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authorDaniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>2024-04-07 15:01:30 +0000
committerDaniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>2024-04-07 15:01:30 +0000
commit6beeb1b708550be0d4a53b272283e17e5e35fe17 (patch)
tree1ce8673d4aaa948e5554000101f46536a1e4cc29 /docs/manual/ssl/ssl_faq.html.en
parentInitial commit. (diff)
downloadapache2-6beeb1b708550be0d4a53b272283e17e5e35fe17.tar.xz
apache2-6beeb1b708550be0d4a53b272283e17e5e35fe17.zip
Adding upstream version 2.4.57.upstream/2.4.57upstream
Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>
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+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><head>
+<meta content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="Content-Type" />
+<!--
+ XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
+ This file is generated from xml source: DO NOT EDIT
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+ -->
+<title>SSL/TLS Strong Encryption: FAQ - Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4</title>
+<link href="../style/css/manual.css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="Main stylesheet" />
+<link href="../style/css/manual-loose-100pc.css" rel="alternate stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="No Sidebar - Default font size" />
+<link href="../style/css/manual-print.css" rel="stylesheet" media="print" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../style/css/prettify.css" />
+<script src="../style/scripts/prettify.min.js" type="text/javascript">
+</script>
+
+<link href="../images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" /></head>
+<body id="manual-page"><div id="page-header">
+<p class="menu"><a href="../mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="../mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="http://wiki.apache.org/httpd/FAQ">FAQ</a> | <a href="../glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="../sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p>
+<p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4</p>
+<img alt="" src="../images/feather.png" /></div>
+<div class="up"><a href="./"><img title="&lt;-" alt="&lt;-" src="../images/left.gif" /></a></div>
+<div id="path">
+<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> &gt; <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> &gt; <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> &gt; <a href="../">Version 2.4</a> &gt; <a href="./">SSL/TLS</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>SSL/TLS Strong Encryption: FAQ</h1>
+<div class="toplang">
+<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/ssl/ssl_faq.html" title="English">&nbsp;en&nbsp;</a> |
+<a href="../fr/ssl/ssl_faq.html" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" title="Français">&nbsp;fr&nbsp;</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>The wise man doesn't give the right answers,
+he poses the right questions.</p>
+<p class="cite">-- <cite>Claude Levi-Strauss</cite></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+</div>
+<div id="quickview"><a href="https://www.apache.org/foundation/contributing.html" class="badge"><img src="https://www.apache.org/images/SupportApache-small.png" alt="Support Apache!" /></a><ul id="toc"><li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#installation">Installation</a></li>
+<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#aboutconfig">Configuration</a></li>
+<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#aboutcerts">Certificates</a></li>
+<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#aboutssl">The SSL Protocol</a></li>
+<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#support">mod_ssl Support</a></li>
+</ul><h3>See also</h3><ul class="seealso"><li><a href="#comments_section">Comments</a></li></ul></div>
+<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a name="installation" id="installation">Installation</a></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#mutex">Why do I get permission errors related to
+SSLMutex when I start Apache?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#entropy">Why does mod_ssl stop with the error "Failed to
+generate temporary 512 bit RSA private key" when I start Apache?</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3><a name="mutex" id="mutex">Why do I get permission errors related to
+ SSLMutex when I start Apache?</a></h3>
+ <p>Errors such as ``<code>mod_ssl: Child could not open
+ SSLMutex lockfile /opt/apache/logs/ssl_mutex.18332 (System error follows)
+ [...] System: Permission denied (errno: 13)</code>'' are usually
+ caused by overly restrictive permissions on the <em>parent</em> directories.
+ Make sure that all parent directories (here <code>/opt</code>,
+ <code>/opt/apache</code> and <code>/opt/apache/logs</code>) have the x-bit
+ set for, at minimum, the UID under which Apache's children are running (see
+ the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_unixd.html#user">User</a></code> directive).</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="entropy" id="entropy">Why does mod_ssl stop with the error
+ "Failed to generate temporary 512 bit RSA private key" when I start
+ Apache?</a></h3>
+ <p>Cryptographic software needs a source of unpredictable data
+ to work correctly. Many open source operating systems provide
+ a "randomness device" that serves this purpose (usually named
+ <code>/dev/random</code>). On other systems, applications have to
+ seed the OpenSSL Pseudo Random Number Generator (PRNG) manually with
+ appropriate data before generating keys or performing public key
+ encryption. As of version 0.9.5, the OpenSSL functions that need
+ randomness report an error if the PRNG has not been seeded with
+ at least 128 bits of randomness.</p>
+ <p>To prevent this error, <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_ssl.html">mod_ssl</a></code> has to provide
+ enough entropy to the PRNG to allow it to work correctly. This can
+ be done via the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_ssl.html#sslrandomseed">SSLRandomSeed</a></code>
+ directive.</p>
+
+</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a name="aboutconfig" id="aboutconfig">Configuration</a></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#parallel">Is it possible to provide HTTP and HTTPS from
+the same server?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#ports">Which port does HTTPS use?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#httpstest">How do I speak HTTPS manually for testing
+purposes?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#hang">Why does the connection hang when I connect to my
+SSL-aware Apache server?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#refused">Why do I get ``Connection Refused'' errors, when
+trying to access my newly installed Apache+mod_ssl server via HTTPS?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#envvars">Why are the <code>SSL_XXX</code> variables not
+available to my CGI &amp; SSI scripts?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#relative">How can I switch between HTTP and HTTPS in
+relative hyperlinks?</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3><a name="parallel" id="parallel">Is it possible to provide HTTP and HTTPS
+ from the same server?</a></h3>
+ <p>Yes. HTTP and HTTPS use different server ports (HTTP binds to
+ port 80, HTTPS to port 443), so there is no direct conflict between
+ them. You can either run two separate server instances bound to
+ these ports, or use Apache's elegant virtual hosting facility to
+ create two virtual servers, both served by the same instance of Apache
+ - one responding over HTTP to requests on port 80, and the other
+ responding over HTTPS to requests on port 443.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="ports" id="ports">Which port does HTTPS use?</a></h3>
+<p>You can run HTTPS on any port, but the standards specify port 443, which
+ is where any HTTPS compliant browser will look by default. You can force
+ your browser to look on a different port by specifying it in the URL. For
+ example, if your server is set up to serve pages over HTTPS on port 8080,
+ you can access them at <code>https://example.com:8080/</code></p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="httpstest" id="httpstest">How do I speak HTTPS manually for testing purposes?</a></h3>
+ <p>While you usually just use</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><p><code>$ telnet localhost 80<br />
+ GET / HTTP/1.0</code></p></div>
+
+ <p>for simple testing of Apache via HTTP, it's not so easy for
+ HTTPS because of the SSL protocol between TCP and HTTP. With the
+ help of OpenSSL's <code>s_client</code> command, however, you can
+ do a similar check via HTTPS:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><p><code>$ openssl s_client -connect localhost:443 -state -debug<br />
+ GET / HTTP/1.0</code></p></div>
+
+ <p>Before the actual HTTP response you will receive detailed
+ information about the SSL handshake. For a more general command
+ line client which directly understands both HTTP and HTTPS, can
+ perform GET and POST operations, can use a proxy, supports byte
+ ranges, etc. you should have a look at the nifty
+ <a href="http://curl.haxx.se/">cURL</a> tool. Using this, you can
+ check that Apache is responding correctly to requests via HTTP and
+ HTTPS as follows:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><p><code>$ curl http://localhost/<br />
+ $ curl https://localhost/</code></p></div>
+
+
+<h3><a name="hang" id="hang">Why does the connection hang when I connect
+ to my SSL-aware Apache server?</a></h3>
+
+<p>This can happen when you try to connect to a HTTPS server (or virtual
+ server) via HTTP (eg, using <code>http://example.com/</code> instead of
+ <code>https://example.com</code>). It can also happen when trying to
+ connect via HTTPS to a HTTP server (eg, using
+ <code>https://example.com/</code> on a server which doesn't support HTTPS,
+ or which supports it on a non-standard port). Make sure that you're
+ connecting to a (virtual) server that supports SSL.</p>
+
+<h3><a name="refused" id="refused">Why do I get ``Connection Refused'' messages,
+ when trying to access my newly installed Apache+mod_ssl server via HTTPS?</a></h3>
+<p>
+ This error can be caused by an incorrect configuration.
+ Please make sure that your <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mpm_common.html#listen">Listen</a></code> directives match your
+ <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#virtualhost">&lt;VirtualHost&gt;</a></code>
+ directives. If all else fails, please start afresh, using the default
+ configuration provided by <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_ssl.html">mod_ssl</a></code>.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="envvars" id="envvars">Why are the <code>SSL_XXX</code> variables
+ not available to my CGI &amp; SSI scripts?</a></h3>
+<p>Please make sure you have ``<code>SSLOptions +StdEnvVars</code>''
+ enabled for the context of your CGI/SSI requests.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="relative" id="relative">How can I switch between HTTP and HTTPS in relative
+ hyperlinks?</a></h3>
+
+<p>Usually, to switch between HTTP and HTTPS, you have to use
+ fully-qualified hyperlinks (because you have to change the URL
+ scheme). Using <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code> however, you can
+ manipulate relative hyperlinks, to achieve the same effect.</p>
+ <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RewriteEngine on
+RewriteRule "^/(.*)_SSL$" "https://%{SERVER_NAME}/$1" [R,L]
+RewriteRule "^/(.*)_NOSSL$" "http://%{SERVER_NAME}/$1" [R,L]</pre>
+
+
+ <p>This rewrite ruleset lets you use hyperlinks of the form
+ <code>&lt;a href="document.html_SSL"&gt;</code>, to switch to HTTPS
+ in a relative link. (Replace SSL with NOSSL to switch to HTTP.)</p>
+
+</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a name="aboutcerts" id="aboutcerts">Certificates</a></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#keyscerts">What are RSA Private Keys, CSRs and
+Certificates?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#startup">Is there a difference on startup between
+a non-SSL-aware Apache and an SSL-aware Apache?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#selfcert">How do I create a self-signed SSL
+Certificate for testing purposes?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#realcert">How do I create a real SSL Certificate?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#ownca">How do I create and use my own Certificate
+Authority (CA)?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#passphrase">How can I change the pass-phrase on my private
+key file?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#removepassphrase">How can I get rid of the pass-phrase
+dialog at Apache startup time?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#verify">How do I verify that a private key matches its
+Certificate?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#pemder">How can I convert a certificate from PEM to DER
+format?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#gid">Why do browsers complain that they cannot
+verify my server certificate?</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3><a name="keyscerts" id="keyscerts">What are RSA Private Keys, CSRs and Certificates?</a></h3>
+<p>An RSA private key file is a digital file that you can use to decrypt
+ messages sent to you. It has a public component which you distribute (via
+ your Certificate file) which allows people to encrypt those messages to
+ you.</p>
+ <p>A Certificate Signing Request (CSR) is a digital file which contains
+ your public key and your name. You send the CSR to a Certifying Authority
+ (CA), who will convert it into a real Certificate, by signing it.</p>
+ <p>A Certificate contains your
+ RSA public key, your name, the name of the CA, and is digitally signed by
+ the CA. Browsers that know the CA can verify the signature on that
+ Certificate, thereby obtaining your RSA public key. That enables them to
+ send messages which only you can decrypt.</p>
+ <p>See the <a href="ssl_intro.html">Introduction</a> chapter for a general
+ description of the SSL protocol.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="startup" id="startup">Is there a difference on startup between
+ a non-SSL-aware Apache and an SSL-aware Apache?</a></h3>
+<p>Yes. In general, starting Apache with
+ <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_ssl.html">mod_ssl</a></code> built-in is just like starting Apache
+ without it. However, if you have a passphrase on your SSL private
+ key file, a startup dialog will pop up which asks you to enter the
+ pass phrase.</p>
+
+ <p>Having to manually enter the passphrase when starting the server
+ can be problematic - for example, when starting the server from the
+ system boot scripts. In this case, you can follow the steps
+ <a href="#removepassphrase">below</a> to remove the passphrase from
+ your private key. Bear in mind that doing so brings additional security
+ risks - proceed with caution!</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="selfcert" id="selfcert">How do I create a self-signed SSL
+Certificate for testing purposes?</a></h3>
+ <ol>
+ <li>Make sure OpenSSL is installed and in your <code>PATH</code>.<br />
+ <br />
+ </li>
+ <li>Run the following command, to create <code>server.key</code> and
+ <code>server.crt</code> files:<br />
+ <code><strong>$ openssl req -new -x509 -nodes -out server.crt
+ -keyout server.key</strong></code><br />
+ These can be used as follows in your <code>httpd.conf</code>
+ file:
+ <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">SSLCertificateFile "/path/to/this/server.crt"
+SSLCertificateKeyFile "/path/to/this/server.key"</pre>
+
+ </li>
+ <li>It is important that you are aware that this
+ <code>server.key</code> does <em>not</em> have any passphrase.
+ To add a passphrase to the key, you should run the following
+ command, and enter &amp; verify the passphrase as requested.<br />
+ <p><code><strong>$ openssl rsa -des3 -in server.key -out
+ server.key.new</strong></code><br />
+ <code><strong>$ mv server.key.new server.key</strong></code><br /></p>
+ Please backup the <code>server.key</code> file, and the passphrase
+ you entered, in a secure location.
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+
+
+<h3><a name="realcert" id="realcert">How do I create a real SSL Certificate?</a></h3>
+<p>Here is a step-by-step description:</p>
+ <ol>
+ <li>Make sure OpenSSL is installed and in your <code>PATH</code>.
+ <br />
+ <br />
+ </li>
+ <li>Create a RSA private key for your Apache server
+ (will be Triple-DES encrypted and PEM formatted):<br />
+ <br />
+ <code><strong>$ openssl genrsa -des3 -out server.key 2048</strong></code><br />
+ <br />
+ Please backup this <code>server.key</code> file and the
+ pass-phrase you entered in a secure location.
+ You can see the details of this RSA private key by using the command:<br />
+
+ <br />
+ <code><strong>$ openssl rsa -noout -text -in server.key</strong></code><br />
+ <br />
+ If necessary, you can also create a decrypted PEM version (not
+ recommended) of this RSA private key with:<br />
+ <br />
+ <code><strong>$ openssl rsa -in server.key -out server.key.unsecure</strong></code><br />
+ <br />
+
+ </li>
+ <li>Create a Certificate Signing Request (CSR) with the server RSA private
+ key (output will be PEM formatted):<br />
+ <br />
+ <code><strong>$ openssl req -new -key server.key -out server.csr</strong></code><br />
+ <br />
+ Make sure you enter the FQDN ("Fully Qualified Domain Name") of the
+ server when OpenSSL prompts you for the "CommonName", i.e. when you
+ generate a CSR for a website which will be later accessed via
+ <code>https://www.foo.dom/</code>, enter "www.foo.dom" here.
+ You can see the details of this CSR by using<br />
+
+ <br />
+ <code><strong>$ openssl req -noout -text -in server.csr</strong></code><br />
+ <br />
+ </li>
+ <li>You now have to send this Certificate Signing Request (CSR) to
+ a Certifying Authority (CA) to be signed. Once the CSR has been
+ signed, you will have a real Certificate, which can be used by
+ Apache. You can have a CSR signed by a commercial CA, or you can
+ create your own CA to sign it.<br />
+ Commercial CAs usually ask you to post the CSR into a web form,
+ pay for the signing, and then send a signed Certificate, which
+ you can store in a server.crt file.<br />
+
+ For details on how to create your own CA, and use this to sign
+ a CSR, see <a href="#ownca">below</a>.<br />
+
+ Once your CSR has been signed, you can see the details of the
+ Certificate as follows:<br />
+ <br />
+ <code><strong>$ openssl x509 -noout -text -in server.crt</strong></code><br />
+
+ </li>
+ <li>You should now have two files: <code>server.key</code> and
+ <code>server.crt</code>. These can be used as follows in your
+ <code>httpd.conf</code> file:
+ <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">SSLCertificateFile "/path/to/this/server.crt"
+SSLCertificateKeyFile "/path/to/this/server.key"</pre>
+
+ The <code>server.csr</code> file is no longer needed.
+ </li>
+
+ </ol>
+
+
+<h3><a name="ownca" id="ownca">How do I create and use my own Certificate Authority (CA)?</a></h3>
+ <p>The short answer is to use the <code>CA.sh</code> or <code>CA.pl</code>
+ script provided by OpenSSL. Unless you have a good reason not to,
+ you should use these for preference. If you cannot, you can create a
+ self-signed certificate as follows:</p>
+
+ <ol>
+ <li>Create a RSA private key for your server
+ (will be Triple-DES encrypted and PEM formatted):<br />
+ <br />
+ <code><strong>$ openssl genrsa -des3 -out server.key 2048</strong></code><br />
+ <br />
+ Please backup this <code>server.key</code> file and the
+ pass-phrase you entered in a secure location.
+ You can see the details of this RSA private key by using the
+ command:<br />
+ <br />
+ <code><strong>$ openssl rsa -noout -text -in server.key</strong></code><br />
+ <br />
+ If necessary, you can also create a decrypted PEM version (not
+ recommended) of this RSA private key with:<br />
+ <br />
+ <code><strong>$ openssl rsa -in server.key -out server.key.unsecure</strong></code><br />
+ <br />
+ </li>
+ <li>Create a self-signed certificate (X509 structure)
+ with the RSA key you just created (output will be PEM formatted):<br />
+ <br />
+ <code><strong>$ openssl req -new -x509 -nodes -sha1 -days 365
+ -key server.key -out server.crt -extensions usr_cert</strong></code><br />
+ <br />
+ This signs the server CSR and results in a <code>server.crt</code> file.<br />
+ You can see the details of this Certificate using:<br />
+ <br />
+ <code><strong>$ openssl x509 -noout -text -in server.crt</strong></code><br />
+ <br />
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+
+
+<h3><a name="passphrase" id="passphrase">How can I change the pass-phrase on my private key file?</a></h3>
+<p>You simply have to read it with the old pass-phrase and write it again,
+ specifying the new pass-phrase. You can accomplish this with the following
+ commands:</p>
+
+
+ <p><code><strong>$ openssl rsa -des3 -in server.key -out server.key.new</strong></code><br />
+ <code><strong>$ mv server.key.new server.key</strong></code><br /></p>
+
+ <p>The first time you're asked for a PEM pass-phrase, you should
+ enter the old pass-phrase. After that, you'll be asked again to
+ enter a pass-phrase - this time, use the new pass-phrase. If you
+ are asked to verify the pass-phrase, you'll need to enter the new
+ pass-phrase a second time.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="removepassphrase" id="removepassphrase">How can I get rid of the pass-phrase dialog at Apache startup time?</a></h3>
+<p>The reason this dialog pops up at startup and every re-start
+ is that the RSA private key inside your server.key file is stored in
+ encrypted format for security reasons. The pass-phrase is needed to decrypt
+ this file, so it can be read and parsed. Removing the pass-phrase
+ removes a layer of security from your server - proceed with caution!</p>
+ <ol>
+ <li>Remove the encryption from the RSA private key (while
+ keeping a backup copy of the original file):<br />
+ <br />
+ <code><strong>$ cp server.key server.key.org</strong></code><br />
+ <code><strong>$ openssl rsa -in server.key.org -out server.key</strong></code><br />
+
+ <br />
+ </li>
+ <li>Make sure the server.key file is only readable by root:<br />
+ <br />
+ <code><strong>$ chmod 400 server.key</strong></code><br />
+ <br />
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+
+ <p>Now <code>server.key</code> contains an unencrypted copy of the key.
+ If you point your server at this file, it will not prompt you for a
+ pass-phrase. HOWEVER, if anyone gets this key they will be able to
+ impersonate you on the net. PLEASE make sure that the permissions on this
+ file are such that only root or the web server user can read it
+ (preferably get your web server to start as root but run as another
+ user, and have the key readable only by root).</p>
+
+ <p>As an alternative approach you can use the ``<code>SSLPassPhraseDialog
+ exec:/path/to/program</code>'' facility. Bear in mind that this is
+ neither more nor less secure, of course.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="verify" id="verify">How do I verify that a private key matches its Certificate?</a></h3>
+<p>A private key contains a series of numbers. Two of these numbers form
+ the "public key", the others are part of the "private key". The "public
+ key" bits are included when you generate a CSR, and subsequently form
+ part of the associated Certificate.</p>
+ <p>To check that the public key in your Certificate matches the public
+ portion of your private key, you simply need to compare these numbers.
+ To view the Certificate and the key run the commands:</p>
+
+ <p><code><strong>$ openssl x509 -noout -text -in server.crt</strong></code><br />
+ <code><strong>$ openssl rsa -noout -text -in server.key</strong></code></p>
+
+ <p>The `modulus' and the `public exponent' portions in the key and the
+ Certificate must match. As the public exponent is usually 65537
+ and it's difficult to visually check that the long modulus numbers
+ are the same, you can use the following approach:</p>
+
+ <p><code><strong>$ openssl x509 -noout -modulus -in server.crt | openssl md5</strong></code><br />
+ <code><strong>$ openssl rsa -noout -modulus -in server.key | openssl md5</strong></code></p>
+
+ <p>This leaves you with two rather shorter numbers to compare. It is,
+ in theory, possible that these numbers may be the same, without the
+ modulus numbers being the same, but the chances of this are
+ overwhelmingly remote.</p>
+ <p>Should you wish to check to which key or certificate a particular
+ CSR belongs you can perform the same calculation on the CSR as
+ follows:</p>
+
+ <p><code><strong>$ openssl req -noout -modulus -in server.csr | openssl md5</strong></code></p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="pemder" id="pemder">How can I convert a certificate from PEM to DER format?</a></h3>
+<p>The default certificate format for OpenSSL is PEM, which is simply
+ Base64 encoded DER, with header and footer lines. For some applications
+ (e.g. Microsoft Internet Explorer) you need the certificate in plain DER
+ format. You can convert a PEM file <code>cert.pem</code> into the
+ corresponding DER file <code>cert.der</code> using the following command:
+ <code><strong>$ openssl x509 -in cert.pem -out cert.der -outform DER</strong></code></p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="gid" id="gid">Why do browsers complain that they cannot verify my server certificate?</a></h3>
+
+ <p>One reason this might happen is because your server certificate is signed
+ by an intermediate CA. Various CAs, such as Verisign or Thawte, have started
+ signing certificates not with their root certificate but with intermediate
+ certificates.</p>
+
+ <p>Intermediate CA certificates lie between the root CA certificate (which is
+ installed in the browsers) and the server certificate (which you installed
+ on the server). In order for the browser to be able to traverse and verify
+ the trust chain from the server certificate to the root certificate it
+ needs need to be given the intermediate certificates. The CAs should
+ be able to provide you such intermediate certificate packages that can be
+ installed on the server.</p>
+
+ <p>You need to include those intermediate certificates with the
+ <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_ssl.html#sslcertificatechainfile">SSLCertificateChainFile</a></code>
+ directive.</p>
+
+</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a name="aboutssl" id="aboutssl">The SSL Protocol</a></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#random">Why do I get lots of random SSL protocol
+errors under heavy server load?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#load">Why does my webserver have a higher load, now
+that it serves SSL encrypted traffic?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#establishing">Why do HTTPS connections to my server
+sometimes take up to 30 seconds to establish a connection?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#ciphers">What SSL Ciphers are supported by mod_ssl?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#adh">Why do I get ``no shared cipher'' errors, when
+trying to use Anonymous Diffie-Hellman (ADH) ciphers?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#sharedciphers">Why do I get a 'no shared ciphers'
+error when connecting to my newly installed server?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#vhosts">Why can't I use SSL with name-based/non-IP-based
+virtual hosts?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#vhosts2">Is it possible to use Name-Based Virtual
+Hosting to identify different SSL virtual hosts?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#comp">How do I get SSL compression working?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#lockicon">When I use Basic Authentication over HTTPS
+the lock icon in Netscape browsers stays unlocked when the dialog pops up.
+Does this mean the username/password is being sent unencrypted?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#msie">Why do I get I/O errors when connecting via
+HTTPS to an Apache+mod_ssl server with Microsoft Internet Explorer
+(MSIE)?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#srp">How do I enable TLS-SRP?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#javadh">Why do I get handshake failures with Java-based clients when using a certificate with more than 1024 bits?</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3><a name="random" id="random">Why do I get lots of random SSL protocol
+errors under heavy server load?</a></h3>
+<p>There can be a number of reasons for this, but the main one
+ is problems with the SSL session Cache specified by the
+ <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_ssl.html#sslsessioncache">SSLSessionCache</a></code> directive. The DBM session
+ cache is the most likely source of the problem, so using the SHM session cache (or
+ no cache at all) may help.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="load" id="load">Why does my webserver have a higher load, now
+that it serves SSL encrypted traffic?</a></h3>
+<p>SSL uses strong cryptographic encryption, which necessitates a lot of
+ number crunching. When you request a webpage via HTTPS, everything (even
+ the images) is encrypted before it is transferred. So increased HTTPS
+ traffic leads to load increases.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="establishing" id="establishing">Why do HTTPS connections to my server
+sometimes take up to 30 seconds to establish a connection?</a></h3>
+<p>This is usually caused by a <code>/dev/random</code> device for
+ <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_ssl.html#sslrandomseed">SSLRandomSeed</a></code> which blocks the
+ read(2) call until enough entropy is available to service the
+ request. More information is available in the reference
+ manual for the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_ssl.html#sslrandomseed">SSLRandomSeed</a></code>
+ directive.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="ciphers" id="ciphers">What SSL Ciphers are supported by mod_ssl?</a></h3>
+<p>Usually, any SSL ciphers supported by the version of OpenSSL in use,
+ are also supported by <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_ssl.html">mod_ssl</a></code>. Which ciphers are
+ available can depend on the way you built OpenSSL. Typically, at
+ least the following ciphers are supported:</p>
+
+ <ol>
+ <li>RC4 with SHA1</li>
+ <li>AES with SHA1</li>
+ <li>Triple-DES with SHA1</li>
+ </ol>
+
+ <p>To determine the actual list of ciphers available, you should run
+ the following:</p>
+ <div class="example"><p><code>$ openssl ciphers -v</code></p></div>
+
+
+<h3><a name="adh" id="adh">Why do I get ``no shared cipher'' errors, when
+trying to use Anonymous Diffie-Hellman (ADH) ciphers?</a></h3>
+<p>By default, OpenSSL does <em>not</em> allow ADH ciphers, for security
+ reasons. Please be sure you are aware of the potential side-effects
+ if you choose to enable these ciphers.</p>
+ <p>In order to use Anonymous Diffie-Hellman (ADH) ciphers, you must
+ build OpenSSL with ``<code>-DSSL_ALLOW_ADH</code>'', and then add
+ ``<code>ADH</code>'' into your <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_ssl.html#sslciphersuite">SSLCipherSuite</a></code>.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="sharedciphers" id="sharedciphers">Why do I get a 'no shared ciphers'
+error when connecting to my newly installed server?</a></h3>
+<p>Either you have made a mistake with your
+ <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_ssl.html#sslciphersuite">SSLCipherSuite</a></code>
+ directive (compare it with the pre-configured example in
+ <code>extra/httpd-ssl.conf</code>) or you chose to use DSA/DH
+ algorithms instead of RSA when you generated your private key
+ and ignored or overlooked the warnings. If you have chosen
+ DSA/DH, then your server cannot communicate using RSA-based SSL
+ ciphers (at least until you configure an additional RSA-based
+ certificate/key pair). Modern browsers like NS or IE can only
+ communicate over SSL using RSA ciphers. The result is the
+ "no shared ciphers" error. To fix this, regenerate your server
+ certificate/key pair, using the RSA algorithm.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="vhosts" id="vhosts">Why can't I use SSL with name-based/non-IP-based virtual hosts?</a></h3>
+<p>The reason is very technical, and a somewhat "chicken and egg" problem.
+ The SSL protocol layer stays below the HTTP protocol layer and
+ encapsulates HTTP. When an SSL connection (HTTPS) is established
+ Apache/mod_ssl has to negotiate the SSL protocol parameters with the
+ client. For this, mod_ssl has to consult the configuration of the virtual
+ server (for instance it has to look for the cipher suite, the server
+ certificate, etc.). But in order to go to the correct virtual server
+ Apache has to know the <code>Host</code> HTTP header field. To do this, the
+ HTTP request header has to be read. This cannot be done before the SSL
+ handshake is finished, but the information is needed in order to
+ complete the SSL handshake phase. See the next question for how to
+ circumvent this issue.</p>
+
+ <p>Note that if you have a wildcard SSL certificate, or a
+ certificate that has multiple hostnames on it using subjectAltName
+ fields, you can use SSL on name-based virtual hosts without further
+ workarounds.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="vhosts2" id="vhosts2">Is it possible to use Name-Based
+Virtual Hosting to identify different SSL virtual hosts?</a></h3>
+ <p>Name-Based Virtual Hosting is a very popular method of identifying
+ different virtual hosts. It allows you to use the same IP address and
+ the same port number for many different sites. When people move on to
+ SSL, it seems natural to assume that the same method can be used to have
+ lots of different SSL virtual hosts on the same server.</p>
+
+ <p>It is possible, but only if using a 2.2.12 or later web server,
+ built with 0.9.8j or later OpenSSL. This is because it requires a
+ feature that only the most recent revisions of the SSL
+ specification added, called Server Name Indication (SNI).</p>
+
+ <p>Note that if you have a wildcard SSL certificate, or a
+ certificate that has multiple hostnames on it using subjectAltName
+ fields, you can use SSL on name-based virtual hosts without further
+ workarounds.</p>
+
+ <p>The reason is that the SSL protocol is a separate layer which
+ encapsulates the HTTP protocol. So the SSL session is a separate
+ transaction, that takes place before the HTTP session has begun.
+ The server receives an SSL request on IP address X and port Y
+ (usually 443). Since the SSL request did not contain any Host:
+ field, the server had no way to decide which SSL virtual host to use.
+ Usually, it just used the first one it found which matched the
+ port and IP address specified.</p>
+
+ <p>If you are using a version of the web server and OpenSSL that
+ support SNI, though, and the client's browser also supports SNI,
+ then the hostname is included in the original SSL request, and the
+ web server can select the correct SSL virtual host.</p>
+
+ <p>You can, of course, use Name-Based Virtual Hosting to identify many
+ non-SSL virtual hosts (all on port 80, for example) and then
+ have a single SSL virtual host (on port 443). But if you do this,
+ you must make sure to put the non-SSL port number on the NameVirtualHost
+ directive, e.g.</p>
+
+ <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">NameVirtualHost 192.168.1.1:80</pre>
+
+
+ <p>Other workaround solutions include: </p>
+
+ <p>Using separate IP addresses for different SSL hosts.
+ Using different port numbers for different SSL hosts.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="comp" id="comp">How do I get SSL compression working?</a></h3>
+<p>Although SSL compression negotiation was defined in the specification
+of SSLv2 and TLS, it took until May 2004 for RFC 3749 to define DEFLATE as
+a negotiable standard compression method.
+</p>
+<p>OpenSSL 0.9.8 started to support this by default when compiled with the
+<code>zlib</code> option. If both the client and the server support compression,
+it will be used. However, most clients still try to initially connect with an
+SSLv2 Hello. As SSLv2 did not include an array of preferred compression algorithms
+in its handshake, compression cannot be negotiated with these clients.
+If the client disables support for SSLv2, either an SSLv3 or TLS Hello
+may be sent, depending on which SSL library is used, and compression may
+be set up. You can verify whether clients make use of SSL compression by
+logging the <code>%{SSL_COMPRESS_METHOD}x</code> variable.
+</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="lockicon" id="lockicon">When I use Basic Authentication over HTTPS
+the lock icon in Netscape browsers stays unlocked when the dialog pops up.
+Does this mean the username/password is being sent unencrypted?</a></h3>
+<p>No, the username/password is transmitted encrypted. The icon in
+ Netscape browsers is not actually synchronized with the SSL/TLS layer.
+ It only toggles to the locked state when the first part of the actual
+ webpage data is transferred, which may confuse people. The Basic
+ Authentication facility is part of the HTTP layer, which is above
+ the SSL/TLS layer in HTTPS. Before any HTTP data communication takes
+ place in HTTPS, the SSL/TLS layer has already completed its handshake
+ phase, and switched to encrypted communication. So don't be
+ confused by this icon.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="msie" id="msie">Why do I get I/O errors when connecting via
+HTTPS to an Apache+mod_ssl server with older versions of Microsoft Internet
+Explorer (MSIE)?</a></h3>
+<p>The first reason is that the SSL implementation in some MSIE versions has
+ some subtle bugs related to the HTTP keep-alive facility and the SSL close
+ notify alerts on socket connection close. Additionally the interaction
+ between SSL and HTTP/1.1 features are problematic in some MSIE versions.
+ You can work around these problems by forcing Apache not to use HTTP/1.1,
+ keep-alive connections or send the SSL close notify messages to MSIE clients.
+ This can be done by using the following directive in your SSL-aware
+ virtual host section:</p>
+ <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">SetEnvIf User-Agent "MSIE [2-5]" \
+ nokeepalive ssl-unclean-shutdown \
+ downgrade-1.0 force-response-1.0</pre>
+
+ <p>Further, some MSIE versions have problems with particular ciphers.
+ Unfortunately, it is not possible to implement a MSIE-specific
+ workaround for this, because the ciphers are needed as early as the
+ SSL handshake phase. So a MSIE-specific
+ <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_setenvif.html#setenvif">SetEnvIf</a></code> won't solve these
+ problems. Instead, you will have to make more drastic
+ adjustments to the global parameters. Before you decide to do
+ this, make sure your clients really have problems. If not, do not
+ make these changes - they will affect <em>all</em> your clients, MSIE
+ or otherwise.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="srp" id="srp">How do I enable TLS-SRP?</a></h3>
+ <p>TLS-SRP (Secure Remote Password key exchange for TLS, specified in RFC 5054)
+ can supplement or replace certificates in authenticating an SSL connection.
+ To use TLS-SRP, set the
+ <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_ssl.html#sslsrpverifierfile">SSLSRPVerifierFile</a></code> directive to
+ point to an OpenSSL SRP verifier file. To create the verifier file, use the
+ <code>openssl</code> tool:</p>
+ <div class="example"><p><code>
+ openssl srp -srpvfile passwd.srpv -add username
+ </code></p></div>
+ <p>After creating this file, specify it in the SSL server configuration:</p>
+ <div class="example"><p><code>
+ SSLSRPVerifierFile /path/to/passwd.srpv
+ </code></p></div>
+ <p>To force clients to use non-certificate TLS-SRP cipher suites, use the
+ following directive:</p>
+ <div class="example"><p><code>
+ SSLCipherSuite "!DSS:!aRSA:SRP"
+ </code></p></div>
+
+
+<h3><a name="javadh" id="javadh">Why do I get handshake failures with Java-based clients when using a certificate with more than 1024 bits?</a></h3>
+ <p>Beginning with version 2.4.7,
+ <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_ssl.html">mod_ssl</a></code> will use DH parameters which include primes
+ with lengths of more than 1024 bits. Java 7 and earlier limit their
+ support for DH prime sizes to a maximum of 1024 bits, however.</p>
+
+ <p>If your Java-based client aborts with exceptions such as
+ <code>java.lang.RuntimeException: Could not generate DH keypair</code> and
+ <code>java.security.InvalidAlgorithmParameterException: Prime size must be
+ multiple of 64, and can only range from 512 to 1024 (inclusive)</code>,
+ and httpd logs <code>tlsv1 alert internal error (SSL alert number 80)</code>
+ (at <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#loglevel">LogLevel</a></code> <code>info</code>
+ or higher), you can either rearrange mod_ssl's cipher list with
+ <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_ssl.html#sslciphersuite">SSLCipherSuite</a></code>
+ (possibly in conjunction with <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_ssl.html#sslhonorcipherorder">SSLHonorCipherOrder</a></code>),
+ or you can use custom DH parameters with a 1024-bit prime, which
+ will always have precedence over any of the built-in DH parameters.</p>
+
+ <p>To generate custom DH parameters, use the <code>openssl dhparam 1024</code>
+ command. Alternatively, you can use the following standard 1024-bit DH
+ parameters from <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2409.txt">RFC 2409</a>,
+ section 6.2:</p>
+ <div class="example"><pre>-----BEGIN DH PARAMETERS-----
+MIGHAoGBAP//////////yQ/aoiFowjTExmKLgNwc0SkCTgiKZ8x0Agu+pjsTmyJR
+Sgh5jjQE3e+VGbPNOkMbMCsKbfJfFDdP4TVtbVHCReSFtXZiXn7G9ExC6aY37WsL
+/1y29Aa37e44a/taiZ+lrp8kEXxLH+ZJKGZR7OZTgf//////////AgEC
+-----END DH PARAMETERS-----</pre></div>
+ <p>Add the custom parameters including the "BEGIN DH PARAMETERS" and
+ "END DH PARAMETERS" lines to the end of the first certificate file
+ you have configured using the
+ <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_ssl.html#sslcertificatefile">SSLCertificateFile</a></code> directive.</p>
+
+
+</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a name="support" id="support">mod_ssl Support</a></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#resources">What information resources are available in
+case of mod_ssl problems?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#contact">What support contacts are available in case of
+mod_ssl problems?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#reportdetails">What information should I
+provide when writing a bug report?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#coredumphelp">I had a core dump, can you help me?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#backtrace">How do I get a backtrace, to help find the reason
+for my core dump?</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3><a name="resources" id="resources">What information resources are available in case of mod_ssl problems?</a></h3>
+<p>The following information resources are available.
+ In case of problems you should search here first.</p>
+
+ <dl>
+ <dt>Answers in the User Manual's F.A.Q. List (this)</dt>
+ <dd><a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/ssl/ssl_faq.html">
+ http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/ssl/ssl_faq.html</a><br />
+ First check the F.A.Q. (this text). If your problem is a common
+ one, it may have been answered several times before, and been included
+ in this doc.
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+
+
+<h3><a name="contact" id="contact">What support contacts are available in case
+of mod_ssl problems?</a></h3>
+ <p>The following lists all support possibilities for mod_ssl, in order of
+ preference. Please go through these possibilities
+ <em>in this order</em> - don't just pick the one you like the look of. </p>
+ <ol>
+
+ <li><em>Send a Problem Report to the Apache httpd Users Support Mailing List</em><br />
+ <a href="mailto:users@httpd.apache.org">
+ users@httpd.apache.org</a><br />
+ This is the second way of submitting your problem report. Again, you must
+ subscribe to the list first, but you can then easily discuss your problem
+ with the whole Apache httpd user community.
+ </li>
+
+ <li><em>Write a Problem Report in the Bug Database</em><br />
+ <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/bug_report.html">
+ http://httpd.apache.org/bug_report.html</a><br />
+ This is the last way of submitting your problem report. You should only
+ do this if you've already posted to the mailing lists, and had no success.
+ Please follow the instructions on the above page <em>carefully</em>.
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+
+
+<h3><a name="reportdetails" id="reportdetails">What information should I
+provide when writing a bug report?</a></h3>
+<p>You should always provide at least the following information:</p>
+
+ <dl>
+ <dt>Apache httpd and OpenSSL version information</dt>
+ <dd>The Apache version can be determined
+ by running <code>httpd -v</code>. The OpenSSL version can be
+ determined by running <code>openssl version</code>. Alternatively, if
+ you have Lynx installed, you can run the command <code>lynx -mime_header
+ http://localhost/ | grep Server</code> to gather this information in a
+ single step.
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt>The details on how you built and installed Apache httpd and OpenSSL</dt>
+ <dd>For this you can provide a logfile of your terminal session which shows
+ the configuration and install steps. If this is not possible, you
+ should at least provide the <code class="program"><a href="../programs/configure.html">configure</a></code> command line you used.
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt>In case of core dumps please include a Backtrace</dt>
+ <dd>If your Apache httpd dumps its core, please attach
+ a stack-frame ``backtrace'' (see <a href="#backtrace">below</a>
+ for information on how to get this). This information is required
+ in order to find a reason for your core dump.
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt>A detailed description of your problem</dt>
+ <dd>Don't laugh, we really mean it! Many problem reports don't
+ include a description of what the actual problem is. Without this,
+ it's very difficult for anyone to help you. So, it's in your own
+ interest (you want the problem be solved, don't you?) to include as
+ much detail as possible, please. Of course, you should still include
+ all the essentials above too.
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+
+
+<h3><a name="coredumphelp" id="coredumphelp">I had a core dump, can you help me?</a></h3>
+<p>In general no, at least not unless you provide more details about the code
+ location where Apache dumped core. What is usually always required in
+ order to help you is a backtrace (see next question). Without this
+ information it is mostly impossible to find the problem and help you in
+ fixing it.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="backtrace" id="backtrace">How do I get a backtrace, to help find
+the reason for my core dump?</a></h3>
+<p>Following are the steps you will need to complete, to get a backtrace:</p>
+ <ol>
+ <li>Make sure you have debugging symbols available, at least
+ in Apache. On platforms where you use GCC/GDB, you will have to build
+ Apache+mod_ssl with ``<code>OPTIM="-g -ggdb3"</code>'' to get this. On
+ other platforms at least ``<code>OPTIM="-g"</code>'' is needed.
+ </li>
+
+ <li>Start the server and try to reproduce the core-dump. For this you may
+ want to use a directive like ``<code>CoreDumpDirectory /tmp</code>'' to
+ make sure that the core-dump file can be written. This should result
+ in a <code>/tmp/core</code> or <code>/tmp/httpd.core</code> file. If you
+ don't get one of these, try running your server under a non-root UID.
+ Many modern kernels do not allow a process to dump core after it has
+ done a <code>setuid()</code> (unless it does an <code>exec()</code>) for
+ security reasons (there can be privileged information left over in
+ memory). If necessary, you can run <code>/path/to/httpd -X</code>
+ manually to force Apache to not fork.
+ </li>
+
+ <li>Analyze the core-dump. For this, run <code>gdb /path/to/httpd
+ /tmp/httpd.core</code> or a similar command. In GDB, all you
+ have to do then is to enter <code>bt</code>, and voila, you get the
+ backtrace. For other debuggers consult your local debugger manual.
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+
+</div></div>
+<div class="bottomlang">
+<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/ssl/ssl_faq.html" title="English">&nbsp;en&nbsp;</a> |
+<a href="../fr/ssl/ssl_faq.html" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" title="Français">&nbsp;fr&nbsp;</a></p>
+</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img src="../images/up.gif" alt="top" /></a></div><div class="section"><h2><a id="comments_section" name="comments_section">Comments</a></h2><div class="warning"><strong>Notice:</strong><br />This is not a Q&amp;A section. Comments placed here should be pointed towards suggestions on improving the documentation or server, and may be removed by our moderators if they are either implemented or considered invalid/off-topic. Questions on how to manage the Apache HTTP Server should be directed at either our IRC channel, #httpd, on Libera.chat, or sent to our <a href="https://httpd.apache.org/lists.html">mailing lists</a>.</div>
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