Adding upstream version 2024.03.10.upstream/2024.03.10

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

1 files changed, 1346 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/yt_dlp/cookies.py b/yt_dlp/cookies.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..28d174a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/cookies.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1346 @@
+import base64
+import collections
+import contextlib
+import glob
+import http.cookiejar
+import http.cookies
+import io
+import json
+import os
+import re
+import shutil
+import struct
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import tempfile
+import time
+import urllib.request
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
+from enum import Enum, auto
+from hashlib import pbkdf2_hmac
+
+from .aes import (
+    aes_cbc_decrypt_bytes,
+    aes_gcm_decrypt_and_verify_bytes,
+    unpad_pkcs7,
+)
+from .compat import functools  # isort: split
+from .compat import compat_os_name
+from .dependencies import (
+    _SECRETSTORAGE_UNAVAILABLE_REASON,
+    secretstorage,
+    sqlite3,
+)
+from .minicurses import MultilinePrinter, QuietMultilinePrinter
+from .utils import (
+    DownloadError,
+    Popen,
+    error_to_str,
+    expand_path,
+    is_path_like,
+    sanitize_url,
+    str_or_none,
+    try_call,
+    write_string,
+)
+from .utils._utils import _YDLLogger
+from .utils.networking import normalize_url
+
+CHROMIUM_BASED_BROWSERS = {'brave', 'chrome', 'chromium', 'edge', 'opera', 'vivaldi'}
+SUPPORTED_BROWSERS = CHROMIUM_BASED_BROWSERS | {'firefox', 'safari'}
+
+
+class YDLLogger(_YDLLogger):
+    def warning(self, message, only_once=False):  # compat
+        return super().warning(message, once=only_once)
+
+    class ProgressBar(MultilinePrinter):
+        _DELAY, _timer = 0.1, 0
+
+        def print(self, message):
+            if time.time() - self._timer > self._DELAY:
+                self.print_at_line(f'[Cookies] {message}', 0)
+                self._timer = time.time()
+
+    def progress_bar(self):
+        """Return a context manager with a print method. (Optional)"""
+        # Do not print to files/pipes, loggers, or when --no-progress is used
+        if not self._ydl or self._ydl.params.get('noprogress') or self._ydl.params.get('logger'):
+            return
+        file = self._ydl._out_files.error
+        try:
+            if not file.isatty():
+                return
+        except BaseException:
+            return
+        return self.ProgressBar(file, preserve_output=False)
+
+
+def _create_progress_bar(logger):
+    if hasattr(logger, 'progress_bar'):
+        printer = logger.progress_bar()
+        if printer:
+            return printer
+    printer = QuietMultilinePrinter()
+    printer.print = lambda _: None
+    return printer
+
+
+def load_cookies(cookie_file, browser_specification, ydl):
+    cookie_jars = []
+    if browser_specification is not None:
+        browser_name, profile, keyring, container = _parse_browser_specification(*browser_specification)
+        cookie_jars.append(
+            extract_cookies_from_browser(browser_name, profile, YDLLogger(ydl), keyring=keyring, container=container))
+
+    if cookie_file is not None:
+        is_filename = is_path_like(cookie_file)
+        if is_filename:
+            cookie_file = expand_path(cookie_file)
+
+        jar = YoutubeDLCookieJar(cookie_file)
+        if not is_filename or os.access(cookie_file, os.R_OK):
+            jar.load()
+        cookie_jars.append(jar)
+
+    return _merge_cookie_jars(cookie_jars)
+
+
+def extract_cookies_from_browser(browser_name, profile=None, logger=YDLLogger(), *, keyring=None, container=None):
+    if browser_name == 'firefox':
+        return _extract_firefox_cookies(profile, container, logger)
+    elif browser_name == 'safari':
+        return _extract_safari_cookies(profile, logger)
+    elif browser_name in CHROMIUM_BASED_BROWSERS:
+        return _extract_chrome_cookies(browser_name, profile, keyring, logger)
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(f'unknown browser: {browser_name}')
+
+
+def _extract_firefox_cookies(profile, container, logger):
+    logger.info('Extracting cookies from firefox')
+    if not sqlite3:
+        logger.warning('Cannot extract cookies from firefox without sqlite3 support. '
+                       'Please use a Python interpreter compiled with sqlite3 support')
+        return YoutubeDLCookieJar()
+
+    if profile is None:
+        search_roots = list(_firefox_browser_dirs())
+    elif _is_path(profile):
+        search_roots = [profile]
+    else:
+        search_roots = [os.path.join(path, profile) for path in _firefox_browser_dirs()]
+    search_root = ', '.join(map(repr, search_roots))
+
+    cookie_database_path = _newest(_firefox_cookie_dbs(search_roots))
+    if cookie_database_path is None:
+        raise FileNotFoundError(f'could not find firefox cookies database in {search_root}')
+    logger.debug(f'Extracting cookies from: "{cookie_database_path}"')
+
+    container_id = None
+    if container not in (None, 'none'):
+        containers_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(cookie_database_path), 'containers.json')
+        if not os.path.isfile(containers_path) or not os.access(containers_path, os.R_OK):
+            raise FileNotFoundError(f'could not read containers.json in {search_root}')
+        with open(containers_path, encoding='utf8') as containers:
+            identities = json.load(containers).get('identities', [])
+        container_id = next((context.get('userContextId') for context in identities if container in (
+            context.get('name'),
+            try_call(lambda: re.fullmatch(r'userContext([^\.]+)\.label', context['l10nID']).group())
+        )), None)
+        if not isinstance(container_id, int):
+            raise ValueError(f'could not find firefox container "{container}" in containers.json')
+
+    with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix='yt_dlp') as tmpdir:
+        cursor = None
+        try:
+            cursor = _open_database_copy(cookie_database_path, tmpdir)
+            if isinstance(container_id, int):
+                logger.debug(
+                    f'Only loading cookies from firefox container "{container}", ID {container_id}')
+                cursor.execute(
+                    'SELECT host, name, value, path, expiry, isSecure FROM moz_cookies WHERE originAttributes LIKE ? OR originAttributes LIKE ?',
+                    (f'%userContextId={container_id}', f'%userContextId={container_id}&%'))
+            elif container == 'none':
+                logger.debug('Only loading cookies not belonging to any container')
+                cursor.execute(
+                    'SELECT host, name, value, path, expiry, isSecure FROM moz_cookies WHERE NOT INSTR(originAttributes,"userContextId=")')
+            else:
+                cursor.execute('SELECT host, name, value, path, expiry, isSecure FROM moz_cookies')
+            jar = YoutubeDLCookieJar()
+            with _create_progress_bar(logger) as progress_bar:
+                table = cursor.fetchall()
+                total_cookie_count = len(table)
+                for i, (host, name, value, path, expiry, is_secure) in enumerate(table):
+                    progress_bar.print(f'Loading cookie {i: 6d}/{total_cookie_count: 6d}')
+                    cookie = http.cookiejar.Cookie(
+                        version=0, name=name, value=value, port=None, port_specified=False,
+                        domain=host, domain_specified=bool(host), domain_initial_dot=host.startswith('.'),
+                        path=path, path_specified=bool(path), secure=is_secure, expires=expiry, discard=False,
+                        comment=None, comment_url=None, rest={})
+                    jar.set_cookie(cookie)
+            logger.info(f'Extracted {len(jar)} cookies from firefox')
+            return jar
+        finally:
+            if cursor is not None:
+                cursor.connection.close()
+
+
+def _firefox_browser_dirs():
+    if sys.platform in ('cygwin', 'win32'):
+        yield os.path.expandvars(R'%APPDATA%\Mozilla\Firefox\Profiles')
+
+    elif sys.platform == 'darwin':
+        yield os.path.expanduser('~/Library/Application Support/Firefox/Profiles')
+
+    else:
+        yield from map(os.path.expanduser, ('~/.mozilla/firefox', '~/snap/firefox/common/.mozilla/firefox'))
+
+
+def _firefox_cookie_dbs(roots):
+    for root in map(os.path.abspath, roots):
+        for pattern in ('', '*/', 'Profiles/*/'):
+            yield from glob.iglob(os.path.join(root, pattern, 'cookies.sqlite'))
+
+
+def _get_chromium_based_browser_settings(browser_name):
+    # https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/HEAD/docs/user_data_dir.md
+    if sys.platform in ('cygwin', 'win32'):
+        appdata_local = os.path.expandvars('%LOCALAPPDATA%')
+        appdata_roaming = os.path.expandvars('%APPDATA%')
+        browser_dir = {
+            'brave': os.path.join(appdata_local, R'BraveSoftware\Brave-Browser\User Data'),
+            'chrome': os.path.join(appdata_local, R'Google\Chrome\User Data'),
+            'chromium': os.path.join(appdata_local, R'Chromium\User Data'),
+            'edge': os.path.join(appdata_local, R'Microsoft\Edge\User Data'),
+            'opera': os.path.join(appdata_roaming, R'Opera Software\Opera Stable'),
+            'vivaldi': os.path.join(appdata_local, R'Vivaldi\User Data'),
+        }[browser_name]
+
+    elif sys.platform == 'darwin':
+        appdata = os.path.expanduser('~/Library/Application Support')
+        browser_dir = {
+            'brave': os.path.join(appdata, 'BraveSoftware/Brave-Browser'),
+            'chrome': os.path.join(appdata, 'Google/Chrome'),
+            'chromium': os.path.join(appdata, 'Chromium'),
+            'edge': os.path.join(appdata, 'Microsoft Edge'),
+            'opera': os.path.join(appdata, 'com.operasoftware.Opera'),
+            'vivaldi': os.path.join(appdata, 'Vivaldi'),
+        }[browser_name]
+
+    else:
+        config = _config_home()
+        browser_dir = {
+            'brave': os.path.join(config, 'BraveSoftware/Brave-Browser'),
+            'chrome': os.path.join(config, 'google-chrome'),
+            'chromium': os.path.join(config, 'chromium'),
+            'edge': os.path.join(config, 'microsoft-edge'),
+            'opera': os.path.join(config, 'opera'),
+            'vivaldi': os.path.join(config, 'vivaldi'),
+        }[browser_name]
+
+    # Linux keyring names can be determined by snooping on dbus while opening the browser in KDE:
+    # dbus-monitor "interface='org.kde.KWallet'" "type=method_return"
+    keyring_name = {
+        'brave': 'Brave',
+        'chrome': 'Chrome',
+        'chromium': 'Chromium',
+        'edge': 'Microsoft Edge' if sys.platform == 'darwin' else 'Chromium',
+        'opera': 'Opera' if sys.platform == 'darwin' else 'Chromium',
+        'vivaldi': 'Vivaldi' if sys.platform == 'darwin' else 'Chrome',
+    }[browser_name]
+
+    browsers_without_profiles = {'opera'}
+
+    return {
+        'browser_dir': browser_dir,
+        'keyring_name': keyring_name,
+        'supports_profiles': browser_name not in browsers_without_profiles
+    }
+
+
+def _extract_chrome_cookies(browser_name, profile, keyring, logger):
+    logger.info(f'Extracting cookies from {browser_name}')
+
+    if not sqlite3:
+        logger.warning(f'Cannot extract cookies from {browser_name} without sqlite3 support. '
+                       'Please use a Python interpreter compiled with sqlite3 support')
+        return YoutubeDLCookieJar()
+
+    config = _get_chromium_based_browser_settings(browser_name)
+
+    if profile is None:
+        search_root = config['browser_dir']
+    elif _is_path(profile):
+        search_root = profile
+        config['browser_dir'] = os.path.dirname(profile) if config['supports_profiles'] else profile
+    else:
+        if config['supports_profiles']:
+            search_root = os.path.join(config['browser_dir'], profile)
+        else:
+            logger.error(f'{browser_name} does not support profiles')
+            search_root = config['browser_dir']
+
+    cookie_database_path = _newest(_find_files(search_root, 'Cookies', logger))
+    if cookie_database_path is None:
+        raise FileNotFoundError(f'could not find {browser_name} cookies database in "{search_root}"')
+    logger.debug(f'Extracting cookies from: "{cookie_database_path}"')
+
+    decryptor = get_cookie_decryptor(config['browser_dir'], config['keyring_name'], logger, keyring=keyring)
+
+    with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix='yt_dlp') as tmpdir:
+        cursor = None
+        try:
+            cursor = _open_database_copy(cookie_database_path, tmpdir)
+            cursor.connection.text_factory = bytes
+            column_names = _get_column_names(cursor, 'cookies')
+            secure_column = 'is_secure' if 'is_secure' in column_names else 'secure'
+            cursor.execute(f'SELECT host_key, name, value, encrypted_value, path, expires_utc, {secure_column} FROM cookies')
+            jar = YoutubeDLCookieJar()
+            failed_cookies = 0
+            unencrypted_cookies = 0
+            with _create_progress_bar(logger) as progress_bar:
+                table = cursor.fetchall()
+                total_cookie_count = len(table)
+                for i, line in enumerate(table):
+                    progress_bar.print(f'Loading cookie {i: 6d}/{total_cookie_count: 6d}')
+                    is_encrypted, cookie = _process_chrome_cookie(decryptor, *line)
+                    if not cookie:
+                        failed_cookies += 1
+                        continue
+                    elif not is_encrypted:
+                        unencrypted_cookies += 1
+                    jar.set_cookie(cookie)
+            if failed_cookies > 0:
+                failed_message = f' ({failed_cookies} could not be decrypted)'
+            else:
+                failed_message = ''
+            logger.info(f'Extracted {len(jar)} cookies from {browser_name}{failed_message}')
+            counts = decryptor._cookie_counts.copy()
+            counts['unencrypted'] = unencrypted_cookies
+            logger.debug(f'cookie version breakdown: {counts}')
+            return jar
+        except PermissionError as error:
+            if compat_os_name == 'nt' and error.errno == 13:
+                message = 'Could not copy Chrome cookie database. See  https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/7271  for more info'
+                logger.error(message)
+                raise DownloadError(message)  # force exit
+            raise
+        finally:
+            if cursor is not None:
+                cursor.connection.close()
+
+
+def _process_chrome_cookie(decryptor, host_key, name, value, encrypted_value, path, expires_utc, is_secure):
+    host_key = host_key.decode()
+    name = name.decode()
+    value = value.decode()
+    path = path.decode()
+    is_encrypted = not value and encrypted_value
+
+    if is_encrypted:
+        value = decryptor.decrypt(encrypted_value)
+        if value is None:
+            return is_encrypted, None
+
+    return is_encrypted, http.cookiejar.Cookie(
+        version=0, name=name, value=value, port=None, port_specified=False,
+        domain=host_key, domain_specified=bool(host_key), domain_initial_dot=host_key.startswith('.'),
+        path=path, path_specified=bool(path), secure=is_secure, expires=expires_utc, discard=False,
+        comment=None, comment_url=None, rest={})
+
+
+class ChromeCookieDecryptor:
+    """
+    Overview:
+
+        Linux:
+        - cookies are either v10 or v11
+            - v10: AES-CBC encrypted with a fixed key
+                - also attempts empty password if decryption fails
+            - v11: AES-CBC encrypted with an OS protected key (keyring)
+                - also attempts empty password if decryption fails
+            - v11 keys can be stored in various places depending on the activate desktop environment [2]
+
+        Mac:
+        - cookies are either v10 or not v10
+            - v10: AES-CBC encrypted with an OS protected key (keyring) and more key derivation iterations than linux
+            - not v10: 'old data' stored as plaintext
+
+        Windows:
+        - cookies are either v10 or not v10
+            - v10: AES-GCM encrypted with a key which is encrypted with DPAPI
+            - not v10: encrypted with DPAPI
+
+    Sources:
+    - [1] https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/refs/heads/main/components/os_crypt/
+    - [2] https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/refs/heads/main/components/os_crypt/sync/key_storage_linux.cc
+        - KeyStorageLinux::CreateService
+    """
+
+    _cookie_counts = {}
+
+    def decrypt(self, encrypted_value):
+        raise NotImplementedError('Must be implemented by sub classes')
+
+
+def get_cookie_decryptor(browser_root, browser_keyring_name, logger, *, keyring=None):
+    if sys.platform == 'darwin':
+        return MacChromeCookieDecryptor(browser_keyring_name, logger)
+    elif sys.platform in ('win32', 'cygwin'):
+        return WindowsChromeCookieDecryptor(browser_root, logger)
+    return LinuxChromeCookieDecryptor(browser_keyring_name, logger, keyring=keyring)
+
+
+class LinuxChromeCookieDecryptor(ChromeCookieDecryptor):
+    def __init__(self, browser_keyring_name, logger, *, keyring=None):
+        self._logger = logger
+        self._v10_key = self.derive_key(b'peanuts')
+        self._empty_key = self.derive_key(b'')
+        self._cookie_counts = {'v10': 0, 'v11': 0, 'other': 0}
+        self._browser_keyring_name = browser_keyring_name
+        self._keyring = keyring
+
+    @functools.cached_property
+    def _v11_key(self):
+        password = _get_linux_keyring_password(self._browser_keyring_name, self._keyring, self._logger)
+        return None if password is None else self.derive_key(password)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def derive_key(password):
+        # values from
+        # https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/refs/heads/main/components/os_crypt/sync/os_crypt_linux.cc
+        return pbkdf2_sha1(password, salt=b'saltysalt', iterations=1, key_length=16)
+
+    def decrypt(self, encrypted_value):
+        """
+
+        following the same approach as the fix in [1]: if cookies fail to decrypt then attempt to decrypt
+        with an empty password. The failure detection is not the same as what chromium uses so the
+        results won't be perfect
+
+        References:
+            - [1] https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/bbd54702284caca1f92d656fdcadf2ccca6f4165%5E%21/
+                - a bugfix to try an empty password as a fallback
+        """
+        version = encrypted_value[:3]
+        ciphertext = encrypted_value[3:]
+
+        if version == b'v10':
+            self._cookie_counts['v10'] += 1
+            return _decrypt_aes_cbc_multi(ciphertext, (self._v10_key, self._empty_key), self._logger)
+
+        elif version == b'v11':
+            self._cookie_counts['v11'] += 1
+            if self._v11_key is None:
+                self._logger.warning('cannot decrypt v11 cookies: no key found', only_once=True)
+                return None
+            return _decrypt_aes_cbc_multi(ciphertext, (self._v11_key, self._empty_key), self._logger)
+
+        else:
+            self._logger.warning(f'unknown cookie version: "{version}"', only_once=True)
+            self._cookie_counts['other'] += 1
+            return None
+
+
+class MacChromeCookieDecryptor(ChromeCookieDecryptor):
+    def __init__(self, browser_keyring_name, logger):
+        self._logger = logger
+        password = _get_mac_keyring_password(browser_keyring_name, logger)
+        self._v10_key = None if password is None else self.derive_key(password)
+        self._cookie_counts = {'v10': 0, 'other': 0}
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def derive_key(password):
+        # values from
+        # https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/refs/heads/main/components/os_crypt/sync/os_crypt_mac.mm
+        return pbkdf2_sha1(password, salt=b'saltysalt', iterations=1003, key_length=16)
+
+    def decrypt(self, encrypted_value):
+        version = encrypted_value[:3]
+        ciphertext = encrypted_value[3:]
+
+        if version == b'v10':
+            self._cookie_counts['v10'] += 1
+            if self._v10_key is None:
+                self._logger.warning('cannot decrypt v10 cookies: no key found', only_once=True)
+                return None
+
+            return _decrypt_aes_cbc_multi(ciphertext, (self._v10_key,), self._logger)
+
+        else:
+            self._cookie_counts['other'] += 1
+            # other prefixes are considered 'old data' which were stored as plaintext
+            # https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/refs/heads/main/components/os_crypt/sync/os_crypt_mac.mm
+            return encrypted_value
+
+
+class WindowsChromeCookieDecryptor(ChromeCookieDecryptor):
+    def __init__(self, browser_root, logger):
+        self._logger = logger
+        self._v10_key = _get_windows_v10_key(browser_root, logger)
+        self._cookie_counts = {'v10': 0, 'other': 0}
+
+    def decrypt(self, encrypted_value):
+        version = encrypted_value[:3]
+        ciphertext = encrypted_value[3:]
+
+        if version == b'v10':
+            self._cookie_counts['v10'] += 1
+            if self._v10_key is None:
+                self._logger.warning('cannot decrypt v10 cookies: no key found', only_once=True)
+                return None
+
+            # https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/refs/heads/main/components/os_crypt/sync/os_crypt_win.cc
+            #   kNonceLength
+            nonce_length = 96 // 8
+            # boringssl
+            #   EVP_AEAD_AES_GCM_TAG_LEN
+            authentication_tag_length = 16
+
+            raw_ciphertext = ciphertext
+            nonce = raw_ciphertext[:nonce_length]
+            ciphertext = raw_ciphertext[nonce_length:-authentication_tag_length]
+            authentication_tag = raw_ciphertext[-authentication_tag_length:]
+
+            return _decrypt_aes_gcm(ciphertext, self._v10_key, nonce, authentication_tag, self._logger)
+
+        else:
+            self._cookie_counts['other'] += 1
+            # any other prefix means the data is DPAPI encrypted
+            # https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/refs/heads/main/components/os_crypt/sync/os_crypt_win.cc
+            return _decrypt_windows_dpapi(encrypted_value, self._logger).decode()
+
+
+def _extract_safari_cookies(profile, logger):
+    if sys.platform != 'darwin':
+        raise ValueError(f'unsupported platform: {sys.platform}')
+
+    if profile:
+        cookies_path = os.path.expanduser(profile)
+        if not os.path.isfile(cookies_path):
+            raise FileNotFoundError('custom safari cookies database not found')
+
+    else:
+        cookies_path = os.path.expanduser('~/Library/Cookies/Cookies.binarycookies')
+
+        if not os.path.isfile(cookies_path):
+            logger.debug('Trying secondary cookie location')
+            cookies_path = os.path.expanduser('~/Library/Containers/com.apple.Safari/Data/Library/Cookies/Cookies.binarycookies')
+            if not os.path.isfile(cookies_path):
+                raise FileNotFoundError('could not find safari cookies database')
+
+    with open(cookies_path, 'rb') as f:
+        cookies_data = f.read()
+
+    jar = parse_safari_cookies(cookies_data, logger=logger)
+    logger.info(f'Extracted {len(jar)} cookies from safari')
+    return jar
+
+
+class ParserError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+class DataParser:
+    def __init__(self, data, logger):
+        self._data = data
+        self.cursor = 0
+        self._logger = logger
+
+    def read_bytes(self, num_bytes):
+        if num_bytes < 0:
+            raise ParserError(f'invalid read of {num_bytes} bytes')
+        end = self.cursor + num_bytes
+        if end > len(self._data):
+            raise ParserError('reached end of input')
+        data = self._data[self.cursor:end]
+        self.cursor = end
+        return data
+
+    def expect_bytes(self, expected_value, message):
+        value = self.read_bytes(len(expected_value))
+        if value != expected_value:
+            raise ParserError(f'unexpected value: {value} != {expected_value} ({message})')
+
+    def read_uint(self, big_endian=False):
+        data_format = '>I' if big_endian else '<I'
+        return struct.unpack(data_format, self.read_bytes(4))[0]
+
+    def read_double(self, big_endian=False):
+        data_format = '>d' if big_endian else '<d'
+        return struct.unpack(data_format, self.read_bytes(8))[0]
+
+    def read_cstring(self):
+        buffer = []
+        while True:
+            c = self.read_bytes(1)
+            if c == b'\x00':
+                return b''.join(buffer).decode()
+            else:
+                buffer.append(c)
+
+    def skip(self, num_bytes, description='unknown'):
+        if num_bytes > 0:
+            self._logger.debug(f'skipping {num_bytes} bytes ({description}): {self.read_bytes(num_bytes)!r}')
+        elif num_bytes < 0:
+            raise ParserError(f'invalid skip of {num_bytes} bytes')
+
+    def skip_to(self, offset, description='unknown'):
+        self.skip(offset - self.cursor, description)
+
+    def skip_to_end(self, description='unknown'):
+        self.skip_to(len(self._data), description)
+
+
+def _mac_absolute_time_to_posix(timestamp):
+    return int((datetime(2001, 1, 1, 0, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc) + timedelta(seconds=timestamp)).timestamp())
+
+
+def _parse_safari_cookies_header(data, logger):
+    p = DataParser(data, logger)
+    p.expect_bytes(b'cook', 'database signature')
+    number_of_pages = p.read_uint(big_endian=True)
+    page_sizes = [p.read_uint(big_endian=True) for _ in range(number_of_pages)]
+    return page_sizes, p.cursor
+
+
+def _parse_safari_cookies_page(data, jar, logger):
+    p = DataParser(data, logger)
+    p.expect_bytes(b'\x00\x00\x01\x00', 'page signature')
+    number_of_cookies = p.read_uint()
+    record_offsets = [p.read_uint() for _ in range(number_of_cookies)]
+    if number_of_cookies == 0:
+        logger.debug(f'a cookies page of size {len(data)} has no cookies')
+        return
+
+    p.skip_to(record_offsets[0], 'unknown page header field')
+
+    with _create_progress_bar(logger) as progress_bar:
+        for i, record_offset in enumerate(record_offsets):
+            progress_bar.print(f'Loading cookie {i: 6d}/{number_of_cookies: 6d}')
+            p.skip_to(record_offset, 'space between records')
+            record_length = _parse_safari_cookies_record(data[record_offset:], jar, logger)
+            p.read_bytes(record_length)
+    p.skip_to_end('space in between pages')
+
+
+def _parse_safari_cookies_record(data, jar, logger):
+    p = DataParser(data, logger)
+    record_size = p.read_uint()
+    p.skip(4, 'unknown record field 1')
+    flags = p.read_uint()
+    is_secure = bool(flags & 0x0001)
+    p.skip(4, 'unknown record field 2')
+    domain_offset = p.read_uint()
+    name_offset = p.read_uint()
+    path_offset = p.read_uint()
+    value_offset = p.read_uint()
+    p.skip(8, 'unknown record field 3')
+    expiration_date = _mac_absolute_time_to_posix(p.read_double())
+    _creation_date = _mac_absolute_time_to_posix(p.read_double())  # noqa: F841
+
+    try:
+        p.skip_to(domain_offset)
+        domain = p.read_cstring()
+
+        p.skip_to(name_offset)
+        name = p.read_cstring()
+
+        p.skip_to(path_offset)
+        path = p.read_cstring()
+
+        p.skip_to(value_offset)
+        value = p.read_cstring()
+    except UnicodeDecodeError:
+        logger.warning('failed to parse Safari cookie because UTF-8 decoding failed', only_once=True)
+        return record_size
+
+    p.skip_to(record_size, 'space at the end of the record')
+
+    cookie = http.cookiejar.Cookie(
+        version=0, name=name, value=value, port=None, port_specified=False,
+        domain=domain, domain_specified=bool(domain), domain_initial_dot=domain.startswith('.'),
+        path=path, path_specified=bool(path), secure=is_secure, expires=expiration_date, discard=False,
+        comment=None, comment_url=None, rest={})
+    jar.set_cookie(cookie)
+    return record_size
+
+
+def parse_safari_cookies(data, jar=None, logger=YDLLogger()):
+    """
+    References:
+        - https://github.com/libyal/dtformats/blob/main/documentation/Safari%20Cookies.asciidoc
+            - this data appears to be out of date but the important parts of the database structure is the same
+            - there are a few bytes here and there which are skipped during parsing
+    """
+    if jar is None:
+        jar = YoutubeDLCookieJar()
+    page_sizes, body_start = _parse_safari_cookies_header(data, logger)
+    p = DataParser(data[body_start:], logger)
+    for page_size in page_sizes:
+        _parse_safari_cookies_page(p.read_bytes(page_size), jar, logger)
+    p.skip_to_end('footer')
+    return jar
+
+
+class _LinuxDesktopEnvironment(Enum):
+    """
+    https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/refs/heads/main/base/nix/xdg_util.h
+    DesktopEnvironment
+    """
+    OTHER = auto()
+    CINNAMON = auto()
+    DEEPIN = auto()
+    GNOME = auto()
+    KDE3 = auto()
+    KDE4 = auto()
+    KDE5 = auto()
+    KDE6 = auto()
+    PANTHEON = auto()
+    UKUI = auto()
+    UNITY = auto()
+    XFCE = auto()
+    LXQT = auto()
+
+
+class _LinuxKeyring(Enum):
+    """
+    https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/refs/heads/main/components/os_crypt/sync/key_storage_util_linux.h
+    SelectedLinuxBackend
+    """
+    KWALLET = auto()  # KDE4
+    KWALLET5 = auto()
+    KWALLET6 = auto()
+    GNOMEKEYRING = auto()
+    BASICTEXT = auto()
+
+
+SUPPORTED_KEYRINGS = _LinuxKeyring.__members__.keys()
+
+
+def _get_linux_desktop_environment(env, logger):
+    """
+    https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/refs/heads/main/base/nix/xdg_util.cc
+    GetDesktopEnvironment
+    """
+    xdg_current_desktop = env.get('XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP', None)
+    desktop_session = env.get('DESKTOP_SESSION', None)
+    if xdg_current_desktop is not None:
+        xdg_current_desktop = xdg_current_desktop.split(':')[0].strip()
+
+        if xdg_current_desktop == 'Unity':
+            if desktop_session is not None and 'gnome-fallback' in desktop_session:
+                return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.GNOME
+            else:
+                return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.UNITY
+        elif xdg_current_desktop == 'Deepin':
+            return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.DEEPIN
+        elif xdg_current_desktop == 'GNOME':
+            return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.GNOME
+        elif xdg_current_desktop == 'X-Cinnamon':
+            return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.CINNAMON
+        elif xdg_current_desktop == 'KDE':
+            kde_version = env.get('KDE_SESSION_VERSION', None)
+            if kde_version == '5':
+                return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE5
+            elif kde_version == '6':
+                return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE6
+            elif kde_version == '4':
+                return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE4
+            else:
+                logger.info(f'unknown KDE version: "{kde_version}". Assuming KDE4')
+                return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE4
+        elif xdg_current_desktop == 'Pantheon':
+            return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.PANTHEON
+        elif xdg_current_desktop == 'XFCE':
+            return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.XFCE
+        elif xdg_current_desktop == 'UKUI':
+            return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.UKUI
+        elif xdg_current_desktop == 'LXQt':
+            return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.LXQT
+        else:
+            logger.info(f'XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP is set to an unknown value: "{xdg_current_desktop}"')
+
+    elif desktop_session is not None:
+        if desktop_session == 'deepin':
+            return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.DEEPIN
+        elif desktop_session in ('mate', 'gnome'):
+            return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.GNOME
+        elif desktop_session in ('kde4', 'kde-plasma'):
+            return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE4
+        elif desktop_session == 'kde':
+            if 'KDE_SESSION_VERSION' in env:
+                return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE4
+            else:
+                return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE3
+        elif 'xfce' in desktop_session or desktop_session == 'xubuntu':
+            return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.XFCE
+        elif desktop_session == 'ukui':
+            return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.UKUI
+        else:
+            logger.info(f'DESKTOP_SESSION is set to an unknown value: "{desktop_session}"')
+
+    else:
+        if 'GNOME_DESKTOP_SESSION_ID' in env:
+            return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.GNOME
+        elif 'KDE_FULL_SESSION' in env:
+            if 'KDE_SESSION_VERSION' in env:
+                return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE4
+            else:
+                return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE3
+    return _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.OTHER
+
+
+def _choose_linux_keyring(logger):
+    """
+    SelectBackend in [1]
+
+    There is currently support for forcing chromium to use BASIC_TEXT by creating a file called
+    `Disable Local Encryption` [1] in the user data dir. The function to write this file (`WriteBackendUse()` [1])
+    does not appear to be called anywhere other than in tests, so the user would have to create this file manually
+    and so would be aware enough to tell yt-dlp to use the BASIC_TEXT keyring.
+
+    References:
+        - [1] https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/refs/heads/main/components/os_crypt/sync/key_storage_util_linux.cc
+    """
+    desktop_environment = _get_linux_desktop_environment(os.environ, logger)
+    logger.debug(f'detected desktop environment: {desktop_environment.name}')
+    if desktop_environment == _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE4:
+        linux_keyring = _LinuxKeyring.KWALLET
+    elif desktop_environment == _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE5:
+        linux_keyring = _LinuxKeyring.KWALLET5
+    elif desktop_environment == _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE6:
+        linux_keyring = _LinuxKeyring.KWALLET6
+    elif desktop_environment in (
+        _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE3, _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.LXQT, _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.OTHER
+    ):
+        linux_keyring = _LinuxKeyring.BASICTEXT
+    else:
+        linux_keyring = _LinuxKeyring.GNOMEKEYRING
+    return linux_keyring
+
+
+def _get_kwallet_network_wallet(keyring, logger):
+    """ The name of the wallet used to store network passwords.
+
+    https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/refs/heads/main/components/os_crypt/sync/kwallet_dbus.cc
+    KWalletDBus::NetworkWallet
+    which does a dbus call to the following function:
+    https://api.kde.org/frameworks/kwallet/html/classKWallet_1_1Wallet.html
+    Wallet::NetworkWallet
+    """
+    default_wallet = 'kdewallet'
+    try:
+        if keyring == _LinuxKeyring.KWALLET:
+            service_name = 'org.kde.kwalletd'
+            wallet_path = '/modules/kwalletd'
+        elif keyring == _LinuxKeyring.KWALLET5:
+            service_name = 'org.kde.kwalletd5'
+            wallet_path = '/modules/kwalletd5'
+        elif keyring == _LinuxKeyring.KWALLET6:
+            service_name = 'org.kde.kwalletd6'
+            wallet_path = '/modules/kwalletd6'
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(keyring)
+
+        stdout, _, returncode = Popen.run([
+            'dbus-send', '--session', '--print-reply=literal',
+            f'--dest={service_name}',
+            wallet_path,
+            'org.kde.KWallet.networkWallet'
+        ], text=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL)
+
+        if returncode:
+            logger.warning('failed to read NetworkWallet')
+            return default_wallet
+        else:
+            logger.debug(f'NetworkWallet = "{stdout.strip()}"')
+            return stdout.strip()
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.warning(f'exception while obtaining NetworkWallet: {e}')
+        return default_wallet
+
+
+def _get_kwallet_password(browser_keyring_name, keyring, logger):
+    logger.debug(f'using kwallet-query to obtain password from {keyring.name}')
+
+    if shutil.which('kwallet-query') is None:
+        logger.error('kwallet-query command not found. KWallet and kwallet-query '
+                     'must be installed to read from KWallet. kwallet-query should be'
+                     'included in the kwallet package for your distribution')
+        return b''
+
+    network_wallet = _get_kwallet_network_wallet(keyring, logger)
+
+    try:
+        stdout, _, returncode = Popen.run([
+            'kwallet-query',
+            '--read-password', f'{browser_keyring_name} Safe Storage',
+            '--folder', f'{browser_keyring_name} Keys',
+            network_wallet
+        ], stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL)
+
+        if returncode:
+            logger.error(f'kwallet-query failed with return code {returncode}. '
+                         'Please consult the kwallet-query man page for details')
+            return b''
+        else:
+            if stdout.lower().startswith(b'failed to read'):
+                logger.debug('failed to read password from kwallet. Using empty string instead')
+                # this sometimes occurs in KDE because chrome does not check hasEntry and instead
+                # just tries to read the value (which kwallet returns "") whereas kwallet-query
+                # checks hasEntry. To verify this:
+                # dbus-monitor "interface='org.kde.KWallet'" "type=method_return"
+                # while starting chrome.
+                # this was identified as a bug later and fixed in
+                # https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/bbd54702284caca1f92d656fdcadf2ccca6f4165%5E%21/#F0
+                # https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/5463af3c39d7f5b6d11db7fbd51e38cc1974d764
+                return b''
+            else:
+                logger.debug('password found')
+                return stdout.rstrip(b'\n')
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.warning(f'exception running kwallet-query: {error_to_str(e)}')
+        return b''
+
+
+def _get_gnome_keyring_password(browser_keyring_name, logger):
+    if not secretstorage:
+        logger.error(f'secretstorage not available {_SECRETSTORAGE_UNAVAILABLE_REASON}')
+        return b''
+    # the Gnome keyring does not seem to organise keys in the same way as KWallet,
+    # using `dbus-monitor` during startup, it can be observed that chromium lists all keys
+    # and presumably searches for its key in the list. It appears that we must do the same.
+    # https://github.com/jaraco/keyring/issues/556
+    with contextlib.closing(secretstorage.dbus_init()) as con:
+        col = secretstorage.get_default_collection(con)
+        for item in col.get_all_items():
+            if item.get_label() == f'{browser_keyring_name} Safe Storage':
+                return item.get_secret()
+        else:
+            logger.error('failed to read from keyring')
+            return b''
+
+
+def _get_linux_keyring_password(browser_keyring_name, keyring, logger):
+    # note: chrome/chromium can be run with the following flags to determine which keyring backend
+    # it has chosen to use
+    # chromium --enable-logging=stderr --v=1 2>&1 | grep key_storage_
+    # Chromium supports a flag: --password-store=<basic|gnome|kwallet> so the automatic detection
+    # will not be sufficient in all cases.
+
+    keyring = _LinuxKeyring[keyring] if keyring else _choose_linux_keyring(logger)
+    logger.debug(f'Chosen keyring: {keyring.name}')
+
+    if keyring in (_LinuxKeyring.KWALLET, _LinuxKeyring.KWALLET5, _LinuxKeyring.KWALLET6):
+        return _get_kwallet_password(browser_keyring_name, keyring, logger)
+    elif keyring == _LinuxKeyring.GNOMEKEYRING:
+        return _get_gnome_keyring_password(browser_keyring_name, logger)
+    elif keyring == _LinuxKeyring.BASICTEXT:
+        # when basic text is chosen, all cookies are stored as v10 (so no keyring password is required)
+        return None
+    assert False, f'Unknown keyring {keyring}'
+
+
+def _get_mac_keyring_password(browser_keyring_name, logger):
+    logger.debug('using find-generic-password to obtain password from OSX keychain')
+    try:
+        stdout, _, returncode = Popen.run(
+            ['security', 'find-generic-password',
+             '-w',  # write password to stdout
+             '-a', browser_keyring_name,  # match 'account'
+             '-s', f'{browser_keyring_name} Safe Storage'],  # match 'service'
+            stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL)
+        if returncode:
+            logger.warning('find-generic-password failed')
+            return None
+        return stdout.rstrip(b'\n')
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.warning(f'exception running find-generic-password: {error_to_str(e)}')
+        return None
+
+
+def _get_windows_v10_key(browser_root, logger):
+    """
+    References:
+        - [1] https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/refs/heads/main/components/os_crypt/sync/os_crypt_win.cc
+    """
+    path = _newest(_find_files(browser_root, 'Local State', logger))
+    if path is None:
+        logger.error('could not find local state file')
+        return None
+    logger.debug(f'Found local state file at "{path}"')
+    with open(path, encoding='utf8') as f:
+        data = json.load(f)
+    try:
+        # kOsCryptEncryptedKeyPrefName in [1]
+        base64_key = data['os_crypt']['encrypted_key']
+    except KeyError:
+        logger.error('no encrypted key in Local State')
+        return None
+    encrypted_key = base64.b64decode(base64_key)
+    # kDPAPIKeyPrefix in [1]
+    prefix = b'DPAPI'
+    if not encrypted_key.startswith(prefix):
+        logger.error('invalid key')
+        return None
+    return _decrypt_windows_dpapi(encrypted_key[len(prefix):], logger)
+
+
+def pbkdf2_sha1(password, salt, iterations, key_length):
+    return pbkdf2_hmac('sha1', password, salt, iterations, key_length)
+
+
+def _decrypt_aes_cbc_multi(ciphertext, keys, logger, initialization_vector=b' ' * 16):
+    for key in keys:
+        plaintext = unpad_pkcs7(aes_cbc_decrypt_bytes(ciphertext, key, initialization_vector))
+        try:
+            return plaintext.decode()
+        except UnicodeDecodeError:
+            pass
+    logger.warning('failed to decrypt cookie (AES-CBC) because UTF-8 decoding failed. Possibly the key is wrong?', only_once=True)
+    return None
+
+
+def _decrypt_aes_gcm(ciphertext, key, nonce, authentication_tag, logger):
+    try:
+        plaintext = aes_gcm_decrypt_and_verify_bytes(ciphertext, key, authentication_tag, nonce)
+    except ValueError:
+        logger.warning('failed to decrypt cookie (AES-GCM) because the MAC check failed. Possibly the key is wrong?', only_once=True)
+        return None
+
+    try:
+        return plaintext.decode()
+    except UnicodeDecodeError:
+        logger.warning('failed to decrypt cookie (AES-GCM) because UTF-8 decoding failed. Possibly the key is wrong?', only_once=True)
+        return None
+
+
+def _decrypt_windows_dpapi(ciphertext, logger):
+    """
+    References:
+        - https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/dpapi/nf-dpapi-cryptunprotectdata
+    """
+
+    import ctypes
+    import ctypes.wintypes
+
+    class DATA_BLOB(ctypes.Structure):
+        _fields_ = [('cbData', ctypes.wintypes.DWORD),
+                    ('pbData', ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_char))]
+
+    buffer = ctypes.create_string_buffer(ciphertext)
+    blob_in = DATA_BLOB(ctypes.sizeof(buffer), buffer)
+    blob_out = DATA_BLOB()
+    ret = ctypes.windll.crypt32.CryptUnprotectData(
+        ctypes.byref(blob_in),  # pDataIn
+        None,  # ppszDataDescr: human readable description of pDataIn
+        None,  # pOptionalEntropy: salt?
+        None,  # pvReserved: must be NULL
+        None,  # pPromptStruct: information about prompts to display
+        0,  # dwFlags
+        ctypes.byref(blob_out)  # pDataOut
+    )
+    if not ret:
+        logger.warning('failed to decrypt with DPAPI', only_once=True)
+        return None
+
+    result = ctypes.string_at(blob_out.pbData, blob_out.cbData)
+    ctypes.windll.kernel32.LocalFree(blob_out.pbData)
+    return result
+
+
+def _config_home():
+    return os.environ.get('XDG_CONFIG_HOME', os.path.expanduser('~/.config'))
+
+
+def _open_database_copy(database_path, tmpdir):
+    # cannot open sqlite databases if they are already in use (e.g. by the browser)
+    database_copy_path = os.path.join(tmpdir, 'temporary.sqlite')
+    shutil.copy(database_path, database_copy_path)
+    conn = sqlite3.connect(database_copy_path)
+    return conn.cursor()
+
+
+def _get_column_names(cursor, table_name):
+    table_info = cursor.execute(f'PRAGMA table_info({table_name})').fetchall()
+    return [row[1].decode() for row in table_info]
+
+
+def _newest(files):
+    return max(files, key=lambda path: os.lstat(path).st_mtime, default=None)
+
+
+def _find_files(root, filename, logger):
+    # if there are multiple browser profiles, take the most recently used one
+    i = 0
+    with _create_progress_bar(logger) as progress_bar:
+        for curr_root, _, files in os.walk(root):
+            for file in files:
+                i += 1
+                progress_bar.print(f'Searching for "{filename}": {i: 6d} files searched')
+                if file == filename:
+                    yield os.path.join(curr_root, file)
+
+
+def _merge_cookie_jars(jars):
+    output_jar = YoutubeDLCookieJar()
+    for jar in jars:
+        for cookie in jar:
+            output_jar.set_cookie(cookie)
+        if jar.filename is not None:
+            output_jar.filename = jar.filename
+    return output_jar
+
+
+def _is_path(value):
+    return any(sep in value for sep in (os.path.sep, os.path.altsep) if sep)
+
+
+def _parse_browser_specification(browser_name, profile=None, keyring=None, container=None):
+    if browser_name not in SUPPORTED_BROWSERS:
+        raise ValueError(f'unsupported browser: "{browser_name}"')
+    if keyring not in (None, *SUPPORTED_KEYRINGS):
+        raise ValueError(f'unsupported keyring: "{keyring}"')
+    if profile is not None and _is_path(expand_path(profile)):
+        profile = expand_path(profile)
+    return browser_name, profile, keyring, container
+
+
+class LenientSimpleCookie(http.cookies.SimpleCookie):
+    """More lenient version of http.cookies.SimpleCookie"""
+    # From https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/v3.10.7/Lib/http/cookies.py
+    # We use Morsel's legal key chars to avoid errors on setting values
+    _LEGAL_KEY_CHARS = r'\w\d' + re.escape('!#$%&\'*+-.:^_`|~')
+    _LEGAL_VALUE_CHARS = _LEGAL_KEY_CHARS + re.escape('(),/<=>?@[]{}')
+
+    _RESERVED = {
+        "expires",
+        "path",
+        "comment",
+        "domain",
+        "max-age",
+        "secure",
+        "httponly",
+        "version",
+        "samesite",
+    }
+
+    _FLAGS = {"secure", "httponly"}
+
+    # Added 'bad' group to catch the remaining value
+    _COOKIE_PATTERN = re.compile(r"""
+        \s*                            # Optional whitespace at start of cookie
+        (?P<key>                       # Start of group 'key'
+        [""" + _LEGAL_KEY_CHARS + r"""]+?# Any word of at least one letter
+        )                              # End of group 'key'
+        (                              # Optional group: there may not be a value.
+        \s*=\s*                          # Equal Sign
+        (                                # Start of potential value
+        (?P<val>                           # Start of group 'val'
+        "(?:[^\\"]|\\.)*"                    # Any doublequoted string
+        |                                    # or
+        \w{3},\s[\w\d\s-]{9,11}\s[\d:]{8}\sGMT # Special case for "expires" attr
+        |                                    # or
+        [""" + _LEGAL_VALUE_CHARS + r"""]*     # Any word or empty string
+        )                                  # End of group 'val'
+        |                                  # or
+        (?P<bad>(?:\\;|[^;])*?)            # 'bad' group fallback for invalid values
+        )                                # End of potential value
+        )?                             # End of optional value group
+        \s*                            # Any number of spaces.
+        (\s+|;|$)                      # Ending either at space, semicolon, or EOS.
+        """, re.ASCII | re.VERBOSE)
+
+    def load(self, data):
+        # Workaround for https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/4776
+        if not isinstance(data, str):
+            return super().load(data)
+
+        morsel = None
+        for match in self._COOKIE_PATTERN.finditer(data):
+            if match.group('bad'):
+                morsel = None
+                continue
+
+            key, value = match.group('key', 'val')
+
+            is_attribute = False
+            if key.startswith('$'):
+                key = key[1:]
+                is_attribute = True
+
+            lower_key = key.lower()
+            if lower_key in self._RESERVED:
+                if morsel is None:
+                    continue
+
+                if value is None:
+                    if lower_key not in self._FLAGS:
+                        morsel = None
+                        continue
+                    value = True
+                else:
+                    value, _ = self.value_decode(value)
+
+                morsel[key] = value
+
+            elif is_attribute:
+                morsel = None
+
+            elif value is not None:
+                morsel = self.get(key, http.cookies.Morsel())
+                real_value, coded_value = self.value_decode(value)
+                morsel.set(key, real_value, coded_value)
+                self[key] = morsel
+
+            else:
+                morsel = None
+
+
+class YoutubeDLCookieJar(http.cookiejar.MozillaCookieJar):
+    """
+    See [1] for cookie file format.
+
+    1. https://curl.haxx.se/docs/http-cookies.html
+    """
+    _HTTPONLY_PREFIX = '#HttpOnly_'
+    _ENTRY_LEN = 7
+    _HEADER = '''# Netscape HTTP Cookie File
+# This file is generated by yt-dlp.  Do not edit.
+
+'''
+    _CookieFileEntry = collections.namedtuple(
+        'CookieFileEntry',
+        ('domain_name', 'include_subdomains', 'path', 'https_only', 'expires_at', 'name', 'value'))
+
+    def __init__(self, filename=None, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(None, *args, **kwargs)
+        if is_path_like(filename):
+            filename = os.fspath(filename)
+        self.filename = filename
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _true_or_false(cndn):
+        return 'TRUE' if cndn else 'FALSE'
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def open(self, file, *, write=False):
+        if is_path_like(file):
+            with open(file, 'w' if write else 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+                yield f
+        else:
+            if write:
+                file.truncate(0)
+            yield file
+
+    def _really_save(self, f, ignore_discard, ignore_expires):
+        now = time.time()
+        for cookie in self:
+            if (not ignore_discard and cookie.discard
+                    or not ignore_expires and cookie.is_expired(now)):
+                continue
+            name, value = cookie.name, cookie.value
+            if value is None:
+                # cookies.txt regards 'Set-Cookie: foo' as a cookie
+                # with no name, whereas http.cookiejar regards it as a
+                # cookie with no value.
+                name, value = '', name
+            f.write('%s\n' % '\t'.join((
+                cookie.domain,
+                self._true_or_false(cookie.domain.startswith('.')),
+                cookie.path,
+                self._true_or_false(cookie.secure),
+                str_or_none(cookie.expires, default=''),
+                name, value
+            )))
+
+    def save(self, filename=None, ignore_discard=True, ignore_expires=True):
+        """
+        Save cookies to a file.
+        Code is taken from CPython 3.6
+        https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/8d999cbf4adea053be6dbb612b9844635c4dfb8e/Lib/http/cookiejar.py#L2091-L2117 """
+
+        if filename is None:
+            if self.filename is not None:
+                filename = self.filename
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(http.cookiejar.MISSING_FILENAME_TEXT)
+
+        # Store session cookies with `expires` set to 0 instead of an empty string
+        for cookie in self:
+            if cookie.expires is None:
+                cookie.expires = 0
+
+        with self.open(filename, write=True) as f:
+            f.write(self._HEADER)
+            self._really_save(f, ignore_discard, ignore_expires)
+
+    def load(self, filename=None, ignore_discard=True, ignore_expires=True):
+        """Load cookies from a file."""
+        if filename is None:
+            if self.filename is not None:
+                filename = self.filename
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(http.cookiejar.MISSING_FILENAME_TEXT)
+
+        def prepare_line(line):
+            if line.startswith(self._HTTPONLY_PREFIX):
+                line = line[len(self._HTTPONLY_PREFIX):]
+            # comments and empty lines are fine
+            if line.startswith('#') or not line.strip():
+                return line
+            cookie_list = line.split('\t')
+            if len(cookie_list) != self._ENTRY_LEN:
+                raise http.cookiejar.LoadError('invalid length %d' % len(cookie_list))
+            cookie = self._CookieFileEntry(*cookie_list)
+            if cookie.expires_at and not cookie.expires_at.isdigit():
+                raise http.cookiejar.LoadError('invalid expires at %s' % cookie.expires_at)
+            return line
+
+        cf = io.StringIO()
+        with self.open(filename) as f:
+            for line in f:
+                try:
+                    cf.write(prepare_line(line))
+                except http.cookiejar.LoadError as e:
+                    if f'{line.strip()} '[0] in '[{"':
+                        raise http.cookiejar.LoadError(
+                            'Cookies file must be Netscape formatted, not JSON. See  '
+                            'https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/wiki/FAQ#how-do-i-pass-cookies-to-yt-dlp')
+                    write_string(f'WARNING: skipping cookie file entry due to {e}: {line!r}\n')
+                    continue
+        cf.seek(0)
+        self._really_load(cf, filename, ignore_discard, ignore_expires)
+        # Session cookies are denoted by either `expires` field set to
+        # an empty string or 0. MozillaCookieJar only recognizes the former
+        # (see [1]). So we need force the latter to be recognized as session
+        # cookies on our own.
+        # Session cookies may be important for cookies-based authentication,
+        # e.g. usually, when user does not check 'Remember me' check box while
+        # logging in on a site, some important cookies are stored as session
+        # cookies so that not recognizing them will result in failed login.
+        # 1. https://bugs.python.org/issue17164
+        for cookie in self:
+            # Treat `expires=0` cookies as session cookies
+            if cookie.expires == 0:
+                cookie.expires = None
+                cookie.discard = True
+
+    def get_cookie_header(self, url):
+        """Generate a Cookie HTTP header for a given url"""
+        cookie_req = urllib.request.Request(normalize_url(sanitize_url(url)))
+        self.add_cookie_header(cookie_req)
+        return cookie_req.get_header('Cookie')
+
+    def get_cookies_for_url(self, url):
+        """Generate a list of Cookie objects for a given url"""
+        # Policy `_now` attribute must be set before calling `_cookies_for_request`
+        # Ref: https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/3.7/Lib/http/cookiejar.py#L1360
+        self._policy._now = self._now = int(time.time())
+        return self._cookies_for_request(urllib.request.Request(normalize_url(sanitize_url(url))))
+
+    def clear(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        with contextlib.suppress(KeyError):
+            return super().clear(*args, **kwargs)