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| -rw-r--r-- | src/hash.c | 813 |
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diff --git a/src/hash.c b/src/hash.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000..25668df --- /dev/null +++ b/src/hash.c @@ -0,0 +1,813 @@ +/* Hash tables. + Copyright (C) 2000-2011, 2015, 2018-2023 Free Software Foundation, + Inc. + +This file is part of GNU Wget. + +GNU Wget is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify +it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by +the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or (at +your option) any later version. + +GNU Wget is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, +but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the +GNU General Public License for more details. + +You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License +along with Wget. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. + +Additional permission under GNU GPL version 3 section 7 + +If you modify this program, or any covered work, by linking or +combining it with the OpenSSL project's OpenSSL library (or a +modified version of that library), containing parts covered by the +terms of the OpenSSL or SSLeay licenses, the Free Software Foundation +grants you additional permission to convey the resulting work. +Corresponding Source for a non-source form of such a combination +shall include the source code for the parts of OpenSSL used as well +as that of the covered work. */ + +/* With -DSTANDALONE, this file can be compiled outside Wget source + tree. To test, also use -DTEST. */ + +#ifndef STANDALONE +# include "wget.h" +#endif + +#include <stdio.h> +#include <stdlib.h> +#include <assert.h> +#include <string.h> +#include <limits.h> + +#ifndef STANDALONE +/* Get Wget's utility headers. */ +# include "utils.h" +#else +/* Make do without them. */ +# define xnew(type) (xmalloc (sizeof (type))) +# define xnew0(type) (xcalloc (1, sizeof (type))) +# define xnew_array(type, len) (xmalloc ((len) * sizeof (type))) +# define xfree(p) do { free ((void *) (p)); p = NULL; } while (0) + +# ifndef countof +# define countof(x) (sizeof (x) / sizeof ((x)[0])) +# endif +# include <ctype.h> +# define c_tolower(x) tolower ((unsigned char) (x)) +# include <stdint.h> +#endif + +#include "hash.h" + +/* INTERFACE: + + Hash tables are a technique used to implement mapping between + objects with near-constant-time access and storage. The table + associates keys to values, and a value can be very quickly + retrieved by providing the key. Fast lookup tables are typically + implemented as hash tables. + + The entry points are + hash_table_new -- creates the table. + hash_table_destroy -- destroys the table. + hash_table_put -- establishes or updates key->value mapping. + hash_table_get -- retrieves value of key. + hash_table_get_pair -- get key/value pair for key. + hash_table_contains -- test whether the table contains key. + hash_table_remove -- remove key->value mapping for given key. + hash_table_for_each -- call function for each table entry. + hash_table_iterate -- iterate over entries in hash table. + hash_table_iter_next -- return next element during iteration. + hash_table_clear -- clear hash table contents. + hash_table_count -- return the number of entries in the table. + + The hash table grows internally as new entries are added and is not + limited in size, except by available memory. The table doubles + with each resize, which ensures that the amortized time per + operation remains constant. + + If not instructed otherwise, tables created by hash_table_new + consider the keys to be equal if their pointer values are the same. + You can use make_string_hash_table to create tables whose keys are + considered equal if their string contents are the same. In the + general case, the criterion of equality used to compare keys is + specified at table creation time with two callback functions, + "hash" and "test". The hash function transforms the key into an + arbitrary number that must be the same for two equal keys. The + test function accepts two keys and returns non-zero if they are to + be considered equal. + + Note that neither keys nor values are copied when inserted into the + hash table, so they must exist for the lifetime of the table. This + means that e.g. the use of static strings is OK, but objects with a + shorter life-time probably need to be copied (with strdup() or the + like in the case of strings) before being inserted. */ + +/* IMPLEMENTATION: + + The hash table is implemented as an open-addressed table with + linear probing collision resolution. + + The above means that all the cells (each cell containing a key and + a value pointer) are stored in a contiguous array. Array position + of each cell is determined by the hash value of its key and the + size of the table: location := hash(key) % size. If two different + keys end up on the same position (collide), the one that came + second is stored in the first unoccupied cell that follows it. + This collision resolution technique is called "linear probing". + + There are more advanced collision resolution methods (quadratic + probing, double hashing), but we don't use them because they incur + more non-sequential access to the array, which results in worse CPU + cache behavior. Linear probing works well as long as the + count/size ratio (fullness) is kept below 75%. We make sure to + grow and rehash the table whenever this threshold is exceeded. + + Collisions complicate deletion because simply clearing a cell + followed by previously collided entries would cause those neighbors + to not be picked up by find_cell later. One solution is to leave a + "tombstone" marker instead of clearing the cell, and another is to + recalculate the positions of adjacent cells. We take the latter + approach because it results in less bookkeeping garbage and faster + retrieval at the (slight) expense of deletion. */ + +/* Maximum allowed fullness: when hash table's fullness exceeds this + value, the table is resized. */ +#define HASH_MAX_FULLNESS 0.75 + +/* The hash table size is multiplied by this factor (and then rounded + to the next prime) with each resize. This guarantees infrequent + resizes. */ +#define HASH_RESIZE_FACTOR 2 + +struct cell { + void *key; + void *value; +}; + +typedef unsigned long (*hashfun_t) (const void *); +typedef int (*testfun_t) (const void *, const void *); + +struct hash_table { + hashfun_t hash_function; + testfun_t test_function; + + struct cell *cells; /* contiguous array of cells. */ + int size; /* size of the array. */ + + int count; /* number of occupied entries. */ + int resize_threshold; /* after size exceeds this number of + entries, resize the table. */ + int prime_offset; /* the offset of the current prime in + the prime table. */ +}; + +/* We use the all-bits-set constant (INVALID_PTR) marker to mean that + a cell is empty. It is unaligned and therefore illegal as a + pointer. INVALID_PTR_CHAR (0xff) is the single-character constant + used to initialize the entire cells array as empty. + + The all-bits-set value is a better choice than NULL because it + allows the use of NULL/0 keys. Since the keys are either integers + or pointers, the only key that cannot be used is the integer value + -1. This is acceptable because it still allows the use of + nonnegative integer keys. */ + +#define INVALID_PTR ((void *) ~(uintptr_t) 0) +#ifndef UCHAR_MAX +# define UCHAR_MAX 0xff +#endif +#define INVALID_PTR_CHAR UCHAR_MAX + +/* Whether the cell C is occupied (non-empty). */ +#define CELL_OCCUPIED(c) ((c)->key != INVALID_PTR) + +/* Clear the cell C, i.e. mark it as empty (unoccupied). */ +#define CLEAR_CELL(c) ((c)->key = INVALID_PTR) + +/* "Next" cell is the cell following C, but wrapping back to CELLS + when C would reach CELLS+SIZE. */ +#define NEXT_CELL(c, cells, size) (c != cells + (size - 1) ? c + 1 : cells) + +/* Loop over occupied cells starting at C, terminating the loop when + an empty cell is encountered. */ +#define FOREACH_OCCUPIED_ADJACENT(c, cells, size) \ + for (; CELL_OCCUPIED (c); c = NEXT_CELL (c, cells, size)) + +/* Return the position of KEY in hash table SIZE large, hash function + being HASHFUN. */ +#define HASH_POSITION(key, hashfun, size) ((hashfun) (key) % size) + +/* Find a prime near, but greater than or equal to SIZE. The primes + are looked up from a table with a selection of primes convenient + for this purpose. + + PRIME_OFFSET is a minor optimization: it specifies start position + for the search for the large enough prime. The final offset is + stored in the same variable. That way the list of primes does not + have to be scanned from the beginning each time around. */ + +static int +prime_size (int size, int *prime_offset) +{ + static const int primes[] = { + 13, 19, 29, 41, 59, 79, 107, 149, 197, 263, 347, 457, 599, 787, 1031, + 1361, 1777, 2333, 3037, 3967, 5167, 6719, 8737, 11369, 14783, + 19219, 24989, 32491, 42257, 54941, 71429, 92861, 120721, 156941, + 204047, 265271, 344857, 448321, 582821, 757693, 985003, 1280519, + 1664681, 2164111, 2813353, 3657361, 4754591, 6180989, 8035301, + 10445899, 13579681, 17653589, 22949669, 29834603, 38784989, + 50420551, 65546729, 85210757, 110774011, 144006217, 187208107, + 243370577, 316381771, 411296309, 534685237, 695090819, 903618083, + 1174703521, 1527114613, 1837299131, 2147483647 + }; + size_t i; + + for (i = *prime_offset; i < countof (primes); i++) + if (primes[i] >= size) + { + /* Set the offset to the next prime. That is safe because, + next time we are called, it will be with a larger SIZE, + which means we could never return the same prime anyway. + (If that is not the case, the caller can simply reset + *prime_offset.) */ + *prime_offset = i + 1; + return primes[i]; + } + + abort (); +} + +static int cmp_pointer (const void *, const void *); + +/* Create a hash table with hash function HASH_FUNCTION and test + function TEST_FUNCTION. The table is empty (its count is 0), but + pre-allocated to store at least ITEMS items. + + ITEMS is the number of items that the table can accept without + needing to resize. It is useful when creating a table that is to + be immediately filled with a known number of items. In that case, + the regrows are a waste of time, and specifying ITEMS correctly + will avoid them altogether. + + Note that hash tables grow dynamically regardless of ITEMS. The + only use of ITEMS is to preallocate the table and avoid unnecessary + dynamic regrows. Don't bother making ITEMS prime because it's not + used as size unchanged. To start with a small table that grows as + needed, simply specify zero ITEMS. + + If hash and test callbacks are not specified, identity mapping is + assumed, i.e. pointer values are used for key comparison. (Common + Lisp calls such tables EQ hash tables, and Java calls them + IdentityHashMaps.) If your keys require different comparison, + specify hash and test functions. For easy use of C strings as hash + keys, you can use the convenience functions make_string_hash_table + and make_nocase_string_hash_table. */ + +struct hash_table * +hash_table_new (int items, + unsigned long (*hash_function) (const void *), + int (*test_function) (const void *, const void *)) +{ + int size; + struct hash_table *ht = xnew (struct hash_table); + + ht->hash_function = hash_function ? hash_function : hash_pointer; + ht->test_function = test_function ? test_function : cmp_pointer; + + /* If the size of struct hash_table ever becomes a concern, this + field can go. (Wget doesn't create many hashes.) */ + ht->prime_offset = 0; + + /* Calculate the size that ensures that the table will store at + least ITEMS keys without the need to resize. */ + size = (int) (1 + items / HASH_MAX_FULLNESS); + size = prime_size (size, &ht->prime_offset); + ht->size = size; + ht->resize_threshold = (int) (size * HASH_MAX_FULLNESS); + /*assert (ht->resize_threshold >= items);*/ + + ht->cells = xnew_array (struct cell, ht->size); + + /* Mark cells as empty. We use 0xff rather than 0 to mark empty + keys because it allows us to use NULL/0 as keys. */ + memset (ht->cells, INVALID_PTR_CHAR, size * sizeof (struct cell)); + + ht->count = 0; + + return ht; +} + +/* Free the data associated with hash table HT. */ + +void +hash_table_destroy (struct hash_table *ht) +{ + xfree (ht->cells); + xfree (ht); +} + +/* The heart of most functions in this file -- find the cell whose + KEY is equal to key, using linear probing. Returns the cell + that matches KEY, or the first empty cell if none matches. */ + +static inline struct cell * +find_cell (const struct hash_table *ht, const void *key) +{ + struct cell *cells = ht->cells; + int size = ht->size; + struct cell *c = cells + HASH_POSITION (key, ht->hash_function, size); + testfun_t equals = ht->test_function; + + FOREACH_OCCUPIED_ADJACENT (c, cells, size) + if (equals (key, c->key)) + break; + return c; +} + +/* Get the value that corresponds to the key KEY in the hash table HT. + If no value is found, return NULL. Note that NULL is a legal value + for value; if you are storing NULLs in your hash table, you can use + hash_table_contains to be sure that a (possibly NULL) value exists + in the table. Or, you can use hash_table_get_pair instead of this + function. */ + +void * +hash_table_get (const struct hash_table *ht, const void *key) +{ + struct cell *c = find_cell (ht, key); + if (CELL_OCCUPIED (c)) + return c->value; + else + return NULL; +} + +/* Like hash_table_get, but writes out the pointers to both key and + value. Returns non-zero on success. */ + +int +hash_table_get_pair (const struct hash_table *ht, const void *lookup_key, + void *orig_key, void *value) +{ + struct cell *c = find_cell (ht, lookup_key); + if (CELL_OCCUPIED (c)) + { + if (orig_key) + *(void **)orig_key = c->key; + if (value) + *(void **)value = c->value; + return 1; + } + else + return 0; +} + +/* Return 1 if HT contains KEY, 0 otherwise. */ + +int +hash_table_contains (const struct hash_table *ht, const void *key) +{ + struct cell *c = find_cell (ht, key); + return CELL_OCCUPIED (c); +} + +/* Grow hash table HT as necessary, and rehash all the key-value + mappings. */ + +static void +grow_hash_table (struct hash_table *ht) +{ + hashfun_t hasher = ht->hash_function; + struct cell *old_cells = ht->cells; + struct cell *old_end = ht->cells + ht->size; + struct cell *c, *cells; + int newsize; + + newsize = prime_size (ht->size * HASH_RESIZE_FACTOR, &ht->prime_offset); +#if 0 + printf ("growing from %d to %d; fullness %.2f%% to %.2f%%\n", + ht->size, newsize, + 100.0 * ht->count / ht->size, + 100.0 * ht->count / newsize); +#endif + + ht->size = newsize; + ht->resize_threshold = (int) (newsize * HASH_MAX_FULLNESS); + + cells = xnew_array (struct cell, newsize); + memset (cells, INVALID_PTR_CHAR, newsize * sizeof (struct cell)); + ht->cells = cells; + + for (c = old_cells; c < old_end; c++) + if (CELL_OCCUPIED (c)) + { + struct cell *new_c; + /* We don't need to test for uniqueness of keys because they + come from the hash table and are therefore known to be + unique. */ + new_c = cells + HASH_POSITION (c->key, hasher, newsize); + FOREACH_OCCUPIED_ADJACENT (new_c, cells, newsize) + ; + *new_c = *c; + } + + xfree (old_cells); +} + +/* Put VALUE in the hash table HT under the key KEY. This regrows the + table if necessary. */ + +void +hash_table_put (struct hash_table *ht, const void *key, const void *value) +{ + struct cell *c = find_cell (ht, key); + if (CELL_OCCUPIED (c)) + { + /* update existing item */ + c->key = (void *)key; /* const? */ + c->value = (void *)value; + return; + } + + /* If adding the item would make the table exceed max. fullness, + grow the table first. */ + if (ht->count >= ht->resize_threshold) + { + grow_hash_table (ht); + c = find_cell (ht, key); + } + + /* add new item */ + ++ht->count; + c->key = (void *)key; /* const? */ + c->value = (void *)value; +} + +/* Remove KEY->value mapping from HT. Return 0 if there was no such + entry; return 1 if an entry was removed. */ + +int +hash_table_remove (struct hash_table *ht, const void *key) +{ + struct cell *c = find_cell (ht, key); + if (!CELL_OCCUPIED (c)) + return 0; + else + { + int size = ht->size; + struct cell *cells = ht->cells; + hashfun_t hasher = ht->hash_function; + + CLEAR_CELL (c); + --ht->count; + + /* Rehash all the entries following C. The alternative + approach is to mark the entry as deleted, i.e. create a + "tombstone". That speeds up removal, but leaves a lot of + garbage and slows down hash_table_get and hash_table_put. */ + + c = NEXT_CELL (c, cells, size); + FOREACH_OCCUPIED_ADJACENT (c, cells, size) + { + const void *key2 = c->key; + struct cell *c_new; + + /* Find the new location for the key. */ + c_new = cells + HASH_POSITION (key2, hasher, size); + FOREACH_OCCUPIED_ADJACENT (c_new, cells, size) + if (key2 == c_new->key) + /* The cell C (key2) is already where we want it (in + C_NEW's "chain" of keys.) */ + goto next_rehash; + + *c_new = *c; + CLEAR_CELL (c); + + next_rehash: + ; + } + return 1; + } +} + +/* Clear HT of all entries. After calling this function, the count + and the fullness of the hash table will be zero. The size will + remain unchanged. */ + +void +hash_table_clear (struct hash_table *ht) +{ + memset (ht->cells, INVALID_PTR_CHAR, ht->size * sizeof (struct cell)); + ht->count = 0; +} + +/* Call FN for each entry in HT. FN is called with three arguments: + the key, the value, and ARG. When FN returns a non-zero value, the + mapping stops. + + It is undefined what happens if you add or remove entries in the + hash table while hash_table_for_each is running. The exception is + the entry you're currently mapping over; you may call + hash_table_put or hash_table_remove on that entry's key. That is + also the reason why this function cannot be implemented in terms of + hash_table_iterate. */ + +void +hash_table_for_each (struct hash_table *ht, + int (*fn) (void *, void *, void *), void *arg) +{ + struct cell *c = ht->cells; + struct cell *end = ht->cells + ht->size; + + for (; c < end; c++) + if (CELL_OCCUPIED (c)) + { + void *key; + repeat: + key = c->key; + if (fn (key, c->value, arg)) + return; + /* hash_table_remove might have moved the adjacent cells. */ + if (c->key != key && CELL_OCCUPIED (c)) + goto repeat; + } +} + +/* Initiate iteration over HT. Entries are obtained with + hash_table_iter_next, a typical iteration loop looking like this: + + hash_table_iterator iter; + for (hash_table_iterate (ht, &iter); hash_table_iter_next (&iter); ) + ... do something with iter.key and iter.value ... + + The iterator does not need to be deallocated after use. The hash + table must not be modified while being iterated over. */ + +void +hash_table_iterate (struct hash_table *ht, hash_table_iterator *iter) +{ + iter->pos = ht->cells; + iter->end = ht->cells + ht->size; +} + +/* Get the next hash table entry. ITER is an iterator object + initialized using hash_table_iterate. While there are more + entries, the key and value pointers are stored to ITER->key and + ITER->value respectively and 1 is returned. When there are no more + entries, 0 is returned. + + If the hash table is modified between calls to this function, the + result is undefined. */ + +int +hash_table_iter_next (hash_table_iterator *iter) +{ + struct cell *c = iter->pos; + struct cell *end = iter->end; + for (; c < end; c++) + if (CELL_OCCUPIED (c)) + { + iter->key = c->key; + iter->value = c->value; + iter->pos = c + 1; + return 1; + } + return 0; +} + +/* Return the number of elements in the hash table. This is not the + same as the physical size of the hash table, which is always + greater than the number of elements. */ + +int +hash_table_count (const struct hash_table *ht) +{ + return ht->count; +} + +/* Functions from this point onward are meant for convenience and + don't strictly belong to this file. However, this is as good a + place for them as any. */ + +/* Guidelines for creating custom hash and test functions: + + - The test function returns non-zero for keys that are considered + "equal", zero otherwise. + + - The hash function returns a number that represents the + "distinctness" of the object. In more precise terms, it means + that for any two objects that test "equal" under the test + function, the hash function MUST produce the same result. + + This does not mean that all different objects must produce + different values (that would be "perfect" hashing), only that + non-distinct objects must produce the same values! For instance, + a hash function that returns 0 for any given object is a + perfectly valid (albeit extremely bad) hash function. A hash + function that hashes a string by adding up all its characters is + another example of a valid (but still quite bad) hash function. + + It is not hard to make hash and test functions agree about + equality. For example, if the test function compares strings + case-insensitively, the hash function can lower-case the + characters when calculating the hash value. That ensures that + two strings differing only in case will hash the same. + + - To prevent performance degradation, choose a hash function with + as good "spreading" as possible. A good hash function will use + all the bits of the input when calculating the hash, and will + react to even small changes in input with a completely different + output. But don't make the hash function itself overly slow, + because you'll be incurring a non-negligible overhead to all hash + table operations. */ + +/* + * Support for hash tables whose keys are strings. + * + */ + +/* Base 31 hash function. Taken from Gnome's glib, modified to use + standard C types. + + We used to use the popular hash function from the Dragon Book, but + this one seems to perform much better, both by being faster and by + generating less collisions. */ + +#ifdef __clang__ +__attribute__((no_sanitize("integer"))) +#endif +static unsigned long +hash_string (const void *key) +{ + const char *p = key; + unsigned int h = *p; + + if (h) + for (p += 1; *p != '\0'; p++) + h = (h << 5) - h + *p; + + return h; +} + +/* Frontend for strcmp usable for hash tables. */ + +static int +cmp_string (const void *s1, const void *s2) +{ + return !strcmp ((const char *)s1, (const char *)s2); +} + +/* Return a hash table of preallocated to store at least ITEMS items + suitable to use strings as keys. */ + +struct hash_table * +make_string_hash_table (int items) +{ + return hash_table_new (items, hash_string, cmp_string); +} + +/* + * Support for hash tables whose keys are strings, but which are + * compared case-insensitively. + * + */ + +/* Like hash_string, but produce the same hash regardless of the case. */ + +#ifdef __clang__ +__attribute__((no_sanitize("integer"))) +#endif +static unsigned long +hash_string_nocase (const void *key) +{ + const char *p = key; + unsigned int h = c_tolower (*p); + + if (h) + for (p += 1; *p != '\0'; p++) + h = (h << 5) - h + c_tolower (*p); + + return h; +} + +/* Like string_cmp, but doing case-insensitive comparison. */ + +static int +string_cmp_nocase (const void *s1, const void *s2) +{ + return !strcasecmp ((const char *)s1, (const char *)s2); +} + +/* Like make_string_hash_table, but uses string_hash_nocase and + string_cmp_nocase. */ + +struct hash_table * +make_nocase_string_hash_table (int items) +{ + return hash_table_new (items, hash_string_nocase, string_cmp_nocase); +} + +/* Hashing of numeric values, such as pointers and integers. + + This implementation is the Robert Jenkins' 32 bit Mix Function, + with a simple adaptation for 64-bit values. According to Jenkins + it should offer excellent spreading of values. Unlike the popular + Knuth's multiplication hash, this function doesn't need to know the + hash table size to work. */ + +#ifdef __clang__ +__attribute__((no_sanitize("integer"))) +#endif +unsigned long +hash_pointer (const void *ptr) +{ + uintptr_t key = (uintptr_t) ptr; + key += (key << 12); + key ^= (key >> 22); + key += (key << 4); + key ^= (key >> 9); + key += (key << 10); + key ^= (key >> 2); + key += (key << 7); + key ^= (key >> 12); +#if SIZEOF_VOID_P > 4 + key += (key << 44); + key ^= (key >> 54); + key += (key << 36); + key ^= (key >> 41); + key += (key << 42); + key ^= (key >> 34); + key += (key << 39); + key ^= (key >> 44); +#endif + return (unsigned long) key; +} + +static int +cmp_pointer (const void *ptr1, const void *ptr2) +{ + return ptr1 == ptr2; +} + +#ifdef TEST + +#include <stdio.h> +#include <string.h> + +void +print_hash (struct hash_table *sht) +{ + hash_table_iterator iter; + int count = 0; + + for (hash_table_iterate (sht, &iter); hash_table_iter_next (&iter); + ++count) + printf ("%s: %s\n", iter.key, iter.value); + assert (count == sht->count); +} + +int +main (void) +{ + struct hash_table *ht = make_string_hash_table (0); + char line[80]; + +#ifdef ENABLE_NLS + /* Set the current locale. */ + setlocale (LC_ALL, ""); + /* Set the text message domain. */ + bindtextdomain ("wget", LOCALEDIR); + textdomain ("wget"); +#endif /* ENABLE_NLS */ + + while ((fgets (line, sizeof (line), stdin))) + { + int len = strlen (line); + if (len <= 1) + continue; + line[--len] = '\0'; + if (!hash_table_contains (ht, line)) + hash_table_put (ht, strdup (line), "here I am!"); +#if 1 + if (len % 5 == 0) + { + char *line_copy; + if (hash_table_get_pair (ht, line, &line_copy, NULL)) + { + hash_table_remove (ht, line); + xfree (line_copy); + } + } +#endif + } +#if 0 + print_hash (ht); +#endif +#if 1 + printf ("%d %d\n", ht->count, ht->size); +#endif + return 0; +} +#endif /* TEST */ |