Adding upstream version 6.1.76.upstream/6.1.76

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

1 files changed, 3964 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/landlock/fs_test.c b/tools/testing/selftests/landlock/fs_test.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f2c3bffa6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/landlock/fs_test.c
@@ -0,0 +1,3964 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+/*
+ * Landlock tests - Filesystem
+ *
+ * Copyright © 2017-2020 Mickaël Salaün <mic@digikod.net>
+ * Copyright © 2020 ANSSI
+ * Copyright © 2020-2022 Microsoft Corporation
+ */
+
+#define _GNU_SOURCE
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <linux/landlock.h>
+#include <sched.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/capability.h>
+#include <sys/mount.h>
+#include <sys/prctl.h>
+#include <sys/sendfile.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/sysmacros.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "common.h"
+
+#ifndef renameat2
+int renameat2(int olddirfd, const char *oldpath, int newdirfd,
+	      const char *newpath, unsigned int flags)
+{
+	return syscall(__NR_renameat2, olddirfd, oldpath, newdirfd, newpath,
+		       flags);
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RENAME_EXCHANGE
+#define RENAME_EXCHANGE (1 << 1)
+#endif
+
+#define TMP_DIR "tmp"
+#define BINARY_PATH "./true"
+
+/* Paths (sibling number and depth) */
+static const char dir_s1d1[] = TMP_DIR "/s1d1";
+static const char file1_s1d1[] = TMP_DIR "/s1d1/f1";
+static const char file2_s1d1[] = TMP_DIR "/s1d1/f2";
+static const char dir_s1d2[] = TMP_DIR "/s1d1/s1d2";
+static const char file1_s1d2[] = TMP_DIR "/s1d1/s1d2/f1";
+static const char file2_s1d2[] = TMP_DIR "/s1d1/s1d2/f2";
+static const char dir_s1d3[] = TMP_DIR "/s1d1/s1d2/s1d3";
+static const char file1_s1d3[] = TMP_DIR "/s1d1/s1d2/s1d3/f1";
+static const char file2_s1d3[] = TMP_DIR "/s1d1/s1d2/s1d3/f2";
+
+static const char dir_s2d1[] = TMP_DIR "/s2d1";
+static const char file1_s2d1[] = TMP_DIR "/s2d1/f1";
+static const char dir_s2d2[] = TMP_DIR "/s2d1/s2d2";
+static const char file1_s2d2[] = TMP_DIR "/s2d1/s2d2/f1";
+static const char dir_s2d3[] = TMP_DIR "/s2d1/s2d2/s2d3";
+static const char file1_s2d3[] = TMP_DIR "/s2d1/s2d2/s2d3/f1";
+static const char file2_s2d3[] = TMP_DIR "/s2d1/s2d2/s2d3/f2";
+
+static const char dir_s3d1[] = TMP_DIR "/s3d1";
+/* dir_s3d2 is a mount point. */
+static const char dir_s3d2[] = TMP_DIR "/s3d1/s3d2";
+static const char dir_s3d3[] = TMP_DIR "/s3d1/s3d2/s3d3";
+
+/*
+ * layout1 hierarchy:
+ *
+ * tmp
+ * ├── s1d1
+ * │   ├── f1
+ * │   ├── f2
+ * │   └── s1d2
+ * │       ├── f1
+ * │       ├── f2
+ * │       └── s1d3
+ * │           ├── f1
+ * │           └── f2
+ * ├── s2d1
+ * │   ├── f1
+ * │   └── s2d2
+ * │       ├── f1
+ * │       └── s2d3
+ * │           ├── f1
+ * │           └── f2
+ * └── s3d1
+ *     └── s3d2
+ *         └── s3d3
+ */
+
+static bool fgrep(FILE *const inf, const char *const str)
+{
+	char line[32];
+	const int slen = strlen(str);
+
+	while (!feof(inf)) {
+		if (!fgets(line, sizeof(line), inf))
+			break;
+		if (strncmp(line, str, slen))
+			continue;
+
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	return false;
+}
+
+static bool supports_overlayfs(void)
+{
+	bool res;
+	FILE *const inf = fopen("/proc/filesystems", "r");
+
+	/*
+	 * Consider that the filesystem is supported if we cannot get the
+	 * supported ones.
+	 */
+	if (!inf)
+		return true;
+
+	res = fgrep(inf, "nodev\toverlay\n");
+	fclose(inf);
+	return res;
+}
+
+static void mkdir_parents(struct __test_metadata *const _metadata,
+			  const char *const path)
+{
+	char *walker;
+	const char *parent;
+	int i, err;
+
+	ASSERT_NE(path[0], '\0');
+	walker = strdup(path);
+	ASSERT_NE(NULL, walker);
+	parent = walker;
+	for (i = 1; walker[i]; i++) {
+		if (walker[i] != '/')
+			continue;
+		walker[i] = '\0';
+		err = mkdir(parent, 0700);
+		ASSERT_FALSE(err && errno != EEXIST)
+		{
+			TH_LOG("Failed to create directory \"%s\": %s", parent,
+			       strerror(errno));
+		}
+		walker[i] = '/';
+	}
+	free(walker);
+}
+
+static void create_directory(struct __test_metadata *const _metadata,
+			     const char *const path)
+{
+	mkdir_parents(_metadata, path);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, mkdir(path, 0700))
+	{
+		TH_LOG("Failed to create directory \"%s\": %s", path,
+		       strerror(errno));
+	}
+}
+
+static void create_file(struct __test_metadata *const _metadata,
+			const char *const path)
+{
+	mkdir_parents(_metadata, path);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, mknod(path, S_IFREG | 0700, 0))
+	{
+		TH_LOG("Failed to create file \"%s\": %s", path,
+		       strerror(errno));
+	}
+}
+
+static int remove_path(const char *const path)
+{
+	char *walker;
+	int i, ret, err = 0;
+
+	walker = strdup(path);
+	if (!walker) {
+		err = ENOMEM;
+		goto out;
+	}
+	if (unlink(path) && rmdir(path)) {
+		if (errno != ENOENT && errno != ENOTDIR)
+			err = errno;
+		goto out;
+	}
+	for (i = strlen(walker); i > 0; i--) {
+		if (walker[i] != '/')
+			continue;
+		walker[i] = '\0';
+		ret = rmdir(walker);
+		if (ret) {
+			if (errno != ENOTEMPTY && errno != EBUSY)
+				err = errno;
+			goto out;
+		}
+		if (strcmp(walker, TMP_DIR) == 0)
+			goto out;
+	}
+
+out:
+	free(walker);
+	return err;
+}
+
+static void prepare_layout(struct __test_metadata *const _metadata)
+{
+	disable_caps(_metadata);
+	umask(0077);
+	create_directory(_metadata, TMP_DIR);
+
+	/*
+	 * Do not pollute the rest of the system: creates a private mount point
+	 * for tests relying on pivot_root(2) and move_mount(2).
+	 */
+	set_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unshare(CLONE_NEWNS));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, mount("tmp", TMP_DIR, "tmpfs", 0, "size=4m,mode=700"));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, mount(NULL, TMP_DIR, NULL, MS_PRIVATE | MS_REC, NULL));
+	clear_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
+}
+
+static void cleanup_layout(struct __test_metadata *const _metadata)
+{
+	set_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
+	EXPECT_EQ(0, umount(TMP_DIR));
+	clear_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
+	EXPECT_EQ(0, remove_path(TMP_DIR));
+}
+
+static void create_layout1(struct __test_metadata *const _metadata)
+{
+	create_file(_metadata, file1_s1d1);
+	create_file(_metadata, file1_s1d2);
+	create_file(_metadata, file1_s1d3);
+	create_file(_metadata, file2_s1d1);
+	create_file(_metadata, file2_s1d2);
+	create_file(_metadata, file2_s1d3);
+
+	create_file(_metadata, file1_s2d1);
+	create_file(_metadata, file1_s2d2);
+	create_file(_metadata, file1_s2d3);
+	create_file(_metadata, file2_s2d3);
+
+	create_directory(_metadata, dir_s3d2);
+	set_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, mount("tmp", dir_s3d2, "tmpfs", 0, "size=4m,mode=700"));
+	clear_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, mkdir(dir_s3d3, 0700));
+}
+
+static void remove_layout1(struct __test_metadata *const _metadata)
+{
+	EXPECT_EQ(0, remove_path(file2_s1d3));
+	EXPECT_EQ(0, remove_path(file2_s1d2));
+	EXPECT_EQ(0, remove_path(file2_s1d1));
+	EXPECT_EQ(0, remove_path(file1_s1d3));
+	EXPECT_EQ(0, remove_path(file1_s1d2));
+	EXPECT_EQ(0, remove_path(file1_s1d1));
+
+	EXPECT_EQ(0, remove_path(file2_s2d3));
+	EXPECT_EQ(0, remove_path(file1_s2d3));
+	EXPECT_EQ(0, remove_path(file1_s2d2));
+	EXPECT_EQ(0, remove_path(file1_s2d1));
+
+	EXPECT_EQ(0, remove_path(dir_s3d3));
+	set_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
+	umount(dir_s3d2);
+	clear_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
+	EXPECT_EQ(0, remove_path(dir_s3d2));
+}
+
+/* clang-format off */
+FIXTURE(layout1) {};
+/* clang-format on */
+
+FIXTURE_SETUP(layout1)
+{
+	prepare_layout(_metadata);
+
+	create_layout1(_metadata);
+}
+
+FIXTURE_TEARDOWN(layout1)
+{
+	remove_layout1(_metadata);
+
+	cleanup_layout(_metadata);
+}
+
+/*
+ * This helper enables to use the ASSERT_* macros and print the line number
+ * pointing to the test caller.
+ */
+static int test_open_rel(const int dirfd, const char *const path,
+			 const int flags)
+{
+	int fd;
+
+	/* Works with file and directories. */
+	fd = openat(dirfd, path, flags | O_CLOEXEC);
+	if (fd < 0)
+		return errno;
+	/*
+	 * Mixing error codes from close(2) and open(2) should not lead to any
+	 * (access type) confusion for this test.
+	 */
+	if (close(fd) != 0)
+		return errno;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int test_open(const char *const path, const int flags)
+{
+	return test_open_rel(AT_FDCWD, path, flags);
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, no_restriction)
+{
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s1d1, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s1d1, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file2_s1d1, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s1d2, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s1d2, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file2_s1d2, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s1d3, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s1d3, O_RDONLY));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s2d1, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s2d1, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s2d2, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s2d2, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s2d3, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s2d3, O_RDONLY));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s3d1, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s3d2, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s3d3, O_RDONLY));
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, inval)
+{
+	struct landlock_path_beneath_attr path_beneath = {
+		.allowed_access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE |
+				  LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_WRITE_FILE,
+		.parent_fd = -1,
+	};
+	struct landlock_ruleset_attr ruleset_attr = {
+		.handled_access_fs = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE |
+				     LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_WRITE_FILE,
+	};
+	int ruleset_fd;
+
+	path_beneath.parent_fd =
+		open(dir_s1d2, O_PATH | O_DIRECTORY | O_CLOEXEC);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, path_beneath.parent_fd);
+
+	ruleset_fd = open(dir_s1d1, O_PATH | O_DIRECTORY | O_CLOEXEC);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, landlock_add_rule(ruleset_fd, LANDLOCK_RULE_PATH_BENEATH,
+					&path_beneath, 0));
+	/* Returns EBADF because ruleset_fd is not a landlock-ruleset FD. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(EBADF, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	ruleset_fd = open(dir_s1d1, O_DIRECTORY | O_CLOEXEC);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, landlock_add_rule(ruleset_fd, LANDLOCK_RULE_PATH_BENEATH,
+					&path_beneath, 0));
+	/* Returns EBADFD because ruleset_fd is not a valid ruleset. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(EBADFD, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	/* Gets a real ruleset. */
+	ruleset_fd =
+		landlock_create_ruleset(&ruleset_attr, sizeof(ruleset_attr), 0);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, landlock_add_rule(ruleset_fd, LANDLOCK_RULE_PATH_BENEATH,
+				       &path_beneath, 0));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(path_beneath.parent_fd));
+
+	/* Tests without O_PATH. */
+	path_beneath.parent_fd = open(dir_s1d2, O_DIRECTORY | O_CLOEXEC);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, path_beneath.parent_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, landlock_add_rule(ruleset_fd, LANDLOCK_RULE_PATH_BENEATH,
+				       &path_beneath, 0));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(path_beneath.parent_fd));
+
+	/* Tests with a ruleset FD. */
+	path_beneath.parent_fd = ruleset_fd;
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, landlock_add_rule(ruleset_fd, LANDLOCK_RULE_PATH_BENEATH,
+					&path_beneath, 0));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EBADFD, errno);
+
+	/* Checks unhandled allowed_access. */
+	path_beneath.parent_fd =
+		open(dir_s1d2, O_PATH | O_DIRECTORY | O_CLOEXEC);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, path_beneath.parent_fd);
+
+	/* Test with legitimate values. */
+	path_beneath.allowed_access |= LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_EXECUTE;
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, landlock_add_rule(ruleset_fd, LANDLOCK_RULE_PATH_BENEATH,
+					&path_beneath, 0));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EINVAL, errno);
+	path_beneath.allowed_access &= ~LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_EXECUTE;
+
+	/* Tests with denied-by-default access right. */
+	path_beneath.allowed_access |= LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REFER;
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, landlock_add_rule(ruleset_fd, LANDLOCK_RULE_PATH_BENEATH,
+					&path_beneath, 0));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EINVAL, errno);
+	path_beneath.allowed_access &= ~LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REFER;
+
+	/* Test with unknown (64-bits) value. */
+	path_beneath.allowed_access |= (1ULL << 60);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, landlock_add_rule(ruleset_fd, LANDLOCK_RULE_PATH_BENEATH,
+					&path_beneath, 0));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EINVAL, errno);
+	path_beneath.allowed_access &= ~(1ULL << 60);
+
+	/* Test with no access. */
+	path_beneath.allowed_access = 0;
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, landlock_add_rule(ruleset_fd, LANDLOCK_RULE_PATH_BENEATH,
+					&path_beneath, 0));
+	ASSERT_EQ(ENOMSG, errno);
+	path_beneath.allowed_access &= ~(1ULL << 60);
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(path_beneath.parent_fd));
+
+	/* Enforces the ruleset. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, prctl(PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS, 1, 0, 0, 0));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, landlock_restrict_self(ruleset_fd, 0));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+}
+
+/* clang-format off */
+
+#define ACCESS_FILE ( \
+	LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_EXECUTE | \
+	LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_WRITE_FILE | \
+	LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE)
+
+#define ACCESS_LAST LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REFER
+
+#define ACCESS_ALL ( \
+	ACCESS_FILE | \
+	LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_DIR | \
+	LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REMOVE_DIR | \
+	LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REMOVE_FILE | \
+	LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_MAKE_CHAR | \
+	LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_MAKE_DIR | \
+	LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_MAKE_REG | \
+	LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_MAKE_SOCK | \
+	LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_MAKE_FIFO | \
+	LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_MAKE_BLOCK | \
+	LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_MAKE_SYM | \
+	ACCESS_LAST)
+
+/* clang-format on */
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, file_and_dir_access_rights)
+{
+	__u64 access;
+	int err;
+	struct landlock_path_beneath_attr path_beneath_file = {},
+					  path_beneath_dir = {};
+	struct landlock_ruleset_attr ruleset_attr = {
+		.handled_access_fs = ACCESS_ALL,
+	};
+	const int ruleset_fd =
+		landlock_create_ruleset(&ruleset_attr, sizeof(ruleset_attr), 0);
+
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+
+	/* Tests access rights for files. */
+	path_beneath_file.parent_fd = open(file1_s1d2, O_PATH | O_CLOEXEC);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, path_beneath_file.parent_fd);
+
+	/* Tests access rights for directories. */
+	path_beneath_dir.parent_fd =
+		open(dir_s1d2, O_PATH | O_DIRECTORY | O_CLOEXEC);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, path_beneath_dir.parent_fd);
+
+	for (access = 1; access <= ACCESS_LAST; access <<= 1) {
+		path_beneath_dir.allowed_access = access;
+		ASSERT_EQ(0, landlock_add_rule(ruleset_fd,
+					       LANDLOCK_RULE_PATH_BENEATH,
+					       &path_beneath_dir, 0));
+
+		path_beneath_file.allowed_access = access;
+		err = landlock_add_rule(ruleset_fd, LANDLOCK_RULE_PATH_BENEATH,
+					&path_beneath_file, 0);
+		if (access & ACCESS_FILE) {
+			ASSERT_EQ(0, err);
+		} else {
+			ASSERT_EQ(-1, err);
+			ASSERT_EQ(EINVAL, errno);
+		}
+	}
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(path_beneath_file.parent_fd));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(path_beneath_dir.parent_fd));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, unknown_access_rights)
+{
+	__u64 access_mask;
+
+	for (access_mask = 1ULL << 63; access_mask != ACCESS_LAST;
+	     access_mask >>= 1) {
+		struct landlock_ruleset_attr ruleset_attr = {
+			.handled_access_fs = access_mask,
+		};
+
+		ASSERT_EQ(-1, landlock_create_ruleset(&ruleset_attr,
+						      sizeof(ruleset_attr), 0));
+		ASSERT_EQ(EINVAL, errno);
+	}
+}
+
+static void add_path_beneath(struct __test_metadata *const _metadata,
+			     const int ruleset_fd, const __u64 allowed_access,
+			     const char *const path)
+{
+	struct landlock_path_beneath_attr path_beneath = {
+		.allowed_access = allowed_access,
+	};
+
+	path_beneath.parent_fd = open(path, O_PATH | O_CLOEXEC);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, path_beneath.parent_fd)
+	{
+		TH_LOG("Failed to open directory \"%s\": %s", path,
+		       strerror(errno));
+	}
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, landlock_add_rule(ruleset_fd, LANDLOCK_RULE_PATH_BENEATH,
+				       &path_beneath, 0))
+	{
+		TH_LOG("Failed to update the ruleset with \"%s\": %s", path,
+		       strerror(errno));
+	}
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(path_beneath.parent_fd));
+}
+
+struct rule {
+	const char *path;
+	__u64 access;
+};
+
+/* clang-format off */
+
+#define ACCESS_RO ( \
+	LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE | \
+	LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_DIR)
+
+#define ACCESS_RW ( \
+	ACCESS_RO | \
+	LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_WRITE_FILE)
+
+/* clang-format on */
+
+static int create_ruleset(struct __test_metadata *const _metadata,
+			  const __u64 handled_access_fs,
+			  const struct rule rules[])
+{
+	int ruleset_fd, i;
+	struct landlock_ruleset_attr ruleset_attr = {
+		.handled_access_fs = handled_access_fs,
+	};
+
+	ASSERT_NE(NULL, rules)
+	{
+		TH_LOG("No rule list");
+	}
+	ASSERT_NE(NULL, rules[0].path)
+	{
+		TH_LOG("Empty rule list");
+	}
+
+	ruleset_fd =
+		landlock_create_ruleset(&ruleset_attr, sizeof(ruleset_attr), 0);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd)
+	{
+		TH_LOG("Failed to create a ruleset: %s", strerror(errno));
+	}
+
+	for (i = 0; rules[i].path; i++) {
+		add_path_beneath(_metadata, ruleset_fd, rules[i].access,
+				 rules[i].path);
+	}
+	return ruleset_fd;
+}
+
+static void enforce_ruleset(struct __test_metadata *const _metadata,
+			    const int ruleset_fd)
+{
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, prctl(PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS, 1, 0, 0, 0));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, landlock_restrict_self(ruleset_fd, 0))
+	{
+		TH_LOG("Failed to enforce ruleset: %s", strerror(errno));
+	}
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, proc_nsfs)
+{
+	const struct rule rules[] = {
+		{
+			.path = "/dev/null",
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE |
+				  LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_WRITE_FILE,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	struct landlock_path_beneath_attr path_beneath;
+	const int ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(
+		_metadata, rules[0].access | LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_DIR,
+		rules);
+
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open("/proc/self/ns/mnt", O_RDONLY));
+
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open("/", O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open("/dev", O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open("/dev/null", O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open("/dev/full", O_RDONLY));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open("/proc", O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open("/proc/self", O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open("/proc/self/ns", O_RDONLY));
+	/*
+	 * Because nsfs is an internal filesystem, /proc/self/ns/mnt is a
+	 * disconnected path.  Such path cannot be identified and must then be
+	 * allowed.
+	 */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open("/proc/self/ns/mnt", O_RDONLY));
+
+	/*
+	 * Checks that it is not possible to add nsfs-like filesystem
+	 * references to a ruleset.
+	 */
+	path_beneath.allowed_access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE |
+				      LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_WRITE_FILE,
+	path_beneath.parent_fd = open("/proc/self/ns/mnt", O_PATH | O_CLOEXEC);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, path_beneath.parent_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, landlock_add_rule(ruleset_fd, LANDLOCK_RULE_PATH_BENEATH,
+					&path_beneath, 0));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EBADFD, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(path_beneath.parent_fd));
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, unpriv)
+{
+	const struct rule rules[] = {
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d2,
+			.access = ACCESS_RO,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	int ruleset_fd;
+
+	drop_caps(_metadata);
+
+	ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(_metadata, ACCESS_RO, rules);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, landlock_restrict_self(ruleset_fd, 0));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EPERM, errno);
+
+	/* enforce_ruleset() calls prctl(no_new_privs). */
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, effective_access)
+{
+	const struct rule rules[] = {
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d2,
+			.access = ACCESS_RO,
+		},
+		{
+			.path = file1_s2d2,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE |
+				  LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_WRITE_FILE,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	const int ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(_metadata, ACCESS_RW, rules);
+	char buf;
+	int reg_fd;
+
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	/* Tests on a directory (with or without O_PATH). */
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open("/", O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open("/", O_RDONLY | O_PATH));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(dir_s1d1, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s1d1, O_RDONLY | O_PATH));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d1, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s1d1, O_RDONLY | O_PATH));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s1d2, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s1d2, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s1d3, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s1d3, O_RDONLY));
+
+	/* Tests on a file (with or without O_PATH). */
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(dir_s2d2, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s2d2, O_RDONLY | O_PATH));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s2d2, O_RDONLY));
+
+	/* Checks effective read and write actions. */
+	reg_fd = open(file1_s2d2, O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, reg_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(1, write(reg_fd, ".", 1));
+	ASSERT_LE(0, lseek(reg_fd, 0, SEEK_SET));
+	ASSERT_EQ(1, read(reg_fd, &buf, 1));
+	ASSERT_EQ('.', buf);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(reg_fd));
+
+	/* Just in case, double-checks effective actions. */
+	reg_fd = open(file1_s2d2, O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, reg_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, write(reg_fd, &buf, 1));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EBADF, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(reg_fd));
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, unhandled_access)
+{
+	const struct rule rules[] = {
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d2,
+			.access = ACCESS_RO,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	/* Here, we only handle read accesses, not write accesses. */
+	const int ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(_metadata, ACCESS_RO, rules);
+
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	/*
+	 * Because the policy does not handle LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_WRITE_FILE,
+	 * opening for write-only should be allowed, but not read-write.
+	 */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s1d1, O_WRONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d1, O_RDWR));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s1d2, O_WRONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s1d2, O_RDWR));
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, ruleset_overlap)
+{
+	const struct rule rules[] = {
+		/* These rules should be ORed among them. */
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d2,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE |
+				  LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_WRITE_FILE,
+		},
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d2,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE |
+				  LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_DIR,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	const int ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(_metadata, ACCESS_RW, rules);
+
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	/* Checks s1d1 hierarchy. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d1, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d1, O_WRONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d1, O_RDWR));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(dir_s1d1, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+
+	/* Checks s1d2 hierarchy. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s1d2, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s1d2, O_WRONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s1d2, O_RDWR));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s1d2, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+
+	/* Checks s1d3 hierarchy. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s1d3, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s1d3, O_WRONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s1d3, O_RDWR));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s1d3, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, layer_rule_unions)
+{
+	const struct rule layer1[] = {
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d2,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE,
+		},
+		/* dir_s1d3 should allow READ_FILE and WRITE_FILE (O_RDWR). */
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d3,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_WRITE_FILE,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	const struct rule layer2[] = {
+		/* Doesn't change anything from layer1. */
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d2,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE |
+				  LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_WRITE_FILE,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	const struct rule layer3[] = {
+		/* Only allows write (but not read) to dir_s1d3. */
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d2,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_WRITE_FILE,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	int ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(_metadata, ACCESS_RW, layer1);
+
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	/* Checks s1d1 hierarchy with layer1. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d1, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d1, O_WRONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d1, O_RDWR));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(dir_s1d1, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+
+	/* Checks s1d2 hierarchy with layer1. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s1d2, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d2, O_WRONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d2, O_RDWR));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(dir_s1d1, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+
+	/* Checks s1d3 hierarchy with layer1. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s1d3, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s1d3, O_WRONLY));
+	/* dir_s1d3 should allow READ_FILE and WRITE_FILE (O_RDWR). */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s1d3, O_RDWR));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(dir_s1d1, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+
+	/* Doesn't change anything from layer1. */
+	ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(_metadata, ACCESS_RW, layer2);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	/* Checks s1d1 hierarchy with layer2. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d1, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d1, O_WRONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d1, O_RDWR));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(dir_s1d1, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+
+	/* Checks s1d2 hierarchy with layer2. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s1d2, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d2, O_WRONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d2, O_RDWR));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(dir_s1d1, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+
+	/* Checks s1d3 hierarchy with layer2. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s1d3, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s1d3, O_WRONLY));
+	/* dir_s1d3 should allow READ_FILE and WRITE_FILE (O_RDWR). */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s1d3, O_RDWR));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(dir_s1d1, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+
+	/* Only allows write (but not read) to dir_s1d3. */
+	ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(_metadata, ACCESS_RW, layer3);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	/* Checks s1d1 hierarchy with layer3. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d1, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d1, O_WRONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d1, O_RDWR));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(dir_s1d1, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+
+	/* Checks s1d2 hierarchy with layer3. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d2, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d2, O_WRONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d2, O_RDWR));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(dir_s1d1, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+
+	/* Checks s1d3 hierarchy with layer3. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d3, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s1d3, O_WRONLY));
+	/* dir_s1d3 should now deny READ_FILE and WRITE_FILE (O_RDWR). */
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d3, O_RDWR));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(dir_s1d1, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, non_overlapping_accesses)
+{
+	const struct rule layer1[] = {
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d2,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_MAKE_REG,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	const struct rule layer2[] = {
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d3,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REMOVE_FILE,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	int ruleset_fd;
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file1_s1d1));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file1_s1d2));
+
+	ruleset_fd =
+		create_ruleset(_metadata, LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_MAKE_REG, layer1);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, mknod(file1_s1d1, S_IFREG | 0700, 0));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, mknod(file1_s1d2, S_IFREG | 0700, 0));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file1_s1d2));
+
+	ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(_metadata, LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REMOVE_FILE,
+				    layer2);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	/* Unchanged accesses for file creation. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, mknod(file1_s1d1, S_IFREG | 0700, 0));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, mknod(file1_s1d2, S_IFREG | 0700, 0));
+
+	/* Checks file removing. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, unlink(file1_s1d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file1_s1d3));
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, interleaved_masked_accesses)
+{
+	/*
+	 * Checks overly restrictive rules:
+	 * layer 1: allows R   s1d1/s1d2/s1d3/file1
+	 * layer 2: allows RW  s1d1/s1d2/s1d3
+	 *          allows  W  s1d1/s1d2
+	 *          denies R   s1d1/s1d2
+	 * layer 3: allows R   s1d1
+	 * layer 4: allows R   s1d1/s1d2
+	 *          denies  W  s1d1/s1d2
+	 * layer 5: allows R   s1d1/s1d2
+	 * layer 6: allows   X ----
+	 * layer 7: allows  W  s1d1/s1d2
+	 *          denies R   s1d1/s1d2
+	 */
+	const struct rule layer1_read[] = {
+		/* Allows read access to file1_s1d3 with the first layer. */
+		{
+			.path = file1_s1d3,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	/* First rule with write restrictions. */
+	const struct rule layer2_read_write[] = {
+		/* Start by granting read-write access via its parent directory... */
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d3,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE |
+				  LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_WRITE_FILE,
+		},
+		/* ...but also denies read access via its grandparent directory. */
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d2,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_WRITE_FILE,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	const struct rule layer3_read[] = {
+		/* Allows read access via its great-grandparent directory. */
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d1,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	const struct rule layer4_read_write[] = {
+		/*
+		 * Try to confuse the deny access by denying write (but not
+		 * read) access via its grandparent directory.
+		 */
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d2,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	const struct rule layer5_read[] = {
+		/*
+		 * Try to override layer2's deny read access by explicitly
+		 * allowing read access via file1_s1d3's grandparent.
+		 */
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d2,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	const struct rule layer6_execute[] = {
+		/*
+		 * Restricts an unrelated file hierarchy with a new access
+		 * (non-overlapping) type.
+		 */
+		{
+			.path = dir_s2d1,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_EXECUTE,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	const struct rule layer7_read_write[] = {
+		/*
+		 * Finally, denies read access to file1_s1d3 via its
+		 * grandparent.
+		 */
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d2,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_WRITE_FILE,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	int ruleset_fd;
+
+	ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(_metadata, LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE,
+				    layer1_read);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	/* Checks that read access is granted for file1_s1d3 with layer 1. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s1d3, O_RDWR));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file2_s1d3, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file2_s1d3, O_WRONLY));
+
+	ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(_metadata,
+				    LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE |
+					    LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_WRITE_FILE,
+				    layer2_read_write);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	/* Checks that previous access rights are unchanged with layer 2. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s1d3, O_RDWR));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file2_s1d3, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file2_s1d3, O_WRONLY));
+
+	ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(_metadata, LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE,
+				    layer3_read);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	/* Checks that previous access rights are unchanged with layer 3. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s1d3, O_RDWR));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file2_s1d3, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file2_s1d3, O_WRONLY));
+
+	/* This time, denies write access for the file hierarchy. */
+	ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(_metadata,
+				    LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE |
+					    LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_WRITE_FILE,
+				    layer4_read_write);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	/*
+	 * Checks that the only change with layer 4 is that write access is
+	 * denied.
+	 */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s1d3, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d3, O_WRONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file2_s1d3, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file2_s1d3, O_WRONLY));
+
+	ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(_metadata, LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE,
+				    layer5_read);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	/* Checks that previous access rights are unchanged with layer 5. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s1d3, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d3, O_WRONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file2_s1d3, O_WRONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file2_s1d3, O_RDONLY));
+
+	ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(_metadata, LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_EXECUTE,
+				    layer6_execute);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	/* Checks that previous access rights are unchanged with layer 6. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s1d3, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d3, O_WRONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file2_s1d3, O_WRONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file2_s1d3, O_RDONLY));
+
+	ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(_metadata,
+				    LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE |
+					    LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_WRITE_FILE,
+				    layer7_read_write);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	/* Checks read access is now denied with layer 7. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d3, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d3, O_WRONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file2_s1d3, O_WRONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file2_s1d3, O_RDONLY));
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, inherit_subset)
+{
+	const struct rule rules[] = {
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d2,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE |
+				  LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_DIR,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	const int ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(_metadata, ACCESS_RW, rules);
+
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d1, O_WRONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(dir_s1d1, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+
+	/* Write access is forbidden. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d2, O_WRONLY));
+	/* Readdir access is allowed. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s1d2, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+
+	/* Write access is forbidden. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d3, O_WRONLY));
+	/* Readdir access is allowed. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s1d3, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+
+	/*
+	 * Tests shared rule extension: the following rules should not grant
+	 * any new access, only remove some.  Once enforced, these rules are
+	 * ANDed with the previous ones.
+	 */
+	add_path_beneath(_metadata, ruleset_fd, LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_WRITE_FILE,
+			 dir_s1d2);
+	/*
+	 * According to ruleset_fd, dir_s1d2 should now have the
+	 * LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE and LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_WRITE_FILE
+	 * access rights (even if this directory is opened a second time).
+	 * However, when enforcing this updated ruleset, the ruleset tied to
+	 * the current process (i.e. its domain) will still only have the
+	 * dir_s1d2 with LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE and
+	 * LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_DIR accesses, but
+	 * LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_WRITE_FILE must not be allowed because it would
+	 * be a privilege escalation.
+	 */
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+
+	/* Same tests and results as above. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d1, O_WRONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(dir_s1d1, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+
+	/* It is still forbidden to write in file1_s1d2. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d2, O_WRONLY));
+	/* Readdir access is still allowed. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s1d2, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+
+	/* It is still forbidden to write in file1_s1d3. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d3, O_WRONLY));
+	/* Readdir access is still allowed. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s1d3, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+
+	/*
+	 * Try to get more privileges by adding new access rights to the parent
+	 * directory: dir_s1d1.
+	 */
+	add_path_beneath(_metadata, ruleset_fd, ACCESS_RW, dir_s1d1);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+
+	/* Same tests and results as above. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d1, O_WRONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(dir_s1d1, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+
+	/* It is still forbidden to write in file1_s1d2. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d2, O_WRONLY));
+	/* Readdir access is still allowed. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s1d2, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+
+	/* It is still forbidden to write in file1_s1d3. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d3, O_WRONLY));
+	/* Readdir access is still allowed. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s1d3, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+
+	/*
+	 * Now, dir_s1d3 get a new rule tied to it, only allowing
+	 * LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_WRITE_FILE.  The (kernel internal) difference is
+	 * that there was no rule tied to it before.
+	 */
+	add_path_beneath(_metadata, ruleset_fd, LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_WRITE_FILE,
+			 dir_s1d3);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	/*
+	 * Same tests and results as above, except for open(dir_s1d3) which is
+	 * now denied because the new rule mask the rule previously inherited
+	 * from dir_s1d2.
+	 */
+
+	/* Same tests and results as above. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d1, O_WRONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(dir_s1d1, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+
+	/* It is still forbidden to write in file1_s1d2. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d2, O_WRONLY));
+	/* Readdir access is still allowed. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s1d2, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+
+	/* It is still forbidden to write in file1_s1d3. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d3, O_WRONLY));
+	/*
+	 * Readdir of dir_s1d3 is still allowed because of the OR policy inside
+	 * the same layer.
+	 */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s1d3, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, inherit_superset)
+{
+	const struct rule rules[] = {
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d3,
+			.access = ACCESS_RO,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	const int ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(_metadata, ACCESS_RW, rules);
+
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+
+	/* Readdir access is denied for dir_s1d2. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(dir_s1d2, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+	/* Readdir access is allowed for dir_s1d3. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s1d3, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+	/* File access is allowed for file1_s1d3. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s1d3, O_RDONLY));
+
+	/* Now dir_s1d2, parent of dir_s1d3, gets a new rule tied to it. */
+	add_path_beneath(_metadata, ruleset_fd,
+			 LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE |
+				 LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_DIR,
+			 dir_s1d2);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	/* Readdir access is still denied for dir_s1d2. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(dir_s1d2, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+	/* Readdir access is still allowed for dir_s1d3. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s1d3, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+	/* File access is still allowed for file1_s1d3. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s1d3, O_RDONLY));
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, max_layers)
+{
+	int i, err;
+	const struct rule rules[] = {
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d2,
+			.access = ACCESS_RO,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	const int ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(_metadata, ACCESS_RW, rules);
+
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	for (i = 0; i < 16; i++)
+		enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+		err = landlock_restrict_self(ruleset_fd, 0);
+		ASSERT_EQ(-1, err);
+		ASSERT_EQ(E2BIG, errno);
+	}
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, empty_or_same_ruleset)
+{
+	struct landlock_ruleset_attr ruleset_attr = {};
+	int ruleset_fd;
+
+	/* Tests empty handled_access_fs. */
+	ruleset_fd =
+		landlock_create_ruleset(&ruleset_attr, sizeof(ruleset_attr), 0);
+	ASSERT_LE(-1, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(ENOMSG, errno);
+
+	/* Enforces policy which deny read access to all files. */
+	ruleset_attr.handled_access_fs = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE;
+	ruleset_fd =
+		landlock_create_ruleset(&ruleset_attr, sizeof(ruleset_attr), 0);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d1, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s1d1, O_RDONLY));
+
+	/* Nests a policy which deny read access to all directories. */
+	ruleset_attr.handled_access_fs = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_DIR;
+	ruleset_fd =
+		landlock_create_ruleset(&ruleset_attr, sizeof(ruleset_attr), 0);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d1, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(dir_s1d1, O_RDONLY));
+
+	/* Enforces a second time with the same ruleset. */
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, rule_on_mountpoint)
+{
+	const struct rule rules[] = {
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d1,
+			.access = ACCESS_RO,
+		},
+		{
+			/* dir_s3d2 is a mount point. */
+			.path = dir_s3d2,
+			.access = ACCESS_RO,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	const int ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(_metadata, ACCESS_RW, rules);
+
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s1d1, O_RDONLY));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(dir_s2d1, O_RDONLY));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(dir_s3d1, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s3d2, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s3d3, O_RDONLY));
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, rule_over_mountpoint)
+{
+	const struct rule rules[] = {
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d1,
+			.access = ACCESS_RO,
+		},
+		{
+			/* dir_s3d2 is a mount point. */
+			.path = dir_s3d1,
+			.access = ACCESS_RO,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	const int ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(_metadata, ACCESS_RW, rules);
+
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s1d1, O_RDONLY));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(dir_s2d1, O_RDONLY));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s3d1, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s3d2, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s3d3, O_RDONLY));
+}
+
+/*
+ * This test verifies that we can apply a landlock rule on the root directory
+ * (which might require special handling).
+ */
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, rule_over_root_allow_then_deny)
+{
+	struct rule rules[] = {
+		{
+			.path = "/",
+			.access = ACCESS_RO,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	int ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(_metadata, ACCESS_RW, rules);
+
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	/* Checks allowed access. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open("/", O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s1d1, O_RDONLY));
+
+	rules[0].access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE;
+	ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(_metadata, ACCESS_RW, rules);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	/* Checks denied access (on a directory). */
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open("/", O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(dir_s1d1, O_RDONLY));
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, rule_over_root_deny)
+{
+	const struct rule rules[] = {
+		{
+			.path = "/",
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	const int ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(_metadata, ACCESS_RW, rules);
+
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	/* Checks denied access (on a directory). */
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open("/", O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(dir_s1d1, O_RDONLY));
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, rule_inside_mount_ns)
+{
+	const struct rule rules[] = {
+		{
+			.path = "s3d3",
+			.access = ACCESS_RO,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	int ruleset_fd;
+
+	set_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, syscall(__NR_pivot_root, dir_s3d2, dir_s3d3))
+	{
+		TH_LOG("Failed to pivot root: %s", strerror(errno));
+	};
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, chdir("/"));
+	clear_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
+
+	ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(_metadata, ACCESS_RW, rules);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open("s3d3", O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open("/", O_RDONLY));
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, mount_and_pivot)
+{
+	const struct rule rules[] = {
+		{
+			.path = dir_s3d2,
+			.access = ACCESS_RO,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	const int ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(_metadata, ACCESS_RW, rules);
+
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	set_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, mount(NULL, dir_s3d2, NULL, MS_RDONLY, NULL));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EPERM, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, syscall(__NR_pivot_root, dir_s3d2, dir_s3d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EPERM, errno);
+	clear_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, move_mount)
+{
+	const struct rule rules[] = {
+		{
+			.path = dir_s3d2,
+			.access = ACCESS_RO,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	const int ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(_metadata, ACCESS_RW, rules);
+
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+
+	set_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, syscall(__NR_move_mount, AT_FDCWD, dir_s3d2, AT_FDCWD,
+			     dir_s1d2, 0))
+	{
+		TH_LOG("Failed to move mount: %s", strerror(errno));
+	}
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, syscall(__NR_move_mount, AT_FDCWD, dir_s1d2, AT_FDCWD,
+			     dir_s3d2, 0));
+	clear_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
+
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	set_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, syscall(__NR_move_mount, AT_FDCWD, dir_s3d2, AT_FDCWD,
+			      dir_s1d2, 0));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EPERM, errno);
+	clear_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, release_inodes)
+{
+	const struct rule rules[] = {
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d1,
+			.access = ACCESS_RO,
+		},
+		{
+			.path = dir_s3d2,
+			.access = ACCESS_RO,
+		},
+		{
+			.path = dir_s3d3,
+			.access = ACCESS_RO,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	const int ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(_metadata, ACCESS_RW, rules);
+
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	/* Unmount a file hierarchy while it is being used by a ruleset. */
+	set_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, umount(dir_s3d2));
+	clear_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
+
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s1d1, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(dir_s3d2, O_RDONLY));
+	/* This dir_s3d3 would not be allowed and does not exist anyway. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(ENOENT, test_open(dir_s3d3, O_RDONLY));
+}
+
+enum relative_access {
+	REL_OPEN,
+	REL_CHDIR,
+	REL_CHROOT_ONLY,
+	REL_CHROOT_CHDIR,
+};
+
+static void test_relative_path(struct __test_metadata *const _metadata,
+			       const enum relative_access rel)
+{
+	/*
+	 * Common layer to check that chroot doesn't ignore it (i.e. a chroot
+	 * is not a disconnected root directory).
+	 */
+	const struct rule layer1_base[] = {
+		{
+			.path = TMP_DIR,
+			.access = ACCESS_RO,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	const struct rule layer2_subs[] = {
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d2,
+			.access = ACCESS_RO,
+		},
+		{
+			.path = dir_s2d2,
+			.access = ACCESS_RO,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	int dirfd, ruleset_fd;
+
+	ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(_metadata, ACCESS_RW, layer1_base);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(_metadata, ACCESS_RW, layer2_subs);
+
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	switch (rel) {
+	case REL_OPEN:
+	case REL_CHDIR:
+		break;
+	case REL_CHROOT_ONLY:
+		ASSERT_EQ(0, chdir(dir_s2d2));
+		break;
+	case REL_CHROOT_CHDIR:
+		ASSERT_EQ(0, chdir(dir_s1d2));
+		break;
+	default:
+		ASSERT_TRUE(false);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	set_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_CHROOT);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+
+	switch (rel) {
+	case REL_OPEN:
+		dirfd = open(dir_s1d2, O_DIRECTORY);
+		ASSERT_LE(0, dirfd);
+		break;
+	case REL_CHDIR:
+		ASSERT_EQ(0, chdir(dir_s1d2));
+		dirfd = AT_FDCWD;
+		break;
+	case REL_CHROOT_ONLY:
+		/* Do chroot into dir_s1d2 (relative to dir_s2d2). */
+		ASSERT_EQ(0, chroot("../../s1d1/s1d2"))
+		{
+			TH_LOG("Failed to chroot: %s", strerror(errno));
+		}
+		dirfd = AT_FDCWD;
+		break;
+	case REL_CHROOT_CHDIR:
+		/* Do chroot into dir_s1d2. */
+		ASSERT_EQ(0, chroot("."))
+		{
+			TH_LOG("Failed to chroot: %s", strerror(errno));
+		}
+		dirfd = AT_FDCWD;
+		break;
+	}
+
+	ASSERT_EQ((rel == REL_CHROOT_CHDIR) ? 0 : EACCES,
+		  test_open_rel(dirfd, "..", O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open_rel(dirfd, ".", O_RDONLY));
+
+	if (rel == REL_CHROOT_ONLY) {
+		/* The current directory is dir_s2d2. */
+		ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open_rel(dirfd, "./s2d3", O_RDONLY));
+	} else {
+		/* The current directory is dir_s1d2. */
+		ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open_rel(dirfd, "./s1d3", O_RDONLY));
+	}
+
+	if (rel == REL_CHROOT_ONLY || rel == REL_CHROOT_CHDIR) {
+		/* Checks the root dir_s1d2. */
+		ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open_rel(dirfd, "/..", O_RDONLY));
+		ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open_rel(dirfd, "/", O_RDONLY));
+		ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open_rel(dirfd, "/f1", O_RDONLY));
+		ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open_rel(dirfd, "/s1d3", O_RDONLY));
+	}
+
+	if (rel != REL_CHROOT_CHDIR) {
+		ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open_rel(dirfd, "../../s1d1", O_RDONLY));
+		ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open_rel(dirfd, "../../s1d1/s1d2", O_RDONLY));
+		ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open_rel(dirfd, "../../s1d1/s1d2/s1d3",
+					   O_RDONLY));
+
+		ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open_rel(dirfd, "../../s2d1", O_RDONLY));
+		ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open_rel(dirfd, "../../s2d1/s2d2", O_RDONLY));
+		ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open_rel(dirfd, "../../s2d1/s2d2/s2d3",
+					   O_RDONLY));
+	}
+
+	if (rel == REL_OPEN)
+		ASSERT_EQ(0, close(dirfd));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, relative_open)
+{
+	test_relative_path(_metadata, REL_OPEN);
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, relative_chdir)
+{
+	test_relative_path(_metadata, REL_CHDIR);
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, relative_chroot_only)
+{
+	test_relative_path(_metadata, REL_CHROOT_ONLY);
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, relative_chroot_chdir)
+{
+	test_relative_path(_metadata, REL_CHROOT_CHDIR);
+}
+
+static void copy_binary(struct __test_metadata *const _metadata,
+			const char *const dst_path)
+{
+	int dst_fd, src_fd;
+	struct stat statbuf;
+
+	dst_fd = open(dst_path, O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC | O_CLOEXEC);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, dst_fd)
+	{
+		TH_LOG("Failed to open \"%s\": %s", dst_path, strerror(errno));
+	}
+	src_fd = open(BINARY_PATH, O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, src_fd)
+	{
+		TH_LOG("Failed to open \"" BINARY_PATH "\": %s",
+		       strerror(errno));
+	}
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, fstat(src_fd, &statbuf));
+	ASSERT_EQ(statbuf.st_size,
+		  sendfile(dst_fd, src_fd, 0, statbuf.st_size));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(src_fd));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(dst_fd));
+}
+
+static void test_execute(struct __test_metadata *const _metadata, const int err,
+			 const char *const path)
+{
+	int status;
+	char *const argv[] = { (char *)path, NULL };
+	const pid_t child = fork();
+
+	ASSERT_LE(0, child);
+	if (child == 0) {
+		ASSERT_EQ(err ? -1 : 0, execve(path, argv, NULL))
+		{
+			TH_LOG("Failed to execute \"%s\": %s", path,
+			       strerror(errno));
+		};
+		ASSERT_EQ(err, errno);
+		_exit(_metadata->passed ? 2 : 1);
+		return;
+	}
+	ASSERT_EQ(child, waitpid(child, &status, 0));
+	ASSERT_EQ(1, WIFEXITED(status));
+	ASSERT_EQ(err ? 2 : 0, WEXITSTATUS(status))
+	{
+		TH_LOG("Unexpected return code for \"%s\": %s", path,
+		       strerror(errno));
+	};
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, execute)
+{
+	const struct rule rules[] = {
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d2,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_EXECUTE,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	const int ruleset_fd =
+		create_ruleset(_metadata, rules[0].access, rules);
+
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	copy_binary(_metadata, file1_s1d1);
+	copy_binary(_metadata, file1_s1d2);
+	copy_binary(_metadata, file1_s1d3);
+
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s1d1, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s1d1, O_RDONLY));
+	test_execute(_metadata, EACCES, file1_s1d1);
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s1d2, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s1d2, O_RDONLY));
+	test_execute(_metadata, 0, file1_s1d2);
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s1d3, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s1d3, O_RDONLY));
+	test_execute(_metadata, 0, file1_s1d3);
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, link)
+{
+	const struct rule layer1[] = {
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d2,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_MAKE_REG,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	const struct rule layer2[] = {
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d3,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REMOVE_FILE,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	int ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(_metadata, layer1[0].access, layer1);
+
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file1_s1d1));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file1_s1d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file1_s1d3));
+
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, link(file2_s1d1, file1_s1d1));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+
+	/* Denies linking because of reparenting. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, link(file1_s2d1, file1_s1d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, link(file2_s1d2, file1_s1d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, link(file2_s1d3, file1_s1d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, link(file2_s1d2, file1_s1d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, link(file2_s1d3, file1_s1d3));
+
+	/* Prepares for next unlinks. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file2_s1d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file2_s1d3));
+
+	ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(_metadata, layer2[0].access, layer2);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	/* Checks that linkind doesn't require the ability to delete a file. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, link(file1_s1d2, file2_s1d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, link(file1_s1d3, file2_s1d3));
+}
+
+static int test_rename(const char *const oldpath, const char *const newpath)
+{
+	if (rename(oldpath, newpath))
+		return errno;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int test_exchange(const char *const oldpath, const char *const newpath)
+{
+	if (renameat2(AT_FDCWD, oldpath, AT_FDCWD, newpath, RENAME_EXCHANGE))
+		return errno;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, rename_file)
+{
+	const struct rule rules[] = {
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d3,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REMOVE_FILE,
+		},
+		{
+			.path = dir_s2d2,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REMOVE_FILE,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	const int ruleset_fd =
+		create_ruleset(_metadata, rules[0].access, rules);
+
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file1_s1d2));
+
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	/*
+	 * Tries to replace a file, from a directory that allows file removal,
+	 * but to a different directory (which also allows file removal).
+	 */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(file1_s2d3, file1_s1d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, file1_s2d3, AT_FDCWD, file1_s1d3,
+				RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, file1_s2d3, AT_FDCWD, dir_s1d3,
+				RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+
+	/*
+	 * Tries to replace a file, from a directory that denies file removal,
+	 * to a different directory (which allows file removal).
+	 */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(file1_s2d1, file1_s1d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, file1_s2d1, AT_FDCWD, file1_s1d3,
+				RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, dir_s2d2, AT_FDCWD, file1_s1d3,
+				RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+
+	/* Exchanges files and directories that partially allow removal. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, dir_s2d2, AT_FDCWD, file1_s2d1,
+				RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	/* Checks that file1_s2d1 cannot be removed (instead of ENOTDIR). */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(dir_s2d2, file1_s2d1));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, file1_s2d1, AT_FDCWD, dir_s2d2,
+				RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	/* Checks that file1_s1d1 cannot be removed (instead of EISDIR). */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(file1_s1d1, dir_s1d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+
+	/* Renames files with different parents. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(file1_s2d2, file1_s1d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file1_s1d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(file1_s2d1, file1_s1d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+
+	/* Exchanges and renames files with same parent. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, file2_s2d3, AT_FDCWD, file1_s2d3,
+			       RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, rename(file2_s2d3, file1_s2d3));
+
+	/* Exchanges files and directories with same parent, twice. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, file1_s2d2, AT_FDCWD, dir_s2d3,
+			       RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, file1_s2d2, AT_FDCWD, dir_s2d3,
+			       RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, rename_dir)
+{
+	const struct rule rules[] = {
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d2,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REMOVE_DIR,
+		},
+		{
+			.path = dir_s2d1,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REMOVE_DIR,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	const int ruleset_fd =
+		create_ruleset(_metadata, rules[0].access, rules);
+
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+
+	/* Empties dir_s1d3 to allow renaming. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file1_s1d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file2_s1d3));
+
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	/* Exchanges and renames directory to a different parent. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, dir_s2d3, AT_FDCWD, dir_s1d3,
+				RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(dir_s2d3, dir_s1d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, file1_s2d2, AT_FDCWD, dir_s1d3,
+				RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+
+	/*
+	 * Exchanges directory to the same parent, which doesn't allow
+	 * directory removal.
+	 */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, dir_s1d1, AT_FDCWD, dir_s2d1,
+				RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	/* Checks that dir_s1d2 cannot be removed (instead of ENOTDIR). */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(dir_s1d2, file1_s1d1));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, file1_s1d1, AT_FDCWD, dir_s1d2,
+				RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	/* Checks that dir_s1d2 cannot be removed (instead of EISDIR). */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(file1_s1d1, dir_s1d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+
+	/*
+	 * Exchanges and renames directory to the same parent, which allows
+	 * directory removal.
+	 */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, dir_s1d3, AT_FDCWD, file1_s1d2,
+			       RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(dir_s1d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, mkdir(dir_s1d3, 0700));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, rename(file1_s1d2, dir_s1d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, rmdir(dir_s1d3));
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, reparent_refer)
+{
+	const struct rule layer1[] = {
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d2,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REFER,
+		},
+		{
+			.path = dir_s2d2,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REFER,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	int ruleset_fd =
+		create_ruleset(_metadata, LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REFER, layer1);
+
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(dir_s1d2, dir_s2d1));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(dir_s1d2, dir_s2d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(dir_s1d2, dir_s2d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(dir_s1d3, dir_s2d1));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(dir_s1d3, dir_s2d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+	/*
+	 * Moving should only be allowed when the source and the destination
+	 * parent directory have REFER.
+	 */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(dir_s1d3, dir_s2d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(ENOTEMPTY, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file1_s2d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file2_s2d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, rename(dir_s1d3, dir_s2d3));
+}
+
+/* Checks renames beneath dir_s1d1. */
+static void refer_denied_by_default(struct __test_metadata *const _metadata,
+				    const struct rule layer1[],
+				    const int layer1_err,
+				    const struct rule layer2[])
+{
+	int ruleset_fd;
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file1_s1d2));
+
+	ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(_metadata, layer1[0].access, layer1);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	/*
+	 * If the first layer handles LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REFER (according to
+	 * layer1_err), then it allows some different-parent renames and links.
+	 */
+	ASSERT_EQ(layer1_err, test_rename(file1_s1d1, file1_s1d2));
+	if (layer1_err == 0)
+		ASSERT_EQ(layer1_err, test_rename(file1_s1d2, file1_s1d1));
+	ASSERT_EQ(layer1_err, test_exchange(file2_s1d1, file2_s1d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(layer1_err, test_exchange(file2_s1d2, file2_s1d1));
+
+	ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(_metadata, layer2[0].access, layer2);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	/*
+	 * Now, either the first or the second layer does not handle
+	 * LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REFER, which means that any different-parent
+	 * renames and links are denied, thus making the layer handling
+	 * LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REFER null and void.
+	 */
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, test_rename(file1_s1d1, file1_s1d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, test_exchange(file2_s1d1, file2_s1d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, test_exchange(file2_s1d2, file2_s1d1));
+}
+
+const struct rule layer_dir_s1d1_refer[] = {
+	{
+		.path = dir_s1d1,
+		.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REFER,
+	},
+	{},
+};
+
+const struct rule layer_dir_s1d1_execute[] = {
+	{
+		/* Matches a parent directory. */
+		.path = dir_s1d1,
+		.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_EXECUTE,
+	},
+	{},
+};
+
+const struct rule layer_dir_s2d1_execute[] = {
+	{
+		/* Does not match a parent directory. */
+		.path = dir_s2d1,
+		.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_EXECUTE,
+	},
+	{},
+};
+
+/*
+ * Tests precedence over renames: denied by default for different parent
+ * directories, *with* a rule matching a parent directory, but not directly
+ * denying access (with MAKE_REG nor REMOVE).
+ */
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, refer_denied_by_default1)
+{
+	refer_denied_by_default(_metadata, layer_dir_s1d1_refer, 0,
+				layer_dir_s1d1_execute);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Same test but this time turning around the ABI version order: the first
+ * layer does not handle LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REFER.
+ */
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, refer_denied_by_default2)
+{
+	refer_denied_by_default(_metadata, layer_dir_s1d1_execute, EXDEV,
+				layer_dir_s1d1_refer);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Tests precedence over renames: denied by default for different parent
+ * directories, *without* a rule matching a parent directory, but not directly
+ * denying access (with MAKE_REG nor REMOVE).
+ */
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, refer_denied_by_default3)
+{
+	refer_denied_by_default(_metadata, layer_dir_s1d1_refer, 0,
+				layer_dir_s2d1_execute);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Same test but this time turning around the ABI version order: the first
+ * layer does not handle LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REFER.
+ */
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, refer_denied_by_default4)
+{
+	refer_denied_by_default(_metadata, layer_dir_s2d1_execute, EXDEV,
+				layer_dir_s1d1_refer);
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, reparent_link)
+{
+	const struct rule layer1[] = {
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d2,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_MAKE_REG,
+		},
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d3,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REFER,
+		},
+		{
+			.path = dir_s2d2,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REFER,
+		},
+		{
+			.path = dir_s2d3,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_MAKE_REG,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	const int ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(
+		_metadata,
+		LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_MAKE_REG | LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REFER, layer1);
+
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file1_s1d1));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file1_s1d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file1_s1d3));
+
+	/* Denies linking because of missing MAKE_REG. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, link(file2_s1d1, file1_s1d1));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	/* Denies linking because of missing source and destination REFER. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, link(file1_s2d1, file1_s1d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+	/* Denies linking because of missing source REFER. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, link(file1_s2d1, file1_s1d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+
+	/* Denies linking because of missing MAKE_REG. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, link(file1_s2d2, file1_s1d1));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	/* Denies linking because of missing destination REFER. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, link(file1_s2d2, file1_s1d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+
+	/* Allows linking because of REFER and MAKE_REG. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, link(file1_s2d2, file1_s1d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file1_s2d2));
+	/* Reverse linking denied because of missing MAKE_REG. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, link(file1_s1d3, file1_s2d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file1_s2d3));
+	/* Checks reverse linking. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, link(file1_s1d3, file1_s2d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file1_s1d3));
+
+	/*
+	 * This is OK for a file link, but it should not be allowed for a
+	 * directory rename (because of the superset of access rights.
+	 */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, link(file1_s2d3, file1_s1d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file1_s1d3));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, link(file2_s1d2, file1_s1d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, link(file2_s1d3, file1_s1d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, link(file2_s1d2, file1_s1d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, link(file2_s1d3, file1_s1d3));
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, reparent_rename)
+{
+	/* Same rules as for reparent_link. */
+	const struct rule layer1[] = {
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d2,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_MAKE_REG,
+		},
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d3,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REFER,
+		},
+		{
+			.path = dir_s2d2,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REFER,
+		},
+		{
+			.path = dir_s2d3,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_MAKE_REG,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	const int ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(
+		_metadata,
+		LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_MAKE_REG | LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REFER, layer1);
+
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file1_s1d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file1_s1d3));
+
+	/* Denies renaming because of missing MAKE_REG. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, file2_s1d1, AT_FDCWD, file1_s1d1,
+				RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, file1_s1d1, AT_FDCWD, file2_s1d1,
+				RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file1_s1d1));
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(file2_s1d1, file1_s1d1));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	/* Even denies same file exchange. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, file2_s1d1, AT_FDCWD, file2_s1d1,
+				RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+
+	/* Denies renaming because of missing source and destination REFER. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(file1_s2d1, file1_s1d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+	/*
+	 * Denies renaming because of missing MAKE_REG, source and destination
+	 * REFER.
+	 */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, file1_s2d1, AT_FDCWD, file2_s1d1,
+				RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, file2_s1d1, AT_FDCWD, file1_s2d1,
+				RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+
+	/* Denies renaming because of missing source REFER. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(file1_s2d1, file1_s1d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+	/* Denies renaming because of missing MAKE_REG. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, file1_s2d1, AT_FDCWD, file2_s1d3,
+				RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+
+	/* Denies renaming because of missing MAKE_REG. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(file1_s2d2, file1_s1d1));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	/* Denies renaming because of missing destination REFER*/
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(file1_s2d2, file1_s1d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+
+	/* Denies exchange because of one missing MAKE_REG. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, file1_s2d2, AT_FDCWD, file2_s1d3,
+				RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	/* Allows renaming because of REFER and MAKE_REG. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, rename(file1_s2d2, file1_s1d3));
+
+	/* Reverse renaming denied because of missing MAKE_REG. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(file1_s1d3, file1_s2d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file1_s2d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, rename(file1_s1d3, file1_s2d3));
+
+	/* Tests reverse renaming. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, rename(file1_s2d3, file1_s1d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, file2_s2d3, AT_FDCWD, file1_s1d3,
+			       RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, rename(file1_s1d3, file1_s2d3));
+
+	/*
+	 * This is OK for a file rename, but it should not be allowed for a
+	 * directory rename (because of the superset of access rights).
+	 */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, rename(file1_s2d3, file1_s1d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, rename(file1_s1d3, file1_s2d3));
+
+	/*
+	 * Tests superset restrictions applied to directories.  Not only the
+	 * dir_s2d3's parent (dir_s2d2) should be taken into account but also
+	 * access rights tied to dir_s2d3. dir_s2d2 is missing one access right
+	 * compared to dir_s1d3/file1_s1d3 (MAKE_REG) but it is provided
+	 * directly by the moved dir_s2d3.
+	 */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, rename(dir_s2d3, file1_s1d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, rename(file1_s1d3, dir_s2d3));
+	/*
+	 * The first rename is allowed but not the exchange because dir_s1d3's
+	 * parent (dir_s1d2) doesn't have REFER.
+	 */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, file1_s2d3, AT_FDCWD, dir_s1d3,
+				RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, dir_s1d3, AT_FDCWD, file1_s2d3,
+				RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(file1_s2d3, dir_s1d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(file2_s1d2, file1_s1d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(file2_s1d3, file1_s1d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+
+	/* Renaming in the same directory is always allowed. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, rename(file2_s1d2, file1_s1d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, rename(file2_s1d3, file1_s1d3));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file1_s1d2));
+	/* Denies because of missing source MAKE_REG and destination REFER. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(dir_s2d3, file1_s1d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file1_s1d3));
+	/* Denies because of missing source MAKE_REG and REFER. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(dir_s2d2, file1_s1d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+}
+
+static void
+reparent_exdev_layers_enforce1(struct __test_metadata *const _metadata)
+{
+	const struct rule layer1[] = {
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d2,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REFER,
+		},
+		{
+			/* Interesting for the layer2 tests. */
+			.path = dir_s1d3,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_MAKE_REG,
+		},
+		{
+			.path = dir_s2d2,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REFER,
+		},
+		{
+			.path = dir_s2d3,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_MAKE_REG,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	const int ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(
+		_metadata,
+		LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_MAKE_REG | LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REFER, layer1);
+
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+}
+
+static void
+reparent_exdev_layers_enforce2(struct __test_metadata *const _metadata)
+{
+	const struct rule layer2[] = {
+		{
+			.path = dir_s2d3,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_MAKE_DIR,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	/*
+	 * Same checks as before but with a second layer and a new MAKE_DIR
+	 * rule (and no explicit handling of REFER).
+	 */
+	const int ruleset_fd =
+		create_ruleset(_metadata, LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_MAKE_DIR, layer2);
+
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, reparent_exdev_layers_rename1)
+{
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file1_s2d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file1_s2d3));
+
+	reparent_exdev_layers_enforce1(_metadata);
+
+	/*
+	 * Moving the dir_s1d3 directory below dir_s2d2 is allowed by Landlock
+	 * because it doesn't inherit new access rights.
+	 */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, rename(dir_s1d3, file1_s2d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, rename(file1_s2d2, dir_s1d3));
+
+	/*
+	 * Moving the dir_s1d3 directory below dir_s2d3 is allowed, even if it
+	 * gets a new inherited access rights (MAKE_REG), because MAKE_REG is
+	 * already allowed for dir_s1d3.
+	 */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, rename(dir_s1d3, file1_s2d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, rename(file1_s2d3, dir_s1d3));
+
+	/*
+	 * However, moving the file1_s1d3 file below dir_s2d3 is allowed
+	 * because it cannot inherit MAKE_REG right (which is dedicated to
+	 * directories).
+	 */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, rename(file1_s1d3, file1_s2d3));
+
+	reparent_exdev_layers_enforce2(_metadata);
+
+	/*
+	 * Moving the dir_s1d3 directory below dir_s2d2 is now denied because
+	 * MAKE_DIR is not tied to dir_s2d2.
+	 */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(dir_s1d3, file1_s2d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+
+	/*
+	 * Moving the dir_s1d3 directory below dir_s2d3 is forbidden because it
+	 * would grants MAKE_REG and MAKE_DIR rights to it.
+	 */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(dir_s1d3, file1_s2d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+
+	/*
+	 * Moving the file2_s1d3 file below dir_s2d3 is denied because the
+	 * second layer does not handle REFER, which is always denied by
+	 * default.
+	 */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(file2_s1d3, file1_s2d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, reparent_exdev_layers_rename2)
+{
+	reparent_exdev_layers_enforce1(_metadata);
+
+	/* Checks EACCES predominance over EXDEV. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(file1_s1d1, file1_s2d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(file1_s1d2, file1_s2d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(file1_s1d1, file1_s2d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+	/* Modify layout! */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, rename(file1_s1d2, file1_s2d3));
+
+	/* Without REFER source. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(dir_s1d1, file1_s2d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(dir_s1d2, file1_s2d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+
+	reparent_exdev_layers_enforce2(_metadata);
+
+	/* Checks EACCES predominance over EXDEV. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(file1_s1d1, file1_s2d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	/* Checks with actual file2_s1d2. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(file2_s1d2, file1_s2d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(file1_s1d1, file1_s2d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+	/*
+	 * Modifying the layout is now denied because the second layer does not
+	 * handle REFER, which is always denied by default.
+	 */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(file2_s1d2, file1_s2d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+
+	/* Without REFER source, EACCES wins over EXDEV. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(dir_s1d1, file1_s2d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(dir_s1d2, file1_s2d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, reparent_exdev_layers_exchange1)
+{
+	const char *const dir_file1_s1d2 = file1_s1d2, *const dir_file2_s2d3 =
+							       file2_s2d3;
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file1_s1d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, mkdir(file1_s1d2, 0700));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file2_s2d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, mkdir(file2_s2d3, 0700));
+
+	reparent_exdev_layers_enforce1(_metadata);
+
+	/* Error predominance with file exchange: returns EXDEV and EACCES. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, file1_s1d1, AT_FDCWD, file1_s2d3,
+				RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, file1_s2d3, AT_FDCWD, file1_s1d1,
+				RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+
+	/*
+	 * Checks with directories which creation could be allowed, but denied
+	 * because of access rights that would be inherited.
+	 */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, dir_file1_s1d2, AT_FDCWD,
+				dir_file2_s2d3, RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, dir_file2_s2d3, AT_FDCWD,
+				dir_file1_s1d2, RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+
+	/* Checks with same access rights. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, dir_s1d3, AT_FDCWD, dir_s2d3,
+			       RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, dir_s2d3, AT_FDCWD, dir_s1d3,
+			       RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+
+	/* Checks with different (child-only) access rights. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, dir_s2d3, AT_FDCWD, dir_file1_s1d2,
+			       RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, dir_file1_s1d2, AT_FDCWD, dir_s2d3,
+			       RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+
+	/*
+	 * Checks that exchange between file and directory are consistent.
+	 *
+	 * Moving a file (file1_s2d2) to a directory which only grants more
+	 * directory-related access rights is allowed, and at the same time
+	 * moving a directory (dir_file2_s2d3) to another directory which
+	 * grants less access rights is allowed too.
+	 *
+	 * See layout1.reparent_exdev_layers_exchange3 for inverted arguments.
+	 */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, file1_s2d2, AT_FDCWD, dir_file2_s2d3,
+			       RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	/*
+	 * However, moving back the directory is denied because it would get
+	 * more access rights than the current state and because file creation
+	 * is forbidden (in dir_s2d2).
+	 */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, dir_file2_s2d3, AT_FDCWD, file1_s2d2,
+				RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, file1_s2d2, AT_FDCWD, dir_file2_s2d3,
+				RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+
+	reparent_exdev_layers_enforce2(_metadata);
+
+	/* Error predominance with file exchange: returns EXDEV and EACCES. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, file1_s1d1, AT_FDCWD, file1_s2d3,
+				RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, file1_s2d3, AT_FDCWD, file1_s1d1,
+				RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+
+	/* Checks with directories which creation is now denied. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, dir_file1_s1d2, AT_FDCWD,
+				dir_file2_s2d3, RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, dir_file2_s2d3, AT_FDCWD,
+				dir_file1_s1d2, RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+
+	/* Checks with different (child-only) access rights. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, dir_s1d3, AT_FDCWD, dir_s2d3,
+				RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	/* Denied because of MAKE_DIR. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, dir_s2d3, AT_FDCWD, dir_s1d3,
+				RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+
+	/* Checks with different (child-only) access rights. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, dir_s2d3, AT_FDCWD, dir_file1_s1d2,
+				RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	/* Denied because of MAKE_DIR. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, dir_file1_s1d2, AT_FDCWD, dir_s2d3,
+				RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+
+	/* See layout1.reparent_exdev_layers_exchange2 for complement. */
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, reparent_exdev_layers_exchange2)
+{
+	const char *const dir_file2_s2d3 = file2_s2d3;
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file2_s2d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, mkdir(file2_s2d3, 0700));
+
+	reparent_exdev_layers_enforce1(_metadata);
+	reparent_exdev_layers_enforce2(_metadata);
+
+	/* Checks that exchange between file and directory are consistent. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, file1_s2d2, AT_FDCWD, dir_file2_s2d3,
+				RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, dir_file2_s2d3, AT_FDCWD, file1_s2d2,
+				RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, reparent_exdev_layers_exchange3)
+{
+	const char *const dir_file2_s2d3 = file2_s2d3;
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file2_s2d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, mkdir(file2_s2d3, 0700));
+
+	reparent_exdev_layers_enforce1(_metadata);
+
+	/*
+	 * Checks that exchange between file and directory are consistent,
+	 * including with inverted arguments (see
+	 * layout1.reparent_exdev_layers_exchange1).
+	 */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, dir_file2_s2d3, AT_FDCWD, file1_s2d2,
+			       RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, file1_s2d2, AT_FDCWD, dir_file2_s2d3,
+				RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, dir_file2_s2d3, AT_FDCWD, file1_s2d2,
+				RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, reparent_remove)
+{
+	const struct rule layer1[] = {
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d1,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REFER |
+				  LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REMOVE_DIR,
+		},
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d2,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REMOVE_FILE,
+		},
+		{
+			.path = dir_s2d1,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REFER |
+				  LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REMOVE_FILE,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	const int ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(
+		_metadata,
+		LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REFER | LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REMOVE_DIR |
+			LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REMOVE_FILE,
+		layer1);
+
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	/* Access denied because of wrong/swapped remove file/dir. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(file1_s1d1, dir_s2d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(dir_s2d2, file1_s1d1));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, file1_s1d1, AT_FDCWD, dir_s2d2,
+				RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, file1_s1d1, AT_FDCWD, dir_s2d3,
+				RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+
+	/* Access allowed thanks to the matching rights. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(file1_s2d1, dir_s1d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EISDIR, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(dir_s1d2, file1_s2d1));
+	ASSERT_EQ(ENOTDIR, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(dir_s1d3, file1_s2d1));
+	ASSERT_EQ(ENOTDIR, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file1_s2d1));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file1_s1d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file2_s1d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, rename(dir_s1d3, file1_s2d1));
+
+	/* Effectively removes a file and a directory by exchanging them. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, mkdir(dir_s1d3, 0700));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, file1_s2d2, AT_FDCWD, dir_s1d3,
+			       RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, renameat2(AT_FDCWD, file1_s2d2, AT_FDCWD, dir_s1d3,
+				RENAME_EXCHANGE));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, reparent_dom_superset)
+{
+	const struct rule layer1[] = {
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d2,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REFER,
+		},
+		{
+			.path = file1_s1d2,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_EXECUTE,
+		},
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d3,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_MAKE_SOCK |
+				  LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_EXECUTE,
+		},
+		{
+			.path = dir_s2d2,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REFER |
+				  LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_EXECUTE |
+				  LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_MAKE_SOCK,
+		},
+		{
+			.path = dir_s2d3,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE |
+				  LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_MAKE_FIFO,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	int ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(_metadata,
+					LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REFER |
+						LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_EXECUTE |
+						LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_MAKE_SOCK |
+						LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE |
+						LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_MAKE_FIFO,
+					layer1);
+
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(file1_s1d2, file1_s2d1));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+	/*
+	 * Moving file1_s1d2 beneath dir_s2d3 would grant it the READ_FILE
+	 * access right.
+	 */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(file1_s1d2, file1_s2d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+	/*
+	 * Moving file1_s1d2 should be allowed even if dir_s2d2 grants a
+	 * superset of access rights compared to dir_s1d2, because file1_s1d2
+	 * already has these access rights anyway.
+	 */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, rename(file1_s1d2, file1_s2d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, rename(file1_s2d2, file1_s1d2));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(dir_s1d3, file1_s2d1));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+	/*
+	 * Moving dir_s1d3 beneath dir_s2d3 would grant it the MAKE_FIFO access
+	 * right.
+	 */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(dir_s1d3, file1_s2d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+	/*
+	 * Moving dir_s1d3 should be allowed even if dir_s2d2 grants a superset
+	 * of access rights compared to dir_s1d2, because dir_s1d3 already has
+	 * these access rights anyway.
+	 */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, rename(dir_s1d3, file1_s2d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, rename(file1_s2d2, dir_s1d3));
+
+	/*
+	 * Moving file1_s2d3 beneath dir_s1d2 is allowed, but moving it back
+	 * will be denied because the new inherited access rights from dir_s1d2
+	 * will be less than the destination (original) dir_s2d3.  This is a
+	 * sinkhole scenario where we cannot move back files or directories.
+	 */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, rename(file1_s2d3, file2_s1d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(file2_s1d2, file1_s2d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file2_s1d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file2_s2d3));
+	/*
+	 * Checks similar directory one-way move: dir_s2d3 loses EXECUTE and
+	 * MAKE_SOCK which were inherited from dir_s1d3.
+	 */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, rename(dir_s2d3, file2_s1d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(file2_s1d2, dir_s2d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, remove_dir)
+{
+	const struct rule rules[] = {
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d2,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REMOVE_DIR,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	const int ruleset_fd =
+		create_ruleset(_metadata, rules[0].access, rules);
+
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file1_s1d1));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file1_s1d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file1_s1d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file2_s1d3));
+
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, rmdir(dir_s1d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, mkdir(dir_s1d3, 0700));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlinkat(AT_FDCWD, dir_s1d3, AT_REMOVEDIR));
+
+	/* dir_s1d2 itself cannot be removed. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rmdir(dir_s1d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, unlinkat(AT_FDCWD, dir_s1d2, AT_REMOVEDIR));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rmdir(dir_s1d1));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, unlinkat(AT_FDCWD, dir_s1d1, AT_REMOVEDIR));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, remove_file)
+{
+	const struct rule rules[] = {
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d2,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REMOVE_FILE,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	const int ruleset_fd =
+		create_ruleset(_metadata, rules[0].access, rules);
+
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, unlink(file1_s1d1));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, unlinkat(AT_FDCWD, file1_s1d1, 0));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file1_s1d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlinkat(AT_FDCWD, file1_s1d3, 0));
+}
+
+static void test_make_file(struct __test_metadata *const _metadata,
+			   const __u64 access, const mode_t mode,
+			   const dev_t dev)
+{
+	const struct rule rules[] = {
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d2,
+			.access = access,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	const int ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(_metadata, access, rules);
+
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file1_s1d1));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file2_s1d1));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, mknod(file2_s1d1, mode | 0400, dev))
+	{
+		TH_LOG("Failed to make file \"%s\": %s", file2_s1d1,
+		       strerror(errno));
+	};
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file1_s1d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file2_s1d2));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file1_s1d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file2_s1d3));
+
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, mknod(file1_s1d1, mode | 0400, dev));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, link(file2_s1d1, file1_s1d1));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(file2_s1d1, file1_s1d1));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, mknod(file1_s1d2, mode | 0400, dev))
+	{
+		TH_LOG("Failed to make file \"%s\": %s", file1_s1d2,
+		       strerror(errno));
+	};
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, link(file1_s1d2, file2_s1d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file2_s1d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, rename(file1_s1d2, file2_s1d2));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, mknod(file1_s1d3, mode | 0400, dev));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, link(file1_s1d3, file2_s1d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file2_s1d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, rename(file1_s1d3, file2_s1d3));
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, make_char)
+{
+	/* Creates a /dev/null device. */
+	set_cap(_metadata, CAP_MKNOD);
+	test_make_file(_metadata, LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_MAKE_CHAR, S_IFCHR,
+		       makedev(1, 3));
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, make_block)
+{
+	/* Creates a /dev/loop0 device. */
+	set_cap(_metadata, CAP_MKNOD);
+	test_make_file(_metadata, LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_MAKE_BLOCK, S_IFBLK,
+		       makedev(7, 0));
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, make_reg_1)
+{
+	test_make_file(_metadata, LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_MAKE_REG, S_IFREG, 0);
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, make_reg_2)
+{
+	test_make_file(_metadata, LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_MAKE_REG, 0, 0);
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, make_sock)
+{
+	test_make_file(_metadata, LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_MAKE_SOCK, S_IFSOCK, 0);
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, make_fifo)
+{
+	test_make_file(_metadata, LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_MAKE_FIFO, S_IFIFO, 0);
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, make_sym)
+{
+	const struct rule rules[] = {
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d2,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_MAKE_SYM,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	const int ruleset_fd =
+		create_ruleset(_metadata, rules[0].access, rules);
+
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file1_s1d1));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file2_s1d1));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, symlink("none", file2_s1d1));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file1_s1d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file2_s1d2));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file1_s1d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file2_s1d3));
+
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, symlink("none", file1_s1d1));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, link(file2_s1d1, file1_s1d1));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(file2_s1d1, file1_s1d1));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, symlink("none", file1_s1d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, link(file1_s1d2, file2_s1d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file2_s1d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, rename(file1_s1d2, file2_s1d2));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, symlink("none", file1_s1d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, link(file1_s1d3, file2_s1d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file2_s1d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, rename(file1_s1d3, file2_s1d3));
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, make_dir)
+{
+	const struct rule rules[] = {
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d2,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_MAKE_DIR,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	const int ruleset_fd =
+		create_ruleset(_metadata, rules[0].access, rules);
+
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file1_s1d1));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file1_s1d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file1_s1d3));
+
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	/* Uses file_* as directory names. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, mkdir(file1_s1d1, 0700));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, mkdir(file1_s1d2, 0700));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, mkdir(file1_s1d3, 0700));
+}
+
+static int open_proc_fd(struct __test_metadata *const _metadata, const int fd,
+			const int open_flags)
+{
+	static const char path_template[] = "/proc/self/fd/%d";
+	char procfd_path[sizeof(path_template) + 10];
+	const int procfd_path_size =
+		snprintf(procfd_path, sizeof(procfd_path), path_template, fd);
+
+	ASSERT_LT(procfd_path_size, sizeof(procfd_path));
+	return open(procfd_path, open_flags);
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, proc_unlinked_file)
+{
+	const struct rule rules[] = {
+		{
+			.path = file1_s1d2,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	int reg_fd, proc_fd;
+	const int ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(
+		_metadata,
+		LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE | LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_WRITE_FILE,
+		rules);
+
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d2, O_RDWR));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s1d2, O_RDONLY));
+	reg_fd = open(file1_s1d2, O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, reg_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink(file1_s1d2));
+
+	proc_fd = open_proc_fd(_metadata, reg_fd, O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, proc_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(proc_fd));
+
+	proc_fd = open_proc_fd(_metadata, reg_fd, O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC);
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, proc_fd)
+	{
+		TH_LOG("Successfully opened /proc/self/fd/%d: %s", reg_fd,
+		       strerror(errno));
+	}
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, errno);
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(reg_fd));
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1, proc_pipe)
+{
+	int proc_fd;
+	int pipe_fds[2];
+	char buf = '\0';
+	const struct rule rules[] = {
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d2,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE |
+				  LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_WRITE_FILE,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	/* Limits read and write access to files tied to the filesystem. */
+	const int ruleset_fd =
+		create_ruleset(_metadata, rules[0].access, rules);
+
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	/* Checks enforcement for normal files. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s1d2, O_RDWR));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d1, O_RDWR));
+
+	/* Checks access to pipes through FD. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, pipe2(pipe_fds, O_CLOEXEC));
+	ASSERT_EQ(1, write(pipe_fds[1], ".", 1))
+	{
+		TH_LOG("Failed to write in pipe: %s", strerror(errno));
+	}
+	ASSERT_EQ(1, read(pipe_fds[0], &buf, 1));
+	ASSERT_EQ('.', buf);
+
+	/* Checks write access to pipe through /proc/self/fd . */
+	proc_fd = open_proc_fd(_metadata, pipe_fds[1], O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, proc_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(1, write(proc_fd, ".", 1))
+	{
+		TH_LOG("Failed to write through /proc/self/fd/%d: %s",
+		       pipe_fds[1], strerror(errno));
+	}
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(proc_fd));
+
+	/* Checks read access to pipe through /proc/self/fd . */
+	proc_fd = open_proc_fd(_metadata, pipe_fds[0], O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, proc_fd);
+	buf = '\0';
+	ASSERT_EQ(1, read(proc_fd, &buf, 1))
+	{
+		TH_LOG("Failed to read through /proc/self/fd/%d: %s",
+		       pipe_fds[1], strerror(errno));
+	}
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(proc_fd));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(pipe_fds[0]));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(pipe_fds[1]));
+}
+
+/* clang-format off */
+FIXTURE(layout1_bind) {};
+/* clang-format on */
+
+FIXTURE_SETUP(layout1_bind)
+{
+	prepare_layout(_metadata);
+
+	create_layout1(_metadata);
+
+	set_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, mount(dir_s1d2, dir_s2d2, NULL, MS_BIND, NULL));
+	clear_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
+}
+
+FIXTURE_TEARDOWN(layout1_bind)
+{
+	set_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
+	EXPECT_EQ(0, umount(dir_s2d2));
+	clear_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
+
+	remove_layout1(_metadata);
+
+	cleanup_layout(_metadata);
+}
+
+static const char bind_dir_s1d3[] = TMP_DIR "/s2d1/s2d2/s1d3";
+static const char bind_file1_s1d3[] = TMP_DIR "/s2d1/s2d2/s1d3/f1";
+
+/*
+ * layout1_bind hierarchy:
+ *
+ * tmp
+ * ├── s1d1
+ * │   ├── f1
+ * │   ├── f2
+ * │   └── s1d2
+ * │       ├── f1
+ * │       ├── f2
+ * │       └── s1d3
+ * │           ├── f1
+ * │           └── f2
+ * ├── s2d1
+ * │   ├── f1
+ * │   └── s2d2
+ * │       ├── f1
+ * │       ├── f2
+ * │       └── s1d3
+ * │           ├── f1
+ * │           └── f2
+ * └── s3d1
+ *     └── s3d2
+ *         └── s3d3
+ */
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1_bind, no_restriction)
+{
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s1d1, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s1d1, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s1d2, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s1d2, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s1d3, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s1d3, O_RDONLY));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s2d1, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s2d1, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s2d2, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s2d2, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(ENOENT, test_open(dir_s2d3, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(ENOENT, test_open(file1_s2d3, O_RDONLY));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(bind_dir_s1d3, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(bind_file1_s1d3, O_RDONLY));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s3d1, O_RDONLY));
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1_bind, same_content_same_file)
+{
+	/*
+	 * Sets access right on parent directories of both source and
+	 * destination mount points.
+	 */
+	const struct rule layer1_parent[] = {
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d1,
+			.access = ACCESS_RO,
+		},
+		{
+			.path = dir_s2d1,
+			.access = ACCESS_RW,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	/*
+	 * Sets access rights on the same bind-mounted directories.  The result
+	 * should be ACCESS_RW for both directories, but not both hierarchies
+	 * because of the first layer.
+	 */
+	const struct rule layer2_mount_point[] = {
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d2,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE,
+		},
+		{
+			.path = dir_s2d2,
+			.access = ACCESS_RW,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	/* Only allow read-access to the s1d3 hierarchies. */
+	const struct rule layer3_source[] = {
+		{
+			.path = dir_s1d3,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	/* Removes all access rights. */
+	const struct rule layer4_destination[] = {
+		{
+			.path = bind_file1_s1d3,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_WRITE_FILE,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	int ruleset_fd;
+
+	/* Sets rules for the parent directories. */
+	ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(_metadata, ACCESS_RW, layer1_parent);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	/* Checks source hierarchy. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s1d1, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d1, O_WRONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s1d1, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s1d2, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d2, O_WRONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s1d2, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+
+	/* Checks destination hierarchy. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s2d1, O_RDWR));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s2d1, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s2d2, O_RDWR));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s2d2, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+
+	/* Sets rules for the mount points. */
+	ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(_metadata, ACCESS_RW, layer2_mount_point);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	/* Checks source hierarchy. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d1, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d1, O_WRONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(dir_s1d1, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s1d2, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d2, O_WRONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s1d2, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+
+	/* Checks destination hierarchy. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s2d1, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s2d1, O_WRONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(dir_s2d1, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s2d2, O_RDWR));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(dir_s2d2, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(bind_dir_s1d3, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+
+	/* Sets a (shared) rule only on the source. */
+	ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(_metadata, ACCESS_RW, layer3_source);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	/* Checks source hierarchy. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d2, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d2, O_WRONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(dir_s1d2, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(file1_s1d3, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d3, O_WRONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(dir_s1d3, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+
+	/* Checks destination hierarchy. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s2d2, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s2d2, O_WRONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(dir_s2d2, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(bind_file1_s1d3, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(bind_file1_s1d3, O_WRONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(bind_dir_s1d3, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+
+	/* Sets a (shared) rule only on the destination. */
+	ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(_metadata, ACCESS_RW, layer4_destination);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	/* Checks source hierarchy. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d3, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(file1_s1d3, O_WRONLY));
+
+	/* Checks destination hierarchy. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(bind_file1_s1d3, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(bind_file1_s1d3, O_WRONLY));
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout1_bind, reparent_cross_mount)
+{
+	const struct rule layer1[] = {
+		{
+			/* dir_s2d1 is beneath the dir_s2d2 mount point. */
+			.path = dir_s2d1,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REFER,
+		},
+		{
+			.path = bind_dir_s1d3,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_EXECUTE,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	int ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(
+		_metadata,
+		LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REFER | LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_EXECUTE, layer1);
+
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	/* Checks basic denied move. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(file1_s1d1, file1_s1d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+
+	/* Checks real cross-mount move (Landlock is not involved). */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(file1_s2d1, file1_s2d2));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+
+	/* Checks move that will give more accesses. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(-1, rename(file1_s2d2, bind_file1_s1d3));
+	ASSERT_EQ(EXDEV, errno);
+
+	/* Checks legitimate downgrade move. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, rename(bind_file1_s1d3, file1_s2d2));
+}
+
+#define LOWER_BASE TMP_DIR "/lower"
+#define LOWER_DATA LOWER_BASE "/data"
+static const char lower_fl1[] = LOWER_DATA "/fl1";
+static const char lower_dl1[] = LOWER_DATA "/dl1";
+static const char lower_dl1_fl2[] = LOWER_DATA "/dl1/fl2";
+static const char lower_fo1[] = LOWER_DATA "/fo1";
+static const char lower_do1[] = LOWER_DATA "/do1";
+static const char lower_do1_fo2[] = LOWER_DATA "/do1/fo2";
+static const char lower_do1_fl3[] = LOWER_DATA "/do1/fl3";
+
+static const char (*lower_base_files[])[] = {
+	&lower_fl1,
+	&lower_fo1,
+	NULL,
+};
+static const char (*lower_base_directories[])[] = {
+	&lower_dl1,
+	&lower_do1,
+	NULL,
+};
+static const char (*lower_sub_files[])[] = {
+	&lower_dl1_fl2,
+	&lower_do1_fo2,
+	&lower_do1_fl3,
+	NULL,
+};
+
+#define UPPER_BASE TMP_DIR "/upper"
+#define UPPER_DATA UPPER_BASE "/data"
+#define UPPER_WORK UPPER_BASE "/work"
+static const char upper_fu1[] = UPPER_DATA "/fu1";
+static const char upper_du1[] = UPPER_DATA "/du1";
+static const char upper_du1_fu2[] = UPPER_DATA "/du1/fu2";
+static const char upper_fo1[] = UPPER_DATA "/fo1";
+static const char upper_do1[] = UPPER_DATA "/do1";
+static const char upper_do1_fo2[] = UPPER_DATA "/do1/fo2";
+static const char upper_do1_fu3[] = UPPER_DATA "/do1/fu3";
+
+static const char (*upper_base_files[])[] = {
+	&upper_fu1,
+	&upper_fo1,
+	NULL,
+};
+static const char (*upper_base_directories[])[] = {
+	&upper_du1,
+	&upper_do1,
+	NULL,
+};
+static const char (*upper_sub_files[])[] = {
+	&upper_du1_fu2,
+	&upper_do1_fo2,
+	&upper_do1_fu3,
+	NULL,
+};
+
+#define MERGE_BASE TMP_DIR "/merge"
+#define MERGE_DATA MERGE_BASE "/data"
+static const char merge_fl1[] = MERGE_DATA "/fl1";
+static const char merge_dl1[] = MERGE_DATA "/dl1";
+static const char merge_dl1_fl2[] = MERGE_DATA "/dl1/fl2";
+static const char merge_fu1[] = MERGE_DATA "/fu1";
+static const char merge_du1[] = MERGE_DATA "/du1";
+static const char merge_du1_fu2[] = MERGE_DATA "/du1/fu2";
+static const char merge_fo1[] = MERGE_DATA "/fo1";
+static const char merge_do1[] = MERGE_DATA "/do1";
+static const char merge_do1_fo2[] = MERGE_DATA "/do1/fo2";
+static const char merge_do1_fl3[] = MERGE_DATA "/do1/fl3";
+static const char merge_do1_fu3[] = MERGE_DATA "/do1/fu3";
+
+static const char (*merge_base_files[])[] = {
+	&merge_fl1,
+	&merge_fu1,
+	&merge_fo1,
+	NULL,
+};
+static const char (*merge_base_directories[])[] = {
+	&merge_dl1,
+	&merge_du1,
+	&merge_do1,
+	NULL,
+};
+static const char (*merge_sub_files[])[] = {
+	&merge_dl1_fl2, &merge_du1_fu2, &merge_do1_fo2,
+	&merge_do1_fl3, &merge_do1_fu3, NULL,
+};
+
+/*
+ * layout2_overlay hierarchy:
+ *
+ * tmp
+ * ├── lower
+ * │   └── data
+ * │       ├── dl1
+ * │       │   └── fl2
+ * │       ├── do1
+ * │       │   ├── fl3
+ * │       │   └── fo2
+ * │       ├── fl1
+ * │       └── fo1
+ * ├── merge
+ * │   └── data
+ * │       ├── dl1
+ * │       │   └── fl2
+ * │       ├── do1
+ * │       │   ├── fl3
+ * │       │   ├── fo2
+ * │       │   └── fu3
+ * │       ├── du1
+ * │       │   └── fu2
+ * │       ├── fl1
+ * │       ├── fo1
+ * │       └── fu1
+ * └── upper
+ *     ├── data
+ *     │   ├── do1
+ *     │   │   ├── fo2
+ *     │   │   └── fu3
+ *     │   ├── du1
+ *     │   │   └── fu2
+ *     │   ├── fo1
+ *     │   └── fu1
+ *     └── work
+ *         └── work
+ */
+
+/* clang-format off */
+FIXTURE(layout2_overlay) {};
+/* clang-format on */
+
+FIXTURE_SETUP(layout2_overlay)
+{
+	if (!supports_overlayfs())
+		SKIP(return, "overlayfs is not supported");
+
+	prepare_layout(_metadata);
+
+	create_directory(_metadata, LOWER_BASE);
+	set_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
+	/* Creates tmpfs mount points to get deterministic overlayfs. */
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, mount("tmp", LOWER_BASE, "tmpfs", 0, "size=4m,mode=700"));
+	clear_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
+	create_file(_metadata, lower_fl1);
+	create_file(_metadata, lower_dl1_fl2);
+	create_file(_metadata, lower_fo1);
+	create_file(_metadata, lower_do1_fo2);
+	create_file(_metadata, lower_do1_fl3);
+
+	create_directory(_metadata, UPPER_BASE);
+	set_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, mount("tmp", UPPER_BASE, "tmpfs", 0, "size=4m,mode=700"));
+	clear_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
+	create_file(_metadata, upper_fu1);
+	create_file(_metadata, upper_du1_fu2);
+	create_file(_metadata, upper_fo1);
+	create_file(_metadata, upper_do1_fo2);
+	create_file(_metadata, upper_do1_fu3);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, mkdir(UPPER_WORK, 0700));
+
+	create_directory(_metadata, MERGE_DATA);
+	set_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
+	set_cap(_metadata, CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, mount("overlay", MERGE_DATA, "overlay", 0,
+			   "lowerdir=" LOWER_DATA ",upperdir=" UPPER_DATA
+			   ",workdir=" UPPER_WORK));
+	clear_cap(_metadata, CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE);
+	clear_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
+}
+
+FIXTURE_TEARDOWN(layout2_overlay)
+{
+	if (!supports_overlayfs())
+		SKIP(return, "overlayfs is not supported");
+
+	EXPECT_EQ(0, remove_path(lower_do1_fl3));
+	EXPECT_EQ(0, remove_path(lower_dl1_fl2));
+	EXPECT_EQ(0, remove_path(lower_fl1));
+	EXPECT_EQ(0, remove_path(lower_do1_fo2));
+	EXPECT_EQ(0, remove_path(lower_fo1));
+	set_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
+	EXPECT_EQ(0, umount(LOWER_BASE));
+	clear_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
+	EXPECT_EQ(0, remove_path(LOWER_BASE));
+
+	EXPECT_EQ(0, remove_path(upper_do1_fu3));
+	EXPECT_EQ(0, remove_path(upper_du1_fu2));
+	EXPECT_EQ(0, remove_path(upper_fu1));
+	EXPECT_EQ(0, remove_path(upper_do1_fo2));
+	EXPECT_EQ(0, remove_path(upper_fo1));
+	EXPECT_EQ(0, remove_path(UPPER_WORK "/work"));
+	set_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
+	EXPECT_EQ(0, umount(UPPER_BASE));
+	clear_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
+	EXPECT_EQ(0, remove_path(UPPER_BASE));
+
+	set_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
+	EXPECT_EQ(0, umount(MERGE_DATA));
+	clear_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
+	EXPECT_EQ(0, remove_path(MERGE_DATA));
+
+	cleanup_layout(_metadata);
+}
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout2_overlay, no_restriction)
+{
+	if (!supports_overlayfs())
+		SKIP(return, "overlayfs is not supported");
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(lower_fl1, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(lower_dl1, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(lower_dl1_fl2, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(lower_fo1, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(lower_do1, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(lower_do1_fo2, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(lower_do1_fl3, O_RDONLY));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(upper_fu1, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(upper_du1, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(upper_du1_fu2, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(upper_fo1, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(upper_do1, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(upper_do1_fo2, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(upper_do1_fu3, O_RDONLY));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(merge_fl1, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(merge_dl1, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(merge_dl1_fl2, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(merge_fu1, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(merge_du1, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(merge_du1_fu2, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(merge_fo1, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(merge_do1, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(merge_do1_fo2, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(merge_do1_fl3, O_RDONLY));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(merge_do1_fu3, O_RDONLY));
+}
+
+#define for_each_path(path_list, path_entry, i)               \
+	for (i = 0, path_entry = *path_list[i]; path_list[i]; \
+	     path_entry = *path_list[++i])
+
+TEST_F_FORK(layout2_overlay, same_content_different_file)
+{
+	/* Sets access right on parent directories of both layers. */
+	const struct rule layer1_base[] = {
+		{
+			.path = LOWER_BASE,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE,
+		},
+		{
+			.path = UPPER_BASE,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE,
+		},
+		{
+			.path = MERGE_BASE,
+			.access = ACCESS_RW,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	const struct rule layer2_data[] = {
+		{
+			.path = LOWER_DATA,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE,
+		},
+		{
+			.path = UPPER_DATA,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE,
+		},
+		{
+			.path = MERGE_DATA,
+			.access = ACCESS_RW,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	/* Sets access right on directories inside both layers. */
+	const struct rule layer3_subdirs[] = {
+		{
+			.path = lower_dl1,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE,
+		},
+		{
+			.path = lower_do1,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE,
+		},
+		{
+			.path = upper_du1,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE,
+		},
+		{
+			.path = upper_do1,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE,
+		},
+		{
+			.path = merge_dl1,
+			.access = ACCESS_RW,
+		},
+		{
+			.path = merge_du1,
+			.access = ACCESS_RW,
+		},
+		{
+			.path = merge_do1,
+			.access = ACCESS_RW,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	/* Tighten access rights to the files. */
+	const struct rule layer4_files[] = {
+		{
+			.path = lower_dl1_fl2,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE,
+		},
+		{
+			.path = lower_do1_fo2,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE,
+		},
+		{
+			.path = lower_do1_fl3,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE,
+		},
+		{
+			.path = upper_du1_fu2,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE,
+		},
+		{
+			.path = upper_do1_fo2,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE,
+		},
+		{
+			.path = upper_do1_fu3,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE,
+		},
+		{
+			.path = merge_dl1_fl2,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE |
+				  LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_WRITE_FILE,
+		},
+		{
+			.path = merge_du1_fu2,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE |
+				  LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_WRITE_FILE,
+		},
+		{
+			.path = merge_do1_fo2,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE |
+				  LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_WRITE_FILE,
+		},
+		{
+			.path = merge_do1_fl3,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE |
+				  LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_WRITE_FILE,
+		},
+		{
+			.path = merge_do1_fu3,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE |
+				  LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_WRITE_FILE,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	const struct rule layer5_merge_only[] = {
+		{
+			.path = MERGE_DATA,
+			.access = LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE |
+				  LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_WRITE_FILE,
+		},
+		{},
+	};
+	int ruleset_fd;
+	size_t i;
+	const char *path_entry;
+
+	if (!supports_overlayfs())
+		SKIP(return, "overlayfs is not supported");
+
+	/* Sets rules on base directories (i.e. outside overlay scope). */
+	ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(_metadata, ACCESS_RW, layer1_base);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	/* Checks lower layer. */
+	for_each_path(lower_base_files, path_entry, i) {
+		ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(path_entry, O_RDONLY));
+		ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(path_entry, O_WRONLY));
+	}
+	for_each_path(lower_base_directories, path_entry, i) {
+		ASSERT_EQ(EACCES,
+			  test_open(path_entry, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+	}
+	for_each_path(lower_sub_files, path_entry, i) {
+		ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(path_entry, O_RDONLY));
+		ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(path_entry, O_WRONLY));
+	}
+	/* Checks upper layer. */
+	for_each_path(upper_base_files, path_entry, i) {
+		ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(path_entry, O_RDONLY));
+		ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(path_entry, O_WRONLY));
+	}
+	for_each_path(upper_base_directories, path_entry, i) {
+		ASSERT_EQ(EACCES,
+			  test_open(path_entry, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+	}
+	for_each_path(upper_sub_files, path_entry, i) {
+		ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(path_entry, O_RDONLY));
+		ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(path_entry, O_WRONLY));
+	}
+	/*
+	 * Checks that access rights are independent from the lower and upper
+	 * layers: write access to upper files viewed through the merge point
+	 * is still allowed, and write access to lower file viewed (and copied)
+	 * through the merge point is still allowed.
+	 */
+	for_each_path(merge_base_files, path_entry, i) {
+		ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(path_entry, O_RDWR));
+	}
+	for_each_path(merge_base_directories, path_entry, i) {
+		ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(path_entry, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+	}
+	for_each_path(merge_sub_files, path_entry, i) {
+		ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(path_entry, O_RDWR));
+	}
+
+	/* Sets rules on data directories (i.e. inside overlay scope). */
+	ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(_metadata, ACCESS_RW, layer2_data);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	/* Checks merge. */
+	for_each_path(merge_base_files, path_entry, i) {
+		ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(path_entry, O_RDWR));
+	}
+	for_each_path(merge_base_directories, path_entry, i) {
+		ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(path_entry, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+	}
+	for_each_path(merge_sub_files, path_entry, i) {
+		ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(path_entry, O_RDWR));
+	}
+
+	/* Same checks with tighter rules. */
+	ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(_metadata, ACCESS_RW, layer3_subdirs);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	/* Checks changes for lower layer. */
+	for_each_path(lower_base_files, path_entry, i) {
+		ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(path_entry, O_RDONLY));
+	}
+	/* Checks changes for upper layer. */
+	for_each_path(upper_base_files, path_entry, i) {
+		ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(path_entry, O_RDONLY));
+	}
+	/* Checks all merge accesses. */
+	for_each_path(merge_base_files, path_entry, i) {
+		ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(path_entry, O_RDWR));
+	}
+	for_each_path(merge_base_directories, path_entry, i) {
+		ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(path_entry, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+	}
+	for_each_path(merge_sub_files, path_entry, i) {
+		ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(path_entry, O_RDWR));
+	}
+
+	/* Sets rules directly on overlayed files. */
+	ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(_metadata, ACCESS_RW, layer4_files);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	/* Checks unchanged accesses on lower layer. */
+	for_each_path(lower_sub_files, path_entry, i) {
+		ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(path_entry, O_RDONLY));
+		ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(path_entry, O_WRONLY));
+	}
+	/* Checks unchanged accesses on upper layer. */
+	for_each_path(upper_sub_files, path_entry, i) {
+		ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(path_entry, O_RDONLY));
+		ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(path_entry, O_WRONLY));
+	}
+	/* Checks all merge accesses. */
+	for_each_path(merge_base_files, path_entry, i) {
+		ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(path_entry, O_RDWR));
+	}
+	for_each_path(merge_base_directories, path_entry, i) {
+		ASSERT_EQ(EACCES,
+			  test_open(path_entry, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+	}
+	for_each_path(merge_sub_files, path_entry, i) {
+		ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(path_entry, O_RDWR));
+	}
+
+	/* Only allowes access to the merge hierarchy. */
+	ruleset_fd = create_ruleset(_metadata, ACCESS_RW, layer5_merge_only);
+	ASSERT_LE(0, ruleset_fd);
+	enforce_ruleset(_metadata, ruleset_fd);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, close(ruleset_fd));
+
+	/* Checks new accesses on lower layer. */
+	for_each_path(lower_sub_files, path_entry, i) {
+		ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(path_entry, O_RDONLY));
+	}
+	/* Checks new accesses on upper layer. */
+	for_each_path(upper_sub_files, path_entry, i) {
+		ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(path_entry, O_RDONLY));
+	}
+	/* Checks all merge accesses. */
+	for_each_path(merge_base_files, path_entry, i) {
+		ASSERT_EQ(EACCES, test_open(path_entry, O_RDWR));
+	}
+	for_each_path(merge_base_directories, path_entry, i) {
+		ASSERT_EQ(EACCES,
+			  test_open(path_entry, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY));
+	}
+	for_each_path(merge_sub_files, path_entry, i) {
+		ASSERT_EQ(0, test_open(path_entry, O_RDWR));
+	}
+}
+
+TEST_HARNESS_MAIN