI	+4450+02030	Europe/Belgrade
+RU	+5443+02030	Europe/Kaliningrad	MSK-01 - Kaliningrad
+RU	+554521+0373704	Europe/Moscow	MSK+00 - Moscow area
+# Mention RU and UA alphabetically.  See "territorial claims" above.
+RU,UA	+4457+03406	Europe/Simferopol	Crimea
+RU	+5836+04939	Europe/Kirov	MSK+00 - Kirov
+RU	+4844+04425	Europe/Volgograd	MSK+00 - Volgograd
+RU	+4621+04803	Europe/Astrakhan	MSK+01 - Astrakhan
+RU	+5134+04602	Europe/Saratov	MSK+01 - Saratov
+RU	+5420+04824	Europe/Ulyanovsk	MSK+01 - Ulyanovsk
+RU	+5312+05009	Europe/Samara	MSK+01 - Samara, Udmurtia
+RU	+5651+06036	Asia/Yekaterinburg	MSK+02 - Urals
+RU	+5500+07324	Asia/Omsk	MSK+03 - Omsk
+RU	+5502+08255	Asia/Novosibirsk	MSK+04 - Novosibirsk
+RU	+5322+08345	Asia/Barnaul	MSK+04 - Altai
+RU	+5630+08458	Asia/Tomsk	MSK+04 - Tomsk
+RU	+5345+08707	Asia/Novokuznetsk	MSK+04 - Kemerovo
+RU	+5601+09250	Asia/Krasnoyarsk	MSK+04 - Krasnoyarsk area
+RU	+5216+10420	Asia/Irkutsk	MSK+05 - Irkutsk, Buryatia
+RU	+5203+11328	Asia/Chita	MSK+06 - Zabaykalsky
+RU	+6200+12940	Asia/Yakutsk	MSK+06 - Lena River
+RU	+623923+1353314	Asia/Khandyga	MSK+06 - Tomponsky, Ust-Maysky
+RU	+4310+13156	Asia/Vladivostok	MSK+07 - Amur River
+RU	+643337+1431336	Asia/Ust-Nera	MSK+07 - Oymyakonsky
+RU	+5934+15048	Asia/Magadan	MSK+08 - Magadan
+RU	+4658+14242	Asia/Sakhalin	MSK+08 - Sakhalin Island
+RU	+6728+15343	Asia/Srednekolymsk	MSK+08 - Sakha (E), N Kuril Is
+RU	+5301+15839	Asia/Kamchatka	MSK+09 - Kamchatka
+RU	+6445+17729	Asia/Anadyr	MSK+09 - Bering Sea
+SA,AQ,KW,YE	+2438+04643	Asia/Riyadh	Syowa
+SB,FM	-0932+16012	Pacific/Guadalcanal	Pohnpei
+SD	+1536+03232	Africa/Khartoum
+SG,MY	+0117+10351	Asia/Singapore	peninsular Malaysia
+SR	+0550-05510	America/Paramaribo
+SS	+0451+03137	Africa/Juba
+ST	+0020+00644	Africa/Sao_Tome
+SV	+1342-08912	America/El_Salvador
+SY	+3330+03618	Asia/Damascus
+TC	+2128-07108	America/Grand_Turk
+TD	+1207+01503	Africa/Ndjamena
+TH,CX,KH,LA,VN	+1345+10031	Asia/Bangkok	north Vietnam
+TJ	+3835+06848	Asia/Dushanbe
+TK	-0922-17114	Pacific/Fakaofo
+TL	-0833+12535	Asia/Dili
+TM	+3757+05823	Asia/Ashgabat
+TN	+3648+01011	Africa/Tunis
+TO	-210800-1751200	Pacific/Tongatapu
+TR	+4101+02858	Europe/Istanbul
+TW	+2503+12130	Asia/Taipei
+UA	+5026+03031	Europe/Kyiv	most of Ukraine
+US	+404251-0740023	America/New_York	Eastern (most areas)
+US	+421953-0830245	America/Detroit	Eastern - MI (most areas)
+US	+381515-0854534	America/Kentucky/Louisville	Eastern - KY (Louisville area)
+US	+364947-0845057	America/Kentucky/Monticello	Eastern - KY (Wayne)
+US	+394606-0860929	America/Indiana/Indianapolis	Eastern - IN (most areas)
+US	+384038-0873143	America/Indiana/Vincennes	Eastern - IN (Da, Du, K, Mn)
+US	+410305-0863611	America/Indiana/Winamac	Eastern - IN (Pulaski)
+US	+382232-0862041	America/Indiana/Marengo	Eastern - IN (Crawford)
+US	+382931-0871643	America/Indiana/Petersburg	Eastern - IN (Pike)
+US	+384452-0850402	America/Indiana/Vevay	Eastern - IN (Switzerland)
+US	+415100-0873900	America/Chicago	Central (most areas)
+US	+375711-0864541	America/Indiana/Tell_City	Central - IN (Perry)
+US	+411745-0863730	America/Indiana/Knox	Central - IN (Starke)
+US	+450628-0873651	America/Menominee	Central - MI (Wisconsin border)
+US	+470659-1011757	America/North_Dakota/Center	Central - ND (Oliver)
+US	+465042-1012439	America/North_Dakota/New_Salem	Central - ND (Morton rural)
+US	+471551-1014640	America/North_Dakota/Beulah	Central - ND (Mercer)
+US	+394421-1045903	America/Denver	Mountain (most areas)
+US	+433649-1161209	America/Boise	Mountain - ID (south), OR (east)
+US,CA	+332654-1120424	America/Phoenix	MST - AZ (most areas), Creston BC
+US	+340308-1181434	America/Los_Angeles	Pacific
+US	+611305-1495401	America/Anchorage	Alaska (most areas)
+US	+581807-1342511	America/Juneau	Alaska - Juneau area
+US	+571035-1351807	America/Sitka	Alaska - Sitka area
+US	+550737-1313435	America/Metlakatla	Alaska - Annette Island
+US	+593249-1394338	America/Yakutat	Alaska - Yakutat
+US	+643004-1652423	America/Nome	Alaska (west)
+US	+515248-1763929	America/Adak	Alaska - western Aleutians
+US	+211825-1575130	Pacific/Honolulu	Hawaii
+UY	-345433-0561245	America/Montevideo
+UZ	+3940+06648	Asia/Samarkand	Uzbekistan (west)
+UZ	+4120+06918	Asia/Tashkent	Uzbekistan (east)
+VE	+1030-06656	America/Caracas
+VN	+1045+10640	Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh	south Vietnam
+VU	-1740+16825	Pacific/Efate
+WS	-1350-17144	Pacific/Apia
+ZA,LS,SZ	-2615+02800	Africa/Johannesburg
+#
+# The next section contains experimental tab-separated comments for
+# use by user agents like tzselect that identify continents and oceans.
+#
+# For example, the comment "#@AQ<tab>Antarctica/" means the country code
+# AQ is in the continent Antarctica regardless of the Zone name,
+# so Pacific/Auckland should be listed under Antarctica as well as
+# under the Pacific because its line's country codes include AQ.
+#
+# If more than one country code is affected each is listed separated
+# by commas, e.g., #@IS,SH<tab>Atlantic/".  If a country code is in
+# more than one continent or ocean, each is listed separated by
+# commas, e.g., the second column of "#@CY,TR<tab>Asia/,Europe/".
+#
+# These experimental comments are present only for country codes where
+# the continent or ocean is not already obvious from the Zone name.
+# For example, there is no such comment for RU since it already
+# corresponds to Zone names starting with both "Europe/" and "Asia/".
+#
+#@AQ	Antarctica/
+#@IS,SH	Atlantic/
+#@CY,TR	Asia/,Europe/
+#@SJ	Arctic/
+#@CC,CX,KM,MG,YT	Indian/
diff --git a/zonenow.tab b/zonenow.tab
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b6f2910
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zonenow.tab
@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+# tzdb timezone descriptions, for users who do not care about old timestamps
+#
+# This file is in the public domain.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2023-12-18):
+# This file contains a table where each row stands for a timezone
+# where civil timestamps are predicted to agree from now on.
+# This file is like zone1970.tab (see zone1970.tab's coments),
+# but with the following changes:
+#
+# 1.  Each timezone corresponds to a set of clocks that are planned
+#     to agree from now on.  This is a larger set of clocks than in
+#     zone1970.tab, where each timezone's clocks must agree from 1970 on.
+# 2.  The first column is irrelevant and ignored.
+# 3.  The table is sorted in a different way:
+#     first by standard time UTC offset;
+#     then, if DST is used, by daylight saving UTC offset;
+#     then by time zone abbreviation.
+# 4.  Every timezone has a nonempty comments column, with wording
+#     distinguishing the timezone only from other timezones with the
+#     same UTC offset at some point during the year.
+#
+# The format of this table is experimental, and may change in future versions.
+#
+# This table is intended as an aid for users, to help them select timezones
+# appropriate for their practical needs.  It is not intended to take or
+# endorse any position on legal or territorial claims.
+#
+#XX	coordinates	TZ	comments
+#
+# -11 - SST
+XX	-1416-17042	Pacific/Pago_Pago	Midway; Samoa ("SST")
+#
+# -11
+XX	-1901-16955	Pacific/Niue	Niue
+#
+# -10 - HST
+XX	+211825-1575130	Pacific/Honolulu	Hawaii ("HST")
+#
+# -10
+XX	-1732-14934	Pacific/Tahiti	Tahiti; Cook Islands
+#
+# -10/-09 - HST / HDT (North America DST)
+XX	+515248-1763929	America/Adak	western Aleutians in Alaska ("HST/HDT")
+#
+# -09:30
+XX	-0900-13930	Pacific/Marquesas	Marquesas
+#
+# -09
+XX	-2308-13457	Pacific/Gambier	Gambier
+#
+# -09/-08 - AKST/AKDT (North America DST)
+XX	+611305-1495401	America/Anchorage	most of Alaska ("AKST/AKDT")
+#
+# -08
+XX	-2504-13005	Pacific/Pitcairn	Pitcairn
+#
+# -08/-07 - PST/PDT (North America DST)
+XX	+340308-1181434	America/Los_Angeles	Pacific ("PST/PDT") - US & Canada; Mexico near US border
+#
+# -07 - MST
+XX	+332654-1120424	America/Phoenix	Mountain Standard ("MST") - Arizona; western Mexico; Yukon
+#
+# -07/-06 - MST/MDT (North America DST)
+XX	+394421-1045903	America/Denver	Mountain ("MST/MDT") - US & Canada; Mexico near US border
+#
+# -06
+XX	-0054-08936	Pacific/Galapagos	Galápagos
+#
+# -06 - CST
+XX	+1924-09909	America/Mexico_City	Central Standard ("CST") - Saskatchewan; central Mexico; Central America
+#
+# -06/-05 (Chile DST)
+XX	-2709-10926	Pacific/Easter	Easter Island
+#
+# -06/-05 - CST/CDT (North America DST)
+XX	+415100-0873900	America/Chicago	Central ("CST/CDT") - US & Canada; Mexico near US border
+#
+# -05
+XX	-1203-07703	America/Lima	eastern South America
+#
+# -05 - EST
+XX	+175805-0764736	America/Jamaica	Eastern Standard ("EST") - Caymans; Jamaica; eastern Mexico; Panama
+#
+# -05/-04 - CST/CDT (Cuba DST)
+XX	+2308-08222	America/Havana	Cuba
+#
+# -05/-04 - EST/EDT (North America DST)
+XX	+404251-0740023	America/New_York	Eastern ("EST/EDT") - US & Canada
+#
+# -04
+XX	+1030-06656	America/Caracas	western South America
+#
+# -04 - AST
+XX	+1828-06954	America/Santo_Domingo	Atlantic Standard ("AST") - eastern Caribbean
+#
+# -04/-03 (Chile DST)
+XX	-3327-07040	America/Santiago	most of Chile
+#
+# -04/-03 (Paraguay DST)
+XX	-2516-05740	America/Asuncion	Paraguay
+#
+# -04/-03 - AST/ADT (North America DST)
+XX	+4439-06336	America/Halifax	Atlantic ("AST/ADT") - Canada; Bermuda
+#
+# -03:30/-02:30 - NST/NDT (North America DST)
+XX	+4734-05243	America/St_Johns	Newfoundland ("NST/NDT")
+#
+# -03
+XX	-2332-04637	America/Sao_Paulo	eastern South America
+#
+# -03/-02 (North America DST)
+XX	+4703-05620	America/Miquelon	St Pierre & Miquelon
+#
+# -02
+XX	-0351-03225	America/Noronha	Fernando de Noronha; South Georgia
+#
+# -02/-01 (EU DST)
+XX	+6411-05144	America/Nuuk	most of Greenland
+#
+# -01
+XX	+1455-02331	Atlantic/Cape_Verde	Cape Verde
+#
+# -01/+00 (EU DST)
+XX	+3744-02540	Atlantic/Azores	Azores
+# -01/+00 (EU DST) until 2024-03-31; then -02/-01 (EU DST)
+XX	+7029-02158	America/Scoresbysund	Ittoqqortoormiit
+#
+# +00 - GMT
+XX	+0519-00402	Africa/Abidjan	far western Africa; Iceland ("GMT")
+#
+# +00/+01 - GMT/BST (EU DST)
+XX	+513030-0000731	Europe/London	United Kingdom ("GMT/BST")
+#
+# +00/+01 - WET/WEST (EU DST)
+XX	+3843-00908	Europe/Lisbon	western Europe ("WET/WEST")
+#
+# +00/+02 - Troll DST
+XX	-720041+0023206	Antarctica/Troll	Troll Station in Antarctica
+#
+# +01 - CET
+XX	+3647+00303	Africa/Algiers	Algeria, Tunisia ("CET")
+#
+# +01 - WAT
+XX	+0627+00324	Africa/Lagos	western Africa ("WAT")
+#
+# +01/+00 - IST/GMT (EU DST in reverse)
+XX	+5320-00615	Europe/Dublin	Ireland ("IST/GMT")
+#
+# +01/+00 - (Morocco DST)
+XX	+3339-00735	Africa/Casablanca	Morocco
+#
+# +01/+02 - CET/CEST (EU DST)
+XX	+4852+00220	Europe/Paris	central Europe ("CET/CEST")
+#
+# +02 - CAT
+XX	-2558+03235	Africa/Maputo	central Africa ("CAT")
+#
+# +02 - EET
+XX	+3254+01311	Africa/Tripoli	Libya; Kaliningrad ("EET")
+#
+# +02 - SAST
+XX	-2615+02800	Africa/Johannesburg	southern Africa ("SAST")
+#
+# +02/+03 - EET/EEST (EU DST)
+XX	+3758+02343	Europe/Athens	eastern Europe ("EET/EEST")
+#
+# +02/+03 - EET/EEST (Egypt DST)
+XX	+3003+03115	Africa/Cairo	Egypt
+#
+# +02/+03 - EET/EEST (Lebanon DST)
+XX	+3353+03530	Asia/Beirut	Lebanon
+#
+# +02/+03 - EET/EEST (Moldova DST)
+XX	+4700+02850	Europe/Chisinau	Moldova
+#
+# +02/+03 - EET/EEST (Palestine DST)
+XX	+3130+03428	Asia/Gaza	Palestine
+#
+# +02/+03 - IST/IDT (Israel DST)
+XX	+314650+0351326	Asia/Jerusalem	Israel
+#
+# +03
+XX	+4101+02858	Europe/Istanbul	Near East; Belarus
+#
+# +03 - EAT
+XX	-0117+03649	Africa/Nairobi	eastern Africa ("EAT")
+#
+# +03 - MSK
+XX	+554521+0373704	Europe/Moscow	Moscow ("MSK")
+#
+# +03:30
+XX	+3540+05126	Asia/Tehran	Iran
+#
+# +04
+XX	+2518+05518	Asia/Dubai	Russia; Caucasus; Persian Gulf; Seychelles; Réunion
+#
+# +04:30
+XX	+3431+06912	Asia/Kabul	Afghanistan
+#
+# +05
+XX	+4120+06918	Asia/Tashkent	Russia; west Kazakhstan; Tajikistan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Maldives
+#
+# +05 - PKT
+XX	+2452+06703	Asia/Karachi	Pakistan ("PKT")
+#
+# +05:30
+XX	+0656+07951	Asia/Colombo	Sri Lanka
+#
+# +05:30 - IST
+XX	+2232+08822	Asia/Kolkata	India ("IST")
+#
+# +05:45
+XX	+2743+08519	Asia/Kathmandu	Nepal
+#
+# +06
+XX	+2343+09025	Asia/Dhaka	Russia; Kyrgyzstan; Bhutan; Bangladesh; Chagos
+# +06 until 2024-03-01; then +05
+XX	+4315+07657	Asia/Almaty	Kazakhstan (except western areas)
+#
+# +06:30
+XX	+1647+09610	Asia/Yangon	Myanmar; Cocos
+#
+# +07
+XX	+1345+10031	Asia/Bangkok	Russia; Indochina; Christmas Island
+#
+# +07 - WIB
+XX	-0610+10648	Asia/Jakarta	Indonesia ("WIB")
+#
+# +08
+XX	+0117+10351	Asia/Singapore	Russia; Brunei; Malaysia; Singapore
+#
+# +08 - AWST
+XX	-3157+11551	Australia/Perth	Western Australia ("AWST")
+#
+# +08 - CST
+XX	+3114+12128	Asia/Shanghai	China ("CST")
+#
+# +08 - HKT
+XX	+2217+11409	Asia/Hong_Kong	Hong Kong ("HKT")
+#
+# +08 - PHT
+XX	+1435+12100	Asia/Manila	Philippines ("PHT")
+#
+# +08 - WITA
+XX	-0507+11924	Asia/Makassar	Indonesia ("WITA")
+#
+# +08:45
+XX	-3143+12852	Australia/Eucla	Eucla
+#
+# +09
+XX	+5203+11328	Asia/Chita	Russia; Palau; East Timor
+#
+# +09 - JST
+XX	+353916+1394441	Asia/Tokyo	Japan ("JST")
+#
+# +09 - KST
+XX	+3733+12658	Asia/Seoul	Korea ("KST")
+#
+# +09 - WIT
+XX	-0232+14042	Asia/Jayapura	Indonesia ("WIT")
+#
+# +09:30 - ACST
+XX	-1228+13050	Australia/Darwin	Northern Territory ("ACST")
+#
+# +09:30/+10:30 - ACST/ACDT (Australia DST)
+XX	-3455+13835	Australia/Adelaide	South Australia ("ACST/ACDT")
+#
+# +10
+XX	+4310+13156	Asia/Vladivostok	Russia; Yap; Chuuk; Papua New Guinea; Dumont d'Urville
+#
+# +10 - AEST
+XX	-2728+15302	Australia/Brisbane	Queensland ("AEST")
+#
+# +10 - ChST
+XX	+1328+14445	Pacific/Guam	Mariana Islands ("ChST")
+#
+# +10/+11 - AEST/AEDT (Australia DST)
+XX	-3352+15113	Australia/Sydney	southeast Australia ("AEST/AEDT")
+#
+# +10:30/+11
+XX	-3133+15905	Australia/Lord_Howe	Lord Howe Island
+#
+# +11
+XX	-0613+15534	Pacific/Bougainville	Russia; Kosrae; Bougainville; Solomons
+#
+# +11/+12 (Australia DST)
+XX	-2903+16758	Pacific/Norfolk	Norfolk Island
+#
+# +12
+XX	+5301+15839	Asia/Kamchatka	Russia; Tuvalu; Fiji; etc.
+#
+# +12/+13 (New Zealand DST)
+XX	-3652+17446	Pacific/Auckland	New Zealand ("NZST/NZDT")
+#
+# +12:45/+13:45 (Chatham DST)
+XX	-4357-17633	Pacific/Chatham	Chatham Islands
+#
+# +13
+XX	-210800-1751200	Pacific/Tongatapu	Kanton; Tokelau; Samoa (western); Tonga
+#
+# +14
+XX	+0152-15720	Pacific/Kiritimati	Kiritimati