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diff --git a/docs/manual/rewrite/intro.html.en b/docs/manual/rewrite/intro.html.en new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a612af9 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/manual/rewrite/intro.html.en @@ -0,0 +1,400 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><head> +<meta content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="Content-Type" /> +<!-- + XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX + This file is generated from xml source: DO NOT EDIT + XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX + --> +<title>Apache mod_rewrite Introduction - Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4</title> +<link href="../style/css/manual.css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="Main stylesheet" /> +<link href="../style/css/manual-loose-100pc.css" rel="alternate stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="No Sidebar - Default font size" /> +<link href="../style/css/manual-print.css" rel="stylesheet" media="print" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../style/css/prettify.css" /> +<script src="../style/scripts/prettify.min.js" type="text/javascript"> +</script> + +<link href="../images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" /></head> +<body id="manual-page"><div id="page-header"> +<p class="menu"><a href="../mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="../mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="http://wiki.apache.org/httpd/FAQ">FAQ</a> | <a href="../glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="../sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p> +<p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4</p> +<img alt="" src="../images/feather.png" /></div> +<div class="up"><a href="./"><img title="<-" alt="<-" src="../images/left.gif" /></a></div> +<div id="path"> +<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> > <a href="../">Version 2.4</a> > <a href="./">Rewrite</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>Apache mod_rewrite Introduction</h1> +<div class="toplang"> +<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/rewrite/intro.html" title="English"> en </a> | +<a href="../fr/rewrite/intro.html" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" title="Français"> fr </a></p> +</div> + +<p>This document supplements the <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code> +<a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">reference documentation</a>. It +describes the basic concepts necessary for use of +<code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code>. Other documents go into greater detail, +but this doc should help the beginner get their feet wet. +</p> +</div> +<div id="quickview"><a href="https://www.apache.org/foundation/contributing.html" class="badge"><img src="https://www.apache.org/images/SupportApache-small.png" alt="Support Apache!" /></a><ul id="toc"><li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></li> +<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#regex">Regular Expressions</a></li> +<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#rewriterule">RewriteRule Basics</a></li> +<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#flags">Rewrite Flags</a></li> +<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#rewritecond">Rewrite Conditions</a></li> +<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#rewritemap">Rewrite maps</a></li> +<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#htaccess">.htaccess files</a></li> +</ul><h3>See also</h3><ul class="seealso"><li><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">Module documentation</a></li><li><a href="remapping.html">Redirection and remapping</a></li><li><a href="access.html">Controlling access</a></li><li><a href="vhosts.html">Virtual hosts</a></li><li><a href="proxy.html">Proxying</a></li><li><a href="rewritemap.html">Using RewriteMap</a></li><li><a href="advanced.html">Advanced techniques</a></li><li><a href="avoid.html">When not to use mod_rewrite</a></li><li><a href="#comments_section">Comments</a></li></ul></div> +<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> +<div class="section"> +<h2><a name="introduction" id="introduction">Introduction</a></h2> +<p>The Apache module <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code> is a very powerful and +sophisticated module which provides a way to do URL manipulations. With +it, you can do nearly all types of URL rewriting that you may need. It +is, however, somewhat complex, and may be intimidating to the beginner. +There is also a tendency to treat rewrite rules as magic incantation, +using them without actually understanding what they do.</p> + +<p>This document attempts to give sufficient background so that what +follows is understood, rather than just copied blindly. +</p> + +<p>Remember that many common URL-manipulation tasks don't require the +full power and complexity of <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code>. For simple +tasks, see <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_alias.html">mod_alias</a></code> and the documentation +on <a href="../urlmapping.html">mapping URLs to the +filesystem</a>.</p> + +<p>Finally, before proceeding, be sure to configure +<code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code>'s log level to one of the trace levels using +the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#loglevel">LogLevel</a></code> directive. Although this +can give an overwhelming amount of information, it is indispensable in +debugging problems with <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code> configuration, since +it will tell you exactly how each rule is processed.</p> + +</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> +<div class="section"> +<h2><a name="regex" id="regex">Regular Expressions</a></h2> + +<p><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code> uses the <a href="http://pcre.org/">Perl Compatible +Regular Expression</a> vocabulary. In this document, we do not attempt +to provide a detailed reference to regular expressions. For that, we +recommend the <a href="http://pcre.org/pcre.txt">PCRE man pages</a>, the +<a href="http://perldoc.perl.org/perlre.html">Perl regular +expression man page</a>, and <a href="http://shop.oreilly.com/product/9780596528126.do">Mastering +Regular Expressions, by Jeffrey Friedl</a>.</p> + +<p>In this document, we attempt to provide enough of a regex vocabulary +to get you started, without being overwhelming, in the hope that +<code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code>s will be scientific +formulae, rather than magical incantations.</p> + +<h3><a name="regexvocab" id="regexvocab">Regex vocabulary</a></h3> + +<p>The following are the minimal building blocks you will need, in order +to write regular expressions and <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code>s. They certainly do not +represent a complete regular expression vocabulary, but they are a good +place to start, and should help you read basic regular expressions, as +well as write your own.</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th>Character</th> +<th>Meaning</th> +<th>Example</th> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td><code>.</code></td> + <td>Matches any single character</td> + <td><code>c.t</code> will match <code>cat</code>, <code>cot</code>, + <code>cut</code>, etc</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><code>+</code></td> + <td>Repeats the previous match one or more times</td> + <td><code>a+</code> matches <code>a</code>, <code>aa</code>, + <code>aaa</code>, etc</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><code>*</code></td> + <td>Repeats the previous match zero or more times</td> + <td><code>a*</code> matches all the same things <code>a+</code> matches, + but will also match an empty string</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><code>?</code></td> + <td>Makes the match optional</td> + <td><code>colou?r</code> will match <code>color</code> and + <code>colour</code></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><code>\</code></td> + <td>Escape the next character</td> + <td><code>\.</code> will match <code>.</code> (dot) and not <em>any single + character</em> as explain above</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><code>^</code></td> + <td>Called an anchor, matches the beginning of the string</td> + <td><code>^a</code> matches a string that begins with <code>a</code></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><code>$</code></td> + <td>The other anchor, this matches the end of the string</td> + <td><code>a$</code> matches a string that ends with <code>a</code></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><code>( )</code></td> + <td>Groups several characters into a single unit, and captures a match + for use in a backreference</td> + <td><code>(ab)+</code> matches <code>ababab</code> - that is, the + <code>+</code> applies to the group. For more on backreferences see + <a href="#InternalBackRefs">below</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><code>[ ]</code></td> + <td>A character class - matches one of the characters</td> + <td><code>c[uoa]t</code> matches <code>cut</code>, <code>cot</code> or + <code>cat</code></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><code>[^ ]</code></td> + <td>Negative character class - matches any character not specified</td> + <td><code>c[^/]t</code> matches <code>cat</code> or <code>c=t</code> but + not <code>c/t</code></td></tr> +</table> + +<p>In <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code> the <code>!</code> character can be +used before a regular expression to negate it. This is, a string will +be considered to have matched only if it does not match the rest of +the expression.</p> + + + +<h3><a name="InternalBackRefs" id="InternalBackRefs">Regex Back-Reference Availability</a></h3> + + <p>One important thing here has to be remembered: Whenever you + use parentheses in <em>Pattern</em> or in one of the + <em>CondPattern</em>, back-references are internally created + which can be used with the strings <code>$N</code> and + <code>%N</code> (see below). These are available for creating + the <em>Substitution</em> parameter of a + <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code> or + the <em>TestString</em> parameter of a + <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritecond">RewriteCond</a></code>.</p> + <p> Captures in the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code> patterns are (counterintuitively) available to + all preceding + <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritecond">RewriteCond</a></code> directives, + because the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code> + expression is evaluated before the individual conditions.</p> + + <p>Figure 1 shows to which + locations the back-references are transferred for expansion as + well as illustrating the flow of the RewriteRule, RewriteCond + matching. In the next chapters, we will be exploring how to use + these back-references, so do not fret if it seems a bit alien + to you at first. + </p> + +<p class="figure"> + <img src="../images/rewrite_backreferences.png" alt="Flow of RewriteRule and RewriteCond matching" /><br /> + <dfn>Figure 1:</dfn> The back-reference flow through a rule.<br /> + In this example, a request for <code>/test/1234</code> would be transformed into <code>/admin.foo?page=test&id=1234&host=admin.example.com</code>. +</p> + + +</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> +<div class="section"> +<h2><a name="rewriterule" id="rewriterule">RewriteRule Basics</a></h2> +<p>A <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code> consists +of three arguments separated by spaces. The arguments are</p> +<ol> +<li><var>Pattern</var>: which incoming URLs should be affected by the rule;</li> +<li><var>Substitution</var>: where should the matching requests be sent;</li> +<li><var>[flags]</var>: options affecting the rewritten request.</li> +</ol> + +<p>The <var>Pattern</var> is a <a href="#regex">regular expression</a>. +It is initially (for the first rewrite rule or until a substitution occurs) +matched against the URL-path of the incoming request (the part after the +hostname but before any question mark indicating the beginning of a query +string) or, in per-directory context, against the request's path relative +to the directory for which the rule is defined. Once a substitution has +occurred, the rules that follow are matched against the substituted +value. +</p> + +<p class="figure"> + <img src="../images/syntax_rewriterule.png" alt="Syntax of the RewriteRule directive" /><br /> + <dfn>Figure 2:</dfn> Syntax of the RewriteRule directive. +</p> + + +<p>The <var>Substitution</var> can itself be one of three things:</p> + +<dl> +<dt>1. A full filesystem path to a resource</dt> +<dd> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteRule "^/games" "/usr/local/games/web/puzzles.html"</pre> + +<p>This maps a request to an arbitrary location on your filesystem, much +like the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_alias.html#alias">Alias</a></code> directive.</p> +</dd> + +<dt>2. A web-path to a resource</dt> +<dd> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteRule "^/games$" "/puzzles.html"</pre> + +<p>If <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code> is set +to <code>/usr/local/apache2/htdocs</code>, then this directive would +map requests for <code>http://example.com/games</code> to the +path <code>/usr/local/apache2/htdocs/puzzles.html</code>.</p> + +</dd> + +<dt>3. An absolute URL</dt> +<dd> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteRule "^/product/view$" "http://site2.example.com/seeproduct.html" [R]</pre> + +<p>This tells the client to make a new request for the specified URL.</p> +</dd> +</dl> + +<div class="warning">Note that <strong>1</strong> and <strong>2</strong> have exactly the same syntax. The difference between them is that in the case of <strong>1</strong>, the top level of the target path (i.e., <code>/usr/</code>) exists on the filesystem, where as in the case of <strong>2</strong>, it does not. (i.e., there's no <code>/bar/</code> as a root-level directory in the filesystem.)</div> + +<p>The <var>Substitution</var> can also +contain <em>back-references</em> to parts of the incoming URL-path +matched by the <var>Pattern</var>. Consider the following:</p> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteRule "^/product/(.*)/view$" "/var/web/productdb/$1"</pre> + +<p>The variable <code>$1</code> will be replaced with whatever text +was matched by the expression inside the parenthesis in +the <var>Pattern</var>. For example, a request +for <code>http://example.com/product/r14df/view</code> will be mapped +to the path <code>/var/web/productdb/r14df</code>.</p> + +<p>If there is more than one expression in parenthesis, they are +available in order in the +variables <code>$1</code>, <code>$2</code>, <code>$3</code>, and so +on.</p> + + +</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> +<div class="section"> +<h2><a name="flags" id="flags">Rewrite Flags</a></h2> +<p>The behavior of a <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code> can be modified by the +application of one or more flags to the end of the rule. For example, the +matching behavior of a rule can be made case-insensitive by the +application of the <code>[NC]</code> flag: +</p> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteRule "^puppy.html" "smalldog.html" [NC]</pre> + + +<p>For more details on the available flags, their meanings, and +examples, see the <a href="flags.html">Rewrite Flags</a> document.</p> + +</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> +<div class="section"> +<h2><a name="rewritecond" id="rewritecond">Rewrite Conditions</a></h2> +<p>One or more <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritecond">RewriteCond</a></code> +directives can be used to restrict the types of requests that will be +subject to the +following <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code>. The +first argument is a variable describing a characteristic of the +request, the second argument is a <a href="#regex">regular +expression</a> that must match the variable, and a third optional +argument is a list of flags that modify how the match is evaluated.</p> + +<p class="figure"> + <img src="../images/syntax_rewritecond.png" alt="Syntax of the RewriteCond directive" /><br /> + <dfn>Figure 3:</dfn> Syntax of the RewriteCond directive +</p> + +<p>For example, to send all requests from a particular IP range to a +different server, you could use:</p> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteCond "%{REMOTE_ADDR}" "^10\.2\." +RewriteRule "(.*)" "http://intranet.example.com$1"</pre> + + +<p>When more than +one <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritecond">RewriteCond</a></code> is +specified, they must all match for +the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code> to be +applied. For example, to deny requests that contain the word "hack" in +their query string, unless they also contain a cookie containing +the word "go", you could use:</p> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteCond "%{QUERY_STRING}" "hack" +RewriteCond "%{HTTP_COOKIE}" !go +RewriteRule "." "-" [F]</pre> + +<p>Notice that the exclamation mark specifies a negative match, so the rule is only applied if the cookie does not contain "go".</p> + +<p>Matches in the regular expressions contained in +the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritecond">RewriteCond</a></code>s can be +used as part of the <var>Substitution</var> in +the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code> using the +variables <code>%1</code>, <code>%2</code>, etc. For example, this +will direct the request to a different directory depending on the +hostname used to access the site:</p> +<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteCond "%{HTTP_HOST}" "(.*)" +RewriteRule "^/(.*)" "/sites/%1/$1"</pre> + +<p>If the request was for <code>http://example.com/foo/bar</code>, +then <code>%1</code> would contain <code>example.com</code> +and <code>$1</code> would contain <code>foo/bar</code>.</p> + + + +</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> +<div class="section"> +<h2><a name="rewritemap" id="rewritemap">Rewrite maps</a></h2> + +<p>The <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritemap">RewriteMap</a></code> directive +provides a way to call an external function, so to speak, to do your +rewriting for you. This is discussed in greater detail in the <a href="rewritemap.html">RewriteMap supplementary documentation</a>.</p> +</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> +<div class="section"> +<h2><a name="htaccess" id="htaccess">.htaccess files</a></h2> + +<p>Rewriting is typically configured in the main server configuration +setting (outside any <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#directory"><Directory></a></code> section) or +inside <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#virtualhost"><VirtualHost></a></code> +containers. This is the easiest way to do rewriting and is +recommended. It is possible, however, to do rewriting +inside <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#directory"><Directory></a></code> +sections or <a href="../howto/htaccess.html"><code>.htaccess</code> +files</a> at the expense of some additional complexity. This technique +is called per-directory rewrites.</p> + +<p>The main difference with per-server rewrites is that the path +prefix of the directory containing the <code>.htaccess</code> file is +stripped before matching in +the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code>. In addition, the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritebase">RewriteBase</a></code> should be used to assure the request is properly mapped.</p> + +</div></div> +<div class="bottomlang"> +<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/rewrite/intro.html" title="English"> en </a> | +<a href="../fr/rewrite/intro.html" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" title="Français"> fr </a></p> +</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img src="../images/up.gif" alt="top" /></a></div><div class="section"><h2><a id="comments_section" name="comments_section">Comments</a></h2><div class="warning"><strong>Notice:</strong><br />This is not a Q&A section. Comments placed here should be pointed towards suggestions on improving the documentation or server, and may be removed by our moderators if they are either implemented or considered invalid/off-topic. Questions on how to manage the Apache HTTP Server should be directed at either our IRC channel, #httpd, on Libera.chat, or sent to our <a href="https://httpd.apache.org/lists.html">mailing lists</a>.</div> +<script type="text/javascript"><!--//--><![CDATA[//><!-- +var comments_shortname = 'httpd'; +var comments_identifier = 'http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/rewrite/intro.html'; +(function(w, d) { + if (w.location.hostname.toLowerCase() == "httpd.apache.org") { + d.write('<div id="comments_thread"><\/div>'); + var s = d.createElement('script'); + s.type = 'text/javascript'; + s.async = true; + s.src = 'https://comments.apache.org/show_comments.lua?site=' + comments_shortname + '&page=' + comments_identifier; + (d.getElementsByTagName('head')[0] || d.getElementsByTagName('body')[0]).appendChild(s); + } + else { + d.write('<div id="comments_thread">Comments are disabled for this page at the moment.<\/div>'); + } +})(window, document); +//--><!]]></script></div><div id="footer"> +<p class="apache">Copyright 2023 The Apache Software Foundation.<br />Licensed under the <a href="http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0">Apache License, Version 2.0</a>.</p> +<p class="menu"><a href="../mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="../mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="http://wiki.apache.org/httpd/FAQ">FAQ</a> | <a href="../glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="../sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p></div><script type="text/javascript"><!--//--><![CDATA[//><!-- +if (typeof(prettyPrint) !== 'undefined') { + prettyPrint(); +} +//--><!]]></script> +</body></html>
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