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+<p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4</p>
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+<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> &gt; <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> &gt; <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> &gt; <a href="../">Version 2.4</a> &gt; <a href="./">Modules</a></div>
+<div id="page-content">
+<div id="preamble"><h1>Apache Module mod_dbd</h1>
+<div class="toplang">
+<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/mod/mod_dbd.html" title="English">&nbsp;en&nbsp;</a> |
+<a href="../fr/mod/mod_dbd.html" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" title="Français">&nbsp;fr&nbsp;</a></p>
+</div>
+<table class="module"><tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Manages SQL database connections</td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#ModuleIdentifier">Module Identifier:</a></th><td>dbd_module</td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#SourceFile">Source File:</a></th><td>mod_dbd.c</td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#Compatibility">Compatibility:</a></th><td>Version 2.1 and later</td></tr></table>
+<h3>Summary</h3>
+
+ <p><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_dbd.html">mod_dbd</a></code> manages SQL database connections using
+ <a class="glossarylink" href="../glossary.html#apr" title="see glossary">APR</a>. It provides database connections on request
+ to modules requiring SQL database functions, and takes care of
+ managing databases with optimal efficiency and scalability
+ for both threaded and non-threaded MPMs. For details, see the
+ <a href="http://apr.apache.org/">APR</a> website and this overview of the
+ <a href="http://people.apache.org/~niq/dbd.html">Apache DBD Framework</a>
+ by its original developer.
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="quickview"><a href="https://www.apache.org/foundation/contributing.html" class="badge"><img src="https://www.apache.org/images/SupportApache-small.png" alt="Support Apache!" /></a><h3>Topics</h3>
+<ul id="topics">
+<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#pooling">Connection Pooling</a></li>
+<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#connecting">Connecting</a></li>
+<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#API">Apache DBD API</a></li>
+<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#prepared">SQL Prepared Statements</a></li>
+<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#security">SECURITY WARNING</a></li>
+</ul><h3 class="directives">Directives</h3>
+<ul id="toc">
+<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#dbdexptime">DBDExptime</a></li>
+<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#dbdinitsql">DBDInitSQL</a></li>
+<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#dbdkeep">DBDKeep</a></li>
+<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#dbdmax">DBDMax</a></li>
+<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#dbdmin">DBDMin</a></li>
+<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#dbdparams">DBDParams</a></li>
+<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#dbdpersist">DBDPersist</a></li>
+<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#dbdpreparesql">DBDPrepareSQL</a></li>
+<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#dbdriver">DBDriver</a></li>
+</ul>
+<h3>Bugfix checklist</h3><ul class="seealso"><li><a href="https://www.apache.org/dist/httpd/CHANGES_2.4">httpd changelog</a></li><li><a href="https://bz.apache.org/bugzilla/buglist.cgi?bug_status=__open__&amp;list_id=144532&amp;product=Apache%20httpd-2&amp;query_format=specific&amp;order=changeddate%20DESC%2Cpriority%2Cbug_severity&amp;component=mod_dbd">Known issues</a></li><li><a href="https://bz.apache.org/bugzilla/enter_bug.cgi?product=Apache%20httpd-2&amp;component=mod_dbd">Report a bug</a></li></ul><h3>See also</h3>
+<ul class="seealso">
+<li><a href="../misc/password_encryptions.html">Password Formats</a></li>
+<li><a href="#comments_section">Comments</a></li></ul></div>
+<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a name="pooling" id="pooling">Connection Pooling</a></h2>
+ <p>This module manages database connections, in a manner
+ optimised for the platform. On non-threaded platforms,
+ it provides a persistent connection in the manner of
+ classic LAMP (Linux, Apache, Mysql, Perl/PHP/Python).
+ On threaded platform, it provides an altogether more
+ scalable and efficient <em>connection pool</em>, as
+ described in <a href="http://www.apachetutor.org/dev/reslist">this
+ article at ApacheTutor</a>. Note that <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_dbd.html">mod_dbd</a></code>
+ supersedes the modules presented in that article.</p>
+</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a name="connecting" id="connecting">Connecting</a></h2>
+
+ <p>To connect to your database, you'll need to specify
+ a driver, and connection parameters. These vary from
+ one database engine to another. For example, to connect
+ to mysql, do the following:</p>
+
+<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">DBDriver mysql
+DBDParams host=localhost,dbname=pony,user=shetland,pass=appaloosa</pre>
+
+
+ <p>You can then use this connection in a variety of other
+ modules, including <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code>,
+ <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_authn_dbd.html">mod_authn_dbd</a></code>, and <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_lua.html">mod_lua</a></code>.
+ Further usage examples appear in each of those modules'
+ documentation.</p>
+
+ <p>See <code class="directive">DBDParams</code> for connection string
+ information for each of the supported database drivers.</p>
+
+</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a name="API" id="API">Apache DBD API</a></h2>
+ <p><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_dbd.html">mod_dbd</a></code> exports five functions for other modules
+ to use. The API is as follows:</p>
+
+<pre class="prettyprint lang-c">typedef struct {
+ apr_dbd_t *handle;
+ apr_dbd_driver_t *driver;
+ apr_hash_t *prepared;
+} ap_dbd_t;
+
+/* Export functions to access the database */
+
+/* acquire a connection that MUST be explicitly closed.
+ * Returns NULL on error
+ */
+AP_DECLARE(ap_dbd_t*) ap_dbd_open(apr_pool_t*, server_rec*);
+
+/* release a connection acquired with ap_dbd_open */
+AP_DECLARE(void) ap_dbd_close(server_rec*, ap_dbd_t*);
+
+/* acquire a connection that will have the lifetime of a request
+ * and MUST NOT be explicitly closed. Return NULL on error.
+ * This is the preferred function for most applications.
+ */
+AP_DECLARE(ap_dbd_t*) ap_dbd_acquire(request_rec*);
+
+/* acquire a connection that will have the lifetime of a connection
+ * and MUST NOT be explicitly closed. Return NULL on error.
+ */
+AP_DECLARE(ap_dbd_t*) ap_dbd_cacquire(conn_rec*);
+
+/* Prepare a statement for use by a client module */
+AP_DECLARE(void) ap_dbd_prepare(server_rec*, const char*, const char*);
+
+/* Also export them as optional functions for modules that prefer it */
+APR_DECLARE_OPTIONAL_FN(ap_dbd_t*, ap_dbd_open, (apr_pool_t*, server_rec*));
+APR_DECLARE_OPTIONAL_FN(void, ap_dbd_close, (server_rec*, ap_dbd_t*));
+APR_DECLARE_OPTIONAL_FN(ap_dbd_t*, ap_dbd_acquire, (request_rec*));
+APR_DECLARE_OPTIONAL_FN(ap_dbd_t*, ap_dbd_cacquire, (conn_rec*));
+APR_DECLARE_OPTIONAL_FN(void, ap_dbd_prepare, (server_rec*, const char*, const char*));</pre>
+
+</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a name="prepared" id="prepared">SQL Prepared Statements</a></h2>
+ <p><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_dbd.html">mod_dbd</a></code> supports SQL prepared statements on behalf
+ of modules that may wish to use them. Each prepared statement
+ must be assigned a name (label), and they are stored in a hash:
+ the <code>prepared</code> field of an <code>ap_dbd_t</code>.
+ Hash entries are of type <code>apr_dbd_prepared_t</code>
+ and can be used in any of the apr_dbd prepared statement
+ SQL query or select commands.</p>
+
+ <p>It is up to dbd user modules to use the prepared statements
+ and document what statements can be specified in httpd.conf,
+ or to provide their own directives and use <code>ap_dbd_prepare</code>.</p>
+
+ <div class="warning"><h3>Caveat</h3>
+ When using prepared statements with a MySQL database, it is preferred to set
+ <code>reconnect</code> to 0 in the connection string as to avoid errors that
+ arise from the MySQL client reconnecting without properly resetting the
+ prepared statements. If set to 1, any broken connections will be attempted
+ fixed, but as mod_dbd is not informed, the prepared statements will be invalidated.
+ </div>
+</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a name="security" id="security">SECURITY WARNING</a></h2>
+
+ <p>Any web/database application needs to secure itself against SQL
+ injection attacks. In most cases, Apache DBD is safe, because
+ applications use prepared statements, and untrusted inputs are
+ only ever used as data. Of course, if you use it via third-party
+ modules, you should ascertain what precautions they may require.</p>
+ <p>However, the <var>FreeTDS</var> driver is inherently
+ <strong>unsafe</strong>. The underlying library doesn't support
+ prepared statements, so the driver emulates them, and the
+ untrusted input is merged into the SQL statement.</p>
+ <p>It can be made safe by <em>untainting</em> all inputs:
+ a process inspired by Perl's taint checking. Each input
+ is matched against a regexp, and only the match is used,
+ according to the Perl idiom:</p>
+ <div class="example"><pre><code> $untrusted =~ /([a-z]+)/;
+ $trusted = $1;</code></pre></div>
+ <p>To use this, the untainting regexps must be included in the
+ prepared statements configured. The regexp follows immediately
+ after the % in the prepared statement, and is enclosed in
+ curly brackets {}. For example, if your application expects
+ alphanumeric input, you can use:</p>
+ <div class="example"><p><code>
+ <code>"SELECT foo FROM bar WHERE input = %s"</code>
+ </code></p></div>
+ <p>with other drivers, and suffer nothing worse than a failed query.
+ But with FreeTDS you'd need:</p>
+ <div class="example"><p><code>
+ <code>"SELECT foo FROM bar WHERE input = %{([A-Za-z0-9]+)}s"</code>
+ </code></p></div>
+ <p>Now anything that doesn't match the regexp's $1 match is
+ discarded, so the statement is safe.</p>
+ <p>An alternative to this may be the third-party ODBC driver,
+ which offers the security of genuine prepared statements.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
+<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="DBDExptime" id="DBDExptime">DBDExptime</a> <a name="dbdexptime" id="dbdexptime">Directive</a></h2>
+<table class="directive">
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Keepalive time for idle connections</td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>DBDExptime <var>time-in-seconds</var></code></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Default">Default:</a></th><td><code>DBDExptime 300</code></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_dbd</td></tr>
+</table>
+ <p>Set the time to keep idle connections alive when the number
+ of connections specified in DBDKeep has been exceeded (threaded
+ platforms only).</p>
+
+</div>
+<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
+<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="DBDInitSQL" id="DBDInitSQL">DBDInitSQL</a> <a name="dbdinitsql" id="dbdinitsql">Directive</a></h2>
+<table class="directive">
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Execute an SQL statement after connecting to a database</td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>DBDInitSQL <var>"SQL statement"</var></code></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_dbd</td></tr>
+</table>
+ <p>Modules, that wish it, can have one or more SQL statements
+ executed when a connection to a database is created. Example
+ usage could be initializing certain values or adding a log
+ entry when a new connection is made to the database.</p>
+
+</div>
+<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
+<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="DBDKeep" id="DBDKeep">DBDKeep</a> <a name="dbdkeep" id="dbdkeep">Directive</a></h2>
+<table class="directive">
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Maximum sustained number of connections</td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>DBDKeep <var>number</var></code></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Default">Default:</a></th><td><code>DBDKeep 2</code></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_dbd</td></tr>
+</table>
+ <p>Set the maximum number of connections per process to be
+ sustained, other than for handling peak demand (threaded
+ platforms only).</p>
+
+</div>
+<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
+<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="DBDMax" id="DBDMax">DBDMax</a> <a name="dbdmax" id="dbdmax">Directive</a></h2>
+<table class="directive">
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Maximum number of connections</td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>DBDMax <var>number</var></code></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Default">Default:</a></th><td><code>DBDMax 10</code></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_dbd</td></tr>
+</table>
+ <p>Set the hard maximum number of connections per process
+ (threaded platforms only).</p>
+
+</div>
+<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
+<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="DBDMin" id="DBDMin">DBDMin</a> <a name="dbdmin" id="dbdmin">Directive</a></h2>
+<table class="directive">
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Minimum number of connections</td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>DBDMin <var>number</var></code></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Default">Default:</a></th><td><code>DBDMin 1</code></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_dbd</td></tr>
+</table>
+ <p>Set the minimum number of connections per process (threaded
+ platforms only).</p>
+
+</div>
+<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
+<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="DBDParams" id="DBDParams">DBDParams</a> <a name="dbdparams" id="dbdparams">Directive</a></h2>
+<table class="directive">
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Parameters for database connection</td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>DBDParams
+<var>param1</var>=<var>value1</var>[,<var>param2</var>=<var>value2</var>]</code></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_dbd</td></tr>
+</table>
+ <p>As required by the underlying driver. Typically this will be
+ used to pass whatever cannot be defaulted amongst username,
+ password, database name, hostname and port number for connection.</p>
+ <p>Connection string parameters for current drivers include:</p>
+ <dl>
+ <dt>FreeTDS (for MSSQL and SyBase)</dt>
+ <dd>username, password, appname, dbname, host, charset, lang, server</dd>
+ <dt>MySQL</dt>
+ <dd>host, port, user, pass, dbname, sock, flags, fldsz, group, reconnect</dd>
+ <dt>Oracle</dt>
+ <dd>user, pass, dbname, server</dd>
+ <dt>PostgreSQL</dt>
+ <dd>The connection string is passed straight through to <code>PQconnectdb</code></dd>
+ <dt>SQLite2</dt>
+ <dd>The connection string is split on a colon, and <code>part1:part2</code> is used as <code>sqlite_open(part1, atoi(part2), NULL)</code></dd>
+ <dt>SQLite3</dt>
+ <dd>The connection string is passed straight through to <code>sqlite3_open</code></dd>
+ <dt>ODBC</dt>
+ <dd>datasource, user, password, connect, ctimeout, stimeout, access, txmode, bufsize</dd>
+ </dl>
+
+</div>
+<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
+<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="DBDPersist" id="DBDPersist">DBDPersist</a> <a name="dbdpersist" id="dbdpersist">Directive</a></h2>
+<table class="directive">
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Whether to use persistent connections</td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>DBDPersist On|Off</code></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_dbd</td></tr>
+</table>
+ <p>If set to Off, persistent and pooled connections are disabled.
+ A new database connection is opened when requested by a client,
+ and closed immediately on release. This option is for debugging
+ and low-usage servers.</p>
+
+ <p>The default is to enable a pool of persistent connections
+ (or a single LAMP-style persistent connection in the case of a
+ non-threaded server), and should almost always be used in operation.</p>
+
+ <p>Prior to version 2.2.2, this directive accepted only the values
+ <code>0</code> and <code>1</code> instead of <code>Off</code> and
+ <code>On</code>, respectively.</p>
+
+</div>
+<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
+<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="DBDPrepareSQL" id="DBDPrepareSQL">DBDPrepareSQL</a> <a name="dbdpreparesql" id="dbdpreparesql">Directive</a></h2>
+<table class="directive">
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Define an SQL prepared statement</td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>DBDPrepareSQL <var>"SQL statement"</var> <var>label</var></code></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_dbd</td></tr>
+</table>
+ <p>For modules such as authentication that repeatedly use a
+ single SQL statement, optimum performance is achieved by preparing
+ the statement at startup rather than every time it is used.
+ This directive prepares an SQL statement and assigns it a label.</p>
+
+</div>
+<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
+<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="DBDriver" id="DBDriver">DBDriver</a> <a name="dbdriver" id="dbdriver">Directive</a></h2>
+<table class="directive">
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Specify an SQL driver</td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>DBDriver <var>name</var></code></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_dbd</td></tr>
+</table>
+ <p>Selects an apr_dbd driver by name. The driver must be installed
+ on your system (on most systems, it will be a shared object or dll).
+ For example, <code>DBDriver mysql</code> will select the MySQL
+ driver in apr_dbd_mysql.so.</p>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="bottomlang">
+<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/mod/mod_dbd.html" title="English">&nbsp;en&nbsp;</a> |
+<a href="../fr/mod/mod_dbd.html" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" title="Français">&nbsp;fr&nbsp;</a></p>
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