path: root/doc/rawshark.adoc

include::../docbook/attributes.adoc[]
= rawshark(1)
:doctype: manpage
:stylesheet: ws.css
:linkcss:
:copycss: ../docbook/{stylesheet}

== NAME

rawshark - Dump and analyze raw pcap data

== SYNOPSIS

[manarg]
*rawshark*
[ *-d* <encap:linktype>|<proto:protoname> ]
[ *-F* <field to display> ]
[ *-l* ]
[ *-m* <bytes> ]
[ *-o* <preference setting> ] ...
[ *-p* ]
[ *-r* <pipe>|- ]
[ *-R* <read (display) filter> ]
[ *-s* ]
[ *-S* <field format> ]
[ *options* ]

[manarg]
*rawshark*
*-h|--help*

[manarg]
*rawshark*
*-v|--version*

== DESCRIPTION

*Rawshark* reads a stream of packets from a file or pipe, and prints a line
describing its output, followed by a set of matching fields for each packet
on stdout.

== INPUT

Unlike *TShark*, *Rawshark* makes no assumptions about encapsulation or
input. The *-d* and *-r* flags must be specified in order for it to run.
One or more *-F* flags should be specified in order for the output to be
useful. The other flags listed above follow the same conventions as
*Wireshark* and *TShark*.

*Rawshark* expects input records with the following format by default. This
matches the format of the packet header and packet data in a pcap-formatted
file on disk.

    struct rawshark_rec_s {
        uint32_t ts_sec;      /* Time stamp (seconds) */
        uint32_t ts_usec;     /* Time stamp (microseconds) */
        uint32_t caplen;      /* Length of the packet buffer */
        uint32_t len;         /* "On the wire" length of the packet */
        uint8_t data[caplen]; /* Packet data */
    };

If *-p* is supplied *rawshark* expects the following format.  This
matches the __struct pcap_pkthdr__ structure and packet data used in
libpcap, Npcap, or WinPcap.  This structure's format is platform-dependent; the
size of the __tv_sec__ field in the __struct timeval__ structure could be
32 bits or 64 bits.  For *rawshark* to work, the layout of the
structure in the input must match the layout of the structure in
*rawshark*.  Note that this format will probably be the same as the
previous format if *rawshark* is a 32-bit program, but will not
necessarily be the same if *rawshark* is a 64-bit program.

    struct rawshark_rec_s {
        struct timeval ts;    /* Time stamp */
        uint32_t caplen;      /* Length of the packet buffer */
        uint32_t len;         /* "On the wire" length of the packet */
        uint8_t data[caplen]; /* Packet data */
    };

In either case, the endianness (byte ordering) of each integer must match the
system on which *rawshark* is running.

== OUTPUT

If one or more fields are specified via the *-F* flag, *Rawshark* prints
the number, field type, and display format for each field on the first line
as "packet number" 0. For each record, the packet number, matching fields,
and a "1" or "0" are printed to indicate if the field matched any supplied
display filter. A "-" is used to signal the end of a field description and
at the end of each packet line. For example, the flags *-F ip.src -F
 dns.qry.type* might generate the following output:

    0 FT_IPv4 BASE_NONE - 1 FT_UINT16 BASE_HEX -
    1 1="1" 0="192.168.77.10" 1 -
    2 1="1" 0="192.168.77.250" 1 -
    3 0="192.168.77.10" 1 -
    4 0="74.125.19.104" 1 -

Note that packets 1 and 2 are DNS queries, and 3 and 4 are not. Adding *-R "not dns"* still prints each line, but there's an indication
that packets 1 and 2 didn't pass the filter:

    0 FT_IPv4 BASE_NONE - 1 FT_UINT16 BASE_HEX -
    1 1="1" 0="192.168.77.10" 0 -
    2 1="1" 0="192.168.77.250" 0 -
    3 0="192.168.77.10" 1 -
    4 0="74.125.19.104" 1 -

Also note that the output may be in any order, and that multiple matching
fields might be displayed.

== OPTIONS

-d  <encapsulation>::
+
--
Specify how the packet data should be dissected. The encapsulation is of the
form __type:value__, where __type__ is one of:

*encap*:__name__ Packet data should be dissected using the
libpcap/Npcap/WinPcap data link type (DLT) __name__, e.g. *encap:EN10MB* for
Ethernet.  Names are converted using pcap_datalink_name_to_val().
A complete list of DLTs can be found at
https://www.tcpdump.org/linktypes.html.

*encap*:__number__ Packet data should be dissected using the
libpcap/Npcap/WinPcap LINKTYPE_ __number__, e.g. *encap:105* for raw IEEE
802.11 or *encap:101* for raw IP.

*proto*:__protocol__ Packet data should be passed to the specified Wireshark
protocol dissector, e.g. *proto:http* for HTTP data.
--

-F  <field to display>::
+
--
Add the matching field to the output. Fields are any valid display filter
field. More than one *-F* flag may be specified, and each field can match
multiple times in a given packet. A single field may be specified per *-F*
flag. If you want to apply a display filter, use the *-R* flag.
--

-h|--help::
Print the version number and options and exit.

-l::
+
--
Flush the standard output after the information for each packet is
printed.  (This is not, strictly speaking, line-buffered if *-V*
was specified; however, it is the same as line-buffered if *-V* wasn't
specified, as only one line is printed for each packet, and, as *-l* is
normally used when piping a live capture to a program or script, so that
output for a packet shows up as soon as the packet is seen and
dissected, it should work just as well as true line-buffering.  We do
this as a workaround for a deficiency in the Microsoft Visual C++ C
library.)

This may be useful when piping the output of *TShark* to another
program, as it means that the program to which the output is piped will
see the dissected data for a packet as soon as *TShark* sees the
packet and generates that output, rather than seeing it only when the
standard output buffer containing that data fills up.
--

-m  <memory limit bytes>::
Limit rawshark's memory usage to the specified number of bytes. POSIX
(non-Windows) only.

-o  <preference>:<value>::
+
--
Set a preference value, overriding the default value and any value read
from a preference file.  The argument to the option is a string of the
form __prefname:value__, where __prefname__ is the name of the
preference (which is the same name that would appear in the preference
file), and __value__ is the value to which it should be set.
--

-p::
+
--
Assume that packet data is preceded by a pcap_pkthdr struct as defined in
pcap.h. On some systems the size of the timestamp data will be different from
the data written to disk. On other systems they are identical and this flag has
no effect.
--

-r  <pipe>|-::
+
--
Read packet data from __input source__. It can be either the name of a FIFO
(named pipe) or ``-'' to read data from the standard input, and must have
the record format specified above.

If you are sending data to rawshark from a parent process on Windows you
should not close rawshark's standard input handle prematurely, otherwise
the C runtime might trigger an exception.
--

-R  <read (display) filter>::
+
--
Cause the specified filter (which uses the syntax of read/display filters,
rather than that of capture filters) to be applied before printing the output.
--

-s::
Allows standard pcap files to be used as input, by skipping over the 24
byte pcap file header.

-S::
+
--
Use the specified format string to print each field. The following formats
are supported:

*%D* Field name or description, e.g. "Type" for dns.qry.type

*%N* Base 10 numeric value of the field.

*%S* String value of the field.

For something similar to Wireshark's standard display ("Type: A (1)") you
could use *%D: %S (%N)*.
--

-v|--version::
Print the full version information and exit.

include::dissection-options.adoc[tags=!tshark;!decode_as]

include::diagnostic-options.adoc[]

== READ FILTER SYNTAX

For a complete table of protocol and protocol fields that are filterable
in *TShark* see the xref:wireshark-filter.html[wireshark-filter](4) manual page.

== FILES

These files contains various *Wireshark* configuration values.

Preferences::
+
--
The __preferences__ files contain global (system-wide) and personal
preference settings. If the system-wide preference file exists, it is
read first, overriding the default settings. If the personal preferences
file exists, it is read next, overriding any previous values. Note: If
the command line option *-o* is used (possibly more than once), it will
in turn override values from the preferences files.

The preferences settings are in the form __prefname:value__,
one per line,
where __prefname__ is the name of the preference
and __value__ is the value to
which it should be set; white space is allowed between *:* and
__value__.  A preference setting can be continued on subsequent lines by
indenting the continuation lines with white space.  A *#* character
starts a comment that runs to the end of the line:

  # Capture in promiscuous mode?
  # TRUE or FALSE (case-insensitive).
  capture.prom_mode: TRUE

The global preferences file is looked for in the __wireshark__ directory
under the __share__ subdirectory of the main installation directory.  On
macOS, this would typically be
__/Application/Wireshark.app/Contents/Resources/share__; on other
UNIX-compatible systems, such as Linux, \*BSD, Solaris, and AIX, this
would typically be __/usr/share/wireshark/preferences__ for
system-installed packages and __/usr/local/share/wireshark/preferences__
for locally-installed packages; on Windows, this would typically be
__C:\Program Files\Wireshark\preferences__.

On UNIX-compatible systems, the personal preferences file is looked for
in __$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/wireshark/preferences__, (or, if
__$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/wireshark__ does not exist while __$HOME/.wireshark__
does exist, __$HOME/.wireshark/preferences__); this is typically
__$HOME/.config/wireshark/preferences__.  On Windows,
the personal preferences file is looked for in
__%APPDATA%\Wireshark\preferences__ (or, if %APPDATA% isn't defined,
__%USERPROFILE%\Application Data\Wireshark\preferences__).
--

Disabled (Enabled) Protocols::
+
--
The __disabled_protos__ files contain system-wide and personal lists of
protocols that have been disabled, so that their dissectors are never
called.  The files contain protocol names, one per line, where the
protocol name is the same name that would be used in a display filter
for the protocol:

  http
  tcp     # a comment

The global __disabled_protos__ file uses the same directory as the global
preferences file.

The personal __disabled_protos__ file uses the same directory as the
personal preferences file.
--

Name Resolution (hosts)::
+
--
If the personal __hosts__ file exists, it is
used to resolve IPv4 and IPv6 addresses before any other
attempts are made to resolve them.  The file has the standard __hosts__
file syntax; each line contains one IP address and name, separated by
whitespace. The same directory as for the personal preferences file is
used.

Capture filter name resolution is handled by libpcap on UNIX-compatible
systems, such as Linux, macOS, \*BSD, Solaris, and AIX, and by Npcap or
WinPcap on Windows.  As such the Wireshark personal __hosts__ file will
not be consulted for capture filter name resolution.
--

Name Resolution (subnets)::
+
--
If an IPv4 address cannot be translated via name resolution (no exact
match is found) then a partial match is attempted via the __subnets__ file.

Each line of this file consists of an IPv4 address, a subnet mask length
separated only by a / and a name separated by whitespace. While the address
must be a full IPv4 address, any values beyond the mask length are subsequently
ignored.

An example is:

# Comments must be prepended by the # sign!
192.168.0.0/24 ws_test_network

A partially matched name will be printed as "subnet-name.remaining-address".
For example, "192.168.0.1" under the subnet above would be printed as
"ws_test_network.1"; if the mask length above had been 16 rather than 24, the
printed address would be ``ws_test_network.0.1".
--

Name Resolution (ethers)::
+
--
The __ethers__ files are consulted to correlate 6-byte hardware addresses to
names. First the personal __ethers__ file is tried and if an address is not
found there the global __ethers__ file is tried next.

Each line contains one hardware address and name, separated by
whitespace.  The digits of the hardware address are separated by colons
(:), dashes (-) or periods (.).  The same separator character must be
used consistently in an address. The following three lines are valid
lines of an __ethers__ file:

  ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff          Broadcast
  c0-00-ff-ff-ff-ff          TR_broadcast
  00.00.00.00.00.00          Zero_broadcast

The global __ethers__ file is looked for in the __/etc__ directory on
UNIX-compatible systems, such as Linux, macOS, \*BSD, Solaris, and AIX,
and in the main installation directory (for example, __C:\Program
Files\Wireshark__) on Windows systems.

The personal __ethers__ file is looked for in the same directory as the personal
preferences file.

Capture filter name resolution is handled by libpcap on UNIX-compatible
systems and Npcap or WinPcap on Windows.  As such the Wireshark personal
__ethers__ file will not be consulted for capture filter name resolution.
--

Name Resolution (manuf)::
+
--
The __manuf__ file is used to match the 3-byte vendor portion of a 6-byte
hardware address with the manufacturer's name; it can also contain well-known
MAC addresses and address ranges specified with a netmask.  The format of the
file is the same as the __ethers__ files, except that entries of the form:

  00:00:0C      Cisco

can be provided, with the 3-byte OUI and the name for a vendor, and
entries such as:

  00-00-0C-07-AC/40     All-HSRP-routers

can be specified, with a MAC address and a mask indicating how many bits
of the address must match. The above entry, for example, has 40
significant bits, or 5 bytes, and would match addresses from
00-00-0C-07-AC-00 through 00-00-0C-07-AC-FF. The mask need not be a
multiple of 8.

The __manuf__ file is looked for in the same directory as the global
preferences file.
--

Name Resolution (services)::
+
--
The __services__ file is used to translate port numbers into names.

The file has the standard __services__ file syntax; each line contains one
(service) name and one transport identifier separated by white space.  The
transport identifier includes one port number and one transport protocol name
(typically tcp, udp, or sctp) separated by a /.

An example is:

  mydns       5045/udp     # My own Domain Name Server
  mydns       5045/tcp     # My own Domain Name Server
--

Name Resolution (ipxnets)::
+
--
The __ipxnets__ files are used to correlate 4-byte IPX network numbers to
names. First the global __ipxnets__ file is tried and if that address is not
found there the personal one is tried next.

The format is the same as the __ethers__
file, except that each address is four bytes instead of six.
Additionally, the address can be represented as a single hexadecimal
number, as is more common in the IPX world, rather than four hex octets.
For example, these four lines are valid lines of an __ipxnets__ file:

  C0.A8.2C.00              HR
  c0-a8-1c-00              CEO
  00:00:BE:EF              IT_Server1
  110f                     FileServer3

The global __ipxnets__ file is looked for in the __/etc__ directory on
UNIX-compatible systems, such as Linux, macOS, \*BSD, Solaris, and AIX,
and in the main installation directory (for example, __C:\Program
Files\Wireshark__) on Windows systems.

The personal __ipxnets__ file is looked for in the same directory as the
personal preferences file.
--

== ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES

// Should this be moved to an include file?

WIRESHARK_CONFIG_DIR::
+
--
This environment variable overrides the location of personal
configuration files.  On UNIX-compatible systems, such as Linux, macOS,
\*BSD, Solaris, and AIX, it defaults to __$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/wireshark__
(or, if that directory doesn't exist but __$HOME/.wireshark__ does
exist, __$HOME/.wireshark__); this is typically
__$HOME/.config/wireshark__.  On Windows, it defaults to
__%APPDATA%\Wireshark__ (or, if %APPDATA% isn't defined,
__%USERPROFILE%\Application Data\Wireshark__).  Available since
Wireshark 3.0.
--

WIRESHARK_DEBUG_WMEM_OVERRIDE::
+
--
Setting this environment variable forces the wmem framework to use the
specified allocator backend for *all* allocations, regardless of which
backend is normally specified by the code. This is mainly useful to developers
when testing or debugging. See __README.wmem__ in the source distribution for
details.
--

WIRESHARK_RUN_FROM_BUILD_DIRECTORY::
+
--
This environment variable causes the plugins and other data files to be
loaded from the build directory (where the program was compiled) rather
than from the standard locations.  It has no effect when the program in
question is running with root (or setuid) permissions on UNIX-compatible
systems, such as Linux, macOS, \*BSD, Solaris, and AIX.
--

WIRESHARK_DATA_DIR::
+
--
This environment variable causes the various data files to be loaded from
a directory other than the standard locations.  It has no effect when the
program in question is running with root (or setuid) permissions on
UNIX-compatible systems.
--

ERF_RECORDS_TO_CHECK::
+
--
This environment variable controls the number of ERF records checked when
deciding if a file really is in the ERF format.  Setting this environment
variable a number higher than the default (20) would make false positives
less likely.
--

IPFIX_RECORDS_TO_CHECK::
+
--
This environment variable controls the number of IPFIX records checked when
deciding if a file really is in the IPFIX format.  Setting this environment
variable a number higher than the default (20) would make false positives
less likely.
--

WIRESHARK_ABORT_ON_DISSECTOR_BUG::
+
--
If this environment variable is set, *Rawshark* will call abort(3)
when a dissector bug is encountered.  abort(3) will cause the program to
exit abnormally; if you are running *Rawshark* in a debugger, it
should halt in the debugger and allow inspection of the process, and, if
you are not running it in a debugger, it will, on some OSes, assuming
your environment is configured correctly, generate a core dump file.
This can be useful to developers attempting to troubleshoot a problem
with a protocol dissector.
--

WIRESHARK_ABORT_ON_TOO_MANY_ITEMS::
+
--
If this environment variable is set, *Rawshark* will call abort(3)
if a dissector tries to add too many items to a tree (generally this
is an indication of the dissector not breaking out of a loop soon enough).
abort(3) will cause the program to exit abnormally; if you are running
*Rawshark* in a debugger, it should halt in the debugger and allow
inspection of the process, and, if you are not running it in a debugger,
it will, on some OSes, assuming your environment is configured correctly,
generate a core dump file.  This can be useful to developers attempting to
troubleshoot a problem with a protocol dissector.
--

== SEE ALSO

xref:wireshark-filter.html[wireshark-filter](4), xref:wireshark.html[wireshark](1), xref:tshark.html[tshark](1), xref:editcap.html[editcap](1), xref:https://www.tcpdump.org/manpages/pcap.3pcap.html[pcap](3), xref:dumpcap.html[dumpcap](1),
xref:text2pcap.html[text2pcap](1), xref:https://www.tcpdump.org/manpages/pcap-filter.7.html[pcap-filter](7) or xref:https://www.tcpdump.org/manpages/tcpdump.1.html[tcpdump](8)

== NOTES

This is the manual page for *Rawshark* {wireshark-version}.
*Rawshark* is part of the *Wireshark* distribution.
The latest version of *Wireshark* can be found at https://www.wireshark.org.

HTML versions of the Wireshark project man pages are available at
https://www.wireshark.org/docs/man-pages.

== AUTHORS

*Rawshark* uses the same packet dissection code that *Wireshark* does, as
well as using many other modules from *Wireshark*; see the list of authors
in the *Wireshark* man page for a list of authors of that code.