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XXD(1) General Commands Manual XXD(1)
NAME
xxd - make a hex dump or do the reverse.
SYNOPSIS
xxd -h[elp]
xxd [options] [infile [outfile]]
xxd -r[evert] [options] [infile [outfile]]
DESCRIPTION
xxd creates a hex dump of a given file or standard input. It can also
convert a hex dump back to its original binary form. Like uuencode(1)
and uudecode(1) it allows the transmission of binary data in a `mail-
safe' ASCII representation, but has the advantage of decoding to stan‐
dard output. Moreover, it can be used to perform binary file patching.
OPTIONS
If no infile is given, standard input is read. If infile is specified
as a `-' character, then input is taken from standard input. If no
outfile is given (or a `-' character is in its place), results are sent
to standard output.
Note that a "lazy" parser is used which does not check for more than
the first option letter, unless the option is followed by a parameter.
Spaces between a single option letter and its parameter are optional.
Parameters to options can be specified in decimal, hexadecimal or octal
notation. Thus -c8, -c 8, -c 010 and -cols 8 are all equivalent.
-a | -autoskip
Toggle autoskip: A single '*' replaces NUL-lines. Default off.
-b | -bits
Switch to bits (binary digits) dump, rather than hex dump. This
option writes octets as eight digits "1"s and "0"s instead of a
normal hexadecimal dump. Each line is preceded by a line number
in hexadecimal and followed by an ASCII (or EBCDIC) representa‐
tion. The command line switches -p, -i do not work with this
mode.
-c cols | -cols cols
Format <cols> octets per line. Default 16 (-i: 12, -ps: 30, -b:
6). Max 256. No maximum for -ps. With -ps, 0 results in one
long line of output.
-C | -capitalize
Capitalize variable names in C include file style, when using
-i.
-E | -EBCDIC
Change the character encoding in the righthand column from ASCII
to EBCDIC. This does not change the hexadecimal representation.
The option is meaningless in combinations with -r, -p or -i.
-e Switch to little-endian hex dump. This option treats byte
groups as words in little-endian byte order. The default group‐
ing of 4 bytes may be changed using -g. This option only ap‐
plies to the hex dump, leaving the ASCII (or EBCDIC) representa‐
tion unchanged. The command line switches -r, -p, -i do not
work with this mode.
-g bytes | -groupsize bytes
Separate the output of every <bytes> bytes (two hex characters
or eight bit digits each) by a whitespace. Specify -g 0 to sup‐
press grouping. <Bytes> defaults to 2 in normal mode, 4 in lit‐
tle-endian mode and 1 in bits mode. Grouping does not apply to
PostScript or include style.
-h | -help
Print a summary of available commands and exit. No hex dumping
is performed.
-i | -include
Output in C include file style. A complete static array defini‐
tion is written (named after the input file), unless xxd reads
from stdin.
-l len | -len len
Stop after writing <len> octets.
-n name | -name name
Override the variable name output when -i is used. The array is
named name and the length is named name_len.
-o offset
Add <offset> to the displayed file position.
-p | -ps | -postscript | -plain
Output in PostScript continuous hex dump style. Also known as
plain hex dump style.
-r | -revert
Reverse operation: convert (or patch) hex dump into binary. If
not writing to stdout, xxd writes into its output file without
truncating it. Use the combination -r -p to read plain hexadeci‐
mal dumps without line number information and without a particu‐
lar column layout. Additional whitespace and line breaks are al‐
lowed anywhere. Use the combination -r -b to read a bits dump
instead of a hex dump.
-R when
In output the hex-value and the value are both colored with the
same color depending on the hex-value. Mostly helping to differ‐
entiate printable and non-printable characters. when is never,
always, or auto. When the $NO_COLOR environment variable is
set, colorization will be disabled.
-seek offset
When used after -r: revert with <offset> added to file positions
found in hex dump.
-s [+][-]seek
Start at <seek> bytes abs. (or rel.) infile offset. + indicates
that the seek is relative to the current stdin file position
(meaningless when not reading from stdin). - indicates that the
seek should be that many characters from the end of the input
(or if combined with +: before the current stdin file position).
Without -s option, xxd starts at the current file position.
-u Use upper-case hex letters. Default is lower-case.
-v | -version
Show version string.
CAVEATS
xxd -r has some built-in magic while evaluating line number informa‐
tion. If the output file is seekable, then the line numbers at the
start of each hex dump line may be out of order, lines may be missing,
or overlapping. In these cases xxd will lseek(2) to the next position.
If the output file is not seekable, only gaps are allowed, which will
be filled by null-bytes.
xxd -r never generates parse errors. Garbage is silently skipped.
When editing hex dumps, please note that xxd -r skips everything on the
input line after reading enough columns of hexadecimal data (see option
-c). This also means that changes to the printable ASCII (or EBCDIC)
columns are always ignored. Reverting a plain (or PostScript) style hex
dump with xxd -r -p does not depend on the correct number of columns.
Here, anything that looks like a pair of hex digits is interpreted.
Note the difference between
% xxd -i file
and
% xxd -i < file
xxd -s +seek may be different from xxd -s seek, as lseek(2) is used to
"rewind" input. A '+' makes a difference if the input source is stdin,
and if stdin's file position is not at the start of the file by the
time xxd is started and given its input. The following examples may
help to clarify (or further confuse!):
Rewind stdin before reading; needed because the `cat' has already read
to the end of stdin.
% sh -c "cat > plain_copy; xxd -s 0 > hex_copy" < file
Hex dump from file position 0x480 (=1024+128) onwards. The `+' sign
means "relative to the current position", thus the `128' adds to the 1k
where dd left off.
% sh -c "dd of=plain_snippet bs=1k count=1; xxd -s +128 > hex_snippet"
< file
Hex dump from file position 0x100 (=1024-768) onwards.
% sh -c "dd of=plain_snippet bs=1k count=1; xxd -s +-768 > hex_snippet"
< file
However, this is a rare situation and the use of `+' is rarely needed.
The author prefers to monitor the effect of xxd with strace(1) or
truss(1), whenever -s is used.
EXAMPLES
Print everything but the first three lines (hex 0x30 bytes) of file.
% xxd -s 0x30 file
Print 3 lines (hex 0x30 bytes) from the end of file.
% xxd -s -0x30 file
Print 120 bytes as a continuous hex dump with 20 octets per line.
% xxd -l 120 -ps -c 20 xxd.1
2e54482058584420312022417567757374203139
39362220224d616e75616c207061676520666f72
20787864220a2e5c220a2e5c222032317374204d
617920313939360a2e5c22204d616e2070616765
20617574686f723a0a2e5c2220202020546f6e79
204e7567656e74203c746f6e79407363746e7567
Hex dump the first 120 bytes of this man page with 12 octets per line.
% xxd -l 120 -c 12 xxd.1
0000000: 2e54 4820 5858 4420 3120 2241 .TH XXD 1 "A
000000c: 7567 7573 7420 3139 3936 2220 ugust 1996"
0000018: 224d 616e 7561 6c20 7061 6765 "Manual page
0000024: 2066 6f72 2078 7864 220a 2e5c for xxd"..\
0000030: 220a 2e5c 2220 3231 7374 204d "..\" 21st M
000003c: 6179 2031 3939 360a 2e5c 2220 ay 1996..\"
0000048: 4d61 6e20 7061 6765 2061 7574 Man page aut
0000054: 686f 723a 0a2e 5c22 2020 2020 hor:..\"
0000060: 546f 6e79 204e 7567 656e 7420 Tony Nugent
000006c: 3c74 6f6e 7940 7363 746e 7567 <tony@sctnug
Display just the date from the file xxd.1
% xxd -s 0x36 -l 13 -c 13 xxd.1
0000036: 3231 7374 204d 6179 2031 3939 36 21st May 1996
Copy input_file to output_file and prepend 100 bytes of value 0x00.
% xxd input_file | xxd -r -s 100 > output_file
Patch the date in the file xxd.1
% echo "0000037: 3574 68" | xxd -r - xxd.1
% xxd -s 0x36 -l 13 -c 13 xxd.1
0000036: 3235 7468 204d 6179 2031 3939 36 25th May 1996
Create a 65537 byte file with all bytes 0x00, except for the last one
which is 'A' (hex 0x41).
% echo "010000: 41" | xxd -r > file
Hex dump this file with autoskip.
% xxd -a -c 12 file
0000000: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ............
*
000fffc: 0000 0000 40 ....A
Create a 1 byte file containing a single 'A' character. The number af‐
ter '-r -s' adds to the line numbers found in the file; in effect, the
leading bytes are suppressed.
% echo "010000: 41" | xxd -r -s -0x10000 > file
Use xxd as a filter within an editor such as vim(1) to hex dump a re‐
gion marked between `a' and `z'.
:'a,'z!xxd
Use xxd as a filter within an editor such as vim(1) to recover a binary
hex dump marked between `a' and `z'.
:'a,'z!xxd -r
Use xxd as a filter within an editor such as vim(1) to recover one line
of a hex dump. Move the cursor over the line and type:
!!xxd -r
Read single characters from a serial line
% xxd -c1 < /dev/term/b &
% stty < /dev/term/b -echo -opost -isig -icanon min 1
% echo -n foo > /dev/term/b
RETURN VALUES
The following error values are returned:
0 no errors encountered.
-1 operation not supported (xxd -r -i still impossible).
1 error while parsing options.
2 problems with input file.
3 problems with output file.
4,5 desired seek position is unreachable.
SEE ALSO
uuencode(1), uudecode(1), patch(1)
WARNINGS
The tool's weirdness matches its creator's brain. Use entirely at your
own risk. Copy files. Trace it. Become a wizard.
VERSION
This manual page documents xxd version 1.7
AUTHOR
(c) 1990-1997 by Juergen Weigert
<jnweiger@informatik.uni-erlangen.de>
Distribute freely and credit me,
make money and share with me,
lose money and don't ask me.
Manual page started by Tony Nugent
<tony@sctnugen.ppp.gu.edu.au> <T.Nugent@sct.gu.edu.au>
Small changes by Bram Moolenaar. Edited by Juergen Weigert.
Manual page for xxd August 1996 XXD(1)
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