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+ margin-left: 1px } + +table.docinfo { + margin: 2em 4em } + +table.docutils { + margin-top: 0.5em ; + margin-bottom: 0.5em } + +table.footnote { + border-left: solid 1px black; + margin-left: 1px } + +table.docutils td, table.docutils th, +table.docinfo td, table.docinfo th { + padding-left: 0.5em ; + padding-right: 0.5em ; + vertical-align: top } + +table.docutils th.field-name, table.docinfo th.docinfo-name { + font-weight: bold ; + text-align: left ; + white-space: nowrap ; + padding-left: 0 } + +/* "booktabs" style (no vertical lines) */ +table.docutils.booktabs { + border: 0px; + border-top: 2px solid; + border-bottom: 2px solid; + border-collapse: collapse; +} +table.docutils.booktabs * { + border: 0px; +} +table.docutils.booktabs th { + border-bottom: thin solid; + text-align: left; +} + +h1 tt.docutils, h2 tt.docutils, h3 tt.docutils, +h4 tt.docutils, h5 tt.docutils, h6 tt.docutils { + font-size: 100% } + +ul.auto-toc { + list-style-type: none } + +</style> +</head> +<body> +<div class="document"> + + +<div class="section" id="testbox-imaging-backup-restore"> +<h1>Testbox Imaging (Backup / Restore)</h1> +<div class="section" id="introduction"> +<h2>Introduction</h2> +<p>This document is explores deploying a very simple drive imaging solution to help +avoid needing to manually reinstall testboxes when a disk goes bust or the OS +install seems to be corrupted.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="definitions-glossary"> +<h1>Definitions / Glossary</h1> +<p>See AutomaticTestingRevamp.txt.</p> +</div> +<div class="section" id="objectives"> +<h1>Objectives</h1> +<blockquote> +<ul class="simple"> +<li>Off site, no admin interaction (no need for ILOM or similar).</li> +<li>OS independent.</li> +<li>Space and bandwidth efficient.</li> +<li>As automatic as possible.</li> +<li>Logging.</li> +</ul> +</blockquote> +</div> +<div class="section" id="overview-of-the-solution"> +<h1>Overview of the Solution</h1> +<p>Here is a brief summary:</p> +<blockquote> +<ul class="simple"> +<li>Always boot testboxes via PXE using PXELINUX.</li> +<li>Default configuration is local boot (hard disk / SSD)</li> +<li>Restore/backup action triggered by machine specific PXE config.</li> +<li>Boots special debian maintenance install off NFS.</li> +<li>A maintenance service (systemd style) does the work.</li> +<li>The service reads action from TFTP location and performs it.</li> +<li>When done the service removes the TFTP machine specific config +and reboots the system.</li> +</ul> +</blockquote> +<dl class="docutils"> +<dt>Maintenance actions are:</dt> +<dd><ul class="first last simple"> +<li>backup</li> +<li>backup-again</li> +<li>restore</li> +<li>refresh-info</li> +<li>rescue</li> +</ul> +</dd> +</dl> +<p>Possible modifier that indicates a subset of disk on testboxes with other OSes +installed. Support for partition level backup/restore is not explored here.</p> +<div class="section" id="how-to-use"> +<h2>How to use</h2> +<p>To perform one of the above maintenance actions on a testbox, run the +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">testbox-pxe-conf.sh</span></tt> script:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +/mnt/testbox-tftp/pxeclient.cfg/testbox-pxe-conf.sh 10.165.98.220 rescue +</pre> +<p>Then trigger a reboot. The box will then boot the NFS rooted debian image and +execute the maintenance action. On success, it will remove the testbox hex-IP +config file and reboot again.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="storage-server"> +<h1>Storage Server</h1> +<p>The storage server will have three areas used here. Using NFS for all three +avoids extra work getting CIFS sharing right too (NFS is already a pain).</p> +<blockquote> +<ol class="arabic simple"> +<li>/export/testbox-tftp - TFTP config area. Read-write.</li> +<li>/export/testbox-backup - Images and logs. Read-write.</li> +<li>/export/testbox-nfsroot - Custom debian. Read-only, no root squash.</li> +</ol> +</blockquote> +</div> +<div class="section" id="tftp-export-testbox-tftp"> +<h1>TFTP (/export/testbox-tftp)</h1> +<p>The testbox-tftp share needs to be writable, root squashing is okay.</p> +<p>We need files from both PXELINUX and SYSLINUX to make this work now. On a +debian system, the <tt class="docutils literal">pxelinux</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">syslinux</tt> packages needs to be +installed. We actually do this further down when setting up the nfsroot, so +it's possible to get them from there by postponing this step a little. On +debian 8.6.0 the PXELINUX files are found in <tt class="docutils literal">/usr/lib/PXELINUX</tt> and the +SYSLINUX ones in <tt class="docutils literal">/usr/lib/syslinux</tt>.</p> +<p>The initial PXE image as well as associated modules comes in three variants, +BIOS, 32-bit EFI and 64-bit EFI. We'll only need the BIOS one for now. +Perform the following copy operations:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +cp /usr/lib/PXELINUX/pxelinux.0 /mnt/testbox-tftp/ +cp /usr/lib/syslinux/modules/*/ldlinux.* /mnt/testbox-tftp/ +cp -R /usr/lib/syslinux/modules/bios /mnt/testbox-tftp/ +cp -R /usr/lib/syslinux/modules/efi32 /mnt/testbox-tftp/ +cp -R /usr/lib/syslinux/modules/efi64 /mnt/testbox-tftp/ +</pre> +<p>For simplicity, all the testboxes boot using good old fashioned BIOS, no EFI. +However, it doesn't really hurt to be prepared.</p> +<p>The PXELINUX related files goes in the root of the testbox-tftp share. (As +mentioned further down, these can be installed on a debian system by running +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">apt-get</span> install pxelinux syslinux</tt>.) We need the <tt class="docutils literal">*pxelinux.0</tt> files +typically found in <tt class="docutils literal">/usr/lib/PXELINUX/</tt> on debian systems (recent ones +anyway). It is possible we may need one ore more fo the modules <a class="footnote-reference" href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-reference-1">[1]</a> that +ships with PXELINUX/SYSLINUX, so do copy <tt class="docutils literal">/usr/lib/syslinux/modules</tt> to +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">testbox-tftp/modules</span></tt> as well.</p> +<p>The directory layout related to the configuration files is dictated by the +PXELINUX configuration file searching algorithm <a class="footnote-reference" href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-reference-2">[2]</a>. Create a subdirectory +<tt class="docutils literal">pxelinux.cfg/</tt> under <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">testbox-tftp</span></tt> and create the world readable file +<tt class="docutils literal">default</tt> with the following content:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +PATH bios +DEFAULT local-boot +LABEL local-boot +LOCALBOOT +</pre> +<p>This will make the default behavior to boot the local disk system.</p> +<p>Copy the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">testbox-pxe-conf.sh</span></tt> script file found in the same directory as +this document to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/mnt/testbox-tftp/pxelinux.cfg/</span></tt>. Edit the copy to correct +the IP addresses near the top, as well as any linux, TFTP and PXE details near +the bottom of the file. This script will generate the PXE configuration file +when performing maintenance on a testbox.</p> +</div> +<div class="section" id="images-and-logs-export-testbox-backup"> +<h1>Images and logs (/export/testbox-backup)</h1> +<p>The testbox-backup share needs to be writable, root squashing is okay.</p> +<p>In the root there must be a file <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">testbox-backup</span></tt> so we can easily tell +whether we've actually mounted the share or are just staring at an empty mount +point directory.</p> +<p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">testbox-maintenance.sh</span></tt> script maintains a global log in the root +directory that's called <tt class="docutils literal">maintenance.log</tt>. Errors will be logged there as +well as a ping and the action.</p> +<p>We use a directory layout based on dotted decimal IP addresses here, so for a +server with the IP 10.40.41.42 all its file will be under <tt class="docutils literal">10.40.41.42/</tt>:</p> +<dl class="docutils"> +<dt><tt class="docutils literal"><hostname></tt></dt> +<dd>The name of the testbox (empty file). Help finding a testbox by name.</dd> +<dt><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">testbox-info.txt</span></tt></dt> +<dd>Information about the testbox. Starting off with the name, decimal IP, +PXELINUX style hexadecimal IP, and more.</dd> +<dt><tt class="docutils literal">maintenance.log</tt></dt> +<dd>Maintenance log file recording what the maintenance service does.</dd> +<dt><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">disk-devices.lst</span></tt></dt> +<dd>Optional list of disk devices to consider backuping up or restoring. This is +intended for testboxes with additional disks that are used for other purposes +and should touched.</dd> +<dt><tt class="docutils literal">sda.raw.gz</tt></dt> +<dd>The gzipped raw copy of the sda device of the testbox.</dd> +<dt><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sd[bcdefgh].raw.gz</span></tt></dt> +<dd>The gzipped raw copy sdb, sdc, sde, sdf, sdg, sdh, etc if any of them exists +and are disks/SSDs.</dd> +<dt>Note! If it turns out we can be certain to get a valid host name, we might just</dt> +<dd>switch to use the hostname as the directory name instead of the IP.</dd> +</dl> +</div> +<div class="section" id="debian-nfs-root-export-testbox-nfsroot"> +<h1>Debian NFS root (/export/testbox-nfsroot)</h1> +<p>The testbox-nfsroot share should be read-only and must <strong>not</strong> have root +squashing enabled. Also, make sure setting the set-uid-bit is allowed by the +server, or <tt class="docutils literal">su` and ``sudo</tt> won't work</p> +<p>There are several ways of creating a debian nfsroot, but since we've got a +tool like VirtualBox around we've just installed it in a VM, prepared it, +and copied it onto the NFS server share.</p> +<p>As of writing debian 8.6.0 is current, so a minimal 64-bit install of it was +done in a VM. After installation the following modifications was done:</p> +<blockquote> +<ul> +<li><p class="first"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">apt-get</span> install pxelinux syslinux <span class="pre">initramfs-tools</span> zip gddrescue sudo joe</tt> +and optionally <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">apt-get</span> install smbclient <span class="pre">cifs-utils</span></tt>.</p> +</li> +<li><p class="first"><tt class="docutils literal">/etc/default/grub</tt> was modified to set <tt class="docutils literal">GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT</tt> to +<tt class="docutils literal">""</tt> instead of <tt class="docutils literal">"quiet"</tt>. This allows us to see messages during boot +and perhaps spot why something doesn't work on a testbox. Regenerate the +grub configuration file by running <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">update-grub</span></tt> afterwards.</p> +</li> +<li><p class="first"><tt class="docutils literal">/etc/sudoers</tt> was modified to allow the <tt class="docutils literal">vbox</tt> user use sudo without +requring any password.</p> +</li> +<li><p class="first">Create the directory <tt class="docutils literal">/etc/systemd/system/getty@tty1.service.d</tt> and create +the file <tt class="docutils literal">noclear.conf</tt> in it with the following content:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +[Service] +TTYVTDisallocate=no +</pre> +<p>This stops getty from clearing VT1 and let us see the tail of the boot up +messages, which includes messages from the testbox-maintenance service.</p> +</li> +<li><p class="first">Mount the testbox-nfsroot under <tt class="docutils literal">/mnt/</tt> with write privileges. (The write +privileges are temporary - don't forget to remove them later on.):</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +mount -t nfs myserver.com:/export/testbox-nfsroot +</pre> +<p>Note! Adding <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-o</span> nfsvers=3</tt> may help with some NTFv4 servers.</p> +</li> +<li><p class="first">Copy the debian root and dev file system onto nfsroot. If you have ssh +access to the NFS server, the quickest way to do it is to use <tt class="docutils literal">tar</tt>:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +tar -cz --one-file-system -f /mnt/testbox-maintenance-nfsroot.tar.gz . dev/ +</pre> +<p>An alternative is <tt class="docutils literal">cp <span class="pre">-ax</span> . /mnt/. && cp <span class="pre">-ax</span> dev/. /mnt/dev/.</tt> but this +is quite a bit slower, obviously.</p> +</li> +<li><p class="first">Edit <tt class="docutils literal">/etc/ssh/sshd_config</tt> setting <tt class="docutils literal">PermitRootLogin</tt> to <tt class="docutils literal">yes</tt> so we can ssh +in as root later on.</p> +</li> +<li><p class="first">chroot into the nfsroot: <tt class="docutils literal">chroot /mnt/</tt></p> +<blockquote> +<ul> +<li><p class="first"><tt class="docutils literal">mount <span class="pre">-o</span> proc proc /proc</tt></p> +</li> +<li><p class="first"><tt class="docutils literal">mount <span class="pre">-o</span> sysfs sysfs /sys</tt></p> +</li> +<li><p class="first"><tt class="docutils literal">mkdir <span class="pre">/mnt/testbox-tftp</span> <span class="pre">/mnt/testbox-backup</span></tt></p> +</li> +<li><p class="first">Recreate <tt class="docutils literal">/etc/fstab</tt> with:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 +/dev/nfs / nfs defaults 1 1 +10.42.1.1:/export/testbox-tftp /mnt/testbox-tftp nfs tcp,nfsvers=3,noauto 2 2 +10.42.1.1:/export/testbox-backup /mnt/testbox-backup nfs tcp,nfsvers=3,noauto 3 3 +</pre> +<p>We use NFS version 3 as that works better for our NFS server and client, +remove if not necessary. The <tt class="docutils literal">noauto</tt> option is to work around mount +trouble during early bootup on some of our boxes.</p> +</li> +<li><p class="first">Do <tt class="docutils literal">mount <span class="pre">/mnt/testbox-tftp</span> && mount <span class="pre">/mnt/testbox-backup</span></tt> to mount the +two shares. This may be a good time to execute the instructions in the +sections above relating to these two shares.</p> +</li> +<li><p class="first">Edit <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/etc/initramfs-tools/initramfs.conf</span></tt> and change the <tt class="docutils literal">MODULES</tt> +value from <tt class="docutils literal">most</tt> to <tt class="docutils literal">netboot</tt>.</p> +</li> +<li><p class="first">Append <tt class="docutils literal">aufs</tt> to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/etc/initramfs-tools/modules</span></tt>. The advanced +multi-layered unification filesystem (aufs) enables us to use a +read-only NFS root. <a class="footnote-reference" href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-reference-3">[3]</a> <a class="footnote-reference" href="#footnote-4" id="footnote-reference-4">[4]</a> <a class="footnote-reference" href="#footnote-5" id="footnote-reference-5">[5]</a></p> +</li> +<li><p class="first">Create <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/etc/initramfs-tools/scripts/init-bottom/00_aufs_init</span></tt> as +an executable file with the following content:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +#!/bin/sh +# Don't run during update-initramfs: +case "$1" in + prereqs) + exit 0; + ;; +esac + +modprobe aufs +mkdir -p /ro /rw /aufs +mount -t tmpfs tmpfs /rw -o noatime,mode=0755 +mount --move $rootmnt /ro +mount -t aufs aufs /aufs -o noatime,dirs=/rw:/ro=ro +mkdir -p /aufs/rw /aufs/ro +mount --move /ro /aufs/ro +mount --move /rw /aufs/rw +mount --move /aufs /root +exit 0 +</pre> +</li> +<li><p class="first">Update the init ramdisk: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">update-initramfs</span> <span class="pre">-u</span> <span class="pre">-k</span> all</tt></p> +<dl class="docutils"> +<dt>Note! It may be necessary to do <tt class="docutils literal">mount <span class="pre">-t</span> tmpfs tmpfs /var/tmp</tt> to help</dt> +<dd><p class="first last">this operation succeed.</p> +</dd> +</dl> +</li> +<li><p class="first">Copy <tt class="docutils literal">/boot</tt> to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/mnt/testbox-tftp/maintenance-boot/</span></tt>.</p> +</li> +<li><p class="first">Copy the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">testbox-maintenance.sh</span></tt> file found in the same directory as this +document to <tt class="docutils literal">/root/scripts/</tt> (need to create the dir) and make it +executable.</p> +</li> +<li><p class="first">Create the systemd service file for the maintenance service as +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/etc/systemd/system/testbox-maintenance.service</span></tt> with the content:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +[Unit] +Description=Testbox Maintenance +After=network.target +Before=getty@tty1.service + +[Service] +Type=oneshot +RemainAfterExit=True +ExecStart=/root/scripts/testbox-maintenance.sh +ExecStartPre=/bin/echo -e \033%G +ExecReload=/bin/kill -HUP $MAINPID +WorkingDirectory=/tmp +Environment=TERM=xterm +StandardOutput=journal+console + +[Install] +WantedBy=multi-user.target +</pre> +</li> +<li><p class="first">Enable our service: <tt class="docutils literal">systemctl enable <span class="pre">/etc/systemd/system/testbox-maintenance.service</span></tt></p> +</li> +<li><p class="first">xxxx ... more ???</p> +</li> +<li><p class="first">Before leaving the chroot, do <tt class="docutils literal">mount /proc /sys <span class="pre">/mnt/testbox-*</span></tt>.</p> +</li> +</ul> +</blockquote> +</li> +<li><p class="first">Testing the setup from a VM is kind of useful (if the nfs server can be +convinced to accept root nfs mounts from non-privileged clinet ports):</p> +<blockquote> +<ul> +<li><p class="first">Create a VM using the 64-bit debian profile. Let's call it "pxe-vm".</p> +</li> +<li><p class="first">Mount the TFTP share somewhere, like M: or /mnt/testbox-tftp.</p> +</li> +<li><p class="first">Reconfigure the NAT DHCP and TFTP bits:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +VBoxManage setextradata pxe-vm VBoxInternal/PDM/DriverTransformations/pxe/AboveDriver NAT +VBoxManage setextradata pxe-vm VBoxInternal/PDM/DriverTransformations/pxe/Action mergeconfig +VBoxManage setextradata pxe-vm VBoxInternal/PDM/DriverTransformations/pxe/Config/TFTPPrefix M:/ +VBoxManage setextradata pxe-vm VBoxInternal/PDM/DriverTransformations/pxe/Config/BootFile pxelinux.0 +</pre> +</li> +<li><p class="first">Create the file <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">testbox-tftp/pxelinux.cfg/0A00020F</span></tt> containing:</p> +<pre class="literal-block"> +PATH bios +DEFAULT maintenance +LABEL maintenance + MENU LABEL Maintenance (NFS) + KERNEL maintenance-boot/vmlinuz-3.16.0-4-amd64 + APPEND initrd=maintenance-boot/initrd.img-3.16.0-4-amd64 ro ip=dhcp aufs=tmpfs \ + boot=nfs root=/dev/nfs nfsroot=10.42.1.1:/export/testbox-nfsroot +LABEL local-boot +LOCALBOOT +</pre> +</li> +</ul> +</blockquote> +</li> +</ul> +</blockquote> +</div> +<div class="section" id="troubleshooting"> +<h1>Troubleshooting</h1> +<dl class="docutils"> +<dt><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PXE-E11</span></tt> or something like <tt class="docutils literal">No ARP reply</tt></dt> +<dd>You probably got the TFTP and DHCP on different machines. Try move the TFTP +to the same machine as the DHCP, then the PXE stack won't have to do any +additional ARP resolving. Google results suggest that a congested network +could use the ARP reply to get lost. Our suspicion is that it might also be +related to the PXE stack shipping with the NIC.</dd> +</dl> +<hr class="docutils" /> +<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="footnote-1" rules="none"> +<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup> +<tbody valign="top"> +<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#footnote-reference-1">[1]</a></td><td>See <a class="reference external" href="http://www.syslinux.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Modules">http://www.syslinux.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Modules</a></td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="footnote-2" rules="none"> +<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup> +<tbody valign="top"> +<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#footnote-reference-2">[2]</a></td><td>See <a class="reference external" href="http://www.syslinux.org/wiki/index.php?title=PXELINUX#Configuration">http://www.syslinux.org/wiki/index.php?title=PXELINUX#Configuration</a></td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="footnote-3" rules="none"> +<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup> +<tbody valign="top"> +<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#footnote-reference-3">[3]</a></td><td>See <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aufs">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aufs</a></td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="footnote-4" rules="none"> +<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup> +<tbody valign="top"> +<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#footnote-reference-4">[4]</a></td><td>See <a class="reference external" href="http://shitwefoundout.com/wiki/Diskless_ubuntu">http://shitwefoundout.com/wiki/Diskless_ubuntu</a></td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="footnote-5" rules="none"> +<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup> +<tbody valign="top"> +<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#footnote-reference-5">[5]</a></td><td>See <a class="reference external" href="http://debianaddict.com/2012/06/19/diskless-debian-linux-booting-via-dhcppxenfstftp/">http://debianaddict.com/2012/06/19/diskless-debian-linux-booting-via-dhcppxenfstftp/</a></td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<hr class="docutils" /> +<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none"> +<col class="field-name" /> +<col class="field-body" /> +<tbody valign="top"> +<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">Status:</th><td class="field-body">$Id: TestBoxImaging.html $</td> +</tr> +<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">Copyright:</th><td class="field-body">Copyright (C) 2010-2023 Oracle Corporation.</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +</div> +</div> +</body> +</html> |