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+<div id="page-content">
+<div id="preamble"><h1>Apache Module mod_proxy_balancer</h1>
+<div class="toplang">
+<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/mod/mod_proxy_balancer.html" title="English">&nbsp;en&nbsp;</a> |
+<a href="../fr/mod/mod_proxy_balancer.html" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" title="Français">&nbsp;fr&nbsp;</a> |
+<a href="../ja/mod/mod_proxy_balancer.html" hreflang="ja" rel="alternate" title="Japanese">&nbsp;ja&nbsp;</a></p>
+</div>
+<table class="module"><tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_proxy.html">mod_proxy</a></code> extension for load balancing </td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Extension</td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#ModuleIdentifier">Module Identifier:</a></th><td>proxy_balancer_module</td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#SourceFile">Source File:</a></th><td>mod_proxy_balancer.c</td></tr>
+<tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#Compatibility">Compatibility:</a></th><td>Available in version 2.1 and later</td></tr></table>
+<h3>Summary</h3>
+
+ <p>This module <em>requires</em> the service of <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_proxy.html">mod_proxy</a></code> and it provides load balancing for
+ all the supported protocols. The most important ones are:</p>
+ <ul>
+ <li>HTTP, using <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_proxy_http.html">mod_proxy_http</a></code></li>
+ <li>FTP, using <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_proxy_ftp.html">mod_proxy_ftp</a></code></li>
+ <li>AJP13, using <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_proxy_ajp.html">mod_proxy_ajp</a></code></li>
+ <li>WebSocket, using <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_proxy_wstunnel.html">mod_proxy_wstunnel</a></code></li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <p>The Load balancing scheduler algorithm is not provided by this
+ module but from other ones such as:</p>
+ <ul>
+ <li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_lbmethod_byrequests.html">mod_lbmethod_byrequests</a></code></li>
+ <li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_lbmethod_bytraffic.html">mod_lbmethod_bytraffic</a></code></li>
+ <li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_lbmethod_bybusyness.html">mod_lbmethod_bybusyness</a></code></li>
+ <li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_lbmethod_heartbeat.html">mod_lbmethod_heartbeat</a></code></li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <p>Thus, in order to get the ability of load balancing,
+ <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_proxy.html">mod_proxy</a></code>, <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_proxy_balancer.html">mod_proxy_balancer</a></code>
+ and at least one of load balancing scheduler algorithm modules have
+ to be present in the server.</p>
+
+ <div class="warning"><h3>Warning</h3>
+ <p>Do not enable proxying until you have <a href="mod_proxy.html#access">secured your server</a>. Open proxy
+ servers are dangerous both to your network and to the Internet at
+ large.</p>
+ </div>
+</div>
+<div id="quickview"><a href="https://www.apache.org/foundation/contributing.html" class="badge"><img src="https://www.apache.org/images/SupportApache-small.png" alt="Support Apache!" /></a><h3>Topics</h3>
+<ul id="topics">
+<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#scheduler">Load balancer scheduler algorithm</a></li>
+<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#stickyness">Load balancer stickyness</a></li>
+<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#example">Examples of a balancer configuration</a></li>
+<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#environment">Exported Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#balancer_manager">Enabling Balancer Manager Support</a></li>
+<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#stickyness_implementation">Details on load balancer stickyness</a></li>
+<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#stickyness_troubleshooting">Troubleshooting load balancer stickyness</a></li>
+</ul><h3 class="directives">Directives</h3>
+<p>This module provides no
+ directives.</p>
+<h3>Bugfix checklist</h3><ul class="seealso"><li><a href="https://www.apache.org/dist/httpd/CHANGES_2.4">httpd changelog</a></li><li><a href="https://bz.apache.org/bugzilla/buglist.cgi?bug_status=__open__&amp;list_id=144532&amp;product=Apache%20httpd-2&amp;query_format=specific&amp;order=changeddate%20DESC%2Cpriority%2Cbug_severity&amp;component=mod_proxy_balancer">Known issues</a></li><li><a href="https://bz.apache.org/bugzilla/enter_bug.cgi?product=Apache%20httpd-2&amp;component=mod_proxy_balancer">Report a bug</a></li></ul><h3>See also</h3>
+<ul class="seealso">
+<li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_proxy.html">mod_proxy</a></code></li>
+<li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_proxy.html#balancermember">BalancerMember</a></code></li>
+<li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_proxy.html#balancergrowth">BalancerGrowth</a></code></li>
+<li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_proxy.html#balancerpersist">BalancerPersist</a></code></li>
+<li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_proxy.html#balancerinherit">BalancerInherit</a></code></li>
+<li><a href="#comments_section">Comments</a></li></ul></div>
+<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a name="scheduler" id="scheduler">Load balancer scheduler algorithm</a></h2>
+
+ <p>At present, there are 4 load balancer scheduler algorithms available
+ for use: Request Counting (<code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_lbmethod_byrequests.html">mod_lbmethod_byrequests</a></code>),
+ Weighted Traffic Counting (<code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_lbmethod_bytraffic.html">mod_lbmethod_bytraffic</a></code>),
+ Pending Request Counting (<code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_lbmethod_bybusyness.html">mod_lbmethod_bybusyness</a></code>) and
+ Heartbeat Traffic Counting (<code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_lbmethod_heartbeat.html">mod_lbmethod_heartbeat</a></code>).
+ These are controlled via the <code>lbmethod</code> value of
+ the Balancer definition. See the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_proxy.html#proxypass">ProxyPass</a></code>
+ directive for more information, especially regarding how to
+ configure the Balancer and BalancerMembers.</p>
+</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a name="stickyness" id="stickyness">Load balancer stickyness</a></h2>
+
+ <p>The balancer supports stickyness. When a request is proxied
+ to some back-end, then all following requests from the same user
+ should be proxied to the same back-end. Many load balancers implement
+ this feature via a table that maps client IP addresses to back-ends.
+ This approach is transparent to clients and back-ends, but suffers
+ from some problems: unequal load distribution if clients are themselves
+ hidden behind proxies, stickyness errors when a client uses a dynamic
+ IP address that changes during a session and loss of stickyness, if the
+ mapping table overflows.</p>
+ <p>The module <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_proxy_balancer.html">mod_proxy_balancer</a></code> implements stickyness
+ on top of two alternative means: cookies and URL encoding. Providing the
+ cookie can be either done by the back-end or by the Apache web server
+ itself. The URL encoding is usually done on the back-end.</p>
+</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a name="example" id="example">Examples of a balancer configuration</a></h2>
+
+ <p>Before we dive into the technical details, here's an example of
+ how you might use <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_proxy_balancer.html">mod_proxy_balancer</a></code> to provide
+ load balancing between two back-end servers:
+ </p>
+
+ <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">&lt;Proxy "balancer://mycluster"&gt;
+ BalancerMember "http://192.168.1.50:80"
+ BalancerMember "http://192.168.1.51:80"
+&lt;/Proxy&gt;
+ProxyPass "/test" "balancer://mycluster"
+ProxyPassReverse "/test" "balancer://mycluster"</pre>
+
+
+ <p>Another example of how to provide load balancing with stickyness
+ using <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_headers.html">mod_headers</a></code>, even if the back-end server does
+ not set a suitable session cookie:
+ </p>
+
+ <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">Header add Set-Cookie "ROUTEID=.%{BALANCER_WORKER_ROUTE}e; path=/" env=BALANCER_ROUTE_CHANGED
+&lt;Proxy "balancer://mycluster"&gt;
+ BalancerMember "http://192.168.1.50:80" route=1
+ BalancerMember "http://192.168.1.51:80" route=2
+ ProxySet stickysession=ROUTEID
+&lt;/Proxy&gt;
+ProxyPass "/test" "balancer://mycluster"
+ProxyPassReverse "/test" "balancer://mycluster"</pre>
+
+</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a name="environment" id="environment">Exported Environment Variables</a></h2>
+
+ <p>At present there are 6 environment variables exported:</p>
+
+ <dl>
+
+ <dt><var><a name="balancer_session_sticky" id="balancer_session_sticky">BALANCER_SESSION_STICKY</a></var></dt>
+ <dd>
+ <p>This is assigned the <var>stickysession</var> value used for the current
+ request. It is the name of the cookie or request parameter used for sticky sessions</p>
+ </dd>
+
+
+ <dt><var><a name="balancer_session_route" id="balancer_session_route">BALANCER_SESSION_ROUTE</a></var></dt>
+ <dd>
+ <p>This is assigned the <var>route</var> parsed from the current
+ request.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+
+ <dt><var><a name="balancer_name" id="balancer_name">BALANCER_NAME</a></var></dt>
+ <dd>
+ <p>This is assigned the name of the balancer used for the current
+ request. The value is something like <code>balancer://foo</code>.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+
+ <dt><var><a name="balancer_worker_name" id="balancer_worker_name">BALANCER_WORKER_NAME</a></var></dt>
+ <dd>
+ <p>This is assigned the name of the worker used for the current request.
+ The value is something like <code>http://hostA:1234</code>.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+
+ <dt><var><a name="balancer_worker_route" id="balancer_worker_route">BALANCER_WORKER_ROUTE</a></var></dt>
+ <dd>
+ <p>This is assigned the <var>route</var> of the worker that will be
+ used for the current request.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+
+ <dt><var><a name="balancer_route_changed" id="balancer_route_changed">BALANCER_ROUTE_CHANGED</a></var></dt>
+ <dd>
+ <p>This is set to 1 if the session route does not match the
+ worker route (BALANCER_SESSION_ROUTE != BALANCER_WORKER_ROUTE) or the
+ session does not yet have an established route. This can be used to
+ determine when/if the client needs to be sent an updated route
+ when sticky sessions are used.</p>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+
+</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a name="balancer_manager" id="balancer_manager">Enabling Balancer Manager Support</a></h2>
+
+ <p>This module <em>requires</em> the service of
+ <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_status.html">mod_status</a></code>.
+ Balancer manager enables dynamic update of balancer
+ members. You can use balancer manager to change the balance
+ factor of a particular member, or put it in the off line
+ mode.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>Thus, in order to get the ability of load balancer management,
+ <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_status.html">mod_status</a></code> and <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_proxy_balancer.html">mod_proxy_balancer</a></code>
+ have to be present in the server.</p>
+
+ <p>To enable load balancer management for browsers from the example.com
+ domain add this code to your <code>httpd.conf</code>
+ configuration file</p>
+<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">&lt;Location "/balancer-manager"&gt;
+ SetHandler balancer-manager
+ Require host example.com
+&lt;/Location&gt;</pre>
+
+
+ <p>You can now access load balancer manager by using a Web browser
+ to access the page
+ <code>http://your.server.name/balancer-manager</code>. Please note
+ that only Balancers defined outside of <code>&lt;Location ...&gt;</code>
+ containers can be dynamically controlled by the Manager.</p>
+</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a name="stickyness_implementation" id="stickyness_implementation">Details on load balancer stickyness</a></h2>
+
+ <p>When using cookie based stickyness, you need to configure the
+ name of the cookie that contains the information about which back-end
+ to use. This is done via the <var>stickysession</var> attribute added
+ to either <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_proxy.html#proxypass">ProxyPass</a></code> or
+ <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_proxy.html#proxyset">ProxySet</a></code>. The name of
+ the cookie is case-sensitive. The balancer extracts the value of the
+ cookie and looks for a member worker with <var>route</var> equal
+ to that value. The <var>route</var> must also be set in either
+ <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_proxy.html#proxypass">ProxyPass</a></code> or
+ <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_proxy.html#proxyset">ProxySet</a></code>. The cookie can either
+ be set by the back-end, or as shown in the above
+ <a href="#example">example</a> by the Apache web server itself.</p>
+ <p>Some back-ends use a slightly different form of stickyness cookie,
+ for instance Apache Tomcat. Tomcat adds the name of the Tomcat instance
+ to the end of its session id cookie, separated with a dot (<code>.</code>)
+ from the session id. Thus if the Apache web server finds a dot in the value
+ of the stickyness cookie, it only uses the part behind the dot to search
+ for the route. In order to let Tomcat know about its instance name, you
+ need to set the attribute <code>jvmRoute</code> inside the Tomcat
+ configuration file <code>conf/server.xml</code> to the value of the
+ <var>route</var> of the worker that connects to the respective Tomcat.
+ The name of the session cookie used by Tomcat (and more generally by Java
+ web applications based on servlets) is <code>JSESSIONID</code>
+ (upper case) but can be configured to something else.</p>
+ <p>The second way of implementing stickyness is URL encoding.
+ The web server searches for a query parameter in the URL of the request.
+ The name of the parameter is specified again using <var>stickysession</var>.
+ The value of the parameter is used to lookup a member worker with <var>route</var>
+ equal to that value. Since it is not easy to extract and manipulate all
+ URL links contained in responses, generally the work of adding the parameters
+ to each link is done by the back-end generating the content.
+ In some cases it might be feasible doing
+ this via the web server using <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_substitute.html">mod_substitute</a></code> or
+ <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_sed.html">mod_sed</a></code>. This can have negative impact on performance though.</p>
+ <p>The Java standards implement URL encoding slightly different. They use
+ a path info appended to the URL using a semicolon (<code>;</code>)
+ as the separator and add the session id behind. As in the cookie case,
+ Apache Tomcat can include the configured <code>jvmRoute</code> in this path
+ info. To let Apache find this sort of path info, you need to set
+ <code>scolonpathdelim</code> to <code>On</code> in
+ <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_proxy.html#proxypass">ProxyPass</a></code> or
+ <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_proxy.html#proxyset">ProxySet</a></code>.</p>
+ <p>Finally you can support cookies and URL encoding at the same time, by
+ configuring the name of the cookie and the name of the URL parameter
+ separated by a vertical bar (<code>|</code>) as in the following example:</p>
+ <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">ProxyPass "/test" "balancer://mycluster" stickysession=JSESSIONID|jsessionid scolonpathdelim=On
+&lt;Proxy "balancer://mycluster"&gt;
+ BalancerMember "http://192.168.1.50:80" route=node1
+ BalancerMember "http://192.168.1.51:80" route=node2
+&lt;/Proxy&gt;</pre>
+
+ <p>If the cookie and the request parameter both provide routing information
+ for the same request, the information from the request parameter is used.</p>
+</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a name="stickyness_troubleshooting" id="stickyness_troubleshooting">Troubleshooting load balancer stickyness</a></h2>
+
+ <p>If you experience stickyness errors, e.g. users lose their
+ application sessions and need to login again, you first want to
+ check whether this is because the back-ends are sometimes unavailable
+ or whether your configuration is wrong. To find out about possible
+ stability problems with the back-ends, check your Apache error log
+ for proxy error messages.</p>
+ <p>To verify your configuration, first check, whether the stickyness
+ is based on a cookie or on URL encoding. Next step would be logging
+ the appropriate data in the access log by using an enhanced
+ <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_log_config.html#logformat">LogFormat</a></code>.
+ The following fields are useful:</p>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><code>%{MYCOOKIE}C</code></dt>
+ <dd>The value contained in the cookie with name <code>MYCOOKIE</code>.
+ The name should be the same given in the <var>stickysession</var>
+ attribute.</dd>
+ <dt><code>%{Set-Cookie}o</code></dt>
+ <dd>This logs any cookie set by the back-end. You can track,
+ whether the back-end sets the session cookie you expect, and
+ to which value it is set.</dd>
+ <dt><code>%{BALANCER_SESSION_STICKY}e</code></dt>
+ <dd>The name of the cookie or request parameter used
+ to lookup the routing information.</dd>
+ <dt><code>%{BALANCER_SESSION_ROUTE}e</code></dt>
+ <dd>The route information found in the request.</dd>
+ <dt><code>%{BALANCER_WORKER_ROUTE}e</code></dt>
+ <dd>The route of the worker chosen.</dd>
+ <dt><code>%{BALANCER_ROUTE_CHANGED}e</code></dt>
+ <dd>Set to <code>1</code> if the route in the request
+ is different from the route of the worker, i.e.
+ the request couldn't be handled sticky.</dd>
+ </dl>
+ <p>Common reasons for loss of session are session timeouts,
+ which are usually configurable on the back-end server.</p>
+ <p>The balancer also logs detailed information about handling
+ stickyness to the error log, if the log level is set to
+ <code>debug</code> or higher. This is an easy way to
+ troubleshoot stickyness problems, but the log volume might
+ be too high for production servers under high load.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="bottomlang">
+<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/mod/mod_proxy_balancer.html" title="English">&nbsp;en&nbsp;</a> |
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