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diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/device-mapper/switch.rst b/Documentation/admin-guide/device-mapper/switch.rst new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7dde06be1 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/device-mapper/switch.rst @@ -0,0 +1,141 @@ +========= +dm-switch +========= + +The device-mapper switch target creates a device that supports an +arbitrary mapping of fixed-size regions of I/O across a fixed set of +paths. The path used for any specific region can be switched +dynamically by sending the target a message. + +It maps I/O to underlying block devices efficiently when there is a large +number of fixed-sized address regions but there is no simple pattern +that would allow for a compact representation of the mapping such as +dm-stripe. + +Background +---------- + +Dell EqualLogic and some other iSCSI storage arrays use a distributed +frameless architecture. In this architecture, the storage group +consists of a number of distinct storage arrays ("members") each having +independent controllers, disk storage and network adapters. When a LUN +is created it is spread across multiple members. The details of the +spreading are hidden from initiators connected to this storage system. +The storage group exposes a single target discovery portal, no matter +how many members are being used. When iSCSI sessions are created, each +session is connected to an eth port on a single member. Data to a LUN +can be sent on any iSCSI session, and if the blocks being accessed are +stored on another member the I/O will be forwarded as required. This +forwarding is invisible to the initiator. The storage layout is also +dynamic, and the blocks stored on disk may be moved from member to +member as needed to balance the load. + +This architecture simplifies the management and configuration of both +the storage group and initiators. In a multipathing configuration, it +is possible to set up multiple iSCSI sessions to use multiple network +interfaces on both the host and target to take advantage of the +increased network bandwidth. An initiator could use a simple round +robin algorithm to send I/O across all paths and let the storage array +members forward it as necessary, but there is a performance advantage to +sending data directly to the correct member. + +A device-mapper table already lets you map different regions of a +device onto different targets. However in this architecture the LUN is +spread with an address region size on the order of 10s of MBs, which +means the resulting table could have more than a million entries and +consume far too much memory. + +Using this device-mapper switch target we can now build a two-layer +device hierarchy: + + Upper Tier - Determine which array member the I/O should be sent to. + Lower Tier - Load balance amongst paths to a particular member. + +The lower tier consists of a single dm multipath device for each member. +Each of these multipath devices contains the set of paths directly to +the array member in one priority group, and leverages existing path +selectors to load balance amongst these paths. We also build a +non-preferred priority group containing paths to other array members for +failover reasons. + +The upper tier consists of a single dm-switch device. This device uses +a bitmap to look up the location of the I/O and choose the appropriate +lower tier device to route the I/O. By using a bitmap we are able to +use 4 bits for each address range in a 16 member group (which is very +large for us). This is a much denser representation than the dm table +b-tree can achieve. + +Construction Parameters +======================= + + <num_paths> <region_size> <num_optional_args> [<optional_args>...] [<dev_path> <offset>]+ + <num_paths> + The number of paths across which to distribute the I/O. + + <region_size> + The number of 512-byte sectors in a region. Each region can be redirected + to any of the available paths. + + <num_optional_args> + The number of optional arguments. Currently, no optional arguments + are supported and so this must be zero. + + <dev_path> + The block device that represents a specific path to the device. + + <offset> + The offset of the start of data on the specific <dev_path> (in units + of 512-byte sectors). This number is added to the sector number when + forwarding the request to the specific path. Typically it is zero. + +Messages +======== + +set_region_mappings <index>:<path_nr> [<index>]:<path_nr> [<index>]:<path_nr>... + +Modify the region table by specifying which regions are redirected to +which paths. + +<index> + The region number (region size was specified in constructor parameters). + If index is omitted, the next region (previous index + 1) is used. + Expressed in hexadecimal (WITHOUT any prefix like 0x). + +<path_nr> + The path number in the range 0 ... (<num_paths> - 1). + Expressed in hexadecimal (WITHOUT any prefix like 0x). + +R<n>,<m> + This parameter allows repetitive patterns to be loaded quickly. <n> and <m> + are hexadecimal numbers. The last <n> mappings are repeated in the next <m> + slots. + +Status +====== + +No status line is reported. + +Example +======= + +Assume that you have volumes vg1/switch0 vg1/switch1 vg1/switch2 with +the same size. + +Create a switch device with 64kB region size:: + + dmsetup create switch --table "0 `blockdev --getsz /dev/vg1/switch0` + switch 3 128 0 /dev/vg1/switch0 0 /dev/vg1/switch1 0 /dev/vg1/switch2 0" + +Set mappings for the first 7 entries to point to devices switch0, switch1, +switch2, switch0, switch1, switch2, switch1:: + + dmsetup message switch 0 set_region_mappings 0:0 :1 :2 :0 :1 :2 :1 + +Set repetitive mapping. This command:: + + dmsetup message switch 0 set_region_mappings 1000:1 :2 R2,10 + +is equivalent to:: + + dmsetup message switch 0 set_region_mappings 1000:1 :2 :1 :2 :1 :2 :1 :2 \ + :1 :2 :1 :2 :1 :2 :1 :2 :1 :2 |