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+<title>htdbm - Manipulate DBM password databases - Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4</title>
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+<p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4</p>
+<img alt="" src="../images/feather.png" /></div>
+<div class="up"><a href="./"><img title="&lt;-" alt="&lt;-" src="../images/left.gif" /></a></div>
+<div id="path">
+<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> &gt; <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> &gt; <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> &gt; <a href="../">Version 2.4</a> &gt; <a href="./">Programs</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>htdbm - Manipulate DBM password databases</h1>
+<div class="toplang">
+<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/programs/htdbm.html" title="English">&nbsp;en&nbsp;</a> |
+<a href="../fr/programs/htdbm.html" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" title="Français">&nbsp;fr&nbsp;</a> |
+<a href="../tr/programs/htdbm.html" hreflang="tr" rel="alternate" title="Türkçe">&nbsp;tr&nbsp;</a></p>
+</div>
+
+ <p><code>htdbm</code> is used to manipulate the DBM format files used to
+ store usernames and password for basic authentication of HTTP users via
+ <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_authn_dbm.html">mod_authn_dbm</a></code>. See the <code class="program"><a href="../programs/dbmmanage.html">dbmmanage</a></code>
+ documentation for more information about these DBM files.</p>
+</div>
+<div id="quickview"><a href="https://www.apache.org/foundation/contributing.html" class="badge"><img src="https://www.apache.org/images/SupportApache-small.png" alt="Support Apache!" /></a><ul id="toc"><li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#synopsis">Synopsis</a></li>
+<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#options">Options</a></li>
+<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#bugs">Bugs</a></li>
+<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#exit">Exit Status</a></li>
+<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#examples">Examples</a></li>
+<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#security">Security Considerations</a></li>
+<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#restrictions">Restrictions</a></li>
+</ul><h3>See also</h3><ul class="seealso"><li><code class="program"><a href="../programs/httpd.html">httpd</a></code></li><li><code class="program"><a href="../programs/dbmmanage.html">dbmmanage</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_authn_dbm.html">mod_authn_dbm</a></code></li><li><a href="#comments_section">Comments</a></li></ul></div>
+<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a name="synopsis" id="synopsis">Synopsis</a></h2>
+ <p><code><strong>htdbm</strong>
+ [ -<strong>T</strong><var>DBTYPE</var> ]
+ [ -<strong>i</strong> ]
+ [ -<strong>c</strong> ]
+ [ -<strong>m</strong> |
+ -<strong>B</strong> |
+ -<strong>d</strong> |
+ -<strong>s</strong> |
+ -<strong>p</strong> ]
+ [ -<strong>C</strong> <var>cost</var> ]
+ [ -<strong>t</strong> ]
+ [ -<strong>v</strong> ]
+ <var>filename</var> <var>username</var></code></p>
+
+ <p><code><strong>htdbm</strong> -<strong>b</strong>
+ [ -<strong>T</strong><var>DBTYPE</var> ]
+ [ -<strong>c</strong> ]
+ [ -<strong>m</strong> |
+ -<strong>B</strong> |
+ -<strong>d</strong> |
+ -<strong>s</strong> |
+ -<strong>p</strong> ]
+ [ -<strong>C</strong> <var>cost</var> ]
+ [ -<strong>t</strong> ]
+ [ -<strong>v</strong> ]
+ <var>filename</var> <var>username</var> <var>password</var></code></p>
+
+ <p><code><strong>htdbm</strong> -<strong>n</strong>
+ [ -<strong>i</strong> ]
+ [ -<strong>c</strong> ]
+ [ -<strong>m</strong> |
+ -<strong>B</strong> |
+ -<strong>d</strong> |
+ -<strong>s</strong> |
+ -<strong>p</strong> ]
+ [ -<strong>C</strong> <var>cost</var> ]
+ [ -<strong>t</strong> ]
+ [ -<strong>v</strong> ]
+ <var>username</var></code></p>
+
+ <p><code><strong>htdbm</strong> -<strong>nb</strong>
+ [ -<strong>c</strong> ]
+ [ -<strong>m</strong> |
+ -<strong>B</strong> |
+ -<strong>d</strong> |
+ -<strong>s</strong> |
+ -<strong>p</strong> ]
+ [ -<strong>C</strong> <var>cost</var> ]
+ [ -<strong>t</strong> ]
+ [ -<strong>v</strong> ]
+ <var>username</var> <var>password</var></code></p>
+
+ <p><code><strong>htdbm</strong> -<strong>v</strong>
+ [ -<strong>T</strong><var>DBTYPE</var> ]
+ [ -<strong>i</strong> ]
+ [ -<strong>c</strong> ]
+ [ -<strong>m</strong> |
+ -<strong>B</strong> |
+ -<strong>d</strong> |
+ -<strong>s</strong> |
+ -<strong>p</strong> ]
+ [ -<strong>C</strong> <var>cost</var> ]
+ [ -<strong>t</strong> ]
+ [ -<strong>v</strong> ]
+ <var>filename</var> <var>username</var></code></p>
+
+ <p><code><strong>htdbm</strong> -<strong>vb</strong>
+ [ -<strong>T</strong><var>DBTYPE</var> ]
+ [ -<strong>c</strong> ]
+ [ -<strong>m</strong> |
+ -<strong>B</strong> |
+ -<strong>d</strong> |
+ -<strong>s</strong> |
+ -<strong>p</strong> ]
+ [ -<strong>C</strong> <var>cost</var> ]
+ [ -<strong>t</strong> ]
+ [ -<strong>v</strong> ]
+ <var>filename</var> <var>username</var> <var>password</var></code></p>
+
+ <p><code><strong>htdbm</strong> -<strong>x</strong>
+ [ -<strong>T</strong><var>DBTYPE</var> ]
+ <var>filename</var> <var>username</var></code></p>
+
+ <p><code><strong>htdbm</strong> -<strong>l</strong>
+ [ -<strong>T</strong><var>DBTYPE</var> ]
+ </code></p>
+</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a name="options" id="options">Options</a></h2>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><code>-b</code></dt>
+ <dd>Use batch mode; <em>i.e.</em>, get the password from the command line
+ rather than prompting for it. This option should be used with extreme care,
+ since <strong>the password is clearly visible</strong> on the command
+ line. For script use see the <code>-i</code> option.</dd>
+
+ <dt><code>-i</code></dt>
+ <dd>Read the password from stdin without verification (for script usage).</dd>
+
+ <dt><code>-c</code></dt>
+ <dd>Create the <var>passwdfile</var>. If <var>passwdfile</var> already
+ exists, it is rewritten and truncated. This option cannot be combined with
+ the <code>-n</code> option.</dd>
+
+ <dt><code>-n</code></dt>
+ <dd>Display the results on standard output rather than updating a
+ database. This option changes the syntax of the command line, since the
+ <var>passwdfile</var> argument (usually the first one) is omitted. It
+ cannot be combined with the <code>-c</code> option.</dd>
+
+ <dt><code>-m</code></dt>
+ <dd>Use MD5 encryption for passwords. On Windows and Netware, this is
+ the default.</dd>
+
+ <dt><code>-B</code></dt>
+ <dd>Use bcrypt encryption for passwords. This is currently considered to
+ be very secure.</dd>
+
+ <dt><code>-C</code></dt>
+ <dd>This flag is only allowed in combination with <code>-B</code> (bcrypt
+ encryption). It sets the computing time used for the bcrypt algorithm
+ (higher is more secure but slower, default: 5, valid: 4 to 31).</dd>
+
+ <dt><code>-d</code></dt>
+ <dd>Use <code>crypt()</code> encryption for passwords. The default on all
+ platforms but Windows and Netware. Though possibly supported by
+ <code>htdbm</code> on all platforms, it is not supported by the
+ <code class="program"><a href="../programs/httpd.html">httpd</a></code> server on Windows and Netware.
+ This algorithm is <strong>insecure</strong> by today's standards.</dd>
+
+ <dt><code>-s</code></dt>
+ <dd>Use SHA encryption for passwords. Facilitates migration from/to Netscape
+ servers using the LDAP Directory Interchange Format (ldif).
+ This algorithm is <strong>insecure</strong> by today's standards.</dd>
+
+ <dt><code>-p</code></dt>
+ <dd>Use plaintext passwords. Though <code>htdbm</code> will support
+ creation on all platforms, the <code class="program"><a href="../programs/httpd.html">httpd</a></code> daemon will
+ only accept plain text passwords on Windows and Netware.</dd>
+
+ <dt><code>-l</code></dt>
+ <dd>Print each of the usernames and comments from the database on
+ stdout.</dd>
+
+ <dt><code>-v</code></dt>
+ <dd>Verify the username and password. The program will print a message
+ indicating whether the supplied password is valid. If the password is
+ invalid, the program exits with error code 3.</dd>
+
+ <dt><code>-x</code></dt>
+ <dd>Delete user. If the username exists in the specified DBM file, it
+ will be deleted.</dd>
+
+ <dt><code>-t</code></dt>
+ <dd>Interpret the final parameter as a comment. When this option is
+ specified, an additional string can be appended to the command line; this
+ string will be stored in the "Comment" field of the database, associated
+ with the specified username.</dd>
+
+ <dt><code><var>filename</var></code></dt>
+ <dd>The filename of the DBM format file. Usually without the extension
+ <code>.db</code>, <code>.pag</code>, or <code>.dir</code>. If
+ <code>-c</code> is given, the DBM file is created if it does not already
+ exist, or updated if it does exist.</dd>
+
+ <dt><code><var>username</var></code></dt>
+ <dd>The username to create or update in <var>passwdfile</var>. If
+ <var>username</var> does not exist in this file, an entry is added. If it
+ does exist, the password is changed.</dd>
+
+ <dt><code><var>password</var></code></dt>
+ <dd>The plaintext password to be encrypted and stored in the DBM file.
+ Used only with the <code>-b</code> flag.</dd>
+
+ <dt><code>-T<var>DBTYPE</var></code></dt>
+ <dd>Type of DBM file (SDBM, GDBM, DB, or "default").</dd>
+ </dl>
+</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a name="bugs" id="bugs">Bugs</a></h2>
+ <p>One should be aware that there are a number of different DBM file
+ formats in existence, and with all likelihood, libraries for more than
+ one format may exist on your system. The three primary examples are
+ SDBM, NDBM, GNU GDBM, and Berkeley/Sleepycat DB 2/3/4. Unfortunately,
+ all these libraries use different file formats, and you must make sure
+ that the file format used by <var>filename</var> is the same format that
+ <code>htdbm</code> expects to see. <code>htdbm</code> currently has
+ no way of determining what type of DBM file it is looking at. If used
+ against the wrong format, will simply return nothing, or may create a
+ different DBM file with a different name, or at worst, it may corrupt
+ the DBM file if you were attempting to write to it.</p>
+
+ <p>One can usually use the <code>file</code> program supplied with most
+ Unix systems to see what format a DBM file is in.</p>
+</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a name="exit" id="exit">Exit Status</a></h2>
+ <p><code>htdbm</code> returns a zero status ("true") if the username and
+ password have been successfully added or updated in the DBM File.
+ <code>htdbm</code> returns <code>1</code> if it encounters some problem
+ accessing files, <code>2</code> if there was a syntax problem with the
+ command line, <code>3</code> if the password was entered interactively and
+ the verification entry didn't match, <code>4</code> if its operation was
+ interrupted, <code>5</code> if a value is too long (username, filename,
+ password, or final computed record), <code>6</code> if the username
+ contains illegal characters (see the <a href="#restrictions">Restrictions
+ section</a>), and <code>7</code> if the file is not a valid DBM password
+ file.</p>
+</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a name="examples" id="examples">Examples</a></h2>
+ <div class="example"><p><code>
+ htdbm /usr/local/etc/apache/.htdbm-users jsmith
+ </code></p></div>
+
+ <p>Adds or modifies the password for user <code>jsmith</code>. The user
+ is prompted for the password. If executed on a Windows system, the password
+ will be encrypted using the modified Apache MD5 algorithm; otherwise, the
+ system's <code>crypt()</code> routine will be used. If the file does not
+ exist, <code>htdbm</code> will do nothing except return an error.</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><p><code>
+ htdbm -c /home/doe/public_html/.htdbm jane
+ </code></p></div>
+
+ <p>Creates a new file and stores a record in it for user <code>jane</code>.
+ The user is prompted for the password. If the file exists and cannot be
+ read, or cannot be written, it is not altered and <code>htdbm</code>
+ will display a message and return an error status.</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><p><code>
+ htdbm -mb /usr/web/.htdbm-all jones Pwd4Steve
+ </code></p></div>
+
+ <p>Encrypts the password from the command line (<code>Pwd4Steve</code>)
+ using the MD5 algorithm, and stores it in the specified file.</p>
+</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a name="security" id="security">Security Considerations</a></h2>
+ <p>Web password files such as those managed by <code>htdbm</code> should
+ <em>not</em> be within the Web server's URI space -- that is, they should
+ not be fetchable with a browser.</p>
+
+ <p>The use of the <code>-b</code> option is discouraged, since when it is
+ used the unencrypted password appears on the command line.</p>
+
+ <p>When using the <code>crypt()</code> algorithm, note that only the first
+ 8 characters of the password are used to form the password. If the supplied
+ password is longer, the extra characters will be silently discarded.</p>
+
+ <p>The SHA encryption format does not use salting: for a given password,
+ there is only one encrypted representation. The <code>crypt()</code> and
+ MD5 formats permute the representation by prepending a random salt string,
+ to make dictionary attacks against the passwords more difficult.</p>
+
+ <p>The SHA and <code>crypt()</code> formats are insecure by today's
+ standards.</p>
+</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a name="restrictions" id="restrictions">Restrictions</a></h2>
+ <p>On the Windows platform, passwords encrypted with
+ <code>htdbm</code> are limited to no more than <code>255</code>
+ characters in length. Longer passwords will be truncated to 255
+ characters.</p>
+
+ <p>The MD5 algorithm used by <code>htdbm</code> is specific to the Apache
+ software; passwords encrypted using it will not be usable with other Web
+ servers.</p>
+
+ <p>Usernames are limited to <code>255</code> bytes and may not include the
+ character <code>:</code>.</p>
+</div></div>
+<div class="bottomlang">
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+<a href="../tr/programs/htdbm.html" hreflang="tr" rel="alternate" title="Türkçe">&nbsp;tr&nbsp;</a></p>
+</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img src="../images/up.gif" alt="top" /></a></div><div class="section"><h2><a id="comments_section" name="comments_section">Comments</a></h2><div class="warning"><strong>Notice:</strong><br />This is not a Q&amp;A section. Comments placed here should be pointed towards suggestions on improving the documentation or server, and may be removed by our moderators if they are either implemented or considered invalid/off-topic. Questions on how to manage the Apache HTTP Server should be directed at either our IRC channel, #httpd, on Libera.chat, or sent to our <a href="https://httpd.apache.org/lists.html">mailing lists</a>.</div>
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