summaryrefslogtreecommitdiffstats
path: root/yt_dlp/utils/_utils.py
blob: e3e80f3d33d298effdbbe5d0c4ed6596092a03d3 (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2113
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120
2121
2122
2123
2124
2125
2126
2127
2128
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
2137
2138
2139
2140
2141
2142
2143
2144
2145
2146
2147
2148
2149
2150
2151
2152
2153
2154
2155
2156
2157
2158
2159
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165
2166
2167
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179
2180
2181
2182
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194
2195
2196
2197
2198
2199
2200
2201
2202
2203
2204
2205
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2215
2216
2217
2218
2219
2220
2221
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2227
2228
2229
2230
2231
2232
2233
2234
2235
2236
2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2242
2243
2244
2245
2246
2247
2248
2249
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257
2258
2259
2260
2261
2262
2263
2264
2265
2266
2267
2268
2269
2270
2271
2272
2273
2274
2275
2276
2277
2278
2279
2280
2281
2282
2283
2284
2285
2286
2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302
2303
2304
2305
2306
2307
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338
2339
2340
2341
2342
2343
2344
2345
2346
2347
2348
2349
2350
2351
2352
2353
2354
2355
2356
2357
2358
2359
2360
2361
2362
2363
2364
2365
2366
2367
2368
2369
2370
2371
2372
2373
2374
2375
2376
2377
2378
2379
2380
2381
2382
2383
2384
2385
2386
2387
2388
2389
2390
2391
2392
2393
2394
2395
2396
2397
2398
2399
2400
2401
2402
2403
2404
2405
2406
2407
2408
2409
2410
2411
2412
2413
2414
2415
2416
2417
2418
2419
2420
2421
2422
2423
2424
2425
2426
2427
2428
2429
2430
2431
2432
2433
2434
2435
2436
2437
2438
2439
2440
2441
2442
2443
2444
2445
2446
2447
2448
2449
2450
2451
2452
2453
2454
2455
2456
2457
2458
2459
2460
2461
2462
2463
2464
2465
2466
2467
2468
2469
2470
2471
2472
2473
2474
2475
2476
2477
2478
2479
2480
2481
2482
2483
2484
2485
2486
2487
2488
2489
2490
2491
2492
2493
2494
2495
2496
2497
2498
2499
2500
2501
2502
2503
2504
2505
2506
2507
2508
2509
2510
2511
2512
2513
2514
2515
2516
2517
2518
2519
2520
2521
2522
2523
2524
2525
2526
2527
2528
2529
2530
2531
2532
2533
2534
2535
2536
2537
2538
2539
2540
2541
2542
2543
2544
2545
2546
2547
2548
2549
2550
2551
2552
2553
2554
2555
2556
2557
2558
2559
2560
2561
2562
2563
2564
2565
2566
2567
2568
2569
2570
2571
2572
2573
2574
2575
2576
2577
2578
2579
2580
2581
2582
2583
2584
2585
2586
2587
2588
2589
2590
2591
2592
2593
2594
2595
2596
2597
2598
2599
2600
2601
2602
2603
2604
2605
2606
2607
2608
2609
2610
2611
2612
2613
2614
2615
2616
2617
2618
2619
2620
2621
2622
2623
2624
2625
2626
2627
2628
2629
2630
2631
2632
2633
2634
2635
2636
2637
2638
2639
2640
2641
2642
2643
2644
2645
2646
2647
2648
2649
2650
2651
2652
2653
2654
2655
2656
2657
2658
2659
2660
2661
2662
2663
2664
2665
2666
2667
2668
2669
2670
2671
2672
2673
2674
2675
2676
2677
2678
2679
2680
2681
2682
2683
2684
2685
2686
2687
2688
2689
2690
2691
2692
2693
2694
2695
2696
2697
2698
2699
2700
2701
2702
2703
2704
2705
2706
2707
2708
2709
2710
2711
2712
2713
2714
2715
2716
2717
2718
2719
2720
2721
2722
2723
2724
2725
2726
2727
2728
2729
2730
2731
2732
2733
2734
2735
2736
2737
2738
2739
2740
2741
2742
2743
2744
2745
2746
2747
2748
2749
2750
2751
2752
2753
2754
2755
2756
2757
2758
2759
2760
2761
2762
2763
2764
2765
2766
2767
2768
2769
2770
2771
2772
2773
2774
2775
2776
2777
2778
2779
2780
2781
2782
2783
2784
2785
2786
2787
2788
2789
2790
2791
2792
2793
2794
2795
2796
2797
2798
2799
2800
2801
2802
2803
2804
2805
2806
2807
2808
2809
2810
2811
2812
2813
2814
2815
2816
2817
2818
2819
2820
2821
2822
2823
2824
2825
2826
2827
2828
2829
2830
2831
2832
2833
2834
2835
2836
2837
2838
2839
2840
2841
2842
2843
2844
2845
2846
2847
2848
2849
2850
2851
2852
2853
2854
2855
2856
2857
2858
2859
2860
2861
2862
2863
2864
2865
2866
2867
2868
2869
2870
2871
2872
2873
2874
2875
2876
2877
2878
2879
2880
2881
2882
2883
2884
2885
2886
2887
2888
2889
2890
2891
2892
2893
2894
2895
2896
2897
2898
2899
2900
2901
2902
2903
2904
2905
2906
2907
2908
2909
2910
2911
2912
2913
2914
2915
2916
2917
2918
2919
2920
2921
2922
2923
2924
2925
2926
2927
2928
2929
2930
2931
2932
2933
2934
2935
2936
2937
2938
2939
2940
2941
2942
2943
2944
2945
2946
2947
2948
2949
2950
2951
2952
2953
2954
2955
2956
2957
2958
2959
2960
2961
2962
2963
2964
2965
2966
2967
2968
2969
2970
2971
2972
2973
2974
2975
2976
2977
2978
2979
2980
2981
2982
2983
2984
2985
2986
2987
2988
2989
2990
2991
2992
2993
2994
2995
2996
2997
2998
2999
3000
3001
3002
3003
3004
3005
3006
3007
3008
3009
3010
3011
3012
3013
3014
3015
3016
3017
3018
3019
3020
3021
3022
3023
3024
3025
3026
3027
3028
3029
3030
3031
3032
3033
3034
3035
3036
3037
3038
3039
3040
3041
3042
3043
3044
3045
3046
3047
3048
3049
3050
3051
3052
3053
3054
3055
3056
3057
3058
3059
3060
3061
3062
3063
3064
3065
3066
3067
3068
3069
3070
3071
3072
3073
3074
3075
3076
3077
3078
3079
3080
3081
3082
3083
3084
3085
3086
3087
3088
3089
3090
3091
3092
3093
3094
3095
3096
3097
3098
3099
3100
3101
3102
3103
3104
3105
3106
3107
3108
3109
3110
3111
3112
3113
3114
3115
3116
3117
3118
3119
3120
3121
3122
3123
3124
3125
3126
3127
3128
3129
3130
3131
3132
3133
3134
3135
3136
3137
3138
3139
3140
3141
3142
3143
3144
3145
3146
3147
3148
3149
3150
3151
3152
3153
3154
3155
3156
3157
3158
3159
3160
3161
3162
3163
3164
3165
3166
3167
3168
3169
3170
3171
3172
3173
3174
3175
3176
3177
3178
3179
3180
3181
3182
3183
3184
3185
3186
3187
3188
3189
3190
3191
3192
3193
3194
3195
3196
3197
3198
3199
3200
3201
3202
3203
3204
3205
3206
3207
3208
3209
3210
3211
3212
3213
3214
3215
3216
3217
3218
3219
3220
3221
3222
3223
3224
3225
3226
3227
3228
3229
3230
3231
3232
3233
3234
3235
3236
3237
3238
3239
3240
3241
3242
3243
3244
3245
3246
3247
3248
3249
3250
3251
3252
3253
3254
3255
3256
3257
3258
3259
3260
3261
3262
3263
3264
3265
3266
3267
3268
3269
3270
3271
3272
3273
3274
3275
3276
3277
3278
3279
3280
3281
3282
3283
3284
3285
3286
3287
3288
3289
3290
3291
3292
3293
3294
3295
3296
3297
3298
3299
3300
3301
3302
3303
3304
3305
3306
3307
3308
3309
3310
3311
3312
3313
3314
3315
3316
3317
3318
3319
3320
3321
3322
3323
3324
3325
3326
3327
3328
3329
3330
3331
3332
3333
3334
3335
3336
3337
3338
3339
3340
3341
3342
3343
3344
3345
3346
3347
3348
3349
3350
3351
3352
3353
3354
3355
3356
3357
3358
3359
3360
3361
3362
3363
3364
3365
3366
3367
3368
3369
3370
3371
3372
3373
3374
3375
3376
3377
3378
3379
3380
3381
3382
3383
3384
3385
3386
3387
3388
3389
3390
3391
3392
3393
3394
3395
3396
3397
3398
3399
3400
3401
3402
3403
3404
3405
3406
3407
3408
3409
3410
3411
3412
3413
3414
3415
3416
3417
3418
3419
3420
3421
3422
3423
3424
3425
3426
3427
3428
3429
3430
3431
3432
3433
3434
3435
3436
3437
3438
3439
3440
3441
3442
3443
3444
3445
3446
3447
3448
3449
3450
3451
3452
3453
3454
3455
3456
3457
3458
3459
3460
3461
3462
3463
3464
3465
3466
3467
3468
3469
3470
3471
3472
3473
3474
3475
3476
3477
3478
3479
3480
3481
3482
3483
3484
3485
3486
3487
3488
3489
3490
3491
3492
3493
3494
3495
3496
3497
3498
3499
3500
3501
3502
3503
3504
3505
3506
3507
3508
3509
3510
3511
3512
3513
3514
3515
3516
3517
3518
3519
3520
3521
3522
3523
3524
3525
3526
3527
3528
3529
3530
3531
3532
3533
3534
3535
3536
3537
3538
3539
3540
3541
3542
3543
3544
3545
3546
3547
3548
3549
3550
3551
3552
3553
3554
3555
3556
3557
3558
3559
3560
3561
3562
3563
3564
3565
3566
3567
3568
3569
3570
3571
3572
3573
3574
3575
3576
3577
3578
3579
3580
3581
3582
3583
3584
3585
3586
3587
3588
3589
3590
3591
3592
3593
3594
3595
3596
3597
3598
3599
3600
3601
3602
3603
3604
3605
3606
3607
3608
3609
3610
3611
3612
3613
3614
3615
3616
3617
3618
3619
3620
3621
3622
3623
3624
3625
3626
3627
3628
3629
3630
3631
3632
3633
3634
3635
3636
3637
3638
3639
3640
3641
3642
3643
3644
3645
3646
3647
3648
3649
3650
3651
3652
3653
3654
3655
3656
3657
3658
3659
3660
3661
3662
3663
3664
3665
3666
3667
3668
3669
3670
3671
3672
3673
3674
3675
3676
3677
3678
3679
3680
3681
3682
3683
3684
3685
3686
3687
3688
3689
3690
3691
3692
3693
3694
3695
3696
3697
3698
3699
3700
3701
3702
3703
3704
3705
3706
3707
3708
3709
3710
3711
3712
3713
3714
3715
3716
3717
3718
3719
3720
3721
3722
3723
3724
3725
3726
3727
3728
3729
3730
3731
3732
3733
3734
3735
3736
3737
3738
3739
3740
3741
3742
3743
3744
3745
3746
3747
3748
3749
3750
3751
3752
3753
3754
3755
3756
3757
3758
3759
3760
3761
3762
3763
3764
3765
3766
3767
3768
3769
3770
3771
3772
3773
3774
3775
3776
3777
3778
3779
3780
3781
3782
3783
3784
3785
3786
3787
3788
3789
3790
3791
3792
3793
3794
3795
3796
3797
3798
3799
3800
3801
3802
3803
3804
3805
3806
3807
3808
3809
3810
3811
3812
3813
3814
3815
3816
3817
3818
3819
3820
3821
3822
3823
3824
3825
3826
3827
3828
3829
3830
3831
3832
3833
3834
3835
3836
3837
3838
3839
3840
3841
3842
3843
3844
3845
3846
3847
3848
3849
3850
3851
3852
3853
3854
3855
3856
3857
3858
3859
3860
3861
3862
3863
3864
3865
3866
3867
3868
3869
3870
3871
3872
3873
3874
3875
3876
3877
3878
3879
3880
3881
3882
3883
3884
3885
3886
3887
3888
3889
3890
3891
3892
3893
3894
3895
3896
3897
3898
3899
3900
3901
3902
3903
3904
3905
3906
3907
3908
3909
3910
3911
3912
3913
3914
3915
3916
3917
3918
3919
3920
3921
3922
3923
3924
3925
3926
3927
3928
3929
3930
3931
3932
3933
3934
3935
3936
3937
3938
3939
3940
3941
3942
3943
3944
3945
3946
3947
3948
3949
3950
3951
3952
3953
3954
3955
3956
3957
3958
3959
3960
3961
3962
3963
3964
3965
3966
3967
3968
3969
3970
3971
3972
3973
3974
3975
3976
3977
3978
3979
3980
3981
3982
3983
3984
3985
3986
3987
3988
3989
3990
3991
3992
3993
3994
3995
3996
3997
3998
3999
4000
4001
4002
4003
4004
4005
4006
4007
4008
4009
4010
4011
4012
4013
4014
4015
4016
4017
4018
4019
4020
4021
4022
4023
4024
4025
4026
4027
4028
4029
4030
4031
4032
4033
4034
4035
4036
4037
4038
4039
4040
4041
4042
4043
4044
4045
4046
4047
4048
4049
4050
4051
4052
4053
4054
4055
4056
4057
4058
4059
4060
4061
4062
4063
4064
4065
4066
4067
4068
4069
4070
4071
4072
4073
4074
4075
4076
4077
4078
4079
4080
4081
4082
4083
4084
4085
4086
4087
4088
4089
4090
4091
4092
4093
4094
4095
4096
4097
4098
4099
4100
4101
4102
4103
4104
4105
4106
4107
4108
4109
4110
4111
4112
4113
4114
4115
4116
4117
4118
4119
4120
4121
4122
4123
4124
4125
4126
4127
4128
4129
4130
4131
4132
4133
4134
4135
4136
4137
4138
4139
4140
4141
4142
4143
4144
4145
4146
4147
4148
4149
4150
4151
4152
4153
4154
4155
4156
4157
4158
4159
4160
4161
4162
4163
4164
4165
4166
4167
4168
4169
4170
4171
4172
4173
4174
4175
4176
4177
4178
4179
4180
4181
4182
4183
4184
4185
4186
4187
4188
4189
4190
4191
4192
4193
4194
4195
4196
4197
4198
4199
4200
4201
4202
4203
4204
4205
4206
4207
4208
4209
4210
4211
4212
4213
4214
4215
4216
4217
4218
4219
4220
4221
4222
4223
4224
4225
4226
4227
4228
4229
4230
4231
4232
4233
4234
4235
4236
4237
4238
4239
4240
4241
4242
4243
4244
4245
4246
4247
4248
4249
4250
4251
4252
4253
4254
4255
4256
4257
4258
4259
4260
4261
4262
4263
4264
4265
4266
4267
4268
4269
4270
4271
4272
4273
4274
4275
4276
4277
4278
4279
4280
4281
4282
4283
4284
4285
4286
4287
4288
4289
4290
4291
4292
4293
4294
4295
4296
4297
4298
4299
4300
4301
4302
4303
4304
4305
4306
4307
4308
4309
4310
4311
4312
4313
4314
4315
4316
4317
4318
4319
4320
4321
4322
4323
4324
4325
4326
4327
4328
4329
4330
4331
4332
4333
4334
4335
4336
4337
4338
4339
4340
4341
4342
4343
4344
4345
4346
4347
4348
4349
4350
4351
4352
4353
4354
4355
4356
4357
4358
4359
4360
4361
4362
4363
4364
4365
4366
4367
4368
4369
4370
4371
4372
4373
4374
4375
4376
4377
4378
4379
4380
4381
4382
4383
4384
4385
4386
4387
4388
4389
4390
4391
4392
4393
4394
4395
4396
4397
4398
4399
4400
4401
4402
4403
4404
4405
4406
4407
4408
4409
4410
4411
4412
4413
4414
4415
4416
4417
4418
4419
4420
4421
4422
4423
4424
4425
4426
4427
4428
4429
4430
4431
4432
4433
4434
4435
4436
4437
4438
4439
4440
4441
4442
4443
4444
4445
4446
4447
4448
4449
4450
4451
4452
4453
4454
4455
4456
4457
4458
4459
4460
4461
4462
4463
4464
4465
4466
4467
4468
4469
4470
4471
4472
4473
4474
4475
4476
4477
4478
4479
4480
4481
4482
4483
4484
4485
4486
4487
4488
4489
4490
4491
4492
4493
4494
4495
4496
4497
4498
4499
4500
4501
4502
4503
4504
4505
4506
4507
4508
4509
4510
4511
4512
4513
4514
4515
4516
4517
4518
4519
4520
4521
4522
4523
4524
4525
4526
4527
4528
4529
4530
4531
4532
4533
4534
4535
4536
4537
4538
4539
4540
4541
4542
4543
4544
4545
4546
4547
4548
4549
4550
4551
4552
4553
4554
4555
4556
4557
4558
4559
4560
4561
4562
4563
4564
4565
4566
4567
4568
4569
4570
4571
4572
4573
4574
4575
4576
4577
4578
4579
4580
4581
4582
4583
4584
4585
4586
4587
4588
4589
4590
4591
4592
4593
4594
4595
4596
4597
4598
4599
4600
4601
4602
4603
4604
4605
4606
4607
4608
4609
4610
4611
4612
4613
4614
4615
4616
4617
4618
4619
4620
4621
4622
4623
4624
4625
4626
4627
4628
4629
4630
4631
4632
4633
4634
4635
4636
4637
4638
4639
4640
4641
4642
4643
4644
4645
4646
4647
4648
4649
4650
4651
4652
4653
4654
4655
4656
4657
4658
4659
4660
4661
4662
4663
4664
4665
4666
4667
4668
4669
4670
4671
4672
4673
4674
4675
4676
4677
4678
4679
4680
4681
4682
4683
4684
4685
4686
4687
4688
4689
4690
4691
4692
4693
4694
4695
4696
4697
4698
4699
4700
4701
4702
4703
4704
4705
4706
4707
4708
4709
4710
4711
4712
4713
4714
4715
4716
4717
4718
4719
4720
4721
4722
4723
4724
4725
4726
4727
4728
4729
4730
4731
4732
4733
4734
4735
4736
4737
4738
4739
4740
4741
4742
4743
4744
4745
4746
4747
4748
4749
4750
4751
4752
4753
4754
4755
4756
4757
4758
4759
4760
4761
4762
4763
4764
4765
4766
4767
4768
4769
4770
4771
4772
4773
4774
4775
4776
4777
4778
4779
4780
4781
4782
4783
4784
4785
4786
4787
4788
4789
4790
4791
4792
4793
4794
4795
4796
4797
4798
4799
4800
4801
4802
4803
4804
4805
4806
4807
4808
4809
4810
4811
4812
4813
4814
4815
4816
4817
4818
4819
4820
4821
4822
4823
4824
4825
4826
4827
4828
4829
4830
4831
4832
4833
4834
4835
4836
4837
4838
4839
4840
4841
4842
4843
4844
4845
4846
4847
4848
4849
4850
4851
4852
4853
4854
4855
4856
4857
4858
4859
4860
4861
4862
4863
4864
4865
4866
4867
4868
4869
4870
4871
4872
4873
4874
4875
4876
4877
4878
4879
4880
4881
4882
4883
4884
4885
4886
4887
4888
4889
4890
4891
4892
4893
4894
4895
4896
4897
4898
4899
4900
4901
4902
4903
4904
4905
4906
4907
4908
4909
4910
4911
4912
4913
4914
4915
4916
4917
4918
4919
4920
4921
4922
4923
4924
4925
4926
4927
4928
4929
4930
4931
4932
4933
4934
4935
4936
4937
4938
4939
4940
4941
4942
4943
4944
4945
4946
4947
4948
4949
4950
4951
4952
4953
4954
4955
4956
4957
4958
4959
4960
4961
4962
4963
4964
4965
4966
4967
4968
4969
4970
4971
4972
4973
4974
4975
4976
4977
4978
4979
4980
4981
4982
4983
4984
4985
4986
4987
4988
4989
4990
4991
4992
4993
4994
4995
4996
4997
4998
4999
5000
5001
5002
5003
5004
5005
5006
5007
5008
5009
5010
5011
5012
5013
5014
5015
5016
5017
5018
5019
5020
5021
5022
5023
5024
5025
5026
5027
5028
5029
5030
5031
5032
5033
5034
5035
5036
5037
5038
5039
5040
5041
5042
5043
5044
5045
5046
5047
5048
5049
5050
5051
5052
5053
5054
5055
5056
5057
5058
5059
5060
5061
5062
5063
5064
5065
5066
5067
5068
5069
5070
5071
5072
5073
5074
5075
5076
5077
5078
5079
5080
5081
5082
5083
5084
5085
5086
5087
5088
5089
5090
5091
5092
5093
5094
5095
5096
5097
5098
5099
5100
5101
5102
5103
5104
5105
5106
5107
5108
5109
5110
5111
5112
5113
5114
5115
5116
5117
5118
5119
5120
5121
5122
5123
5124
5125
5126
5127
5128
5129
5130
5131
5132
5133
5134
5135
5136
5137
5138
5139
5140
5141
5142
5143
5144
5145
5146
5147
5148
5149
5150
5151
5152
5153
5154
5155
5156
5157
5158
5159
5160
5161
5162
5163
5164
5165
5166
5167
5168
5169
5170
5171
5172
5173
5174
5175
5176
5177
5178
5179
5180
5181
5182
5183
5184
5185
5186
5187
5188
5189
5190
5191
5192
5193
5194
5195
5196
5197
5198
5199
5200
5201
5202
5203
5204
5205
5206
5207
5208
5209
5210
5211
5212
5213
5214
5215
5216
5217
5218
5219
5220
5221
5222
5223
5224
5225
5226
5227
5228
5229
5230
5231
5232
5233
5234
5235
5236
5237
5238
5239
5240
5241
5242
5243
5244
5245
5246
5247
5248
5249
5250
5251
5252
5253
5254
5255
5256
5257
5258
5259
5260
5261
5262
5263
5264
5265
5266
5267
5268
5269
5270
5271
5272
5273
5274
5275
5276
5277
5278
5279
5280
5281
5282
5283
5284
5285
5286
5287
5288
5289
5290
5291
5292
5293
5294
5295
5296
5297
5298
5299
5300
5301
5302
5303
5304
5305
5306
5307
5308
5309
5310
5311
5312
5313
5314
5315
5316
5317
5318
5319
5320
5321
5322
5323
5324
5325
5326
5327
5328
5329
5330
5331
5332
5333
5334
5335
5336
5337
5338
5339
5340
5341
5342
5343
5344
5345
5346
5347
5348
5349
5350
5351
5352
5353
5354
5355
5356
5357
5358
5359
5360
5361
5362
5363
5364
5365
5366
5367
5368
5369
5370
5371
5372
5373
5374
5375
5376
5377
5378
5379
5380
5381
5382
5383
5384
5385
5386
5387
5388
5389
5390
5391
5392
5393
5394
5395
5396
5397
5398
5399
5400
5401
5402
5403
5404
5405
5406
5407
5408
5409
5410
5411
5412
5413
5414
5415
5416
5417
5418
5419
5420
5421
5422
5423
5424
5425
5426
5427
5428
5429
5430
5431
5432
5433
5434
5435
5436
5437
5438
5439
5440
5441
5442
5443
5444
5445
5446
5447
5448
5449
5450
5451
5452
5453
5454
5455
5456
5457
5458
5459
5460
5461
5462
5463
5464
5465
5466
5467
5468
5469
5470
5471
5472
5473
5474
5475
5476
5477
5478
5479
5480
import base64
import binascii
import calendar
import codecs
import collections
import collections.abc
import contextlib
import datetime as dt
import email.header
import email.utils
import errno
import hashlib
import hmac
import html.entities
import html.parser
import inspect
import io
import itertools
import json
import locale
import math
import mimetypes
import netrc
import operator
import os
import platform
import random
import re
import shlex
import socket
import ssl
import struct
import subprocess
import sys
import tempfile
import time
import traceback
import types
import unicodedata
import urllib.error
import urllib.parse
import urllib.request
import xml.etree.ElementTree

from . import traversal

from ..compat import functools  # isort: split
from ..compat import (
    compat_etree_fromstring,
    compat_expanduser,
    compat_HTMLParseError,
    compat_os_name,
)
from ..dependencies import xattr

__name__ = __name__.rsplit('.', 1)[0]  # Pretend to be the parent module

# This is not clearly defined otherwise
compiled_regex_type = type(re.compile(''))


class NO_DEFAULT:
    pass


def IDENTITY(x):
    return x


ENGLISH_MONTH_NAMES = [
    'January', 'February', 'March', 'April', 'May', 'June',
    'July', 'August', 'September', 'October', 'November', 'December']

MONTH_NAMES = {
    'en': ENGLISH_MONTH_NAMES,
    'fr': [
        'janvier', 'février', 'mars', 'avril', 'mai', 'juin',
        'juillet', 'août', 'septembre', 'octobre', 'novembre', 'décembre'],
    # these follow the genitive grammatical case (dopełniacz)
    # some websites might be using nominative, which will require another month list
    # https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Polish/Noun_cases
    'pl': ['stycznia', 'lutego', 'marca', 'kwietnia', 'maja', 'czerwca',
           'lipca', 'sierpnia', 'września', 'października', 'listopada', 'grudnia'],
}

# From https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/3.11/Lib/email/_parseaddr.py#L36-L42
TIMEZONE_NAMES = {
    'UT': 0, 'UTC': 0, 'GMT': 0, 'Z': 0,
    'AST': -4, 'ADT': -3,  # Atlantic (used in Canada)
    'EST': -5, 'EDT': -4,  # Eastern
    'CST': -6, 'CDT': -5,  # Central
    'MST': -7, 'MDT': -6,  # Mountain
    'PST': -8, 'PDT': -7   # Pacific
}

# needed for sanitizing filenames in restricted mode
ACCENT_CHARS = dict(zip('ÂÃÄÀÁÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖŐØŒÙÚÛÜŰÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõöőøœùúûüűýþÿ',
                        itertools.chain('AAAAAA', ['AE'], 'CEEEEIIIIDNOOOOOOO', ['OE'], 'UUUUUY', ['TH', 'ss'],
                                        'aaaaaa', ['ae'], 'ceeeeiiiionooooooo', ['oe'], 'uuuuuy', ['th'], 'y')))

DATE_FORMATS = (
    '%d %B %Y',
    '%d %b %Y',
    '%B %d %Y',
    '%B %dst %Y',
    '%B %dnd %Y',
    '%B %drd %Y',
    '%B %dth %Y',
    '%b %d %Y',
    '%b %dst %Y',
    '%b %dnd %Y',
    '%b %drd %Y',
    '%b %dth %Y',
    '%b %dst %Y %I:%M',
    '%b %dnd %Y %I:%M',
    '%b %drd %Y %I:%M',
    '%b %dth %Y %I:%M',
    '%Y %m %d',
    '%Y-%m-%d',
    '%Y.%m.%d.',
    '%Y/%m/%d',
    '%Y/%m/%d %H:%M',
    '%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S',
    '%Y%m%d%H%M',
    '%Y%m%d%H%M%S',
    '%Y%m%d',
    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M',
    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S',
    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f',
    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S:%f',
    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M',
    '%d.%m.%Y %H.%M',
    '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ',
    '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%fZ',
    '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%f0Z',
    '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S',
    '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%f',
    '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M',
    '%b %d %Y at %H:%M',
    '%b %d %Y at %H:%M:%S',
    '%B %d %Y at %H:%M',
    '%B %d %Y at %H:%M:%S',
    '%H:%M %d-%b-%Y',
)

DATE_FORMATS_DAY_FIRST = list(DATE_FORMATS)
DATE_FORMATS_DAY_FIRST.extend([
    '%d-%m-%Y',
    '%d.%m.%Y',
    '%d.%m.%y',
    '%d/%m/%Y',
    '%d/%m/%y',
    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S',
    '%d-%m-%Y %H:%M',
    '%H:%M %d/%m/%Y',
])

DATE_FORMATS_MONTH_FIRST = list(DATE_FORMATS)
DATE_FORMATS_MONTH_FIRST.extend([
    '%m-%d-%Y',
    '%m.%d.%Y',
    '%m/%d/%Y',
    '%m/%d/%y',
    '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S',
])

PACKED_CODES_RE = r"}\('(.+)',(\d+),(\d+),'([^']+)'\.split\('\|'\)"
JSON_LD_RE = r'(?is)<script[^>]+type=(["\']?)application/ld\+json\1[^>]*>\s*(?P<json_ld>{.+?}|\[.+?\])\s*</script>'

NUMBER_RE = r'\d+(?:\.\d+)?'


@functools.cache
def preferredencoding():
    """Get preferred encoding.

    Returns the best encoding scheme for the system, based on
    locale.getpreferredencoding() and some further tweaks.
    """
    try:
        pref = locale.getpreferredencoding()
        'TEST'.encode(pref)
    except Exception:
        pref = 'UTF-8'

    return pref


def write_json_file(obj, fn):
    """ Encode obj as JSON and write it to fn, atomically if possible """

    tf = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(
        prefix=f'{os.path.basename(fn)}.', dir=os.path.dirname(fn),
        suffix='.tmp', delete=False, mode='w', encoding='utf-8')

    try:
        with tf:
            json.dump(obj, tf, ensure_ascii=False)
        if sys.platform == 'win32':
            # Need to remove existing file on Windows, else os.rename raises
            # WindowsError or FileExistsError.
            with contextlib.suppress(OSError):
                os.unlink(fn)
        with contextlib.suppress(OSError):
            mask = os.umask(0)
            os.umask(mask)
            os.chmod(tf.name, 0o666 & ~mask)
        os.rename(tf.name, fn)
    except Exception:
        with contextlib.suppress(OSError):
            os.remove(tf.name)
        raise


def find_xpath_attr(node, xpath, key, val=None):
    """ Find the xpath xpath[@key=val] """
    assert re.match(r'^[a-zA-Z_-]+$', key)
    expr = xpath + ('[@%s]' % key if val is None else f"[@{key}='{val}']")
    return node.find(expr)

# On python2.6 the xml.etree.ElementTree.Element methods don't support
# the namespace parameter


def xpath_with_ns(path, ns_map):
    components = [c.split(':') for c in path.split('/')]
    replaced = []
    for c in components:
        if len(c) == 1:
            replaced.append(c[0])
        else:
            ns, tag = c
            replaced.append('{%s}%s' % (ns_map[ns], tag))
    return '/'.join(replaced)


def xpath_element(node, xpath, name=None, fatal=False, default=NO_DEFAULT):
    def _find_xpath(xpath):
        return node.find(xpath)

    if isinstance(xpath, str):
        n = _find_xpath(xpath)
    else:
        for xp in xpath:
            n = _find_xpath(xp)
            if n is not None:
                break

    if n is None:
        if default is not NO_DEFAULT:
            return default
        elif fatal:
            name = xpath if name is None else name
            raise ExtractorError('Could not find XML element %s' % name)
        else:
            return None
    return n


def xpath_text(node, xpath, name=None, fatal=False, default=NO_DEFAULT):
    n = xpath_element(node, xpath, name, fatal=fatal, default=default)
    if n is None or n == default:
        return n
    if n.text is None:
        if default is not NO_DEFAULT:
            return default
        elif fatal:
            name = xpath if name is None else name
            raise ExtractorError('Could not find XML element\'s text %s' % name)
        else:
            return None
    return n.text


def xpath_attr(node, xpath, key, name=None, fatal=False, default=NO_DEFAULT):
    n = find_xpath_attr(node, xpath, key)
    if n is None:
        if default is not NO_DEFAULT:
            return default
        elif fatal:
            name = f'{xpath}[@{key}]' if name is None else name
            raise ExtractorError('Could not find XML attribute %s' % name)
        else:
            return None
    return n.attrib[key]


def get_element_by_id(id, html, **kwargs):
    """Return the content of the tag with the specified ID in the passed HTML document"""
    return get_element_by_attribute('id', id, html, **kwargs)


def get_element_html_by_id(id, html, **kwargs):
    """Return the html of the tag with the specified ID in the passed HTML document"""
    return get_element_html_by_attribute('id', id, html, **kwargs)


def get_element_by_class(class_name, html):
    """Return the content of the first tag with the specified class in the passed HTML document"""
    retval = get_elements_by_class(class_name, html)
    return retval[0] if retval else None


def get_element_html_by_class(class_name, html):
    """Return the html of the first tag with the specified class in the passed HTML document"""
    retval = get_elements_html_by_class(class_name, html)
    return retval[0] if retval else None


def get_element_by_attribute(attribute, value, html, **kwargs):
    retval = get_elements_by_attribute(attribute, value, html, **kwargs)
    return retval[0] if retval else None


def get_element_html_by_attribute(attribute, value, html, **kargs):
    retval = get_elements_html_by_attribute(attribute, value, html, **kargs)
    return retval[0] if retval else None


def get_elements_by_class(class_name, html, **kargs):
    """Return the content of all tags with the specified class in the passed HTML document as a list"""
    return get_elements_by_attribute(
        'class', r'[^\'"]*(?<=[\'"\s])%s(?=[\'"\s])[^\'"]*' % re.escape(class_name),
        html, escape_value=False)


def get_elements_html_by_class(class_name, html):
    """Return the html of all tags with the specified class in the passed HTML document as a list"""
    return get_elements_html_by_attribute(
        'class', r'[^\'"]*(?<=[\'"\s])%s(?=[\'"\s])[^\'"]*' % re.escape(class_name),
        html, escape_value=False)


def get_elements_by_attribute(*args, **kwargs):
    """Return the content of the tag with the specified attribute in the passed HTML document"""
    return [content for content, _ in get_elements_text_and_html_by_attribute(*args, **kwargs)]


def get_elements_html_by_attribute(*args, **kwargs):
    """Return the html of the tag with the specified attribute in the passed HTML document"""
    return [whole for _, whole in get_elements_text_and_html_by_attribute(*args, **kwargs)]


def get_elements_text_and_html_by_attribute(attribute, value, html, *, tag=r'[\w:.-]+', escape_value=True):
    """
    Return the text (content) and the html (whole) of the tag with the specified
    attribute in the passed HTML document
    """
    if not value:
        return

    quote = '' if re.match(r'''[\s"'`=<>]''', value) else '?'

    value = re.escape(value) if escape_value else value

    partial_element_re = rf'''(?x)
        <(?P<tag>{tag})
         (?:\s(?:[^>"']|"[^"]*"|'[^']*')*)?
         \s{re.escape(attribute)}\s*=\s*(?P<_q>['"]{quote})(?-x:{value})(?P=_q)
        '''

    for m in re.finditer(partial_element_re, html):
        content, whole = get_element_text_and_html_by_tag(m.group('tag'), html[m.start():])

        yield (
            unescapeHTML(re.sub(r'^(?P<q>["\'])(?P<content>.*)(?P=q)$', r'\g<content>', content, flags=re.DOTALL)),
            whole
        )


class HTMLBreakOnClosingTagParser(html.parser.HTMLParser):
    """
    HTML parser which raises HTMLBreakOnClosingTagException upon reaching the
    closing tag for the first opening tag it has encountered, and can be used
    as a context manager
    """

    class HTMLBreakOnClosingTagException(Exception):
        pass

    def __init__(self):
        self.tagstack = collections.deque()
        html.parser.HTMLParser.__init__(self)

    def __enter__(self):
        return self

    def __exit__(self, *_):
        self.close()

    def close(self):
        # handle_endtag does not return upon raising HTMLBreakOnClosingTagException,
        # so data remains buffered; we no longer have any interest in it, thus
        # override this method to discard it
        pass

    def handle_starttag(self, tag, _):
        self.tagstack.append(tag)

    def handle_endtag(self, tag):
        if not self.tagstack:
            raise compat_HTMLParseError('no tags in the stack')
        while self.tagstack:
            inner_tag = self.tagstack.pop()
            if inner_tag == tag:
                break
        else:
            raise compat_HTMLParseError(f'matching opening tag for closing {tag} tag not found')
        if not self.tagstack:
            raise self.HTMLBreakOnClosingTagException()


# XXX: This should be far less strict
def get_element_text_and_html_by_tag(tag, html):
    """
    For the first element with the specified tag in the passed HTML document
    return its' content (text) and the whole element (html)
    """
    def find_or_raise(haystack, needle, exc):
        try:
            return haystack.index(needle)
        except ValueError:
            raise exc
    closing_tag = f'</{tag}>'
    whole_start = find_or_raise(
        html, f'<{tag}', compat_HTMLParseError(f'opening {tag} tag not found'))
    content_start = find_or_raise(
        html[whole_start:], '>', compat_HTMLParseError(f'malformed opening {tag} tag'))
    content_start += whole_start + 1
    with HTMLBreakOnClosingTagParser() as parser:
        parser.feed(html[whole_start:content_start])
        if not parser.tagstack or parser.tagstack[0] != tag:
            raise compat_HTMLParseError(f'parser did not match opening {tag} tag')
        offset = content_start
        while offset < len(html):
            next_closing_tag_start = find_or_raise(
                html[offset:], closing_tag,
                compat_HTMLParseError(f'closing {tag} tag not found'))
            next_closing_tag_end = next_closing_tag_start + len(closing_tag)
            try:
                parser.feed(html[offset:offset + next_closing_tag_end])
                offset += next_closing_tag_end
            except HTMLBreakOnClosingTagParser.HTMLBreakOnClosingTagException:
                return html[content_start:offset + next_closing_tag_start], \
                    html[whole_start:offset + next_closing_tag_end]
        raise compat_HTMLParseError('unexpected end of html')


class HTMLAttributeParser(html.parser.HTMLParser):
    """Trivial HTML parser to gather the attributes for a single element"""

    def __init__(self):
        self.attrs = {}
        html.parser.HTMLParser.__init__(self)

    def handle_starttag(self, tag, attrs):
        self.attrs = dict(attrs)
        raise compat_HTMLParseError('done')


class HTMLListAttrsParser(html.parser.HTMLParser):
    """HTML parser to gather the attributes for the elements of a list"""

    def __init__(self):
        html.parser.HTMLParser.__init__(self)
        self.items = []
        self._level = 0

    def handle_starttag(self, tag, attrs):
        if tag == 'li' and self._level == 0:
            self.items.append(dict(attrs))
        self._level += 1

    def handle_endtag(self, tag):
        self._level -= 1


def extract_attributes(html_element):
    """Given a string for an HTML element such as
    <el
         a="foo" B="bar" c="&98;az" d=boz
         empty= noval entity="&amp;"
         sq='"' dq="'"
    >
    Decode and return a dictionary of attributes.
    {
        'a': 'foo', 'b': 'bar', c: 'baz', d: 'boz',
        'empty': '', 'noval': None, 'entity': '&',
        'sq': '"', 'dq': '\''
    }.
    """
    parser = HTMLAttributeParser()
    with contextlib.suppress(compat_HTMLParseError):
        parser.feed(html_element)
        parser.close()
    return parser.attrs


def parse_list(webpage):
    """Given a string for an series of HTML <li> elements,
    return a dictionary of their attributes"""
    parser = HTMLListAttrsParser()
    parser.feed(webpage)
    parser.close()
    return parser.items


def clean_html(html):
    """Clean an HTML snippet into a readable string"""

    if html is None:  # Convenience for sanitizing descriptions etc.
        return html

    html = re.sub(r'\s+', ' ', html)
    html = re.sub(r'(?u)\s?<\s?br\s?/?\s?>\s?', '\n', html)
    html = re.sub(r'(?u)<\s?/\s?p\s?>\s?<\s?p[^>]*>', '\n', html)
    # Strip html tags
    html = re.sub('<.*?>', '', html)
    # Replace html entities
    html = unescapeHTML(html)
    return html.strip()


class LenientJSONDecoder(json.JSONDecoder):
    # TODO: Write tests
    def __init__(self, *args, transform_source=None, ignore_extra=False, close_objects=0, **kwargs):
        self.transform_source, self.ignore_extra = transform_source, ignore_extra
        self._close_attempts = 2 * close_objects
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)

    @staticmethod
    def _close_object(err):
        doc = err.doc[:err.pos]
        # We need to add comma first to get the correct error message
        if err.msg.startswith('Expecting \',\''):
            return doc + ','
        elif not doc.endswith(','):
            return

        if err.msg.startswith('Expecting property name'):
            return doc[:-1] + '}'
        elif err.msg.startswith('Expecting value'):
            return doc[:-1] + ']'

    def decode(self, s):
        if self.transform_source:
            s = self.transform_source(s)
        for attempt in range(self._close_attempts + 1):
            try:
                if self.ignore_extra:
                    return self.raw_decode(s.lstrip())[0]
                return super().decode(s)
            except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
                if e.pos is None:
                    raise
                elif attempt < self._close_attempts:
                    s = self._close_object(e)
                    if s is not None:
                        continue
                raise type(e)(f'{e.msg} in {s[e.pos - 10:e.pos + 10]!r}', s, e.pos)
        assert False, 'Too many attempts to decode JSON'


def sanitize_open(filename, open_mode):
    """Try to open the given filename, and slightly tweak it if this fails.

    Attempts to open the given filename. If this fails, it tries to change
    the filename slightly, step by step, until it's either able to open it
    or it fails and raises a final exception, like the standard open()
    function.

    It returns the tuple (stream, definitive_file_name).
    """
    if filename == '-':
        if sys.platform == 'win32':
            import msvcrt

            # stdout may be any IO stream, e.g. when using contextlib.redirect_stdout
            with contextlib.suppress(io.UnsupportedOperation):
                msvcrt.setmode(sys.stdout.fileno(), os.O_BINARY)
        return (sys.stdout.buffer if hasattr(sys.stdout, 'buffer') else sys.stdout, filename)

    for attempt in range(2):
        try:
            try:
                if sys.platform == 'win32':
                    # FIXME: An exclusive lock also locks the file from being read.
                    # Since windows locks are mandatory, don't lock the file on windows (for now).
                    # Ref: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/3124
                    raise LockingUnsupportedError()
                stream = locked_file(filename, open_mode, block=False).__enter__()
            except OSError:
                stream = open(filename, open_mode)
            return stream, filename
        except OSError as err:
            if attempt or err.errno in (errno.EACCES,):
                raise
            old_filename, filename = filename, sanitize_path(filename)
            if old_filename == filename:
                raise


def timeconvert(timestr):
    """Convert RFC 2822 defined time string into system timestamp"""
    timestamp = None
    timetuple = email.utils.parsedate_tz(timestr)
    if timetuple is not None:
        timestamp = email.utils.mktime_tz(timetuple)
    return timestamp


def sanitize_filename(s, restricted=False, is_id=NO_DEFAULT):
    """Sanitizes a string so it could be used as part of a filename.
    @param restricted   Use a stricter subset of allowed characters
    @param is_id        Whether this is an ID that should be kept unchanged if possible.
                        If unset, yt-dlp's new sanitization rules are in effect
    """
    if s == '':
        return ''

    def replace_insane(char):
        if restricted and char in ACCENT_CHARS:
            return ACCENT_CHARS[char]
        elif not restricted and char == '\n':
            return '\0 '
        elif is_id is NO_DEFAULT and not restricted and char in '"*:<>?|/\\':
            # Replace with their full-width unicode counterparts
            return {'/': '\u29F8', '\\': '\u29f9'}.get(char, chr(ord(char) + 0xfee0))
        elif char == '?' or ord(char) < 32 or ord(char) == 127:
            return ''
        elif char == '"':
            return '' if restricted else '\''
        elif char == ':':
            return '\0_\0-' if restricted else '\0 \0-'
        elif char in '\\/|*<>':
            return '\0_'
        if restricted and (char in '!&\'()[]{}$;`^,#' or char.isspace() or ord(char) > 127):
            return '' if unicodedata.category(char)[0] in 'CM' else '\0_'
        return char

    # Replace look-alike Unicode glyphs
    if restricted and (is_id is NO_DEFAULT or not is_id):
        s = unicodedata.normalize('NFKC', s)
    s = re.sub(r'[0-9]+(?::[0-9]+)+', lambda m: m.group(0).replace(':', '_'), s)  # Handle timestamps
    result = ''.join(map(replace_insane, s))
    if is_id is NO_DEFAULT:
        result = re.sub(r'(\0.)(?:(?=\1)..)+', r'\1', result)  # Remove repeated substitute chars
        STRIP_RE = r'(?:\0.|[ _-])*'
        result = re.sub(f'^\0.{STRIP_RE}|{STRIP_RE}\0.$', '', result)  # Remove substitute chars from start/end
    result = result.replace('\0', '') or '_'

    if not is_id:
        while '__' in result:
            result = result.replace('__', '_')
        result = result.strip('_')
        # Common case of "Foreign band name - English song title"
        if restricted and result.startswith('-_'):
            result = result[2:]
        if result.startswith('-'):
            result = '_' + result[len('-'):]
        result = result.lstrip('.')
        if not result:
            result = '_'
    return result


def sanitize_path(s, force=False):
    """Sanitizes and normalizes path on Windows"""
    # XXX: this handles drive relative paths (c:sth) incorrectly
    if sys.platform == 'win32':
        force = False
        drive_or_unc, _ = os.path.splitdrive(s)
    elif force:
        drive_or_unc = ''
    else:
        return s

    norm_path = os.path.normpath(remove_start(s, drive_or_unc)).split(os.path.sep)
    if drive_or_unc:
        norm_path.pop(0)
    sanitized_path = [
        path_part if path_part in ['.', '..'] else re.sub(r'(?:[/<>:"\|\\?\*]|[\s.]$)', '#', path_part)
        for path_part in norm_path]
    if drive_or_unc:
        sanitized_path.insert(0, drive_or_unc + os.path.sep)
    elif force and s and s[0] == os.path.sep:
        sanitized_path.insert(0, os.path.sep)
    # TODO: Fix behavioral differences <3.12
    # The workaround using `normpath` only superficially passes tests
    # Ref: https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/100351
    return os.path.normpath(os.path.join(*sanitized_path))


def sanitize_url(url, *, scheme='http'):
    # Prepend protocol-less URLs with `http:` scheme in order to mitigate
    # the number of unwanted failures due to missing protocol
    if url is None:
        return
    elif url.startswith('//'):
        return f'{scheme}:{url}'
    # Fix some common typos seen so far
    COMMON_TYPOS = (
        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/15649
        (r'^httpss://', r'https://'),
        # https://bx1.be/lives/direct-tv/
        (r'^rmtp([es]?)://', r'rtmp\1://'),
    )
    for mistake, fixup in COMMON_TYPOS:
        if re.match(mistake, url):
            return re.sub(mistake, fixup, url)
    return url


def extract_basic_auth(url):
    parts = urllib.parse.urlsplit(url)
    if parts.username is None:
        return url, None
    url = urllib.parse.urlunsplit(parts._replace(netloc=(
        parts.hostname if parts.port is None
        else '%s:%d' % (parts.hostname, parts.port))))
    auth_payload = base64.b64encode(
        ('%s:%s' % (parts.username, parts.password or '')).encode())
    return url, f'Basic {auth_payload.decode()}'


def expand_path(s):
    """Expand shell variables and ~"""
    return os.path.expandvars(compat_expanduser(s))


def orderedSet(iterable, *, lazy=False):
    """Remove all duplicates from the input iterable"""
    def _iter():
        seen = []  # Do not use set since the items can be unhashable
        for x in iterable:
            if x not in seen:
                seen.append(x)
                yield x

    return _iter() if lazy else list(_iter())


def _htmlentity_transform(entity_with_semicolon):
    """Transforms an HTML entity to a character."""
    entity = entity_with_semicolon[:-1]

    # Known non-numeric HTML entity
    if entity in html.entities.name2codepoint:
        return chr(html.entities.name2codepoint[entity])

    # TODO: HTML5 allows entities without a semicolon.
    # E.g. '&Eacuteric' should be decoded as 'Éric'.
    if entity_with_semicolon in html.entities.html5:
        return html.entities.html5[entity_with_semicolon]

    mobj = re.match(r'#(x[0-9a-fA-F]+|[0-9]+)', entity)
    if mobj is not None:
        numstr = mobj.group(1)
        if numstr.startswith('x'):
            base = 16
            numstr = '0%s' % numstr
        else:
            base = 10
        # See https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/7518
        with contextlib.suppress(ValueError):
            return chr(int(numstr, base))

    # Unknown entity in name, return its literal representation
    return '&%s;' % entity


def unescapeHTML(s):
    if s is None:
        return None
    assert isinstance(s, str)

    return re.sub(
        r'&([^&;]+;)', lambda m: _htmlentity_transform(m.group(1)), s)


def escapeHTML(text):
    return (
        text
        .replace('&', '&amp;')
        .replace('<', '&lt;')
        .replace('>', '&gt;')
        .replace('"', '&quot;')
        .replace("'", '&#39;')
    )


class netrc_from_content(netrc.netrc):
    def __init__(self, content):
        self.hosts, self.macros = {}, {}
        with io.StringIO(content) as stream:
            self._parse('-', stream, False)


class Popen(subprocess.Popen):
    if sys.platform == 'win32':
        _startupinfo = subprocess.STARTUPINFO()
        _startupinfo.dwFlags |= subprocess.STARTF_USESHOWWINDOW
    else:
        _startupinfo = None

    @staticmethod
    def _fix_pyinstaller_ld_path(env):
        """Restore LD_LIBRARY_PATH when using PyInstaller
            Ref: https://github.com/pyinstaller/pyinstaller/blob/develop/doc/runtime-information.rst#ld_library_path--libpath-considerations
                 https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/4573
        """
        if not hasattr(sys, '_MEIPASS'):
            return

        def _fix(key):
            orig = env.get(f'{key}_ORIG')
            if orig is None:
                env.pop(key, None)
            else:
                env[key] = orig

        _fix('LD_LIBRARY_PATH')  # Linux
        _fix('DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH')  # macOS

    def __init__(self, args, *remaining, env=None, text=False, shell=False, **kwargs):
        if env is None:
            env = os.environ.copy()
        self._fix_pyinstaller_ld_path(env)

        self.__text_mode = kwargs.get('encoding') or kwargs.get('errors') or text or kwargs.get('universal_newlines')
        if text is True:
            kwargs['universal_newlines'] = True  # For 3.6 compatibility
            kwargs.setdefault('encoding', 'utf-8')
            kwargs.setdefault('errors', 'replace')

        if shell and compat_os_name == 'nt' and kwargs.get('executable') is None:
            if not isinstance(args, str):
                args = shell_quote(args, shell=True)
            shell = False
            # Set variable for `cmd.exe` newline escaping (see `utils.shell_quote`)
            env['='] = '"^\n\n"'
            args = f'{self.__comspec()} /Q /S /D /V:OFF /E:ON /C "{args}"'

        super().__init__(args, *remaining, env=env, shell=shell, **kwargs, startupinfo=self._startupinfo)

    def __comspec(self):
        comspec = os.environ.get('ComSpec') or os.path.join(
            os.environ.get('SystemRoot', ''), 'System32', 'cmd.exe')
        if os.path.isabs(comspec):
            return comspec
        raise FileNotFoundError('shell not found: neither %ComSpec% nor %SystemRoot% is set')

    def communicate_or_kill(self, *args, **kwargs):
        try:
            return self.communicate(*args, **kwargs)
        except BaseException:  # Including KeyboardInterrupt
            self.kill(timeout=None)
            raise

    def kill(self, *, timeout=0):
        super().kill()
        if timeout != 0:
            self.wait(timeout=timeout)

    @classmethod
    def run(cls, *args, timeout=None, **kwargs):
        with cls(*args, **kwargs) as proc:
            default = '' if proc.__text_mode else b''
            stdout, stderr = proc.communicate_or_kill(timeout=timeout)
            return stdout or default, stderr or default, proc.returncode


def encodeArgument(s):
    # Legacy code that uses byte strings
    # Uncomment the following line after fixing all post processors
    # assert isinstance(s, str), 'Internal error: %r should be of type %r, is %r' % (s, str, type(s))
    return s if isinstance(s, str) else s.decode('ascii')


_timetuple = collections.namedtuple('Time', ('hours', 'minutes', 'seconds', 'milliseconds'))


def timetuple_from_msec(msec):
    secs, msec = divmod(msec, 1000)
    mins, secs = divmod(secs, 60)
    hrs, mins = divmod(mins, 60)
    return _timetuple(hrs, mins, secs, msec)


def formatSeconds(secs, delim=':', msec=False):
    time = timetuple_from_msec(secs * 1000)
    if time.hours:
        ret = '%d%s%02d%s%02d' % (time.hours, delim, time.minutes, delim, time.seconds)
    elif time.minutes:
        ret = '%d%s%02d' % (time.minutes, delim, time.seconds)
    else:
        ret = '%d' % time.seconds
    return '%s.%03d' % (ret, time.milliseconds) if msec else ret


def bug_reports_message(before=';'):
    from ..update import REPOSITORY

    msg = (f'please report this issue on  https://github.com/{REPOSITORY}/issues?q= , '
           'filling out the appropriate issue template. Confirm you are on the latest version using  yt-dlp -U')

    before = before.rstrip()
    if not before or before.endswith(('.', '!', '?')):
        msg = msg[0].title() + msg[1:]

    return (before + ' ' if before else '') + msg


class YoutubeDLError(Exception):
    """Base exception for YoutubeDL errors."""
    msg = None

    def __init__(self, msg=None):
        if msg is not None:
            self.msg = msg
        elif self.msg is None:
            self.msg = type(self).__name__
        super().__init__(self.msg)


class ExtractorError(YoutubeDLError):
    """Error during info extraction."""

    def __init__(self, msg, tb=None, expected=False, cause=None, video_id=None, ie=None):
        """ tb, if given, is the original traceback (so that it can be printed out).
        If expected is set, this is a normal error message and most likely not a bug in yt-dlp.
        """
        from ..networking.exceptions import network_exceptions
        if sys.exc_info()[0] in network_exceptions:
            expected = True

        self.orig_msg = str(msg)
        self.traceback = tb
        self.expected = expected
        self.cause = cause
        self.video_id = video_id
        self.ie = ie
        self.exc_info = sys.exc_info()  # preserve original exception
        if isinstance(self.exc_info[1], ExtractorError):
            self.exc_info = self.exc_info[1].exc_info
        super().__init__(self.__msg)

    @property
    def __msg(self):
        return ''.join((
            format_field(self.ie, None, '[%s] '),
            format_field(self.video_id, None, '%s: '),
            self.orig_msg,
            format_field(self.cause, None, ' (caused by %r)'),
            '' if self.expected else bug_reports_message()))

    def format_traceback(self):
        return join_nonempty(
            self.traceback and ''.join(traceback.format_tb(self.traceback)),
            self.cause and ''.join(traceback.format_exception(None, self.cause, self.cause.__traceback__)[1:]),
            delim='\n') or None

    def __setattr__(self, name, value):
        super().__setattr__(name, value)
        if getattr(self, 'msg', None) and name not in ('msg', 'args'):
            self.msg = self.__msg or type(self).__name__
            self.args = (self.msg, )  # Cannot be property


class UnsupportedError(ExtractorError):
    def __init__(self, url):
        super().__init__(
            'Unsupported URL: %s' % url, expected=True)
        self.url = url


class RegexNotFoundError(ExtractorError):
    """Error when a regex didn't match"""
    pass


class GeoRestrictedError(ExtractorError):
    """Geographic restriction Error exception.

    This exception may be thrown when a video is not available from your
    geographic location due to geographic restrictions imposed by a website.
    """

    def __init__(self, msg, countries=None, **kwargs):
        kwargs['expected'] = True
        super().__init__(msg, **kwargs)
        self.countries = countries


class UserNotLive(ExtractorError):
    """Error when a channel/user is not live"""

    def __init__(self, msg=None, **kwargs):
        kwargs['expected'] = True
        super().__init__(msg or 'The channel is not currently live', **kwargs)


class DownloadError(YoutubeDLError):
    """Download Error exception.

    This exception may be thrown by FileDownloader objects if they are not
    configured to continue on errors. They will contain the appropriate
    error message.
    """

    def __init__(self, msg, exc_info=None):
        """ exc_info, if given, is the original exception that caused the trouble (as returned by sys.exc_info()). """
        super().__init__(msg)
        self.exc_info = exc_info


class EntryNotInPlaylist(YoutubeDLError):
    """Entry not in playlist exception.

    This exception will be thrown by YoutubeDL when a requested entry
    is not found in the playlist info_dict
    """
    msg = 'Entry not found in info'


class SameFileError(YoutubeDLError):
    """Same File exception.

    This exception will be thrown by FileDownloader objects if they detect
    multiple files would have to be downloaded to the same file on disk.
    """
    msg = 'Fixed output name but more than one file to download'

    def __init__(self, filename=None):
        if filename is not None:
            self.msg += f': {filename}'
        super().__init__(self.msg)


class PostProcessingError(YoutubeDLError):
    """Post Processing exception.

    This exception may be raised by PostProcessor's .run() method to
    indicate an error in the postprocessing task.
    """


class DownloadCancelled(YoutubeDLError):
    """ Exception raised when the download queue should be interrupted """
    msg = 'The download was cancelled'


class ExistingVideoReached(DownloadCancelled):
    """ --break-on-existing triggered """
    msg = 'Encountered a video that is already in the archive, stopping due to --break-on-existing'


class RejectedVideoReached(DownloadCancelled):
    """ --break-match-filter triggered """
    msg = 'Encountered a video that did not match filter, stopping due to --break-match-filter'


class MaxDownloadsReached(DownloadCancelled):
    """ --max-downloads limit has been reached. """
    msg = 'Maximum number of downloads reached, stopping due to --max-downloads'


class ReExtractInfo(YoutubeDLError):
    """ Video info needs to be re-extracted. """

    def __init__(self, msg, expected=False):
        super().__init__(msg)
        self.expected = expected


class ThrottledDownload(ReExtractInfo):
    """ Download speed below --throttled-rate. """
    msg = 'The download speed is below throttle limit'

    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__(self.msg, expected=False)


class UnavailableVideoError(YoutubeDLError):
    """Unavailable Format exception.

    This exception will be thrown when a video is requested
    in a format that is not available for that video.
    """
    msg = 'Unable to download video'

    def __init__(self, err=None):
        if err is not None:
            self.msg += f': {err}'
        super().__init__(self.msg)


class ContentTooShortError(YoutubeDLError):
    """Content Too Short exception.

    This exception may be raised by FileDownloader objects when a file they
    download is too small for what the server announced first, indicating
    the connection was probably interrupted.
    """

    def __init__(self, downloaded, expected):
        super().__init__(f'Downloaded {downloaded} bytes, expected {expected} bytes')
        # Both in bytes
        self.downloaded = downloaded
        self.expected = expected


class XAttrMetadataError(YoutubeDLError):
    def __init__(self, code=None, msg='Unknown error'):
        super().__init__(msg)
        self.code = code
        self.msg = msg

        # Parsing code and msg
        if (self.code in (errno.ENOSPC, errno.EDQUOT)
                or 'No space left' in self.msg or 'Disk quota exceeded' in self.msg):
            self.reason = 'NO_SPACE'
        elif self.code == errno.E2BIG or 'Argument list too long' in self.msg:
            self.reason = 'VALUE_TOO_LONG'
        else:
            self.reason = 'NOT_SUPPORTED'


class XAttrUnavailableError(YoutubeDLError):
    pass


def is_path_like(f):
    return isinstance(f, (str, bytes, os.PathLike))


def extract_timezone(date_str):
    m = re.search(
        r'''(?x)
            ^.{8,}?                                              # >=8 char non-TZ prefix, if present
            (?P<tz>Z|                                            # just the UTC Z, or
                (?:(?<=.\b\d{4}|\b\d{2}:\d\d)|                   # preceded by 4 digits or hh:mm or
                   (?<!.\b[a-zA-Z]{3}|[a-zA-Z]{4}|..\b\d\d))     # not preceded by 3 alpha word or >= 4 alpha or 2 digits
                   [ ]?                                          # optional space
                (?P<sign>\+|-)                                   # +/-
                (?P<hours>[0-9]{2}):?(?P<minutes>[0-9]{2})       # hh[:]mm
            $)
        ''', date_str)
    if not m:
        m = re.search(r'\d{1,2}:\d{1,2}(?:\.\d+)?(?P<tz>\s*[A-Z]+)$', date_str)
        timezone = TIMEZONE_NAMES.get(m and m.group('tz').strip())
        if timezone is not None:
            date_str = date_str[:-len(m.group('tz'))]
        timezone = dt.timedelta(hours=timezone or 0)
    else:
        date_str = date_str[:-len(m.group('tz'))]
        if not m.group('sign'):
            timezone = dt.timedelta()
        else:
            sign = 1 if m.group('sign') == '+' else -1
            timezone = dt.timedelta(
                hours=sign * int(m.group('hours')),
                minutes=sign * int(m.group('minutes')))
    return timezone, date_str


def parse_iso8601(date_str, delimiter='T', timezone=None):
    """ Return a UNIX timestamp from the given date """

    if date_str is None:
        return None

    date_str = re.sub(r'\.[0-9]+', '', date_str)

    if timezone is None:
        timezone, date_str = extract_timezone(date_str)

    with contextlib.suppress(ValueError):
        date_format = f'%Y-%m-%d{delimiter}%H:%M:%S'
        dt_ = dt.datetime.strptime(date_str, date_format) - timezone
        return calendar.timegm(dt_.timetuple())


def date_formats(day_first=True):
    return DATE_FORMATS_DAY_FIRST if day_first else DATE_FORMATS_MONTH_FIRST


def unified_strdate(date_str, day_first=True):
    """Return a string with the date in the format YYYYMMDD"""

    if date_str is None:
        return None
    upload_date = None
    # Replace commas
    date_str = date_str.replace(',', ' ')
    # Remove AM/PM + timezone
    date_str = re.sub(r'(?i)\s*(?:AM|PM)(?:\s+[A-Z]+)?', '', date_str)
    _, date_str = extract_timezone(date_str)

    for expression in date_formats(day_first):
        with contextlib.suppress(ValueError):
            upload_date = dt.datetime.strptime(date_str, expression).strftime('%Y%m%d')
    if upload_date is None:
        timetuple = email.utils.parsedate_tz(date_str)
        if timetuple:
            with contextlib.suppress(ValueError):
                upload_date = dt.datetime(*timetuple[:6]).strftime('%Y%m%d')
    if upload_date is not None:
        return str(upload_date)


def unified_timestamp(date_str, day_first=True):
    if not isinstance(date_str, str):
        return None

    date_str = re.sub(r'\s+', ' ', re.sub(
        r'(?i)[,|]|(mon|tues?|wed(nes)?|thu(rs)?|fri|sat(ur)?)(day)?', '', date_str))

    pm_delta = 12 if re.search(r'(?i)PM', date_str) else 0
    timezone, date_str = extract_timezone(date_str)

    # Remove AM/PM + timezone
    date_str = re.sub(r'(?i)\s*(?:AM|PM)(?:\s+[A-Z]+)?', '', date_str)

    # Remove unrecognized timezones from ISO 8601 alike timestamps
    m = re.search(r'\d{1,2}:\d{1,2}(?:\.\d+)?(?P<tz>\s*[A-Z]+)$', date_str)
    if m:
        date_str = date_str[:-len(m.group('tz'))]

    # Python only supports microseconds, so remove nanoseconds
    m = re.search(r'^([0-9]{4,}-[0-9]{1,2}-[0-9]{1,2}T[0-9]{1,2}:[0-9]{1,2}:[0-9]{1,2}\.[0-9]{6})[0-9]+$', date_str)
    if m:
        date_str = m.group(1)

    for expression in date_formats(day_first):
        with contextlib.suppress(ValueError):
            dt_ = dt.datetime.strptime(date_str, expression) - timezone + dt.timedelta(hours=pm_delta)
            return calendar.timegm(dt_.timetuple())

    timetuple = email.utils.parsedate_tz(date_str)
    if timetuple:
        return calendar.timegm(timetuple) + pm_delta * 3600 - timezone.total_seconds()


def determine_ext(url, default_ext='unknown_video'):
    if url is None or '.' not in url:
        return default_ext
    guess = url.partition('?')[0].rpartition('.')[2]
    if re.match(r'^[A-Za-z0-9]+$', guess):
        return guess
    # Try extract ext from URLs like http://example.com/foo/bar.mp4/?download
    elif guess.rstrip('/') in KNOWN_EXTENSIONS:
        return guess.rstrip('/')
    else:
        return default_ext


def subtitles_filename(filename, sub_lang, sub_format, expected_real_ext=None):
    return replace_extension(filename, sub_lang + '.' + sub_format, expected_real_ext)


def datetime_from_str(date_str, precision='auto', format='%Y%m%d'):
    R"""
    Return a datetime object from a string.
    Supported format:
        (now|today|yesterday|DATE)([+-]\d+(microsecond|second|minute|hour|day|week|month|year)s?)?

    @param format       strftime format of DATE
    @param precision    Round the datetime object: auto|microsecond|second|minute|hour|day
                        auto: round to the unit provided in date_str (if applicable).
    """
    auto_precision = False
    if precision == 'auto':
        auto_precision = True
        precision = 'microsecond'
    today = datetime_round(dt.datetime.now(dt.timezone.utc), precision)
    if date_str in ('now', 'today'):
        return today
    if date_str == 'yesterday':
        return today - dt.timedelta(days=1)
    match = re.match(
        r'(?P<start>.+)(?P<sign>[+-])(?P<time>\d+)(?P<unit>microsecond|second|minute|hour|day|week|month|year)s?',
        date_str)
    if match is not None:
        start_time = datetime_from_str(match.group('start'), precision, format)
        time = int(match.group('time')) * (-1 if match.group('sign') == '-' else 1)
        unit = match.group('unit')
        if unit == 'month' or unit == 'year':
            new_date = datetime_add_months(start_time, time * 12 if unit == 'year' else time)
            unit = 'day'
        else:
            if unit == 'week':
                unit = 'day'
                time *= 7
            delta = dt.timedelta(**{unit + 's': time})
            new_date = start_time + delta
        if auto_precision:
            return datetime_round(new_date, unit)
        return new_date

    return datetime_round(dt.datetime.strptime(date_str, format), precision)


def date_from_str(date_str, format='%Y%m%d', strict=False):
    R"""
    Return a date object from a string using datetime_from_str

    @param strict  Restrict allowed patterns to "YYYYMMDD" and
                   (now|today|yesterday)(-\d+(day|week|month|year)s?)?
    """
    if strict and not re.fullmatch(r'\d{8}|(now|today|yesterday)(-\d+(day|week|month|year)s?)?', date_str):
        raise ValueError(f'Invalid date format "{date_str}"')
    return datetime_from_str(date_str, precision='microsecond', format=format).date()


def datetime_add_months(dt_, months):
    """Increment/Decrement a datetime object by months."""
    month = dt_.month + months - 1
    year = dt_.year + month // 12
    month = month % 12 + 1
    day = min(dt_.day, calendar.monthrange(year, month)[1])
    return dt_.replace(year, month, day)


def datetime_round(dt_, precision='day'):
    """
    Round a datetime object's time to a specific precision
    """
    if precision == 'microsecond':
        return dt_

    unit_seconds = {
        'day': 86400,
        'hour': 3600,
        'minute': 60,
        'second': 1,
    }
    roundto = lambda x, n: ((x + n / 2) // n) * n
    timestamp = roundto(calendar.timegm(dt_.timetuple()), unit_seconds[precision])
    return dt.datetime.fromtimestamp(timestamp, dt.timezone.utc)


def hyphenate_date(date_str):
    """
    Convert a date in 'YYYYMMDD' format to 'YYYY-MM-DD' format"""
    match = re.match(r'^(\d\d\d\d)(\d\d)(\d\d)$', date_str)
    if match is not None:
        return '-'.join(match.groups())
    else:
        return date_str


class DateRange:
    """Represents a time interval between two dates"""

    def __init__(self, start=None, end=None):
        """start and end must be strings in the format accepted by date"""
        if start is not None:
            self.start = date_from_str(start, strict=True)
        else:
            self.start = dt.datetime.min.date()
        if end is not None:
            self.end = date_from_str(end, strict=True)
        else:
            self.end = dt.datetime.max.date()
        if self.start > self.end:
            raise ValueError('Date range: "%s" , the start date must be before the end date' % self)

    @classmethod
    def day(cls, day):
        """Returns a range that only contains the given day"""
        return cls(day, day)

    def __contains__(self, date):
        """Check if the date is in the range"""
        if not isinstance(date, dt.date):
            date = date_from_str(date)
        return self.start <= date <= self.end

    def __repr__(self):
        return f'{__name__}.{type(self).__name__}({self.start.isoformat()!r}, {self.end.isoformat()!r})'

    def __str__(self):
        return f'{self.start} to {self.end}'

    def __eq__(self, other):
        return (isinstance(other, DateRange)
                and self.start == other.start and self.end == other.end)


@functools.cache
def system_identifier():
    python_implementation = platform.python_implementation()
    if python_implementation == 'PyPy' and hasattr(sys, 'pypy_version_info'):
        python_implementation += ' version %d.%d.%d' % sys.pypy_version_info[:3]
    libc_ver = []
    with contextlib.suppress(OSError):  # We may not have access to the executable
        libc_ver = platform.libc_ver()

    return 'Python %s (%s %s %s) - %s (%s%s)' % (
        platform.python_version(),
        python_implementation,
        platform.machine(),
        platform.architecture()[0],
        platform.platform(),
        ssl.OPENSSL_VERSION,
        format_field(join_nonempty(*libc_ver, delim=' '), None, ', %s'),
    )


@functools.cache
def get_windows_version():
    ''' Get Windows version. returns () if it's not running on Windows '''
    if compat_os_name == 'nt':
        return version_tuple(platform.win32_ver()[1])
    else:
        return ()


def write_string(s, out=None, encoding=None):
    assert isinstance(s, str)
    out = out or sys.stderr
    # `sys.stderr` might be `None` (Ref: https://github.com/pyinstaller/pyinstaller/pull/7217)
    if not out:
        return

    if compat_os_name == 'nt' and supports_terminal_sequences(out):
        s = re.sub(r'([\r\n]+)', r' \1', s)

    enc, buffer = None, out
    # `mode` might be `None` (Ref: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/8816)
    if 'b' in (getattr(out, 'mode', None) or ''):
        enc = encoding or preferredencoding()
    elif hasattr(out, 'buffer'):
        buffer = out.buffer
        enc = encoding or getattr(out, 'encoding', None) or preferredencoding()

    buffer.write(s.encode(enc, 'ignore') if enc else s)
    out.flush()


# TODO: Use global logger
def deprecation_warning(msg, *, printer=None, stacklevel=0, **kwargs):
    from .. import _IN_CLI
    if _IN_CLI:
        if msg in deprecation_warning._cache:
            return
        deprecation_warning._cache.add(msg)
        if printer:
            return printer(f'{msg}{bug_reports_message()}', **kwargs)
        return write_string(f'ERROR: {msg}{bug_reports_message()}\n', **kwargs)
    else:
        import warnings
        warnings.warn(DeprecationWarning(msg), stacklevel=stacklevel + 3)


deprecation_warning._cache = set()


def bytes_to_intlist(bs):
    if not bs:
        return []
    if isinstance(bs[0], int):  # Python 3
        return list(bs)
    else:
        return [ord(c) for c in bs]


def intlist_to_bytes(xs):
    if not xs:
        return b''
    return struct.pack('%dB' % len(xs), *xs)


class LockingUnsupportedError(OSError):
    msg = 'File locking is not supported'

    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__(self.msg)


# Cross-platform file locking
if sys.platform == 'win32':
    import ctypes
    import ctypes.wintypes
    import msvcrt

    class OVERLAPPED(ctypes.Structure):
        _fields_ = [
            ('Internal', ctypes.wintypes.LPVOID),
            ('InternalHigh', ctypes.wintypes.LPVOID),
            ('Offset', ctypes.wintypes.DWORD),
            ('OffsetHigh', ctypes.wintypes.DWORD),
            ('hEvent', ctypes.wintypes.HANDLE),
        ]

    kernel32 = ctypes.WinDLL('kernel32')
    LockFileEx = kernel32.LockFileEx
    LockFileEx.argtypes = [
        ctypes.wintypes.HANDLE,     # hFile
        ctypes.wintypes.DWORD,      # dwFlags
        ctypes.wintypes.DWORD,      # dwReserved
        ctypes.wintypes.DWORD,      # nNumberOfBytesToLockLow
        ctypes.wintypes.DWORD,      # nNumberOfBytesToLockHigh
        ctypes.POINTER(OVERLAPPED)  # Overlapped
    ]
    LockFileEx.restype = ctypes.wintypes.BOOL
    UnlockFileEx = kernel32.UnlockFileEx
    UnlockFileEx.argtypes = [
        ctypes.wintypes.HANDLE,     # hFile
        ctypes.wintypes.DWORD,      # dwReserved
        ctypes.wintypes.DWORD,      # nNumberOfBytesToLockLow
        ctypes.wintypes.DWORD,      # nNumberOfBytesToLockHigh
        ctypes.POINTER(OVERLAPPED)  # Overlapped
    ]
    UnlockFileEx.restype = ctypes.wintypes.BOOL
    whole_low = 0xffffffff
    whole_high = 0x7fffffff

    def _lock_file(f, exclusive, block):
        overlapped = OVERLAPPED()
        overlapped.Offset = 0
        overlapped.OffsetHigh = 0
        overlapped.hEvent = 0
        f._lock_file_overlapped_p = ctypes.pointer(overlapped)

        if not LockFileEx(msvcrt.get_osfhandle(f.fileno()),
                          (0x2 if exclusive else 0x0) | (0x0 if block else 0x1),
                          0, whole_low, whole_high, f._lock_file_overlapped_p):
            # NB: No argument form of "ctypes.FormatError" does not work on PyPy
            raise BlockingIOError(f'Locking file failed: {ctypes.FormatError(ctypes.GetLastError())!r}')

    def _unlock_file(f):
        assert f._lock_file_overlapped_p
        handle = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(f.fileno())
        if not UnlockFileEx(handle, 0, whole_low, whole_high, f._lock_file_overlapped_p):
            raise OSError('Unlocking file failed: %r' % ctypes.FormatError())

else:
    try:
        import fcntl

        def _lock_file(f, exclusive, block):
            flags = fcntl.LOCK_EX if exclusive else fcntl.LOCK_SH
            if not block:
                flags |= fcntl.LOCK_NB
            try:
                fcntl.flock(f, flags)
            except BlockingIOError:
                raise
            except OSError:  # AOSP does not have flock()
                fcntl.lockf(f, flags)

        def _unlock_file(f):
            with contextlib.suppress(OSError):
                return fcntl.flock(f, fcntl.LOCK_UN)
            with contextlib.suppress(OSError):
                return fcntl.lockf(f, fcntl.LOCK_UN)  # AOSP does not have flock()
            return fcntl.flock(f, fcntl.LOCK_UN | fcntl.LOCK_NB)  # virtiofs needs LOCK_NB on unlocking

    except ImportError:

        def _lock_file(f, exclusive, block):
            raise LockingUnsupportedError()

        def _unlock_file(f):
            raise LockingUnsupportedError()


class locked_file:
    locked = False

    def __init__(self, filename, mode, block=True, encoding=None):
        if mode not in {'r', 'rb', 'a', 'ab', 'w', 'wb'}:
            raise NotImplementedError(mode)
        self.mode, self.block = mode, block

        writable = any(f in mode for f in 'wax+')
        readable = any(f in mode for f in 'r+')
        flags = functools.reduce(operator.ior, (
            getattr(os, 'O_CLOEXEC', 0),  # UNIX only
            getattr(os, 'O_BINARY', 0),  # Windows only
            getattr(os, 'O_NOINHERIT', 0),  # Windows only
            os.O_CREAT if writable else 0,  # O_TRUNC only after locking
            os.O_APPEND if 'a' in mode else 0,
            os.O_EXCL if 'x' in mode else 0,
            os.O_RDONLY if not writable else os.O_RDWR if readable else os.O_WRONLY,
        ))

        self.f = os.fdopen(os.open(filename, flags, 0o666), mode, encoding=encoding)

    def __enter__(self):
        exclusive = 'r' not in self.mode
        try:
            _lock_file(self.f, exclusive, self.block)
            self.locked = True
        except OSError:
            self.f.close()
            raise
        if 'w' in self.mode:
            try:
                self.f.truncate()
            except OSError as e:
                if e.errno not in (
                    errno.ESPIPE,  # Illegal seek - expected for FIFO
                    errno.EINVAL,  # Invalid argument - expected for /dev/null
                ):
                    raise
        return self

    def unlock(self):
        if not self.locked:
            return
        try:
            _unlock_file(self.f)
        finally:
            self.locked = False

    def __exit__(self, *_):
        try:
            self.unlock()
        finally:
            self.f.close()

    open = __enter__
    close = __exit__

    def __getattr__(self, attr):
        return getattr(self.f, attr)

    def __iter__(self):
        return iter(self.f)


@functools.cache
def get_filesystem_encoding():
    encoding = sys.getfilesystemencoding()
    return encoding if encoding is not None else 'utf-8'


_WINDOWS_QUOTE_TRANS = str.maketrans({'"': '\\"', '\\': '\\\\'})
_CMD_QUOTE_TRANS = str.maketrans({
    # Keep quotes balanced by replacing them with `""` instead of `\\"`
    '"': '""',
    # Requires a variable `=` containing `"^\n\n"` (set in `utils.Popen`)
    # `=` should be unique since variables containing `=` cannot be set using cmd
    '\n': '%=%',
    # While we are only required to escape backslashes immediately before quotes,
    # we instead escape all of 'em anyways to be consistent
    '\\': '\\\\',
    # Use zero length variable replacement so `%` doesn't get expanded
    # `cd` is always set as long as extensions are enabled (`/E:ON` in `utils.Popen`)
    '%': '%%cd:~,%',
})


def shell_quote(args, *, shell=False):
    args = list(variadic(args))
    if any(isinstance(item, bytes) for item in args):
        deprecation_warning('Passing bytes to utils.shell_quote is deprecated')
        encoding = get_filesystem_encoding()
        for index, item in enumerate(args):
            if isinstance(item, bytes):
                args[index] = item.decode(encoding)

    if compat_os_name != 'nt':
        return shlex.join(args)

    trans = _CMD_QUOTE_TRANS if shell else _WINDOWS_QUOTE_TRANS
    return ' '.join(
        s if re.fullmatch(r'[\w#$*\-+./:?@\\]+', s, re.ASCII) else s.translate(trans).join('""')
        for s in args)


def smuggle_url(url, data):
    """ Pass additional data in a URL for internal use. """

    url, idata = unsmuggle_url(url, {})
    data.update(idata)
    sdata = urllib.parse.urlencode(
        {'__youtubedl_smuggle': json.dumps(data)})
    return url + '#' + sdata


def unsmuggle_url(smug_url, default=None):
    if '#__youtubedl_smuggle' not in smug_url:
        return smug_url, default
    url, _, sdata = smug_url.rpartition('#')
    jsond = urllib.parse.parse_qs(sdata)['__youtubedl_smuggle'][0]
    data = json.loads(jsond)
    return url, data


def format_decimal_suffix(num, fmt='%d%s', *, factor=1000):
    """ Formats numbers with decimal sufixes like K, M, etc """
    num, factor = float_or_none(num), float(factor)
    if num is None or num < 0:
        return None
    POSSIBLE_SUFFIXES = 'kMGTPEZY'
    exponent = 0 if num == 0 else min(int(math.log(num, factor)), len(POSSIBLE_SUFFIXES))
    suffix = ['', *POSSIBLE_SUFFIXES][exponent]
    if factor == 1024:
        suffix = {'k': 'Ki', '': ''}.get(suffix, f'{suffix}i')
    converted = num / (factor ** exponent)
    return fmt % (converted, suffix)


def format_bytes(bytes):
    return format_decimal_suffix(bytes, '%.2f%sB', factor=1024) or 'N/A'


def lookup_unit_table(unit_table, s, strict=False):
    num_re = NUMBER_RE if strict else NUMBER_RE.replace(R'\.', '[,.]')
    units_re = '|'.join(re.escape(u) for u in unit_table)
    m = (re.fullmatch if strict else re.match)(
        rf'(?P<num>{num_re})\s*(?P<unit>{units_re})\b', s)
    if not m:
        return None

    num = float(m.group('num').replace(',', '.'))
    mult = unit_table[m.group('unit')]
    return round(num * mult)


def parse_bytes(s):
    """Parse a string indicating a byte quantity into an integer"""
    return lookup_unit_table(
        {u: 1024**i for i, u in enumerate(['', *'KMGTPEZY'])},
        s.upper(), strict=True)


def parse_filesize(s):
    if s is None:
        return None

    # The lower-case forms are of course incorrect and unofficial,
    # but we support those too
    _UNIT_TABLE = {
        'B': 1,
        'b': 1,
        'bytes': 1,
        'KiB': 1024,
        'KB': 1000,
        'kB': 1024,
        'Kb': 1000,
        'kb': 1000,
        'kilobytes': 1000,
        'kibibytes': 1024,
        'MiB': 1024 ** 2,
        'MB': 1000 ** 2,
        'mB': 1024 ** 2,
        'Mb': 1000 ** 2,
        'mb': 1000 ** 2,
        'megabytes': 1000 ** 2,
        'mebibytes': 1024 ** 2,
        'GiB': 1024 ** 3,
        'GB': 1000 ** 3,
        'gB': 1024 ** 3,
        'Gb': 1000 ** 3,
        'gb': 1000 ** 3,
        'gigabytes': 1000 ** 3,
        'gibibytes': 1024 ** 3,
        'TiB': 1024 ** 4,
        'TB': 1000 ** 4,
        'tB': 1024 ** 4,
        'Tb': 1000 ** 4,
        'tb': 1000 ** 4,
        'terabytes': 1000 ** 4,
        'tebibytes': 1024 ** 4,
        'PiB': 1024 ** 5,
        'PB': 1000 ** 5,
        'pB': 1024 ** 5,
        'Pb': 1000 ** 5,
        'pb': 1000 ** 5,
        'petabytes': 1000 ** 5,
        'pebibytes': 1024 ** 5,
        'EiB': 1024 ** 6,
        'EB': 1000 ** 6,
        'eB': 1024 ** 6,
        'Eb': 1000 ** 6,
        'eb': 1000 ** 6,
        'exabytes': 1000 ** 6,
        'exbibytes': 1024 ** 6,
        'ZiB': 1024 ** 7,
        'ZB': 1000 ** 7,
        'zB': 1024 ** 7,
        'Zb': 1000 ** 7,
        'zb': 1000 ** 7,
        'zettabytes': 1000 ** 7,
        'zebibytes': 1024 ** 7,
        'YiB': 1024 ** 8,
        'YB': 1000 ** 8,
        'yB': 1024 ** 8,
        'Yb': 1000 ** 8,
        'yb': 1000 ** 8,
        'yottabytes': 1000 ** 8,
        'yobibytes': 1024 ** 8,
    }

    return lookup_unit_table(_UNIT_TABLE, s)


def parse_count(s):
    if s is None:
        return None

    s = re.sub(r'^[^\d]+\s', '', s).strip()

    if re.match(r'^[\d,.]+$', s):
        return str_to_int(s)

    _UNIT_TABLE = {
        'k': 1000,
        'K': 1000,
        'm': 1000 ** 2,
        'M': 1000 ** 2,
        'kk': 1000 ** 2,
        'KK': 1000 ** 2,
        'b': 1000 ** 3,
        'B': 1000 ** 3,
    }

    ret = lookup_unit_table(_UNIT_TABLE, s)
    if ret is not None:
        return ret

    mobj = re.match(r'([\d,.]+)(?:$|\s)', s)
    if mobj:
        return str_to_int(mobj.group(1))


def parse_resolution(s, *, lenient=False):
    if s is None:
        return {}

    if lenient:
        mobj = re.search(r'(?P<w>\d+)\s*[xX×,]\s*(?P<h>\d+)', s)
    else:
        mobj = re.search(r'(?<![a-zA-Z0-9])(?P<w>\d+)\s*[xX×,]\s*(?P<h>\d+)(?![a-zA-Z0-9])', s)
    if mobj:
        return {
            'width': int(mobj.group('w')),
            'height': int(mobj.group('h')),
        }

    mobj = re.search(r'(?<![a-zA-Z0-9])(\d+)[pPiI](?![a-zA-Z0-9])', s)
    if mobj:
        return {'height': int(mobj.group(1))}

    mobj = re.search(r'\b([48])[kK]\b', s)
    if mobj:
        return {'height': int(mobj.group(1)) * 540}

    return {}


def parse_bitrate(s):
    if not isinstance(s, str):
        return
    mobj = re.search(r'\b(\d+)\s*kbps', s)
    if mobj:
        return int(mobj.group(1))


def month_by_name(name, lang='en'):
    """ Return the number of a month by (locale-independently) English name """

    month_names = MONTH_NAMES.get(lang, MONTH_NAMES['en'])

    try:
        return month_names.index(name) + 1
    except ValueError:
        return None


def month_by_abbreviation(abbrev):
    """ Return the number of a month by (locale-independently) English
        abbreviations """

    try:
        return [s[:3] for s in ENGLISH_MONTH_NAMES].index(abbrev) + 1
    except ValueError:
        return None


def fix_xml_ampersands(xml_str):
    """Replace all the '&' by '&amp;' in XML"""
    return re.sub(
        r'&(?!amp;|lt;|gt;|apos;|quot;|#x[0-9a-fA-F]{,4};|#[0-9]{,4};)',
        '&amp;',
        xml_str)


def setproctitle(title):
    assert isinstance(title, str)

    # Workaround for https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/4541
    try:
        import ctypes
    except ImportError:
        return

    try:
        libc = ctypes.cdll.LoadLibrary('libc.so.6')
    except OSError:
        return
    except TypeError:
        # LoadLibrary in Windows Python 2.7.13 only expects
        # a bytestring, but since unicode_literals turns
        # every string into a unicode string, it fails.
        return
    title_bytes = title.encode()
    buf = ctypes.create_string_buffer(len(title_bytes))
    buf.value = title_bytes
    try:
        # PR_SET_NAME = 15      Ref: /usr/include/linux/prctl.h
        libc.prctl(15, buf, 0, 0, 0)
    except AttributeError:
        return  # Strange libc, just skip this


def remove_start(s, start):
    return s[len(start):] if s is not None and s.startswith(start) else s


def remove_end(s, end):
    return s[:-len(end)] if s is not None and s.endswith(end) else s


def remove_quotes(s):
    if s is None or len(s) < 2:
        return s
    for quote in ('"', "'", ):
        if s[0] == quote and s[-1] == quote:
            return s[1:-1]
    return s


def get_domain(url):
    """
    This implementation is inconsistent, but is kept for compatibility.
    Use this only for "webpage_url_domain"
    """
    return remove_start(urllib.parse.urlparse(url).netloc, 'www.') or None


def url_basename(url):
    path = urllib.parse.urlparse(url).path
    return path.strip('/').split('/')[-1]


def base_url(url):
    return re.match(r'https?://[^?#]+/', url).group()


def urljoin(base, path):
    if isinstance(path, bytes):
        path = path.decode()
    if not isinstance(path, str) or not path:
        return None
    if re.match(r'^(?:[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9+-.]*:)?//', path):
        return path
    if isinstance(base, bytes):
        base = base.decode()
    if not isinstance(base, str) or not re.match(
            r'^(?:https?:)?//', base):
        return None
    return urllib.parse.urljoin(base, path)


def int_or_none(v, scale=1, default=None, get_attr=None, invscale=1):
    if get_attr and v is not None:
        v = getattr(v, get_attr, None)
    try:
        return int(v) * invscale // scale
    except (ValueError, TypeError, OverflowError):
        return default


def str_or_none(v, default=None):
    return default if v is None else str(v)


def str_to_int(int_str):
    """ A more relaxed version of int_or_none """
    if isinstance(int_str, int):
        return int_str
    elif isinstance(int_str, str):
        int_str = re.sub(r'[,\.\+]', '', int_str)
        return int_or_none(int_str)


def float_or_none(v, scale=1, invscale=1, default=None):
    if v is None:
        return default
    try:
        return float(v) * invscale / scale
    except (ValueError, TypeError):
        return default


def bool_or_none(v, default=None):
    return v if isinstance(v, bool) else default


def strip_or_none(v, default=None):
    return v.strip() if isinstance(v, str) else default


def url_or_none(url):
    if not url or not isinstance(url, str):
        return None
    url = url.strip()
    return url if re.match(r'^(?:(?:https?|rt(?:m(?:pt?[es]?|fp)|sp[su]?)|mms|ftps?):)?//', url) else None


def strftime_or_none(timestamp, date_format='%Y%m%d', default=None):
    datetime_object = None
    try:
        if isinstance(timestamp, (int, float)):  # unix timestamp
            # Using naive datetime here can break timestamp() in Windows
            # Ref: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/5185, https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/94414
            # Also, dt.datetime.fromtimestamp breaks for negative timestamps
            # Ref: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/6706#issuecomment-1496842642
            datetime_object = (dt.datetime.fromtimestamp(0, dt.timezone.utc)
                               + dt.timedelta(seconds=timestamp))
        elif isinstance(timestamp, str):  # assume YYYYMMDD
            datetime_object = dt.datetime.strptime(timestamp, '%Y%m%d')
        date_format = re.sub(  # Support %s on windows
            r'(?<!%)(%%)*%s', rf'\g<1>{int(datetime_object.timestamp())}', date_format)
        return datetime_object.strftime(date_format)
    except (ValueError, TypeError, AttributeError):
        return default


def parse_duration(s):
    if not isinstance(s, str):
        return None
    s = s.strip()
    if not s:
        return None

    days, hours, mins, secs, ms = [None] * 5
    m = re.match(r'''(?x)
            (?P<before_secs>
                (?:(?:(?P<days>[0-9]+):)?(?P<hours>[0-9]+):)?(?P<mins>[0-9]+):)?
            (?P<secs>(?(before_secs)[0-9]{1,2}|[0-9]+))
            (?P<ms>[.:][0-9]+)?Z?$
        ''', s)
    if m:
        days, hours, mins, secs, ms = m.group('days', 'hours', 'mins', 'secs', 'ms')
    else:
        m = re.match(
            r'''(?ix)(?:P?
                (?:
                    [0-9]+\s*y(?:ears?)?,?\s*
                )?
                (?:
                    [0-9]+\s*m(?:onths?)?,?\s*
                )?
                (?:
                    [0-9]+\s*w(?:eeks?)?,?\s*
                )?
                (?:
                    (?P<days>[0-9]+)\s*d(?:ays?)?,?\s*
                )?
                T)?
                (?:
                    (?P<hours>[0-9]+)\s*h(?:(?:ou)?rs?)?,?\s*
                )?
                (?:
                    (?P<mins>[0-9]+)\s*m(?:in(?:ute)?s?)?,?\s*
                )?
                (?:
                    (?P<secs>[0-9]+)(?P<ms>\.[0-9]+)?\s*s(?:ec(?:ond)?s?)?\s*
                )?Z?$''', s)
        if m:
            days, hours, mins, secs, ms = m.groups()
        else:
            m = re.match(r'(?i)(?:(?P<hours>[0-9.]+)\s*(?:hours?)|(?P<mins>[0-9.]+)\s*(?:mins?\.?|minutes?)\s*)Z?$', s)
            if m:
                hours, mins = m.groups()
            else:
                return None

    if ms:
        ms = ms.replace(':', '.')
    return sum(float(part or 0) * mult for part, mult in (
        (days, 86400), (hours, 3600), (mins, 60), (secs, 1), (ms, 1)))


def prepend_extension(filename, ext, expected_real_ext=None):
    name, real_ext = os.path.splitext(filename)
    return (
        f'{name}.{ext}{real_ext}'
        if not expected_real_ext or real_ext[1:] == expected_real_ext
        else f'{filename}.{ext}')


def replace_extension(filename, ext, expected_real_ext=None):
    name, real_ext = os.path.splitext(filename)
    return '{}.{}'.format(
        name if not expected_real_ext or real_ext[1:] == expected_real_ext else filename,
        ext)


def check_executable(exe, args=[]):
    """ Checks if the given binary is installed somewhere in PATH, and returns its name.
    args can be a list of arguments for a short output (like -version) """
    try:
        Popen.run([exe] + args, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
    except OSError:
        return False
    return exe


def _get_exe_version_output(exe, args):
    try:
        # STDIN should be redirected too. On UNIX-like systems, ffmpeg triggers
        # SIGTTOU if yt-dlp is run in the background.
        # See https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/955#issuecomment-209789656
        stdout, _, ret = Popen.run([encodeArgument(exe)] + args, text=True,
                                   stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
        if ret:
            return None
    except OSError:
        return False
    return stdout


def detect_exe_version(output, version_re=None, unrecognized='present'):
    assert isinstance(output, str)
    if version_re is None:
        version_re = r'version\s+([-0-9._a-zA-Z]+)'
    m = re.search(version_re, output)
    if m:
        return m.group(1)
    else:
        return unrecognized


def get_exe_version(exe, args=['--version'],
                    version_re=None, unrecognized=('present', 'broken')):
    """ Returns the version of the specified executable,
    or False if the executable is not present """
    unrecognized = variadic(unrecognized)
    assert len(unrecognized) in (1, 2)
    out = _get_exe_version_output(exe, args)
    if out is None:
        return unrecognized[-1]
    return out and detect_exe_version(out, version_re, unrecognized[0])


def frange(start=0, stop=None, step=1):
    """Float range"""
    if stop is None:
        start, stop = 0, start
    sign = [-1, 1][step > 0] if step else 0
    while sign * start < sign * stop:
        yield start
        start += step


class LazyList(collections.abc.Sequence):
    """Lazy immutable list from an iterable
    Note that slices of a LazyList are lists and not LazyList"""

    class IndexError(IndexError):
        pass

    def __init__(self, iterable, *, reverse=False, _cache=None):
        self._iterable = iter(iterable)
        self._cache = [] if _cache is None else _cache
        self._reversed = reverse

    def __iter__(self):
        if self._reversed:
            # We need to consume the entire iterable to iterate in reverse
            yield from self.exhaust()
            return
        yield from self._cache
        for item in self._iterable:
            self._cache.append(item)
            yield item

    def _exhaust(self):
        self._cache.extend(self._iterable)
        self._iterable = []  # Discard the emptied iterable to make it pickle-able
        return self._cache

    def exhaust(self):
        """Evaluate the entire iterable"""
        return self._exhaust()[::-1 if self._reversed else 1]

    @staticmethod
    def _reverse_index(x):
        return None if x is None else ~x

    def __getitem__(self, idx):
        if isinstance(idx, slice):
            if self._reversed:
                idx = slice(self._reverse_index(idx.start), self._reverse_index(idx.stop), -(idx.step or 1))
            start, stop, step = idx.start, idx.stop, idx.step or 1
        elif isinstance(idx, int):
            if self._reversed:
                idx = self._reverse_index(idx)
            start, stop, step = idx, idx, 0
        else:
            raise TypeError('indices must be integers or slices')
        if ((start or 0) < 0 or (stop or 0) < 0
                or (start is None and step < 0)
                or (stop is None and step > 0)):
            # We need to consume the entire iterable to be able to slice from the end
            # Obviously, never use this with infinite iterables
            self._exhaust()
            try:
                return self._cache[idx]
            except IndexError as e:
                raise self.IndexError(e) from e
        n = max(start or 0, stop or 0) - len(self._cache) + 1
        if n > 0:
            self._cache.extend(itertools.islice(self._iterable, n))
        try:
            return self._cache[idx]
        except IndexError as e:
            raise self.IndexError(e) from e

    def __bool__(self):
        try:
            self[-1] if self._reversed else self[0]
        except self.IndexError:
            return False
        return True

    def __len__(self):
        self._exhaust()
        return len(self._cache)

    def __reversed__(self):
        return type(self)(self._iterable, reverse=not self._reversed, _cache=self._cache)

    def __copy__(self):
        return type(self)(self._iterable, reverse=self._reversed, _cache=self._cache)

    def __repr__(self):
        # repr and str should mimic a list. So we exhaust the iterable
        return repr(self.exhaust())

    def __str__(self):
        return repr(self.exhaust())


class PagedList:

    class IndexError(IndexError):
        pass

    def __len__(self):
        # This is only useful for tests
        return len(self.getslice())

    def __init__(self, pagefunc, pagesize, use_cache=True):
        self._pagefunc = pagefunc
        self._pagesize = pagesize
        self._pagecount = float('inf')
        self._use_cache = use_cache
        self._cache = {}

    def getpage(self, pagenum):
        page_results = self._cache.get(pagenum)
        if page_results is None:
            page_results = [] if pagenum > self._pagecount else list(self._pagefunc(pagenum))
        if self._use_cache:
            self._cache[pagenum] = page_results
        return page_results

    def getslice(self, start=0, end=None):
        return list(self._getslice(start, end))

    def _getslice(self, start, end):
        raise NotImplementedError('This method must be implemented by subclasses')

    def __getitem__(self, idx):
        assert self._use_cache, 'Indexing PagedList requires cache'
        if not isinstance(idx, int) or idx < 0:
            raise TypeError('indices must be non-negative integers')
        entries = self.getslice(idx, idx + 1)
        if not entries:
            raise self.IndexError()
        return entries[0]

    def __bool__(self):
        return bool(self.getslice(0, 1))


class OnDemandPagedList(PagedList):
    """Download pages until a page with less than maximum results"""

    def _getslice(self, start, end):
        for pagenum in itertools.count(start // self._pagesize):
            firstid = pagenum * self._pagesize
            nextfirstid = pagenum * self._pagesize + self._pagesize
            if start >= nextfirstid:
                continue

            startv = (
                start % self._pagesize
                if firstid <= start < nextfirstid
                else 0)
            endv = (
                ((end - 1) % self._pagesize) + 1
                if (end is not None and firstid <= end <= nextfirstid)
                else None)

            try:
                page_results = self.getpage(pagenum)
            except Exception:
                self._pagecount = pagenum - 1
                raise
            if startv != 0 or endv is not None:
                page_results = page_results[startv:endv]
            yield from page_results

            # A little optimization - if current page is not "full", ie. does
            # not contain page_size videos then we can assume that this page
            # is the last one - there are no more ids on further pages -
            # i.e. no need to query again.
            if len(page_results) + startv < self._pagesize:
                break

            # If we got the whole page, but the next page is not interesting,
            # break out early as well
            if end == nextfirstid:
                break


class InAdvancePagedList(PagedList):
    """PagedList with total number of pages known in advance"""

    def __init__(self, pagefunc, pagecount, pagesize):
        PagedList.__init__(self, pagefunc, pagesize, True)
        self._pagecount = pagecount

    def _getslice(self, start, end):
        start_page = start // self._pagesize
        end_page = self._pagecount if end is None else min(self._pagecount, end // self._pagesize + 1)
        skip_elems = start - start_page * self._pagesize
        only_more = None if end is None else end - start
        for pagenum in range(start_page, end_page):
            page_results = self.getpage(pagenum)
            if skip_elems:
                page_results = page_results[skip_elems:]
                skip_elems = None
            if only_more is not None:
                if len(page_results) < only_more:
                    only_more -= len(page_results)
                else:
                    yield from page_results[:only_more]
                    break
            yield from page_results


class PlaylistEntries:
    MissingEntry = object()
    is_exhausted = False

    def __init__(self, ydl, info_dict):
        self.ydl = ydl

        # _entries must be assigned now since infodict can change during iteration
        entries = info_dict.get('entries')
        if entries is None:
            raise EntryNotInPlaylist('There are no entries')
        elif isinstance(entries, list):
            self.is_exhausted = True

        requested_entries = info_dict.get('requested_entries')
        self.is_incomplete = requested_entries is not None
        if self.is_incomplete:
            assert self.is_exhausted
            self._entries = [self.MissingEntry] * max(requested_entries or [0])
            for i, entry in zip(requested_entries, entries):
                self._entries[i - 1] = entry
        elif isinstance(entries, (list, PagedList, LazyList)):
            self._entries = entries
        else:
            self._entries = LazyList(entries)

    PLAYLIST_ITEMS_RE = re.compile(r'''(?x)
        (?P<start>[+-]?\d+)?
        (?P<range>[:-]
            (?P<end>[+-]?\d+|inf(?:inite)?)?
            (?::(?P<step>[+-]?\d+))?
        )?''')

    @classmethod
    def parse_playlist_items(cls, string):
        for segment in string.split(','):
            if not segment:
                raise ValueError('There is two or more consecutive commas')
            mobj = cls.PLAYLIST_ITEMS_RE.fullmatch(segment)
            if not mobj:
                raise ValueError(f'{segment!r} is not a valid specification')
            start, end, step, has_range = mobj.group('start', 'end', 'step', 'range')
            if int_or_none(step) == 0:
                raise ValueError(f'Step in {segment!r} cannot be zero')
            yield slice(int_or_none(start), float_or_none(end), int_or_none(step)) if has_range else int(start)

    def get_requested_items(self):
        playlist_items = self.ydl.params.get('playlist_items')
        playlist_start = self.ydl.params.get('playliststart', 1)
        playlist_end = self.ydl.params.get('playlistend')
        # For backwards compatibility, interpret -1 as whole list
        if playlist_end in (-1, None):
            playlist_end = ''
        if not playlist_items:
            playlist_items = f'{playlist_start}:{playlist_end}'
        elif playlist_start != 1 or playlist_end:
            self.ydl.report_warning('Ignoring playliststart and playlistend because playlistitems was given', only_once=True)

        for index in self.parse_playlist_items(playlist_items):
            for i, entry in self[index]:
                yield i, entry
                if not entry:
                    continue
                try:
                    # The item may have just been added to archive. Don't break due to it
                    if not self.ydl.params.get('lazy_playlist'):
                        # TODO: Add auto-generated fields
                        self.ydl._match_entry(entry, incomplete=True, silent=True)
                except (ExistingVideoReached, RejectedVideoReached):
                    return

    def get_full_count(self):
        if self.is_exhausted and not self.is_incomplete:
            return len(self)
        elif isinstance(self._entries, InAdvancePagedList):
            if self._entries._pagesize == 1:
                return self._entries._pagecount

    @functools.cached_property
    def _getter(self):
        if isinstance(self._entries, list):
            def get_entry(i):
                try:
                    entry = self._entries[i]
                except IndexError:
                    entry = self.MissingEntry
                    if not self.is_incomplete:
                        raise self.IndexError()
                if entry is self.MissingEntry:
                    raise EntryNotInPlaylist(f'Entry {i + 1} cannot be found')
                return entry
        else:
            def get_entry(i):
                try:
                    return type(self.ydl)._handle_extraction_exceptions(lambda _, i: self._entries[i])(self.ydl, i)
                except (LazyList.IndexError, PagedList.IndexError):
                    raise self.IndexError()
        return get_entry

    def __getitem__(self, idx):
        if isinstance(idx, int):
            idx = slice(idx, idx)

        # NB: PlaylistEntries[1:10] => (0, 1, ... 9)
        step = 1 if idx.step is None else idx.step
        if idx.start is None:
            start = 0 if step > 0 else len(self) - 1
        else:
            start = idx.start - 1 if idx.start >= 0 else len(self) + idx.start

        # NB: Do not call len(self) when idx == [:]
        if idx.stop is None:
            stop = 0 if step < 0 else float('inf')
        else:
            stop = idx.stop - 1 if idx.stop >= 0 else len(self) + idx.stop
        stop += [-1, 1][step > 0]

        for i in frange(start, stop, step):
            if i < 0:
                continue
            try:
                entry = self._getter(i)
            except self.IndexError:
                self.is_exhausted = True
                if step > 0:
                    break
                continue
            yield i + 1, entry

    def __len__(self):
        return len(tuple(self[:]))

    class IndexError(IndexError):
        pass


def uppercase_escape(s):
    unicode_escape = codecs.getdecoder('unicode_escape')
    return re.sub(
        r'\\U[0-9a-fA-F]{8}',
        lambda m: unicode_escape(m.group(0))[0],
        s)


def lowercase_escape(s):
    unicode_escape = codecs.getdecoder('unicode_escape')
    return re.sub(
        r'\\u[0-9a-fA-F]{4}',
        lambda m: unicode_escape(m.group(0))[0],
        s)


def parse_qs(url, **kwargs):
    return urllib.parse.parse_qs(urllib.parse.urlparse(url).query, **kwargs)


def read_batch_urls(batch_fd):
    def fixup(url):
        if not isinstance(url, str):
            url = url.decode('utf-8', 'replace')
        BOM_UTF8 = ('\xef\xbb\xbf', '\ufeff')
        for bom in BOM_UTF8:
            if url.startswith(bom):
                url = url[len(bom):]
        url = url.lstrip()
        if not url or url.startswith(('#', ';', ']')):
            return False
        # "#" cannot be stripped out since it is part of the URI
        # However, it can be safely stripped out if following a whitespace
        return re.split(r'\s#', url, 1)[0].rstrip()

    with contextlib.closing(batch_fd) as fd:
        return [url for url in map(fixup, fd) if url]


def urlencode_postdata(*args, **kargs):
    return urllib.parse.urlencode(*args, **kargs).encode('ascii')


def update_url(url, *, query_update=None, **kwargs):
    """Replace URL components specified by kwargs
       @param url           str or parse url tuple
       @param query_update  update query
       @returns             str
    """
    if isinstance(url, str):
        if not kwargs and not query_update:
            return url
        else:
            url = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)
    if query_update:
        assert 'query' not in kwargs, 'query_update and query cannot be specified at the same time'
        kwargs['query'] = urllib.parse.urlencode({
            **urllib.parse.parse_qs(url.query),
            **query_update
        }, True)
    return urllib.parse.urlunparse(url._replace(**kwargs))


def update_url_query(url, query):
    return update_url(url, query_update=query)


def _multipart_encode_impl(data, boundary):
    content_type = 'multipart/form-data; boundary=%s' % boundary

    out = b''
    for k, v in data.items():
        out += b'--' + boundary.encode('ascii') + b'\r\n'
        if isinstance(k, str):
            k = k.encode()
        if isinstance(v, str):
            v = v.encode()
        # RFC 2047 requires non-ASCII field names to be encoded, while RFC 7578
        # suggests sending UTF-8 directly. Firefox sends UTF-8, too
        content = b'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="' + k + b'"\r\n\r\n' + v + b'\r\n'
        if boundary.encode('ascii') in content:
            raise ValueError('Boundary overlaps with data')
        out += content

    out += b'--' + boundary.encode('ascii') + b'--\r\n'

    return out, content_type


def multipart_encode(data, boundary=None):
    '''
    Encode a dict to RFC 7578-compliant form-data

    data:
        A dict where keys and values can be either Unicode or bytes-like
        objects.
    boundary:
        If specified a Unicode object, it's used as the boundary. Otherwise
        a random boundary is generated.

    Reference: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7578
    '''
    has_specified_boundary = boundary is not None

    while True:
        if boundary is None:
            boundary = '---------------' + str(random.randrange(0x0fffffff, 0xffffffff))

        try:
            out, content_type = _multipart_encode_impl(data, boundary)
            break
        except ValueError:
            if has_specified_boundary:
                raise
            boundary = None

    return out, content_type


def is_iterable_like(x, allowed_types=collections.abc.Iterable, blocked_types=NO_DEFAULT):
    if blocked_types is NO_DEFAULT:
        blocked_types = (str, bytes, collections.abc.Mapping)
    return isinstance(x, allowed_types) and not isinstance(x, blocked_types)


def variadic(x, allowed_types=NO_DEFAULT):
    if not isinstance(allowed_types, (tuple, type)):
        deprecation_warning('allowed_types should be a tuple or a type')
        allowed_types = tuple(allowed_types)
    return x if is_iterable_like(x, blocked_types=allowed_types) else (x, )


def try_call(*funcs, expected_type=None, args=[], kwargs={}):
    for f in funcs:
        try:
            val = f(*args, **kwargs)
        except (AttributeError, KeyError, TypeError, IndexError, ValueError, ZeroDivisionError):
            pass
        else:
            if expected_type is None or isinstance(val, expected_type):
                return val


def try_get(src, getter, expected_type=None):
    return try_call(*variadic(getter), args=(src,), expected_type=expected_type)


def filter_dict(dct, cndn=lambda _, v: v is not None):
    return {k: v for k, v in dct.items() if cndn(k, v)}


def merge_dicts(*dicts):
    merged = {}
    for a_dict in dicts:
        for k, v in a_dict.items():
            if (v is not None and k not in merged
                    or isinstance(v, str) and merged[k] == ''):
                merged[k] = v
    return merged


def encode_compat_str(string, encoding=preferredencoding(), errors='strict'):
    return string if isinstance(string, str) else str(string, encoding, errors)


US_RATINGS = {
    'G': 0,
    'PG': 10,
    'PG-13': 13,
    'R': 16,
    'NC': 18,
}


TV_PARENTAL_GUIDELINES = {
    'TV-Y': 0,
    'TV-Y7': 7,
    'TV-G': 0,
    'TV-PG': 0,
    'TV-14': 14,
    'TV-MA': 17,
}


def parse_age_limit(s):
    # isinstance(False, int) is True. So type() must be used instead
    if type(s) is int:  # noqa: E721
        return s if 0 <= s <= 21 else None
    elif not isinstance(s, str):
        return None
    m = re.match(r'^(?P<age>\d{1,2})\+?$', s)
    if m:
        return int(m.group('age'))
    s = s.upper()
    if s in US_RATINGS:
        return US_RATINGS[s]
    m = re.match(r'^TV[_-]?(%s)$' % '|'.join(k[3:] for k in TV_PARENTAL_GUIDELINES), s)
    if m:
        return TV_PARENTAL_GUIDELINES['TV-' + m.group(1)]
    return None


def strip_jsonp(code):
    return re.sub(
        r'''(?sx)^
            (?:window\.)?(?P<func_name>[a-zA-Z0-9_.$]*)
            (?:\s*&&\s*(?P=func_name))?
            \s*\(\s*(?P<callback_data>.*)\);?
            \s*?(?://[^\n]*)*$''',
        r'\g<callback_data>', code)


def js_to_json(code, vars={}, *, strict=False):
    # vars is a dict of var, val pairs to substitute
    STRING_QUOTES = '\'"`'
    STRING_RE = '|'.join(rf'{q}(?:\\.|[^\\{q}])*{q}' for q in STRING_QUOTES)
    COMMENT_RE = r'/\*(?:(?!\*/).)*?\*/|//[^\n]*\n'
    SKIP_RE = fr'\s*(?:{COMMENT_RE})?\s*'
    INTEGER_TABLE = (
        (fr'(?s)^(0[xX][0-9a-fA-F]+){SKIP_RE}:?$', 16),
        (fr'(?s)^(0+[0-7]+){SKIP_RE}:?$', 8),
    )

    def process_escape(match):
        JSON_PASSTHROUGH_ESCAPES = R'"\bfnrtu'
        escape = match.group(1) or match.group(2)

        return (Rf'\{escape}' if escape in JSON_PASSTHROUGH_ESCAPES
                else R'\u00' if escape == 'x'
                else '' if escape == '\n'
                else escape)

    def template_substitute(match):
        evaluated = js_to_json(match.group(1), vars, strict=strict)
        if evaluated[0] == '"':
            return json.loads(evaluated)
        return evaluated

    def fix_kv(m):
        v = m.group(0)
        if v in ('true', 'false', 'null'):
            return v
        elif v in ('undefined', 'void 0'):
            return 'null'
        elif v.startswith('/*') or v.startswith('//') or v.startswith('!') or v == ',':
            return ''

        if v[0] in STRING_QUOTES:
            v = re.sub(r'(?s)\${([^}]+)}', template_substitute, v[1:-1]) if v[0] == '`' else v[1:-1]
            escaped = re.sub(r'(?s)(")|\\(.)', process_escape, v)
            return f'"{escaped}"'

        for regex, base in INTEGER_TABLE:
            im = re.match(regex, v)
            if im:
                i = int(im.group(1), base)
                return f'"{i}":' if v.endswith(':') else str(i)

        if v in vars:
            try:
                if not strict:
                    json.loads(vars[v])
            except json.JSONDecodeError:
                return json.dumps(vars[v])
            else:
                return vars[v]

        if not strict:
            return f'"{v}"'

        raise ValueError(f'Unknown value: {v}')

    def create_map(mobj):
        return json.dumps(dict(json.loads(js_to_json(mobj.group(1) or '[]', vars=vars))))

    code = re.sub(r'(?:new\s+)?Array\((.*?)\)', r'[\g<1>]', code)
    code = re.sub(r'new Map\((\[.*?\])?\)', create_map, code)
    if not strict:
        code = re.sub(rf'new Date\(({STRING_RE})\)', r'\g<1>', code)
        code = re.sub(r'new \w+\((.*?)\)', lambda m: json.dumps(m.group(0)), code)
        code = re.sub(r'parseInt\([^\d]+(\d+)[^\d]+\)', r'\1', code)
        code = re.sub(r'\(function\([^)]*\)\s*\{[^}]*\}\s*\)\s*\(\s*(["\'][^)]*["\'])\s*\)', r'\1', code)

    return re.sub(rf'''(?sx)
        {STRING_RE}|
        {COMMENT_RE}|,(?={SKIP_RE}[\]}}])|
        void\s0|(?:(?<![0-9])[eE]|[a-df-zA-DF-Z_$])[.a-zA-Z_$0-9]*|
        \b(?:0[xX][0-9a-fA-F]+|0+[0-7]+)(?:{SKIP_RE}:)?|
        [0-9]+(?={SKIP_RE}:)|
        !+
        ''', fix_kv, code)


def qualities(quality_ids):
    """ Get a numeric quality value out of a list of possible values """
    def q(qid):
        try:
            return quality_ids.index(qid)
        except ValueError:
            return -1
    return q


POSTPROCESS_WHEN = ('pre_process', 'after_filter', 'video', 'before_dl', 'post_process', 'after_move', 'after_video', 'playlist')


DEFAULT_OUTTMPL = {
    'default': '%(title)s [%(id)s].%(ext)s',
    'chapter': '%(title)s - %(section_number)03d %(section_title)s [%(id)s].%(ext)s',
}
OUTTMPL_TYPES = {
    'chapter': None,
    'subtitle': None,
    'thumbnail': None,
    'description': 'description',
    'annotation': 'annotations.xml',
    'infojson': 'info.json',
    'link': None,
    'pl_video': None,
    'pl_thumbnail': None,
    'pl_description': 'description',
    'pl_infojson': 'info.json',
}

# As of [1] format syntax is:
#  %[mapping_key][conversion_flags][minimum_width][.precision][length_modifier]type
# 1. https://docs.python.org/2/library/stdtypes.html#string-formatting
STR_FORMAT_RE_TMPL = r'''(?x)
    (?<!%)(?P<prefix>(?:%%)*)
    %
    (?P<has_key>\((?P<key>{0})\))?
    (?P<format>
        (?P<conversion>[#0\-+ ]+)?
        (?P<min_width>\d+)?
        (?P<precision>\.\d+)?
        (?P<len_mod>[hlL])?  # unused in python
        {1}  # conversion type
    )
'''


STR_FORMAT_TYPES = 'diouxXeEfFgGcrsa'


def limit_length(s, length):
    """ Add ellipses to overly long strings """
    if s is None:
        return None
    ELLIPSES = '...'
    if len(s) > length:
        return s[:length - len(ELLIPSES)] + ELLIPSES
    return s


def version_tuple(v):
    return tuple(int(e) for e in re.split(r'[-.]', v))


def is_outdated_version(version, limit, assume_new=True):
    if not version:
        return not assume_new
    try:
        return version_tuple(version) < version_tuple(limit)
    except ValueError:
        return not assume_new


def ytdl_is_updateable():
    """ Returns if yt-dlp can be updated with -U """

    from ..update import is_non_updateable

    return not is_non_updateable()


def args_to_str(args):
    # Get a short string representation for a subprocess command
    return shell_quote(args)


def error_to_str(err):
    return f'{type(err).__name__}: {err}'


def mimetype2ext(mt, default=NO_DEFAULT):
    if not isinstance(mt, str):
        if default is not NO_DEFAULT:
            return default
        return None

    MAP = {
        # video
        '3gpp': '3gp',
        'mp2t': 'ts',
        'mp4': 'mp4',
        'mpeg': 'mpeg',
        'mpegurl': 'm3u8',
        'quicktime': 'mov',
        'webm': 'webm',
        'vp9': 'vp9',
        'video/ogg': 'ogv',
        'x-flv': 'flv',
        'x-m4v': 'm4v',
        'x-matroska': 'mkv',
        'x-mng': 'mng',
        'x-mp4-fragmented': 'mp4',
        'x-ms-asf': 'asf',
        'x-ms-wmv': 'wmv',
        'x-msvideo': 'avi',

        # application (streaming playlists)
        'dash+xml': 'mpd',
        'f4m+xml': 'f4m',
        'hds+xml': 'f4m',
        'vnd.apple.mpegurl': 'm3u8',
        'vnd.ms-sstr+xml': 'ism',
        'x-mpegurl': 'm3u8',

        # audio
        'audio/mp4': 'm4a',
        # Per RFC 3003, audio/mpeg can be .mp1, .mp2 or .mp3.
        # Using .mp3 as it's the most popular one
        'audio/mpeg': 'mp3',
        'audio/webm': 'webm',
        'audio/x-matroska': 'mka',
        'audio/x-mpegurl': 'm3u',
        'midi': 'mid',
        'ogg': 'ogg',
        'wav': 'wav',
        'wave': 'wav',
        'x-aac': 'aac',
        'x-flac': 'flac',
        'x-m4a': 'm4a',
        'x-realaudio': 'ra',
        'x-wav': 'wav',

        # image
        'avif': 'avif',
        'bmp': 'bmp',
        'gif': 'gif',
        'jpeg': 'jpg',
        'png': 'png',
        'svg+xml': 'svg',
        'tiff': 'tif',
        'vnd.wap.wbmp': 'wbmp',
        'webp': 'webp',
        'x-icon': 'ico',
        'x-jng': 'jng',
        'x-ms-bmp': 'bmp',

        # caption
        'filmstrip+json': 'fs',
        'smptett+xml': 'tt',
        'ttaf+xml': 'dfxp',
        'ttml+xml': 'ttml',
        'x-ms-sami': 'sami',

        # misc
        'gzip': 'gz',
        'json': 'json',
        'xml': 'xml',
        'zip': 'zip',
    }

    mimetype = mt.partition(';')[0].strip().lower()
    _, _, subtype = mimetype.rpartition('/')

    ext = traversal.traverse_obj(MAP, mimetype, subtype, subtype.rsplit('+')[-1])
    if ext:
        return ext
    elif default is not NO_DEFAULT:
        return default
    return subtype.replace('+', '.')


def ext2mimetype(ext_or_url):
    if not ext_or_url:
        return None
    if '.' not in ext_or_url:
        ext_or_url = f'file.{ext_or_url}'
    return mimetypes.guess_type(ext_or_url)[0]


def parse_codecs(codecs_str):
    # http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6381
    if not codecs_str:
        return {}
    split_codecs = list(filter(None, map(
        str.strip, codecs_str.strip().strip(',').split(','))))
    vcodec, acodec, scodec, hdr = None, None, None, None
    for full_codec in split_codecs:
        parts = re.sub(r'0+(?=\d)', '', full_codec).split('.')
        if parts[0] in ('avc1', 'avc2', 'avc3', 'avc4', 'vp9', 'vp8', 'hev1', 'hev2',
                        'h263', 'h264', 'mp4v', 'hvc1', 'av1', 'theora', 'dvh1', 'dvhe'):
            if vcodec:
                continue
            vcodec = full_codec
            if parts[0] in ('dvh1', 'dvhe'):
                hdr = 'DV'
            elif parts[0] == 'av1' and traversal.traverse_obj(parts, 3) == '10':
                hdr = 'HDR10'
            elif parts[:2] == ['vp9', '2']:
                hdr = 'HDR10'
        elif parts[0] in ('flac', 'mp4a', 'opus', 'vorbis', 'mp3', 'aac', 'ac-4',
                          'ac-3', 'ec-3', 'eac3', 'dtsc', 'dtse', 'dtsh', 'dtsl'):
            acodec = acodec or full_codec
        elif parts[0] in ('stpp', 'wvtt'):
            scodec = scodec or full_codec
        else:
            write_string(f'WARNING: Unknown codec {full_codec}\n')
    if vcodec or acodec or scodec:
        return {
            'vcodec': vcodec or 'none',
            'acodec': acodec or 'none',
            'dynamic_range': hdr,
            **({'scodec': scodec} if scodec is not None else {}),
        }
    elif len(split_codecs) == 2:
        return {
            'vcodec': split_codecs[0],
            'acodec': split_codecs[1],
        }
    return {}


def get_compatible_ext(*, vcodecs, acodecs, vexts, aexts, preferences=None):
    assert len(vcodecs) == len(vexts) and len(acodecs) == len(aexts)

    allow_mkv = not preferences or 'mkv' in preferences

    if allow_mkv and max(len(acodecs), len(vcodecs)) > 1:
        return 'mkv'  # TODO: any other format allows this?

    # TODO: All codecs supported by parse_codecs isn't handled here
    COMPATIBLE_CODECS = {
        'mp4': {
            'av1', 'hevc', 'avc1', 'mp4a', 'ac-4',  # fourcc (m3u8, mpd)
            'h264', 'aacl', 'ec-3',  # Set in ISM
        },
        'webm': {
            'av1', 'vp9', 'vp8', 'opus', 'vrbs',
            'vp9x', 'vp8x',  # in the webm spec
        },
    }

    sanitize_codec = functools.partial(
        try_get, getter=lambda x: x[0].split('.')[0].replace('0', '').lower())
    vcodec, acodec = sanitize_codec(vcodecs), sanitize_codec(acodecs)

    for ext in preferences or COMPATIBLE_CODECS.keys():
        codec_set = COMPATIBLE_CODECS.get(ext, set())
        if ext == 'mkv' or codec_set.issuperset((vcodec, acodec)):
            return ext

    COMPATIBLE_EXTS = (
        {'mp3', 'mp4', 'm4a', 'm4p', 'm4b', 'm4r', 'm4v', 'ismv', 'isma', 'mov'},
        {'webm', 'weba'},
    )
    for ext in preferences or vexts:
        current_exts = {ext, *vexts, *aexts}
        if ext == 'mkv' or current_exts == {ext} or any(
                ext_sets.issuperset(current_exts) for ext_sets in COMPATIBLE_EXTS):
            return ext
    return 'mkv' if allow_mkv else preferences[-1]


def urlhandle_detect_ext(url_handle, default=NO_DEFAULT):
    getheader = url_handle.headers.get

    cd = getheader('Content-Disposition')
    if cd:
        m = re.match(r'attachment;\s*filename="(?P<filename>[^"]+)"', cd)
        if m:
            e = determine_ext(m.group('filename'), default_ext=None)
            if e:
                return e

    meta_ext = getheader('x-amz-meta-name')
    if meta_ext:
        e = meta_ext.rpartition('.')[2]
        if e:
            return e

    return mimetype2ext(getheader('Content-Type'), default=default)


def encode_data_uri(data, mime_type):
    return 'data:%s;base64,%s' % (mime_type, base64.b64encode(data).decode('ascii'))


def age_restricted(content_limit, age_limit):
    """ Returns True iff the content should be blocked """

    if age_limit is None:  # No limit set
        return False
    if content_limit is None:
        return False  # Content available for everyone
    return age_limit < content_limit


# List of known byte-order-marks (BOM)
BOMS = [
    (b'\xef\xbb\xbf', 'utf-8'),
    (b'\x00\x00\xfe\xff', 'utf-32-be'),
    (b'\xff\xfe\x00\x00', 'utf-32-le'),
    (b'\xff\xfe', 'utf-16-le'),
    (b'\xfe\xff', 'utf-16-be'),
]


def is_html(first_bytes):
    """ Detect whether a file contains HTML by examining its first bytes. """

    encoding = 'utf-8'
    for bom, enc in BOMS:
        while first_bytes.startswith(bom):
            encoding, first_bytes = enc, first_bytes[len(bom):]

    return re.match(r'^\s*<', first_bytes.decode(encoding, 'replace'))


def determine_protocol(info_dict):
    protocol = info_dict.get('protocol')
    if protocol is not None:
        return protocol

    url = sanitize_url(info_dict['url'])
    if url.startswith('rtmp'):
        return 'rtmp'
    elif url.startswith('mms'):
        return 'mms'
    elif url.startswith('rtsp'):
        return 'rtsp'

    ext = determine_ext(url)
    if ext == 'm3u8':
        return 'm3u8' if info_dict.get('is_live') else 'm3u8_native'
    elif ext == 'f4m':
        return 'f4m'

    return urllib.parse.urlparse(url).scheme


def render_table(header_row, data, delim=False, extra_gap=0, hide_empty=False):
    """ Render a list of rows, each as a list of values.
    Text after a \t will be right aligned """
    def width(string):
        return len(remove_terminal_sequences(string).replace('\t', ''))

    def get_max_lens(table):
        return [max(width(str(v)) for v in col) for col in zip(*table)]

    def filter_using_list(row, filterArray):
        return [col for take, col in itertools.zip_longest(filterArray, row, fillvalue=True) if take]

    max_lens = get_max_lens(data) if hide_empty else []
    header_row = filter_using_list(header_row, max_lens)
    data = [filter_using_list(row, max_lens) for row in data]

    table = [header_row] + data
    max_lens = get_max_lens(table)
    extra_gap += 1
    if delim:
        table = [header_row, [delim * (ml + extra_gap) for ml in max_lens]] + data
        table[1][-1] = table[1][-1][:-extra_gap * len(delim)]  # Remove extra_gap from end of delimiter
    for row in table:
        for pos, text in enumerate(map(str, row)):
            if '\t' in text:
                row[pos] = text.replace('\t', ' ' * (max_lens[pos] - width(text))) + ' ' * extra_gap
            else:
                row[pos] = text + ' ' * (max_lens[pos] - width(text) + extra_gap)
    ret = '\n'.join(''.join(row).rstrip() for row in table)
    return ret


def _match_one(filter_part, dct, incomplete):
    # TODO: Generalize code with YoutubeDL._build_format_filter
    STRING_OPERATORS = {
        '*=': operator.contains,
        '^=': lambda attr, value: attr.startswith(value),
        '$=': lambda attr, value: attr.endswith(value),
        '~=': lambda attr, value: re.search(value, attr),
    }
    COMPARISON_OPERATORS = {
        **STRING_OPERATORS,
        '<=': operator.le,  # "<=" must be defined above "<"
        '<': operator.lt,
        '>=': operator.ge,
        '>': operator.gt,
        '=': operator.eq,
    }

    if isinstance(incomplete, bool):
        is_incomplete = lambda _: incomplete
    else:
        is_incomplete = lambda k: k in incomplete

    operator_rex = re.compile(r'''(?x)
        (?P<key>[a-z_]+)
        \s*(?P<negation>!\s*)?(?P<op>%s)(?P<none_inclusive>\s*\?)?\s*
        (?:
            (?P<quote>["\'])(?P<quotedstrval>.+?)(?P=quote)|
            (?P<strval>.+?)
        )
        ''' % '|'.join(map(re.escape, COMPARISON_OPERATORS.keys())))
    m = operator_rex.fullmatch(filter_part.strip())
    if m:
        m = m.groupdict()
        unnegated_op = COMPARISON_OPERATORS[m['op']]
        if m['negation']:
            op = lambda attr, value: not unnegated_op(attr, value)
        else:
            op = unnegated_op
        comparison_value = m['quotedstrval'] or m['strval'] or m['intval']
        if m['quote']:
            comparison_value = comparison_value.replace(r'\%s' % m['quote'], m['quote'])
        actual_value = dct.get(m['key'])
        numeric_comparison = None
        if isinstance(actual_value, (int, float)):
            # If the original field is a string and matching comparisonvalue is
            # a number we should respect the origin of the original field
            # and process comparison value as a string (see
            # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/11082)
            try:
                numeric_comparison = int(comparison_value)
            except ValueError:
                numeric_comparison = parse_filesize(comparison_value)
                if numeric_comparison is None:
                    numeric_comparison = parse_filesize(f'{comparison_value}B')
                if numeric_comparison is None:
                    numeric_comparison = parse_duration(comparison_value)
        if numeric_comparison is not None and m['op'] in STRING_OPERATORS:
            raise ValueError('Operator %s only supports string values!' % m['op'])
        if actual_value is None:
            return is_incomplete(m['key']) or m['none_inclusive']
        return op(actual_value, comparison_value if numeric_comparison is None else numeric_comparison)

    UNARY_OPERATORS = {
        '': lambda v: (v is True) if isinstance(v, bool) else (v is not None),
        '!': lambda v: (v is False) if isinstance(v, bool) else (v is None),
    }
    operator_rex = re.compile(r'''(?x)
        (?P<op>%s)\s*(?P<key>[a-z_]+)
        ''' % '|'.join(map(re.escape, UNARY_OPERATORS.keys())))
    m = operator_rex.fullmatch(filter_part.strip())
    if m:
        op = UNARY_OPERATORS[m.group('op')]
        actual_value = dct.get(m.group('key'))
        if is_incomplete(m.group('key')) and actual_value is None:
            return True
        return op(actual_value)

    raise ValueError('Invalid filter part %r' % filter_part)


def match_str(filter_str, dct, incomplete=False):
    """ Filter a dictionary with a simple string syntax.
    @returns           Whether the filter passes
    @param incomplete  Set of keys that is expected to be missing from dct.
                       Can be True/False to indicate all/none of the keys may be missing.
                       All conditions on incomplete keys pass if the key is missing
    """
    return all(
        _match_one(filter_part.replace(r'\&', '&'), dct, incomplete)
        for filter_part in re.split(r'(?<!\\)&', filter_str))


def match_filter_func(filters, breaking_filters=None):
    if not filters and not breaking_filters:
        return None
    repr_ = f'{match_filter_func.__module__}.{match_filter_func.__qualname__}({filters}, {breaking_filters})'

    breaking_filters = match_filter_func(breaking_filters) or (lambda _, __: None)
    filters = set(variadic(filters or []))

    interactive = '-' in filters
    if interactive:
        filters.remove('-')

    @function_with_repr.set_repr(repr_)
    def _match_func(info_dict, incomplete=False):
        ret = breaking_filters(info_dict, incomplete)
        if ret is not None:
            raise RejectedVideoReached(ret)

        if not filters or any(match_str(f, info_dict, incomplete) for f in filters):
            return NO_DEFAULT if interactive and not incomplete else None
        else:
            video_title = info_dict.get('title') or info_dict.get('id') or 'entry'
            filter_str = ') | ('.join(map(str.strip, filters))
            return f'{video_title} does not pass filter ({filter_str}), skipping ..'
    return _match_func


class download_range_func:
    def __init__(self, chapters, ranges, from_info=False):
        self.chapters, self.ranges, self.from_info = chapters, ranges, from_info

    def __call__(self, info_dict, ydl):

        warning = ('There are no chapters matching the regex' if info_dict.get('chapters')
                   else 'Cannot match chapters since chapter information is unavailable')
        for regex in self.chapters or []:
            for i, chapter in enumerate(info_dict.get('chapters') or []):
                if re.search(regex, chapter['title']):
                    warning = None
                    yield {**chapter, 'index': i}
        if self.chapters and warning:
            ydl.to_screen(f'[info] {info_dict["id"]}: {warning}')

        for start, end in self.ranges or []:
            yield {
                'start_time': self._handle_negative_timestamp(start, info_dict),
                'end_time': self._handle_negative_timestamp(end, info_dict),
            }

        if self.from_info and (info_dict.get('start_time') or info_dict.get('end_time')):
            yield {
                'start_time': info_dict.get('start_time') or 0,
                'end_time': info_dict.get('end_time') or float('inf'),
            }
        elif not self.ranges and not self.chapters:
            yield {}

    @staticmethod
    def _handle_negative_timestamp(time, info):
        return max(info['duration'] + time, 0) if info.get('duration') and time < 0 else time

    def __eq__(self, other):
        return (isinstance(other, download_range_func)
                and self.chapters == other.chapters and self.ranges == other.ranges)

    def __repr__(self):
        return f'{__name__}.{type(self).__name__}({self.chapters}, {self.ranges})'


def parse_dfxp_time_expr(time_expr):
    if not time_expr:
        return

    mobj = re.match(rf'^(?P<time_offset>{NUMBER_RE})s?$', time_expr)
    if mobj:
        return float(mobj.group('time_offset'))

    mobj = re.match(r'^(\d+):(\d\d):(\d\d(?:(?:\.|:)\d+)?)$', time_expr)
    if mobj:
        return 3600 * int(mobj.group(1)) + 60 * int(mobj.group(2)) + float(mobj.group(3).replace(':', '.'))


def srt_subtitles_timecode(seconds):
    return '%02d:%02d:%02d,%03d' % timetuple_from_msec(seconds * 1000)


def ass_subtitles_timecode(seconds):
    time = timetuple_from_msec(seconds * 1000)
    return '%01d:%02d:%02d.%02d' % (*time[:-1], time.milliseconds / 10)


def dfxp2srt(dfxp_data):
    '''
    @param dfxp_data A bytes-like object containing DFXP data
    @returns A unicode object containing converted SRT data
    '''
    LEGACY_NAMESPACES = (
        (b'http://www.w3.org/ns/ttml', [
            b'http://www.w3.org/2004/11/ttaf1',
            b'http://www.w3.org/2006/04/ttaf1',
            b'http://www.w3.org/2006/10/ttaf1',
        ]),
        (b'http://www.w3.org/ns/ttml#styling', [
            b'http://www.w3.org/ns/ttml#style',
        ]),
    )

    SUPPORTED_STYLING = [
        'color',
        'fontFamily',
        'fontSize',
        'fontStyle',
        'fontWeight',
        'textDecoration'
    ]

    _x = functools.partial(xpath_with_ns, ns_map={
        'xml': 'http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace',
        'ttml': 'http://www.w3.org/ns/ttml',
        'tts': 'http://www.w3.org/ns/ttml#styling',
    })

    styles = {}
    default_style = {}

    class TTMLPElementParser:
        _out = ''
        _unclosed_elements = []
        _applied_styles = []

        def start(self, tag, attrib):
            if tag in (_x('ttml:br'), 'br'):
                self._out += '\n'
            else:
                unclosed_elements = []
                style = {}
                element_style_id = attrib.get('style')
                if default_style:
                    style.update(default_style)
                if element_style_id:
                    style.update(styles.get(element_style_id, {}))
                for prop in SUPPORTED_STYLING:
                    prop_val = attrib.get(_x('tts:' + prop))
                    if prop_val:
                        style[prop] = prop_val
                if style:
                    font = ''
                    for k, v in sorted(style.items()):
                        if self._applied_styles and self._applied_styles[-1].get(k) == v:
                            continue
                        if k == 'color':
                            font += ' color="%s"' % v
                        elif k == 'fontSize':
                            font += ' size="%s"' % v
                        elif k == 'fontFamily':
                            font += ' face="%s"' % v
                        elif k == 'fontWeight' and v == 'bold':
                            self._out += '<b>'
                            unclosed_elements.append('b')
                        elif k == 'fontStyle' and v == 'italic':
                            self._out += '<i>'
                            unclosed_elements.append('i')
                        elif k == 'textDecoration' and v == 'underline':
                            self._out += '<u>'
                            unclosed_elements.append('u')
                    if font:
                        self._out += '<font' + font + '>'
                        unclosed_elements.append('font')
                    applied_style = {}
                    if self._applied_styles:
                        applied_style.update(self._applied_styles[-1])
                    applied_style.update(style)
                    self._applied_styles.append(applied_style)
                self._unclosed_elements.append(unclosed_elements)

        def end(self, tag):
            if tag not in (_x('ttml:br'), 'br'):
                unclosed_elements = self._unclosed_elements.pop()
                for element in reversed(unclosed_elements):
                    self._out += '</%s>' % element
                if unclosed_elements and self._applied_styles:
                    self._applied_styles.pop()

        def data(self, data):
            self._out += data

        def close(self):
            return self._out.strip()

    # Fix UTF-8 encoded file wrongly marked as UTF-16. See https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/6543#issuecomment-1477169870
    # This will not trigger false positives since only UTF-8 text is being replaced
    dfxp_data = dfxp_data.replace(b'encoding=\'UTF-16\'', b'encoding=\'UTF-8\'')

    def parse_node(node):
        target = TTMLPElementParser()
        parser = xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLParser(target=target)
        parser.feed(xml.etree.ElementTree.tostring(node))
        return parser.close()

    for k, v in LEGACY_NAMESPACES:
        for ns in v:
            dfxp_data = dfxp_data.replace(ns, k)

    dfxp = compat_etree_fromstring(dfxp_data)
    out = []
    paras = dfxp.findall(_x('.//ttml:p')) or dfxp.findall('.//p')

    if not paras:
        raise ValueError('Invalid dfxp/TTML subtitle')

    repeat = False
    while True:
        for style in dfxp.findall(_x('.//ttml:style')):
            style_id = style.get('id') or style.get(_x('xml:id'))
            if not style_id:
                continue
            parent_style_id = style.get('style')
            if parent_style_id:
                if parent_style_id not in styles:
                    repeat = True
                    continue
                styles[style_id] = styles[parent_style_id].copy()
            for prop in SUPPORTED_STYLING:
                prop_val = style.get(_x('tts:' + prop))
                if prop_val:
                    styles.setdefault(style_id, {})[prop] = prop_val
        if repeat:
            repeat = False
        else:
            break

    for p in ('body', 'div'):
        ele = xpath_element(dfxp, [_x('.//ttml:' + p), './/' + p])
        if ele is None:
            continue
        style = styles.get(ele.get('style'))
        if not style:
            continue
        default_style.update(style)

    for para, index in zip(paras, itertools.count(1)):
        begin_time = parse_dfxp_time_expr(para.attrib.get('begin'))
        end_time = parse_dfxp_time_expr(para.attrib.get('end'))
        dur = parse_dfxp_time_expr(para.attrib.get('dur'))
        if begin_time is None:
            continue
        if not end_time:
            if not dur:
                continue
            end_time = begin_time + dur
        out.append('%d\n%s --> %s\n%s\n\n' % (
            index,
            srt_subtitles_timecode(begin_time),
            srt_subtitles_timecode(end_time),
            parse_node(para)))

    return ''.join(out)


def cli_option(params, command_option, param, separator=None):
    param = params.get(param)
    return ([] if param is None
            else [command_option, str(param)] if separator is None
            else [f'{command_option}{separator}{param}'])


def cli_bool_option(params, command_option, param, true_value='true', false_value='false', separator=None):
    param = params.get(param)
    assert param in (True, False, None)
    return cli_option({True: true_value, False: false_value}, command_option, param, separator)


def cli_valueless_option(params, command_option, param, expected_value=True):
    return [command_option] if params.get(param) == expected_value else []


def cli_configuration_args(argdict, keys, default=[], use_compat=True):
    if isinstance(argdict, (list, tuple)):  # for backward compatibility
        if use_compat:
            return argdict
        else:
            argdict = None
    if argdict is None:
        return default
    assert isinstance(argdict, dict)

    assert isinstance(keys, (list, tuple))
    for key_list in keys:
        arg_list = list(filter(
            lambda x: x is not None,
            [argdict.get(key.lower()) for key in variadic(key_list)]))
        if arg_list:
            return [arg for args in arg_list for arg in args]
    return default


def _configuration_args(main_key, argdict, exe, keys=None, default=[], use_compat=True):
    main_key, exe = main_key.lower(), exe.lower()
    root_key = exe if main_key == exe else f'{main_key}+{exe}'
    keys = [f'{root_key}{k}' for k in (keys or [''])]
    if root_key in keys:
        if main_key != exe:
            keys.append((main_key, exe))
        keys.append('default')
    else:
        use_compat = False
    return cli_configuration_args(argdict, keys, default, use_compat)


class ISO639Utils:
    # See http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/ISO-639-2_utf-8.txt
    _lang_map = {
        'aa': 'aar',
        'ab': 'abk',
        'ae': 'ave',
        'af': 'afr',
        'ak': 'aka',
        'am': 'amh',
        'an': 'arg',
        'ar': 'ara',
        'as': 'asm',
        'av': 'ava',
        'ay': 'aym',
        'az': 'aze',
        'ba': 'bak',
        'be': 'bel',
        'bg': 'bul',
        'bh': 'bih',
        'bi': 'bis',
        'bm': 'bam',
        'bn': 'ben',
        'bo': 'bod',
        'br': 'bre',
        'bs': 'bos',
        'ca': 'cat',
        'ce': 'che',
        'ch': 'cha',
        'co': 'cos',
        'cr': 'cre',
        'cs': 'ces',
        'cu': 'chu',
        'cv': 'chv',
        'cy': 'cym',
        'da': 'dan',
        'de': 'deu',
        'dv': 'div',
        'dz': 'dzo',
        'ee': 'ewe',
        'el': 'ell',
        'en': 'eng',
        'eo': 'epo',
        'es': 'spa',
        'et': 'est',
        'eu': 'eus',
        'fa': 'fas',
        'ff': 'ful',
        'fi': 'fin',
        'fj': 'fij',
        'fo': 'fao',
        'fr': 'fra',
        'fy': 'fry',
        'ga': 'gle',
        'gd': 'gla',
        'gl': 'glg',
        'gn': 'grn',
        'gu': 'guj',
        'gv': 'glv',
        'ha': 'hau',
        'he': 'heb',
        'iw': 'heb',  # Replaced by he in 1989 revision
        'hi': 'hin',
        'ho': 'hmo',
        'hr': 'hrv',
        'ht': 'hat',
        'hu': 'hun',
        'hy': 'hye',
        'hz': 'her',
        'ia': 'ina',
        'id': 'ind',
        'in': 'ind',  # Replaced by id in 1989 revision
        'ie': 'ile',
        'ig': 'ibo',
        'ii': 'iii',
        'ik': 'ipk',
        'io': 'ido',
        'is': 'isl',
        'it': 'ita',
        'iu': 'iku',
        'ja': 'jpn',
        'jv': 'jav',
        'ka': 'kat',
        'kg': 'kon',
        'ki': 'kik',
        'kj': 'kua',
        'kk': 'kaz',
        'kl': 'kal',
        'km': 'khm',
        'kn': 'kan',
        'ko': 'kor',
        'kr': 'kau',
        'ks': 'kas',
        'ku': 'kur',
        'kv': 'kom',
        'kw': 'cor',
        'ky': 'kir',
        'la': 'lat',
        'lb': 'ltz',
        'lg': 'lug',
        'li': 'lim',
        'ln': 'lin',
        'lo': 'lao',
        'lt': 'lit',
        'lu': 'lub',
        'lv': 'lav',
        'mg': 'mlg',
        'mh': 'mah',
        'mi': 'mri',
        'mk': 'mkd',
        'ml': 'mal',
        'mn': 'mon',
        'mr': 'mar',
        'ms': 'msa',
        'mt': 'mlt',
        'my': 'mya',
        'na': 'nau',
        'nb': 'nob',
        'nd': 'nde',
        'ne': 'nep',
        'ng': 'ndo',
        'nl': 'nld',
        'nn': 'nno',
        'no': 'nor',
        'nr': 'nbl',
        'nv': 'nav',
        'ny': 'nya',
        'oc': 'oci',
        'oj': 'oji',
        'om': 'orm',
        'or': 'ori',
        'os': 'oss',
        'pa': 'pan',
        'pe': 'per',
        'pi': 'pli',
        'pl': 'pol',
        'ps': 'pus',
        'pt': 'por',
        'qu': 'que',
        'rm': 'roh',
        'rn': 'run',
        'ro': 'ron',
        'ru': 'rus',
        'rw': 'kin',
        'sa': 'san',
        'sc': 'srd',
        'sd': 'snd',
        'se': 'sme',
        'sg': 'sag',
        'si': 'sin',
        'sk': 'slk',
        'sl': 'slv',
        'sm': 'smo',
        'sn': 'sna',
        'so': 'som',
        'sq': 'sqi',
        'sr': 'srp',
        'ss': 'ssw',
        'st': 'sot',
        'su': 'sun',
        'sv': 'swe',
        'sw': 'swa',
        'ta': 'tam',
        'te': 'tel',
        'tg': 'tgk',
        'th': 'tha',
        'ti': 'tir',
        'tk': 'tuk',
        'tl': 'tgl',
        'tn': 'tsn',
        'to': 'ton',
        'tr': 'tur',
        'ts': 'tso',
        'tt': 'tat',
        'tw': 'twi',
        'ty': 'tah',
        'ug': 'uig',
        'uk': 'ukr',
        'ur': 'urd',
        'uz': 'uzb',
        've': 'ven',
        'vi': 'vie',
        'vo': 'vol',
        'wa': 'wln',
        'wo': 'wol',
        'xh': 'xho',
        'yi': 'yid',
        'ji': 'yid',  # Replaced by yi in 1989 revision
        'yo': 'yor',
        'za': 'zha',
        'zh': 'zho',
        'zu': 'zul',
    }

    @classmethod
    def short2long(cls, code):
        """Convert language code from ISO 639-1 to ISO 639-2/T"""
        return cls._lang_map.get(code[:2])

    @classmethod
    def long2short(cls, code):
        """Convert language code from ISO 639-2/T to ISO 639-1"""
        for short_name, long_name in cls._lang_map.items():
            if long_name == code:
                return short_name


class ISO3166Utils:
    # From http://data.okfn.org/data/core/country-list
    _country_map = {
        'AF': 'Afghanistan',
        'AX': 'Åland Islands',
        'AL': 'Albania',
        'DZ': 'Algeria',
        'AS': 'American Samoa',
        'AD': 'Andorra',
        'AO': 'Angola',
        'AI': 'Anguilla',
        'AQ': 'Antarctica',
        'AG': 'Antigua and Barbuda',
        'AR': 'Argentina',
        'AM': 'Armenia',
        'AW': 'Aruba',
        'AU': 'Australia',
        'AT': 'Austria',
        'AZ': 'Azerbaijan',
        'BS': 'Bahamas',
        'BH': 'Bahrain',
        'BD': 'Bangladesh',
        'BB': 'Barbados',
        'BY': 'Belarus',
        'BE': 'Belgium',
        'BZ': 'Belize',
        'BJ': 'Benin',
        'BM': 'Bermuda',
        'BT': 'Bhutan',
        'BO': 'Bolivia, Plurinational State of',
        'BQ': 'Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba',
        'BA': 'Bosnia and Herzegovina',
        'BW': 'Botswana',
        'BV': 'Bouvet Island',
        'BR': 'Brazil',
        'IO': 'British Indian Ocean Territory',
        'BN': 'Brunei Darussalam',
        'BG': 'Bulgaria',
        'BF': 'Burkina Faso',
        'BI': 'Burundi',
        'KH': 'Cambodia',
        'CM': 'Cameroon',
        'CA': 'Canada',
        'CV': 'Cape Verde',
        'KY': 'Cayman Islands',
        'CF': 'Central African Republic',
        'TD': 'Chad',
        'CL': 'Chile',
        'CN': 'China',
        'CX': 'Christmas Island',
        'CC': 'Cocos (Keeling) Islands',
        'CO': 'Colombia',
        'KM': 'Comoros',
        'CG': 'Congo',
        'CD': 'Congo, the Democratic Republic of the',
        'CK': 'Cook Islands',
        'CR': 'Costa Rica',
        'CI': 'Côte d\'Ivoire',
        'HR': 'Croatia',
        'CU': 'Cuba',
        'CW': 'Curaçao',
        'CY': 'Cyprus',
        'CZ': 'Czech Republic',
        'DK': 'Denmark',
        'DJ': 'Djibouti',
        'DM': 'Dominica',
        'DO': 'Dominican Republic',
        'EC': 'Ecuador',
        'EG': 'Egypt',
        'SV': 'El Salvador',
        'GQ': 'Equatorial Guinea',
        'ER': 'Eritrea',
        'EE': 'Estonia',
        'ET': 'Ethiopia',
        'FK': 'Falkland Islands (Malvinas)',
        'FO': 'Faroe Islands',
        'FJ': 'Fiji',
        'FI': 'Finland',
        'FR': 'France',
        'GF': 'French Guiana',
        'PF': 'French Polynesia',
        'TF': 'French Southern Territories',
        'GA': 'Gabon',
        'GM': 'Gambia',
        'GE': 'Georgia',
        'DE': 'Germany',
        'GH': 'Ghana',
        'GI': 'Gibraltar',
        'GR': 'Greece',
        'GL': 'Greenland',
        'GD': 'Grenada',
        'GP': 'Guadeloupe',
        'GU': 'Guam',
        'GT': 'Guatemala',
        'GG': 'Guernsey',
        'GN': 'Guinea',
        'GW': 'Guinea-Bissau',
        'GY': 'Guyana',
        'HT': 'Haiti',
        'HM': 'Heard Island and McDonald Islands',
        'VA': 'Holy See (Vatican City State)',
        'HN': 'Honduras',
        'HK': 'Hong Kong',
        'HU': 'Hungary',
        'IS': 'Iceland',
        'IN': 'India',
        'ID': 'Indonesia',
        'IR': 'Iran, Islamic Republic of',
        'IQ': 'Iraq',
        'IE': 'Ireland',
        'IM': 'Isle of Man',
        'IL': 'Israel',
        'IT': 'Italy',
        'JM': 'Jamaica',
        'JP': 'Japan',
        'JE': 'Jersey',
        'JO': 'Jordan',
        'KZ': 'Kazakhstan',
        'KE': 'Kenya',
        'KI': 'Kiribati',
        'KP': 'Korea, Democratic People\'s Republic of',
        'KR': 'Korea, Republic of',
        'KW': 'Kuwait',
        'KG': 'Kyrgyzstan',
        'LA': 'Lao People\'s Democratic Republic',
        'LV': 'Latvia',
        'LB': 'Lebanon',
        'LS': 'Lesotho',
        'LR': 'Liberia',
        'LY': 'Libya',
        'LI': 'Liechtenstein',
        'LT': 'Lithuania',
        'LU': 'Luxembourg',
        'MO': 'Macao',
        'MK': 'Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of',
        'MG': 'Madagascar',
        'MW': 'Malawi',
        'MY': 'Malaysia',
        'MV': 'Maldives',
        'ML': 'Mali',
        'MT': 'Malta',
        'MH': 'Marshall Islands',
        'MQ': 'Martinique',
        'MR': 'Mauritania',
        'MU': 'Mauritius',
        'YT': 'Mayotte',
        'MX': 'Mexico',
        'FM': 'Micronesia, Federated States of',
        'MD': 'Moldova, Republic of',
        'MC': 'Monaco',
        'MN': 'Mongolia',
        'ME': 'Montenegro',
        'MS': 'Montserrat',
        'MA': 'Morocco',
        'MZ': 'Mozambique',
        'MM': 'Myanmar',
        'NA': 'Namibia',
        'NR': 'Nauru',
        'NP': 'Nepal',
        'NL': 'Netherlands',
        'NC': 'New Caledonia',
        'NZ': 'New Zealand',
        'NI': 'Nicaragua',
        'NE': 'Niger',
        'NG': 'Nigeria',
        'NU': 'Niue',
        'NF': 'Norfolk Island',
        'MP': 'Northern Mariana Islands',
        'NO': 'Norway',
        'OM': 'Oman',
        'PK': 'Pakistan',
        'PW': 'Palau',
        'PS': 'Palestine, State of',
        'PA': 'Panama',
        'PG': 'Papua New Guinea',
        'PY': 'Paraguay',
        'PE': 'Peru',
        'PH': 'Philippines',
        'PN': 'Pitcairn',
        'PL': 'Poland',
        'PT': 'Portugal',
        'PR': 'Puerto Rico',
        'QA': 'Qatar',
        'RE': 'Réunion',
        'RO': 'Romania',
        'RU': 'Russian Federation',
        'RW': 'Rwanda',
        'BL': 'Saint Barthélemy',
        'SH': 'Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha',
        'KN': 'Saint Kitts and Nevis',
        'LC': 'Saint Lucia',
        'MF': 'Saint Martin (French part)',
        'PM': 'Saint Pierre and Miquelon',
        'VC': 'Saint Vincent and the Grenadines',
        'WS': 'Samoa',
        'SM': 'San Marino',
        'ST': 'Sao Tome and Principe',
        'SA': 'Saudi Arabia',
        'SN': 'Senegal',
        'RS': 'Serbia',
        'SC': 'Seychelles',
        'SL': 'Sierra Leone',
        'SG': 'Singapore',
        'SX': 'Sint Maarten (Dutch part)',
        'SK': 'Slovakia',
        'SI': 'Slovenia',
        'SB': 'Solomon Islands',
        'SO': 'Somalia',
        'ZA': 'South Africa',
        'GS': 'South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands',
        'SS': 'South Sudan',
        'ES': 'Spain',
        'LK': 'Sri Lanka',
        'SD': 'Sudan',
        'SR': 'Suriname',
        'SJ': 'Svalbard and Jan Mayen',
        'SZ': 'Swaziland',
        'SE': 'Sweden',
        'CH': 'Switzerland',
        'SY': 'Syrian Arab Republic',
        'TW': 'Taiwan, Province of China',
        'TJ': 'Tajikistan',
        'TZ': 'Tanzania, United Republic of',
        'TH': 'Thailand',
        'TL': 'Timor-Leste',
        'TG': 'Togo',
        'TK': 'Tokelau',
        'TO': 'Tonga',
        'TT': 'Trinidad and Tobago',
        'TN': 'Tunisia',
        'TR': 'Turkey',
        'TM': 'Turkmenistan',
        'TC': 'Turks and Caicos Islands',
        'TV': 'Tuvalu',
        'UG': 'Uganda',
        'UA': 'Ukraine',
        'AE': 'United Arab Emirates',
        'GB': 'United Kingdom',
        'US': 'United States',
        'UM': 'United States Minor Outlying Islands',
        'UY': 'Uruguay',
        'UZ': 'Uzbekistan',
        'VU': 'Vanuatu',
        'VE': 'Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of',
        'VN': 'Viet Nam',
        'VG': 'Virgin Islands, British',
        'VI': 'Virgin Islands, U.S.',
        'WF': 'Wallis and Futuna',
        'EH': 'Western Sahara',
        'YE': 'Yemen',
        'ZM': 'Zambia',
        'ZW': 'Zimbabwe',
        # Not ISO 3166 codes, but used for IP blocks
        'AP': 'Asia/Pacific Region',
        'EU': 'Europe',
    }

    @classmethod
    def short2full(cls, code):
        """Convert an ISO 3166-2 country code to the corresponding full name"""
        return cls._country_map.get(code.upper())


class GeoUtils:
    # Major IPv4 address blocks per country
    _country_ip_map = {
        'AD': '46.172.224.0/19',
        'AE': '94.200.0.0/13',
        'AF': '149.54.0.0/17',
        'AG': '209.59.64.0/18',
        'AI': '204.14.248.0/21',
        'AL': '46.99.0.0/16',
        'AM': '46.70.0.0/15',
        'AO': '105.168.0.0/13',
        'AP': '182.50.184.0/21',
        'AQ': '23.154.160.0/24',
        'AR': '181.0.0.0/12',
        'AS': '202.70.112.0/20',
        'AT': '77.116.0.0/14',
        'AU': '1.128.0.0/11',
        'AW': '181.41.0.0/18',
        'AX': '185.217.4.0/22',
        'AZ': '5.197.0.0/16',
        'BA': '31.176.128.0/17',
        'BB': '65.48.128.0/17',
        'BD': '114.130.0.0/16',
        'BE': '57.0.0.0/8',
        'BF': '102.178.0.0/15',
        'BG': '95.42.0.0/15',
        'BH': '37.131.0.0/17',
        'BI': '154.117.192.0/18',
        'BJ': '137.255.0.0/16',
        'BL': '185.212.72.0/23',
        'BM': '196.12.64.0/18',
        'BN': '156.31.0.0/16',
        'BO': '161.56.0.0/16',
        'BQ': '161.0.80.0/20',
        'BR': '191.128.0.0/12',
        'BS': '24.51.64.0/18',
        'BT': '119.2.96.0/19',
        'BW': '168.167.0.0/16',
        'BY': '178.120.0.0/13',
        'BZ': '179.42.192.0/18',
        'CA': '99.224.0.0/11',
        'CD': '41.243.0.0/16',
        'CF': '197.242.176.0/21',
        'CG': '160.113.0.0/16',
        'CH': '85.0.0.0/13',
        'CI': '102.136.0.0/14',
        'CK': '202.65.32.0/19',
        'CL': '152.172.0.0/14',
        'CM': '102.244.0.0/14',
        'CN': '36.128.0.0/10',
        'CO': '181.240.0.0/12',
        'CR': '201.192.0.0/12',
        'CU': '152.206.0.0/15',
        'CV': '165.90.96.0/19',
        'CW': '190.88.128.0/17',
        'CY': '31.153.0.0/16',
        'CZ': '88.100.0.0/14',
        'DE': '53.0.0.0/8',
        'DJ': '197.241.0.0/17',
        'DK': '87.48.0.0/12',
        'DM': '192.243.48.0/20',
        'DO': '152.166.0.0/15',
        'DZ': '41.96.0.0/12',
        'EC': '186.68.0.0/15',
        'EE': '90.190.0.0/15',
        'EG': '156.160.0.0/11',
        'ER': '196.200.96.0/20',
        'ES': '88.0.0.0/11',
        'ET': '196.188.0.0/14',
        'EU': '2.16.0.0/13',
        'FI': '91.152.0.0/13',
        'FJ': '144.120.0.0/16',
        'FK': '80.73.208.0/21',
        'FM': '119.252.112.0/20',
        'FO': '88.85.32.0/19',
        'FR': '90.0.0.0/9',
        'GA': '41.158.0.0/15',
        'GB': '25.0.0.0/8',
        'GD': '74.122.88.0/21',
        'GE': '31.146.0.0/16',
        'GF': '161.22.64.0/18',
        'GG': '62.68.160.0/19',
        'GH': '154.160.0.0/12',
        'GI': '95.164.0.0/16',
        'GL': '88.83.0.0/19',
        'GM': '160.182.0.0/15',
        'GN': '197.149.192.0/18',
        'GP': '104.250.0.0/19',
        'GQ': '105.235.224.0/20',
        'GR': '94.64.0.0/13',
        'GT': '168.234.0.0/16',
        'GU': '168.123.0.0/16',
        'GW': '197.214.80.0/20',
        'GY': '181.41.64.0/18',
        'HK': '113.252.0.0/14',
        'HN': '181.210.0.0/16',
        'HR': '93.136.0.0/13',
        'HT': '148.102.128.0/17',
        'HU': '84.0.0.0/14',
        'ID': '39.192.0.0/10',
        'IE': '87.32.0.0/12',
        'IL': '79.176.0.0/13',
        'IM': '5.62.80.0/20',
        'IN': '117.192.0.0/10',
        'IO': '203.83.48.0/21',
        'IQ': '37.236.0.0/14',
        'IR': '2.176.0.0/12',
        'IS': '82.221.0.0/16',
        'IT': '79.0.0.0/10',
        'JE': '87.244.64.0/18',
        'JM': '72.27.0.0/17',
        'JO': '176.29.0.0/16',
        'JP': '133.0.0.0/8',
        'KE': '105.48.0.0/12',
        'KG': '158.181.128.0/17',
        'KH': '36.37.128.0/17',
        'KI': '103.25.140.0/22',
        'KM': '197.255.224.0/20',
        'KN': '198.167.192.0/19',
        'KP': '175.45.176.0/22',
        'KR': '175.192.0.0/10',
        'KW': '37.36.0.0/14',
        'KY': '64.96.0.0/15',
        'KZ': '2.72.0.0/13',
        'LA': '115.84.64.0/18',
        'LB': '178.135.0.0/16',
        'LC': '24.92.144.0/20',
        'LI': '82.117.0.0/19',
        'LK': '112.134.0.0/15',
        'LR': '102.183.0.0/16',
        'LS': '129.232.0.0/17',
        'LT': '78.56.0.0/13',
        'LU': '188.42.0.0/16',
        'LV': '46.109.0.0/16',
        'LY': '41.252.0.0/14',
        'MA': '105.128.0.0/11',
        'MC': '88.209.64.0/18',
        'MD': '37.246.0.0/16',
        'ME': '178.175.0.0/17',
        'MF': '74.112.232.0/21',
        'MG': '154.126.0.0/17',
        'MH': '117.103.88.0/21',
        'MK': '77.28.0.0/15',
        'ML': '154.118.128.0/18',
        'MM': '37.111.0.0/17',
        'MN': '49.0.128.0/17',
        'MO': '60.246.0.0/16',
        'MP': '202.88.64.0/20',
        'MQ': '109.203.224.0/19',
        'MR': '41.188.64.0/18',
        'MS': '208.90.112.0/22',
        'MT': '46.11.0.0/16',
        'MU': '105.16.0.0/12',
        'MV': '27.114.128.0/18',
        'MW': '102.70.0.0/15',
        'MX': '187.192.0.0/11',
        'MY': '175.136.0.0/13',
        'MZ': '197.218.0.0/15',
        'NA': '41.182.0.0/16',
        'NC': '101.101.0.0/18',
        'NE': '197.214.0.0/18',
        'NF': '203.17.240.0/22',
        'NG': '105.112.0.0/12',
        'NI': '186.76.0.0/15',
        'NL': '145.96.0.0/11',
        'NO': '84.208.0.0/13',
        'NP': '36.252.0.0/15',
        'NR': '203.98.224.0/19',
        'NU': '49.156.48.0/22',
        'NZ': '49.224.0.0/14',
        'OM': '5.36.0.0/15',
        'PA': '186.72.0.0/15',
        'PE': '186.160.0.0/14',
        'PF': '123.50.64.0/18',
        'PG': '124.240.192.0/19',
        'PH': '49.144.0.0/13',
        'PK': '39.32.0.0/11',
        'PL': '83.0.0.0/11',
        'PM': '70.36.0.0/20',
        'PR': '66.50.0.0/16',
        'PS': '188.161.0.0/16',
        'PT': '85.240.0.0/13',
        'PW': '202.124.224.0/20',
        'PY': '181.120.0.0/14',
        'QA': '37.210.0.0/15',
        'RE': '102.35.0.0/16',
        'RO': '79.112.0.0/13',
        'RS': '93.86.0.0/15',
        'RU': '5.136.0.0/13',
        'RW': '41.186.0.0/16',
        'SA': '188.48.0.0/13',
        'SB': '202.1.160.0/19',
        'SC': '154.192.0.0/11',
        'SD': '102.120.0.0/13',
        'SE': '78.64.0.0/12',
        'SG': '8.128.0.0/10',
        'SI': '188.196.0.0/14',
        'SK': '78.98.0.0/15',
        'SL': '102.143.0.0/17',
        'SM': '89.186.32.0/19',
        'SN': '41.82.0.0/15',
        'SO': '154.115.192.0/18',
        'SR': '186.179.128.0/17',
        'SS': '105.235.208.0/21',
        'ST': '197.159.160.0/19',
        'SV': '168.243.0.0/16',
        'SX': '190.102.0.0/20',
        'SY': '5.0.0.0/16',
        'SZ': '41.84.224.0/19',
        'TC': '65.255.48.0/20',
        'TD': '154.68.128.0/19',
        'TG': '196.168.0.0/14',
        'TH': '171.96.0.0/13',
        'TJ': '85.9.128.0/18',
        'TK': '27.96.24.0/21',
        'TL': '180.189.160.0/20',
        'TM': '95.85.96.0/19',
        'TN': '197.0.0.0/11',
        'TO': '175.176.144.0/21',
        'TR': '78.160.0.0/11',
        'TT': '186.44.0.0/15',
        'TV': '202.2.96.0/19',
        'TW': '120.96.0.0/11',
        'TZ': '156.156.0.0/14',
        'UA': '37.52.0.0/14',
        'UG': '102.80.0.0/13',
        'US': '6.0.0.0/8',
        'UY': '167.56.0.0/13',
        'UZ': '84.54.64.0/18',
        'VA': '212.77.0.0/19',
        'VC': '207.191.240.0/21',
        'VE': '186.88.0.0/13',
        'VG': '66.81.192.0/20',
        'VI': '146.226.0.0/16',
        'VN': '14.160.0.0/11',
        'VU': '202.80.32.0/20',
        'WF': '117.20.32.0/21',
        'WS': '202.4.32.0/19',
        'YE': '134.35.0.0/16',
        'YT': '41.242.116.0/22',
        'ZA': '41.0.0.0/11',
        'ZM': '102.144.0.0/13',
        'ZW': '102.177.192.0/18',
    }

    @classmethod
    def random_ipv4(cls, code_or_block):
        if len(code_or_block) == 2:
            block = cls._country_ip_map.get(code_or_block.upper())
            if not block:
                return None
        else:
            block = code_or_block
        addr, preflen = block.split('/')
        addr_min = struct.unpack('!L', socket.inet_aton(addr))[0]
        addr_max = addr_min | (0xffffffff >> int(preflen))
        return str(socket.inet_ntoa(
            struct.pack('!L', random.randint(addr_min, addr_max))))


# Both long_to_bytes and bytes_to_long are adapted from PyCrypto, which is
# released into Public Domain
# https://github.com/dlitz/pycrypto/blob/master/lib/Crypto/Util/number.py#L387

def long_to_bytes(n, blocksize=0):
    """long_to_bytes(n:long, blocksize:int) : string
    Convert a long integer to a byte string.

    If optional blocksize is given and greater than zero, pad the front of the
    byte string with binary zeros so that the length is a multiple of
    blocksize.
    """
    # after much testing, this algorithm was deemed to be the fastest
    s = b''
    n = int(n)
    while n > 0:
        s = struct.pack('>I', n & 0xffffffff) + s
        n = n >> 32
    # strip off leading zeros
    for i in range(len(s)):
        if s[i] != b'\000'[0]:
            break
    else:
        # only happens when n == 0
        s = b'\000'
        i = 0
    s = s[i:]
    # add back some pad bytes.  this could be done more efficiently w.r.t. the
    # de-padding being done above, but sigh...
    if blocksize > 0 and len(s) % blocksize:
        s = (blocksize - len(s) % blocksize) * b'\000' + s
    return s


def bytes_to_long(s):
    """bytes_to_long(string) : long
    Convert a byte string to a long integer.

    This is (essentially) the inverse of long_to_bytes().
    """
    acc = 0
    length = len(s)
    if length % 4:
        extra = (4 - length % 4)
        s = b'\000' * extra + s
        length = length + extra
    for i in range(0, length, 4):
        acc = (acc << 32) + struct.unpack('>I', s[i:i + 4])[0]
    return acc


def ohdave_rsa_encrypt(data, exponent, modulus):
    '''
    Implement OHDave's RSA algorithm. See http://www.ohdave.com/rsa/

    Input:
        data: data to encrypt, bytes-like object
        exponent, modulus: parameter e and N of RSA algorithm, both integer
    Output: hex string of encrypted data

    Limitation: supports one block encryption only
    '''

    payload = int(binascii.hexlify(data[::-1]), 16)
    encrypted = pow(payload, exponent, modulus)
    return '%x' % encrypted


def pkcs1pad(data, length):
    """
    Padding input data with PKCS#1 scheme

    @param {int[]} data        input data
    @param {int}   length      target length
    @returns {int[]}           padded data
    """
    if len(data) > length - 11:
        raise ValueError('Input data too long for PKCS#1 padding')

    pseudo_random = [random.randint(0, 254) for _ in range(length - len(data) - 3)]
    return [0, 2] + pseudo_random + [0] + data


def _base_n_table(n, table):
    if not table and not n:
        raise ValueError('Either table or n must be specified')
    table = (table or '0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ')[:n]

    if n and n != len(table):
        raise ValueError(f'base {n} exceeds table length {len(table)}')
    return table


def encode_base_n(num, n=None, table=None):
    """Convert given int to a base-n string"""
    table = _base_n_table(n, table)
    if not num:
        return table[0]

    result, base = '', len(table)
    while num:
        result = table[num % base] + result
        num = num // base
    return result


def decode_base_n(string, n=None, table=None):
    """Convert given base-n string to int"""
    table = {char: index for index, char in enumerate(_base_n_table(n, table))}
    result, base = 0, len(table)
    for char in string:
        result = result * base + table[char]
    return result


def decode_packed_codes(code):
    mobj = re.search(PACKED_CODES_RE, code)
    obfuscated_code, base, count, symbols = mobj.groups()
    base = int(base)
    count = int(count)
    symbols = symbols.split('|')
    symbol_table = {}

    while count:
        count -= 1
        base_n_count = encode_base_n(count, base)
        symbol_table[base_n_count] = symbols[count] or base_n_count

    return re.sub(
        r'\b(\w+)\b', lambda mobj: symbol_table[mobj.group(0)],
        obfuscated_code)


def caesar(s, alphabet, shift):
    if shift == 0:
        return s
    l = len(alphabet)
    return ''.join(
        alphabet[(alphabet.index(c) + shift) % l] if c in alphabet else c
        for c in s)


def rot47(s):
    return caesar(s, r'''!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~''', 47)


def parse_m3u8_attributes(attrib):
    info = {}
    for (key, val) in re.findall(r'(?P<key>[A-Z0-9-]+)=(?P<val>"[^"]+"|[^",]+)(?:,|$)', attrib):
        if val.startswith('"'):
            val = val[1:-1]
        info[key] = val
    return info


def urshift(val, n):
    return val >> n if val >= 0 else (val + 0x100000000) >> n


def write_xattr(path, key, value):
    # Windows: Write xattrs to NTFS Alternate Data Streams:
    # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS#Alternate_data_streams_.28ADS.29
    if compat_os_name == 'nt':
        assert ':' not in key
        assert os.path.exists(path)

        try:
            with open(f'{path}:{key}', 'wb') as f:
                f.write(value)
        except OSError as e:
            raise XAttrMetadataError(e.errno, e.strerror)
        return

    # UNIX Method 1. Use os.setxattr/xattrs/pyxattrs modules

    setxattr = None
    if callable(getattr(os, 'setxattr', None)):
        setxattr = os.setxattr
    elif getattr(xattr, '_yt_dlp__identifier', None) == 'pyxattr':
        # Unicode arguments are not supported in pyxattr until version 0.5.0
        # See https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/5498
        if version_tuple(xattr.__version__) >= (0, 5, 0):
            setxattr = xattr.set
    elif xattr:
        setxattr = xattr.setxattr

    if setxattr:
        try:
            setxattr(path, key, value)
        except OSError as e:
            raise XAttrMetadataError(e.errno, e.strerror)
        return

    # UNIX Method 2. Use setfattr/xattr executables
    exe = ('setfattr' if check_executable('setfattr', ['--version'])
           else 'xattr' if check_executable('xattr', ['-h']) else None)
    if not exe:
        raise XAttrUnavailableError(
            'Couldn\'t find a tool to set the xattrs. Install either the "xattr" or "pyxattr" Python modules or the '
            + ('"xattr" binary' if sys.platform != 'linux' else 'GNU "attr" package (which contains the "setfattr" tool)'))

    value = value.decode()
    try:
        _, stderr, returncode = Popen.run(
            [exe, '-w', key, value, path] if exe == 'xattr' else [exe, '-n', key, '-v', value, path],
            text=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, stdin=subprocess.PIPE)
    except OSError as e:
        raise XAttrMetadataError(e.errno, e.strerror)
    if returncode:
        raise XAttrMetadataError(returncode, stderr)


def random_birthday(year_field, month_field, day_field):
    start_date = dt.date(1950, 1, 1)
    end_date = dt.date(1995, 12, 31)
    offset = random.randint(0, (end_date - start_date).days)
    random_date = start_date + dt.timedelta(offset)
    return {
        year_field: str(random_date.year),
        month_field: str(random_date.month),
        day_field: str(random_date.day),
    }


def find_available_port(interface=''):
    try:
        with socket.socket() as sock:
            sock.bind((interface, 0))
            return sock.getsockname()[1]
    except OSError:
        return None


# Templates for internet shortcut files, which are plain text files.
DOT_URL_LINK_TEMPLATE = '''\
[InternetShortcut]
URL=%(url)s
'''

DOT_WEBLOC_LINK_TEMPLATE = '''\
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
<plist version="1.0">
<dict>
\t<key>URL</key>
\t<string>%(url)s</string>
</dict>
</plist>
'''

DOT_DESKTOP_LINK_TEMPLATE = '''\
[Desktop Entry]
Encoding=UTF-8
Name=%(filename)s
Type=Link
URL=%(url)s
Icon=text-html
'''

LINK_TEMPLATES = {
    'url': DOT_URL_LINK_TEMPLATE,
    'desktop': DOT_DESKTOP_LINK_TEMPLATE,
    'webloc': DOT_WEBLOC_LINK_TEMPLATE,
}


def iri_to_uri(iri):
    """
    Converts an IRI (Internationalized Resource Identifier, allowing Unicode characters) to a URI (Uniform Resource Identifier, ASCII-only).

    The function doesn't add an additional layer of escaping; e.g., it doesn't escape `%3C` as `%253C`. Instead, it percent-escapes characters with an underlying UTF-8 encoding *besides* those already escaped, leaving the URI intact.
    """

    iri_parts = urllib.parse.urlparse(iri)

    if '[' in iri_parts.netloc:
        raise ValueError('IPv6 URIs are not, yet, supported.')
        # Querying `.netloc`, when there's only one bracket, also raises a ValueError.

    # The `safe` argument values, that the following code uses, contain the characters that should not be percent-encoded. Everything else but letters, digits and '_.-' will be percent-encoded with an underlying UTF-8 encoding. Everything already percent-encoded will be left as is.

    net_location = ''
    if iri_parts.username:
        net_location += urllib.parse.quote(iri_parts.username, safe=r"!$%&'()*+,~")
        if iri_parts.password is not None:
            net_location += ':' + urllib.parse.quote(iri_parts.password, safe=r"!$%&'()*+,~")
        net_location += '@'

    net_location += iri_parts.hostname.encode('idna').decode()  # Punycode for Unicode hostnames.
    # The 'idna' encoding produces ASCII text.
    if iri_parts.port is not None and iri_parts.port != 80:
        net_location += ':' + str(iri_parts.port)

    return urllib.parse.urlunparse(
        (iri_parts.scheme,
            net_location,

            urllib.parse.quote_plus(iri_parts.path, safe=r"!$%&'()*+,/:;=@|~"),

            # Unsure about the `safe` argument, since this is a legacy way of handling parameters.
            urllib.parse.quote_plus(iri_parts.params, safe=r"!$%&'()*+,/:;=@|~"),

            # Not totally sure about the `safe` argument, since the source does not explicitly mention the query URI component.
            urllib.parse.quote_plus(iri_parts.query, safe=r"!$%&'()*+,/:;=?@{|}~"),

            urllib.parse.quote_plus(iri_parts.fragment, safe=r"!#$%&'()*+,/:;=?@{|}~")))

    # Source for `safe` arguments: https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#percent-encoded-bytes.


def to_high_limit_path(path):
    if sys.platform in ['win32', 'cygwin']:
        # Work around MAX_PATH limitation on Windows. The maximum allowed length for the individual path segments may still be quite limited.
        return '\\\\?\\' + os.path.abspath(path)

    return path


def format_field(obj, field=None, template='%s', ignore=NO_DEFAULT, default='', func=IDENTITY):
    val = traversal.traverse_obj(obj, *variadic(field))
    if not val if ignore is NO_DEFAULT else val in variadic(ignore):
        return default
    return template % func(val)


def clean_podcast_url(url):
    url = re.sub(r'''(?x)
        (?:
            (?:
                chtbl\.com/track|
                media\.blubrry\.com| # https://create.blubrry.com/resources/podcast-media-download-statistics/getting-started/
                play\.podtrac\.com|
                chrt\.fm/track|
                mgln\.ai/e
            )(?:/[^/.]+)?|
            (?:dts|www)\.podtrac\.com/(?:pts/)?redirect\.[0-9a-z]{3,4}| # http://analytics.podtrac.com/how-to-measure
            flex\.acast\.com|
            pd(?:
                cn\.co| # https://podcorn.com/analytics-prefix/
                st\.fm # https://podsights.com/docs/
            )/e|
            [0-9]\.gum\.fm|
            pscrb\.fm/rss/p
        )/''', '', url)
    return re.sub(r'^\w+://(\w+://)', r'\1', url)


_HEX_TABLE = '0123456789abcdef'


def random_uuidv4():
    return re.sub(r'[xy]', lambda x: _HEX_TABLE[random.randint(0, 15)], 'xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx')


def make_dir(path, to_screen=None):
    try:
        dn = os.path.dirname(path)
        if dn:
            os.makedirs(dn, exist_ok=True)
        return True
    except OSError as err:
        if callable(to_screen) is not None:
            to_screen(f'unable to create directory {err}')
        return False


def get_executable_path():
    from ..update import _get_variant_and_executable_path

    return os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(_get_variant_and_executable_path()[1]))


def get_user_config_dirs(package_name):
    # .config (e.g. ~/.config/package_name)
    xdg_config_home = os.getenv('XDG_CONFIG_HOME') or compat_expanduser('~/.config')
    yield os.path.join(xdg_config_home, package_name)

    # appdata (%APPDATA%/package_name)
    appdata_dir = os.getenv('appdata')
    if appdata_dir:
        yield os.path.join(appdata_dir, package_name)

    # home (~/.package_name)
    yield os.path.join(compat_expanduser('~'), f'.{package_name}')


def get_system_config_dirs(package_name):
    # /etc/package_name
    yield os.path.join('/etc', package_name)


def time_seconds(**kwargs):
    """
    Returns TZ-aware time in seconds since the epoch (1970-01-01T00:00:00Z)
    """
    return time.time() + dt.timedelta(**kwargs).total_seconds()


# create a JSON Web Signature (jws) with HS256 algorithm
# the resulting format is in JWS Compact Serialization
# implemented following JWT https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7519.html
# implemented following JWS https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7515.html
def jwt_encode_hs256(payload_data, key, headers={}):
    header_data = {
        'alg': 'HS256',
        'typ': 'JWT',
    }
    if headers:
        header_data.update(headers)
    header_b64 = base64.b64encode(json.dumps(header_data).encode())
    payload_b64 = base64.b64encode(json.dumps(payload_data).encode())
    h = hmac.new(key.encode(), header_b64 + b'.' + payload_b64, hashlib.sha256)
    signature_b64 = base64.b64encode(h.digest())
    token = header_b64 + b'.' + payload_b64 + b'.' + signature_b64
    return token


# can be extended in future to verify the signature and parse header and return the algorithm used if it's not HS256
def jwt_decode_hs256(jwt):
    header_b64, payload_b64, signature_b64 = jwt.split('.')
    # add trailing ='s that may have been stripped, superfluous ='s are ignored
    payload_data = json.loads(base64.urlsafe_b64decode(f'{payload_b64}==='))
    return payload_data


WINDOWS_VT_MODE = False if compat_os_name == 'nt' else None


@functools.cache
def supports_terminal_sequences(stream):
    if compat_os_name == 'nt':
        if not WINDOWS_VT_MODE:
            return False
    elif not os.getenv('TERM'):
        return False
    try:
        return stream.isatty()
    except BaseException:
        return False


def windows_enable_vt_mode():
    """Ref: https://bugs.python.org/issue30075 """
    if get_windows_version() < (10, 0, 10586):
        return

    import ctypes
    import ctypes.wintypes
    import msvcrt

    ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_PROCESSING = 0x0004

    dll = ctypes.WinDLL('kernel32', use_last_error=False)
    handle = os.open('CONOUT$', os.O_RDWR)
    try:
        h_out = ctypes.wintypes.HANDLE(msvcrt.get_osfhandle(handle))
        dw_original_mode = ctypes.wintypes.DWORD()
        success = dll.GetConsoleMode(h_out, ctypes.byref(dw_original_mode))
        if not success:
            raise Exception('GetConsoleMode failed')

        success = dll.SetConsoleMode(h_out, ctypes.wintypes.DWORD(
            dw_original_mode.value | ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_PROCESSING))
        if not success:
            raise Exception('SetConsoleMode failed')
    finally:
        os.close(handle)

    global WINDOWS_VT_MODE
    WINDOWS_VT_MODE = True
    supports_terminal_sequences.cache_clear()


_terminal_sequences_re = re.compile('\033\\[[^m]+m')


def remove_terminal_sequences(string):
    return _terminal_sequences_re.sub('', string)


def number_of_digits(number):
    return len('%d' % number)


def join_nonempty(*values, delim='-', from_dict=None):
    if from_dict is not None:
        values = (traversal.traverse_obj(from_dict, variadic(v)) for v in values)
    return delim.join(map(str, filter(None, values)))


def scale_thumbnails_to_max_format_width(formats, thumbnails, url_width_re):
    """
    Find the largest format dimensions in terms of video width and, for each thumbnail:
    * Modify the URL: Match the width with the provided regex and replace with the former width
    * Update dimensions

    This function is useful with video services that scale the provided thumbnails on demand
    """
    _keys = ('width', 'height')
    max_dimensions = max(
        (tuple(format.get(k) or 0 for k in _keys) for format in formats),
        default=(0, 0))
    if not max_dimensions[0]:
        return thumbnails
    return [
        merge_dicts(
            {'url': re.sub(url_width_re, str(max_dimensions[0]), thumbnail['url'])},
            dict(zip(_keys, max_dimensions)), thumbnail)
        for thumbnail in thumbnails
    ]


def parse_http_range(range):
    """ Parse value of "Range" or "Content-Range" HTTP header into tuple. """
    if not range:
        return None, None, None
    crg = re.search(r'bytes[ =](\d+)-(\d+)?(?:/(\d+))?', range)
    if not crg:
        return None, None, None
    return int(crg.group(1)), int_or_none(crg.group(2)), int_or_none(crg.group(3))


def read_stdin(what):
    if what:
        eof = 'Ctrl+Z' if compat_os_name == 'nt' else 'Ctrl+D'
        write_string(f'Reading {what} from STDIN - EOF ({eof}) to end:\n')
    return sys.stdin


def determine_file_encoding(data):
    """
    Detect the text encoding used
    @returns (encoding, bytes to skip)
    """

    # BOM marks are given priority over declarations
    for bom, enc in BOMS:
        if data.startswith(bom):
            return enc, len(bom)

    # Strip off all null bytes to match even when UTF-16 or UTF-32 is used.
    # We ignore the endianness to get a good enough match
    data = data.replace(b'\0', b'')
    mobj = re.match(rb'(?m)^#\s*coding\s*:\s*(\S+)\s*$', data)
    return mobj.group(1).decode() if mobj else None, 0


class Config:
    own_args = None
    parsed_args = None
    filename = None
    __initialized = False

    def __init__(self, parser, label=None):
        self.parser, self.label = parser, label
        self._loaded_paths, self.configs = set(), []

    def init(self, args=None, filename=None):
        assert not self.__initialized
        self.own_args, self.filename = args, filename
        return self.load_configs()

    def load_configs(self):
        directory = ''
        if self.filename:
            location = os.path.realpath(self.filename)
            directory = os.path.dirname(location)
            if location in self._loaded_paths:
                return False
            self._loaded_paths.add(location)

        self.__initialized = True
        opts, _ = self.parser.parse_known_args(self.own_args)
        self.parsed_args = self.own_args
        for location in opts.config_locations or []:
            if location == '-':
                if location in self._loaded_paths:
                    continue
                self._loaded_paths.add(location)
                self.append_config(shlex.split(read_stdin('options'), comments=True), label='stdin')
                continue
            location = os.path.join(directory, expand_path(location))
            if os.path.isdir(location):
                location = os.path.join(location, 'yt-dlp.conf')
            if not os.path.exists(location):
                self.parser.error(f'config location {location} does not exist')
            self.append_config(self.read_file(location), location)
        return True

    def __str__(self):
        label = join_nonempty(
            self.label, 'config', f'"{self.filename}"' if self.filename else '',
            delim=' ')
        return join_nonempty(
            self.own_args is not None and f'{label[0].upper()}{label[1:]}: {self.hide_login_info(self.own_args)}',
            *(f'\n{c}'.replace('\n', '\n| ')[1:] for c in self.configs),
            delim='\n')

    @staticmethod
    def read_file(filename, default=[]):
        try:
            optionf = open(filename, 'rb')
        except OSError:
            return default  # silently skip if file is not present
        try:
            enc, skip = determine_file_encoding(optionf.read(512))
            optionf.seek(skip, io.SEEK_SET)
        except OSError:
            enc = None  # silently skip read errors
        try:
            # FIXME: https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/commit/dfe5fa49aed02cf36ba9f743b11b0903554b5e56
            contents = optionf.read().decode(enc or preferredencoding())
            res = shlex.split(contents, comments=True)
        except Exception as err:
            raise ValueError(f'Unable to parse "{filename}": {err}')
        finally:
            optionf.close()
        return res

    @staticmethod
    def hide_login_info(opts):
        PRIVATE_OPTS = {'-p', '--password', '-u', '--username', '--video-password', '--ap-password', '--ap-username'}
        eqre = re.compile('^(?P<key>' + ('|'.join(re.escape(po) for po in PRIVATE_OPTS)) + ')=.+$')

        def _scrub_eq(o):
            m = eqre.match(o)
            if m:
                return m.group('key') + '=PRIVATE'
            else:
                return o

        opts = list(map(_scrub_eq, opts))
        for idx, opt in enumerate(opts):
            if opt in PRIVATE_OPTS and idx + 1 < len(opts):
                opts[idx + 1] = 'PRIVATE'
        return opts

    def append_config(self, *args, label=None):
        config = type(self)(self.parser, label)
        config._loaded_paths = self._loaded_paths
        if config.init(*args):
            self.configs.append(config)

    @property
    def all_args(self):
        for config in reversed(self.configs):
            yield from config.all_args
        yield from self.parsed_args or []

    def parse_known_args(self, **kwargs):
        return self.parser.parse_known_args(self.all_args, **kwargs)

    def parse_args(self):
        return self.parser.parse_args(self.all_args)


def merge_headers(*dicts):
    """Merge dicts of http headers case insensitively, prioritizing the latter ones"""
    return {k.title(): v for k, v in itertools.chain.from_iterable(map(dict.items, dicts))}


def cached_method(f):
    """Cache a method"""
    signature = inspect.signature(f)

    @functools.wraps(f)
    def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs):
        bound_args = signature.bind(self, *args, **kwargs)
        bound_args.apply_defaults()
        key = tuple(bound_args.arguments.values())[1:]

        cache = vars(self).setdefault('_cached_method__cache', {}).setdefault(f.__name__, {})
        if key not in cache:
            cache[key] = f(self, *args, **kwargs)
        return cache[key]
    return wrapper


class classproperty:
    """property access for class methods with optional caching"""
    def __new__(cls, func=None, *args, **kwargs):
        if not func:
            return functools.partial(cls, *args, **kwargs)
        return super().__new__(cls)

    def __init__(self, func, *, cache=False):
        functools.update_wrapper(self, func)
        self.func = func
        self._cache = {} if cache else None

    def __get__(self, _, cls):
        if self._cache is None:
            return self.func(cls)
        elif cls not in self._cache:
            self._cache[cls] = self.func(cls)
        return self._cache[cls]


class function_with_repr:
    def __init__(self, func, repr_=None):
        functools.update_wrapper(self, func)
        self.func, self.__repr = func, repr_

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.func(*args, **kwargs)

    @classmethod
    def set_repr(cls, repr_):
        return functools.partial(cls, repr_=repr_)

    def __repr__(self):
        if self.__repr:
            return self.__repr
        return f'{self.func.__module__}.{self.func.__qualname__}'


class Namespace(types.SimpleNamespace):
    """Immutable namespace"""

    def __iter__(self):
        return iter(self.__dict__.values())

    @property
    def items_(self):
        return self.__dict__.items()


MEDIA_EXTENSIONS = Namespace(
    common_video=('avi', 'flv', 'mkv', 'mov', 'mp4', 'webm'),
    video=('3g2', '3gp', 'f4v', 'mk3d', 'divx', 'mpg', 'ogv', 'm4v', 'wmv'),
    common_audio=('aiff', 'alac', 'flac', 'm4a', 'mka', 'mp3', 'ogg', 'opus', 'wav'),
    audio=('aac', 'ape', 'asf', 'f4a', 'f4b', 'm4b', 'm4p', 'm4r', 'oga', 'ogx', 'spx', 'vorbis', 'wma', 'weba'),
    thumbnails=('jpg', 'png', 'webp'),
    storyboards=('mhtml', ),
    subtitles=('srt', 'vtt', 'ass', 'lrc'),
    manifests=('f4f', 'f4m', 'm3u8', 'smil', 'mpd'),
)
MEDIA_EXTENSIONS.video += MEDIA_EXTENSIONS.common_video
MEDIA_EXTENSIONS.audio += MEDIA_EXTENSIONS.common_audio

KNOWN_EXTENSIONS = (*MEDIA_EXTENSIONS.video, *MEDIA_EXTENSIONS.audio, *MEDIA_EXTENSIONS.manifests)


class RetryManager:
    """Usage:
        for retry in RetryManager(...):
            try:
                ...
            except SomeException as err:
                retry.error = err
                continue
    """
    attempt, _error = 0, None

    def __init__(self, _retries, _error_callback, **kwargs):
        self.retries = _retries or 0
        self.error_callback = functools.partial(_error_callback, **kwargs)

    def _should_retry(self):
        return self._error is not NO_DEFAULT and self.attempt <= self.retries

    @property
    def error(self):
        if self._error is NO_DEFAULT:
            return None
        return self._error

    @error.setter
    def error(self, value):
        self._error = value

    def __iter__(self):
        while self._should_retry():
            self.error = NO_DEFAULT
            self.attempt += 1
            yield self
            if self.error:
                self.error_callback(self.error, self.attempt, self.retries)

    @staticmethod
    def report_retry(e, count, retries, *, sleep_func, info, warn, error=None, suffix=None):
        """Utility function for reporting retries"""
        if count > retries:
            if error:
                return error(f'{e}. Giving up after {count - 1} retries') if count > 1 else error(str(e))
            raise e

        if not count:
            return warn(e)
        elif isinstance(e, ExtractorError):
            e = remove_end(str_or_none(e.cause) or e.orig_msg, '.')
        warn(f'{e}. Retrying{format_field(suffix, None, " %s")} ({count}/{retries})...')

        delay = float_or_none(sleep_func(n=count - 1)) if callable(sleep_func) else sleep_func
        if delay:
            info(f'Sleeping {delay:.2f} seconds ...')
            time.sleep(delay)


def make_archive_id(ie, video_id):
    ie_key = ie if isinstance(ie, str) else ie.ie_key()
    return f'{ie_key.lower()} {video_id}'


def truncate_string(s, left, right=0):
    assert left > 3 and right >= 0
    if s is None or len(s) <= left + right:
        return s
    return f'{s[:left - 3]}...{s[-right:] if right else ""}'


def orderedSet_from_options(options, alias_dict, *, use_regex=False, start=None):
    assert 'all' in alias_dict, '"all" alias is required'
    requested = list(start or [])
    for val in options:
        discard = val.startswith('-')
        if discard:
            val = val[1:]

        if val in alias_dict:
            val = alias_dict[val] if not discard else [
                i[1:] if i.startswith('-') else f'-{i}' for i in alias_dict[val]]
            # NB: Do not allow regex in aliases for performance
            requested = orderedSet_from_options(val, alias_dict, start=requested)
            continue

        current = (filter(re.compile(val, re.I).fullmatch, alias_dict['all']) if use_regex
                   else [val] if val in alias_dict['all'] else None)
        if current is None:
            raise ValueError(val)

        if discard:
            for item in current:
                while item in requested:
                    requested.remove(item)
        else:
            requested.extend(current)

    return orderedSet(requested)


# TODO: Rewrite
class FormatSorter:
    regex = r' *((?P<reverse>\+)?(?P<field>[a-zA-Z0-9_]+)((?P<separator>[~:])(?P<limit>.*?))?)? *$'

    default = ('hidden', 'aud_or_vid', 'hasvid', 'ie_pref', 'lang', 'quality',
               'res', 'fps', 'hdr:12', 'vcodec:vp9.2', 'channels', 'acodec',
               'size', 'br', 'asr', 'proto', 'ext', 'hasaud', 'source', 'id')  # These must not be aliases
    ytdl_default = ('hasaud', 'lang', 'quality', 'tbr', 'filesize', 'vbr',
                    'height', 'width', 'proto', 'vext', 'abr', 'aext',
                    'fps', 'fs_approx', 'source', 'id')

    settings = {
        'vcodec': {'type': 'ordered', 'regex': True,
                   'order': ['av0?1', 'vp0?9.2', 'vp0?9', '[hx]265|he?vc?', '[hx]264|avc', 'vp0?8', 'mp4v|h263', 'theora', '', None, 'none']},
        'acodec': {'type': 'ordered', 'regex': True,
                   'order': ['[af]lac', 'wav|aiff', 'opus', 'vorbis|ogg', 'aac', 'mp?4a?', 'mp3', 'ac-?4', 'e-?a?c-?3', 'ac-?3', 'dts', '', None, 'none']},
        'hdr': {'type': 'ordered', 'regex': True, 'field': 'dynamic_range',
                'order': ['dv', '(hdr)?12', r'(hdr)?10\+', '(hdr)?10', 'hlg', '', 'sdr', None]},
        'proto': {'type': 'ordered', 'regex': True, 'field': 'protocol',
                  'order': ['(ht|f)tps', '(ht|f)tp$', 'm3u8.*', '.*dash', 'websocket_frag', 'rtmpe?', '', 'mms|rtsp', 'ws|websocket', 'f4']},
        'vext': {'type': 'ordered', 'field': 'video_ext',
                 'order': ('mp4', 'mov', 'webm', 'flv', '', 'none'),
                 'order_free': ('webm', 'mp4', 'mov', 'flv', '', 'none')},
        'aext': {'type': 'ordered', 'regex': True, 'field': 'audio_ext',
                 'order': ('m4a', 'aac', 'mp3', 'ogg', 'opus', 'web[am]', '', 'none'),
                 'order_free': ('ogg', 'opus', 'web[am]', 'mp3', 'm4a', 'aac', '', 'none')},
        'hidden': {'visible': False, 'forced': True, 'type': 'extractor', 'max': -1000},
        'aud_or_vid': {'visible': False, 'forced': True, 'type': 'multiple',
                       'field': ('vcodec', 'acodec'),
                       'function': lambda it: int(any(v != 'none' for v in it))},
        'ie_pref': {'priority': True, 'type': 'extractor'},
        'hasvid': {'priority': True, 'field': 'vcodec', 'type': 'boolean', 'not_in_list': ('none',)},
        'hasaud': {'field': 'acodec', 'type': 'boolean', 'not_in_list': ('none',)},
        'lang': {'convert': 'float', 'field': 'language_preference', 'default': -1},
        'quality': {'convert': 'float', 'default': -1},
        'filesize': {'convert': 'bytes'},
        'fs_approx': {'convert': 'bytes', 'field': 'filesize_approx'},
        'id': {'convert': 'string', 'field': 'format_id'},
        'height': {'convert': 'float_none'},
        'width': {'convert': 'float_none'},
        'fps': {'convert': 'float_none'},
        'channels': {'convert': 'float_none', 'field': 'audio_channels'},
        'tbr': {'convert': 'float_none'},
        'vbr': {'convert': 'float_none'},
        'abr': {'convert': 'float_none'},
        'asr': {'convert': 'float_none'},
        'source': {'convert': 'float', 'field': 'source_preference', 'default': -1},

        'codec': {'type': 'combined', 'field': ('vcodec', 'acodec')},
        'br': {'type': 'multiple', 'field': ('tbr', 'vbr', 'abr'), 'convert': 'float_none',
               'function': lambda it: next(filter(None, it), None)},
        'size': {'type': 'multiple', 'field': ('filesize', 'fs_approx'), 'convert': 'bytes',
                 'function': lambda it: next(filter(None, it), None)},
        'ext': {'type': 'combined', 'field': ('vext', 'aext')},
        'res': {'type': 'multiple', 'field': ('height', 'width'),
                'function': lambda it: (lambda l: min(l) if l else 0)(tuple(filter(None, it)))},

        # Actual field names
        'format_id': {'type': 'alias', 'field': 'id'},
        'preference': {'type': 'alias', 'field': 'ie_pref'},
        'language_preference': {'type': 'alias', 'field': 'lang'},
        'source_preference': {'type': 'alias', 'field': 'source'},
        'protocol': {'type': 'alias', 'field': 'proto'},
        'filesize_approx': {'type': 'alias', 'field': 'fs_approx'},
        'audio_channels': {'type': 'alias', 'field': 'channels'},

        # Deprecated
        'dimension': {'type': 'alias', 'field': 'res', 'deprecated': True},
        'resolution': {'type': 'alias', 'field': 'res', 'deprecated': True},
        'extension': {'type': 'alias', 'field': 'ext', 'deprecated': True},
        'bitrate': {'type': 'alias', 'field': 'br', 'deprecated': True},
        'total_bitrate': {'type': 'alias', 'field': 'tbr', 'deprecated': True},
        'video_bitrate': {'type': 'alias', 'field': 'vbr', 'deprecated': True},
        'audio_bitrate': {'type': 'alias', 'field': 'abr', 'deprecated': True},
        'framerate': {'type': 'alias', 'field': 'fps', 'deprecated': True},
        'filesize_estimate': {'type': 'alias', 'field': 'size', 'deprecated': True},
        'samplerate': {'type': 'alias', 'field': 'asr', 'deprecated': True},
        'video_ext': {'type': 'alias', 'field': 'vext', 'deprecated': True},
        'audio_ext': {'type': 'alias', 'field': 'aext', 'deprecated': True},
        'video_codec': {'type': 'alias', 'field': 'vcodec', 'deprecated': True},
        'audio_codec': {'type': 'alias', 'field': 'acodec', 'deprecated': True},
        'video': {'type': 'alias', 'field': 'hasvid', 'deprecated': True},
        'has_video': {'type': 'alias', 'field': 'hasvid', 'deprecated': True},
        'audio': {'type': 'alias', 'field': 'hasaud', 'deprecated': True},
        'has_audio': {'type': 'alias', 'field': 'hasaud', 'deprecated': True},
        'extractor': {'type': 'alias', 'field': 'ie_pref', 'deprecated': True},
        'extractor_preference': {'type': 'alias', 'field': 'ie_pref', 'deprecated': True},
    }

    def __init__(self, ydl, field_preference):
        self.ydl = ydl
        self._order = []
        self.evaluate_params(self.ydl.params, field_preference)
        if ydl.params.get('verbose'):
            self.print_verbose_info(self.ydl.write_debug)

    def _get_field_setting(self, field, key):
        if field not in self.settings:
            if key in ('forced', 'priority'):
                return False
            self.ydl.deprecated_feature(f'Using arbitrary fields ({field}) for format sorting is '
                                        'deprecated and may be removed in a future version')
            self.settings[field] = {}
        propObj = self.settings[field]
        if key not in propObj:
            type = propObj.get('type')
            if key == 'field':
                default = 'preference' if type == 'extractor' else (field,) if type in ('combined', 'multiple') else field
            elif key == 'convert':
                default = 'order' if type == 'ordered' else 'float_string' if field else 'ignore'
            else:
                default = {'type': 'field', 'visible': True, 'order': [], 'not_in_list': (None,)}.get(key, None)
            propObj[key] = default
        return propObj[key]

    def _resolve_field_value(self, field, value, convertNone=False):
        if value is None:
            if not convertNone:
                return None
        else:
            value = value.lower()
        conversion = self._get_field_setting(field, 'convert')
        if conversion == 'ignore':
            return None
        if conversion == 'string':
            return value
        elif conversion == 'float_none':
            return float_or_none(value)
        elif conversion == 'bytes':
            return parse_bytes(value)
        elif conversion == 'order':
            order_list = (self._use_free_order and self._get_field_setting(field, 'order_free')) or self._get_field_setting(field, 'order')
            use_regex = self._get_field_setting(field, 'regex')
            list_length = len(order_list)
            empty_pos = order_list.index('') if '' in order_list else list_length + 1
            if use_regex and value is not None:
                for i, regex in enumerate(order_list):
                    if regex and re.match(regex, value):
                        return list_length - i
                return list_length - empty_pos  # not in list
            else:  # not regex or  value = None
                return list_length - (order_list.index(value) if value in order_list else empty_pos)
        else:
            if value.isnumeric():
                return float(value)
            else:
                self.settings[field]['convert'] = 'string'
                return value

    def evaluate_params(self, params, sort_extractor):
        self._use_free_order = params.get('prefer_free_formats', False)
        self._sort_user = params.get('format_sort', [])
        self._sort_extractor = sort_extractor

        def add_item(field, reverse, closest, limit_text):
            field = field.lower()
            if field in self._order:
                return
            self._order.append(field)
            limit = self._resolve_field_value(field, limit_text)
            data = {
                'reverse': reverse,
                'closest': False if limit is None else closest,
                'limit_text': limit_text,
                'limit': limit}
            if field in self.settings:
                self.settings[field].update(data)
            else:
                self.settings[field] = data

        sort_list = (
            tuple(field for field in self.default if self._get_field_setting(field, 'forced'))
            + (tuple() if params.get('format_sort_force', False)
                else tuple(field for field in self.default if self._get_field_setting(field, 'priority')))
            + tuple(self._sort_user) + tuple(sort_extractor) + self.default)

        for item in sort_list:
            match = re.match(self.regex, item)
            if match is None:
                raise ExtractorError('Invalid format sort string "%s" given by extractor' % item)
            field = match.group('field')
            if field is None:
                continue
            if self._get_field_setting(field, 'type') == 'alias':
                alias, field = field, self._get_field_setting(field, 'field')
                if self._get_field_setting(alias, 'deprecated'):
                    self.ydl.deprecated_feature(f'Format sorting alias {alias} is deprecated and may '
                                                f'be removed in a future version. Please use {field} instead')
            reverse = match.group('reverse') is not None
            closest = match.group('separator') == '~'
            limit_text = match.group('limit')

            has_limit = limit_text is not None
            has_multiple_fields = self._get_field_setting(field, 'type') == 'combined'
            has_multiple_limits = has_limit and has_multiple_fields and not self._get_field_setting(field, 'same_limit')

            fields = self._get_field_setting(field, 'field') if has_multiple_fields else (field,)
            limits = limit_text.split(':') if has_multiple_limits else (limit_text,) if has_limit else tuple()
            limit_count = len(limits)
            for (i, f) in enumerate(fields):
                add_item(f, reverse, closest,
                         limits[i] if i < limit_count
                         else limits[0] if has_limit and not has_multiple_limits
                         else None)

    def print_verbose_info(self, write_debug):
        if self._sort_user:
            write_debug('Sort order given by user: %s' % ', '.join(self._sort_user))
        if self._sort_extractor:
            write_debug('Sort order given by extractor: %s' % ', '.join(self._sort_extractor))
        write_debug('Formats sorted by: %s' % ', '.join(['%s%s%s' % (
            '+' if self._get_field_setting(field, 'reverse') else '', field,
            '%s%s(%s)' % ('~' if self._get_field_setting(field, 'closest') else ':',
                          self._get_field_setting(field, 'limit_text'),
                          self._get_field_setting(field, 'limit'))
            if self._get_field_setting(field, 'limit_text') is not None else '')
            for field in self._order if self._get_field_setting(field, 'visible')]))

    def _calculate_field_preference_from_value(self, format, field, type, value):
        reverse = self._get_field_setting(field, 'reverse')
        closest = self._get_field_setting(field, 'closest')
        limit = self._get_field_setting(field, 'limit')

        if type == 'extractor':
            maximum = self._get_field_setting(field, 'max')
            if value is None or (maximum is not None and value >= maximum):
                value = -1
        elif type == 'boolean':
            in_list = self._get_field_setting(field, 'in_list')
            not_in_list = self._get_field_setting(field, 'not_in_list')
            value = 0 if ((in_list is None or value in in_list) and (not_in_list is None or value not in not_in_list)) else -1
        elif type == 'ordered':
            value = self._resolve_field_value(field, value, True)

        # try to convert to number
        val_num = float_or_none(value, default=self._get_field_setting(field, 'default'))
        is_num = self._get_field_setting(field, 'convert') != 'string' and val_num is not None
        if is_num:
            value = val_num

        return ((-10, 0) if value is None
                else (1, value, 0) if not is_num  # if a field has mixed strings and numbers, strings are sorted higher
                else (0, -abs(value - limit), value - limit if reverse else limit - value) if closest
                else (0, value, 0) if not reverse and (limit is None or value <= limit)
                else (0, -value, 0) if limit is None or (reverse and value == limit) or value > limit
                else (-1, value, 0))

    def _calculate_field_preference(self, format, field):
        type = self._get_field_setting(field, 'type')  # extractor, boolean, ordered, field, multiple
        get_value = lambda f: format.get(self._get_field_setting(f, 'field'))
        if type == 'multiple':
            type = 'field'  # Only 'field' is allowed in multiple for now
            actual_fields = self._get_field_setting(field, 'field')

            value = self._get_field_setting(field, 'function')(get_value(f) for f in actual_fields)
        else:
            value = get_value(field)
        return self._calculate_field_preference_from_value(format, field, type, value)

    def calculate_preference(self, format):
        # Determine missing protocol
        if not format.get('protocol'):
            format['protocol'] = determine_protocol(format)

        # Determine missing ext
        if not format.get('ext') and 'url' in format:
            format['ext'] = determine_ext(format['url'])
        if format.get('vcodec') == 'none':
            format['audio_ext'] = format['ext'] if format.get('acodec') != 'none' else 'none'
            format['video_ext'] = 'none'
        else:
            format['video_ext'] = format['ext']
            format['audio_ext'] = 'none'
        # if format.get('preference') is None and format.get('ext') in ('f4f', 'f4m'):  # Not supported?
        #    format['preference'] = -1000

        if format.get('preference') is None and format.get('ext') == 'flv' and re.match('[hx]265|he?vc?', format.get('vcodec') or ''):
            # HEVC-over-FLV is out-of-spec by FLV's original spec
            # ref. https://trac.ffmpeg.org/ticket/6389
            # ref. https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/pull/5821
            format['preference'] = -100

        # Determine missing bitrates
        if format.get('vcodec') == 'none':
            format['vbr'] = 0
        if format.get('acodec') == 'none':
            format['abr'] = 0
        if not format.get('vbr') and format.get('vcodec') != 'none':
            format['vbr'] = try_call(lambda: format['tbr'] - format['abr']) or None
        if not format.get('abr') and format.get('acodec') != 'none':
            format['abr'] = try_call(lambda: format['tbr'] - format['vbr']) or None
        if not format.get('tbr'):
            format['tbr'] = try_call(lambda: format['vbr'] + format['abr']) or None

        return tuple(self._calculate_field_preference(format, field) for field in self._order)


def filesize_from_tbr(tbr, duration):
    """
    @param tbr:      Total bitrate in kbps (1000 bits/sec)
    @param duration: Duration in seconds
    @returns         Filesize in bytes
    """
    if tbr is None or duration is None:
        return None
    return int(duration * tbr * (1000 / 8))


# XXX: Temporary
class _YDLLogger:
    def __init__(self, ydl=None):
        self._ydl = ydl

    def debug(self, message):
        if self._ydl:
            self._ydl.write_debug(message)

    def info(self, message):
        if self._ydl:
            self._ydl.to_screen(message)

    def warning(self, message, *, once=False):
        if self._ydl:
            self._ydl.report_warning(message, once)

    def error(self, message, *, is_error=True):
        if self._ydl:
            self._ydl.report_error(message, is_error=is_error)

    def stdout(self, message):
        if self._ydl:
            self._ydl.to_stdout(message)

    def stderr(self, message):
        if self._ydl:
            self._ydl.to_stderr(message)