summaryrefslogtreecommitdiffstats
path: root/third_party/rust/anyhow/README.md
blob: 6380c1c04c3df5f65b30145a11d18fa78a2c47b6 (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
Anyhow ¯\\\_(°ペ)\_/¯
==========================

[<img alt="github" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/github-dtolnay/anyhow-8da0cb?style=for-the-badge&labelColor=555555&logo=github" height="20">](https://github.com/dtolnay/anyhow)
[<img alt="crates.io" src="https://img.shields.io/crates/v/anyhow.svg?style=for-the-badge&color=fc8d62&logo=rust" height="20">](https://crates.io/crates/anyhow)
[<img alt="docs.rs" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/docs.rs-anyhow-66c2a5?style=for-the-badge&labelColor=555555&logo=docs.rs" height="20">](https://docs.rs/anyhow)
[<img alt="build status" src="https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/dtolnay/anyhow/ci.yml?branch=master&style=for-the-badge" height="20">](https://github.com/dtolnay/anyhow/actions?query=branch%3Amaster)

This library provides [`anyhow::Error`][Error], a trait object based error type
for easy idiomatic error handling in Rust applications.

[Error]: https://docs.rs/anyhow/1.0/anyhow/struct.Error.html

```toml
[dependencies]
anyhow = "1.0"
```

*Compiler support: requires rustc 1.39+*

<br>

## Details

- Use `Result<T, anyhow::Error>`, or equivalently `anyhow::Result<T>`, as the
  return type of any fallible function.

  Within the function, use `?` to easily propagate any error that implements the
  `std::error::Error` trait.

  ```rust
  use anyhow::Result;

  fn get_cluster_info() -> Result<ClusterMap> {
      let config = std::fs::read_to_string("cluster.json")?;
      let map: ClusterMap = serde_json::from_str(&config)?;
      Ok(map)
  }
  ```

- Attach context to help the person troubleshooting the error understand where
  things went wrong. A low-level error like "No such file or directory" can be
  annoying to debug without more context about what higher level step the
  application was in the middle of.

  ```rust
  use anyhow::{Context, Result};

  fn main() -> Result<()> {
      ...
      it.detach().context("Failed to detach the important thing")?;

      let content = std::fs::read(path)
          .with_context(|| format!("Failed to read instrs from {}", path))?;
      ...
  }
  ```

  ```console
  Error: Failed to read instrs from ./path/to/instrs.json

  Caused by:
      No such file or directory (os error 2)
  ```

- Downcasting is supported and can be by value, by shared reference, or by
  mutable reference as needed.

  ```rust
  // If the error was caused by redaction, then return a
  // tombstone instead of the content.
  match root_cause.downcast_ref::<DataStoreError>() {
      Some(DataStoreError::Censored(_)) => Ok(Poll::Ready(REDACTED_CONTENT)),
      None => Err(error),
  }
  ```

- If using the nightly channel, or stable with `features = ["backtrace"]`, a
  backtrace is captured and printed with the error if the underlying error type
  does not already provide its own. In order to see backtraces, they must be
  enabled through the environment variables described in [`std::backtrace`]:

  - If you want panics and errors to both have backtraces, set
    `RUST_BACKTRACE=1`;
  - If you want only errors to have backtraces, set `RUST_LIB_BACKTRACE=1`;
  - If you want only panics to have backtraces, set `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` and
    `RUST_LIB_BACKTRACE=0`.

  The tracking issue for this feature is [rust-lang/rust#53487].

  [`std::backtrace`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/backtrace/index.html#environment-variables
  [rust-lang/rust#53487]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/53487

- Anyhow works with any error type that has an impl of `std::error::Error`,
  including ones defined in your crate. We do not bundle a `derive(Error)` macro
  but you can write the impls yourself or use a standalone macro like
  [thiserror].

  ```rust
  use thiserror::Error;

  #[derive(Error, Debug)]
  pub enum FormatError {
      #[error("Invalid header (expected {expected:?}, got {found:?})")]
      InvalidHeader {
          expected: String,
          found: String,
      },
      #[error("Missing attribute: {0}")]
      MissingAttribute(String),
  }
  ```

- One-off error messages can be constructed using the `anyhow!` macro, which
  supports string interpolation and produces an `anyhow::Error`.

  ```rust
  return Err(anyhow!("Missing attribute: {}", missing));
  ```

  A `bail!` macro is provided as a shorthand for the same early return.

  ```rust
  bail!("Missing attribute: {}", missing);
  ```

<br>

## No-std support

In no_std mode, the same API is almost all available and works the same way. To
depend on Anyhow in no_std mode, disable our default enabled "std" feature in
Cargo.toml. A global allocator is required.

```toml
[dependencies]
anyhow = { version = "1.0", default-features = false }
```

Since the `?`-based error conversions would normally rely on the
`std::error::Error` trait which is only available through std, no_std mode will
require an explicit `.map_err(Error::msg)` when working with a non-Anyhow error
type inside a function that returns Anyhow's error type.

<br>

## Comparison to failure

The `anyhow::Error` type works something like `failure::Error`, but unlike
failure ours is built around the standard library's `std::error::Error` trait
rather than a separate trait `failure::Fail`. The standard library has adopted
the necessary improvements for this to be possible as part of [RFC 2504].

[RFC 2504]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/2504-fix-error.md

<br>

## Comparison to thiserror

Use Anyhow if you don't care what error type your functions return, you just
want it to be easy. This is common in application code. Use [thiserror] if you
are a library that wants to design your own dedicated error type(s) so that on
failures the caller gets exactly the information that you choose.

[thiserror]: https://github.com/dtolnay/thiserror

<br>

#### License

<sup>
Licensed under either of <a href="LICENSE-APACHE">Apache License, Version
2.0</a> or <a href="LICENSE-MIT">MIT license</a> at your option.
</sup>

<br>

<sub>
Unless you explicitly state otherwise, any contribution intentionally submitted
for inclusion in this crate by you, as defined in the Apache-2.0 license, shall
be dual licensed as above, without any additional terms or conditions.
</sub>