Adding upstream version 0.0~git20221206.8b7148f.upstream/0.0_git20221206.8b7148f

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

1 files changed, 874 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/tools/wasi-headers/src/c_header.rs b/tools/wasi-headers/src/c_header.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..15b64ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/wasi-headers/src/c_header.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,874 @@
+use heck::ShoutySnakeCase;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::mem;
+use witx::*;
+
+pub struct Generated {
+    pub header: String,
+    pub source: String,
+}
+
+pub fn to_c(doc: &Document, inputs_str: &str) -> Generated {
+    let mut header = String::new();
+
+    header.push_str(&format!(
+        r#"/**
+ * THIS FILE IS AUTO-GENERATED from the following files:
+ *   {}
+ *
+ * To regenerate this file execute:
+ *
+ *     cargo run --manifest-path tools/wasi-headers/Cargo.toml generate-libc
+ *
+ * Modifications to this file will cause CI to fail, the code generator tool
+ * must be modified to change this file.
+ *
+ * @file
+ * This file describes the [WASI] interface, consisting of functions, types,
+ * and defined values (macros).
+ *
+ * The interface described here is greatly inspired by [CloudABI]'s clean,
+ * thoughtfully-designed, capability-oriented, POSIX-style API.
+ *
+ * [CloudABI]: https://github.com/NuxiNL/cloudlibc
+ * [WASI]: https://github.com/WebAssembly/WASI/
+ */
+
+#ifndef __wasi_api_h
+#define __wasi_api_h
+
+#ifndef __wasi__
+#error <wasi/api.h> is only supported on WASI platforms.
+#endif
+
+#ifndef __wasm32__
+#error <wasi/api.h> only supports wasm32; doesn't yet support wasm64
+#endif
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+_Static_assert(_Alignof(int8_t) == 1, "non-wasi data layout");
+_Static_assert(_Alignof(uint8_t) == 1, "non-wasi data layout");
+_Static_assert(_Alignof(int16_t) == 2, "non-wasi data layout");
+_Static_assert(_Alignof(uint16_t) == 2, "non-wasi data layout");
+_Static_assert(_Alignof(int32_t) == 4, "non-wasi data layout");
+_Static_assert(_Alignof(uint32_t) == 4, "non-wasi data layout");
+_Static_assert(_Alignof(int64_t) == 8, "non-wasi data layout");
+_Static_assert(_Alignof(uint64_t) == 8, "non-wasi data layout");
+_Static_assert(_Alignof(void*) == 4, "non-wasi data layout");
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {{
+#endif
+
+// TODO: Encoding this in witx.
+#define __WASI_DIRCOOKIE_START (UINT64_C(0))
+"#,
+        inputs_str,
+    ));
+
+    let mut source = String::new();
+    source.push_str(&format!(
+        r#"/**
+ * THIS FILE IS AUTO-GENERATED from the following files:
+ *   {}
+ *
+ * To regenerate this file execute:
+ *
+ *     cargo run --manifest-path tools/wasi-headers/Cargo.toml generate-libc
+ *
+ * Modifications to this file will cause CI to fail, the code generator tool
+ * must be modified to change this file.
+ */
+
+#include <wasi/api.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+"#,
+        inputs_str,
+    ));
+
+    let mut type_constants = HashMap::new();
+    for c in doc.constants() {
+        type_constants.entry(&c.ty).or_insert(Vec::new()).push(c);
+    }
+
+    for nt in doc.typenames() {
+        print_datatype(&mut header, &*nt);
+
+        if let Some(constants) = type_constants.remove(&nt.name) {
+            for constant in constants {
+                print_constant(&mut header, &constant);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    for m in doc.modules() {
+        print_module(&mut header, &mut source, &m);
+    }
+
+    header.push_str(
+        r#"#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif
+"#,
+    );
+
+    Generated { header, source }
+}
+
+fn print_datatype(ret: &mut String, nt: &NamedType) {
+    if !nt.docs.is_empty() {
+        ret.push_str("/**\n");
+        for line in nt.docs.lines() {
+            ret.push_str(&format!(" * {}\n", line));
+        }
+        ret.push_str(" */\n");
+    }
+
+    match &nt.tref {
+        TypeRef::Value(v) => match &**v {
+            Type::Record(s) => print_record(ret, &nt.name, s),
+            Type::Variant(v) => print_variant(ret, &nt.name, v),
+            Type::Handle(h) => print_handle(ret, &nt.name, h),
+            Type::Builtin { .. }
+            | Type::List { .. }
+            | Type::Pointer { .. }
+            | Type::ConstPointer { .. } => print_alias(ret, &nt.name, &nt.tref),
+        },
+        TypeRef::Name(_) => print_alias(ret, &nt.name, &nt.tref),
+    }
+}
+
+fn print_alias(ret: &mut String, name: &Id, dest: &TypeRef) {
+    match &**dest.type_() {
+        Type::List(_) => {
+            // Don't emit arrays as top-level types; instead we special-case
+            // them in places like parameter lists so that we can pass them
+            // as pointer and length pairs.
+        }
+        _ => {
+            if name.as_str() == "size" {
+                // Special-case "size" as "__SIZE_TYPE__" -- TODO: Encode this in witx.
+                ret.push_str(&format!(
+                    "typedef __SIZE_TYPE__ __wasi_{}_t;\n",
+                    ident_name(name)
+                ));
+            } else {
+                ret.push_str(&format!(
+                    "typedef {} __wasi_{}_t;\n",
+                    typeref_name(dest),
+                    ident_name(name)
+                ));
+            }
+            ret.push_str("\n");
+
+            ret.push_str(&format!(
+                "_Static_assert(sizeof(__wasi_{}_t) == {}, \"witx calculated size\");\n",
+                ident_name(name),
+                dest.mem_size_align().size
+            ));
+            ret.push_str(&format!(
+                "_Static_assert(_Alignof(__wasi_{}_t) == {}, \"witx calculated align\");\n",
+                ident_name(name),
+                dest.mem_size_align().align
+            ));
+
+            ret.push_str("\n");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn print_enum(ret: &mut String, name: &Id, v: &Variant) {
+    ret.push_str(&format!(
+        "typedef {} __wasi_{}_t;\n",
+        intrepr_name(v.tag_repr),
+        ident_name(name)
+    ));
+    ret.push_str("\n");
+
+    for (index, case) in v.cases.iter().enumerate() {
+        if !case.docs.is_empty() {
+            ret.push_str("/**\n");
+            for line in case.docs.lines() {
+                ret.push_str(&format!(" * {}\n", line));
+            }
+            ret.push_str(" */\n");
+        }
+        ret.push_str(&format!(
+            "#define __WASI_{}_{} ({}({}))\n",
+            ident_name(&name).to_shouty_snake_case(),
+            ident_name(&case.name).to_shouty_snake_case(),
+            intrepr_const(v.tag_repr),
+            index
+        ));
+        ret.push_str("\n");
+    }
+
+    ret.push_str(&format!(
+        "_Static_assert(sizeof(__wasi_{}_t) == {}, \"witx calculated size\");\n",
+        ident_name(name),
+        v.tag_repr.mem_size()
+    ));
+    ret.push_str(&format!(
+        "_Static_assert(_Alignof(__wasi_{}_t) == {}, \"witx calculated align\");\n",
+        ident_name(name),
+        v.tag_repr.mem_align()
+    ));
+
+    ret.push_str("\n");
+}
+
+fn print_constant(ret: &mut String, const_: &Constant) {
+    if !const_.docs.is_empty() {
+        ret.push_str("/**\n");
+        for line in const_.docs.lines() {
+            ret.push_str(&format!(" * {}\n", line));
+        }
+        ret.push_str(" */\n");
+    }
+    ret.push_str(&format!(
+        "#define __WASI_{}_{} ((__wasi_{}_t){})\n",
+        ident_name(&const_.ty).to_shouty_snake_case(),
+        ident_name(&const_.name).to_shouty_snake_case(),
+        ident_name(&const_.ty),
+        const_.value,
+    ));
+    ret.push_str("\n");
+}
+
+fn print_record(ret: &mut String, name: &Id, s: &RecordDatatype) {
+    if let Some(repr) = s.bitflags_repr() {
+        ret.push_str(&format!(
+            "typedef {} __wasi_{}_t;\n\n",
+            intrepr_name(repr),
+            ident_name(name)
+        ));
+        for (i, member) in s.members.iter().enumerate() {
+            if !member.docs.is_empty() {
+                ret.push_str("/**\n");
+                for line in member.docs.lines() {
+                    ret.push_str(&format!(" * {}\n", line));
+                }
+                ret.push_str(" */\n");
+            }
+            ret.push_str(&format!(
+                "#define __WASI_{}_{} ((__wasi_{}_t)(1 << {}))\n",
+                ident_name(name).to_shouty_snake_case(),
+                ident_name(&member.name).to_shouty_snake_case(),
+                ident_name(name),
+                i,
+            ));
+            ret.push_str("\n");
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+    ret.push_str(&format!(
+        "typedef struct __wasi_{}_t {{\n",
+        ident_name(name)
+    ));
+
+    for member in &s.members {
+        if !member.docs.is_empty() {
+            ret.push_str("    /**\n");
+            for line in member.docs.lines() {
+                ret.push_str(&format!("     * {}\n", line));
+            }
+            ret.push_str("     */\n");
+        }
+        ret.push_str(&format!(
+            "    {} {};\n",
+            typeref_name(&member.tref),
+            ident_name(&member.name)
+        ));
+        ret.push_str("\n");
+    }
+
+    ret.push_str(&format!("}} __wasi_{}_t;\n", ident_name(name)));
+    ret.push_str("\n");
+
+    ret.push_str(&format!(
+        "_Static_assert(sizeof(__wasi_{}_t) == {}, \"witx calculated size\");\n",
+        ident_name(name),
+        s.mem_size()
+    ));
+    ret.push_str(&format!(
+        "_Static_assert(_Alignof(__wasi_{}_t) == {}, \"witx calculated align\");\n",
+        ident_name(name),
+        s.mem_align()
+    ));
+
+    for layout in s.member_layout() {
+        ret.push_str(&format!(
+            "_Static_assert(offsetof(__wasi_{}_t, {}) == {}, \"witx calculated offset\");\n",
+            ident_name(name),
+            ident_name(&layout.member.name),
+            layout.offset
+        ));
+    }
+
+    ret.push_str("\n");
+}
+
+fn print_variant(ret: &mut String, name: &Id, v: &Variant) {
+    if v.cases.iter().all(|v| v.tref.is_none()) {
+        return print_enum(ret, name, v);
+    }
+    ret.push_str(&format!(
+        "typedef union __wasi_{}_u_t {{\n",
+        ident_name(name)
+    ));
+
+    for case in &v.cases {
+        if let Some(tref) = &case.tref {
+            if !case.docs.is_empty() {
+                ret.push_str("    /**\n");
+                for line in case.docs.lines() {
+                    ret.push_str(&format!("    * {}\n", line));
+                }
+                ret.push_str("    */\n");
+            }
+            ret.push_str(&format!(
+                "    {} {};\n",
+                typeref_name(tref),
+                ident_name(&case.name)
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+    ret.push_str(&format!("}} __wasi_{}_u_t;\n", ident_name(name)));
+
+    ret.push_str(&format!(
+        "typedef struct __wasi_{}_t {{\n",
+        ident_name(name)
+    ));
+
+    ret.push_str(&format!("    {} tag;\n", intrepr_name(v.tag_repr)));
+    ret.push_str(&format!("    __wasi_{}_u_t u;\n", ident_name(name)));
+
+    ret.push_str(&format!("}} __wasi_{}_t;\n", ident_name(name)));
+    ret.push_str("\n");
+
+    ret.push_str(&format!(
+        "_Static_assert(sizeof(__wasi_{}_t) == {}, \"witx calculated size\");\n",
+        ident_name(name),
+        v.mem_size()
+    ));
+    ret.push_str(&format!(
+        "_Static_assert(_Alignof(__wasi_{}_t) == {}, \"witx calculated align\");\n",
+        ident_name(name),
+        v.mem_align()
+    ));
+
+    ret.push_str("\n");
+}
+
+fn print_handle(ret: &mut String, name: &Id, h: &HandleDatatype) {
+    ret.push_str(&format!("typedef int __wasi_{}_t;\n\n", ident_name(name)));
+
+    ret.push_str(&format!(
+        "_Static_assert(sizeof(__wasi_{}_t) == {}, \"witx calculated size\");\n",
+        ident_name(name),
+        h.mem_size()
+    ));
+    ret.push_str(&format!(
+        "_Static_assert(_Alignof(__wasi_{}_t) == {}, \"witx calculated align\");\n",
+        ident_name(name),
+        h.mem_align()
+    ));
+
+    ret.push_str("\n");
+}
+
+fn print_module(header: &mut String, source: &mut String, m: &Module) {
+    header.push_str("/**\n");
+    header.push_str(&format!(" * @defgroup {}\n", ident_name(&m.name),));
+    for line in m.docs.lines() {
+        header.push_str(&format!(" * {}\n", line));
+    }
+    header.push_str(" * @{\n");
+    header.push_str(" */\n");
+    header.push_str("\n");
+
+    for func in m.funcs() {
+        print_func_header(header, &func);
+        print_func_source(source, &func, &m.name);
+    }
+
+    header.push_str("/** @} */\n");
+    header.push_str("\n");
+}
+
+fn print_func_header(ret: &mut String, func: &InterfaceFunc) {
+    if !func.docs.is_empty() {
+        ret.push_str("/**\n");
+        for line in func.docs.lines() {
+            ret.push_str(&format!(" * {}\n", line));
+        }
+        if !func.results.is_empty() {
+            let first_result = &func.results[0];
+            if !first_result.docs.is_empty() {
+                ret.push_str(" * @return\n");
+                for line in first_result.docs.lines() {
+                    ret.push_str(&format!(" * {}\n", line));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        ret.push_str(" */\n");
+    }
+
+    print_func_signature(ret, func, true);
+
+    if func.results.len() > 0 {
+        ret.push_str(" __attribute__((__warn_unused_result__))");
+    }
+
+    ret.push_str(";\n");
+}
+
+fn print_func_signature(ret: &mut String, func: &InterfaceFunc, header: bool) {
+    let mut params = Vec::new();
+    for param in func.params.iter() {
+        add_params(
+            &mut params,
+            &ident_name(&param.name),
+            &param.tref,
+            &param.docs,
+        );
+    }
+    match func.results.len() {
+        0 => {
+            if func.noreturn {
+                ret.push_str("_Noreturn ");
+            }
+            ret.push_str("void ");
+        }
+        1 => {
+            assert!(!func.noreturn);
+            push_return_type(ret, &mut params, &func.results[0].tref);
+        }
+        _ => panic!("unsupported number of return values"),
+    }
+
+    ret.push_str(&format!("__wasi_{}(\n", ident_name(&func.name)));
+    if params.len() == 0 {
+        ret.push_str("    void\n");
+    } else {
+        for (i, (docs, param)) in params.iter().enumerate() {
+            if header {
+                if let Some(docs) = docs {
+                    ret.push_str("    /**\n");
+                    for line in docs.lines() {
+                        ret.push_str(&format!("     * {}\n", line));
+                    }
+                    ret.push_str("     */\n");
+                }
+            }
+            ret.push_str("    ");
+            ret.push_str(&param);
+            if i != params.len() - 1 {
+                ret.push_str(",");
+            }
+            ret.push_str("\n");
+        }
+    }
+    ret.push_str(")");
+}
+
+fn print_func_source(ret: &mut String, func: &InterfaceFunc, module_name: &Id) {
+    let (params, results) = func.wasm_signature();
+
+    if func.noreturn {
+        ret.push_str("_Noreturn ");
+    }
+    match results.len() {
+        0 => ret.push_str("void "),
+        1 => {
+            ret.push_str(wasm_type(&results[0]));
+            ret.push_str(" ");
+        }
+        _ => unimplemented!(),
+    }
+
+    ret.push_str("__imported_");
+    ret.push_str(&ident_name(module_name));
+    ret.push_str("_");
+    ret.push_str(&ident_name(&func.name));
+    ret.push_str("(");
+    for (i, param) in params.iter().enumerate() {
+        if i > 0 {
+            ret.push_str(", ");
+        }
+        ret.push_str(wasm_type(param));
+        ret.push_str(&format!(" arg{}", i));
+    }
+    ret.push_str(") __attribute__((\n");
+    ret.push_str(&format!(
+        "    __import_module__(\"{}\"),\n",
+        ident_name(module_name)
+    ));
+    ret.push_str(&format!(
+        "    __import_name__(\"{}\")\n",
+        ident_name(&func.name)
+    ));
+    ret.push_str("));\n\n");
+    print_func_signature(ret, func, false);
+    ret.push_str("{\n");
+
+    // Any string arguments will have their length passed to the raw wasi API,
+    // but we only took a `char*` as a parameter. Get the length of all string
+    // arguments here for it to get passed along later.
+    for param in func.params.iter() {
+        if let Type::List(ty) = &**param.tref.type_() {
+            if let Type::Builtin(BuiltinType::Char) = &**ty.type_() {
+                ret.push_str(&format!(
+                    "    size_t {}_len = strlen({0});\n",
+                    ident_name(&param.name)
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    func.call_wasm(
+        module_name,
+        &mut C {
+            src: ret,
+            params: &func.params,
+            block_storage: Vec::new(),
+            blocks: Vec::new(),
+        },
+    );
+
+    ret.push_str("}\n\n");
+
+    /// This is a structure which implements the glue necessary to translate
+    /// between the C API of a function and the desired WASI ABI we're being
+    /// told it has.
+    ///
+    /// It's worth nothing that this will, in the long run, get much fancier.
+    /// For now this is extremely simple and entirely assumes that the WASI ABI
+    /// matches our C ABI. This means it will only really generate valid code
+    /// as-is *today* and won't work for any updates to the WASI ABI in the
+    /// future.
+    ///
+    /// It's hoped that this situation will improve as interface types and witx
+    /// continue to evolve and there's a more clear path forward for how to
+    /// translate an interface types signature to a C API.
+    struct C<'a> {
+        src: &'a mut String,
+        params: &'a [InterfaceFuncParam],
+        block_storage: Vec<String>,
+        blocks: Vec<String>,
+    }
+
+    impl Bindgen for C<'_> {
+        type Operand = String;
+
+        fn push_block(&mut self) {
+            let prev = mem::replace(self.src, String::new());
+            self.block_storage.push(prev);
+        }
+
+        fn finish_block(&mut self, operand: Option<String>) {
+            let to_restore = self.block_storage.pop().unwrap();
+            let src = mem::replace(self.src, to_restore);
+            assert!(src.is_empty());
+            match operand {
+                None => self.blocks.push(String::new()),
+                Some(s) => self.blocks.push(s),
+            }
+        }
+
+        fn allocate_space(&mut self, _: usize, _: &NamedType) {
+            // not necessary due to us taking parameters as pointers
+        }
+
+        fn emit(
+            &mut self,
+            inst: &Instruction<'_>,
+            operands: &mut Vec<String>,
+            results: &mut Vec<String>,
+        ) {
+            let mut top_as = |cvt: &str| {
+                let s = operands.pop().unwrap();
+                results.push(format!("({}) {}", cvt, s));
+            };
+
+            match inst {
+                Instruction::GetArg { nth } => {
+                    results.push(ident_name(&self.params[*nth].name));
+                }
+                // For the C bindings right now any parameter which needs its
+                // address taken is already taken as a pointer, so we can just
+                // forward the operand to the result.
+                Instruction::AddrOf => results.push(operands.pop().unwrap()),
+
+                Instruction::I64FromU64 => top_as("int64_t"),
+                Instruction::I32FromPointer
+                | Instruction::I32FromConstPointer
+                | Instruction::I32FromHandle { .. }
+                | Instruction::I32FromUsize
+                | Instruction::I32FromChar
+                | Instruction::I32FromU8
+                | Instruction::I32FromS8
+                | Instruction::I32FromChar8
+                | Instruction::I32FromU16
+                | Instruction::I32FromS16
+                | Instruction::I32FromU32 => top_as("int32_t"),
+
+                Instruction::I32FromBitflags { .. } | Instruction::I64FromBitflags { .. } => {
+                    // Rely on C's casting for this
+                    results.push(operands.pop().unwrap());
+                }
+
+                // No conversion necessary
+                Instruction::F32FromIf32
+                | Instruction::F64FromIf64
+                | Instruction::If32FromF32
+                | Instruction::If64FromF64
+                | Instruction::I64FromS64
+                | Instruction::I32FromS32 => results.push(operands.pop().unwrap()),
+
+                Instruction::ListPointerLength => {
+                    let list = operands.pop().unwrap();
+                    results.push(format!("(int32_t) {}", list));
+                    results.push(format!("(int32_t) {}_len", list));
+                }
+                Instruction::ReturnPointerGet { n } => {
+                    // We currently match the wasi ABI with the actual
+                    // function's API signature in C, this means when a return
+                    // pointer is asked for we can simply forward our parameter
+                    // that's a return pointer.
+                    results.push(format!("(int32_t) retptr{}", n));
+                }
+
+                Instruction::Load { .. } => {
+                    // this is currently skipped because return pointers are
+                    // already evident in parameters and so we don't need to
+                    // load/store from them again
+                    results.push("dummy".to_string());
+                }
+
+                Instruction::ReuseReturn => {
+                    results.push("ret".to_string());
+                }
+
+                Instruction::TupleLift { .. } => {
+                    // this is currently skipped because tuples are only used
+                    // as return values and those are always returned through
+                    // out-ptrs, so the values have already been passed through
+                    // at this point.
+                    results.push("dummy".to_string());
+                }
+
+                Instruction::ResultLift => {
+                    let err = self.blocks.pop().unwrap();
+
+                    // Our ok block should either have done nothing (meaning
+                    // there's no "ok" payload) or it loaded a return pointer
+                    // and/or tuple some values. In all these cases we discard
+                    // the results since out pointers have already been written
+                    // to and we only return the discriminant from the
+                    // function.
+                    let ok = self.blocks.pop().unwrap();
+                    assert!(ok == "dummy" || ok == "");
+
+                    // Note that we just push the result of the error block.
+                    // Our block management asserts that it's an expression,
+                    // which in this case will basically always be casting the
+                    // error code to an error code variant, which we return.
+                    results.push(err);
+                }
+
+                // Enums are represented in C simply as the integral tag type
+                Instruction::EnumLift { ty } => match &**ty.type_() {
+                    Type::Variant(v) => top_as(intrepr_name(v.tag_repr)),
+                    _ => unreachable!(),
+                },
+                Instruction::EnumLower { .. } => top_as("int32_t"),
+
+                Instruction::CallWasm {
+                    module,
+                    name,
+                    params: _,
+                    results: func_results,
+                } => {
+                    assert!(func_results.len() < 2);
+                    self.src.push_str("    ");
+                    if func_results.len() > 0 {
+                        self.src.push_str(wasm_type(&func_results[0]));
+                        self.src.push_str(" ret = ");
+                        results.push("ret".to_string());
+                    }
+                    self.src.push_str("__imported_");
+                    self.src.push_str(module);
+                    self.src.push_str("_");
+                    self.src.push_str(name);
+                    self.src.push_str("(");
+                    self.src.push_str(&operands.join(", "));
+                    self.src.push_str(");\n");
+                }
+
+                Instruction::Return { amt: 0 } => {}
+                Instruction::Return { amt: 1 } => {
+                    self.src.push_str("    return ");
+                    self.src.push_str(&operands[0]);
+                    self.src.push_str(";\n");
+                }
+
+                other => panic!("unimplemented instruction {:?}", other),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn push_return_type(ret: &mut String, params: &mut Vec<(Option<String>, String)>, tref: &TypeRef) {
+    match &**tref.type_() {
+        Type::Variant(v) => {
+            assert_eq!(v.cases.len(), 2, "unsupported type as a return value");
+            assert!(
+                v.cases[0].name == "ok",
+                "unsupported type as a return value"
+            );
+            assert!(
+                v.cases[1].name == "err",
+                "unsupported type as a return value"
+            );
+            let err = match &v.cases[1].tref {
+                Some(ty) => ty,
+                None => panic!("unsupported type as a return value"),
+            };
+            ret.push_str(&typeref_name(&err));
+            ret.push_str(" ");
+
+            let ok = match &v.cases[0].tref {
+                Some(ty) => ty,
+                None => return,
+            };
+            match &**ok.type_() {
+                Type::Record(r) if r.is_tuple() => {
+                    for (i, member) in r.members.iter().enumerate() {
+                        params.push((None, format!("{} *retptr{}", typeref_name(&member.tref), i)));
+                    }
+                }
+                _ => {
+                    params.push((None, format!("{} *retptr0", typeref_name(ok))));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        _ => panic!("unsupported type as a return value"),
+    }
+}
+
+fn add_params(params: &mut Vec<(Option<String>, String)>, name: &str, tref: &TypeRef, docs: &str) {
+    let docs = if docs.is_empty() {
+        None
+    } else {
+        Some(docs.to_string())
+    };
+    match &**tref.type_() {
+        Type::List(element) => match &**element.type_() {
+            Type::Builtin(BuiltinType::Char) => {
+                params.push((docs, format!("const char *{}", name)));
+            }
+            _ => {
+                params.push((docs, format!("const {} *{}", typeref_name(&element), name)));
+                params.push((
+                    Some(format!("The length of the array pointed to by `{}`.", name,)),
+                    format!("size_t {}_len", name),
+                ));
+            }
+        },
+        _ => {
+            params.push((docs, format!("{} {}", typeref_name(tref), name)));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn ident_name(i: &Id) -> String {
+    i.as_str().to_string()
+}
+
+fn builtin_type_name(b: BuiltinType) -> &'static str {
+    match b {
+        BuiltinType::U8 { lang_c_char: true } => {
+            panic!("no type name for string or char8 builtins")
+        }
+        BuiltinType::U8 { lang_c_char: false } => "uint8_t",
+        BuiltinType::U16 => "uint16_t",
+        BuiltinType::U32 {
+            lang_ptr_size: true,
+        } => "size_t",
+        BuiltinType::U32 {
+            lang_ptr_size: false,
+        } => "uint32_t",
+        BuiltinType::U64 => "uint64_t",
+        BuiltinType::S8 => "int8_t",
+        BuiltinType::S16 => "int16_t",
+        BuiltinType::S32 => "int32_t",
+        BuiltinType::S64 => "int64_t",
+        BuiltinType::F32 => "float",
+        BuiltinType::F64 => "double",
+        BuiltinType::Char => "char32_t",
+    }
+}
+
+fn typeref_name(tref: &TypeRef) -> String {
+    match &**tref.type_() {
+        Type::Builtin(BuiltinType::U8 { lang_c_char: true }) | Type::List(_) => {
+            panic!("unsupported grammar: cannot construct name of string or array",)
+        }
+        _ => {}
+    }
+
+    match tref {
+        TypeRef::Name(named_type) => namedtype_name(&named_type),
+        TypeRef::Value(anon_type) => match &**anon_type {
+            Type::List(_) => unreachable!("arrays excluded above"),
+            Type::Builtin(b) => builtin_type_name(*b).to_string(),
+            Type::Pointer(p) => format!("{} *", typeref_name(&*p)),
+            Type::ConstPointer(p) => format!("const {} *", typeref_name(&*p)),
+            Type::Record { .. } | Type::Variant { .. } | Type::Handle { .. } => unreachable!(
+                "wasi should not have anonymous structs, unions, enums, flags, handles"
+            ),
+        },
+    }
+}
+
+fn namedtype_name(named_type: &NamedType) -> String {
+    match &**named_type.type_() {
+        Type::Pointer(p) => format!("{} *", typeref_name(&*p)),
+        Type::ConstPointer(p) => format!("const {} *", typeref_name(&*p)),
+        Type::List(_) => unreachable!("arrays excluded above"),
+        _ => format!("__wasi_{}_t", named_type.name.as_str()),
+    }
+}
+
+fn intrepr_name(i: IntRepr) -> &'static str {
+    match i {
+        IntRepr::U8 => "uint8_t",
+        IntRepr::U16 => "uint16_t",
+        IntRepr::U32 => "uint32_t",
+        IntRepr::U64 => "uint64_t",
+    }
+}
+
+fn intrepr_const(i: IntRepr) -> &'static str {
+    match i {
+        IntRepr::U8 => "UINT8_C",
+        IntRepr::U16 => "UINT16_C",
+        IntRepr::U32 => "UINT32_C",
+        IntRepr::U64 => "UINT64_C",
+    }
+}
+
+fn wasm_type(wasm: &WasmType) -> &'static str {
+    match wasm {
+        WasmType::I32 => "int32_t",
+        WasmType::I64 => "int64_t",
+        WasmType::F32 => "float",
+        WasmType::F64 => "double",
+    }
+}