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diff --git a/runtime/doc/cmdline.txt b/runtime/doc/cmdline.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..13c4d72 --- /dev/null +++ b/runtime/doc/cmdline.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1324 @@ +*cmdline.txt* For Vim version 9.1. Last change: 2023 Dec 09 + + + VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar + + + *Cmdline-mode* *Command-line-mode* +Command-line mode *Cmdline* *Command-line* *mode-cmdline* *:* + +Command-line mode is used to enter Ex commands (":"), search patterns +("/" and "?"), and filter commands ("!"). + +Basic command line editing is explained in chapter 20 of the user manual +|usr_20.txt|. + +1. Command-line editing |cmdline-editing| +2. Command-line completion |cmdline-completion| +3. Ex command-lines |cmdline-lines| +4. Ex command-line ranges |cmdline-ranges| +5. Ex command-line flags |ex-flags| +6. Ex special characters |cmdline-special| +7. Command-line window |cmdline-window| + +============================================================================== +1. Command-line editing *cmdline-editing* + +Normally characters are inserted in front of the cursor position. You can +move around in the command-line with the left and right cursor keys. With the +<Insert> key, you can toggle between inserting and overstriking characters. + +Note that if your keyboard does not have working cursor keys or any of the +other special keys, you can use ":cnoremap" to define another key for them. +For example, to define tcsh style editing keys: *tcsh-style* > + :cnoremap <C-A> <Home> + :cnoremap <C-F> <Right> + :cnoremap <C-B> <Left> + :cnoremap <Esc>b <S-Left> + :cnoremap <Esc>f <S-Right> +(<> notation |<>|; type all this literally) + + *cmdline-too-long* +When the command line is getting longer than what fits on the screen, only the +part that fits will be shown. The cursor can only move in this visible part, +thus you cannot edit beyond that. + + *cmdline-history* *history* +The command-lines that you enter are remembered in a history table. You can +recall them with the up and down cursor keys. There are actually five +history tables: +- one for ':' commands +- one for search strings +- one for expressions +- one for input lines, typed for the |input()| function. +- one for debug mode commands +These are completely separate. Each history can only be accessed when +entering the same type of line. +Use the 'history' option to set the number of lines that are remembered +(default: 50). +Notes: +- When you enter a command-line that is exactly the same as an older one, the + old one is removed (to avoid repeated commands moving older commands out of + the history). +- Only commands that are typed are remembered. Ones that completely come from + mappings are not put in the history. +- All searches are put in the search history, including the ones that come + from commands like "*" and "#". But for a mapping, only the last search is + remembered (to avoid that long mappings trash the history). +{not available when compiled without the |+cmdline_hist| feature} + +There is an automatic completion of names on the command-line; see +|cmdline-completion|. + + *c_CTRL-V* +CTRL-V Insert next non-digit literally. Up to three digits form the + decimal value of a single byte. The non-digit and the three + digits are not considered for mapping. This works the same + way as in Insert mode (see above, |i_CTRL-V|). + Note: Under MS-Windows CTRL-V is often mapped to paste text. + Use CTRL-Q instead then. + When |modifyOtherKeys| is enabled then special Escape sequence + is converted back to what it was without |modifyOtherKeys|, + unless the Shift key is also pressed. + *c_CTRL-Q* +CTRL-Q Same as CTRL-V. But with some terminals it is used for + control flow, it doesn't work then. + +CTRL-SHIFT-V *c_CTRL-SHIFT-V* *c_CTRL-SHIFT-Q* +CTRL-SHIFT-Q Works just like CTRL-V, unless |modifyOtherKeys| is active, + then it inserts the Escape sequence for a key with modifiers. + In the GUI the |key-notation| is inserted without simplifying. + + *c_<Left>* *c_Left* +<Left> cursor left. See 'wildmenu' for behavior during wildmenu + completion mode. + *c_<Right>* *c_Right* +<Right> cursor right. See 'wildmenu' for behavior during wildmenu + completion mode. + *c_<S-Left>* +<S-Left> or <C-Left> *c_<C-Left>* + cursor one WORD left + *c_<S-Right>* +<S-Right> or <C-Right> *c_<C-Right>* + cursor one WORD right +CTRL-B or <Home> *c_CTRL-B* *c_<Home>* *c_Home* + cursor to beginning of command-line +CTRL-E or <End> *c_CTRL-E* *c_<End>* *c_End* + cursor to end of command-line. See 'wildmenu' for behavior + during wildmenu completion mode. + + *c_<LeftMouse>* +<LeftMouse> Move the cursor to the position of the mouse click. + + *c_<MiddleMouse>* +<MiddleMouse> Paste the contents of the clipboard (for X11 the primary + selection). This is similar to using CTRL-R *, but no CR + characters are inserted between lines. + +CTRL-H *c_<BS>* *c_CTRL-H* *c_BS* +<BS> Delete the character in front of the cursor (see |:fixdel| if + your <BS> key does not do what you want). + *c_<Del>* *c_Del* +<Del> Delete the character under the cursor (at end of line: + character before the cursor) (see |:fixdel| if your <Del> + key does not do what you want). + *c_CTRL-W* +CTRL-W Delete the |word| before the cursor. This depends on the + 'iskeyword' option. + *c_CTRL-U* +CTRL-U Remove all characters between the cursor position and + the beginning of the line. Previous versions of vim + deleted all characters on the line. If that is the + preferred behavior, add the following to your .vimrc: > + :cnoremap <C-U> <C-E><C-U> +< + *c_<Insert>* *c_Insert* +<Insert> Toggle between insert and overstrike. + +{char1} <BS> {char2} or *c_digraph* +CTRL-K {char1} {char2} *c_CTRL-K* + enter digraph (see |digraphs|). When {char1} is a special + key, the code for that key is inserted in <> form. + +CTRL-R {register} *c_CTRL-R* *c_<C-R>* + Insert the contents of a numbered or named register. Between + typing CTRL-R and the second character '"' will be displayed + to indicate that you are expected to enter the name of a + register. + The text is inserted as if you typed it, but mappings and + abbreviations are not used. Command-line completion through + 'wildchar' is not triggered though. And characters that end + the command line are inserted literally (<Esc>, <CR>, <NL>, + <C-C>). A <BS> or CTRL-W could still end the command line + though, and remaining characters will then be interpreted in + another mode, which might not be what you intended. + Special registers: + '"' the unnamed register, containing the text of + the last delete or yank + '%' the current file name + '#' the alternate file name + '*' the clipboard contents (X11: primary selection) + '+' the clipboard contents + '/' the last search pattern + ':' the last command-line + '-' the last small (less than a line) delete + '.' the last inserted text + *c_CTRL-R_=* + '=' the expression register: you are prompted to + enter an expression (see |expression|) + (doesn't work at the expression prompt; some + things such as changing the buffer or current + window are not allowed to avoid side effects) + When the result is a |List| the items are used + as lines. They can have line breaks inside + too. + When the result is a Float it's automatically + converted to a String. + Note that when you only want to move the + cursor and not insert anything, you must make + sure the expression evaluates to an empty + string. E.g.: > + <C-R><C-R>=setcmdpos(2)[-1]<CR> +< See |registers| about registers. + Implementation detail: When using the |expression| register + and invoking setcmdpos(), this sets the position before + inserting the resulting string. Use CTRL-R CTRL-R to set the + position afterwards. + +CTRL-R CTRL-F *c_CTRL-R_CTRL-F* *c_<C-R>_<C-F>* +CTRL-R CTRL-P *c_CTRL-R_CTRL-P* *c_<C-R>_<C-P>* +CTRL-R CTRL-W *c_CTRL-R_CTRL-W* *c_<C-R>_<C-W>* +CTRL-R CTRL-A *c_CTRL-R_CTRL-A* *c_<C-R>_<C-A>* +CTRL-R CTRL-L *c_CTRL-R_CTRL-L* *c_<C-R>_<C-L>* + Insert the object under the cursor: + CTRL-F the Filename under the cursor + CTRL-P the Filename under the cursor, expanded with + 'path' as in |gf| + CTRL-W the Word under the cursor + CTRL-A the WORD under the cursor; see |WORD| + CTRL-L the line under the cursor + + When 'incsearch' is set the cursor position at the end of the + currently displayed match is used. With CTRL-W the part of + the word that was already typed is not inserted again. + + *c_CTRL-R_CTRL-R* *c_<C-R>_<C-R>* + *c_CTRL-R_CTRL-O* *c_<C-R>_<C-O>* +CTRL-R CTRL-R {register CTRL-F CTRL-P CTRL-W CTRL-A CTRL-L} +CTRL-R CTRL-O {register CTRL-F CTRL-P CTRL-W CTRL-A CTRL-L} + Insert register or object under the cursor. Works like + |c_CTRL-R| but inserts the text literally. For example, if + register a contains "xy^Hz" (where ^H is a backspace), + "CTRL-R a" will insert "xz" while "CTRL-R CTRL-R a" will + insert "xy^Hz". + +CTRL-\ e {expr} *c_CTRL-\_e* + Evaluate {expr} and replace the whole command line with the + result. You will be prompted for the expression, type <Enter> + to finish it. It's most useful in mappings though. See + |expression|. + See |c_CTRL-R_=| for inserting the result of an expression. + Useful functions are |getcmdtype()|, |getcmdline()| and + |getcmdpos()|. + The cursor position is unchanged, except when the cursor was + at the end of the line, then it stays at the end. + |setcmdpos()| can be used to set the cursor position. + The |sandbox| is used for evaluating the expression to avoid + nasty side effects. + Example: > + :cmap <F7> <C-\>eAppendSome()<CR> + :func AppendSome() + :let cmd = getcmdline() .. " Some()" + :" place the cursor on the ) + :call setcmdpos(strlen(cmd)) + :return cmd + :endfunc +< This doesn't work recursively, thus not when already editing + an expression. But it is possible to use in a mapping. + + *c_CTRL-Y* +CTRL-Y When there is a modeless selection, copy the selection into + the clipboard. |modeless-selection| + If there is no selection CTRL-Y is inserted as a character. + See 'wildmenu' for behavior during wildmenu completion mode. + +CTRL-M or CTRL-J *c_CTRL-M* *c_CTRL-J* *c_<NL>* *c_<CR>* *c_CR* +<CR> or <NL> start entered command + +CTRL-[ *c_CTRL-[* *c_<Esc>* *c_Esc* +<Esc> When typed and 'x' not present in 'cpoptions', quit + Command-line mode without executing. In macros or when 'x' + present in 'cpoptions', start entered command. + Note: If your <Esc> key is hard to hit on your keyboard, train + yourself to use CTRL-[. + *c_CTRL-C* +CTRL-C quit command-line without executing + + *c_<Up>* *c_Up* +<Up> recall older command-line from history, whose beginning + matches the current command-line (see below). See 'wildmenu' + for behavior during wildmenu completion mode. + {not available when compiled without the |+cmdline_hist| + feature} + *c_<Down>* *c_Down* +<Down> recall more recent command-line from history, whose beginning + matches the current command-line (see below). See 'wildmenu' + for behavior during wildmenu completion mode. + {not available when compiled without the |+cmdline_hist| + feature} + + *c_<S-Up>* *c_<PageUp>* +<S-Up> or <PageUp> + recall older command-line from history + {not available when compiled without the |+cmdline_hist| + feature} + *c_<S-Down>* *c_<PageDown>* +<S-Down> or <PageDown> + recall more recent command-line from history + {not available when compiled without the |+cmdline_hist| + feature} + +CTRL-D command-line completion (see |cmdline-completion|) +'wildchar' option + command-line completion (see |cmdline-completion|) +CTRL-N command-line completion (see |cmdline-completion|) +CTRL-P command-line completion (see |cmdline-completion|) +CTRL-A command-line completion (see |cmdline-completion|) +CTRL-L command-line completion (see |cmdline-completion|) + + *c_CTRL-_* +CTRL-_ a - switch between Hebrew and English keyboard mode, which is + private to the command-line and not related to hkmap. + This is useful when Hebrew text entry is required in the + command-line, searches, abbreviations, etc. Applies only if + Vim is compiled with the |+rightleft| feature and the + 'allowrevins' option is set. + See |rileft.txt|. + + b - switch between Farsi and English keyboard mode, which is + private to the command-line and not related to fkmap. In + Farsi keyboard mode the characters are inserted in reverse + insert manner. This is useful when Farsi text entry is + required in the command-line, searches, abbreviations, etc. + Applies only if Vim is compiled with the |+farsi| feature. + See |farsi.txt|. + + *c_CTRL-^* +CTRL-^ Toggle the use of language |:lmap| mappings and/or Input + Method. + When typing a pattern for a search command and 'imsearch' is + not -1, VAL is the value of 'imsearch', otherwise VAL is the + value of 'iminsert'. + When language mappings are defined: + - If VAL is 1 (langmap mappings used) it becomes 0 (no langmap + mappings used). + - If VAL was not 1 it becomes 1, thus langmap mappings are + enabled. + When no language mappings are defined: + - If VAL is 2 (Input Method is used) it becomes 0 (no input + method used) + - If VAL has another value it becomes 2, thus the Input Method + is enabled. + These language mappings are normally used to type characters + that are different from what the keyboard produces. The + 'keymap' option can be used to install a whole number of them. + When entering a command line, langmap mappings are switched + off, since you are expected to type a command. After + switching it on with CTRL-^, the new state is not used again + for the next command or Search pattern. + + *c_CTRL-]* +CTRL-] Trigger abbreviation, without inserting a character. + +For Emacs-style editing on the command-line see |emacs-keys|. + +The <Up> and <Down> keys take the current command-line as a search string. +The beginning of the next/previous command-lines are compared with this +string. The first line that matches is the new command-line. When typing +these two keys repeatedly, the same string is used again. For example, this +can be used to find the previous substitute command: Type ":s" and then <Up>. +The same could be done by typing <S-Up> a number of times until the desired +command-line is shown. (Note: the shifted arrow keys do not work on all +terminals) + + *:his* *:history* +:his[tory] Print the history of last entered commands. + {not available when compiled without the |+cmdline_hist| + feature} + +:his[tory] [{name}] [{first}][, [{last}]] + List the contents of history {name} which can be: + c[md] or : command-line history + s[earch] or / or ? search string history + e[xpr] or = expression register history + i[nput] or @ input line history + d[ebug] or > debug command history + a[ll] all of the above + + If the numbers {first} and/or {last} are given, the respective + range of entries from a history is listed. These numbers can + be specified in the following form: + *:history-indexing* + A positive number represents the absolute index of an entry + as it is given in the first column of a :history listing. + This number remains fixed even if other entries are deleted. + (see |E1510|) + + A negative number means the relative position of an entry, + counted from the newest entry (which has index -1) backwards. + + Examples: + List entries 6 to 12 from the search history: > + :history / 6,12 +< + List the penultimate entry from all histories: > + :history all -2 +< + List the most recent two entries from all histories: > + :history all -2, + +:keepp[atterns] {command} *:keepp* *:keeppatterns* + Execute {command}, without adding anything to the search + history + +============================================================================== +2. Command-line completion *cmdline-completion* + +When editing the command-line, a few commands can be used to complete the +word before the cursor. This is available for: + +- Command names: At the start of the command-line. +- |++opt| values. +- Tags: Only after the ":tag" command. +- File names: Only after a command that accepts a file name or a setting for + an option that can be set to a file name. This is called file name + completion. +- Shell command names: After ":!cmd", ":r !cmd" and ":w !cmd". $PATH is used. +- Options: Only after the ":set" command. +- Mappings: Only after a ":map" or similar command. +- Variable and function names: Only after a ":if", ":call" or similar command. + +The number of help item matches is limited (currently to 300) to avoid a long +delay when there are very many matches. + +These are the commands that can be used: + + *c_CTRL-D* +CTRL-D List names that match the pattern in front of the cursor. + When showing file names, directories are highlighted (see + 'highlight' option). Names where 'suffixes' matches are moved + to the end. + The 'wildoptions' option can be set to "tagfile" to list the + file of matching tags. + *c_CTRL-I* *c_wildchar* *c_<Tab>* +'wildchar' option + A match is done on the pattern in front of the cursor. The + match (if there are several, the first match) is inserted + in place of the pattern. (Note: does not work inside a + macro, because <Tab> or <Esc> are mostly used as 'wildchar', + and these have a special meaning in some macros.) When typed + again and there were multiple matches, the next + match is inserted. After the last match, the first is used + again (wrap around). + The behavior can be changed with the 'wildmode' option. + *c_<S-Tab>* +<S-Tab> Like 'wildchar' or <Tab>, but begin with the last match and + then go to the previous match. + <S-Tab> does not work everywhere. + *c_CTRL-N* +CTRL-N After using 'wildchar' which got multiple matches, go to next + match. Otherwise recall more recent command-line from history. + *c_CTRL-P* +CTRL-P After using 'wildchar' which got multiple matches, go to + previous match. Otherwise recall older command-line from + history. + *c_CTRL-A* +CTRL-A All names that match the pattern in front of the cursor are + inserted. + *c_CTRL-L* +CTRL-L A match is done on the pattern in front of the cursor. If + there is one match, it is inserted in place of the pattern. + If there are multiple matches the longest common part is + inserted in place of the pattern. If the result is shorter + than the pattern, no completion is done. + */_CTRL-L* + When 'incsearch' is set, entering a search pattern for "/" or + "?" and the current match is displayed then CTRL-L will add + one character from the end of the current match. If + 'ignorecase' and 'smartcase' are set and the command line has + no uppercase characters, the added character is converted to + lowercase. + *c_CTRL-G* */_CTRL-G* +CTRL-G When 'incsearch' is set, entering a search pattern for "/" or + "?" and the current match is displayed then CTRL-G will move + to the next match (does not take |search-offset| into account) + Use CTRL-T to move to the previous match. Hint: on a regular + keyboard T is above G. + *c_CTRL-T* */_CTRL-T* +CTRL-T When 'incsearch' is set, entering a search pattern for "/" or + "?" and the current match is displayed then CTRL-T will move + to the previous match (does not take |search-offset| into + account). + Use CTRL-G to move to the next match. Hint: on a regular + keyboard T is above G. + +The 'wildchar' option defaults to <Tab> (CTRL-E when in Vi compatible mode; in +a previous version <Esc> was used). In the pattern standard |wildcards| are +accepted when matching file names. + +When repeating 'wildchar' or CTRL-N you cycle through the matches, eventually +ending up back to what was typed. If the first match is not what you wanted, +you can use <S-Tab> or CTRL-P to go straight back to what you typed. + +The 'wildmenu' option can be set to show the matches just above the command +line. + +The 'wildoptions' option provides additional configuration to use a popup menu +for 'wildmenu', and to use fuzzy matching. + +The 'wildignorecase' option can be set to ignore case in filenames. For +completing other texts (e.g. command names), the 'ignorecase' option is used +instead (fuzzy matching always ignores case, however). + +If you like tcsh's autolist completion, you can use this mapping: + :cnoremap X <C-L><C-D> +(Where X is the command key to use, <C-L> is CTRL-L and <C-D> is CTRL-D) +This will find the longest match and then list all matching files. + +If you like tcsh's autolist completion, you can use the 'wildmode' option to +emulate it. For example, this mimics autolist=ambiguous: + :set wildmode=longest,list +This will find the longest match with the first 'wildchar', then list all +matching files with the next. + + *complete-script-local-functions* +When completing user function names, prepend "s:" to find script-local +functions. + + *suffixes* +For file name completion you can use the 'suffixes' option to set a priority +between files with almost the same name. If there are multiple matches, +those files with an extension that is in the 'suffixes' option are ignored. +The default is ".bak,~,.o,.h,.info,.swp,.obj", which means that files ending +in ".bak", "~", ".o", ".h", ".info", ".swp" and ".obj" are sometimes ignored. + +An empty entry, two consecutive commas, match a file name that does not +contain a ".", thus has no suffix. This is useful to ignore "prog" and prefer +"prog.c". + +Examples: + + pattern: files: match: ~ + test* test.c test.h test.o test.c + test* test.h test.o test.h and test.o + test* test.i test.h test.c test.i and test.c + +It is impossible to ignore suffixes with two dots. + +If there is more than one matching file (after ignoring the ones matching +the 'suffixes' option) the first file name is inserted. You can see that +there is only one match when you type 'wildchar' twice and the completed +match stays the same. You can get to the other matches by entering +'wildchar', CTRL-N or CTRL-P. All files are included, also the ones with +extensions matching the 'suffixes' option. + +To completely ignore files with some extension use 'wildignore'. + +To match only files that end at the end of the typed text append a "$". For +example, to match only files that end in ".c": > + :e *.c$ +This will not match a file ending in ".cpp". Without the "$" it does match. + +If you would like using <S-Tab> for CTRL-P in an xterm, put this command in +your .cshrc: > + xmodmap -e "keysym Tab = Tab Find" +And this in your .vimrc: > + :cmap <Esc>[1~ <C-P> +< *complete-set-option* +When setting an option using |:set=|, the old value of an option can be +obtained by hitting 'wildchar' just after the '='. For example, typing +'wildchar' after ":set dir=" will insert the current value of 'dir'. This +overrules file name completion for the options that take a file name. + +When using |:set=|, |:set+=|, or |:set^=|, string options that have +pre-defined names or syntax (e.g. 'diffopt', 'listchars') or are a list of +single-character flags (e.g. 'shortmess') will also present a list of possible +values for completion when using 'wildchar'. + +When using |:set-=|, comma-separated options like 'diffopt' or 'backupdir' +will show each item separately. Flag list options like 'shortmess' will show +both the entire old value and the individual flags. Otherwise completion will +just fill in with the entire old value. + +============================================================================== +3. Ex command-lines *cmdline-lines* + +The Ex commands have a few specialties: + + *:quote* *:comment* +'"' at the start of a line causes the whole line to be ignored. '"' +after a command causes the rest of the line to be ignored. This can be used +to add comments. Example: > + :set ai "set 'autoindent' option +It is not possible to add a comment to a shell command ":!cmd" or to the +":map" command and a few others (mainly commands that expect expressions) +that see the '"' as part of their argument: + + :argdo + :autocmd + :bufdo + :cexpr (and the like) + :cdo (and the like) + :command + :cscope (and the like) + :debug + :display + :echo (and the like) + :elseif + :execute + :folddoopen + :folddoclosed + :for + :grep (and the like) + :help (and the like) + :if + :let + :make + :map (and the like including :abbrev commands) + :menu (and the like) + :mkspell + :normal + :ownsyntax + :popup + :promptfind (and the like) + :registers + :return + :sort + :syntax + :tabdo + :tearoff + :vimgrep (and the like) + :while + :windo + + *:bar* *:\bar* +'|' can be used to separate commands, so you can give multiple commands in one +line. If you want to use '|' in an argument, precede it with '\'. + +These commands see the '|' as their argument, and can therefore not be +followed by another Vim command: + :argdo + :autocmd + :bufdo + :cdo + :cfdo + :command + :cscope + :debug + :eval + :folddoopen + :folddoclosed + :function + :global + :help + :helpfind + :helpgrep + :lcscope + :ldo + :lfdo + :lhelpgrep + :make + :normal + :perl + :perldo + :promptfind + :promptrepl + :pyfile + :python + :registers + :read ! + :scscope + :sign + :tabdo + :tcl + :tcldo + :tclfile + :terminal + :vglobal + :windo + :write ! + :[range]! + a user defined command without the "-bar" argument |:command| + +Note that this is confusing (inherited from Vi): With ":g" the '|' is included +in the command, with ":s" it is not. + +To be able to use another command anyway, use the ":execute" command. +Example (append the output of "ls" and jump to the first line): > + :execute 'r !ls' | '[ + +There is one exception: When the 'b' flag is present in 'cpoptions', with the +":map" and ":abbr" commands and friends CTRL-V needs to be used instead of +'\'. You can also use "<Bar>" instead. See also |map_bar|. + +Examples: > + :!ls | wc view the output of two commands + :r !ls | wc insert the same output in the text + :%g/foo/p|> moves all matching lines one shiftwidth + :%s/foo/bar/|> moves one line one shiftwidth + :map q 10^V| map "q" to "10|" + :map q 10\| map \ l map "q" to "10\" and map "\" to "l" + (when 'b' is present in 'cpoptions') + +You can also use <NL> to separate commands in the same way as with '|'. To +insert a <NL> use CTRL-V CTRL-J. "^@" will be shown. Using '|' is the +preferred method. But for external commands a <NL> must be used, because a +'|' is included in the external command. To avoid the special meaning of <NL> +it must be preceded with a backslash. Example: > + :r !date<NL>-join +This reads the current date into the file and joins it with the previous line. + +Note that when the command before the '|' generates an error, the following +commands will not be executed. + + +Because of Vi compatibility the following strange commands are supported: > + :| print current line (like ":p") + :3| print line 3 (like ":3p") + :3 goto line 3 + +A colon is allowed between the range and the command name. It is ignored +(this is Vi compatible). For example: > + :1,$:s/pat/string + +When the character '%' or '#' is used where a file name is expected, they are +expanded to the current and alternate file name (see the chapter "editing +files" |:_%| |:_#|). + +Embedded spaces in file names are allowed on the Amiga if one file name is +expected as argument. Trailing spaces will be ignored, unless escaped with a +backslash or CTRL-V. Note that the ":next" command uses spaces to separate +file names. Escape the spaces to include them in a file name. Example: > + :next foo\ bar goes\ to school\ +starts editing the three files "foo bar", "goes to" and "school ". + +When you want to use the special characters '"' or '|' in a command, or want +to use '%' or '#' in a file name, precede them with a backslash. The +backslash is not required in a range and in the ":substitute" command. +See also |`=|. + + *:_!* +The '!' (bang) character after an Ex command makes the command behave in a +different way. The '!' should be placed immediately after the command, without +any blanks in between. If you insert blanks the '!' will be seen as an +argument for the command, which has a different meaning. For example: + :w! name write the current buffer to file "name", overwriting + any existing file + :w !name send the current buffer as standard input to command + "name" + +============================================================================== +4. Ex command-line ranges *cmdline-ranges* *[range]* *E16* + +Some Ex commands accept a line range in front of them. This is noted as +[range]. It consists of one or more line specifiers, separated with ',' or +';'. + +The basics are explained in section |10.3| of the user manual. + +In |Vim9| script a range needs to be prefixed with a colon to avoid ambiguity +with continuation lines. For example, "+" can be used for a range but is also +a continuation of an expression: > + var result = start + + print +If the "+" is a range then it must be prefixed with a colon: > + var result = start + :+ print +< + *:,* *:;* +When separated with ';' the cursor position will be set to that line +before interpreting the next line specifier. This doesn't happen for ','. +Examples: > + 4,/this line/ +< from line 4 till match with "this line" after the cursor line. > + 5;/that line/ +< from line 5 till match with "that line" after line 5. + +The default line specifier for most commands is the cursor position, but the +commands ":write" and ":global" have the whole file (1,$) as default. + +If more line specifiers are given than required for the command, the first +one(s) will be ignored. + +Line numbers may be specified with: *:range* *{address}* + {number} an absolute line number *E1247* + . the current line *:.* + $ the last line in the file *:$* + % equal to 1,$ (the entire file) *:%* + 't position of mark t (lowercase) *:'* + 'T position of mark T (uppercase); when the mark is in + another file it cannot be used in a range + /{pattern}[/] the next line where {pattern} matches *:/* + also see |:range-pattern| below + ?{pattern}[?] the previous line where {pattern} matches *:?* + also see |:range-pattern| below + \/ the next line where the previously used search + pattern matches + \? the previous line where the previously used search + pattern matches + \& the next line where the previously used substitute + pattern matches + + *:range-offset* +Each may be followed (several times) by '+' or '-' and an optional number. +This number is added or subtracted from the preceding line number. If the +number is omitted, 1 is used. If there is nothing before the '+' or '-' then +the current line is used. + *:range-closed-fold* +When a line number after the comma is in a closed fold it is adjusted to the +last line of the fold, thus the whole fold is included. + +When a number is added this is done after the adjustment to the last line of +the fold. This means these lines are additionally included in the range. For +example: > + :3,4+2print +On this text: + 1 one ~ + 2 two ~ + 3 three ~ + 4 four FOLDED ~ + 5 five FOLDED ~ + 6 six ~ + 7 seven ~ + 8 eight ~ +Where lines four and five are a closed fold, ends up printing lines 3 to 7. +The 7 comes from the "4" in the range, which is adjusted to the end of the +closed fold, which is 5, and then the offset 2 is added. + +An example for subtracting (which isn't very useful): > + :2,4-1print +On this text: + 1 one ~ + 2 two ~ + 3 three FOLDED ~ + 4 four FOLDED ~ + 5 five FOLDED ~ + 6 six FOLDED ~ + 7 seven ~ + 8 eight ~ +Where lines three to six are a closed fold, ends up printing lines 2 to 6. +The 6 comes from the "4" in the range, which is adjusted to the end of the +closed fold, which is 6, and then 1 is subtracted, then this is still in the +closed fold and the last line of that fold is used, which is 6. + + *:range-pattern* +The "/" and "?" after {pattern} are required to separate the pattern from +anything that follows. + +The "/" and "?" may be preceded with another address. The search starts from +there. The difference from using ';' is that the cursor isn't moved. +Examples: > + /pat1//pat2/ Find line containing "pat2" after line containing + "pat1", without moving the cursor. + 7;/pat2/ Find line containing "pat2", after line 7, leaving + the cursor in line 7. + +The {number} must be between 0 and the number of lines in the file. When +using a 0 (zero) this is interpreted as a 1 by most commands. Commands that +use it as a count do use it as a zero (|:tag|, |:pop|, etc). Some commands +interpret the zero as "before the first line" (|:read|, search pattern, etc). + +Examples: > + .+3 three lines below the cursor + /that/+1 the line below the next line containing "that" + .,$ from current line until end of file + 0;/that the first line containing "that", also matches in the + first line. + 1;/that the first line after line 1 containing "that" + +Some commands allow for a count after the command. This count is used as the +number of lines to be used, starting with the line given in the last line +specifier (the default is the cursor line). The commands that accept a count +are the ones that use a range but do not have a file name argument (because +a file name can also be a number). The count cannot be negative. + +Examples: > + :s/x/X/g 5 substitute 'x' by 'X' in the current line and four + following lines + :23d 4 delete lines 23, 24, 25 and 26 + + +Folds and Range + +When folds are active the line numbers are rounded off to include the whole +closed fold. See |fold-behavior|. + + +Reverse Range *E493* + +A range should have the lower line number first. If this is not the case, Vim +will ask you if it should swap the line numbers. + Backwards range given, OK to swap ~ +This is not done within the global command ":g". + +You can use ":silent" before a command to avoid the question, the range will +always be swapped then. + + +Count and Range *N:* + +When giving a count before entering ":", this is translated into: > + :.,.+(count - 1) +In words: The "count" lines at and after the cursor. Example: To delete +three lines: > + 3:d<CR> is translated into: .,.+2d<CR> +< + +Visual Mode and Range + *v_:* +{Visual}: Starts a command-line with the Visual selected lines as a + range. The code `:'<,'>` is used for this range, which makes + it possible to select a similar line from the command-line + history for repeating a command on different Visually selected + lines. + +:* *:star* *:star-visual-range* + When Visual mode was already ended, a short way to use the + Visual area for a range is `:*`. This requires that "*" does + not appear in 'cpo', see |cpo-star|. Otherwise you will have + to type `:'<,'>` + For when "*" is in 'cpo' see |:star-compatible|. + +============================================================================== +5. Ex command-line flags *ex-flags* + +These flags are supported by a selection of Ex commands. They print the line +that the cursor ends up after executing the command: + + l output like for |:list| + # add line number + p output like for |:print| + +The flags can be combined, thus "l#" uses both a line number and |:list| style +output. + +============================================================================== +6. Ex special characters *cmdline-special* + +Note: These are special characters in the executed command line. If you want +to insert special things while typing you can use the CTRL-R command. For +example, "%" stands for the current file name, while CTRL-R % inserts the +current file name right away. See |c_CTRL-R|. + +Note: If you want to avoid the effects of special characters in a Vim script +you may want to use |fnameescape()|. Also see |`=|. + + +In Ex commands, at places where a file name can be used, the following +characters have a special meaning. These can also be used in the expression +function |expand()|. + % Is replaced with the current file name. *:_%* *c_%* + # Is replaced with the alternate file name. *:_#* *c_#* + This is remembered for every window. + #n (where n is a number) is replaced with *:_#0* *:_#n* + the file name of buffer n. "#0" is the same as "#". *c_#n* + ## Is replaced with all names in the argument list *:_##* *c_##* + concatenated, separated by spaces. Each space in a name + is preceded with a backslash. + #<n (where n is a number > 0) is replaced with old *:_#<* *c_#<* + file name n. See |:oldfiles| or |v:oldfiles| to get the + number. *E809* + {only when compiled with the |+eval| and |+viminfo| features} +In |Vim9-script| # is used to start a comment, use %% for the alternate file +name: + % Is replaced with the current file name. + %% Is replaced with the alternate file name. *:_%%* *c_%%* + %%n (where n is a number) is replaced with *:_%%0* *:_%%n* + the file name of buffer n. "%%0" is the same as "%%". *c_%%n* + %%% Is replaced with all names in the argument *:_%%%* *c_%%%#* + list concatenated, separated by spaces. + %%<n (where n is a number > 0) is replaced with old *:_%%<* *c_%%<* + file name n. + +Note that these, except "#<n", give the file name as it was typed. If an +absolute path is needed (when using the file name from a different directory), +you need to add ":p". See |filename-modifiers|. + +The "#<n" item returns an absolute path, but it will start with "~/" for files +below your home directory. + +Note that backslashes are inserted before spaces, so that the command will +correctly interpret the file name. But this doesn't happen for shell +commands. For those you probably have to use quotes (this fails for files +that contain a quote and wildcards): > + :!ls "%" + :r !spell "%" + +To avoid the special meaning of '%' and '#' insert a backslash before it. +Detail: The special meaning is always escaped when there is a backslash before +it, no matter how many backslashes. + you type: result ~ + # alternate.file + \# # + \\# \# +Also see |`=|. + + *E499* *E500* +Note: these are typed literally, they are not special keys! + *:<cword>* *<cword>* + <cword> is replaced with the word under the cursor (like |star|) + *:<cWORD>* *<cWORD>* + <cWORD> is replaced with the WORD under the cursor (see |WORD|) + *:<cexpr>* *<cexpr>* + <cexpr> is replaced with the word under the cursor, including more + to form a C expression. E.g., when the cursor is on "arg" + of "ptr->arg" then the result is "ptr->arg"; when the + cursor is on "]" of "list[idx]" then the result is + "list[idx]". This is used for |v:beval_text|. + *:<cfile>* *<cfile>* + <cfile> is replaced with the path name under the cursor (like what + |gf| uses) + *:<afile>* *<afile>* + <afile> When executing autocommands, is replaced with the file name + of the buffer being manipulated, or the file for a read or + write. *E495* + *:<abuf>* *<abuf>* + <abuf> When executing autocommands, is replaced with the currently + effective buffer number. It is not set for all events, + also see |bufnr()|. For ":r file" and ":so file" it is the + current buffer, the file being read/sourced is not in a + buffer. *E496* + *:<amatch>* *<amatch>* + <amatch> When executing autocommands, is replaced with the match for + which this autocommand was executed. *E497* + It differs from <afile> when the file name isn't used to + match with (for FileType, Syntax and SpellFileMissing + events). + When the match is with a file name, it is expanded to the + full path. + *:<sfile>* *<sfile>* + <sfile> When executing a `:source` command, is replaced with the + file name of the sourced file. *E498* + When executing a legacy function, is replaced with the call + stack, as with <stack> (this is for backwards + compatibility, using <stack> or <script> is preferred). + In Vim9 script using <sfile> in a function gives error + *E1245* . + Note that filename-modifiers are useless when <sfile> is + not used inside a script. + *:<stack>* *<stack>* + <stack> is replaced with the call stack, using + "function {function-name}[{lnum}]" for a function line + and "script {file-name}[{lnum}]" for a script line, and + ".." in between items. E.g.: + "function {function-name1}[{lnum}]..{function-name2}[{lnum}]" + If there is no call stack you get error *E489* . + *:<script>* *<script>* + <script> When executing a `:source` command, is replaced with the file + name of the sourced file. When executing a function, is + replaced with the file name of the script where it is + defined. + If the file name cannot be determined you get error *E1274* . + *:<slnum>* *<slnum>* + <slnum> When executing a `:source` command, is replaced with the + line number. *E842* + When executing a function it's the line number relative to + the start of the function. + *:<sflnum>* *<sflnum>* + <sflnum> When executing a script, is replaced with the line number. + It differs from <slnum> in that <sflnum> is replaced with + the script line number in any situation. *E961* + *:<client>* *<client>* + <client> is replaced with the {clinetid} of the last received + message in |server2client()| + + *filename-modifiers* +*:_%:* *::8* *::p* *::.* *::~* *::h* *::t* *::r* *::e* *::s* *::gs* *::S* + *%:8* *%:p* *%:.* *%:~* *%:h* *%:t* *%:r* *%:e* *%:s* *%:gs* *%:S* +The file name modifiers can be used after "%", "#", "#n", "<cfile>", "<sfile>", +"<afile>" or "<abuf>". They are also used with the |fnamemodify()| function. + +These modifiers can be given, in this order: + :p Make file name a full path. Must be the first modifier. Also + changes "~/" (and "~user/" for Unix and VMS) to the path for + the home directory. If the name is a directory a path + separator is added at the end. For a file name that does not + exist and does not have an absolute path the result is + unpredictable. On MS-Windows an 8.3 filename is expanded to + the long name. + :8 Converts the path to 8.3 short format (currently only on + MS-Windows). Will act on as much of a path that is an + existing path. + :~ Reduce file name to be relative to the home directory, if + possible. File name is unmodified if it is not below the home + directory. + :. Reduce file name to be relative to current directory, if + possible. File name is unmodified if it is not below the + current directory. + For maximum shortness, use ":~:.". + :h Head of the file name (the last component and any separators + removed). Cannot be used with :e, :r or :t. + Can be repeated to remove several components at the end. + When the file name ends in a path separator, only the path + separator is removed. Thus ":p:h" on a directory name results + on the directory name itself (without trailing slash). + When the file name is an absolute path (starts with "/" for + Unix; "x:\" for Win32; "drive:" for Amiga), that part is not + removed. When there is no head (path is relative to current + directory) the result is empty. + :t Tail of the file name (last component of the name). Must + precede any :r or :e. + :r Root of the file name (the last extension removed). When + there is only an extension (file name that starts with '.', + e.g., ".vimrc"), it is not removed. Can be repeated to remove + several extensions (last one first). + :e Extension of the file name. Only makes sense when used alone. + When there is no extension the result is empty. + When there is only an extension (file name that starts with + '.'), the result is empty. Can be repeated to include more + extensions. If there are not enough extensions (but at least + one) as much as possible are included. + :s?pat?sub? + Substitute the first occurrence of "pat" with "sub". This + works like the |:s| command. "pat" is a regular expression. + Any character can be used for '?', but it must not occur in + "pat" or "sub". + After this, the previous modifiers can be used again. For + example ":p", to make a full path after the substitution. + :gs?pat?sub? + Substitute all occurrences of "pat" with "sub". Otherwise + this works like ":s". + :S Escape special characters for use with a shell command (see + |shellescape()|). Must be the last one. Examples: > + :!dir <cfile>:S + :call system('chmod +w -- ' . expand('%:S')) + +Examples, when the file name is "src/version.c", current dir +"/home/mool/vim": > + :p /home/mool/vim/src/version.c + :p:. src/version.c + :p:~ ~/vim/src/version.c + :h src + :p:h /home/mool/vim/src + :p:h:h /home/mool/vim + :t version.c + :p:t version.c + :r src/version + :p:r /home/mool/vim/src/version + :t:r version + :e c + :s?version?main? src/main.c + :s?version?main?:p /home/mool/vim/src/main.c + :p:gs?/?\\? \home\mool\vim\src\version.c + +Examples, when the file name is "src/version.c.gz": > + :p /home/mool/vim/src/version.c.gz + :e gz + :e:e c.gz + :e:e:e c.gz + :e:e:r c + :r src/version.c + :r:e c + :r:r src/version + :r:r:r src/version +< + *extension-removal* *:_%<* +If a "<" is appended to "%", "#", "#n" or "CTRL-V p" the extension of the file +name is removed (everything after and including the last '.' in the file +name). This is included for backwards compatibility with version 3.0, the +":r" form is preferred. Examples: > + + % current file name + %< current file name without extension + # alternate file name for current window + #< idem, without extension + #31 alternate file number 31 + #31< idem, without extension + <cword> word under the cursor + <cWORD> WORD under the cursor (see |WORD|) + <cfile> path name under the cursor + <cfile>< idem, without extension + +Note: Where a file name is expected wildcards expansion is done. On Unix the +shell is used for this, unless it can be done internally (for speed). +Unless in |restricted-mode|, backticks work also, like in > + :n `echo *.c` +But expansion is only done if there are any wildcards before expanding the +'%', '#', etc.. This avoids expanding wildcards inside a file name. If you +want to expand the result of <cfile>, add a wildcard character to it. +Examples: (alternate file name is "?readme?") + command expands to ~ + :e # :e ?readme? + :e `ls #` :e {files matching "?readme?"} + :e #.* :e {files matching "?readme?.*"} + :cd <cfile> :cd {file name under cursor} + :cd <cfile>* :cd {file name under cursor plus "*" and then expanded} +Also see |`=|. + +When the expanded argument contains a "!" and it is used for a shell command +(":!cmd", ":r !cmd" or ":w !cmd"), the "!" is escaped with a backslash to +avoid it being expanded into a previously used command. When the 'shell' +option contains "sh", this is done twice, to avoid the shell trying to expand +the "!". + + *filename-backslash* +For filesystems that use a backslash as directory separator (MS-Windows), it's +a bit difficult to recognize a backslash that is used to escape the special +meaning of the next character. The general rule is: If the backslash is +followed by a normal file name character, it does not have a special meaning. +Therefore "\file\foo" is a valid file name, you don't have to type the +backslash twice. + +An exception is the '$' sign. It is a valid character in a file name. But +to avoid a file name like "$home" to be interpreted as an environment variable, +it needs to be preceded by a backslash. Therefore you need to use "/\$home" +for the file "$home" in the root directory. A few examples: + + FILE NAME INTERPRETED AS ~ + $home expanded to value of environment var $home + \$home file "$home" in current directory + /\$home file "$home" in root directory + \\$home file "\\", followed by expanded $home + +Also see |`=|. + +============================================================================== +7. Command-line window *cmdline-window* *cmdwin* + *command-line-window* +In the command-line window the command line can be edited just like editing +text in any window. It is a special kind of window, because you cannot leave +it in a normal way. + + +OPEN *c_CTRL-F* *q:* *q/* *q?* + +There are two ways to open the command-line window: +1. From Command-line mode, use the key specified with the 'cedit' option. + The default is CTRL-F when 'compatible' is not set. +2. From Normal mode, use the "q:", "q/" or "q?" command. + This starts editing an Ex command-line ("q:") or search string ("q/" or + "q?"). Note that this is not possible while recording is in progress (the + "q" stops recording then). + +When the window opens it is filled with the command-line history. The last +line contains the command as typed so far. The left column will show a +character that indicates the type of command-line being edited, see +|cmdwin-char|. + +Vim will be in Normal mode when the editor is opened, except when 'insertmode' +is set. + *E1292* +Once a command-line window is open it is not possible to open another one. + +The height of the window is specified with 'cmdwinheight' (or smaller if there +is no room). The window is always full width and is positioned just above the +command-line. + + +EDIT + +You can now use commands to move around and edit the text in the window. Both +in Normal mode and Insert mode. + +It is possible to use ":", "/" and other commands that use the command-line, +but it's not possible to open another command-line window then. There is no +nesting. + *E11* *E1188* +The command-line window is not a normal window. It is not possible to move to +another window or edit another buffer. All commands that would do this are +disabled in the command-line window. Of course it _is_ possible to execute +any command that you entered in the command-line window. Other text edits are +discarded when closing the window. + + +CLOSE *E199* + +There are several ways to leave the command-line window: + +<CR> Execute the command-line under the cursor. Works both in + Insert and in Normal mode. +CTRL-C Continue in Command-line mode. The command-line under the + cursor is used as the command-line. Works both in Insert and + in Normal mode. There is no redraw, thus the window will + remain visible. +:quit Discard the command line and go back to Normal mode. + ":close", CTRL-W c, ":exit", ":xit" and CTRL-\ CTRL-N also + work. +:qall Quit Vim, unless there are changes in some buffer. +:qall! Quit Vim, discarding changes to any buffer. + +Once the command-line window is closed the old window sizes are restored. The +executed command applies to the window and buffer where the command-line was +started from. This works as if the command-line window was not there, except +that there will be an extra screen redraw. +The buffer used for the command-line window is deleted. Any changes to lines +other than the one that is executed with <CR> are lost. + +If you would like to execute the command under the cursor and then have the +command-line window open again, you may find this mapping useful: > + + :autocmd CmdwinEnter * map <buffer> <F5> <CR>q: + + +VARIOUS + +The command-line window cannot be used: +- when there already is a command-line window (no nesting) +- for entering an encryption key or when using inputsecret() + +Some options are set when the command-line window is opened: +'filetype' "vim", when editing an Ex command-line; this starts Vim syntax + highlighting if it was enabled +'rightleft' off +'modifiable' on +'buftype' "nofile" +'swapfile' off + +It is allowed to write the buffer contents to a file. This is an easy way to +save the command-line history and read it back later. + +If the 'wildchar' option is set to <Tab>, and the command-line window is used +for an Ex command, then two mappings will be added to use <Tab> for completion +in the command-line window, like this: > + :inoremap <buffer> <Tab> <C-X><C-V> + :nnoremap <buffer> <Tab> a<C-X><C-V> +Note that hitting <Tab> in Normal mode will do completion on the next +character. That way it works at the end of the line. +If you don't want these mappings, disable them with: > + au CmdwinEnter [:>] iunmap <Tab> + au CmdwinEnter [:>] nunmap <Tab> +You could put these lines in your vimrc file. + +While in the command-line window you cannot use the mouse to put the cursor in +another window, or drag statuslines of other windows. You can drag the +statusline of the command-line window itself and the statusline above it. +Thus you can resize the command-line window, but not others. + +The |getcmdwintype()| function returns the type of the command-line being +edited as described in |cmdwin-char|. + + +AUTOCOMMANDS + +Two autocommand events are used: |CmdwinEnter| and |CmdwinLeave|. You can use +the Cmdwin events to do settings specifically for the command-line window. +Be careful not to cause side effects! +Example: > + :au CmdwinEnter : let b:cpt_save = &cpt | set cpt=. + :au CmdwinLeave : let &cpt = b:cpt_save +This sets 'complete' to use completion in the current window for |i_CTRL-N|. +Another example: > + :au CmdwinEnter [/?] startinsert +This will make Vim start in Insert mode in the command-line window. + + *cmdwin-char* +The character used for the pattern indicates the type of command-line: + : normal Ex command + > debug mode command |debug-mode| + / forward search string + ? backward search string + = expression for "= |expr-register| + @ string for |input()| + - text for |:insert| or |:append| + + vim:tw=78:ts=8:noet:ft=help:norl: |