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diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/devices.rst b/Documentation/admin-guide/devices.rst new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e3776d773 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/devices.rst @@ -0,0 +1,268 @@ +.. _admin_devices: + +Linux allocated devices (4.x+ version) +====================================== + +This list is the Linux Device List, the official registry of allocated +device numbers and ``/dev`` directory nodes for the Linux operating +system. + +The version of this document at lanana.org is no longer maintained. This +version in the mainline Linux kernel is the master document. Updates +shall be sent as patches to the kernel maintainers (see the +:ref:`Documentation/process/submitting-patches.rst <submittingpatches>` document). +Specifically explore the sections titled "CHAR and MISC DRIVERS", and +"BLOCK LAYER" in the MAINTAINERS file to find the right maintainers +to involve for character and block devices. + +This document is included by reference into the Filesystem Hierarchy +Standard (FHS). The FHS is available from https://www.pathname.com/fhs/. + +Allocations marked (68k/Amiga) apply to Linux/68k on the Amiga +platform only. Allocations marked (68k/Atari) apply to Linux/68k on +the Atari platform only. + +This document is in the public domain. The authors requests, however, +that semantically altered versions are not distributed without +permission of the authors, assuming the authors can be contacted without +an unreasonable effort. + + +.. attention:: + + DEVICE DRIVERS AUTHORS PLEASE READ THIS + + Linux now has extensive support for dynamic allocation of device numbering + and can use ``sysfs`` and ``udev`` (``systemd``) to handle the naming needs. + There are still some exceptions in the serial and boot device area. Before + asking for a device number make sure you actually need one. + + To have a major number allocated, or a minor number in situations + where that applies (e.g. busmice), please submit a patch and send to + the authors as indicated above. + + Keep the description of the device *in the same format + as this list*. The reason for this is that it is the only way we have + found to ensure we have all the requisite information to publish your + device and avoid conflicts. + + Finally, sometimes we have to play "namespace police." Please don't be + offended. We often get submissions for ``/dev`` names that would be bound + to cause conflicts down the road. We are trying to avoid getting in a + situation where we would have to suffer an incompatible forward + change. Therefore, please consult with us **before** you make your + device names and numbers in any way public, at least to the point + where it would be at all difficult to get them changed. + + Your cooperation is appreciated. + +.. include:: devices.txt + :literal: + +Additional ``/dev/`` directory entries +-------------------------------------- + +This section details additional entries that should or may exist in +the /dev directory. It is preferred that symbolic links use the same +form (absolute or relative) as is indicated here. Links are +classified as "hard" or "symbolic" depending on the preferred type of +link; if possible, the indicated type of link should be used. + +Compulsory links +++++++++++++++++ + +These links should exist on all systems: + +=============== =============== =============== =============================== +/dev/fd /proc/self/fd symbolic File descriptors +/dev/stdin fd/0 symbolic stdin file descriptor +/dev/stdout fd/1 symbolic stdout file descriptor +/dev/stderr fd/2 symbolic stderr file descriptor +/dev/nfsd socksys symbolic Required by iBCS-2 +/dev/X0R null symbolic Required by iBCS-2 +=============== =============== =============== =============================== + +Note: ``/dev/X0R`` is <letter X>-<digit 0>-<letter R>. + +Recommended links ++++++++++++++++++ + +It is recommended that these links exist on all systems: + + +=============== =============== =============== =============================== +/dev/core /proc/kcore symbolic Backward compatibility +/dev/ramdisk ram0 symbolic Backward compatibility +/dev/ftape qft0 symbolic Backward compatibility +/dev/bttv0 video0 symbolic Backward compatibility +/dev/radio radio0 symbolic Backward compatibility +/dev/i2o* /dev/i2o/* symbolic Backward compatibility +/dev/scd? sr? hard Alternate SCSI CD-ROM name +=============== =============== =============== =============================== + +Locally defined links ++++++++++++++++++++++ + +The following links may be established locally to conform to the +configuration of the system. This is merely a tabulation of existing +practice, and does not constitute a recommendation. However, if they +exist, they should have the following uses. + +=============== =============== =============== =============================== +/dev/mouse mouse port symbolic Current mouse device +/dev/tape tape device symbolic Current tape device +/dev/cdrom CD-ROM device symbolic Current CD-ROM device +/dev/cdwriter CD-writer symbolic Current CD-writer device +/dev/scanner scanner symbolic Current scanner device +/dev/modem modem port symbolic Current dialout device +/dev/root root device symbolic Current root filesystem +/dev/swap swap device symbolic Current swap device +=============== =============== =============== =============================== + +``/dev/modem`` should not be used for a modem which supports dialin as +well as dialout, as it tends to cause lock file problems. If it +exists, ``/dev/modem`` should point to the appropriate primary TTY device +(the use of the alternate callout devices is deprecated). + +For SCSI devices, ``/dev/tape`` and ``/dev/cdrom`` should point to the +*cooked* devices (``/dev/st*`` and ``/dev/sr*``, respectively), whereas +``/dev/cdwriter`` and /dev/scanner should point to the appropriate generic +SCSI devices (/dev/sg*). + +``/dev/mouse`` may point to a primary serial TTY device, a hardware mouse +device, or a socket for a mouse driver program (e.g. ``/dev/gpmdata``). + +Sockets and pipes ++++++++++++++++++ + +Non-transient sockets and named pipes may exist in /dev. Common entries are: + +=============== =============== =============================================== +/dev/printer socket lpd local socket +/dev/log socket syslog local socket +/dev/gpmdata socket gpm mouse multiplexer +=============== =============== =============================================== + +Mount points +++++++++++++ + +The following names are reserved for mounting special filesystems +under /dev. These special filesystems provide kernel interfaces that +cannot be provided with standard device nodes. + +=============== =============== =============================================== +/dev/pts devpts PTY slave filesystem +/dev/shm tmpfs POSIX shared memory maintenance access +=============== =============== =============================================== + +Terminal devices +---------------- + +Terminal, or TTY devices are a special class of character devices. A +terminal device is any device that could act as a controlling terminal +for a session; this includes virtual consoles, serial ports, and +pseudoterminals (PTYs). + +All terminal devices share a common set of capabilities known as line +disciplines; these include the common terminal line discipline as well +as SLIP and PPP modes. + +All terminal devices are named similarly; this section explains the +naming and use of the various types of TTYs. Note that the naming +conventions include several historical warts; some of these are +Linux-specific, some were inherited from other systems, and some +reflect Linux outgrowing a borrowed convention. + +A hash mark (``#``) in a device name is used here to indicate a decimal +number without leading zeroes. + +Virtual consoles and the console device ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +Virtual consoles are full-screen terminal displays on the system video +monitor. Virtual consoles are named ``/dev/tty#``, with numbering +starting at ``/dev/tty1``; ``/dev/tty0`` is the current virtual console. +``/dev/tty0`` is the device that should be used to access the system video +card on those architectures for which the frame buffer devices +(``/dev/fb*``) are not applicable. Do not use ``/dev/console`` +for this purpose. + +The console device, ``/dev/console``, is the device to which system +messages should be sent, and on which logins should be permitted in +single-user mode. Starting with Linux 2.1.71, ``/dev/console`` is managed +by the kernel; for previous versions it should be a symbolic link to +either ``/dev/tty0``, a specific virtual console such as ``/dev/tty1``, or to +a serial port primary (``tty*``, not ``cu*``) device, depending on the +configuration of the system. + +Serial ports +++++++++++++ + +Serial ports are RS-232 serial ports and any device which simulates +one, either in hardware (such as internal modems) or in software (such +as the ISDN driver.) Under Linux, each serial ports has two device +names, the primary or callin device and the alternate or callout one. +Each kind of device is indicated by a different letter. For any +letter X, the names of the devices are ``/dev/ttyX#`` and ``/dev/cux#``, +respectively; for historical reasons, ``/dev/ttyS#`` and ``/dev/ttyC#`` +correspond to ``/dev/cua#`` and ``/dev/cub#``. In the future, it should be +expected that multiple letters will be used; all letters will be upper +case for the "tty" device (e.g. ``/dev/ttyDP#``) and lower case for the +"cu" device (e.g. ``/dev/cudp#``). + +The names ``/dev/ttyQ#`` and ``/dev/cuq#`` are reserved for local use. + +The alternate devices provide for kernel-based exclusion and somewhat +different defaults than the primary devices. Their main purpose is to +allow the use of serial ports with programs with no inherent or broken +support for serial ports. Their use is deprecated, and they may be +removed from a future version of Linux. + +Arbitration of serial ports is provided by the use of lock files with +the names ``/var/lock/LCK..ttyX#``. The contents of the lock file should +be the PID of the locking process as an ASCII number. + +It is common practice to install links such as /dev/modem +which point to serial ports. In order to ensure proper locking in the +presence of these links, it is recommended that software chase +symlinks and lock all possible names; additionally, it is recommended +that a lock file be installed with the corresponding alternate +device. In order to avoid deadlocks, it is recommended that the locks +are acquired in the following order, and released in the reverse: + + 1. The symbolic link name, if any (``/var/lock/LCK..modem``) + 2. The "tty" name (``/var/lock/LCK..ttyS2``) + 3. The alternate device name (``/var/lock/LCK..cua2``) + +In the case of nested symbolic links, the lock files should be +installed in the order the symlinks are resolved. + +Under no circumstances should an application hold a lock while waiting +for another to be released. In addition, applications which attempt +to create lock files for the corresponding alternate device names +should take into account the possibility of being used on a non-serial +port TTY, for which no alternate device would exist. + +Pseudoterminals (PTYs) +++++++++++++++++++++++ + +Pseudoterminals, or PTYs, are used to create login sessions or provide +other capabilities requiring a TTY line discipline (including SLIP or +PPP capability) to arbitrary data-generation processes. Each PTY has +a master side, named ``/dev/pty[p-za-e][0-9a-f]``, and a slave side, named +``/dev/tty[p-za-e][0-9a-f]``. The kernel arbitrates the use of PTYs by +allowing each master side to be opened only once. + +Once the master side has been opened, the corresponding slave device +can be used in the same manner as any TTY device. The master and +slave devices are connected by the kernel, generating the equivalent +of a bidirectional pipe with TTY capabilities. + +Recent versions of the Linux kernels and GNU libc contain support for +the System V/Unix98 naming scheme for PTYs, which assigns a common +device, ``/dev/ptmx``, to all the masters (opening it will automatically +give you a previously unassigned PTY) and a subdirectory, ``/dev/pts``, +for the slaves; the slaves are named with decimal integers (``/dev/pts/#`` +in our notation). This removes the problem of exhausting the +namespace and enables the kernel to automatically create the device +nodes for the slaves on demand using the "devpts" filesystem. |