summaryrefslogtreecommitdiffstats
path: root/test/test-functions
blob: 097babf6ea776ee95e3edbefc1b9bfba11d7284c (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2113
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120
2121
2122
2123
2124
2125
2126
2127
2128
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
2137
2138
2139
2140
2141
2142
2143
2144
2145
2146
2147
2148
2149
2150
2151
2152
2153
2154
2155
2156
2157
2158
2159
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165
2166
2167
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179
2180
2181
2182
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194
2195
2196
2197
2198
2199
2200
2201
2202
2203
2204
2205
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2215
2216
2217
2218
2219
2220
2221
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2227
2228
2229
2230
2231
2232
2233
2234
2235
2236
2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2242
2243
2244
2245
2246
2247
2248
2249
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257
2258
2259
2260
2261
2262
2263
2264
2265
2266
2267
2268
2269
2270
2271
2272
2273
2274
2275
2276
2277
2278
2279
2280
2281
2282
2283
2284
2285
2286
2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302
2303
2304
2305
2306
2307
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338
2339
2340
2341
2342
2343
2344
2345
2346
2347
2348
2349
2350
2351
2352
2353
2354
2355
2356
2357
2358
2359
2360
2361
2362
2363
2364
2365
2366
2367
2368
2369
2370
2371
2372
2373
2374
2375
2376
2377
2378
2379
2380
2381
2382
2383
2384
2385
2386
2387
2388
2389
2390
2391
2392
2393
2394
2395
2396
2397
2398
2399
2400
2401
2402
2403
2404
2405
2406
2407
2408
2409
2410
2411
2412
2413
2414
2415
2416
2417
2418
2419
2420
2421
2422
2423
2424
2425
2426
2427
2428
2429
2430
2431
2432
2433
2434
2435
2436
2437
2438
2439
2440
2441
2442
2443
2444
2445
2446
2447
2448
2449
2450
2451
2452
2453
2454
2455
2456
2457
2458
2459
2460
2461
2462
2463
2464
2465
2466
2467
2468
2469
2470
2471
2472
2473
2474
2475
2476
2477
2478
2479
2480
2481
2482
2483
2484
2485
2486
2487
2488
2489
2490
2491
2492
2493
2494
2495
2496
2497
2498
2499
2500
2501
2502
2503
2504
2505
2506
2507
2508
2509
2510
2511
2512
2513
2514
2515
2516
2517
2518
2519
2520
2521
2522
2523
2524
2525
2526
2527
2528
2529
2530
2531
2532
2533
2534
2535
2536
2537
2538
2539
2540
2541
2542
2543
2544
2545
2546
2547
2548
2549
2550
2551
2552
2553
2554
2555
2556
2557
2558
2559
2560
2561
2562
2563
2564
2565
2566
2567
2568
2569
2570
2571
2572
2573
2574
2575
2576
2577
2578
2579
2580
2581
2582
2583
2584
2585
2586
2587
2588
2589
2590
2591
2592
2593
2594
2595
2596
2597
2598
2599
2600
2601
2602
2603
2604
2605
2606
2607
2608
2609
2610
2611
2612
2613
2614
2615
2616
2617
2618
2619
2620
2621
2622
2623
2624
2625
2626
2627
2628
2629
2630
2631
2632
2633
2634
2635
2636
2637
2638
2639
2640
2641
2642
2643
2644
2645
2646
2647
2648
2649
2650
2651
2652
2653
2654
2655
2656
2657
2658
2659
2660
2661
2662
2663
2664
2665
2666
2667
2668
2669
2670
2671
2672
2673
2674
2675
2676
2677
2678
2679
2680
2681
2682
2683
2684
2685
2686
2687
2688
2689
2690
2691
2692
2693
2694
2695
2696
2697
2698
2699
2700
2701
2702
2703
2704
2705
2706
2707
2708
2709
2710
2711
2712
2713
2714
2715
2716
2717
2718
2719
2720
2721
2722
2723
2724
2725
2726
2727
2728
2729
2730
2731
2732
2733
2734
2735
2736
2737
2738
2739
2740
2741
2742
2743
2744
2745
2746
2747
2748
2749
2750
2751
2752
2753
2754
2755
2756
2757
2758
2759
2760
2761
2762
2763
2764
2765
2766
2767
2768
2769
2770
2771
2772
2773
2774
2775
2776
2777
2778
2779
2780
2781
2782
2783
2784
2785
2786
2787
2788
2789
2790
2791
2792
2793
2794
2795
2796
2797
2798
2799
2800
2801
2802
2803
2804
2805
2806
2807
2808
2809
2810
2811
2812
2813
2814
2815
2816
2817
2818
2819
2820
2821
2822
2823
2824
2825
2826
2827
2828
2829
2830
2831
2832
2833
2834
2835
2836
2837
2838
2839
2840
2841
2842
2843
2844
2845
2846
2847
2848
2849
2850
2851
2852
2853
2854
2855
2856
2857
2858
2859
2860
2861
2862
2863
2864
2865
2866
2867
2868
2869
2870
2871
2872
2873
2874
2875
2876
2877
2878
2879
2880
2881
2882
2883
2884
2885
2886
2887
2888
2889
2890
2891
2892
2893
2894
2895
2896
2897
2898
2899
2900
2901
2902
2903
2904
2905
2906
2907
2908
2909
2910
2911
2912
2913
2914
2915
2916
2917
2918
2919
2920
2921
2922
2923
2924
2925
2926
2927
2928
2929
2930
2931
2932
2933
2934
2935
2936
2937
2938
2939
2940
2941
2942
2943
2944
2945
2946
2947
2948
2949
2950
2951
2952
2953
2954
2955
2956
2957
2958
2959
2960
2961
2962
2963
2964
2965
2966
2967
2968
2969
2970
2971
2972
2973
2974
2975
2976
2977
2978
2979
2980
2981
2982
2983
2984
2985
2986
2987
2988
2989
2990
2991
2992
2993
2994
2995
2996
2997
2998
2999
3000
3001
3002
3003
3004
3005
3006
3007
3008
3009
3010
3011
3012
3013
3014
3015
3016
3017
3018
3019
3020
3021
3022
3023
3024
3025
3026
3027
3028
3029
3030
3031
3032
3033
3034
3035
3036
3037
3038
3039
3040
3041
3042
3043
3044
3045
3046
3047
3048
3049
3050
3051
3052
3053
3054
3055
3056
3057
3058
3059
3060
3061
3062
3063
3064
3065
3066
3067
3068
3069
3070
3071
3072
3073
3074
3075
3076
3077
3078
3079
3080
3081
3082
3083
3084
3085
3086
3087
3088
3089
3090
3091
3092
3093
3094
3095
3096
3097
3098
3099
3100
3101
3102
3103
3104
3105
3106
3107
3108
3109
3110
3111
3112
3113
3114
3115
3116
3117
3118
3119
3120
3121
3122
3123
3124
3125
3126
3127
3128
3129
3130
3131
3132
3133
3134
3135
3136
3137
3138
3139
3140
3141
3142
3143
3144
3145
3146
3147
3148
3149
3150
3151
3152
3153
3154
3155
3156
3157
3158
3159
3160
3161
3162
3163
3164
3165
3166
3167
3168
3169
3170
3171
3172
3173
3174
3175
3176
3177
3178
3179
3180
3181
3182
3183
3184
3185
3186
3187
3188
3189
3190
3191
3192
3193
3194
3195
3196
3197
3198
3199
3200
3201
3202
3203
3204
3205
3206
3207
3208
3209
3210
3211
3212
3213
3214
3215
3216
3217
3218
3219
3220
3221
3222
3223
3224
3225
3226
3227
3228
3229
3230
3231
3232
3233
3234
3235
3236
3237
3238
3239
3240
3241
3242
3243
3244
3245
3246
3247
3248
3249
3250
3251
3252
3253
3254
3255
3256
3257
3258
3259
3260
3261
3262
3263
3264
3265
3266
3267
3268
3269
3270
3271
3272
3273
3274
3275
3276
3277
3278
3279
3280
3281
3282
3283
3284
3285
3286
3287
3288
3289
3290
3291
3292
3293
3294
3295
3296
3297
3298
3299
3300
3301
3302
3303
3304
3305
3306
3307
3308
3309
3310
3311
3312
3313
3314
3315
3316
3317
3318
3319
3320
3321
3322
3323
3324
3325
3326
3327
3328
3329
3330
3331
3332
3333
3334
3335
3336
3337
3338
3339
3340
3341
3342
3343
3344
3345
3346
3347
3348
3349
3350
3351
3352
3353
3354
3355
3356
3357
#!/usr/bin/env bash
# -*- mode: shell-script; indent-tabs-mode: nil; sh-basic-offset: 4; -*-
# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later
#
# shellcheck disable=SC2030,SC2031
# ex: ts=8 sw=4 sts=4 et filetype=sh tw=180
# Note: the shellcheck line above disables warning for variables which were
#       modified in a subshell. In our case this behavior is expected, but
#       `shellcheck` can't distinguish this because of poor variable tracking,
#       which results in warning for every instance of such variable used
#       throughout this file.
#       See:
#           * comment in function install_verity_minimal()
#           * koalaman/shellcheck#280
set -o pipefail

PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
export PATH

os_release=$(test -e /etc/os-release && echo /etc/os-release || echo /usr/lib/os-release)
# shellcheck source=/dev/null
source "$os_release"
[[ "$ID" = "debian" || " $ID_LIKE " = *" debian "* ]] && LOOKS_LIKE_DEBIAN=yes || LOOKS_LIKE_DEBIAN=""
[[ "$ID" = "arch" || " $ID_LIKE " = *" arch "* ]] && LOOKS_LIKE_ARCH=yes || LOOKS_LIKE_ARCH=""
[[ " $ID_LIKE " = *" suse "* ]] && LOOKS_LIKE_SUSE=yes || LOOKS_LIKE_SUSE=""
KERNEL_VER="${KERNEL_VER-$(uname -r)}"
QEMU_TIMEOUT="${QEMU_TIMEOUT:-1800}"
NSPAWN_TIMEOUT="${NSPAWN_TIMEOUT:-1800}"
TIMED_OUT=  # will be 1 after run_* if *_TIMEOUT is set and test timed out
[[ "$LOOKS_LIKE_SUSE" ]] && FSTYPE="${FSTYPE:-btrfs}" || FSTYPE="${FSTYPE:-ext4}"
UNIFIED_CGROUP_HIERARCHY="${UNIFIED_CGROUP_HIERARCHY:-default}"
EFI_MOUNT="${EFI_MOUNT:-$(bootctl -x 2>/dev/null || echo /boot)}"
# Note that defining a different IMAGE_NAME in a test setup script will only result
# in default.img being copied and renamed. It can then be extended by defining
# a test_append_files() function. The $1 parameter will be the root directory.
# To force creating a new image from scratch (eg: to encrypt it), also define
# TEST_FORCE_NEWIMAGE=1 in the test setup script.
IMAGE_NAME=${IMAGE_NAME:-default}
STRIP_BINARIES="${STRIP_BINARIES:-yes}"
TEST_REQUIRE_INSTALL_TESTS="${TEST_REQUIRE_INSTALL_TESTS:-1}"
TEST_PARALLELIZE="${TEST_PARALLELIZE:-0}"
TEST_SUPPORTING_SERVICES_SHOULD_BE_MASKED="${TEST_SUPPORTING_SERVICES_SHOULD_BE_MASKED:-1}"
LOOPDEV=

# Simple wrapper to unify boolean checks.
# Note: this function needs to stay near the top of the file, so we can use it
#       in code in the outermost scope.
get_bool() {
    # Make the value lowercase to make the regex matching simpler
    local _bool="${1,,}"

    # Consider empty value as "false"
    if [[ -z "$_bool" || "$_bool" =~ ^(0|no|false)$ ]]; then
        return 1
    elif [[ "$_bool" =~ ^(1|yes|true)$ ]]; then
        return 0
    else
        echo >&2 "Value '$_bool' is not a valid boolean value"
        exit 1
    fi
}

# Since in Bash we can have only one handler per signal, let's overcome this
# limitation by having one global handler for the EXIT signal which executes
# all registered handlers
_AT_EXIT_HANDLERS=()
_at_exit() {
    set +e

    # Run the EXIT handlers in reverse order
    for ((i = ${#_AT_EXIT_HANDLERS[@]} - 1; i >= 0; i--)); do
        ddebug "Running EXIT handler '${_AT_EXIT_HANDLERS[$i]}'"
        eval "${_AT_EXIT_HANDLERS[$i]}"
    done
}

trap _at_exit EXIT

add_at_exit_handler() {
    _AT_EXIT_HANDLERS+=("${1:?}")
}

# Decide if we can (and want to) run qemu with KVM acceleration.
# Check if nested KVM is explicitly enabled (TEST_NESTED_KVM). If not,
# check if it's not explicitly disabled (TEST_NO_KVM) and we're not already
# running under KVM. If these conditions are met, enable KVM (and possibly
# nested KVM), otherwise disable it.
if get_bool "${TEST_NESTED_KVM:=}" || (! get_bool "${TEST_NO_KVM:=}" && ! systemd-detect-virt -qv); then
    QEMU_KVM=yes
else
    QEMU_KVM=no
fi

if ! ROOTLIBDIR=$(pkg-config --variable=systemdutildir systemd); then
    echo "WARNING! Cannot determine rootlibdir from pkg-config, assuming /usr/lib/systemd" >&2
    ROOTLIBDIR=/usr/lib/systemd
fi

# The calling test.sh scripts have TEST_BASE_DIR set via their Makefile, but we don't need them to provide it
TEST_BASE_DIR=${TEST_BASE_DIR:-$(realpath "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")")}
TEST_UNITS_DIR="$(realpath "$TEST_BASE_DIR/units")"
SOURCE_DIR=$(realpath "$TEST_BASE_DIR/..")
TOOLS_DIR="$SOURCE_DIR/tools"
# These variables are used by test scripts
export TEST_BASE_DIR TEST_UNITS_DIR SOURCE_DIR TOOLS_DIR

# note that find-build-dir.sh will return $BUILD_DIR if provided, else it will try to find it
if get_bool "${NO_BUILD:=}"; then
    BUILD_DIR="$SOURCE_DIR"
elif ! BUILD_DIR="$("$TOOLS_DIR"/find-build-dir.sh)"; then
    echo "ERROR: no build found, please set BUILD_DIR or use NO_BUILD" >&2
    exit 1
fi

PATH_TO_INIT="$ROOTLIBDIR/systemd"
SYSTEMD_JOURNALD="${SYSTEMD_JOURNALD:-$(command -v "$BUILD_DIR/systemd-journald" || command -v "$ROOTLIBDIR/systemd-journald")}"
SYSTEMD_JOURNAL_REMOTE="${SYSTEMD_JOURNAL_REMOTE:-$(command -v "$BUILD_DIR/systemd-journal-remote" || command -v "$ROOTLIBDIR/systemd-journal-remote" || echo "")}"
SYSTEMD="${SYSTEMD:-$(command -v "$BUILD_DIR/systemd" || command -v "$ROOTLIBDIR/systemd")}"
SYSTEMD_NSPAWN="${SYSTEMD_NSPAWN:-$(command -v "$BUILD_DIR/systemd-nspawn" || command -v systemd-nspawn)}"
JOURNALCTL="${JOURNALCTL:-$(command -v "$BUILD_DIR/journalctl" || command -v journalctl)}"
SYSTEMCTL="${SYSTEMCTL:-$(command -v "$BUILD_DIR/systemctl" || command -v systemctl)}"

TESTFILE="${BASH_SOURCE[1]}"
if [ -z "$TESTFILE" ]; then
    echo "ERROR: test-functions must be sourced from one of the TEST-*/test.sh scripts" >&2
    exit 1
fi
TESTNAME="$(basename "$(dirname "$(realpath "$TESTFILE")")")"
STATEDIR="$BUILD_DIR/test/$TESTNAME"
STATEFILE="$STATEDIR/.testdir"
IMAGESTATEDIR="$STATEDIR/.."
TESTLOG="$STATEDIR/test.log"

if ! [[ "$TESTNAME" =~ ^TEST\-([0-9]+)\-.+$ ]]; then
    echo "ERROR: Test name '$TESTNAME' is not in the expected format: TEST-[0-9]+-*" >&2
    exit 1
fi
TESTID="${BASH_REMATCH[1]:?}"

if [[ ! -f "$TEST_UNITS_DIR/testsuite-$TESTID.service" ]]; then
    echo "ERROR: Test '$TESTNAME' is missing its service file '$TEST_UNITS_DIR/testsuite-$TESTID.service" >&2
    exit 1
fi

BASICTOOLS=(
    awk
    base64
    basename
    bash
    capsh
    cat
    chmod
    chown
    chroot
    cmp
    cryptsetup
    cut
    date
    dd
    diff
    dirname
    dmsetup
    echo
    env
    false
    flock
    getconf
    getent
    getfacl
    grep
    gunzip
    gzip
    head
    ionice
    ip
    jq
    killall
    ldd
    ln
    loadkeys
    login
    losetup
    lz4cat
    mkfifo
    mktemp
    modprobe
    mount
    mountpoint
    mv
    nc
    nproc
    pkill
    readlink
    rev
    rm
    rmdir
    rmmod
    sed
    seq
    setfattr
    setfont
    setpriv
    setsid
    sfdisk
    sh
    sleep
    stat
    su
    sulogin
    sysctl
    tail
    tar
    tee
    test
    timeout
    touch
    tr
    true
    truncate
    umount
    uname
    unshare
    useradd
    userdel
    wc
    whoami
    xargs
    xzcat
)

DEBUGTOOLS=(
    cp
    df
    dhclient
    dmesg
    du
    find
    free
    grep
    hostname
    id
    less
    ln
    ls
    mkdir
    ping
    ps
    route
    sort
    strace
    stty
    tty
    vi
    /usr/libexec/vi
)

is_built_with_asan() {
    local _bin="${1:?}"

    if ! type -P objdump >/dev/null; then
        ddebug "Failed to find objdump. Assuming systemd hasn't been built with ASAN."
        return 1
    fi

    # Borrowed from https://github.com/google/oss-fuzz/blob/cd9acd02f9d3f6e80011cc1e9549be526ce5f270/infra/base-images/base-runner/bad_build_check#L182
    local _asan_calls
    _asan_calls="$(objdump -dC "$_bin" | grep -E "(callq?|brasl?|bl)\s.+__asan" -c)"
    if ((_asan_calls < 1000)); then
        return 1
    else
        return 0
    fi
}

is_built_with_coverage() {
    if get_bool "${NO_BUILD:=}" || ! command -v meson >/dev/null; then
        return 1
    fi

    meson configure "${BUILD_DIR:?}" | grep 'b_coverage' | awk '{ print $2 }' | grep -q 'true'
}

IS_BUILT_WITH_ASAN=$(is_built_with_asan "$SYSTEMD_JOURNALD" && echo yes || echo no)
IS_BUILT_WITH_COVERAGE=$(is_built_with_coverage && echo yes || echo no)

if get_bool "$IS_BUILT_WITH_ASAN"; then
    STRIP_BINARIES=no
    PATH_TO_INIT="$ROOTLIBDIR/systemd-under-asan"
    QEMU_MEM="${QEMU_MEM:-2G}"
    QEMU_SMP="${QEMU_SMP:-4}"

    # We need to correctly distinguish between gcc's and clang's ASan DSOs.
    if ASAN_RT_NAME="$(awk '/libasan.so/ {x=$1; exit} END {print x; exit x==""}' < <(ldd "$SYSTEMD"))"; then
        ASAN_COMPILER=gcc
        ASAN_RT_PATH="$(readlink -f "$(${CC:-gcc} --print-file-name "$ASAN_RT_NAME")")"
    elif ASAN_RT_NAME="$(awk '/libclang_rt.asan/ {x=$1; exit} END {print x; exit x==""}' < <(ldd "$SYSTEMD"))"; then
        ASAN_COMPILER=clang
        ASAN_RT_PATH="$(readlink -f "$(${CC:-clang} --print-file-name "$ASAN_RT_NAME")")"

        # As clang's ASan DSO is usually in a non-standard path, let's check if
        # the environment is set accordingly. If not, warn the user and exit.
        # We're not setting the LD_LIBRARY_PATH automagically here, because
        # user should encounter (and fix) the same issue when running the unit
        # tests (meson test)
        if ldd "$SYSTEMD" | grep -q "libclang_rt.asan.*not found"; then
            echo >&2 "clang's ASan DSO ($ASAN_RT_NAME) is not present in the runtime library path"
            echo >&2 "Consider setting LD_LIBRARY_PATH=${ASAN_RT_PATH%/*}"
            exit 1
        fi
    else
        echo >&2 "systemd is not linked against the ASan DSO"
        echo >&2 "gcc does this by default, for clang compile with -shared-libasan"
        exit 1
    fi

    echo "Detected ASan RT '$ASAN_RT_NAME' located at '$ASAN_RT_PATH'"
fi

test_require_bin() {
    local bin

    for bin in "$@"; do
        if ! command -v "$bin" >/dev/null; then
            echo "Required binary $bin not available, skipping the test"
            exit 0
        fi
    done
}

find_qemu_bin() {
    QEMU_BIN="${QEMU_BIN:-""}"
    # SUSE and Red Hat call the binary qemu-kvm. Debian and Gentoo call it kvm.
    if get_bool "$QEMU_KVM"; then
        [[ -n "$QEMU_BIN" ]] || QEMU_BIN="$(command -v kvm qemu-kvm 2>/dev/null | grep '^/' -m1)"
    fi

    [[ -n "$ARCH" ]] || ARCH="$(uname -m)"
    case $ARCH in
    x86_64)
        # QEMU's own build system calls it qemu-system-x86_64
        [[ -n "$QEMU_BIN" ]] || QEMU_BIN="$(command -v qemu-system-x86_64 2>/dev/null | grep '^/' -m1)"
        ;;
    i*86)
        # new i386 version of QEMU
        [[ -n "$QEMU_BIN" ]] || QEMU_BIN="$(command -v qemu-system-i386 2>/dev/null | grep '^/' -m1)"

        # i386 version of QEMU
        [[ -n "$QEMU_BIN" ]] || QEMU_BIN="$(command -v qemu 2>/dev/null | grep '^/' -m1)"
        ;;
    ppc64*)
        [[ -n "$QEMU_BIN" ]] || QEMU_BIN="$(command -v qemu-system-ppc64 2>/dev/null | grep '^/' -m1)"
        ;;
    esac

    if [[ ! -e "$QEMU_BIN" ]]; then
        echo "Could not find a suitable qemu binary" >&2
        return 1
    fi
}

qemu_setup_swtpm_socket() {
    local pid state_dir tpm_device

    if ! tpm_device="$(qemu_get_tpm_device)"; then
        dinfo "Found QEMU version is too old for TPM2 on ppc64le"
        exit 0
    fi

    state_dir="$(mktemp -d)"
    swtpm socket --tpm2 --tpmstate dir="$state_dir" --ctrl type=unixio,path="$state_dir/sock" &
    pid=$!
    if ! kill -0 "$pid"; then
        derror "Failed to start swtpm"
        return 1
    fi

    if ! timeout 5 bash -c "until [[ -S $state_dir/sock ]]; do sleep .5; done"; then
        derror "Failed to setup swtpm socket"
        return 1
    fi

    dinfo "Started swtpm as PID $pid with state dir $state_dir"

    add_at_exit_handler "kill -TERM $pid 2>/dev/null; rm -rf '$state_dir'"

    QEMU_OPTIONS+=" -chardev socket,id=chrtpm,path=$state_dir/sock -tpmdev emulator,id=tpm0,chardev=chrtpm -device $tpm_device,tpmdev=tpm0"
    dinfo "Configured emulated TPM2 device $tpm_device"

    return 0
}

qemu_get_tpm_device() {
    local tpm_device="tpm-tis"

    if [[ "$(uname -m)" == "ppc64le" ]]; then
        # tpm-spapr support was introduced in qemu 5.0.0
        if ! qemu_min_version "5.0.0"; then
            return 1
        fi

        tpm_device="tpm-spapr"
    fi

    echo "$tpm_device"
    return 0
}

# Compares argument #1=X.Y.Z (X&Y&Z = numeric) to the version of the installed qemu
# returns 0 if newer or equal
# returns 1 if older
# returns 2 if failing
qemu_min_version() {
    find_qemu_bin || return 2

    # get version from binary
    local qemu_ver
    qemu_ver="$("$QEMU_BIN" --version | awk '/^QEMU emulator version ([0-9]*\.[0-9]*\.[0-9]*)/ {print $4}')"

    # Check version string format
    echo "$qemu_ver" | grep -q '^[0-9]*\.[0-9]*\.[0-9]*$' || return 2
    echo "$1" | grep -q '^[0-9]*\.[0-9]*\.[0-9]*$' || return 2

    # compare as last command to return that value
    printf "%s\n%s\n" "$1" "$qemu_ver" | sort -V -C
}

# Return 0 if qemu did run (then you must check the result state/logs for actual
# success), or 1 if qemu is not available.
run_qemu() {
    # If the test provided its own initrd, use it (e.g. TEST-24)
    if [[ -z "$INITRD" && -f "${TESTDIR:?}/initrd.img" ]]; then
        INITRD="$TESTDIR/initrd.img"
    fi

    if [ -f /etc/machine-id ]; then
        read -r MACHINE_ID </etc/machine-id
        [ -z "$INITRD" ] && [ -e "$EFI_MOUNT/$MACHINE_ID/$KERNEL_VER/initrd" ] \
            && INITRD="$EFI_MOUNT/$MACHINE_ID/$KERNEL_VER/initrd"
        [ -z "$KERNEL_BIN" ] && [ -e "$EFI_MOUNT/$MACHINE_ID/$KERNEL_VER/linux" ] \
            && KERNEL_BIN="$EFI_MOUNT/$MACHINE_ID/$KERNEL_VER/linux"
    fi

    local CONSOLE=ttyS0

    rm -f "$initdir"/{testok,failed,skipped}
    # make sure the initdir is not mounted to avoid concurrent access
    cleanup_initdir
    umount_loopback

    if [[ ! "$KERNEL_BIN" ]]; then
        if get_bool "$LOOKS_LIKE_ARCH"; then
            KERNEL_BIN=/boot/vmlinuz-linux
        else
            [ "$ARCH" ] || ARCH=$(uname -m)
            case $ARCH in
                ppc64*)
                    # Ubuntu ppc64* calls the kernel binary as vmlinux-*, RHEL/CentOS
                    # uses the "standard" vmlinuz- prefix
                    [[ -e "/boot/vmlinux-$KERNEL_VER" ]] && KERNEL_BIN="/boot/vmlinux-$KERNEL_VER" || KERNEL_BIN="/boot/vmlinuz-$KERNEL_VER"
                    CONSOLE=hvc0
                    ;;
                *)
                    KERNEL_BIN="/boot/vmlinuz-$KERNEL_VER"
                    ;;
            esac
        fi
    fi

    local default_fedora_initrd="/boot/initramfs-${KERNEL_VER}.img"
    local default_debian_initrd="/boot/initrd.img-${KERNEL_VER}"
    local default_arch_initrd="/boot/initramfs-linux-fallback.img"
    local default_suse_initrd="/boot/initrd-${KERNEL_VER}"
    if [[ ! "$INITRD" ]]; then
        if [[ -e "$default_fedora_initrd" ]]; then
            INITRD="$default_fedora_initrd"
        elif [[ "$LOOKS_LIKE_DEBIAN" && -e "$default_debian_initrd" ]]; then
            INITRD="$default_debian_initrd"
        elif [[ "$LOOKS_LIKE_ARCH" && -e "$default_arch_initrd" ]]; then
            INITRD="$default_arch_initrd"
        elif [[ "$LOOKS_LIKE_SUSE" && -e "$default_suse_initrd" ]]; then
            INITRD="$default_suse_initrd"
        fi
    fi

    # If QEMU_SMP was not explicitly set, try to determine the value 'dynamically'
    # i.e. use the number of online CPUs on the host machine. If the nproc utility
    # is not installed or there's some other error when calling it, fall back
    # to the original value (QEMU_SMP=1).
    if [[ -z "${QEMU_SMP:=}" ]]; then
        if ! QEMU_SMP=$(nproc); then
            dwarn "nproc utility is not installed, falling back to QEMU_SMP=1"
            QEMU_SMP=1
        fi
    fi

    find_qemu_bin || return 1

    if get_bool "${TEST_SETUP_SWTPM:-}"; then
        qemu_setup_swtpm_socket || return 1
    fi

    # Umount initdir to avoid concurrent access to the filesystem
    _umount_dir "$initdir"

    local kernel_params=()
    local qemu_options=()
    local qemu_cmd=("$QEMU_BIN")

    if [[ "$UNIFIED_CGROUP_HIERARCHY" = "yes" ]]; then
        kernel_params+=("systemd.unified_cgroup_hierarchy=yes")
    elif [[ "$UNIFIED_CGROUP_HIERARCHY" = "no" ]]; then
        kernel_params+=("systemd.unified_cgroup_hierarchy=no" "systemd.legacy_systemd_cgroup_controller=yes")
    elif [[ "$UNIFIED_CGROUP_HIERARCHY" = "hybrid" ]]; then
        kernel_params+=("systemd.unified_cgroup_hierarchy=no" "systemd.legacy_systemd_cgroup_controller=no")
    elif [[ "$UNIFIED_CGROUP_HIERARCHY" != "default" ]]; then
        dfatal "Unknown UNIFIED_CGROUP_HIERARCHY. Got $UNIFIED_CGROUP_HIERARCHY, expected [yes|no|hybrid|default]"
        exit 1
    fi

    if get_bool "$LOOKS_LIKE_SUSE"; then
        kernel_params+=("rd.hostonly=0")
    fi

    kernel_params+=(
        "root=LABEL=systemd_boot"
        "rw"
        "raid=noautodetect"
        "rd.luks=0"
        "loglevel=2"
        "init=$PATH_TO_INIT"
        "console=$CONSOLE"
        "SYSTEMD_UNIT_PATH=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/testsuite-$1.units:/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units:"
        "systemd.unit=testsuite.target"
        "systemd.wants=testsuite-$1.service"
    )

    if ! get_bool "$INTERACTIVE_DEBUG"; then
        kernel_params+=(
            "oops=panic"
            "panic=1"
            "systemd.wants=end.service"
        )
    fi

    [ -e "$IMAGE_PRIVATE" ] && image="$IMAGE_PRIVATE" || image="$IMAGE_PUBLIC"
    qemu_options+=(
        -smp "$QEMU_SMP"
        -net none
        -m "${QEMU_MEM:-768M}"
        -nographic
        -kernel "$KERNEL_BIN"
        -drive "format=raw,cache=unsafe,file=$image"
        -device "virtio-rng-pci,max-bytes=1024,period=1000"
    )

    if [[ -n "${QEMU_OPTIONS:=}" ]]; then
        local user_qemu_options
        read -ra user_qemu_options <<< "$QEMU_OPTIONS"
        qemu_options+=("${user_qemu_options[@]}")
    fi

    if [[ -n "${KERNEL_APPEND:=}" ]]; then
        local user_kernel_append
        readarray user_kernel_append <<< "$KERNEL_APPEND"
        kernel_params+=("${user_kernel_append[@]}")
    fi

    if [[ -n "$INITRD" ]]; then
        qemu_options+=(-initrd "$INITRD")
    fi

    # Let's use KVM if possible
    if [[ -c /dev/kvm ]] && get_bool $QEMU_KVM; then
        qemu_options+=(-machine "accel=kvm" -enable-kvm -cpu host)
    fi

    if [[ "$QEMU_TIMEOUT" != "infinity" ]]; then
        qemu_cmd=(timeout --foreground "$QEMU_TIMEOUT" "$QEMU_BIN")
    fi

    (set -x; "${qemu_cmd[@]}" "${qemu_options[@]}" -append "${kernel_params[*]}")
    rc=$?
    if [ "$rc" -eq 124 ] && [ "$QEMU_TIMEOUT" != "infinity" ]; then
        derror "Test timed out after ${QEMU_TIMEOUT}s"
        TIMED_OUT=1
    else
        [ "$rc" != 0 ] && derror "qemu failed with exit code $rc"
    fi
    return 0
}

# Return 0 if nspawn did run (then you must check the result state/logs for actual
# success), or 1 if nspawn is not available.
run_nspawn() {
    [[ -d /run/systemd/system ]] || return 1
    rm -f "${initdir:?}"/{testok,failed,skipped}

    local nspawn_cmd=()
    local nspawn_options=(
        "--register=no"
        "--kill-signal=SIGKILL"
        "--directory=${1:?}"
        "--setenv=SYSTEMD_UNIT_PATH=/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/testsuite-$2.units:/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units:"
        "--machine=TEST-$TESTID"
    )
    local kernel_params=(
        "$PATH_TO_INIT"
        "systemd.unit=testsuite.target"
        "systemd.wants=testsuite-$2.service"
    )

    if ! get_bool "$INTERACTIVE_DEBUG"; then
        kernel_params+=("systemd.wants=end.service")
    fi

    if [[ -n "${NSPAWN_ARGUMENTS:=}" ]]; then
        local user_nspawn_arguments
        read -ra user_nspawn_arguments <<< "$NSPAWN_ARGUMENTS"
        nspawn_options+=("${user_nspawn_arguments[@]}")
    fi

    if [[ -n "${KERNEL_APPEND:=}" ]]; then
        local user_kernel_append
        readarray user_kernel_append <<< "$KERNEL_APPEND"
        kernel_params+=("${user_kernel_append[@]}")
    fi

    if [[ "$UNIFIED_CGROUP_HIERARCHY" = "hybrid" ]]; then
        dwarn "nspawn doesn't support SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_UNIFIED_HIERARCHY=hybrid, skipping"
        exit
    elif [[ "$UNIFIED_CGROUP_HIERARCHY" = "yes" || "$UNIFIED_CGROUP_HIERARCHY" = "no" ]]; then
        nspawn_cmd+=(env "SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_UNIFIED_HIERARCHY=$UNIFIED_CGROUP_HIERARCHY")
    elif [[ "$UNIFIED_CGROUP_HIERARCHY" = "default" ]]; then
        nspawn_cmd+=(env "--unset=UNIFIED_CGROUP_HIERARCHY" "--unset=SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_UNIFIED_HIERARCHY")
    else
        dfatal "Unknown UNIFIED_CGROUP_HIERARCHY. Got $UNIFIED_CGROUP_HIERARCHY, expected [yes|no|hybrid|default]"
        exit 1
    fi

    if [[ "$NSPAWN_TIMEOUT" != "infinity" ]]; then
        nspawn_cmd+=(timeout --foreground "$NSPAWN_TIMEOUT" "$SYSTEMD_NSPAWN")
    else
        nspawn_cmd+=("$SYSTEMD_NSPAWN")
    fi

    (set -x; "${nspawn_cmd[@]}" "${nspawn_options[@]}" "${kernel_params[@]}")
    rc=$?
    if [ "$rc" -eq 124 ] && [ "$NSPAWN_TIMEOUT" != "infinity" ]; then
        derror "Test timed out after ${NSPAWN_TIMEOUT}s"
        TIMED_OUT=1
    else
        [ "$rc" != 0 ] && derror "nspawn failed with exit code $rc"
    fi
    return 0
}

# Build two very minimal root images, with two units, one is the same and one is different across them
install_verity_minimal() {
    dinfo "Set up a set of minimal images for verity verification"
    if [ -e "$initdir/usr/share/minimal.raw" ]; then
        return
    fi
    if ! command -v mksquashfs >/dev/null 2>&1; then
        dfatal "mksquashfs not found"
        exit 1
    fi
    if ! command -v veritysetup >/dev/null 2>&1; then
        dfatal "veritysetup not found"
        exit 1
    fi
    # Local modifications of some global variables is intentional in this
    # subshell (SC2030)
    # shellcheck disable=SC2030
    (
        BASICTOOLS=(
            bash
            cat
            grep
            mount
            sleep
        )
        oldinitdir="$initdir"
        rm -rfv "$TESTDIR/minimal"
        export initdir="$TESTDIR/minimal"
        # app0 will use TemporaryFileSystem=/var/lib, app1 will need the mount point in the base image
        mkdir -p "$initdir/usr/lib/systemd/system" "$initdir/usr/lib/extension-release.d" "$initdir/etc" "$initdir/var/tmp" "$initdir/opt" "$initdir/var/lib/app1"
        setup_basic_dirs
        install_basic_tools
        install_ld_so_conf
        # Shellcheck treats [[ -v VAR ]] as an assignment to avoid a different
        # issue, thus falsely triggering SC2030 in this case
        # See: koalaman/shellcheck#1409
        if [[ -v ASAN_RT_PATH ]]; then
            # If we're compiled with ASan, install the ASan RT (and its dependencies)
            # into the verity images to get rid of the annoying errors about
            # missing $LD_PRELOAD libraries.
            inst_libs "$ASAN_RT_PATH"
            inst_library "$ASAN_RT_PATH"
        fi
        cp "$os_release" "$initdir/usr/lib/os-release"
        ln -s ../usr/lib/os-release "$initdir/etc/os-release"
        touch "$initdir/etc/machine-id" "$initdir/etc/resolv.conf"
        touch "$initdir/opt/some_file"
        echo MARKER=1 >>"$initdir/usr/lib/os-release"
        echo "PORTABLE_PREFIXES=app0 minimal minimal-app0" >>"$initdir/usr/lib/os-release"
        cat >"$initdir/usr/lib/systemd/system/minimal-app0.service" <<EOF
[Service]
ExecStartPre=cat /usr/lib/os-release
ExecStart=sleep 120
EOF
        cp "$initdir/usr/lib/systemd/system/minimal-app0.service" "$initdir/usr/lib/systemd/system/minimal-app0-foo.service"

        mksquashfs "$initdir" "$oldinitdir/usr/share/minimal_0.raw" -noappend
        veritysetup format "$oldinitdir/usr/share/minimal_0.raw" "$oldinitdir/usr/share/minimal_0.verity" | \
            grep '^Root hash:' | cut -f2 | tr -d '\n' >"$oldinitdir/usr/share/minimal_0.roothash"

        sed -i "s/MARKER=1/MARKER=2/g" "$initdir/usr/lib/os-release"
        rm "$initdir/usr/lib/systemd/system/minimal-app0-foo.service"
        cp "$initdir/usr/lib/systemd/system/minimal-app0.service" "$initdir/usr/lib/systemd/system/minimal-app0-bar.service"

        mksquashfs "$initdir" "$oldinitdir/usr/share/minimal_1.raw" -noappend
        veritysetup format "$oldinitdir/usr/share/minimal_1.raw" "$oldinitdir/usr/share/minimal_1.verity" | \
            grep '^Root hash:' | cut -f2 | tr -d '\n' >"$oldinitdir/usr/share/minimal_1.roothash"

        # Rolling distros like Arch do not set VERSION_ID
        local version_id=""
        if grep -q "^VERSION_ID=" "$os_release"; then
            version_id="$(grep "^VERSION_ID=" "$os_release")"
        fi

        export initdir="$TESTDIR/app0"
        mkdir -p "$initdir/usr/lib/extension-release.d" "$initdir/usr/lib/systemd/system" "$initdir/opt"
        grep "^ID=" "$os_release" >"$initdir/usr/lib/extension-release.d/extension-release.app0"
        echo "${version_id}" >>"$initdir/usr/lib/extension-release.d/extension-release.app0"
        cat >"$initdir/usr/lib/systemd/system/app0.service" <<EOF
[Service]
Type=oneshot
RemainAfterExit=yes
ExecStart=/opt/script0.sh
TemporaryFileSystem=/var/lib
StateDirectory=app0
RuntimeDirectory=app0
EOF
        cat >"$initdir/opt/script0.sh" <<EOF
#!/bin/bash
set -e
test -e /usr/lib/os-release
echo bar > \${STATE_DIRECTORY}/foo
cat /usr/lib/extension-release.d/extension-release.app0
EOF
        chmod +x "$initdir/opt/script0.sh"
        echo MARKER=1 >"$initdir/usr/lib/systemd/system/some_file"
        mksquashfs "$initdir" "$oldinitdir/usr/share/app0.raw" -noappend

        export initdir="$TESTDIR/app1"
        mkdir -p "$initdir/usr/lib/extension-release.d" "$initdir/usr/lib/systemd/system" "$initdir/opt"
        grep "^ID=" "$os_release" >"$initdir/usr/lib/extension-release.d/extension-release.app2"
        ( echo "${version_id}"
          echo "SYSEXT_SCOPE=portable"
          echo "PORTABLE_PREFIXES=app1" ) >>"$initdir/usr/lib/extension-release.d/extension-release.app2"
        setfattr -n user.extension-release.strict -v false "$initdir/usr/lib/extension-release.d/extension-release.app2"
        cat >"$initdir/usr/lib/systemd/system/app1.service" <<EOF
[Service]
Type=oneshot
RemainAfterExit=yes
ExecStart=/opt/script1.sh
StateDirectory=app1
RuntimeDirectory=app1
EOF
        cat >"$initdir/opt/script1.sh" <<EOF
#!/bin/bash
set -e
test -e /usr/lib/os-release
echo baz > \${STATE_DIRECTORY}/foo
cat /usr/lib/extension-release.d/extension-release.app2
EOF
        chmod +x "$initdir/opt/script1.sh"
        echo MARKER=1 >"$initdir/usr/lib/systemd/system/other_file"
        mksquashfs "$initdir" "$oldinitdir/usr/share/app1.raw" -noappend

        export initdir="$TESTDIR/app-nodistro"
        mkdir -p "$initdir/usr/lib/extension-release.d" "$initdir/usr/lib/systemd/system"
        ( echo "ID=_any"
          echo "ARCHITECTURE=_any" ) >"$initdir/usr/lib/extension-release.d/extension-release.app-nodistro"
        echo MARKER=1 >"$initdir/usr/lib/systemd/system/some_file"
        mksquashfs "$initdir" "$oldinitdir/usr/share/app-nodistro.raw" -noappend
    )
}

setup_basic_environment() {
    # create the basic filesystem layout
    setup_basic_dirs

    install_systemd
    install_missing_libraries
    install_config_files
    install_zoneinfo
    create_rc_local
    install_basic_tools
    install_libnss
    install_pam
    install_dbus
    install_fonts
    install_locales
    install_keymaps
    install_x11_keymaps
    install_terminfo
    install_execs
    install_fs_tools
    install_modules
    install_plymouth
    install_haveged
    install_debug_tools
    install_ld_so_conf
    install_testuser
    has_user_dbus_socket && install_user_dbus
    setup_selinux
    strip_binaries
    instmods veth
    install_depmod_files
    generate_module_dependencies
    if get_bool "$IS_BUILT_WITH_ASAN"; then
        create_asan_wrapper
    fi
    if get_bool "$TEST_INSTALL_VERITY_MINIMAL"; then
        install_verity_minimal
    fi
}

setup_selinux() {
    dinfo "Setup SELinux"
    # don't forget KERNEL_APPEND='... selinux=1 ...'
    if ! get_bool "$SETUP_SELINUX"; then
        dinfo "SETUP_SELINUX != yes, skipping SELinux configuration"
        return 0
    fi

    local conf_dir=/etc/selinux
    local fixfiles_tools=(awk bash cat chcon expr find grep head secon setfiles rm sort uname uniq)

    # Make sure the following statement can't expand to "/" to prevent
    # a potential where-are-my-backups situation
    rm -rf "${initdir:?}/$conf_dir"
    if ! cp -ar "$conf_dir" "$initdir/$conf_dir"; then
        dfatal "Failed to copy $conf_dir"
        exit 1
    fi

    # We use a custom autorelabel service instead of the SELinux provided set
    # of units & a generator, since the generator overrides the default target
    # to the SELinux one when it detects /.autorelabel. However, we use
    # systemd.unit= on the kernel command cmdline which always takes precedence,
    # rendering all SELinux efforts useless. Also, pulling in selinux-autorelabel.service
    # explicitly doesn't work either, as it doesn't check for the presence of /.autorelabel
    # and does the relabeling unconditionally which always ends with a reboot, so
    # we end up in a reboot loop (and it also spews quite a lot of errors as it
    # wants /etc/fstab and dracut-initramfs-restore).

    touch "$initdir/.autorelabel"
    mkdir -p "$initdir/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/basic.target.wants"
    ln -sf ../autorelabel.service "$initdir/usr/lib/systemd/tests/testdata/units/basic.target.wants/"

    image_install "${fixfiles_tools[@]}"
    image_install fixfiles
    image_install sestatus
}

install_valgrind() {
    if ! type -p valgrind; then
        dfatal "Failed to install valgrind"
        exit 1
    fi

    local valgrind_bins valgrind_libs valgrind_dbg_and_supp

    readarray -t valgrind_bins < <(strace -e execve valgrind /bin/true 2>&1 >/dev/null | perl -lne 'print $1 if /^execve\("([^"]+)"/')
    image_install "${valgrind_bins[@]}"

    readarray -t valgrind_libs < <(LD_DEBUG=files valgrind /bin/true 2>&1 >/dev/null | perl -lne 'print $1 if m{calling init: (/.*vgpreload_.*)}')
    image_install "${valgrind_libs[@]}"

    readarray -t valgrind_dbg_and_supp < <(
        strace -e open valgrind /bin/true 2>&1 >/dev/null |
        perl -lne 'if (my ($fname) = /^open\("([^"]+).*= (?!-)\d+/) { print $fname if $fname =~ /debug|\.supp$/ }'
    )
    image_install "${valgrind_dbg_and_supp[@]}"
}

create_valgrind_wrapper() {
    local valgrind_wrapper="$initdir/$ROOTLIBDIR/systemd-under-valgrind"
    ddebug "Create $valgrind_wrapper"
    cat >"$valgrind_wrapper" <<EOF
#!/usr/bin/env bash

mount -t proc proc /proc
exec valgrind --leak-check=full --track-fds=yes --log-file=/valgrind.out $ROOTLIBDIR/systemd "\$@"
EOF
    chmod 0755 "$valgrind_wrapper"
}

create_asan_wrapper() {
    local asan_wrapper default_asan_options default_ubsan_options default_environment manager_environment

    [[ -z "$ASAN_RT_PATH" ]] && dfatal "ASAN_RT_PATH is empty, but it shouldn't be"

    default_asan_options="${ASAN_OPTIONS:-strict_string_checks=1:detect_stack_use_after_return=1:check_initialization_order=1:strict_init_order=1}"
    default_ubsan_options="${UBSAN_OPTIONS:-print_stacktrace=1:print_summary=1:halt_on_error=1}"

    if [[ "$ASAN_COMPILER" == "clang" ]]; then
        # clang: install llvm-symbolizer to generate useful reports
        # See: https://clang.llvm.org/docs/AddressSanitizer.html#symbolizing-the-reports
        image_install "llvm-symbolizer"

        # Let's add the ASan DSO's path to the dynamic linker's cache. This is pretty
        # unnecessary for gcc & libasan, however, for clang this is crucial, as its
        # runtime ASan DSO is in a non-standard (library) path.
        mkdir -p "${initdir:?}/etc/ld.so.conf.d/"
        echo "${ASAN_RT_PATH%/*}" >"${initdir:?}/etc/ld.so.conf.d/asan-path-override.conf"
        ldconfig -r "$initdir"
    fi

    # Create a simple environment file which can be included by systemd services
    # that need it (i.e. services that utilize DynamicUser=true and bash, etc.)
    cat >"${initdir:?}/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-asan-env" <<EOF
LD_PRELOAD=$ASAN_RT_PATH
ASAN_OPTIONS=$default_asan_options
LSAN_OPTIONS=detect_leaks=0
UBSAN_OPTIONS=$default_ubsan_options
EOF

    default_environment=(
        "ASAN_OPTIONS='$default_asan_options'"
        "UBSAN_OPTIONS='$default_ubsan_options'"
        "ASAN_RT_PATH='$ASAN_RT_PATH'"
    )
    manager_environment=(
        "ASAN_OPTIONS='$default_asan_options:log_path=/systemd-pid1.asan.log:log_to_syslog=1'"
        "UBSAN_OPTIONS='$default_ubsan_options:log_path=/systemd-pid1.ubsan.log:log_to_syslog=1'"
        "ASAN_RT_PATH='$ASAN_RT_PATH'"
    )

    mkdir -p "${initdir:?}/etc/systemd/system.conf.d/"
    cat >"${initdir:?}/etc/systemd/system.conf.d/asan.conf" <<EOF
[Manager]
DefaultEnvironment=${default_environment[*]}
ManagerEnvironment=${manager_environment[*]}
DefaultTimeoutStartSec=180s
DefaultStandardOutput=journal+console
EOF

    # ASAN and syscall filters aren't compatible with each other.
    find "${initdir:?}" -name '*.service' -type f -print0 | xargs -0 sed -i 's/^\(MemoryDeny\|SystemCall\)/#\1/'

    mkdir -p "${initdir:?}/etc/systemd/system/systemd-journald.service.d/"
    cat >"${initdir:?}/etc/systemd/system/systemd-journald.service.d/asan-env.conf" <<EOF
[Service]
# The redirection of ASAN reports to a file prevents them from ending up in /dev/null.
# But, apparently, sometimes it doesn't work: https://github.com/google/sanitizers/issues/886.
Environment=ASAN_OPTIONS=$default_asan_options:log_path=/systemd-journald.asan.log UBSAN_OPTIONS=$default_ubsan_options:log_path=/systemd-journald.ubsan.log

# Sometimes UBSan sends its reports to stderr regardless of what is specified in log_path
# Let's try to catch them by redirecting stderr (and stdout just in case) to a file
# See https://github.com/systemd/systemd/pull/12524#issuecomment-491108821
StandardOutput=file:/systemd-journald.out
EOF

    # 90s isn't enough for some services to finish when literally everything is run
    # under ASan+UBSan in containers, which, in turn, are run in VMs.
    # Let's limit which environments such services should be executed in.
    mkdir -p "${initdir:?}/etc/systemd/system/systemd-hwdb-update.service.d/"
    cat >"${initdir:?}/etc/systemd/system/systemd-hwdb-update.service.d/asan.conf" <<EOF
[Unit]
ConditionVirtualization=container

[Service]
TimeoutSec=240s
EOF

    # Let's override another hard-coded timeout that kicks in too early
    mkdir -p "${initdir:?}/etc/systemd/system/systemd-journal-flush.service.d/"
    cat >"${initdir:?}/etc/systemd/system/systemd-journal-flush.service.d/asan.conf" <<EOF
[Service]
TimeoutSec=180s
EOF

    asan_wrapper="${initdir:?}/${PATH_TO_INIT:?}"
    # Sanity check to make sure we don't overwrite something we shouldn't.
    [[ "$asan_wrapper" =~ systemd-under-asan$ ]]

    cat >"$asan_wrapper" <<EOF
#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -eux

export PATH="/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin"
export ${manager_environment[@]}
[[ -n "\$ASAN_OPTIONS" && -n "\$UBSAN_OPTIONS" ]]

exec "$ROOTLIBDIR/systemd" "\$@"
EOF
    chmod 0755 "$asan_wrapper"
}

create_strace_wrapper() {
    local strace_wrapper="$initdir/$ROOTLIBDIR/systemd-under-strace"
    ddebug "Create $strace_wrapper"
    cat >"$strace_wrapper" <<EOF
#!/usr/bin/env bash

exec strace -f -D -o /strace.out "$ROOTLIBDIR/systemd" "\$@"
EOF
    chmod 0755 "$strace_wrapper"
}

install_fs_tools() {
    dinfo "Install fsck"
    image_install /sbin/fsck*
    image_install -o /bin/fsck*

    # fskc.reiserfs calls reiserfsck. so, install it
    image_install -o reiserfsck

    # we use mkfs in system-repart tests
    image_install /sbin/mkfs.ext4
    image_install /sbin/mkfs.vfat
}

install_modules() {
    dinfo "Install modules"

    instmods loop
    instmods vfat
    instmods nls_ascii =nls
    instmods dummy
    # for TEST-35-LOGIN
    instmods scsi_debug uinput

    if get_bool "$LOOKS_LIKE_SUSE"; then
        instmods ext4
        instmods af_packet
    fi
}

install_dmevent() {
    instmods dm_crypt =crypto
    inst_binary dmeventd
    image_install "${ROOTLIBDIR:?}"/system/dm-event.{service,socket}
    if get_bool "$LOOKS_LIKE_DEBIAN"; then
        # dmsetup installs 55-dm and 60-persistent-storage-dm on Debian/Ubuntu
        # and since buster/bionic 95-dm-notify.rules
        # see https://gitlab.com/debian-lvm/lvm2/blob/master/debian/patches/udev.patch
        inst_rules 55-dm.rules 60-persistent-storage-dm.rules 95-dm-notify.rules
    else
        inst_rules 10-dm.rules 13-dm-disk.rules 95-dm-notify.rules
    fi
    if get_bool "$LOOKS_LIKE_SUSE"; then
        inst_rules 60-persistent-storage.rules 61-persistent-storage-compat.rules 99-systemd.rules
    fi
}

install_multipath() {
    instmods "=md" multipath
    image_install kpartx /lib/udev/kpartx_id lsmod mpathpersist multipath multipathd partx
    image_install "${ROOTLIBDIR:?}"/system/multipathd.{service,socket}
    if get_bool "$LOOKS_LIKE_DEBIAN"; then
        # Note: try both 60-kpartx.rules (as seen on Debian Sid with 0.9.4-7) and 90-kpartx.rules (as seen on
        # Ubuntu Jammy with 0.8.8-1ubuntu1.22.04.4)
        inst_rules 56-dm-parts.rules 56-dm-mpath.rules 60-kpartx.rules 60-multipath.rules 68-del-part-nodes.rules 90-kpartx.rules
    else
        inst_rules 11-dm-mpath.rules 11-dm-parts.rules 62-multipath.rules 66-kpartx.rules 68-del-part-nodes.rules
    fi
    mkdir -p "${initdir:?}/etc/multipath"

    local file
    while read -r file; do
        # Install libraries required by the given library
        inst_libs "$file"
        # Install the library itself and create necessary symlinks
        inst_library "$file"
    done < <(find /lib*/multipath -type f)
}

install_lvm() {
    local lvm_rules rule_prefix

    image_install lvm
    image_install "${ROOTLIBDIR:?}"/system/lvm2-lvmpolld.{service,socket}
    image_install "${ROOTLIBDIR:?}"/system/{blk-availability,lvm2-monitor}.service
    image_install -o "/lib/tmpfiles.d/lvm2.conf"

    if get_bool "$LOOKS_LIKE_DEBIAN"; then
        lvm_rules="56-lvm.rules"
        rule_prefix=""
    else
        lvm_rules="11-dm-lvm.rules"
        rule_prefix="dm-"
    fi

    # Support the new udev autoactivation introduced in lvm 2.03.14
    # https://sourceware.org/git/?p=lvm2.git;a=commit;h=67722b312390cdab29c076c912e14bd739c5c0f6
    # Static autoactivation (via lvm2-activation-generator) was dropped
    # in lvm 2.03.15
    # https://sourceware.org/git/?p=lvm2.git;a=commit;h=ee8fb0310c53ed003a43b324c99cdfd891dd1a7c
    if [[ -f "/lib/udev/rules.d/69-${rule_prefix}lvm.rules" ]]; then
        inst_rules "$lvm_rules" "69-${rule_prefix}lvm.rules"
    else
        image_install "${ROOTLIBDIR:?}"/system-generators/lvm2-activation-generator
        image_install "${ROOTLIBDIR:?}"/system/lvm2-pvscan@.service
        inst_rules "$lvm_rules" "69-${rule_prefix}lvm-metad.rules"
    fi

    mkdir -p "${initdir:?}/etc/lvm"
}

host_has_btrfs() (
    set -e
    modprobe -nv btrfs && command -v mkfs.btrfs && command -v btrfs || return $?
)

install_btrfs() {
    instmods btrfs
    # Not all utilities provided by btrfs-progs are listed here; extend the list
    # if necessary
    image_install btrfs btrfstune mkfs.btrfs
    inst_rules 64-btrfs-dm.rules
}

install_iscsi() {
    # Install both client and server side stuff by default
    local inst="${1:-}"
    local file

    # Install client-side stuff ("initiator" in iSCSI jargon) - Open-iSCSI in this case
    # (open-iscsi on Debian, iscsi-initiator-utils on Fedora, etc.)
    if [[ -z "$inst" || "$inst" =~ (client|initiator) ]]; then
        image_install iscsi-iname iscsiadm iscsid iscsistart
        image_install -o "${ROOTLIBDIR:?}"/system/iscsi-{init,onboot,shutdown}.service
        image_install "${ROOTLIBDIR:?}"/system/iscsid.{service,socket}
        image_install "${ROOTLIBDIR:?}"/system/iscsi.service
        mkdir -p "${initdir:?}"/var/lib/iscsi/{ifaces,isns,nodes,send_targets,slp,static}
        mkdir -p "${initdir:?}/etc/iscsi"
        echo "iscsid.startup = /bin/systemctl start iscsid.socket" >"${initdir:?}/etc/iscsi/iscsid.conf"
        # Since open-iscsi 2.1.2 [0] the initiator name should be generated via
        # a one-time service instead of distro package's post-install scripts.
        # However, some distros still use this approach even after this patch,
        # so prefer the already existing initiatorname.iscsi file if it exists.
        #
        # [0] https://github.com/open-iscsi/open-iscsi/commit/f37d5b653f9f251845db3f29b1a3dcb90ec89731
        if [[ ! -e /etc/iscsi/initiatorname.iscsi ]]; then
            image_install "${ROOTLIBDIR:?}"/system/iscsi-init.service
            if get_bool "$IS_BUILT_WITH_ASAN"; then
                # The iscsi-init.service calls `sh` which might, in certain circumstances,
                # pull in instrumented systemd NSS modules causing `sh` to fail. Let's mitigate
                # this by pulling in an env file crafted by `create_asan_wrapper()` that
                # (among others) pre-loads ASan's DSO.
                mkdir -p "${initdir:?}/etc/systemd/system/iscsi-init.service.d/"
                printf "[Service]\nEnvironmentFile=/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-asan-env" >"${initdir:?}/etc/systemd/system/iscsi-init.service.d/asan-env.conf"
            fi
        else
            inst_simple "/etc/iscsi/initiatorname.iscsi"
        fi
    fi

    # Install server-side stuff ("target" in iSCSI jargon) - TGT in this case
    # (tgt on Debian, scsi-target-utils on Fedora, etc.)
    if [[ -z "$inst" || "$inst" =~ (server|target) ]]; then
        image_install tgt-admin tgt-setup-lun tgtadm tgtd tgtimg
        image_install -o /etc/sysconfig/tgtd
        image_install "${ROOTLIBDIR:?}"/system/tgtd.service
        mkdir -p "${initdir:?}/etc/tgt"
        touch "${initdir:?}"/etc/tgt/{tgtd,targets}.conf
        # Install perl modules required by tgt-admin
        #
        # Forgive me father for I have sinned. The monstrosity below appends
        # a perl snippet to the `tgt-admin` perl script on the fly, which
        # dumps a list of files (perl modules) required by `tgt-admin` at
        # the runtime plus any DSOs loaded via DynaLoader. This list is then
        # passed to `inst_simple` which installs the necessary files into the image
        #
        # shellcheck disable=SC2016
        while read -r file; do
            inst_simple "$file"
        done < <(perl -- <(cat "$(command -v tgt-admin)" <(echo -e 'use DynaLoader; print map { "$_\n" } values %INC; print join("\n", @DynaLoader::dl_shared_objects)')) -p | awk '/^\// { print $1 }')
    fi
}

host_has_mdadm() (
    set -e
    command -v mdadm || return $?
)

install_mdadm() {
    local unit
    local mdadm_units=(
        system/mdadm-grow-continue@.service
        system/mdadm-last-resort@.service
        system/mdadm-last-resort@.timer
        system/mdmon@.service
        system/mdmonitor-oneshot.service
        system/mdmonitor-oneshot.timer
        system/mdmonitor.service
        system-shutdown/mdadm.shutdown
    )

    instmods "=md"
    image_install mdadm mdmon
    inst_rules 01-md-raid-creating.rules 63-md-raid-arrays.rules 64-md-raid-assembly.rules 69-md-clustered-confirm-device.rules
    # Fedora/CentOS/RHEL ships this rule file
    [[ -f /lib/udev/rules.d/65-md-incremental.rules ]] && inst_rules 65-md-incremental.rules

    for unit in "${mdadm_units[@]}"; do
        image_install "${ROOTLIBDIR:?}/$unit"
    done

    # Disable the mdmonitor service, since it fails if there's no valid email address
    # configured in /etc/mdadm.conf, which just unnecessarily pollutes the logs
    "${SYSTEMCTL:?}" mask --root "${initdir:?}" mdmonitor.service || :
}

install_compiled_systemd() {
    dinfo "Install compiled systemd"

    local ninja_bin
    ninja_bin="$(type -P ninja || type -P ninja-build)"
    if [[ -z "$ninja_bin" ]]; then
        dfatal "ninja was not found"
        exit 1
    fi
    (set -x; DESTDIR="$initdir" "$ninja_bin" -C "$BUILD_DIR" install)

    # If we are doing coverage runs, copy over the binary notes files, as lcov expects to
    # find them in the same directory as the runtime data counts
    if get_bool "$IS_BUILT_WITH_COVERAGE"; then
        mkdir -p "${initdir}/${BUILD_DIR:?}/"
        rsync -am --include='*/' --include='*.gcno' --exclude='*' "${BUILD_DIR:?}/" "${initdir}/${BUILD_DIR:?}/"
        # Set effective & default ACLs for the build dir so unprivileged
        # processes can write gcda files with coverage stats
        setfacl -R -m 'd:o:rwX' -m 'o:rwX' "${initdir}/${BUILD_DIR:?}/"
    fi
}

install_debian_systemd() {
    dinfo "Install debian systemd"

    local files

    while read -r deb; do
        files="$(dpkg-query -L "$deb" 2>/dev/null)" || continue
        ddebug "Install debian files from package $deb"
        for file in $files; do
            [ -e "$file" ] || continue
            [ ! -L "$file" ] && [ -d "$file" ] && continue
            inst "$file"
        done
    done < <(grep -E '^Package:' "${SOURCE_DIR}/debian/control" | cut -d ':' -f 2)
}

install_suse_systemd() {
    local testsdir=/usr/lib/systemd/tests
    local pkgs

    dinfo "Install basic filesystem structure"
    install_rpm filesystem

    dinfo "Install SUSE systemd"

    pkgs=(
        systemd
        systemd-boot
        systemd-container
        systemd-coredump
        systemd-experimental
        systemd-homed
        systemd-journal-remote
        systemd-portable
        udev
    )

    for p in "${pkgs[@]}"; do
        rpm -q "$p" &>/dev/null || continue

        ddebug "Install files from package $p"
        while read -r f; do
            [ -e "$f" ] || continue
            [ ! -L "$f" ] && [ -d "$f" ] && continue
            inst "$f"
        done < <(rpm -ql "$p")
    done

    # we only need testsdata dir as well as the unit tests (for
    # TEST-02-UNITTESTS) in the image.
    dinfo "Install unit tests and testdata directory"

    mkdir -p "$initdir/$testsdir"
    cp "$testsdir"/test-* "$initdir/$testsdir/"
    cp -a "$testsdir/testdata" "$initdir/$testsdir/"

    # On openSUSE, these dirs are not created at package install for now on.
    mkdir -p "$initdir/var/log/journal/remote"
}

install_distro_systemd() {
    dinfo "Install distro systemd"

    if get_bool "$LOOKS_LIKE_DEBIAN"; then
        install_debian_systemd
    elif get_bool "$LOOKS_LIKE_SUSE"; then
        install_suse_systemd
    else
        dfatal "NO_BUILD not supported for this distro"
        exit 1
    fi
}

install_systemd() {
    dinfo "Install systemd"
    if get_bool "$NO_BUILD"; then
        install_distro_systemd
    else
        install_compiled_systemd
    fi

    # remove unneeded documentation
    rm -fr "${initdir:?}"/usr/share/{man,doc}

    # enable debug logging in PID1
    echo LogLevel=debug >>"$initdir/etc/systemd/system.conf"
    if [[ -n "$TEST_SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL" ]]; then
        echo DefaultEnvironment=SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL="$TEST_SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL" >>"$initdir/etc/systemd/system.conf"
    fi
    # store coredumps in journal
    echo Storage=journal >>"$initdir/etc/systemd/coredump.conf"
    # Propagate SYSTEMD_UNIT_PATH to user systemd managers
    mkdir "$initdir/etc/systemd/system/user@.service.d/"
    echo -e "[Service]\nPassEnvironment=SYSTEMD_UNIT_PATH\n" >"$initdir/etc/systemd/system/user@.service.d/override.conf"

    # When built with gcov, disable ProtectSystem= and ProtectHome= in the test
    # images, since it prevents gcov to write the coverage reports (*.gcda
    # files)
    if get_bool "$IS_BUILT_WITH_COVERAGE"; then
        mkdir -p "$initdir/etc/systemd/system/service.d/"
        echo -e "[Service]\nProtectSystem=no\nProtectHome=no\n" >"$initdir/etc/systemd/system/service.d/99-gcov-override.conf"
        # Similarly, set ReadWritePaths= to the $BUILD_DIR in the test image
        # to make the coverage work with units using DynamicUser=yes. Do this
        # only for services with test- prefix, as setting this system-wide
        # has many undesirable side-effects, as it creates its own namespace.
        mkdir -p "$initdir/etc/systemd/system/test-.service.d/"
        echo -e "[Service]\nReadWritePaths=${BUILD_DIR:?}\n" >"$initdir/etc/systemd/system/test-.service.d/99-gcov-rwpaths-override.conf"
        # Ditto, but for the user daemon
        mkdir -p "$initdir/etc/systemd/user/test-.service.d/"
        echo -e "[Service]\nReadWritePaths=${BUILD_DIR:?}\n" >"$initdir/etc/systemd/user/test-.service.d/99-gcov-rwpaths-override.conf"
    fi

    # If we're built with -Dportabled=false, tests with systemd-analyze
    # --profile will fail. Since we need just the profile (text) files, let's
    # copy them into the image if they don't exist there.
    local portable_dir="${initdir:?}${ROOTLIBDIR:?}/portable"
    if [[ ! -d "$portable_dir/profile/strict" ]]; then
        dinfo "Couldn't find portable profiles in the test image"
        dinfo "Copying them directly from the source tree"
        mkdir -p "$portable_dir"
        cp -frv "${SOURCE_DIR:?}/src/portable/profile" "$portable_dir"
    fi
}

get_ldpath() {
    local rpath
    rpath="$(objdump -p "${1:?}" 2>/dev/null | awk "/R(UN)?PATH/ { print \"$initdir\" \$2 }" | paste -sd :)"

    if [ -z "$rpath" ] ; then
        echo "$BUILD_DIR"
    else
        echo "$rpath"
    fi
}

install_missing_libraries() {
    dinfo "Install missing libraries"
    # install possible missing libraries
    for i in "${initdir:?}"{,/usr}/{sbin,bin}/* "$initdir"{,/usr}/lib/systemd/{,tests/{,manual/,unsafe/}}*; do
        LD_LIBRARY_PATH="${LD_LIBRARY_PATH:+$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:}$(get_ldpath "$i")" inst_libs "$i"
    done

    # Install libgcc_s.so if available, since it's dlopen()ed by libpthread
    # and might cause unexpected failures during pthread_exit()/pthread_cancel()
    # if not present
    # See: https://github.com/systemd/systemd/pull/23858
    while read -r libgcc_s; do
        [[ -e "$libgcc_s" ]] && inst_library "$libgcc_s"
    done < <(ldconfig -p | awk '/\/libgcc_s.so.1$/ { print $4 }')

    local lib path
    # A number of dependencies is now optional via dlopen, so the install
    # script will not pick them up, since it looks at linkage.
    for lib in libcryptsetup libidn libidn2 pwquality libqrencode tss2-esys tss2-rc tss2-mu tss2-tcti-device libfido2 libbpf libelf libdw xkbcommon; do
        ddebug "Searching for $lib via pkg-config"
        if pkg-config --exists "$lib"; then
                path="$(pkg-config --variable=libdir "$lib")"
                if [ -z "${path}" ]; then
                    ddebug "$lib.pc does not contain a libdir variable, skipping"
                    continue
                fi

                if ! [[ ${lib} =~ ^lib ]]; then
                        lib="lib${lib}"
                fi
                # Some pkg-config files are broken and give out the wrong paths
                # (eg: libcryptsetup), so just ignore them
                inst_libs "${path}/${lib}.so" || true
                inst_library "${path}/${lib}.so" || true

                if [[ "$lib" == "libxkbcommon" ]]; then
                    install_x11_keymaps full
                fi
        else
            ddebug "$lib.pc not found, skipping"
            continue
        fi
    done

    # Install extra openssl 3 stuff
    path="$(pkg-config --variable=libdir libcrypto)"
    inst_simple "${path}/ossl-modules/legacy.so" || true
    inst_simple "${path}/ossl-modules/fips.so" || true
    inst_simple "${path}/engines-3/afalg.so" || true
    inst_simple "${path}/engines-3/capi.so" || true
    inst_simple "${path}/engines-3/loader_attic.so" || true
    inst_simple "${path}/engines-3/padlock.so" || true
}

cleanup_loopdev() {
    if [ -n "${LOOPDEV:=}" ]; then
        ddebug "losetup -d $LOOPDEV"
        losetup -d "${LOOPDEV}"
        unset LOOPDEV
    fi
}

add_at_exit_handler cleanup_loopdev

create_empty_image() {
    if [[ -z "${IMAGE_NAME:=}" ]]; then
        echo "create_empty_image: \$IMAGE_NAME not set"
        exit 1
    fi

    # Partition sizes are in MiBs
    local root_size=1000
    local data_size=50
    if ! get_bool "$NO_BUILD"; then
        if meson configure "${BUILD_DIR:?}" | grep 'static-lib\|standalone-binaries' | awk '{ print $2 }' | grep -q 'true'; then
            root_size=$((root_size + 200))
        fi
        if meson configure "${BUILD_DIR:?}" | grep 'link-.*-shared' | awk '{ print $2 }' | grep -q 'false'; then
            root_size=$((root_size + 200))
        fi
        if get_bool "$IS_BUILT_WITH_COVERAGE"; then
            root_size=$((root_size + 250))
        fi
    fi
    if ! get_bool "$STRIP_BINARIES"; then
        root_size=$((4 * root_size))
        data_size=$((2 * data_size))
    fi

    echo "Setting up ${IMAGE_PUBLIC:?} (${root_size} MB)"
    rm -f "${IMAGE_PRIVATE:?}" "$IMAGE_PUBLIC"

    # Create the blank file to use as a root filesystem
    truncate -s "${root_size}M" "$IMAGE_PUBLIC"

    LOOPDEV="$(losetup --show -P -f "$IMAGE_PUBLIC")"
    [[ -b "$LOOPDEV" ]] || return 1
    # Create two partitions - a root one and a data one (utilized by some tests)
    sfdisk "$LOOPDEV" <<EOF
label: gpt
type=0FC63DAF-8483-4772-8E79-3D69D8477DE4 name=root size=$((root_size - data_size))M bootable
type=0FC63DAF-8483-4772-8E79-3D69D8477DE4 name=data
EOF

    udevadm settle

    local label=(-L systemd_boot)
    # mkfs.reiserfs doesn't know -L. so, use --label instead
    [[ "$FSTYPE" == "reiserfs" ]] && label=(--label systemd_boot)
    if ! mkfs -t "${FSTYPE}" "${label[@]}" "${LOOPDEV}p1" -q; then
        dfatal "Failed to mkfs -t ${FSTYPE}"
        exit 1
    fi
}

mount_initdir() {
    if [ -z "${LOOPDEV:=}" ]; then
        [ -e "${IMAGE_PRIVATE:?}" ] && image="$IMAGE_PRIVATE" || image="${IMAGE_PUBLIC:?}"
        LOOPDEV="$(losetup --show -P -f "$image")"
        [ -b "$LOOPDEV" ] || return 1

        udevadm settle
    fi

    if ! mountpoint -q "${initdir:?}"; then
        mkdir -p "$initdir"
        mount "${LOOPDEV}p1" "$initdir"
        TEST_SETUP_CLEANUP_ROOTDIR=1
    fi
}

cleanup_initdir() {
    # only umount if create_empty_image_rootdir() was called to mount it
    if get_bool "$TEST_SETUP_CLEANUP_ROOTDIR"; then
        _umount_dir "${initdir:?}"
    fi
}

umount_loopback() {
    # unmount the loopback device from all places. Otherwise we risk file
    # system corruption.
    for device in $(losetup -l | awk '$6=="'"${IMAGE_PUBLIC:?}"'" {print $1}'); do
        ddebug "Unmounting all uses of $device"
        mount | awk '/^'"${device}"'p/{print $1}' | xargs --no-run-if-empty umount -v
    done
}

create_empty_image_rootdir() {
    create_empty_image
    mount_initdir
}

check_asan_reports() {
    local ret=0
    local root="${1:?}"
    local log report

    if get_bool "$IS_BUILT_WITH_ASAN"; then
        ls -l "$root"
        if [[ -e "$root/systemd.asan.log.1" ]]; then
            cat "$root/systemd.asan.log.1"
            ret=$((ret+1))
        fi

        for log in pid1 journald; do
            report="$(find "$root" -name "systemd-$log.*san.log*" -exec cat {} \;)"
            if [[ -n "$report" ]]; then
                printf "%s\n" "$report"
                # shellcheck disable=SC2015
                [[ "$log" == journald ]] && cat "$root/systemd-journald.out" || :
                ret=$((ret+1))
            fi
        done

        pids="$(
            "$JOURNALCTL" -D "$root/var/log/journal" | perl -alne '
                 BEGIN {
                     %services_to_ignore = (
                         "dbus-daemon" => undef,
                         "dbus-broker-launch" => undef,
                     );
                 }
                 print $2 if /\s(\S*)\[(\d+)\]:\s*SUMMARY:\s+\w+Sanitizer/ && !exists $services_to_ignore{$1}'
        )"
        if [[ -n "$pids" ]]; then
            ret=$((ret+1))
            for pid in $pids; do
                "$JOURNALCTL" -D "$root/var/log/journal" _PID="$pid" --no-pager
            done
        fi
    fi

    return $ret
}

check_coverage_reports() {
    local root="${1:?}"

    if get_bool "$NO_BUILD"; then
        return 0
    fi
    if ! get_bool "$IS_BUILT_WITH_COVERAGE"; then
        return 0
    fi

    if [ -n "${ARTIFACT_DIRECTORY}" ]; then
        dest="${ARTIFACT_DIRECTORY}/${testname:?}.coverage-info"
    else
        dest="${TESTDIR:?}/coverage-info"
    fi

    # Create a coverage report that will later be uploaded. Remove info about
    # system libraries/headers, as we don't really care about them.
    if [[ -f "$dest" ]]; then
        # If the destination report file already exists, don't overwrite it, but
        # dump the new report in a temporary file and then merge it with the already
        # present one - this usually happens when running both "parts" of a test
        # in one run (the qemu and the nspawn part).
        lcov --directory "${root}/${BUILD_DIR:?}" --capture --output-file "${dest}.new"
        lcov --remove "${dest}.new" -o "${dest}.new" '/usr/include/*' '/usr/lib/*'
        lcov --add-tracefile "${dest}" --add-tracefile "${dest}.new" -o "${dest}"
        rm -f "${dest}.new"
    else
        lcov --directory "${root}/${BUILD_DIR:?}" --capture --output-file "${dest}"
        lcov --remove "${dest}" -o "${dest}" '/usr/include/*' '/usr/lib/*'
    fi

    # If the test logs contain lines like:
    #
    # ...systemd-resolved[735885]: profiling:/systemd-meson-build/src/shared/libsystemd-shared-250.a.p/base-filesystem.c.gcda:Cannot open
    #
    # it means we're possibly missing some coverage since gcov can't write the stats,
    # usually due to the sandbox being too restrictive (e.g. ProtectSystem=yes,
    # ProtectHome=yes) or the $BUILD_DIR being inaccessible to non-root users - see
    # `setfacl` stuff in install_compiled_systemd().
    if ! get_bool "${IGNORE_MISSING_COVERAGE:=}" && \
       "${JOURNALCTL:?}" -q --no-pager -D "${root:?}/var/log/journal" --grep "profiling:.+?gcda:[Cc]annot open"; then
        derror "Detected possibly missing coverage, check the journal"
        return 1
    fi

    return 0
}

save_journal() {
    # Default to always saving journal
    local save="yes"

    if [ "${TEST_SAVE_JOURNAL}" = "no" ]; then
        save="no"
    elif [ "${TEST_SAVE_JOURNAL}" = "fail" ] && [ "$2" = "0" ]; then
        save="no"
    fi

    if [ -n "${ARTIFACT_DIRECTORY}" ]; then
        dest="${ARTIFACT_DIRECTORY}/${testname:?}.journal"
    else
        dest="${TESTDIR:?}/system.journal"
    fi

    for j in "${1:?}"/*; do
        if get_bool "$save"; then
            if [ "$SYSTEMD_JOURNAL_REMOTE" = "" ]; then
                cp -a "$j" "$dest"
            else
                "$SYSTEMD_JOURNAL_REMOTE" -o "$dest" --getter="$JOURNALCTL -o export -D $j"
            fi
        fi

        if [ -n "${TEST_SHOW_JOURNAL}" ]; then
            echo "---- $j ----"
            "$JOURNALCTL" --no-pager -o short-monotonic --no-hostname --priority="${TEST_SHOW_JOURNAL}" -D "$j"
        fi

        rm -r "$j"
    done

    if ! get_bool "$save"; then
        return 0
    fi

    if [ -n "${SUDO_USER}" ]; then
        setfacl -m "user:${SUDO_USER:?}:r-X" "$dest"*
    fi

    # we want to print this sometime later, so save this in a variable
    JOURNAL_LIST="$(ls -l "$dest"*)"
}

check_result_common() {
    local workspace="${1:?}"
    local ret

    if [ -s "$workspace/failed" ]; then
        # Non-empty …/failed has highest priority
        cp -a "$workspace/failed" "${TESTDIR:?}/"
        if [ -n "${SUDO_USER}" ]; then
            setfacl -m "user:${SUDO_USER:?}:r-X" "${TESTDIR:?}/"failed
        fi
        ret=1
    elif get_bool "$TIMED_OUT"; then
        echo "(timeout)" >"${TESTDIR:?}/failed"
        ret=2
    elif [ -e "$workspace/testok" ]; then
        # …/testok always counts (but with lower priority than …/failed)
        ret=0
    elif [ -e "$workspace/skipped" ]; then
        # …/skipped always counts (a message is expected)
        echo "${TESTNAME:?} was skipped:"
        cat "$workspace/skipped"
        ret=0
    else
        echo "(failed; see logs)" >"${TESTDIR:?}/failed"
        ret=3
    fi

    check_asan_reports "$workspace" || ret=4

    check_coverage_reports "$workspace" || ret=5

    save_journal "$workspace/var/log/journal" $ret

    if [ -d "${ARTIFACT_DIRECTORY}" ] && [ -f "$workspace/strace.out" ]; then
        cp "$workspace/strace.out" "${ARTIFACT_DIRECTORY}/"
    fi

    if [ ${ret:?} != 0 ] && [ -f "$TESTDIR/failed" ]; then
        echo -n "${TESTNAME:?}: "
        cat "$TESTDIR/failed"
    fi
    echo "${JOURNAL_LIST:-"No journals were saved"}"

    return ${ret:?}
}

check_result_nspawn() {
    local workspace="${1:?}"
    local ret

    # Run a test-specific checks if defined by check_result_nspawn_hook()
    if declare -F check_result_nspawn_hook >/dev/null; then
        if ! check_result_nspawn_hook "${workspace}"; then
            derror "check_result_nspawn_hook() returned with EC > 0"
            ret=4
        fi
    fi

    check_result_common "${workspace}" && ret=0 || ret=$?

    _umount_dir "${initdir:?}"

    return $ret
}

# can be overridden in specific test
check_result_qemu() {
    local ret
    mount_initdir

    # Run a test-specific checks if defined by check_result_qemu_hook()
    if declare -F check_result_qemu_hook >/dev/null; then
        if ! check_result_qemu_hook "${initdir:?}"; then
            derror "check_result_qemu_hook() returned with EC > 0"
            ret=4
        fi
    fi

    check_result_common "${initdir:?}" && ret=0 || ret=$?

    _umount_dir "${initdir:?}"

    return $ret
}

check_result_nspawn_unittests() {
    local workspace="${1:?}"
    local ret=1

    [[ -e "$workspace/testok" ]] && ret=0

    if [[ -s "$workspace/failed" ]]; then
        ret=$((ret + 1))
        echo "=== Failed test log ==="
        cat "$workspace/failed"
    else
        if [[ -s "$workspace/skipped" ]]; then
            echo "=== Skipped test log =="
            cat "$workspace/skipped"
            # We might have only skipped tests - that should not fail the job
            ret=0
        fi
        if [[ -s "$workspace/testok" ]]; then
            echo "=== Passed tests ==="
            cat "$workspace/testok"
        fi
    fi

    get_bool "${TIMED_OUT:=}" && ret=1
    check_coverage_reports "$workspace" || ret=5

    save_journal "$workspace/var/log/journal" $ret

    _umount_dir "${initdir:?}"

    return $ret
}

check_result_qemu_unittests() {
    local ret=1

    mount_initdir
    [[ -e "${initdir:?}/testok" ]] && ret=0

    if [[ -s "$initdir/failed" ]]; then
        ret=$((ret + 1))
        echo "=== Failed test log ==="
        cat "$initdir/failed"
    else
        if [[ -s "$initdir/skipped" ]]; then
            echo "=== Skipped test log =="
            cat "$initdir/skipped"
            # We might have only skipped tests - that should not fail the job
            ret=0
        fi
        if [[ -s "$initdir/testok" ]]; then
            echo "=== Passed tests ==="
            cat "$initdir/testok"
        fi
    fi

    get_bool "${TIMED_OUT:=}" && ret=1
    check_coverage_reports "$initdir" || ret=5

    save_journal "$initdir/var/log/journal" $ret

    _umount_dir "$initdir"

    return $ret
}

strip_binaries() {
    dinfo "Strip binaries"
    if ! get_bool "$STRIP_BINARIES"; then
        dinfo "STRIP_BINARIES == no, keeping binaries unstripped"
        return 0
    fi
    while read -r bin; do
        strip --strip-unneeded "$bin" |& grep -vi 'file format not recognized' | ddebug || :
    done < <(find "${initdir:?}" -executable -not -path '*/lib/modules/*.ko' -type f)
}

create_rc_local() {
    dinfo "Create rc.local"
    mkdir -p "${initdir:?}/etc/rc.d"
    cat >"$initdir/etc/rc.d/rc.local" <<EOF
#!/usr/bin/env bash
exit 0
EOF
    chmod 0755 "$initdir/etc/rc.d/rc.local"
}

install_execs() {
    ddebug "Install executables from the service files"

    local pkg_config_path="${BUILD_DIR:?}/src/core/"
    local systemunitdir userunitdir exe
    systemunitdir="$(PKG_CONFIG_PATH="$pkg_config_path" pkg-config --variable=systemdsystemunitdir systemd)"
    userunitdir="$(PKG_CONFIG_PATH="$pkg_config_path" pkg-config --variable=systemduserunitdir systemd)"
    while read -r exe; do
        # some {rc,halt}.local scripts and programs are okay to not exist, the rest should
        # also, plymouth is pulled in by rescue.service, but even there the exit code
        # is ignored; as it's not present on some distros, don't fail if it doesn't exist
        dinfo "Attempting to install $exe (based on unit file reference)"
        inst "$exe" || [ "${exe%.local}" != "$exe" ] || [ "${exe%systemd-update-done}" != "$exe" ] || [ "${exe##*/}" == "plymouth" ]
    done < <(sed -r -n 's|^Exec[a-zA-Z]*=[@+!-]*([^ ]+).*|\1|gp' "${initdir:?}"/{"$systemunitdir","$userunitdir"}/*.service | sort -u)
}

generate_module_dependencies() {
    dinfo "Generate modules dependencies"
    if [[ -d "${initdir:?}/lib/modules/${KERNEL_VER:?}" ]] && \
        ! depmod -a -b "$initdir" "$KERNEL_VER"; then
            dfatal "\"depmod -a $KERNEL_VER\" failed."
            exit 1
    fi
}

install_depmod_files() {
    dinfo "Install depmod files"
    inst "/lib/modules/${KERNEL_VER:?}/modules.order"
    inst "/lib/modules/$KERNEL_VER/modules.builtin"
}

install_plymouth() {
    dinfo "Install plymouth"
    # install plymouth, if found... else remove plymouth service files
    # if [ -x /usr/libexec/plymouth/plymouth-populate-initrd ]; then
    #     PLYMOUTH_POPULATE_SOURCE_FUNCTIONS="$TEST_BASE_DIR/test-functions" \
    #         /usr/libexec/plymouth/plymouth-populate-initrd -t $initdir
    #         image_install plymouth plymouthd
    # else
        rm -f "${initdir:?}"/{usr/lib,lib,etc}/systemd/system/plymouth* "$initdir"/{usr/lib,lib,etc}/systemd/system/*/plymouth*
    # fi
}

install_haveged() {
    # If haveged is installed, it's probably included in initrd and needs to be
    # installed in the image too.
    if [ -x /usr/sbin/haveged ]; then
        dinfo "Install haveged files"
        inst /usr/sbin/haveged
        for u in /usr/lib/systemd/system/haveged*; do
            inst "$u"
        done
    fi
}

install_ld_so_conf() {
    dinfo "Install /etc/ld.so.conf*"
    cp -a /etc/ld.so.conf* "${initdir:?}/etc"
    ldconfig -r "$initdir"
}

install_testuser() {
    dinfo "Set up a test user"
    # create unprivileged user for user manager tests
    mkdir -p "${initdir:?}/etc/sysusers.d"
    cat >"$initdir/etc/sysusers.d/testuser.conf" <<EOF
u testuser    4711     "Test User" /home/testuser
EOF

    mkdir -p "$initdir/home/testuser"
    chmod 0700 "$initdir/home/testuser"
    chown 4711:4711 "$initdir/home/testuser"
}

install_config_files() {
    dinfo "Install config files"
    inst /etc/sysconfig/init || :
    inst /etc/passwd
    inst /etc/shadow
    inst_any /etc/login.defs /usr/etc/login.defs
    inst /etc/group
    inst /etc/shells
    inst_any /etc/nsswitch.conf /usr/etc/nsswitch.conf
    inst /etc/pam.conf || :
    inst_any /etc/os-release /usr/lib/os-release
    inst /etc/localtime
    # we want an empty environment
    : >"${initdir:?}/etc/environment"
    : >"$initdir/etc/machine-id"
    : >"$initdir/etc/resolv.conf"

    # set the hostname
    echo 'H' >"$initdir/etc/hostname"

    # let's set up just one image with the traditional verbose output
    if [ "${IMAGE_NAME:?}" != "basic" ]; then
        mkdir -p "$initdir/etc/systemd/system.conf.d"
        echo -e '[Manager]\nStatusUnitFormat=name' >"$initdir/etc/systemd/system.conf.d/status.conf"
    fi
}

install_basic_tools() {
    dinfo "Install basic tools"
    image_install "${BASICTOOLS[@]}"
    image_install -o sushell
    # in Debian ldconfig is just a shell script wrapper around ldconfig.real
    image_install -o ldconfig.real
}

install_debug_tools() {
    dinfo "Install debug tools"
    image_install -o "${DEBUGTOOLS[@]}"

    if get_bool "$INTERACTIVE_DEBUG"; then
        # Set default TERM from vt220 to linux, so at least basic key shortcuts work
        local getty_override="${initdir:?}/etc/systemd/system/serial-getty@.service.d"
        mkdir -p "$getty_override"
        echo -e "[Service]\nEnvironment=TERM=linux" >"$getty_override/default-TERM.conf"
        echo 'export TERM=linux' >>"$initdir/etc/profile"

        if command -v resize >/dev/null; then
            image_install resize
            echo "resize" >>"$initdir/etc/profile"
        fi

        # Sometimes we might end up with plymouthd still running (especially
        # with the initrd -> asan_wrapper -> systemd transition), which will eat
        # our inputs and make debugging via tty impossible. Let's fix this by
        # killing plymouthd explicitly for the interactive sessions.
        # Note: we can't use pkill/pidof/etc. here due to a bug in libasan, see:
        #   - https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/49223
        #   - https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2098125
        local plymouth_unit="${initdir:?}/etc/systemd/system/kill-plymouth.service"
        cat >"$plymouth_unit" <<EOF
[Unit]
After=multi-user.target

[Service]
ExecStart=sh -c 'killall --verbose plymouthd || :'

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF
        "${SYSTEMCTL:?}" enable --root "${initdir:?}" kill-plymouth.service
    fi
}

install_libnss() {
    dinfo "Install libnss"
    # install libnss_files for login
    local NSS_LIBS
    mapfile -t NSS_LIBS < <(LD_DEBUG=files getent passwd 2>&1 >/dev/null | sed -n '/calling init: .*libnss_/ {s!^.* /!/!; p}')
    if [[ ${#NSS_LIBS[@]} -gt 0 ]]; then
        image_install "${NSS_LIBS[@]}"
    fi
}

install_dbus() {
    dinfo "Install dbus"
    inst "${ROOTLIBDIR:?}/system/dbus.socket"

    # Newer Fedora versions use dbus-broker by default. Let's install it if it's available.
    if [ -f "$ROOTLIBDIR/system/dbus-broker.service" ]; then
        inst "$ROOTLIBDIR/system/dbus-broker.service"
        inst /usr/bin/dbus-broker
        inst /usr/bin/dbus-broker-launch
        image_install -o {/etc,/usr/lib}/systemd/system/dbus.service
    elif [ -f "$ROOTLIBDIR/system/dbus-daemon.service" ]; then
        # Fedora rawhide replaced dbus.service with dbus-daemon.service
        inst "$ROOTLIBDIR/system/dbus-daemon.service"
        # Alias symlink
        image_install -o {/etc,/usr/lib}/systemd/system/dbus.service
    else
        inst "$ROOTLIBDIR/system/dbus.service"
    fi

    while read -r file; do
        inst "$file"
    done < <(find /etc/dbus-1 /usr/share/dbus-1 -xtype f 2>/dev/null)

    # setup policy for Type=dbus test
    mkdir -p "${initdir:?}/etc/dbus-1/system.d"
    cat >"$initdir/etc/dbus-1/system.d/systemd.test.ExecStopPost.conf" <<EOF
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE busconfig PUBLIC "-//freedesktop//DTD D-BUS Bus Configuration 1.0//EN"
        "https://www.freedesktop.org/standards/dbus/1.0/busconfig.dtd">
<busconfig>
    <policy user="root">
        <allow own="systemd.test.ExecStopPost"/>
    </policy>
</busconfig>
EOF

    # If we run without KVM, bump the service start timeout
    if ! get_bool "$QEMU_KVM"; then
        cat >"$initdir/etc/dbus-1/system.d/service.timeout.conf" <<EOF
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE busconfig PUBLIC "-//freedesktop//DTD D-BUS Bus Configuration 1.0//EN"
        "https://www.freedesktop.org/standards/dbus/1.0/busconfig.dtd">
<busconfig>
    <limit name="service_start_timeout">120000</limit>
</busconfig>
EOF
        # Bump the client-side timeout in sd-bus as well
        mkdir -p "$initdir/etc/systemd/system.conf.d"
        echo -e '[Manager]\nDefaultEnvironment=SYSTEMD_BUS_TIMEOUT=120' >"$initdir/etc/systemd/system.conf.d/bus-timeout.conf"
    fi
}

install_user_dbus() {
    dinfo "Install user dbus"
    local userunitdir
    if ! userunitdir="$(pkg-config --variable=systemduserunitdir systemd)"; then
        dwarn "WARNING! Cannot determine userunitdir from pkg-config, assuming /usr/lib/systemd/user"
        userunitdir=/usr/lib/systemd/user
    fi

    inst "$userunitdir/dbus.socket"
    inst_symlink "$userunitdir/sockets.target.wants/dbus.socket" || inst_symlink /etc/systemd/user/sockets.target.wants/dbus.socket

    # Append the After= dependency on dbus in case it isn't already set up
    mkdir -p "${initdir:?}/etc/systemd/system/user@.service.d/"
    cat >"$initdir/etc/systemd/system/user@.service.d/dbus.conf" <<EOF
[Unit]
After=dbus.service
EOF

    # Newer Fedora versions use dbus-broker by default. Let's install it if it's available.
    if [ -f "$userunitdir/dbus-broker.service" ]; then
        inst "$userunitdir/dbus-broker.service"
        image_install -o {/etc,/usr/lib}/systemd/user/dbus.service
    elif [ -f "${ROOTLIBDIR:?}/system/dbus-daemon.service" ]; then
        # Fedora rawhide replaced dbus.service with dbus-daemon.service
        inst "$userunitdir/dbus-daemon.service"
        # Alias symlink
        image_install -o {/etc,/usr/lib}/systemd/user/dbus.service
    else
        inst "$userunitdir/dbus.service"
    fi
}

install_pam() {
    dinfo "Install PAM"
    local paths=()

    if get_bool "$LOOKS_LIKE_DEBIAN" && type -p dpkg-architecture &>/dev/null; then
        paths+=("/lib/$(dpkg-architecture -qDEB_HOST_MULTIARCH)/security")
    else
        paths+=(/lib*/security)
    fi

    for d in /etc/pam.d /{usr/,}etc/security /usr/{etc,lib}/pam.d; do
        [ -d "$d" ] && paths+=("$d")
    done

    while read -r file; do
        inst "$file"
    done < <(find "${paths[@]}" -xtype f)

    # pam_unix depends on unix_chkpwd.
    # see http://www.linux-pam.org/Linux-PAM-html/sag-pam_unix.html
    image_install -o unix_chkpwd

    # set empty root password for easy debugging
    sed -i 's/^root:x:/root::/' "${initdir:?}/etc/passwd"

    # And make sure pam_unix will accept it by making sure that
    # the PAM module has the nullok option.
    for d in /etc/pam.d /usr/{etc,lib}/pam.d; do
        [ -d "$initdir/$d" ] || continue
        sed -i '/^auth.*pam_unix.so/s/$/ nullok/' "$initdir/$d"/*
    done
}

install_locales() {
    # install only C.UTF-8 and English locales
    dinfo "Install locales"

    if command -v meson >/dev/null \
            && (meson configure "${BUILD_DIR:?}" | grep 'localegen-path */') \
            || get_bool "$LOOKS_LIKE_DEBIAN"; then
        # locale-gen support
        image_install -o locale-gen localedef
        inst /etc/locale.gen || :
        inst /usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED || :
        inst_recursive /usr/share/i18n/charmaps
        inst_recursive /usr/share/i18n/locales
        inst_recursive /usr/share/locale/en*
        inst_recursive /usr/share/locale/de*
        image_install /usr/share/locale/locale.alias
        # locale-gen might either generate each locale separately or merge them
        # into a single archive
        if ! (inst_recursive /usr/lib/locale/C.*8 /usr/lib/locale/en_*8 ||
              image_install /usr/lib/locale/locale-archive); then
            dfatal "Failed to install required locales"
            exit 1
        fi
    else
        inst_recursive /usr/lib/locale/C.*8 /usr/lib/locale/en_*8
    fi
}

# shellcheck disable=SC2120
install_keymaps() {
    local i p
    local -a prefix=(
        "/usr/lib"
        "/usr/share"
    )

    dinfo "Install console keymaps"

    if command -v meson >/dev/null \
            && [[ "$(meson configure "${BUILD_DIR:?}" | grep 'split-usr' | awk '{ print $2 }')" == "true" ]] \
            || [[ ! -L /lib ]]; then
        prefix+=(
            "/lib"
        )
    fi

    if (( $# == 0 )); then
        for p in "${prefix[@]}"; do
            # The first three paths may be deprecated.
            # It seems now the last three paths are used by many distributions.
            for i in \
                "$p"/kbd/keymaps/include/* \
                "$p"/kbd/keymaps/i386/include/* \
                "$p"/kbd/keymaps/i386/qwerty/us.* \
                "$p"/kbd/keymaps/legacy/include/* \
                "$p"/kbd/keymaps/legacy/i386/qwerty/us.* \
                "$p"/kbd/keymaps/xkb/us*; do
                    [[ -f "$i" ]] || continue
                    inst "$i"
            done
        done
    else
        # When it takes any argument, then install more keymaps.
        for p in "${prefix[@]}"; do
            for i in \
                "$p"/kbd/keymaps/include/* \
                "$p"/kbd/keymaps/i386/*/* \
                "$p"/kbd/keymaps/legacy/i386/*/* \
                "$p"/kbd/keymaps/xkb/*; do
                    [[ -f "$i" ]] || continue
                    inst "$i"
            done
        done
    fi
}

install_x11_keymaps() {
    dinfo "Install x11 keymaps"

    if (( $# == 0 )); then
        # Install only keymap list.
        inst /usr/share/X11/xkb/rules/base.lst
    else
        # When it takes any argument, then install all keymaps.
        inst_recursive /usr/share/X11/xkb
    fi
}

install_zoneinfo() {
    dinfo "Install time zones"
    inst_any /usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Seoul
    inst_any /usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Vladivostok
    inst_any /usr/share/zoneinfo/Australia/Sydney
    inst_any /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Berlin
    inst_any /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Dublin
    inst_any /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Kyiv
    inst_any /usr/share/zoneinfo/Pacific/Auckland
    inst_any /usr/share/zoneinfo/Pacific/Honolulu
    inst_any /usr/share/zoneinfo/CET
    inst_any /usr/share/zoneinfo/EET
    inst_any /usr/share/zoneinfo/UTC
}

install_fonts() {
    dinfo "Install system fonts"
    for i in \
        /usr/{lib,share}/kbd/consolefonts/eurlatgr* \
        /usr/{lib,share}/kbd/consolefonts/latarcyrheb-sun16*; do
            [[ -f "$i" ]] || continue
            inst "$i"
    done
}

install_terminfo() {
    dinfo "Install terminfo files"
    local terminfodir
    for terminfodir in /lib/terminfo /etc/terminfo /usr/share/terminfo; do
        [ -f "${terminfodir}/l/linux" ] && break
    done
    image_install -o "${terminfodir}/l/linux"
}

has_user_dbus_socket() {
    if [ -f /usr/lib/systemd/user/dbus.socket ] || [ -f /etc/systemd/user/dbus.socket ]; then
        return 0
    else
        echo "Per-user instances are not supported. Skipping..."
        return 1
    fi
}

setup_nspawn_root_hook() { :;}

setup_nspawn_root() {
    if [ -z "${initdir}" ]; then
        dfatal "\$initdir not defined"
        exit 1
    fi

    rm -rf "${TESTDIR:?}/unprivileged-nspawn-root"

    if get_bool "$RUN_IN_UNPRIVILEGED_CONTAINER"; then
        ddebug "cp -ar $initdir $TESTDIR/unprivileged-nspawn-root"
        cp -ar "$initdir" "$TESTDIR/unprivileged-nspawn-root"
    fi

    setup_nspawn_root_hook
}

setup_basic_dirs() {
    mkdir -p "${initdir:?}/run"
    mkdir -p "$initdir/etc/systemd/system"
    mkdir -p "$initdir/var/log/journal"


    for d in usr/bin usr/sbin bin etc lib "${libdir:?}" sbin tmp usr var var/log var/tmp dev proc sys sysroot root run run/lock run/initramfs; do
        if [ -L "/$d" ]; then
            inst_symlink "/$d"
        else
            inst_dir "/$d"
        fi
    done

    ln -sfn /run "$initdir/var/run"
    ln -sfn /run/lock "$initdir/var/lock"
}

mask_supporting_services() {
    # mask some services that we do not want to run in these tests
    ln -fsv /dev/null "${initdir:?}/etc/systemd/system/systemd-hwdb-update.service"
    ln -fsv /dev/null "$initdir/etc/systemd/system/systemd-journal-catalog-update.service"
    ln -fsv /dev/null "$initdir/etc/systemd/system/systemd-networkd.service"
    ln -fsv /dev/null "$initdir/etc/systemd/system/systemd-networkd.socket"
    ln -fsv /dev/null "$initdir/etc/systemd/system/systemd-resolved.service"
}

inst_libs() {
    local bin="${1:?}"
    local so_regex='([^ ]*/lib[^/]*/[^ ]*\.so[^ ]*)'
    local file line

    while read -r line; do
        [[ "$line" = 'not a dynamic executable' ]] && break
        # Ignore errors about our own stuff missing. This is most likely caused
        # by ldd attempting to use the unprefixed RPATH.
        [[ "$line" =~ libsystemd.*\ not\ found ]] && continue

        if [[ "$line" =~ $so_regex ]]; then
            file="${BASH_REMATCH[1]}"
            [[ -e "${initdir:?}/$file" ]] && continue
            inst_library "$file"
            continue
        fi

        if [[ "$line" =~ not\ found ]]; then
            dfatal "Missing a shared library required by $bin."
            dfatal "Run \"ldd $bin\" to find out what it is."
            dfatal "$line"
            dfatal "Cannot create a test image."
            exit 1
        fi
    done < <(LC_ALL=C ldd "$bin" 2>/dev/null)
}

import_testdir() {
    # make sure we don't get a stale LOOPDEV value from old times
    local _LOOPDEV="${LOOPDEV:=}"
    # We don't want shellcheck to follow & check the $STATEFILE
    # shellcheck source=/dev/null
    [[ -e "$STATEFILE" ]] && . "$STATEFILE"
    LOOPDEV="$_LOOPDEV"
    if [[ ! -d "$TESTDIR" ]]; then
        if [[ -z "$TESTDIR" ]]; then
            TESTDIR="$(mktemp --tmpdir=/var/tmp -d -t systemd-test.XXXXXX)"
        else
            mkdir -p "$TESTDIR"
        fi

        cat >"$STATEFILE" <<EOF
TESTDIR="$TESTDIR"
EOF
        export TESTDIR
    fi

    IMAGE_PRIVATE="${TESTDIR}/${IMAGE_NAME:?}.img"
    IMAGE_PUBLIC="${IMAGESTATEDIR:?}/${IMAGE_NAME}.img"
}

import_initdir() {
    initdir="${TESTDIR:?}/root"
    mkdir -p "$initdir"
    export initdir
}

get_cgroup_hierarchy() {
    case "$(stat -c '%T' -f /sys/fs/cgroup)" in
        cgroup2fs)
            echo "unified"
            ;;
        tmpfs)
            if [[ -d /sys/fs/cgroup/unified && "$(stat -c '%T' -f /sys/fs/cgroup/unified)" == cgroup2fs ]]; then
                echo "hybrid"
            else
                echo "legacy"
            fi
            ;;
        *)
            dfatal "Failed to determine host's cgroup hierarchy"
            exit 1
    esac
}

## @brief Converts numeric logging level to the first letter of level name.
#
# @param lvl Numeric logging level in range from 1 to 6.
# @retval 1 if @a lvl is out of range.
# @retval 0 if @a lvl is correct.
# @result Echoes first letter of level name.
_lvl2char() {
    case "$1" in
        1) echo F;;
        2) echo E;;
        3) echo W;;
        4) echo I;;
        5) echo D;;
        6) echo T;;
        *) return 1;;
    esac
}

## @brief Internal helper function for _do_dlog()
#
# @param lvl Numeric logging level.
# @param msg Message.
# @retval 0 It's always returned, even if logging failed.
#
# @note This function is not supposed to be called manually. Please use
# dtrace(), ddebug(), or others instead which wrap this one.
#
# This function calls _do_dlog() either with parameter msg, or if
# none is given, it will read standard input and will use every line as
# a message.
#
# This enables:
# dwarn "This is a warning"
# echo "This is a warning" | dwarn
LOG_LEVEL="${LOG_LEVEL:-4}"

dlog() {
    local lvl lvlc

    [ -z "$LOG_LEVEL" ] && return 0
    lvl="${1:?}"; shift
    [ "$lvl" -le "$LOG_LEVEL" ] || return 0
    lvlc="$(_lvl2char "$lvl")" || return 0

    if [ $# -ge 1 ]; then
        echo "$lvlc: $*"
    else
        while read -r line; do
            echo "$lvlc: " "$line"
        done
    fi
}

## @brief Logs message at TRACE level (6)
#
# @param msg Message.
# @retval 0 It's always returned, even if logging failed.
dtrace() {
    set +x
    dlog 6 "$@"
    if get_bool "${debug:=}"; then
        set -x
    fi
}

## @brief Logs message at DEBUG level (5)
#
# @param msg Message.
# @retval 0 It's always returned, even if logging failed.
ddebug() {
    dlog 5 "$@"
}

## @brief Logs message at INFO level (4)
#
# @param msg Message.
# @retval 0 It's always returned, even if logging failed.
dinfo() {
    set +x
    dlog 4 "$@"
    if get_bool "${debug:=}"; then
        set -x
    fi
}

## @brief Logs message at WARN level (3)
#
# @param msg Message.
# @retval 0 It's always returned, even if logging failed.
dwarn() {
    set +x
    dlog 3 "$@"
    if get_bool "${debug:=}"; then
        set -x
    fi
}

## @brief Logs message at ERROR level (2)
#
# @param msg Message.
# @retval 0 It's always returned, even if logging failed.
derror() {
    dlog 2 "$@"
}

## @brief Logs message at FATAL level (1)
#
# @param msg Message.
# @retval 0 It's always returned, even if logging failed.
dfatal() {
    set +x
    dlog 1 "$@"
    if get_bool "${debug:=}"; then
        set -x
    fi
}


# Generic substring function.  If $2 is in $1, return 0.
strstr() { [ "${1#*"$2"*}" != "$1" ]; }

# normalize_path <path>
# Prints the normalized path, where it removes any duplicated
# and trailing slashes.
# Example:
# $ normalize_path ///test/test//
# /test/test
normalize_path() {
    shopt -q -s extglob
    set -- "${1//+(\/)//}"
    shopt -q -u extglob
    echo "${1%/}"
}

# convert_abs_rel <from> <to>
# Prints the relative path, when creating a symlink to <to> from <from>.
# Example:
# $ convert_abs_rel /usr/bin/test /bin/test-2
# ../../bin/test-2
# $ ln -s $(convert_abs_rel /usr/bin/test /bin/test-2) /usr/bin/test
convert_abs_rel() {
    local __current __absolute __abssize __cursize __newpath
    local -i __i __level

    set -- "$(normalize_path "${1:?}")" "$(normalize_path "${2:?}")"

    # corner case #1 - self looping link
    [[ "$1" == "$2" ]] && { echo "${1##*/}"; return; }

    # corner case #2 - own dir link
    [[ "${1%/*}" == "$2" ]] && { echo "."; return; }

    IFS="/" read -ra __current <<< "$1"
    IFS="/" read -ra __absolute <<< "$2"

    __abssize=${#__absolute[@]}
    __cursize=${#__current[@]}

    while [[ "${__absolute[__level]}" == "${__current[__level]}" ]]; do
        (( __level++ ))
        if (( __level > __abssize || __level > __cursize ))
        then
            break
        fi
    done

    for ((__i = __level; __i < __cursize-1; __i++)); do
        if ((__i > __level))
        then
            __newpath=$__newpath"/"
        fi
        __newpath=$__newpath".."
    done

    for ((__i = __level; __i < __abssize; __i++)); do
        if [[ -n $__newpath ]]
        then
            __newpath=$__newpath"/"
        fi
        __newpath=$__newpath${__absolute[__i]}
    done

    echo "$__newpath"
}


# Install a directory, keeping symlinks as on the original system.
# Example: if /lib points to /lib64 on the host, "inst_dir /lib/file"
# will create ${initdir}/lib64, ${initdir}/lib64/file,
# and a symlink ${initdir}/lib -> lib64.
inst_dir() {
    local dir="${1:?}"
    local part="${dir%/*}"
    local file

    [[ -e "${initdir:?}/${dir}" ]] && return 0  # already there

    while [[ "$part" != "${part%/*}" ]] && ! [[ -e "${initdir}/${part}" ]]; do
        dir="$part $dir"
        part="${part%/*}"
    done

    # iterate over parent directories
    for file in $dir; do
        [[ -e "${initdir}/$file" ]] && continue
        if [[ -L $file ]]; then
            inst_symlink "$file"
        else
            # create directory
            mkdir -m 0755 "${initdir}/$file" || return 1
            [[ -e "$file" ]] && chmod --reference="$file" "${initdir}/$file"
            chmod u+w "${initdir}/$file"
        fi
    done
}

# $1 = file to copy to ramdisk
# $2 (optional) Name for the file on the ramdisk
# Location of the image dir is assumed to be $initdir
# We never overwrite the target if it exists.
inst_simple() {
    [[ -f "${1:?}" ]] || return 1
    strstr "$1" "/" || return 1

    local src="$1"
    local target="${2:-$1}"
    if ! [[ -d ${initdir:?}/$target ]]; then
        [[ -e ${initdir}/$target ]] && return 0
        [[ -L ${initdir}/$target ]] && return 0
        [[ -d "${initdir}/${target%/*}" ]] || inst_dir "${target%/*}"
    fi
    # install checksum files also
    if [[ -e "${src%/*}/.${src##*/}.hmac" ]]; then
        inst "${src%/*}/.${src##*/}.hmac" "${target%/*}/.${target##*/}.hmac"
    fi
    ddebug "Installing $src"
    cp --sparse=always --force --dereference --preserve=all "$src" "${initdir}/$target"
}

# find symlinks linked to given library file
# $1 = library file
# Function searches for symlinks by stripping version numbers appended to
# library filename, checks if it points to the same target and finally
# prints the list of symlinks to stdout.
#
# Example:
# rev_lib_symlinks libfoo.so.8.1
# output: libfoo.so.8 libfoo.so
# (Only if libfoo.so.8 and libfoo.so exists on host system.)
rev_lib_symlinks() {
    local fn="${1:?}"
    local links=""
    local orig
    orig="$(readlink -f "$1")"

    [[ "${fn}" =~ .*\.so\..* ]] || return 1

    until [[ "${fn##*.}" == so ]]; do
        fn="${fn%.*}"
        [[ -L "${fn}" && "$(readlink -f "${fn}")" == "${orig}" ]] && links+=" ${fn}"
    done

    echo "${links}"
}

# Same as above, but specialized to handle dynamic libraries.
# It handles making symlinks according to how the original library
# is referenced.
inst_library() {
    local src="${1:?}"
    local dest="${2:-$1}"
    local reallib symlink

    strstr "$1" "/" || return 1
    [[ -e ${initdir:?}/$dest ]] && return 0
    if [[ -L $src ]]; then
        # install checksum files also
        if [[ -e "${src%/*}/.${src##*/}.hmac" ]]; then
            inst "${src%/*}/.${src##*/}.hmac" "${dest%/*}/.${dest##*/}.hmac"
        fi
        reallib="$(readlink -f "$src")"
        inst_simple "$reallib" "$reallib"
        inst_dir "${dest%/*}"
        [[ -d "${dest%/*}" ]] && dest="$(readlink -f "${dest%/*}")/${dest##*/}"
        ddebug "Creating symlink $reallib -> $dest"
        ln -sfn -- "$(convert_abs_rel "${dest}" "${reallib}")" "${initdir}/${dest}"
    else
        inst_simple "$src" "$dest"
    fi

    # Create additional symlinks.  See rev_symlinks description.
    for symlink in $(rev_lib_symlinks "$src") ${reallib:+$(rev_lib_symlinks "$reallib")}; do
        if [[ ! -e "$initdir/$symlink" ]]; then
            ddebug "Creating extra symlink: $symlink"
            inst_symlink "$symlink"
        fi
    done
}

# find a binary.  If we were not passed the full path directly,
# search in the usual places to find the binary.
find_binary() {
    local bin="${1:?}"
    if [[ -z ${bin##/*} ]]; then
        if [[ -x "$bin" ]] || { strstr "$bin" ".so" && ldd "$bin" &>/dev/null; }; then
            echo "$bin"
            return 0
        fi
    fi

    type -P "$bin"
}

# Same as above, but specialized to install binary executables.
# Install binary executable, and all shared library dependencies, if any.
inst_binary() {
    local bin="${1:?}"
    local path target

    # In certain cases we might attempt to install a binary which is already
    # present in the test image, yet it's missing from the host system.
    # In such cases, let's check if the binary indeed exists in the image
    # before doing any other checks. If it does, immediately return with
    # success.
    if [[ $# -eq 1 ]]; then
        for path in "" bin sbin usr/bin usr/sbin; do
            [[ -e "${initdir:?}${path:+/$path}/${bin}" ]] && return 0
        done
    fi

    bin="$(find_binary "$bin")" || return 1
    target="${2:-$bin}"
    [[ -e "${initdir:?}/$target" ]] && return 0
    [[ -L "$bin" ]] && inst_symlink "$bin" "$target" && return 0

    local file line
    local so_regex='([^ ]*/lib[^/]*/[^ ]*\.so[^ ]*)'
    # DSOs provided by systemd
    local systemd_so_regex='/(libudev|libsystemd.*|.+[\-_]systemd([\-_].+)?|libnss_(mymachines|myhostname|resolve)).so'
    local wrap_binary=0
    local enable_lsan=0
    # I love bash!
    while read -r line; do
        [[ "$line" = 'not a dynamic executable' ]] && break

        # Ignore errors about our own stuff missing. This is most likely caused
        # by ldd attempting to use the unprefixed RPATH.
        [[ "$line" =~ libsystemd.*\ not\ found ]] && continue

        # We're built with ASan and the target binary loads one of the systemd's
        # DSOs, so we need to tweak the environment before executing the binary
        if get_bool "$IS_BUILT_WITH_ASAN" && [[ "$line" =~ $systemd_so_regex ]]; then
            wrap_binary=1
        fi

        if [[ "$line" =~ $so_regex ]]; then
            file="${BASH_REMATCH[1]}"
            [[ -e "${initdir}/$file" ]] && continue
            inst_library "$file"
            continue
        fi

        if [[ "$line" =~ not\ found ]]; then
            dfatal "Missing a shared library required by $bin."
            dfatal "Run \"ldd $bin\" to find out what it is."
            dfatal "$line"
            dfatal "Cannot create a test image."
            exit 1
        fi
    done < <(LC_ALL=C ldd "$bin" 2>/dev/null)

    # Same as above, but we need to wrap certain libraries unconditionally
    #
    # chown, getent, login, su, useradd, userdel - dlopen() (not only) systemd's PAM modules
    # ls, mkfs.*, mksquashfs, mkswap, setpriv, stat
    #       - pull in nss_systemd with certain options (like ls -l) when
    #         nsswitch.conf uses [SUCCESS=merge] (like on Arch Linux)
    # delv, dig - pull in nss_resolve if `resolve` is in nsswitch.conf
    # tar - called by machinectl in TEST-25
    bin_rx='/(agetty|chown|curl|delv|dig|getfacl|getent|login|ls|mkfs\.[a-z0-9]+|mksquashfs|mkswap|setpriv|stat|su|tar|useradd|userdel)$'
    if get_bool "$IS_BUILT_WITH_ASAN" && [[ "$bin" =~ $bin_rx ]]; then
        wrap_binary=1
        # Ugh, so we want to disable LSan in most cases for the wrapped binaries, since
        # we don't care about memory leaks in such binaries. However, in certain cases
        # the external binary is the only interface for the systemd code, like for
        # the systemd NSS modules, where we want to detect memory leaks. So let's
        # do another check to decide if we want to enable LSan for given binary.
        if [[ "$bin" =~ /getent$ ]]; then
            enable_lsan=1
        fi
    fi

    # If the target binary is built with ASan support, we don't need to wrap
    # it, as it should handle everything by itself
    if get_bool "$wrap_binary" && ! is_built_with_asan "$bin"; then
        dinfo "Creating ASan-compatible wrapper for binary '$target'"
        # Install the target binary with a ".orig" suffix
        inst_simple "$bin" "${target}.orig"
        # Create a simple shell wrapper in place of the target binary, which
        # sets necessary ASan-related env variables and then exec()s the
        # suffixed target binary
        cat >"$initdir/$target" <<EOF
#!/bin/bash
# Preload the ASan runtime DSO, otherwise ASAn will complain
export LD_PRELOAD="$ASAN_RT_PATH"
# Disable LSan to speed things up, since we don't care about leak reports
# from 'external' binaries
export ASAN_OPTIONS=detect_leaks=$enable_lsan
# Set argv[0] to the original binary name without the ".orig" suffix
exec -a "\$0" -- "${target}.orig" "\$@"
EOF
        chmod +x "$initdir/$target"
    else
        inst_simple "$bin" "$target"
    fi
}

# same as above, except for shell scripts.
# If your shell script does not start with shebang, it is not a shell script.
inst_script() {
    local bin line shebang_regex
    bin="$(find_binary "${1:?}")" || return 1
    shift

    read -r -n 80 line <"$bin"
    # If debug is set, clean unprintable chars to prevent messing up the term
    get_bool "${debug:=}" && line="$(echo -n "$line" | tr -c -d '[:print:][:space:]')"
    shebang_regex='(#! *)(/[^ ]+).*'
    [[ "$line" =~ $shebang_regex ]] || return 1
    inst "${BASH_REMATCH[2]}" && inst_simple "$bin" "$@"
}

# same as above, but specialized for symlinks
inst_symlink() {
    local src="${1:?}"
    local target="${2:-$src}"
    local realsrc

    strstr "$src" "/" || return 1
    [[ -L "$src" ]] || return 1
    [[ -L "${initdir:?}/$target" ]] && return 0
    realsrc="$(readlink -f "$src")"
    if ! [[ -e "$initdir/$realsrc" ]]; then
        if [[ -d "$realsrc" ]]; then
            inst_dir "$realsrc"
        else
            inst "$realsrc"
        fi
    fi
    [[ ! -e "$initdir/${target%/*}" ]] && inst_dir "${target%/*}"
    [[ -d "${target%/*}" ]] && target="$(readlink -f "${target%/*}")/${target##*/}"
    ln -sfn -- "$(convert_abs_rel "${target}" "${realsrc}")" "$initdir/$target"
}

# attempt to install any programs specified in a udev rule
inst_rule_programs() {
    local rule="${1:?}"
    local prog bin

    sed -rn 's/^.*?PROGRAM==?"([^ "]+).*$/\1/p' "$rule" | while read -r prog; do
        if [ -x "/lib/udev/$prog" ]; then
            bin="/lib/udev/$prog"
        else
            if ! bin="$(find_binary "$prog")"; then
                dinfo "Skipping program $prog used in udev rule $(basename "$rule") as it cannot be found"
                continue
            fi
        fi

        #dinfo "Installing $_bin due to it's use in the udev rule $(basename $1)"
        image_install "$bin"
    done
}

# udev rules always get installed in the same place, so
# create a function to install them to make life simpler.
inst_rules() {
    local target=/etc/udev/rules.d
    local found rule

    inst_dir "/lib/udev/rules.d"
    inst_dir "$target"
    for rule in "$@"; do
        if [ "${rule#/}" = "$rule" ]; then
            for r in /lib/udev/rules.d /etc/udev/rules.d; do
                if [[ -f "$r/$rule" ]]; then
                    found="$r/$rule"
                    inst_simple "$found"
                    inst_rule_programs "$found"
                fi
            done
        fi
        for r in '' ./; do
            if [[ -f "${r}${rule}" ]]; then
                found="${r}${rule}"
                inst_simple "$found" "$target/${found##*/}"
                inst_rule_programs "$found"
            fi
        done
        [[ $found ]] || dinfo "Skipping udev rule: $rule"
        found=
    done
}

# general purpose installation function
# Same args as above.
inst() {
    case $# in
        1) ;;
        2)
            [[ ! "$initdir" && -d "$2" ]] && export initdir="$2"
            [[ "$initdir" = "$2" ]] && set "$1"
            ;;
        3)
            [[ -z "$initdir" ]] && export initdir="$2"
            set "$1" "$3"
            ;;
        *)
            dfatal "inst only takes 1 or 2 or 3 arguments"
            exit 1
            ;;
    esac

    local fun
    for fun in inst_symlink inst_script inst_binary inst_simple; do
        "$fun" "$@" && return 0
    done

    dwarn "Failed to install '$1'"
    return 1
}

# install any of listed files
#
# If first argument is '-d' and second some destination path, first accessible
# source is installed into this path, otherwise it will installed in the same
# path as source.  If none of listed files was installed, function return 1.
# On first successful installation it returns with 0 status.
#
# Example:
#
# inst_any -d /bin/foo /bin/bar /bin/baz
#
# Lets assume that /bin/baz exists, so it will be installed as /bin/foo in
# initrd.
inst_any() {
    local dest file

    [[ "${1:?}" = '-d' ]] && dest="${2:?}" && shift 2

    for file in "$@"; do
        if [[ -e "$file" ]]; then
            [[ -n "$dest" ]] && inst "$file" "$dest" && return 0
            inst "$file" && return 0
        fi
    done

    return 1
}

inst_recursive() {
    local p item

    for p in "$@"; do
        # Make sure the source exists, as the process substitution below
        # suppresses errors
        stat "$p" >/dev/null || return 1

        while read -r item; do
            if [[ -d "$item" ]]; then
                inst_dir "$item"
            elif [[ -f "$item" ]]; then
                inst_simple "$item"
            fi
        done < <(find "$p" 2>/dev/null)
    done
}

# image_install [-o ] <file> [<file> ... ]
# Install <file> to the test image
# -o optionally install the <file> and don't fail, if it is not there
image_install() {
    local optional=no
    local prog="${1:?}"

    if [[ "$prog" = '-o' ]]; then
        optional=yes
        shift
    fi

    for prog in "$@"; do
        if ! inst "$prog" ; then
            if get_bool "$optional"; then
                dinfo "Skipping program $prog as it cannot be found and is" \
                    "flagged to be optional"
            else
                dfatal "Failed to install $prog"
                exit 1
            fi
        fi
    done
}

# Install a single kernel module along with any firmware it may require.
# $1 = full path to kernel module to install
install_kmod_with_fw() {
    local module="${1:?}"
    # no need to go further if the module is already installed
    [[ -e "${initdir:?}/lib/modules/${KERNEL_VER:?}/${module##*"/lib/modules/$KERNEL_VER/"}" ]] && return 0
    [[ -e "$initdir/.kernelmodseen/${module##*/}" ]] && return 0

    [ -d "$initdir/.kernelmodseen" ] && : >"$initdir/.kernelmodseen/${module##*/}"

    inst_simple "$module" "/lib/modules/$KERNEL_VER/${module##*"/lib/modules/$KERNEL_VER/"}" || return $?

    local modname="${module##*/}"
    local fwdir found fw
    modname="${modname%.ko*}"

    while read -r fw; do
        found=
        for fwdir in /lib/firmware/updates /lib/firmware; do
            if [[ -d "$fwdir" && -f "$fwdir/$fw" ]]; then
                inst_simple "$fwdir/$fw" "/lib/firmware/$fw"
                found=yes
            fi
        done
        if ! get_bool "$found"; then
            if ! grep -qe "\<${modname//-/_}\>" /proc/modules; then
                dinfo "Possible missing firmware \"${fw}\" for kernel module" \
                    "\"${modname}.ko\""
            else
                dwarn "Possible missing firmware \"${fw}\" for kernel module" \
                    "\"${modname}.ko\""
            fi
        fi
    done < <(modinfo -k "$KERNEL_VER" -F firmware "$module" 2>/dev/null)
    return 0
}

# Do something with all the dependencies of a kernel module.
# Note that kernel modules depend on themselves using the technique we use
# $1 = function to call for each dependency we find
#      It will be passed the full path to the found kernel module
# $2 = module to get dependencies for
# rest of args = arguments to modprobe
for_each_kmod_dep() {
    local func="${1:?}"
    local kmod="${2:?}"
    local found=0
    local cmd modpath
    shift 2

    while read -r cmd modpath _; do
        [[ "$cmd" = insmod ]] || continue
        "$func" "$modpath" || return $?
        found=1
    done < <(modprobe "$@" --ignore-install --show-depends "$kmod")

    ! get_bool "$found" && return 1
    return 0
}

# instmods [-c] <kernel module> [<kernel module> ... ]
# instmods [-c] <kernel subsystem>
# install kernel modules along with all their dependencies.
# <kernel subsystem> can be e.g. "=block" or "=drivers/usb/storage"
# FIXME(?): dracutdevs/dracut@f4e38c0da8d6bf3764c1ad753d9d52aef63050e5
instmods() {
    local check=no
    if [[ $# -ge 0 && "$1" = '-c' ]]; then
        check=yes
        shift
    fi

    inst1mod() {
        local mod="${1:?}"
        local ret=0
        local mod_dir="/lib/modules/${KERNEL_VER:?}/"

        case "$mod" in
            =*)
                if [ -f "${mod_dir}/modules.${mod#=}" ]; then
                    (
                        [[ "$mpargs" ]] && echo "$mpargs"
                        cat "${mod_dir}/modules.${mod#=}"
                    ) | instmods
                else
                    (
                        [[ "$mpargs" ]] && echo "$mpargs"
                        find "$mod_dir" -path "*/${mod#=}/*" -name "*.ko*" -type f -printf '%f\n'
                    ) | instmods
                fi
                ;;
            --*)
                mpargs+=" $mod"
                ;;
            i2o_scsi)
                # Do not load this diagnostic-only module
                return
                ;;
            *)
                mod=${mod##*/}
                # if we are already installed, skip this module and go on
                # to the next one.
                [[ -f "${initdir:?}/.kernelmodseen/${mod%.ko}.ko" ]] && return

                # We use '-d' option in modprobe only if modules prefix path
                # differs from default '/'.  This allows us to use Dracut with
                # old version of modprobe which doesn't have '-d' option.
                local mod_dirname=${mod_dir%%/lib/modules/*}
                [[ -n ${mod_dirname} ]] && mod_dirname="-d ${mod_dirname}/"

                # ok, load the module, all its dependencies, and any firmware
                # it may require
                for_each_kmod_dep install_kmod_with_fw "$mod" \
                    --set-version "$KERNEL_VER" \
                    ${mod_dirname:+"$mod_dirname"} \
                    ${mpargs:+"$mpargs"}
                ((ret+=$?))
                ;;
        esac
        return "$ret"
    }

    local mod mpargs

    if [[ $# -eq 0 ]]; then  # filenames from stdin
        while read -r mod; do
            if ! inst1mod "${mod%.ko*}" && [ "$check" = "yes" ]; then
                dfatal "Failed to install $mod"
                return 1
            fi
        done
    fi

    for mod in "$@"; do # filenames as arguments
        if ! inst1mod "${mod%.ko*}" && [ "$check" = "yes" ]; then
            dfatal "Failed to install $mod"
            return 1
        fi
    done

    return 0
}

_umount_dir() {
    local mountpoint="${1:?}"
    if mountpoint -q "$mountpoint"; then
        ddebug "umount $mountpoint"
        umount "$mountpoint"
    fi
}

# can be overridden in specific test
test_setup_cleanup() {
    cleanup_initdir
}

_test_cleanup() {
    # (post-test) cleanup should always ignore failure and cleanup as much as possible
    (
        set +e
        [[ -n "$initdir" ]] && _umount_dir "$initdir"
        [[ -n "$IMAGE_PUBLIC" ]] && rm -vf "$IMAGE_PUBLIC"
        # If multiple setups/cleans are ran in parallel, this can cause a race
        if [[ -n "$IMAGESTATEDIR" && $TEST_PARALLELIZE -ne 1 ]]; then
            rm -vf "${IMAGESTATEDIR}/default.img"
        fi
        [[ -n "$TESTDIR" ]] && rm -vfr "$TESTDIR"
        [[ -n "$STATEFILE" ]] && rm -vf "$STATEFILE"
    ) || :
}

# can be overridden in specific test
test_cleanup() {
    _test_cleanup
}

test_cleanup_again() {
    [ -n "$TESTDIR" ] || return
    rm -rf "$TESTDIR/unprivileged-nspawn-root"
    [[ -n "$initdir" ]] && _umount_dir "$initdir"
}

test_create_image() {
    create_empty_image_rootdir

    # Create what will eventually be our root filesystem onto an overlay
    (
        LOG_LEVEL=5
        setup_basic_environment
    )
}

test_setup() {
    if ! get_bool "$NO_BUILD" && \
         get_bool "${TEST_REQUIRE_INSTALL_TESTS:?}" && \
         command -v meson >/dev/null && \
         [[ "$(meson configure "${BUILD_DIR:?}" | grep install-tests | awk '{ print $2 }')" != "true" ]]; then
        dfatal "$BUILD_DIR needs to be built with -Dinstall-tests=true"
        exit 1
    fi

    if [ -e "${IMAGE_PRIVATE:?}" ]; then
        echo "Reusing existing image $IMAGE_PRIVATE$(realpath "$IMAGE_PRIVATE")"
        mount_initdir
    else
        if [ ! -e "${IMAGE_PUBLIC:?}" ]; then
            # default.img is the base that every test uses and optionally appends to
            if [ ! -e "${IMAGESTATEDIR:?}/default.img" ] || [ -n "${TEST_FORCE_NEWIMAGE:=}" ]; then
                # Create the backing public image, but then completely unmount
                # it and drop the loopback device responsible for it, since we're
                # going to symlink/copy the image and mount it again from
                # elsewhere.
                local image_old="${IMAGE_PUBLIC}"
                if [ -z "${TEST_FORCE_NEWIMAGE}" ]; then
                    IMAGE_PUBLIC="${IMAGESTATEDIR}/default.img"
                fi
                test_create_image
                test_setup_cleanup
                umount_loopback
                cleanup_loopdev
                IMAGE_PUBLIC="${image_old}"
            fi
            if [ "${IMAGE_NAME:?}" != "default" ] && ! get_bool "${TEST_FORCE_NEWIMAGE}"; then
                cp -v "$(realpath "${IMAGESTATEDIR}/default.img")" "$IMAGE_PUBLIC"
            fi
        fi

        local hook_defined
        declare -f -F test_append_files >/dev/null && hook_defined=yes || hook_defined=no

        echo "Reusing existing cached image $IMAGE_PUBLIC$(realpath "$IMAGE_PUBLIC")"
        if get_bool "$TEST_PARALLELIZE" || get_bool "$hook_defined"; then
            cp -v -- "$(realpath "$IMAGE_PUBLIC")" "$IMAGE_PRIVATE"
        else
            ln -sv -- "$(realpath "$IMAGE_PUBLIC")" "$IMAGE_PRIVATE"
        fi

        mount_initdir

        if get_bool "${TEST_SUPPORTING_SERVICES_SHOULD_BE_MASKED}"; then
            dinfo "Masking supporting services"
            mask_supporting_services
        fi

        # Send stdout/stderr of testsuite-*.service units to both journal and
        # console to make debugging in CIs easier
        # Note: we can't use a dropin for `testsuite-.service`, since that also
        #       overrides 'sub-units' of some tests that already use a specific
        #       value for Standard(Output|Error)=
        #       (e.g. test/units/testsuite-66-deviceisolation.service)
        if ! get_bool "$INTERACTIVE_DEBUG"; then
            local dropin_dir="${initdir:?}/etc/systemd/system/testsuite-${TESTID:?}.service.d"
            mkdir -p "$dropin_dir"
            printf '[Service]\nStandardOutput=journal+console\nStandardError=journal+console' >"$dropin_dir/99-stdout.conf"
        fi

        if get_bool "$hook_defined"; then
            test_append_files "${initdir:?}"
        fi
    fi

    setup_nspawn_root
}

test_run() {
    local test_id="${1:?}"
    mount_initdir

    if ! get_bool "${TEST_NO_QEMU:=}"; then
        if run_qemu "$test_id"; then
            check_result_qemu || { echo "qemu test failed"; return 1; }
        else
            dwarn "can't run qemu, skipping"
        fi
    fi
    if ! get_bool "${TEST_NO_NSPAWN:=}"; then
        mount_initdir
        if run_nspawn "${initdir:?}" "$test_id"; then
            check_result_nspawn "$initdir" || { echo "nspawn-root test failed"; return 1; }
        else
            dwarn "can't run systemd-nspawn, skipping"
        fi

        if get_bool "${RUN_IN_UNPRIVILEGED_CONTAINER:=}"; then
            dir="$TESTDIR/unprivileged-nspawn-root"
            if NSPAWN_ARGUMENTS="-U --private-network ${NSPAWN_ARGUMENTS:-}" run_nspawn "$dir" "$test_id"; then
                check_result_nspawn "$dir" || { echo "unprivileged-nspawn-root test failed"; return 1; }
            else
                dwarn "can't run systemd-nspawn, skipping"
            fi
        fi
    fi
    return 0
}

do_test() {
    if [[ $UID != "0" ]]; then
        echo "TEST: $TEST_DESCRIPTION [SKIPPED]: not root" >&2
        exit 0
    fi

    if get_bool "${TEST_NO_QEMU:=}" && get_bool "${TEST_NO_NSPAWN:=}"; then
        echo "TEST: $TEST_DESCRIPTION [SKIPPED]: both qemu and nspawn disabled" >&2
        exit 0
    fi

    if get_bool "${TEST_QEMU_ONLY:=}" && ! get_bool "$TEST_NO_NSPAWN"; then
        echo "TEST: $TEST_DESCRIPTION [SKIPPED]: qemu-only tests requested" >&2
        exit 0
    fi

    if get_bool "${TEST_PREFER_NSPAWN:=}" && ! get_bool "$TEST_NO_NSPAWN"; then
        TEST_NO_QEMU=1
    fi

    # Detect lib paths
    [[ "$libdir" ]] || for libdir in /lib64 /lib; do
        [[ -d $libdir ]] && libdirs+=" $libdir" && break
    done

    [[ "$usrlibdir" ]] || for usrlibdir in /usr/lib64 /usr/lib; do
        [[ -d $usrlibdir ]] && libdirs+=" $usrlibdir" && break
    done

    mkdir -p "$STATEDIR"

    import_testdir
    import_initdir

    if [ -n "${SUDO_USER}" ]; then
        ddebug "Making ${TESTDIR:?} readable for ${SUDO_USER} (acquired from sudo)"
        setfacl -m "user:${SUDO_USER:?}:r-X" "${TESTDIR:?}"
    fi

    testname="$(basename "$PWD")"

    while (($# > 0)); do
        case $1 in
            --run)
                echo "${testname} RUN: $TEST_DESCRIPTION"
                test_run "$TESTID"
                ret=$?
                if [ $ret -eq 0 ]; then
                    echo "${testname} RUN: $TEST_DESCRIPTION [OK]"
                else
                    echo "${testname} RUN: $TEST_DESCRIPTION [FAILED]"
                fi
                exit $ret
                ;;
            --setup)
                echo "${testname} SETUP: $TEST_DESCRIPTION"
                test_setup
                test_setup_cleanup
                ;;
            --clean)
                echo "${testname} CLEANUP: $TEST_DESCRIPTION"
                test_cleanup
                ;;
            --clean-again)
                echo "${testname} CLEANUP AGAIN: $TEST_DESCRIPTION"
                test_cleanup_again
                ;;
            --all)
                ret=0
                echo -n "${testname}: $TEST_DESCRIPTION "
                # Do not use a subshell, otherwise cleanup variables (LOOPDEV) will be lost
                # and loop devices will leak
                test_setup </dev/null >"$TESTLOG" 2>&1 || ret=$?
                if [ $ret -eq 0 ]; then
                    test_setup_cleanup </dev/null >>"$TESTLOG" 2>&1 || ret=$?
                fi
                if [ $ret -eq 0 ]; then
                    test_run "$TESTID" </dev/null >>"$TESTLOG" 2>&1 || ret=$?
                fi
                test_cleanup
                if [ $ret -eq 0 ]; then
                    # $TESTLOG is in $STATEDIR, so clean it up only on success
                    [[ -n "$STATEDIR" ]] && rm -vfr "$STATEDIR"
                    echo "[OK]"
                else
                    echo "[FAILED]"
                    echo "see $TESTLOG"
                fi
                exit $ret
                ;;
            *)
                break
                ;;
        esac
        shift
    done
}