From 6c20c8ed2cb9ab69a1a57ccb2b9b79969a808321 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Daniel Baumann Date: Sun, 7 Apr 2024 17:38:56 +0200 Subject: Adding upstream version 5.2.15. Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann --- doc/INTRO | 187 + doc/Makefile.in | 343 + doc/README | 36 + doc/bash.0 | 6664 ++++++++++++++++ doc/bash.1 | 11764 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ doc/bash.html | 14899 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ doc/bash.info | 12675 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ doc/bash.pdf | Bin 0 -> 401989 bytes doc/bash.ps | 10469 +++++++++++++++++++++++++ doc/bashbug.0 | 52 + doc/bashbug.1 | 67 + doc/bashbug.ps | 297 + doc/bashref.dvi | Bin 0 -> 823680 bytes doc/bashref.html | 16033 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ doc/bashref.info | 12676 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ doc/bashref.pdf | Bin 0 -> 795771 bytes doc/bashref.ps | 22641 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ doc/bashref.texi | 10129 ++++++++++++++++++++++++ doc/builtins.0 | 2083 +++++ doc/builtins.1 | 24 + doc/builtins.ps | 3435 ++++++++ doc/fdl.texi | 506 ++ doc/fdl.txt | 451 ++ doc/htmlpost.sh | 19 + doc/rbash.0 | 64 + doc/rbash.1 | 8 + doc/rbash.ps | 290 + doc/texinfo.tex | 11045 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ doc/version.texi | 11 + 29 files changed, 136868 insertions(+) create mode 100644 doc/INTRO create mode 100644 doc/Makefile.in create mode 100644 doc/README create mode 100644 doc/bash.0 create mode 100644 doc/bash.1 create mode 100644 doc/bash.html create mode 100644 doc/bash.info create mode 100644 doc/bash.pdf create mode 100644 doc/bash.ps create mode 100644 doc/bashbug.0 create mode 100644 doc/bashbug.1 create mode 100644 doc/bashbug.ps create mode 100644 doc/bashref.dvi create mode 100644 doc/bashref.html create mode 100644 doc/bashref.info create mode 100644 doc/bashref.pdf create mode 100644 doc/bashref.ps create mode 100644 doc/bashref.texi create mode 100644 doc/builtins.0 create mode 100644 doc/builtins.1 create mode 100644 doc/builtins.ps create mode 100644 doc/fdl.texi create mode 100644 doc/fdl.txt create mode 100755 doc/htmlpost.sh create mode 100644 doc/rbash.0 create mode 100644 doc/rbash.1 create mode 100644 doc/rbash.ps create mode 100644 doc/texinfo.tex create mode 100644 doc/version.texi (limited to 'doc') diff --git a/doc/INTRO b/doc/INTRO new file mode 100644 index 0000000..29f208a --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/INTRO @@ -0,0 +1,187 @@ + BASH - The Bourne-Again Shell + +Bash is the shell, or command language interpreter, that will appear +in the GNU operating system. Bash is an sh-compatible shell that +incorporates useful features from the Korn shell (ksh) and C shell +(csh). It is intended to conform to the IEEE POSIX P1003.2/ISO 9945.2 +Shell and Tools standard. It offers functional improvements over sh +for both programming and interactive use. In addition, most sh scripts +can be run by Bash without modification. + +Bash is quite portable. It uses a configuration system that discovers +characteristics of the compilation platform at build time, and may +therefore be built on nearly every version of UNIX. Ports to +UNIX-like systems such as QNX and Minix and to non-UNIX systems such +as OS/2, Windows 95, and Windows NT are available. + +Bash includes the following features: + +Editing and Completion + +Bash offers a command-line editing facility which permits users to +edit command lines using familiar emacs or vi-style editing commands. +Editing allows corrections to be made without having to erase back +to the point of error or start the command line anew. The editing +facilities include a feature that allows users to complete command and +file names. + +The Bash line editing library is fully customizable. Users may define +their own key bindings -- the action taken when a key is pressed. A +number of variables to fine-tune editing behavior are also available. + +History and Command Re-entry + +The Bash history feature remembers commands entered to the shell and +allows them to be recalled and re-executed. The history list may be +of unlimited size. Bash allows users to search for previous commands +and reuse portions of those commands when composing new ones. The +history list may be saved across shell sessions. + +Bash allows users to control which commands are saved on the history +list. + +Job Control + +On systems that support it, Bash provides an interface to the +operating system's job control facilities, which allow processes +to be suspended and restarted, and moved between the foreground +and background. Bash allows users to selectively `forget' about +background jobs. + +Shell Functions and Aliases + +These mechanisms are available to bind a user-selected identifier to a +list of commands that will be executed when the identifier is used as +a command name. Functions allow local variables and recursion, and +have access to the environment of the calling shell. Aliases may be +used to create a mnemonic for a command name, expand a single word to +a complex command, or ensure that a command is called with a basic set +of options. + +Arrays + +Bash-2.0 supports indexed arrays of unlimited size. The subscript for +an array is an arithmetic expression. Arrays may be assigned to with +a new compound assignment syntax, and several builtins have options to +operate on array variables. Bash includes a number of built-in array +variables. + +Arithmetic + +Bash allows users to perform integer arithmetic in any base from two +to sixty-four. Nearly all of the C language arithmetic operators are +available with the same syntax and precedence as in C. Arithmetic +expansion allows an arithmetic expression to be evaluated and the +result substituted into the command line. Shell variables can be used +as operands, and the value of an expression may be assigned to a +variable. + +An arithmetic expression may be used as a command; the exit status of +the command is the value of the expression. + +ANSI-C Quoting + +There is a new quoting syntax that allows backslash-escaped characters +in strings to be expanded according to the ANSI C standard. + +Tilde Expansion + +Users' home directories may be expanded using this feature. Words +beginning with a tilde may also be expanded to the current or previous +working directory. + +Brace Expansion + +Brace expansion is a convenient way to generate a list of strings that +share a common prefix or suffix. + +Substring Capabilities + +Bash allows new strings to be created by removing leading or trailing +substrings from existing variable values, or by specifying a starting +offset and length. Portions of variable values may be matched against +shell patterns and the matching portion removed or a new value +substituted. + +Indirect Variable Expansion + +Bash makes it easy to find the value of a shell variable whose name is +the value of another variable. + +Expanded I/O Capabilities + +Bash provides several input and output features not available in sh, +including the ability to: + + o specify a file or file descriptor for both input and output + o read from or write to asynchronous processes using named pipes + o read lines ending in backslash + o display a prompt on the terminal before a read + o format menus and interpret responses to them + o echo lines exactly as input without escape processing + +Control of Builtin Commands + +Bash implements several builtin commands to give users more control +over which commands are executed. The enable builtin allows other +builtin commands to be selectively enabled or disabled. The command +and builtin builtins change the order in which the shell searches for +commands. + +On systems that provide dynamic loading, new builtins may be loaded +into a running shell from a shared object file. These new builtins +have access to all of the shell facilities. + +Help + +Bash includes a built-in help facility. + +Shell Optional Behavior + +There is a great deal of customizable shell behavior. The shopt +builtin command provides a unified interface that allows users to +alter shell defaults. + +Prompt Customization + +Bash allows the primary and secondary prompts to be customized by +interpreting a number of backslash-escaped special characters. +Parameter and variable expansion is also performed on the values of +the primary and secondary prompt strings before they are displayed. + +Security + +Bash provides a restricted shell environment. It is also possible to +control the execution of setuid/setgid scripts. + +Directory Stack + +Bash provides a `directory stack', to which directories may be added +and removed. The current directory may be changed to any directory in +the stack. It is easy to toggle between two directories in the stack. +The directory stack may be saved and restored across different shell +invocations. + +POSIX Mode + +Bash is nearly completely conformant to POSIX.2. POSIX mode changes +those few areas where the Bash default behavior differs from the +standard to match the standard. In POSIX mode, Bash is POSIX.2 +compliant. + +Internationalization + +Bash provides a new quoting syntax that allows strings to be +translated according to the current locale. The locale in which the +shell itself runs may also be changed, so that the shell messages +themselves may be language-specific. + +The command-line editing facilities allow the input of eight-bit +characters, so most of the ISO-8859 family of character sets are +supported. + +Command Timing + +Bash allows external commands, shell builtin commands and shell functions +to be timed. The format used to display the timing information may be +changed by the user. diff --git a/doc/Makefile.in b/doc/Makefile.in new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8bf775e --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/Makefile.in @@ -0,0 +1,343 @@ +# This Makefile is for the Bash/documentation directory -*- text -*-. +# +# Copyright (C) 2003-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + +# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify +# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by +# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or +# (at your option) any later version. + +# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, +# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the +# GNU General Public License for more details. + +# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License +# along with this program. If not, see . + +PACKAGE = @PACKAGE_NAME@ +VERSION = @PACKAGE_VERSION@ + +PACKAGE_BUGREPORT = @PACKAGE_BUGREPORT@ +PACKAGE_NAME = @PACKAGE_NAME@ +PACKAGE_STRING = @PACKAGE_STRING@ +PACKAGE_VERSION = @PACKAGE_VERSION@ + +PACKAGE_TARNAME = @PACKAGE_TARNAME@ + +# +SHELL = @MAKE_SHELL@ +RM = rm -f + +topdir = @top_srcdir@ +srcdir = @srcdir@ +VPATH = @srcdir@ + +prefix = @prefix@ +exec_prefix = @exec_prefix@ + +datarootdir = @datarootdir@ + +infodir = @infodir@ + +docdir = @docdir@ + +# set this to a directory name to have the HTML files installed +htmldir = @htmldir@ + +# Support an alternate destination root directory for package building +DESTDIR = + +mandir = @mandir@ +manpfx = man + +man1ext = .1 +man1dir = $(mandir)/$(manpfx)1 +man3ext = .3 +man3dir = $(mandir)/$(manpfx)3 + +INSTALL = @INSTALL@ +INSTALL_DATA = @INSTALL_DATA@ +BUILD_DIR = @BUILD_DIR@ + +SUPPORT_SRCDIR = $(topdir)/support + +# bad style +RL_LIBDIR = $(topdir)/lib/readline + +# unused +TEXINDEX = texindex +TEX = tex + +MAKEINFO = makeinfo +TEXI2DVI = ${SUPPORT_SRCDIR}/texi2dvi +TEXI2HTML = ${SUPPORT_SRCDIR}/texi2html +MAN2HTML = ${BUILD_DIR}/support/man2html +HTMLPOST = ${srcdir}/htmlpost.sh +QUIETPS = #set this to -q to shut up dvips +PAPERSIZE = letter # change to a4 for A4-size paper +PSDPI = 600 # could be 300 if you like +DVIPS = dvips -D ${PSDPI} $(QUIETPS) -t ${PAPERSIZE} -o $@ # tricky +# experimental; uses external texi2dvi for now; this needs pdftex to be present +TEXI2PDF = texi2dvi --pdf + +TEXINPUTDIR = $(RL_LIBDIR)/doc +SET_TEXINPUTS = TEXINPUTS=.:$(TEXINPUTDIR):$$TEXINPUTS + +# These tools might not be available; they're not required +DVIPDF = dvipdfm -o $@ -p ${PAPERSIZE} +PSPDF = gs -sPAPERSIZE=${PAPERSIZE} -sDEVICE=pdfwrite -dNOPAUSE -dBATCH -sOutputFile=$@ + +MKDIRS = ${SUPPORT_SRCDIR}/mkdirs + +# This should be a program that converts troff to an ascii-readable format +# added the -P -c for benefit of Mac OS X, which insists on adding colors if +# it's not present +NROFF = groff -Tascii -P -c + +# This should be a program that converts troff to postscript +GROFF = groff + +HSUSER = $(RL_LIBDIR)/doc/hsuser.texi +RLUSER = $(RL_LIBDIR)/doc/rluser.texi + +BASHREF_FILES = $(srcdir)/bashref.texi $(srcdir)/fdl.texi $(srcdir)/version.texi + +.SUFFIXES: .0 .1 .3 .ms .ps .txt .dvi .html .pdf + +.1.ps: + $(RM) $@ + -${GROFF} -I${srcdir} -man $< > $@ + +.1.0: + $(RM) $@ + -${NROFF} -I${srcdir} -man $< > $@ + +.1.html: + $(RM) $@ + -${MAN2HTML} $< | ${HTMLPOST} > $@ + +.ms.ps: + $(RM) $@ + -${GROFF} -ms $< > $@ + +.ms.txt: + $(RM) $@ + -${NROFF} -ms $< > $@ + +.3.ps: + $(RM) $@ + -${GROFF} -I${srcdir} -man $< > $@ + +.3.0: + $(RM) $@ + -${NROFF} -I${srcdir} -man $< > $@ + +.3.html: + $(RM) $@ + -${MAN2HTML} $< > $@ + +.ps.pdf: + $(RM) $@ + -${PSPDF} $< + +.dvi.pdf: + $(RM) $@ + -${DVIPDF} $< + +.dvi.ps: + ${RM} $@ + -${DVIPS} $< + +#.texi.pdf: +# $(RM) $@ +# -${TEXI2PDF} $< + +all: ps info dvi text html $(MAN2HTML) +nodvi: ps info text html +everything: all pdf + +PSFILES = bash.ps bashbug.ps article.ps builtins.ps rbash.ps +DVIFILES = bashref.dvi bashref.ps +INFOFILES = bashref.info bash.info +MAN0FILES = bash.0 bashbug.0 builtins.0 rbash.0 +HTMLFILES = bashref.html bash.html +PDFFILES = bash.pdf bashref.pdf article.pdf rose94.pdf + +ps: ${PSFILES} +dvi: ${DVIFILES} +info: ${INFOFILES} +text: ${MAN0FILES} +html: ${HTMLFILES} +pdf: ${PDFFILES} + +bashref.dvi: $(BASHREF_FILES) $(HSUSER) $(RLUSER) + $(RM) $@ + ${SET_TEXINPUTS} $(TEXI2DVI) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi || { ${RM} $@ ; exit 1; } + +bashref.info: $(BASHREF_FILES) $(HSUSER) $(RLUSER) + $(RM) $@ + $(MAKEINFO) --no-split -I$(TEXINPUTDIR) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi + +# experimental +bashref.pdf: $(BASHREF_FILES) $(HSUSER) $(RLUSER) + $(RM) $@ + ${SET_TEXINPUTS} $(TEXI2PDF) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi || { ${RM} $@ ; exit 1; } + +# can also use: +# $(TEXI2HTML) -menu -monolithic -I $(TEXINPUTDIR) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi +bashref.html: $(BASHREF_FILES) $(HSUSER) $(RLUSER) + $(MAKEINFO) --html --no-split -I$(TEXINPUTDIR) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi + +bash.info: $(BASHREF_FILES) $(HSUSER) $(RLUSER) + $(RM) $@ + $(MAKEINFO) -o $@ --no-split -I$(TEXINPUTDIR) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi + +bash.txt: bash.1 +bash.ps: bash.1 +bash.html: bash.1 +bashbug.ps: bashbug.1 +builtins.ps: builtins.1 bash.1 +rbash.ps: rbash.1 bash.1 +bash.0: bash.1 +bashbug.0: bashbug.1 +builtins.0: builtins.1 bash.1 +rbash.0: rbash.1 bash.1 +article.ps: article.ms + +bashref.ps: bashref.dvi + +article.pdf: article.ps +#bashref.pdf: bashref.dvi +# experimental +bashref.pdf: bashref.texi +bash.pdf: bash.ps +rose94.pdf: rose94.ps + +OTHER_DOCS = $(srcdir)/FAQ $(srcdir)/INTRO +OTHER_INSTALLED_DOCS = FAQ INTRO + +$(MAN2HTML): ${topdir}/support/man2html.c + -( cd ${BUILD_DIR}/support ; ${MAKE} ${MFLAGS} man2html) + +clean: + $(RM) *.aux *.bak *.cp *.fn *.ky *.log *.pg *.toc *.tp *.vr *.cps \ + *.pgs *.bt *.bts *.rw *.rws *.fns *.kys *.tps *.vrs *.o + ${RM} core *.core + +mostlyclean: clean + $(RM) Makefile + +distclean: clean maybe-clean + $(RM) Makefile + +maintainer-clean: clean + ${RM} ${PSFILES} ${DVIFILES} ${INFOFILES} ${MAN0FILES} ${HTMLFILES} + ${RM} ${CREATED_FAQ} + $(RM) Makefile + +maybe-clean: + -if test "X$(topdir)" != "X$(BUILD_DIR)"; then \ + $(RM) ${PSFILES} ${DVIFILES} ${INFOFILES} ${MAN0FILES} ${HTMLFILES}; \ + fi + +installdirs: + -$(SHELL) $(SUPPORT_SRCDIR)/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir) + -$(SHELL) $(SUPPORT_SRCDIR)/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(infodir) + -$(SHELL) $(SUPPORT_SRCDIR)/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(docdir) + -if test -n "$(htmldir)" ; then \ + $(SHELL) $(SUPPORT_SRCDIR)/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir) ; \ + fi + +install: info installdirs + -$(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/bash.1 $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bash${man1ext} + -$(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/bashbug.1 $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bashbug${man1ext} + -$(INSTALL_DATA) $(OTHER_DOCS) $(DESTDIR)$(docdir) +# uncomment the next lines to install the builtins man page +# sed 's:bash\.1:man1/&:' $(srcdir)/builtins.1 > $${TMPDIR:-/var/tmp}/builtins.1 +# -$(INSTALL_DATA) $${TMPDIR:-/var/tmp}/builtins.1 $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bash_builtins${man1ext} +# -$(RM) $${TMPDIR:-/var/tmp}/builtins.1 + -if test -f bash.info; then d=.; else d=$(srcdir); fi; \ + $(INSTALL_DATA) $$d/bash.info $(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/bash.info +# run install-info if it is present to update the info directory + if $(SHELL) -c 'install-info --version' >/dev/null 2>&1; then \ + install-info --dir-file=$(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/dir $(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/bash.info; \ + else true; fi +# if htmldir is set, install the html files into that directory + -if test -n "${htmldir}" ; then \ + $(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/bash.html $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir) ; \ + $(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/bashref.html $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir) ; \ + fi + +install_builtins: installdirs + sed 's:bash\.1:man1/&:' $(srcdir)/builtins.1 > $${TMPDIR:-/var/tmp}/builtins.1 + -$(INSTALL_DATA) $${TMPDIR:-/var/tmp}/builtins.1 $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bash_builtins${man1ext} + -$(RM) $${TMPDIR:-/var/tmp}/builtins.1 + +install_everything: install install_builtins + +install-html: html + -if test -n "${htmldir}" ; then \ + $(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/bash.html $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir) ; \ + $(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/bashref.html $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir) ; \ + fi + +uninstall: + -$(RM) $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bash${man1ext} $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bashbug${man1ext} + -$(RM) $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bash_builtins${man1ext} + $(RM) $(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/bash.info +# run install-info if it is present to update the info directory + if $(SHELL) -c 'install-info --version' >/dev/null 2>&1; then \ + install-info --delete --dir-file=$(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/dir $(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/bash.info; \ + else true; fi + -( cd $(DESTDIR)$(docdir) && $(RM) $(OTHER_INSTALLED_DOCS) ) + -if test -n "$(htmldir)" ; then \ + $(RM) $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir)/bash.html ; \ + $(RM) $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir)/bashref.html ; \ + fi + +# for use by chet +CREATED_FAQ = faq.news faq.news2 faq.mail faq.version + +faq: ${CREATED_FAQ} + +faq.version: FAQ.version FAQ + sh mkfaqvers FAQ.version > $@ + +faq.headers.mail: FAQ.headers.mail FAQ + sh mkfaqvers FAQ.headers.mail > $@ + +faq.headers.news: FAQ.headers.news FAQ + sh mkfaqvers FAQ.headers.news > $@ + +faq.headers.news2: FAQ.headers.news2 FAQ + sh mkfaqvers FAQ.headers.news2 > $@ + +faq.news: FAQ faq.headers.news faq.version + $(RM) $@ + cat faq.headers.news faq.version FAQ > $@ + +faq.news2: FAQ faq.headers.news2 faq.version + $(RM) $@ + cat faq.headers.news2 faq.version FAQ > $@ + +faq.mail: FAQ faq.headers.mail faq.version + $(RM) $@ + cat faq.headers.mail faq.version FAQ > $@ + +inst: bashref.texi + $(SHELL) ${srcdir}/mkinstall -t ${topdir} -s ${srcdir} + cmp -s INSTALL ${topdir}/INSTALL || mv INSTALL ${topdir}/INSTALL + $(RM) INSTALL + +posix: bashref.texi + $(SHELL) ${srcdir}/mkposix -t ${topdir} -s ${srcdir} + cmp -s POSIX ${topdir}/POSIX || mv POSIX ${topdir}/POSIX + $(RM) POSIX + +rbash: bashref.texi + $(SHELL) ${srcdir}/mkrbash -t ${topdir} -s ${srcdir} + cmp -s RBASH ${topdir}/RBASH || mv RBASH ${topdir}/RBASH + $(RM) RBASH + +xdist: everything inst posix rbash diff --git a/doc/README b/doc/README new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e3a1d24 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/README @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +This directory contains the bash documentation. + +FAQ - a set of frequently-asked questions about Bash with answers +INTRO - a short introduction to bash +article.ms - an article I wrote about bash for The Linux Journal +bash.1 - the bash man page +builtins.1 - a man page that documents the builtins, extracted from bash.1 +bashref.texi - the `bash reference manual' +bashref.info - the `bash reference manual' processed by `makeinfo' +readline.3 - the readline man page + +The `.ps' files are postscript versions of the above. The `.html' +files are HTML versions of the man page and reference manual. The +`.0' files are formatted manual pages. The `.txt' versions are +ascii -- the output of `groff -Tascii'. + +The rest of this file explains how to use the `builtins.1' man page. + +For each command in the list of builtins create a file in man/man1 called: + +${command}.1 + +eg. +for.1 +type.1 +alias.1 +etc. + +All these files are identical as follows: + +jaws@jaws(264)$ cat alias.1 +.so man1/builtins.1 +jaws@jaws(265)$ + +Make sure you adjust the .so line in builtins.1 to reflect where you +put it. diff --git a/doc/bash.0 b/doc/bash.0 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1580b77 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/bash.0 @@ -0,0 +1,6664 @@ +BASH(1) General Commands Manual BASH(1) + + + +NNAAMMEE + bash - GNU Bourne-Again SHell + +SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS + bbaasshh [options] [command_string | file] + +CCOOPPYYRRIIGGHHTT + Bash is Copyright (C) 1989-2022 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc. + +DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN + BBaasshh is an sshh-compatible command language interpreter that executes + commands read from the standard input or from a file. BBaasshh also incor- + porates useful features from the _K_o_r_n and _C shells (kksshh and ccsshh). + + BBaasshh is intended to be a conformant implementation of the Shell and + Utilities portion of the IEEE POSIX specification (IEEE Standard + 1003.1). BBaasshh can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default. + +OOPPTTIIOONNSS + All of the single-character shell options documented in the description + of the sseett builtin command, including --oo, can be used as options when + the shell is invoked. In addition, bbaasshh interprets the following op- + tions when it is invoked: + + --cc If the --cc option is present, then commands are read from the + first non-option argument _c_o_m_m_a_n_d___s_t_r_i_n_g. If there are argu- + ments after the _c_o_m_m_a_n_d___s_t_r_i_n_g, the first argument is as- + signed to $$00 and any remaining arguments are assigned to the + positional parameters. The assignment to $$00 sets the name of + the shell, which is used in warning and error messages. + --ii If the --ii option is present, the shell is _i_n_t_e_r_a_c_t_i_v_e. + --ll Make bbaasshh act as if it had been invoked as a login shell (see + IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN below). + --rr If the --rr option is present, the shell becomes _r_e_s_t_r_i_c_t_e_d + (see RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL below). + --ss If the --ss option is present, or if no arguments remain after + option processing, then commands are read from the standard + input. This option allows the positional parameters to be + set when invoking an interactive shell or when reading input + through a pipe. + --DD A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by $$ is printed + on the standard output. These are the strings that are sub- + ject to language translation when the current locale is not CC + or PPOOSSIIXX. This implies the --nn option; no commands will be + executed. + [[--++]]OO [[_s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n]] + _s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n is one of the shell options accepted by the + sshhoopptt builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). If + _s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n is present, --OO sets the value of that option; ++OO + unsets it. If _s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n is not supplied, the names and + values of the shell options accepted by sshhoopptt are printed on + the standard output. If the invocation option is ++OO, the + output is displayed in a format that may be reused as input. + ---- A ---- signals the end of options and disables further option + processing. Any arguments after the ---- are treated as file- + names and arguments. An argument of -- is equivalent to ----. + + BBaasshh also interprets a number of multi-character options. These op- + tions must appear on the command line before the single-character op- + tions to be recognized. + + ----ddeebbuuggggeerr + Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell + starts. Turns on extended debugging mode (see the description + of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the sshhoopptt builtin below). + ----dduummpp--ppoo--ssttrriinnggss + Equivalent to --DD, but the output is in the GNU _g_e_t_t_e_x_t ppoo (por- + table object) file format. + ----dduummpp--ssttrriinnggss + Equivalent to --DD. + ----hheellpp Display a usage message on standard output and exit success- + fully. + ----iinniitt--ffiillee _f_i_l_e + ----rrccffiillee _f_i_l_e + Execute commands from _f_i_l_e instead of the standard personal ini- + tialization file _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c if the shell is interactive (see IINN-- + VVOOCCAATTIIOONN below). + + ----llooggiinn + Equivalent to --ll. + + ----nnooeeddiittiinngg + Do not use the GNU rreeaaddlliinnee library to read command lines when + the shell is interactive. + + ----nnoopprrooffiillee + Do not read either the system-wide startup file _/_e_t_c_/_p_r_o_f_i_l_e or + any of the personal initialization files _~_/_._b_a_s_h___p_r_o_f_i_l_e, + _~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_i_n, or _~_/_._p_r_o_f_i_l_e. By default, bbaasshh reads these + files when it is invoked as a login shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN be- + low). + + ----nnoorrcc Do not read and execute the personal initialization file + _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c if the shell is interactive. This option is on by de- + fault if the shell is invoked as sshh. + + ----ppoossiixx + Change the behavior of bbaasshh where the default operation differs + from the POSIX standard to match the standard (_p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e). See + SSEEEE AALLSSOO below for a reference to a document that details how + posix mode affects bash's behavior. + + ----rreessttrriicctteedd + The shell becomes restricted (see RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL below). + + ----vveerrbboossee + Equivalent to --vv. + + ----vveerrssiioonn + Show version information for this instance of bbaasshh on the stan- + dard output and exit successfully. + +AARRGGUUMMEENNTTSS + If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the --cc nor the + --ss option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to be the + name of a file containing shell commands. If bbaasshh is invoked in this + fashion, $$00 is set to the name of the file, and the positional parame- + ters are set to the remaining arguments. BBaasshh reads and executes com- + mands from this file, then exits. BBaasshh's exit status is the exit sta- + tus of the last command executed in the script. If no commands are ex- + ecuted, the exit status is 0. An attempt is first made to open the + file in the current directory, and, if no file is found, then the shell + searches the directories in PPAATTHH for the script. + +IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN + A _l_o_g_i_n _s_h_e_l_l is one whose first character of argument zero is a --, or + one started with the ----llooggiinn option. + + An _i_n_t_e_r_a_c_t_i_v_e shell is one started without non-option arguments (un- + less --ss is specified) and without the --cc option, whose standard input + and error are both connected to terminals (as determined by _i_s_a_t_t_y(3)), + or one started with the --ii option. PPSS11 is set and $$-- includes ii if + bbaasshh is interactive, allowing a shell script or a startup file to test + this state. + + The following paragraphs describe how bbaasshh executes its startup files. + If any of the files exist but cannot be read, bbaasshh reports an error. + Tildes are expanded in filenames as described below under TTiillddee EExxppaann-- + ssiioonn in the EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN section. + + When bbaasshh is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-inter- + active shell with the ----llooggiinn option, it first reads and executes com- + mands from the file _/_e_t_c_/_p_r_o_f_i_l_e, if that file exists. After reading + that file, it looks for _~_/_._b_a_s_h___p_r_o_f_i_l_e, _~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_i_n, and _~_/_._p_r_o_f_i_l_e, + in that order, and reads and executes commands from the first one that + exists and is readable. The ----nnoopprrooffiillee option may be used when the + shell is started to inhibit this behavior. + + When an interactive login shell exits, or a non-interactive login shell + executes the eexxiitt builtin command, bbaasshh reads and executes commands + from the file _~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_o_u_t, if it exists. + + When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, bbaasshh + reads and executes commands from _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c, if that file exists. This + may be inhibited by using the ----nnoorrcc option. The ----rrccffiillee _f_i_l_e option + will force bbaasshh to read and execute commands from _f_i_l_e instead of + _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c. + + When bbaasshh is started non-interactively, to run a shell script, for ex- + ample, it looks for the variable BBAASSHH__EENNVV in the environment, expands + its value if it appears there, and uses the expanded value as the name + of a file to read and execute. BBaasshh behaves as if the following com- + mand were executed: + if [ -n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi + but the value of the PPAATTHH variable is not used to search for the file- + name. + + If bbaasshh is invoked with the name sshh, it tries to mimic the startup be- + havior of historical versions of sshh as closely as possible, while con- + forming to the POSIX standard as well. When invoked as an interactive + login shell, or a non-interactive shell with the ----llooggiinn option, it + first attempts to read and execute commands from _/_e_t_c_/_p_r_o_f_i_l_e and + _~_/_._p_r_o_f_i_l_e, in that order. The ----nnoopprrooffiillee option may be used to in- + hibit this behavior. When invoked as an interactive shell with the + name sshh, bbaasshh looks for the variable EENNVV, expands its value if it is + defined, and uses the expanded value as the name of a file to read and + execute. Since a shell invoked as sshh does not attempt to read and exe- + cute commands from any other startup files, the ----rrccffiillee option has no + effect. A non-interactive shell invoked with the name sshh does not at- + tempt to read any other startup files. When invoked as sshh, bbaasshh enters + _p_o_s_i_x mode after the startup files are read. + + When bbaasshh is started in _p_o_s_i_x mode, as with the ----ppoossiixx command line + option, it follows the POSIX standard for startup files. In this mode, + interactive shells expand the EENNVV variable and commands are read and + executed from the file whose name is the expanded value. No other + startup files are read. + + BBaasshh attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input + connected to a network connection, as when executed by the historical + remote shell daemon, usually _r_s_h_d, or the secure shell daemon _s_s_h_d. If + bbaasshh determines it is being run non-interactively in this fashion, it + reads and executes commands from _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c, if that file exists and is + readable. It will not do this if invoked as sshh. The ----nnoorrcc option may + be used to inhibit this behavior, and the ----rrccffiillee option may be used + to force another file to be read, but neither _r_s_h_d nor _s_s_h_d generally + invoke the shell with those options or allow them to be specified. + + If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to + the real user (group) id, and the --pp option is not supplied, no startup + files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, + the SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS, BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS, CCDDPPAATTHH, and GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE variables, if they ap- + pear in the environment, are ignored, and the effective user id is set + to the real user id. If the --pp option is supplied at invocation, the + startup behavior is the same, but the effective user id is not reset. + +DDEEFFIINNIITTIIOONNSS + The following definitions are used throughout the rest of this docu- + ment. + bbllaannkk A space or tab. + wwoorrdd A sequence of characters considered as a single unit by the + shell. Also known as a ttookkeenn. + nnaammee A _w_o_r_d consisting only of alphanumeric characters and under- + scores, and beginning with an alphabetic character or an under- + score. Also referred to as an iiddeennttiiffiieerr. + mmeettaacchhaarraacctteerr + A character that, when unquoted, separates words. One of the + following: + || && ;; (( )) << >> ssppaaccee ttaabb nneewwlliinnee + ccoonnttrrooll ooppeerraattoorr + A _t_o_k_e_n that performs a control function. It is one of the fol- + lowing symbols: + |||| && &&&& ;; ;;;; ;;&& ;;;;&& (( )) || ||&& <> + +RREESSEERRVVEEDD WWOORRDDSS + _R_e_s_e_r_v_e_d _w_o_r_d_s are words that have a special meaning to the shell. The + following words are recognized as reserved when unquoted and either the + first word of a command (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR below), the third word of a + ccaassee or sseelleecctt command (only iinn is valid), or the third word of a ffoorr + command (only iinn and ddoo are valid): + + !! ccaassee ccoopprroocc ddoo ddoonnee eelliiff eellssee eessaacc ffii ffoorr ffuunnccttiioonn iiff iinn sseelleecctt + tthheenn uunnttiill wwhhiillee {{ }} ttiimmee [[[[ ]]]] + +SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR + This section describes the syntax of the various forms of shell com- + mands. + + SSiimmppllee CCoommmmaannddss + A _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is a sequence of optional variable assignments fol- + lowed by bbllaannkk-separated words and redirections, and terminated by a + _c_o_n_t_r_o_l _o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r. The first word specifies the command to be executed, + and is passed as argument zero. The remaining words are passed as ar- + guments to the invoked command. + + The return value of a _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is its exit status, or 128+_n if + the command is terminated by signal _n. + + PPiippeelliinneess + A _p_i_p_e_l_i_n_e is a sequence of one or more commands separated by one of + the control operators || or ||&&. The format for a pipeline is: + + [ttiimmee [--pp]] [ ! ] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 [ [|||||&&] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 ... ] + + The standard output of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 is connected via a pipe to the standard + input of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2. This connection is performed before any redirec- + tions specified by the _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1(see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN below). If ||&& is used, + _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1's standard error, in addition to its standard output, is con- + nected to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2's standard input through the pipe; it is shorthand + for 22>>&&11 ||. This implicit redirection of the standard error to the + standard output is performed after any redirections specified by _c_o_m_- + _m_a_n_d_1. + + The return status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command, + unless the ppiippeeffaaiill option is enabled. If ppiippeeffaaiill is enabled, the + pipeline's return status is the value of the last (rightmost) command + to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands exit success- + fully. If the reserved word !! precedes a pipeline, the exit status of + that pipeline is the logical negation of the exit status as described + above. The shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to terminate + before returning a value. + + If the ttiimmee reserved word precedes a pipeline, the elapsed as well as + user and system time consumed by its execution are reported when the + pipeline terminates. The --pp option changes the output format to that + specified by POSIX. When the shell is in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, it does not rec- + ognize ttiimmee as a reserved word if the next token begins with a `-'. + The TTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable may be set to a format string that specifies + how the timing information should be displayed; see the description of + TTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT under SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess below. + + When the shell is in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, ttiimmee may be followed by a newline. In + this case, the shell displays the total user and system time consumed + by the shell and its children. The TTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable may be used to + specify the format of the time information. + + Each command in a multi-command pipeline, where pipes are created, is + executed in a _s_u_b_s_h_e_l_l, which is a separate process. See CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEE-- + CCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT for a description of subshells and a subshell envi- + ronment. If the llaassttppiippee option is enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin + (see the description of sshhoopptt below), the last element of a pipeline + may be run by the shell process when job control is not active. + + LLiissttss + A _l_i_s_t is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one of the + operators ;;, &&, &&&&, or ||||, and optionally terminated by one of ;;, &&, or + <>. + + Of these list operators, &&&& and |||| have equal precedence, followed by ;; + and &&, which have equal precedence. + + A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a _l_i_s_t instead of a + semicolon to delimit commands. + + If a command is terminated by the control operator &&, the shell exe- + cutes the command in the _b_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d in a subshell. The shell does not + wait for the command to finish, and the return status is 0. These are + referred to as _a_s_y_n_c_h_r_o_n_o_u_s commands. Commands separated by a ;; are + executed sequentially; the shell waits for each command to terminate in + turn. The return status is the exit status of the last command exe- + cuted. + + AND and OR lists are sequences of one or more pipelines separated by + the &&&& and |||| control operators, respectively. AND and OR lists are + executed with left associativity. An AND list has the form + + _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 &&&& _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 + + _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 is executed if, and only if, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 returns an exit status + of zero (success). + + An OR list has the form + + _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 |||| _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 + + _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 is executed if, and only if, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 returns a non-zero exit + status. The return status of AND and OR lists is the exit status of + the last command executed in the list. + + CCoommppoouunndd CCoommmmaannddss + A _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is one of the following. In most cases a _l_i_s_t in a + command's description may be separated from the rest of the command by + one or more newlines, and may be followed by a newline in place of a + semicolon. + + (_l_i_s_t) _l_i_s_t is executed in a subshell (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONN-- + MMEENNTT below for a description of a subshell environment). Vari- + able assignments and builtin commands that affect the shell's + environment do not remain in effect after the command completes. + The return status is the exit status of _l_i_s_t. + + { _l_i_s_t; } + _l_i_s_t is simply executed in the current shell environment. _l_i_s_t + must be terminated with a newline or semicolon. This is known + as a _g_r_o_u_p _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. The return status is the exit status of + _l_i_s_t. Note that unlike the metacharacters (( and )), {{ and }} are + _r_e_s_e_r_v_e_d _w_o_r_d_s and must occur where a reserved word is permitted + to be recognized. Since they do not cause a word break, they + must be separated from _l_i_s_t by whitespace or another shell + metacharacter. + + ((_e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n)) + The _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is evaluated according to the rules described be- + low under AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN. If the value of the expression + is non-zero, the return status is 0; otherwise the return status + is 1. The _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n undergoes the same expansions as if it + were within double quotes, but double quote characters in _e_x_- + _p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n are not treated specially and are removed. + + [[[[ _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n ]]]] + Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the + conditional expression _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n. Expressions are composed of + the primaries described below under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS. + The words between the [[[[ and ]]]] do not undergo word splitting + and pathname expansion. The shell performs tilde expansion, pa- + rameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command + substitution, process substitution, and quote removal on those + words (the expansions that would occur if the words were en- + closed in double quotes). Conditional operators such as --ff must + be unquoted to be recognized as primaries. + + When used with [[[[, the << and >> operators sort lexicographically + using the current locale. + + When the ==== and !!== operators are used, the string to the right + of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according to + the rules described below under PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg, as if the eexxtt-- + gglloobb shell option were enabled. The == operator is equivalent to + ====. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is enabled, the match is + performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. + The return value is 0 if the string matches (====) or does not + match (!!==) the pattern, and 1 otherwise. Any part of the pat- + tern may be quoted to force the quoted portion to be matched as + a string. + + An additional binary operator, ==~~, is available, with the same + precedence as ==== and !!==. When it is used, the string to the + right of the operator is considered a POSIX extended regular ex- + pression and matched accordingly (using the POSIX _r_e_g_c_o_m_p and + _r_e_g_e_x_e_c interfaces usually described in _r_e_g_e_x(3)). The return + value is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1 otherwise. + If the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the condi- + tional expression's return value is 2. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell + option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the + case of alphabetic characters. If any part of the pattern is + quoted, the quoted portion is matched literally. This means ev- + ery character in the quoted portion matches itself, instead of + having any special pattern matching meaning. If the pattern is + stored in a shell variable, quoting the variable expansion + forces the entire pattern to be matched literally. Treat + bracket expressions in regular expressions carefully, since nor- + mal quoting and pattern characters lose their meanings between + brackets. + + The pattern will match if it matches any part of the string. + Anchor the pattern using the ^^ and $$ regular expression opera- + tors to force it to match the entire string. The array variable + BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH records which parts of the string matched the pat- + tern. The element of BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH with index 0 contains the + portion of the string matching the entire regular expression. + Substrings matched by parenthesized subexpressions within the + regular expression are saved in the remaining BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH in- + dices. The element of BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH with index _n is the portion + of the string matching the _nth parenthesized subexpression. + Bash sets BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH in the global scope; declaring it as a + local variable will lead to unexpected results. + + Expressions may be combined using the following operators, + listed in decreasing order of precedence: + + (( _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n )) + Returns the value of _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n. This may be used to + override the normal precedence of operators. + !! _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n + True if _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is false. + _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_1 &&&& _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_2 + True if both _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_1 and _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_2 are true. + _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_1 |||| _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_2 + True if either _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_1 or _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_2 is true. + + The &&&& and |||| operators do not evaluate _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_2 if the value + of _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_1 is sufficient to determine the return value of + the entire conditional expression. + + ffoorr _n_a_m_e [ [ iinn [ _w_o_r_d _._._. ] ] ; ] ddoo _l_i_s_t ; ddoonnee + The list of words following iinn is expanded, generating a list of + items. The variable _n_a_m_e is set to each element of this list in + turn, and _l_i_s_t is executed each time. If the iinn _w_o_r_d is omit- + ted, the ffoorr command executes _l_i_s_t once for each positional pa- + rameter that is set (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS below). The return status + is the exit status of the last command that executes. If the + expansion of the items following iinn results in an empty list, no + commands are executed, and the return status is 0. + + ffoorr (( _e_x_p_r_1 ; _e_x_p_r_2 ; _e_x_p_r_3 )) ; ddoo _l_i_s_t ; ddoonnee + First, the arithmetic expression _e_x_p_r_1 is evaluated according to + the rules described below under AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN. The + arithmetic expression _e_x_p_r_2 is then evaluated repeatedly until + it evaluates to zero. Each time _e_x_p_r_2 evaluates to a non-zero + value, _l_i_s_t is executed and the arithmetic expression _e_x_p_r_3 is + evaluated. If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it + evaluates to 1. The return value is the exit status of the last + command in _l_i_s_t that is executed, or false if any of the expres- + sions is invalid. + + sseelleecctt _n_a_m_e [ iinn _w_o_r_d ] ; ddoo _l_i_s_t ; ddoonnee + The list of words following iinn is expanded, generating a list of + items, and the set of expanded words is printed on the standard + error, each preceded by a number. If the iinn _w_o_r_d is omitted, + the positional parameters are printed (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS below). + sseelleecctt then displays the PPSS33 prompt and reads a line from the + standard input. If the line consists of a number corresponding + to one of the displayed words, then the value of _n_a_m_e is set to + that word. If the line is empty, the words and prompt are dis- + played again. If EOF is read, the sseelleecctt command completes and + returns 1. Any other value read causes _n_a_m_e to be set to null. + The line read is saved in the variable RREEPPLLYY. The _l_i_s_t is exe- + cuted after each selection until a bbrreeaakk command is executed. + The exit status of sseelleecctt is the exit status of the last command + executed in _l_i_s_t, or zero if no commands were executed. + + ccaassee _w_o_r_d iinn [ [(] _p_a_t_t_e_r_n [ || _p_a_t_t_e_r_n ] ... ) _l_i_s_t ;; ] ... eessaacc + A ccaassee command first expands _w_o_r_d, and tries to match it against + each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n in turn, using the matching rules described under + PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. The _w_o_r_d is expanded using tilde expan- + sion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, + command substitution, process substitution and quote removal. + Each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n examined is expanded using tilde expansion, parame- + ter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command sub- + stitution, process substitution, and quote removal. If the nnoo-- + ccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is enabled, the match is performed with- + out regard to the case of alphabetic characters. When a match + is found, the corresponding _l_i_s_t is executed. If the ;;;; opera- + tor is used, no subsequent matches are attempted after the first + pattern match. Using ;;&& in place of ;;;; causes execution to con- + tinue with the _l_i_s_t associated with the next set of patterns. + Using ;;;;&& in place of ;;;; causes the shell to test the next pat- + tern list in the statement, if any, and execute any associated + _l_i_s_t on a successful match, continuing the case statement execu- + tion as if the pattern list had not matched. The exit status is + zero if no pattern matches. Otherwise, it is the exit status of + the last command executed in _l_i_s_t. + + iiff _l_i_s_t; tthheenn _l_i_s_t; [ eelliiff _l_i_s_t; tthheenn _l_i_s_t; ] ... [ eellssee _l_i_s_t; ] ffii + The iiff _l_i_s_t is executed. If its exit status is zero, the tthheenn + _l_i_s_t is executed. Otherwise, each eelliiff _l_i_s_t is executed in + turn, and if its exit status is zero, the corresponding tthheenn + _l_i_s_t is executed and the command completes. Otherwise, the eellssee + _l_i_s_t is executed, if present. The exit status is the exit sta- + tus of the last command executed, or zero if no condition tested + true. + + wwhhiillee _l_i_s_t_-_1; ddoo _l_i_s_t_-_2; ddoonnee + uunnttiill _l_i_s_t_-_1; ddoo _l_i_s_t_-_2; ddoonnee + The wwhhiillee command continuously executes the list _l_i_s_t_-_2 as long + as the last command in the list _l_i_s_t_-_1 returns an exit status of + zero. The uunnttiill command is identical to the wwhhiillee command, ex- + cept that the test is negated: _l_i_s_t_-_2 is executed as long as the + last command in _l_i_s_t_-_1 returns a non-zero exit status. The exit + status of the wwhhiillee and uunnttiill commands is the exit status of the + last command executed in _l_i_s_t_-_2, or zero if none was executed. + + CCoopprroocceesssseess + A _c_o_p_r_o_c_e_s_s is a shell command preceded by the ccoopprroocc reserved word. A + coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command + had been terminated with the && control operator, with a two-way pipe + established between the executing shell and the coprocess. + + The syntax for a coprocess is: + + ccoopprroocc [_N_A_M_E] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_i_o_n_s] + + This creates a coprocess named _N_A_M_E. _c_o_m_m_a_n_d may be either a simple + command or a compound command (see above). _N_A_M_E is a shell variable + name. If _N_A_M_E is not supplied, the default name is CCOOPPRROOCC. + + The recommended form to use for a coprocess is + + ccoopprroocc _N_A_M_E { _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_i_o_n_s]; } + + This form is recommended because simple commands result in the copro- + cess always being named CCOOPPRROOCC, and it is simpler to use and more com- + plete than the other compound commands. + + If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is a compound command, _N_A_M_E is optional. The word following + ccoopprroocc determines whether that word is interpreted as a variable name: + it is interpreted as _N_A_M_E if it is not a reserved word that introduces + a compound command. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is a simple command, _N_A_M_E is not al- + lowed; this is to avoid confusion between _N_A_M_E and the first word of + the simple command. + + When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable + (see AArrrraayyss below) named _N_A_M_E in the context of the executing shell. + The standard output of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is connected via a pipe to a file de- + scriptor in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is assigned + to _N_A_M_E[0]. The standard input of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is connected via a pipe to a + file descriptor in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is as- + signed to _N_A_M_E[1]. This pipe is established before any redirections + specified by the command (see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN below). The file descriptors + can be utilized as arguments to shell commands and redirections using + standard word expansions. Other than those created to execute command + and process substitutions, the file descriptors are not available in + subshells. + + The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is avail- + able as the value of the variable _N_A_M_E_PID. The wwaaiitt builtin command + may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate. + + Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the ccoopprroocc + command always returns success. The return status of a coprocess is + the exit status of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. + + SShheellll FFuunnccttiioonn DDeeffiinniittiioonnss + A shell function is an object that is called like a simple command and + executes a compound command with a new set of positional parameters. + Shell functions are declared as follows: + + _f_n_a_m_e () _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_i_o_n] + ffuunnccttiioonn _f_n_a_m_e [()] _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_i_o_n] + This defines a function named _f_n_a_m_e. The reserved word ffuunnccttiioonn + is optional. If the ffuunnccttiioonn reserved word is supplied, the + parentheses are optional. The _b_o_d_y of the function is the com- + pound command _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d (see CCoommppoouunndd CCoommmmaannddss above). + That command is usually a _l_i_s_t of commands between { and }, but + may be any command listed under CCoommppoouunndd CCoommmmaannddss above. If the + ffuunnccttiioonn reserved word is used, but the parentheses are not sup- + plied, the braces are recommended. _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed + whenever _f_n_a_m_e is specified as the name of a simple command. + When in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, _f_n_a_m_e must be a valid shell _n_a_m_e and may not + be the name of one of the POSIX _s_p_e_c_i_a_l _b_u_i_l_t_i_n_s. In default + mode, a function name can be any unquoted shell word that does + not contain $$. Any redirections (see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN below) speci- + fied when a function is defined are performed when the function + is executed. The exit status of a function definition is zero + unless a syntax error occurs or a readonly function with the + same name already exists. When executed, the exit status of a + function is the exit status of the last command executed in the + body. (See FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS below.) + +CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS + In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the iinntteerr-- + aaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option to the sshhoopptt builtin is enabled (see SSHHEELLLL + BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), a word beginning with ## causes that word and + all remaining characters on that line to be ignored. An interactive + shell without the iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option enabled does not allow + comments. The iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option is on by default in interac- + tive shells. + +QQUUOOTTIINNGG + _Q_u_o_t_i_n_g is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters or + words to the shell. Quoting can be used to disable special treatment + for special characters, to prevent reserved words from being recognized + as such, and to prevent parameter expansion. + + Each of the _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s listed above under DDEEFFIINNIITTIIOONNSS has special + meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to represent itself. + + When the command history expansion facilities are being used (see HHIISS-- + TTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below), the _h_i_s_t_o_r_y _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n character, usually !!, must + be quoted to prevent history expansion. + + There are three quoting mechanisms: the _e_s_c_a_p_e _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r, single + quotes, and double quotes. + + A non-quoted backslash (\\) is the _e_s_c_a_p_e _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r. It preserves the + literal value of the next character that follows, with the exception of + . If a \\ pair appears, and the backslash is not it- + self quoted, the \\ is treated as a line continuation (that is, + it is removed from the input stream and effectively ignored). + + Enclosing characters in single quotes preserves the literal value of + each character within the quotes. A single quote may not occur between + single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash. + + Enclosing characters in double quotes preserves the literal value of + all characters within the quotes, with the exception of $$, ``, \\, and, + when history expansion is enabled, !!. When the shell is in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, + the !! has no special meaning within double quotes, even when history + expansion is enabled. The characters $$ and `` retain their special + meaning within double quotes. The backslash retains its special mean- + ing only when followed by one of the following characters: $$, ``, "", \\, + or <>. A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by + preceding it with a backslash. If enabled, history expansion will be + performed unless an !! appearing in double quotes is escaped using a + backslash. The backslash preceding the !! is not removed. + + The special parameters ** and @@ have special meaning when in double + quotes (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS below). + + Character sequences of the form $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' are treated as a special + variant of single quotes. The sequence expands to _s_t_r_i_n_g, with back- + slash-escaped characters in _s_t_r_i_n_g replaced as specified by the ANSI C + standard. Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded as fol- + lows: + \\aa alert (bell) + \\bb backspace + \\ee + \\EE an escape character + \\ff form feed + \\nn new line + \\rr carriage return + \\tt horizontal tab + \\vv vertical tab + \\\\ backslash + \\'' single quote + \\"" double quote + \\?? question mark + \\_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value + _n_n_n (one to three octal digits) + \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal + value _H_H (one or two hex digits) + \\uu_H_H_H_H the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H (one to four hex digits) + \\UU_H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H + the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H (one to eight hex digits) + \\cc_x a control-_x character + + The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not + been present. + + A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign ($$"_s_t_r_i_n_g") will cause + the string to be translated according to the current locale. The _g_e_t_- + _t_e_x_t infrastructure performs the lookup and translation, using the + LLCC__MMEESSSSAAGGEESS, TTEEXXTTDDOOMMAAIINNDDIIRR, and TTEEXXTTDDOOMMAAIINN shell variables. If the + current locale is CC or PPOOSSIIXX, if there are no translations available, + or if the string is not translated, the dollar sign is ignored. This + is a form of double quoting, so the string remains double-quoted by de- + fault, whether or not it is translated and replaced. If the nnooeexx-- + ppaanndd__ttrraannssllaattiioonn option is enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, translated + strings are single-quoted instead of double-quoted. See the descrip- + tion of sshhoopptt below under SSHHEELLLLBUILTINCCOOMMMMAANNDDSS. + +PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS + A _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an entity that stores values. It can be a _n_a_m_e, a num- + ber, or one of the special characters listed below under SSppeecciiaall PPaarraamm-- + eetteerrss. A _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e is a parameter denoted by a _n_a_m_e. A variable has a + _v_a_l_u_e and zero or more _a_t_t_r_i_b_u_t_e_s. Attributes are assigned using the + ddeeccllaarree builtin command (see ddeeccllaarree below in SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS). + + A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value. The null string is + a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using + the uunnsseett builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). + + A _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e may be assigned to by a statement of the form + + _n_a_m_e=[_v_a_l_u_e] + + If _v_a_l_u_e is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All + _v_a_l_u_e_s undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, com- + mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (see EEXXPPAANN-- + SSIIOONN below). If the variable has its iinntteeggeerr attribute set, then _v_a_l_u_e + is evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the $((...)) expansion + is not used (see AArriitthhmmeettiicc EExxppaannssiioonn below). Word splitting and path- + name expansion are not performed. Assignment statements may also ap- + pear as arguments to the aalliiaass, ddeeccllaarree, ttyyppeesseett, eexxppoorrtt, rreeaaddoonnllyy, and + llooccaall builtin commands (_d_e_c_l_a_r_a_t_i_o_n commands). When in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, + these builtins may appear in a command after one or more instances of + the ccoommmmaanndd builtin and retain these assignment statement properties. + + In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to a + shell variable or array index, the += operator can be used to append to + or add to the variable's previous value. This includes arguments to + builtin commands such as ddeeccllaarree that accept assignment statements + (_d_e_c_l_a_r_a_t_i_o_n commands). When += is applied to a variable for which the + iinntteeggeerr attribute has been set, _v_a_l_u_e is evaluated as an arithmetic ex- + pression and added to the variable's current value, which is also eval- + uated. When += is applied to an array variable using compound assign- + ment (see AArrrraayyss below), the variable's value is not unset (as it is + when using =), and new values are appended to the array beginning at + one greater than the array's maximum index (for indexed arrays) or + added as additional key-value pairs in an associative array. When ap- + plied to a string-valued variable, _v_a_l_u_e is expanded and appended to + the variable's value. + + A variable can be assigned the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute using the --nn option to + the ddeeccllaarree or llooccaall builtin commands (see the descriptions of ddeeccllaarree + and llooccaall below) to create a _n_a_m_e_r_e_f, or a reference to another vari- + able. This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly. Whenever + the nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has its at- + tributes modified (other than using or changing the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute + itself), the operation is actually performed on the variable specified + by the nameref variable's value. A nameref is commonly used within + shell functions to refer to a variable whose name is passed as an argu- + ment to the function. For instance, if a variable name is passed to a + shell function as its first argument, running + declare -n ref=$1 + inside the function creates a nameref variable rreeff whose value is the + variable name passed as the first argument. References and assignments + to rreeff, and changes to its attributes, are treated as references, as- + signments, and attribute modifications to the variable whose name was + passed as $$11. If the control variable in a ffoorr loop has the nameref + attribute, the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a + name reference will be established for each word in the list, in turn, + when the loop is executed. Array variables cannot be given the nnaammeerreeff + attribute. However, nameref variables can reference array variables + and subscripted array variables. Namerefs can be unset using the --nn + option to the uunnsseett builtin. Otherwise, if uunnsseett is executed with the + name of a nameref variable as an argument, the variable referenced by + the nameref variable will be unset. + + PPoossiittiioonnaall PPaarraammeetteerrss + A _p_o_s_i_t_i_o_n_a_l _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a parameter denoted by one or more digits, + other than the single digit 0. Positional parameters are assigned from + the shell's arguments when it is invoked, and may be reassigned using + the sseett builtin command. Positional parameters may not be assigned to + with assignment statements. The positional parameters are temporarily + replaced when a shell function is executed (see FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS below). + + When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single digit is + expanded, it must be enclosed in braces (see EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below). + + SSppeecciiaall PPaarraammeetteerrss + The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may + only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed. + ** Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When + the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional pa- + rameter expands to a separate word. In contexts where it is + performed, those words are subject to further word splitting and + pathname expansion. When the expansion occurs within double + quotes, it expands to a single word with the value of each pa- + rameter separated by the first character of the IIFFSS special + variable. That is, "$$**" is equivalent to "$$11_c$$22_c......", where _c + is the first character of the value of the IIFFSS variable. If IIFFSS + is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces. If IIFFSS is + null, the parameters are joined without intervening separators. + @@ Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. In + contexts where word splitting is performed, this expands each + positional parameter to a separate word; if not within double + quotes, these words are subject to word splitting. In contexts + where word splitting is not performed, this expands to a single + word with each positional parameter separated by a space. When + the expansion occurs within double quotes, each parameter ex- + pands to a separate word. That is, "$$@@" is equivalent to "$$11" + "$$22" ... If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, + the expansion of the first parameter is joined with the begin- + ning part of the original word, and the expansion of the last + parameter is joined with the last part of the original word. + When there are no positional parameters, "$$@@" and $$@@ expand to + nothing (i.e., they are removed). + ## Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal. + ?? Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed fore- + ground pipeline. + -- Expands to the current option flags as specified upon invoca- + tion, by the sseett builtin command, or those set by the shell it- + self (such as the --ii option). + $$ Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a subshell, it ex- + pands to the process ID of the current shell, not the subshell. + !! Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed into + the background, whether executed as an asynchronous command or + using the bbgg builtin (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL below). + 00 Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set + at shell initialization. If bbaasshh is invoked with a file of com- + mands, $$00 is set to the name of that file. If bbaasshh is started + with the --cc option, then $$00 is set to the first argument after + the string to be executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is + set to the filename used to invoke bbaasshh, as given by argument + zero. + + SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess + The following variables are set by the shell: + + __ At shell startup, set to the pathname used to invoke the shell + or shell script being executed as passed in the environment or + argument list. Subsequently, expands to the last argument to + the previous simple command executed in the foreground, after + expansion. Also set to the full pathname used to invoke each + command executed and placed in the environment exported to that + command. When checking mail, this parameter holds the name of + the mail file currently being checked. + BBAASSHH Expands to the full filename used to invoke this instance of + bbaasshh. + BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS + A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in + the list is a valid argument for the --ss option to the sshhoopptt + builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The options + appearing in BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS are those reported as _o_n by sshhoopptt. If + this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts up, each + shell option in the list will be enabled before reading any + startup files. This variable is read-only. + BBAASSHHPPIIDD + Expands to the process ID of the current bbaasshh process. This + differs from $$$$ under certain circumstances, such as subshells + that do not require bbaasshh to be re-initialized. Assignments to + BBAASSHHPPIIDD have no effect. If BBAASSHHPPIIDD is unset, it loses its spe- + cial properties, even if it is subsequently reset. + BBAASSHH__AALLIIAASSEESS + An associative array variable whose members correspond to the + internal list of aliases as maintained by the aalliiaass builtin. + Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; however, + unsetting array elements currently does not cause aliases to be + removed from the alias list. If BBAASSHH__AALLIIAASSEESS is unset, it loses + its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. + BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC + An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in + each frame of the current bbaasshh execution call stack. The number + of parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or + script executed with .. or ssoouurrccee) is at the top of the stack. + When a subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed + is pushed onto BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC. The shell sets BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC only when in + extended debugging mode (see the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg op- + tion to the sshhoopptt builtin below). Setting eexxttddeebbuugg after the + shell has started to execute a script, or referencing this vari- + able when eexxttddeebbuugg is not set, may result in inconsistent val- + ues. + BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV + An array variable containing all of the parameters in the cur- + rent bbaasshh execution call stack. The final parameter of the last + subroutine call is at the top of the stack; the first parameter + of the initial call is at the bottom. When a subroutine is exe- + cuted, the parameters supplied are pushed onto BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV. The + shell sets BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV only when in extended debugging mode (see + the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the sshhoopptt builtin be- + low). Setting eexxttddeebbuugg after the shell has started to execute a + script, or referencing this variable when eexxttddeebbuugg is not set, + may result in inconsistent values. + BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV00 + When referenced, this variable expands to the name of the shell + or shell script (identical to $$00; see the description of special + parameter 0 above). Assignment to BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV00 causes the value + assigned to also be assigned to $$00. If BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV00 is unset, it + loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. + BBAASSHH__CCMMDDSS + An associative array variable whose members correspond to the + internal hash table of commands as maintained by the hhaasshh + builtin. Elements added to this array appear in the hash table; + however, unsetting array elements currently does not cause com- + mand names to be removed from the hash table. If BBAASSHH__CCMMDDSS is + unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse- + quently reset. + BBAASSHH__CCOOMMMMAANNDD + The command currently being executed or about to be executed, + unless the shell is executing a command as the result of a trap, + in which case it is the command executing at the time of the + trap. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMMMAANNDD is unset, it loses its special proper- + ties, even if it is subsequently reset. + BBAASSHH__EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN__SSTTRRIINNGG + The command argument to the --cc invocation option. + BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO + An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source + files where each corresponding member of FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE was invoked. + $${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i]]}} is the line number in the source file + ($${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i_+_1]]}}) where $${{FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE[[_$_i]]}} was called (or + $${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i_-_1]]}} if referenced within another shell func- + tion). Use LLIINNEENNOO to obtain the current line number. + BBAASSHH__LLOOAADDAABBLLEESS__PPAATTHH + A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks + for dynamically loadable builtins specified by the eennaabbllee com- + mand. + BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH + An array variable whose members are assigned by the ==~~ binary + operator to the [[[[ conditional command. The element with index + 0 is the portion of the string matching the entire regular ex- + pression. The element with index _n is the portion of the string + matching the _nth parenthesized subexpression. + BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE + An array variable whose members are the source filenames where + the corresponding shell function names in the FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE array + variable are defined. The shell function $${{FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE[[_$_i]]}} is de- + fined in the file $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i]]}} and called from + $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i_+_1]]}}. + BBAASSHH__SSUUBBSSHHEELLLL + Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell environment + when the shell begins executing in that environment. The ini- + tial value is 0. If BBAASSHH__SSUUBBSSHHEELLLL is unset, it loses its spe- + cial properties, even if it is subsequently reset. + BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO + A readonly array variable whose members hold version information + for this instance of bbaasshh. The values assigned to the array + members are as follows: + BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[0]] The major version number (the _r_e_l_e_a_s_e). + BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[1]] The minor version number (the _v_e_r_s_i_o_n). + BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[2]] The patch level. + BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[3]] The build version. + BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[4]] The release status (e.g., _b_e_t_a_1). + BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[5]] The value of MMAACCHHTTYYPPEE. + BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIIOONN + Expands to a string describing the version of this instance of + bbaasshh. + CCOOMMPP__CCWWOORRDD + An index into $${{CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS}} of the word containing the current + cursor position. This variable is available only in shell func- + tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see + PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). + CCOOMMPP__KKEEYY + The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the cur- + rent completion function. + CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE + The current command line. This variable is available only in + shell functions and external commands invoked by the program- + mable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). + CCOOMMPP__PPOOIINNTT + The index of the current cursor position relative to the begin- + ning of the current command. If the current cursor position is + at the end of the current command, the value of this variable is + equal to $${{##CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE}}. This variable is available only in + shell functions and external commands invoked by the program- + mable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). + CCOOMMPP__TTYYPPEE + Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion + attempted that caused a completion function to be called: _T_A_B, + for normal completion, _?, for listing completions after succes- + sive tabs, _!, for listing alternatives on partial word comple- + tion, _@, to list completions if the word is not unmodified, or + _%, for menu completion. This variable is available only in + shell functions and external commands invoked by the program- + mable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). + CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS + The set of characters that the rreeaaddlliinnee library treats as word + separators when performing word completion. If CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS + is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse- + quently reset. + CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS + An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) consisting of the individ- + ual words in the current command line. The line is split into + words as rreeaaddlliinnee would split it, using CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS as de- + scribed above. This variable is available only in shell func- + tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see + PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). + CCOOPPRROOCC An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) created to hold the file + descriptors for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess + (see CCoopprroocceesssseess above). + DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK + An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) containing the current con- + tents of the directory stack. Directories appear in the stack + in the order they are displayed by the ddiirrss builtin. Assigning + to members of this array variable may be used to modify directo- + ries already in the stack, but the ppuusshhdd and ppooppdd builtins must + be used to add and remove directories. Assignment to this vari- + able will not change the current directory. If DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK is un- + set, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently + reset. + EEPPOOCCHHRREEAALLTTIIMMEE + Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number + of seconds since the Unix Epoch (see _t_i_m_e(3)) as a floating + point value with micro-second granularity. Assignments to + EEPPOOCCHHRREEAALLTTIIMMEE are ignored. If EEPPOOCCHHRREEAALLTTIIMMEE is unset, it loses + its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. + EEPPOOCCHHSSEECCOONNDDSS + Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number + of seconds since the Unix Epoch (see _t_i_m_e(3)). Assignments to + EEPPOOCCHHSSEECCOONNDDSS are ignored. If EEPPOOCCHHSSEECCOONNDDSS is unset, it loses + its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. + EEUUIIDD Expands to the effective user ID of the current user, initial- + ized at shell startup. This variable is readonly. + FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE + An array variable containing the names of all shell functions + currently in the execution call stack. The element with index 0 + is the name of any currently-executing shell function. The bot- + tom-most element (the one with the highest index) is "main". + This variable exists only when a shell function is executing. + Assignments to FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE have no effect. If FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE is unset, + it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently re- + set. + + This variable can be used with BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO and BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE. + Each element of FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE has corresponding elements in + BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO and BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE to describe the call stack. For in- + stance, $${{FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE[[_$_i]]}} was called from the file + $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i_+_1]]}} at line number $${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i]]}}. The + ccaalllleerr builtin displays the current call stack using this infor- + mation. + GGRROOUUPPSS An array variable containing the list of groups of which the + current user is a member. Assignments to GGRROOUUPPSS have no effect. + If GGRROOUUPPSS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it + is subsequently reset. + HHIISSTTCCMMDD + The history number, or index in the history list, of the current + command. Assignments to HHIISSTTCCMMDD are ignored. If HHIISSTTCCMMDD is un- + set, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently + reset. + HHOOSSTTNNAAMMEE + Automatically set to the name of the current host. + HHOOSSTTTTYYPPEE + Automatically set to a string that uniquely describes the type + of machine on which bbaasshh is executing. The default is system- + dependent. + LLIINNEENNOO Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a + decimal number representing the current sequential line number + (starting with 1) within a script or function. When not in a + script or function, the value substituted is not guaranteed to + be meaningful. If LLIINNEENNOO is unset, it loses its special proper- + ties, even if it is subsequently reset. + MMAACCHHTTYYPPEE + Automatically set to a string that fully describes the system + type on which bbaasshh is executing, in the standard GNU _c_p_u_-_c_o_m_- + _p_a_n_y_-_s_y_s_t_e_m format. The default is system-dependent. + MMAAPPFFIILLEE + An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) created to hold the text + read by the mmaappffiillee builtin when no variable name is supplied. + OOLLDDPPWWDD The previous working directory as set by the ccdd command. + OOPPTTAARRGG The value of the last option argument processed by the ggeettooppttss + builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). + OOPPTTIINNDD The index of the next argument to be processed by the ggeettooppttss + builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). + OOSSTTYYPPEE Automatically set to a string that describes the operating sys- + tem on which bbaasshh is executing. The default is system-depen- + dent. + PPIIPPEESSTTAATTUUSS + An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) containing a list of exit + status values from the processes in the most-recently-executed + foreground pipeline (which may contain only a single command). + PPPPIIDD The process ID of the shell's parent. This variable is read- + only. + PPWWDD The current working directory as set by the ccdd command. + RRAANNDDOOMM Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to a random + integer between 0 and 32767. Assigning a value to RRAANNDDOOMM ini- + tializes (seeds) the sequence of random numbers. If RRAANNDDOOMM is + unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse- + quently reset. + RREEAADDLLIINNEE__AARRGGUUMMEENNTT + Any numeric argument given to a readline command that was de- + fined using "bind -x" (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) when it + was invoked. + RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE + The contents of the rreeaaddlliinnee line buffer, for use with "bind -x" + (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). + RREEAADDLLIINNEE__MMAARRKK + The position of the mark (saved insertion point) in the rreeaaddlliinnee + line buffer, for use with "bind -x" (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS + below). The characters between the insertion point and the mark + are often called the _r_e_g_i_o_n. + RREEAADDLLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT + The position of the insertion point in the rreeaaddlliinnee line buffer, + for use with "bind -x" (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). + RREEPPLLYY Set to the line of input read by the rreeaadd builtin command when + no arguments are supplied. + SSEECCOONNDDSS + Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number + of seconds since shell invocation. If a value is assigned to + SSEECCOONNDDSS, the value returned upon subsequent references is the + number of seconds since the assignment plus the value assigned. + The number of seconds at shell invocation and the current time + are always determined by querying the system clock. If SSEECCOONNDDSS + is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse- + quently reset. + SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS + A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in + the list is a valid argument for the --oo option to the sseett + builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The options + appearing in SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS are those reported as _o_n by sseett --oo. If + this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts up, each + shell option in the list will be enabled before reading any + startup files. This variable is read-only. + SSHHLLVVLL Incremented by one each time an instance of bbaasshh is started. + SSRRAANNDDOOMM + This variable expands to a 32-bit pseudo-random number each time + it is referenced. The random number generator is not linear on + systems that support /dev/urandom or _a_r_c_4_r_a_n_d_o_m, so each re- + turned number has no relationship to the numbers preceding it. + The random number generator cannot be seeded, so assignments to + this variable have no effect. If SSRRAANNDDOOMM is unset, it loses its + special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. + UUIIDD Expands to the user ID of the current user, initialized at shell + startup. This variable is readonly. + + The following variables are used by the shell. In some cases, bbaasshh as- + signs a default value to a variable; these cases are noted below. + + BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT + The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level. See + SSHHEELLLL CCOOMMPPAATTIIBBIILLIITTYY MMOODDEE below for a description of the various + compatibility levels and their effects. The value may be a dec- + imal number (e.g., 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) corresponding + to the desired compatibility level. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is unset or + set to the empty string, the compatibility level is set to the + default for the current version. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is set to a + value that is not one of the valid compatibility levels, the + shell prints an error message and sets the compatibility level + to the default for the current version. The valid values corre- + spond to the compatibility levels described below under SSHHEELLLL + CCOOMMPPAATTIIBBIILLIITTYY MMOODDEE. For example, 4.2 and 42 are valid values + that correspond to the ccoommppaatt4422 sshhoopptt option and set the compat- + ibility level to 42. The current version is also a valid value. + BBAASSHH__EENNVV + If this parameter is set when bbaasshh is executing a shell script, + its value is interpreted as a filename containing commands to + initialize the shell, as in _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c. The value of BBAASSHH__EENNVV is + subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, and + arithmetic expansion before being interpreted as a filename. + PPAATTHH is not used to search for the resultant filename. + BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD + If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, + bbaasshh will write the trace output generated when _s_e_t _-_x is en- + abled to that file descriptor. The file descriptor is closed + when BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD is unset or assigned a new value. Unsetting + BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD or assigning it the empty string causes the trace + output to be sent to the standard error. Note that setting + BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD to 2 (the standard error file descriptor) and then + unsetting it will result in the standard error being closed. + CCDDPPAATTHH The search path for the ccdd command. This is a colon-separated + list of directories in which the shell looks for destination di- + rectories specified by the ccdd command. A sample value is + ".:~:/usr". + CCHHIILLDD__MMAAXX + Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to + remember. Bash will not allow this value to be decreased below + a POSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum value (cur- + rently 8192) that this may not exceed. The minimum value is + system-dependent. + CCOOLLUUMMNNSS + Used by the sseelleecctt compound command to determine the terminal + width when printing selection lists. Automatically set if the + cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon + receipt of a SSIIGGWWIINNCCHH. + CCOOMMPPRREEPPLLYY + An array variable from which bbaasshh reads the possible completions + generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable com- + pletion facility (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). Each ar- + ray element contains one possible completion. + EEMMAACCSS If bbaasshh finds this variable in the environment when the shell + starts with value "t", it assumes that the shell is running in + an Emacs shell buffer and disables line editing. + EENNVV Expanded and executed similarly to BBAASSHH__EENNVV (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN + above) when an interactive shell is invoked in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e. + EEXXEECCIIGGNNOORREE + A colon-separated list of shell patterns (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg) + defining the list of filenames to be ignored by command search + using PPAATTHH. Files whose full pathnames match one of these pat- + terns are not considered executable files for the purposes of + completion and command execution via PPAATTHH lookup. This does not + affect the behavior of the [[, tteesstt, and [[[[ commands. Full path- + names in the command hash table are not subject to EEXXEECCIIGGNNOORREE. + Use this variable to ignore shared library files that have the + executable bit set, but are not executable files. The pattern + matching honors the setting of the eexxttgglloobb shell option. + FFCCEEDDIITT The default editor for the ffcc builtin command. + FFIIGGNNOORREE + A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing + filename completion (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE below). A filename whose suf- + fix matches one of the entries in FFIIGGNNOORREE is excluded from the + list of matched filenames. A sample value is ".o:~". + FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT + If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum + function nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this + nesting level will cause the current command to abort. + GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE + A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file + names to be ignored by pathname expansion. If a file name + matched by a pathname expansion pattern also matches one of the + patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE, it is removed from the list of matches. + HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL + A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are + saved on the history list. If the list of values includes _i_g_- + _n_o_r_e_s_p_a_c_e, lines which begin with a ssppaaccee character are not + saved in the history list. A value of _i_g_n_o_r_e_d_u_p_s causes lines + matching the previous history entry to not be saved. A value of + _i_g_n_o_r_e_b_o_t_h is shorthand for _i_g_n_o_r_e_s_p_a_c_e and _i_g_n_o_r_e_d_u_p_s. A value + of _e_r_a_s_e_d_u_p_s causes all previous lines matching the current line + to be removed from the history list before that line is saved. + Any value not in the above list is ignored. If HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL is + unset, or does not include a valid value, all lines read by the + shell parser are saved on the history list, subject to the value + of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE. The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line + compound command are not tested, and are added to the history + regardless of the value of HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL. + HHIISSTTFFIILLEE + The name of the file in which command history is saved (see HHIISS-- + TTOORRYY below). The default value is _~_/_._b_a_s_h___h_i_s_t_o_r_y. If unset, + the command history is not saved when a shell exits. + HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE + The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. When + this variable is assigned a value, the history file is trun- + cated, if necessary, to contain no more than that number of + lines by removing the oldest entries. The history file is also + truncated to this size after writing it when a shell exits. If + the value is 0, the history file is truncated to zero size. + Non-numeric values and numeric values less than zero inhibit + truncation. The shell sets the default value to the value of + HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE after reading any startup files. + HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE + A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command + lines should be saved on the history list. Each pattern is an- + chored at the beginning of the line and must match the complete + line (no implicit `**' is appended). Each pattern is tested + against the line after the checks specified by HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL are + applied. In addition to the normal shell pattern matching char- + acters, `&&' matches the previous history line. `&&' may be es- + caped using a backslash; the backslash is removed before at- + tempting a match. The second and subsequent lines of a multi- + line compound command are not tested, and are added to the his- + tory regardless of the value of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE. The pattern match- + ing honors the setting of the eexxttgglloobb shell option. + HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE + The number of commands to remember in the command history (see + HHIISSTTOORRYY below). If the value is 0, commands are not saved in + the history list. Numeric values less than zero result in every + command being saved on the history list (there is no limit). + The shell sets the default value to 500 after reading any + startup files. + HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT + If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a + format string for _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) to print the time stamp associated + with each history entry displayed by the hhiissttoorryy builtin. If + this variable is set, time stamps are written to the history + file so they may be preserved across shell sessions. This uses + the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from + other history lines. + HHOOMMEE The home directory of the current user; the default argument for + the ccdd builtin command. The value of this variable is also used + when performing tilde expansion. + HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE + Contains the name of a file in the same format as _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s + that should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname. + The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while + the shell is running; the next time hostname completion is at- + tempted after the value is changed, bbaasshh adds the contents of + the new file to the existing list. If HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE is set, but has + no value, or does not name a readable file, bbaasshh attempts to + read _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s to obtain the list of possible hostname comple- + tions. When HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE is unset, the hostname list is cleared. + IIFFSS The _I_n_t_e_r_n_a_l _F_i_e_l_d _S_e_p_a_r_a_t_o_r that is used for word splitting af- + ter expansion and to split lines into words with the rreeaadd + builtin command. The default value is ``''. + IIGGNNOORREEEEOOFF + Controls the action of an interactive shell on receipt of an EEOOFF + character as the sole input. If set, the value is the number of + consecutive EEOOFF characters which must be typed as the first + characters on an input line before bbaasshh exits. If the variable + exists but does not have a numeric value, or has no value, the + default value is 10. If it does not exist, EEOOFF signifies the + end of input to the shell. + IINNPPUUTTRRCC + The filename for the rreeaaddlliinnee startup file, overriding the de- + fault of _~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE below). + IINNSSIIDDEE__EEMMAACCSS + If this variable appears in the environment when the shell + starts, bbaasshh assumes that it is running inside an Emacs shell + buffer and may disable line editing, depending on the value of + TTEERRMM. + LLAANNGG Used to determine the locale category for any category not + specifically selected with a variable starting with LLCC__. + LLCC__AALLLL This variable overrides the value of LLAANNGG and any other LLCC__ + variable specifying a locale category. + LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE + This variable determines the collation order used when sorting + the results of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior + of range expressions, equivalence classes, and collating se- + quences within pathname expansion and pattern matching. + LLCC__CCTTYYPPEE + This variable determines the interpretation of characters and + the behavior of character classes within pathname expansion and + pattern matching. + LLCC__MMEESSSSAAGGEESS + This variable determines the locale used to translate double- + quoted strings preceded by a $$. + LLCC__NNUUMMEERRIICC + This variable determines the locale category used for number + formatting. + LLCC__TTIIMMEE + This variable determines the locale category used for data and + time formatting. + LLIINNEESS Used by the sseelleecctt compound command to determine the column + length for printing selection lists. Automatically set if the + cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon + receipt of a SSIIGGWWIINNCCHH. + MMAAIILL If this parameter is set to a file or directory name and the + MMAAIILLPPAATTHH variable is not set, bbaasshh informs the user of the ar- + rival of mail in the specified file or Maildir-format directory. + MMAAIILLCCHHEECCKK + Specifies how often (in seconds) bbaasshh checks for mail. The de- + fault is 60 seconds. When it is time to check for mail, the + shell does so before displaying the primary prompt. If this + variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number + greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking. + MMAAIILLPPAATTHH + A colon-separated list of filenames to be checked for mail. The + message to be printed when mail arrives in a particular file may + be specified by separating the filename from the message with a + `?'. When used in the text of the message, $$__ expands to the + name of the current mailfile. Example: + MMAAIILLPPAATTHH='/var/mail/bfox?"You have mail":~/shell-mail?"$_ has + mail!"' + BBaasshh can be configured to supply a default value for this vari- + able (there is no value by default), but the location of the + user mail files that it uses is system dependent (e.g., + /var/mail/$$UUSSEERR). + OOPPTTEERRRR If set to the value 1, bbaasshh displays error messages generated by + the ggeettooppttss builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). + OOPPTTEERRRR is initialized to 1 each time the shell is invoked or a + shell script is executed. + PPAATTHH The search path for commands. It is a colon-separated list of + directories in which the shell looks for commands (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD + EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN below). A zero-length (null) directory name in the + value of PPAATTHH indicates the current directory. A null directory + name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial or + trailing colon. The default path is system-dependent, and is + set by the administrator who installs bbaasshh. A common value is + ``/usr/local/bin:/usr/lo- + cal/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin''. + PPOOSSIIXXLLYY__CCOORRRREECCTT + If this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts, the + shell enters _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e before reading the startup files, as if + the ----ppoossiixx invocation option had been supplied. If it is set + while the shell is running, bbaasshh enables _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, as if the + command _s_e_t _-_o _p_o_s_i_x had been executed. When the shell enters + _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, it sets this variable if it was not already set. + PPRROOMMPPTT__CCOOMMMMAANNDD + If this variable is set, and is an array, the value of each set + element is executed as a command prior to issuing each primary + prompt. If this is set but not an array variable, its value is + used as a command to execute instead. + PPRROOMMPPTT__DDIIRRTTRRIIMM + If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the + number of trailing directory components to retain when expanding + the \\ww and \\WW prompt string escapes (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below). + Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis. + PPSS00 The value of this parameter is expanded (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below) + and displayed by interactive shells after reading a command and + before the command is executed. + PPSS11 The value of this parameter is expanded (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below) + and used as the primary prompt string. The default value is + ``\\ss--\\vv\\$$ ''. + PPSS22 The value of this parameter is expanded as with PPSS11 and used as + the secondary prompt string. The default is ``>> ''. + PPSS33 The value of this parameter is used as the prompt for the sseelleecctt + command (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR above). + PPSS44 The value of this parameter is expanded as with PPSS11 and the + value is printed before each command bbaasshh displays during an ex- + ecution trace. The first character of the expanded value of PPSS44 + is replicated multiple times, as necessary, to indicate multiple + levels of indirection. The default is ``++ ''. + SSHHEELLLL This variable expands to the full pathname to the shell. If it + is not set when the shell starts, bbaasshh assigns to it the full + pathname of the current user's login shell. + TTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT + The value of this parameter is used as a format string specify- + ing how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the + ttiimmee reserved word should be displayed. The %% character intro- + duces an escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or + other information. The escape sequences and their meanings are + as follows; the braces denote optional portions. + %%%% A literal %%. + %%[[_p]][[ll]]RR The elapsed time in seconds. + %%[[_p]][[ll]]UU The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode. + %%[[_p]][[ll]]SS The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode. + %%PP The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R. + + The optional _p is a digit specifying the _p_r_e_c_i_s_i_o_n, the number + of fractional digits after a decimal point. A value of 0 causes + no decimal point or fraction to be output. At most three places + after the decimal point may be specified; values of _p greater + than 3 are changed to 3. If _p is not specified, the value 3 is + used. + + The optional ll specifies a longer format, including minutes, of + the form _M_Mm_S_S._F_Fs. The value of _p determines whether or not + the fraction is included. + + If this variable is not set, bbaasshh acts as if it had the value + $$''\\nnrreeaall\\tt%%33llRR\\nnuusseerr\\tt%%33llUU\\nnssyyss\\tt%%33llSS''. If the value is null, + no timing information is displayed. A trailing newline is added + when the format string is displayed. + TTMMOOUUTT If set to a value greater than zero, TTMMOOUUTT is treated as the de- + fault timeout for the rreeaadd builtin. The sseelleecctt command termi- + nates if input does not arrive after TTMMOOUUTT seconds when input is + coming from a terminal. In an interactive shell, the value is + interpreted as the number of seconds to wait for a line of input + after issuing the primary prompt. BBaasshh terminates after waiting + for that number of seconds if a complete line of input does not + arrive. + TTMMPPDDIIRR If set, bbaasshh uses its value as the name of a directory in which + bbaasshh creates temporary files for the shell's use. + aauuttoo__rreessuummee + This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and + job control. If this variable is set, single word simple com- + mands without redirections are treated as candidates for resump- + tion of an existing stopped job. There is no ambiguity allowed; + if there is more than one job beginning with the string typed, + the job most recently accessed is selected. The _n_a_m_e of a + stopped job, in this context, is the command line used to start + it. If set to the value _e_x_a_c_t, the string supplied must match + the name of a stopped job exactly; if set to _s_u_b_s_t_r_i_n_g, the + string supplied needs to match a substring of the name of a + stopped job. The _s_u_b_s_t_r_i_n_g value provides functionality analo- + gous to the %%?? job identifier (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL below). If set + to any other value, the supplied string must be a prefix of a + stopped job's name; this provides functionality analogous to the + %%_s_t_r_i_n_g job identifier. + hhiissttcchhaarrss + The two or three characters which control history expansion and + tokenization (see HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below). The first character + is the _h_i_s_t_o_r_y _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n character, the character which signals + the start of a history expansion, normally `!!'. The second + character is the _q_u_i_c_k _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n character, which is used as + shorthand for re-running the previous command entered, substi- + tuting one string for another in the command. The default is + `^^'. The optional third character is the character which indi- + cates that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as + the first character of a word, normally `##'. The history com- + ment character causes history substitution to be skipped for the + remaining words on the line. It does not necessarily cause the + shell parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment. + + AArrrraayyss + BBaasshh provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables. + Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the ddeeccllaarree builtin will + explicitly declare an array. There is no maximum limit on the size of + an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned con- + tiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including + arithmetic expressions) and are zero-based; associative arrays are ref- + erenced using arbitrary strings. Unless otherwise noted, indexed array + indices must be non-negative integers. + + An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned + to using the syntax _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]=_v_a_l_u_e. The _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is treated as + an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number. To explicitly + declare an indexed array, use ddeeccllaarree --aa _n_a_m_e (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMM-- + MMAANNDDSS below). ddeeccllaarree --aa _n_a_m_e[[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]] is also accepted; the _s_u_b_- + _s_c_r_i_p_t is ignored. + + Associative arrays are created using ddeeccllaarree --AA _n_a_m_e. + + Attributes may be specified for an array variable using the ddeeccllaarree and + rreeaaddoonnllyy builtins. Each attribute applies to all members of an array. + + Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form + _n_a_m_e=((value_1 ... value_n)), where each _v_a_l_u_e may be of the form [_s_u_b_- + _s_c_r_i_p_t]=_s_t_r_i_n_g. Indexed array assignments do not require anything but + _s_t_r_i_n_g. Each _v_a_l_u_e in the list is expanded using all the shell expan- + sions described below under EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN. When assigning to indexed ar- + rays, if the optional brackets and subscript are supplied, that index + is assigned to; otherwise the index of the element assigned is the last + index assigned to by the statement plus one. Indexing starts at zero. + + When assigning to an associative array, the words in a compound assign- + ment may be either assignment statements, for which the subscript is + required, or a list of words that is interpreted as a sequence of al- + ternating keys and values: _n_a_m_e=(( _k_e_y_1 _v_a_l_u_e_1 _k_e_y_2 _v_a_l_u_e_2 ...)). These + are treated identically to _n_a_m_e=(( [_k_e_y_1]=_v_a_l_u_e_1 [_k_e_y_2]=_v_a_l_u_e_2 ...)). + The first word in the list determines how the remaining words are in- + terpreted; all assignments in a list must be of the same type. When + using key/value pairs, the keys may not be missing or empty; a final + missing value is treated like the empty string. + + This syntax is also accepted by the ddeeccllaarree builtin. Individual array + elements may be assigned to using the _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]=_v_a_l_u_e syntax in- + troduced above. When assigning to an indexed array, if _n_a_m_e is sub- + scripted by a negative number, that number is interpreted as relative + to one greater than the maximum index of _n_a_m_e, so negative indices + count back from the end of the array, and an index of -1 references the + last element. + + The += operator will append to an array variable when assigning using + the compound assignment syntax; see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS above. + + Any element of an array may be referenced using ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]}. + The braces are required to avoid conflicts with pathname expansion. If + _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is @@ or **, the word expands to all members of _n_a_m_e. These + subscripts differ only when the word appears within double quotes. If + the word is double-quoted, ${_n_a_m_e[*]} expands to a single word with the + value of each array member separated by the first character of the IIFFSS + special variable, and ${_n_a_m_e[@]} expands each element of _n_a_m_e to a sep- + arate word. When there are no array members, ${_n_a_m_e[@]} expands to + nothing. If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the ex- + pansion of the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the + original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with + the last part of the original word. This is analogous to the expansion + of the special parameters ** and @@ (see SSppeecciiaall PPaarraammeetteerrss above). + ${#_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]} expands to the length of ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]}. If + _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is ** or @@, the expansion is the number of elements in the ar- + ray. If the _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t used to reference an element of an indexed array + evaluates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as relative to + one greater than the maximum index of the array, so negative indices + count back from the end of the array, and an index of -1 references the + last element. + + Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to ref- + erencing the array with a subscript of 0. Any reference to a variable + using a valid subscript is legal, and bbaasshh will create an array if nec- + essary. + + An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a + value. The null string is a valid value. + + It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the + values. ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} and ${!!_n_a_m_e[_*]} expand to the indices assigned in + array variable _n_a_m_e. The treatment when in double quotes is similar to + the expansion of the special parameters _@ and _* within double quotes. + + The uunnsseett builtin is used to destroy arrays. uunnsseett _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t] de- + stroys the array element at index _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t, for both indexed and asso- + ciative arrays. Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted + as described above. Unsetting the last element of an array variable + does not unset the variable. uunnsseett _n_a_m_e, where _n_a_m_e is an array, re- + moves the entire array. uunnsseett _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t], where _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is ** or + @@, behaves differently depending on whether _n_a_m_e is an indexed or asso- + ciative array. If _n_a_m_e is an associative array, this unsets the ele- + ment with subscript ** or @@. If _n_a_m_e is an indexed array, unset removes + all of the elements but does not remove the array itself. + + When using a variable name with a subscript as an argument to a com- + mand, such as with uunnsseett, without using the word expansion syntax de- + scribed above, the argument is subject to pathname expansion. If path- + name expansion is not desired, the argument should be quoted. + + The ddeeccllaarree, llooccaall, and rreeaaddoonnllyy builtins each accept a --aa option to + specify an indexed array and a --AA option to specify an associative ar- + ray. If both options are supplied, --AA takes precedence. The rreeaadd + builtin accepts a --aa option to assign a list of words read from the + standard input to an array. The sseett and ddeeccllaarree builtins display array + values in a way that allows them to be reused as assignments. + +EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN + Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into + words. There are seven kinds of expansion performed: _b_r_a_c_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, + _t_i_l_d_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r _a_n_d _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_- + _t_i_o_n, _a_r_i_t_h_m_e_t_i_c _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, _w_o_r_d _s_p_l_i_t_t_i_n_g, and _p_a_t_h_n_a_m_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n. + + The order of expansions is: brace expansion; tilde expansion, parameter + and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, and command substitution + (done in a left-to-right fashion); word splitting; and pathname expan- + sion. + + On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion avail- + able: _p_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n. This is performed at the same time as + tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command sub- + stitution. + + After these expansions are performed, quote characters present in the + original word are removed unless they have been quoted themselves + (_q_u_o_t_e _r_e_m_o_v_a_l). + + Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion can in- + crease the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a + single word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the ex- + pansions of "$$@@" and "$${{_n_a_m_e[[@@]]}}", and, in most cases, $$** and + $${{_n_a_m_e[[**]]}} as explained above (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS). + + BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn + _B_r_a_c_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be gener- + ated. This mechanism is similar to _p_a_t_h_n_a_m_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, but the file- + names generated need not exist. Patterns to be brace expanded take the + form of an optional _p_r_e_a_m_b_l_e, followed by either a series of comma-sep- + arated strings or a sequence expression between a pair of braces, fol- + lowed by an optional _p_o_s_t_s_c_r_i_p_t. The preamble is prefixed to each + string contained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended + to each resulting string, expanding left to right. + + Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded string + are not sorted; left to right order is preserved. For example, + a{{d,c,b}}e expands into `ade ace abe'. + + A sequence expression takes the form {{_x...._y[[...._i_n_c_r]]}}, where _x and _y are + either integers or single letters, and _i_n_c_r, an optional increment, is + an integer. When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each + number between _x and _y, inclusive. Supplied integers may be prefixed + with _0 to force each term to have the same width. When either _x or _y + begins with a zero, the shell attempts to force all generated terms to + contain the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary. When + letters are supplied, the expression expands to each character lexico- + graphically between _x and _y, inclusive, using the default C locale. + Note that both _x and _y must be of the same type (integer or letter). + When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between + each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate. + + Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, and any char- + acters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It is + strictly textual. BBaasshh does not apply any syntactic interpretation to + the context of the expansion or the text between the braces. + + A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening and + closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid sequence ex- + pression. Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged. A + {{ or ,, may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being considered + part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with parameter expan- + sion, the string $${{ is not considered eligible for brace expansion, and + inhibits brace expansion until the closing }}. + + This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common prefix of + the strings to be generated is longer than in the above example: + + mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,new,dist,bugs} + or + chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}} + + Brace expansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical + versions of sshh. sshh does not treat opening or closing braces specially + when they appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output. + BBaasshh removes braces from words as a consequence of brace expansion. + For example, a word entered to sshh as _f_i_l_e_{_1_,_2_} appears identically in + the output. The same word is output as _f_i_l_e_1 _f_i_l_e_2 after expansion by + bbaasshh. If strict compatibility with sshh is desired, start bbaasshh with the + ++BB option or disable brace expansion with the ++BB option to the sseett com- + mand (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). + + TTiillddee EExxppaannssiioonn + If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character (`~~'), all of the + characters preceding the first unquoted slash (or all characters, if + there is no unquoted slash) are considered a _t_i_l_d_e_-_p_r_e_f_i_x. If none of + the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the characters in the + tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a possible _l_o_g_i_n _n_a_m_e. + If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the + value of the shell parameter HHOOMMEE. If HHOOMMEE is unset, the home direc- + tory of the user executing the shell is substituted instead. Other- + wise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory associated + with the specified login name. + + If the tilde-prefix is a `~+', the value of the shell variable PPWWDD re- + places the tilde-prefix. If the tilde-prefix is a `~-', the value of + the shell variable OOLLDDPPWWDD, if it is set, is substituted. If the char- + acters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a number _N, + optionally prefixed by a `+' or a `-', the tilde-prefix is replaced + with the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it would be + displayed by the ddiirrss builtin invoked with the tilde-prefix as an argu- + ment. If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix con- + sist of a number without a leading `+' or `-', `+' is assumed. + + If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the word is + unchanged. + + Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes immedi- + ately following a :: or the first ==. In these cases, tilde expansion is + also performed. Consequently, one may use filenames with tildes in as- + signments to PPAATTHH, MMAAIILLPPAATTHH, and CCDDPPAATTHH, and the shell assigns the ex- + panded value. + + Bash also performs tilde expansion on words satisfying the conditions + of variable assignments (as described above under PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS) when they + appear as arguments to simple commands. Bash does not do this, except + for the _d_e_c_l_a_r_a_t_i_o_n commands listed above, when in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e. + + PPaarraammeetteerr EExxppaannssiioonn + The `$$' character introduces parameter expansion, command substitution, + or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name or symbol to be expanded + may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the + variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it which + could be interpreted as part of the name. + + When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first `}}' not + escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an em- + bedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter expan- + sion. + + ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r} + The value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted. The braces are required + when _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a positional parameter with more than one + digit, or when _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is followed by a character which is not + to be interpreted as part of its name. The _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a shell + parameter as described above PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS) or an array reference + (AArrrraayyss). + + If the first character of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an exclamation point (!!), and + _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is not a _n_a_m_e_r_e_f, it introduces a level of indirection. BBaasshh + uses the value formed by expanding the rest of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r as the new _p_a_- + _r_a_m_e_t_e_r; this is then expanded and that value is used in the rest of + the expansion, rather than the expansion of the original _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. + This is known as _i_n_d_i_r_e_c_t _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n. The value is subject to tilde ex- + pansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic ex- + pansion. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a nameref, this expands to the name of the + parameter referenced by _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r instead of performing the complete + indirect expansion. The exceptions to this are the expansions of + ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x**} and ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} described below. The exclamation point + must immediately follow the left brace in order to introduce indirec- + tion. + + In each of the cases below, _w_o_r_d is subject to tilde expansion, parame- + ter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. + + When not performing substring expansion, using the forms documented be- + low (e.g., ::--), bbaasshh tests for a parameter that is unset or null. + Omitting the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is un- + set. + + ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::--_w_o_r_d} + UUssee DDeeffaauulltt VVaalluueess. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null, the expan- + sion of _w_o_r_d is substituted. Otherwise, the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + is substituted. + ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::==_w_o_r_d} + AAssssiiggnn DDeeffaauulltt VVaalluueess. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null, the ex- + pansion of _w_o_r_d is assigned to _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. The value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_- + _t_e_r is then substituted. Positional parameters and special pa- + rameters may not be assigned to in this way. + ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::??_w_o_r_d} + DDiissppllaayy EErrrroorr iiff NNuullll oorr UUnnsseett. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is null or unset, + the expansion of _w_o_r_d (or a message to that effect if _w_o_r_d is + not present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if + it is not interactive, exits. Otherwise, the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + is substituted. + ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::++_w_o_r_d} + UUssee AAlltteerrnnaattee VVaalluuee. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is null or unset, nothing is + substituted, otherwise the expansion of _w_o_r_d is substituted. + ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::_o_f_f_s_e_t} + ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::_o_f_f_s_e_t::_l_e_n_g_t_h} + SSuubbssttrriinngg EExxppaannssiioonn. Expands to up to _l_e_n_g_t_h characters of the + value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r starting at the character specified by _o_f_f_- + _s_e_t. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, an indexed array subscripted by @@ + or **, or an associative array name, the results differ as de- + scribed below. If _l_e_n_g_t_h is omitted, expands to the substring + of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r starting at the character specified by + _o_f_f_s_e_t and extending to the end of the value. _l_e_n_g_t_h and _o_f_f_s_e_t + are arithmetic expressions (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN below). + + If _o_f_f_s_e_t evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is + used as an offset in characters from the end of the value of _p_a_- + _r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _l_e_n_g_t_h evaluates to a number less than zero, it is + interpreted as an offset in characters from the end of the value + of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r rather than a number of characters, and the expan- + sion is the characters between _o_f_f_s_e_t and that result. Note + that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at + least one space to avoid being confused with the ::-- expansion. + + If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the result is _l_e_n_g_t_h positional parame- + ters beginning at _o_f_f_s_e_t. A negative _o_f_f_s_e_t is taken relative + to one greater than the greatest positional parameter, so an + offset of -1 evaluates to the last positional parameter. It is + an expansion error if _l_e_n_g_t_h evaluates to a number less than + zero. + + If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an indexed array name subscripted by @ or *, the + result is the _l_e_n_g_t_h members of the array beginning with ${_p_a_- + _r_a_m_e_t_e_r[_o_f_f_s_e_t]}. A negative _o_f_f_s_e_t is taken relative to one + greater than the maximum index of the specified array. It is an + expansion error if _l_e_n_g_t_h evaluates to a number less than zero. + + Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces un- + defined results. + + Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parame- + ters are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by de- + fault. If _o_f_f_s_e_t is 0, and the positional parameters are used, + $$00 is prefixed to the list. + + ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x**} + ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x@@} + NNaammeess mmaattcchhiinngg pprreeffiixx. Expands to the names of variables whose + names begin with _p_r_e_f_i_x, separated by the first character of the + IIFFSS special variable. When _@ is used and the expansion appears + within double quotes, each variable name expands to a separate + word. + + ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} + ${!!_n_a_m_e[_*]} + LLiisstt ooff aarrrraayy kkeeyyss. If _n_a_m_e is an array variable, expands to + the list of array indices (keys) assigned in _n_a_m_e. If _n_a_m_e is + not an array, expands to 0 if _n_a_m_e is set and null otherwise. + When _@ is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, + each key expands to a separate word. + + ${##_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r} + PPaarraammeetteerr lleennggtthh. The length in characters of the value of _p_a_- + _r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is ** or @@, the value sub- + stituted is the number of positional parameters. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + is an array name subscripted by ** or @@, the value substituted is + the number of elements in the array. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an indexed + array name subscripted by a negative number, that number is in- + terpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of + _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, so negative indices count back from the end of the + array, and an index of -1 references the last element. + + ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r##_w_o_r_d} + ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r####_w_o_r_d} + RReemmoovvee mmaattcchhiinngg pprreeffiixx ppaatttteerrnn. The _w_o_r_d is expanded to produce + a pattern just as in pathname expansion, and matched against the + expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r using the rules described under PPaatt-- + tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. If the pattern matches the beginning of + the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the result of the expansion is the + expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with the shortest matching pattern + (the ``##'' case) or the longest matching pattern (the ``####'' + case) deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the pattern removal op- + eration is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the + expansion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array vari- + able subscripted with @@ or **, the pattern removal operation is + applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion + is the resultant list. + + ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r%%_w_o_r_d} + ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r%%%%_w_o_r_d} + RReemmoovvee mmaattcchhiinngg ssuuffffiixx ppaatttteerrnn. The _w_o_r_d is expanded to produce + a pattern just as in pathname expansion, and matched against the + expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r using the rules described under PPaatt-- + tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. If the pattern matches a trailing portion + of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the result of the ex- + pansion is the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with the shortest + matching pattern (the ``%%'' case) or the longest matching pat- + tern (the ``%%%%'' case) deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the + pattern removal operation is applied to each positional parame- + ter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_- + _e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or **, the pattern + removal operation is applied to each member of the array in + turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. + + ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r//_p_a_t_t_e_r_n//_s_t_r_i_n_g} + ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r////_p_a_t_t_e_r_n//_s_t_r_i_n_g} + ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r//##_p_a_t_t_e_r_n//_s_t_r_i_n_g} + ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r//%%_p_a_t_t_e_r_n//_s_t_r_i_n_g} + PPaatttteerrnn ssuubbssttiittuuttiioonn. The _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is expanded to produce a pat- + tern just as in pathname expansion. _P_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is expanded and + the longest match of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n against its value is replaced with + _s_t_r_i_n_g. _s_t_r_i_n_g undergoes tilde expansion, parameter and vari- + able expansion, arithmetic expansion, command and process sub- + stitution, and quote removal. The match is performed using the + rules described under PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. In the first form + above, only the first match is replaced. If there are two + slashes separating _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r and _p_a_t_t_e_r_n (the second form + above), all matches of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n are replaced with _s_t_r_i_n_g. If + _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is preceded by ## (the third form above), it must match + at the beginning of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n + is preceded by %% (the fourth form above), it must match at the + end of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If the expansion of + _s_t_r_i_n_g is null, matches of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n are deleted. If _s_t_r_i_n_g is + null, matches of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n are deleted and the // following _p_a_t_t_e_r_n + may be omitted. + + If the ppaattssuubb__rreeppllaacceemmeenntt shell option is enabled using sshhoopptt, + any unquoted instances of && in _s_t_r_i_n_g are replaced with the + matching portion of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. + + Quoting any part of _s_t_r_i_n_g inhibits replacement in the expansion + of the quoted portion, including replacement strings stored in + shell variables. Backslash will escape && in _s_t_r_i_n_g; the back- + slash is removed in order to permit a literal && in the replace- + ment string. Backslash can also be used to escape a backslash; + \\\\ results in a literal backslash in the replacement. Users + should take care if _s_t_r_i_n_g is double-quoted to avoid unwanted + interactions between the backslash and double-quoting, since + backslash has special meaning within double quotes. Pattern + substitution performs the check for unquoted && after expanding + _s_t_r_i_n_g; shell programmers should quote any occurrences of && they + want to be taken literally in the replacement and ensure any in- + stances of && they want to be replaced are unquoted. + + If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is enabled, the match is per- + formed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. If + _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the substitution operation is applied to + each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the re- + sultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted + with @@ or **, the substitution operation is applied to each mem- + ber of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant + list. + + ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r^^_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} + ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r^^^^_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} + ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r,,_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} + ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r,,,,_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} + CCaassee mmooddiiffiiccaattiioonn. This expansion modifies the case of alpha- + betic characters in _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. The _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is expanded to pro- + duce a pattern just as in pathname expansion. Each character in + the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is tested against _p_a_t_t_e_r_n, and, + if it matches the pattern, its case is converted. The pattern + should not attempt to match more than one character. The ^^ op- + erator converts lowercase letters matching _p_a_t_t_e_r_n to uppercase; + the ,, operator converts matching uppercase letters to lowercase. + The ^^^^ and ,,,, expansions convert each matched character in the + expanded value; the ^^ and ,, expansions match and convert only + the first character in the expanded value. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is omit- + ted, it is treated like a ??, which matches every character. If + _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the case modification operation is applied + to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the + resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted + with @@ or **, the case modification operation is applied to each + member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant + list. + + ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r@@_o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r} + PPaarraammeetteerr ttrraannssffoorrmmaattiioonn. The expansion is either a transforma- + tion of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r or information about _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + itself, depending on the value of _o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r. Each _o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r is a + single letter: + + UU The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + with lowercase alphabetic characters converted to upper- + case. + uu The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + with the first character converted to uppercase, if it is + alphabetic. + LL The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + with uppercase alphabetic characters converted to lower- + case. + QQ The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + quoted in a format that can be reused as input. + EE The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + with backslash escape sequences expanded as with the + $$''......'' quoting mechanism. + PP The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding + the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r as if it were a prompt string (see + PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below). + AA The expansion is a string in the form of an assignment + statement or ddeeccllaarree command that, if evaluated, will + recreate _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with its attributes and value. + KK Produces a possibly-quoted version of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_- + _e_t_e_r, except that it prints the values of indexed and as- + sociative arrays as a sequence of quoted key-value pairs + (see AArrrraayyss above). + aa The expansion is a string consisting of flag values rep- + resenting _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r's attributes. + kk Like the K transformation, but expands the keys and val- + ues of indexed and associative arrays to separate words + after word splitting. + + If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the operation is applied to each posi- + tional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant + list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or + **, the operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, + and the expansion is the resultant list. + + The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and + pathname expansion as described below. + + CCoommmmaanndd SSuubbssttiittuuttiioonn + _C_o_m_m_a_n_d _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n allows the output of a command to replace the com- + mand name. There are two forms: + + $$((_c_o_m_m_a_n_d)) + or + ``_c_o_m_m_a_n_d`` + + BBaasshh performs the expansion by executing _c_o_m_m_a_n_d in a subshell environ- + ment and replacing the command substitution with the standard output of + the command, with any trailing newlines deleted. Embedded newlines are + not deleted, but they may be removed during word splitting. The com- + mand substitution $$((ccaatt _f_i_l_e)) can be replaced by the equivalent but + faster $$((<< _f_i_l_e)). + + When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used, backslash + retains its literal meaning except when followed by $$, ``, or \\. The + first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command sub- + stitution. When using the $(_c_o_m_m_a_n_d) form, all characters between the + parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially. + + Command substitutions may be nested. To nest when using the backquoted + form, escape the inner backquotes with backslashes. + + If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and + pathname expansion are not performed on the results. + + AArriitthhmmeettiicc EExxppaannssiioonn + Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression + and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expan- + sion is: + + $$((((_e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n)))) + + The _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n undergoes the same expansions as if it were within dou- + ble quotes, but double quote characters in _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n are not treated + specially and are removed. All tokens in the expression undergo param- + eter and variable expansion, command substitution, and quote removal. + The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be evaluated. + Arithmetic expansions may be nested. + + The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under + AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN. If _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is invalid, bbaasshh prints a message + indicating failure and no substitution occurs. + + PPrroocceessss SSuubbssttiittuuttiioonn + _P_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n allows a process's input or output to be referred + to using a filename. It takes the form of <<((_l_i_s_t)) or >>((_l_i_s_t)). The + process _l_i_s_t is run asynchronously, and its input or output appears as + a filename. This filename is passed as an argument to the current com- + mand as the result of the expansion. If the >>((_l_i_s_t)) form is used, + writing to the file will provide input for _l_i_s_t. If the <<((_l_i_s_t)) form + is used, the file passed as an argument should be read to obtain the + output of _l_i_s_t. Process substitution is supported on systems that sup- + port named pipes (_F_I_F_O_s) or the //ddeevv//ffdd method of naming open files. + + When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with + parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic + expansion. + + WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg + The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitu- + tion, and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes + for _w_o_r_d _s_p_l_i_t_t_i_n_g. + + The shell treats each character of IIFFSS as a delimiter, and splits the + results of the other expansions into words using these characters as + field terminators. If IIFFSS is unset, or its value is exactly + <><><>, the default, then sequences of <>, <>, + and <> at the beginning and end of the results of the previous + expansions are ignored, and any sequence of IIFFSS characters not at the + beginning or end serves to delimit words. If IIFFSS has a value other + than the default, then sequences of the whitespace characters ssppaaccee, + ttaabb, and nneewwlliinnee are ignored at the beginning and end of the word, as + long as the whitespace character is in the value of IIFFSS (an IIFFSS white- + space character). Any character in IIFFSS that is not IIFFSS whitespace, + along with any adjacent IIFFSS whitespace characters, delimits a field. A + sequence of IIFFSS whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter. + If the value of IIFFSS is null, no word splitting occurs. + + Explicit null arguments ("""" or '''') are retained and passed to commands + as empty strings. Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the + expansion of parameters that have no values, are removed. If a parame- + ter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a null argument re- + sults and is retained and passed to a command as an empty string. When + a quoted null argument appears as part of a word whose expansion is + non-null, the null argument is removed. That is, the word -d'' becomes + -d after word splitting and null argument removal. + + Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting is performed. + + PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn + After word splitting, unless the --ff option has been set, bbaasshh scans + each word for the characters **, ??, and [[. If one of these characters + appears, and is not quoted, then the word is regarded as a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n, and + replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of filenames matching the + pattern (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below). If no matching filenames are + found, and the shell option nnuullllgglloobb is not enabled, the word is left + unchanged. If the nnuullllgglloobb option is set, and no matches are found, + the word is removed. If the ffaaiillgglloobb shell option is set, and no + matches are found, an error message is printed and the command is not + executed. If the shell option nnooccaasseegglloobb is enabled, the match is per- + formed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. When a + pattern is used for pathname expansion, the character ````..'''' at the + start of a name or immediately following a slash must be matched ex- + plicitly, unless the shell option ddoottgglloobb is set. In order to match + the filenames ````..'''' and ````....'''', the pattern must begin with ``.'' (for + example, ``.?''), even if ddoottgglloobb is set. If the gglloobbsskkiippddoottss shell + option is enabled, the filenames ````..'''' and ````....'''' are never matched, + even if the pattern begins with a ````..''''. When not matching pathnames, + the ````..'''' character is not treated specially. When matching a path- + name, the slash character must always be matched explicitly by a slash + in the pattern, but in other matching contexts it can be matched by a + special pattern character as described below under PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg. + See the description of sshhoopptt below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS for a + description of the nnooccaasseegglloobb, nnuullllgglloobb, gglloobbsskkiippddoottss, ffaaiillgglloobb, and + ddoottgglloobb shell options. + + The GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file + names matching a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. If GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is set, each matching file + name that also matches one of the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is removed + from the list of matches. If the nnooccaasseegglloobb option is set, the match- + ing against the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is performed without regard to + case. The filenames ````..'''' and ````....'''' are always ignored when GGLLOOBBIIGG-- + NNOORREE is set and not null. However, setting GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE to a non-null + value has the effect of enabling the ddoottgglloobb shell option, so all other + filenames beginning with a ````..'''' will match. To get the old behavior + of ignoring filenames beginning with a ````..'''', make ````..**'''' one of the + patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE. The ddoottgglloobb option is disabled when GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE + is unset. The pattern matching honors the setting of the eexxttgglloobb shell + option. + + PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg + + Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern + characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not + occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the + escaping backslash is discarded when matching. The special pattern + characters must be quoted if they are to be matched literally. + + The special pattern characters have the following meanings: + + ** Matches any string, including the null string. When the + gglloobbssttaarr shell option is enabled, and ** is used in a + pathname expansion context, two adjacent **s used as a + single pattern will match all files and zero or more di- + rectories and subdirectories. If followed by a //, two + adjacent **s will match only directories and subdirecto- + ries. + ?? Matches any single character. + [[......]] Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of + characters separated by a hyphen denotes a _r_a_n_g_e _e_x_p_r_e_s_- + _s_i_o_n; any character that falls between those two charac- + ters, inclusive, using the current locale's collating se- + quence and character set, is matched. If the first char- + acter following the [[ is a !! or a ^^ then any character + not enclosed is matched. The sorting order of characters + in range expressions, and the characters included in the + range, are determined by the current locale and the val- + ues of the LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE or LLCC__AALLLL shell variables, if set. + To obtain the traditional interpretation of range expres- + sions, where [[aa--dd]] is equivalent to [[aabbccdd]], set value of + the LLCC__AALLLL shell variable to CC, or enable the gglloobbaassccii-- + iirraannggeess shell option. A -- may be matched by including it + as the first or last character in the set. A ]] may be + matched by including it as the first character in the + set. + + Within [[ and ]], _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r _c_l_a_s_s_e_s can be specified using + the syntax [[::_c_l_a_s_s::]], where _c_l_a_s_s is one of the following + classes defined in the POSIX standard: + aallnnuumm aallpphhaa aasscciiii bbllaannkk ccnnttrrll ddiiggiitt ggrraapphh lloowweerr pprriinntt + ppuunncctt ssppaaccee uuppppeerr wwoorrdd xxddiiggiitt + A character class matches any character belonging to that + class. The wwoorrdd character class matches letters, digits, + and the character _. + + Within [[ and ]], an _e_q_u_i_v_a_l_e_n_c_e _c_l_a_s_s can be specified us- + ing the syntax [[==_c==]], which matches all characters with + the same collation weight (as defined by the current lo- + cale) as the character _c. + + Within [[ and ]], the syntax [[.._s_y_m_b_o_l..]] matches the collat- + ing symbol _s_y_m_b_o_l. + + If the eexxttgglloobb shell option is enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, the + shell recognizes several extended pattern matching operators. In the + following description, a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n_-_l_i_s_t is a list of one or more patterns + separated by a ||. Composite patterns may be formed using one or more + of the following sub-patterns: + + ??((_p_a_t_t_e_r_n_-_l_i_s_t)) + Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns + **((_p_a_t_t_e_r_n_-_l_i_s_t)) + Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns + ++((_p_a_t_t_e_r_n_-_l_i_s_t)) + Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns + @@((_p_a_t_t_e_r_n_-_l_i_s_t)) + Matches one of the given patterns + !!((_p_a_t_t_e_r_n_-_l_i_s_t)) + Matches anything except one of the given patterns + + Theeexxttgglloobb option changes the behavior of the parser, since the paren- + theses are normally treated as operators with syntactic meaning. To + ensure that extended matching patterns are parsed correctly, make sure + that eexxttgglloobb is enabled before parsing constructs containing the pat- + terns, including shell functions and command substitutions. + + When matching filenames, the ddoottgglloobb shell option determines the set of + filenames that are tested: when ddoottgglloobb is enabled, the set of file- + names includes all files beginning with ``.'', but ``.'' and ``..'' + must be matched by a pattern or sub-pattern that begins with a dot; + when it is disabled, the set does not include any filenames beginning + with ``.'' unless the pattern or sub-pattern begins with a ``.''. As + above, ``.'' only has a special meaning when matching filenames. + + Complicated extended pattern matching against long strings is slow, es- + pecially when the patterns contain alternations and the strings contain + multiple matches. Using separate matches against shorter strings, or + using arrays of strings instead of a single long string, may be faster. + + QQuuoottee RReemmoovvaall + After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the charac- + ters \\, '', and "" that did not result from one of the above expansions + are removed. + +RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN + Before a command is executed, its input and output may be _r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_e_d + using a special notation interpreted by the shell. _R_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_i_o_n allows + commands' file handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer + to different files, and can change the files the command reads from and + writes to. Redirection may also be used to modify file handles in the + current shell execution environment. The following redirection opera- + tors may precede or appear anywhere within a _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or may fol- + low a _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. Redirections are processed in the order they appear, + from left to right. + + Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number may + instead be preceded by a word of the form {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e}. In this case, for + each redirection operator except >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a + file descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assign it to _v_a_r_n_a_m_e. + If >&- or <&- is preceded by {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e}, the value of _v_a_r_n_a_m_e defines + the file descriptor to close. If {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e} is supplied, the redirect- + ion persists beyond the scope of the command, allowing the shell pro- + grammer to manage the file descriptor's lifetime manually. The + vvaarrrreeddiirr__cclloossee shell option manages this behavior. + + In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omit- + ted, and the first character of the redirection operator is <<, the re- + direction refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the + first character of the redirection operator is >>, the redirection + refers to the standard output (file descriptor 1). + + The word following the redirection operator in the following descrip- + tions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, tilde + expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, + arithmetic expansion, quote removal, pathname expansion, and word + splitting. If it expands to more than one word, bbaasshh reports an error. + + Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, the + command + + ls >> dirlist 2>>&&1 + + directs both standard output and standard error to the file _d_i_r_l_i_s_t, + while the command + + ls 2>>&&1 >> dirlist + + directs only the standard output to file _d_i_r_l_i_s_t, because the standard + error was duplicated from the standard output before the standard out- + put was redirected to _d_i_r_l_i_s_t. + + BBaasshh handles several filenames specially when they are used in redirec- + tions, as described in the following table. If the operating system on + which bbaasshh is running provides these special files, bash will use them; + otherwise it will emulate them internally with the behavior described + below. + + //ddeevv//ffdd//_f_d + If _f_d is a valid integer, file descriptor _f_d is dupli- + cated. + //ddeevv//ssttddiinn + File descriptor 0 is duplicated. + //ddeevv//ssttddoouutt + File descriptor 1 is duplicated. + //ddeevv//ssttddeerrrr + File descriptor 2 is duplicated. + //ddeevv//ttccpp//_h_o_s_t//_p_o_r_t + If _h_o_s_t is a valid hostname or Internet address, and _p_o_r_t + is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts + to open the corresponding TCP socket. + //ddeevv//uuddpp//_h_o_s_t//_p_o_r_t + If _h_o_s_t is a valid hostname or Internet address, and _p_o_r_t + is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts + to open the corresponding UDP socket. + + A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail. + + Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with + care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses inter- + nally. + + RReeddiirreeccttiinngg IInnppuutt + Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from the expan- + sion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for reading on file descriptor _n, or the + standard input (file descriptor 0) if _n is not specified. + + The general format for redirecting input is: + + [_n]<<_w_o_r_d + + RReeddiirreeccttiinngg OOuuttppuutt + Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from the ex- + pansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for writing on file descriptor _n, or the + standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not specified. If the file + does not exist it is created; if it does exist it is truncated to zero + size. + + The general format for redirecting output is: + + [_n]>>_w_o_r_d + + If the redirection operator is >>, and the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett + builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file whose + name results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d exists and is a regular file. + If the redirection operator is >>||, or the redirection operator is >> and + the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett builtin command is not enabled, the re- + direction is attempted even if the file named by _w_o_r_d exists. + + AAppppeennddiinngg RReeddiirreecctteedd OOuuttppuutt + Redirection of output in this fashion causes the file whose name re- + sults from the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for appending on file de- + scriptor _n, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not + specified. If the file does not exist it is created. + + The general format for appending output is: + + [_n]>>>>_w_o_r_d + + RReeddiirreeccttiinngg SSttaannddaarrdd OOuuttppuutt aanndd SSttaannddaarrdd EErrrroorr + This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and + the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be redirected to the + file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d. + + There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard er- + ror: + + &&>>_w_o_r_d + and + >>&&_w_o_r_d + + Of the two forms, the first is preferred. This is semantically equiva- + lent to + + >>_w_o_r_d 2>>&&1 + + When using the second form, _w_o_r_d may not expand to a number or --. If + it does, other redirection operators apply (see DDuupplliiccaattiinngg FFiillee DDee-- + ssccrriippttoorrss below) for compatibility reasons. + + AAppppeennddiinngg SSttaannddaarrdd OOuuttppuutt aanndd SSttaannddaarrdd EErrrroorr + This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and + the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be appended to the + file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d. + + The format for appending standard output and standard error is: + + &&>>>>_w_o_r_d + + This is semantically equivalent to + + >>>>_w_o_r_d 2>>&&1 + + (see DDuupplliiccaattiinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss below). + + HHeerree DDooccuummeennttss + This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the + current source until a line containing only _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r (with no trailing + blanks) is seen. All of the lines read up to that point are then used + as the standard input (or file descriptor _n if _n is specified) for a + command. + + The format of here-documents is: + + [_n]<<<<[--]_w_o_r_d + _h_e_r_e_-_d_o_c_u_m_e_n_t + _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r + + No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic + expansion, or pathname expansion is performed on _w_o_r_d. If any part of + _w_o_r_d is quoted, the _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r is the result of quote removal on _w_o_r_d, + and the lines in the here-document are not expanded. If _w_o_r_d is un- + quoted, all lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter ex- + pansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, the character + sequence \\<> is ignored, and \\ must be used to quote the charac- + ters \\, $$, and ``. + + If the redirection operator is <<<<--, then all leading tab characters are + stripped from input lines and the line containing _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r. This al- + lows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural + fashion. + + HHeerree SSttrriinnggss + A variant of here documents, the format is: + + [_n]<<<<<<_w_o_r_d + + The _w_o_r_d undergoes tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, + command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal. Path- + name expansion and word splitting are not performed. The result is + supplied as a single string, with a newline appended, to the command on + its standard input (or file descriptor _n if _n is specified). + + DDuupplliiccaattiinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss + The redirection operator + + [_n]<<&&_w_o_r_d + + is used to duplicate input file descriptors. If _w_o_r_d expands to one or + more digits, the file descriptor denoted by _n is made to be a copy of + that file descriptor. If the digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file de- + scriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs. If _w_o_r_d evaluates + to --, file descriptor _n is closed. If _n is not specified, the standard + input (file descriptor 0) is used. + + The operator + + [_n]>>&&_w_o_r_d + + is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If _n is not + specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. If the + digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a re- + direction error occurs. If _w_o_r_d evaluates to --, file descriptor _n is + closed. As a special case, if _n is omitted, and _w_o_r_d does not expand + to one or more digits or --, the standard output and standard error are + redirected as described previously. + + MMoovviinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss + The redirection operator + + [_n]<<&&_d_i_g_i_t-- + + moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard + input (file descriptor 0) if _n is not specified. _d_i_g_i_t is closed after + being duplicated to _n. + + Similarly, the redirection operator + + [_n]>>&&_d_i_g_i_t-- + + moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard + output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not specified. + + OOppeenniinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss ffoorr RReeaaddiinngg aanndd WWrriittiinngg + The redirection operator + + [_n]<<>>_w_o_r_d + + causes the file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for + both reading and writing on file descriptor _n, or on file descriptor 0 + if _n is not specified. If the file does not exist, it is created. + +AALLIIAASSEESS + _A_l_i_a_s_e_s allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used as + the first word of a simple command. The shell maintains a list of + aliases that may be set and unset with the aalliiaass and uunnaalliiaass builtin + commands (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The first word of each + simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see if it has an alias. If + so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias. The characters //, + $$, ``, and == and any of the shell _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s or quoting characters + listed above may not appear in an alias name. The replacement text may + contain any valid shell input, including shell metacharacters. The + first word of the replacement text is tested for aliases, but a word + that is identical to an alias being expanded is not expanded a second + time. This means that one may alias llss to llss --FF, for instance, and + bbaasshh does not try to recursively expand the replacement text. If the + last character of the alias value is a _b_l_a_n_k, then the next command + word following the alias is also checked for alias expansion. + + Aliases are created and listed with the aalliiaass command, and removed with + the uunnaalliiaass command. + + There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. If + arguments are needed, use a shell function (see FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS below). + + Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the + eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess shell option is set using sshhoopptt (see the description of + sshhoopptt under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). + + The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat + confusing. BBaasshh always reads at least one complete line of input, and + all lines that make up a compound command, before executing any of the + commands on that line or the compound command. Aliases are expanded + when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, an alias + definition appearing on the same line as another command does not take + effect until the next line of input is read. The commands following + the alias definition on that line are not affected by the new alias. + This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed. Aliases + are expanded when a function definition is read, not when the function + is executed, because a function definition is itself a command. As a + consequence, aliases defined in a function are not available until af- + ter that function is executed. To be safe, always put alias defini- + tions on a separate line, and do not use aalliiaass in compound commands. + + For almost every purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions. + +FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS + A shell function, defined as described above under SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR, + stores a series of commands for later execution. When the name of a + shell function is used as a simple command name, the list of commands + associated with that function name is executed. Functions are executed + in the context of the current shell; no new process is created to in- + terpret them (contrast this with the execution of a shell script). + When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the + positional parameters during its execution. The special parameter ## is + updated to reflect the change. Special parameter 00 is unchanged. The + first element of the FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE variable is set to the name of the func- + tion while the function is executing. + + All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical be- + tween a function and its caller with these exceptions: the DDEEBBUUGG and + RREETTUURRNN traps (see the description of the ttrraapp builtin under SSHHEELLLL + BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) are not inherited unless the function has been + given the ttrraaccee attribute (see the description of the ddeeccllaarree builtin + below) or the --oo ffuunnccttrraaccee shell option has been enabled with the sseett + builtin (in which case all functions inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN + traps), and the EERRRR trap is not inherited unless the --oo eerrrrttrraaccee shell + option has been enabled. + + Variables local to the function may be declared with the llooccaall builtin + command (_l_o_c_a_l _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e_s). Ordinarily, variables and their values are + shared between the function and its caller. If a variable is declared + llooccaall, the variable's visible scope is restricted to that function and + its children (including the functions it calls). + + In the following description, the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _s_c_o_p_e is a currently- execut- + ing function. Previous scopes consist of that function's caller and so + on, back to the "global" scope, where the shell is not executing any + shell function. Consequently, a local variable at the current scope is + a variable declared using the llooccaall or ddeeccllaarree builtins in the function + that is currently executing. + + Local variables "shadow" variables with the same name declared at pre- + vious scopes. For instance, a local variable declared in a function + hides a global variable of the same name: references and assignments + refer to the local variable, leaving the global variable unmodified. + When the function returns, the global variable is once again visible. + + The shell uses _d_y_n_a_m_i_c _s_c_o_p_i_n_g to control a variable's visibility + within functions. With dynamic scoping, visible variables and their + values are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused exe- + cution to reach the current function. The value of a variable that a + function sees depends on its value within its caller, if any, whether + that caller is the "global" scope or another shell function. This is + also the value that a local variable declaration "shadows", and the + value that is restored when the function returns. + + For example, if a variable _v_a_r is declared as local in function _f_u_n_c_1, + and _f_u_n_c_1 calls another function _f_u_n_c_2, references to _v_a_r made from + within _f_u_n_c_2 will resolve to the local variable _v_a_r from _f_u_n_c_1, shadow- + ing any global variable named _v_a_r. + + The uunnsseett builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a variable + is local to the current scope, uunnsseett will unset it; otherwise the unset + will refer to the variable found in any calling scope as described + above. If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it will re- + main so (appearing as unset) until it is reset in that scope or until + the function returns. Once the function returns, any instance of the + variable at a previous scope will become visible. If the unset acts on + a variable at a previous scope, any instance of a variable with that + name that had been shadowed will become visible (see below how the lloo-- + ccaallvvaarr__uunnsseett shell option changes this behavior). + + The FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT variable, if set to a numeric value greater than 0, de- + fines a maximum function nesting level. Function invocations that ex- + ceed the limit cause the entire command to abort. + + If the builtin command rreettuurrnn is executed in a function, the function + completes and execution resumes with the next command after the func- + tion call. Any command associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is executed be- + fore execution resumes. When a function completes, the values of the + positional parameters and the special parameter ## are restored to the + values they had prior to the function's execution. + + Function names and definitions may be listed with the --ff option to the + ddeeccllaarree or ttyyppeesseett builtin commands. The --FF option to ddeeccllaarree or ttyyppee-- + sseett will list the function names only (and optionally the source file + and line number, if the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option is enabled). Functions + may be exported so that child shell processes (those created when exe- + cuting a separate shell invocation) automatically have them defined + with the --ff option to the eexxppoorrtt builtin. A function definition may be + deleted using the --ff option to the uunnsseett builtin. + + Functions may be recursive. The FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT variable may be used to limit + the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number of func- + tion invocations. By default, no limit is imposed on the number of re- + cursive calls. + +AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN + The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain + circumstances (see the lleett and ddeeccllaarree builtin commands, the (((( com- + pound command, and AArriitthhmmeettiicc EExxppaannssiioonn). Evaluation is done in fixed- + width integers with no check for overflow, though division by 0 is + trapped and flagged as an error. The operators and their precedence, + associativity, and values are the same as in the C language. The fol- + lowing list of operators is grouped into levels of equal-precedence op- + erators. The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence. + + _i_d++++ _i_d---- + variable post-increment and post-decrement + -- ++ unary minus and plus + ++++_i_d ----_i_d + variable pre-increment and pre-decrement + !! ~~ logical and bitwise negation + **** exponentiation + ** // %% multiplication, division, remainder + ++ -- addition, subtraction + <<<< >>>> left and right bitwise shifts + <<== >>== << >> + comparison + ==== !!== equality and inequality + && bitwise AND + ^^ bitwise exclusive OR + || bitwise OR + &&&& logical AND + |||| logical OR + _e_x_p_r??_e_x_p_r::_e_x_p_r + conditional operator + == **== //== %%== ++== --== <<<<== >>>>== &&== ^^== ||== + assignment + _e_x_p_r_1 ,, _e_x_p_r_2 + comma + + Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is per- + formed before the expression is evaluated. Within an expression, shell + variables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter + expansion syntax. A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to + 0 when referenced by name without using the parameter expansion syntax. + The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when + it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the _i_n_t_e_g_e_r + attribute using ddeeccllaarree --ii is assigned a value. A null value evaluates + to 0. A shell variable need not have its _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute turned on + to be used in an expression. + + Integer constants follow the C language definition, without suffixes or + character constants. Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as oc- + tal numbers. A leading 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, num- + bers take the form [_b_a_s_e_#]n, where the optional _b_a_s_e is a decimal num- + ber between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic base, and _n is a num- + ber in that base. If _b_a_s_e_# is omitted, then base 10 is used. When + specifying _n, if a non-digit is required, the digits greater than 9 are + represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and _, + in that order. If _b_a_s_e is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and up- + percase letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers be- + tween 10 and 35. + + Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in + parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules + above. + +CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS + Conditional expressions are used by the [[[[ compound command and the + tteesstt and [[ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string + and arithmetic comparisons. The tteesstt and [[ commands determine their + behavior based on the number of arguments; see the descriptions of + those commands for any other command-specific actions. + + Expressions are formed from the following unary or binary primaries. + BBaasshh handles several filenames specially when they are used in expres- + sions. If the operating system on which bbaasshh is running provides these + special files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them in- + ternally with this behavior: If any _f_i_l_e argument to one of the pri- + maries is of the form _/_d_e_v_/_f_d_/_n, then file descriptor _n is checked. If + the _f_i_l_e argument to one of the primaries is one of _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_i_n, + _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_o_u_t, or _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_e_r_r, file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, + is checked. + + Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow sym- + bolic links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link + itself. + + When used with [[[[, the << and >> operators sort lexicographically using + the current locale. The tteesstt command sorts using ASCII ordering. + + --aa _f_i_l_e + True if _f_i_l_e exists. + --bb _f_i_l_e + True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a block special file. + --cc _f_i_l_e + True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a character special file. + --dd _f_i_l_e + True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a directory. + --ee _f_i_l_e + True if _f_i_l_e exists. + --ff _f_i_l_e + True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a regular file. + --gg _f_i_l_e + True if _f_i_l_e exists and is set-group-id. + --hh _f_i_l_e + True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a symbolic link. + --kk _f_i_l_e + True if _f_i_l_e exists and its ``sticky'' bit is set. + --pp _f_i_l_e + True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a named pipe (FIFO). + --rr _f_i_l_e + True if _f_i_l_e exists and is readable. + --ss _f_i_l_e + True if _f_i_l_e exists and has a size greater than zero. + --tt _f_d True if file descriptor _f_d is open and refers to a terminal. + --uu _f_i_l_e + True if _f_i_l_e exists and its set-user-id bit is set. + --ww _f_i_l_e + True if _f_i_l_e exists and is writable. + --xx _f_i_l_e + True if _f_i_l_e exists and is executable. + --GG _f_i_l_e + True if _f_i_l_e exists and is owned by the effective group id. + --LL _f_i_l_e + True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a symbolic link. + --NN _f_i_l_e + True if _f_i_l_e exists and has been modified since it was last + read. + --OO _f_i_l_e + True if _f_i_l_e exists and is owned by the effective user id. + --SS _f_i_l_e + True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a socket. + _f_i_l_e_1 --eeff _f_i_l_e_2 + True if _f_i_l_e_1 and _f_i_l_e_2 refer to the same device and inode num- + bers. + _f_i_l_e_1 -nntt _f_i_l_e_2 + True if _f_i_l_e_1 is newer (according to modification date) than + _f_i_l_e_2, or if _f_i_l_e_1 exists and _f_i_l_e_2 does not. + _f_i_l_e_1 -oott _f_i_l_e_2 + True if _f_i_l_e_1 is older than _f_i_l_e_2, or if _f_i_l_e_2 exists and _f_i_l_e_1 + does not. + --oo _o_p_t_n_a_m_e + True if the shell option _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is enabled. See the list of + options under the description of the --oo option to the sseett + builtin below. + --vv _v_a_r_n_a_m_e + True if the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set (has been assigned a + value). + --RR _v_a_r_n_a_m_e + True if the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set and is a name refer- + ence. + --zz _s_t_r_i_n_g + True if the length of _s_t_r_i_n_g is zero. + _s_t_r_i_n_g + --nn _s_t_r_i_n_g + True if the length of _s_t_r_i_n_g is non-zero. + + _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 ==== _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 + _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 == _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 + True if the strings are equal. == should be used with the tteesstt + command for POSIX conformance. When used with the [[[[ command, + this performs pattern matching as described above (CCoommppoouunndd CCoomm-- + mmaannddss). + + _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 !!== _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 + True if the strings are not equal. + + _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 << _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 + True if _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 sorts before _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 lexicographically. + + _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 >> _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 + True if _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 sorts after _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 lexicographically. + + _a_r_g_1 OOPP _a_r_g_2 + OOPP is one of --eeqq, --nnee, --lltt, --llee, --ggtt, or --ggee. These arithmetic + binary operators return true if _a_r_g_1 is equal to, not equal to, + less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than + or equal to _a_r_g_2, respectively. _A_r_g_1 and _a_r_g_2 may be positive + or negative integers. When used with the [[[[ command, _A_r_g_1 and + _A_r_g_2 are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC + EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above). + +SSIIMMPPLLEE CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN + When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following ex- + pansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right, in the + following order. + + 1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments + (those preceding the command name) and redirections are saved + for later processing. + + 2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are + expanded. If any words remain after expansion, the first word + is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words + are the arguments. + + 3. Redirections are performed as described above under RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN. + + 4. The text after the == in each variable assignment undergoes tilde + expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic + expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the vari- + able. + + If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current + shell environment. In the case of such a command (one that consists + only of assignment statements and redirections), assignment statements + are performed before redirections. Otherwise, the variables are added + to the environment of the executed command and do not affect the cur- + rent shell environment. If any of the assignments attempts to assign a + value to a readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits + with a non-zero status. + + If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not af- + fect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the + command to exit with a non-zero status. + + If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as + described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expan- + sions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command + is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If + there were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status of + zero. + +CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN + After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple + command and an optional list of arguments, the following actions are + taken. + + If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate + it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that function is + invoked as described above in FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS. If the name does not match a + function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins. If + a match is found, that builtin is invoked. + + If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no + slashes, bbaasshh searches each element of the PPAATTHH for a directory con- + taining an executable file by that name. BBaasshh uses a hash table to re- + member the full pathnames of executable files (see hhaasshh under SSHHEELLLL + BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). A full search of the directories in PPAATTHH is + performed only if the command is not found in the hash table. If the + search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell function + named ccoommmmaanndd__nnoott__ffoouunndd__hhaannddllee. If that function exists, it is invoked + in a separate execution environment with the original command and the + original command's arguments as its arguments, and the function's exit + status becomes the exit status of that subshell. If that function is + not defined, the shell prints an error message and returns an exit sta- + tus of 127. + + If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or + more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a separate execu- + tion environment. Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remain- + ing arguments to the command are set to the arguments given, if any. + + If this execution fails because the file is not in executable format, + and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a _s_h_e_l_l _s_c_r_i_p_t, a + file containing shell commands, and the shell creates a new instance of + itself to execute it. This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the + effect is as if a new shell had been invoked to handle the script, with + the exception that the locations of commands remembered by the parent + (see hhaasshh below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS) are retained by the + child. + + If the program is a file beginning with ##!!, the remainder of the first + line specifies an interpreter for the program. The shell executes the + specified interpreter on operating systems that do not handle this exe- + cutable format themselves. The arguments to the interpreter consist of + a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the first + line of the program, followed by the name of the program, followed by + the command arguments, if any. + +CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT + The shell has an _e_x_e_c_u_t_i_o_n _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t, which consists of the follow- + ing: + + +o open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by + redirections supplied to the eexxeecc builtin + + +o the current working directory as set by ccdd, ppuusshhdd, or ppooppdd, or + inherited by the shell at invocation + + +o the file creation mode mask as set by uummaasskk or inherited from + the shell's parent + + +o current traps set by ttrraapp + + +o shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with sseett + or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment + + +o shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the + shell's parent in the environment + + +o options enabled at invocation (either by default or with com- + mand-line arguments) or by sseett + + +o options enabled by sshhoopptt + + +o shell aliases defined with aalliiaass + + +o various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the + value of $$$$, and the value of PPPPIIDD + + When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be + executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that con- + sists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inher- + ited from the shell. + + + +o the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions + specified by redirections to the command + + +o the current working directory + + +o the file creation mode mask + + +o shell variables and functions marked for export, along with + variables exported for the command, passed in the environment + + +o traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from + the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored + + A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the + shell's execution environment. + + A _s_u_b_s_h_e_l_l is a copy of the shell process. + + Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchro- + nous commands are invoked in a subshell environment that is a duplicate + of the shell environment, except that traps caught by the shell are re- + set to the values that the shell inherited from its parent at invoca- + tion. Builtin commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline are also + executed in a subshell environment. Changes made to the subshell envi- + ronment cannot affect the shell's execution environment. + + Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of + the --ee option from the parent shell. When not in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, bbaasshh + clears the --ee option in such subshells. + + If a command is followed by a && and job control is not active, the de- + fault standard input for the command is the empty file _/_d_e_v_/_n_u_l_l. Oth- + erwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the call- + ing shell as modified by redirections. + +EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT + When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the + _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t. This is a list of _n_a_m_e-_v_a_l_u_e pairs, of the form + _n_a_m_e=_v_a_l_u_e. + + The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On in- + vocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter + for each name found, automatically marking it for _e_x_p_o_r_t to child pro- + cesses. Executed commands inherit the environment. The eexxppoorrtt and ddee-- + ccllaarree --xx commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and + deleted from the environment. If the value of a parameter in the envi- + ronment is modified, the new value becomes part of the environment, re- + placing the old. The environment inherited by any executed command + consists of the shell's initial environment, whose values may be modi- + fied in the shell, less any pairs removed by the uunnsseett command, plus + any additions via the eexxppoorrtt and ddeeccllaarree --xx commands. + + The environment for any _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or function may be augmented + temporarily by prefixing it with parameter assignments, as described + above in PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS. These assignment statements affect only the envi- + ronment seen by that command. + + If the --kk option is set (see the sseett builtin command below), then _a_l_l + parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not + just those that precede the command name. + + When bbaasshh invokes an external command, the variable __ is set to the + full filename of the command and passed to that command in its environ- + ment. + +EEXXIITT SSTTAATTUUSS + The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the + _w_a_i_t_p_i_d system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses fall between + 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above + 125 specially. Exit statuses from shell builtins and compound commands + are also limited to this range. Under certain circumstances, the shell + will use special values to indicate specific failure modes. + + For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a zero exit status + has succeeded. An exit status of zero indicates success. A non-zero + exit status indicates failure. When a command terminates on a fatal + signal _N, bbaasshh uses the value of 128+_N as the exit status. + + If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it re- + turns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable, + the return status is 126. + + If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection, + the exit status is greater than zero. + + Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (_t_r_u_e) if successful, and + non-zero (_f_a_l_s_e) if an error occurs while they execute. All builtins + return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally in- + valid options or missing arguments. + + The exit status of the last command is available in the special parame- + ter $?. + + BBaasshh itself returns the exit status of the last command executed, un- + less a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits with a non-zero + value. See also the eexxiitt builtin command below. + +SSIIGGNNAALLSS + When bbaasshh is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores + SSIIGGTTEERRMM (so that kkiillll 00 does not kill an interactive shell), and SSIIGGIINNTT + is caught and handled (so that the wwaaiitt builtin is interruptible). In + all cases, bbaasshh ignores SSIIGGQQUUIITT. If job control is in effect, bbaasshh ig- + nores SSIIGGTTTTIINN, SSIIGGTTTTOOUU, and SSIIGGTTSSTTPP. + + Non-builtin commands run by bbaasshh have signal handlers set to the values + inherited by the shell from its parent. When job control is not in ef- + fect, asynchronous commands ignore SSIIGGIINNTT and SSIIGGQQUUIITT in addition to + these inherited handlers. Commands run as a result of command substi- + tution ignore the keyboard-generated job control signals SSIIGGTTTTIINN, SSIIGGTT-- + TTOOUU, and SSIIGGTTSSTTPP. + + The shell exits by default upon receipt of a SSIIGGHHUUPP. Before exiting, + an interactive shell resends the SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs, running or + stopped. Stopped jobs are sent SSIIGGCCOONNTT to ensure that they receive the + SSIIGGHHUUPP. To prevent the shell from sending the signal to a particular + job, it should be removed from the jobs table with the ddiissoowwnn builtin + (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) or marked to not receive SSIIGGHHUUPP us- + ing ddiissoowwnn --hh. + + If the hhuuppoonneexxiitt shell option has been set with sshhoopptt, bbaasshh sends a + SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits. + + If bbaasshh is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal for + which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until the com- + mand completes. When bbaasshh is waiting for an asynchronous command via + the wwaaiitt builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has been + set will cause the wwaaiitt builtin to return immediately with an exit sta- + tus greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is executed. + + When job control is not enabled, and bbaasshh is waiting for a foreground + command to complete, the shell receives keyboard-generated signals such + as SSIIGGIINNTT (usually generated by ^^CC) that users commonly intend to send + to that command. This happens because the shell and the command are in + the same process group as the terminal, and ^^CC sends SSIIGGIINNTT to all pro- + cesses in that process group. + + When bbaasshh is running without job control enabled and receives SSIIGGIINNTT + while waiting for a foreground command, it waits until that foreground + command terminates and then decides what to do about the SSIIGGIINNTT: + + 1. If the command terminates due to the SSIIGGIINNTT, bbaasshh concludes that + the user meant to end the entire script, and acts on the SSIIGGIINNTT + (e.g., by running a SSIIGGIINNTT trap or exiting itself); + + 2. If the command does not terminate due to SSIIGGIINNTT, the program + handled the SSIIGGIINNTT itself and did not treat it as a fatal sig- + nal. In that case, bbaasshh does not treat SSIIGGIINNTT as a fatal sig- + nal, either, instead assuming that the SSIIGGIINNTT was used as part + of the program's normal operation (e.g., emacs uses it to abort + editing commands) or deliberately discarded. However, bbaasshh will + run any trap set on SSIIGGIINNTT, as it does with any other trapped + signal it receives while it is waiting for the foreground com- + mand to complete, for compatibility. + +JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL + _J_o_b _c_o_n_t_r_o_l refers to the ability to selectively stop (_s_u_s_p_e_n_d) the ex- + ecution of processes and continue (_r_e_s_u_m_e) their execution at a later + point. A user typically employs this facility via an interactive in- + terface supplied jointly by the operating system kernel's terminal + driver and bbaasshh. + + The shell associates a _j_o_b with each pipeline. It keeps a table of + currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the jjoobbss command. + When bbaasshh starts a job asynchronously (in the _b_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d), it prints a + line that looks like: + + [1] 25647 + + indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID of the + last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647. All of + the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. BBaasshh + uses the _j_o_b abstraction as the basis for job control. + + To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control, + the operating system maintains the notion of a _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _t_e_r_m_i_n_a_l _p_r_o_c_e_s_s + _g_r_o_u_p _I_D. Members of this process group (processes whose process group + ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID) receive keyboard- + generated signals such as SSIIGGIINNTT. These processes are said to be in + the _f_o_r_e_g_r_o_u_n_d. _B_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d processes are those whose process group ID + differs from the terminal's; such processes are immune to keyboard-gen- + erated signals. Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, + if the user so specifies with stty tostop, write to the terminal. + Background processes which attempt to read from (write to when stty + tostop is in effect) the terminal are sent a SSIIGGTTTTIINN ((SSIIGGTTTTOOUU)) signal + by the kernel's terminal driver, which, unless caught, suspends the + process. + + If the operating system on which bbaasshh is running supports job control, + bbaasshh contains facilities to use it. Typing the _s_u_s_p_e_n_d character (typ- + ically ^^ZZ, Control-Z) while a process is running causes that process to + be stopped and returns control to bbaasshh. Typing the _d_e_l_a_y_e_d _s_u_s_p_e_n_d + character (typically ^^YY, Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped + when it attempts to read input from the terminal, and control to be re- + turned to bbaasshh. The user may then manipulate the state of this job, + using the bbgg command to continue it in the background, the ffgg command + to continue it in the foreground, or the kkiillll command to kill it. A ^^ZZ + takes effect immediately, and has the additional side effect of causing + pending output and typeahead to be discarded. + + There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. The charac- + ter %% introduces a job specification (_j_o_b_s_p_e_c). Job number _n may be + referred to as %%nn. A job may also be referred to using a prefix of the + name used to start it, or using a substring that appears in its command + line. For example, %%ccee refers to a stopped job whose command name be- + gins with ccee. If a prefix matches more than one job, bbaasshh reports an + error. Using %%??ccee, on the other hand, refers to any job containing the + string ccee in its command line. If the substring matches more than one + job, bbaasshh reports an error. The symbols %%%% and %%++ refer to the shell's + notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b, which is the last job stopped while it was + in the foreground or started in the background. The _p_r_e_v_i_o_u_s _j_o_b may + be referenced using %%--. If there is only a single job, %%++ and %%-- can + both be used to refer to that job. In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., + the output of the jjoobbss command), the current job is always flagged with + a ++, and the previous job with a --. A single % (with no accompanying + job specification) also refers to the current job. + + Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: %%11 is + a synonym for ````ffgg %%11'''', bringing job 1 from the background into the + foreground. Similarly, ````%%11 &&'''' resumes job 1 in the background, + equivalent to ````bbgg %%11''''. + + The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. Normally, + bbaasshh waits until it is about to print a prompt before reporting changes + in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other output. If the --bb + option to the sseett builtin command is enabled, bbaasshh reports such changes + immediately. Any trap on SSIIGGCCHHLLDD is executed for each child that ex- + its. + + If an attempt to exit bbaasshh is made while jobs are stopped (or, if the + cchheecckkjjoobbss shell option has been enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, run- + ning), the shell prints a warning message, and, if the cchheecckkjjoobbss option + is enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses. The jjoobbss command may + then be used to inspect their status. If a second attempt to exit is + made without an intervening command, the shell does not print another + warning, and any stopped jobs are terminated. + + When the shell is waiting for a job or process using the wwaaiitt builtin, + and job control is enabled, wwaaiitt will return when the job changes + state. The --ff option causes wwaaiitt to wait until the job or process ter- + minates before returning. + +PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG + When executing interactively, bbaasshh displays the primary prompt PPSS11 when + it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt PPSS22 when it + needs more input to complete a command. BBaasshh displays PPSS00 after it + reads a command but before executing it. BBaasshh displays PPSS44 as de- + scribed above before tracing each command when the --xx option is en- + abled. BBaasshh allows these prompt strings to be customized by inserting + a number of backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded as + follows: + \\aa an ASCII bell character (07) + \\dd the date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May + 26") + \\DD{{_f_o_r_m_a_t}} + the _f_o_r_m_a_t is passed to _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) and the result is in- + serted into the prompt string; an empty _f_o_r_m_a_t results in + a locale-specific time representation. The braces are + required + \\ee an ASCII escape character (033) + \\hh the hostname up to the first `.' + \\HH the hostname + \\jj the number of jobs currently managed by the shell + \\ll the basename of the shell's terminal device name + \\nn newline + \\rr carriage return + \\ss the name of the shell, the basename of $$00 (the portion + following the final slash) + \\tt the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format + \\TT the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format + \\@@ the current time in 12-hour am/pm format + \\AA the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format + \\uu the username of the current user + \\vv the version of bbaasshh (e.g., 2.00) + \\VV the release of bbaasshh, version + patch level (e.g., 2.00.0) + \\ww the value of the PPWWDD shell variable ($$PPWWDD), with $$HHOOMMEE + abbreviated with a tilde (uses the value of the + PPRROOMMPPTT__DDIIRRTTRRIIMM variable) + \\WW the basename of $$PPWWDD, with $$HHOOMMEE abbreviated with a tilde + \\!! the history number of this command + \\## the command number of this command + \\$$ if the effective UID is 0, a ##, otherwise a $$ + \\_n_n_n the character corresponding to the octal number _n_n_n + \\\\ a backslash + \\[[ begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could + be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the + prompt + \\]] end a sequence of non-printing characters + + The command number and the history number are usually different: the + history number of a command is its position in the history list, which + may include commands restored from the history file (see HHIISSTTOORRYY be- + low), while the command number is the position in the sequence of com- + mands executed during the current shell session. After the string is + decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion, command substitution, + arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of the + pprroommppttvvaarrss shell option (see the description of the sshhoopptt command under + SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). This can have unwanted side effects if + escaped portions of the string appear within command substitution or + contain characters special to word expansion. + +RREEAADDLLIINNEE + This is the library that handles reading input when using an interac- + tive shell, unless the ----nnooeeddiittiinngg option is given at shell invocation. + Line editing is also used when using the --ee option to the rreeaadd builtin. + By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs. A + vi-style line editing interface is also available. Line editing can be + enabled at any time using the --oo eemmaaccss or --oo vvii options to the sseett + builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). To turn off line editing + after the shell is running, use the ++oo eemmaaccss or ++oo vvii options to the + sseett builtin. + + RReeaaddlliinnee NNoottaattiioonn + In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote keystrokes. + Control keys are denoted by C-_k_e_y, e.g., C-n means Control-N. Simi- + larly, _m_e_t_a keys are denoted by M-_k_e_y, so M-x means Meta-X. (On key- + boards without a _m_e_t_a key, M-_x means ESC _x, i.e., press the Escape key + then the _x key. This makes ESC the _m_e_t_a _p_r_e_f_i_x. The combination M-C-_x + means ESC-Control-_x, or press the Escape key then hold the Control key + while pressing the _x key.) + + Readline commands may be given numeric _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s, which normally act as + a repeat count. Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument + that is significant. Passing a negative argument to a command that + acts in the forward direction (e.g., kkiillll--lliinnee) causes that command to + act in a backward direction. Commands whose behavior with arguments + deviates from this are noted below. + + When a command is described as _k_i_l_l_i_n_g text, the text deleted is saved + for possible future retrieval (_y_a_n_k_i_n_g). The killed text is saved in a + _k_i_l_l _r_i_n_g. Consecutive kills cause the text to be accumulated into one + unit, which can be yanked all at once. Commands which do not kill text + separate the chunks of text on the kill ring. + + RReeaaddlliinnee IInniittiiaalliizzaattiioonn + Readline is customized by putting commands in an initialization file + (the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file). The name of this file is taken from the value of + the IINNPPUUTTRRCC variable. If that variable is unset, the default is _~_/_._i_n_- + _p_u_t_r_c. If that file does not exist or cannot be read, the ultimate + default is _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_p_u_t_r_c. When a program which uses the readline li- + brary starts up, the initialization file is read, and the key bindings + and variables are set. There are only a few basic constructs allowed + in the readline initialization file. Blank lines are ignored. Lines + beginning with a ## are comments. Lines beginning with a $$ indicate + conditional constructs. Other lines denote key bindings and variable + settings. + + The default key-bindings may be changed with an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. Other + programs that use this library may add their own commands and bindings. + + For example, placing + + M-Control-u: universal-argument + or + C-Meta-u: universal-argument + into the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c would make M-C-u execute the readline command _u_n_i_v_e_r_- + _s_a_l_-_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t. + + The following symbolic character names are recognized: _R_U_B_O_U_T, _D_E_L, + _E_S_C, _L_F_D, _N_E_W_L_I_N_E, _R_E_T, _R_E_T_U_R_N, _S_P_C, _S_P_A_C_E, and _T_A_B. + + In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to a + string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a _m_a_c_r_o). + + RReeaaddlliinnee KKeeyy BBiinnddiinnggss + The syntax for controlling key bindings in the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file is simple. + All that is required is the name of the command or the text of a macro + and a key sequence to which it should be bound. The name may be speci- + fied in one of two ways: as a symbolic key name, possibly with _M_e_t_a_- or + _C_o_n_t_r_o_l_- prefixes, or as a key sequence. + + When using the form kkeeyynnaammee:_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e or _m_a_c_r_o, _k_e_y_n_a_m_e is the name + of a key spelled out in English. For example: + + Control-u: universal-argument + Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word + Control-o: "> output" + + In the above example, _C_-_u is bound to the function uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt, + _M_-_D_E_L is bound to the function bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd, and _C_-_o is bound to + run the macro expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the + text ``> output'' into the line). + + In the second form, ""kkeeyysseeqq"":_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e or _m_a_c_r_o, kkeeyysseeqq differs + from kkeeyynnaammee above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence may + be specified by placing the sequence within double quotes. Some GNU + Emacs style key escapes can be used, as in the following example, but + the symbolic character names are not recognized. + + "\C-u": universal-argument + "\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file + "\e[11~": "Function Key 1" + + In this example, _C_-_u is again bound to the function uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt. + _C_-_x _C_-_r is bound to the function rree--rreeaadd--iinniitt--ffiillee, and _E_S_C _[ _1 _1 _~ is + bound to insert the text ``Function Key 1''. + + The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is + \\CC-- control prefix + \\MM-- meta prefix + \\ee an escape character + \\\\ backslash + \\"" literal " + \\'' literal ' + + In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of + backslash escapes is available: + \\aa alert (bell) + \\bb backspace + \\dd delete + \\ff form feed + \\nn newline + \\rr carriage return + \\tt horizontal tab + \\vv vertical tab + \\_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value + _n_n_n (one to three digits) + \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal + value _H_H (one or two hex digits) + + When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be used + to indicate a macro definition. Unquoted text is assumed to be a func- + tion name. In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above + are expanded. Backslash will quote any other character in the macro + text, including " and '. + + BBaasshh allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modi- + fied with the bbiinndd builtin command. The editing mode may be switched + during interactive use by using the --oo option to the sseett builtin com- + mand (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). + + RReeaaddlliinnee VVaarriiaabblleess + Readline has variables that can be used to further customize its behav- + ior. A variable may be set in the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file with a statement of the + form + + sseett _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e_-_n_a_m_e _v_a_l_u_e + or using the bbiinndd builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). + + Except where noted, readline variables can take the values OOnn or OOffff + (without regard to case). Unrecognized variable names are ignored. + When a variable value is read, empty or null values, "on" (case-insen- + sitive), and "1" are equivalent to OOnn. All other values are equivalent + to OOffff. The variables and their default values are: + + aaccttiivvee--rreeggiioonn--ssttaarrtt--ccoolloorr + A string variable that controls the text color and background + when displaying the text in the active region (see the descrip- + tion of eennaabbllee--aaccttiivvee--rreeggiioonn below). This string must not take + up any physical character positions on the display, so it should + consist only of terminal escape sequences. It is output to the + terminal before displaying the text in the active region. This + variable is reset to the default value whenever the terminal + type changes. The default value is the string that puts the + terminal in standout mode, as obtained from the terminal's ter- + minfo description. A sample value might be "\e[01;33m". + aaccttiivvee--rreeggiioonn--eenndd--ccoolloorr + A string variable that "undoes" the effects of aaccttiivvee--rree-- + ggiioonn--ssttaarrtt--ccoolloorr and restores "normal" terminal display appear- + ance after displaying text in the active region. This string + must not take up any physical character positions on the dis- + play, so it should consist only of terminal escape sequences. + It is output to the terminal after displaying the text in the + active region. This variable is reset to the default value + whenever the terminal type changes. The default value is the + string that restores the terminal from standout mode, as ob- + tained from the terminal's terminfo description. A sample value + might be "\e[0m". + bbeellll--ssttyyllee ((aauuddiibbllee)) + Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal + bell. If set to nnoonnee, readline never rings the bell. If set to + vviissiibbllee, readline uses a visible bell if one is available. If + set to aauuddiibbllee, readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell. + bbiinndd--ttttyy--ssppeecciiaall--cchhaarrss ((OOnn)) + If set to OOnn, readline attempts to bind the control characters + treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to their read- + line equivalents. + bblliinnkk--mmaattcchhiinngg--ppaarreenn ((OOffff)) + If set to OOnn, readline attempts to briefly move the cursor to an + opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is inserted. + ccoolloorreedd--ccoommpplleettiioonn--pprreeffiixx ((OOffff)) + If set to OOnn, when listing completions, readline displays the + common prefix of the set of possible completions using a differ- + ent color. The color definitions are taken from the value of + the LLSS__CCOOLLOORRSS environment variable. If there is a color defini- + tion in $$LLSS__CCOOLLOORRSS for the custom suffix "readline-colored-com- + pletion-prefix", readline uses this color for the common prefix + instead of its default. + ccoolloorreedd--ssttaattss ((OOffff)) + If set to OOnn, readline displays possible completions using dif- + ferent colors to indicate their file type. The color defini- + tions are taken from the value of the LLSS__CCOOLLOORRSS environment + variable. + ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn ((````##'''')) + The string that is inserted when the readline iinnsseerrtt--ccoommmmeenntt + command is executed. This command is bound to MM--## in emacs mode + and to ## in vi command mode. + ccoommpplleettiioonn--ddiissppllaayy--wwiiddtthh ((--11)) + The number of screen columns used to display possible matches + when performing completion. The value is ignored if it is less + than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width. A value of 0 + will cause matches to be displayed one per line. The default + value is -1. + ccoommpplleettiioonn--iiggnnoorree--ccaassee ((OOffff)) + If set to OOnn, readline performs filename matching and completion + in a case-insensitive fashion. + ccoommpplleettiioonn--mmaapp--ccaassee ((OOffff)) + If set to OOnn, and ccoommpplleettiioonn--iiggnnoorree--ccaassee is enabled, readline + treats hyphens (_-) and underscores (__) as equivalent when per- + forming case-insensitive filename matching and completion. + ccoommpplleettiioonn--pprreeffiixx--ddiissppllaayy--lleennggtthh ((00)) + The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of pos- + sible completions that is displayed without modification. When + set to a value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than + this value are replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possi- + ble completions. + ccoommpplleettiioonn--qquueerryy--iitteemmss ((110000)) + This determines when the user is queried about viewing the num- + ber of possible completions generated by the ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommppllee-- + ttiioonnss command. It may be set to any integer value greater than + or equal to zero. If the number of possible completions is + greater than or equal to the value of this variable, readline + will ask whether or not the user wishes to view them; otherwise + they are simply listed on the terminal. A zero value means + readline should never ask; negative values are treated as zero. + ccoonnvveerrtt--mmeettaa ((OOnn)) + If set to OOnn, readline will convert characters with the eighth + bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the eighth bit and + prefixing an escape character (in effect, using escape as the + _m_e_t_a _p_r_e_f_i_x). The default is _O_n, but readline will set it to + _O_f_f if the locale contains eight-bit characters. This variable + is dependent on the LLCC__CCTTYYPPEE locale category, and may change if + the locale is changed. + ddiissaabbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonn ((OOffff)) + If set to OOnn, readline will inhibit word completion. Completion + characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been + mapped to sseellff--iinnsseerrtt. + eecchhoo--ccoonnttrrooll--cchhaarraacctteerrss ((OOnn)) + When set to OOnn, on operating systems that indicate they support + it, readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal gener- + ated from the keyboard. + eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee ((eemmaaccss)) + Controls whether readline begins with a set of key bindings sim- + ilar to _E_m_a_c_s or _v_i. eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee can be set to either eemmaaccss or + vvii. + eemmaaccss--mmooddee--ssttrriinngg ((@@)) + If the _s_h_o_w_-_m_o_d_e_-_i_n_-_p_r_o_m_p_t variable is enabled, this string is + displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt + when emacs editing mode is active. The value is expanded like a + key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes + and backslash escape sequences is available. Use the \1 and \2 + escapes to begin and end sequences of non-printing characters, + which can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the + mode string. + eennaabbllee--aaccttiivvee--rreeggiioonn ((OOnn)) + The _p_o_i_n_t is the current cursor position, and _m_a_r_k refers to a + saved cursor position. The text between the point and mark is + referred to as the _r_e_g_i_o_n. When this variable is set to _O_n, + readline allows certain commands to designate the region as _a_c_- + _t_i_v_e. When the region is active, readline highlights the text + in the region using the value of the aaccttiivvee--rreeggiioonn--ssttaarrtt--ccoolloorr, + which defaults to the string that enables the terminal's stand- + out mode. The active region shows the text inserted by brack- + eted-paste and any matching text found by incremental and non- + incremental history searches. + eennaabbllee--bbrraacckkeetteedd--ppaassttee ((OOnn)) + When set to OOnn, readline configures the terminal to insert each + paste into the editing buffer as a single string of characters, + instead of treating each character as if it had been read from + the keyboard. This prevents readline from executing any editing + commands bound to key sequences appearing in the pasted text. + eennaabbllee--kkeeyyppaadd ((OOffff)) + When set to OOnn, readline will try to enable the application key- + pad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the ar- + row keys. + eennaabbllee--mmeettaa--kkeeyy ((OOnn)) + When set to OOnn, readline will try to enable any meta modifier + key the terminal claims to support when it is called. On many + terminals, the meta key is used to send eight-bit characters. + eexxppaanndd--ttiillddee ((OOffff)) + If set to OOnn, tilde expansion is performed when readline at- + tempts word completion. + hhiissttoorryy--pprreesseerrvvee--ppooiinntt ((OOffff)) + If set to OOnn, the history code attempts to place point at the + same location on each history line retrieved with pprreevviioouuss--hhiiss-- + ttoorryy or nneexxtt--hhiissttoorryy. + hhiissttoorryy--ssiizzee ((uunnsseett)) + Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history + list. If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted + and no new entries are saved. If set to a value less than zero, + the number of history entries is not limited. By default, the + number of history entries is set to the value of the HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE + shell variable. If an attempt is made to set _h_i_s_t_o_r_y_-_s_i_z_e to a + non-numeric value, the maximum number of history entries will be + set to 500. + hhoorriizzoonnttaall--ssccrroollll--mmooddee ((OOffff)) + When set to OOnn, makes readline use a single line for display, + scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line when it + becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a + new line. This setting is automatically enabled for terminals + of height 1. + iinnppuutt--mmeettaa ((OOffff)) + If set to OOnn, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it + will not strip the eighth bit from the characters it reads), re- + gardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The name + mmeettaa--ffllaagg is a synonym for this variable. The default is _O_f_f, + but readline will set it to _O_n if the locale contains eight-bit + characters. This variable is dependent on the LLCC__CCTTYYPPEE locale + category, and may change if the locale is changed. + iisseeaarrcchh--tteerrmmiinnaattoorrss ((````CC--[[CC--JJ'''')) + The string of characters that should terminate an incremental + search without subsequently executing the character as a com- + mand. If this variable has not been given a value, the charac- + ters _E_S_C and _C_-_J will terminate an incremental search. + kkeeyymmaapp ((eemmaaccss)) + Set the current readline keymap. The set of valid keymap names + is _e_m_a_c_s_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_e_t_a_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x_, _v_i_, _v_i_-_c_o_m_- + _m_a_n_d, and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d; _e_m_a_c_s is + equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d. The default value is _e_m_a_c_s; the + value of eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee also affects the default keymap. + kkeeyysseeqq--ttiimmeeoouutt ((550000)) + Specifies the duration _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will wait for a character when + reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete + key sequence using the input read so far, or can take additional + input to complete a longer key sequence). If no input is re- + ceived within the timeout, _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will use the shorter but + complete key sequence. The value is specified in milliseconds, + so a value of 1000 means that _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will wait one second for + additional input. If this variable is set to a value less than + or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric value, _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will wait + until another key is pressed to decide which key sequence to + complete. + mmaarrkk--ddiirreeccttoorriieess ((OOnn)) + If set to OOnn, completed directory names have a slash appended. + mmaarrkk--mmooddiiffiieedd--lliinneess ((OOffff)) + If set to OOnn, history lines that have been modified are dis- + played with a preceding asterisk (**). + mmaarrkk--ssyymmlliinnkkeedd--ddiirreeccttoorriieess ((OOffff)) + If set to OOnn, completed names which are symbolic links to direc- + tories have a slash appended (subject to the value of mmaarrkk--ddii-- + rreeccttoorriieess). + mmaattcchh--hhiiddddeenn--ffiilleess ((OOnn)) + This variable, when set to OOnn, causes readline to match files + whose names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when performing + filename completion. If set to OOffff, the leading `.' must be + supplied by the user in the filename to be completed. + mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee--ddiissppllaayy--pprreeffiixx ((OOffff)) + If set to OOnn, menu completion displays the common prefix of the + list of possible completions (which may be empty) before cycling + through the list. + oouuttppuutt--mmeettaa ((OOffff)) + If set to OOnn, readline will display characters with the eighth + bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence. + The default is _O_f_f, but readline will set it to _O_n if the locale + contains eight-bit characters. This variable is dependent on + the LLCC__CCTTYYPPEE locale category, and may change if the locale is + changed. + ppaaggee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((OOnn)) + If set to OOnn, readline uses an internal _m_o_r_e-like pager to dis- + play a screenful of possible completions at a time. + pprriinntt--ccoommpplleettiioonnss--hhoorriizzoonnttaallllyy ((OOffff)) + If set to OOnn, readline will display completions with matches + sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the + screen. + rreevveerrtt--aallll--aatt--nneewwlliinnee ((OOffff)) + If set to OOnn, readline will undo all changes to history lines + before returning when aacccceepptt--lliinnee is executed. By default, his- + tory lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists + across calls to rreeaaddlliinnee. + sshhooww--aallll--iiff--aammbbiigguuoouuss ((OOffff)) + This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. + If set to OOnn, words which have more than one possible completion + cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing + the bell. + sshhooww--aallll--iiff--uunnmmooddiiffiieedd ((OOffff)) + This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in + a fashion similar to sshhooww--aallll--iiff--aammbbiigguuoouuss. If set to OOnn, words + which have more than one possible completion without any possi- + ble partial completion (the possible completions don't share a + common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately in- + stead of ringing the bell. + sshhooww--mmooddee--iinn--pprroommpptt ((OOffff)) + If set to OOnn, add a string to the beginning of the prompt indi- + cating the editing mode: emacs, vi command, or vi insertion. + The mode strings are user-settable (e.g., _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_o_d_e_-_s_t_r_i_n_g). + sskkiipp--ccoommpplleetteedd--tteexxtt ((OOffff)) + If set to OOnn, this alters the default completion behavior when + inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when + performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled, + readline does not insert characters from the completion that + match characters after point in the word being completed, so + portions of the word following the cursor are not duplicated. + vvii--ccmmdd--mmooddee--ssttrriinngg ((((ccmmdd)))) + If the _s_h_o_w_-_m_o_d_e_-_i_n_-_p_r_o_m_p_t variable is enabled, this string is + displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt + when vi editing mode is active and in command mode. The value + is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and + control prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. + Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of non- + printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal con- + trol sequence into the mode string. + vvii--iinnss--mmooddee--ssttrriinngg ((((iinnss)))) + If the _s_h_o_w_-_m_o_d_e_-_i_n_-_p_r_o_m_p_t variable is enabled, this string is + displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt + when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode. The value + is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and + control prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. + Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of non- + printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal con- + trol sequence into the mode string. + vviissiibbllee--ssttaattss ((OOffff)) + If set to OOnn, a character denoting a file's type as reported by + _s_t_a_t(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible com- + pletions. + + RReeaaddlliinnee CCoonnddiittiioonnaall CCoonnssttrruuccttss + Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional + compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings + and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There + are four parser directives used. + + $$iiff The $$iiff construct allows bindings to be made based on the edit- + ing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using + readline. The text of the test, after any comparison operator, + extends to the end of the line; unless otherwise noted, no + characters are required to isolate it. + + mmooddee The mmooddee== form of the $$iiff directive is used to test + whether readline is in emacs or vi mode. This may be + used in conjunction with the sseett kkeeyymmaapp command, for in- + stance, to set bindings in the _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d and + _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x keymaps only if readline is starting out in + emacs mode. + + tteerrmm The tteerrmm== form may be used to include terminal-specific + key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by + the terminal's function keys. The word on the right side + of the == is tested against both the full name of the ter- + minal and the portion of the terminal name before the + first --. This allows _s_u_n to match both _s_u_n and _s_u_n_-_c_m_d, + for instance. + + vveerrssiioonn + The vveerrssiioonn test may be used to perform comparisons + against specific readline versions. The vveerrssiioonn expands + to the current readline version. The set of comparison + operators includes ==, (and ====), !!==, <<==, >>==, <<, and >>. + The version number supplied on the right side of the op- + erator consists of a major version number, an optional + decimal point, and an optional minor version (e.g., 77..11). + If the minor version is omitted, it is assumed to be 00. + The operator may be separated from the string vveerrssiioonn and + from the version number argument by whitespace. + + aapppplliiccaattiioonn + The aapppplliiccaattiioonn construct is used to include application- + specific settings. Each program using the readline li- + brary sets the _a_p_p_l_i_c_a_t_i_o_n _n_a_m_e, and an initialization + file can test for a particular value. This could be used + to bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific + program. For instance, the following command adds a key + sequence that quotes the current or previous word in + bbaasshh: + + $$iiff Bash + # Quote the current or previous word + "\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\"" + $$eennddiiff + + _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e + The _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e construct provides simple equality tests for + readline variables and values. The permitted comparison + operators are _=, _=_=, and _!_=. The variable name must be + separated from the comparison operator by whitespace; the + operator may be separated from the value on the right + hand side by whitespace. Both string and boolean vari- + ables may be tested. Boolean variables must be tested + against the values _o_n and _o_f_f. + + $$eennddiiff This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an $$iiff + command. + + $$eellssee Commands in this branch of the $$iiff directive are executed if the + test fails. + + $$iinncclluuddee + This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads + commands and bindings from that file. For example, the follow- + ing directive would read _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_p_u_t_r_c: + + $$iinncclluuddee _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_p_u_t_r_c + + SSeeaarrcchhiinngg + Readline provides commands for searching through the command history + (see HHIISSTTOORRYY below) for lines containing a specified string. There are + two search modes: _i_n_c_r_e_m_e_n_t_a_l and _n_o_n_-_i_n_c_r_e_m_e_n_t_a_l. + + Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the + search string. As each character of the search string is typed, read- + line displays the next entry from the history matching the string typed + so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as + needed to find the desired history entry. The characters present in + the value of the iisseeaarrcchh--tteerrmmiinnaattoorrss variable are used to terminate an + incremental search. If that variable has not been assigned a value the + Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incremental search. + Control-G will abort an incremental search and restore the original + line. When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the + search string becomes the current line. + + To find other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or + Control-R as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the + history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far. + Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate the + search and execute that command. For instance, a _n_e_w_l_i_n_e will termi- + nate the search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from + the history list. + + Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two Control- + Rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search + string, any remembered search string is used. + + Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting + to search for matching history lines. The search string may be typed + by the user or be part of the contents of the current line. + + RReeaaddlliinnee CCoommmmaanndd NNaammeess + The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default + key sequences to which they are bound. Command names without an accom- + panying key sequence are unbound by default. In the following descrip- + tions, _p_o_i_n_t refers to the current cursor position, and _m_a_r_k refers to + a cursor position saved by the sseett--mmaarrkk command. The text between the + point and mark is referred to as the _r_e_g_i_o_n. + + CCoommmmaannddss ffoorr MMoovviinngg + bbeeggiinnnniinngg--ooff--lliinnee ((CC--aa)) + Move to the start of the current line. + eenndd--ooff--lliinnee ((CC--ee)) + Move to the end of the line. + ffoorrwwaarrdd--cchhaarr ((CC--ff)) + Move forward a character. + bbaacckkwwaarrdd--cchhaarr ((CC--bb)) + Move back a character. + ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd ((MM--ff)) + Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of + alphanumeric characters (letters and digits). + bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd ((MM--bb)) + Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words + are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits). + sshheellll--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd + Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are delimited + by non-quoted shell metacharacters. + sshheellll--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd + Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words + are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. + pprreevviioouuss--ssccrreeeenn--lliinnee + Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the + previous physical screen line. This will not have the desired + effect if the current readline line does not take up more than + one physical line or if point is not greater than the length of + the prompt plus the screen width. + nneexxtt--ssccrreeeenn--lliinnee + Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the + next physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect + if the current readline line does not take up more than one + physical line or if the length of the current readline line is + not greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width. + cclleeaarr--ddiissppllaayy ((MM--CC--ll)) + Clear the screen and, if possible, the terminal's scrollback + buffer, then redraw the current line, leaving the current line + at the top of the screen. + cclleeaarr--ssccrreeeenn ((CC--ll)) + Clear the screen, then redraw the current line, leaving the cur- + rent line at the top of the screen. With an argument, refresh + the current line without clearing the screen. + rreeddrraaww--ccuurrrreenntt--lliinnee + Refresh the current line. + + CCoommmmaannddss ffoorr MMaanniippuullaattiinngg tthhee HHiissttoorryy + aacccceepptt--lliinnee ((NNeewwlliinnee,, RReettuurrnn)) + Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line + is non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state + of the HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL variable. If the line is a modified history + line, then restore the history line to its original state. + pprreevviioouuss--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--pp)) + Fetch the previous command from the history list, moving back in + the list. + nneexxtt--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--nn)) + Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in + the list. + bbeeggiinnnniinngg--ooff--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--<<)) + Move to the first line in the history. + eenndd--ooff--hhiissttoorryy ((MM-->>)) + Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently + being entered. + ooppeerraattee--aanndd--ggeett--nneexxtt ((CC--oo)) + Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line + relative to the current line from the history for editing. A + numeric argument, if supplied, specifies the history entry to + use instead of the current line. + ffeettcchh--hhiissttoorryy + With a numeric argument, fetch that entry from the history list + and make it the current line. Without an argument, move back to + the first entry in the history list. + rreevveerrssee--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--rr)) + Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' + through the history as necessary. This is an incremental + search. + ffoorrwwaarrdd--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--ss)) + Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' + through the history as necessary. This is an incremental + search. + nnoonn--iinnccrreemmeennttaall--rreevveerrssee--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--pp)) + Search backward through the history starting at the current line + using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the + user. + nnoonn--iinnccrreemmeennttaall--ffoorrwwaarrdd--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--nn)) + Search forward through the history using a non-incremental + search for a string supplied by the user. + hhiissttoorryy--sseeaarrcchh--ffoorrwwaarrdd + Search forward through the history for the string of characters + between the start of the current line and the point. This is a + non-incremental search. + hhiissttoorryy--sseeaarrcchh--bbaacckkwwaarrdd + Search backward through the history for the string of characters + between the start of the current line and the point. This is a + non-incremental search. + hhiissttoorryy--ssuubbssttrriinngg--sseeaarrcchh--bbaacckkwwaarrdd + Search backward through the history for the string of characters + between the start of the current line and the current cursor po- + sition (the _p_o_i_n_t). The search string may match anywhere in a + history line. This is a non-incremental search. + hhiissttoorryy--ssuubbssttrriinngg--sseeaarrcchh--ffoorrwwaarrdd + Search forward through the history for the string of characters + between the start of the current line and the point. The search + string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a non-in- + cremental search. + yyaannkk--nntthh--aarrgg ((MM--CC--yy)) + Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the + second word on the previous line) at point. With an argument _n, + insert the _nth word from the previous command (the words in the + previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument in- + serts the _nth word from the end of the previous command. Once + the argument _n is computed, the argument is extracted as if the + "!_n" history expansion had been specified. + yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg ((MM--..,, MM--__)) + Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word + of the previous history entry). With a numeric argument, behave + exactly like yyaannkk--nntthh--aarrgg. Successive calls to yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg + move back through the history list, inserting the last word (or + the word specified by the argument to the first call) of each + line in turn. Any numeric argument supplied to these successive + calls determines the direction to move through the history. A + negative argument switches the direction through the history + (back or forward). The history expansion facilities are used to + extract the last word, as if the "!$" history expansion had been + specified. + sshheellll--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee ((MM--CC--ee)) + Expand the line as the shell does. This performs alias and his- + tory expansion as well as all of the shell word expansions. See + HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below for a description of history expansion. + hhiissttoorryy--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee ((MM--^^)) + Perform history expansion on the current line. See HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXX-- + PPAANNSSIIOONN below for a description of history expansion. + mmaaggiicc--ssppaaccee + Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a + space. See HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below for a description of history + expansion. + aalliiaass--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee + Perform alias expansion on the current line. See AALLIIAASSEESS above + for a description of alias expansion. + hhiissttoorryy--aanndd--aalliiaass--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee + Perform history and alias expansion on the current line. + iinnsseerrtt--llaasstt--aarrgguummeenntt ((MM--..,, MM--__)) + A synonym for yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg. + eeddiitt--aanndd--eexxeeccuuttee--ccoommmmaanndd ((CC--xx CC--ee)) + Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the + result as shell commands. BBaasshh attempts to invoke $$VVIISSUUAALL, $$EEDD-- + IITTOORR, and _e_m_a_c_s as the editor, in that order. + + CCoommmmaannddss ffoorr CChhaannggiinngg TTeexxtt + _e_n_d_-_o_f_-_f_i_l_e ((uussuuaallllyy CC--dd)) + The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by + ``stty''. If this character is read when there are no charac- + ters on the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, + readline interprets it as the end of input and returns EEOOFF. + ddeelleettee--cchhaarr ((CC--dd)) + Delete the character at point. If this function is bound to the + same character as the tty EEOOFF character, as CC--dd commonly is, see + above for the effects. + bbaacckkwwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr ((RRuubboouutt)) + Delete the character behind the cursor. When given a numeric + argument, save the deleted text on the kill ring. + ffoorrwwaarrdd--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr + Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at + the end of the line, in which case the character behind the cur- + sor is deleted. + qquuootteedd--iinnsseerrtt ((CC--qq,, CC--vv)) + Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is how + to insert characters like CC--qq, for example. + ttaabb--iinnsseerrtt ((CC--vv TTAABB)) + Insert a tab character. + sseellff--iinnsseerrtt ((aa,, bb,, AA,, 11,, !!,, ......)) + Insert the character typed. + ttrraannssppoossee--cchhaarrss ((CC--tt)) + Drag the character before point forward over the character at + point, moving point forward as well. If point is at the end of + the line, then this transposes the two characters before point. + Negative arguments have no effect. + ttrraannssppoossee--wwoorrddss ((MM--tt)) + Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving + point over that word as well. If point is at the end of the + line, this transposes the last two words on the line. + uuppccaassee--wwoorrdd ((MM--uu)) + Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative ar- + gument, uppercase the previous word, but do not move point. + ddoowwnnccaassee--wwoorrdd ((MM--ll)) + Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative ar- + gument, lowercase the previous word, but do not move point. + ccaappiittaalliizzee--wwoorrdd ((MM--cc)) + Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative ar- + gument, capitalize the previous word, but do not move point. + oovveerrwwrriittee--mmooddee + Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argu- + ment, switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive + numeric argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects + only eemmaaccss mode; vvii mode does overwrite differently. Each call + to _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e_(_) starts in insert mode. In overwrite mode, charac- + ters bound to sseellff--iinnsseerrtt replace the text at point rather than + pushing the text to the right. Characters bound to bbaacckk-- + wwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr replace the character before point with a + space. By default, this command is unbound. + + KKiilllliinngg aanndd YYaannkkiinngg + kkiillll--lliinnee ((CC--kk)) + Kill the text from point to the end of the line. + bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--lliinnee ((CC--xx RRuubboouutt)) + Kill backward to the beginning of the line. + uunniixx--lliinnee--ddiissccaarrdd ((CC--uu)) + Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line. The + killed text is saved on the kill-ring. + kkiillll--wwhhoollee--lliinnee + Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point + is. + kkiillll--wwoorrdd ((MM--dd)) + Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between + words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the + same as those used by ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. + bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd ((MM--RRuubboouutt)) + Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as + those used by bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. + sshheellll--kkiillll--wwoorrdd + Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between + words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the + same as those used by sshheellll--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. + sshheellll--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd + Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as + those used by sshheellll--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. + uunniixx--wwoorrdd--rruubboouutt ((CC--ww)) + Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word bound- + ary. The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. + uunniixx--ffiilleennaammee--rruubboouutt + Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash + character as the word boundaries. The killed text is saved on + the kill-ring. + ddeelleettee--hhoorriizzoonnttaall--ssppaaccee ((MM--\\)) + Delete all spaces and tabs around point. + kkiillll--rreeggiioonn + Kill the text in the current region. + ccooppyy--rreeggiioonn--aass--kkiillll + Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer. + ccooppyy--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd + Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word bound- + aries are the same as bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. + ccooppyy--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd + Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. The word + boundaries are the same as ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. + yyaannkk ((CC--yy)) + Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point. + yyaannkk--ppoopp ((MM--yy)) + Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top. Only works follow- + ing yyaannkk or yyaannkk--ppoopp. + + NNuummeerriicc AArrgguummeennttss + ddiiggiitt--aarrgguummeenntt ((MM--00,, MM--11,, ......,, MM----)) + Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a + new argument. M-- starts a negative argument. + uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt + This is another way to specify an argument. If this command is + followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus + sign, those digits define the argument. If the command is fol- + lowed by digits, executing uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt again ends the nu- + meric argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case, if + this command is immediately followed by a character that is nei- + ther a digit nor minus sign, the argument count for the next + command is multiplied by four. The argument count is initially + one, so executing this function the first time makes the argu- + ment count four, a second time makes the argument count sixteen, + and so on. + + CCoommpplleettiinngg + ccoommpplleettee ((TTAABB)) + Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. BBaasshh + attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the text + begins with $$), username (if the text begins with ~~), hostname + (if the text begins with @@), or command (including aliases and + functions) in turn. If none of these produces a match, filename + completion is attempted. + ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((MM--??)) + List the possible completions of the text before point. + iinnsseerrtt--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((MM--**)) + Insert all completions of the text before point that would have + been generated by ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss. + mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee + Similar to ccoommpplleettee, but replaces the word to be completed with + a single match from the list of possible completions. Repeated + execution of mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee steps through the list of possible + completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the + list of completions, the bell is rung (subject to the setting of + bbeellll--ssttyyllee) and the original text is restored. An argument of _n + moves _n positions forward in the list of matches; a negative ar- + gument may be used to move backward through the list. This com- + mand is intended to be bound to TTAABB, but is unbound by default. + mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee--bbaacckkwwaarrdd + Identical to mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee, but moves backward through the list + of possible completions, as if mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee had been given a + negative argument. This command is unbound by default. + ddeelleettee--cchhaarr--oorr--lliisstt + Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning + or end of the line (like ddeelleettee--cchhaarr). If at the end of the + line, behaves identically to ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss. This command + is unbound by default. + ccoommpplleettee--ffiilleennaammee ((MM--//)) + Attempt filename completion on the text before point. + ppoossssiibbllee--ffiilleennaammee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx //)) + List the possible completions of the text before point, treating + it as a filename. + ccoommpplleettee--uusseerrnnaammee ((MM--~~)) + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + username. + ppoossssiibbllee--uusseerrnnaammee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx ~~)) + List the possible completions of the text before point, treating + it as a username. + ccoommpplleettee--vvaarriiaabbllee ((MM--$$)) + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + shell variable. + ppoossssiibbllee--vvaarriiaabbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx $$)) + List the possible completions of the text before point, treating + it as a shell variable. + ccoommpplleettee--hhoossttnnaammee ((MM--@@)) + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + hostname. + ppoossssiibbllee--hhoossttnnaammee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx @@)) + List the possible completions of the text before point, treating + it as a hostname. + ccoommpplleettee--ccoommmmaanndd ((MM--!!)) + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + command name. Command completion attempts to match the text + against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell + builtins, and finally executable filenames, in that order. + ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommmmaanndd--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx !!)) + List the possible completions of the text before point, treating + it as a command name. + ddyynnaammiicc--ccoommpplleettee--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--TTAABB)) + Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text + against lines from the history list for possible completion + matches. + ddaabbbbrreevv--eexxppaanndd + Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing the + text against lines from the history list for possible completion + matches. + ccoommpplleettee--iinnttoo--bbrraacceess ((MM--{{)) + Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible com- + pletions enclosed within braces so the list is available to the + shell (see BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn above). + + KKeeyybbooaarrdd MMaaccrrooss + ssttaarrtt--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo ((CC--xx (()) + Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard + macro. + eenndd--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo ((CC--xx )))) + Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro + and store the definition. + ccaallll--llaasstt--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo ((CC--xx ee)) + Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the char- + acters in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard. + pprriinntt--llaasstt--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo (()) + Print the last keyboard macro defined in a format suitable for + the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. + + MMiisscceellllaanneeoouuss + rree--rreeaadd--iinniitt--ffiillee ((CC--xx CC--rr)) + Read in the contents of the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file, and incorporate any + bindings or variable assignments found there. + aabboorrtt ((CC--gg)) + Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell + (subject to the setting of bbeellll--ssttyyllee). + ddoo--lloowweerrccaassee--vveerrssiioonn ((MM--AA,, MM--BB,, MM--_x,, ......)) + If the metafied character _x is uppercase, run the command that + is bound to the corresponding metafied lowercase character. The + behavior is undefined if _x is already lowercase. + pprreeffiixx--mmeettaa ((EESSCC)) + Metafy the next character typed. EESSCC ff is equivalent to MMeettaa--ff. + uunnddoo ((CC--__,, CC--xx CC--uu)) + Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line. + rreevveerrtt--lliinnee ((MM--rr)) + Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the + uunnddoo command enough times to return the line to its initial + state. + ttiillddee--eexxppaanndd ((MM--&&)) + Perform tilde expansion on the current word. + sseett--mmaarrkk ((CC--@@,, MM--<>)) + Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied, + the mark is set to that position. + eexxcchhaannggee--ppooiinntt--aanndd--mmaarrkk ((CC--xx CC--xx)) + Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is + set to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved + as the mark. + cchhaarraacctteerr--sseeaarrcchh ((CC--]])) + A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of + that character. A negative argument searches for previous oc- + currences. + cchhaarraacctteerr--sseeaarrcchh--bbaacckkwwaarrdd ((MM--CC--]])) + A character is read and point is moved to the previous occur- + rence of that character. A negative argument searches for sub- + sequent occurrences. + sskkiipp--ccssii--sseeqquueennccee + Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as + those defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin + with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. If this + sequence is bound to "\[", keys producing such sequences will + have no effect unless explicitly bound to a readline command, + instead of inserting stray characters into the editing buffer. + This is unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[. + iinnsseerrtt--ccoommmmeenntt ((MM--##)) + Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline ccoomm-- + mmeenntt--bbeeggiinn variable is inserted at the beginning of the current + line. If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a + toggle: if the characters at the beginning of the line do not + match the value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn, the value is inserted, other- + wise the characters in ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn are deleted from the begin- + ning of the line. In either case, the line is accepted as if a + newline had been typed. The default value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn + causes this command to make the current line a shell comment. + If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be re- + moved, the line will be executed by the shell. + ssppeellll--ccoorrrreecctt--wwoorrdd ((CC--xx ss)) + Perform spelling correction on the current word, treating it as + a directory or filename, in the same way as the ccddssppeellll shell + option. Word boundaries are the same as those used by + sshheellll--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. + gglloobb--ccoommpplleettee--wwoorrdd ((MM--gg)) + The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname ex- + pansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern is + used to generate a list of matching filenames for possible com- + pletions. + gglloobb--eexxppaanndd--wwoorrdd ((CC--xx **)) + The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname ex- + pansion, and the list of matching filenames is inserted, replac- + ing the word. If a numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is + appended before pathname expansion. + gglloobb--lliisstt--eexxppaannssiioonnss ((CC--xx gg)) + The list of expansions that would have been generated by + gglloobb--eexxppaanndd--wwoorrdd is displayed, and the line is redrawn. If a + numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before + pathname expansion. + dduummpp--ffuunnccttiioonnss + Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the read- + line output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the out- + put is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an + _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. + dduummpp--vvaarriiaabblleess + Print all of the settable readline variables and their values to + the readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, + the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part + of an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. + dduummpp--mmaaccrrooss + Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the + strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, the + output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an + _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. + ddiissppllaayy--sshheellll--vveerrssiioonn ((CC--xx CC--vv)) + Display version information about the current instance of bbaasshh. + + PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn + When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for + which a completion specification (a _c_o_m_p_s_p_e_c) has been defined using + the ccoommpplleettee builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), the program- + mable completion facilities are invoked. + + First, the command name is identified. If the command word is the + empty string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line), + any compspec defined with the --EE option to ccoommpplleettee is used. If a + compspec has been defined for that command, the compspec is used to + generate the list of possible completions for the word. If the command + word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is searched + for first. If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an attempt + is made to find a compspec for the portion following the final slash. + If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec defined + with the --DD option to ccoommpplleettee is used as the default. If there is no + default compspec, bbaasshh attempts alias expansion on the command word as + a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec for the command word + from any successful expansion. + + Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of + matching words. If a compspec is not found, the default bbaasshh comple- + tion as described above under CCoommpplleettiinngg is performed. + + First, the actions specified by the compspec are used. Only matches + which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned. When the + --ff or --dd option is used for filename or directory name completion, the + shell variable FFIIGGNNOORREE is used to filter the matches. + + Any completions specified by a pathname expansion pattern to the --GG op- + tion are generated next. The words generated by the pattern need not + match the word being completed. The GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE shell variable is not + used to filter the matches, but the FFIIGGNNOORREE variable is used. + + Next, the string specified as the argument to the --WW option is consid- + ered. The string is first split using the characters in the IIFFSS spe- + cial variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored. Each word is + then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and + variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as + described above under EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN. The results are split using the rules + described above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg. The results of the expansion are + prefix-matched against the word being completed, and the matching words + become the possible completions. + + After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command + specified with the --FF and --CC options is invoked. When the command or + function is invoked, the CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE, CCOOMMPP__PPOOIINNTT, CCOOMMPP__KKEEYY, and CCOOMMPP__TTYYPPEE + variables are assigned values as described above under SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess. + If a shell function is being invoked, the CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS and CCOOMMPP__CCWWOORRDD + variables are also set. When the function or command is invoked, the + first argument ($$11) is the name of the command whose arguments are be- + ing completed, the second argument ($$22) is the word being completed, + and the third argument ($$33) is the word preceding the word being com- + pleted on the current command line. No filtering of the generated com- + pletions against the word being completed is performed; the function or + command has complete freedom in generating the matches. + + Any function specified with --FF is invoked first. The function may use + any of the shell facilities, including the ccoommppggeenn builtin described + below, to generate the matches. It must put the possible completions + in the CCOOMMPPRREEPPLLYY array variable, one per array element. + + Next, any command specified with the --CC option is invoked in an envi- + ronment equivalent to command substitution. It should print a list of + completions, one per line, to the standard output. Backslash may be + used to escape a newline, if necessary. + + After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter speci- + fied with the --XX option is applied to the list. The filter is a pat- + tern as used for pathname expansion; a && in the pattern is replaced + with the text of the word being completed. A literal && may be escaped + with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match. + Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list. + A leading !! negates the pattern; in this case any completion not match- + ing the pattern will be removed. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is + enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alpha- + betic characters. + + Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the --PP and --SS options are + added to each member of the completion list, and the result is returned + to the readline completion code as the list of possible completions. + + If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the + --oo ddiirrnnaammeess option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was de- + fined, directory name completion is attempted. + + If the --oo pplluussddiirrss option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec + was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any matches are + added to the results of the other actions. + + By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned + to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. The + default bbaasshh completions are not attempted, and the readline default of + filename completion is disabled. If the --oo bbaasshhddeeffaauulltt option was sup- + plied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, the bbaasshh default com- + pletions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches. If the --oo + ddeeffaauulltt option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, + readline's default completion will be performed if the compspec (and, + if attempted, the default bbaasshh completions) generate no matches. + + When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired, + the programmable completion functions force readline to append a slash + to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to + the value of the mmaarrkk--ddiirreeccttoorriieess readline variable, regardless of the + setting of the mmaarrkk--ssyymmlliinnkkeedd--ddiirreeccttoorriieess readline variable. + + There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is + most useful when used in combination with a default completion speci- + fied with ccoommpplleettee --DD. It's possible for shell functions executed as + completion handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by + returning an exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and + changes the compspec associated with the command on which completion is + being attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is + executed), programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an + attempt to find a new compspec for that command. This allows a set of + completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather + than being loaded all at once. + + For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept + in a file corresponding to the name of the command, the following de- + fault completion function would load completions dynamically: + + _completion_loader() + { + . "/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124 + } + complete -D -F _completion_loader -o bashdefault -o default + + +HHIISSTTOORRYY + When the --oo hhiissttoorryy option to the sseett builtin is enabled, the shell + provides access to the _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _h_i_s_t_o_r_y, the list of commands previously + typed. The value of the HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE variable is used as the number of + commands to save in a history list. The text of the last HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE com- + mands (default 500) is saved. The shell stores each command in the + history list prior to parameter and variable expansion (see EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN + above) but after history expansion is performed, subject to the values + of the shell variables HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE and HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL. + + On startup, the history is initialized from the file named by the vari- + able HHIISSTTFFIILLEE (default _~_/_._b_a_s_h___h_i_s_t_o_r_y). The file named by the value + of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the + number of lines specified by the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE. If HHIISSTTFFIILLEE-- + SSIIZZEE is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or a numeric value + less than zero, the history file is not truncated. When the history + file is read, lines beginning with the history comment character fol- + lowed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the fol- + lowing history line. These timestamps are optionally displayed depend- + ing on the value of the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable. When a shell with + history enabled exits, the last $$HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE lines are copied from the + history list to $$HHIISSTTFFIILLEE. If the hhiissttaappppeenndd shell option is enabled + (see the description of sshhoopptt under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), the + lines are appended to the history file, otherwise the history file is + overwritten. If HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is unset, or if the history file is un- + writable, the history is not saved. If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is + set, time stamps are written to the history file, marked with the his- + tory comment character, so they may be preserved across shell sessions. + This uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from + other history lines. After saving the history, the history file is + truncated to contain no more than HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE lines. If HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE + is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or a numeric value less + than zero, the history file is not truncated. + + The builtin command ffcc (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) may be used + to list or edit and re-execute a portion of the history list. The hhiiss-- + ttoorryy builtin may be used to display or modify the history list and ma- + nipulate the history file. When using command-line editing, search + commands are available in each editing mode that provide access to the + history list. + + The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history + list. The HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL and HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE variables may be set to cause the + shell to save only a subset of the commands entered. The ccmmddhhiisstt shell + option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each line of a + multi-line command in the same history entry, adding semicolons where + necessary to preserve syntactic correctness. The lliitthhiisstt shell option + causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines instead of + semicolons. See the description of the sshhoopptt builtin below under SSHHEELLLL + BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS for information on setting and unsetting shell op- + tions. + +HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN + The shell supports a history expansion feature that is similar to the + history expansion in ccsshh. This section describes what syntax features + are available. This feature is enabled by default for interactive + shells, and can be disabled using the ++HH option to the sseett builtin com- + mand (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). Non-interactive shells do not + perform history expansion by default. + + History expansions introduce words from the history list into the input + stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to a + previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in previous + commands quickly. + + History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line is + read, before the shell breaks it into words, and is performed on each + line individually without taking quoting on previous lines into ac- + count. It takes place in two parts. The first is to determine which + line from the history list to use during substitution. The second is + to select portions of that line for inclusion into the current one. + The line selected from the history is the _e_v_e_n_t, and the portions of + that line that are acted upon are _w_o_r_d_s. Various _m_o_d_i_f_i_e_r_s are avail- + able to manipulate the selected words. The line is broken into words + in the same fashion as when reading input, so that several _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_- + _t_e_r-separated words surrounded by quotes are considered one word. His- + tory expansions are introduced by the appearance of the history expan- + sion character, which is !! by default. Only backslash (\\) and single + quotes can quote the history expansion character, but the history ex- + pansion character is also treated as quoted if it immediately precedes + the closing double quote in a double-quoted string. + + Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately fol- + lowing the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted: space, + tab, newline, carriage return, and ==. If the eexxttgglloobb shell option is + enabled, (( will also inhibit expansion. + + Several shell options settable with the sshhoopptt builtin may be used to + tailor the behavior of history expansion. If the hhiissttvveerriiffyy shell op- + tion is enabled (see the description of the sshhoopptt builtin below), and + rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, history substitutions are not immediately + passed to the shell parser. Instead, the expanded line is reloaded + into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer for further modification. If rreeaaddlliinnee + is being used, and the hhiissttrreeeeddiitt shell option is enabled, a failed + history substitution will be reloaded into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer + for correction. The --pp option to the hhiissttoorryy builtin command may be + used to see what a history expansion will do before using it. The --ss + option to the hhiissttoorryy builtin may be used to add commands to the end of + the history list without actually executing them, so that they are + available for subsequent recall. + + The shell allows control of the various characters used by the history + expansion mechanism (see the description of hhiissttcchhaarrss above under SShheellll + VVaarriiaabblleess). The shell uses the history comment character to mark his- + tory timestamps when writing the history file. + + EEvveenntt DDeessiiggnnaattoorrss + An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the his- + tory list. Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to + the current position in the history list. + + !! Start a history substitution, except when followed by a bbllaannkk, + newline, carriage return, = or ( (when the eexxttgglloobb shell option + is enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin). + !!_n Refer to command line _n. + !!--_n Refer to the current command minus _n. + !!!! Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for `!-1'. + !!_s_t_r_i_n_g + Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position + in the history list starting with _s_t_r_i_n_g. + !!??_s_t_r_i_n_g[[??]] + Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position + in the history list containing _s_t_r_i_n_g. The trailing ?? may be + omitted if _s_t_r_i_n_g is followed immediately by a newline. If + _s_t_r_i_n_g is missing, the string from the most recent search is + used; it is an error if there is no previous search string. + ^^_s_t_r_i_n_g_1^^_s_t_r_i_n_g_2^^ + Quick substitution. Repeat the previous command, replacing + _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 with _s_t_r_i_n_g_2. Equivalent to ``!!:s^_s_t_r_i_n_g_1^_s_t_r_i_n_g_2^'' + (see MMooddiiffiieerrss below). + !!## The entire command line typed so far. + + WWoorrdd DDeessiiggnnaattoorrss + Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. A :: + separates the event specification from the word designator. It may be + omitted if the word designator begins with a ^^, $$, **, --, or %%. Words + are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first word being + denoted by 0 (zero). Words are inserted into the current line sepa- + rated by single spaces. + + 00 ((zzeerroo)) + The zeroth word. For the shell, this is the command word. + _n The _nth word. + ^^ The first argument. That is, word 1. + $$ The last word. This is usually the last argument, but will ex- + pand to the zeroth word if there is only one word in the line. + %% The first word matched by the most recent `?_s_t_r_i_n_g?' search, if + the search string begins with a character that is part of a + word. + _x--_y A range of words; `-_y' abbreviates `0-_y'. + ** All of the words but the zeroth. This is a synonym for `_1_-_$'. + It is not an error to use ** if there is just one word in the + event; the empty string is returned in that case. + xx** Abbreviates _x_-_$. + xx-- Abbreviates _x_-_$ like xx**, but omits the last word. If xx is miss- + ing, it defaults to 0. + + If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the + previous command is used as the event. + + MMooddiiffiieerrss + After the optional word designator, there may appear a sequence of one + or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a `:'. These mod- + ify, or edit, the word or words selected from the history event. + + hh Remove a trailing filename component, leaving only the head. + tt Remove all leading filename components, leaving the tail. + rr Remove a trailing suffix of the form _._x_x_x, leaving the basename. + ee Remove all but the trailing suffix. + pp Print the new command but do not execute it. + qq Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions. + xx Quote the substituted words as with qq, but break into words at + bbllaannkkss and newlines. The qq and xx modifiers are mutually exclu- + sive; the last one supplied is used. + ss//_o_l_d//_n_e_w// + Substitute _n_e_w for the first occurrence of _o_l_d in the event + line. Any character may be used as the delimiter in place of /. + The final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of + the event line. The delimiter may be quoted in _o_l_d and _n_e_w with + a single backslash. If & appears in _n_e_w, it is replaced by _o_l_d. + A single backslash will quote the &. If _o_l_d is null, it is set + to the last _o_l_d substituted, or, if no previous history substi- + tutions took place, the last _s_t_r_i_n_g in a !!??_s_t_r_i_n_g[[??]] search. + If _n_e_w is null, each matching _o_l_d is deleted. + && Repeat the previous substitution. + gg Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. This is + used in conjunction with `::ss' (e.g., `::ggss//_o_l_d//_n_e_w//') or `::&&'. + If used with `::ss', any delimiter can be used in place of /, and + the final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of + the event line. An aa may be used as a synonym for gg. + GG Apply the following `ss' or `&&' modifier once to each word in the + event line. + +SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS + Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this section + as accepting options preceded by -- accepts ---- to signify the end of the + options. The ::, ttrruuee, ffaallssee, and tteesstt/[[ builtins do not accept options + and do not treat ---- specially. The eexxiitt, llooggoouutt, rreettuurrnn, bbrreeaakk, ccoonn-- + ttiinnuuee, lleett, and sshhiifftt builtins accept and process arguments beginning + with -- without requiring ----. Other builtins that accept arguments but + are not specified as accepting options interpret arguments beginning + with -- as invalid options and require ---- to prevent this interpreta- + tion. + :: [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] + No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s + and performing any specified redirections. The return status is + zero. + + .. _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] + ssoouurrccee _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] + Read and execute commands from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e in the current shell en- + vironment and return the exit status of the last command exe- + cuted from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e does not contain a slash, + filenames in PPAATTHH are used to find the directory containing + _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e, but _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e does not need to be executable. The file + searched for in PPAATTHH need not be executable. When bbaasshh is not + in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, it searches the current directory if no file is + found in PPAATTHH. If the ssoouurrcceeppaatthh option to the sshhoopptt builtin + command is turned off, the PPAATTHH is not searched. If any _a_r_g_u_- + _m_e_n_t_s are supplied, they become the positional parameters when + _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is executed. Otherwise the positional parameters are + unchanged. If the --TT option is enabled, .. inherits any trap on + DDEEBBUUGG; if it is not, any DDEEBBUUGG trap string is saved and restored + around the call to .., and .. unsets the DDEEBBUUGG trap while it exe- + cutes. If --TT is not set, and the sourced file changes the DDEEBBUUGG + trap, the new value is retained when .. completes. The return + status is the status of the last command exited within the + script (0 if no commands are executed), and false if _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is + not found or cannot be read. + + aalliiaass [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] + AAlliiaass with no arguments or with the --pp option prints the list of + aliases in the form aalliiaass _n_a_m_e=_v_a_l_u_e on standard output. When + arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each _n_a_m_e whose + _v_a_l_u_e is given. A trailing space in _v_a_l_u_e causes the next word + to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded. + For each _n_a_m_e in the argument list for which no _v_a_l_u_e is sup- + plied, the name and value of the alias is printed. AAlliiaass re- + turns true unless a _n_a_m_e is given for which no alias has been + defined. + + bbgg [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c ...] + Resume each suspended job _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the background, as if it + had been started with &&. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, the shell's + notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. bbgg _j_o_b_s_p_e_c returns 0 unless + run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control + enabled, any specified _j_o_b_s_p_e_c was not found or was started + without job control. + + bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] [--llppssvvPPSSVVXX] + bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] [--qq _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n] [--uu _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n] [--rr _k_e_y_s_e_q] + bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] --ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e + bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] --xx _k_e_y_s_e_q:_s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d + bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] _k_e_y_s_e_q:_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e + bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] _k_e_y_s_e_q:_r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d + bbiinndd _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d_-_l_i_n_e + Display current rreeaaddlliinnee key and function bindings, bind a key + sequence to a rreeaaddlliinnee function or macro, or set a rreeaaddlliinnee + variable. Each non-option argument is a command as it would ap- + pear in a rreeaaddlliinnee initialization file such as _._i_n_p_u_t_r_c, but + each binding or command must be passed as a separate argument; + e.g., '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'. Options, if supplied, + have the following meanings: + --mm _k_e_y_m_a_p + Use _k_e_y_m_a_p as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent + bindings. Acceptable _k_e_y_m_a_p names are _e_m_a_c_s_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_- + _d_a_r_d_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_e_t_a_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x_, _v_i_, _v_i_-_m_o_v_e_, _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d, + and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d (_v_i_-_m_o_v_e + is also a synonym); _e_m_a_c_s is equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_- + _d_a_r_d. + --ll List the names of all rreeaaddlliinnee functions. + --pp Display rreeaaddlliinnee function names and bindings in such a + way that they can be re-read. + --PP List current rreeaaddlliinnee function names and bindings. + --ss Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the + strings they output in such a way that they can be re- + read. + --SS Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the + strings they output. + --vv Display rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and values in such a way + that they can be re-read. + --VV List current rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and values. + --ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e + Read key bindings from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. + --qq _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n + Query about which keys invoke the named _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n. + --uu _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n + Unbind all keys bound to the named _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n. + --rr _k_e_y_s_e_q + Remove any current binding for _k_e_y_s_e_q. + --xx _k_e_y_s_e_q::_s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d + Cause _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be executed whenever _k_e_y_s_e_q is en- + tered. When _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed, the shell sets + the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE variable to the contents of the rreeaadd-- + lliinnee line buffer and the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT and RREEAADDLLIINNEE__MMAARRKK + variables to the current location of the insertion point + and the saved insertion point (the mark), respectively. + The shell assigns any numeric argument the user supplied + to the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__AARRGGUUMMEENNTT variable. If there was no argu- + ment, that variable is not set. If the executed command + changes the value of any of RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE, RREEAADD-- + LLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT, or RREEAADDLLIINNEE__MMAARRKK, those new values will be + reflected in the editing state. + --XX List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the + associated commands in a format that can be reused as in- + put. + + The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or + an error occurred. + + bbrreeaakk [_n] + Exit from within a ffoorr, wwhhiillee, uunnttiill, or sseelleecctt loop. If _n is + specified, break _n levels. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater + than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are ex- + ited. The return value is 0 unless _n is not greater than or + equal to 1. + + bbuuiillttiinn _s_h_e_l_l_-_b_u_i_l_t_i_n [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] + Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s, and + return its exit status. This is useful when defining a function + whose name is the same as a shell builtin, retaining the func- + tionality of the builtin within the function. The ccdd builtin is + commonly redefined this way. The return status is false if + _s_h_e_l_l_-_b_u_i_l_t_i_n is not a shell builtin command. + + ccaalllleerr [_e_x_p_r] + Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell func- + tion or a script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins). With- + out _e_x_p_r, ccaalllleerr displays the line number and source filename of + the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is sup- + plied as _e_x_p_r, ccaalllleerr displays the line number, subroutine name, + and source file corresponding to that position in the current + execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for + example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0. + The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a sub- + routine call or _e_x_p_r does not correspond to a valid position in + the call stack. + + ccdd [--LL|[--PP [--ee]] [-@]] [_d_i_r] + Change the current directory to _d_i_r. if _d_i_r is not supplied, + the value of the HHOOMMEE shell variable is the default. The vari- + able CCDDPPAATTHH defines the search path for the directory containing + _d_i_r: each directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is searched for _d_i_r. Alter- + native directory names in CCDDPPAATTHH are separated by a colon (:). + A null directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is the same as the current di- + rectory, i.e., ``..''. If _d_i_r begins with a slash (/), then CCDD-- + PPAATTHH is not used. The --PP option causes ccdd to use the physical + directory structure by resolving symbolic links while traversing + _d_i_r and before processing instances of _._. in _d_i_r (see also the + --PP option to the sseett builtin command); the --LL option forces sym- + bolic links to be followed by resolving the link after process- + ing instances of _._. in _d_i_r. If _._. appears in _d_i_r, it is pro- + cessed by removing the immediately previous pathname component + from _d_i_r, back to a slash or the beginning of _d_i_r. If the --ee + option is supplied with --PP, and the current working directory + cannot be successfully determined after a successful directory + change, ccdd will return an unsuccessful status. On systems that + support it, the --@@ option presents the extended attributes asso- + ciated with a file as a directory. An argument of -- is con- + verted to $$OOLLDDPPWWDD before the directory change is attempted. If + a non-empty directory name from CCDDPPAATTHH is used, or if -- is the + first argument, and the directory change is successful, the ab- + solute pathname of the new working directory is written to the + standard output. If the directory change is successful, ccdd sets + the value of the PPWWDD environment variable to the new directory + name, and sets the OOLLDDPPWWDD environment variable to the value of + the current working directory before the change. The return + value is true if the directory was successfully changed; false + otherwise. + + ccoommmmaanndd [--ppVVvv] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_a_r_g ...] + Run _c_o_m_m_a_n_d with _a_r_g_s suppressing the normal shell function + lookup. Only builtin commands or commands found in the PPAATTHH are + executed. If the --pp option is given, the search for _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is + performed using a default value for PPAATTHH that is guaranteed to + find all of the standard utilities. If either the --VV or --vv op- + tion is supplied, a description of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is printed. The --vv + option causes a single word indicating the command or filename + used to invoke _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be displayed; the --VV option produces a + more verbose description. If the --VV or --vv option is supplied, + the exit status is 0 if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d was found, and 1 if not. If + neither option is supplied and an error occurred or _c_o_m_m_a_n_d can- + not be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit sta- + tus of the ccoommmmaanndd builtin is the exit status of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. + + ccoommppggeenn [_o_p_t_i_o_n] [_w_o_r_d] + Generate possible completion matches for _w_o_r_d according to the + _o_p_t_i_o_ns, which may be any option accepted by the ccoommpplleettee + builtin with the exception of --pp and --rr, and write the matches + to the standard output. When using the --FF or --CC options, the + various shell variables set by the programmable completion fa- + cilities, while available, will not have useful values. + + The matches will be generated in the same way as if the program- + mable completion code had generated them directly from a comple- + tion specification with the same flags. If _w_o_r_d is specified, + only those completions matching _w_o_r_d will be displayed. + + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, + or no matches were generated. + + ccoommpplleettee [--aabbccddeeffggjjkkssuuvv] [--oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n] [--DDEEII] [--AA _a_c_t_i_o_n] [--GG _g_l_o_b_- + _p_a_t] [--WW _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t] + [--FF _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n] [--CC _c_o_m_m_a_n_d] [--XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t] [--PP _p_r_e_f_i_x] [--SS _s_u_f_- + _f_i_x] _n_a_m_e [_n_a_m_e _._._.] + ccoommpplleettee --pprr [--DDEEII] [_n_a_m_e ...] + Specify how arguments to each _n_a_m_e should be completed. If the + --pp option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing + completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them + to be reused as input. The --rr option removes a completion spec- + ification for each _n_a_m_e, or, if no _n_a_m_es are supplied, all com- + pletion specifications. The --DD option indicates that other sup- + plied options and actions should apply to the ``default'' com- + mand completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for + which no completion has previously been defined. The --EE option + indicates that other supplied options and actions should apply + to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion attempted + on a blank line. The --II option indicates that other supplied + options and actions should apply to completion on the initial + non-assignment word on the line, or after a command delimiter + such as ;; or ||, which is usually command name completion. If + multiple options are supplied, the --DD option takes precedence + over --EE, and both take precedence over --II. If any of --DD, --EE, or + --II are supplied, any other _n_a_m_e arguments are ignored; these + completions only apply to the case specified by the option. + + The process of applying these completion specifications when + word completion is attempted is described above under PPrrooggrraamm-- + mmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn. + + Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The + arguments to the --GG, --WW, and --XX options (and, if necessary, the + --PP and --SS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan- + sion before the ccoommpplleettee builtin is invoked. + --oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n + The _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n controls several aspects of the comp- + spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of comple- + tions. _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n may be one of: + bbaasshhddeeffaauulltt + Perform the rest of the default bbaasshh completions + if the compspec generates no matches. + ddeeffaauulltt Use readline's default filename completion if + the compspec generates no matches. + ddiirrnnaammeess + Perform directory name completion if the comp- + spec generates no matches. + ffiilleennaammeess + Tell readline that the compspec generates file- + names, so it can perform any filename-specific + processing (like adding a slash to directory + names, quoting special characters, or suppress- + ing trailing spaces). Intended to be used with + shell functions. + nnooqquuoottee Tell readline not to quote the completed words + if they are filenames (quoting filenames is the + default). + nnoossoorrtt Tell readline not to sort the list of possible + completions alphabetically. + nnoossppaaccee Tell readline not to append a space (the de- + fault) to words completed at the end of the + line. + pplluussddiirrss + After any matches defined by the compspec are + generated, directory name completion is at- + tempted and any matches are added to the results + of the other actions. + --AA _a_c_t_i_o_n + The _a_c_t_i_o_n may be one of the following to generate a + list of possible completions: + aalliiaass Alias names. May also be specified as --aa. + aarrrraayyvvaarr + Array variable names. + bbiinnddiinngg RReeaaddlliinnee key binding names. + bbuuiillttiinn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be + specified as --bb. + ccoommmmaanndd Command names. May also be specified as --cc. + ddiirreeccttoorryy + Directory names. May also be specified as --dd. + ddiissaabblleedd + Names of disabled shell builtins. + eennaabblleedd Names of enabled shell builtins. + eexxppoorrtt Names of exported shell variables. May also be + specified as --ee. + ffiillee File names. May also be specified as --ff. + ffuunnccttiioonn + Names of shell functions. + ggrroouupp Group names. May also be specified as --gg. + hheellppttooppiicc + Help topics as accepted by the hheellpp builtin. + hhoossttnnaammee + Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by + the HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE shell variable. + jjoobb Job names, if job control is active. May also + be specified as --jj. + kkeeyywwoorrdd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as + --kk. + rruunnnniinngg Names of running jobs, if job control is active. + sseerrvviiccee Service names. May also be specified as --ss. + sseettoopptt Valid arguments for the --oo option to the sseett + builtin. + sshhoopptt Shell option names as accepted by the sshhoopptt + builtin. + ssiiggnnaall Signal names. + ssttooppppeedd Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active. + uusseerr User names. May also be specified as --uu. + vvaarriiaabbllee + Names of all shell variables. May also be spec- + ified as --vv. + --CC _c_o_m_m_a_n_d + _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed in a subshell environment, and its + output is used as the possible completions. Arguments + are passed as with the --FF option. + --FF _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n + The shell function _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n is executed in the current + shell environment. When the function is executed, the + first argument ($$11) is the name of the command whose ar- + guments are being completed, the second argument ($$22) is + the word being completed, and the third argument ($$33) is + the word preceding the word being completed on the cur- + rent command line. When it finishes, the possible com- + pletions are retrieved from the value of the CCOOMMPPRREEPPLLYY + array variable. + --GG _g_l_o_b_p_a_t + The pathname expansion pattern _g_l_o_b_p_a_t is expanded to + generate the possible completions. + --PP _p_r_e_f_i_x + _p_r_e_f_i_x is added at the beginning of each possible com- + pletion after all other options have been applied. + --SS _s_u_f_f_i_x + _s_u_f_f_i_x is appended to each possible completion after all + other options have been applied. + --WW _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t + The _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t is split using the characters in the IIFFSS + special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word + is expanded. Shell quoting is honored within _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t, + in order to provide a mechanism for the words to contain + shell metacharacters or characters in the value of IIFFSS. + The possible completions are the members of the resul- + tant list which match the word being completed. + --XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t + _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is a pattern as used for pathname expansion. + It is applied to the list of possible completions gener- + ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each + completion matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed from the list. + A leading !! in _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t negates the pattern; in this + case, any completion not matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed. + + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, + an option other than --pp or --rr is supplied without a _n_a_m_e argu- + ment, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification + for a _n_a_m_e for which no specification exists, or an error occurs + adding a completion specification. + + ccoommppoopptt [--oo _o_p_t_i_o_n] [--DDEEII] [++oo _o_p_t_i_o_n] [_n_a_m_e] + Modify completion options for each _n_a_m_e according to the _o_p_- + _t_i_o_ns, or for the currently-executing completion if no _n_a_m_es are + supplied. If no _o_p_t_i_o_ns are given, display the completion op- + tions for each _n_a_m_e or the current completion. The possible + values of _o_p_t_i_o_n are those valid for the ccoommpplleettee builtin de- + scribed above. The --DD option indicates that other supplied op- + tions should apply to the ``default'' command completion; that + is, completion attempted on a command for which no completion + has previously been defined. The --EE option indicates that other + supplied options should apply to ``empty'' command completion; + that is, completion attempted on a blank line. The --II option + indicates that other supplied options should apply to completion + on the initial non-assignment word on the line, or after a com- + mand delimiter such as ;; or ||, which is usually command name + completion. + + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, + an attempt is made to modify the options for a _n_a_m_e for which no + completion specification exists, or an output error occurs. + + ccoonnttiinnuuee [_n] + Resume the next iteration of the enclosing ffoorr, wwhhiillee, uunnttiill, or + sseelleecctt loop. If _n is specified, resume at the _nth enclosing + loop. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater than the number of en- + closing loops, the last enclosing loop (the ``top-level'' loop) + is resumed. The return value is 0 unless _n is not greater than + or equal to 1. + + ddeeccllaarree [--aaAAffFFggiiIIllnnrrttuuxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] + ttyyppeesseett [--aaAAffFFggiiIIllnnrrttuuxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] + Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no _n_a_m_es are + given then display the values of variables. The --pp option will + display the attributes and values of each _n_a_m_e. When --pp is used + with _n_a_m_e arguments, additional options, other than --ff and --FF, + are ignored. When --pp is supplied without _n_a_m_e arguments, it + will display the attributes and values of all variables having + the attributes specified by the additional options. If no other + options are supplied with --pp, ddeeccllaarree will display the at- + tributes and values of all shell variables. The --ff option will + restrict the display to shell functions. The --FF option inhibits + the display of function definitions; only the function name and + attributes are printed. If the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option is enabled + using sshhoopptt, the source file name and line number where each + _n_a_m_e is defined are displayed as well. The --FF option implies + --ff. The --gg option forces variables to be created or modified at + the global scope, even when ddeeccllaarree is executed in a shell func- + tion. It is ignored in all other cases. The --II option causes + local variables to inherit the attributes (except the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f + attribute) and value of any existing variable with the same _n_a_m_e + at a surrounding scope. If there is no existing variable, the + local variable is initially unset. The following options can be + used to restrict output to variables with the specified attri- + bute or to give variables attributes: + --aa Each _n_a_m_e is an indexed array variable (see AArrrraayyss + above). + --AA Each _n_a_m_e is an associative array variable (see AArrrraayyss + above). + --ff Use function names only. + --ii The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evalua- + tion (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above) is performed when + the variable is assigned a value. + --ll When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case + characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case + attribute is disabled. + --nn Give each _n_a_m_e the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute, making it a name + reference to another variable. That other variable is + defined by the value of _n_a_m_e. All references, assign- + ments, and attribute modifications to _n_a_m_e, except those + using or changing the --nn attribute itself, are performed + on the variable referenced by _n_a_m_e's value. The nameref + attribute cannot be applied to array variables. + --rr Make _n_a_m_es readonly. These names cannot then be assigned + values by subsequent assignment statements or unset. + --tt Give each _n_a_m_e the _t_r_a_c_e attribute. Traced functions in- + herit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps from the calling shell. + The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables. + --uu When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case + characters are converted to upper-case. The lower-case + attribute is disabled. + --xx Mark _n_a_m_es for export to subsequent commands via the en- + vironment. + + Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the attribute instead, with + the exceptions that ++aa and ++AA may not be used to destroy array + variables and ++rr will not remove the readonly attribute. When + used in a function, ddeeccllaarree and ttyyppeesseett make each _n_a_m_e local, as + with the llooccaall command, unless the --gg option is supplied. If a + variable name is followed by =_v_a_l_u_e, the value of the variable + is set to _v_a_l_u_e. When using --aa or --AA and the compound assign- + ment syntax to create array variables, additional attributes do + not take effect until subsequent assignments. The return value + is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an attempt is made + to define a function using ``-f foo=bar'', an attempt is made to + assign a value to a readonly variable, an attempt is made to as- + sign a value to an array variable without using the compound as- + signment syntax (see AArrrraayyss above), one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a + valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off read- + only status for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to turn + off array status for an array variable, or an attempt is made to + display a non-existent function with --ff. + + ddiirrss [[--ccllppvv]] [[++_n]] [[--_n]] + Without options, displays the list of currently remembered di- + rectories. The default display is on a single line with direc- + tory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to the + list with the ppuusshhdd command; the ppooppdd command removes entries + from the list. The current directory is always the first direc- + tory in the stack. + --cc Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the en- + tries. + --ll Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default + listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory. + --pp Print the directory stack with one entry per line. + --vv Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre- + fixing each entry with its index in the stack. + ++_n Displays the _nth entry counting from the left of the list + shown by ddiirrss when invoked without options, starting with + zero. + --_n Displays the _nth entry counting from the right of the + list shown by ddiirrss when invoked without options, starting + with zero. + + The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _n + indexes beyond the end of the directory stack. + + ddiissoowwnn [--aarr] [--hh] [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c ... | _p_i_d ... ] + Without options, remove each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c from the table of active + jobs. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, and neither the --aa nor the --rr + option is supplied, the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. If the --hh option + is given, each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not removed from the table, but is + marked so that SSIIGGHHUUPP is not sent to the job if the shell re- + ceives a SSIIGGHHUUPP. If no _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is supplied, the --aa option means + to remove or mark all jobs; the --rr option without a _j_o_b_s_p_e_c ar- + gument restricts operation to running jobs. The return value is + 0 unless a _j_o_b_s_p_e_c does not specify a valid job. + + eecchhoo [--nneeEE] [_a_r_g ...] + Output the _a_r_gs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline. + The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. If --nn is + specified, the trailing newline is suppressed. If the --ee option + is given, interpretation of the following backslash-escaped + characters is enabled. The --EE option disables the interpreta- + tion of these escape characters, even on systems where they are + interpreted by default. The xxppgg__eecchhoo shell option may be used + to dynamically determine whether or not eecchhoo expands these es- + cape characters by default. eecchhoo does not interpret ---- to mean + the end of options. eecchhoo interprets the following escape se- + quences: + \\aa alert (bell) + \\bb backspace + \\cc suppress further output + \\ee + \\EE an escape character + \\ff form feed + \\nn new line + \\rr carriage return + \\tt horizontal tab + \\vv vertical tab + \\\\ backslash + \\00_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value + _n_n_n (zero to three octal digits) + \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal + value _H_H (one or two hex digits) + \\uu_H_H_H_H the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H (one to four hex digits) + \\UU_H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H + the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H (one to eight hex digits) + + eennaabbllee [--aa] [--ddnnppss] [--ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e] [_n_a_m_e ...] + Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin + allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin + to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though + the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. + If --nn is used, each _n_a_m_e is disabled; otherwise, _n_a_m_e_s are en- + abled. For example, to use the tteesstt binary found via the PPAATTHH + instead of the shell builtin version, run ``enable -n test''. + The --ff option means to load the new builtin command _n_a_m_e from + shared object _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e, on systems that support dynamic loading. + Bash will use the value of the BBAASSHH__LLOOAADDAABBLLEESS__PPAATTHH variable as a + colon-separated list of directories in which to search for _f_i_l_e_- + _n_a_m_e. The default is system-dependent. The --dd option will + delete a builtin previously loaded with --ff. If no _n_a_m_e argu- + ments are given, or if the --pp option is supplied, a list of + shell builtins is printed. With no other option arguments, the + list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If --nn is supplied, + only disabled builtins are printed. If --aa is supplied, the list + printed includes all builtins, with an indication of whether or + not each is enabled. If --ss is supplied, the output is re- + stricted to the POSIX _s_p_e_c_i_a_l builtins. If no options are sup- + plied and a _n_a_m_e is not a shell builtin, eennaabbllee will attempt to + load _n_a_m_e from a shared object named _n_a_m_e, as if the command + were ``enable -f _n_a_m_e _n_a_m_e . The return value is 0 unless a + _n_a_m_e is not a shell builtin or there is an error loading a new + builtin from a shared object. + + eevvaall [_a_r_g ...] + The _a_r_gs are read and concatenated together into a single com- + mand. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and + its exit status is returned as the value of eevvaall. If there are + no _a_r_g_s, or only null arguments, eevvaall returns 0. + + eexxeecc [--ccll] [--aa _n_a_m_e] [_c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s]] + If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is specified, it replaces the shell. No new process + is created. The _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s become the arguments to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. If + the --ll option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the begin- + ning of the zeroth argument passed to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. This is what _l_o_- + _g_i_n(1) does. The --cc option causes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be executed with + an empty environment. If --aa is supplied, the shell passes _n_a_m_e + as the zeroth argument to the executed command. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d can- + not be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, + unless the eexxeeccffaaiill shell option is enabled. In that case, it + returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the + file cannot be executed. A subshell exits unconditionally if + eexxeecc fails. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is not specified, any redirections take + effect in the current shell, and the return status is 0. If + there is a redirection error, the return status is 1. + + eexxiitt [_n] + Cause the shell to exit with a status of _n. If _n is omitted, + the exit status is that of the last command executed. A trap on + EEXXIITT is executed before the shell terminates. + + eexxppoorrtt [--ffnn] [_n_a_m_e[=_w_o_r_d]] ... + eexxppoorrtt --pp + The supplied _n_a_m_e_s are marked for automatic export to the envi- + ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the --ff option is + given, the _n_a_m_e_s refer to functions. If no _n_a_m_e_s are given, or + if the --pp option is supplied, a list of names of all exported + variables is printed. The --nn option causes the export property + to be removed from each _n_a_m_e. If a variable name is followed by + =_w_o_r_d, the value of the variable is set to _w_o_r_d. eexxppoorrtt returns + an exit status of 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one + of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, or --ff is sup- + plied with a _n_a_m_e that is not a function. + + ffcc [--ee _e_n_a_m_e] [--llnnrr] [_f_i_r_s_t] [_l_a_s_t] + ffcc --ss [_p_a_t=_r_e_p] [_c_m_d] + The first form selects a range of commands from _f_i_r_s_t to _l_a_s_t + from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes + them. _F_i_r_s_t and _l_a_s_t may be specified as a string (to locate + the last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an + index into the history list, where a negative number is used as + an offset from the current command number). When listing, a + _f_i_r_s_t or _l_a_s_t of 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is equivalent to + the current command (usually the ffcc command); otherwise 0 is + equivalent to -1 and -0 is invalid. If _l_a_s_t is not specified, + it is set to the current command for listing (so that ``fc -l + -10'' prints the last 10 commands) and to _f_i_r_s_t otherwise. If + _f_i_r_s_t is not specified, it is set to the previous command for + editing and -16 for listing. + + The --nn option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The + --rr option reverses the order of the commands. If the --ll option + is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Other- + wise, the editor given by _e_n_a_m_e is invoked on a file containing + those commands. If _e_n_a_m_e is not given, the value of the FFCCEEDDIITT + variable is used, and the value of EEDDIITTOORR if FFCCEEDDIITT is not set. + If neither variable is set, _v_i is used. When editing is com- + plete, the edited commands are echoed and executed. + + In the second form, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is re-executed after each instance + of _p_a_t is replaced by _r_e_p. _C_o_m_m_a_n_d is interpreted the same as + _f_i_r_s_t above. A useful alias to use with this is ``r="fc -s"'', + so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command beginning with + ``cc'' and typing ``r'' re-executes the last command. + + If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an in- + valid option is encountered or _f_i_r_s_t or _l_a_s_t specify history + lines out of range. If the --ee option is supplied, the return + value is the value of the last command executed or failure if an + error occurs with the temporary file of commands. If the second + form is used, the return status is that of the command re-exe- + cuted, unless _c_m_d does not specify a valid history line, in + which case ffcc returns failure. + + ffgg [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c] + Resume _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the foreground, and make it the current job. + If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, the shell's notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b + is used. The return value is that of the command placed into + the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled + or, when run with job control enabled, if _j_o_b_s_p_e_c does not spec- + ify a valid job or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c specifies a job that was started + without job control. + + ggeettooppttss _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g _n_a_m_e [_a_r_g _._._.] + ggeettooppttss is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame- + ters. _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g contains the option characters to be recog- + nized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is ex- + pected to have an argument, which should be separated from it by + white space. The colon and question mark characters may not be + used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, ggeettooppttss + places the next option in the shell variable _n_a_m_e, initializing + _n_a_m_e if it does not exist, and the index of the next argument to + be processed into the variable OOPPTTIINNDD. OOPPTTIINNDD is initialized to + 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an op- + tion requires an argument, ggeettooppttss places that argument into the + variable OOPPTTAARRGG. The shell does not reset OOPPTTIINNDD automatically; + it must be manually reset between multiple calls to ggeettooppttss + within the same shell invocation if a new set of parameters is + to be used. + + When the end of options is encountered, ggeettooppttss exits with a re- + turn value greater than zero. OOPPTTIINNDD is set to the index of the + first non-option argument, and _n_a_m_e is set to ?. + + ggeettooppttss normally parses the positional parameters, but if more + arguments are supplied as _a_r_g values, ggeettooppttss parses those in- + stead. + + ggeettooppttss can report errors in two ways. If the first character + of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is a colon, _s_i_l_e_n_t error reporting is used. In + normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when invalid + options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the + variable OOPPTTEERRRR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis- + played, even if the first character of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is not a colon. + + If an invalid option is seen, ggeettooppttss places ? into _n_a_m_e and, if + not silent, prints an error message and unsets OOPPTTAARRGG. If + ggeettooppttss is silent, the option character found is placed in OOPP-- + TTAARRGG and no diagnostic message is printed. + + If a required argument is not found, and ggeettooppttss is not silent, + a question mark (??) is placed in _n_a_m_e, OOPPTTAARRGG is unset, and a + diagnostic message is printed. If ggeettooppttss is silent, then a + colon (::) is placed in _n_a_m_e and OOPPTTAARRGG is set to the option + character found. + + ggeettooppttss returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is + found. It returns false if the end of options is encountered or + an error occurs. + + hhaasshh [--llrr] [--pp _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e] [--ddtt] [_n_a_m_e] + Each time hhaasshh is invoked, the full pathname of the command _n_a_m_e + is determined by searching the directories in $$PPAATTHH and remem- + bered. Any previously-remembered pathname is discarded. If the + --pp option is supplied, no path search is performed, and _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e + is used as the full filename of the command. The --rr option + causes the shell to forget all remembered locations. The --dd op- + tion causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each + _n_a_m_e. If the --tt option is supplied, the full pathname to which + each _n_a_m_e corresponds is printed. If multiple _n_a_m_e arguments + are supplied with --tt, the _n_a_m_e is printed before the hashed full + pathname. The --ll option causes output to be displayed in a for- + mat that may be reused as input. If no arguments are given, or + if only --ll is supplied, information about remembered commands is + printed. The return status is true unless a _n_a_m_e is not found + or an invalid option is supplied. + + hheellpp [--ddmmss] [_p_a_t_t_e_r_n] + Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n + is specified, hheellpp gives detailed help on all commands matching + _p_a_t_t_e_r_n; otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control + structures is printed. + --dd Display a short description of each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n + --mm Display the description of each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n in a manpage-like + format + --ss Display only a short usage synopsis for each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n + + The return status is 0 unless no command matches _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. + + hhiissttoorryy [[_n]] + hhiissttoorryy --cc + hhiissttoorryy --dd _o_f_f_s_e_t + hhiissttoorryy --dd _s_t_a_r_t-_e_n_d + hhiissttoorryy --aannrrww [_f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e] + hhiissttoorryy --pp _a_r_g [_a_r_g _._._.] + hhiissttoorryy --ss _a_r_g [_a_r_g _._._.] + With no options, display the command history list with line num- + bers. Lines listed with a ** have been modified. An argument of + _n lists only the last _n lines. If the shell variable HHIISSTTTTIIMMEE-- + FFOORRMMAATT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for + _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis- + played history entry. No intervening blank is printed between + the formatted time stamp and the history line. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is + supplied, it is used as the name of the history file; if not, + the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is used. Options, if supplied, have the + following meanings: + --cc Clear the history list by deleting all the entries. + --dd _o_f_f_s_e_t + Delete the history entry at position _o_f_f_s_e_t. If _o_f_f_s_e_t + is negative, it is interpreted as relative to one greater + than the last history position, so negative indices count + back from the end of the history, and an index of -1 + refers to the current hhiissttoorryy --dd command. + --dd _s_t_a_r_t-_e_n_d + Delete the range of history entries between positions + _s_t_a_r_t and _e_n_d, inclusive. Positive and negative values + for _s_t_a_r_t and _e_n_d are interpreted as described above. + --aa Append the ``new'' history lines to the history file. + These are history lines entered since the beginning of + the current bbaasshh session, but not already appended to the + history file. + --nn Read the history lines not already read from the history + file into the current history list. These are lines ap- + pended to the history file since the beginning of the + current bbaasshh session. + --rr Read the contents of the history file and append them to + the current history list. + --ww Write the current history list to the history file, over- + writing the history file's contents. + --pp Perform history substitution on the following _a_r_g_s and + display the result on the standard output. Does not + store the results in the history list. Each _a_r_g must be + quoted to disable normal history expansion. + --ss Store the _a_r_g_s in the history list as a single entry. + The last command in the history list is removed before + the _a_r_g_s are added. + + If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is set, the time stamp informa- + tion associated with each history entry is written to the his- + tory file, marked with the history comment character. When the + history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment + character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as + timestamps for the following history entry. The return value is + 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an error occurs while + reading or writing the history file, an invalid _o_f_f_s_e_t or range + is supplied as an argument to --dd, or the history expansion sup- + plied as an argument to --pp fails. + + jjoobbss [--llnnpprrss] [ _j_o_b_s_p_e_c ... ] + jjoobbss --xx _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [ _a_r_g_s ... ] + The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the fol- + lowing meanings: + --ll List process IDs in addition to the normal information. + --nn Display information only about jobs that have changed + status since the user was last notified of their status. + --pp List only the process ID of the job's process group + leader. + --rr Display only running jobs. + --ss Display only stopped jobs. + + If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is given, output is restricted to information about + that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is + encountered or an invalid _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is supplied. + + If the --xx option is supplied, jjoobbss replaces any _j_o_b_s_p_e_c found in + _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or _a_r_g_s with the corresponding process group ID, and ex- + ecutes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d passing it _a_r_g_s, returning its exit status. + + kkiillll [--ss _s_i_g_s_p_e_c | --nn _s_i_g_n_u_m | --_s_i_g_s_p_e_c] [_p_i_d | _j_o_b_s_p_e_c] ... + kkiillll --ll|--LL [_s_i_g_s_p_e_c | _e_x_i_t___s_t_a_t_u_s] + Send the signal named by _s_i_g_s_p_e_c or _s_i_g_n_u_m to the processes + named by _p_i_d or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c. _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a case-insensitive + signal name such as SSIIGGKKIILLLL (with or without the SSIIGG prefix) or + a signal number; _s_i_g_n_u_m is a signal number. If _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is not + present, then SSIIGGTTEERRMM is assumed. An argument of --ll lists the + signal names. If any arguments are supplied when --ll is given, + the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are + listed, and the return status is 0. The _e_x_i_t___s_t_a_t_u_s argument to + --ll is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit + status of a process terminated by a signal. The --LL option is + equivalent to --ll. kkiillll returns true if at least one signal was + successfully sent, or false if an error occurs or an invalid op- + tion is encountered. + + lleett _a_r_g [_a_r_g ...] + Each _a_r_g is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated (see AARRIITTHH-- + MMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above). If the last _a_r_g evaluates to 0, lleett + returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise. + + llooccaall [_o_p_t_i_o_n] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ... | - ] + For each argument, a local variable named _n_a_m_e is created, and + assigned _v_a_l_u_e. The _o_p_t_i_o_n can be any of the options accepted + by ddeeccllaarree. When llooccaall is used within a function, it causes the + variable _n_a_m_e to have a visible scope restricted to that func- + tion and its children. If _n_a_m_e is -, the set of shell options + is made local to the function in which llooccaall is invoked: shell + options changed using the sseett builtin inside the function are + restored to their original values when the function returns. + The restore is effected as if a series of sseett commands were exe- + cuted to restore the values that were in place before the func- + tion. With no operands, llooccaall writes a list of local variables + to the standard output. It is an error to use llooccaall when not + within a function. The return status is 0 unless llooccaall is used + outside a function, an invalid _n_a_m_e is supplied, or _n_a_m_e is a + readonly variable. + + llooggoouutt Exit a login shell. + + mmaappffiillee [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC + _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k] [--cc _q_u_a_n_t_u_m] [_a_r_r_a_y] + rreeaaddaarrrraayy [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC + _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k] [--cc _q_u_a_n_t_u_m] [_a_r_r_a_y] + Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array vari- + able _a_r_r_a_y, or from file descriptor _f_d if the --uu option is sup- + plied. The variable MMAAPPFFIILLEE is the default _a_r_r_a_y. Options, if + supplied, have the following meanings: + --dd The first character of _d_e_l_i_m is used to terminate each + input line, rather than newline. If _d_e_l_i_m is the empty + string, mmaappffiillee will terminate a line when it reads a NUL + character. + --nn Copy at most _c_o_u_n_t lines. If _c_o_u_n_t is 0, all lines are + copied. + --OO Begin assigning to _a_r_r_a_y at index _o_r_i_g_i_n. The default + index is 0. + --ss Discard the first _c_o_u_n_t lines read. + --tt Remove a trailing _d_e_l_i_m (default newline) from each line + read. + --uu Read lines from file descriptor _f_d instead of the stan- + dard input. + --CC Evaluate _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k each time _q_u_a_n_t_u_m lines are read. The + --cc option specifies _q_u_a_n_t_u_m. + --cc Specify the number of lines read between each call to + _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k. + + If --CC is specified without --cc, the default quantum is 5000. + When _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next + array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that + element as additional arguments. _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k is evaluated after + the line is read but before the array element is assigned. + + If not supplied with an explicit origin, mmaappffiillee will clear _a_r_- + _r_a_y before assigning to it. + + mmaappffiillee returns successfully unless an invalid option or option + argument is supplied, _a_r_r_a_y is invalid or unassignable, or if + _a_r_r_a_y is not an indexed array. + + ppooppdd [-nn] [+_n] [-_n] + Removes entries from the directory stack. The elements are num- + bered from 0 starting at the first directory listed by ddiirrss. + With no arguments, ppooppdd removes the top directory from the + stack, and changes to the new top directory. Arguments, if sup- + plied, have the following meanings: + --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing + directories from the stack, so that only the stack is ma- + nipulated. + ++_n Removes the _nth entry counting from the left of the list + shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero, from the stack. For + example: ``popd +0'' removes the first directory, ``popd + +1'' the second. + --_n Removes the _nth entry counting from the right of the list + shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: ``popd + -0'' removes the last directory, ``popd -1'' the next to + last. + + If the top element of the directory stack is modified, and the + _-_n option was not supplied, ppooppdd uses the ccdd builtin to change + to the directory at the top of the stack. If the ccdd fails, ppooppdd + returns a non-zero value. + + Otherwise, ppooppdd returns false if an invalid option is encoun- + tered, the directory stack is empty, or a non-existent directory + stack entry is specified. + + If the ppooppdd command is successful, bash runs ddiirrss to show the + final contents of the directory stack, and the return status is + 0. + + pprriinnttff [--vv _v_a_r] _f_o_r_m_a_t [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] + Write the formatted _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s to the standard output under the + control of the _f_o_r_m_a_t. The --vv option causes the output to be + assigned to the variable _v_a_r rather than being printed to the + standard output. + + The _f_o_r_m_a_t is a character string which contains three types of + objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard + output, character escape sequences, which are converted and + copied to the standard output, and format specifications, each + of which causes printing of the next successive _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t. In + addition to the standard _p_r_i_n_t_f(1) format specifications, pprriinnttff + interprets the following extensions: + %%bb causes pprriinnttff to expand backslash escape sequences in the + corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t in the same way as eecchhoo --ee. + %%qq causes pprriinnttff to output the corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t in a + format that can be reused as shell input. + %%QQ like %%qq, but applies any supplied precision to the _a_r_g_u_- + _m_e_n_t before quoting it. + %%((_d_a_t_e_f_m_t))TT + causes pprriinnttff to output the date-time string resulting + from using _d_a_t_e_f_m_t as a format string for _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3). + The corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t is an integer representing the + number of seconds since the epoch. Two special argument + values may be used: -1 represents the current time, and + -2 represents the time the shell was invoked. If no ar- + gument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had been + given. This is an exception to the usual pprriinnttff behav- + ior. + + The %b, %q, and %T directives all use the field width and preci- + sion arguments from the format specification and write that many + bytes from (or use that wide a field for) the expanded argument, + which usually contains more characters than the original. + + Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con- + stants, except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and + if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value + is the ASCII value of the following character. + + The _f_o_r_m_a_t is reused as necessary to consume all of the _a_r_g_u_- + _m_e_n_t_s. If the _f_o_r_m_a_t requires more _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s than are supplied, + the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or + null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return + value is zero on success, non-zero on failure. + + ppuusshhdd [--nn] [+_n] [-_n] + ppuusshhdd [--nn] [_d_i_r] + Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates + the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working + directory. With no arguments, ppuusshhdd exchanges the top two ele- + ments of the directory stack. Arguments, if supplied, have the + following meanings: + --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating + or adding directories to the stack, so that only the + stack is manipulated. + ++_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting + from the left of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with + zero) is at the top. + --_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting + from the right of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with + zero) is at the top. + _d_i_r Adds _d_i_r to the directory stack at the top + + After the stack has been modified, if the --nn option was not sup- + plied, ppuusshhdd uses the ccdd builtin to change to the directory at + the top of the stack. If the ccdd fails, ppuusshhdd returns a non-zero + value. + + Otherwise, if no arguments are supplied, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless + the directory stack is empty. When rotating the directory + stack, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty or a + non-existent directory stack element is specified. + + If the ppuusshhdd command is successful, bash runs ddiirrss to show the + final contents of the directory stack. + + ppwwdd [--LLPP] + Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. + The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the --PP option + is supplied or the --oo pphhyyssiiccaall option to the sseett builtin command + is enabled. If the --LL option is used, the pathname printed may + contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error + occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an in- + valid option is supplied. + + rreeaadd [--eerrss] [--aa _a_n_a_m_e] [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--ii _t_e_x_t] [--nn _n_c_h_a_r_s] [--NN _n_c_h_a_r_s] [--pp + _p_r_o_m_p_t] [--tt _t_i_m_e_o_u_t] [--uu _f_d] [_n_a_m_e ...] + One line is read from the standard input, or from the file de- + scriptor _f_d supplied as an argument to the --uu option, split into + words as described above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg, and the first + word is assigned to the first _n_a_m_e, the second word to the sec- + ond _n_a_m_e, and so on. If there are more words than names, the + remaining words and their intervening delimiters are assigned to + the last _n_a_m_e. If there are fewer words read from the input + stream than names, the remaining names are assigned empty val- + ues. The characters in IIFFSS are used to split the line into + words using the same rules the shell uses for expansion (de- + scribed above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg). The backslash character + (\\) may be used to remove any special meaning for the next char- + acter read and for line continuation. Options, if supplied, + have the following meanings: + --aa _a_n_a_m_e + The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array + variable _a_n_a_m_e, starting at 0. _a_n_a_m_e is unset before any + new values are assigned. Other _n_a_m_e arguments are ig- + nored. + --dd _d_e_l_i_m + The first character of _d_e_l_i_m is used to terminate the in- + put line, rather than newline. If _d_e_l_i_m is the empty + string, rreeaadd will terminate a line when it reads a NUL + character. + --ee If the standard input is coming from a terminal, rreeaaddlliinnee + (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE above) is used to obtain the line. Read- + line uses the current (or default, if line editing was + not previously active) editing settings, but uses read- + line's default filename completion. + --ii _t_e_x_t + If rreeaaddlliinnee is being used to read the line, _t_e_x_t is + placed into the editing buffer before editing begins. + --nn _n_c_h_a_r_s + rreeaadd returns after reading _n_c_h_a_r_s characters rather than + waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delim- + iter if fewer than _n_c_h_a_r_s characters are read before the + delimiter. + --NN _n_c_h_a_r_s + rreeaadd returns after reading exactly _n_c_h_a_r_s characters + rather than waiting for a complete line of input, unless + EOF is encountered or rreeaadd times out. Delimiter charac- + ters encountered in the input are not treated specially + and do not cause rreeaadd to return until _n_c_h_a_r_s characters + are read. The result is not split on the characters in + IIFFSS; the intent is that the variable is assigned exactly + the characters read (with the exception of backslash; see + the --rr option below). + --pp _p_r_o_m_p_t + Display _p_r_o_m_p_t on standard error, without a trailing new- + line, before attempting to read any input. The prompt is + displayed only if input is coming from a terminal. + --rr Backslash does not act as an escape character. The back- + slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu- + lar, a backslash-newline pair may not then be used as a + line continuation. + --ss Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, charac- + ters are not echoed. + --tt _t_i_m_e_o_u_t + Cause rreeaadd to time out and return failure if a complete + line of input (or a specified number of characters) is + not read within _t_i_m_e_o_u_t seconds. _t_i_m_e_o_u_t may be a deci- + mal number with a fractional portion following the deci- + mal point. This option is only effective if rreeaadd is + reading input from a terminal, pipe, or other special + file; it has no effect when reading from regular files. + If rreeaadd times out, rreeaadd saves any partial input read into + the specified variable _n_a_m_e. If _t_i_m_e_o_u_t is 0, rreeaadd re- + turns immediately, without trying to read any data. The + exit status is 0 if input is available on the specified + file descriptor, or the read will return EOF, non-zero + otherwise. The exit status is greater than 128 if the + timeout is exceeded. + --uu _f_d Read input from file descriptor _f_d. + + If no _n_a_m_e_s are supplied, the line read, without the ending de- + limiter but otherwise unmodified, is assigned to the variable + RREEPPLLYY. The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is encoun- + tered, rreeaadd times out (in which case the status is greater than + 128), a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a read- + only variable) occurs, or an invalid file descriptor is supplied + as the argument to --uu. + + rreeaaddoonnllyy [--aaAAff] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_w_o_r_d] ...] + The given _n_a_m_e_s are marked readonly; the values of these _n_a_m_e_s + may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the --ff option + is supplied, the functions corresponding to the _n_a_m_e_s are so + marked. The --aa option restricts the variables to indexed ar- + rays; the --AA option restricts the variables to associative ar- + rays. If both options are supplied, --AA takes precedence. If no + _n_a_m_e arguments are given, or if the --pp option is supplied, a + list of all readonly names is printed. The other options may be + used to restrict the output to a subset of the set of readonly + names. The --pp option causes output to be displayed in a format + that may be reused as input. If a variable name is followed by + =_w_o_r_d, the value of the variable is set to _w_o_r_d. The return + status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one of the + _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, or --ff is supplied with + a _n_a_m_e that is not a function. + + rreettuurrnn [_n] + Causes a function to stop executing and return the value speci- + fied by _n to its caller. If _n is omitted, the return status is + that of the last command executed in the function body. If rree-- + ttuurrnn is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to de- + termine the status is the last command executed before the trap + handler. If rreettuurrnn is executed during a DDEEBBUUGG trap, the last + command used to determine the status is the last command exe- + cuted by the trap handler before rreettuurrnn was invoked. If rreettuurrnn + is used outside a function, but during execution of a script by + the .. (ssoouurrccee) command, it causes the shell to stop executing + that script and return either _n or the exit status of the last + command executed within the script as the exit status of the + script. If _n is supplied, the return value is its least signif- + icant 8 bits. The return status is non-zero if rreettuurrnn is sup- + plied a non-numeric argument, or is used outside a function and + not during execution of a script by .. or ssoouurrccee. Any command + associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is executed before execution re- + sumes after the function or script. + + sseett [--aabbeeffhhkkmmnnppttuuvvxxBBCCEEHHPPTT] [--oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e] [----] [--] [_a_r_g ...] + sseett [++aabbeeffhhkkmmnnppttuuvvxxBBCCEEHHPPTT] [++oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e] [----] [--] [_a_r_g ...] + Without options, display the name and value of each shell vari- + able in a format that can be reused as input for setting or re- + setting the currently-set variables. Read-only variables cannot + be reset. In _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, only shell variables are listed. The + output is sorted according to the current locale. When options + are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any argu- + ments remaining after option processing are treated as values + for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to $$11, + $$22, ...... $$_n. Options, if specified, have the following mean- + ings: + --aa Each variable or function that is created or modified is + given the export attribute and marked for export to the + environment of subsequent commands. + --bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi- + ately, rather than before the next primary prompt. This + is effective only when job control is enabled. + --ee Exit immediately if a _p_i_p_e_l_i_n_e (which may consist of a + single _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d), a _l_i_s_t, or a _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d _c_o_m_m_a_n_d + (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR above), exits with a non-zero status. + The shell does not exit if the command that fails is + part of the command list immediately following a wwhhiillee + or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test following the iiff or + eelliiff reserved words, part of any command executed in a + &&&& or |||| list except the command following the final &&&& + or ||||, any command in a pipeline but the last, or if the + command's return value is being inverted with !!. If a + compound command other than a subshell returns a non- + zero status because a command failed while --ee was being + ignored, the shell does not exit. A trap on EERRRR, if + set, is executed before the shell exits. This option + applies to the shell environment and each subshell envi- + ronment separately (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT + above), and may cause subshells to exit before executing + all the commands in the subshell. + + If a compound command or shell function executes in a + context where --ee is being ignored, none of the commands + executed within the compound command or function body + will be affected by the --ee setting, even if --ee is set + and a command returns a failure status. If a compound + command or shell function sets --ee while executing in a + context where --ee is ignored, that setting will not have + any effect until the compound command or the command + containing the function call completes. + --ff Disable pathname expansion. + --hh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up + for execution. This is enabled by default. + --kk All arguments in the form of assignment statements are + placed in the environment for a command, not just those + that precede the command name. + --mm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is + on by default for interactive shells on systems that + support it (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL above). All processes run + in a separate process group. When a background job com- + pletes, the shell prints a line containing its exit sta- + tus. + --nn Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used + to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is ig- + nored by interactive shells. + --oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e + The _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e can be one of the following: + aalllleexxppoorrtt + Same as --aa. + bbrraacceeeexxppaanndd + Same as --BB. + eemmaaccss Use an emacs-style command line editing inter- + face. This is enabled by default when the shell + is interactive, unless the shell is started with + the ----nnooeeddiittiinngg option. This also affects the + editing interface used for rreeaadd --ee. + eerrrreexxiitt Same as --ee. + eerrrrttrraaccee + Same as --EE. + ffuunnccttrraaccee + Same as --TT. + hhaasshhaallll Same as --hh. + hhiisstteexxppaanndd + Same as --HH. + hhiissttoorryy Enable command history, as described above under + HHIISSTTOORRYY. This option is on by default in inter- + active shells. + iiggnnoorreeeeooff + The effect is as if the shell command ``IG- + NOREEOF=10'' had been executed (see SShheellll VVaarrii-- + aabblleess above). + kkeeyywwoorrdd Same as --kk. + mmoonniittoorr Same as --mm. + nnoocclloobbbbeerr + Same as --CC. + nnooeexxeecc Same as --nn. + nnoogglloobb Same as --ff. + nnoolloogg Currently ignored. + nnoottiiffyy Same as --bb. + nnoouunnsseett Same as --uu. + oonneeccmmdd Same as --tt. + pphhyyssiiccaall + Same as --PP. + ppiippeeffaaiill + If set, the return value of a pipeline is the + value of the last (rightmost) command to exit + with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands + in the pipeline exit successfully. This option + is disabled by default. + ppoossiixx Change the behavior of bbaasshh where the default + operation differs from the POSIX standard to + match the standard (_p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e). See SSEEEE AALLSSOO + below for a reference to a document that details + how posix mode affects bash's behavior. + pprriivviilleeggeedd + Same as --pp. + vveerrbboossee Same as --vv. + vvii Use a vi-style command line editing interface. + This also affects the editing interface used for + rreeaadd --ee. + xxttrraaccee Same as --xx. + If --oo is supplied with no _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e, the values of the + current options are printed. If ++oo is supplied with no + _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e, a series of sseett commands to recreate the + current option settings is displayed on the standard + output. + --pp Turn on _p_r_i_v_i_l_e_g_e_d mode. In this mode, the $$EENNVV and + $$BBAASSHH__EENNVV files are not processed, shell functions are + not inherited from the environment, and the SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS, + BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS, CCDDPPAATTHH, and GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE variables, if they ap- + pear in the environment, are ignored. If the shell is + started with the effective user (group) id not equal to + the real user (group) id, and the --pp option is not sup- + plied, these actions are taken and the effective user id + is set to the real user id. If the --pp option is sup- + plied at startup, the effective user id is not reset. + Turning this option off causes the effective user and + group ids to be set to the real user and group ids. + --rr Enable restricted shell mode. This option cannot be un- + set once it has been set. + --tt Exit after reading and executing one command. + --uu Treat unset variables and parameters other than the spe- + cial parameters "@" and "*", or array variables sub- + scripted with "@" or "*", as an error when performing + parameter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an + unset variable or parameter, the shell prints an error + message, and, if not interactive, exits with a non-zero + status. + --vv Print shell input lines as they are read. + --xx After expanding each _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, ffoorr command, ccaassee + command, sseelleecctt command, or arithmetic ffoorr command, dis- + play the expanded value of PPSS44, followed by the command + and its expanded arguments or associated word list. + --BB The shell performs brace expansion (see BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn + above). This is on by default. + --CC If set, bbaasshh does not overwrite an existing file with + the >>, >>&&, and <<>> redirection operators. This may be + overridden when creating output files by using the redi- + rection operator >>|| instead of >>. + --EE If set, any trap on EERRRR is inherited by shell functions, + command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub- + shell environment. The EERRRR trap is normally not inher- + ited in such cases. + --HH Enable !! style history substitution. This option is on + by default when the shell is interactive. + --PP If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when + executing commands such as ccdd that change the current + working directory. It uses the physical directory + structure instead. By default, bbaasshh follows the logical + chain of directories when performing commands which + change the current directory. + --TT If set, any traps on DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN are inherited by + shell functions, command substitutions, and commands ex- + ecuted in a subshell environment. The DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN + traps are normally not inherited in such cases. + ---- If no arguments follow this option, then the positional + parameters are unset. Otherwise, the positional parame- + ters are set to the _a_r_gs, even if some of them begin + with a --. + -- Signal the end of options, cause all remaining _a_r_gs to + be assigned to the positional parameters. The --xx and --vv + options are turned off. If there are no _a_r_gs, the posi- + tional parameters remain unchanged. + + The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using + + rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The op- + tions can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of the + shell. The current set of options may be found in $$--. The re- + turn status is always true unless an invalid option is encoun- + tered. + + sshhiifftt [_n] + The positional parameters from _n+1 ... are renamed to $$11 ........ + Parameters represented by the numbers $$## down to $$##-_n+1 are un- + set. _n must be a non-negative number less than or equal to $$##. + If _n is 0, no parameters are changed. If _n is not given, it is + assumed to be 1. If _n is greater than $$##, the positional param- + eters are not changed. The return status is greater than zero + if _n is greater than $$## or less than zero; otherwise 0. + + sshhoopptt [--ppqqssuu] [--oo] [_o_p_t_n_a_m_e ...] + Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behav- + ior. The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the + --oo option is used, those available with the --oo option to the sseett + builtin command. With no options, or with the --pp option, a list + of all settable options is displayed, with an indication of + whether or not each is set; if _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s are supplied, the output + is restricted to those options. The --pp option causes output to + be displayed in a form that may be reused as input. Other op- + tions have the following meanings: + --ss Enable (set) each _o_p_t_n_a_m_e. + --uu Disable (unset) each _o_p_t_n_a_m_e. + --qq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status + indicates whether the _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is set or unset. If multi- + ple _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments are given with --qq, the return sta- + tus is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s are enabled; non-zero other- + wise. + --oo Restricts the values of _o_p_t_n_a_m_e to be those defined for + the --oo option to the sseett builtin. + + If either --ss or --uu is used with no _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments, sshhoopptt + shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively. + Unless otherwise noted, the sshhoopptt options are disabled (unset) + by default. + + The return status when listing options is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s + are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting op- + tions, the return status is zero unless an _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is not a + valid shell option. + + The list of sshhoopptt options is: + + aassssoocc__eexxppaanndd__oonnccee + If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of as- + sociative array subscripts during arithmetic expression + evaluation, while executing builtins that can perform + variable assignments, and while executing builtins that + perform array dereferencing. + aauuttooccdd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory + is executed as if it were the argument to the ccdd com- + mand. This option is only used by interactive shells. + ccddaabbllee__vvaarrss + If set, an argument to the ccdd builtin command that is + not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable + whose value is the directory to change to. + ccddssppeellll If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory com- + ponent in a ccdd command will be corrected. The errors + checked for are transposed characters, a missing charac- + ter, and one character too many. If a correction is + found, the corrected filename is printed, and the com- + mand proceeds. This option is only used by interactive + shells. + cchheecckkhhaasshh + If set, bbaasshh checks that a command found in the hash ta- + ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed + command no longer exists, a normal path search is per- + formed. + cchheecckkjjoobbss + If set, bbaasshh lists the status of any stopped and running + jobs before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs + are running, this causes the exit to be deferred until a + second exit is attempted without an intervening command + (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL above). The shell always postpones ex- + iting if any jobs are stopped. + cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee + If set, bbaasshh checks the window size after each external + (non-builtin) command and, if necessary, updates the + values of LLIINNEESS and CCOOLLUUMMNNSS. This option is enabled by + default. + ccmmddhhiisstt If set, bbaasshh attempts to save all lines of a multiple- + line command in the same history entry. This allows + easy re-editing of multi-line commands. This option is + enabled by default, but only has an effect if command + history is enabled, as described above under HHIISSTTOORRYY. + ccoommppaatt3311 + ccoommppaatt3322 + ccoommppaatt4400 + ccoommppaatt4411 + ccoommppaatt4422 + ccoommppaatt4433 + ccoommppaatt4444 + ccoommppaatt5500 + These control aspects of the shell's compatibility mode + (see SSHHEELLLL CCOOMMPPAATTIIBBIILLIITTYY MMOODDEE below). + + ccoommpplleettee__ffuullllqquuoottee + If set, bbaasshh quotes all shell metacharacters in file- + names and directory names when performing completion. + If not set, bbaasshh removes metacharacters such as the dol- + lar sign from the set of characters that will be quoted + in completed filenames when these metacharacters appear + in shell variable references in words to be completed. + This means that dollar signs in variable names that ex- + pand to directories will not be quoted; however, any + dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted, + either. This is active only when bash is using back- + slashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is + set by default, which is the default bash behavior in + versions through 4.2. + + ddiirreexxppaanndd + If set, bbaasshh replaces directory names with the results + of word expansion when performing filename completion. + This changes the contents of the readline editing buf- + fer. If not set, bbaasshh attempts to preserve what the + user typed. + + ddiirrssppeellll + If set, bbaasshh attempts spelling correction on directory + names during word completion if the directory name ini- + tially supplied does not exist. + + ddoottgglloobb If set, bbaasshh includes filenames beginning with a `.' in + the results of pathname expansion. The filenames ````..'''' + and ````....'''' must always be matched explicitly, even if + ddoottgglloobb is set. + + eexxeeccffaaiill + If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can- + not execute the file specified as an argument to the + eexxeecc builtin command. An interactive shell does not + exit if eexxeecc fails. + + eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess + If set, aliases are expanded as described above under + AALLIIAASSEESS. This option is enabled by default for interac- + tive shells. + + eexxttddeebbuugg + If set at shell invocation, or in a shell startup file, + arrange to execute the debugger profile before the shell + starts, identical to the ----ddeebbuuggggeerr option. If set af- + ter invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers + is enabled: + + 11.. The --FF option to the ddeeccllaarree builtin displays the + source file name and line number corresponding to + each function name supplied as an argument. + + 22.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a + non-zero value, the next command is skipped and + not executed. + + 33.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a + value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub- + routine (a shell function or a shell script exe- + cuted by the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins), the shell + simulates a call to rreettuurrnn. + + 44.. BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC and BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV are updated as described + in their descriptions above). + + 55.. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu- + tion, shell functions, and subshells invoked with + (( _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps. + + 66.. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, + shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( + _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the EERRRR trap. + + eexxttgglloobb If set, the extended pattern matching features described + above under PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn are enabled. + + eexxttqquuoottee + If set, $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' and $$"_s_t_r_i_n_g" quoting is performed + within $${{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r}} expansions enclosed in double + quotes. This option is enabled by default. + + ffaaiillgglloobb + If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during + pathname expansion result in an expansion error. + + ffoorrccee__ffiiggnnoorree + If set, the suffixes specified by the FFIIGGNNOORREE shell + variable cause words to be ignored when performing word + completion even if the ignored words are the only possi- + ble completions. See SSHHEELLLL VVAARRIIAABBLLEESS above for a de- + scription of FFIIGGNNOORREE. This option is enabled by de- + fault. + + gglloobbaasscciiiirraannggeess + If set, range expressions used in pattern matching + bracket expressions (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg above) behave + as if in the traditional C locale when performing com- + parisons. That is, the current locale's collating se- + quence is not taken into account, so bb will not collate + between AA and BB, and upper-case and lower-case ASCII + characters will collate together. + + gglloobbsskkiippddoottss + If set, pathname expansion will never match the file- + names ````..'''' and ````....'''', even if the pattern begins with + a ````..''''. This option is enabled by default. + + gglloobbssttaarr + If set, the pattern **** used in a pathname expansion con- + text will match all files and zero or more directories + and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a //, + only directories and subdirectories match. + + ggnnuu__eerrrrffmmtt + If set, shell error messages are written in the standard + GNU error message format. + + hhiissttaappppeenndd + If set, the history list is appended to the file named + by the value of the HHIISSTTFFIILLEE variable when the shell ex- + its, rather than overwriting the file. + + hhiissttrreeeeddiitt + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, a user is given the + opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution. + + hhiissttvveerriiffyy + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the results of his- + tory substitution are not immediately passed to the + shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded + into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer, allowing further modi- + fication. + + hhoossttccoommpplleettee + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh will attempt to + perform hostname completion when a word containing a @@ + is being completed (see CCoommpplleettiinngg under RREEAADDLLIINNEE + above). This is enabled by default. + + hhuuppoonneexxiitt + If set, bbaasshh will send SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs when an inter- + active login shell exits. + + iinnhheerriitt__eerrrreexxiitt + If set, command substitution inherits the value of the + eerrrreexxiitt option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell + environment. This option is enabled when _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e is + enabled. + + iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss + If set, allow a word beginning with ## to cause that word + and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored + in an interactive shell (see CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS above). This op- + tion is enabled by default. + + llaassttppiippee + If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs + the last command of a pipeline not executed in the back- + ground in the current shell environment. + + lliitthhiisstt If set, and the ccmmddhhiisstt option is enabled, multi-line + commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines + rather than using semicolon separators where possible. + + llooccaallvvaarr__iinnhheerriitt + If set, local variables inherit the value and attributes + of a variable of the same name that exists at a previous + scope before any new value is assigned. The nameref at- + tribute is not inherited. + + llooccaallvvaarr__uunnsseett + If set, calling uunnsseett on local variables in previous + function scopes marks them so subsequent lookups find + them unset until that function returns. This is identi- + cal to the behavior of unsetting local variables at the + current function scope. + + llooggiinn__sshheellll + The shell sets this option if it is started as a login + shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN above). The value may not be + changed. + + mmaaiillwwaarrnn + If set, and a file that bbaasshh is checking for mail has + been accessed since the last time it was checked, the + message ``The mail in _m_a_i_l_f_i_l_e has been read'' is dis- + played. + + nnoo__eemmppttyy__ccmmdd__ccoommpplleettiioonn + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh will not at- + tempt to search the PPAATTHH for possible completions when + completion is attempted on an empty line. + + nnooccaasseegglloobb + If set, bbaasshh matches filenames in a case-insensitive + fashion when performing pathname expansion (see PPaatthhnnaammee + EExxppaannssiioonn above). + + nnooccaasseemmaattcchh + If set, bbaasshh matches patterns in a case-insensitive + fashion when performing matching while executing ccaassee or + [[[[ conditional commands, when performing pattern substi- + tution word expansions, or when filtering possible com- + pletions as part of programmable completion. + + nnooeexxppaanndd__ttrraannssllaattiioonn + If set, bbaasshh encloses the translated results of $"..." + quoting in single quotes instead of double quotes. If + the string is not translated, this has no effect. + + nnuullllgglloobb + If set, bbaasshh allows patterns which match no files (see + PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn above) to expand to a null string, + rather than themselves. + + ppaattssuubb__rreeppllaacceemmeenntt + If set, bbaasshh expands occurrences of && in the replacement + string of pattern substitution to the text matched by + the pattern, as described under PPaarraammeetteerr EExxppaannssiioonn + above. This option is enabled by default. + + pprrooggccoommpp + If set, the programmable completion facilities (see PPrroo-- + ggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn above) are enabled. This option is + enabled by default. + + pprrooggccoommpp__aalliiaass + If set, and programmable completion is enabled, bbaasshh + treats a command name that doesn't have any completions + as a possible alias and attempts alias expansion. If it + has an alias, bbaasshh attempts programmable completion us- + ing the command word resulting from the expanded alias. + + pprroommppttvvaarrss + If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, com- + mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote re- + moval after being expanded as described in PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG + above. This option is enabled by default. + + rreessttrriicctteedd__sshheellll + The shell sets this option if it is started in re- + stricted mode (see RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL below). The value + may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup + files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis- + cover whether or not a shell is restricted. + + sshhiifftt__vveerrbboossee + If set, the sshhiifftt builtin prints an error message when + the shift count exceeds the number of positional parame- + ters. + + ssoouurrcceeppaatthh + If set, the .. (ssoouurrccee) builtin uses the value of PPAATTHH to + find the directory containing the file supplied as an + argument. This option is enabled by default. + + vvaarrrreeddiirr__cclloossee + If set, the shell automatically closes file descriptors + assigned using the _{_v_a_r_n_a_m_e_} redirection syntax (see RREE-- + DDIIRREECCTTIIOONN above) instead of leaving them open when the + command completes. + + xxppgg__eecchhoo + If set, the eecchhoo builtin expands backslash-escape se- + quences by default. + + ssuussppeenndd [--ff] + Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a SSIIGGCCOONNTT + signal. A login shell, or a shell without job control enabled, + cannot be suspended; the --ff option can be used to override this + and force the suspension. The return status is 0 unless the + shell is a login shell or job control is not enabled and --ff is + not supplied. + + tteesstt _e_x_p_r + [[ _e_x_p_r ]] + Return a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on the evalu- + ation of the conditional expression _e_x_p_r. Each operator and op- + erand must be a separate argument. Expressions are composed of + the primaries described above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS. + tteesstt does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore + an argument of ---- as signifying the end of options. + + Expressions may be combined using the following operators, + listed in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation de- + pends on the number of arguments; see below. Operator prece- + dence is used when there are five or more arguments. + !! _e_x_p_r True if _e_x_p_r is false. + (( _e_x_p_r )) + Returns the value of _e_x_p_r. This may be used to override + the normal precedence of operators. + _e_x_p_r_1 -aa _e_x_p_r_2 + True if both _e_x_p_r_1 and _e_x_p_r_2 are true. + _e_x_p_r_1 -oo _e_x_p_r_2 + True if either _e_x_p_r_1 or _e_x_p_r_2 is true. + + tteesstt and [[ evaluate conditional expressions using a set of rules + based on the number of arguments. + + 0 arguments + The expression is false. + 1 argument + The expression is true if and only if the argument is not + null. + 2 arguments + If the first argument is !!, the expression is true if and + only if the second argument is null. If the first argu- + ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed + above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the expression is + true if the unary test is true. If the first argument is + not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression is + false. + 3 arguments + The following conditions are applied in the order listed. + If the second argument is one of the binary conditional + operators listed above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the + result of the expression is the result of the binary test + using the first and third arguments as operands. The --aa + and --oo operators are considered binary operators when + there are three arguments. If the first argument is !!, + the value is the negation of the two-argument test using + the second and third arguments. If the first argument is + exactly (( and the third argument is exactly )), the result + is the one-argument test of the second argument. Other- + wise, the expression is false. + 4 arguments + The following conditions are applied in the order listed. + If the first argument is !!, the result is the negation of + the three-argument expression composed of the remaining + arguments. the two-argument test using the second and + third arguments. If the first argument is exactly (( and + the fourth argument is exactly )), the result is the two- + argument test of the second and third arguments. Other- + wise, the expression is parsed and evaluated according to + precedence using the rules listed above. + 5 or more arguments + The expression is parsed and evaluated according to + precedence using the rules listed above. + + When used with tteesstt or [[, the << and >> operators sort lexico- + graphically using ASCII ordering. + + ttiimmeess Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and + for processes run from the shell. The return status is 0. + + ttrraapp [--llpp] [[_a_r_g] _s_i_g_s_p_e_c ...] + The command _a_r_g is to be read and executed when the shell re- + ceives signal(s) _s_i_g_s_p_e_c. If _a_r_g is absent (and there is a sin- + gle _s_i_g_s_p_e_c) or --, each specified signal is reset to its origi- + nal disposition (the value it had upon entrance to the shell). + If _a_r_g is the null string the signal specified by each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c + is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes. If _a_r_g + is not present and --pp has been supplied, then the trap commands + associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c are displayed. If no arguments are + supplied or if only --pp is given, ttrraapp prints the list of com- + mands associated with each signal. The --ll option causes the + shell to print a list of signal names and their corresponding + numbers. Each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a signal name defined in <_s_i_g_- + _n_a_l_._h>, or a signal number. Signal names are case insensitive + and the SSIIGG prefix is optional. + + If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EEXXIITT (0) the command _a_r_g is executed on exit + from the shell. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is DDEEBBUUGG, the command _a_r_g is exe- + cuted before every _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, _f_o_r command, _c_a_s_e command, + _s_e_l_e_c_t command, every arithmetic _f_o_r command, and before the + first command executes in a shell function (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR + above). Refer to the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the + sshhoopptt builtin for details of its effect on the DDEEBBUUGG trap. If a + _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is RREETTUURRNN, the command _a_r_g is executed each time a shell + function or a script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins fin- + ishes executing. + + If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EERRRR, the command _a_r_g is executed whenever a + pipeline (which may consist of a single simple command), a list, + or a compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to + the following conditions. The EERRRR trap is not executed if the + failed command is part of the command list immediately following + a wwhhiillee or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test in an _i_f statement, + part of a command executed in a &&&& or |||| list except the command + following the final &&&& or ||||, any command in a pipeline but the + last, or if the command's return value is being inverted using + !!. These are the same conditions obeyed by the eerrrreexxiitt (--ee) op- + tion. + + Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or re- + set. Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to + their original values in a subshell or subshell environment when + one is created. The return status is false if any _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is + invalid; otherwise ttrraapp returns true. + + ttyyppee [--aaffttppPP] _n_a_m_e [_n_a_m_e ...] + With no options, indicate how each _n_a_m_e would be interpreted if + used as a command name. If the --tt option is used, ttyyppee prints a + string which is one of _a_l_i_a_s, _k_e_y_w_o_r_d, _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n, _b_u_i_l_t_i_n, or + _f_i_l_e if _n_a_m_e is an alias, shell reserved word, function, + builtin, or disk file, respectively. If the _n_a_m_e is not found, + then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false is re- + turned. If the --pp option is used, ttyyppee either returns the name + of the disk file that would be executed if _n_a_m_e were specified + as a command name, or nothing if ``type -t name'' would not re- + turn _f_i_l_e. The --PP option forces a PPAATTHH search for each _n_a_m_e, + even if ``type -t name'' would not return _f_i_l_e. If a command is + hashed, --pp and --PP print the hashed value, which is not necessar- + ily the file that appears first in PPAATTHH. If the --aa option is + used, ttyyppee prints all of the places that contain an executable + named _n_a_m_e. This includes aliases and functions, if and only if + the --pp option is not also used. The table of hashed commands is + not consulted when using --aa. The --ff option suppresses shell + function lookup, as with the ccoommmmaanndd builtin. ttyyppee returns true + if all of the arguments are found, false if any are not found. + + uulliimmiitt [--HHSS] --aa + uulliimmiitt [--HHSS] [--bbccddeeffiikkllmmnnppqqrrssttuuvvxxPPRRTT [_l_i_m_i_t]] + Provides control over the resources available to the shell and + to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control. + The --HH and --SS options specify that the hard or soft limit is set + for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased by a + non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up + to the value of the hard limit. If neither --HH nor --SS is speci- + fied, both the soft and hard limits are set. The value of _l_i_m_i_t + can be a number in the unit specified for the resource or one of + the special values hhaarrdd, ssoofftt, or uunnlliimmiitteedd, which stand for the + current hard limit, the current soft limit, and no limit, re- + spectively. If _l_i_m_i_t is omitted, the current value of the soft + limit of the resource is printed, unless the --HH option is given. + When more than one resource is specified, the limit name and + unit, if appropriate, are printed before the value. Other op- + tions are interpreted as follows: + --aa All current limits are reported; no limits are set + --bb The maximum socket buffer size + --cc The maximum size of core files created + --dd The maximum size of a process's data segment + --ee The maximum scheduling priority ("nice") + --ff The maximum size of files written by the shell and its + children + --ii The maximum number of pending signals + --kk The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated + --ll The maximum size that may be locked into memory + --mm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor + this limit) + --nn The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems + do not allow this value to be set) + --pp The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be set) + --qq The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues + --rr The maximum real-time scheduling priority + --ss The maximum stack size + --tt The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds + --uu The maximum number of processes available to a single + user + --vv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the + shell and, on some systems, to its children + --xx The maximum number of file locks + --PP The maximum number of pseudoterminals + --RR The maximum time a real-time process can run before + blocking, in microseconds + --TT The maximum number of threads + + If _l_i_m_i_t is given, and the --aa option is not used, _l_i_m_i_t is the + new value of the specified resource. If no option is given, + then --ff is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except + for --tt, which is in seconds; --RR, which is in microseconds; --pp, + which is in units of 512-byte blocks; --PP, --TT, --bb, --kk, --nn, and + --uu, which are unscaled values; and, when in posix mode, --cc and + --ff, which are in 512-byte increments. The return status is 0 + unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, or an error + occurs while setting a new limit. + + uummaasskk [--pp] [--SS] [_m_o_d_e] + The user file-creation mask is set to _m_o_d_e. If _m_o_d_e begins with + a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is + interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by + _c_h_m_o_d(1). If _m_o_d_e is omitted, the current value of the mask is + printed. The --SS option causes the mask to be printed in sym- + bolic form; the default output is an octal number. If the --pp + option is supplied, and _m_o_d_e is omitted, the output is in a form + that may be reused as input. The return status is 0 if the mode + was successfully changed or if no _m_o_d_e argument was supplied, + and false otherwise. + + uunnaalliiaass [-aa] [_n_a_m_e ...] + Remove each _n_a_m_e from the list of defined aliases. If --aa is + supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value + is true unless a supplied _n_a_m_e is not a defined alias. + + uunnsseett [-ffvv] [-nn] [_n_a_m_e ...] + For each _n_a_m_e, remove the corresponding variable or function. + If the --vv option is given, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell variable, + and that variable is removed. Read-only variables may not be + unset. If --ff is specified, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell func- + tion, and the function definition is removed. If the --nn option + is supplied, and _n_a_m_e is a variable with the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute, + _n_a_m_e will be unset rather than the variable it references. --nn + has no effect if the --ff option is supplied. If no options are + supplied, each _n_a_m_e refers to a variable; if there is no vari- + able by that name, a function with that name, if any, is unset. + Each unset variable or function is removed from the environment + passed to subsequent commands. If any of BBAASSHH__AALLIIAASSEESS, + BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV00, BBAASSHH__CCMMDDSS, BBAASSHH__CCOOMMMMAANNDD, BBAASSHH__SSUUBBSSHHEELLLL, BBAASSHHPPIIDD, + CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS, DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK, EEPPOOCCHHRREEAALLTTIIMMEE, EEPPOOCCHHSSEECCOONNDDSS, FFUUNNCC-- + NNAAMMEE, GGRROOUUPPSS, HHIISSTTCCMMDD, LLIINNEENNOO, RRAANNDDOOMM, SSEECCOONNDDSS, or SSRRAANNDDOOMM are + unset, they lose their special properties, even if they are sub- + sequently reset. The exit status is true unless a _n_a_m_e is read- + only or may not be unset. + + wwaaiitt [--ffnn] [--pp _v_a_r_n_a_m_e] [_i_d _._._.] + Wait for each specified child process and return its termination + status. Each _i_d may be a process ID or a job specification; if + a job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are + waited for. If _i_d is not given, wwaaiitt waits for all running + background jobs and the last-executed process substitution, if + its process id is the same as $$!!, and the return status is zero. + If the --nn option is supplied, wwaaiitt waits for a single job from + the list of _i_ds or, if no _i_ds are supplied, any job, to complete + and returns its exit status. If none of the supplied arguments + is a child of the shell, or if no arguments are supplied and the + shell has no unwaited-for children, the exit status is 127. If + the --pp option is supplied, the process or job identifier of the + job for which the exit status is returned is assigned to the + variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e named by the option argument. The variable + will be unset initially, before any assignment. This is useful + only when the --nn option is supplied. Supplying the --ff option, + when job control is enabled, forces wwaaiitt to wait for _i_d to ter- + minate before returning its status, instead of returning when it + changes status. If _i_d specifies a non-existent process or job, + the return status is 127. If wwaaiitt is interrupted by a signal, + the return status will be greater than 128, as described under + SSIIGGNNAALLSS above. Otherwise, the return status is the exit status + of the last process or job waited for. + +SSHHEELLLL CCOOMMPPAATTIIBBIILLIITTYY MMOODDEE + Bash-4.0 introduced the concept of a _s_h_e_l_l _c_o_m_p_a_t_i_b_i_l_i_t_y _l_e_v_e_l, speci- + fied as a set of options to the shopt builtin ( ccoommppaatt3311, ccoommppaatt3322, + ccoommppaatt4400, ccoommppaatt4411, and so on). There is only one current compatibil- + ity level -- each option is mutually exclusive. The compatibility + level is intended to allow users to select behavior from previous ver- + sions that is incompatible with newer versions while they migrate + scripts to use current features and behavior. It's intended to be a + temporary solution. + + This section does not mention behavior that is standard for a particu- + lar version (e.g., setting ccoommppaatt3322 means that quoting the rhs of the + regexp matching operator quotes special regexp characters in the word, + which is default behavior in bash-3.2 and subsequent versions). + + If a user enables, say, ccoommppaatt3322, it may affect the behavior of other + compatibility levels up to and including the current compatibility + level. The idea is that each compatibility level controls behavior + that changed in that version of bbaasshh, but that behavior may have been + present in earlier versions. For instance, the change to use locale- + based comparisons with the [[[[ command came in bash-4.1, and earlier + versions used ASCII-based comparisons, so enabling ccoommppaatt3322 will enable + ASCII-based comparisons as well. That granularity may not be suffi- + cient for all uses, and as a result users should employ compatibility + levels carefully. Read the documentation for a particular feature to + find out the current behavior. + + Bash-4.3 introduced a new shell variable: BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT. The value as- + signed to this variable (a decimal version number like 4.2, or an inte- + ger corresponding to the ccoommppaatt_N_N option, like 42) determines the com- + patibility level. + + Starting with bash-4.4, Bash has begun deprecating older compatibility + levels. Eventually, the options will be removed in favor of BBAASSHH__CCOOMM-- + PPAATT. + + Bash-5.0 is the final version for which there will be an individual + shopt option for the previous version. Users should use BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT on + bash-5.0 and later versions. + + The following table describes the behavior changes controlled by each + compatibility level setting. The ccoommppaatt_N_N tag is used as shorthand for + setting the compatibility level to _N_N using one of the following mecha- + nisms. For versions prior to bash-5.0, the compatibility level may be + set using the corresponding ccoommppaatt_N_N shopt option. For bash-4.3 and + later versions, the BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT variable is preferred, and it is re- + quired for bash-5.1 and later versions. + + ccoommppaatt3311 + +o quoting the rhs of the [[[[ command's regexp matching oper- + ator (=~) has no special effect + + ccoommppaatt3322 + +o interrupting a command list such as "a ; b ; c" causes + the execution of the next command in the list (in + bash-4.0 and later versions, the shell acts as if it re- + ceived the interrupt, so interrupting one command in a + list aborts the execution of the entire list) + + ccoommppaatt4400 + +o the << and >> operators to the [[[[ command do not consider + the current locale when comparing strings; they use ASCII + ordering. Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII col- + lation and _s_t_r_c_m_p(3); bash-4.1 and later use the current + locale's collation sequence and _s_t_r_c_o_l_l(3). + + ccoommppaatt4411 + +o in _p_o_s_i_x mode, ttiimmee may be followed by options and still + be recognized as a reserved word (this is POSIX interpre- + tation 267) + +o in _p_o_s_i_x mode, the parser requires that an even number of + single quotes occur in the _w_o_r_d portion of a double- + quoted parameter expansion and treats them specially, so + that characters within the single quotes are considered + quoted (this is POSIX interpretation 221) + + ccoommppaatt4422 + +o the replacement string in double-quoted pattern substitu- + tion does not undergo quote removal, as it does in ver- + sions after bash-4.2 + +o in posix mode, single quotes are considered special when + expanding the _w_o_r_d portion of a double-quoted parameter + expansion and can be used to quote a closing brace or + other special character (this is part of POSIX interpre- + tation 221); in later versions, single quotes are not + special within double-quoted word expansions + + ccoommppaatt4433 + +o the shell does not print a warning message if an attempt + is made to use a quoted compound assignment as an argu- + ment to declare (e.g., declare -a foo='(1 2)'). Later + versions warn that this usage is deprecated + +o word expansion errors are considered non-fatal errors + that cause the current command to fail, even in posix + mode (the default behavior is to make them fatal errors + that cause the shell to exit) + +o when executing a shell function, the loop state + (while/until/etc.) is not reset, so bbrreeaakk or ccoonnttiinnuuee in + that function will break or continue loops in the calling + context. Bash-4.4 and later reset the loop state to pre- + vent this + + ccoommppaatt4444 + +o the shell sets up the values used by BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV and + BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC so they can expand to the shell's positional + parameters even if extended debugging mode is not enabled + +o a subshell inherits loops from its parent context, so + bbrreeaakk or ccoonnttiinnuuee will cause the subshell to exit. + Bash-5.0 and later reset the loop state to prevent the + exit + +o variable assignments preceding builtins like eexxppoorrtt and + rreeaaddoonnllyy that set attributes continue to affect variables + with the same name in the calling environment even if the + shell is not in posix mode + + ccoommppaatt5500 + +o Bash-5.1 changed the way $$RRAANNDDOOMM is generated to intro- + duce slightly more randomness. If the shell compatibility + level is set to 50 or lower, it reverts to the method + from bash-5.0 and previous versions, so seeding the ran- + dom number generator by assigning a value to RRAANNDDOOMM will + produce the same sequence as in bash-5.0 + +o If the command hash table is empty, bash versions prior + to bash-5.1 printed an informational message to that ef- + fect, even when producing output that can be reused as + input. Bash-5.1 suppresses that message when the --ll op- + tion is supplied. + + ccoommppaatt5511 + +o The uunnsseett builtin treats attempts to unset array sub- + scripts @@ and ** differently depending on whether the ar- + ray is indexed or associative, and differently than in + previous versions. + +RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL + If bbaasshh is started with the name rrbbaasshh, or the --rr option is supplied at + invocation, the shell becomes restricted. A restricted shell is used + to set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. It + behaves identically to bbaasshh with the exception that the following are + disallowed or not performed: + + +o changing directories with ccdd + + +o setting or unsetting the values of SSHHEELLLL, PPAATTHH, HHIISSTTFFIILLEE, EENNVV, + or BBAASSHH__EENNVV + + +o specifying command names containing // + + +o specifying a filename containing a // as an argument to the .. + builtin command + + +o specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the + hhiissttoorryy builtin command + + +o specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the + --pp option to the hhaasshh builtin command + + +o importing function definitions from the shell environment at + startup + + +o parsing the value of SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS from the shell environment at + startup + + +o redirecting output using the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirect- + ion operators + + +o using the eexxeecc builtin command to replace the shell with another + command + + +o adding or deleting builtin commands with the --ff and --dd options + to the eennaabbllee builtin command + + +o using the eennaabbllee builtin command to enable disabled shell + builtins + + +o specifying the --pp option to the ccoommmmaanndd builtin command + + +o turning off restricted mode with sseett ++rr or sshhoopptt --uu rree-- + ssttrriicctteedd__sshheellll. + + These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read. + + When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed (see CCOOMM-- + MMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN above), rrbbaasshh turns off any restrictions in the shell + spawned to execute the script. + +SSEEEE AALLSSOO + _B_a_s_h _R_e_f_e_r_e_n_c_e _M_a_n_u_a_l, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey + _T_h_e _G_n_u _R_e_a_d_l_i_n_e _L_i_b_r_a_r_y, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey + _T_h_e _G_n_u _H_i_s_t_o_r_y _L_i_b_r_a_r_y, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey + _P_o_r_t_a_b_l_e _O_p_e_r_a_t_i_n_g _S_y_s_t_e_m _I_n_t_e_r_f_a_c_e _(_P_O_S_I_X_) _P_a_r_t _2_: _S_h_e_l_l _a_n_d _U_t_i_l_i_- + _t_i_e_s, IEEE -- + http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/ + http://tiswww.case.edu/~chet/bash/POSIX -- a description of posix mode + _s_h(1), _k_s_h(1), _c_s_h(1) + _e_m_a_c_s(1), _v_i(1) + _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e(3) + +FFIILLEESS + _/_b_i_n_/_b_a_s_h + The bbaasshh executable + _/_e_t_c_/_p_r_o_f_i_l_e + The systemwide initialization file, executed for login shells + _~_/_._b_a_s_h___p_r_o_f_i_l_e + The personal initialization file, executed for login shells + _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c + The individual per-interactive-shell startup file + _~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_o_u_t + The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login + shell exits + _~_/_._b_a_s_h___h_i_s_t_o_r_y + The default value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE, the file in which bash saves the + command history + _~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c + Individual _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e initialization file + +AAUUTTHHOORRSS + Brian Fox, Free Software Foundation + bfox@gnu.org + + Chet Ramey, Case Western Reserve University + chet.ramey@case.edu + +BBUUGG RREEPPOORRTTSS + If you find a bug in bbaasshh,, you should report it. But first, you should + make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest + version of bbaasshh. The latest version is always available from + _f_t_p_:_/_/_f_t_p_._g_n_u_._o_r_g_/_p_u_b_/_g_n_u_/_b_a_s_h_/ and _h_t_t_p_:_/_/_g_i_t_._s_a_v_a_n_- + _n_a_h_._g_n_u_._o_r_g_/_c_g_i_t_/_b_a_s_h_._g_i_t_/_s_n_a_p_s_h_o_t_/_b_a_s_h_-_m_a_s_t_e_r_._t_a_r_._g_z. + + Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the _b_a_s_h_b_u_g + command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are encouraged + to mail that as well! Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may + be mailed to _b_u_g_-_b_a_s_h_@_g_n_u_._o_r_g or posted to the Usenet newsgroup + ggnnuu..bbaasshh..bbuugg. + + ALL bug reports should include: + + The version number of bbaasshh + The hardware and operating system + The compiler used to compile + A description of the bug behaviour + A short script or `recipe' which exercises the bug + + _b_a_s_h_b_u_g inserts the first three items automatically into the template + it provides for filing a bug report. + + Comments and bug reports concerning this manual page should be directed + to _c_h_e_t_._r_a_m_e_y_@_c_a_s_e_._e_d_u. + +BBUUGGSS + It's too big and too slow. + + There are some subtle differences between bbaasshh and traditional versions + of sshh, mostly because of the PPOOSSIIXX specification. + + Aliases are confusing in some uses. + + Shell builtin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable. + + Compound commands and command sequences of the form `a ; b ; c' are not + handled gracefully when process suspension is attempted. When a + process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next command in + the sequence. It suffices to place the sequence of commands between + parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be stopped as a + unit. + + Array variables may not (yet) be exported. + + There may be only one active coprocess at a time. + + + +GNU Bash 5.2 2022 September 19 BASH(1) diff --git a/doc/bash.1 b/doc/bash.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..55c5622 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/bash.1 @@ -0,0 +1,11764 @@ +.\" +.\" MAN PAGE COMMENTS to +.\" +.\" Chet Ramey +.\" Case Western Reserve University +.\" chet.ramey@case.edu +.\" +.\" Last Change: Mon Sep 19 11:13:21 EDT 2022 +.\" +.\" bash_builtins, strip all but Built-Ins section +.if \n(zZ=1 .ig zZ +.if \n(zY=1 .ig zY +.TH BASH 1 "2022 September 19" "GNU Bash 5.2" +.\" +.\" There's some problem with having a `@' +.\" in a tagged paragraph with the BSD man macros. +.\" It has to do with `@' appearing in the }1 macro. +.\" This is a problem on 4.3 BSD and Ultrix, but Sun +.\" appears to have fixed it. +.\" If you're seeing the characters +.\" `@u-3p' appearing before the lines reading +.\" `possible-hostname-completions +.\" and `complete-hostname' down in READLINE, +.\" then uncomment this redefinition. +.\" +.\" .de }1 +.\" .ds ]X \&\\*(]B\\ +.\" .nr )E 0 +.\" .if !"\\$1"" .nr )I \\$1n +.\" .}f +.\" .ll \\n(LLu +.\" .in \\n()Ru+\\n(INu+\\n()Iu +.\" .ti \\n(INu +.\" .ie !\\n()Iu+\\n()Ru-\w\\*(]Xu-3p \{\\*(]X +.\" .br\} +.\" .el \\*(]X\h|\\n()Iu+\\n()Ru\c +.\" .}f +.\" .. +.\" +.\" File Name macro. This used to be `.PN', for Path Name, +.\" but Sun doesn't seem to like that very much. +.\" +.de FN +\fI\|\\$1\|\fP +.. +.SH NAME +bash \- GNU Bourne-Again SHell +.SH SYNOPSIS +.B bash +[options] +[command_string | file] +.SH COPYRIGHT +.if n Bash is Copyright (C) 1989-2022 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc. +.if t Bash is Copyright \(co 1989-2022 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc. +.SH DESCRIPTION +.B Bash +is an \fBsh\fR-compatible command language interpreter that +executes commands read from the standard input or from a file. +.B Bash +also incorporates useful features from the \fIKorn\fP and \fIC\fP +shells (\fBksh\fP and \fBcsh\fP). +.PP +.B Bash +is intended to be a conformant implementation of the +Shell and Utilities portion of the IEEE POSIX specification +(IEEE Standard 1003.1). +.B Bash +can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default. +.SH OPTIONS +All of the single-character shell options documented in the +description of the \fBset\fR builtin command, including \fB\-o\fP, +can be used as options when the shell is invoked. +In addition, \fBbash\fR +interprets the following options when it is invoked: +.PP +.PD 0 +.TP 10 +.B \-c +If the +.B \-c +option is present, then commands are read from the first non-option argument +.IR command_string . +If there are arguments after the +.IR command_string , +the first argument is assigned to +.B $0 +and any remaining arguments are assigned to the positional parameters. +The assignment to +.B $0 +sets the name of the shell, which is used in warning and error messages. +.TP +.B \-i +If the +.B \-i +option is present, the shell is +.IR interactive . +.TP +.B \-l +Make +.B bash +act as if it had been invoked as a login shell (see +.SM +.B INVOCATION +below). +.TP +.B \-r +If the +.B \-r +option is present, the shell becomes +.I restricted +(see +.SM +.B "RESTRICTED SHELL" +below). +.TP +.B \-s +If the +.B \-s +option is present, or if no arguments remain after option +processing, then commands are read from the standard input. +This option allows the positional parameters to be set +when invoking an interactive shell or when reading input +through a pipe. +.TP +.B \-D +A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by \fB$\fP +is printed on the standard output. +These are the strings that +are subject to language translation when the current locale +is not \fBC\fP or \fBPOSIX\fP. +This implies the \fB\-n\fP option; no commands will be executed. +.TP +.B [\-+]O [\fIshopt_option\fP] +\fIshopt_option\fP is one of the shell options accepted by the +\fBshopt\fP builtin (see +.SM +.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS +below). +If \fIshopt_option\fP is present, \fB\-O\fP sets the value of that option; +\fB+O\fP unsets it. +If \fIshopt_option\fP is not supplied, the names and values of the shell +options accepted by \fBshopt\fP are printed on the standard output. +If the invocation option is \fB+O\fP, the output is displayed in a format +that may be reused as input. +.TP +.B \-\- +A +.B \-\- +signals the end of options and disables further option processing. +Any arguments after the +.B \-\- +are treated as filenames and arguments. An argument of +.B \- +is equivalent to \fB\-\-\fP. +.PD +.PP +.B Bash +also interprets a number of multi-character options. +These options must appear on the command line before the +single-character options to be recognized. +.PP +.PD 0 +.TP +.B \-\-debugger +Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell +starts. +Turns on extended debugging mode (see the description of the +.B extdebug +option to the +.B shopt +builtin below). +.TP +.B \-\-dump\-po\-strings +Equivalent to \fB\-D\fP, but the output is in the GNU \fIgettext\fP +\fBpo\fP (portable object) file format. +.TP +.B \-\-dump\-strings +Equivalent to \fB\-D\fP. +.TP +.B \-\-help +Display a usage message on standard output and exit successfully. +.TP +\fB\-\-init\-file\fP \fIfile\fP +.PD 0 +.TP +\fB\-\-rcfile\fP \fIfile\fP +.PD +Execute commands from +.I file +instead of the standard personal initialization file +.I ~/.bashrc +if the shell is interactive (see +.SM +.B INVOCATION +below). +.TP +.B \-\-login +Equivalent to \fB\-l\fP. +.TP +.B \-\-noediting +Do not use the GNU +.B readline +library to read command lines when the shell is interactive. +.TP +.B \-\-noprofile +Do not read either the system-wide startup file +.FN /etc/profile +or any of the personal initialization files +.IR ~/.bash_profile , +.IR ~/.bash_login , +or +.IR ~/.profile . +By default, +.B bash +reads these files when it is invoked as a login shell (see +.SM +.B INVOCATION +below). +.TP +.B \-\-norc +Do not read and execute the personal initialization file +.I ~/.bashrc +if the shell is interactive. +This option is on by default if the shell is invoked as +.BR sh . +.TP +.B \-\-posix +Change the behavior of \fBbash\fP where the default operation differs +from the POSIX standard to match the standard (\fIposix mode\fP). +See +.SM +.B "SEE ALSO" +below for a reference to a document that details how posix mode affects +bash's behavior. +.TP +.B \-\-restricted +The shell becomes restricted (see +.SM +.B "RESTRICTED SHELL" +below). +.TP +.B \-\-verbose +Equivalent to \fB\-v\fP. +.TP +.B \-\-version +Show version information for this instance of +.B bash +on the standard output and exit successfully. +.PD +.SH ARGUMENTS +If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the +.B \-c +nor the +.B \-s +option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to +be the name of a file containing shell commands. +If +.B bash +is invoked in this fashion, +.B $0 +is set to the name of the file, and the positional parameters +are set to the remaining arguments. +.B Bash +reads and executes commands from this file, then exits. +\fBBash\fP's exit status is the exit status of the last command +executed in the script. +If no commands are executed, the exit status is 0. +An attempt is first made to open the file in the current directory, and, +if no file is found, then the shell searches the directories in +.SM +.B PATH +for the script. +.SH INVOCATION +A \fIlogin shell\fP is one whose first character of argument zero is a +.BR \- , +or one started with the +.B \-\-login +option. +.PP +An \fIinteractive\fP shell is one started without non-option arguments +(unless \fB\-s\fP is specified) +and without the +.B \-c +option, +whose standard input and error are +both connected to terminals (as determined by +.IR isatty (3)), +or one started with the +.B \-i +option. +.SM +.B PS1 +is set and +.B $\- +includes +.B i +if +.B bash +is interactive, +allowing a shell script or a startup file to test this state. +.PP +The following paragraphs describe how +.B bash +executes its startup files. +If any of the files exist but cannot be read, +.B bash +reports an error. +Tildes are expanded in filenames as described below under +.B "Tilde Expansion" +in the +.SM +.B EXPANSION +section. +.PP +When +.B bash +is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive shell +with the \fB\-\-login\fP option, it first reads and +executes commands from the file \fI/etc/profile\fP, if that +file exists. +After reading that file, it looks for \fI~/.bash_profile\fP, +\fI~/.bash_login\fP, and \fI~/.profile\fP, in that order, and reads +and executes commands from the first one that exists and is readable. +The +.B \-\-noprofile +option may be used when the shell is started to inhibit this behavior. +.PP +When an interactive login shell exits, +or a non-interactive login shell executes the \fBexit\fP builtin command, +.B bash +reads and executes commands from the file \fI~/.bash_logout\fP, if it +exists. +.PP +When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, +.B bash +reads and executes commands from \fI~/.bashrc\fP, if that file exists. +This may be inhibited by using the +.B \-\-norc +option. +The \fB\-\-rcfile\fP \fIfile\fP option will force +.B bash +to read and execute commands from \fIfile\fP instead of \fI~/.bashrc\fP. +.PP +When +.B bash +is started non-interactively, to run a shell script, for example, it +looks for the variable +.SM +.B BASH_ENV +in the environment, expands its value if it appears there, and uses the +expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute. +.B Bash +behaves as if the following command were executed: +.sp .5 +.RS +.if t \f(CWif [ \-n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi\fP +.if n if [ \-n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi +.RE +.sp .5 +but the value of the +.SM +.B PATH +variable is not used to search for the filename. +.PP +If +.B bash +is invoked with the name +.BR sh , +it tries to mimic the startup behavior of historical versions of +.B sh +as closely as possible, +while conforming to the POSIX standard as well. +When invoked as an interactive login shell, or a non-interactive +shell with the \fB\-\-login\fP option, it first attempts to +read and execute commands from +.I /etc/profile +and +.IR ~/.profile , +in that order. +The +.B \-\-noprofile +option may be used to inhibit this behavior. +When invoked as an interactive shell with the name +.BR sh , +.B bash +looks for the variable +.SM +.BR ENV , +expands its value if it is defined, and uses the +expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute. +Since a shell invoked as +.B sh +does not attempt to read and execute commands from any other startup +files, the +.B \-\-rcfile +option has no effect. +A non-interactive shell invoked with the name +.B sh +does not attempt to read any other startup files. +When invoked as +.BR sh , +.B bash +enters +.I posix +mode after the startup files are read. +.PP +When +.B bash +is started in +.I posix +mode, as with the +.B \-\-posix +command line option, it follows the POSIX standard for startup files. +In this mode, interactive shells expand the +.SM +.B ENV +variable and commands are read and executed from the file +whose name is the expanded value. +No other startup files are read. +.PP +.B Bash +attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input +connected to a network connection, as when executed by +the historical remote shell daemon, usually \fIrshd\fP, +or the secure shell daemon \fIsshd\fP. +If +.B bash +determines it is being run non-interactively in this fashion, +it reads and executes commands from \fI~/.bashrc\fP, +if that file exists and is readable. +It will not do this if invoked as \fBsh\fP. +The +.B \-\-norc +option may be used to inhibit this behavior, and the +.B \-\-rcfile +option may be used to force another file to be read, but neither +\fIrshd\fP nor \fIsshd\fP generally invoke the shell with those options +or allow them to be specified. +.PP +If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the +real user (group) id, and the \fB\-p\fP option is not supplied, no startup +files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, the +.SM +.BR SHELLOPTS , +.SM +.BR BASHOPTS , +.SM +.BR CDPATH , +and +.SM +.B GLOBIGNORE +variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored, +and the effective user id is set to the real user id. +If the \fB\-p\fP option is supplied at invocation, the startup behavior is +the same, but the effective user id is not reset. +.SH DEFINITIONS +The following definitions are used throughout the rest of this +document. +.PD 0 +.TP +.B blank +A space or tab. +.TP +.B word +A sequence of characters considered as a single unit by the shell. +Also known as a +.BR token . +.TP +.B name +A +.I word +consisting only of alphanumeric characters and underscores, and +beginning with an alphabetic character or an underscore. Also +referred to as an +.BR identifier . +.TP +.B metacharacter +A character that, when unquoted, separates words. One of the following: +.br +.RS +.PP +.if t \fB| & ; ( ) < > space tab newline\fP +.if n \fB| & ; ( ) < > space tab newline\fP +.RE +.TP +.B control operator +A \fItoken\fP that performs a control function. It is one of the following +symbols: +.RS +.PP +.if t \fB|| & && ; ;; ;& ;;& ( ) | |& \fP +.if n \fB|| & && ; ;; ;& ;;& ( ) | |& \fP +.RE +.PD +.SH "RESERVED WORDS" +\fIReserved words\fP are words that have a special meaning to the shell. +The following words are recognized as reserved when unquoted and either +the first word of a command (see +.SM +.B SHELL GRAMMAR +below), the third word of a +.B case +or +.B select +command +(only \fBin\fP is valid), or the third word of a +.B for +command (only \fBin\fP and \fBdo\fP are valid): +.if t .RS +.PP +.B +.if n ! case coproc do done elif else esac fi for function if in select then until while { } time [[ ]] +.if t ! case coproc do done elif else esac fi for function if in select then until while { } time [[ ]] +.if t .RE +.SH "SHELL GRAMMAR" +This section describes the syntax of the various forms of shell commands. +.SS Simple Commands +A \fIsimple command\fP is a sequence of optional variable assignments +followed by \fBblank\fP-separated words and redirections, and +terminated by a \fIcontrol operator\fP. The first word +specifies the command to be executed, and is passed as argument zero. +The remaining words are passed as arguments to the invoked command. +.PP +The return value of a \fIsimple command\fP is its exit status, or +128+\fIn\^\fP if the command is terminated by signal +.IR n . +.SS Pipelines +A \fIpipeline\fP is a sequence of one or more commands separated by +one of the control operators +.B | +or \fB|&\fP. +The format for a pipeline is: +.RS +.PP +[\fBtime\fP [\fB\-p\fP]] [ ! ] \fIcommand1\fP [ [\fB|\fP\(bv\fB|&\fP] \fIcommand2\fP ... ] +.RE +.PP +The standard output of +.I command1 +is connected via a pipe to the standard input of +.IR command2 . +This connection is performed before any redirections specified by the +.IR command1 (see +.SM +.B REDIRECTION +below). +If \fB|&\fP is used, \fIcommand1\fP's standard error, in addition to its +standard output, is connected to +\fIcommand2\fP's standard input through the pipe; +it is shorthand for \fB2>&1 |\fP. +This implicit redirection of the standard error to the standard output is +performed after any redirections specified by \fIcommand1\fP. +.PP +The return status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last +command, unless the \fBpipefail\fP option is enabled. +If \fBpipefail\fP is enabled, the pipeline's return status is the +value of the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status, +or zero if all commands exit successfully. +If the reserved word +.B ! +precedes a pipeline, the exit status of that pipeline is the logical +negation of the exit status as described above. +The shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to +terminate before returning a value. +.PP +If the +.B time +reserved word precedes a pipeline, the elapsed as well as user and +system time consumed by its execution are reported when the pipeline +terminates. +The \fB\-p\fP option changes the output format to that specified by POSIX. +When the shell is in \fIposix mode\fP, it does not recognize +\fBtime\fP as a reserved word if the next token begins with a `-'. +The +.SM +.B TIMEFORMAT +variable may be set to a format string that specifies how the timing +information should be displayed; see the description of +.SM +.B TIMEFORMAT +under +.B "Shell Variables" +below. +.PP +When the shell is in \fIposix mode\fP, \fBtime\fP +may be followed by a newline. In this case, the shell displays the +total user and system time consumed by the shell and its children. +The +.SM +.B TIMEFORMAT +variable may be used to specify the format of +the time information. +.PP +Each command in a multi-command pipeline, +where pipes are created, +is executed in a \fIsubshell\fP, which is a +separate process. +See +.SM +\fBCOMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT\fP +for a description of subshells and a subshell environment. +If the \fBlastpipe\fP option is enabled using the \fBshopt\fP builtin +(see the description of \fBshopt\fP below), +the last element of a pipeline may be run by the shell process +when job control is not active. +.SS Lists +A \fIlist\fP is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one +of the operators +.BR ; , +.BR & , +.BR && , +or +.BR || , +and optionally terminated by one of +.BR ; , +.BR & , +or +.BR . +.PP +Of these list operators, +.B && +and +.B || +have equal precedence, followed by +.B ; +and +.BR & , +which have equal precedence. +.PP +A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a \fIlist\fP instead +of a semicolon to delimit commands. +.PP +If a command is terminated by the control operator +.BR & , +the shell executes the command in the \fIbackground\fP +in a subshell. +The shell does not wait for the command to +finish, and the return status is 0. +These are referred to as \fIasynchronous\fP commands. +Commands separated by a +.B ; +are executed sequentially; the shell waits for each +command to terminate in turn. The return status is the +exit status of the last command executed. +.PP +AND and OR lists are sequences of one or more pipelines separated by the +\fB&&\fP and \fB||\fP control operators, respectively. +AND and OR lists are executed with left associativity. +An AND list has the form +.RS +.PP +\fIcommand1\fP \fB&&\fP \fIcommand2\fP +.RE +.PP +.I command2 +is executed if, and only if, +.I command1 +returns an exit status of zero (success). +.PP +An OR list has the form +.RS +.PP +\fIcommand1\fP \fB||\fP \fIcommand2\fP +.RE +.PP +.I command2 +is executed if, and only if, +.I command1 +returns a non-zero exit status. +The return status of +AND and OR lists is the exit status of the last command +executed in the list. +.SS Compound Commands +A \fIcompound command\fP is one of the following. +In most cases a \fIlist\fP in a command's description may be separated from +the rest of the command by one or more newlines, and may be followed by a +newline in place of a semicolon. +.TP +(\fIlist\fP) +\fIlist\fP is executed in a subshell (see +.SM +\fBCOMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT\fP +below for a description of a subshell environment). +Variable assignments and builtin +commands that affect the shell's environment do not remain in effect +after the command completes. The return status is the exit status of +\fIlist\fP. +.TP +{ \fIlist\fP; } +\fIlist\fP is simply executed in the current shell environment. +\fIlist\fP must be terminated with a newline or semicolon. +This is known as a \fIgroup command\fP. +The return status is the exit status of +\fIlist\fP. +Note that unlike the metacharacters \fB(\fP and \fB)\fP, \fB{\fP and +\fB}\fP are \fIreserved words\fP and must occur where a reserved +word is permitted to be recognized. Since they do not cause a word +break, they must be separated from \fIlist\fP by whitespace or another +shell metacharacter. +.TP +((\fIexpression\fP)) +The \fIexpression\fP is evaluated according to the rules described +below under +.SM +.BR "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION" . +If the value of the expression is non-zero, the return status is 0; +otherwise the return status is 1. +The \fIexpression\fP +undergoes the same expansions +as if it were within double quotes, +but double quote characters in \fIexpression\fP are not treated specially +and are removed. +.TP +\fB[[\fP \fIexpression\fP \fB]]\fP +Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of +the conditional expression \fIexpression\fP. +Expressions are composed of the primaries described below under +.SM +.BR "CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS" . +The words between the \fB[[\fP and \fB]]\fP do not undergo word splitting +and pathname expansion. +The shell performs tilde expansion, parameter and +variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process +substitution, and quote removal on those words +(the expansions that would occur if the words were enclosed in double quotes). +Conditional operators such as \fB\-f\fP must be unquoted to be recognized +as primaries. +.if t .sp 0.5 +.if n .sp 1 +When used with \fB[[\fP, the \fB<\fP and \fB>\fP operators sort +lexicographically using the current locale. +.if t .sp 0.5 +.if n .sp 1 +When the \fB==\fP and \fB!=\fP operators are used, the string to the +right of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according +to the rules described below under \fBPattern Matching\fP, +as if the \fBextglob\fP shell option were enabled. +The \fB=\fP operator is equivalent to \fB==\fP. +If the +.B nocasematch +shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +of alphabetic characters. +The return value is 0 if the string matches (\fB==\fP) or does not match +(\fB!=\fP) the pattern, and 1 otherwise. +Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted portion +to be matched as a string. +.if t .sp 0.5 +.if n .sp 1 +An additional binary operator, \fB=~\fP, is available, with the same +precedence as \fB==\fP and \fB!=\fP. +When it is used, the string to the right of the operator is considered +a POSIX extended regular expression and matched accordingly +(using the POSIX \fIregcomp\fP and \fIregexec\fP interfaces +usually described in \fIregex\fP(3)). +The return value is 0 if the string matches +the pattern, and 1 otherwise. +If the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional +expression's return value is 2. +If the +.B nocasematch +shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +of alphabetic characters. +If any part of the pattern is quoted, the quoted portion is matched literally. +This means every character in the quoted portion matches itself, +instead of having any special pattern matching meaning. +If the pattern is stored in a shell variable, quoting the variable +expansion forces the entire pattern to be matched literally. +Treat bracket expressions in regular expressions carefully, +since normal quoting and pattern characters lose their meanings +between brackets. +.if t .sp 0.5 +.if n .sp 1 +The pattern will match if it matches any part of the string. +Anchor the pattern using the \fB^\fP and \fB$\fP regular expression +operators to force it to match the entire string. +The array variable +.SM +.B BASH_REMATCH +records which parts of the string matched the pattern. +The element of +.SM +.B BASH_REMATCH +with index 0 contains the portion of +the string matching the entire regular expression. +Substrings matched by parenthesized subexpressions within the regular +expression are saved in the remaining +.SM +.B BASH_REMATCH +indices. The element of +.SM +.B BASH_REMATCH +with index \fIn\fP is the portion of the +string matching the \fIn\fPth parenthesized subexpression. +Bash sets +.SM +.B BASH_REMATCH +in the global scope; declaring it as a local variable will lead to +unexpected results. +.if t .sp 0.5 +.if n .sp 1 +Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed +in decreasing order of precedence: +.if t .sp 0.5 +.if n .sp 1 +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP +.B ( \fIexpression\fP ) +Returns the value of \fIexpression\fP. +This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators. +.TP +.B ! \fIexpression\fP +True if +.I expression +is false. +.TP +\fIexpression1\fP \fB&&\fP \fIexpression2\fP +True if both +.I expression1 +and +.I expression2 +are true. +.TP +\fIexpression1\fP \fB||\fP \fIexpression2\fP +True if either +.I expression1 +or +.I expression2 +is true. +.PD +.LP +The \fB&&\fP and \fB||\fP +operators do not evaluate \fIexpression2\fP if the value of +\fIexpression1\fP is sufficient to determine the return value of +the entire conditional expression. +.RE +.TP +\fBfor\fP \fIname\fP [ [ \fBin\fP [ \fIword ...\fP ] ] ; ] \fBdo\fP \fIlist\fP ; \fBdone\fP +The list of words following \fBin\fP is expanded, generating a list +of items. +The variable \fIname\fP is set to each element of this list +in turn, and \fIlist\fP is executed each time. +If the \fBin\fP \fIword\fP is omitted, the \fBfor\fP command executes +\fIlist\fP once for each positional parameter that is set (see +.SM +.B PARAMETERS +below). +The return status is the exit status of the last command that executes. +If the expansion of the items following \fBin\fP results in an empty +list, no commands are executed, and the return status is 0. +.TP +\fBfor\fP (( \fIexpr1\fP ; \fIexpr2\fP ; \fIexpr3\fP )) ; \fBdo\fP \fIlist\fP ; \fBdone\fP +First, the arithmetic expression \fIexpr1\fP is evaluated according +to the rules described below under +.SM +.BR "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION" . +The arithmetic expression \fIexpr2\fP is then evaluated repeatedly +until it evaluates to zero. +Each time \fIexpr2\fP evaluates to a non-zero value, \fIlist\fP is +executed and the arithmetic expression \fIexpr3\fP is evaluated. +If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1. +The return value is the exit status of the last command in \fIlist\fP +that is executed, or false if any of the expressions is invalid. +.TP +\fBselect\fP \fIname\fP [ \fBin\fP \fIword\fP ] ; \fBdo\fP \fIlist\fP ; \fBdone\fP +The list of words following \fBin\fP is expanded, generating a list +of items, and the set of expanded words is printed on the standard +error, each preceded by a number. If the \fBin\fP +\fIword\fP is omitted, the positional parameters are printed (see +.SM +.B PARAMETERS +below). +.B select +then displays the +.SM +.B PS3 +prompt and reads a line from the standard input. +If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of +the displayed words, then the value of +.I name +is set to that word. +If the line is empty, the words and prompt are displayed again. +If EOF is read, the \fBselect\fP command completes and returns 1. +Any other value read causes +.I name +to be set to null. The line read is saved in the variable +.SM +.BR REPLY . +The +.I list +is executed after each selection until a +.B break +command is executed. +The exit status of +.B select +is the exit status of the last command executed in +.IR list , +or zero if no commands were executed. +.TP +\fBcase\fP \fIword\fP \fBin\fP [ [(] \fIpattern\fP [ \fB|\fP \fIpattern\fP ] \ +... ) \fIlist\fP ;; ] ... \fBesac\fP +A \fBcase\fP command first expands \fIword\fP, and tries to match +it against each \fIpattern\fP in turn, using the matching rules +described under +.B Pattern Matching +below. +The \fIword\fP is expanded using tilde +expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, +command substitution, process substitution and quote removal. +Each \fIpattern\fP examined is expanded using tilde +expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, +command substitution, process substitution, and quote removal. +If the +.B nocasematch +shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +of alphabetic characters. +When a match is found, the corresponding \fIlist\fP is executed. +If the \fB;;\fP operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted after +the first pattern match. +Using \fB;&\fP in place of \fB;;\fP causes execution to continue with +the \fIlist\fP associated with the next set of patterns. +Using \fB;;&\fP in place of \fB;;\fP causes the shell to test the next +pattern list in the statement, if any, and execute any associated \fIlist\fP +on a successful match, +continuing the case statement execution as if the pattern list had not matched. +The exit status is zero if no +pattern matches. Otherwise, it is the exit status of the +last command executed in \fIlist\fP. +.TP +\fBif\fP \fIlist\fP; \fBthen\fP \fIlist\fP; \ +[ \fBelif\fP \fIlist\fP; \fBthen\fP \fIlist\fP; ] ... \ +[ \fBelse\fP \fIlist\fP; ] \fBfi\fP +The +.B if +.I list +is executed. If its exit status is zero, the +\fBthen\fP \fIlist\fP is executed. Otherwise, each \fBelif\fP +\fIlist\fP is executed in turn, and if its exit status is zero, +the corresponding \fBthen\fP \fIlist\fP is executed and the +command completes. Otherwise, the \fBelse\fP \fIlist\fP is +executed, if present. The exit status is the exit status of the +last command executed, or zero if no condition tested true. +.TP +\fBwhile\fP \fIlist-1\fP; \fBdo\fP \fIlist-2\fP; \fBdone\fP +.PD 0 +.TP +\fBuntil\fP \fIlist-1\fP; \fBdo\fP \fIlist-2\fP; \fBdone\fP +.PD +The \fBwhile\fP command continuously executes the list +\fIlist-2\fP as long as the last command in the list \fIlist-1\fP returns +an exit status of zero. The \fBuntil\fP command is identical +to the \fBwhile\fP command, except that the test is negated: +.I list-2 +is executed as long as the last command in +.I list-1 +returns a non-zero exit status. +The exit status of the \fBwhile\fP and \fBuntil\fP commands +is the exit status +of the last command executed in \fIlist-2\fP, or zero if +none was executed. +.SS Coprocesses +A \fIcoprocess\fP is a shell command preceded by the \fBcoproc\fP reserved +word. +A coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command +had been terminated with the \fB&\fP control operator, with a two-way pipe +established between the executing shell and the coprocess. +.PP +The syntax for a coprocess is: +.RS +.PP +\fBcoproc\fP [\fINAME\fP] \fIcommand\fP [\fIredirections\fP] +.RE +.PP +This creates a coprocess named \fINAME\fP. +\fIcommand\fP may be either a simple command or a compound +command (see above). +\fINAME\fP is a shell variable name. +If \fINAME\fP is not supplied, the default name is \fBCOPROC\fP. +.PP +The recommended form to use for a coprocess is +.RS +.PP +\fBcoproc\fP \fINAME\fP { \fIcommand\fP [\fIredirections\fP]; } +.RE +.PP +This form is recommended because simple commands result in the coprocess +always being named \fBCOPROC\fP, and it is simpler to use and more complete +than the other compound commands. +.PP +If \fIcommand\fP is a compound command, \fINAME\fP is optional. The +word following \fBcoproc\fP determines whether that word is interpreted +as a variable name: it is interpreted as \fINAME\fP if it is not a +reserved word that introduces a compound command. +If \fIcommand\fP is a simple command, \fINAME\fP is not allowed; this +is to avoid confusion between \fINAME\fP and the first word of the simple +command. +.PP +When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable (see +.B Arrays +below) named \fINAME\fP in the context of the executing shell. +The standard output of +.I command +is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell, +and that file descriptor is assigned to \fINAME\fP[0]. +The standard input of +.I command +is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell, +and that file descriptor is assigned to \fINAME\fP[1]. +This pipe is established before any redirections specified by the +command (see +.SM +.B REDIRECTION +below). +The file descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell commands +and redirections using standard word expansions. +Other than those created to execute command and process substitutions, +the file descriptors are not available in subshells. +.PP +The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is +available as the value of the variable \fINAME\fP_PID. +The \fBwait\fP +builtin command may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate. +.PP +Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, +the \fBcoproc\fP command always returns success. +The return status of a coprocess is the exit status of \fIcommand\fP. +.SS Shell Function Definitions +A shell function is an object that is called like a simple command and +executes a compound command with a new set of positional parameters. +Shell functions are declared as follows: +.TP +\fIfname\fP () \fIcompound\-command\fP [\fIredirection\fP] +.PD 0 +.TP +\fBfunction\fP \fIfname\fP [()] \fIcompound\-command\fP [\fIredirection\fP] +.PD +This defines a function named \fIfname\fP. +The reserved word \fBfunction\fP is optional. +If the \fBfunction\fP reserved word is supplied, the parentheses are optional. +The \fIbody\fP of the function is the compound command +.I compound\-command +(see \fBCompound Commands\fP above). +That command is usually a \fIlist\fP of commands between { and }, but +may be any command listed under \fBCompound Commands\fP above. +If the \fBfunction\fP reserved word is used, but the +parentheses are not supplied, the braces are recommended. +\fIcompound\-command\fP is executed whenever \fIfname\fP is specified as the +name of a simple command. +When in \fIposix mode\fP, \fIfname\fP must be a valid shell \fIname\fP +and may not be the name of one of the +POSIX \fIspecial builtins\fP. +In default mode, a function name can be any unquoted shell word that does +not contain \fB$\fP. +Any redirections (see +.SM +.B REDIRECTION +below) specified when a function is defined are performed +when the function is executed. +The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax error +occurs or a readonly function with the same name already exists. +When executed, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the +last command executed in the body. (See +.SM +.B FUNCTIONS +below.) +.SH COMMENTS +In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the +.B interactive_comments +option to the +.B shopt +builtin is enabled (see +.SM +.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" +below), a word beginning with +.B # +causes that word and all remaining characters on that line to +be ignored. An interactive shell without the +.B interactive_comments +option enabled does not allow comments. The +.B interactive_comments +option is on by default in interactive shells. +.SH QUOTING +\fIQuoting\fP is used to remove the special meaning of certain +characters or words to the shell. Quoting can be used to +disable special treatment for special characters, to prevent +reserved words from being recognized as such, and to prevent +parameter expansion. +.PP +Each of the \fImetacharacters\fP listed above under +.SM +.B DEFINITIONS +has special meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to +represent itself. +.PP +When the command history expansion facilities are being used +(see +.SM +.B HISTORY EXPANSION +below), the +\fIhistory expansion\fP character, usually \fB!\fP, must be quoted +to prevent history expansion. +.PP +There are three quoting mechanisms: the +.IR "escape character" , +single quotes, and double quotes. +.PP +A non-quoted backslash (\fB\e\fP) is the +.IR "escape character" . +It preserves the literal value of the next character that follows, +with the exception of . If a \fB\e\fP pair +appears, and the backslash is not itself quoted, the \fB\e\fP +is treated as a line continuation (that is, it is removed from the +input stream and effectively ignored). +.PP +Enclosing characters in single quotes preserves the literal value +of each character within the quotes. A single quote may not occur +between single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash. +.PP +Enclosing characters in double quotes preserves the literal value +of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of +.BR $ , +.BR \` , +.BR \e , +and, when history expansion is enabled, +.BR ! . +When the shell is in \fIposix mode\fP, the \fB!\fP has no special meaning +within double quotes, even when history expansion is enabled. +The characters +.B $ +and +.B \` +retain their special meaning within double quotes. The backslash +retains its special meaning only when followed by one of the following +characters: +.BR $ , +.BR \` , +\^\fB"\fP\^, +.BR \e , +or +.BR . +A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with +a backslash. +If enabled, history expansion will be performed unless an +.B ! +appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash. +The backslash preceding the +.B ! +is not removed. +.PP +The special parameters +.B * +and +.B @ +have special meaning when in double +quotes (see +.SM +.B PARAMETERS +below). +.PP +Character sequences of the form \fB$\fP\(aq\fIstring\fP\(aq are treated +as a special variant of single quotes. +The sequence expands to \fIstring\fP, with backslash-escaped characters +in \fIstring\fP replaced as specified by the ANSI C standard. +Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded as follows: +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP +.B \ea +alert (bell) +.TP +.B \eb +backspace +.TP +.B \ee +.TP +.B \eE +an escape character +.TP +.B \ef +form feed +.TP +.B \en +new line +.TP +.B \er +carriage return +.TP +.B \et +horizontal tab +.TP +.B \ev +vertical tab +.TP +.B \e\e +backslash +.TP +.B \e\(aq +single quote +.TP +.B \e\(dq +double quote +.TP +.B \e? +question mark +.TP +.B \e\fInnn\fP +the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value \fInnn\fP +(one to three octal digits) +.TP +.B \ex\fIHH\fP +the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value \fIHH\fP +(one or two hex digits) +.TP +.B \eu\fIHHHH\fP +the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value +\fIHHHH\fP (one to four hex digits) +.TP +.B \eU\fIHHHHHHHH\fP +the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value +\fIHHHHHHHH\fP (one to eight hex digits) +.TP +.B \ec\fIx\fP +a control-\fIx\fP character +.PD +.RE +.LP +The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had +not been present. +.PP +A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign (\fB$\fP\(dq\fIstring\fP\(dq) +will cause the string to be translated according to the current locale. +The \fIgettext\fP infrastructure performs the lookup and +translation, using the \fBLC_MESSAGES\fP, \fBTEXTDOMAINDIR\fP, +and \fBTEXTDOMAIN\fP shell variables. +If the current locale is \fBC\fP or \fBPOSIX\fP, +if there are no translations available, +or if the string is not translated, +the dollar sign is ignored. +This is a form of double quoting, so the string remains double-quoted +by default, whether or not it is translated and replaced. +If the \fBnoexpand_translation\fP option is enabled +using the \fBshopt\fP builtin, +translated strings are single-quoted instead of double-quoted. +See the description of +.B shopt +below under +.SM +.BR SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS . +.SH PARAMETERS +A +.I parameter +is an entity that stores values. +It can be a +.IR name , +a number, or one of the special characters listed below under +.BR "Special Parameters" . +A +.I variable +is a parameter denoted by a +.IR name . +A variable has a \fIvalue\fP and zero or more \fIattributes\fP. +Attributes are assigned using the +.B declare +builtin command (see +.B declare +below in +.SM +.BR "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" ). +.PP +A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value. The null string is +a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using +the +.B unset +builtin command (see +.SM +.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS +below). +.PP +A +.I variable +may be assigned to by a statement of the form +.RS +.PP +\fIname\fP=[\fIvalue\fP] +.RE +.PP +If +.I value +is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All +.I values +undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote +removal (see +.SM +.B EXPANSION +below). If the variable has its +.B integer +attribute set, then +.I value +is evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the $((...)) expansion is +not used (see +.B "Arithmetic Expansion" +below). +Word splitting and pathname expansion are not performed. +Assignment statements may also appear as arguments to the +.BR alias , +.BR declare , +.BR typeset , +.BR export , +.BR readonly , +and +.B local +builtin commands (\fIdeclaration\fP commands). +When in \fIposix mode\fP, these builtins may appear in a command after +one or more instances of the \fBcommand\fP builtin and retain these +assignment statement properties. +.PP +In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value +to a shell variable or array index, the += operator can be used to +append to or add to the variable's previous value. +This includes arguments to builtin commands such as \fBdeclare\fP that +accept assignment statements (\fIdeclaration\fP commands). +When += is applied to a variable for which the \fBinteger\fP attribute has been +set, \fIvalue\fP is evaluated as an arithmetic expression and added to the +variable's current value, which is also evaluated. +When += is applied to an array variable using compound assignment (see +.B Arrays +below), the +variable's value is not unset (as it is when using =), and new values are +appended to the array beginning at one greater than the array's maximum index +(for indexed arrays) or added as additional key\-value pairs in an +associative array. +When applied to a string-valued variable, \fIvalue\fP is expanded and +appended to the variable's value. +.PP +A variable can be assigned the \fInameref\fP attribute using the +\fB\-n\fP option to the \fBdeclare\fP or \fBlocal\fP builtin commands +(see the descriptions of \fBdeclare\fP and \fBlocal\fP below) +to create a \fInameref\fP, or a reference to another variable. +This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly. +Whenever the nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has +its attributes modified (other than using or changing the \fInameref\fP +attribute itself), the +operation is actually performed on the variable specified by the nameref +variable's value. +A nameref is commonly used within shell functions to refer to a variable +whose name is passed as an argument to the function. +For instance, if a variable name is passed to a shell function as its first +argument, running +.sp .5 +.RS +.if t \f(CWdeclare -n ref=$1\fP +.if n declare -n ref=$1 +.RE +.sp .5 +inside the function creates a nameref variable \fBref\fP whose value is +the variable name passed as the first argument. +References and assignments to \fBref\fP, and changes to its attributes, +are treated as references, assignments, and attribute modifications +to the variable whose name was passed as \fB$1\fP. +If the control variable in a \fBfor\fP loop has the nameref attribute, +the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a name reference +will be established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is +executed. +Array variables cannot be given the \fBnameref\fP attribute. +However, nameref variables can reference array variables and subscripted +array variables. +Namerefs can be unset using the \fB\-n\fP option to the \fBunset\fP builtin. +Otherwise, if \fBunset\fP is executed with the name of a nameref variable +as an argument, the variable referenced by the nameref variable will be unset. +.SS Positional Parameters +A +.I positional parameter +is a parameter denoted by one or more +digits, other than the single digit 0. Positional parameters are +assigned from the shell's arguments when it is invoked, +and may be reassigned using the +.B set +builtin command. Positional parameters may not be assigned to +with assignment statements. The positional parameters are +temporarily replaced when a shell function is executed (see +.SM +.B FUNCTIONS +below). +.PP +When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single +digit is expanded, it must be enclosed in braces (see +.SM +.B EXPANSION +below). +.SS Special Parameters +The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may +only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed. +.PD 0 +.TP +.B * +Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. +When the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional parameter +expands to a separate word. +In contexts where it is performed, those words +are subject to further word splitting and pathname expansion. +When the expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a single word +with the value of each parameter separated by the first character of the +.SM +.B IFS +special variable. That is, "\fB$*\fP" is equivalent +to "\fB$1\fP\fIc\fP\fB$2\fP\fIc\fP\fB...\fP", where +.I c +is the first character of the value of the +.SM +.B IFS +variable. If +.SM +.B IFS +is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces. +If +.SM +.B IFS +is null, the parameters are joined without intervening separators. +.TP +.B @ +Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. +In contexts where word splitting is performed, this expands each +positional parameter to a separate word; if not within double +quotes, these words are subject to word splitting. +In contexts where word splitting is not performed, +this expands to a single word +with each positional parameter separated by a space. +When the +expansion occurs within double quotes, each parameter expands to a +separate word. That is, "\fB$@\fP" is equivalent to +"\fB$1\fP" "\fB$2\fP" ... +If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of +the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original +word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last +part of the original word. +When there are no positional parameters, "\fB$@\fP" and +.B $@ +expand to nothing (i.e., they are removed). +.TP +.B # +Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal. +.TP +.B ? +Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed foreground +pipeline. +.TP +.B \- +Expands to the current option flags as specified upon invocation, +by the +.B set +builtin command, or those set by the shell itself +(such as the +.B \-i +option). +.TP +.B $ +Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a subshell, it +expands to the process ID of the current shell, not the +subshell. +.TP +.B ! +Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed into the +background, whether executed as an asynchronous command or using +the \fBbg\fP builtin (see +.SM +.B "JOB CONTROL" +below). +.TP +.B 0 +Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set at +shell initialization. If +.B bash +is invoked with a file of commands, +.B $0 +is set to the name of that file. If +.B bash +is started with the +.B \-c +option, then +.B $0 +is set to the first argument after the string to be +executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is set +to the filename used to invoke +.BR bash , +as given by argument zero. +.PD +.SS Shell Variables +The following variables are set by the shell: +.PP +.PD 0 +.TP +.B _ +At shell startup, set to the pathname used to invoke the +shell or shell script being executed as passed in the environment +or argument list. +Subsequently, expands to the last argument to the previous simple +command executed in the foreground, after expansion. +Also set to the full pathname used to invoke each command executed +and placed in the environment exported to that command. +When checking mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file +currently being checked. +.TP +.B BASH +Expands to the full filename used to invoke this instance of +.BR bash . +.TP +.B BASHOPTS +A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in +the list is a valid argument for the +.B \-s +option to the +.B shopt +builtin command (see +.SM +.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" +below). The options appearing in +.SM +.B BASHOPTS +are those reported as +.I on +by \fBshopt\fP. +If this variable is in the environment when +.B bash +starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before +reading any startup files. +This variable is read-only. +.TP +.B BASHPID +Expands to the process ID of the current \fBbash\fP process. +This differs from \fB$$\fP under certain circumstances, such as subshells +that do not require \fBbash\fP to be re-initialized. +Assignments to +.SM +.B BASHPID +have no effect. +If +.B BASHPID +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +.TP +.B BASH_ALIASES +An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal +list of aliases as maintained by the \fBalias\fP builtin. +Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; however, +unsetting array elements currently does not cause aliases to be removed +from the alias list. +If +.B BASH_ALIASES +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +.TP +.B BASH_ARGC +An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each +frame of the current \fBbash\fP execution call stack. +The number of +parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or script executed +with \fB.\fP or \fBsource\fP) is at the top of the stack. +When a subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed is pushed onto +.SM +.BR BASH_ARGC . +The shell sets +.SM +.B BASH_ARGC +only when in extended debugging mode (see the description of the +.B extdebug +option to the +.B shopt +builtin below). +Setting \fBextdebug\fP after the shell has started to execute a script, +or referencing this variable when \fBextdebug\fP is not set, +may result in inconsistent values. +.TP +.B BASH_ARGV +An array variable containing all of the parameters in the current \fBbash\fP +execution call stack. The final parameter of the last subroutine call +is at the top of the stack; the first parameter of the initial call is +at the bottom. When a subroutine is executed, the parameters supplied +are pushed onto +.SM +.BR BASH_ARGV . +The shell sets +.SM +.B BASH_ARGV +only when in extended debugging mode +(see the description of the +.B extdebug +option to the +.B shopt +builtin below). +Setting \fBextdebug\fP after the shell has started to execute a script, +or referencing this variable when \fBextdebug\fP is not set, +may result in inconsistent values. +.TP +.B BASH_ARGV0 +When referenced, this variable expands to the name of the shell or shell +script (identical to +.BR $0 ; +see the description of special parameter 0 above). +Assignment to +.B BASH_ARGV0 +causes the value assigned to also be assigned to \fB$0\fP. +If +.B BASH_ARGV0 +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +.TP +.B BASH_CMDS +An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal +hash table of commands as maintained by the \fBhash\fP builtin. +Elements added to this array appear in the hash table; however, +unsetting array elements currently does not cause command names to be removed +from the hash table. +If +.B BASH_CMDS +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +.TP +.B BASH_COMMAND +The command currently being executed or about to be executed, unless the +shell is executing a command as the result of a trap, +in which case it is the command executing at the time of the trap. +If +.B BASH_COMMAND +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +.TP +.B BASH_EXECUTION_STRING +The command argument to the \fB\-c\fP invocation option. +.TP +.B BASH_LINENO +An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source files +where each corresponding member of +.SM +.B FUNCNAME +was invoked. +\fB${BASH_LINENO[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP is the line number in the source +file (\fB${BASH_SOURCE[\fP\fI$i+1\fP\fB]}\fP) where +\fB${FUNCNAME[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP was called +(or \fB${BASH_LINENO[\fP\fI$i-1\fP\fB]}\fP if referenced within another +shell function). +Use +.SM +.B LINENO +to obtain the current line number. +.TP +.B BASH_LOADABLES_PATH +A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for +dynamically loadable builtins specified by the +.B enable +command. +.TP +.B BASH_REMATCH +An array variable whose members are assigned by the \fB=~\fP binary +operator to the \fB[[\fP conditional command. +The element with index 0 is the portion of the string +matching the entire regular expression. +The element with index \fIn\fP is the portion of the +string matching the \fIn\fPth parenthesized subexpression. +.TP +.B BASH_SOURCE +An array variable whose members are the source filenames +where the corresponding shell function names in the +.SM +.B FUNCNAME +array variable are defined. +The shell function +\fB${FUNCNAME[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP is defined in the file +\fB${BASH_SOURCE[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP and called from +\fB${BASH_SOURCE[\fP\fI$i+1\fP\fB]}\fP. +.TP +.B BASH_SUBSHELL +Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell environment when +the shell begins executing in that environment. +The initial value is 0. +If +.B BASH_SUBSHELL +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +.TP +.B BASH_VERSINFO +A readonly array variable whose members hold version information for +this instance of +.BR bash . +The values assigned to the array members are as follows: +.sp .5 +.RS +.TP 24 +.B BASH_VERSINFO[\fR0\fP] +The major version number (the \fIrelease\fP). +.TP +.B BASH_VERSINFO[\fR1\fP] +The minor version number (the \fIversion\fP). +.TP +.B BASH_VERSINFO[\fR2\fP] +The patch level. +.TP +.B BASH_VERSINFO[\fR3\fP] +The build version. +.TP +.B BASH_VERSINFO[\fR4\fP] +The release status (e.g., \fIbeta1\fP). +.TP +.B BASH_VERSINFO[\fR5\fP] +The value of +.SM +.BR MACHTYPE . +.RE +.TP +.B BASH_VERSION +Expands to a string describing the version of this instance of +.BR bash . +.TP +.B COMP_CWORD +An index into \fB${COMP_WORDS}\fP of the word containing the current +cursor position. +This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the +programmable completion facilities (see \fBProgrammable Completion\fP +below). +.TP +.B COMP_KEY +The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the current +completion function. +.TP +.B COMP_LINE +The current command line. +This variable is available only in shell functions and external +commands invoked by the +programmable completion facilities (see \fBProgrammable Completion\fP +below). +.TP +.B COMP_POINT +The index of the current cursor position relative to the beginning of +the current command. +If the current cursor position is at the end of the current command, +the value of this variable is equal to \fB${#COMP_LINE}\fP. +This variable is available only in shell functions and external +commands invoked by the +programmable completion facilities (see \fBProgrammable Completion\fP +below). +.TP +.B COMP_TYPE +Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion attempted +that caused a completion function to be called: +\fITAB\fP, for normal completion, +\fI?\fP, for listing completions after successive tabs, +\fI!\fP, for listing alternatives on partial word completion, +\fI@\fP, to list completions if the word is not unmodified, +or +\fI%\fP, for menu completion. +This variable is available only in shell functions and external +commands invoked by the +programmable completion facilities (see \fBProgrammable Completion\fP +below). +.TP +.B COMP_WORDBREAKS +The set of characters that the \fBreadline\fP library treats as word +separators when performing word completion. +If +.SM +.B COMP_WORDBREAKS +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +.TP +.B COMP_WORDS +An array variable (see \fBArrays\fP below) consisting of the individual +words in the current command line. +The line is split into words as \fBreadline\fP would split it, using +.SM +.B COMP_WORDBREAKS +as described above. +This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the +programmable completion facilities (see \fBProgrammable Completion\fP +below). +.TP +.B COPROC +An array variable (see \fBArrays\fP below) created to hold the file descriptors +for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess (see \fBCoprocesses\fP +above). +.TP +.B DIRSTACK +An array variable (see +.B Arrays +below) containing the current contents of the directory stack. +Directories appear in the stack in the order they are displayed by the +.B dirs +builtin. +Assigning to members of this array variable may be used to modify +directories already in the stack, but the +.B pushd +and +.B popd +builtins must be used to add and remove directories. +Assignment to this variable will not change the current directory. +If +.SM +.B DIRSTACK +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +.TP +.B EPOCHREALTIME +Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of seconds +since the Unix Epoch (see \fItime\fP\fR(3)\fP) as a floating point value +with micro-second granularity. +Assignments to +.SM +.B EPOCHREALTIME +are ignored. +If +.SM +.B EPOCHREALTIME +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +.TP +.B EPOCHSECONDS +Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of seconds +since the Unix Epoch (see \fItime\fP\fR(3)\fP). +Assignments to +.SM +.B EPOCHSECONDS +are ignored. +If +.SM +.B EPOCHSECONDS +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +.TP +.B EUID +Expands to the effective user ID of the current user, initialized at +shell startup. This variable is readonly. +.TP +.B FUNCNAME +An array variable containing the names of all shell functions +currently in the execution call stack. +The element with index 0 is the name of any currently-executing +shell function. +The bottom-most element (the one with the highest index) is +.if t \f(CW"main"\fP. +.if n "main". +This variable exists only when a shell function is executing. +Assignments to +.SM +.B FUNCNAME +have no effect. +If +.SM +.B FUNCNAME +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +.if t .sp 0.5 +.if n .sp 1 +This variable can be used with \fBBASH_LINENO\fP and \fBBASH_SOURCE\fP. +Each element of \fBFUNCNAME\fP has corresponding elements in +\fBBASH_LINENO\fP and \fBBASH_SOURCE\fP to describe the call stack. +For instance, \fB${FUNCNAME[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP was called from the file +\fB${BASH_SOURCE[\fP\fI$i+1\fP\fB]}\fP at line number +\fB${BASH_LINENO[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP. +The \fBcaller\fP builtin displays the current call stack using this +information. +.TP +.B GROUPS +An array variable containing the list of groups of which the current +user is a member. +Assignments to +.SM +.B GROUPS +have no effect. +If +.SM +.B GROUPS +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +.TP +.B HISTCMD +The history number, or index in the history list, of the current +command. +Assignments to +.SM +.B HISTCMD +are ignored. +If +.SM +.B HISTCMD +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +.TP +.B HOSTNAME +Automatically set to the name of the current host. +.TP +.B HOSTTYPE +Automatically set to a string that uniquely +describes the type of machine on which +.B bash +is executing. +The default is system-dependent. +.TP +.B LINENO +Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes +a decimal number representing the current sequential line number +(starting with 1) within a script or function. When not in a +script or function, the value substituted is not guaranteed to +be meaningful. +If +.SM +.B LINENO +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +.TP +.B MACHTYPE +Automatically set to a string that fully describes the system +type on which +.B bash +is executing, in the standard GNU \fIcpu-company-system\fP format. +The default is system-dependent. +.TP +.B MAPFILE +An array variable (see \fBArrays\fP below) created to hold the text +read by the \fBmapfile\fP builtin when no variable name is supplied. +.TP +.B OLDPWD +The previous working directory as set by the +.B cd +command. +.TP +.B OPTARG +The value of the last option argument processed by the +.B getopts +builtin command (see +.SM +.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS +below). +.TP +.B OPTIND +The index of the next argument to be processed by the +.B getopts +builtin command (see +.SM +.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS +below). +.TP +.B OSTYPE +Automatically set to a string that +describes the operating system on which +.B bash +is executing. +The default is system-dependent. +.TP +.B PIPESTATUS +An array variable (see +.B Arrays +below) containing a list of exit status values from the processes +in the most-recently-executed foreground pipeline (which may +contain only a single command). +.TP +.B PPID +The process ID of the shell's parent. This variable is readonly. +.TP +.B PWD +The current working directory as set by the +.B cd +command. +.TP +.B RANDOM +Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to a random integer +between 0 and 32767. +Assigning +a value to +.SM +.BR RANDOM +initializes (seeds) the sequence of random numbers. +If +.SM +.B RANDOM +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +.TP +.B READLINE_ARGUMENT +Any numeric argument given to a readline command that was defined using +.if t \f(CWbind -x\fP +.if n "bind -x" +(see +.SM +.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" +below) +when it was invoked. +.TP +.B READLINE_LINE +The contents of the +.B readline +line buffer, for use with +.if t \f(CWbind -x\fP +.if n "bind -x" +(see +.SM +.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" +below). +.TP +.B READLINE_MARK +The position of the mark (saved insertion point) in the +.B readline +line buffer, for use with +.if t \f(CWbind -x\fP +.if n "bind -x" +(see +.SM +.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" +below). +The characters between the insertion point and the mark are often +called the \fIregion\fP. +.TP +.B READLINE_POINT +The position of the insertion point in the +.B readline +line buffer, for use with +.if t \f(CWbind -x\fP +.if n "bind -x" +(see +.SM +.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" +below). +.TP +.B REPLY +Set to the line of input read by the +.B read +builtin command when no arguments are supplied. +.TP +.B SECONDS +Each time this parameter is +referenced, it expands to the number of seconds since shell invocation. +If a value is assigned to +.SM +.BR SECONDS , +the value returned upon subsequent +references is +the number of seconds since the assignment plus the value assigned. +The number of seconds at shell invocation and the current time are always +determined by querying the system clock. +If +.SM +.B SECONDS +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +.TP +.B SHELLOPTS +A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in +the list is a valid argument for the +.B \-o +option to the +.B set +builtin command (see +.SM +.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" +below). The options appearing in +.SM +.B SHELLOPTS +are those reported as +.I on +by \fBset \-o\fP. +If this variable is in the environment when +.B bash +starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before +reading any startup files. +This variable is read-only. +.TP +.B SHLVL +Incremented by one each time an instance of +.B bash +is started. +.TP +.B SRANDOM +This variable expands to a 32-bit pseudo-random number each time it is +referenced. The random number generator is not linear on systems that +support \f(CW/dev/urandom\fP or \fIarc4random\fP, so each returned number +has no relationship to the numbers preceding it. +The random number generator cannot be seeded, so assignments to this +variable have no effect. +If +.SM +.B SRANDOM +is unset, it loses its special properties, +even if it is subsequently reset. +.TP +.B UID +Expands to the user ID of the current user, initialized at shell startup. +This variable is readonly. +.PD +.PP +The following variables are used by the shell. In some cases, +.B bash +assigns a default value to a variable; these cases are noted +below. +.PP +.PD 0 +.TP +.B BASH_COMPAT +The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level. +See +.SM +.B "SHELL COMPATIBILITY MODE" +below for a description of the various compatibility +levels and their effects. +The value may be a decimal number (e.g., 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) +corresponding to the desired compatibility level. +If \fBBASH_COMPAT\fP is unset or set to the empty string, the compatibility +level is set to the default for the current version. +If \fBBASH_COMPAT\fP is set to a value that is not one of the valid +compatibility levels, the shell prints an error message and sets the +compatibility level to the default for the current version. +The valid values correspond to the compatibility levels +described below under +.SM +.BR "SHELL COMPATIBILITY MODE" . +For example, 4.2 and 42 are valid values that correspond +to the \fBcompat42\fP \fBshopt\fP option +and set the compatibility level to 42. +The current version is also a valid value. +.TP +.B BASH_ENV +If this parameter is set when \fBbash\fP is executing a shell script, +its value is interpreted as a filename containing commands to +initialize the shell, as in +.IR ~/.bashrc . +The value of +.SM +.B BASH_ENV +is subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic +expansion before being interpreted as a filename. +.SM +.B PATH +is not used to search for the resultant filename. +.TP +.B BASH_XTRACEFD +If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, \fBbash\fP +will write the trace output generated when +.if t \f(CWset -x\fP +.if n \fIset -x\fP +is enabled to that file descriptor. +The file descriptor is closed when +.SM +.B BASH_XTRACEFD +is unset or assigned a new value. +Unsetting +.SM +.B BASH_XTRACEFD +or assigning it the empty string causes the +trace output to be sent to the standard error. +Note that setting +.SM +.B BASH_XTRACEFD +to 2 (the standard error file +descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the standard error +being closed. +.TP +.B CDPATH +The search path for the +.B cd +command. +This is a colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks +for destination directories specified by the +.B cd +command. +A sample value is +.if t \f(CW".:~:/usr"\fP. +.if n ".:~:/usr". +.TP +.B CHILD_MAX +Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to remember. +Bash will not allow this value to be decreased below a POSIX-mandated +minimum, and there is a maximum value (currently 8192) that this may +not exceed. +The minimum value is system-dependent. +.TP +.B COLUMNS +Used by the \fBselect\fP compound command to determine the terminal width +when printing selection lists. +Automatically set if the +.B checkwinsize +option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a +.SM +.BR SIGWINCH . +.TP +.B COMPREPLY +An array variable from which \fBbash\fP reads the possible completions +generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable completion +facility (see \fBProgrammable Completion\fP below). +Each array element contains one possible completion. +.TP +.B EMACS +If \fBbash\fP finds this variable in the environment when the shell starts +with value +.if t \f(CWt\fP, +.if n "t", +it assumes that the shell is running in an Emacs shell buffer and disables +line editing. +.TP +.B ENV +Expanded and executed similarly to +.SM +.B BASH_ENV +(see \fBINVOCATION\fP above) +when an interactive shell is invoked in \fIposix mode\fP. +.TP +.B EXECIGNORE +A colon-separated list of shell patterns (see \fBPattern Matching\fP) +defining the list of filenames to be ignored by command search using +\fBPATH\fP. +Files whose full pathnames match one of these patterns are not considered +executable files for the purposes of completion and command execution +via \fBPATH\fP lookup. +This does not affect the behavior of the \fB[\fP, \fBtest\fP, and \fB[[\fP +commands. +Full pathnames in the command hash table are not subject to \fBEXECIGNORE\fP. +Use this variable to ignore shared library files that have the executable +bit set, but are not executable files. +The pattern matching honors the setting of the \fBextglob\fP shell +option. +.TP +.B FCEDIT +The default editor for the +.B fc +builtin command. +.TP +.B FIGNORE +A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing +filename completion (see +.SM +.B READLINE +below). +A filename whose suffix matches one of the entries in +.SM +.B FIGNORE +is excluded from the list of matched filenames. +A sample value is +.if t \f(CW".o:~"\fP. +.if n ".o:~". +.TP +.B FUNCNEST +If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum function +nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this nesting level +will cause the current command to abort. +.TP +.B GLOBIGNORE +A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file names to +be ignored by pathname expansion. +If a file name matched by a pathname expansion pattern also matches one +of the patterns in +.SM +.BR GLOBIGNORE , +it is removed from the list of matches. +.TP +.B HISTCONTROL +A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are saved on +the history list. +If the list of values includes +.IR ignorespace , +lines which begin with a +.B space +character are not saved in the history list. +A value of +.I ignoredups +causes lines matching the previous history entry to not be saved. +A value of +.I ignoreboth +is shorthand for \fIignorespace\fP and \fIignoredups\fP. +A value of +.I erasedups +causes all previous lines matching the current line to be removed from +the history list before that line is saved. +Any value not in the above list is ignored. +If +.SM +.B HISTCONTROL +is unset, or does not include a valid value, +all lines read by the shell parser are saved on the history list, +subject to the value of +.SM +.BR HISTIGNORE . +The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are +not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of +.SM +.BR HISTCONTROL . +.TP +.B HISTFILE +The name of the file in which command history is saved (see +.SM +.B HISTORY +below). The default value is \fI~/.bash_history\fP. If unset, the +command history is not saved when a shell exits. +.TP +.B HISTFILESIZE +The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. When this +variable is assigned a value, the history file is truncated, if +necessary, +to contain no more than that number of lines by removing the oldest entries. +The history file is also truncated to this size after +writing it when a shell exits. +If the value is 0, the history file is truncated to zero size. +Non-numeric values and numeric values less than zero inhibit truncation. +The shell sets the default value to the value of \fBHISTSIZE\fP +after reading any startup files. +.TP +.B HISTIGNORE +A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command lines +should be saved on the history list. Each pattern is anchored at the +beginning of the line and must match the complete line (no implicit +`\fB*\fP' is appended). Each pattern is tested against the line +after the checks specified by +.SM +.B HISTCONTROL +are applied. +In addition to the normal shell pattern matching characters, `\fB&\fP' +matches the previous history line. `\fB&\fP' may be escaped using a +backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match. +The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are +not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of +.SM +.BR HISTIGNORE . +The pattern matching honors the setting of the \fBextglob\fP shell +option. +.TP +.B HISTSIZE +The number of commands to remember in the command history (see +.SM +.B HISTORY +below). +If the value is 0, commands are not saved in the history list. +Numeric values less than zero result in every command being saved +on the history list (there is no limit). +The shell sets the default value to 500 after reading any startup files. +.TP +.B HISTTIMEFORMAT +If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format string +for \fIstrftime\fP(3) to print the time stamp associated with each history +entry displayed by the \fBhistory\fP builtin. +If this variable is set, time stamps are written to the history file so +they may be preserved across shell sessions. +This uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from +other history lines. +.TP +.B HOME +The home directory of the current user; the default argument for the +\fBcd\fP builtin command. +The value of this variable is also used when performing tilde expansion. +.TP +.B HOSTFILE +Contains the name of a file in the same format as +.FN /etc/hosts +that should be read when the shell needs to complete a +hostname. +The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while the +shell is running; +the next time hostname completion is attempted after the +value is changed, +.B bash +adds the contents of the new file to the existing list. +If +.SM +.B HOSTFILE +is set, but has no value, or does not name a readable file, +\fBbash\fP attempts to read +.FN /etc/hosts +to obtain the list of possible hostname completions. +When +.SM +.B HOSTFILE +is unset, the hostname list is cleared. +.TP +.B IFS +The +.I Internal Field Separator +that is used +for word splitting after expansion and to +split lines into words with the +.B read +builtin command. The default value is +``''. +.TP +.B IGNOREEOF +Controls the +action of an interactive shell on receipt of an +.SM +.B EOF +character as the sole input. If set, the value is the number of +consecutive +.SM +.B EOF +characters which must be +typed as the first characters on an input line before +.B bash +exits. If the variable exists but does not have a numeric value, or +has no value, the default value is 10. If it does not exist, +.SM +.B EOF +signifies the end of input to the shell. +.TP +.B INPUTRC +The filename for the +.B readline +startup file, overriding the default of +.FN ~/.inputrc +(see +.SM +.B READLINE +below). +.TP +.B INSIDE_EMACS +If this variable appears in the environment when the shell starts, +\fBbash\fP assumes that it is running inside an Emacs shell buffer +and may disable line editing, depending on the value of \fBTERM\fP. +.TP +.B LANG +Used to determine the locale category for any category not specifically +selected with a variable starting with \fBLC_\fP. +.TP +.B LC_ALL +This variable overrides the value of +.SM +.B LANG +and any other +\fBLC_\fP variable specifying a locale category. +.TP +.B LC_COLLATE +This variable determines the collation order used when sorting the +results of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior of range +expressions, equivalence classes, and collating sequences within +pathname expansion and pattern matching. +.TP +.B LC_CTYPE +This variable determines the interpretation of characters and the +behavior of character classes within pathname expansion and pattern +matching. +.TP +.B LC_MESSAGES +This variable determines the locale used to translate double-quoted +strings preceded by a \fB$\fP. +.TP +.B LC_NUMERIC +This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting. +.TP +.B LC_TIME +This variable determines the locale category used for data and time +formatting. +.TP +.B LINES +Used by the \fBselect\fP compound command to determine the column length +for printing selection lists. +Automatically set if the +.B checkwinsize +option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a +.SM +.BR SIGWINCH . +.TP +.B MAIL +If this parameter is set to a file or directory name and the +.SM +.B MAILPATH +variable is not set, +.B bash +informs the user of the arrival of mail in the specified file or +Maildir-format directory. +.TP +.B MAILCHECK +Specifies how +often (in seconds) +.B bash +checks for mail. The default is 60 seconds. When it is time to check +for mail, the shell does so before displaying the primary prompt. +If this variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number +greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking. +.TP +.B MAILPATH +A colon-separated list of filenames to be checked for mail. +The message to be printed when mail arrives in a particular file +may be specified by separating the filename from the message with a `?'. +When used in the text of the message, \fB$_\fP expands to the name of +the current mailfile. +Example: +.RS +.PP +\fBMAILPATH\fP=\(aq/var/mail/bfox?"You have mail":~/shell\-mail?"$_ has mail!"\(aq +.PP +.B Bash +can be configured to supply +a default value for this variable (there is no value by default), +but the location of the user +mail files that it uses is system dependent (e.g., /var/mail/\fB$USER\fP). +.RE +.TP +.B OPTERR +If set to the value 1, +.B bash +displays error messages generated by the +.B getopts +builtin command (see +.SM +.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS +below). +.SM +.B OPTERR +is initialized to 1 each time the shell is invoked or a shell +script is executed. +.TP +.B PATH +The search path for commands. It +is a colon-separated list of directories in which +the shell looks for commands (see +.SM +.B COMMAND EXECUTION +below). +A zero-length (null) directory name in the value of +.SM +.B PATH +indicates the current directory. +A null directory name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial +or trailing colon. +The default path is system-dependent, +and is set by the administrator who installs +.BR bash . +A common value is +.na +.if t \f(CW/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin\fP. +.if n ``/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin''. +.ad +.TP +.B POSIXLY_CORRECT +If this variable is in the environment when \fBbash\fP starts, the shell +enters \fIposix mode\fP before reading the startup files, as if the +.B \-\-posix +invocation option had been supplied. If it is set while the shell is +running, \fBbash\fP enables \fIposix mode\fP, as if the command +.if t \f(CWset -o posix\fP +.if n \fIset -o posix\fP +had been executed. +When the shell enters \fIposix mode\fP, it sets this variable if it was +not already set. +.TP +.B PROMPT_COMMAND +If this variable is set, and is an array, +the value of each set element is executed as a command +prior to issuing each primary prompt. +If this is set but not an array variable, +its value is used as a command to execute instead. +.TP +.B PROMPT_DIRTRIM +If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the number of +trailing directory components to retain when expanding the \fB\ew\fP and +\fB\eW\fP prompt string escapes (see +.SM +.B PROMPTING +below). Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis. +.TP +.B PS0 +The value of this parameter is expanded (see +.SM +.B PROMPTING +below) and displayed by interactive shells after reading a command +and before the command is executed. +.TP +.B PS1 +The value of this parameter is expanded (see +.SM +.B PROMPTING +below) and used as the primary prompt string. The default value is +``\fB\es\-\ev\e$ \fP''. +.TP +.B PS2 +The value of this parameter is expanded as with +.SM +.B PS1 +and used as the secondary prompt string. The default is +``\fB> \fP''. +.TP +.B PS3 +The value of this parameter is used as the prompt for the +.B select +command (see +.SM +.B SHELL GRAMMAR +above). +.TP +.B PS4 +The value of this parameter is expanded as with +.SM +.B PS1 +and the value is printed before each command +.B bash +displays during an execution trace. The first character of +the expanded value of +.SM +.B PS4 +is replicated multiple times, as necessary, to indicate multiple +levels of indirection. The default is ``\fB+ \fP''. +.TP +.B SHELL +This variable expands to the full pathname to the shell. +If it is not set when the shell starts, +.B bash +assigns to it the full pathname of the current user's login shell. +.TP +.B TIMEFORMAT +The value of this parameter is used as a format string specifying +how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the +.B time +reserved word should be displayed. +The \fB%\fP character introduces an escape sequence that is +expanded to a time value or other information. +The escape sequences and their meanings are as follows; the +braces denote optional portions. +.sp .5 +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP 10 +.B %% +A literal \fB%\fP. +.TP +.B %[\fIp\fP][l]R +The elapsed time in seconds. +.TP +.B %[\fIp\fP][l]U +The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode. +.TP +.B %[\fIp\fP][l]S +The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode. +.TP +.B %P +The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R. +.PD +.RE +.IP +The optional \fIp\fP is a digit specifying the \fIprecision\fP, +the number of fractional digits after a decimal point. +A value of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output. +At most three places after the decimal point may be specified; +values of \fIp\fP greater than 3 are changed to 3. +If \fIp\fP is not specified, the value 3 is used. +.IP +The optional \fBl\fP specifies a longer format, including +minutes, of the form \fIMM\fPm\fISS\fP.\fIFF\fPs. +The value of \fIp\fP determines whether or not the fraction is +included. +.IP +If this variable is not set, \fBbash\fP acts as if it had the +value \fB$\(aq\enreal\et%3lR\enuser\et%3lU\ensys\et%3lS\(aq\fP. +If the value is null, no timing information is displayed. +A trailing newline is added when the format string is displayed. +.PD 0 +.TP +.B TMOUT +If set to a value greater than zero, +.SM +.B TMOUT +is treated as the +default timeout for the \fBread\fP builtin. +The \fBselect\fP command terminates if input does not arrive +after +.SM +.B TMOUT +seconds when input is coming from a terminal. +In an interactive shell, the value is interpreted as the +number of seconds to wait for a line of input after issuing the +primary prompt. +.B Bash +terminates after waiting for that number of seconds if a complete +line of input does not arrive. +.TP +.B TMPDIR +If set, \fBbash\fP uses its value as the name of a directory in which +\fBbash\fP creates temporary files for the shell's use. +.TP +.B auto_resume +This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and +job control. If this variable is set, single word simple +commands without redirections are treated as candidates for resumption +of an existing stopped job. There is no ambiguity allowed; if there is +more than one job beginning with the string typed, the job most recently +accessed is selected. The +.I name +of a stopped job, in this context, is the command line used to +start it. +If set to the value +.IR exact , +the string supplied must match the name of a stopped job exactly; +if set to +.IR substring , +the string supplied needs to match a substring of the name of a +stopped job. The +.I substring +value provides functionality analogous to the +.B %? +job identifier (see +.SM +.B JOB CONTROL +below). If set to any other value, the supplied string must +be a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides functionality +analogous to the \fB%\fP\fIstring\fP job identifier. +.TP +.B histchars +The two or three characters which control history expansion +and tokenization (see +.SM +.B HISTORY EXPANSION +below). The first character is the \fIhistory expansion\fP character, +the character which signals the start of a history +expansion, normally `\fB!\fP'. +The second character is the \fIquick substitution\fP +character, which is used as shorthand for re-running the previous +command entered, substituting one string for another in the command. +The default is `\fB^\fP'. +The optional third character is the character +which indicates that the remainder of the line is a comment when found +as the first character of a word, normally `\fB#\fP'. The history +comment character causes history substitution to be skipped for the +remaining words on the line. It does not necessarily cause the shell +parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment. +.PD +.SS Arrays +.B Bash +provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables. +Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the +.B declare +builtin will explicitly declare an array. +There is no maximum +limit on the size of an array, nor any requirement that members +be indexed or assigned contiguously. +Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including arithmetic +expressions) and are zero-based; associative arrays are referenced +using arbitrary strings. +Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers. +.PP +An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to +using the syntax \fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]=\fIvalue\fP. The +.I subscript +is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number. +To explicitly declare an indexed array, use +.B declare \-a \fIname\fP +(see +.SM +.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS +below). +.B declare \-a \fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP] +is also accepted; the \fIsubscript\fP is ignored. +.PP +Associative arrays are created using +.BR "declare \-A \fIname\fP" . +.PP +Attributes may be +specified for an array variable using the +.B declare +and +.B readonly +builtins. Each attribute applies to all members of an array. +.PP +Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form +\fIname\fP=\fB(\fPvalue\fI1\fP ... value\fIn\fP\fB)\fP, where each +\fIvalue\fP may be of the form [\fIsubscript\fP]=\fIstring\fP. +Indexed array assignments do not require anything but \fIstring\fP. +Each \fIvalue\fP in the list is expanded using all the shell expansions +described below under +.SM +.BR EXPANSION . +When assigning to indexed arrays, if the optional brackets and subscript +are supplied, that index is assigned to; +otherwise the index of the element assigned is the last index assigned +to by the statement plus one. Indexing starts at zero. +.PP +When assigning to an associative array, the words in a compound assignment +may be either assignment statements, for which the subscript is required, +or a list of words that is interpreted as a sequence of alternating keys +and values: +\fIname\fP=\fB( \fP\fIkey1 value1 key2 value2\fP ...\fB)\fP. +These are treated identically to +\fIname\fP=\fB(\fP [\fIkey1\fP]=\fIvalue1\fP [\fIkey2\fP]=\fIvalue2\fP ...\fB)\fP. +The first word in the list determines how the remaining words +are interpreted; all assignments in a list must be of the same type. +When using key/value pairs, the keys may not be missing or empty; +a final missing value is treated like the empty string. +.PP +This syntax is also accepted by the +.B declare +builtin. Individual array elements may be assigned to using the +\fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]=\fIvalue\fP syntax introduced above. +When assigning to an indexed array, if +.I name +is subscripted by a negative number, that number is +interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of +\fIname\fP, so negative indices count back from the end of the +array, and an index of \-1 references the last element. +.PP +The += operator will append to an array variable when assigning +using the compound assignment syntax; see +.SM +.B PARAMETERS +above. +.PP +Any element of an array may be referenced using +${\fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]}. The braces are required to avoid +conflicts with pathname expansion. If +\fIsubscript\fP is \fB@\fP or \fB*\fP, the word expands to +all members of \fIname\fP. These subscripts differ only when the +word appears within double quotes. If the word is double-quoted, +${\fIname\fP[*]} expands to a single +word with the value of each array member separated by the first +character of the +.SM +.B IFS +special variable, and ${\fIname\fP[@]} expands each element of +\fIname\fP to a separate word. When there are no array members, +${\fIname\fP[@]} expands to nothing. +If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of +the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original +word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last +part of the original word. +This is analogous to the expansion +of the special parameters \fB*\fP and \fB@\fP (see +.B Special Parameters +above). ${#\fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]} expands to the length of +${\fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]}. If \fIsubscript\fP is \fB*\fP or +\fB@\fP, the expansion is the number of elements in the array. +If the +.I subscript +used to reference an element of an indexed array +evaluates to a number less than zero, it is +interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of the array, +so negative indices count back from the end of the +array, and an index of \-1 references the last element. +.PP +Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to +referencing the array with a subscript of 0. +Any reference to a variable using a valid subscript is legal, and +.B bash +will create an array if necessary. +.PP +An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a +value. The null string is a valid value. +.PP +It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the values. +${\fB!\fP\fIname\fP[\fI@\fP]} and ${\fB!\fP\fIname\fP[\fI*\fP]} +expand to the indices assigned in array variable \fIname\fP. +The treatment when in double quotes is similar to the expansion of the +special parameters \fI@\fP and \fI*\fP within double quotes. +.PP +The +.B unset +builtin is used to destroy arrays. \fBunset\fP \fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP] +destroys the array element at index \fIsubscript\fP, +for both indexed and associative arrays. +Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted as described above. +Unsetting the last element of an array variable does not unset the variable. +\fBunset\fP \fIname\fP, where \fIname\fP is an array, +removes the entire array. +\fBunset\fP \fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP], where +\fIsubscript\fP is \fB*\fP or \fB@\fP, behaves differently depending on +whether \fIname\fP is an indexed or associative array. +If \fIname\fP is an associative array, this unsets the element with +subscript \fB*\fP or \fB@\fP. +If \fIname\fP is an indexed array, unset removes all of the elements but +does not remove the array itself. +.PP +When using a variable name with a subscript as an argument to a command, +such as with \fBunset\fP, without using the word expansion syntax +described above, the argument is subject to pathname expansion. +If pathname expansion is not desired, the argument should be quoted. +.PP +The +.BR declare , +.BR local , +and +.B readonly +builtins each accept a +.B \-a +option to specify an indexed array and a +.B \-A +option to specify an associative array. +If both options are supplied, +.B \-A +takes precedence. +The +.B read +builtin accepts a +.B \-a +option to assign a list of words read from the standard input +to an array. The +.B set +and +.B declare +builtins display array values in a way that allows them to be +reused as assignments. +.SH EXPANSION +Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into +words. There are seven kinds of expansion performed: +.IR "brace expansion" , +.IR "tilde expansion" , +.IR "parameter and variable expansion" , +.IR "command substitution" , +.IR "arithmetic expansion" , +.IR "word splitting" , +and +.IR "pathname expansion" . +.PP +The order of expansions is: +brace expansion; +tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, +and command substitution (done in a left-to-right fashion); +word splitting; +and pathname expansion. +.PP +On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion +available: \fIprocess substitution\fP. +This is performed at the +same time as tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and +command substitution. +.PP +After these expansions are performed, quote characters present in the +original word are removed unless they have been quoted themselves +(\fIquote removal\fP). +.PP +Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion +can increase the number of words of the expansion; other expansions +expand a single word to a single word. +The only exceptions to this are the expansions of +"\fB$@\fP" and "\fB${\fP\fIname\fP\fB[@]}\fP", +and, in most cases, \fB$*\fP and \fB${\fP\fIname\fP\fB[*]}\fP +as explained above (see +.SM +.BR PARAMETERS ). +.SS Brace Expansion +.I "Brace expansion" +is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings +may be generated. This mechanism is similar to +\fIpathname expansion\fP, but the filenames generated +need not exist. Patterns to be brace expanded take +the form of an optional +.IR preamble , +followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or +a sequence expression between a pair of braces, followed by +an optional +.IR postscript . +The preamble is prefixed to each string contained +within the braces, and the postscript is then appended +to each resulting string, expanding left to right. +.PP +Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded +string are not sorted; left to right order is preserved. +For example, a\fB{\fPd,c,b\fB}\fPe expands into `ade ace abe'. +.PP +A sequence expression takes the form +\fB{\fP\fIx\fP\fB..\fP\fIy\fP\fB[..\fP\fIincr\fP\fB]}\fP, +where \fIx\fP and \fIy\fP are either integers or single letters, +and \fIincr\fP, an optional increment, is an integer. +When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each number between +\fIx\fP and \fIy\fP, inclusive. +Supplied integers may be prefixed with \fI0\fP to force each term to have the +same width. +When either \fIx\fP or \fPy\fP begins with a zero, the shell +attempts to force all generated terms to contain the same number of digits, +zero-padding where necessary. +When letters are supplied, the expression expands to each character +lexicographically between \fIx\fP and \fIy\fP, inclusive, +using the default C locale. +Note that both \fIx\fP and \fIy\fP must be of the same type +(integer or letter). +When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between +each term. The default increment is 1 or \-1 as appropriate. +.PP +Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, +and any characters special to other expansions are preserved +in the result. It is strictly textual. +.B Bash +does not apply any syntactic interpretation to the context of the +expansion or the text between the braces. +.PP +A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening +and closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid +sequence expression. +Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged. +A \fB{\fP or \fB,\fP may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its +being considered part of a brace expression. +To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string \fB${\fP +is not considered eligible for brace expansion, and inhibits brace +expansion until the closing \fB}\fP. +.PP +This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common +prefix of the strings to be generated is longer than in the +above example: +.RS +.PP +mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,new,dist,bugs} +.RE +or +.RS +chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}} +.RE +.PP +Brace expansion introduces a slight incompatibility with +historical versions of +.BR sh . +.B sh +does not treat opening or closing braces specially when they +appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output. +.B Bash +removes braces from words as a consequence of brace +expansion. For example, a word entered to +.B sh +as \fIfile{1,2}\fP +appears identically in the output. The same word is +output as +.I file1 file2 +after expansion by +.BR bash . +If strict compatibility with +.B sh +is desired, start +.B bash +with the +.B +B +option or disable brace expansion with the +.B +B +option to the +.B set +command (see +.SM +.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS +below). +.SS Tilde Expansion +If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character (`\fB~\fP'), all of +the characters preceding the first unquoted slash (or all characters, +if there is no unquoted slash) are considered a \fItilde-prefix\fP. +If none of the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the +characters in the tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a +possible \fIlogin name\fP. +If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the +value of the shell parameter +.SM +.BR HOME . +If +.SM +.B HOME +is unset, the home directory of the user executing the shell is +substituted instead. +Otherwise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory +associated with the specified login name. +.PP +If the tilde-prefix is a `~+', the value of the shell variable +.SM +.B PWD +replaces the tilde-prefix. +If the tilde-prefix is a `~\-', the value of the shell variable +.SM +.BR OLDPWD , +if it is set, is substituted. +If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist +of a number \fIN\fP, optionally prefixed +by a `+' or a `\-', the tilde-prefix is replaced with the corresponding +element from the directory stack, as it would be displayed by the +.B dirs +builtin invoked with the tilde-prefix as an argument. +If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a +number without a leading `+' or `\-', `+' is assumed. +.PP +If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the word +is unchanged. +.PP +Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes immediately +following a +.B : +or the first +.BR = . +In these cases, tilde expansion is also performed. +Consequently, one may use filenames with tildes in assignments to +.SM +.BR PATH , +.SM +.BR MAILPATH , +and +.SM +.BR CDPATH , +and the shell assigns the expanded value. +.PP +Bash also performs tilde expansion on words satisfying the conditions of +variable assignments (as described above under +.SM +.BR PARAMETERS ) +when they appear as arguments to simple commands. +Bash does not do this, except for the \fIdeclaration\fP commands listed +above, when in \fIposix mode\fP. +.SS Parameter Expansion +The `\fB$\fP' character introduces parameter expansion, +command substitution, or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name +or symbol to be expanded may be enclosed in braces, which +are optional but serve to protect the variable to be expanded from +characters immediately following it which could be +interpreted as part of the name. +.PP +When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first `\fB}\fP' +not escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an +embedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter +expansion. +.PP +.PD 0 +.TP +${\fIparameter\fP} +The value of \fIparameter\fP is substituted. The braces are required +when +.I parameter +is a positional parameter with more than one digit, +or when +.I parameter +is followed by a character which is not to be +interpreted as part of its name. +The \fIparameter\fP is a shell parameter as described above +\fBPARAMETERS\fP) or an array reference (\fBArrays\fP). +.PD +.PP +If the first character of \fIparameter\fP is an exclamation point (\fB!\fP), +and \fIparameter\fP is not a \fInameref\fP, +it introduces a level of indirection. +\fBBash\fP uses the value formed by expanding the rest of +\fIparameter\fP as the new \fIparameter\fP; this is then +expanded and that value is used in the rest of the expansion, rather +than the expansion of the original \fIparameter\fP. +This is known as \fIindirect expansion\fP. +The value is subject to tilde expansion, +parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. +If \fIparameter\fP is a nameref, this expands to the name of the +parameter referenced by \fIparameter\fP instead of performing the +complete indirect expansion. +The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${\fB!\fP\fIprefix\fP\fB*\fP} and +${\fB!\fP\fIname\fP[\fI@\fP]} described below. +The exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to +introduce indirection. +.PP +In each of the cases below, \fIword\fP is subject to tilde expansion, +parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. +.PP +When not performing substring expansion, using the forms documented below +(e.g., \fB:-\fP), +\fBbash\fP tests for a parameter that is unset or null. Omitting the colon +results in a test only for a parameter that is unset. +.PP +.PD 0 +.TP +${\fIparameter\fP\fB:\-\fP\fIword\fP} +\fBUse Default Values\fP. If +.I parameter +is unset or null, the expansion of +.I word +is substituted. Otherwise, the value of +.I parameter +is substituted. +.TP +${\fIparameter\fP\fB:=\fP\fIword\fP} +\fBAssign Default Values\fP. +If +.I parameter +is unset or null, the expansion of +.I word +is assigned to +.IR parameter . +The value of +.I parameter +is then substituted. Positional parameters and special parameters may +not be assigned to in this way. +.TP +${\fIparameter\fP\fB:?\fP\fIword\fP} +\fBDisplay Error if Null or Unset\fP. +If +.I parameter +is null or unset, the expansion of \fIword\fP (or a message to that effect +if +.I word +is not present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if it +is not interactive, exits. Otherwise, the value of \fIparameter\fP is +substituted. +.TP +${\fIparameter\fP\fB:+\fP\fIword\fP} +\fBUse Alternate Value\fP. +If +.I parameter +is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the expansion of +.I word +is substituted. +.TP +${\fIparameter\fP\fB:\fP\fIoffset\fP} +.PD 0 +.TP +${\fIparameter\fP\fB:\fP\fIoffset\fP\fB:\fP\fIlength\fP} +.PD +\fBSubstring Expansion\fP. +Expands to up to \fIlength\fP characters of the value of \fIparameter\fP +starting at the character specified by \fIoffset\fP. +If \fIparameter\fP is \fB@\fP or \fB*\fP, an indexed array subscripted by +\fB@\fP or \fB*\fP, or an associative array name, the results differ as +described below. +If \fIlength\fP is omitted, expands to the substring of the value of +\fIparameter\fP starting at the character specified by \fIoffset\fP +and extending to the end of the value. +\fIlength\fP and \fIoffset\fP are arithmetic expressions (see +.SM +.B +ARITHMETIC EVALUATION +below). +.sp 1 +If \fIoffset\fP evaluates to a number less than zero, the value +is used as an offset in characters +from the end of the value of \fIparameter\fP. +If \fIlength\fP evaluates to a number less than zero, +it is interpreted as an offset in characters +from the end of the value of \fIparameter\fP rather than +a number of characters, and the expansion is the characters between +\fIoffset\fP and that result. +Note that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at least +one space to avoid being confused with the \fB:-\fP expansion. +.sp 1 +If \fIparameter\fP is \fB@\fP or \fB*\fP, the result is \fIlength\fP +positional parameters beginning at \fIoffset\fP. +A negative \fIoffset\fP is taken relative to one greater than the greatest +positional parameter, so an offset of \-1 evaluates to the last positional +parameter. +It is an expansion error if \fIlength\fP evaluates to a number less than +zero. +.sp 1 +If \fIparameter\fP is an indexed array name subscripted by @ or *, +the result is the \fIlength\fP +members of the array beginning with ${\fIparameter\fP[\fIoffset\fP]}. +A negative \fIoffset\fP is taken relative to one greater than the maximum +index of the specified array. +It is an expansion error if \fIlength\fP evaluates to a number less than +zero. +.sp 1 +Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces undefined +results. +.sp 1 +Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters +are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by default. +If \fIoffset\fP is 0, and the positional parameters are used, \fB$0\fP is +prefixed to the list. +.TP +${\fB!\fP\fIprefix\fP\fB*\fP} +.PD 0 +.TP +${\fB!\fP\fIprefix\fP\fB@\fP} +.PD +\fBNames matching prefix\fP. +Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with \fIprefix\fP, +separated by the first character of the +.SM +.B IFS +special variable. +When \fI@\fP is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each +variable name expands to a separate word. +.TP +${\fB!\fP\fIname\fP[\fI@\fP]} +.PD 0 +.TP +${\fB!\fP\fIname\fP[\fI*\fP]} +.PD +\fBList of array keys\fP. +If \fIname\fP is an array variable, expands to the list of array indices +(keys) assigned in \fIname\fP. +If \fIname\fP is not an array, expands to 0 if \fIname\fP is set and null +otherwise. +When \fI@\fP is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each +key expands to a separate word. +.TP +${\fB#\fP\fIparameter\fP} +\fBParameter length\fP. +The length in characters of the value of \fIparameter\fP is substituted. +If +.I parameter +is +.B * +or +.BR @ , +the value substituted is the number of positional parameters. +If +.I parameter +is an array name subscripted by +.B * +or +.BR @ , +the value substituted is the number of elements in the array. +If +.I parameter +is an indexed array name subscripted by a negative number, that number is +interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of +\fIparameter\fP, so negative indices count back from the end of the +array, and an index of \-1 references the last element. +.TP +${\fIparameter\fP\fB#\fP\fIword\fP} +.PD 0 +.TP +${\fIparameter\fP\fB##\fP\fIword\fP} +.PD +\fBRemove matching prefix pattern\fP. +The +.I word +is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname +expansion, and matched against the expanded value of +.I parameter +using the rules described under +.B Pattern Matching +below. +If the pattern matches the beginning of +the value of +.IR parameter , +then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of +.I parameter +with the shortest matching pattern (the ``\fB#\fP'' case) or the +longest matching pattern (the ``\fB##\fP'' case) deleted. +If +.I parameter +is +.B @ +or +.BR * , +the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional +parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +If +.I parameter +is an array variable subscripted with +.B @ +or +.BR * , +the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the +array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +.TP +${\fIparameter\fP\fB%\fP\fIword\fP} +.PD 0 +.TP +${\fIparameter\fP\fB%%\fP\fIword\fP} +.PD +\fBRemove matching suffix pattern\fP. +The \fIword\fP is expanded to produce a pattern just as in +pathname expansion, and matched against the expanded value of +.I parameter +using the rules described under +.B Pattern Matching +below. +If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the expanded value of +.IR parameter , +then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of +.I parameter +with the shortest matching pattern (the ``\fB%\fP'' case) or the +longest matching pattern (the ``\fB%%\fP'' case) deleted. +If +.I parameter +is +.B @ +or +.BR * , +the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional +parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +If +.I parameter +is an array variable subscripted with +.B @ +or +.BR * , +the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the +array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +.TP +${\fIparameter\fP\fB/\fP\fIpattern\fP\fB/\fP\fIstring\fP} +.PD 0 +.TP +${\fIparameter\fP\fB//\fP\fIpattern\fP\fB/\fP\fIstring\fP} +.TP +${\fIparameter\fP\fB/#\fP\fIpattern\fP\fB/\fP\fIstring\fP} +.TP +${\fIparameter\fP\fB/%\fP\fIpattern\fP\fB/\fP\fIstring\fP} +.PD +\fBPattern substitution\fP. +The \fIpattern\fP is expanded to produce a pattern just as in +pathname expansion. +\fIParameter\fP is expanded and the longest match of \fIpattern\fP +against its value is replaced with \fIstring\fP. +\fIstring\fP undergoes tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, +arithmetic expansion, command and process substitution, and quote removal. +The match is performed using the rules described under +.B Pattern Matching +below. +In the first form above, only the first match is replaced. +If there are two slashes separating \fIparameter\fP and \fIpattern\fP +(the second form above), all matches of \fIpattern\fP are +replaced with \fIstring\fP. +If \fIpattern\fP is preceded by \fB#\fP (the third form above), +it must match at the beginning of the expanded value of \fIparameter\fP. +If \fIpattern\fP is preceded by \fB%\fP (the fourth form above), +it must match at the end of the expanded value of \fIparameter\fP. +If the expansion of \fIstring\fP is null, +matches of \fIpattern\fP are deleted. +If \fIstring\fP is null, +matches of \fIpattern\fP are deleted +and the \fB/\fP following \fIpattern\fP may be omitted. +.sp 1 +If the \fBpatsub_replacement\fP shell option is enabled using \fBshopt\fP, +any unquoted instances of \fB&\fP in \fIstring\fP are replaced with the +matching portion of \fIpattern\fP. +.sp 1 +Quoting any part of \fIstring\fP inhibits replacement in the +expansion of the quoted portion, including replacement strings stored +in shell variables. +Backslash will escape \fB&\fP in \fIstring\fP; the backslash is removed +in order to permit a literal \fB&\fP in the replacement string. +Backslash can also be used to escape a backslash; \fB\e\e\fP results in +a literal backslash in the replacement. +Users should take care if \fIstring\fP is double-quoted to avoid +unwanted interactions between the backslash and double-quoting, since +backslash has special meaning within double quotes. +Pattern substitution performs the check for unquoted \fB&\fP after +expanding \fIstring\fP; +shell programmers should quote any occurrences of \fB&\fP +they want to be taken literally in the replacement +and ensure any instances of \fB&\fP they want to be replaced are unquoted. +.sp 1 +If the +.B nocasematch +shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +of alphabetic characters. +If +.I parameter +is +.B @ +or +.BR * , +the substitution operation is applied to each positional +parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +If +.I parameter +is an array variable subscripted with +.B @ +or +.BR * , +the substitution operation is applied to each member of the +array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +.TP +${\fIparameter\fP\fB^\fP\fIpattern\fP} +.PD 0 +.TP +${\fIparameter\fP\fB^^\fP\fIpattern\fP} +.TP +${\fIparameter\fP\fB,\fP\fIpattern\fP} +.TP +${\fIparameter\fP\fB,,\fP\fIpattern\fP} +.PD +\fBCase modification\fP. +This expansion modifies the case of alphabetic characters in \fIparameter\fP. +The \fIpattern\fP is expanded to produce a pattern just as in +pathname expansion. +Each character in the expanded value of \fIparameter\fP is tested against +\fIpattern\fP, and, if it matches the pattern, its case is converted. +The pattern should not attempt to match more than one character. +The \fB^\fP operator converts lowercase letters matching \fIpattern\fP +to uppercase; the \fB,\fP operator converts matching uppercase letters +to lowercase. +The \fB^^\fP and \fB,,\fP expansions convert each matched character in the +expanded value; the \fB^\fP and \fB,\fP expansions match and convert only +the first character in the expanded value. +If \fIpattern\fP is omitted, it is treated like a \fB?\fP, which matches +every character. +If +.I parameter +is +.B @ +or +.BR * , +the case modification operation is applied to each positional +parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +If +.I parameter +is an array variable subscripted with +.B @ +or +.BR * , +the case modification operation is applied to each member of the +array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +.TP +${\fIparameter\fP\fB@\fP\fIoperator\fP} +\fBParameter transformation\fP. +The expansion is either a transformation of the value of \fIparameter\fP +or information about \fIparameter\fP itself, depending on the value of +\fIoperator\fP. Each \fIoperator\fP is a single letter: +.sp 1 +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP +.B U +The expansion is a string that is the value of \fIparameter\fP with lowercase +alphabetic characters converted to uppercase. +.TP +.B u +The expansion is a string that is the value of \fIparameter\fP with the first +character converted to uppercase, if it is alphabetic. +.TP +.B L +The expansion is a string that is the value of \fIparameter\fP with uppercase +alphabetic characters converted to lowercase. +.TP +.B Q +The expansion is a string that is the value of \fIparameter\fP quoted in a +format that can be reused as input. +.TP +.B E +The expansion is a string that is the value of \fIparameter\fP with backslash +escape sequences expanded as with the \fB$\(aq...\(aq\fP quoting mechanism. +.TP +.B P +The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding the value of +\fIparameter\fP as if it were a prompt string (see \fBPROMPTING\fP below). +.TP +.B A +The expansion is a string in the form of +an assignment statement or \fBdeclare\fP command that, if +evaluated, will recreate \fIparameter\fP with its attributes and value. +.TP +.B K +Produces a possibly-quoted version of the value of \fIparameter\fP, +except that it prints the values of +indexed and associative arrays as a sequence of quoted key-value pairs +(see \fBArrays\fP above). +.TP +.B a +The expansion is a string consisting of flag values representing +\fIparameter\fP's attributes. +.TP +.B k +Like the K transformation, but expands the keys and values of +indexed and associative arrays to separate words after word splitting. +.PD +.PP +If +.I parameter +is +.B @ +or +.BR * , +the operation is applied to each positional +parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +If +.I parameter +is an array variable subscripted with +.B @ +or +.BR * , +the operation is applied to each member of the +array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +.sp 1 +The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and pathname +expansion as described below. +.RE +.SS Command Substitution +\fICommand substitution\fP allows the output of a command to replace +the command name. There are two forms: +.RS +.PP +\fB$(\fP\fIcommand\fP\|\fB)\fP +.RE +or +.RS +\fB\`\fP\fIcommand\fP\fB\`\fP +.RE +.PP +.B Bash +performs the expansion by executing \fIcommand\fP in a subshell environment +and replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the +command, with any trailing newlines deleted. +Embedded newlines are not deleted, but they may be removed during +word splitting. +The command substitution \fB$(cat \fIfile\fP)\fR can be replaced by +the equivalent but faster \fB$(< \fIfile\fP)\fR. +.PP +When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used, +backslash retains its literal meaning except when followed by +.BR $ , +.BR \` , +or +.BR \e . +The first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the +command substitution. +When using the $(\^\fIcommand\fP\|) form, all characters between the +parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially. +.PP +Command substitutions may be nested. To nest when using the backquoted form, +escape the inner backquotes with backslashes. +.PP +If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and +pathname expansion are not performed on the results. +.SS Arithmetic Expansion +Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression +and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expansion is: +.RS +.PP +\fB$((\fP\fIexpression\fP\fB))\fP +.RE +.PP +The +.I expression +undergoes the same expansions +as if it were within double quotes, +but double quote characters in \fIexpression\fP are not treated specially +and are removed. +All tokens in the expression undergo parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, and quote removal. +The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be evaluated. +Arithmetic expansions may be nested. +.PP +The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under +.SM +.BR "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION" . +If +.I expression +is invalid, +.B bash +prints a message indicating failure and no substitution occurs. +.SS Process Substitution +\fIProcess substitution\fP allows a process's input or output to be +referred to using a filename. +It takes the form of +\fB<(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP +or +\fB>(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP. +The process \fIlist\fP is run asynchronously, and its input or output +appears as a filename. +This filename is +passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the +expansion. +If the \fB>(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP form is used, writing to +the file will provide input for \fIlist\fP. If the +\fB<(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP form is used, the file passed as an +argument should be read to obtain the output of \fIlist\fP. +Process substitution is supported on systems that support named +pipes (\fIFIFOs\fP) or the \fB/dev/fd\fP method of naming open files. +.PP +When available, process substitution is performed +simultaneously with parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, +and arithmetic expansion. +.SS Word Splitting +The shell scans the results of +parameter expansion, +command substitution, +and +arithmetic expansion +that did not occur within double quotes for +.IR "word splitting" . +.PP +The shell treats each character of +.SM +.B IFS +as a delimiter, and splits the results of the other +expansions into words using these characters as field terminators. +If +.SM +.B IFS +is unset, or its +value is exactly +.BR , +the default, then +sequences of +.BR , +.BR , +and +.B +at the beginning and end of the results of the previous +expansions are ignored, and +any sequence of +.SM +.B IFS +characters not at the beginning or end serves to delimit words. +If +.SM +.B IFS +has a value other than the default, then sequences of +the whitespace characters +.BR space , +.BR tab , +and +.B newline +are ignored at the beginning and end of the +word, as long as the whitespace character is in the +value of +.SM +.B IFS +(an +.SM +.B IFS +whitespace character). +Any character in +.SM +.B IFS +that is not +.SM +.B IFS +whitespace, along with any adjacent +.SM +.B IFS +whitespace characters, delimits a field. +A sequence of +.SM +.B IFS +whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter. +If the value of +.SM +.B IFS +is null, no word splitting occurs. +.PP +Explicit null arguments (\^\f3"\^"\fP or \^\f3\(aq\^\(aq\fP\^) are retained +and passed to commands as empty strings. +Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of +parameters that have no values, are removed. +If a parameter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a +null argument results and is retained +and passed to a command as an empty string. +When a quoted null argument appears as part of a word whose expansion is +non-null, the null argument is removed. +That is, the word +\f(CW\-d\(aq\^\(aq\fP becomes \f(CW\-d\fP after word splitting and +null argument removal. +.PP +Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting +is performed. +.SS Pathname Expansion +After word splitting, +unless the +.B \-f +option has been set, +.B bash +scans each word for the characters +.BR * , +.BR ? , +and +.BR [ . +If one of these characters appears, and is not quoted, then the word is +regarded as a +.IR pattern , +and replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of +filenames matching the pattern +(see +.SM +.B "Pattern Matching" +below). +If no matching filenames are found, +and the shell option +.B nullglob +is not enabled, the word is left unchanged. +If the +.B nullglob +option is set, and no matches are found, +the word is removed. +If the +.B failglob +shell option is set, and no matches are found, an error message +is printed and the command is not executed. +If the shell option +.B nocaseglob +is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +of alphabetic characters. +When a pattern is used for pathname expansion, +the character +.B ``.'' +at the start of a name or immediately following a slash +must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option +.B dotglob +is set. +In order to match the filenames +.B ``.'' +and +.BR ``..'' , +the pattern must begin with ``.'' (for example, ``.?''), +even if +.B dotglob +is set. +If the +.B globskipdots +shell option is enabled, the filenames +.B ``.'' +and +.BR ``..'' +are never matched, even if the pattern begins with a +.BR ``.'' . +When not matching pathnames, the +.B ``.'' +character is not treated specially. +When matching a pathname, the slash character must always be +matched explicitly by a slash in the pattern, but in other matching +contexts it can be matched by a special pattern character as described +below under +.SM +.BR "Pattern Matching" . +See the description of +.B shopt +below under +.SM +.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS +for a description of the +.BR nocaseglob , +.BR nullglob , +.BR globskipdots , +.BR failglob , +and +.B dotglob +shell options. +.PP +The +.SM +.B GLOBIGNORE +shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file names matching a +.IR pattern . +If +.SM +.B GLOBIGNORE +is set, each matching file name that also matches one of the patterns in +.SM +.B GLOBIGNORE +is removed from the list of matches. +If the \fBnocaseglob\fP option is set, the matching against the patterns in +.SM +.B GLOBIGNORE +is performed without regard to case. +The filenames +.B ``.'' +and +.B ``..'' +are always ignored when +.SM +.B GLOBIGNORE +is set and not null. However, setting +.SM +.B GLOBIGNORE +to a non-null value has the effect of enabling the +.B dotglob +shell option, so all other filenames beginning with a +.B ``.'' +will match. +To get the old behavior of ignoring filenames beginning with a +.BR ``.'' , +make +.B ``.*'' +one of the patterns in +.SM +.BR GLOBIGNORE . +The +.B dotglob +option is disabled when +.SM +.B GLOBIGNORE +is unset. +The pattern matching honors the setting of the \fBextglob\fP shell +option. +.PP +\fBPattern Matching\fP +.PP +Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern +characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not +occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the +escaping backslash is discarded when matching. +The special pattern characters must be quoted if +they are to be matched literally. +.PP +The special pattern characters have the following meanings: +.PP +.PD 0 +.RS +.TP +.B * +Matches any string, including the null string. +When the \fBglobstar\fP shell option is enabled, and \fB*\fP is used in +a pathname expansion context, two adjacent \fB*\fPs used as a single +pattern will match all files and zero or more directories and +subdirectories. +If followed by a \fB/\fP, two adjacent \fB*\fPs will match only directories +and subdirectories. +.TP +.B ? +Matches any single character. +.TP +.B [...] +Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of characters +separated by a hyphen denotes a +\fIrange expression\fP; +any character that falls between those two characters, inclusive, +using the current locale's collating sequence and character set, +is matched. If the first character following the +.B [ +is a +.B ! +or a +.B ^ +then any character not enclosed is matched. +The sorting order of characters in range expressions, +and the characters included in the range, +are determined by +the current locale and the values of the +.SM +.B LC_COLLATE +or +.SM +.B LC_ALL +shell variables, if set. +To obtain the traditional interpretation of range expressions, where +.B [a\-d] +is equivalent to +.BR [abcd] , +set value of the +.B LC_ALL +shell variable to +.BR C , +or enable the +.B globasciiranges +shell option. +A +.B \- +may be matched by including it as the first or last character +in the set. +A +.B ] +may be matched by including it as the first character +in the set. +.br +.if t .sp 0.5 +.if n .sp 1 +Within +.B [ +and +.BR ] , +\fIcharacter classes\fP can be specified using the syntax +\fB[:\fP\fIclass\fP\fB:]\fP, where \fIclass\fP is one of the +following classes defined in the POSIX standard: +.PP +.RS +.B +.if n alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lower print punct space upper word xdigit +.if t alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lower print punct space upper word xdigit +.br +A character class matches any character belonging to that class. +The \fBword\fP character class matches letters, digits, and the character _. +.br +.if t .sp 0.5 +.if n .sp 1 +Within +.B [ +and +.BR ] , +an \fIequivalence class\fP can be specified using the syntax +\fB[=\fP\fIc\fP\fB=]\fP, which matches all characters with the +same collation weight (as defined by the current locale) as +the character \fIc\fP. +.br +.if t .sp 0.5 +.if n .sp 1 +Within +.B [ +and +.BR ] , +the syntax \fB[.\fP\fIsymbol\fP\fB.]\fP matches the collating symbol +\fIsymbol\fP. +.RE +.RE +.PD +.PP +If the \fBextglob\fP shell option is enabled using the \fBshopt\fP +builtin, the shell recognizes several extended pattern matching operators. +In the following description, a \fIpattern-list\fP is a list of one +or more patterns separated by a \fB|\fP. +Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the following +sub-patterns: +.sp 1 +.PD 0 +.RS +.TP +\fB?(\fP\^\fIpattern-list\^\fP\fB)\fP +Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns +.TP +\fB*(\fP\^\fIpattern-list\^\fP\fB)\fP +Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns +.TP +\fB+(\fP\^\fIpattern-list\^\fP\fB)\fP +Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns +.TP +\fB@(\fP\^\fIpattern-list\^\fP\fB)\fP +Matches one of the given patterns +.TP +\fB!(\fP\^\fIpattern-list\^\fP\fB)\fP +Matches anything except one of the given patterns +.RE +.PD +.PP +The\fBextglob\fP option changes the behavior of the parser, since the +parentheses are normally treated as operators with syntactic meaning. +To ensure that extended matching patterns are parsed correctly, make sure +that \fBextglob\fP is enabled before parsing constructs containing the +patterns, including shell functions and command substitutions. +.PP +When matching filenames, the \fBdotglob\fP shell option determines +the set of filenames that are tested: +when \fBdotglob\fP is enabled, the set of filenames includes all files +beginning with ``.'', but ``.'' and ``..'' must be matched by a +pattern or sub-pattern that begins with a dot; +when it is disabled, the set does not +include any filenames beginning with ``.'' unless the pattern +or sub-pattern begins with a ``.''. +As above, ``.'' only has a special meaning when matching filenames. +.PP +Complicated extended pattern matching against long strings is slow, +especially when the patterns contain alternations and the strings +contain multiple matches. +Using separate matches against shorter strings, or using arrays of +strings instead of a single long string, may be faster. +.SS Quote Removal +After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the +characters +.BR \e , +.BR \(aq , +and \^\f3"\fP\^ that did not result from one of the above +expansions are removed. +.SH REDIRECTION +Before a command is executed, its input and output +may be +.I redirected +using a special notation interpreted by the shell. +\fIRedirection\fP allows commands' file handles to be +duplicated, opened, closed, +made to refer to different files, +and can change the files the command reads from and writes to. +Redirection may also be used to modify file handles in the +current shell execution environment. +The following redirection +operators may precede or appear anywhere within a +.I simple command +or may follow a +.IR command . +Redirections are processed in the order they appear, from +left to right. +.PP +Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number +may instead be preceded by a word of the form {\fIvarname\fP}. +In this case, for each redirection operator except +>&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a file descriptor greater +than or equal to 10 and assign it to \fIvarname\fP. +If >&- or <&- is preceded +by {\fIvarname\fP}, the value of \fIvarname\fP defines the file +descriptor to close. +If {\fIvarname\fP} is supplied, the redirection persists beyond +the scope of the command, allowing the shell programmer to manage +the file descriptor's lifetime manually. +The \fBvarredir_close\fP shell option manages this behavior. +.PP +In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is +omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is +.BR < , +the redirection refers to the standard input (file descriptor +0). If the first character of the redirection operator is +.BR > , +the redirection refers to the standard output (file descriptor +1). +.PP +The word following the redirection operator in the following +descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to +brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, arithmetic expansion, quote removal, +pathname expansion, and word splitting. +If it expands to more than one word, +.B bash +reports an error. +.PP +Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, +the command +.RS +.PP +ls \fB>\fP dirlist 2\fB>&\fP1 +.RE +.PP +directs both standard output and standard error to the file +.IR dirlist , +while the command +.RS +.PP +ls 2\fB>&\fP1 \fB>\fP dirlist +.RE +.PP +directs only the standard output to file +.IR dirlist , +because the standard error was duplicated from the standard output +before the standard output was redirected to +.IR dirlist . +.PP +\fBBash\fP handles several filenames specially when they are used in +redirections, as described in the following table. +If the operating system on which \fBbash\fP is running provides these +special files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them +internally with the behavior described below. +.RS +.PP +.PD 0 +.TP +.B /dev/fd/\fIfd\fP +If \fIfd\fP is a valid integer, file descriptor \fIfd\fP is duplicated. +.TP +.B /dev/stdin +File descriptor 0 is duplicated. +.TP +.B /dev/stdout +File descriptor 1 is duplicated. +.TP +.B /dev/stderr +File descriptor 2 is duplicated. +.TP +.B /dev/tcp/\fIhost\fP/\fIport\fP +If \fIhost\fP is a valid hostname or Internet address, and \fIport\fP +is an integer port number or service name, \fBbash\fP attempts to open +the corresponding TCP socket. +.TP +.B /dev/udp/\fIhost\fP/\fIport\fP +If \fIhost\fP is a valid hostname or Internet address, and \fIport\fP +is an integer port number or service name, \fBbash\fP attempts to open +the corresponding UDP socket. +.PD +.RE +.PP +A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail. +.PP +Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with +care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses +internally. +.SS Redirecting Input +Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from +the expansion of +.I word +to be opened for reading on file descriptor +.IR n , +or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if +.I n +is not specified. +.PP +The general format for redirecting input is: +.RS +.PP +[\fIn\fP]\fB<\fP\fIword\fP +.RE +.SS Redirecting Output +Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from +the expansion of +.I word +to be opened for writing on file descriptor +.IR n , +or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if +.I n +is not specified. If the file does not exist it is created; +if it does exist it is truncated to zero size. +.PP +The general format for redirecting output is: +.RS +.PP +[\fIn\fP]\fB>\fP\fIword\fP +.RE +.PP +If the redirection operator is +.BR > , +and the +.B noclobber +option to the +.B set +builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file +whose name results from the expansion of \fIword\fP exists and is +a regular file. +If the redirection operator is +.BR >| , +or the redirection operator is +.B > +and the +.B noclobber +option to the +.B set +builtin command is not enabled, the redirection is attempted even +if the file named by \fIword\fP exists. +.SS Appending Redirected Output +Redirection of output in this fashion +causes the file whose name results from +the expansion of +.I word +to be opened for appending on file descriptor +.IR n , +or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if +.I n +is not specified. If the file does not exist it is created. +.PP +The general format for appending output is: +.RS +.PP +[\fIn\fP]\fB>>\fP\fIword\fP +.RE +.SS Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error +This construct allows both the +standard output (file descriptor 1) and +the standard error output (file descriptor 2) +to be redirected to the file whose name is the +expansion of +.IR word . +.PP +There are two formats for redirecting standard output and +standard error: +.RS +.PP +\fB&>\fP\fIword\fP +.RE +and +.RS +\fB>&\fP\fIword\fP +.RE +.PP +Of the two forms, the first is preferred. +This is semantically equivalent to +.RS +.PP +\fB>\fP\fIword\fP 2\fB>&\fP1 +.RE +.PP +When using the second form, \fIword\fP may not expand to a number or +\fB\-\fP. If it does, other redirection operators apply +(see \fBDuplicating File Descriptors\fP below) for compatibility +reasons. +.SS Appending Standard Output and Standard Error +This construct allows both the +standard output (file descriptor 1) and +the standard error output (file descriptor 2) +to be appended to the file whose name is the +expansion of +.IR word . +.PP +The format for appending standard output and standard error is: +.RS +.PP +\fB&>>\fP\fIword\fP +.RE +.PP +This is semantically equivalent to +.RS +.PP +\fB>>\fP\fIword\fP 2\fB>&\fP1 +.RE +.PP +(see \fBDuplicating File Descriptors\fP below). +.SS Here Documents +This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the +current source until a line containing only +.I delimiter +(with no trailing blanks) +is seen. All of +the lines read up to that point are then used as the standard +input (or file descriptor \fIn\fP if \fIn\fP is specified) for a command. +.PP +The format of here-documents is: +.RS +.PP +.nf +[\fIn\fP]\fB<<\fP[\fB\-\fP]\fIword\fP + \fIhere-document\fP +\fIdelimiter\fP +.fi +.RE +.PP +No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, +arithmetic expansion, or pathname expansion is performed on +.IR word . +If any part of +.I word +is quoted, the +.I delimiter +is the result of quote removal on +.IR word , +and the lines in the here-document are not expanded. +If \fIword\fP is unquoted, +all lines of the here-document are subjected to +parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, +the character sequence +.B \e +is ignored, and +.B \e +must be used to quote the characters +.BR \e , +.BR $ , +and +.BR \` . +.PP +If the redirection operator is +.BR <<\- , +then all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines and the +line containing +.IR delimiter . +This allows +here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a +natural fashion. +.SS "Here Strings" +A variant of here documents, the format is: +.RS +.PP +.nf +[\fIn\fP]\fB<<<\fP\fIword\fP +.fi +.RE +.PP +The \fIword\fP undergoes +tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal. +Pathname expansion and word splitting are not performed. +The result is supplied as a single string, with a newline appended, +to the command on its +standard input (or file descriptor \fIn\fP if \fIn\fP is specified). +.SS "Duplicating File Descriptors" +The redirection operator +.RS +.PP +[\fIn\fP]\fB<&\fP\fIword\fP +.RE +.PP +is used to duplicate input file descriptors. +If +.I word +expands to one or more digits, the file descriptor denoted by +.I n +is made to be a copy of that file descriptor. +If the digits in +.I word +do not specify a file descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs. +If +.I word +evaluates to +.BR \- , +file descriptor +.I n +is closed. If +.I n +is not specified, the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used. +.PP +The operator +.RS +.PP +[\fIn\fP]\fB>&\fP\fIword\fP +.RE +.PP +is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If +.I n +is not specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. +If the digits in +.I word +do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a redirection error occurs. +If +.I word +evaluates to +.BR \- , +file descriptor +.I n +is closed. +As a special case, if \fIn\fP is omitted, and \fIword\fP does not +expand to one or more digits or \fB\-\fP, the standard output and standard +error are redirected as described previously. +.SS "Moving File Descriptors" +The redirection operator +.RS +.PP +[\fIn\fP]\fB<&\fP\fIdigit\fP\fB\-\fP +.RE +.PP +moves the file descriptor \fIdigit\fP to file descriptor +.IR n , +or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if \fIn\fP is not specified. +\fIdigit\fP is closed after being duplicated to \fIn\fP. +.PP +Similarly, the redirection operator +.RS +.PP +[\fIn\fP]\fB>&\fP\fIdigit\fP\fB\-\fP +.RE +.PP +moves the file descriptor \fIdigit\fP to file descriptor +.IR n , +or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if \fIn\fP is not specified. +.SS "Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing" +The redirection operator +.RS +.PP +[\fIn\fP]\fB<>\fP\fIword\fP +.RE +.PP +causes the file whose name is the expansion of +.I word +to be opened for both reading and writing on file descriptor +.IR n , +or on file descriptor 0 if +.I n +is not specified. If the file does not exist, it is created. +.SH ALIASES +\fIAliases\fP allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used +as the first word of a simple command. +The shell maintains a list of aliases that may be set and unset with the +.B alias +and +.B unalias +builtin commands (see +.SM +.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS +below). +The first word of each simple command, if unquoted, +is checked to see if it has an +alias. If so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias. +The characters \fB/\fP, \fB$\fP, \fB\`\fP, and \fB=\fP and +any of the shell \fImetacharacters\fP or quoting characters +listed above may not appear in an alias name. +The replacement text may contain any valid shell input, +including shell metacharacters. +The first word of the replacement text is tested +for aliases, but a word that is identical to an alias being expanded +is not expanded a second time. +This means that one may alias +.B ls +to +.BR "ls \-F" , +for instance, and +.B bash +does not try to recursively expand the replacement text. +If the last character of the alias value is a +.IR blank , +then the next command +word following the alias is also checked for alias expansion. +.PP +Aliases are created and listed with the +.B alias +command, and removed with the +.B unalias +command. +.PP +There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. +If arguments are needed, use a shell function (see +.SM +.B FUNCTIONS +below). +.PP +Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless +the +.B expand_aliases +shell option is set using +.B shopt +(see the description of +.B shopt +under +.SM +\fBSHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS\fP +below). +.PP +The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are +somewhat confusing. +.B Bash +always reads at least one complete line of input, +and all lines that make up a compound command, +before executing any of the commands on that line or the compound command. +Aliases are expanded when a +command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, an +alias definition appearing on the same line as another +command does not take effect until the next line of input is read. +The commands following the alias definition +on that line are not affected by the new alias. +This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed. +Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read, +not when the function is executed, because a function definition +is itself a command. As a consequence, aliases +defined in a function are not available until after that +function is executed. To be safe, always put +alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use +.B alias +in compound commands. +.PP +For almost every purpose, aliases are superseded by +shell functions. +.SH FUNCTIONS +A shell function, defined as described above under +.SM +.BR "SHELL GRAMMAR" , +stores a series of commands for later execution. +When the name of a shell function is used as a simple command name, +the list of commands associated with that function name is executed. +Functions are executed in the context of the +current shell; no new process is created to interpret +them (contrast this with the execution of a shell script). +When a function is executed, the arguments to the +function become the positional parameters +during its execution. +The special parameter +.B # +is updated to reflect the change. Special parameter \fB0\fP +is unchanged. +The first element of the +.SM +.B FUNCNAME +variable is set to the name of the function while the function +is executing. +.PP +All other aspects of the shell execution +environment are identical between a function and its caller +with these exceptions: the +.SM +.B DEBUG +and +.B RETURN +traps (see the description of the +.B trap +builtin under +.SM +.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS +below) are not inherited unless the function has been given the +\fBtrace\fP attribute (see the description of the +.SM +.B declare +builtin below) or the +\fB\-o functrace\fP shell option has been enabled with +the \fBset\fP builtin +(in which case all functions inherit the \fBDEBUG\fP and \fBRETURN\fP traps), +and the +.SM +.B ERR +trap is not inherited unless the \fB\-o errtrace\fP shell option has +been enabled. +.PP +Variables local to the function may be declared with the +.B local +builtin command (\fIlocal variables\fP). +Ordinarily, variables and their values +are shared between the function and its caller. +If a variable is declared \fBlocal\fP, the variable's visible scope +is restricted to that function and its children (including the functions +it calls). +.PP +In the following description, the \fIcurrent scope\fP is a currently- +executing function. +Previous scopes consist of that function's caller and so on, +back to the "global" scope, where the shell is not executing +any shell function. +Consequently, a local variable at the current scope is a variable +declared using the \fBlocal\fP or \fBdeclare\fP builtins in the +function that is currently executing. +.PP +Local variables "shadow" variables with the same name declared at +previous scopes. +For instance, a local variable declared in a function +hides a global variable of the same name: references and assignments +refer to the local variable, leaving the global variable unmodified. +When the function returns, the global variable is once again visible. +.PP +The shell uses \fIdynamic scoping\fP to control a variable's visibility +within functions. +With dynamic scoping, visible variables and their values +are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused execution +to reach the current function. +The value of a variable that a function sees depends +on its value within its caller, if any, whether that caller is +the "global" scope or another shell function. +This is also the value that a local variable +declaration "shadows", and the value that is restored when the function +returns. +.PP +For example, if a variable \fIvar\fP is declared as local in function +\fIfunc1\fP, and \fIfunc1\fP calls another function \fIfunc2\fP, +references to \fIvar\fP made from within \fIfunc2\fP will resolve to the +local variable \fIvar\fP from \fIfunc1\fP, shadowing any global variable +named \fIvar\fP. +.PP +The \fBunset\fP builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a +variable is local to the current scope, \fBunset\fP will unset it; +otherwise the unset will refer to the variable found in any calling scope +as described above. +If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it will remain so +(appearing as unset) +until it is reset in that scope or until the function returns. +Once the function returns, any instance of the variable at a previous +scope will become visible. +If the unset acts on a variable at a previous scope, any instance of a +variable with that name that had been shadowed will become visible +(see below how the \fBlocalvar_unset\fP shell option changes this behavior). +.PP +The \fBFUNCNEST\fP variable, if set to a numeric value greater +than 0, defines a maximum function nesting level. Function +invocations that exceed the limit cause the entire command to +abort. +.PP +If the builtin command +.B return +is executed in a function, the function completes and +execution resumes with the next command after the function +call. +Any command associated with the \fBRETURN\fP trap is executed +before execution resumes. +When a function completes, the values of the +positional parameters and the special parameter +.B # +are restored to the values they had prior to the function's +execution. +.PP +Function names and definitions may be listed with the +.B \-f +option to the +.B declare +or +.B typeset +builtin commands. The +.B \-F +option to +.B declare +or +.B typeset +will list the function names only +(and optionally the source file and line number, if the \fBextdebug\fP +shell option is enabled). +Functions may be exported so that child shell processes +(those created when executing a separate shell invocation) +automatically have them defined with the +.B \-f +option to the +.B export +builtin. +A function definition may be deleted using the \fB\-f\fP option to +the +.B unset +builtin. +.PP +Functions may be recursive. +The \fBFUNCNEST\fP variable may be used to limit the depth of the +function call stack and restrict the number of function invocations. +By default, no limit is imposed on the number of recursive calls. +.SH "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION" +The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under +certain circumstances (see the \fBlet\fP and \fBdeclare\fP builtin +commands, the \fB((\fP compound command, and \fBArithmetic Expansion\fP). +Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check for overflow, +though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error. +The operators and their precedence, associativity, and values +are the same as in the C language. +The following list of operators is grouped into levels of +equal-precedence operators. +The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence. +.PP +.PD 0 +.TP +.B \fIid\fP++ \fIid\fP\-\- +variable post-increment and post-decrement +.TP +.B \- + +unary minus and plus +.TP +.B ++\fIid\fP \-\-\fIid\fP +variable pre-increment and pre-decrement +.TP +.B ! ~ +logical and bitwise negation +.TP +.B ** +exponentiation +.TP +.B * / % +multiplication, division, remainder +.TP +.B + \- +addition, subtraction +.TP +.B << >> +left and right bitwise shifts +.TP +.B <= >= < > +comparison +.TP +.B == != +equality and inequality +.TP +.B & +bitwise AND +.TP +.B ^ +bitwise exclusive OR +.TP +.B | +bitwise OR +.TP +.B && +logical AND +.TP +.B || +logical OR +.TP +.B \fIexpr\fP?\fIexpr\fP:\fIexpr\fP +conditional operator +.TP +.B = *= /= %= += \-= <<= >>= &= ^= |= +assignment +.TP +.B \fIexpr1\fP , \fIexpr2\fP +comma +.PD +.PP +Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is +performed before the expression is evaluated. +Within an expression, shell variables may also be referenced by name +without using the parameter expansion syntax. +A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to 0 when referenced +by name without using the parameter expansion syntax. +The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression +when it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the +\fIinteger\fP attribute using \fBdeclare \-i\fP is assigned a value. +A null value evaluates to 0. +A shell variable need not have its \fIinteger\fP attribute +turned on to be used in an expression. +.PP +Integer constants follow the C language definition, without suffixes or +character constants. +Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers. +A leading 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. +Otherwise, numbers take the form [\fIbase#\fP]n, where the optional \fIbase\fP +is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic +base, and \fIn\fP is a number in that base. +If \fIbase#\fP is omitted, then base 10 is used. +When specifying \fIn\fP, +if a non-digit is required, +the digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, +the uppercase letters, @, and _, in that order. +If \fIbase\fP is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase +letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers between 10 +and 35. +.PP +Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in +parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence +rules above. +.SH "CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS" +Conditional expressions are used by the \fB[[\fP compound command and +the \fBtest\fP and \fB[\fP builtin commands to test file attributes +and perform string and arithmetic comparisons. +The \fBtest\fP and \fB[\fP commands determine their behavior based on +the number of arguments; see the descriptions of those commands for any +other command-specific actions. +.PP +Expressions are formed from the following unary or binary primaries. +\fBBash\fP handles several filenames specially when they are used in +expressions. +If the operating system on which \fBbash\fP is running provides these +special files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them +internally with this behavior: +If any \fIfile\fP argument to one of the primaries is of the form +\fI/dev/fd/n\fP, then file descriptor \fIn\fP is checked. +If the \fIfile\fP argument to one of the primaries is one of +\fI/dev/stdin\fP, \fI/dev/stdout\fP, or \fI/dev/stderr\fP, file +descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, is checked. +.PP +Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow symbolic +links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link itself. +.if t .sp 0.5 +.if n .sp 1 +When used with \fB[[\fP, the \fB<\fP and \fB>\fP operators sort +lexicographically using the current locale. +The \fBtest\fP command sorts using ASCII ordering. +.sp 1 +.PD 0 +.TP +.B \-a \fIfile\fP +True if \fIfile\fP exists. +.TP +.B \-b \fIfile\fP +True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a block special file. +.TP +.B \-c \fIfile\fP +True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a character special file. +.TP +.B \-d \fIfile\fP +True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a directory. +.TP +.B \-e \fIfile\fP +True if \fIfile\fP exists. +.TP +.B \-f \fIfile\fP +True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a regular file. +.TP +.B \-g \fIfile\fP +True if \fIfile\fP exists and is set-group-id. +.TP +.B \-h \fIfile\fP +True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a symbolic link. +.TP +.B \-k \fIfile\fP +True if \fIfile\fP exists and its ``sticky'' bit is set. +.TP +.B \-p \fIfile\fP +True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a named pipe (FIFO). +.TP +.B \-r \fIfile\fP +True if \fIfile\fP exists and is readable. +.TP +.B \-s \fIfile\fP +True if \fIfile\fP exists and has a size greater than zero. +.TP +.B \-t \fIfd\fP +True if file descriptor +.I fd +is open and refers to a terminal. +.TP +.B \-u \fIfile\fP +True if \fIfile\fP exists and its set-user-id bit is set. +.TP +.B \-w \fIfile\fP +True if \fIfile\fP exists and is writable. +.TP +.B \-x \fIfile\fP +True if \fIfile\fP exists and is executable. +.TP +.B \-G \fIfile\fP +True if \fIfile\fP exists and is owned by the effective group id. +.TP +.B \-L \fIfile\fP +True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a symbolic link. +.TP +.B \-N \fIfile\fP +True if \fIfile\fP exists and has been modified since it was last read. +.TP +.B \-O \fIfile\fP +True if \fIfile\fP exists and is owned by the effective user id. +.TP +.B \-S \fIfile\fP +True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a socket. +.TP +\fIfile1\fP \fB\-ef\fP \fIfile2\fP +True if \fIfile1\fP and \fIfile2\fP refer to the same device and +inode numbers. +.TP +\fIfile1\fP \-\fBnt\fP \fIfile2\fP +True if \fIfile1\fP is newer (according to modification date) than \fIfile2\fP, +or if \fIfile1\fP exists and \fPfile2\fP does not. +.TP +\fIfile1\fP \-\fBot\fP \fIfile2\fP +True if \fIfile1\fP is older than \fIfile2\fP, or if \fIfile2\fP exists +and \fIfile1\fP does not. +.TP +.B \-o \fIoptname\fP +True if the shell option +.I optname +is enabled. +See the list of options under the description of the +.B \-o +option to the +.B set +builtin below. +.TP +.B \-v \fIvarname\fP +True if the shell variable +.I varname +is set (has been assigned a value). +.TP +.B \-R \fIvarname\fP +True if the shell variable +.I varname +is set and is a name reference. +.TP +.B \-z \fIstring\fP +True if the length of \fIstring\fP is zero. +.TP +\fIstring\fP +.PD 0 +.TP +.B \-n \fIstring\fP +.PD +True if the length of +.I string +is non-zero. +.TP +\fIstring1\fP \fB==\fP \fIstring2\fP +.PD 0 +.TP +\fIstring1\fP \fB=\fP \fIstring2\fP +.PD +True if the strings are equal. \fB=\fP should be used +with the \fBtest\fP command for POSIX conformance. +When used with the \fB[[\fP command, this performs pattern matching as +described above (\fBCompound Commands\fP). +.TP +\fIstring1\fP \fB!=\fP \fIstring2\fP +True if the strings are not equal. +.TP +\fIstring1\fP \fB<\fP \fIstring2\fP +True if \fIstring1\fP sorts before \fIstring2\fP lexicographically. +.TP +\fIstring1\fP \fB>\fP \fIstring2\fP +True if \fIstring1\fP sorts after \fIstring2\fP lexicographically. +.TP +.I \fIarg1\fP \fBOP\fP \fIarg2\fP +.SM +.B OP +is one of +.BR \-eq , +.BR \-ne , +.BR \-lt , +.BR \-le , +.BR \-gt , +or +.BR \-ge . +These arithmetic binary operators return true if \fIarg1\fP +is equal to, not equal to, less than, less than or equal to, +greater than, or greater than or equal to \fIarg2\fP, respectively. +.I Arg1 +and +.I arg2 +may be positive or negative integers. +When used with the \fB[[\fP command, +.I Arg1 +and +.I Arg2 +are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (see +.SM +.B "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION" +above). +.PD +.SH "SIMPLE COMMAND EXPANSION" +When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following +expansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right, in +the following order. +.IP 1. +The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments (those +preceding the command name) and redirections are saved for later +processing. +.IP 2. +The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are +expanded. If any words remain after expansion, the first word +is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words are +the arguments. +.IP 3. +Redirections are performed as described above under +.SM +.BR REDIRECTION . +.IP 4. +The text after the \fB=\fP in each variable assignment undergoes tilde +expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, +and quote removal before being assigned to the variable. +.PP +If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current +shell environment. +In the case of such a command (one that consists only of assignment +statements and redirections), assignment statements are performed before +redirections. +Otherwise, the variables are added to the environment +of the executed command and do not affect the current shell environment. +If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a readonly variable, +an error occurs, and the command exits with a non-zero status. +.PP +If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not +affect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the +command to exit with a non-zero status. +.PP +If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as +described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expansions +contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command is +the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If there +were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status of zero. +.SH "COMMAND EXECUTION" +After a command has been split into words, if it results in a +simple command and an optional list of arguments, the following +actions are taken. +.PP +If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to +locate it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that +function is invoked as described above in +.SM +.BR FUNCTIONS . +If the name does not match a function, the shell searches for +it in the list of shell builtins. If a match is found, that +builtin is invoked. +.PP +If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, +and contains no slashes, +.B bash +searches each element of the +.SM +.B PATH +for a directory containing an executable file by that name. +.B Bash +uses a hash table to remember the full pathnames of executable +files (see +.B hash +under +.SM +.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" +below). +A full search of the directories in +.SM +.B PATH +is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table. +If the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell +function named \fBcommand_not_found_handle\fP. +If that function exists, it is invoked in a separate execution environment +with the original command and +the original command's arguments as its arguments, and the function's +exit status becomes the exit status of that subshell. +If that function is not defined, the shell prints an error +message and returns an exit status of 127. +.PP +If the search is successful, or if the command name contains +one or more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a +separate execution environment. +Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remaining arguments +to the command are set to the arguments given, if any. +.PP +If this execution fails because the file is not in executable +format, and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be +a \fIshell script\fP, a file +containing shell commands, and the shell creates a +new instance of itself +to execute it. +This subshell reinitializes itself, so +that the effect is as if a new shell had been invoked +to handle the script, with the exception that the locations of +commands remembered by the parent (see +.B hash +below under +.SM +\fBSHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS\fP) +are retained by the child. +.PP +If the program is a file beginning with +.BR #! , +the remainder of the first line specifies an interpreter +for the program. The shell executes the +specified interpreter on operating systems that do not +handle this executable format themselves. The arguments to the +interpreter consist of a single optional argument following the +interpreter name on the first line of the program, followed +by the name of the program, followed by the command +arguments, if any. +.SH COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT +The shell has an \fIexecution environment\fP, which consists of the +following: +.IP \(bu +open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by +redirections supplied to the \fBexec\fP builtin +.IP \(bu +the current working directory as set by \fBcd\fP, \fBpushd\fP, or +\fBpopd\fP, or inherited by the shell at invocation +.IP \(bu +the file creation mode mask as set by \fBumask\fP or inherited from +the shell's parent +.IP \(bu +current traps set by \fBtrap\fP +.IP \(bu +shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with \fBset\fP +or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment +.IP \(bu +shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell's +parent in the environment +.IP \(bu +options enabled at invocation (either by default or with command-line +arguments) or by \fBset\fP +.IP \(bu +options enabled by \fBshopt\fP +.IP \(bu +shell aliases defined with \fBalias\fP +.IP \(bu +various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the value +of \fB$$\fP, and the value of +.SM +.B PPID +.PP +When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function +is to be executed, it +is invoked in a separate execution environment that consists of +the following. +Unless otherwise noted, the values are inherited from the shell. +.if n .sp 1 +.IP \(bu +the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions specified +by redirections to the command +.IP \(bu +the current working directory +.IP \(bu +the file creation mode mask +.IP \(bu +shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables +exported for the command, passed in the environment +.IP \(bu +traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the +shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored +.PP +A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the +shell's execution environment. +.PP +A \fIsubshell\fP is a copy of the shell process. +.PP +Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, +and asynchronous commands are invoked in a +subshell environment that is a duplicate of the shell environment, +except that traps caught by the shell are reset to the values +that the shell inherited from its parent at invocation. Builtin +commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline are also executed in a +subshell environment. Changes made to the subshell environment +cannot affect the shell's execution environment. +.PP +Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of +the \fB\-e\fP option from the parent shell. When not in \fIposix mode\fP, +\fBbash\fP clears the \fB\-e\fP option in such subshells. +.PP +If a command is followed by a \fB&\fP and job control is not active, the +default standard input for the command is the empty file \fI/dev/null\fP. +Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the calling +shell as modified by redirections. +.SH ENVIRONMENT +When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings +called the +.IR environment . +This is a list of +\fIname\fP\-\fIvalue\fP pairs, of the form +.IR "name\fR=\fPvalue" . +.PP +The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment. +On invocation, the shell scans its own environment and +creates a parameter for each name found, automatically marking +it for +.I export +to child processes. Executed commands inherit the environment. +The +.B export +and +.B declare \-x +commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and +deleted from the environment. If the value of a parameter +in the environment is modified, the new value becomes part +of the environment, replacing the old. The environment +inherited by any executed command consists of the shell's +initial environment, whose values may be modified in the shell, +less any pairs removed by the +.B unset +command, plus any additions via the +.B export +and +.B declare \-x +commands. +.PP +The environment for any +.I simple command +or function may be augmented temporarily by prefixing it with +parameter assignments, as described above in +.SM +.BR PARAMETERS . +These assignment statements affect only the environment seen +by that command. +.PP +If the +.B \-k +option is set (see the +.B set +builtin command below), then +.I all +parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, +not just those that precede the command name. +.PP +When +.B bash +invokes an external command, the variable +.B _ +is set to the full filename of the command and passed to that +command in its environment. +.SH "EXIT STATUS" +The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the +\fIwaitpid\fP system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses +fall between 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may +use values above 125 specially. Exit statuses from shell builtins and +compound commands are also limited to this range. Under certain +circumstances, the shell will use special values to indicate specific +failure modes. +.PP +For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a +zero exit status has succeeded. An exit status of zero +indicates success. A non-zero exit status indicates failure. +When a command terminates on a fatal signal \fIN\fP, \fBbash\fP uses +the value of 128+\fIN\fP as the exit status. +.PP +If a command is not found, the child process created to +execute it returns a status of 127. If a command is found +but is not executable, the return status is 126. +.PP +If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection, +the exit status is greater than zero. +.PP +Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (\fItrue\fP) if +successful, and non-zero (\fIfalse\fP) if an error occurs +while they execute. +All builtins return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, +generally invalid options or missing arguments. +.PP +The exit status of the last command is available in the special +parameter $?. +.PP +\fBBash\fP itself returns the exit status of the last command +executed, unless a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits +with a non-zero value. See also the \fBexit\fP builtin +command below. +.SH SIGNALS +When \fBbash\fP is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores +.SM +.B SIGTERM +(so that \fBkill 0\fP does not kill an interactive shell), +and +.SM +.B SIGINT +is caught and handled (so that the \fBwait\fP builtin is interruptible). +In all cases, \fBbash\fP ignores +.SM +.BR SIGQUIT . +If job control is in effect, +.B bash +ignores +.SM +.BR SIGTTIN , +.SM +.BR SIGTTOU , +and +.SM +.BR SIGTSTP . +.PP +Non-builtin commands run by \fBbash\fP have signal handlers +set to the values inherited by the shell from its parent. +When job control is not in effect, asynchronous commands +ignore +.SM +.B SIGINT +and +.SM +.B SIGQUIT +in addition to these inherited handlers. +Commands run as a result of command substitution ignore the +keyboard-generated job control signals +.SM +.BR SIGTTIN , +.SM +.BR SIGTTOU , +and +.SM +.BR SIGTSTP . +.PP +The shell exits by default upon receipt of a +.SM +.BR SIGHUP . +Before exiting, an interactive shell resends the +.SM +.B SIGHUP +to all jobs, running or stopped. +Stopped jobs are sent +.SM +.B SIGCONT +to ensure that they receive the +.SM +.BR SIGHUP . +To prevent the shell from +sending the signal to a particular job, it should be removed from the +jobs table with the +.B disown +builtin (see +.SM +.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" +below) or marked +to not receive +.SM +.B SIGHUP +using +.BR "disown \-h" . +.PP +If the +.B huponexit +shell option has been set with +.BR shopt , +.B bash +sends a +.SM +.B SIGHUP +to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits. +.PP +If \fBbash\fP is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal +for which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until +the command completes. +When \fBbash\fP is waiting for an asynchronous command via the \fBwait\fP +builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has been set will +cause the \fBwait\fP builtin to return immediately with an exit status +greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is executed. +.PP +When job control is not enabled, and \fBbash\fP is waiting for a foreground +command to complete, the shell receives keyboard-generated signals +such as +.SM +.B SIGINT +(usually generated by \fB^C\fP) that users commonly intend to send +to that command. +This happens because the shell and the command are in the +same process group as the terminal, and \fB^C\fP sends +.SM +.B SIGINT +to all processes in that process group. +.PP +When \fBbash\fP is running without job control enabled and receives +.SM +.B SIGINT +while waiting for a foreground command, it waits until that foreground +command terminates and then decides what to do about the +.SM +.BR SIGINT : +.IP 1. +If the command terminates due to the +.SM +.BR SIGINT , +\fBbash\fP concludes +that the user meant to end the entire script, and acts on the +.SM +.B SIGINT +(e.g., by running a +.SM +.B SIGINT +trap or exiting itself); +.IP 2. +If the command does not terminate due to +.SM +.BR SIGINT , +the program handled the +.SM +.B SIGINT +itself and did not treat it as a fatal signal. +In that case, \fBbash\fP does not treat +.SM +.B SIGINT +as a fatal signal, either, instead assuming that the +.SM +.B SIGINT +was used as part of the program's normal operation +(e.g., emacs uses it to abort editing +commands) or deliberately discarded. +However, \fBbash\fP will run any +trap set on +.SM +.BR SIGINT , +as it does with any other trapped signal it +receives while it is waiting for the foreground command to +complete, for compatibility. +.SH "JOB CONTROL" +.I Job control +refers to the ability to selectively stop (\fIsuspend\fP) +the execution of processes and continue (\fIresume\fP) +their execution at a later point. A user typically employs +this facility via an interactive interface supplied jointly +by the operating system kernel's terminal driver and +.BR bash . +.PP +The shell associates a +.I job +with each pipeline. It keeps a table of currently executing +jobs, which may be listed with the +.B jobs +command. When +.B bash +starts a job asynchronously (in the +.IR background ), +it prints a line that looks like: +.RS +.PP +[1] 25647 +.RE +.PP +indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID +of the last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647. +All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. +.B Bash +uses the +.I job +abstraction as the basis for job control. +.PP +To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job +control, the operating system maintains the notion of a \fIcurrent terminal +process group ID\fP. Members of this process group (processes whose +process group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID) +receive keyboard-generated signals such as +.SM +.BR SIGINT . +These processes are said to be in the +.IR foreground . +.I Background +processes are those whose process group ID differs from the terminal's; +such processes are immune to keyboard-generated signals. +Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, if the +user so specifies with \f(CWstty tostop\fP, write to the +terminal. +Background processes which attempt to read from (write to when +\f(CWstty tostop\fP is in effect) the +terminal are sent a +.SM +.B SIGTTIN (SIGTTOU) +signal by the kernel's terminal driver, +which, unless caught, suspends the process. +.PP +If the operating system on which +.B bash +is running supports +job control, +.B bash +contains facilities to use it. +Typing the +.I suspend +character (typically +.BR ^Z , +Control-Z) while a process is running +causes that process to be stopped and returns control to +.BR bash . +Typing the +.I "delayed suspend" +character (typically +.BR ^Y , +Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped when it +attempts to read input from the terminal, and control to +be returned to +.BR bash . +The user may then manipulate the state of this job, using the +.B bg +command to continue it in the background, the +.B fg +command to continue it in the foreground, or +the +.B kill +command to kill it. A \fB^Z\fP takes effect immediately, +and has the additional side effect of causing pending output +and typeahead to be discarded. +.PP +There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. +The character +.B % +introduces a job specification (\fIjobspec\fP). Job number +.I n +may be referred to as +.BR %n . +A job may also be referred to using a prefix of the name used to +start it, or using a substring that appears in its command line. +For example, +.B %ce +refers to a stopped +job whose command name begins with +.BR ce . +If a prefix matches more than one job, +.B bash +reports an error. Using +.BR %?ce , +on the other hand, refers to any job containing the string +.B ce +in its command line. If the substring matches more than one job, +.B bash +reports an error. The symbols +.B %% +and +.B %+ +refer to the shell's notion of the +.IR "current job" , +which is the last job stopped while it was in +the foreground or started in the background. +The +.I "previous job" +may be referenced using +.BR %\- . +If there is only a single job, \fB%+\fP and \fB%\-\fP can both be used +to refer to that job. +In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the +.B jobs +command), the current job is always flagged with a +.BR + , +and the previous job with a +.BR \- . +A single % (with no accompanying job specification) also refers to the +current job. +.PP +Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the +foreground: +.B %1 +is a synonym for +\fB``fg %1''\fP, +bringing job 1 from the background into the foreground. +Similarly, +.B ``%1 &'' +resumes job 1 in the background, equivalent to +\fB``bg %1''\fP. +.PP +The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. +Normally, +.B bash +waits until it is about to print a prompt before reporting +changes in a job's status so as to not interrupt +any other output. If the +.B \-b +option to the +.B set +builtin command +is enabled, +.B bash +reports such changes immediately. +Any trap on +.SM +.B SIGCHLD +is executed for each child that exits. +.PP +If an attempt to exit +.B bash +is made while jobs are stopped (or, if the \fBcheckjobs\fP shell option has +been enabled using the \fBshopt\fP builtin, running), the shell prints a +warning message, and, if the \fBcheckjobs\fP option is enabled, lists the +jobs and their statuses. +The +.B jobs +command may then be used to inspect their status. +If a second attempt to exit is made without an intervening command, +the shell does not print another warning, and any stopped +jobs are terminated. +.PP +When the shell is waiting for a job or process using the \fBwait\fP +builtin, and job control is enabled, \fBwait\fP will return when the +job changes state. The \fB\-f\fP option causes \fBwait\fP to wait +until the job or process terminates before returning. +.SH PROMPTING +When executing interactively, +.B bash +displays the primary prompt +.SM +.B PS1 +when it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt +.SM +.B PS2 +when it needs more input to complete a command. +.B Bash +displays +.SM +.B PS0 +after it reads a command but before executing it. +.B Bash +displays +.SM +.B PS4 +as described above +before tracing each command when the \fB\-x\fP option is enabled. +.B Bash +allows these prompt strings to be customized by inserting a number of +backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded as follows: +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP +.B \ea +an ASCII bell character (07) +.TP +.B \ed +the date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May 26") +.TP +.B \eD{\fIformat\fP} +the \fIformat\fP is passed to \fIstrftime\fP(3) and the result is inserted +into the prompt string; an empty \fIformat\fP results in a locale-specific +time representation. The braces are required +.TP +.B \ee +an ASCII escape character (033) +.TP +.B \eh +the hostname up to the first `.' +.TP +.B \eH +the hostname +.TP +.B \ej +the number of jobs currently managed by the shell +.TP +.B \el +the basename of the shell's terminal device name +.TP +.B \en +newline +.TP +.B \er +carriage return +.TP +.B \es +the name of the shell, the basename of +.B $0 +(the portion following the final slash) +.TP +.B \et +the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format +.TP +.B \eT +the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format +.TP +.B \e@ +the current time in 12-hour am/pm format +.TP +.B \eA +the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format +.TP +.B \eu +the username of the current user +.TP +.B \ev +the version of \fBbash\fP (e.g., 2.00) +.TP +.B \eV +the release of \fBbash\fP, version + patch level (e.g., 2.00.0) +.TP +.B \ew +the value of the \fBPWD\fP shell variable (\fB$PWD\fP), +with +.SM +.B $HOME +abbreviated with a tilde +(uses the value of the +.SM +.B PROMPT_DIRTRIM +variable) +.TP +.B \eW +the basename of \fB$PWD\fP, +with +.SM +.B $HOME +abbreviated with a tilde +.TP +.B \e! +the history number of this command +.TP +.B \e# +the command number of this command +.TP +.B \e$ +if the effective UID is 0, a +.BR # , +otherwise a +.B $ +.TP +.B \e\fInnn\fP +the character corresponding to the octal number \fInnn\fP +.TP +.B \e\e +a backslash +.TP +.B \e[ +begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could be used to +embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt +.TP +.B \e] +end a sequence of non-printing characters +.PD +.RE +.PP +The command number and the history number are usually different: +the history number of a command is its position in the history +list, which may include commands restored from the history file +(see +.SM +.B HISTORY +below), while the command number is the position in the sequence +of commands executed during the current shell session. +After the string is decoded, it is expanded via +parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic +expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of the +.B promptvars +shell option (see the description of the +.B shopt +command under +.SM +.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" +below). +This can have unwanted side effects if escaped portions of the string +appear within command substitution or contain characters special to +word expansion. +.SH READLINE +This is the library that handles reading input when using an interactive +shell, unless the +.B \-\-noediting +option is given at shell invocation. +Line editing is also used when using the \fB\-e\fP option to the +\fBread\fP builtin. +By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs. +A vi-style line editing interface is also available. +Line editing can be enabled at any time using the +.B \-o emacs +or +.B \-o vi +options to the +.B set +builtin (see +.SM +.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS +below). +To turn off line editing after the shell is running, use the +.B +o emacs +or +.B +o vi +options to the +.B set +builtin. +.SS "Readline Notation" +In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote +keystrokes. Control keys are denoted by C\-\fIkey\fR, e.g., C\-n +means Control\-N. Similarly, +.I meta +keys are denoted by M\-\fIkey\fR, so M\-x means Meta\-X. (On keyboards +without a +.I meta +key, M\-\fIx\fP means ESC \fIx\fP, i.e., press the Escape key +then the +.I x +key. This makes ESC the \fImeta prefix\fP. +The combination M\-C\-\fIx\fP means ESC\-Control\-\fIx\fP, +or press the Escape key +then hold the Control key while pressing the +.I x +key.) +.PP +Readline commands may be given numeric +.IR arguments , +which normally act as a repeat count. +Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument that is significant. +Passing a negative argument to a command that acts in the forward +direction (e.g., \fBkill\-line\fP) causes that command to act in a +backward direction. +Commands whose behavior with arguments deviates from this are noted +below. +.PP +When a command is described as \fIkilling\fP text, the text +deleted is saved for possible future retrieval +(\fIyanking\fP). The killed text is saved in a +\fIkill ring\fP. Consecutive kills cause the text to be +accumulated into one unit, which can be yanked all at once. +Commands which do not kill text separate the chunks of text +on the kill ring. +.SS "Readline Initialization" +Readline is customized by putting commands in an initialization +file (the \fIinputrc\fP file). +The name of this file is taken from the value of the +.SM +.B INPUTRC +variable. If that variable is unset, the default is +.IR ~/.inputrc . +If that file does not exist or cannot be read, the ultimate default is +.IR /etc/inputrc . +When a program which uses the readline library starts up, the +initialization file is read, and the key bindings and variables +are set. +There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the +readline initialization file. +Blank lines are ignored. +Lines beginning with a \fB#\fP are comments. +Lines beginning with a \fB$\fP indicate conditional constructs. +Other lines denote key bindings and variable settings. +.PP +The default key-bindings may be changed with an +.I inputrc +file. +Other programs that use this library may add their own commands +and bindings. +.PP +For example, placing +.RS +.PP +M\-Control\-u: universal\-argument +.RE +or +.RS +C\-Meta\-u: universal\-argument +.RE +into the +.I inputrc +would make M\-C\-u execute the readline command +.IR universal\-argument . +.PP +The following symbolic character names are recognized: +.IR RUBOUT , +.IR DEL , +.IR ESC , +.IR LFD , +.IR NEWLINE , +.IR RET , +.IR RETURN , +.IR SPC , +.IR SPACE , +and +.IR TAB . +.PP +In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound +to a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a \fImacro\fP). +.SS "Readline Key Bindings" +The syntax for controlling key bindings in the +.I inputrc +file is simple. All that is required is the name of the +command or the text of a macro and a key sequence to which +it should be bound. The name may be specified in one of two ways: +as a symbolic key name, possibly with \fIMeta\-\fP or \fIControl\-\fP +prefixes, or as a key sequence. +.PP +When using the form \fBkeyname\fP:\^\fIfunction\-name\fP or \fImacro\fP, +.I keyname +is the name of a key spelled out in English. For example: +.sp +.RS +Control-u: universal\-argument +.br +Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word +.br +Control-o: "> output" +.RE +.LP +In the above example, +.I C\-u +is bound to the function +.BR universal\-argument , +.I M\-DEL +is bound to the function +.BR backward\-kill\-word , +and +.I C\-o +is bound to run the macro +expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text +.if t \f(CW> output\fP +.if n ``> output'' +into the line). +.PP +In the second form, \fB"keyseq"\fP:\^\fIfunction\-name\fP or \fImacro\fP, +.B keyseq +differs from +.B keyname +above in that strings denoting +an entire key sequence may be specified by placing the sequence +within double quotes. Some GNU Emacs style key escapes can be +used, as in the following example, but the symbolic character names +are not recognized. +.sp +.RS +"\eC\-u": universal\-argument +.br +"\eC\-x\eC\-r": re\-read\-init\-file +.br +"\ee[11~": "Function Key 1" +.RE +.PP +In this example, +.I C\-u +is again bound to the function +.BR universal\-argument . +.I "C\-x C\-r" +is bound to the function +.BR re\-read\-init\-file , +and +.I "ESC [ 1 1 ~" +is bound to insert the text +.if t \f(CWFunction Key 1\fP. +.if n ``Function Key 1''. +.PP +The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP +.B \eC\- +control prefix +.TP +.B \eM\- +meta prefix +.TP +.B \ee +an escape character +.TP +.B \e\e +backslash +.TP +.B \e" +literal " +.TP +.B \e\(aq +literal \(aq +.RE +.PD +.PP +In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second +set of backslash escapes is available: +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP +.B \ea +alert (bell) +.TP +.B \eb +backspace +.TP +.B \ed +delete +.TP +.B \ef +form feed +.TP +.B \en +newline +.TP +.B \er +carriage return +.TP +.B \et +horizontal tab +.TP +.B \ev +vertical tab +.TP +.B \e\fInnn\fP +the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value \fInnn\fP +(one to three digits) +.TP +.B \ex\fIHH\fP +the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value \fIHH\fP +(one or two hex digits) +.RE +.PD +.PP +When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must +be used to indicate a macro definition. +Unquoted text is assumed to be a function name. +In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above are expanded. +Backslash will quote any other character in the macro text, +including " and \(aq. +.PP +.B Bash +allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modified +with the +.B bind +builtin command. The editing mode may be switched during interactive +use by using the +.B \-o +option to the +.B set +builtin command (see +.SM +.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS +below). +.SS "Readline Variables" +Readline has variables that can be used to further customize its +behavior. A variable may be set in the +.I inputrc +file with a statement of the form +.RS +.PP +\fBset\fP \fIvariable\-name\fP \fIvalue\fP +.RE +or using the \fBbind\fP builtin command (see +.SM +.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS +below). +.PP +Except where noted, readline variables can take the values +.B On +or +.B Off +(without regard to case). +Unrecognized variable names are ignored. +When a variable value is read, empty or null values, "on" (case-insensitive), +and "1" are equivalent to \fBOn\fP. All other values are equivalent to +\fBOff\fP. +The variables and their default values are: +.PP +.PD 0 +.TP +.B active\-region\-start\-color +A string variable that controls the text color and background when displaying +the text in the active region (see the description of +\fBenable\-active\-region\fP below). +This string must not take up any physical character positions on the display, +so it should consist only of terminal escape sequences. +It is output to the terminal before displaying the text in the active region. +This variable is reset to the default value whenever the terminal type changes. +The default value is the string that puts the terminal in standout mode, +as obtained from the terminal's terminfo description. +A sample value might be \f(CW"\ee[01;33m"\fP. +.TP +.B active\-region\-end\-color +A string variable that "undoes" the effects of \fBactive\-region\-start\-color\fP +and restores "normal" terminal display appearance after displaying text +in the active region. +This string must not take up any physical character positions on the display, +so it should consist only of terminal escape sequences. +It is output to the terminal after displaying the text in the active region. +This variable is reset to the default value whenever the terminal type changes. +The default value is the string that restores the terminal from standout mode, +as obtained from the terminal's terminfo description. +A sample value might be \f(CW"\ee[0m"\fP. +.TP +.B bell\-style (audible) +Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal bell. +If set to \fBnone\fP, readline never rings the bell. If set to +\fBvisible\fP, readline uses a visible bell if one is available. +If set to \fBaudible\fP, readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell. +.TP +.B bind\-tty\-special\-chars (On) +If set to \fBOn\fP, readline attempts to bind the control characters +treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to their readline +equivalents. +.TP +.B blink\-matching\-paren (Off) +If set to \fBOn\fP, readline attempts to briefly move the cursor to an +opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is inserted. +.TP +.B colored\-completion\-prefix (Off) +If set to \fBOn\fP, when listing completions, readline displays the +common prefix of the set of possible completions using a different color. +The color definitions are taken from the value of the \fBLS_COLORS\fP +environment variable. +If there is a color definition in \fB$LS_COLORS\fP for the custom suffix +"readline-colored-completion-prefix", readline uses this color for +the common prefix instead of its default. +.TP +.B colored\-stats (Off) +If set to \fBOn\fP, readline displays possible completions using different +colors to indicate their file type. +The color definitions are taken from the value of the \fBLS_COLORS\fP +environment variable. +.TP +.B comment\-begin (``#'') +The string that is inserted when the readline +.B insert\-comment +command is executed. +This command is bound to +.B M\-# +in emacs mode and to +.B # +in vi command mode. +.TP +.B completion\-display\-width (\-1) +The number of screen columns used to display possible matches +when performing completion. +The value is ignored if it is less than 0 or greater than the terminal +screen width. +A value of 0 will cause matches to be displayed one per line. +The default value is \-1. +.TP +.B completion\-ignore\-case (Off) +If set to \fBOn\fP, readline performs filename matching and completion +in a case\-insensitive fashion. +.TP +.B completion\-map\-case (Off) +If set to \fBOn\fP, and \fBcompletion\-ignore\-case\fP is enabled, readline +treats hyphens (\fI\-\fP) and underscores (\fI_\fP) as equivalent when +performing case\-insensitive filename matching and completion. +.TP +.B completion\-prefix\-display\-length (0) +The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible +completions that is displayed without modification. When set to a +value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than this value are +replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions. +.TP +.B completion\-query\-items (100) +This determines when the user is queried about viewing +the number of possible completions +generated by the \fBpossible\-completions\fP command. +It may be set to any integer value greater than or equal to zero. +If the number of possible completions is greater than +or equal to the value of this variable, +readline will ask whether or not the user wishes to view them; +otherwise they are simply listed on the terminal. +A zero value means readline should never ask; negative values are +treated as zero. +.TP +.B convert\-meta (On) +If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will convert characters with the +eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence +by stripping the eighth bit and prefixing an +escape character (in effect, using escape as the \fImeta prefix\fP). +The default is \fIOn\fP, but readline will set it to \fIOff\fP if the +locale contains eight-bit characters. +This variable is dependent on the \fBLC_CTYPE\fP locale category, and +may change if the locale is changed. +.TP +.B disable\-completion (Off) +If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will inhibit word completion. Completion +characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been +mapped to \fBself-insert\fP. +.TP +.B echo\-control\-characters (On) +When set to \fBOn\fP, on operating systems that indicate they support it, +readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal generated from the +keyboard. +.TP +.B editing\-mode (emacs) +Controls whether readline begins with a set of key bindings similar +to \fIEmacs\fP or \fIvi\fP. +.B editing\-mode +can be set to either +.B emacs +or +.BR vi . +.TP +.B emacs\-mode\-string (@) +If the \fIshow\-mode\-in\-prompt\fP variable is enabled, +this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary +prompt when emacs editing mode is active. The value is expanded like a +key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and +backslash escape sequences is available. +Use the \e1 and \e2 escapes to begin and end sequences of +non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control +sequence into the mode string. +.TP +.B enable\-active\-region (On) +The \fIpoint\fP is the current cursor position, and \fImark\fP refers +to a saved cursor position. +The text between the point and mark is referred to as the \fIregion\fP. +When this variable is set to \fIOn\fP, readline allows certain commands +to designate the region as \fIactive\fP. +When the region is active, readline highlights the text in the region using +the value of the \fBactive\-region\-start\-color\fP, which defaults to the +string that enables +the terminal's standout mode. +The active region shows the text inserted by bracketed-paste and any +matching text found by incremental and non-incremental history searches. +.TP +.B enable\-bracketed\-paste (On) +When set to \fBOn\fP, readline configures the terminal to insert each +paste into the editing buffer as a single string of characters, instead +of treating each character as if it had been read from the keyboard. +This prevents readline from executing any editing commands bound to key +sequences appearing in the pasted text. +.TP +.B enable\-keypad (Off) +When set to \fBOn\fP, readline will try to enable the application +keypad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the +arrow keys. +.TP +.B enable\-meta\-key (On) +When set to \fBOn\fP, readline will try to enable any meta modifier +key the terminal claims to support when it is called. On many terminals, +the meta key is used to send eight-bit characters. +.TP +.B expand\-tilde (Off) +If set to \fBOn\fP, tilde expansion is performed when readline +attempts word completion. +.TP +.B history\-preserve\-point (Off) +If set to \fBOn\fP, the history code attempts to place point at the +same location on each history line retrieved with \fBprevious-history\fP +or \fBnext-history\fP. +.TP +.B history\-size (unset) +Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history list. +If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted and no new entries +are saved. +If set to a value less than zero, the number of history entries is not +limited. +By default, the number of history entries is set to the value of the +\fBHISTSIZE\fP shell variable. +If an attempt is made to set \fIhistory\-size\fP to a non-numeric value, +the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500. +.TP +.B horizontal\-scroll\-mode (Off) +When set to \fBOn\fP, makes readline use a single line for display, +scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line when it +becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a new line. +This setting is automatically enabled for terminals of height 1. +.TP +.B input\-meta (Off) +If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, +it will not strip the eighth bit from the characters it reads), +regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The name +.B meta\-flag +is a synonym for this variable. +The default is \fIOff\fP, but readline will set it to \fIOn\fP if the +locale contains eight-bit characters. +This variable is dependent on the \fBLC_CTYPE\fP locale category, and +may change if the locale is changed. +.TP +.B isearch\-terminators (``C\-[C\-J'') +The string of characters that should terminate an incremental +search without subsequently executing the character as a command. +If this variable has not been given a value, the characters +\fIESC\fP and \fIC\-J\fP will terminate an incremental search. +.TP +.B keymap (emacs) +Set the current readline keymap. The set of valid keymap names is +\fIemacs, emacs\-standard, emacs\-meta, emacs\-ctlx, vi, +vi\-command\fP, and +.IR vi\-insert . +\fIvi\fP is equivalent to \fIvi\-command\fP; \fIemacs\fP is +equivalent to \fIemacs\-standard\fP. The default value is +.IR emacs ; +the value of +.B editing\-mode +also affects the default keymap. +.TP +.B keyseq\-timeout (500) +Specifies the duration \fIreadline\fP will wait for a character when reading an +ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete key sequence using +the input read so far, or can take additional input to complete a longer +key sequence). +If no input is received within the timeout, \fIreadline\fP will use the shorter +but complete key sequence. +The value is specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that +\fIreadline\fP will wait one second for additional input. +If this variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a +non-numeric value, \fIreadline\fP will wait until another key is pressed to +decide which key sequence to complete. +.TP +.B mark\-directories (On) +If set to \fBOn\fP, completed directory names have a slash +appended. +.TP +.B mark\-modified\-lines (Off) +If set to \fBOn\fP, history lines that have been modified are displayed +with a preceding asterisk (\fB*\fP). +.TP +.B mark\-symlinked\-directories (Off) +If set to \fBOn\fP, completed names which are symbolic links to directories +have a slash appended (subject to the value of +\fBmark\-directories\fP). +.TP +.B match\-hidden\-files (On) +This variable, when set to \fBOn\fP, causes readline to match files whose +names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when performing filename +completion. +If set to \fBOff\fP, the leading `.' must be +supplied by the user in the filename to be completed. +.TP +.B menu\-complete\-display\-prefix (Off) +If set to \fBOn\fP, menu completion displays the common prefix of the +list of possible completions (which may be empty) before cycling through +the list. +.TP +.B output\-meta (Off) +If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will display characters with the +eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape +sequence. +The default is \fIOff\fP, but readline will set it to \fIOn\fP if the +locale contains eight-bit characters. +This variable is dependent on the \fBLC_CTYPE\fP locale category, and +may change if the locale is changed. +.TP +.B page\-completions (On) +If set to \fBOn\fP, readline uses an internal \fImore\fP-like pager +to display a screenful of possible completions at a time. +.TP +.B print\-completions\-horizontally (Off) +If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will display completions with matches +sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen. +.TP +.B revert\-all\-at\-newline (Off) +If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will undo all changes to history lines +before returning when \fBaccept\-line\fP is executed. By default, +history lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across +calls to \fBreadline\fP. +.TP +.B show\-all\-if\-ambiguous (Off) +This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. If +set to +.BR On , +words which have more than one possible completion cause the +matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell. +.TP +.B show\-all\-if\-unmodified (Off) +This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in +a fashion similar to \fBshow\-all\-if\-ambiguous\fP. +If set to +.BR On , +words which have more than one possible completion without any +possible partial completion (the possible completions don't share +a common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately instead +of ringing the bell. +.TP +.B show\-mode\-in\-prompt (Off) +If set to \fBOn\fP, add a string to the beginning of the prompt +indicating the editing mode: emacs, vi command, or vi insertion. +The mode strings are user-settable (e.g., \fIemacs\-mode\-string\fP). +.TP +.B skip\-completed\-text (Off) +If set to \fBOn\fP, this alters the default completion behavior when +inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when +performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled, readline +does not insert characters from the completion that match characters +after point in the word being completed, so portions of the word +following the cursor are not duplicated. +.TP +.B vi\-cmd\-mode\-string ((cmd)) +If the \fIshow\-mode\-in\-prompt\fP variable is enabled, +this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary +prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command mode. +The value is expanded like a +key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and +backslash escape sequences is available. +Use the \e1 and \e2 escapes to begin and end sequences of +non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control +sequence into the mode string. +.TP +.B vi\-ins\-mode\-string ((ins)) +If the \fIshow\-mode\-in\-prompt\fP variable is enabled, +this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary +prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode. +The value is expanded like a +key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and +backslash escape sequences is available. +Use the \e1 and \e2 escapes to begin and end sequences of +non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control +sequence into the mode string. +.TP +.B visible\-stats (Off) +If set to \fBOn\fP, a character denoting a file's type as reported +by \fIstat\fP(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible +completions. +.PD +.SS "Readline Conditional Constructs" +Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional +compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key +bindings and variable settings to be performed as the result +of tests. There are four parser directives used. +.IP \fB$if\fP +The +.B $if +construct allows bindings to be made based on the +editing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using +readline. The text of the test, after any comparison operator, + extends to the end of the line; +unless otherwise noted, no characters are required to isolate it. +.RS +.IP \fBmode\fP +The \fBmode=\fP form of the \fB$if\fP directive is used to test +whether readline is in emacs or vi mode. +This may be used in conjunction +with the \fBset keymap\fP command, for instance, to set bindings in +the \fIemacs\-standard\fP and \fIemacs\-ctlx\fP keymaps only if +readline is starting out in emacs mode. +.IP \fBterm\fP +The \fBterm=\fP form may be used to include terminal-specific +key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the +terminal's function keys. The word on the right side of the +.B = +is tested against both the full name of the terminal and the portion +of the terminal name before the first \fB\-\fP. This allows +.I sun +to match both +.I sun +and +.IR sun\-cmd , +for instance. +.IP \fBversion\fP +The \fBversion\fP test may be used to perform comparisons against +specific readline versions. +The \fBversion\fP expands to the current readline version. +The set of comparison operators includes +.BR = , +(and +.BR == ), +.BR != , +.BR <= , +.BR >= , +.BR < , +and +.BR > . +The version number supplied on the right side of the operator consists +of a major version number, an optional decimal point, and an optional +minor version (e.g., \fB7.1\fP). If the minor version is omitted, it +is assumed to be \fB0\fP. +The operator may be separated from the string \fBversion\fP +and from the version number argument by whitespace. +.IP \fBapplication\fP +The \fBapplication\fP construct is used to include +application-specific settings. Each program using the readline +library sets the \fIapplication name\fP, and an initialization +file can test for a particular value. +This could be used to bind key sequences to functions useful for +a specific program. For instance, the following command adds a +key sequence that quotes the current or previous word in \fBbash\fP: +.sp 1 +.RS +.nf +\fB$if\fP Bash +# Quote the current or previous word +"\eC\-xq": "\eeb\e"\eef\e"" +\fB$endif\fP +.fi +.RE +.IP \fIvariable\fP +The \fIvariable\fP construct provides simple equality tests for readline +variables and values. +The permitted comparison operators are \fI=\fP, \fI==\fP, and \fI!=\fP. +The variable name must be separated from the comparison operator by +whitespace; the operator may be separated from the value on the right hand +side by whitespace. +Both string and boolean variables may be tested. Boolean variables must be +tested against the values \fIon\fP and \fIoff\fP. +.RE +.IP \fB$endif\fP +This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an +\fB$if\fP command. +.IP \fB$else\fP +Commands in this branch of the \fB$if\fP directive are executed if +the test fails. +.IP \fB$include\fP +This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads commands +and bindings from that file. For example, the following directive +would read \fI/etc/inputrc\fP: +.sp 1 +.RS +.nf +\fB$include\fP \^ \fI/etc/inputrc\fP +.fi +.RE +.SS Searching +Readline provides commands for searching through the command history +(see +.SM +.B HISTORY +below) for lines containing a specified string. +There are two search modes: +.I incremental +and +.IR non-incremental . +.PP +Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the +search string. +As each character of the search string is typed, readline displays +the next entry from the history matching the string typed so far. +An incremental search requires only as many characters as needed to +find the desired history entry. +The characters present in the value of the \fBisearch-terminators\fP +variable are used to terminate an incremental search. +If that variable has not been assigned a value the Escape and +Control-J characters will terminate an incremental search. +Control-G will abort an incremental search and restore the original +line. +When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the +search string becomes the current line. +.PP +To find other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or +Control-R as appropriate. +This will search backward or forward in the history for the next +entry matching the search string typed so far. +Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate +the search and execute that command. +For instance, a \fInewline\fP will terminate the search and accept +the line, thereby executing the command from the history list. +.PP +Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two +Control-Rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a +new search string, any remembered search string is used. +.PP +Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting +to search for matching history lines. The search string may be +typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line. +.SS "Readline Command Names" +The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default +key sequences to which they are bound. +Command names without an accompanying key sequence are unbound by default. +In the following descriptions, \fIpoint\fP refers to the current cursor +position, and \fImark\fP refers to a cursor position saved by the +\fBset\-mark\fP command. +The text between the point and mark is referred to as the \fIregion\fP. +.SS Commands for Moving +.PD 0 +.TP +.B beginning\-of\-line (C\-a) +Move to the start of the current line. +.TP +.B end\-of\-line (C\-e) +Move to the end of the line. +.TP +.B forward\-char (C\-f) +Move forward a character. +.TP +.B backward\-char (C\-b) +Move back a character. +.TP +.B forward\-word (M\-f) +Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of +alphanumeric characters (letters and digits). +.TP +.B backward\-word (M\-b) +Move back to the start of the current or previous word. +Words are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits). +.TP +.B shell\-forward\-word +Move forward to the end of the next word. +Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. +.TP +.B shell\-backward\-word +Move back to the start of the current or previous word. +Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. +.TP +.B previous\-screen\-line +Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the previous +physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current +readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if point is not +greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width. +.TP +.B next\-screen\-line +Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the next +physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current +readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if the length +of the current readline line is not greater than the length of the prompt +plus the screen width. +.TP +.B clear\-display (M\-C\-l) +Clear the screen and, if possible, the terminal's scrollback buffer, +then redraw the current line, +leaving the current line at the top of the screen. +.TP +.B clear\-screen (C\-l) +Clear the screen, +then redraw the current line, +leaving the current line at the top of the screen. +With an argument, refresh the current line without clearing the +screen. +.TP +.B redraw\-current\-line +Refresh the current line. +.PD +.SS Commands for Manipulating the History +.PD 0 +.TP +.B accept\-line (Newline, Return) +Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line is +non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state of the +.SM +.B HISTCONTROL +variable. If the line is a modified history +line, then restore the history line to its original state. +.TP +.B previous\-history (C\-p) +Fetch the previous command from the history list, moving back in +the list. +.TP +.B next\-history (C\-n) +Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in the +list. +.TP +.B beginning\-of\-history (M\-<) +Move to the first line in the history. +.TP +.B end\-of\-history (M\->) +Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently being +entered. +.TP +.B operate\-and\-get\-next (C\-o) +Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line +relative to the current line from the history for editing. +A numeric argument, if supplied, specifies the history entry to use instead +of the current line. +.TP +.B +fetch\-history +With a numeric argument, fetch that entry from the history list +and make it the current line. +Without an argument, move back to the first entry in the history list. +.TP +.B reverse\-search\-history (C\-r) +Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' through +the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. +.TP +.B forward\-search\-history (C\-s) +Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' through +the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. +.TP +.B non\-incremental\-reverse\-search\-history (M\-p) +Search backward through the history starting at the current line +using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the user. +.TP +.B non\-incremental\-forward\-search\-history (M\-n) +Search forward through the history using a non-incremental search for +a string supplied by the user. +.TP +.B history\-search\-forward +Search forward through the history for the string of characters +between the start of the current line and the point. +This is a non-incremental search. +.TP +.B history\-search\-backward +Search backward through the history for the string of characters +between the start of the current line and the point. +This is a non-incremental search. +.TP +.B history\-substring\-search\-backward +Search backward through the history for the string of characters +between the start of the current line and the current cursor +position (the \fIpoint\fP). +The search string may match anywhere in a history line. +This is a non-incremental search. +.TP +.B history\-substring\-search\-forward +Search forward through the history for the string of characters +between the start of the current line and the point. +The search string may match anywhere in a history line. +This is a non-incremental search. +.TP +.B yank\-nth\-arg (M\-C\-y) +Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually +the second word on the previous line) at point. +With an argument +.IR n , +insert the \fIn\fPth word from the previous command (the words +in the previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument +inserts the \fIn\fPth word from the end of the previous command. +Once the argument \fIn\fP is computed, the argument is extracted +as if the "!\fIn\fP" history expansion had been specified. +.TP +.B +yank\-last\-arg (M\-.\^, M\-_\^) +Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word of +the previous history entry). +With a numeric argument, behave exactly like \fByank\-nth\-arg\fP. +Successive calls to \fByank\-last\-arg\fP move back through the history +list, inserting the last word (or the word specified by the argument to +the first call) of each line in turn. +Any numeric argument supplied to these successive calls determines +the direction to move through the history. A negative argument switches +the direction through the history (back or forward). +The history expansion facilities are used to extract the last word, +as if the "!$" history expansion had been specified. +.TP +.B shell\-expand\-line (M\-C\-e) +Expand the line as the shell does. This +performs alias and history expansion as well as all of the shell +word expansions. See +.SM +.B HISTORY EXPANSION +below for a description of history expansion. +.TP +.B history\-expand\-line (M\-^) +Perform history expansion on the current line. +See +.SM +.B HISTORY EXPANSION +below for a description of history expansion. +.TP +.B magic\-space +Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a space. +See +.SM +.B HISTORY EXPANSION +below for a description of history expansion. +.TP +.B alias\-expand\-line +Perform alias expansion on the current line. +See +.SM +.B ALIASES +above for a description of alias expansion. +.TP +.B history\-and\-alias\-expand\-line +Perform history and alias expansion on the current line. +.TP +.B insert\-last\-argument (M\-.\^, M\-_\^) +A synonym for \fByank\-last\-arg\fP. +.TP +.B edit\-and\-execute\-command (C\-x C\-e) +Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the result as shell +commands. +\fBBash\fP attempts to invoke +.SM +.BR $VISUAL , +.SM +.BR $EDITOR , +and \fIemacs\fP as the editor, in that order. +.PD +.SS Commands for Changing Text +.PD 0 +.TP +.B \fIend\-of\-file\fP (usually C\-d) +The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by +.if t \f(CWstty\fP. +.if n ``stty''. +If this character is read when there are no characters +on the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, readline +interprets it as the end of input and returns +.SM +.BR EOF . +.TP +.B delete\-char (C\-d) +Delete the character at point. +If this function is bound to the +same character as the tty \fBEOF\fP character, as \fBC\-d\fP +commonly is, see above for the effects. +.TP +.B backward\-delete\-char (Rubout) +Delete the character behind the cursor. When given a numeric argument, +save the deleted text on the kill ring. +.TP +.B forward\-backward\-delete\-char +Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the +end of the line, in which case the character behind the cursor is +deleted. +.TP +.B quoted\-insert (C\-q, C\-v) +Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is +how to insert characters like \fBC\-q\fP, for example. +.TP +.B tab\-insert (C\-v TAB) +Insert a tab character. +.TP +.B self\-insert (a,\ b,\ A,\ 1,\ !,\ ...) +Insert the character typed. +.TP +.B transpose\-chars (C\-t) +Drag the character before point forward over the character at point, +moving point forward as well. +If point is at the end of the line, then this transposes +the two characters before point. +Negative arguments have no effect. +.TP +.B transpose\-words (M\-t) +Drag the word before point past the word after point, +moving point over that word as well. +If point is at the end of the line, this transposes +the last two words on the line. +.TP +.B upcase\-word (M\-u) +Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, +uppercase the previous word, but do not move point. +.TP +.B downcase\-word (M\-l) +Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, +lowercase the previous word, but do not move point. +.TP +.B capitalize\-word (M\-c) +Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, +capitalize the previous word, but do not move point. +.TP +.B overwrite\-mode +Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argument, +switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive numeric +argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects only +\fBemacs\fP mode; \fBvi\fP mode does overwrite differently. +Each call to \fIreadline()\fP starts in insert mode. +In overwrite mode, characters bound to \fBself\-insert\fP replace +the text at point rather than pushing the text to the right. +Characters bound to \fBbackward\-delete\-char\fP replace the character +before point with a space. By default, this command is unbound. +.PD +.SS Killing and Yanking +.PD 0 +.TP +.B kill\-line (C\-k) +Kill the text from point to the end of the line. +.TP +.B backward\-kill\-line (C\-x Rubout) +Kill backward to the beginning of the line. +.TP +.B unix\-line\-discard (C\-u) +Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line. +The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. +.\" There is no real difference between this and backward-kill-line +.TP +.B kill\-whole\-line +Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is. +.TP +.B kill\-word (M\-d) +Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between +words, to the end of the next word. +Word boundaries are the same as those used by \fBforward\-word\fP. +.TP +.B backward\-kill\-word (M\-Rubout) +Kill the word behind point. +Word boundaries are the same as those used by \fBbackward\-word\fP. +.TP +.B shell\-kill\-word +Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between +words, to the end of the next word. +Word boundaries are the same as those used by \fBshell\-forward\-word\fP. +.TP +.B shell\-backward\-kill\-word +Kill the word behind point. +Word boundaries are the same as those used by \fBshell\-backward\-word\fP. +.TP +.B unix\-word\-rubout (C\-w) +Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary. +The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. +.TP +.B unix\-filename\-rubout +Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash character +as the word boundaries. +The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. +.TP +.B delete\-horizontal\-space (M\-\e) +Delete all spaces and tabs around point. +.TP +.B kill\-region +Kill the text in the current region. +.TP +.B copy\-region\-as\-kill +Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer. +.TP +.B copy\-backward\-word +Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. +The word boundaries are the same as \fBbackward\-word\fP. +.TP +.B copy\-forward\-word +Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. +The word boundaries are the same as \fBforward\-word\fP. +.TP +.B yank (C\-y) +Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point. +.TP +.B yank\-pop (M\-y) +Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top. Only works following +.B yank +or +.BR yank\-pop . +.PD +.SS Numeric Arguments +.PD 0 +.TP +.B digit\-argument (M\-0, M\-1, ..., M\-\-) +Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new +argument. M\-\- starts a negative argument. +.TP +.B universal\-argument +This is another way to specify an argument. +If this command is followed by one or more digits, optionally with a +leading minus sign, those digits define the argument. +If the command is followed by digits, executing +.B universal\-argument +again ends the numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored. +As a special case, if this command is immediately followed by a +character that is neither a digit nor minus sign, the argument count +for the next command is multiplied by four. +The argument count is initially one, so executing this function the +first time makes the argument count four, a second time makes the +argument count sixteen, and so on. +.PD +.SS Completing +.PD 0 +.TP +.B complete (TAB) +Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. +.B Bash +attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the +text begins with \fB$\fP), username (if the text begins with +\fB~\fP), hostname (if the text begins with \fB@\fP), or +command (including aliases and functions) in turn. If none +of these produces a match, filename completion is attempted. +.TP +.B possible\-completions (M\-?) +List the possible completions of the text before point. +.TP +.B insert\-completions (M\-*) +Insert all completions of the text before point +that would have been generated by +\fBpossible\-completions\fP. +.TP +.B menu\-complete +Similar to \fBcomplete\fP, but replaces the word to be completed +with a single match from the list of possible completions. +Repeated execution of \fBmenu\-complete\fP steps through the list +of possible completions, inserting each match in turn. +At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung +(subject to the setting of \fBbell\-style\fP) +and the original text is restored. +An argument of \fIn\fP moves \fIn\fP positions forward in the list +of matches; a negative argument may be used to move backward +through the list. +This command is intended to be bound to \fBTAB\fP, but is unbound +by default. +.TP +.B menu\-complete\-backward +Identical to \fBmenu\-complete\fP, but moves backward through the list +of possible completions, as if \fBmenu\-complete\fP had been given a +negative argument. This command is unbound by default. +.TP +.B delete\-char\-or\-list +Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or +end of the line (like \fBdelete\-char\fP). +If at the end of the line, behaves identically to +\fBpossible\-completions\fP. +This command is unbound by default. +.TP +.B complete\-filename (M\-/) +Attempt filename completion on the text before point. +.TP +.B possible\-filename\-completions (C\-x /) +List the possible completions of the text before point, +treating it as a filename. +.TP +.B complete\-username (M\-~) +Attempt completion on the text before point, treating +it as a username. +.TP +.B possible\-username\-completions (C\-x ~) +List the possible completions of the text before point, +treating it as a username. +.TP +.B complete\-variable (M\-$) +Attempt completion on the text before point, treating +it as a shell variable. +.TP +.B possible\-variable\-completions (C\-x $) +List the possible completions of the text before point, +treating it as a shell variable. +.TP +.B complete\-hostname (M\-@) +Attempt completion on the text before point, treating +it as a hostname. +.TP +.B possible\-hostname\-completions (C\-x @) +List the possible completions of the text before point, +treating it as a hostname. +.TP +.B complete\-command (M\-!) +Attempt completion on the text before point, treating +it as a command name. Command completion attempts to +match the text against aliases, reserved words, shell +functions, shell builtins, and finally executable filenames, +in that order. +.TP +.B possible\-command\-completions (C\-x !) +List the possible completions of the text before point, +treating it as a command name. +.TP +.B dynamic\-complete\-history (M\-TAB) +Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing +the text against lines from the history list for possible +completion matches. +.TP +.B dabbrev\-expand +Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing +the text against lines from the history list for possible +completion matches. +.TP +.B complete\-into\-braces (M\-{) +Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible completions +enclosed within braces so the list is available to the shell (see +.B Brace Expansion +above). +.PD +.SS Keyboard Macros +.PD 0 +.TP +.B start\-kbd\-macro (C\-x (\^) +Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro. +.TP +.B end\-kbd\-macro (C\-x )\^) +Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro +and store the definition. +.TP +.B call\-last\-kbd\-macro (C\-x e) +Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the characters +in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard. +.TP +.B print\-last\-kbd\-macro () +Print the last keyboard macro defined in a format suitable for the +\fIinputrc\fP file. +.PD +.SS Miscellaneous +.PD 0 +.TP +.B re\-read\-init\-file (C\-x C\-r) +Read in the contents of the \fIinputrc\fP file, and incorporate +any bindings or variable assignments found there. +.TP +.B abort (C\-g) +Abort the current editing command and +ring the terminal's bell (subject to the setting of +.BR bell\-style ). +.TP +.B do\-lowercase\-version (M\-A, M\-B, M\-\fIx\fP, ...) +If the metafied character \fIx\fP is uppercase, run the command +that is bound to the corresponding metafied lowercase character. +The behavior is undefined if \fIx\fP is already lowercase. +.TP +.B prefix\-meta (ESC) +Metafy the next character typed. +.SM +.B ESC +.B f +is equivalent to +.BR Meta\-f . +.TP +.B undo (C\-_, C\-x C\-u) +Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line. +.TP +.B revert\-line (M\-r) +Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the +.B undo +command enough times to return the line to its initial state. +.TP +.B tilde\-expand (M\-&) +Perform tilde expansion on the current word. +.TP +.B set\-mark (C\-@, M\-) +Set the mark to the point. If a +numeric argument is supplied, the mark is set to that position. +.TP +.B exchange\-point\-and\-mark (C\-x C\-x) +Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is set to +the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the mark. +.TP +.B character\-search (C\-]) +A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of that +character. A negative argument searches for previous occurrences. +.TP +.B character\-search\-backward (M\-C\-]) +A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence of that +character. A negative argument searches for subsequent occurrences. +.TP +.B skip\-csi\-sequence +Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as those +defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin with a +Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC\-[. If this sequence is +bound to "\e[", keys producing such sequences will have no effect +unless explicitly bound to a readline command, instead of inserting +stray characters into the editing buffer. This is unbound by default, +but usually bound to ESC\-[. +.TP +.B insert\-comment (M\-#) +Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline +.B comment\-begin +variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line. +If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if +the characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value +of \fBcomment\-begin\fP, the value is inserted, otherwise +the characters in \fBcomment\-begin\fP are deleted from the beginning of +the line. +In either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed. +The default value of +\fBcomment\-begin\fP causes this command to make the current line +a shell comment. +If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be removed, the line +will be executed by the shell. +.TP +.B spell\-correct\-word (C\-x s) +Perform spelling correction on the current word, treating it as a directory +or filename, in the same way as the \fBcdspell\fP shell option. +Word boundaries are the same as those used by \fBshell\-forward\-word\fP. +.TP +.B glob\-complete\-word (M\-g) +The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion, +with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern is used to +generate a list of matching filenames for possible completions. +.TP +.B glob\-expand\-word (C\-x *) +The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion, +and the list of matching filenames is inserted, replacing the word. +If a numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before +pathname expansion. +.TP +.B glob\-list\-expansions (C\-x g) +The list of expansions that would have been generated by +.B glob\-expand\-word +is displayed, and the line is redrawn. +If a numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before +pathname expansion. +.TP +.B dump\-functions +Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the +readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, +the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part +of an \fIinputrc\fP file. +.TP +.B dump\-variables +Print all of the settable readline variables and their values to the +readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, +the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part +of an \fIinputrc\fP file. +.TP +.B dump\-macros +Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the +strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, +the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part +of an \fIinputrc\fP file. +.TP +.B display\-shell\-version (C\-x C\-v) +Display version information about the current instance of +.BR bash . +.PD +.SS Programmable Completion +When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for +which a completion specification (a \fIcompspec\fP) has been defined +using the \fBcomplete\fP builtin (see +.SM +.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" +below), the programmable completion facilities are invoked. +.PP +First, the command name is identified. +If the command word is the empty string (completion attempted at the +beginning of an empty line), any compspec defined with +the \fB\-E\fP option to \fBcomplete\fP is used. +If a compspec has been defined for that command, the +compspec is used to generate the list of possible completions for the word. +If the command word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full +pathname is searched for first. +If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an attempt is made to +find a compspec for the portion following the final slash. +If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec defined with +the \fB\-D\fP option to \fBcomplete\fP is used as the default. +If there is no default compspec, \fBbash\fP attempts alias expansion +on the command word as a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec +for the command word from any successful expansion. +.PP +Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of +matching words. +If a compspec is not found, the default \fBbash\fP completion as +described above under \fBCompleting\fP is performed. +.PP +First, the actions specified by the compspec are used. +Only matches which are prefixed by the word being completed are +returned. +When the +.B \-f +or +.B \-d +option is used for filename or directory name completion, the shell +variable +.SM +.B FIGNORE +is used to filter the matches. +.PP +Any completions specified by a pathname expansion pattern to the +\fB\-G\fP option are generated next. +The words generated by the pattern need not match the word +being completed. +The +.SM +.B GLOBIGNORE +shell variable is not used to filter the matches, but the +.SM +.B FIGNORE +variable is used. +.PP +Next, the string specified as the argument to the \fB\-W\fP option +is considered. +The string is first split using the characters in the +.SM +.B IFS +special variable as delimiters. +Shell quoting is honored. +Each word is then expanded using +brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, +as described above under +.SM +.BR EXPANSION . +The results are split using the rules described above under +\fBWord Splitting\fP. +The results of the expansion are prefix-matched against the word being +completed, and the matching words become the possible completions. +.PP +After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command +specified with the \fB\-F\fP and \fB\-C\fP options is invoked. +When the command or function is invoked, the +.SM +.BR COMP_LINE , +.SM +.BR COMP_POINT , +.SM +.BR COMP_KEY , +and +.SM +.B COMP_TYPE +variables are assigned values as described above under +\fBShell Variables\fP. +If a shell function is being invoked, the +.SM +.B COMP_WORDS +and +.SM +.B COMP_CWORD +variables are also set. +When the function or command is invoked, +the first argument (\fB$1\fP) is the name of the command whose arguments are +being completed, +the second argument (\fB$2\fP) is the word being completed, +and the third argument (\fB$3\fP) is the word preceding the word being +completed on the current command line. +No filtering of the generated completions against the word being completed +is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in generating +the matches. +.PP +Any function specified with \fB\-F\fP is invoked first. +The function may use any of the shell facilities, including the +\fBcompgen\fP builtin described below, to generate the matches. +It must put the possible completions in the +.SM +.B COMPREPLY +array variable, one per array element. +.PP +Next, any command specified with the \fB\-C\fP option is invoked +in an environment equivalent to command substitution. +It should print a list of completions, one per line, to the +standard output. +Backslash may be used to escape a newline, if necessary. +.PP +After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter +specified with the \fB\-X\fP option is applied to the list. +The filter is a pattern as used for pathname expansion; a \fB&\fP +in the pattern is replaced with the text of the word being completed. +A literal \fB&\fP may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash +is removed before attempting a match. +Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list. +A leading \fB!\fP negates the pattern; in this case any completion +not matching the pattern will be removed. +If the +.B nocasematch +shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +of alphabetic characters. +.PP +Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the \fB\-P\fP and \fB\-S\fP +options are added to each member of the completion list, and the result is +returned to the readline completion code as the list of possible +completions. +.PP +If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the +\fB\-o dirnames\fP option was supplied to \fBcomplete\fP when the +compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted. +.PP +If the \fB\-o plusdirs\fP option was supplied to \fBcomplete\fP when the +compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any +matches are added to the results of the other actions. +.PP +By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned +to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. +The default \fBbash\fP completions are not attempted, and the readline +default of filename completion is disabled. +If the \fB\-o bashdefault\fP option was supplied to \fBcomplete\fP when +the compspec was defined, the \fBbash\fP default completions are attempted +if the compspec generates no matches. +If the \fB\-o default\fP option was supplied to \fBcomplete\fP when the +compspec was defined, readline's default completion will be performed +if the compspec (and, if attempted, the default \fBbash\fP completions) +generate no matches. +.PP +When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired, +the programmable completion functions force readline to append a slash +to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to +the value of the \fBmark\-directories\fP readline variable, regardless +of the setting of the \fBmark-symlinked\-directories\fP readline variable. +.PP +There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is +most useful when used in combination with a default completion specified +with \fBcomplete \-D\fP. +It's possible for shell functions executed as completion +handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an +exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and changes +the compspec associated with the command on which completion is being +attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is executed), +programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an +attempt to find a new compspec for that command. This allows a set of +completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather than +being loaded all at once. +.PP +For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept in a +file corresponding to the name of the command, the following default +completion function would load completions dynamically: +.PP +\f(CW_completion_loader() +.br +{ +.br + . "/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124 +.br +} +.br +complete -D -F _completion_loader -o bashdefault -o default +.br +\fP +.SH HISTORY +When the +.B \-o history +option to the +.B set +builtin is enabled, the shell provides access to the +\fIcommand history\fP, +the list of commands previously typed. +The value of the +.SM +.B HISTSIZE +variable is used as the +number of commands to save in a history list. +The text of the last +.SM +.B HISTSIZE +commands (default 500) is saved. The shell +stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and +variable expansion (see +.SM +.B EXPANSION +above) but after history expansion is performed, subject to the +values of the shell variables +.SM +.B HISTIGNORE +and +.SM +.BR HISTCONTROL . +.PP +On startup, the history is initialized from the file named by +the variable +.SM +.B HISTFILE +(default \fI~/.bash_history\fP). +The file named by the value of +.SM +.B HISTFILE +is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than +the number of lines specified by the value of +.SM +.BR HISTFILESIZE . +If \fBHISTFILESIZE\fP is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, +or a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated. +When the history file is read, +lines beginning with the history comment character followed immediately +by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the following history line. +These timestamps are optionally displayed depending on the value of the +.SM +.B HISTTIMEFORMAT +variable. +When a shell with history enabled exits, the last +.SM +.B $HISTSIZE +lines are copied from the history list to +.SM +.BR $HISTFILE . +If the +.B histappend +shell option is enabled +(see the description of +.B shopt +under +.SM +.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" +below), the lines are appended to the history file, +otherwise the history file is overwritten. +If +.SM +.B HISTFILE +is unset, or if the history file is unwritable, the history is +not saved. +If the +.SM +.B HISTTIMEFORMAT +variable is set, time stamps are written to the history file, marked +with the history comment character, so +they may be preserved across shell sessions. +This uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from +other history lines. +After saving the history, the history file is truncated +to contain no more than +.SM +.B HISTFILESIZE +lines. If +.SM +.B HISTFILESIZE +is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, +or a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated. +.PP +The builtin command +.B fc +(see +.SM +.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS +below) may be used to list or edit and re-execute a portion of +the history list. +The +.B history +builtin may be used to display or modify the history list and +manipulate the history file. +When using command-line editing, search commands +are available in each editing mode that provide access to the +history list. +.PP +The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history +list. The +.SM +.B HISTCONTROL +and +.SM +.B HISTIGNORE +variables may be set to cause the shell to save only a subset of the +commands entered. +The +.B cmdhist +shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each +line of a multi-line command in the same history entry, adding +semicolons where necessary to preserve syntactic correctness. +The +.B lithist +shell option causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines +instead of semicolons. See the description of the +.B shopt +builtin below under +.SM +.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" +for information on setting and unsetting shell options. +.SH "HISTORY EXPANSION" +The shell supports a history expansion feature that +is similar to the history expansion in +.BR csh . +This section describes what syntax features are available. This +feature is enabled by default for interactive shells, and can be +disabled using the +.B +H +option to the +.B set +builtin command (see +.SM +.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS +below). Non-interactive shells do not perform history expansion +by default. +.PP +History expansions introduce words from the history list into +the input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the +arguments to a previous command into the current input line, or +fix errors in previous commands quickly. +.PP +History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line +is read, before the shell breaks it into words, and is performed +on each line individually without taking quoting on previous lines into +account. +It takes place in two parts. +The first is to determine which line from the history list +to use during substitution. +The second is to select portions of that line for inclusion into +the current one. +The line selected from the history is the \fIevent\fP, +and the portions of that line that are acted upon are \fIwords\fP. +Various \fImodifiers\fP are available to manipulate the selected words. +The line is broken into words in the same fashion as when reading input, +so that several \fImetacharacter\fP-separated words surrounded by +quotes are considered one word. +History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the +history expansion character, which is \^\fB!\fP\^ by default. +Only backslash (\^\fB\e\fP\^) and single quotes can quote +the history expansion character, but the history expansion character is +also treated as quoted if it immediately precedes the closing double quote +in a double-quoted string. +.PP +Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately +following the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted: +space, tab, newline, carriage return, and \fB=\fP. +If the \fBextglob\fP shell option is enabled, \fB(\fP will also +inhibit expansion. +.PP +Several shell options settable with the +.B shopt +builtin may be used to tailor the behavior of history expansion. +If the +.B histverify +shell option is enabled (see the description of the +.B shopt +builtin below), and +.B readline +is being used, history substitutions are not immediately passed to +the shell parser. +Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the +.B readline +editing buffer for further modification. +If +.B readline +is being used, and the +.B histreedit +shell option is enabled, a failed history substitution will be reloaded +into the +.B readline +editing buffer for correction. +The +.B \-p +option to the +.B history +builtin command may be used to see what a history expansion will +do before using it. +The +.B \-s +option to the +.B history +builtin may be used to add commands to the end of the history list +without actually executing them, so that they are available for +subsequent recall. +.PP +The shell allows control of the various characters used by the +history expansion mechanism (see the description of +.B histchars +above under +.BR "Shell Variables" ). +The shell uses +the history comment character to mark history timestamps when +writing the history file. +.SS Event Designators +An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the +history list. +Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to the current +position in the history list. +.PP +.PD 0 +.TP +.B ! +Start a history substitution, except when followed by a +.BR blank , +newline, carriage return, = +or ( (when the \fBextglob\fP shell option is enabled using +the \fBshopt\fP builtin). +.TP +.B !\fIn\fR +Refer to command line +.IR n . +.TP +.B !\-\fIn\fR +Refer to the current command minus +.IR n . +.TP +.B !! +Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for `!\-1'. +.TP +.B !\fIstring\fR +Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in the +history list starting with +.IR string . +.TP +.B !?\fIstring\fR\fB[?]\fR +Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in the +history list containing +.IR string . +The trailing \fB?\fP may be omitted if +.I string +is followed immediately by a newline. +If \fIstring\fP is missing, the string from the most recent search is used; +it is an error if there is no previous search string. +.TP +.B \d\s+2^\s-2\u\fIstring1\fP\d\s+2^\s-2\u\fIstring2\fP\d\s+2^\s-2\u +Quick substitution. Repeat the previous command, replacing +.I string1 +with +.IR string2 . +Equivalent to +``!!:s\d\s+2^\s-2\u\fIstring1\fP\d\s+2^\s-2\u\fIstring2\fP\d\s+2^\s-2\u'' +(see \fBModifiers\fP below). +.TP +.B !# +The entire command line typed so far. +.PD +.SS Word Designators +Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. +A +.B : +separates the event specification from the word designator. +It may be omitted if the word designator begins with a +.BR ^ , +.BR $ , +.BR * , +.BR \- , +or +.BR % . +Words are numbered from the beginning of the line, +with the first word being denoted by 0 (zero). +Words are inserted into the current line separated by single spaces. +.PP +.PD 0 +.TP +.B 0 (zero) +The zeroth word. For the shell, this is the command +word. +.TP +.I n +The \fIn\fRth word. +.TP +.B ^ +The first argument. That is, word 1. +.TP +.B $ +The last word. This is usually the last argument, but will expand to the +zeroth word if there is only one word in the line. +.TP +.B % +The first word matched by the most recent `?\fIstring\fR?' search, +if the search string begins with a character that is part of a word. +.TP +.I x\fB\-\fPy +A range of words; `\-\fIy\fR' abbreviates `0\-\fIy\fR'. +.TP +.B * +All of the words but the zeroth. This is a synonym +for `\fI1\-$\fP'. It is not an error to use +.B * +if there is just one +word in the event; the empty string is returned in that case. +.TP +.B x* +Abbreviates \fIx\-$\fP. +.TP +.B x\- +Abbreviates \fIx\-$\fP like \fBx*\fP, but omits the last word. +If \fBx\fP is missing, it defaults to 0. +.PD +.PP +If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the +previous command is used as the event. +.SS Modifiers +After the optional word designator, there may appear a sequence of +one or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a `:'. +These modify, or edit, the word or words selected from the history event. +.PP +.PD 0 +.TP +.B h +Remove a trailing filename component, leaving only the head. +.TP +.B t +Remove all leading filename components, leaving the tail. +.TP +.B r +Remove a trailing suffix of the form \fI.xxx\fP, leaving the +basename. +.TP +.B e +Remove all but the trailing suffix. +.TP +.B p +Print the new command but do not execute it. +.TP +.B q +Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions. +.TP +.B x +Quote the substituted words as with +.BR q , +but break into words at +.B blanks +and newlines. +The \fBq\fP and \fBx\fP modifiers are mutually exclusive; the last one +supplied is used. +.TP +.B s/\fIold\fP/\fInew\fP/ +Substitute +.I new +for the first occurrence of +.I old +in the event line. +Any character may be used as the delimiter in place of /. +The final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the +event line. +The delimiter may be quoted in +.I old +and +.I new +with a single backslash. If & appears in +.IR new , +it is replaced by +.IR old . +A single backslash will quote the &. +If +.I old +is null, it is set to the last +.I old +substituted, or, if no previous history substitutions took place, +the last +.I string +in a +.B !?\fIstring\fR\fB[?]\fR +search. +If +.I new +is null, each matching +.I old +is deleted. +.TP +.B & +Repeat the previous substitution. +.TP +.B g +Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. This is +used in conjunction with `\fB:s\fP' (e.g., `\fB:gs/\fIold\fP/\fInew\fP/\fR') +or `\fB:&\fP'. If used with +`\fB:s\fP', any delimiter can be used +in place of /, and the final delimiter is optional +if it is the last character of the event line. +An \fBa\fP may be used as a synonym for \fBg\fP. +.TP +.B G +Apply the following `\fBs\fP' or `\fB&\fP' modifier once to each word +in the event line. +.PD +.SH "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" +.\" start of bash_builtins +.zZ +.PP +Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this +section as accepting options preceded by +.B \- +accepts +.B \-\- +to signify the end of the options. +The \fB:\fP, \fBtrue\fP, \fBfalse\fP, and \fBtest\fP/\fB[\fP builtins +do not accept options and do not treat \fB\-\-\fP specially. +The \fBexit\fP, \fBlogout\fP, \fBreturn\fP, +\fBbreak\fP, \fBcontinue\fP, \fBlet\fP, +and \fBshift\fP builtins accept and process arguments beginning with +\fB\-\fP without requiring \fB\-\-\fP. +Other builtins that accept arguments but are not specified as accepting +options interpret arguments beginning with \fB\-\fP as invalid options and +require \fB\-\-\fP to prevent this interpretation. +.sp .5 +.PD 0 +.TP +\fB:\fP [\fIarguments\fP] +.PD +No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding +.I arguments +and performing any specified +redirections. +The return status is zero. +.TP +\fB .\| \fP \fIfilename\fP [\fIarguments\fP] +.PD 0 +.TP +\fBsource\fP \fIfilename\fP [\fIarguments\fP] +.PD +Read and execute commands from +.I filename +in the current +shell environment and return the exit status of the last command +executed from +.IR filename . +If +.I filename +does not contain a slash, filenames in +.SM +.B PATH +are used to find the directory containing +.IR filename , +but \fIfilename\fP does not need to be executable. +The file searched for in +.SM +.B PATH +need not be executable. +When \fBbash\fP is not in \fIposix mode\fP, it searches +the current directory if no file is found in +.SM +.BR PATH . +If the +.B sourcepath +option to the +.B shopt +builtin command is turned off, the +.SM +.B PATH +is not searched. +If any \fIarguments\fP are supplied, they become the positional +parameters when \fIfilename\fP is executed. Otherwise the positional +parameters are unchanged. +If the \fB\-T\fP option is enabled, \fB.\fP inherits any trap on +\fBDEBUG\fP; if it is not, any \fBDEBUG\fP trap string is saved and +restored around the call to \fB.\fP, and \fB.\fP unsets the +\fBDEBUG\fP trap while it executes. +If \fB\-T\fP is not set, and the sourced file changes +the \fBDEBUG\fP trap, the new value is retained when \fB.\fP completes. +The return status is the status of the last command exited within +the script (0 if no commands are executed), and false if +.I filename +is not found or cannot be read. +.TP +\fBalias\fP [\fB\-p\fP] [\fIname\fP[=\fIvalue\fP] ...] +\fBAlias\fP with no arguments or with the +.B \-p +option prints the list of aliases in the form +\fBalias\fP \fIname\fP=\fIvalue\fP on standard output. +When arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for +each \fIname\fP whose \fIvalue\fP is given. +A trailing space in \fIvalue\fP causes the next word to be +checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded. +For each \fIname\fP in the argument list for which no \fIvalue\fP +is supplied, the name and value of the alias is printed. +\fBAlias\fP returns true unless a \fIname\fP is given for which +no alias has been defined. +.TP +\fBbg\fP [\fIjobspec\fP ...] +Resume each suspended job \fIjobspec\fP in the background, as if it +had been started with +.BR & . +If +.I jobspec +is not present, the shell's notion of the \fIcurrent job\fP is used. +.B bg +.I jobspec +returns 0 unless run when job control is disabled or, when run with +job control enabled, any specified \fIjobspec\fP was not found +or was started without job control. +.TP +\fBbind\fP [\fB\-m\fP \fIkeymap\fP] [\fB\-lpsvPSVX\fP] +.PD 0 +.TP +\fBbind\fP [\fB\-m\fP \fIkeymap\fP] [\fB\-q\fP \fIfunction\fP] [\fB\-u\fP \fIfunction\fP] [\fB\-r\fP \fIkeyseq\fP] +.TP +\fBbind\fP [\fB\-m\fP \fIkeymap\fP] \fB\-f\fP \fIfilename\fP +.TP +\fBbind\fP [\fB\-m\fP \fIkeymap\fP] \fB\-x\fP \fIkeyseq\fP:\fIshell\-command\fP +.TP +\fBbind\fP [\fB\-m\fP \fIkeymap\fP] \fIkeyseq\fP:\fIfunction\-name\fP +.TP +\fBbind\fP [\fB\-m\fP \fIkeymap\fP] \fIkeyseq\fP:\fIreadline\-command\fP +.TP +\fBbind\fP \fIreadline-command-line\fP +.PD +Display current +.B readline +key and function bindings, bind a key sequence to a +.B readline +function or macro, or set a +.B readline +variable. +Each non-option argument is a command as it would appear in a +.B readline +initialization file such as +.IR .inputrc , +but each binding or command must be passed as a separate argument; +e.g., '"\eC\-x\eC\-r": re\-read\-init\-file'. +Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP +.B \-m \fIkeymap\fP +Use +.I keymap +as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent bindings. +Acceptable +.I keymap +names are +\fIemacs, emacs\-standard, emacs\-meta, emacs\-ctlx, vi, +vi\-move, vi\-command\fP, and +.IR vi\-insert . +\fIvi\fP is equivalent to \fIvi\-command\fP (\fIvi\-move\fP is also +a synonym); \fIemacs\fP is +equivalent to \fIemacs\-standard\fP. +.TP +.B \-l +List the names of all \fBreadline\fP functions. +.TP +.B \-p +Display \fBreadline\fP function names and bindings in such a way +that they can be re-read. +.TP +.B \-P +List current \fBreadline\fP function names and bindings. +.TP +.B \-s +Display \fBreadline\fP key sequences bound to macros and the strings +they output in such a way that they can be re-read. +.TP +.B \-S +Display \fBreadline\fP key sequences bound to macros and the strings +they output. +.TP +.B \-v +Display \fBreadline\fP variable names and values in such a way that they +can be re-read. +.TP +.B \-V +List current \fBreadline\fP variable names and values. +.TP +.B \-f \fIfilename\fP +Read key bindings from \fIfilename\fP. +.TP +.B \-q \fIfunction\fP +Query about which keys invoke the named \fIfunction\fP. +.TP +.B \-u \fIfunction\fP +Unbind all keys bound to the named \fIfunction\fP. +.TP +.B \-r \fIkeyseq\fP +Remove any current binding for \fIkeyseq\fP. +.TP +.B \-x \fIkeyseq\fP:\fIshell\-command\fP +Cause \fIshell\-command\fP to be executed whenever \fIkeyseq\fP is +entered. +When \fIshell\-command\fP is executed, the shell sets the +.SM +.B READLINE_LINE +variable to the contents of the \fBreadline\fP line buffer and the +.SM +.B READLINE_POINT +and +.SM +.B READLINE_MARK +variables to the current location of the insertion point and the saved +insertion point (the mark), respectively. +The shell assigns any numeric argument the user supplied to the +.SM +.B READLINE_ARGUMENT +variable. +If there was no argument, that variable is not set. +If the executed command changes the value of any of +.SM +.BR READLINE_LINE , +.SM +.BR READLINE_POINT , +or +.SM +.BR READLINE_MARK , +those new values will be reflected in the editing state. +.TP +.B \-X +List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the associated commands +in a format that can be reused as input. +.PD +.PP +The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or an +error occurred. +.RE +.TP +\fBbreak\fP [\fIn\fP] +Exit from within a +.BR for , +.BR while , +.BR until , +or +.B select +loop. If \fIn\fP is specified, break \fIn\fP levels. +.I n +must be \(>= 1. If +.I n +is greater than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops +are exited. +The return value is 0 unless \fIn\fP is not greater than or equal to 1. +.TP +\fBbuiltin\fP \fIshell\-builtin\fP [\fIarguments\fP] +Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it +.IR arguments , +and return its exit status. +This is useful when defining a +function whose name is the same as a shell builtin, +retaining the functionality of the builtin within the function. +The \fBcd\fP builtin is commonly redefined this way. +The return status is false if +.I shell\-builtin +is not a shell builtin command. +.TP +\fBcaller\fP [\fIexpr\fP] +Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function or +a script executed with the \fB.\fP or \fBsource\fP builtins). +Without \fIexpr\fP, \fBcaller\fP displays the line number and source +filename of the current subroutine call. +If a non-negative integer is supplied as \fIexpr\fP, \fBcaller\fP +displays the line number, subroutine name, and source file corresponding +to that position in the current execution call stack. This extra +information may be used, for example, to print a stack trace. The +current frame is frame 0. +The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a subroutine +call or \fIexpr\fP does not correspond to a valid position in the +call stack. +.TP +\fBcd\fP [\fB\-L\fP|[\fB\-P\fP [\fB\-e\fP]] [\-@]] [\fIdir\fP] +Change the current directory to \fIdir\fP. +if \fIdir\fP is not supplied, the value of the +.SM +.B HOME +shell variable is the default. +The variable +.SM +.B CDPATH +defines the search path for the directory containing +.IR dir : +each directory name in +.SM +.B CDPATH +is searched for \fIdir\fP. +Alternative directory names in +.SM +.B CDPATH +are separated by a colon (:). A null directory name in +.SM +.B CDPATH +is the same as the current directory, i.e., ``\fB.\fP''. If +.I dir +begins with a slash (/), +then +.SM +.B CDPATH +is not used. The +.B \-P +option causes \fBcd\fP to use the physical directory structure +by resolving symbolic links while traversing \fIdir\fP and +before processing instances of \fI..\fP in \fIdir\fP (see also the +.B \-P +option to the +.B set +builtin command); the +.B \-L +option forces symbolic links to be followed by resolving the link +after processing instances of \fI..\fP in \fIdir\fP. +If \fI..\fP appears in \fIdir\fP, it is processed by removing the +immediately previous pathname component from \fIdir\fP, back to a slash +or the beginning of \fIdir\fP. +If the +.B \-e +option is supplied with +.BR \-P , +and the current working directory cannot be successfully determined +after a successful directory change, \fBcd\fP will return an unsuccessful +status. +On systems that support it, the \fB\-@\fP option presents the extended +attributes associated with a file as a directory. +An argument of +.B \- +is converted to +.SM +.B $OLDPWD +before the directory change is attempted. +If a non-empty directory name from +.SM +.B CDPATH +is used, or if +\fB\-\fP is the first argument, and the directory change is +successful, the absolute pathname of the new working directory is +written to the standard output. +If the directory change is successful, \fBcd\fP sets the value of the +\fBPWD\fP environment variable to the new directory name, and sets the +\fBOLDPWD\fP environment variable to the value of the current working +directory before the change. +The return value is true if the directory was successfully changed; +false otherwise. +.TP +\fBcommand\fP [\fB\-pVv\fP] \fIcommand\fP [\fIarg\fP ...] +Run +.I command +with +.I args +suppressing the normal shell function lookup. +Only builtin commands or commands found in the +.SM +.B PATH +are executed. If the +.B \-p +option is given, the search for +.I command +is performed using a default value for +.SM +.B PATH +that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities. +If either the +.B \-V +or +.B \-v +option is supplied, a description of +.I command +is printed. The +.B \-v +option causes a single word indicating the command or filename +used to invoke +.I command +to be displayed; the +.B \-V +option produces a more verbose description. +If the +.B \-V +or +.B \-v +option is supplied, the exit status is 0 if +.I command +was found, and 1 if not. If neither option is supplied and +an error occurred or +.I command +cannot be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit status of the +.B command +builtin is the exit status of +.IR command . +.TP +\fBcompgen\fP [\fIoption\fP] [\fIword\fP] +Generate possible completion matches for \fIword\fP according to +the \fIoption\fPs, which may be any option accepted by the +.B complete +builtin with the exception of \fB\-p\fP and \fB\-r\fP, and write +the matches to the standard output. +When using the \fB\-F\fP or \fB\-C\fP options, the various shell variables +set by the programmable completion facilities, while available, will not +have useful values. +.sp 1 +The matches will be generated in the same way as if the programmable +completion code had generated them directly from a completion specification +with the same flags. +If \fIword\fP is specified, only those completions matching \fIword\fP +will be displayed. +.sp 1 +The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or no +matches were generated. +.TP +\fBcomplete\fP [\fB\-abcdefgjksuv\fP] [\fB\-o\fP \fIcomp-option\fP] [\fB\-DEI\fP] [\fB\-A\fP \fIaction\fP] [\fB\-G\fP \fIglobpat\fP] [\fB\-W\fP \fIwordlist\fP] +.br +[\fB\-F\fP \fIfunction\fP] [\fB\-C\fP \fIcommand\fP] [\fB\-X\fP \fIfilterpat\fP] [\fB\-P\fP \fIprefix\fP] [\fB\-S\fP \fIsuffix\fP] \fIname\fP [\fIname ...\fP] +.PD 0 +.TP +\fBcomplete\fP \fB\-pr\fP [\fB\-DEI\fP] [\fIname\fP ...] +.PD +Specify how arguments to each \fIname\fP should be completed. +If the \fB\-p\fP option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, +existing completion specifications are printed in a way that allows +them to be reused as input. +The \fB\-r\fP option removes a completion specification for +each \fIname\fP, or, if no \fIname\fPs are supplied, all +completion specifications. +The \fB\-D\fP option indicates that other supplied options and actions should +apply to the ``default'' command completion; that is, completion attempted +on a command for which no completion has previously been defined. +The \fB\-E\fP option indicates that other supplied options and actions should +apply to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion attempted on a +blank line. +The \fB\-I\fP option indicates that other supplied options and actions should +apply to completion on the initial non-assignment word on the line, or after +a command delimiter such as \fB;\fP or \fB|\fP, which is usually command +name completion. +If multiple options are supplied, the \fB\-D\fP option takes precedence +over \fB\-E\fP, and both take precedence over \fB\-I\fP. +If any of \fB\-D\fP, \fB\-E\fP, or \fB\-I\fP are supplied, any other +\fIname\fP arguments are ignored; these completions only apply to the case +specified by the option. +.sp 1 +The process of applying these completion specifications when word completion +is attempted is described +.ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash(1)\fP. +.el above under \fBProgrammable Completion\fP. +.sp 1 +Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. +The arguments to the \fB\-G\fP, \fB\-W\fP, and \fB\-X\fP options +(and, if necessary, the \fB\-P\fP and \fB\-S\fP options) +should be quoted to protect them from expansion before the +.B complete +builtin is invoked. +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP 8 +\fB\-o\fP \fIcomp-option\fP +The \fIcomp-option\fP controls several aspects of the compspec's behavior +beyond the simple generation of completions. +\fIcomp-option\fP may be one of: +.RS +.TP 8 +.B bashdefault +Perform the rest of the default \fBbash\fP completions if the compspec +generates no matches. +.TP 8 +.B default +Use readline's default filename completion if the compspec generates +no matches. +.TP 8 +.B dirnames +Perform directory name completion if the compspec generates no matches. +.TP 8 +.B filenames +Tell readline that the compspec generates filenames, so it can perform any +filename\-specific processing (like adding a slash to directory names, +quoting special characters, or suppressing trailing spaces). +Intended to be used with shell functions. +.TP 8 +.B noquote +Tell readline not to quote the completed words if they are filenames +(quoting filenames is the default). +.TP 8 +.B nosort +Tell readline not to sort the list of possible completions alphabetically. +.TP 8 +.B nospace +Tell readline not to append a space (the default) to words completed at +the end of the line. +.TP 8 +.B plusdirs +After any matches defined by the compspec are generated, +directory name completion is attempted and any +matches are added to the results of the other actions. +.RE +.TP 8 +\fB\-A\fP \fIaction\fP +The \fIaction\fP may be one of the following to generate a list of possible +completions: +.RS +.TP 8 +.B alias +Alias names. May also be specified as \fB\-a\fP. +.TP 8 +.B arrayvar +Array variable names. +.TP 8 +.B binding +\fBReadline\fP key binding names. +.TP 8 +.B builtin +Names of shell builtin commands. May also be specified as \fB\-b\fP. +.TP 8 +.B command +Command names. May also be specified as \fB\-c\fP. +.TP 8 +.B directory +Directory names. May also be specified as \fB\-d\fP. +.TP 8 +.B disabled +Names of disabled shell builtins. +.TP 8 +.B enabled +Names of enabled shell builtins. +.TP 8 +.B export +Names of exported shell variables. May also be specified as \fB\-e\fP. +.TP 8 +.B file +File names. May also be specified as \fB\-f\fP. +.TP 8 +.B function +Names of shell functions. +.TP 8 +.B group +Group names. May also be specified as \fB\-g\fP. +.TP 8 +.B helptopic +Help topics as accepted by the \fBhelp\fP builtin. +.TP 8 +.B hostname +Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the +.SM +.B HOSTFILE +shell variable. +.TP 8 +.B job +Job names, if job control is active. May also be specified as \fB\-j\fP. +.TP 8 +.B keyword +Shell reserved words. May also be specified as \fB\-k\fP. +.TP 8 +.B running +Names of running jobs, if job control is active. +.TP 8 +.B service +Service names. May also be specified as \fB\-s\fP. +.TP 8 +.B setopt +Valid arguments for the \fB\-o\fP option to the \fBset\fP builtin. +.TP 8 +.B shopt +Shell option names as accepted by the \fBshopt\fP builtin. +.TP 8 +.B signal +Signal names. +.TP 8 +.B stopped +Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active. +.TP 8 +.B user +User names. May also be specified as \fB\-u\fP. +.TP 8 +.B variable +Names of all shell variables. May also be specified as \fB\-v\fP. +.RE +.TP 8 +\fB\-C\fP \fIcommand\fP +\fIcommand\fP is executed in a subshell environment, and its output is +used as the possible completions. +Arguments are passed as with the \fB\-F\fP option. +.TP 8 +\fB\-F\fP \fIfunction\fP +The shell function \fIfunction\fP is executed in the current shell +environment. +When the function is executed, +the first argument (\fB$1\fP) is the name of the command whose arguments are +being completed, +the second argument (\fB$2\fP) is the word being completed, +and the third argument (\fB$3\fP) is the word preceding the word being +completed on the current command line. +When it finishes, the possible completions are retrieved from the value +of the +.SM +.B COMPREPLY +array variable. +.TP 8 +\fB\-G\fP \fIglobpat\fP +The pathname expansion pattern \fIglobpat\fP is expanded to generate +the possible completions. +.TP 8 +\fB\-P\fP \fIprefix\fP +\fIprefix\fP is added at the beginning of each possible completion +after all other options have been applied. +.TP 8 +\fB\-S\fP \fIsuffix\fP +\fIsuffix\fP is appended to each possible completion +after all other options have been applied. +.TP 8 +\fB\-W\fP \fIwordlist\fP +The \fIwordlist\fP is split using the characters in the +.SM +.B IFS +special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word is expanded. +Shell quoting is honored within \fIwordlist\fP, +in order to provide a +mechanism for the words to contain shell metacharacters or characters +in the value of +.SM +.BR IFS . +The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which +match the word being completed. +.TP 8 +\fB\-X\fP \fIfilterpat\fP +\fIfilterpat\fP is a pattern as used for pathname expansion. +It is applied to the list of possible completions generated by the +preceding options and arguments, and each completion matching +\fIfilterpat\fP is removed from the list. +A leading \fB!\fP in \fIfilterpat\fP negates the pattern; in this +case, any completion not matching \fIfilterpat\fP is removed. +.PD +.PP +The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an option +other than \fB\-p\fP or \fB\-r\fP is supplied without a \fIname\fP +argument, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification for +a \fIname\fP for which no specification exists, or +an error occurs adding a completion specification. +.RE +.TP +\fBcompopt\fP [\fB\-o\fP \fIoption\fP] [\fB\-DEI\fP] [\fB+o\fP \fIoption\fP] [\fIname\fP] +Modify completion options for each \fIname\fP according to the +\fIoption\fPs, or for the +currently-executing completion if no \fIname\fPs are supplied. +If no \fIoption\fPs are given, display the completion options for each +\fIname\fP or the current completion. +The possible values of \fIoption\fP are those valid for the \fBcomplete\fP +builtin described above. +The \fB\-D\fP option indicates that other supplied options should +apply to the ``default'' command completion; that is, completion attempted +on a command for which no completion has previously been defined. +The \fB\-E\fP option indicates that other supplied options should +apply to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion attempted on a +blank line. +The \fB\-I\fP option indicates that other supplied options should +apply to completion on the initial non-assignment word on the line, +or after a command delimiter such as \fB;\fP or \fB|\fP, which is usually +command name completion. +.sp 1 +The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an attempt +is made to modify the options for a \fIname\fP for which no completion +specification exists, or an output error occurs. +.TP +\fBcontinue\fP [\fIn\fP] +Resume the next iteration of the enclosing +.BR for , +.BR while , +.BR until , +or +.B select +loop. +If +.I n +is specified, resume at the \fIn\fPth enclosing loop. +.I n +must be \(>= 1. If +.I n +is greater than the number of enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop +(the ``top-level'' loop) is resumed. +The return value is 0 unless \fIn\fP is not greater than or equal to 1. +.TP +\fBdeclare\fP [\fB\-aAfFgiIlnrtux\fP] [\fB\-p\fP] [\fIname\fP[=\fIvalue\fP] ...] +.PD 0 +.TP +\fBtypeset\fP [\fB\-aAfFgiIlnrtux\fP] [\fB\-p\fP] [\fIname\fP[=\fIvalue\fP] ...] +.PD +Declare variables and/or give them attributes. +If no \fIname\fPs are given then display the values of variables. +The +.B \-p +option will display the attributes and values of each +.IR name . +When +.B \-p +is used with \fIname\fP arguments, additional options, +other than \fB\-f\fP and \fB\-F\fP, are ignored. +When +.B \-p +is supplied without \fIname\fP arguments, it will display the attributes +and values of all variables having the attributes specified by the +additional options. +If no other options are supplied with \fB\-p\fP, \fBdeclare\fP will display +the attributes and values of all shell variables. The \fB\-f\fP option +will restrict the display to shell functions. +The +.B \-F +option inhibits the display of function definitions; only the +function name and attributes are printed. +If the \fBextdebug\fP shell option is enabled using \fBshopt\fP, +the source file name and line number where each \fIname\fP +is defined are displayed as well. The +.B \-F +option implies +.BR \-f . +The +.B \-g +option forces variables to be created or modified at the global scope, +even when \fBdeclare\fP is executed in a shell function. +It is ignored in all other cases. +The +.B \-I +option causes local variables to inherit the attributes +(except the \fInameref\fP attribute) +and value of any existing variable with the same +\fIname\fP at a surrounding scope. +If there is no existing variable, the local variable is initially unset. +The following options can +be used to restrict output to variables with the specified attribute or +to give variables attributes: +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP +.B \-a +Each \fIname\fP is an indexed array variable (see +.B Arrays +.ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash(1)\fP). +.el above). +.TP +.B \-A +Each \fIname\fP is an associative array variable (see +.B Arrays +.ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash(1)\fP). +.el above). +.TP +.B \-f +Use function names only. +.TP +.B \-i +The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evaluation (see +.SM +.B "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION" +.ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash(1)\fP) +.el above) +is performed when the variable is assigned a value. +.TP +.B \-l +When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case characters are +converted to lower-case. +The upper-case attribute is disabled. +.TP +.B \-n +Give each \fIname\fP the \fInameref\fP attribute, making +it a name reference to another variable. +That other variable is defined by the value of \fIname\fP. +All references, assignments, and attribute modifications +to \fIname\fP, except those using or changing the +\fB\-n\fP attribute itself, are performed on the variable referenced by +\fIname\fP's value. +The nameref attribute cannot be applied to array variables. +.TP +.B \-r +Make \fIname\fPs readonly. These names cannot then be assigned values +by subsequent assignment statements or unset. +.TP +.B \-t +Give each \fIname\fP the \fItrace\fP attribute. +Traced functions inherit the \fBDEBUG\fP and \fBRETURN\fP traps from +the calling shell. +The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables. +.TP +.B \-u +When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case characters are +converted to upper-case. +The lower-case attribute is disabled. +.TP +.B \-x +Mark \fIname\fPs for export to subsequent commands via the environment. +.PD +.PP +Using `+' instead of `\-' +turns off the attribute instead, +with the exceptions that \fB+a\fP and \fB+A\fP +may not be used to destroy array variables and \fB+r\fP will not +remove the readonly attribute. +When used in a function, +.B declare +and +.B typeset +make each +\fIname\fP local, as with the +.B local +command, +unless the \fB\-g\fP option is supplied. +If a variable name is followed by =\fIvalue\fP, the value of +the variable is set to \fIvalue\fP. +When using \fB\-a\fP or \fB\-A\fP and the compound assignment syntax to +create array variables, additional attributes do not take effect until +subsequent assignments. +The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, +an attempt is made to define a function using +.if n ``\-f foo=bar'', +.if t \f(CW\-f foo=bar\fP, +an attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable, +an attempt is made to assign a value to an array variable without +using the compound assignment syntax (see +.B Arrays +.ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash(1)\fP), +.el above), +one of the \fInames\fP is not a valid shell variable name, +an attempt is made to turn off readonly status for a readonly variable, +an attempt is made to turn off array status for an array variable, +or an attempt is made to display a non-existent function with \fB\-f\fP. +.RE +.TP +.B dirs [\fB\-clpv\fP] [+\fIn\fP] [\-\fIn\fP] +Without options, displays the list of currently remembered directories. +The default display is on a single line with directory names separated +by spaces. +Directories are added to the list with the +.B pushd +command; the +.B popd +command removes entries from the list. +The current directory is always the first directory in the stack. +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP +.B \-c +Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries. +.TP +.B \-l +Produces a listing using full pathnames; +the default listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory. +.TP +.B \-p +Print the directory stack with one entry per line. +.TP +.B \-v +Print the directory stack with one entry per line, +prefixing each entry with its index in the stack. +.TP +\fB+\fP\fIn\fP +Displays the \fIn\fPth entry counting from the left of the list +shown by +.B dirs +when invoked without options, starting with zero. +.TP +\fB\-\fP\fIn\fP +Displays the \fIn\fPth entry counting from the right of the list +shown by +.B dirs +when invoked without options, starting with zero. +.PD +.PP +The return value is 0 unless an +invalid option is supplied or \fIn\fP indexes beyond the end +of the directory stack. +.RE +.TP +\fBdisown\fP [\fB\-ar\fP] [\fB\-h\fP] [\fIjobspec\fP ... | \fIpid\fP ... ] +Without options, remove each +.I jobspec +from the table of active jobs. +If +.I jobspec +is not present, and neither the \fB\-a\fP nor the \fB\-r\fP option +is supplied, the \fIcurrent job\fP is used. +If the \fB\-h\fP option is given, each +.I jobspec +is not removed from the table, but is marked so that +.SM +.B SIGHUP +is not sent to the job if the shell receives a +.SM +.BR SIGHUP . +If no +.I jobspec +is supplied, the +.B \-a +option means to remove or mark all jobs; the +.B \-r +option without a +.I jobspec +argument restricts operation to running jobs. +The return value is 0 unless a +.I jobspec +does not specify a valid job. +.TP +\fBecho\fP [\fB\-neE\fP] [\fIarg\fP ...] +Output the \fIarg\fPs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline. +The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. +If \fB\-n\fP is specified, the trailing newline is +suppressed. If the \fB\-e\fP option is given, interpretation of +the following backslash-escaped characters is enabled. The +.B \-E +option disables the interpretation of these escape characters, +even on systems where they are interpreted by default. +The \fBxpg_echo\fP shell option may be used to +dynamically determine whether or not \fBecho\fP expands these +escape characters by default. +.B echo +does not interpret \fB\-\-\fP to mean the end of options. +.B echo +interprets the following escape sequences: +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP +.B \ea +alert (bell) +.TP +.B \eb +backspace +.TP +.B \ec +suppress further output +.TP +.B \ee +.TP +.B \eE +an escape character +.TP +.B \ef +form feed +.TP +.B \en +new line +.TP +.B \er +carriage return +.TP +.B \et +horizontal tab +.TP +.B \ev +vertical tab +.TP +.B \e\e +backslash +.TP +.B \e0\fInnn\fP +the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value \fInnn\fP +(zero to three octal digits) +.TP +.B \ex\fIHH\fP +the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value \fIHH\fP +(one or two hex digits) +.TP +.B \eu\fIHHHH\fP +the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value +\fIHHHH\fP (one to four hex digits) +.TP +.B \eU\fIHHHHHHHH\fP +the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value +\fIHHHHHHHH\fP (one to eight hex digits) +.PD +.RE +.TP +\fBenable\fP [\fB\-a\fP] [\fB\-dnps\fP] [\fB\-f\fP \fIfilename\fP] [\fIname\fP ...] +Enable and disable builtin shell commands. +Disabling a builtin allows a disk command which has the same name +as a shell builtin to be executed without specifying a full pathname, +even though the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. +If \fB\-n\fP is used, each \fIname\fP +is disabled; otherwise, +\fInames\fP are enabled. For example, to use the +.B test +binary found via the +.SM +.B PATH +instead of the shell builtin version, run +.if t \f(CWenable -n test\fP. +.if n ``enable -n test''. +The +.B \-f +option means to load the new builtin command +.I name +from shared object +.IR filename , +on systems that support dynamic loading. +Bash will use the value of the \fBBASH_LOADABLES_PATH\fP variable as a +colon-separated list of directories in which to search for \fIfilename\fP. +The default is system-dependent. +The +.B \-d +option will delete a builtin previously loaded with +.BR \-f . +If no \fIname\fP arguments are given, or if the +.B \-p +option is supplied, a list of shell builtins is printed. +With no other option arguments, the list consists of all enabled +shell builtins. +If \fB\-n\fP is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed. +If \fB\-a\fP is supplied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an +indication of whether or not each is enabled. +If \fB\-s\fP is supplied, the output is restricted to the POSIX +\fIspecial\fP builtins. +If no options are supplied and a \fIname\fP is not a shell builtin, +\fBenable\fP will attempt to load \fIname\fP from a shared object named +\fIname\fP, as if the command were +.if t \f(CWenable \-f\fP \fIname name\fP . +.if n ``enable -f \fIname name\fP . +The return value is 0 unless a +.I name +is not a shell builtin or there is an error loading a new builtin +from a shared object. +.TP +\fBeval\fP [\fIarg\fP ...] +The \fIarg\fPs are read and concatenated together into a single +command. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and +its exit status is returned as the value of +.BR eval . +If there are no +.IR args , +or only null arguments, +.B eval +returns 0. +.TP +\fBexec\fP [\fB\-cl\fP] [\fB\-a\fP \fIname\fP] [\fIcommand\fP [\fIarguments\fP]] +If +.I command +is specified, it replaces the shell. +No new process is created. The +.I arguments +become the arguments to \fIcommand\fP. +If the +.B \-l +option is supplied, +the shell places a dash at the beginning of the zeroth argument passed to +.IR command . +This is what +.IR login (1) +does. The +.B \-c +option causes +.I command +to be executed with an empty environment. If +.B \-a +is supplied, the shell passes +.I name +as the zeroth argument to the executed command. +If +.I command +cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, +unless the +.B execfail +shell option +is enabled. In that case, it returns failure. +An interactive shell returns failure if the file cannot be executed. +A subshell exits unconditionally if \fBexec\fP fails. +If +.I command +is not specified, any redirections take effect in the current shell, +and the return status is 0. If there is a redirection error, the +return status is 1. +.TP +\fBexit\fP [\fIn\fP] +Cause the shell to exit +with a status of \fIn\fP. If +.I n +is omitted, the exit status +is that of the last command executed. +A trap on +.SM +.B EXIT +is executed before the shell terminates. +.TP +\fBexport\fP [\fB\-fn\fP\^] [\fIname\fP[=\fIword\fP]] ... +.PD 0 +.TP +.B export \-p +.PD +The supplied +.I names +are marked for automatic export to the environment of +subsequently executed commands. If the +.B \-f +option is given, the +.I names +refer to functions. +If no +.I names +are given, or if the +.B \-p +option is supplied, a list +of names of all exported variables is printed. +The +.B \-n +option causes the export property to be removed from each +\fIname\fP. +If a variable name is followed by =\fIword\fP, the value of +the variable is set to \fIword\fP. +.B export +returns an exit status of 0 unless an invalid option is +encountered, +one of the \fInames\fP is not a valid shell variable name, or +.B \-f +is supplied with a +.I name +that is not a function. +.TP +\fBfc\fP [\fB\-e\fP \fIename\fP] [\fB\-lnr\fP] [\fIfirst\fP] [\fIlast\fP] +.PD 0 +.TP +\fBfc\fP \fB\-s\fP [\fIpat\fP=\fIrep\fP] [\fIcmd\fP] +.PD +The first form selects a range of commands from +.I first +to +.I last +from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes them. +.I First +and +.I last +may be specified as a string (to locate the last command beginning +with that string) or as a number (an index into the history list, +where a negative number is used as an offset from the current +command number). +When listing, a \fIfirst\fP or \fIlast\fP of +0 is equivalent to \-1 and \-0 is equivalent to the current +command (usually the \fBfc\fP command); otherwise 0 is equivalent to \-1 +and \-0 is invalid. +If +.I last +is not specified, it is set to +the current command for listing (so that +.if n ``fc \-l \-10'' +.if t \f(CWfc \-l \-10\fP +prints the last 10 commands) and to +.I first +otherwise. +If +.I first +is not specified, it is set to the previous +command for editing and \-16 for listing. +.sp 1 +The +.B \-n +option suppresses +the command numbers when listing. The +.B \-r +option reverses the order of +the commands. If the +.B \-l +option is given, +the commands are listed on +standard output. Otherwise, the editor given by +.I ename +is invoked +on a file containing those commands. If +.I ename +is not given, the +value of the +.SM +.B FCEDIT +variable is used, and +the value of +.SM +.B EDITOR +if +.SM +.B FCEDIT +is not set. If neither variable is set, +.FN vi +is used. When editing is complete, the edited commands are +echoed and executed. +.sp 1 +In the second form, \fIcommand\fP is re-executed after each instance +of \fIpat\fP is replaced by \fIrep\fP. +\fICommand\fP is interpreted the same as \fIfirst\fP above. +A useful alias to use with this is +.if n ``r="fc -s"'', +.if t \f(CWr='fc \-s'\fP, +so that typing +.if n ``r cc'' +.if t \f(CWr cc\fP +runs the last command beginning with +.if n ``cc'' +.if t \f(CWcc\fP +and typing +.if n ``r'' +.if t \f(CWr\fP +re-executes the last command. +.sp 1 +If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an invalid +option is encountered or +.I first +or +.I last +specify history lines out of range. +If the +.B \-e +option is supplied, the return value is the value of the last +command executed or failure if an error occurs with the temporary +file of commands. If the second form is used, the return status +is that of the command re-executed, unless +.I cmd +does not specify a valid history line, in which case +.B fc +returns failure. +.TP +\fBfg\fP [\fIjobspec\fP] +Resume +.I jobspec +in the foreground, and make it the current job. +If +.I jobspec +is not present, the shell's notion of the \fIcurrent job\fP is used. +The return value is that of the command placed into the foreground, +or failure if run when job control is disabled or, when run with +job control enabled, if +.I jobspec +does not specify a valid job or +.I jobspec +specifies a job that was started without job control. +.TP +\fBgetopts\fP \fIoptstring\fP \fIname\fP [\fIarg ...\fP] +.B getopts +is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters. +.I optstring +contains the option characters to be recognized; if a character +is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an +argument, which should be separated from it by white space. +The colon and question mark characters may not be used as +option characters. +Each time it is invoked, +.B getopts +places the next option in the shell variable +.IR name , +initializing +.I name +if it does not exist, +and the index of the next argument to be processed into the +variable +.SM +.BR OPTIND . +.SM +.B OPTIND +is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a shell script +is invoked. When an option requires an argument, +.B getopts +places that argument into the variable +.SM +.BR OPTARG . +The shell does not reset +.SM +.B OPTIND +automatically; it must be manually reset between multiple +calls to +.B getopts +within the same shell invocation if a new set of parameters +is to be used. +.sp 1 +When the end of options is encountered, \fBgetopts\fP exits with a +return value greater than zero. +.SM +.B OPTIND +is set to the index of the first non-option argument, +and \fIname\fP is set to ?. +.sp 1 +.B getopts +normally parses the positional parameters, but if more arguments are +supplied as +.I arg +values, +.B getopts +parses those instead. +.sp 1 +.B getopts +can report errors in two ways. If the first character of +.I optstring +is a colon, +.I silent +error reporting is used. In normal operation, diagnostic messages +are printed when invalid options or missing option arguments are +encountered. +If the variable +.SM +.B OPTERR +is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed, even if the first +character of +.I optstring +is not a colon. +.sp 1 +If an invalid option is seen, +.B getopts +places ? into +.I name +and, if not silent, +prints an error message and unsets +.SM +.BR OPTARG . +If +.B getopts +is silent, +the option character found is placed in +.SM +.B OPTARG +and no diagnostic message is printed. +.sp 1 +If a required argument is not found, and +.B getopts +is not silent, +a question mark (\^\fB?\fP\^) is placed in +.IR name , +.SM +.B OPTARG +is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed. +If +.B getopts +is silent, then a colon (\^\fB:\fP\^) is placed in +.I name +and +.SM +.B OPTARG +is set to the option character found. +.sp 1 +.B getopts +returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is found. +It returns false if the end of options is encountered or an +error occurs. +.TP +\fBhash\fP [\fB\-lr\fP] [\fB\-p\fP \fIfilename\fP] [\fB\-dt\fP] [\fIname\fP] +Each time \fBhash\fP is invoked, +the full pathname of the command +.I name +is determined by searching +the directories in +.B $PATH +and remembered. Any previously-remembered pathname is discarded. +If the +.B \-p +option is supplied, no path search is performed, and +.I filename +is used as the full filename of the command. +The +.B \-r +option causes the shell to forget all +remembered locations. +The +.B \-d +option causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each \fIname\fP. +If the +.B \-t +option is supplied, the full pathname to which each \fIname\fP corresponds +is printed. If multiple \fIname\fP arguments are supplied with \fB\-t\fP, +the \fIname\fP is printed before the hashed full pathname. +The +.B \-l +option causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input. +If no arguments are given, or if only \fB\-l\fP is supplied, +information about remembered commands is printed. +The return status is true unless a +.I name +is not found or an invalid option is supplied. +.TP +\fBhelp\fP [\fB\-dms\fP] [\fIpattern\fP] +Display helpful information about builtin commands. If +.I pattern +is specified, +.B help +gives detailed help on all commands matching +.IR pattern ; +otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control structures +is printed. +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP +.B \-d +Display a short description of each \fIpattern\fP +.TP +.B \-m +Display the description of each \fIpattern\fP in a manpage-like format +.TP +.B \-s +Display only a short usage synopsis for each \fIpattern\fP +.PD +.PP +The return status is 0 unless no command matches +.IR pattern . +.RE +.TP +\fBhistory [\fIn\fP] +.PD 0 +.TP +\fBhistory\fP \fB\-c\fP +.TP +\fBhistory \-d\fP \fIoffset\fP +.TP +\fBhistory \-d\fP \fIstart\fP\-\fIend\fP +.TP +\fBhistory\fP \fB\-anrw\fP [\fIfilename\fP] +.TP +\fBhistory\fP \fB\-p\fP \fIarg\fP [\fIarg ...\fP] +.TP +\fBhistory\fP \fB\-s\fP \fIarg\fP [\fIarg ...\fP] +.PD +With no options, display the command +history list with line numbers. Lines listed +with a +.B * +have been modified. An argument of +.I n +lists only the last +.I n +lines. +If the shell variable +.SM +.B HISTTIMEFORMAT +is set and not null, +it is used as a format string for \fIstrftime\fP(3) to display +the time stamp associated with each displayed history entry. +No intervening blank is printed between the formatted time stamp +and the history line. +If \fIfilename\fP is supplied, it is used as the +name of the history file; if not, the value of +.SM +.B HISTFILE +is used. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP +.B \-c +Clear the history list by deleting all the entries. +.TP +\fB\-d\fP \fIoffset\fP +Delete the history entry at position \fIoffset\fP. +If \fIoffset\fP is negative, it is interpreted as relative to one greater +than the last history position, so negative indices count back from the +end of the history, and an index of \-1 refers to the current +\fBhistory -d\fP command. +.TP +\fB\-d\fP \fIstart\fP\-\fIend\fP +Delete the range of history entries between positions \fIstart\fP and +\fIend\fP, inclusive. +Positive and negative values for \fIstart\fP and \fIend\fP +are interpreted as described above. +.TP +.B \-a +Append the ``new'' history lines to the history file. +These are history lines entered since the beginning of the current +\fBbash\fP session, but not already appended to the history file. +.TP +.B \-n +Read the history lines not already read from the history +file into the current history list. These are lines +appended to the history file since the beginning of the +current \fBbash\fP session. +.TP +.B \-r +Read the contents of the history file +and append them to the current history list. +.TP +.B \-w +Write the current history list to the history file, overwriting the +history file's contents. +.TP +.B \-p +Perform history substitution on the following \fIargs\fP and display +the result on the standard output. +Does not store the results in the history list. +Each \fIarg\fP must be quoted to disable normal history expansion. +.TP +.B \-s +Store the +.I args +in the history list as a single entry. The last command in the +history list is removed before the +.I args +are added. +.PD +.PP +If the +.SM +.B HISTTIMEFORMAT +variable is set, the time stamp information +associated with each history entry is written to the history file, +marked with the history comment character. +When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history +comment character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted +as timestamps for the following history entry. +The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an +error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an invalid +\fIoffset\fP or range is supplied as an argument to \fB\-d\fP, or the +history expansion supplied as an argument to \fB\-p\fP fails. +.RE +.TP +\fBjobs\fP [\fB\-lnprs\fP] [ \fIjobspec\fP ... ] +.PD 0 +.TP +\fBjobs\fP \fB\-x\fP \fIcommand\fP [ \fIargs\fP ... ] +.PD +The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the following +meanings: +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP +.B \-l +List process IDs +in addition to the normal information. +.TP +.B \-n +Display information only about jobs that have changed status since +the user was last notified of their status. +.TP +.B \-p +List only the process ID of the job's process group +leader. +.TP +.B \-r +Display only running jobs. +.TP +.B \-s +Display only stopped jobs. +.PD +.PP +If +.I jobspec +is given, output is restricted to information about that job. +The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered +or an invalid +.I jobspec +is supplied. +.PP +If the +.B \-x +option is supplied, +.B jobs +replaces any +.I jobspec +found in +.I command +or +.I args +with the corresponding process group ID, and executes +.I command +passing it +.IR args , +returning its exit status. +.RE +.TP +\fBkill\fP [\fB\-s\fP \fIsigspec\fP | \fB\-n\fP \fIsignum\fP | \fB\-\fP\fIsigspec\fP] [\fIpid\fP | \fIjobspec\fP] ... +.PD 0 +.TP +\fBkill\fP \fB\-l\fP|\fB\-L\fP [\fIsigspec\fP | \fIexit_status\fP] +.PD +Send the signal named by +.I sigspec +or +.I signum +to the processes named by +.I pid +or +.IR jobspec . +.I sigspec +is either a case-insensitive signal name such as +.SM +.B SIGKILL +(with or without the +.SM +.B SIG +prefix) or a signal number; +.I signum +is a signal number. +If +.I sigspec +is not present, then +.SM +.B SIGTERM +is assumed. +An argument of +.B \-l +lists the signal names. +If any arguments are supplied when +.B \-l +is given, the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are +listed, and the return status is 0. +The \fIexit_status\fP argument to +.B \-l +is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit status of +a process terminated by a signal. +The +.B \-L +option is equivalent to \fB\-l\fP. +.B kill +returns true if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false +if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered. +.TP +\fBlet\fP \fIarg\fP [\fIarg\fP ...] +Each +.I arg +is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated (see +.SM +.B "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION" +.ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash(1)\fP). +.el above). +If the last +.I arg +evaluates to 0, +.B let +returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise. +.TP +\fBlocal\fP [\fIoption\fP] [\fIname\fP[=\fIvalue\fP] ... | \- ] +For each argument, a local variable named +.I name +is created, and assigned +.IR value . +The \fIoption\fP can be any of the options accepted by \fBdeclare\fP. +When +.B local +is used within a function, it causes the variable +.I name +to have a visible scope restricted to that function and its children. +If \fIname\fP is \-, the set of shell options is made local to the function +in which \fBlocal\fP is invoked: shell options changed using the +\fBset\fP builtin inside the function are restored to their original values +when the function returns. +The restore is effected as if a series of \fBset\fP commands were executed +to restore the values that were in place before the function. +With no operands, +.B local +writes a list of local variables to the standard output. It is +an error to use +.B local +when not within a function. The return status is 0 unless +.B local +is used outside a function, an invalid +.I name +is supplied, or +\fIname\fP is a readonly variable. +.TP +.B logout +Exit a login shell. +.TP +\fBmapfile\fP [\fB\-d\fP \fIdelim\fP] [\fB\-n\fP \fIcount\fP] [\fB\-O\fP \fIorigin\fP] [\fB\-s\fP \fIcount\fP] [\fB\-t\fP] [\fB\-u\fP \fIfd\fP] [\fB\-C\fP \fIcallback\fP] [\fB\-c\fP \fIquantum\fP] [\fIarray\fP] +.PD 0 +.TP +\fBreadarray\fP [\fB\-d\fP \fIdelim\fP] [\fB\-n\fP \fIcount\fP] [\fB\-O\fP \fIorigin\fP] [\fB\-s\fP \fIcount\fP] [\fB\-t\fP] [\fB\-u\fP \fIfd\fP] [\fB\-C\fP \fIcallback\fP] [\fB\-c\fP \fIquantum\fP] [\fIarray\fP] +.PD +Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable +.IR array , +or from file descriptor +.I fd +if the +.B \-u +option is supplied. +The variable +.SM +.B MAPFILE +is the default \fIarray\fP. +Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP +.B \-d +The first character of \fIdelim\fP is used to terminate each input line, +rather than newline. +If \fIdelim\fP is the empty string, \fBmapfile\fP will terminate a line +when it reads a NUL character. +.TP +.B \-n +Copy at most +.I count +lines. If \fIcount\fP is 0, all lines are copied. +.TP +.B \-O +Begin assigning to +.I array +at index +.IR origin . +The default index is 0. +.TP +.B \-s +Discard the first \fIcount\fP lines read. +.TP +.B \-t +Remove a trailing \fIdelim\fP (default newline) from each line read. +.TP +.B \-u +Read lines from file descriptor \fIfd\fP instead of the standard input. +.TP +.B \-C +Evaluate +.I callback +each time \fIquantum\fP lines are read. The \fB\-c\fP option specifies +.IR quantum . +.TP +.B \-c +Specify the number of lines read between each call to +.IR callback . +.PD +.PP +If +.B \-C +is specified without +.BR \-c , +the default quantum is 5000. +When \fIcallback\fP is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next +array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that element +as additional arguments. +\fIcallback\fP is evaluated after the line is read but before the +array element is assigned. +.PP +If not supplied with an explicit origin, \fBmapfile\fP will clear \fIarray\fP +before assigning to it. +.PP +\fBmapfile\fP returns successfully unless an invalid option or option +argument is supplied, \fIarray\fP is invalid or unassignable, or if +\fIarray\fP is not an indexed array. +.RE +.TP +\fBpopd\fP [\-\fBn\fP] [+\fIn\fP] [\-\fIn\fP] +Removes entries from the directory stack. +The elements are numbered from 0 starting at the first directory +listed by \fBdirs\fP. +With no arguments, \fBpopd\fP +removes the top directory from the stack, and +changes to the new top directory. +Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings: +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP +.B \-n +Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing directories +from the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. +.TP +\fB+\fP\fIn\fP +Removes the \fIn\fPth entry counting from the left of the list +shown by +.BR dirs , +starting with zero, from the stack. +For example: +.if n ``popd +0'' +.if t \f(CWpopd +0\fP +removes the first directory, +.if n ``popd +1'' +.if t \f(CWpopd +1\fP +the second. +.TP +\fB\-\fP\fIn\fP +Removes the \fIn\fPth entry counting from the right of the list +shown by +.BR dirs , +starting with zero. For example: +.if n ``popd -0'' +.if t \f(CWpopd -0\fP +removes the last directory, +.if n ``popd -1'' +.if t \f(CWpopd -1\fP +the next to last. +.PD +.PP +If the top element of the directory stack is modified, and +the \fI-n\fP option was not supplied, \fBpopd\fP uses the \fBcd\fP +builtin to change to the directory at the top of the stack. +If the \fBcd\fP fails, \fBpopd\fP returns a non-zero value. +.PP +Otherwise, +.B popd +returns false if an invalid option is encountered, the directory stack +is empty, or a non-existent directory stack entry is specified. +.PP +If the +.B popd +command is successful, +bash runs +.B dirs +to show the final contents of the directory stack, +and the return status is 0. +.RE +.TP +\fBprintf\fP [\fB\-v\fP \fIvar\fP] \fIformat\fP [\fIarguments\fP] +Write the formatted \fIarguments\fP to the standard output under the +control of the \fIformat\fP. +The \fB\-v\fP option causes the output to be assigned to the variable +\fIvar\fP rather than being printed to the standard output. +.sp 1 +The \fIformat\fP is a character string which contains three types of objects: +plain characters, which are simply copied to standard output, character +escape sequences, which are converted and copied to the standard output, and +format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive +\fIargument\fP. +In addition to the standard \fIprintf\fP(1) format specifications, +\fBprintf\fP interprets the following extensions: +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP +.B %b +causes +\fBprintf\fP to expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding +\fIargument\fP +in the same way as \fBecho \-e\fP. +.TP +.B %q +causes \fBprintf\fP to output the corresponding +\fIargument\fP in a format that can be reused as shell input. +.TP +.B %Q +like \fB%q\fP, but applies any supplied precision to the \fIargument\fP +before quoting it. +.TP +.B %(\fIdatefmt\fP)T +causes \fBprintf\fP to output the date-time string resulting from using +\fIdatefmt\fP as a format string for \fIstrftime\fP(3). +The corresponding \fIargument\fP is an integer representing the number of +seconds since the epoch. +Two special argument values may be used: \-1 represents the current +time, and \-2 represents the time the shell was invoked. +If no argument is specified, conversion behaves as if \-1 had been given. +This is an exception to the usual \fBprintf\fP behavior. +.PD +.PP +The %b, %q, and %T directives all use the field width and precision +arguments from the format specification and write that many bytes from +(or use that wide a field for) the expanded argument, which usually +contains more characters than the original. +.PP +Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C constants, +except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and if the leading +character is a single or double quote, the value is the ASCII value of +the following character. +.PP +The \fIformat\fP is reused as necessary to consume all of the \fIarguments\fP. +If the \fIformat\fP requires more \fIarguments\fP than are supplied, the +extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or null string, as +appropriate, had been supplied. +The return value is zero on success, non-zero on failure. +.RE +.TP +\fBpushd\fP [\fB\-n\fP] [+\fIn\fP] [\-\fIn\fP] +.PD 0 +.TP +\fBpushd\fP [\fB\-n\fP] [\fIdir\fP] +.PD +Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates +the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working +directory. +With no arguments, \fBpushd\fP exchanges the top two elements of +the directory stack. +Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings: +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP +.B \-n +Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating or +adding directories to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. +.TP +\fB+\fP\fIn\fP +Rotates the stack so that the \fIn\fPth directory +(counting from the left of the list shown by +.BR dirs , +starting with zero) +is at the top. +.TP +\fB\-\fP\fIn\fP +Rotates the stack so that the \fIn\fPth directory +(counting from the right of the list shown by +.BR dirs , +starting with zero) is at the top. +.TP +.I dir +Adds +.I dir +to the directory stack at the top +.PD +.PP +After the stack has been modified, if the \fB\-n\fP option was not +supplied, \fBpushd\fP uses the \fBcd\fP builtin to change to the +directory at the top of the stack. +If the \fBcd\fP fails, \fBpushd\fP returns a non-zero value. +.PP +Otherwise, if no arguments are supplied, +.B pushd +returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty. +When rotating the directory stack, +.B pushd +returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty or +a non-existent directory stack element is specified. +.PP +If the +.B pushd +command is successful, +bash runs +.B dirs +to show the final contents of the directory stack. +.RE +.TP +\fBpwd\fP [\fB\-LP\fP] +Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. +The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the +.B \-P +option is supplied or the +.B \-o physical +option to the +.B set +builtin command is enabled. +If the +.B \-L +option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links. +The return status is 0 unless an error occurs while +reading the name of the current directory or an +invalid option is supplied. +.TP +\fBread\fP [\fB\-ers\fP] [\fB\-a\fP \fIaname\fP] [\fB\-d\fP \fIdelim\fP] [\fB\-i\fP \fItext\fP] [\fB\-n\fP \fInchars\fP] [\fB\-N\fP \fInchars\fP] [\fB\-p\fP \fIprompt\fP] [\fB\-t\fP \fItimeout\fP] [\fB\-u\fP \fIfd\fP] [\fIname\fP ...] +One line is read from the standard input, or from the file descriptor +\fIfd\fP supplied as an argument to the \fB\-u\fP option, +split into words as described +.ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash(1)\fP +.el above +under \fBWord Splitting\fP, +and the first word +is assigned to the first +.IR name , +the second word to the second +.IR name , +and so on. +If there are more words than names, the remaining words and their +intervening delimiters are assigned to the last +.IR name . +If there are fewer words read from the input stream than names, +the remaining names are assigned empty values. +The characters in +.SM +.B IFS +are used to split the line into words using the same rules the shell +uses for expansion (described +.ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash(1)\fP +.el above +under \fBWord Splitting\fP). +The backslash character (\fB\e\fP) may be used to remove any special +meaning for the next character read and for line continuation. +Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP +.B \-a \fIaname\fP +The words are assigned to sequential indices +of the array variable +.IR aname , +starting at 0. +.I aname +is unset before any new values are assigned. +Other \fIname\fP arguments are ignored. +.TP +.B \-d \fIdelim\fP +The first character of \fIdelim\fP is used to terminate the input line, +rather than newline. +If \fIdelim\fP is the empty string, \fBread\fP will terminate a line +when it reads a NUL character. +.TP +.B \-e +If the standard input +is coming from a terminal, +.B readline +(see +.SM +.B READLINE +.ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash(1)\fP) +.el above) +is used to obtain the line. +Readline uses the current (or default, if line editing was not previously +active) editing settings, but uses readline's default filename completion. +.TP +.B \-i \fItext\fP +If +.B readline +is being used to read the line, \fItext\fP is placed into the editing +buffer before editing begins. +.TP +.B \-n \fInchars\fP +\fBread\fP returns after reading \fInchars\fP characters rather than +waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delimiter if fewer +than \fInchars\fP characters are read before the delimiter. +.TP +.B \-N \fInchars\fP +\fBread\fP returns after reading exactly \fInchars\fP characters rather +than waiting for a complete line of input, unless EOF is encountered or +\fBread\fP times out. +Delimiter characters encountered in the input are +not treated specially and do not cause \fBread\fP to return until +\fInchars\fP characters are read. +The result is not split on the characters in \fBIFS\fP; the intent is +that the variable is assigned exactly the characters read +(with the exception of backslash; see the \fB\-r\fP option below). +.TP +.B \-p \fIprompt\fP +Display \fIprompt\fP on standard error, without a +trailing newline, before attempting to read any input. The prompt +is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal. +.TP +.B \-r +Backslash does not act as an escape character. +The backslash is considered to be part of the line. +In particular, a backslash-newline pair may not then be used as a line +continuation. +.TP +.B \-s +Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, characters are +not echoed. +.TP +.B \-t \fItimeout\fP +Cause \fBread\fP to time out and return failure if a complete line of +input (or a specified number of characters) +is not read within \fItimeout\fP seconds. +\fItimeout\fP may be a decimal number with a fractional portion following +the decimal point. +This option is only effective if \fBread\fP is reading input from a +terminal, pipe, or other special file; it has no effect when reading +from regular files. +If \fBread\fP times out, \fBread\fP saves any partial input read into +the specified variable \fIname\fP. +If \fItimeout\fP is 0, \fBread\fP returns immediately, without trying to +read any data. +The exit status is 0 if input is available on the specified file descriptor, +or the read will return EOF, +non-zero otherwise. +The exit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded. +.TP +.B \-u \fIfd\fP +Read input from file descriptor \fIfd\fP. +.PD +.PP +If no +.I names +are supplied, the line read, +without the ending delimiter but otherwise unmodified, +is assigned to the variable +.SM +.BR REPLY . +The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, \fBread\fP +times out (in which case the status is greater than 128), +a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a readonly variable) occurs, +or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to \fB\-u\fP. +.RE +.TP +\fBreadonly\fP [\fB\-aAf\fP] [\fB\-p\fP] [\fIname\fP[=\fIword\fP] ...] +.PD +The given +\fInames\fP are marked readonly; the values of these +.I names +may not be changed by subsequent assignment. +If the +.B \-f +option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the +\fInames\fP are so +marked. +The +.B \-a +option restricts the variables to indexed arrays; the +.B \-A +option restricts the variables to associative arrays. +If both options are supplied, +.B \-A +takes precedence. +If no +.I name +arguments are given, or if the +.B \-p +option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed. +The other options may be used to restrict the output to a subset of +the set of readonly names. +The +.B \-p +option causes output to be displayed in a format that +may be reused as input. +If a variable name is followed by =\fIword\fP, the value of +the variable is set to \fIword\fP. +The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, +one of the +.I names +is not a valid shell variable name, or +.B \-f +is supplied with a +.I name +that is not a function. +.TP +\fBreturn\fP [\fIn\fP] +Causes a function to stop executing and return the value specified by +.I n +to its caller. +If +.I n +is omitted, the return status is that of the last command +executed in the function body. +If \fBreturn\fP is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to +determine the status is the last command executed before the trap handler. +If \fBreturn\fP is executed during a \fBDEBUG\fP trap, the last command +used to determine the status is the last command executed by the trap +handler before \fBreturn\fP was invoked. +If +.B return +is used outside a function, +but during execution of a script by the +.B . +(\fBsource\fP) command, it causes the shell to stop executing +that script and return either +.I n +or the exit status of the last command executed within the +script as the exit status of the script. +If \fIn\fP is supplied, the return value is its least significant +8 bits. +The return status is non-zero if +.B return +is supplied a non-numeric argument, or +is used outside a +function and not during execution of a script by \fB.\fP\^ or \fBsource\fP. +Any command associated with the \fBRETURN\fP trap is executed +before execution resumes after the function or script. +.TP +\fBset\fP [\fB\-abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT\fP] [\fB\-o\fP \fIoption\-name\fP] [\fB\-\-\fP] [\fB\-\fP] [\fIarg\fP ...] +.PD 0 +.TP +\fBset\fP [\fB+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT\fP] [\fB+o\fP \fIoption\-name\fP] [\fB\-\-\fP] [\fB\-\fP] [\fIarg\fP ...] +.PD +Without options, display the name and value of each shell variable +in a format that can be reused as input +for setting or resetting the currently-set variables. +Read-only variables cannot be reset. +In \fIposix mode\fP, only shell variables are listed. +The output is sorted according to the current locale. +When options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. +Any arguments remaining after option processing are treated +as values for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to +.BR $1 , +.BR $2 , +.B ... +.BR $\fIn\fP . +Options, if specified, have the following meanings: +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP 8 +.B \-a +Each variable or function that is created or modified is given the +export attribute and marked for export to the environment of +subsequent commands. +.TP 8 +.B \-b +Report the status of terminated background jobs +immediately, rather than before the next primary prompt. This is +effective only when job control is enabled. +.TP 8 +.B \-e +Exit immediately if a +\fIpipeline\fP (which may consist of a single \fIsimple command\fP), +a \fIlist\fP, +or a \fIcompound command\fP +(see +.SM +.B SHELL GRAMMAR +.ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash(1)\fP), +.el above), +exits with a non-zero status. +The shell does not exit if the +command that fails is part of the command list immediately following a +.B while +or +.B until +keyword, +part of the test following the +.B if +or +.B elif +reserved words, part of any command executed in a +.B && +or +.B || +list except the command following the final \fB&&\fP or \fB||\fP, +any command in a pipeline but the last, +or if the command's return value is +being inverted with +.BR ! . +If a compound command other than a subshell +returns a non-zero status because a command failed +while \fB\-e\fP was being ignored, the shell does not exit. +A trap on \fBERR\fP, if set, is executed before the shell exits. +This option applies to the shell environment and each subshell environment +separately (see +.SM +.B "COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT" +.ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash(1)\fP), +.el above), +and may cause +subshells to exit before executing all the commands in the subshell. +.if t .sp 0.5 +.if n .sp 1 +If a compound command or shell function executes in a context +where \fB\-e\fP is being ignored, +none of the commands executed within the compound command or function body +will be affected by the \fB\-e\fP setting, even if \fB\-e\fP is set +and a command returns a failure status. +If a compound command or shell function sets \fB\-e\fP while executing in +a context where \fB\-e\fP is ignored, that setting will not have any +effect until the compound command or the command containing the function +call completes. +.TP 8 +.B \-f +Disable pathname expansion. +.TP 8 +.B \-h +Remember the location of commands as they are looked up for execution. +This is enabled by default. +.TP 8 +.B \-k +All arguments in the form of assignment statements +are placed in the environment for a command, not just +those that precede the command name. +.TP 8 +.B \-m +Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is on +by default for interactive shells on systems that support +it (see +.SM +.B JOB CONTROL +.ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash(1)\fP). +.el above). +All processes run in a separate process group. +When a background job completes, the shell prints a line +containing its exit status. +.TP 8 +.B \-n +Read commands but do not execute them. +This may be used to check a shell script for syntax errors. +This is ignored by interactive shells. +.TP 8 +.B \-o \fIoption\-name\fP +The \fIoption\-name\fP can be one of the following: +.RS +.TP 8 +.B allexport +Same as +.BR \-a . +.TP 8 +.B braceexpand +Same as +.BR \-B . +.TP 8 +.B emacs +Use an emacs-style command line editing interface. This is enabled +by default when the shell is interactive, unless the shell is started +with the +.B \-\-noediting +option. +This also affects the editing interface used for \fBread \-e\fP. +.TP 8 +.B errexit +Same as +.BR \-e . +.TP 8 +.B errtrace +Same as +.BR \-E . +.TP 8 +.B functrace +Same as +.BR \-T . +.TP 8 +.B hashall +Same as +.BR \-h . +.TP 8 +.B histexpand +Same as +.BR \-H . +.TP 8 +.B history +Enable command history, as described +.ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash(1)\fP +.el above +under +.SM +.BR HISTORY . +This option is on by default in interactive shells. +.TP 8 +.B ignoreeof +The effect is as if the shell command +.if t \f(CWIGNOREEOF=10\fP +.if n ``IGNOREEOF=10'' +had been executed +(see +.B Shell Variables +.ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash(1)\fP). +.el above). +.TP 8 +.B keyword +Same as +.BR \-k . +.TP 8 +.B monitor +Same as +.BR \-m . +.TP 8 +.B noclobber +Same as +.BR \-C . +.TP 8 +.B noexec +Same as +.BR \-n . +.TP 8 +.B noglob +Same as +.BR \-f . +.TP 8 +.B nolog +Currently ignored. +.TP 8 +.B notify +Same as +.BR \-b . +.TP 8 +.B nounset +Same as +.BR \-u . +.TP 8 +.B onecmd +Same as +.BR \-t . +.TP 8 +.B physical +Same as +.BR \-P . +.TP 8 +.B pipefail +If set, the return value of a pipeline is the value of the last +(rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all +commands in the pipeline exit successfully. +This option is disabled by default. +.TP 8 +.B posix +Change the behavior of +.B bash +where the default operation differs +from the POSIX standard to match the standard (\fIposix mode\fP). +See +.SM +.B "SEE ALSO" +.ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash(1)\fP +.el below +for a reference to a document that details how posix mode affects +bash's behavior. +.TP 8 +.B privileged +Same as +.BR \-p . +.TP 8 +.B verbose +Same as +.BR \-v . +.TP 8 +.B vi +Use a vi-style command line editing interface. +This also affects the editing interface used for \fBread \-e\fP. +.TP 8 +.B xtrace +Same as +.BR \-x . +.sp .5 +.PP +If +.B \-o +is supplied with no \fIoption\-name\fP, the values of the current options are +printed. +If +.B +o +is supplied with no \fIoption\-name\fP, a series of +.B set +commands to recreate the current option settings is displayed on +the standard output. +.RE +.TP 8 +.B \-p +Turn on +.I privileged +mode. In this mode, the +.SM +.B $ENV +and +.SM +.B $BASH_ENV +files are not processed, shell functions are not inherited from the +environment, and the +.SM +.BR SHELLOPTS , +.SM +.BR BASHOPTS , +.SM +.BR CDPATH , +and +.SM +.B GLOBIGNORE +variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored. +If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the +real user (group) id, and the \fB\-p\fP option is not supplied, these actions +are taken and the effective user id is set to the real user id. +If the \fB\-p\fP option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is +not reset. +Turning this option off causes the effective user +and group ids to be set to the real user and group ids. +.TP 8 +.B \-r +Enable restricted shell mode. +This option cannot be unset once it has been set. +.TP 8 +.B \-t +Exit after reading and executing one command. +.TP 8 +.B \-u +Treat unset variables and parameters other than the special +parameters "@" and "*", +or array variables subscripted with "@" or "*", +as an error when performing +parameter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an +unset variable or parameter, the shell prints an error message, and, +if not interactive, exits with a non-zero status. +.TP 8 +.B \-v +Print shell input lines as they are read. +.TP 8 +.B \-x +After expanding each \fIsimple command\fP, +\fBfor\fP command, \fBcase\fP command, \fBselect\fP command, or +arithmetic \fBfor\fP command, display the expanded value of +.SM +.BR PS4 , +followed by the command and its expanded arguments +or associated word list. +.TP 8 +.B \-B +The shell performs brace expansion (see +.B Brace Expansion +.ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash(1)\fP). +.el above). +This is on by default. +.TP 8 +.B \-C +If set, +.B bash +does not overwrite an existing file with the +.BR > , +.BR >& , +and +.B <> +redirection operators. This may be overridden when +creating output files by using the redirection operator +.B >| +instead of +.BR > . +.TP 8 +.B \-E +If set, any trap on \fBERR\fP is inherited by shell functions, command +substitutions, and commands executed in a subshell environment. +The \fBERR\fP trap is normally not inherited in such cases. +.TP 8 +.B \-H +Enable +.B ! +style history substitution. This option is on by +default when the shell is interactive. +.TP 8 +.B \-P +If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when executing +commands such as +.B cd +that change the current working directory. It uses the +physical directory structure instead. By default, +.B bash +follows the logical chain of directories when performing commands +which change the current directory. +.TP 8 +.B \-T +If set, any traps on \fBDEBUG\fP and \fBRETURN\fP are inherited by shell +functions, command substitutions, and commands executed in a +subshell environment. +The \fBDEBUG\fP and \fBRETURN\fP traps are normally not inherited +in such cases. +.TP 8 +.B \-\- +If no arguments follow this option, then the positional parameters are +unset. Otherwise, the positional parameters are set to the +\fIarg\fPs, even if some of them begin with a +.BR \- . +.TP 8 +.B \- +Signal the end of options, cause all remaining \fIarg\fPs to be +assigned to the positional parameters. The +.B \-x +and +.B \-v +options are turned off. +If there are no \fIarg\fPs, +the positional parameters remain unchanged. +.PD +.PP +The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. +Using + rather than \- causes these options to be turned off. +The options can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of +the shell. +The current set of options may be found in +.BR $\- . +The return status is always true unless an invalid option is encountered. +.RE +.TP +\fBshift\fP [\fIn\fP] +The positional parameters from \fIn\fP+1 ... are renamed to +.B $1 +.B .... +Parameters represented by the numbers \fB$#\fP +down to \fB$#\fP\-\fIn\fP+1 are unset. +.I n +must be a non-negative number less than or equal to \fB$#\fP. +If +.I n +is 0, no parameters are changed. +If +.I n +is not given, it is assumed to be 1. +If +.I n +is greater than \fB$#\fP, the positional parameters are not changed. +The return status is greater than zero if +.I n +is greater than +.B $# +or less than zero; otherwise 0. +.TP +\fBshopt\fP [\fB\-pqsu\fP] [\fB\-o\fP] [\fIoptname\fP ...] +Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behavior. +The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the +.B \-o +option is used, those available with the +.B \-o +option to the \fBset\fP builtin command. +With no options, or with the +.B \-p +option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with +an indication of whether or not each is set; +if \fIoptnames\fP are supplied, the output is restricted to those options. +The \fB\-p\fP option causes output to be displayed in a form that +may be reused as input. +Other options have the following meanings: +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP +.B \-s +Enable (set) each \fIoptname\fP. +.TP +.B \-u +Disable (unset) each \fIoptname\fP. +.TP +.B \-q +Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status indicates +whether the \fIoptname\fP is set or unset. +If multiple \fIoptname\fP arguments are given with +.BR \-q , +the return status is zero if all \fIoptnames\fP are enabled; non-zero +otherwise. +.TP +.B \-o +Restricts the values of \fIoptname\fP to be those defined for the +.B \-o +option to the +.B set +builtin. +.PD +.PP +If either +.B \-s +or +.B \-u +is used with no \fIoptname\fP arguments, +.B shopt +shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively. +Unless otherwise noted, the \fBshopt\fP options are disabled (unset) +by default. +.PP +The return status when listing options is zero if all \fIoptnames\fP +are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting options, +the return status is zero unless an \fIoptname\fP is not a valid shell +option. +.PP +The list of \fBshopt\fP options is: +.if t .sp .5v +.if n .sp 1v +.PD 0 +.TP 8 +.B assoc_expand_once +If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of associative array +subscripts during arithmetic expression evaluation, while executing +builtins that can perform variable assignments, +and while executing builtins that perform array dereferencing. +.TP 8 +.B autocd +If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is executed as if +it were the argument to the \fBcd\fP command. +This option is only used by interactive shells. +.TP 8 +.B cdable_vars +If set, an argument to the +.B cd +builtin command that +is not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable whose +value is the directory to change to. +.TP 8 +.B cdspell +If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a +.B cd +command will be corrected. +The errors checked for are transposed characters, +a missing character, and one character too many. +If a correction is found, the corrected filename is printed, +and the command proceeds. +This option is only used by interactive shells. +.TP 8 +.B checkhash +If set, \fBbash\fP checks that a command found in the hash +table exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed command no +longer exists, a normal path search is performed. +.TP 8 +.B checkjobs +If set, \fBbash\fP lists the status of any stopped and running jobs before +exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs are running, this causes +the exit to be deferred until a second exit is attempted without an +intervening command (see +.SM +.B "JOB CONTROL" +.ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash(1)\fP). +.el above). +The shell always postpones exiting if any jobs are stopped. +.TP 8 +.B checkwinsize +If set, \fBbash\fP checks the window size after each external (non-builtin) +command and, if necessary, updates the values of +.SM +.B LINES +and +.SM +.BR COLUMNS . +This option is enabled by default. +.TP 8 +.B cmdhist +If set, +.B bash +attempts to save all lines of a multiple-line +command in the same history entry. This allows +easy re-editing of multi-line commands. +This option is enabled by default, but only has an effect if command +history is enabled, as described +.ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash(1)\fP +.el above +under +.SM +.BR HISTORY . +.PD 0 +.TP 8 +.B compat31 +.TP 8 +.B compat32 +.TP 8 +.B compat40 +.TP 8 +.B compat41 +.TP 8 +.B compat42 +.TP 8 +.B compat43 +.TP 8 +.B compat44 +.TP 8 +.B compat50 +.PD +These control aspects of the shell's compatibility mode +(see +.SM +.B "SHELL COMPATIBILITY MODE" +.ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash(1)\fP). +.el below). +.TP 8 +.B complete_fullquote +If set, +.B bash +quotes all shell metacharacters in filenames and directory names when +performing completion. +If not set, +.B bash +removes metacharacters such as the dollar sign from the set of +characters that will be quoted in completed filenames +when these metacharacters appear in shell variable references in words to be +completed. +This means that dollar signs in variable names that expand to directories +will not be quoted; +however, any dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted, either. +This is active only when bash is using backslashes to quote completed +filenames. +This variable is set by default, which is the default bash behavior in +versions through 4.2. +.TP 8 +.B direxpand +If set, +.B bash +replaces directory names with the results of word expansion when performing +filename completion. This changes the contents of the readline editing +buffer. +If not set, +.B bash +attempts to preserve what the user typed. +.TP 8 +.B dirspell +If set, +.B bash +attempts spelling correction on directory names during word completion +if the directory name initially supplied does not exist. +.TP 8 +.B dotglob +If set, +.B bash +includes filenames beginning with a `.' in the results of pathname +expansion. +The filenames +.B ``.'' +and +.B ``..'' +must always be matched explicitly, even if +.B dotglob +is set. +.TP 8 +.B execfail +If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if +it cannot execute the file specified as an argument to the +.B exec +builtin command. An interactive shell does not exit if +.B exec +fails. +.TP 8 +.B expand_aliases +If set, aliases are expanded as described +.ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash(1)\fP +.el above +under +.SM +.BR ALIASES . +This option is enabled by default for interactive shells. +.TP 8 +.B extdebug +If set at shell invocation, +or in a shell startup file, +arrange to execute the debugger profile +before the shell starts, identical to the \fB\-\-debugger\fP option. +If set after invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled: +.RS +.TP +.B 1. +The \fB\-F\fP option to the \fBdeclare\fP builtin displays the source +file name and line number corresponding to each function name supplied +as an argument. +.TP +.B 2. +If the command run by the \fBDEBUG\fP trap returns a non-zero value, the +next command is skipped and not executed. +.TP +.B 3. +If the command run by the \fBDEBUG\fP trap returns a value of 2, and the +shell is executing in a subroutine (a shell function or a shell script +executed by the \fB.\fP or \fBsource\fP builtins), the shell simulates +a call to \fBreturn\fP. +.TP +.B 4. +.SM +.B BASH_ARGC +and +.SM +.B BASH_ARGV +are updated as described in their descriptions +.ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash(1)\fP). +.el above). +.TP +.B 5. +Function tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and +subshells invoked with \fB(\fP \fIcommand\fP \fB)\fP inherit the +\fBDEBUG\fP and \fBRETURN\fP traps. +.TP +.B 6. +Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and +subshells invoked with \fB(\fP \fIcommand\fP \fB)\fP inherit the +\fBERR\fP trap. +.RE +.TP 8 +.B extglob +If set, the extended pattern matching features described +.ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash(1)\fP +.el above +under +\fBPathname Expansion\fP are enabled. +.TP 8 +.B extquote +If set, \fB$\fP\(aq\fIstring\fP\(aq and \fB$\fP"\fIstring\fP" quoting is +performed within \fB${\fP\fIparameter\fP\fB}\fP expansions +enclosed in double quotes. This option is enabled by default. +.TP 8 +.B failglob +If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during pathname expansion +result in an expansion error. +.TP 8 +.B force_fignore +If set, the suffixes specified by the +.SM +.B FIGNORE +shell variable +cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even if +the ignored words are the only possible completions. +See +.SM +\fBSHELL VARIABLES\fP +.ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash(1)\fP +.el above +for a description of +.SM +.BR FIGNORE . +This option is enabled by default. +.TP 8 +.B globasciiranges +If set, range expressions used in pattern matching bracket expressions (see +.SM +.B Pattern Matching +.ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash(1)\fP) +.el above) +behave as if in the traditional C locale when performing +comparisons. That is, the current locale's collating sequence +is not taken into account, so +.B b +will not collate between +.B A +and +.BR B , +and upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters will collate together. +.TP 8 +.B globskipdots +If set, pathname expansion will never match the filenames +.B ``.'' +and +.BR ``..'' , +even if the pattern begins with a +.BR ``.'' . +This option is enabled by default. +.TP 8 +.B globstar +If set, the pattern \fB**\fP used in a pathname expansion context will +match all files and zero or more directories and subdirectories. +If the pattern is followed by a \fB/\fP, only directories and +subdirectories match. +.TP 8 +.B gnu_errfmt +If set, shell error messages are written in the standard GNU error +message format. +.TP 8 +.B histappend +If set, the history list is appended to the file named by the value +of the +.SM +.B HISTFILE +variable when the shell exits, rather than overwriting the file. +.TP 8 +.B histreedit +If set, and +.B readline +is being used, a user is given the opportunity to re-edit a +failed history substitution. +.TP 8 +.B histverify +If set, and +.B readline +is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately +passed to the shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded into +the \fBreadline\fP editing buffer, allowing further modification. +.TP 8 +.B hostcomplete +If set, and +.B readline +is being used, \fBbash\fP will attempt to perform hostname completion when a +word containing a \fB@\fP is being completed (see +.B Completing +under +.SM +.B READLINE +.ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash(1)\fP). +.el above). +This is enabled by default. +.TP 8 +.B huponexit +If set, \fBbash\fP will send +.SM +.B SIGHUP +to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits. +.TP 8 +.B inherit_errexit +If set, command substitution inherits the value of the \fBerrexit\fP option, +instead of unsetting it in the subshell environment. +This option is enabled when \fIposix mode\fP is enabled. +.TP 8 +.B interactive_comments +If set, allow a word beginning with +.B # +to cause that word and all remaining characters on that +line to be ignored in an interactive shell (see +.SM +.B COMMENTS +.ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash(1)\fP). +.el above). +This option is enabled by default. +.TP 8 +.B lastpipe +If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the last command of +a pipeline not executed in the background in the current shell environment. +.TP 8 +.B lithist +If set, and the +.B cmdhist +option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the history with +embedded newlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible. +.TP 8 +.B localvar_inherit +If set, local variables inherit the value and attributes of a variable of +the same name that exists at a previous scope before any new value is +assigned. The nameref attribute is not inherited. +.TP 8 +.B localvar_unset +If set, calling \fBunset\fP on local variables in previous function scopes +marks them so subsequent lookups find them unset until that function +returns. This is identical to the behavior of unsetting local variables +at the current function scope. +.TP 8 +.B login_shell +The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell (see +.SM +.B "INVOCATION" +.ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash(1)\fP). +.el above). +The value may not be changed. +.TP 8 +.B mailwarn +If set, and a file that \fBbash\fP is checking for mail has been +accessed since the last time it was checked, the message ``The mail in +\fImailfile\fP has been read'' is displayed. +.TP 8 +.B no_empty_cmd_completion +If set, and +.B readline +is being used, +.B bash +will not attempt to search the +.SM +.B PATH +for possible completions when +completion is attempted on an empty line. +.TP 8 +.B nocaseglob +If set, +.B bash +matches filenames in a case\-insensitive fashion when performing pathname +expansion (see +.B Pathname Expansion +.ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash(1)\fP). +.el above). +.TP 8 +.B nocasematch +If set, +.B bash +matches patterns in a case\-insensitive fashion when performing matching +while executing \fBcase\fP or \fB[[\fP conditional commands, +when performing pattern substitution word expansions, +or when filtering possible completions as part of programmable completion. +.TP 8 +.B noexpand_translation +If set, +.B bash +encloses the translated results of $"..." quoting in single quotes +instead of double quotes. +If the string is not translated, this has no effect. +.TP 8 +.B nullglob +If set, +.B bash +allows patterns which match no +files (see +.B Pathname Expansion +.ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash(1)\fP) +.el above) +to expand to a null string, rather than themselves. +.TP 8 +.B patsub_replacement +If set, \fBbash\fP +expands occurrences of \fB&\fP in the replacement string of pattern +substitution to the text matched by the pattern, as described +under \fBParameter Expansion\fP +.ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash(1)\fP. +.el above. +This option is enabled by default. +.TP 8 +.B progcomp +If set, the programmable completion facilities (see +\fBProgrammable Completion\fP +.ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash(1)\fP) +.el above) +are enabled. +This option is enabled by default. +.TP 8 +.B progcomp_alias +If set, and programmable completion is enabled, \fBbash\fP treats a command +name that doesn't have any completions as a possible alias and attempts +alias expansion. If it has an alias, \fBbash\fP attempts programmable +completion using the command word resulting from the expanded alias. +.TP 8 +.B promptvars +If set, prompt strings undergo +parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic +expansion, and quote removal after being expanded as described in +.SM +.B PROMPTING +.ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash(1)\fP. +.el above. +This option is enabled by default. +.TP 8 +.B restricted_shell +The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode +(see +.SM +.B "RESTRICTED SHELL" +.ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash(1)\fP). +.el below). +The value may not be changed. +This is not reset when the startup files are executed, allowing +the startup files to discover whether or not a shell is restricted. +.TP 8 +.B shift_verbose +If set, the +.B shift +builtin prints an error message when the shift count exceeds the +number of positional parameters. +.TP 8 +.B sourcepath +If set, the +\fB.\fP (\fBsource\fP) builtin uses the value of +.SM +.B PATH +to find the directory containing the file supplied as an argument. +This option is enabled by default. +.TP 8 +.B varredir_close +If set, the shell automatically closes file descriptors assigned using the +\fI{varname}\fP redirection syntax (see +.SM +.B REDIRECTION +.ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash(1)\fP) +.el above) +instead of leaving them open when the command completes. +.TP 8 +.B xpg_echo +If set, the \fBecho\fP builtin expands backslash-escape sequences +by default. +.RE +.PD +.TP +\fBsuspend\fP [\fB\-f\fP] +Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a +.SM +.B SIGCONT +signal. A login shell, +or a shell without job control enabled, +cannot be suspended; the +.B \-f +option can be used to override this and force the suspension. +The return status is 0 unless the shell is a login shell +or job control is not enabled +and +.B \-f +is not supplied. +.TP +\fBtest\fP \fIexpr\fP +.PD 0 +.TP +\fB[\fP \fIexpr\fP \fB]\fP +Return a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on +the evaluation of the conditional expression +.IR expr . +Each operator and operand must be a separate argument. +Expressions are composed of the primaries described +.ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash(1)\fP +.el above +under +.SM +.BR "CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS" . +\fBtest\fP does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore +an argument of \fB\-\-\fP as signifying the end of options. +.if t .sp 0.5 +.if n .sp 1 +Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed +in decreasing order of precedence. +The evaluation depends on the number of arguments; see below. +Operator precedence is used when there are five or more arguments. +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP +.B ! \fIexpr\fP +True if +.I expr +is false. +.TP +.B ( \fIexpr\fP ) +Returns the value of \fIexpr\fP. +This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators. +.TP +\fIexpr1\fP \-\fBa\fP \fIexpr2\fP +True if both +.I expr1 +and +.I expr2 +are true. +.TP +\fIexpr1\fP \-\fBo\fP \fIexpr2\fP +True if either +.I expr1 +or +.I expr2 +is true. +.PD +.PP +\fBtest\fP and \fB[\fP evaluate conditional +expressions using a set of rules based on the number of arguments. +.if t .sp 0.5 +.if n .sp 1 +.PD 0 +.TP +0 arguments +The expression is false. +.TP +1 argument +The expression is true if and only if the argument is not null. +.TP +2 arguments +If the first argument is \fB!\fP, the expression is true if and +only if the second argument is null. +If the first argument is one of the unary conditional operators listed +.ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash(1)\fP +.el above +under +.SM +.BR "CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS" , +the expression is true if the unary test is true. +If the first argument is not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression +is false. +.TP +3 arguments +The following conditions are applied in the order listed. +If the second argument is one of the binary conditional operators listed +.ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash(1)\fP +.el above +under +.SM +.BR "CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS" , +the result of the expression is the result of the binary test using +the first and third arguments as operands. +The \fB\-a\fP and \fB\-o\fP operators are considered binary operators +when there are three arguments. +If the first argument is \fB!\fP, the value is the negation of +the two-argument test using the second and third arguments. +If the first argument is exactly \fB(\fP and the third argument is +exactly \fB)\fP, the result is the one-argument test of the second +argument. +Otherwise, the expression is false. +.TP +4 arguments +The following conditions are applied in the order listed. +If the first argument is \fB!\fP, the result is the negation of +the three-argument expression composed of the remaining arguments. +the two-argument test using the second and third arguments. +If the first argument is exactly \fB(\fP and the fourth argument is +exactly \fB)\fP, the result is the two-argument test of the second +and third arguments. +Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated according to +precedence using the rules listed above. +.TP +5 or more arguments +The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence +using the rules listed above. +.if t .sp 0.5 +.if n .sp 1 +.LP +When used with \fBtest\fP or \fB[\fP, the \fB<\fP and \fB>\fP operators +sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering. +.RE +.PD +.TP +.B times +Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and +for processes run from the shell. The return status is 0. +.TP +\fBtrap\fP [\fB\-lp\fP] [[\fIarg\fP] \fIsigspec\fP ...] +The command +.I arg +is to be read and executed when the shell receives +signal(s) +.IR sigspec . +If +.I arg +is absent (and there is a single \fIsigspec\fP) or +.BR \- , +each specified signal is +reset to its original disposition (the value it had +upon entrance to the shell). +If +.I arg +is the null string the signal specified by each +.I sigspec +is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes. +If +.I arg +is not present and +.B \-p +has been supplied, then the trap commands associated with each +.I sigspec +are displayed. +If no arguments are supplied or if only +.B \-p +is given, +.B trap +prints the list of commands associated with each signal. +The +.B \-l +option causes the shell to print a list of signal names and +their corresponding numbers. +Each +.I sigspec +is either +a signal name defined in <\fIsignal.h\fP>, or a signal number. +Signal names are case insensitive and the +.SM +.B SIG +prefix is optional. +.if t .sp 0.5 +.if n .sp 1 +If a +.I sigspec +is +.SM +.B EXIT +(0) the command +.I arg +is executed on exit from the shell. +If a +.I sigspec +is +.SM +.BR DEBUG , +the command +.I arg +is executed before every \fIsimple command\fP, \fIfor\fP command, +\fIcase\fP command, \fIselect\fP command, every arithmetic \fIfor\fP +command, and before the first command executes in a shell function (see +.SM +.B SHELL GRAMMAR +.ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash(1)\fP). +.el above). +Refer to the description of the \fBextdebug\fP option to the +\fBshopt\fP builtin for details of its effect on the \fBDEBUG\fP trap. +If a +.I sigspec +is +.SM +.BR RETURN , +the command +.I arg +is executed each time a shell function or a script executed with +the \fB.\fP or \fBsource\fP builtins finishes executing. +.if t .sp 0.5 +.if n .sp 1 +If a +.I sigspec +is +.SM +.BR ERR , +the command +.I arg +is executed whenever +a pipeline (which may consist of a single simple +command), a list, or a compound command returns a +non\-zero exit status, +subject to the following conditions. +The +.SM +.B ERR +trap is not executed if the failed +command is part of the command list immediately following a +.B while +or +.B until +keyword, +part of the test in an +.I if +statement, part of a command executed in a +.B && +or +.B || +list except the command following the final \fB&&\fP or \fB||\fP, +any command in a pipeline but the last, +or if the command's return value is +being inverted using +.BR ! . +These are the same conditions obeyed by the \fBerrexit\fP (\fB\-e\fP) option. +.if t .sp 0.5 +.if n .sp 1 +Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset. +Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their original +values in a subshell or subshell environment when one is created. +The return status is false if any +.I sigspec +is invalid; otherwise +.B trap +returns true. +.TP +\fBtype\fP [\fB\-aftpP\fP] \fIname\fP [\fIname\fP ...] +With no options, +indicate how each +.I name +would be interpreted if used as a command name. +If the +.B \-t +option is used, +.B type +prints a string which is one of +.IR alias , +.IR keyword , +.IR function , +.IR builtin , +or +.I file +if +.I name +is an alias, shell reserved word, function, builtin, or disk file, +respectively. +If the +.I name +is not found, then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false +is returned. +If the +.B \-p +option is used, +.B type +either returns the name of the disk file +that would be executed if +.I name +were specified as a command name, +or nothing if +.if t \f(CWtype -t name\fP +.if n ``type -t name'' +would not return +.IR file . +The +.B \-P +option forces a +.SM +.B PATH +search for each \fIname\fP, even if +.if t \f(CWtype -t name\fP +.if n ``type -t name'' +would not return +.IR file . +If a command is hashed, +.B \-p +and +.B \-P +print the hashed value, which is not necessarily the file that appears +first in +.SM +.BR PATH . +If the +.B \-a +option is used, +.B type +prints all of the places that contain +an executable named +.IR name . +This includes aliases and functions, +if and only if the +.B \-p +option is not also used. +The table of hashed commands is not consulted +when using +.BR \-a . +The +.B \-f +option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the \fBcommand\fP builtin. +.B type +returns true if all of the arguments are found, false if +any are not found. +.TP +\fBulimit\fP [\fB\-HS\fP] \fB\-a\fP +.PD 0 +.TP +\fBulimit\fP [\fB\-HS\fP] [\fB\-bcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPRT\fP [\fIlimit\fP]] +.PD +Provides control over the resources available to the shell and to +processes started by it, on systems that allow such control. +The \fB\-H\fP and \fB\-S\fP options specify that the hard or soft limit is +set for the given resource. +A hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; +a soft limit may be increased up to the value of the hard limit. +If neither \fB\-H\fP nor \fB\-S\fP is specified, both the soft and hard +limits are set. +The value of +.I limit +can be a number in the unit specified for the resource +or one of the special values +.BR hard , +.BR soft , +or +.BR unlimited , +which stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit, and +no limit, respectively. +If +.I limit +is omitted, the current value of the soft limit of the resource is +printed, unless the \fB\-H\fP option is given. When more than one +resource is specified, the limit name and unit, if appropriate, +are printed before the value. +Other options are interpreted as follows: +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP +.B \-a +All current limits are reported; no limits are set +.TP +.B \-b +The maximum socket buffer size +.TP +.B \-c +The maximum size of core files created +.TP +.B \-d +The maximum size of a process's data segment +.TP +.B \-e +The maximum scheduling priority ("nice") +.TP +.B \-f +The maximum size of files written by the shell and its children +.TP +.B \-i +The maximum number of pending signals +.TP +.B \-k +The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated +.TP +.B \-l +The maximum size that may be locked into memory +.TP +.B \-m +The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this limit) +.TP +.B \-n +The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do not +allow this value to be set) +.TP +.B \-p +The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be set) +.TP +.B \-q +The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues +.TP +.B \-r +The maximum real-time scheduling priority +.TP +.B \-s +The maximum stack size +.TP +.B \-t +The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds +.TP +.B \-u +The maximum number of processes available to a single user +.TP +.B \-v +The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell and, on +some systems, to its children +.TP +.B \-x +The maximum number of file locks +.TP +.B \-P +The maximum number of pseudoterminals +.TP +.B \-R +The maximum time a real-time process can run before blocking, in microseconds +.TP +.B \-T +The maximum number of threads +.PD +.PP +If +.I limit +is given, and the +.B \-a +option is not used, +\fIlimit\fP is the new value of the specified resource. +If no option is given, then +.B \-f +is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for +.BR \-t , +which is in seconds; +.BR \-R , +which is in microseconds; +.BR \-p , +which is in units of 512-byte blocks; +.BR \-P , +.BR \-T , +.BR \-b , +.BR \-k , +.BR \-n , +and +.BR \-u , +which are unscaled values; +and, when in posix mode, +.B \-c +and +.BR \-f , +which are in 512-byte increments. +The return status is 0 unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, +or an error occurs while setting a new limit. +.RE +.TP +\fBumask\fP [\fB\-p\fP] [\fB\-S\fP] [\fImode\fP] +The user file-creation mask is set to +.IR mode . +If +.I mode +begins with a digit, it +is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise +it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar +to that accepted by +.IR chmod (1). +If +.I mode +is omitted, the current value of the mask is printed. +The +.B \-S +option causes the mask to be printed in symbolic form; the +default output is an octal number. +If the +.B \-p +option is supplied, and +.I mode +is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input. +The return status is 0 if the mode was successfully changed or if +no \fImode\fP argument was supplied, and false otherwise. +.TP +\fBunalias\fP [\-\fBa\fP] [\fIname\fP ...] +Remove each \fIname\fP from the list of defined aliases. If +.B \-a +is supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return +value is true unless a supplied +.I name +is not a defined alias. +.TP +\fBunset\fP [\-\fBfv\fP] [\-\fBn\fP] [\fIname\fP ...] +For each +.IR name , +remove the corresponding variable or function. +If the +.B \-v +option is given, each +.I name +refers to a shell variable, and that variable is removed. +Read-only variables may not be unset. +If +.B \-f +is specified, each +.I name +refers to a shell function, and the function definition +is removed. +If the +.B \-n +option is supplied, and \fIname\fP is a variable with the \fInameref\fP +attribute, \fIname\fP will be unset rather than the variable it +references. +\fB\-n\fP has no effect if the \fB\-f\fP option is supplied. +If no options are supplied, each \fIname\fP refers to a variable; if +there is no variable by that name, a function with that name, if any, is +unset. +Each unset variable or function is removed from the environment +passed to subsequent commands. +If any of +.SM +.BR BASH_ALIASES , +.SM +.BR BASH_ARGV0 , +.SM +.BR BASH_CMDS , +.SM +.BR BASH_COMMAND , +.SM +.BR BASH_SUBSHELL , +.SM +.BR BASHPID , +.SM +.BR COMP_WORDBREAKS , +.SM +.BR DIRSTACK , +.SM +.BR EPOCHREALTIME , +.SM +.BR EPOCHSECONDS , +.SM +.BR FUNCNAME , +.SM +.BR GROUPS , +.SM +.BR HISTCMD , +.SM +.BR LINENO , +.SM +.BR RANDOM , +.SM +.BR SECONDS , +or +.SM +.B SRANDOM +are unset, they lose their special properties, even if they are +subsequently reset. The exit status is true unless a +.I name +is readonly or may not be unset. +.TP +\fBwait\fP [\fB\-fn\fP] [\fP\-p\fP \fIvarname\fP] [\fIid ...\fP] +Wait for each specified child process and return its termination status. +Each +.I id +may be a process +ID or a job specification; if a job spec is given, all processes +in that job's pipeline are waited for. If +.I id +is not given, +\fBwait\fP waits for all running background jobs and +the last-executed process substitution, if its process id is the same as +\fB$!\fP, +and the return status is zero. +If the \fB\-n\fP option is supplied, +\fBwait\fP waits for a single job +from the list of \fIid\fPs or, if no \fIid\fPs are supplied, any job, +to complete and returns its exit status. +If none of the supplied arguments is a child of the shell, or if no arguments +are supplied and the shell has no unwaited-for children, the exit status +is 127. +If the \fB\-p\fP option is supplied, the process or job identifier of the job +for which the exit status is returned is assigned to the variable +\fIvarname\fP named by the option argument. +The variable will be unset initially, before any assignment. +This is useful only when the \fB\-n\fP option is supplied. +Supplying the \fB\-f\fP option, when job control is enabled, +forces \fBwait\fP to wait for \fIid\fP to terminate before returning +its status, instead of returning when it changes status. +If +.I id +specifies a non-existent process or job, the return status is 127. +If \fBwait\fP is interrupted by a signal, the return status will be greater +than 128, as described under +.B SIGNALS +.ie \n(zZ=1 in \fIbash(1)\fP. +.el above. +Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the last +process or job waited for. +.SH "SHELL COMPATIBILITY MODE" +Bash-4.0 introduced the concept of a \fIshell compatibility level\fP, +specified as a set of options to the shopt builtin ( +.BR compat31 , +.BR compat32 , +.BR compat40 , +.BR compat41 , +and so on). +There is only one current +compatibility level -- each option is mutually exclusive. +The compatibility level is intended to allow users to select behavior +from previous versions that is incompatible with newer versions +while they migrate scripts to use current features and +behavior. It's intended to be a temporary solution. +.PP +This section does not mention behavior that is standard for a particular +version (e.g., setting \fBcompat32\fP means that quoting the rhs of the regexp +matching operator quotes special regexp characters in the word, which is +default behavior in bash-3.2 and subsequent versions). +.PP +If a user enables, say, \fBcompat32\fP, it may affect the behavior of other +compatibility levels up to and including the current compatibility level. +The idea is that each compatibility level controls behavior that changed +in that version of \fBbash\fP, +but that behavior may have been present in earlier versions. +For instance, the change to use locale-based comparisons with the \fB[[\fP +command came in bash-4.1, and earlier versions used ASCII-based comparisons, +so enabling \fBcompat32\fP will enable ASCII-based comparisons as well. +That granularity may not be sufficient for +all uses, and as a result users should employ compatibility levels carefully. +Read the documentation for a particular feature to find out the +current behavior. +.PP +Bash-4.3 introduced a new shell variable: +.SM +.BR BASH_COMPAT . +The value assigned +to this variable (a decimal version number like 4.2, or an integer +corresponding to the \fBcompat\fP\fINN\fP option, like 42) determines the +compatibility level. +.PP +Starting with bash-4.4, Bash has begun deprecating older compatibility +levels. +Eventually, the options will be removed in favor of +.SM +.BR BASH_COMPAT . +.PP +Bash-5.0 is the final version for which there will be an individual shopt +option for the previous version. Users should use +.SM +.B BASH_COMPAT +on bash-5.0 and later versions. +.PP +The following table describes the behavior changes controlled by each +compatibility level setting. +The \fBcompat\fP\fINN\fP tag is used as shorthand for setting the +compatibility level +to \fINN\fP using one of the following mechanisms. +For versions prior to bash-5.0, the compatibility level may be set using +the corresponding \fBcompat\fP\fINN\fP shopt option. +For bash-4.3 and later versions, the +.SM +.B BASH_COMPAT +variable is preferred, +and it is required for bash-5.1 and later versions. +.TP +\fBcompat31\fP +.PD 0 +.RS +.IP \(bu +quoting the rhs of the \fB[[\fP command's regexp matching operator (=~) +has no special effect +.RE +.PD +.TP +\fBcompat32\fP +.PD 0 +.RS +.IP \(bu +interrupting a command list such as "a ; b ; c" causes the execution +of the next command in the list (in bash-4.0 and later versions, +the shell acts as if it received the interrupt, so +interrupting one command in a list aborts the execution of the +entire list) +.RE +.PD +.TP +\fBcompat40\fP +.PD 0 +.RS +.IP \(bu +the \fB<\fP and \fB>\fP operators to the \fB[[\fP command do not +consider the current locale when comparing strings; they use ASCII +ordering. +Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII collation and +.IR strcmp (3); +bash-4.1 and later use the current locale's collation sequence and +.IR strcoll (3). +.RE +.PD +.TP +\fBcompat41\fP +.PD 0 +.RS +.IP \(bu +in \fIposix\fP mode, \fBtime\fP may be followed by options and still be +recognized as a reserved word (this is POSIX interpretation 267) +.IP \(bu +in \fIposix\fP mode, the parser requires that an even number of single +quotes occur in the \fIword\fP portion of a double-quoted +parameter expansion and treats them specially, so that characters within +the single quotes are considered quoted +(this is POSIX interpretation 221) +.RE +.PD +.TP +\fBcompat42\fP +.PD 0 +.RS +.IP \(bu +the replacement string in double-quoted pattern substitution does not +undergo quote removal, as it does in versions after bash-4.2 +.IP \(bu +in posix mode, single quotes are considered special when expanding +the \fIword\fP portion of a double-quoted parameter expansion +and can be used to quote a closing brace or other special character +(this is part of POSIX interpretation 221); +in later versions, single quotes +are not special within double-quoted word expansions +.RE +.PD +.TP +\fBcompat43\fP +.PD 0 +.RS +.IP \(bu +the shell does not print a warning message if an attempt is made to +use a quoted compound assignment as an argument to declare +(e.g., declare -a foo=\(aq(1 2)\(aq). Later versions warn that this usage is +deprecated +.IP \(bu +word expansion errors are considered non-fatal errors that cause the +current command to fail, even in posix mode +(the default behavior is to make them fatal errors that cause the shell +to exit) +.IP \(bu +when executing a shell function, the loop state (while/until/etc.) +is not reset, so \fBbreak\fP or \fBcontinue\fP in that function will break +or continue loops in the calling context. Bash-4.4 and later reset +the loop state to prevent this +.RE +.PD +.TP +\fBcompat44\fP +.PD 0 +.RS +.IP \(bu +the shell sets up the values used by +.SM +.B BASH_ARGV +and +.SM +.B BASH_ARGC +so they can expand to the shell's positional parameters even if extended +debugging mode is not enabled +.IP \(bu +a subshell inherits loops from its parent context, so \fBbreak\fP +or \fBcontinue\fP will cause the subshell to exit. +Bash-5.0 and later reset the loop state to prevent the exit +.IP \(bu +variable assignments preceding builtins like \fBexport\fP and \fBreadonly\fP +that set attributes continue to affect variables with the same +name in the calling environment even if the shell is not in posix +mode +.RE +.PD +.TP +\fBcompat50\fP +.PD 0 +.RS +.IP \(bu +Bash-5.1 changed the way +.SM +.B $RANDOM +is generated to introduce slightly +more randomness. If the shell compatibility level is set to 50 or +lower, it reverts to the method from bash-5.0 and previous versions, +so seeding the random number generator by assigning a value to +.SM +.B RANDOM +will produce the same sequence as in bash-5.0 +.IP \(bu +If the command hash table is empty, bash versions prior to bash-5.1 +printed an informational message to that effect, even when producing +output that can be reused as input. Bash-5.1 suppresses that message +when the \fB\-l\fP option is supplied. +.RE +.PD +.TP +\fBcompat51\fP +.PD 0 +.RS +.IP \(bu +The \fBunset\fP builtin treats attempts to unset array subscripts \fB@\fP +and \fB*\fP differently depending on whether the array is indexed or +associative, and differently than in previous versions. +.RE +.PD +.\" bash_builtins +.if \n(zZ=1 .ig zZ +.SH "RESTRICTED SHELL" +.\" rbash.1 +.zY +.PP +If +.B bash +is started with the name +.BR rbash , +or the +.B \-r +option is supplied at invocation, +the shell becomes restricted. +A restricted shell is used to +set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. +It behaves identically to +.B bash +with the exception that the following are disallowed or not performed: +.IP \(bu +changing directories with \fBcd\fP +.IP \(bu +setting or unsetting the values of +.SM +.BR SHELL , +.SM +.BR PATH , +.SM +.BR HISTFILE , +.SM +.BR ENV , +or +.SM +.B BASH_ENV +.IP \(bu +specifying command names containing +.B / +.IP \(bu +specifying a filename containing a +.B / +as an argument to the +.B . +builtin command +.IP \(bu +specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the +.B history +builtin command +.IP \(bu +specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the +.B \-p +option to the +.B hash +builtin command +.IP \(bu +importing function definitions from the shell environment at startup +.IP \(bu +parsing the value of +.SM +.B SHELLOPTS +from the shell environment at startup +.IP \(bu +redirecting output using the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirection operators +.IP \(bu +using the +.B exec +builtin command to replace the shell with another command +.IP \(bu +adding or deleting builtin commands with the +.B \-f +and +.B \-d +options to the +.B enable +builtin command +.IP \(bu +using the \fBenable\fP builtin command to enable disabled shell builtins +.IP \(bu +specifying the +.B \-p +option to the +.B command +builtin command +.IP \(bu +turning off restricted mode with +\fBset +r\fP or \fBshopt -u restricted_shell\fP. +.PP +These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read. +.PP +.ie \n(zY=1 When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed, +.el \{ When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed +(see +.SM +.B "COMMAND EXECUTION" +above), +\} +.B rbash +turns off any restrictions in the shell spawned to execute the +script. +.\" end of rbash.1 +.if \n(zY=1 .ig zY +.SH "SEE ALSO" +.PD 0 +.TP +\fIBash Reference Manual\fP, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey +.TP +\fIThe Gnu Readline Library\fP, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey +.TP +\fIThe Gnu History Library\fP, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey +.TP +\fIPortable Operating System Interface (POSIX) Part 2: Shell and Utilities\fP, IEEE -- +http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/ +.TP +http://tiswww.case.edu/~chet/bash/POSIX -- a description of posix mode +.TP +\fIsh\fP(1), \fIksh\fP(1), \fIcsh\fP(1) +.TP +\fIemacs\fP(1), \fIvi\fP(1) +.TP +\fIreadline\fP(3) +.PD +.SH FILES +.PD 0 +.TP +.FN /bin/bash +The \fBbash\fP executable +.TP +.FN /etc/profile +The systemwide initialization file, executed for login shells +.TP +.FN ~/.bash_profile +The personal initialization file, executed for login shells +.TP +.FN ~/.bashrc +The individual per-interactive-shell startup file +.TP +.FN ~/.bash_logout +The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login shell exits +.TP +.FN ~/.bash_history +The default value of \fBHISTFILE\fP, the file in which bash saves the +command history +.TP +.FN ~/.inputrc +Individual \fIreadline\fP initialization file +.PD +.SH AUTHORS +Brian Fox, Free Software Foundation +.br +bfox@gnu.org +.PP +Chet Ramey, Case Western Reserve University +.br +chet.ramey@case.edu +.SH BUG REPORTS +If you find a bug in +.B bash, +you should report it. But first, you should +make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest +version of +.BR bash . +The latest version is always available from +\fIftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/\fP and +\fIhttp://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/bash.git/snapshot/bash-master.tar.gz\fP. +.PP +Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the +.I bashbug +command to submit a bug report. +If you have a fix, you are encouraged to mail that as well! +Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may be mailed +to \fIbug-bash@gnu.org\fP or posted to the Usenet +newsgroup +.BR gnu.bash.bug . +.PP +ALL bug reports should include: +.PP +.PD 0 +.TP 20 +The version number of \fBbash\fR +.TP +The hardware and operating system +.TP +The compiler used to compile +.TP +A description of the bug behaviour +.TP +A short script or `recipe' which exercises the bug +.PD +.PP +.I bashbug +inserts the first three items automatically into the template +it provides for filing a bug report. +.PP +Comments and bug reports concerning +this manual page should be directed to +.IR chet.ramey@case.edu . +.SH BUGS +It's too big and too slow. +.PP +There are some subtle differences between +.B bash +and traditional versions of +.BR sh , +mostly because of the +.SM +.B POSIX +specification. +.PP +Aliases are confusing in some uses. +.PP +Shell builtin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable. +.PP +Compound commands and command sequences of the form `a ; b ; c' +are not handled gracefully when process suspension is attempted. +When a process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next +command in the sequence. +It suffices to place the sequence of commands between +parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be stopped as +a unit. +.PP +Array variables may not (yet) be exported. +.PP +There may be only one active coprocess at a time. +.zZ +.zY diff --git a/doc/bash.html b/doc/bash.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d809369 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/bash.html @@ -0,0 +1,14899 @@ + +BASH(1) Manual Page + + + + +
BASH(1)2022 September 19BASH(1) +
+
Index +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +  +

NAME

+ +bash - GNU Bourne-Again SHell +  +

SYNOPSIS

+ +bash + +[options] +[command_string | file] +  +

COPYRIGHT

+ + +Bash is Copyright © 1989-2022 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc. +  +

DESCRIPTION

+ +Bash + +is an sh-compatible command language interpreter that +executes commands read from the standard input or from a file. +Bash + +also incorporates useful features from the Korn and C +shells (ksh and csh). +

+ +Bash + +is intended to be a conformant implementation of the +Shell and Utilities portion of the IEEE POSIX specification +(IEEE Standard 1003.1). +Bash + +can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default. +  +

OPTIONS

+ +All of the single-character shell options documented in the +description of the set builtin command, including -o, +can be used as options when the shell is invoked. +In addition, bash +interprets the following options when it is invoked: +

+ + +

+
-c + +
+If the +-c + +option is present, then commands are read from the first non-option argument +command_string. + +If there are arguments after the +command_string, + +the first argument is assigned to +$0 + +and any remaining arguments are assigned to the positional parameters. +The assignment to +$0 + +sets the name of the shell, which is used in warning and error messages. +
-i + +
+If the +-i + +option is present, the shell is +interactive. + +
-l + +
+Make +bash + +act as if it had been invoked as a login shell (see +INVOCATION + + +below). +
-r + +
+If the +-r + +option is present, the shell becomes +restricted + +(see +RESTRICTED SHELL + + +below). +
-s + +
+If the +-s + +option is present, or if no arguments remain after option +processing, then commands are read from the standard input. +This option allows the positional parameters to be set +when invoking an interactive shell or when reading input +through a pipe. +
-D + +
+A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by $ +is printed on the standard output. +These are the strings that +are subject to language translation when the current locale +is not C or POSIX. +This implies the -n option; no commands will be executed. +
[-+]O [shopt_option] + +
+shopt_option is one of the shell options accepted by the +shopt builtin (see +SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS + + +below). +If shopt_option is present, -O sets the value of that option; ++O unsets it. +If shopt_option is not supplied, the names and values of the shell +options accepted by shopt are printed on the standard output. +If the invocation option is +O, the output is displayed in a format +that may be reused as input. +
-- + +
+A +-- + +signals the end of options and disables further option processing. +Any arguments after the +-- + +are treated as filenames and arguments. An argument of +- + +is equivalent to --. + +
+

+ +Bash + +also interprets a number of multi-character options. +These options must appear on the command line before the +single-character options to be recognized. +

+ + +

+
--debugger + +
+Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell +starts. +Turns on extended debugging mode (see the description of the +extdebug + +option to the +shopt + +builtin below). +
--dump-po-strings + +
+Equivalent to -D, but the output is in the GNU gettext +po (portable object) file format. +
--dump-strings + +
+Equivalent to -D. +
--help + +
+Display a usage message on standard output and exit successfully. +
--init-file file
+ +
--rcfile file
+ +Execute commands from +file + +instead of the standard personal initialization file +~/.bashrc + +if the shell is interactive (see +INVOCATION + + +below). +
--login + +
+Equivalent to -l. +
--noediting + +
+Do not use the GNU +readline + +library to read command lines when the shell is interactive. +
--noprofile + +
+Do not read either the system-wide startup file + +/etc/profile + +or any of the personal initialization files +~/.bash_profile, + +~/.bash_login, + +or +~/.profile. + +By default, +bash + +reads these files when it is invoked as a login shell (see +INVOCATION + + +below). +
--norc + +
+Do not read and execute the personal initialization file +~/.bashrc + +if the shell is interactive. +This option is on by default if the shell is invoked as +sh. + +
--posix + +
+Change the behavior of bash where the default operation differs +from the POSIX standard to match the standard (posix mode). +See +SEE ALSO + + +below for a reference to a document that details how posix mode affects +bash's behavior. +
--restricted + +
+The shell becomes restricted (see +RESTRICTED SHELL + + +below). +
--verbose + +
+Equivalent to -v. +
--version + +
+Show version information for this instance of +bash + +on the standard output and exit successfully. + +
+  +

ARGUMENTS

+ +If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the +-c + +nor the +-s + +option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to +be the name of a file containing shell commands. +If +bash + +is invoked in this fashion, +$0 + +is set to the name of the file, and the positional parameters +are set to the remaining arguments. +Bash + +reads and executes commands from this file, then exits. +Bash's exit status is the exit status of the last command +executed in the script. +If no commands are executed, the exit status is 0. +An attempt is first made to open the file in the current directory, and, +if no file is found, then the shell searches the directories in +PATH + + +for the script. +  +

INVOCATION

+ +A login shell is one whose first character of argument zero is a +-, + +or one started with the +--login + +option. +

+ +An interactive shell is one started without non-option arguments +(unless -s is specified) +and without the +-c + +option, +whose standard input and error are +both connected to terminals (as determined by +isatty(3)), + +or one started with the +-i + +option. +PS1 + + +is set and +$- + +includes +i + +if +bash + +is interactive, +allowing a shell script or a startup file to test this state. +

+ +The following paragraphs describe how +bash + +executes its startup files. +If any of the files exist but cannot be read, +bash + +reports an error. +Tildes are expanded in filenames as described below under +Tilde Expansion + +in the +EXPANSION + + +section. +

+ +When +bash + +is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive shell +with the --login option, it first reads and +executes commands from the file /etc/profile, if that +file exists. +After reading that file, it looks for ~/.bash_profile, +~/.bash_login, and ~/.profile, in that order, and reads +and executes commands from the first one that exists and is readable. +The +--noprofile + +option may be used when the shell is started to inhibit this behavior. +

+ +When an interactive login shell exits, +or a non-interactive login shell executes the exit builtin command, +bash + +reads and executes commands from the file ~/.bash_logout, if it +exists. +

+ +When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, +bash + +reads and executes commands from ~/.bashrc, if that file exists. +This may be inhibited by using the +--norc + +option. +The --rcfile file option will force +bash + +to read and execute commands from file instead of ~/.bashrc. +

+ +When +bash + +is started non-interactively, to run a shell script, for example, it +looks for the variable +BASH_ENV + + +in the environment, expands its value if it appears there, and uses the +expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute. +Bash + +behaves as if the following command were executed: +

+

+if [ -n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi + +
+ +

+but the value of the +PATH + + +variable is not used to search for the filename. +

+ +If +bash + +is invoked with the name +sh, + +it tries to mimic the startup behavior of historical versions of +sh + +as closely as possible, +while conforming to the POSIX standard as well. +When invoked as an interactive login shell, or a non-interactive +shell with the --login option, it first attempts to +read and execute commands from +/etc/profile + +and +~/.profile, + +in that order. +The +--noprofile + +option may be used to inhibit this behavior. +When invoked as an interactive shell with the name +sh, + +bash + +looks for the variable +ENV, + + +expands its value if it is defined, and uses the +expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute. +Since a shell invoked as +sh + +does not attempt to read and execute commands from any other startup +files, the +--rcfile + +option has no effect. +A non-interactive shell invoked with the name +sh + +does not attempt to read any other startup files. +When invoked as +sh, + +bash + +enters +posix + +mode after the startup files are read. +

+ +When +bash + +is started in +posix + +mode, as with the +--posix + +command line option, it follows the POSIX standard for startup files. +In this mode, interactive shells expand the +ENV + + +variable and commands are read and executed from the file +whose name is the expanded value. +No other startup files are read. +

+ +Bash + +attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input +connected to a network connection, as when executed by +the historical remote shell daemon, usually rshd, +or the secure shell daemon sshd. +If +bash + +determines it is being run non-interactively in this fashion, +it reads and executes commands from ~/.bashrc, +if that file exists and is readable. +It will not do this if invoked as sh. +The +--norc + +option may be used to inhibit this behavior, and the +--rcfile + +option may be used to force another file to be read, but neither +rshd nor sshd generally invoke the shell with those options +or allow them to be specified. +

+ +If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the +real user (group) id, and the -p option is not supplied, no startup +files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, the +SHELLOPTS, + + +BASHOPTS, + + +CDPATH, + + +and +GLOBIGNORE + + +variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored, +and the effective user id is set to the real user id. +If the -p option is supplied at invocation, the startup behavior is +the same, but the effective user id is not reset. +  +

DEFINITIONS

+ +The following definitions are used throughout the rest of this +document. + +
+
blank + +
+A space or tab. +
word + +
+A sequence of characters considered as a single unit by the shell. +Also known as a +token. + +
name + +
+A +word + +consisting only of alphanumeric characters and underscores, and +beginning with an alphabetic character or an underscore. Also +referred to as an +identifier. + +
metacharacter + +
+A character that, when unquoted, separates words. One of the following: +
+ +
+

+ +| & ; ( ) < > space tab newline + +

+ +
control operator + +
+A token that performs a control function. It is one of the following +symbols: +
+

+ +|| & && ; ;; ;& ;;& ( ) | |& <newline> + +

+ + +
+  +

RESERVED WORDS

+ +Reserved words are words that have a special meaning to the shell. +The following words are recognized as reserved when unquoted and either +the first word of a command (see +SHELL GRAMMAR + + +below), the third word of a +case + +or +select + +command +(only in is valid), or the third word of a +for + +command (only in and do are valid): +
+ +

+ + + + +! case coproc do done elif else esac fi for function if in select then until while { } time [[ ]] +

+ + +  +

SHELL GRAMMAR

+ +This section describes the syntax of the various forms of shell commands. +  +

Simple Commands

+ +A simple command is a sequence of optional variable assignments +followed by blank-separated words and redirections, and +terminated by a control operator. The first word +specifies the command to be executed, and is passed as argument zero. +The remaining words are passed as arguments to the invoked command. +

+ +The return value of a simple command is its exit status, or +128+n if the command is terminated by signal +n. + +  +

Pipelines

+ +A pipeline is a sequence of one or more commands separated by +one of the control operators +| + +or |&. +The format for a pipeline is: +
+

+ +[time [-p]] [ ! ] command1 [ [|||&] command2 ... ] +

+ +

+ +The standard output of +command1 + +is connected via a pipe to the standard input of +command2. + +This connection is performed before any redirections specified by the +command1(see + +REDIRECTION + + +below). +If |& is used, command1's standard error, in addition to its +standard output, is connected to +command2's standard input through the pipe; +it is shorthand for 2>&1 |. +This implicit redirection of the standard error to the standard output is +performed after any redirections specified by command1. +

+ +The return status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last +command, unless the pipefail option is enabled. +If pipefail is enabled, the pipeline's return status is the +value of the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status, +or zero if all commands exit successfully. +If the reserved word +! + +precedes a pipeline, the exit status of that pipeline is the logical +negation of the exit status as described above. +The shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to +terminate before returning a value. +

+ +If the +time + +reserved word precedes a pipeline, the elapsed as well as user and +system time consumed by its execution are reported when the pipeline +terminates. +The -p option changes the output format to that specified by POSIX. +When the shell is in posix mode, it does not recognize +time as a reserved word if the next token begins with a `-'. +The +TIMEFORMAT + + +variable may be set to a format string that specifies how the timing +information should be displayed; see the description of +TIMEFORMAT + + +under +Shell Variables + +below. +

+ +When the shell is in posix mode, time +may be followed by a newline. In this case, the shell displays the +total user and system time consumed by the shell and its children. +The +TIMEFORMAT + + +variable may be used to specify the format of +the time information. +

+ +Each command in a multi-command pipeline, +where pipes are created, +is executed in a subshell, which is a +separate process. +See +COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT +for a description of subshells and a subshell environment. +If the lastpipe option is enabled using the shopt builtin +(see the description of shopt below), +the last element of a pipeline may be run by the shell process +when job control is not active. +  +

Lists

+ +A list is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one +of the operators +;, + +&, + +&&, + +or +||, + +and optionally terminated by one of +;, + +&, + +or +<newline>. + +

+ +Of these list operators, +&& + +and +|| + +have equal precedence, followed by +; + +and +&, + +which have equal precedence. +

+ +A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a list instead +of a semicolon to delimit commands. +

+ +If a command is terminated by the control operator +&, + +the shell executes the command in the background +in a subshell. +The shell does not wait for the command to +finish, and the return status is 0. +These are referred to as asynchronous commands. +Commands separated by a +; + +are executed sequentially; the shell waits for each +command to terminate in turn. The return status is the +exit status of the last command executed. +

+ +AND and OR lists are sequences of one or more pipelines separated by the +&& and || control operators, respectively. +AND and OR lists are executed with left associativity. +An AND list has the form +

+

+ +command1 && command2 +

+ +

+ +command2 + +is executed if, and only if, +command1 + +returns an exit status of zero (success). +

+ +An OR list has the form +

+

+ +command1 || command2 +

+ +

+ +command2 + +is executed if, and only if, +command1 + +returns a non-zero exit status. +The return status of +AND and OR lists is the exit status of the last command +executed in the list. +  +

Compound Commands

+ +A compound command is one of the following. +In most cases a list in a command's description may be separated from +the rest of the command by one or more newlines, and may be followed by a +newline in place of a semicolon. +
+
(list)
+list is executed in a subshell (see +COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT +below for a description of a subshell environment). +Variable assignments and builtin +commands that affect the shell's environment do not remain in effect +after the command completes. The return status is the exit status of +list. +
{ list; }
+list is simply executed in the current shell environment. +list must be terminated with a newline or semicolon. +This is known as a group command. +The return status is the exit status of +list. +Note that unlike the metacharacters ( and ), { and +} are reserved words and must occur where a reserved +word is permitted to be recognized. Since they do not cause a word +break, they must be separated from list by whitespace or another +shell metacharacter. +
((expression))
+The expression is evaluated according to the rules described +below under +ARITHMETIC EVALUATION. + + +If the value of the expression is non-zero, the return status is 0; +otherwise the return status is 1. +The expression +undergoes the same expansions +as if it were within double quotes, +but double quote characters in expression are not treated specially +and are removed. +
[[ expression ]]
+Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of +the conditional expression expression. +Expressions are composed of the primaries described below under +CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS. + + +The words between the [[ and ]] do not undergo word splitting +and pathname expansion. +The shell performs tilde expansion, parameter and +variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process +substitution, and quote removal on those words +(the expansions that would occur if the words were enclosed in double quotes). +Conditional operators such as -f must be unquoted to be recognized +as primaries. +

+ + +When used with [[, the < and > operators sort +lexicographically using the current locale. +

+ + +When the == and != operators are used, the string to the +right of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according +to the rules described below under Pattern Matching, +as if the extglob shell option were enabled. +The = operator is equivalent to ==. +If the +nocasematch + +shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +of alphabetic characters. +The return value is 0 if the string matches (==) or does not match +(!=) the pattern, and 1 otherwise. +Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted portion +to be matched as a string. +

+ + +An additional binary operator, =~, is available, with the same +precedence as == and !=. +When it is used, the string to the right of the operator is considered +a POSIX extended regular expression and matched accordingly +(using the POSIX regcomp and regexec interfaces +usually described in regex(3)). +The return value is 0 if the string matches +the pattern, and 1 otherwise. +If the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional +expression's return value is 2. +If the +nocasematch + +shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +of alphabetic characters. +If any part of the pattern is quoted, the quoted portion is matched literally. +This means every character in the quoted portion matches itself, +instead of having any special pattern matching meaning. +If the pattern is stored in a shell variable, quoting the variable +expansion forces the entire pattern to be matched literally. +Treat bracket expressions in regular expressions carefully, +since normal quoting and pattern characters lose their meanings +between brackets. +

+ + +The pattern will match if it matches any part of the string. +Anchor the pattern using the ^ and $ regular expression +operators to force it to match the entire string. +The array variable +BASH_REMATCH + + +records which parts of the string matched the pattern. +The element of +BASH_REMATCH + + +with index 0 contains the portion of +the string matching the entire regular expression. +Substrings matched by parenthesized subexpressions within the regular +expression are saved in the remaining +BASH_REMATCH + + +indices. The element of +BASH_REMATCH + + +with index n is the portion of the +string matching the nth parenthesized subexpression. +Bash sets +BASH_REMATCH + + +in the global scope; declaring it as a local variable will lead to +unexpected results. +

+ + +Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed +in decreasing order of precedence: +

+ + +

+ +
+
( expression ) + +
+Returns the value of expression. +This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators. +
! expression + +
+True if +expression + +is false. +
expression1 && expression2
+True if both +expression1 + +and +expression2 + +are true. +
expression1 || expression2
+True if either +expression1 + +or +expression2 + +is true. + +
+

+ +The && and || +operators do not evaluate expression2 if the value of +expression1 is sufficient to determine the return value of +the entire conditional expression. +

+ +
for name [ [ in [ word ... ] ] ; ] do list ; done
+The list of words following in is expanded, generating a list +of items. +The variable name is set to each element of this list +in turn, and list is executed each time. +If the in word is omitted, the for command executes +list once for each positional parameter that is set (see +PARAMETERS + + +below). +The return status is the exit status of the last command that executes. +If the expansion of the items following in results in an empty +list, no commands are executed, and the return status is 0. +
for (( expr1 ; expr2 ; expr3 )) ; do list ; done
+First, the arithmetic expression expr1 is evaluated according +to the rules described below under +ARITHMETIC EVALUATION. + + +The arithmetic expression expr2 is then evaluated repeatedly +until it evaluates to zero. +Each time expr2 evaluates to a non-zero value, list is +executed and the arithmetic expression expr3 is evaluated. +If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1. +The return value is the exit status of the last command in list +that is executed, or false if any of the expressions is invalid. +
select name [ in word ] ; do list ; done
+The list of words following in is expanded, generating a list +of items, and the set of expanded words is printed on the standard +error, each preceded by a number. If the in +word is omitted, the positional parameters are printed (see +PARAMETERS + + +below). +select + +then displays the +PS3 + + +prompt and reads a line from the standard input. +If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of +the displayed words, then the value of +name + +is set to that word. +If the line is empty, the words and prompt are displayed again. +If EOF is read, the select command completes and returns 1. +Any other value read causes +name + +to be set to null. The line read is saved in the variable +REPLY. + + +The +list + +is executed after each selection until a +break + +command is executed. +The exit status of +select + +is the exit status of the last command executed in +list, + +or zero if no commands were executed. +
case word in [ [(] pattern [ | pattern ] +
+A case command first expands word, and tries to match +it against each pattern in turn, using the matching rules +described under +Pattern Matching + +below. +The word is expanded using tilde +expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, +command substitution, process substitution and quote removal. +Each pattern examined is expanded using tilde +expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, +command substitution, process substitution, and quote removal. +If the +nocasematch + +shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +of alphabetic characters. +When a match is found, the corresponding list is executed. +If the ;; operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted after +the first pattern match. +Using ;& in place of ;; causes execution to continue with +the list associated with the next set of patterns. +Using ;;& in place of ;; causes the shell to test the next +pattern list in the statement, if any, and execute any associated list +on a successful match, +continuing the case statement execution as if the pattern list had not matched. +The exit status is zero if no +pattern matches. Otherwise, it is the exit status of the +last command executed in list. +
if list; then list; [ elif list; then list; ] ... [ else list; ] fi
+The +if + +list + +is executed. If its exit status is zero, the +then list is executed. Otherwise, each elif +list is executed in turn, and if its exit status is zero, +the corresponding then list is executed and the +command completes. Otherwise, the else list is +executed, if present. The exit status is the exit status of the +last command executed, or zero if no condition tested true. +
while list-1; do list-2; done
+ +
until list-1; do list-2; done
+ +The while command continuously executes the list +list-2 as long as the last command in the list list-1 returns +an exit status of zero. The until command is identical +to the while command, except that the test is negated: +list-2 + +is executed as long as the last command in +list-1 + +returns a non-zero exit status. +The exit status of the while and until commands +is the exit status +of the last command executed in list-2, or zero if +none was executed. +
+  +

Coprocesses

+ +A coprocess is a shell command preceded by the coproc reserved +word. +A coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command +had been terminated with the & control operator, with a two-way pipe +established between the executing shell and the coprocess. +

+ +The syntax for a coprocess is: +

+

+ +coproc [NAME] command [redirections] +

+ +

+ +This creates a coprocess named NAME. +command may be either a simple command or a compound +command (see above). +NAME is a shell variable name. +If NAME is not supplied, the default name is COPROC. +

+ +The recommended form to use for a coprocess is +

+

+ +coproc NAME { command [redirections]; } +

+ +

+ +This form is recommended because simple commands result in the coprocess +always being named COPROC, and it is simpler to use and more complete +than the other compound commands. +

+ +If command is a compound command, NAME is optional. The +word following coproc determines whether that word is interpreted +as a variable name: it is interpreted as NAME if it is not a +reserved word that introduces a compound command. +If command is a simple command, NAME is not allowed; this +is to avoid confusion between NAME and the first word of the simple +command. +

+ +When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable (see +Arrays + +below) named NAME in the context of the executing shell. +The standard output of +command + +is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell, +and that file descriptor is assigned to NAME[0]. +The standard input of +command + +is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell, +and that file descriptor is assigned to NAME[1]. +This pipe is established before any redirections specified by the +command (see +REDIRECTION + + +below). +The file descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell commands +and redirections using standard word expansions. +Other than those created to execute command and process substitutions, +the file descriptors are not available in subshells. +

+ +The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is +available as the value of the variable NAME_PID. +The wait +builtin command may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate. +

+ +Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, +the coproc command always returns success. +The return status of a coprocess is the exit status of command. +  +

Shell Function Definitions

+ +A shell function is an object that is called like a simple command and +executes a compound command with a new set of positional parameters. +Shell functions are declared as follows: +
+
fname () compound-command [redirection]
+ +
function fname [()] compound-command [redirection]
+ +This defines a function named fname. +The reserved word function is optional. +If the function reserved word is supplied, the parentheses are optional. +The body of the function is the compound command +compound-command + +(see Compound Commands above). +That command is usually a list of commands between { and }, but +may be any command listed under Compound Commands above. +If the function reserved word is used, but the +parentheses are not supplied, the braces are recommended. +compound-command is executed whenever fname is specified as the +name of a simple command. +When in posix mode, fname must be a valid shell name +and may not be the name of one of the +POSIX special builtins. +In default mode, a function name can be any unquoted shell word that does +not contain $. +Any redirections (see +REDIRECTION + + +below) specified when a function is defined are performed +when the function is executed. +The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax error +occurs or a readonly function with the same name already exists. +When executed, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the +last command executed in the body. (See +FUNCTIONS + + +below.) +
+  +

COMMENTS

+ +In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the +interactive_comments + +option to the +shopt + +builtin is enabled (see +SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS + + +below), a word beginning with +# + +causes that word and all remaining characters on that line to +be ignored. An interactive shell without the +interactive_comments + +option enabled does not allow comments. The +interactive_comments + +option is on by default in interactive shells. +  +

QUOTING

+ +Quoting is used to remove the special meaning of certain +characters or words to the shell. Quoting can be used to +disable special treatment for special characters, to prevent +reserved words from being recognized as such, and to prevent +parameter expansion. +

+ +Each of the metacharacters listed above under +DEFINITIONS + + +has special meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to +represent itself. +

+ +When the command history expansion facilities are being used +(see +HISTORY EXPANSION + + +below), the +history expansion character, usually !, must be quoted +to prevent history expansion. +

+ +There are three quoting mechanisms: the +escape character, + +single quotes, and double quotes. +

+ +A non-quoted backslash (\) is the +escape character. + +It preserves the literal value of the next character that follows, +with the exception of <newline>. If a \<newline> pair +appears, and the backslash is not itself quoted, the \<newline> +is treated as a line continuation (that is, it is removed from the +input stream and effectively ignored). +

+ +Enclosing characters in single quotes preserves the literal value +of each character within the quotes. A single quote may not occur +between single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash. +

+ +Enclosing characters in double quotes preserves the literal value +of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of +$, + +`, + +\, + +and, when history expansion is enabled, +!. + +When the shell is in posix mode, the ! has no special meaning +within double quotes, even when history expansion is enabled. +The characters +$ + +and +` + +retain their special meaning within double quotes. The backslash +retains its special meaning only when followed by one of the following +characters: +$, + +`, + +", +\, + +or +<newline>. + +A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with +a backslash. +If enabled, history expansion will be performed unless an +! + +appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash. +The backslash preceding the +! + +is not removed. +

+ +The special parameters +* + +and +@ + +have special meaning when in double +quotes (see +PARAMETERS + + +below). +

+ +Character sequences of the form $aqstringaq are treated +as a special variant of single quotes. +The sequence expands to string, with backslash-escaped characters +in string replaced as specified by the ANSI C standard. +Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded as follows: +

+ +
+
\a + +
+alert (bell) +
\b + +
+backspace +
\e + +
+
\E + +
+an escape character +
\f + +
+form feed +
\n + +
+new line +
\r + +
+carriage return +
\t + +
+horizontal tab +
\v + +
+vertical tab +
\\ + +
+backslash +
\aq + +
+single quote +
\dq + +
+double quote +
\? + +
+question mark +
\nnn + +
+the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value nnn +(one to three octal digits) +
\xHH + +
+the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH +(one or two hex digits) +
\uHHHH + +
+the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value +HHHH (one to four hex digits) +
\UHHHHHHHH + +
+the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value +HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits) +
\cx + +
+a control-x character + +
+ +

+ +The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had +not been present. +

+ +A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign ($dqstringdq) +will cause the string to be translated according to the current locale. +The gettext infrastructure performs the lookup and +translation, using the LC_MESSAGES, TEXTDOMAINDIR, +and TEXTDOMAIN shell variables. +If the current locale is C or POSIX, +if there are no translations available, +or if the string is not translated, +the dollar sign is ignored. +This is a form of double quoting, so the string remains double-quoted +by default, whether or not it is translated and replaced. +If the noexpand_translation option is enabled +using the shopt builtin, +translated strings are single-quoted instead of double-quoted. +See the description of +shopt + +below under +SHELLBUILTINCOMMANDS. + + +  +

PARAMETERS

+ +A +parameter + +is an entity that stores values. +It can be a +name, + +a number, or one of the special characters listed below under +Special Parameters. + +A +variable + +is a parameter denoted by a +name. + +A variable has a value and zero or more attributes. +Attributes are assigned using the +declare + +builtin command (see +declare + +below in +SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS). + + +

+ +A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value. The null string is +a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using +the +unset + +builtin command (see +SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS + + +below). +

+ +A +variable + +may be assigned to by a statement of the form +

+

+ +name=[value] +

+ +

+ +If +value + +is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All +values + +undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote +removal (see +EXPANSION + + +below). If the variable has its +integer + +attribute set, then +value + +is evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the $((...)) expansion is +not used (see +Arithmetic Expansion + +below). +Word splitting and pathname expansion are not performed. +Assignment statements may also appear as arguments to the +alias, + +declare, + +typeset, + +export, + +readonly, + +and +local + +builtin commands (declaration commands). +When in posix mode, these builtins may appear in a command after +one or more instances of the command builtin and retain these +assignment statement properties. +

+ +In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value +to a shell variable or array index, the += operator can be used to +append to or add to the variable's previous value. +This includes arguments to builtin commands such as declare that +accept assignment statements (declaration commands). +When += is applied to a variable for which the integer attribute has been +set, value is evaluated as an arithmetic expression and added to the +variable's current value, which is also evaluated. +When += is applied to an array variable using compound assignment (see +Arrays + +below), the +variable's value is not unset (as it is when using =), and new values are +appended to the array beginning at one greater than the array's maximum index +(for indexed arrays) or added as additional key-value pairs in an +associative array. +When applied to a string-valued variable, value is expanded and +appended to the variable's value. +

+ +A variable can be assigned the nameref attribute using the +-n option to the declare or local builtin commands +(see the descriptions of declare and local below) +to create a nameref, or a reference to another variable. +This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly. +Whenever the nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has +its attributes modified (other than using or changing the nameref +attribute itself), the +operation is actually performed on the variable specified by the nameref +variable's value. +A nameref is commonly used within shell functions to refer to a variable +whose name is passed as an argument to the function. +For instance, if a variable name is passed to a shell function as its first +argument, running +

+

+declare -n ref=$1 + +
+ +

+inside the function creates a nameref variable ref whose value is +the variable name passed as the first argument. +References and assignments to ref, and changes to its attributes, +are treated as references, assignments, and attribute modifications +to the variable whose name was passed as $1. +If the control variable in a for loop has the nameref attribute, +the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a name reference +will be established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is +executed. +Array variables cannot be given the nameref attribute. +However, nameref variables can reference array variables and subscripted +array variables. +Namerefs can be unset using the -n option to the unset builtin. +Otherwise, if unset is executed with the name of a nameref variable +as an argument, the variable referenced by the nameref variable will be unset. +  +

Positional Parameters

+ +A +positional parameter + +is a parameter denoted by one or more +digits, other than the single digit 0. Positional parameters are +assigned from the shell's arguments when it is invoked, +and may be reassigned using the +set + +builtin command. Positional parameters may not be assigned to +with assignment statements. The positional parameters are +temporarily replaced when a shell function is executed (see +FUNCTIONS + + +below). +

+ +When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single +digit is expanded, it must be enclosed in braces (see +EXPANSION + + +below). +  +

Special Parameters

+ +The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may +only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed. + +
+
* + +
+Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. +When the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional parameter +expands to a separate word. +In contexts where it is performed, those words +are subject to further word splitting and pathname expansion. +When the expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a single word +with the value of each parameter separated by the first character of the +IFS + + +special variable. That is, "$*" is equivalent +to "$1c$2c...", where +c + +is the first character of the value of the +IFS + + +variable. If +IFS + + +is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces. +If +IFS + + +is null, the parameters are joined without intervening separators. +
@ + +
+Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. +In contexts where word splitting is performed, this expands each +positional parameter to a separate word; if not within double +quotes, these words are subject to word splitting. +In contexts where word splitting is not performed, +this expands to a single word +with each positional parameter separated by a space. +When the +expansion occurs within double quotes, each parameter expands to a +separate word. That is, "$@" is equivalent to +"$1" "$2" ... +If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of +the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original +word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last +part of the original word. +When there are no positional parameters, "$@" and +$@ + +expand to nothing (i.e., they are removed). +
# + +
+Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal. +
? + +
+Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed foreground +pipeline. +
- + +
+Expands to the current option flags as specified upon invocation, +by the +set + +builtin command, or those set by the shell itself +(such as the +-i + +option). +
$ + +
+Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a subshell, it +expands to the process ID of the current shell, not the +subshell. +
! + +
+Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed into the +background, whether executed as an asynchronous command or using +the bg builtin (see +JOB CONTROL + + +below). +
0 + +
+Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set at +shell initialization. If +bash + +is invoked with a file of commands, +$0 + +is set to the name of that file. If +bash + +is started with the +-c + +option, then +$0 + +is set to the first argument after the string to be +executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is set +to the filename used to invoke +bash, + +as given by argument zero. + +
+  +

Shell Variables

+ +The following variables are set by the shell: +

+ + +

+
_ + +
+At shell startup, set to the pathname used to invoke the +shell or shell script being executed as passed in the environment +or argument list. +Subsequently, expands to the last argument to the previous simple +command executed in the foreground, after expansion. +Also set to the full pathname used to invoke each command executed +and placed in the environment exported to that command. +When checking mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file +currently being checked. +
BASH + +
+Expands to the full filename used to invoke this instance of +bash. + +
BASHOPTS + +
+A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in +the list is a valid argument for the +-s + +option to the +shopt + +builtin command (see +SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS + + +below). The options appearing in +BASHOPTS + + +are those reported as +on + +by shopt. +If this variable is in the environment when +bash + +starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before +reading any startup files. +This variable is read-only. +
BASHPID + +
+Expands to the process ID of the current bash process. +This differs from $$ under certain circumstances, such as subshells +that do not require bash to be re-initialized. +Assignments to +BASHPID + + +have no effect. +If +BASHPID + +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +
BASH_ALIASES + +
+An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal +list of aliases as maintained by the alias builtin. +Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; however, +unsetting array elements currently does not cause aliases to be removed +from the alias list. +If +BASH_ALIASES + +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +
BASH_ARGC + +
+An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each +frame of the current bash execution call stack. +The number of +parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or script executed +with . or source) is at the top of the stack. +When a subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed is pushed onto +BASH_ARGC. + + +The shell sets +BASH_ARGC + + +only when in extended debugging mode (see the description of the +extdebug + +option to the +shopt + +builtin below). +Setting extdebug after the shell has started to execute a script, +or referencing this variable when extdebug is not set, +may result in inconsistent values. +
BASH_ARGV + +
+An array variable containing all of the parameters in the current bash +execution call stack. The final parameter of the last subroutine call +is at the top of the stack; the first parameter of the initial call is +at the bottom. When a subroutine is executed, the parameters supplied +are pushed onto +BASH_ARGV. + + +The shell sets +BASH_ARGV + + +only when in extended debugging mode +(see the description of the +extdebug + +option to the +shopt + +builtin below). +Setting extdebug after the shell has started to execute a script, +or referencing this variable when extdebug is not set, +may result in inconsistent values. +
BASH_ARGV0 + +
+When referenced, this variable expands to the name of the shell or shell +script (identical to +$0; + +see the description of special parameter 0 above). +Assignment to +BASH_ARGV0 + +causes the value assigned to also be assigned to $0. +If +BASH_ARGV0 + +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +
BASH_CMDS + +
+An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal +hash table of commands as maintained by the hash builtin. +Elements added to this array appear in the hash table; however, +unsetting array elements currently does not cause command names to be removed +from the hash table. +If +BASH_CMDS + +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +
BASH_COMMAND + +
+The command currently being executed or about to be executed, unless the +shell is executing a command as the result of a trap, +in which case it is the command executing at the time of the trap. +If +BASH_COMMAND + +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +
BASH_EXECUTION_STRING + +
+The command argument to the -c invocation option. +
BASH_LINENO + +
+An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source files +where each corresponding member of +FUNCNAME + + +was invoked. +${BASH_LINENO[$i]} is the line number in the source +file (${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}) where +${FUNCNAME[$i]} was called +(or ${BASH_LINENO[$i-1]} if referenced within another +shell function). +Use +LINENO + + +to obtain the current line number. +
BASH_LOADABLES_PATH + +
+A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for +dynamically loadable builtins specified by the +enable + +command. +
BASH_REMATCH + +
+An array variable whose members are assigned by the =~ binary +operator to the [[ conditional command. +The element with index 0 is the portion of the string +matching the entire regular expression. +The element with index n is the portion of the +string matching the nth parenthesized subexpression. +
BASH_SOURCE + +
+An array variable whose members are the source filenames +where the corresponding shell function names in the +FUNCNAME + + +array variable are defined. +The shell function +${FUNCNAME[$i]} is defined in the file +${BASH_SOURCE[$i]} and called from +${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}. +
BASH_SUBSHELL + +
+Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell environment when +the shell begins executing in that environment. +The initial value is 0. +If +BASH_SUBSHELL + +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +
BASH_VERSINFO + +
+A readonly array variable whose members hold version information for +this instance of +bash. + +The values assigned to the array members are as follows: +

+

+
+
BASH_VERSINFO[0] + +
+The major version number (the release). +
BASH_VERSINFO[1] + +
+The minor version number (the version). +
BASH_VERSINFO[2] + +
+The patch level. +
BASH_VERSINFO[3] + +
+The build version. +
BASH_VERSINFO[4] + +
+The release status (e.g., beta1). +
BASH_VERSINFO[5] + +
+The value of +MACHTYPE. + + +
+ +
BASH_VERSION + +
+Expands to a string describing the version of this instance of +bash. + +
COMP_CWORD + +
+An index into ${COMP_WORDS} of the word containing the current +cursor position. +This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the +programmable completion facilities (see Programmable Completion +below). +
COMP_KEY + +
+The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the current +completion function. +
COMP_LINE + +
+The current command line. +This variable is available only in shell functions and external +commands invoked by the +programmable completion facilities (see Programmable Completion +below). +
COMP_POINT + +
+The index of the current cursor position relative to the beginning of +the current command. +If the current cursor position is at the end of the current command, +the value of this variable is equal to ${#COMP_LINE}. +This variable is available only in shell functions and external +commands invoked by the +programmable completion facilities (see Programmable Completion +below). +
COMP_TYPE + +
+Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion attempted +that caused a completion function to be called: +TAB, for normal completion, +?, for listing completions after successive tabs, +!, for listing alternatives on partial word completion, +@, to list completions if the word is not unmodified, +or +%, for menu completion. +This variable is available only in shell functions and external +commands invoked by the +programmable completion facilities (see Programmable Completion +below). +
COMP_WORDBREAKS + +
+The set of characters that the readline library treats as word +separators when performing word completion. +If +COMP_WORDBREAKS + + +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +
COMP_WORDS + +
+An array variable (see Arrays below) consisting of the individual +words in the current command line. +The line is split into words as readline would split it, using +COMP_WORDBREAKS + + +as described above. +This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the +programmable completion facilities (see Programmable Completion +below). +
COPROC + +
+An array variable (see Arrays below) created to hold the file descriptors +for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess (see Coprocesses +above). +
DIRSTACK + +
+An array variable (see +Arrays + +below) containing the current contents of the directory stack. +Directories appear in the stack in the order they are displayed by the +dirs + +builtin. +Assigning to members of this array variable may be used to modify +directories already in the stack, but the +pushd + +and +popd + +builtins must be used to add and remove directories. +Assignment to this variable will not change the current directory. +If +DIRSTACK + + +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +
EPOCHREALTIME + +
+Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of seconds +since the Unix Epoch (see time(3)) as a floating point value +with micro-second granularity. +Assignments to +EPOCHREALTIME + + +are ignored. +If +EPOCHREALTIME + + +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +
EPOCHSECONDS + +
+Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of seconds +since the Unix Epoch (see time(3)). +Assignments to +EPOCHSECONDS + + +are ignored. +If +EPOCHSECONDS + + +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +
EUID + +
+Expands to the effective user ID of the current user, initialized at +shell startup. This variable is readonly. +
FUNCNAME + +
+An array variable containing the names of all shell functions +currently in the execution call stack. +The element with index 0 is the name of any currently-executing +shell function. +The bottom-most element (the one with the highest index) is +"main". + +This variable exists only when a shell function is executing. +Assignments to +FUNCNAME + + +have no effect. +If +FUNCNAME + + +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +

+ + +This variable can be used with BASH_LINENO and BASH_SOURCE. +Each element of FUNCNAME has corresponding elements in +BASH_LINENO and BASH_SOURCE to describe the call stack. +For instance, ${FUNCNAME[$i]} was called from the file +${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]} at line number +${BASH_LINENO[$i]}. +The caller builtin displays the current call stack using this +information. +

GROUPS + +
+An array variable containing the list of groups of which the current +user is a member. +Assignments to +GROUPS + + +have no effect. +If +GROUPS + + +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +
HISTCMD + +
+The history number, or index in the history list, of the current +command. +Assignments to +HISTCMD + + +are ignored. +If +HISTCMD + + +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +
HOSTNAME + +
+Automatically set to the name of the current host. +
HOSTTYPE + +
+Automatically set to a string that uniquely +describes the type of machine on which +bash + +is executing. +The default is system-dependent. +
LINENO + +
+Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes +a decimal number representing the current sequential line number +(starting with 1) within a script or function. When not in a +script or function, the value substituted is not guaranteed to +be meaningful. +If +LINENO + + +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +
MACHTYPE + +
+Automatically set to a string that fully describes the system +type on which +bash + +is executing, in the standard GNU cpu-company-system format. +The default is system-dependent. +
MAPFILE + +
+An array variable (see Arrays below) created to hold the text +read by the mapfile builtin when no variable name is supplied. +
OLDPWD + +
+The previous working directory as set by the +cd + +command. +
OPTARG + +
+The value of the last option argument processed by the +getopts + +builtin command (see +SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS + + +below). +
OPTIND + +
+The index of the next argument to be processed by the +getopts + +builtin command (see +SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS + + +below). +
OSTYPE + +
+Automatically set to a string that +describes the operating system on which +bash + +is executing. +The default is system-dependent. +
PIPESTATUS + +
+An array variable (see +Arrays + +below) containing a list of exit status values from the processes +in the most-recently-executed foreground pipeline (which may +contain only a single command). +
PPID + +
+The process ID of the shell's parent. This variable is readonly. +
PWD + +
+The current working directory as set by the +cd + +command. +
RANDOM + +
+Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to a random integer +between 0 and 32767. +Assigning +a value to +RANDOM + + +initializes (seeds) the sequence of random numbers. +If +RANDOM + + +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +
READLINE_ARGUMENT + +
+Any numeric argument given to a readline command that was defined using +bind -x + +(see +SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS + + +below) +when it was invoked. +
READLINE_LINE + +
+The contents of the +readline + +line buffer, for use with +bind -x + +(see +SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS + + +below). +
READLINE_MARK + +
+The position of the mark (saved insertion point) in the +readline + +line buffer, for use with +bind -x + +(see +SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS + + +below). +The characters between the insertion point and the mark are often +called the region. +
READLINE_POINT + +
+The position of the insertion point in the +readline + +line buffer, for use with +bind -x + +(see +SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS + + +below). +
REPLY + +
+Set to the line of input read by the +read + +builtin command when no arguments are supplied. +
SECONDS + +
+Each time this parameter is +referenced, it expands to the number of seconds since shell invocation. +If a value is assigned to +SECONDS, + + +the value returned upon subsequent +references is +the number of seconds since the assignment plus the value assigned. +The number of seconds at shell invocation and the current time are always +determined by querying the system clock. +If +SECONDS + + +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +
SHELLOPTS + +
+A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in +the list is a valid argument for the +-o + +option to the +set + +builtin command (see +SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS + + +below). The options appearing in +SHELLOPTS + + +are those reported as +on + +by set -o. +If this variable is in the environment when +bash + +starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before +reading any startup files. +This variable is read-only. +
SHLVL + +
+Incremented by one each time an instance of +bash + +is started. +
SRANDOM + +
+This variable expands to a 32-bit pseudo-random number each time it is +referenced. The random number generator is not linear on systems that +support /dev/urandom or arc4random, so each returned number +has no relationship to the numbers preceding it. +The random number generator cannot be seeded, so assignments to this +variable have no effect. +If +SRANDOM + + +is unset, it loses its special properties, +even if it is subsequently reset. +
UID + +
+Expands to the user ID of the current user, initialized at shell startup. +This variable is readonly. + +
+

+ +The following variables are used by the shell. In some cases, +bash + +assigns a default value to a variable; these cases are noted +below. +

+ + +

+
BASH_COMPAT + +
+The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level. +See +SHELL COMPATIBILITY MODE + + +below for a description of the various compatibility +levels and their effects. +The value may be a decimal number (e.g., 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) +corresponding to the desired compatibility level. +If BASH_COMPAT is unset or set to the empty string, the compatibility +level is set to the default for the current version. +If BASH_COMPAT is set to a value that is not one of the valid +compatibility levels, the shell prints an error message and sets the +compatibility level to the default for the current version. +The valid values correspond to the compatibility levels +described below under +SHELL COMPATIBILITY MODE. + + +For example, 4.2 and 42 are valid values that correspond +to the compat42 shopt option +and set the compatibility level to 42. +The current version is also a valid value. +
BASH_ENV + +
+If this parameter is set when bash is executing a shell script, +its value is interpreted as a filename containing commands to +initialize the shell, as in +~/.bashrc. + +The value of +BASH_ENV + + +is subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic +expansion before being interpreted as a filename. +PATH + + +is not used to search for the resultant filename. +
BASH_XTRACEFD + +
+If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, bash +will write the trace output generated when +set -x + +is enabled to that file descriptor. +The file descriptor is closed when +BASH_XTRACEFD + + +is unset or assigned a new value. +Unsetting +BASH_XTRACEFD + + +or assigning it the empty string causes the +trace output to be sent to the standard error. +Note that setting +BASH_XTRACEFD + + +to 2 (the standard error file +descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the standard error +being closed. +
CDPATH + +
+The search path for the +cd + +command. +This is a colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks +for destination directories specified by the +cd + +command. +A sample value is +".:~:/usr". + +
CHILD_MAX + +
+Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to remember. +Bash will not allow this value to be decreased below a POSIX-mandated +minimum, and there is a maximum value (currently 8192) that this may +not exceed. +The minimum value is system-dependent. +
COLUMNS + +
+Used by the select compound command to determine the terminal width +when printing selection lists. +Automatically set if the +checkwinsize + +option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a +SIGWINCH. + + +
COMPREPLY + +
+An array variable from which bash reads the possible completions +generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable completion +facility (see Programmable Completion below). +Each array element contains one possible completion. +
EMACS + +
+If bash finds this variable in the environment when the shell starts +with value +t, + +it assumes that the shell is running in an Emacs shell buffer and disables +line editing. +
ENV + +
+Expanded and executed similarly to +BASH_ENV + + +(see INVOCATION above) +when an interactive shell is invoked in posix mode. +
EXECIGNORE + +
+A colon-separated list of shell patterns (see Pattern Matching) +defining the list of filenames to be ignored by command search using +PATH. +Files whose full pathnames match one of these patterns are not considered +executable files for the purposes of completion and command execution +via PATH lookup. +This does not affect the behavior of the [, test, and [[ +commands. +Full pathnames in the command hash table are not subject to EXECIGNORE. +Use this variable to ignore shared library files that have the executable +bit set, but are not executable files. +The pattern matching honors the setting of the extglob shell +option. +
FCEDIT + +
+The default editor for the +fc + +builtin command. +
FIGNORE + +
+A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing +filename completion (see +READLINE + + +below). +A filename whose suffix matches one of the entries in +FIGNORE + + +is excluded from the list of matched filenames. +A sample value is +".o:~". + +
FUNCNEST + +
+If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum function +nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this nesting level +will cause the current command to abort. +
GLOBIGNORE + +
+A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file names to +be ignored by pathname expansion. +If a file name matched by a pathname expansion pattern also matches one +of the patterns in +GLOBIGNORE, + + +it is removed from the list of matches. +
HISTCONTROL + +
+A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are saved on +the history list. +If the list of values includes +ignorespace, + +lines which begin with a +space + +character are not saved in the history list. +A value of +ignoredups + +causes lines matching the previous history entry to not be saved. +A value of +ignoreboth + +is shorthand for ignorespace and ignoredups. +A value of +erasedups + +causes all previous lines matching the current line to be removed from +the history list before that line is saved. +Any value not in the above list is ignored. +If +HISTCONTROL + + +is unset, or does not include a valid value, +all lines read by the shell parser are saved on the history list, +subject to the value of +HISTIGNORE. + + +The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are +not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of +HISTCONTROL. + + +
HISTFILE + +
+The name of the file in which command history is saved (see +HISTORY + + +below). The default value is ~/.bash_history. If unset, the +command history is not saved when a shell exits. +
HISTFILESIZE + +
+The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. When this +variable is assigned a value, the history file is truncated, if +necessary, +to contain no more than that number of lines by removing the oldest entries. +The history file is also truncated to this size after +writing it when a shell exits. +If the value is 0, the history file is truncated to zero size. +Non-numeric values and numeric values less than zero inhibit truncation. +The shell sets the default value to the value of HISTSIZE +after reading any startup files. +
HISTIGNORE + +
+A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command lines +should be saved on the history list. Each pattern is anchored at the +beginning of the line and must match the complete line (no implicit +`*' is appended). Each pattern is tested against the line +after the checks specified by +HISTCONTROL + + +are applied. +In addition to the normal shell pattern matching characters, `&' +matches the previous history line. `&' may be escaped using a +backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match. +The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are +not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of +HISTIGNORE. + + +The pattern matching honors the setting of the extglob shell +option. +
HISTSIZE + +
+The number of commands to remember in the command history (see +HISTORY + + +below). +If the value is 0, commands are not saved in the history list. +Numeric values less than zero result in every command being saved +on the history list (there is no limit). +The shell sets the default value to 500 after reading any startup files. +
HISTTIMEFORMAT + +
+If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format string +for strftime(3) to print the time stamp associated with each history +entry displayed by the history builtin. +If this variable is set, time stamps are written to the history file so +they may be preserved across shell sessions. +This uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from +other history lines. +
HOME + +
+The home directory of the current user; the default argument for the +cd builtin command. +The value of this variable is also used when performing tilde expansion. +
HOSTFILE + +
+Contains the name of a file in the same format as + +/etc/hosts + +that should be read when the shell needs to complete a +hostname. +The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while the +shell is running; +the next time hostname completion is attempted after the +value is changed, +bash + +adds the contents of the new file to the existing list. +If +HOSTFILE + + +is set, but has no value, or does not name a readable file, +bash attempts to read + +/etc/hosts + +to obtain the list of possible hostname completions. +When +HOSTFILE + + +is unset, the hostname list is cleared. +
IFS + +
+The +Internal Field Separator + +that is used +for word splitting after expansion and to +split lines into words with the +read + +builtin command. The default value is +``<space><tab><newline>''. +
IGNOREEOF + +
+Controls the +action of an interactive shell on receipt of an +EOF + + +character as the sole input. If set, the value is the number of +consecutive +EOF + + +characters which must be +typed as the first characters on an input line before +bash + +exits. If the variable exists but does not have a numeric value, or +has no value, the default value is 10. If it does not exist, +EOF + + +signifies the end of input to the shell. +
INPUTRC + +
+The filename for the +readline + +startup file, overriding the default of + +~/.inputrc + +(see +READLINE + + +below). +
INSIDE_EMACS + +
+If this variable appears in the environment when the shell starts, +bash assumes that it is running inside an Emacs shell buffer +and may disable line editing, depending on the value of TERM. +
LANG + +
+Used to determine the locale category for any category not specifically +selected with a variable starting with LC_. +
LC_ALL + +
+This variable overrides the value of +LANG + + +and any other +LC_ variable specifying a locale category. +
LC_COLLATE + +
+This variable determines the collation order used when sorting the +results of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior of range +expressions, equivalence classes, and collating sequences within +pathname expansion and pattern matching. +
LC_CTYPE + +
+This variable determines the interpretation of characters and the +behavior of character classes within pathname expansion and pattern +matching. +
LC_MESSAGES + +
+This variable determines the locale used to translate double-quoted +strings preceded by a $. +
LC_NUMERIC + +
+This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting. +
LC_TIME + +
+This variable determines the locale category used for data and time +formatting. +
LINES + +
+Used by the select compound command to determine the column length +for printing selection lists. +Automatically set if the +checkwinsize + +option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a +SIGWINCH. + + +
MAIL + +
+If this parameter is set to a file or directory name and the +MAILPATH + + +variable is not set, +bash + +informs the user of the arrival of mail in the specified file or +Maildir-format directory. +
MAILCHECK + +
+Specifies how +often (in seconds) +bash + +checks for mail. The default is 60 seconds. When it is time to check +for mail, the shell does so before displaying the primary prompt. +If this variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number +greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking. +
MAILPATH + +
+A colon-separated list of filenames to be checked for mail. +The message to be printed when mail arrives in a particular file +may be specified by separating the filename from the message with a `?'. +When used in the text of the message, $_ expands to the name of +the current mailfile. +Example: +
+

+ +MAILPATH=aq/var/mail/bfox?"You have mail":~/shell-mail?"$_ has mail!"aq +

+ +Bash + +can be configured to supply +a default value for this variable (there is no value by default), +but the location of the user +mail files that it uses is system dependent (e.g., /var/mail/$USER). +

+ +
OPTERR + +
+If set to the value 1, +bash + +displays error messages generated by the +getopts + +builtin command (see +SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS + + +below). +OPTERR + + +is initialized to 1 each time the shell is invoked or a shell +script is executed. +
PATH + +
+The search path for commands. It +is a colon-separated list of directories in which +the shell looks for commands (see +COMMAND EXECUTION + + +below). +A zero-length (null) directory name in the value of +PATH + + +indicates the current directory. +A null directory name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial +or trailing colon. +The default path is system-dependent, +and is set by the administrator who installs +bash. + +A common value is + +/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin. + + +
POSIXLY_CORRECT + +
+If this variable is in the environment when bash starts, the shell +enters posix mode before reading the startup files, as if the +--posix + +invocation option had been supplied. If it is set while the shell is +running, bash enables posix mode, as if the command +set -o posix + +had been executed. +When the shell enters posix mode, it sets this variable if it was +not already set. +
PROMPT_COMMAND + +
+If this variable is set, and is an array, +the value of each set element is executed as a command +prior to issuing each primary prompt. +If this is set but not an array variable, +its value is used as a command to execute instead. +
PROMPT_DIRTRIM + +
+If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the number of +trailing directory components to retain when expanding the \w and +\W prompt string escapes (see +PROMPTING + + +below). Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis. +
PS0 + +
+The value of this parameter is expanded (see +PROMPTING + + +below) and displayed by interactive shells after reading a command +and before the command is executed. +
PS1 + +
+The value of this parameter is expanded (see +PROMPTING + + +below) and used as the primary prompt string. The default value is +``\s-\v\$ ''. +
PS2 + +
+The value of this parameter is expanded as with +PS1 + + +and used as the secondary prompt string. The default is +``> ''. +
PS3 + +
+The value of this parameter is used as the prompt for the +select + +command (see +SHELL GRAMMAR + + +above). +
PS4 + +
+The value of this parameter is expanded as with +PS1 + + +and the value is printed before each command +bash + +displays during an execution trace. The first character of +the expanded value of +PS4 + + +is replicated multiple times, as necessary, to indicate multiple +levels of indirection. The default is ``+ ''. +
SHELL + +
+This variable expands to the full pathname to the shell. +If it is not set when the shell starts, +bash + +assigns to it the full pathname of the current user's login shell. +
TIMEFORMAT + +
+The value of this parameter is used as a format string specifying +how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the +time + +reserved word should be displayed. +The % character introduces an escape sequence that is +expanded to a time value or other information. +The escape sequences and their meanings are as follows; the +braces denote optional portions. +

+

+ +
+
%% + +
+A literal %. +
%[p][l]R + +
+The elapsed time in seconds. +
%[p][l]U + +
+The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode. +
%[p][l]S + +
+The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode. +
%P + +
+The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R. + +
+ +
+The optional p is a digit specifying the precision, +the number of fractional digits after a decimal point. +A value of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output. +At most three places after the decimal point may be specified; +values of p greater than 3 are changed to 3. +If p is not specified, the value 3 is used. +
+The optional l specifies a longer format, including +minutes, of the form MMmSS.FFs. +The value of p determines whether or not the fraction is +included. +
+If this variable is not set, bash acts as if it had the +value $aq\nreal\t%3lR\nuser\t%3lU\nsys\t%3lSaq. +If the value is null, no timing information is displayed. +A trailing newline is added when the format string is displayed. + +
TMOUT + +
+If set to a value greater than zero, +TMOUT + + +is treated as the +default timeout for the read builtin. +The select command terminates if input does not arrive +after +TMOUT + + +seconds when input is coming from a terminal. +In an interactive shell, the value is interpreted as the +number of seconds to wait for a line of input after issuing the +primary prompt. +Bash + +terminates after waiting for that number of seconds if a complete +line of input does not arrive. +
TMPDIR + +
+If set, bash uses its value as the name of a directory in which +bash creates temporary files for the shell's use. +
auto_resume + +
+This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and +job control. If this variable is set, single word simple +commands without redirections are treated as candidates for resumption +of an existing stopped job. There is no ambiguity allowed; if there is +more than one job beginning with the string typed, the job most recently +accessed is selected. The +name + +of a stopped job, in this context, is the command line used to +start it. +If set to the value +exact, + +the string supplied must match the name of a stopped job exactly; +if set to +substring, + +the string supplied needs to match a substring of the name of a +stopped job. The +substring + +value provides functionality analogous to the +%? + +job identifier (see +JOB CONTROL + + +below). If set to any other value, the supplied string must +be a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides functionality +analogous to the %string job identifier. +
histchars + +
+The two or three characters which control history expansion +and tokenization (see +HISTORY EXPANSION + + +below). The first character is the history expansion character, +the character which signals the start of a history +expansion, normally `!'. +The second character is the quick substitution +character, which is used as shorthand for re-running the previous +command entered, substituting one string for another in the command. +The default is `^'. +The optional third character is the character +which indicates that the remainder of the line is a comment when found +as the first character of a word, normally `#'. The history +comment character causes history substitution to be skipped for the +remaining words on the line. It does not necessarily cause the shell +parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment. + +
+  +

Arrays

+ +Bash + +provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables. +Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the +declare + +builtin will explicitly declare an array. +There is no maximum +limit on the size of an array, nor any requirement that members +be indexed or assigned contiguously. +Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including arithmetic +expressions) and are zero-based; associative arrays are referenced +using arbitrary strings. +Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers. +

+ +An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to +using the syntax name[subscript]=value. The +subscript + +is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number. +To explicitly declare an indexed array, use +declare -a name + +(see +SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS + + +below). +declare -a name[subscript] + +is also accepted; the subscript is ignored. +

+ +Associative arrays are created using +declare -A name. + +

+ +Attributes may be +specified for an array variable using the +declare + +and +readonly + +builtins. Each attribute applies to all members of an array. +

+ +Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form +name=(value1 ... valuen), where each +value may be of the form [subscript]=string. +Indexed array assignments do not require anything but string. +Each value in the list is expanded using all the shell expansions +described below under +EXPANSION. + + +When assigning to indexed arrays, if the optional brackets and subscript +are supplied, that index is assigned to; +otherwise the index of the element assigned is the last index assigned +to by the statement plus one. Indexing starts at zero. +

+ +When assigning to an associative array, the words in a compound assignment +may be either assignment statements, for which the subscript is required, +or a list of words that is interpreted as a sequence of alternating keys +and values: +name=( key1 value1 key2 value2 ...). +These are treated identically to +name=( [key1]=value1 [key2]=value2 ...). +The first word in the list determines how the remaining words +are interpreted; all assignments in a list must be of the same type. +When using key/value pairs, the keys may not be missing or empty; +a final missing value is treated like the empty string. +

+ +This syntax is also accepted by the +declare + +builtin. Individual array elements may be assigned to using the +name[subscript]=value syntax introduced above. +When assigning to an indexed array, if +name + +is subscripted by a negative number, that number is +interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of +name, so negative indices count back from the end of the +array, and an index of -1 references the last element. +

+ +The += operator will append to an array variable when assigning +using the compound assignment syntax; see +PARAMETERS + + +above. +

+ +Any element of an array may be referenced using +${name[subscript]}. The braces are required to avoid +conflicts with pathname expansion. If +subscript is @ or *, the word expands to +all members of name. These subscripts differ only when the +word appears within double quotes. If the word is double-quoted, +${name[*]} expands to a single +word with the value of each array member separated by the first +character of the +IFS + + +special variable, and ${name[@]} expands each element of +name to a separate word. When there are no array members, +${name[@]} expands to nothing. +If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of +the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original +word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last +part of the original word. +This is analogous to the expansion +of the special parameters * and @ (see +Special Parameters + +above). ${#name[subscript]} expands to the length of +${name[subscript]}. If subscript is * or +@, the expansion is the number of elements in the array. +If the +subscript + +used to reference an element of an indexed array +evaluates to a number less than zero, it is +interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of the array, +so negative indices count back from the end of the +array, and an index of -1 references the last element. +

+ +Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to +referencing the array with a subscript of 0. +Any reference to a variable using a valid subscript is legal, and +bash + +will create an array if necessary. +

+ +An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a +value. The null string is a valid value. +

+ +It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the values. +${!name[@]} and ${!name[*]} +expand to the indices assigned in array variable name. +The treatment when in double quotes is similar to the expansion of the +special parameters @ and * within double quotes. +

+ +The +unset + +builtin is used to destroy arrays. unset name[subscript] +destroys the array element at index subscript, +for both indexed and associative arrays. +Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted as described above. +Unsetting the last element of an array variable does not unset the variable. +unset name, where name is an array, +removes the entire array. +unset name[subscript], where +subscript is * or @, behaves differently depending on +whether name is an indexed or associative array. +If name is an associative array, this unsets the element with +subscript * or @. +If name is an indexed array, unset removes all of the elements but +does not remove the array itself. +

+ +When using a variable name with a subscript as an argument to a command, +such as with unset, without using the word expansion syntax +described above, the argument is subject to pathname expansion. +If pathname expansion is not desired, the argument should be quoted. +

+ +The +declare, + +local, + +and +readonly + +builtins each accept a +-a + +option to specify an indexed array and a +-A + +option to specify an associative array. +If both options are supplied, +-A + +takes precedence. +The +read + +builtin accepts a +-a + +option to assign a list of words read from the standard input +to an array. The +set + +and +declare + +builtins display array values in a way that allows them to be +reused as assignments. +  +

EXPANSION

+ +Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into +words. There are seven kinds of expansion performed: +brace expansion, + +tilde expansion, + +parameter and variable expansion, + +command substitution, + +arithmetic expansion, + +word splitting, + +and +pathname expansion. + +

+ +The order of expansions is: +brace expansion; +tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, +and command substitution (done in a left-to-right fashion); +word splitting; +and pathname expansion. +

+ +On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion +available: process substitution. +This is performed at the +same time as tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and +command substitution. +

+ +After these expansions are performed, quote characters present in the +original word are removed unless they have been quoted themselves +(quote removal). +

+ +Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion +can increase the number of words of the expansion; other expansions +expand a single word to a single word. +The only exceptions to this are the expansions of +"$@" and "${name[@]}", +and, in most cases, $* and ${name[*]} +as explained above (see +PARAMETERS). + + +  +

Brace Expansion

+ +Brace expansion + +is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings +may be generated. This mechanism is similar to +pathname expansion, but the filenames generated +need not exist. Patterns to be brace expanded take +the form of an optional +preamble, + +followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or +a sequence expression between a pair of braces, followed by +an optional +postscript. + +The preamble is prefixed to each string contained +within the braces, and the postscript is then appended +to each resulting string, expanding left to right. +

+ +Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded +string are not sorted; left to right order is preserved. +For example, a{d,c,b}e expands into `ade ace abe'. +

+ +A sequence expression takes the form +{x..y[..incr]}, +where x and y are either integers or single letters, +and incr, an optional increment, is an integer. +When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each number between +x and y, inclusive. +Supplied integers may be prefixed with 0 to force each term to have the +same width. +When either x or y begins with a zero, the shell +attempts to force all generated terms to contain the same number of digits, +zero-padding where necessary. +When letters are supplied, the expression expands to each character +lexicographically between x and y, inclusive, +using the default C locale. +Note that both x and y must be of the same type +(integer or letter). +When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between +each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate. +

+ +Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, +and any characters special to other expansions are preserved +in the result. It is strictly textual. +Bash + +does not apply any syntactic interpretation to the context of the +expansion or the text between the braces. +

+ +A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening +and closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid +sequence expression. +Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged. +A { or , may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its +being considered part of a brace expression. +To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string ${ +is not considered eligible for brace expansion, and inhibits brace +expansion until the closing }. +

+ +This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common +prefix of the strings to be generated is longer than in the +above example: +

+

+ +mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,new,dist,bugs} +

+ +or +
+chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}} +
+ +

+ +Brace expansion introduces a slight incompatibility with +historical versions of +sh. + +sh + +does not treat opening or closing braces specially when they +appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output. +Bash + +removes braces from words as a consequence of brace +expansion. For example, a word entered to +sh + +as file{1,2} +appears identically in the output. The same word is +output as +file1 file2 + +after expansion by +bash. + +If strict compatibility with +sh + +is desired, start +bash + +with the ++B + +option or disable brace expansion with the ++B + +option to the +set + +command (see +SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS + + +below). +  +

Tilde Expansion

+ +If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character (`~'), all of +the characters preceding the first unquoted slash (or all characters, +if there is no unquoted slash) are considered a tilde-prefix. +If none of the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the +characters in the tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a +possible login name. +If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the +value of the shell parameter +HOME. + + +If +HOME + + +is unset, the home directory of the user executing the shell is +substituted instead. +Otherwise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory +associated with the specified login name. +

+ +If the tilde-prefix is a `~+', the value of the shell variable +PWD + + +replaces the tilde-prefix. +If the tilde-prefix is a `~-', the value of the shell variable +OLDPWD, + + +if it is set, is substituted. +If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist +of a number N, optionally prefixed +by a `+' or a `-', the tilde-prefix is replaced with the corresponding +element from the directory stack, as it would be displayed by the +dirs + +builtin invoked with the tilde-prefix as an argument. +If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a +number without a leading `+' or `-', `+' is assumed. +

+ +If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the word +is unchanged. +

+ +Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes immediately +following a +: + +or the first +=. + +In these cases, tilde expansion is also performed. +Consequently, one may use filenames with tildes in assignments to +PATH, + + +MAILPATH, + + +and +CDPATH, + + +and the shell assigns the expanded value. +

+ +Bash also performs tilde expansion on words satisfying the conditions of +variable assignments (as described above under +PARAMETERS) + + +when they appear as arguments to simple commands. +Bash does not do this, except for the declaration commands listed +above, when in posix mode. +  +

Parameter Expansion

+ +The `$' character introduces parameter expansion, +command substitution, or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name +or symbol to be expanded may be enclosed in braces, which +are optional but serve to protect the variable to be expanded from +characters immediately following it which could be +interpreted as part of the name. +

+ +When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first `}' +not escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an +embedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter +expansion. +

+ + +

+
${parameter}
+The value of parameter is substituted. The braces are required +when +parameter + +is a positional parameter with more than one digit, +or when +parameter + +is followed by a character which is not to be +interpreted as part of its name. +The parameter is a shell parameter as described above +PARAMETERS) or an array reference (Arrays). + +
+

+ +If the first character of parameter is an exclamation point (!), +and parameter is not a nameref, +it introduces a level of indirection. +Bash uses the value formed by expanding the rest of +parameter as the new parameter; this is then +expanded and that value is used in the rest of the expansion, rather +than the expansion of the original parameter. +This is known as indirect expansion. +The value is subject to tilde expansion, +parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. +If parameter is a nameref, this expands to the name of the +parameter referenced by parameter instead of performing the +complete indirect expansion. +The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${!prefix*} and +${!name[@]} described below. +The exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to +introduce indirection. +

+ +In each of the cases below, word is subject to tilde expansion, +parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. +

+ +When not performing substring expansion, using the forms documented below +(e.g., :-), +bash tests for a parameter that is unset or null. Omitting the colon +results in a test only for a parameter that is unset. +

+ + +

+
${parameter:-word}
+Use Default Values. If +parameter + +is unset or null, the expansion of +word + +is substituted. Otherwise, the value of +parameter + +is substituted. +
${parameter:=word}
+Assign Default Values. +If +parameter + +is unset or null, the expansion of +word + +is assigned to +parameter. + +The value of +parameter + +is then substituted. Positional parameters and special parameters may +not be assigned to in this way. +
${parameter:?word}
+Display Error if Null or Unset. +If +parameter + +is null or unset, the expansion of word (or a message to that effect +if +word + +is not present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if it +is not interactive, exits. Otherwise, the value of parameter is +substituted. +
${parameter:+word}
+Use Alternate Value. +If +parameter + +is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the expansion of +word + +is substituted. +
${parameter:offset}
+ +
${parameter:offset:length}
+ +Substring Expansion. +Expands to up to length characters of the value of parameter +starting at the character specified by offset. +If parameter is @ or *, an indexed array subscripted by +@ or *, or an associative array name, the results differ as +described below. +If length is omitted, expands to the substring of the value of +parameter starting at the character specified by offset +and extending to the end of the value. +length and offset are arithmetic expressions (see +ARITHMETIC EVALUATION + + +below). +

+If offset evaluates to a number less than zero, the value +is used as an offset in characters +from the end of the value of parameter. +If length evaluates to a number less than zero, +it is interpreted as an offset in characters +from the end of the value of parameter rather than +a number of characters, and the expansion is the characters between +offset and that result. +Note that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at least +one space to avoid being confused with the :- expansion. +

+If parameter is @ or *, the result is length +positional parameters beginning at offset. +A negative offset is taken relative to one greater than the greatest +positional parameter, so an offset of -1 evaluates to the last positional +parameter. +It is an expansion error if length evaluates to a number less than +zero. +

+If parameter is an indexed array name subscripted by @ or *, +the result is the length +members of the array beginning with ${parameter[offset]}. +A negative offset is taken relative to one greater than the maximum +index of the specified array. +It is an expansion error if length evaluates to a number less than +zero. +

+Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces undefined +results. +

+Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters +are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by default. +If offset is 0, and the positional parameters are used, $0 is +prefixed to the list. +

${!prefix*}
+ +
${!prefix@}
+ +Names matching prefix. +Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with prefix, +separated by the first character of the +IFS + + +special variable. +When @ is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each +variable name expands to a separate word. +
${!name[@]}
+ +
${!name[*]}
+ +List of array keys. +If name is an array variable, expands to the list of array indices +(keys) assigned in name. +If name is not an array, expands to 0 if name is set and null +otherwise. +When @ is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each +key expands to a separate word. +
${#parameter}
+Parameter length. +The length in characters of the value of parameter is substituted. +If +parameter + +is +* + +or +@, + +the value substituted is the number of positional parameters. +If +parameter + +is an array name subscripted by +* + +or +@, + +the value substituted is the number of elements in the array. +If +parameter + +is an indexed array name subscripted by a negative number, that number is +interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of +parameter, so negative indices count back from the end of the +array, and an index of -1 references the last element. +
${parameter#word}
+ +
${parameter##word}
+ +Remove matching prefix pattern. +The +word + +is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname +expansion, and matched against the expanded value of +parameter + +using the rules described under +Pattern Matching + +below. +If the pattern matches the beginning of +the value of +parameter, + +then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of +parameter + +with the shortest matching pattern (the ``#'' case) or the +longest matching pattern (the ``##'' case) deleted. +If +parameter + +is +@ + +or +*, + +the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional +parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +If +parameter + +is an array variable subscripted with +@ + +or +*, + +the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the +array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +
${parameter%word}
+ +
${parameter%%word}
+ +Remove matching suffix pattern. +The word is expanded to produce a pattern just as in +pathname expansion, and matched against the expanded value of +parameter + +using the rules described under +Pattern Matching + +below. +If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the expanded value of +parameter, + +then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of +parameter + +with the shortest matching pattern (the ``%'' case) or the +longest matching pattern (the ``%%'' case) deleted. +If +parameter + +is +@ + +or +*, + +the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional +parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +If +parameter + +is an array variable subscripted with +@ + +or +*, + +the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the +array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +
${parameter/pattern/string}
+ +
${parameter//pattern/string}
+
${parameter/#pattern/string}
+
${parameter/%pattern/string}
+ +Pattern substitution. +The pattern is expanded to produce a pattern just as in +pathname expansion. +Parameter is expanded and the longest match of pattern +against its value is replaced with string. +string undergoes tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, +arithmetic expansion, command and process substitution, and quote removal. +The match is performed using the rules described under +Pattern Matching + +below. +In the first form above, only the first match is replaced. +If there are two slashes separating parameter and pattern +(the second form above), all matches of pattern are +replaced with string. +If pattern is preceded by # (the third form above), +it must match at the beginning of the expanded value of parameter. +If pattern is preceded by % (the fourth form above), +it must match at the end of the expanded value of parameter. +If the expansion of string is null, +matches of pattern are deleted. +If string is null, +matches of pattern are deleted +and the / following pattern may be omitted. +

+If the patsub_replacement shell option is enabled using shopt, +any unquoted instances of & in string are replaced with the +matching portion of pattern. +

+Quoting any part of string inhibits replacement in the +expansion of the quoted portion, including replacement strings stored +in shell variables. +Backslash will escape & in string; the backslash is removed +in order to permit a literal & in the replacement string. +Backslash can also be used to escape a backslash; \\ results in +a literal backslash in the replacement. +Users should take care if string is double-quoted to avoid +unwanted interactions between the backslash and double-quoting, since +backslash has special meaning within double quotes. +Pattern substitution performs the check for unquoted & after +expanding string; +shell programmers should quote any occurrences of & +they want to be taken literally in the replacement +and ensure any instances of & they want to be replaced are unquoted. +

+If the +nocasematch + +shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +of alphabetic characters. +If +parameter + +is +@ + +or +*, + +the substitution operation is applied to each positional +parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +If +parameter + +is an array variable subscripted with +@ + +or +*, + +the substitution operation is applied to each member of the +array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +

${parameter^pattern}
+ +
${parameter^^pattern}
+
${parameter,pattern}
+
${parameter,,pattern}
+ +Case modification. +This expansion modifies the case of alphabetic characters in parameter. +The pattern is expanded to produce a pattern just as in +pathname expansion. +Each character in the expanded value of parameter is tested against +pattern, and, if it matches the pattern, its case is converted. +The pattern should not attempt to match more than one character. +The ^ operator converts lowercase letters matching pattern +to uppercase; the , operator converts matching uppercase letters +to lowercase. +The ^^ and ,, expansions convert each matched character in the +expanded value; the ^ and , expansions match and convert only +the first character in the expanded value. +If pattern is omitted, it is treated like a ?, which matches +every character. +If +parameter + +is +@ + +or +*, + +the case modification operation is applied to each positional +parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +If +parameter + +is an array variable subscripted with +@ + +or +*, + +the case modification operation is applied to each member of the +array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +
${parameter@operator}
+Parameter transformation. +The expansion is either a transformation of the value of parameter +or information about parameter itself, depending on the value of +operator. Each operator is a single letter: +

+

+ +
+
U + +
+The expansion is a string that is the value of parameter with lowercase +alphabetic characters converted to uppercase. +
u + +
+The expansion is a string that is the value of parameter with the first +character converted to uppercase, if it is alphabetic. +
L + +
+The expansion is a string that is the value of parameter with uppercase +alphabetic characters converted to lowercase. +
Q + +
+The expansion is a string that is the value of parameter quoted in a +format that can be reused as input. +
E + +
+The expansion is a string that is the value of parameter with backslash +escape sequences expanded as with the $aq...aq quoting mechanism. +
P + +
+The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding the value of +parameter as if it were a prompt string (see PROMPTING below). +
A + +
+The expansion is a string in the form of +an assignment statement or declare command that, if +evaluated, will recreate parameter with its attributes and value. +
K + +
+Produces a possibly-quoted version of the value of parameter, +except that it prints the values of +indexed and associative arrays as a sequence of quoted key-value pairs +(see Arrays above). +
a + +
+The expansion is a string consisting of flag values representing +parameter's attributes. +
k + +
+Like the K transformation, but expands the keys and values of +indexed and associative arrays to separate words after word splitting. + +
+

+ +If +parameter + +is +@ + +or +*, + +the operation is applied to each positional +parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +If +parameter + +is an array variable subscripted with +@ + +or +*, + +the operation is applied to each member of the +array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +

+The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and pathname +expansion as described below. +

+ +
+  +

Command Substitution

+ +Command substitution allows the output of a command to replace +the command name. There are two forms: +
+

+ +$(command) +

+ +or +
+`command` +
+ +

+ +Bash + +performs the expansion by executing command in a subshell environment +and replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the +command, with any trailing newlines deleted. +Embedded newlines are not deleted, but they may be removed during +word splitting. +The command substitution $(cat file) can be replaced by +the equivalent but faster $(< file). +

+ +When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used, +backslash retains its literal meaning except when followed by +$, + +`, + +or +\. + +The first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the +command substitution. +When using the $(command) form, all characters between the +parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially. +

+ +Command substitutions may be nested. To nest when using the backquoted form, +escape the inner backquotes with backslashes. +

+ +If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and +pathname expansion are not performed on the results. +  +

Arithmetic Expansion

+ +Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression +and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expansion is: +
+

+ +$((expression)) +

+ +

+ +The +expression + +undergoes the same expansions +as if it were within double quotes, +but double quote characters in expression are not treated specially +and are removed. +All tokens in the expression undergo parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, and quote removal. +The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be evaluated. +Arithmetic expansions may be nested. +

+ +The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under +ARITHMETIC EVALUATION. + + +If +expression + +is invalid, +bash + +prints a message indicating failure and no substitution occurs. +  +

Process Substitution

+ +Process substitution allows a process's input or output to be +referred to using a filename. +It takes the form of +<(list) +or +>(list). +The process list is run asynchronously, and its input or output +appears as a filename. +This filename is +passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the +expansion. +If the >(list) form is used, writing to +the file will provide input for list. If the +<(list) form is used, the file passed as an +argument should be read to obtain the output of list. +Process substitution is supported on systems that support named +pipes (FIFOs) or the /dev/fd method of naming open files. +

+ +When available, process substitution is performed +simultaneously with parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, +and arithmetic expansion. +  +

Word Splitting

+ +The shell scans the results of +parameter expansion, +command substitution, +and +arithmetic expansion +that did not occur within double quotes for +word splitting. + +

+ +The shell treats each character of +IFS + + +as a delimiter, and splits the results of the other +expansions into words using these characters as field terminators. +If +IFS + + +is unset, or its +value is exactly +<space><tab><newline>, + +the default, then +sequences of +<space>, + +<tab>, + +and +<newline> + +at the beginning and end of the results of the previous +expansions are ignored, and +any sequence of +IFS + + +characters not at the beginning or end serves to delimit words. +If +IFS + + +has a value other than the default, then sequences of +the whitespace characters +space, + +tab, + +and +newline + +are ignored at the beginning and end of the +word, as long as the whitespace character is in the +value of +IFS + + +(an +IFS + + +whitespace character). +Any character in +IFS + + +that is not +IFS + + +whitespace, along with any adjacent +IFS + + +whitespace characters, delimits a field. +A sequence of +IFS + + +whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter. +If the value of +IFS + + +is null, no word splitting occurs. +

+ +Explicit null arguments ("" or aqaq) are retained +and passed to commands as empty strings. +Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of +parameters that have no values, are removed. +If a parameter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a +null argument results and is retained +and passed to a command as an empty string. +When a quoted null argument appears as part of a word whose expansion is +non-null, the null argument is removed. +That is, the word +-daqaq becomes -d after word splitting and +null argument removal. +

+ +Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting +is performed. +  +

Pathname Expansion

+ +After word splitting, +unless the +-f + +option has been set, +bash + +scans each word for the characters +*, + +?, + +and +[. + +If one of these characters appears, and is not quoted, then the word is +regarded as a +pattern, + +and replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of +filenames matching the pattern +(see +Pattern Matching + + +below). +If no matching filenames are found, +and the shell option +nullglob + +is not enabled, the word is left unchanged. +If the +nullglob + +option is set, and no matches are found, +the word is removed. +If the +failglob + +shell option is set, and no matches are found, an error message +is printed and the command is not executed. +If the shell option +nocaseglob + +is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +of alphabetic characters. +When a pattern is used for pathname expansion, +the character +``.'' + +at the start of a name or immediately following a slash +must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option +dotglob + +is set. +In order to match the filenames +``.'' + +and +``..'', + +the pattern must begin with ``.'' (for example, ``.?''), +even if +dotglob + +is set. +If the +globskipdots + +shell option is enabled, the filenames +``.'' + +and +``..'' + +are never matched, even if the pattern begins with a +``.''. + +When not matching pathnames, the +``.'' + +character is not treated specially. +When matching a pathname, the slash character must always be +matched explicitly by a slash in the pattern, but in other matching +contexts it can be matched by a special pattern character as described +below under +Pattern Matching. + + +See the description of +shopt + +below under +SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS + + +for a description of the +nocaseglob, + +nullglob, + +globskipdots, + +failglob, + +and +dotglob + +shell options. +

+ +The +GLOBIGNORE + + +shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file names matching a +pattern. + +If +GLOBIGNORE + + +is set, each matching file name that also matches one of the patterns in +GLOBIGNORE + + +is removed from the list of matches. +If the nocaseglob option is set, the matching against the patterns in +GLOBIGNORE + + +is performed without regard to case. +The filenames +``.'' + +and +``..'' + +are always ignored when +GLOBIGNORE + + +is set and not null. However, setting +GLOBIGNORE + + +to a non-null value has the effect of enabling the +dotglob + +shell option, so all other filenames beginning with a +``.'' + +will match. +To get the old behavior of ignoring filenames beginning with a +``.'', + +make +``.*'' + +one of the patterns in +GLOBIGNORE. + + +The +dotglob + +option is disabled when +GLOBIGNORE + + +is unset. +The pattern matching honors the setting of the extglob shell +option. +

+ +Pattern Matching +

+ +Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern +characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not +occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the +escaping backslash is discarded when matching. +The special pattern characters must be quoted if +they are to be matched literally. +

+ +The special pattern characters have the following meanings: +

+ + +

+
+
* + +
+Matches any string, including the null string. +When the globstar shell option is enabled, and * is used in +a pathname expansion context, two adjacent *s used as a single +pattern will match all files and zero or more directories and +subdirectories. +If followed by a /, two adjacent *s will match only directories +and subdirectories. +
? + +
+Matches any single character. +
[...] + +
+Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of characters +separated by a hyphen denotes a +range expression; +any character that falls between those two characters, inclusive, +using the current locale's collating sequence and character set, +is matched. If the first character following the +[ + +is a +! + +or a +^ + +then any character not enclosed is matched. +The sorting order of characters in range expressions, +and the characters included in the range, +are determined by +the current locale and the values of the +LC_COLLATE + + +or +LC_ALL + + +shell variables, if set. +To obtain the traditional interpretation of range expressions, where +[a-d] + +is equivalent to +[abcd], + +set value of the +LC_ALL + +shell variable to +C, + +or enable the +globasciiranges + +shell option. +A +- + +may be matched by including it as the first or last character +in the set. +A +] + +may be matched by including it as the first character +in the set. +
+ +

+ + +Within +[ + +and +], + +character classes can be specified using the syntax +[:class:], where class is one of the +following classes defined in the POSIX standard: +

+

+ +

+ + + +alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lower print punct space upper word xdigit +
+ +A character class matches any character belonging to that class. +The word character class matches letters, digits, and the character _. +
+ +

+ + +Within +[ + +and +], + +an equivalence class can be specified using the syntax +[=c=], which matches all characters with the +same collation weight (as defined by the current locale) as +the character c. +
+ +

+ + +Within +[ + +and +], + +the syntax [.symbol.] matches the collating symbol +symbol. +

+ +
+ + +

+ +If the extglob shell option is enabled using the shopt +builtin, the shell recognizes several extended pattern matching operators. +In the following description, a pattern-list is a list of one +or more patterns separated by a |. +Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the following +sub-patterns: +

+ +

+
+
?(pattern-list)
+Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns +
*(pattern-list)
+Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns +
+(pattern-list)
+Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns +
@(pattern-list)
+Matches one of the given patterns +
!(pattern-list)
+Matches anything except one of the given patterns +
+ + +

+ +Theextglob option changes the behavior of the parser, since the +parentheses are normally treated as operators with syntactic meaning. +To ensure that extended matching patterns are parsed correctly, make sure +that extglob is enabled before parsing constructs containing the +patterns, including shell functions and command substitutions. +

+ +When matching filenames, the dotglob shell option determines +the set of filenames that are tested: +when dotglob is enabled, the set of filenames includes all files +beginning with ``.'', but ``.'' and ``..'' must be matched by a +pattern or sub-pattern that begins with a dot; +when it is disabled, the set does not +include any filenames beginning with ``.'' unless the pattern +or sub-pattern begins with a ``.''. +As above, ``.'' only has a special meaning when matching filenames. +

+ +Complicated extended pattern matching against long strings is slow, +especially when the patterns contain alternations and the strings +contain multiple matches. +Using separate matches against shorter strings, or using arrays of +strings instead of a single long string, may be faster. +  +

Quote Removal

+ +After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the +characters +\, + +aq, + +and " that did not result from one of the above +expansions are removed. +  +

REDIRECTION

+ +Before a command is executed, its input and output +may be +redirected + +using a special notation interpreted by the shell. +Redirection allows commands' file handles to be +duplicated, opened, closed, +made to refer to different files, +and can change the files the command reads from and writes to. +Redirection may also be used to modify file handles in the +current shell execution environment. +The following redirection +operators may precede or appear anywhere within a +simple command + +or may follow a +command. + +Redirections are processed in the order they appear, from +left to right. +

+ +Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number +may instead be preceded by a word of the form {varname}. +In this case, for each redirection operator except +>&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a file descriptor greater +than or equal to 10 and assign it to varname. +If >&- or <&- is preceded +by {varname}, the value of varname defines the file +descriptor to close. +If {varname} is supplied, the redirection persists beyond +the scope of the command, allowing the shell programmer to manage +the file descriptor's lifetime manually. +The varredir_close shell option manages this behavior. +

+ +In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is +omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is +<, + +the redirection refers to the standard input (file descriptor +0). If the first character of the redirection operator is +>, + +the redirection refers to the standard output (file descriptor +1). +

+ +The word following the redirection operator in the following +descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to +brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, arithmetic expansion, quote removal, +pathname expansion, and word splitting. +If it expands to more than one word, +bash + +reports an error. +

+ +Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, +the command +

+

+ +ls > dirlist 2>&1 +

+ +

+ +directs both standard output and standard error to the file +dirlist, + +while the command +

+

+ +ls 2>&1 > dirlist +

+ +

+ +directs only the standard output to file +dirlist, + +because the standard error was duplicated from the standard output +before the standard output was redirected to +dirlist. + +

+ +Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in +redirections, as described in the following table. +If the operating system on which bash is running provides these +special files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them +internally with the behavior described below. +

+

+ + +

+
/dev/fd/fd + +
+If fd is a valid integer, file descriptor fd is duplicated. +
/dev/stdin + +
+File descriptor 0 is duplicated. +
/dev/stdout + +
+File descriptor 1 is duplicated. +
/dev/stderr + +
+File descriptor 2 is duplicated. +
/dev/tcp/host/port + +
+If host is a valid hostname or Internet address, and port +is an integer port number or service name, bash attempts to open +the corresponding TCP socket. +
/dev/udp/host/port + +
+If host is a valid hostname or Internet address, and port +is an integer port number or service name, bash attempts to open +the corresponding UDP socket. + +
+ +

+ +A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail. +

+ +Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with +care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses +internally. +  +

Redirecting Input

+ +Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from +the expansion of +word + +to be opened for reading on file descriptor +n, + +or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if +n + +is not specified. +

+ +The general format for redirecting input is: +

+

+ +[n]<word +

+ +  +

Redirecting Output

+ +Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from +the expansion of +word + +to be opened for writing on file descriptor +n, + +or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if +n + +is not specified. If the file does not exist it is created; +if it does exist it is truncated to zero size. +

+ +The general format for redirecting output is: +

+

+ +[n]>word +

+ +

+ +If the redirection operator is +>, + +and the +noclobber + +option to the +set + +builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file +whose name results from the expansion of word exists and is +a regular file. +If the redirection operator is +>|, + +or the redirection operator is +> + +and the +noclobber + +option to the +set + +builtin command is not enabled, the redirection is attempted even +if the file named by word exists. +  +

Appending Redirected Output

+ +Redirection of output in this fashion +causes the file whose name results from +the expansion of +word + +to be opened for appending on file descriptor +n, + +or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if +n + +is not specified. If the file does not exist it is created. +

+ +The general format for appending output is: +

+

+ +[n]>>word +

+ +  +

Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error

+ +This construct allows both the +standard output (file descriptor 1) and +the standard error output (file descriptor 2) +to be redirected to the file whose name is the +expansion of +word. + +

+ +There are two formats for redirecting standard output and +standard error: +

+

+ +&>word +

+ +and +
+>&word +
+ +

+ +Of the two forms, the first is preferred. +This is semantically equivalent to +

+

+ +>word 2>&1 +

+ +

+ +When using the second form, word may not expand to a number or +-. If it does, other redirection operators apply +(see Duplicating File Descriptors below) for compatibility +reasons. +  +

Appending Standard Output and Standard Error

+ +This construct allows both the +standard output (file descriptor 1) and +the standard error output (file descriptor 2) +to be appended to the file whose name is the +expansion of +word. + +

+ +The format for appending standard output and standard error is: +

+

+ +&>>word +

+ +

+ +This is semantically equivalent to +

+

+ +>>word 2>&1 +

+ +

+ +(see Duplicating File Descriptors below). +  +

Here Documents

+ +This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the +current source until a line containing only +delimiter + +(with no trailing blanks) +is seen. All of +the lines read up to that point are then used as the standard +input (or file descriptor n if n is specified) for a command. +

+ +The format of here-documents is: +

+

+ +

+[n]<<[-]word
+        here-document
+delimiter
+
+ +
+ +

+ +No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, +arithmetic expansion, or pathname expansion is performed on +word. + +If any part of +word + +is quoted, the +delimiter + +is the result of quote removal on +word, + +and the lines in the here-document are not expanded. +If word is unquoted, +all lines of the here-document are subjected to +parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, +the character sequence +\<newline> + +is ignored, and +\ + +must be used to quote the characters +\, + +$, + +and +`. + +

+ +If the redirection operator is +<<-, + +then all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines and the +line containing +delimiter. + +This allows +here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a +natural fashion. +  +

Here Strings

+ +A variant of here documents, the format is: +
+

+ +

+[n]<<<word
+
+ +
+ +

+ +The word undergoes +tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal. +Pathname expansion and word splitting are not performed. +The result is supplied as a single string, with a newline appended, +to the command on its +standard input (or file descriptor n if n is specified). +  +

Duplicating File Descriptors

+ +The redirection operator +
+

+ +[n]<&word +

+ +

+ +is used to duplicate input file descriptors. +If +word + +expands to one or more digits, the file descriptor denoted by +n + +is made to be a copy of that file descriptor. +If the digits in +word + +do not specify a file descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs. +If +word + +evaluates to +-, + +file descriptor +n + +is closed. If +n + +is not specified, the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used. +

+ +The operator +

+

+ +[n]>&word +

+ +

+ +is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If +n + +is not specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. +If the digits in +word + +do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a redirection error occurs. +If +word + +evaluates to +-, + +file descriptor +n + +is closed. +As a special case, if n is omitted, and word does not +expand to one or more digits or -, the standard output and standard +error are redirected as described previously. +  +

Moving File Descriptors

+ +The redirection operator +
+

+ +[n]<&digit- +

+ +

+ +moves the file descriptor digit to file descriptor +n, + +or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if n is not specified. +digit is closed after being duplicated to n. +

+ +Similarly, the redirection operator +

+

+ +[n]>&digit- +

+ +

+ +moves the file descriptor digit to file descriptor +n, + +or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if n is not specified. +  +

Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing

+ +The redirection operator +
+

+ +[n]<>word +

+ +

+ +causes the file whose name is the expansion of +word + +to be opened for both reading and writing on file descriptor +n, + +or on file descriptor 0 if +n + +is not specified. If the file does not exist, it is created. +  +

ALIASES

+ +Aliases allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used +as the first word of a simple command. +The shell maintains a list of aliases that may be set and unset with the +alias + +and +unalias + +builtin commands (see +SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS + + +below). +The first word of each simple command, if unquoted, +is checked to see if it has an +alias. If so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias. +The characters /, $, `, and = and +any of the shell metacharacters or quoting characters +listed above may not appear in an alias name. +The replacement text may contain any valid shell input, +including shell metacharacters. +The first word of the replacement text is tested +for aliases, but a word that is identical to an alias being expanded +is not expanded a second time. +This means that one may alias +ls + +to +ls -F, + +for instance, and +bash + +does not try to recursively expand the replacement text. +If the last character of the alias value is a +blank, + +then the next command +word following the alias is also checked for alias expansion. +

+ +Aliases are created and listed with the +alias + +command, and removed with the +unalias + +command. +

+ +There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. +If arguments are needed, use a shell function (see +FUNCTIONS + + +below). +

+ +Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless +the +expand_aliases + +shell option is set using +shopt + +(see the description of +shopt + +under +SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS +below). +

+ +The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are +somewhat confusing. +Bash + +always reads at least one complete line of input, +and all lines that make up a compound command, +before executing any of the commands on that line or the compound command. +Aliases are expanded when a +command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, an +alias definition appearing on the same line as another +command does not take effect until the next line of input is read. +The commands following the alias definition +on that line are not affected by the new alias. +This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed. +Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read, +not when the function is executed, because a function definition +is itself a command. As a consequence, aliases +defined in a function are not available until after that +function is executed. To be safe, always put +alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use +alias + +in compound commands. +

+ +For almost every purpose, aliases are superseded by +shell functions. +  +

FUNCTIONS

+ +A shell function, defined as described above under +SHELL GRAMMAR, + + +stores a series of commands for later execution. +When the name of a shell function is used as a simple command name, +the list of commands associated with that function name is executed. +Functions are executed in the context of the +current shell; no new process is created to interpret +them (contrast this with the execution of a shell script). +When a function is executed, the arguments to the +function become the positional parameters +during its execution. +The special parameter +# + +is updated to reflect the change. Special parameter 0 +is unchanged. +The first element of the +FUNCNAME + + +variable is set to the name of the function while the function +is executing. +

+ +All other aspects of the shell execution +environment are identical between a function and its caller +with these exceptions: the +DEBUG + + +and +RETURN + +traps (see the description of the +trap + +builtin under +SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS + + +below) are not inherited unless the function has been given the +trace attribute (see the description of the +declare + + +builtin below) or the +-o functrace shell option has been enabled with +the set builtin +(in which case all functions inherit the DEBUG and RETURN traps), +and the +ERR + + +trap is not inherited unless the -o errtrace shell option has +been enabled. +

+ +Variables local to the function may be declared with the +local + +builtin command (local variables). +Ordinarily, variables and their values +are shared between the function and its caller. +If a variable is declared local, the variable's visible scope +is restricted to that function and its children (including the functions +it calls). +

+ +In the following description, the current scope is a currently- +executing function. +Previous scopes consist of that function's caller and so on, +back to the "global" scope, where the shell is not executing +any shell function. +Consequently, a local variable at the current scope is a variable +declared using the local or declare builtins in the +function that is currently executing. +

+ +Local variables "shadow" variables with the same name declared at +previous scopes. +For instance, a local variable declared in a function +hides a global variable of the same name: references and assignments +refer to the local variable, leaving the global variable unmodified. +When the function returns, the global variable is once again visible. +

+ +The shell uses dynamic scoping to control a variable's visibility +within functions. +With dynamic scoping, visible variables and their values +are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused execution +to reach the current function. +The value of a variable that a function sees depends +on its value within its caller, if any, whether that caller is +the "global" scope or another shell function. +This is also the value that a local variable +declaration "shadows", and the value that is restored when the function +returns. +

+ +For example, if a variable var is declared as local in function +func1, and func1 calls another function func2, +references to var made from within func2 will resolve to the +local variable var from func1, shadowing any global variable +named var. +

+ +The unset builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a +variable is local to the current scope, unset will unset it; +otherwise the unset will refer to the variable found in any calling scope +as described above. +If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it will remain so +(appearing as unset) +until it is reset in that scope or until the function returns. +Once the function returns, any instance of the variable at a previous +scope will become visible. +If the unset acts on a variable at a previous scope, any instance of a +variable with that name that had been shadowed will become visible +(see below how the localvar_unset shell option changes this behavior). +

+ +The FUNCNEST variable, if set to a numeric value greater +than 0, defines a maximum function nesting level. Function +invocations that exceed the limit cause the entire command to +abort. +

+ +If the builtin command +return + +is executed in a function, the function completes and +execution resumes with the next command after the function +call. +Any command associated with the RETURN trap is executed +before execution resumes. +When a function completes, the values of the +positional parameters and the special parameter +# + +are restored to the values they had prior to the function's +execution. +

+ +Function names and definitions may be listed with the +-f + +option to the +declare + +or +typeset + +builtin commands. The +-F + +option to +declare + +or +typeset + +will list the function names only +(and optionally the source file and line number, if the extdebug +shell option is enabled). +Functions may be exported so that child shell processes +(those created when executing a separate shell invocation) +automatically have them defined with the +-f + +option to the +export + +builtin. +A function definition may be deleted using the -f option to +the +unset + +builtin. +

+ +Functions may be recursive. +The FUNCNEST variable may be used to limit the depth of the +function call stack and restrict the number of function invocations. +By default, no limit is imposed on the number of recursive calls. +  +

ARITHMETIC EVALUATION

+ +The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under +certain circumstances (see the let and declare builtin +commands, the (( compound command, and Arithmetic Expansion). +Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check for overflow, +though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error. +The operators and their precedence, associativity, and values +are the same as in the C language. +The following list of operators is grouped into levels of +equal-precedence operators. +The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence. +

+ + +

+
id++ id-- + +
+variable post-increment and post-decrement +
- + + +
+unary minus and plus +
++id --id + +
+variable pre-increment and pre-decrement +
! ~ + +
+logical and bitwise negation +
** + +
+exponentiation +
* / % + +
+multiplication, division, remainder +
+ - + +
+addition, subtraction +
<< >> + +
+left and right bitwise shifts +
<= >= < > + +
+comparison +
== != + +
+equality and inequality +
& + +
+bitwise AND +
^ + +
+bitwise exclusive OR +
| + +
+bitwise OR +
&& + +
+logical AND +
|| + +
+logical OR +
expr?expr:expr + +
+conditional operator +
= *= /= %= += -= <<= >>= &= ^= |= + +
+assignment +
expr1 , expr2 + +
+comma + +
+

+ +Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is +performed before the expression is evaluated. +Within an expression, shell variables may also be referenced by name +without using the parameter expansion syntax. +A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to 0 when referenced +by name without using the parameter expansion syntax. +The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression +when it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the +integer attribute using declare -i is assigned a value. +A null value evaluates to 0. +A shell variable need not have its integer attribute +turned on to be used in an expression. +

+ +Integer constants follow the C language definition, without suffixes or +character constants. +Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers. +A leading 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. +Otherwise, numbers take the form [base#]n, where the optional base +is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic +base, and n is a number in that base. +If base# is omitted, then base 10 is used. +When specifying n, +if a non-digit is required, +the digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, +the uppercase letters, @, and _, in that order. +If base is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase +letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers between 10 +and 35. +

+ +Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in +parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence +rules above. +  +

CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS

+ +Conditional expressions are used by the [[ compound command and +the test and [ builtin commands to test file attributes +and perform string and arithmetic comparisons. +The test and [ commands determine their behavior based on +the number of arguments; see the descriptions of those commands for any +other command-specific actions. +

+ +Expressions are formed from the following unary or binary primaries. +Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in +expressions. +If the operating system on which bash is running provides these +special files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them +internally with this behavior: +If any file argument to one of the primaries is of the form +/dev/fd/n, then file descriptor n is checked. +If the file argument to one of the primaries is one of +/dev/stdin, /dev/stdout, or /dev/stderr, file +descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, is checked. +

+ +Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow symbolic +links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link itself. +

+ + +When used with [[, the < and > operators sort +lexicographically using the current locale. +The test command sorts using ASCII ordering. +

+ +

+
-a file + +
+True if file exists. +
-b file + +
+True if file exists and is a block special file. +
-c file + +
+True if file exists and is a character special file. +
-d file + +
+True if file exists and is a directory. +
-e file + +
+True if file exists. +
-f file + +
+True if file exists and is a regular file. +
-g file + +
+True if file exists and is set-group-id. +
-h file + +
+True if file exists and is a symbolic link. +
-k file + +
+True if file exists and its ``sticky'' bit is set. +
-p file + +
+True if file exists and is a named pipe (FIFO). +
-r file + +
+True if file exists and is readable. +
-s file + +
+True if file exists and has a size greater than zero. +
-t fd + +
+True if file descriptor +fd + +is open and refers to a terminal. +
-u file + +
+True if file exists and its set-user-id bit is set. +
-w file + +
+True if file exists and is writable. +
-x file + +
+True if file exists and is executable. +
-G file + +
+True if file exists and is owned by the effective group id. +
-L file + +
+True if file exists and is a symbolic link. +
-N file + +
+True if file exists and has been modified since it was last read. +
-O file + +
+True if file exists and is owned by the effective user id. +
-S file + +
+True if file exists and is a socket. +
file1 -ef file2
+True if file1 and file2 refer to the same device and +inode numbers. +
file1 -nt file2
+True if file1 is newer (according to modification date) than file2, +or if file1 exists and file2 does not. +
file1 -ot file2
+True if file1 is older than file2, or if file2 exists +and file1 does not. +
-o optname + +
+True if the shell option +optname + +is enabled. +See the list of options under the description of the +-o + +option to the +set + +builtin below. +
-v varname + +
+True if the shell variable +varname + +is set (has been assigned a value). +
-R varname + +
+True if the shell variable +varname + +is set and is a name reference. +
-z string + +
+True if the length of string is zero. +
string
+ +
-n string + +
+ +True if the length of +string + +is non-zero. +
string1 == string2
+ +
string1 = string2
+ +True if the strings are equal. = should be used +with the test command for POSIX conformance. +When used with the [[ command, this performs pattern matching as +described above (Compound Commands). +
string1 != string2
+True if the strings are not equal. +
string1 < string2
+True if string1 sorts before string2 lexicographically. +
string1 > string2
+True if string1 sorts after string2 lexicographically. +
arg1 OP arg2 + +
+OP + + +is one of +-eq, + +-ne, + +-lt, + +-le, + +-gt, + +or +-ge. + +These arithmetic binary operators return true if arg1 +is equal to, not equal to, less than, less than or equal to, +greater than, or greater than or equal to arg2, respectively. +Arg1 + +and +arg2 + +may be positive or negative integers. +When used with the [[ command, +Arg1 + +and +Arg2 + +are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (see +ARITHMETIC EVALUATION + + +above). + +
+  +

SIMPLE COMMAND EXPANSION

+ +When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following +expansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right, in +the following order. +
+
1.
+The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments (those +preceding the command name) and redirections are saved for later +processing. +
2.
+The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are +expanded. If any words remain after expansion, the first word +is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words are +the arguments. +
3.
+Redirections are performed as described above under +REDIRECTION. + + +
4.
+The text after the = in each variable assignment undergoes tilde +expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, +and quote removal before being assigned to the variable. +
+

+ +If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current +shell environment. +In the case of such a command (one that consists only of assignment +statements and redirections), assignment statements are performed before +redirections. +Otherwise, the variables are added to the environment +of the executed command and do not affect the current shell environment. +If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a readonly variable, +an error occurs, and the command exits with a non-zero status. +

+ +If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not +affect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the +command to exit with a non-zero status. +

+ +If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as +described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expansions +contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command is +the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If there +were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status of zero. +  +

COMMAND EXECUTION

+ +After a command has been split into words, if it results in a +simple command and an optional list of arguments, the following +actions are taken. +

+ +If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to +locate it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that +function is invoked as described above in +FUNCTIONS. + + +If the name does not match a function, the shell searches for +it in the list of shell builtins. If a match is found, that +builtin is invoked. +

+ +If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, +and contains no slashes, +bash + +searches each element of the +PATH + + +for a directory containing an executable file by that name. +Bash + +uses a hash table to remember the full pathnames of executable +files (see +hash + +under +SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS + + +below). +A full search of the directories in +PATH + + +is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table. +If the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell +function named command_not_found_handle. +If that function exists, it is invoked in a separate execution environment +with the original command and +the original command's arguments as its arguments, and the function's +exit status becomes the exit status of that subshell. +If that function is not defined, the shell prints an error +message and returns an exit status of 127. +

+ +If the search is successful, or if the command name contains +one or more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a +separate execution environment. +Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remaining arguments +to the command are set to the arguments given, if any. +

+ +If this execution fails because the file is not in executable +format, and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be +a shell script, a file +containing shell commands, and the shell creates a +new instance of itself +to execute it. +This subshell reinitializes itself, so +that the effect is as if a new shell had been invoked +to handle the script, with the exception that the locations of +commands remembered by the parent (see +hash + +below under +SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS) +are retained by the child. +

+ +If the program is a file beginning with +#!, + +the remainder of the first line specifies an interpreter +for the program. The shell executes the +specified interpreter on operating systems that do not +handle this executable format themselves. The arguments to the +interpreter consist of a single optional argument following the +interpreter name on the first line of the program, followed +by the name of the program, followed by the command +arguments, if any. +  +

COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT

+ +The shell has an execution environment, which consists of the +following: +
+
*
+open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by +redirections supplied to the exec builtin +
*
+the current working directory as set by cd, pushd, or +popd, or inherited by the shell at invocation +
*
+the file creation mode mask as set by umask or inherited from +the shell's parent +
*
+current traps set by trap +
*
+shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with set +or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment +
*
+shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell's +parent in the environment +
*
+options enabled at invocation (either by default or with command-line +arguments) or by set +
*
+options enabled by shopt +
*
+shell aliases defined with alias +
*
+various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the value +of $$, and the value of +PPID + + +
+

+ +When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function +is to be executed, it +is invoked in a separate execution environment that consists of +the following. +Unless otherwise noted, the values are inherited from the shell. + +

+
*
+the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions specified +by redirections to the command +
*
+the current working directory +
*
+the file creation mode mask +
*
+shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables +exported for the command, passed in the environment +
*
+traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the +shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored +
+

+ +A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the +shell's execution environment. +

+ +A subshell is a copy of the shell process. +

+ +Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, +and asynchronous commands are invoked in a +subshell environment that is a duplicate of the shell environment, +except that traps caught by the shell are reset to the values +that the shell inherited from its parent at invocation. Builtin +commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline are also executed in a +subshell environment. Changes made to the subshell environment +cannot affect the shell's execution environment. +

+ +Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of +the -e option from the parent shell. When not in posix mode, +bash clears the -e option in such subshells. +

+ +If a command is followed by a & and job control is not active, the +default standard input for the command is the empty file /dev/null. +Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the calling +shell as modified by redirections. +  +

ENVIRONMENT

+ +When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings +called the +environment. + +This is a list of +name-value pairs, of the form +name=value. + +

+ +The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment. +On invocation, the shell scans its own environment and +creates a parameter for each name found, automatically marking +it for +export + +to child processes. Executed commands inherit the environment. +The +export + +and +declare -x + +commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and +deleted from the environment. If the value of a parameter +in the environment is modified, the new value becomes part +of the environment, replacing the old. The environment +inherited by any executed command consists of the shell's +initial environment, whose values may be modified in the shell, +less any pairs removed by the +unset + +command, plus any additions via the +export + +and +declare -x + +commands. +

+ +The environment for any +simple command + +or function may be augmented temporarily by prefixing it with +parameter assignments, as described above in +PARAMETERS. + + +These assignment statements affect only the environment seen +by that command. +

+ +If the +-k + +option is set (see the +set + +builtin command below), then +all + +parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, +not just those that precede the command name. +

+ +When +bash + +invokes an external command, the variable +_ + +is set to the full filename of the command and passed to that +command in its environment. +  +

EXIT STATUS

+ +The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the +waitpid system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses +fall between 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may +use values above 125 specially. Exit statuses from shell builtins and +compound commands are also limited to this range. Under certain +circumstances, the shell will use special values to indicate specific +failure modes. +

+ +For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a +zero exit status has succeeded. An exit status of zero +indicates success. A non-zero exit status indicates failure. +When a command terminates on a fatal signal N, bash uses +the value of 128+N as the exit status. +

+ +If a command is not found, the child process created to +execute it returns a status of 127. If a command is found +but is not executable, the return status is 126. +

+ +If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection, +the exit status is greater than zero. +

+ +Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (true) if +successful, and non-zero (false) if an error occurs +while they execute. +All builtins return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, +generally invalid options or missing arguments. +

+ +The exit status of the last command is available in the special +parameter $?. +

+ +Bash itself returns the exit status of the last command +executed, unless a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits +with a non-zero value. See also the exit builtin +command below. +  +

SIGNALS

+ +When bash is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores +SIGTERM + + +(so that kill 0 does not kill an interactive shell), +and +SIGINT + + +is caught and handled (so that the wait builtin is interruptible). +In all cases, bash ignores +SIGQUIT. + + +If job control is in effect, +bash + +ignores +SIGTTIN, + + +SIGTTOU, + + +and +SIGTSTP. + + +

+ +Non-builtin commands run by bash have signal handlers +set to the values inherited by the shell from its parent. +When job control is not in effect, asynchronous commands +ignore +SIGINT + + +and +SIGQUIT + + +in addition to these inherited handlers. +Commands run as a result of command substitution ignore the +keyboard-generated job control signals +SIGTTIN, + + +SIGTTOU, + + +and +SIGTSTP. + + +

+ +The shell exits by default upon receipt of a +SIGHUP. + + +Before exiting, an interactive shell resends the +SIGHUP + + +to all jobs, running or stopped. +Stopped jobs are sent +SIGCONT + + +to ensure that they receive the +SIGHUP. + + +To prevent the shell from +sending the signal to a particular job, it should be removed from the +jobs table with the +disown + +builtin (see +SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS + + +below) or marked +to not receive +SIGHUP + + +using +disown -h. + +

+ +If the +huponexit + +shell option has been set with +shopt, + +bash + +sends a +SIGHUP + + +to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits. +

+ +If bash is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal +for which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until +the command completes. +When bash is waiting for an asynchronous command via the wait +builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has been set will +cause the wait builtin to return immediately with an exit status +greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is executed. +

+ +When job control is not enabled, and bash is waiting for a foreground +command to complete, the shell receives keyboard-generated signals +such as +SIGINT + + +(usually generated by ^C) that users commonly intend to send +to that command. +This happens because the shell and the command are in the +same process group as the terminal, and ^C sends +SIGINT + + +to all processes in that process group. +

+ +When bash is running without job control enabled and receives +SIGINT + + +while waiting for a foreground command, it waits until that foreground +command terminates and then decides what to do about the +SIGINT: + + +

+
1.
+If the command terminates due to the +SIGINT, + + +bash concludes +that the user meant to end the entire script, and acts on the +SIGINT + + +(e.g., by running a +SIGINT + + +trap or exiting itself); +
2.
+If the command does not terminate due to +SIGINT, + + +the program handled the +SIGINT + + +itself and did not treat it as a fatal signal. +In that case, bash does not treat +SIGINT + + +as a fatal signal, either, instead assuming that the +SIGINT + + +was used as part of the program's normal operation +(e.g., emacs uses it to abort editing +commands) or deliberately discarded. +However, bash will run any +trap set on +SIGINT, + + +as it does with any other trapped signal it +receives while it is waiting for the foreground command to +complete, for compatibility. +
+  +

JOB CONTROL

+ +Job control + +refers to the ability to selectively stop (suspend) +the execution of processes and continue (resume) +their execution at a later point. A user typically employs +this facility via an interactive interface supplied jointly +by the operating system kernel's terminal driver and +bash. + +

+ +The shell associates a +job + +with each pipeline. It keeps a table of currently executing +jobs, which may be listed with the +jobs + +command. When +bash + +starts a job asynchronously (in the +background), + +it prints a line that looks like: +

+

+ +[1] 25647 +

+ +

+ +indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID +of the last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647. +All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. +Bash + +uses the +job + +abstraction as the basis for job control. +

+ +To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job +control, the operating system maintains the notion of a current terminal +process group ID. Members of this process group (processes whose +process group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID) +receive keyboard-generated signals such as +SIGINT. + + +These processes are said to be in the +foreground. + +Background + +processes are those whose process group ID differs from the terminal's; +such processes are immune to keyboard-generated signals. +Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, if the +user so specifies with stty tostop, write to the +terminal. +Background processes which attempt to read from (write to when +stty tostop is in effect) the +terminal are sent a +SIGTTIN (SIGTTOU) + + +signal by the kernel's terminal driver, +which, unless caught, suspends the process. +

+ +If the operating system on which +bash + +is running supports +job control, +bash + +contains facilities to use it. +Typing the +suspend + +character (typically +^Z, + +Control-Z) while a process is running +causes that process to be stopped and returns control to +bash. + +Typing the +delayed suspend + +character (typically +^Y, + +Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped when it +attempts to read input from the terminal, and control to +be returned to +bash. + +The user may then manipulate the state of this job, using the +bg + +command to continue it in the background, the +fg + +command to continue it in the foreground, or +the +kill + +command to kill it. A ^Z takes effect immediately, +and has the additional side effect of causing pending output +and typeahead to be discarded. +

+ +There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. +The character +% + +introduces a job specification (jobspec). Job number +n + +may be referred to as +%n. + +A job may also be referred to using a prefix of the name used to +start it, or using a substring that appears in its command line. +For example, +%ce + +refers to a stopped +job whose command name begins with +ce. + +If a prefix matches more than one job, +bash + +reports an error. Using +%?ce, + +on the other hand, refers to any job containing the string +ce + +in its command line. If the substring matches more than one job, +bash + +reports an error. The symbols +%% + +and +%+ + +refer to the shell's notion of the +current job, + +which is the last job stopped while it was in +the foreground or started in the background. +The +previous job + +may be referenced using +%-. + +If there is only a single job, %+ and %- can both be used +to refer to that job. +In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the +jobs + +command), the current job is always flagged with a ++, + +and the previous job with a +-. + +A single % (with no accompanying job specification) also refers to the +current job. +

+ +Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the +foreground: +%1 + +is a synonym for +``fg %1'', +bringing job 1 from the background into the foreground. +Similarly, +``%1 &'' + +resumes job 1 in the background, equivalent to +``bg %1''. +

+ +The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. +Normally, +bash + +waits until it is about to print a prompt before reporting +changes in a job's status so as to not interrupt +any other output. If the +-b + +option to the +set + +builtin command +is enabled, +bash + +reports such changes immediately. +Any trap on +SIGCHLD + + +is executed for each child that exits. +

+ +If an attempt to exit +bash + +is made while jobs are stopped (or, if the checkjobs shell option has +been enabled using the shopt builtin, running), the shell prints a +warning message, and, if the checkjobs option is enabled, lists the +jobs and their statuses. +The +jobs + +command may then be used to inspect their status. +If a second attempt to exit is made without an intervening command, +the shell does not print another warning, and any stopped +jobs are terminated. +

+ +When the shell is waiting for a job or process using the wait +builtin, and job control is enabled, wait will return when the +job changes state. The -f option causes wait to wait +until the job or process terminates before returning. +  +

PROMPTING

+ +When executing interactively, +bash + +displays the primary prompt +PS1 + + +when it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt +PS2 + + +when it needs more input to complete a command. +Bash + +displays +PS0 + + +after it reads a command but before executing it. +Bash + +displays +PS4 + + +as described above +before tracing each command when the -x option is enabled. +Bash + +allows these prompt strings to be customized by inserting a number of +backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded as follows: +
+ +
+
\a + +
+an ASCII bell character (07) +
\d + +
+the date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May 26") +
\D{format} + +
+the format is passed to strftime(3) and the result is inserted +into the prompt string; an empty format results in a locale-specific +time representation. The braces are required +
\e + +
+an ASCII escape character (033) +
\h + +
+the hostname up to the first `.' +
\H + +
+the hostname +
\j + +
+the number of jobs currently managed by the shell +
\l + +
+the basename of the shell's terminal device name +
\n + +
+newline +
\r + +
+carriage return +
\s + +
+the name of the shell, the basename of +$0 + +(the portion following the final slash) +
\t + +
+the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format +
\T + +
+the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format +
\@ + +
+the current time in 12-hour am/pm format +
\A + +
+the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format +
\u + +
+the username of the current user +
\v + +
+the version of bash (e.g., 2.00) +
\V + +
+the release of bash, version + patch level (e.g., 2.00.0) +
\w + +
+the value of the PWD shell variable ($PWD), +with +$HOME + + +abbreviated with a tilde +(uses the value of the +PROMPT_DIRTRIM + + +variable) +
\W + +
+the basename of $PWD, +with +$HOME + + +abbreviated with a tilde +
\! + +
+the history number of this command +
\# + +
+the command number of this command +
\$ + +
+if the effective UID is 0, a +#, + +otherwise a +$ + +
\nnn + +
+the character corresponding to the octal number nnn +
\\ + +
+a backslash +
\[ + +
+begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could be used to +embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt +
\] + +
+end a sequence of non-printing characters + +
+ +

+ +The command number and the history number are usually different: +the history number of a command is its position in the history +list, which may include commands restored from the history file +(see +HISTORY + + +below), while the command number is the position in the sequence +of commands executed during the current shell session. +After the string is decoded, it is expanded via +parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic +expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of the +promptvars + +shell option (see the description of the +shopt + +command under +SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS + + +below). +This can have unwanted side effects if escaped portions of the string +appear within command substitution or contain characters special to +word expansion. +  +

READLINE

+ +This is the library that handles reading input when using an interactive +shell, unless the +--noediting + +option is given at shell invocation. +Line editing is also used when using the -e option to the +read builtin. +By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs. +A vi-style line editing interface is also available. +Line editing can be enabled at any time using the +-o emacs + +or +-o vi + +options to the +set + +builtin (see +SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS + + +below). +To turn off line editing after the shell is running, use the ++o emacs + +or ++o vi + +options to the +set + +builtin. +  +

Readline Notation

+ +In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote +keystrokes. Control keys are denoted by C-key, e.g., C-n +means Control-N. Similarly, +meta + +keys are denoted by M-key, so M-x means Meta-X. (On keyboards +without a +meta + +key, M-x means ESC x, i.e., press the Escape key +then the +x + +key. This makes ESC the meta prefix. +The combination M-C-x means ESC-Control-x, +or press the Escape key +then hold the Control key while pressing the +x + +key.) +

+ +Readline commands may be given numeric +arguments, + +which normally act as a repeat count. +Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument that is significant. +Passing a negative argument to a command that acts in the forward +direction (e.g., kill-line) causes that command to act in a +backward direction. +Commands whose behavior with arguments deviates from this are noted +below. +

+ +When a command is described as killing text, the text +deleted is saved for possible future retrieval +(yanking). The killed text is saved in a +kill ring. Consecutive kills cause the text to be +accumulated into one unit, which can be yanked all at once. +Commands which do not kill text separate the chunks of text +on the kill ring. +  +

Readline Initialization

+ +Readline is customized by putting commands in an initialization +file (the inputrc file). +The name of this file is taken from the value of the +INPUTRC + + +variable. If that variable is unset, the default is +~/.inputrc. + +If that file does not exist or cannot be read, the ultimate default is +/etc/inputrc. + +When a program which uses the readline library starts up, the +initialization file is read, and the key bindings and variables +are set. +There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the +readline initialization file. +Blank lines are ignored. +Lines beginning with a # are comments. +Lines beginning with a $ indicate conditional constructs. +Other lines denote key bindings and variable settings. +

+ +The default key-bindings may be changed with an +inputrc + +file. +Other programs that use this library may add their own commands +and bindings. +

+ +For example, placing +

+

+ +M-Control-u: universal-argument +

+ +or +
+C-Meta-u: universal-argument +
+ +into the +inputrc + +would make M-C-u execute the readline command +universal-argument. + +

+ +The following symbolic character names are recognized: +RUBOUT, + +DEL, + +ESC, + +LFD, + +NEWLINE, + +RET, + +RETURN, + +SPC, + +SPACE, + +and +TAB. + +

+ +In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound +to a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a macro). +  +

Readline Key Bindings

+ +The syntax for controlling key bindings in the +inputrc + +file is simple. All that is required is the name of the +command or the text of a macro and a key sequence to which +it should be bound. The name may be specified in one of two ways: +as a symbolic key name, possibly with Meta- or Control- +prefixes, or as a key sequence. +

+ +When using the form keyname:function-name or macro, +keyname + +is the name of a key spelled out in English. For example: +

+

+Control-u: universal-argument +
+ +Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word +
+ +Control-o: "> output" +
+ +

+ +In the above example, +C-u + +is bound to the function +universal-argument, + +M-DEL + +is bound to the function +backward-kill-word, + +and +C-o + +is bound to run the macro +expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text +> output + +into the line). +

+ +In the second form, "keyseq":function-name or macro, +keyseq + +differs from +keyname + +above in that strings denoting +an entire key sequence may be specified by placing the sequence +within double quotes. Some GNU Emacs style key escapes can be +used, as in the following example, but the symbolic character names +are not recognized. +

+

+"\C-u": universal-argument +
+ +"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file +
+ +"\e[11~": "Function Key 1" +
+ +

+ +In this example, +C-u + +is again bound to the function +universal-argument. + +C-x C-r + +is bound to the function +re-read-init-file, + +and +ESC [ 1 1 ~ + +is bound to insert the text +Function Key 1. + +

+ +The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is +

+ +
+
\C- + +
+control prefix +
\M- + +
+meta prefix +
\e + +
+an escape character +
\\ + +
+backslash +
\ + +
+literal " +
\aq + +
+literal aq +
+ + +

+ +In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second +set of backslash escapes is available: +

+ +
+
\a + +
+alert (bell) +
\b + +
+backspace +
\d + +
+delete +
\f + +
+form feed +
\n + +
+newline +
\r + +
+carriage return +
\t + +
+horizontal tab +
\v + +
+vertical tab +
\nnn + +
+the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value nnn +(one to three digits) +
\xHH + +
+the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH +(one or two hex digits) +
+ + +

+ +When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must +be used to indicate a macro definition. +Unquoted text is assumed to be a function name. +In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above are expanded. +Backslash will quote any other character in the macro text, +including " and aq. +

+ +Bash + +allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modified +with the +bind + +builtin command. The editing mode may be switched during interactive +use by using the +-o + +option to the +set + +builtin command (see +SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS + + +below). +  +

Readline Variables

+ +Readline has variables that can be used to further customize its +behavior. A variable may be set in the +inputrc + +file with a statement of the form +
+

+ +set variable-name value +

+ +or using the bind builtin command (see +SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS + + +below). +

+ +Except where noted, readline variables can take the values +On + +or +Off + +(without regard to case). +Unrecognized variable names are ignored. +When a variable value is read, empty or null values, "on" (case-insensitive), +and "1" are equivalent to On. All other values are equivalent to +Off. +The variables and their default values are: +

+ + +

+
active-region-start-color + +
+A string variable that controls the text color and background when displaying +the text in the active region (see the description of +enable-active-region below). +This string must not take up any physical character positions on the display, +so it should consist only of terminal escape sequences. +It is output to the terminal before displaying the text in the active region. +This variable is reset to the default value whenever the terminal type changes. +The default value is the string that puts the terminal in standout mode, +as obtained from the terminal's terminfo description. +A sample value might be "\e[01;33m". +
active-region-end-color + +
+A string variable that "undoes" the effects of active-region-start-color +and restores "normal" terminal display appearance after displaying text +in the active region. +This string must not take up any physical character positions on the display, +so it should consist only of terminal escape sequences. +It is output to the terminal after displaying the text in the active region. +This variable is reset to the default value whenever the terminal type changes. +The default value is the string that restores the terminal from standout mode, +as obtained from the terminal's terminfo description. +A sample value might be "\e[0m". +
bell-style (audible) + +
+Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal bell. +If set to none, readline never rings the bell. If set to +visible, readline uses a visible bell if one is available. +If set to audible, readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell. +
bind-tty-special-chars (On) + +
+If set to On, readline attempts to bind the control characters +treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to their readline +equivalents. +
blink-matching-paren (Off) + +
+If set to On, readline attempts to briefly move the cursor to an +opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is inserted. +
colored-completion-prefix (Off) + +
+If set to On, when listing completions, readline displays the +common prefix of the set of possible completions using a different color. +The color definitions are taken from the value of the LS_COLORS +environment variable. +If there is a color definition in $LS_COLORS for the custom suffix +"readline-colored-completion-prefix", readline uses this color for +the common prefix instead of its default. +
colored-stats (Off) + +
+If set to On, readline displays possible completions using different +colors to indicate their file type. +The color definitions are taken from the value of the LS_COLORS +environment variable. +
comment-begin (``#'') + +
+The string that is inserted when the readline +insert-comment + +command is executed. +This command is bound to +M-# + +in emacs mode and to +# + +in vi command mode. +
completion-display-width (-1) + +
+The number of screen columns used to display possible matches +when performing completion. +The value is ignored if it is less than 0 or greater than the terminal +screen width. +A value of 0 will cause matches to be displayed one per line. +The default value is -1. +
completion-ignore-case (Off) + +
+If set to On, readline performs filename matching and completion +in a case-insensitive fashion. +
completion-map-case (Off) + +
+If set to On, and completion-ignore-case is enabled, readline +treats hyphens (-) and underscores (_) as equivalent when +performing case-insensitive filename matching and completion. +
completion-prefix-display-length (0) + +
+The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible +completions that is displayed without modification. When set to a +value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than this value are +replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions. +
completion-query-items (100) + +
+This determines when the user is queried about viewing +the number of possible completions +generated by the possible-completions command. +It may be set to any integer value greater than or equal to zero. +If the number of possible completions is greater than +or equal to the value of this variable, +readline will ask whether or not the user wishes to view them; +otherwise they are simply listed on the terminal. +A zero value means readline should never ask; negative values are +treated as zero. +
convert-meta (On) + +
+If set to On, readline will convert characters with the +eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence +by stripping the eighth bit and prefixing an +escape character (in effect, using escape as the meta prefix). +The default is On, but readline will set it to Off if the +locale contains eight-bit characters. +This variable is dependent on the LC_CTYPE locale category, and +may change if the locale is changed. +
disable-completion (Off) + +
+If set to On, readline will inhibit word completion. Completion +characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been +mapped to self-insert. +
echo-control-characters (On) + +
+When set to On, on operating systems that indicate they support it, +readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal generated from the +keyboard. +
editing-mode (emacs) + +
+Controls whether readline begins with a set of key bindings similar +to Emacs or vi. +editing-mode + +can be set to either +emacs + +or +vi. + +
emacs-mode-string (@) + +
+If the show-mode-in-prompt variable is enabled, +this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary +prompt when emacs editing mode is active. The value is expanded like a +key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and +backslash escape sequences is available. +Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of +non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control +sequence into the mode string. +
enable-active-region (On) + +
+The point is the current cursor position, and mark refers +to a saved cursor position. +The text between the point and mark is referred to as the region. +When this variable is set to On, readline allows certain commands +to designate the region as active. +When the region is active, readline highlights the text in the region using +the value of the active-region-start-color, which defaults to the +string that enables +the terminal's standout mode. +The active region shows the text inserted by bracketed-paste and any +matching text found by incremental and non-incremental history searches. +
enable-bracketed-paste (On) + +
+When set to On, readline configures the terminal to insert each +paste into the editing buffer as a single string of characters, instead +of treating each character as if it had been read from the keyboard. +This prevents readline from executing any editing commands bound to key +sequences appearing in the pasted text. +
enable-keypad (Off) + +
+When set to On, readline will try to enable the application +keypad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the +arrow keys. +
enable-meta-key (On) + +
+When set to On, readline will try to enable any meta modifier +key the terminal claims to support when it is called. On many terminals, +the meta key is used to send eight-bit characters. +
expand-tilde (Off) + +
+If set to On, tilde expansion is performed when readline +attempts word completion. +
history-preserve-point (Off) + +
+If set to On, the history code attempts to place point at the +same location on each history line retrieved with previous-history +or next-history. +
history-size (unset) + +
+Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history list. +If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted and no new entries +are saved. +If set to a value less than zero, the number of history entries is not +limited. +By default, the number of history entries is set to the value of the +HISTSIZE shell variable. +If an attempt is made to set history-size to a non-numeric value, +the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500. +
horizontal-scroll-mode (Off) + +
+When set to On, makes readline use a single line for display, +scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line when it +becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a new line. +This setting is automatically enabled for terminals of height 1. +
input-meta (Off) + +
+If set to On, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, +it will not strip the eighth bit from the characters it reads), +regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The name +meta-flag + +is a synonym for this variable. +The default is Off, but readline will set it to On if the +locale contains eight-bit characters. +This variable is dependent on the LC_CTYPE locale category, and +may change if the locale is changed. +
isearch-terminators (``C-[C-J'') + +
+The string of characters that should terminate an incremental +search without subsequently executing the character as a command. +If this variable has not been given a value, the characters +ESC and C-J will terminate an incremental search. +
keymap (emacs) + +
+Set the current readline keymap. The set of valid keymap names is +emacs, emacs-standard, emacs-meta, emacs-ctlx, vi, +vi-command, and +vi-insert. + +vi is equivalent to vi-command; emacs is +equivalent to emacs-standard. The default value is +emacs; + +the value of +editing-mode + +also affects the default keymap. +
keyseq-timeout (500) + +
+Specifies the duration readline will wait for a character when reading an +ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete key sequence using +the input read so far, or can take additional input to complete a longer +key sequence). +If no input is received within the timeout, readline will use the shorter +but complete key sequence. +The value is specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that +readline will wait one second for additional input. +If this variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a +non-numeric value, readline will wait until another key is pressed to +decide which key sequence to complete. +
mark-directories (On) + +
+If set to On, completed directory names have a slash +appended. +
mark-modified-lines (Off) + +
+If set to On, history lines that have been modified are displayed +with a preceding asterisk (*). +
mark-symlinked-directories (Off) + +
+If set to On, completed names which are symbolic links to directories +have a slash appended (subject to the value of +mark-directories). +
match-hidden-files (On) + +
+This variable, when set to On, causes readline to match files whose +names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when performing filename +completion. +If set to Off, the leading `.' must be +supplied by the user in the filename to be completed. +
menu-complete-display-prefix (Off) + +
+If set to On, menu completion displays the common prefix of the +list of possible completions (which may be empty) before cycling through +the list. +
output-meta (Off) + +
+If set to On, readline will display characters with the +eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape +sequence. +The default is Off, but readline will set it to On if the +locale contains eight-bit characters. +This variable is dependent on the LC_CTYPE locale category, and +may change if the locale is changed. +
page-completions (On) + +
+If set to On, readline uses an internal more-like pager +to display a screenful of possible completions at a time. +
print-completions-horizontally (Off) + +
+If set to On, readline will display completions with matches +sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen. +
revert-all-at-newline (Off) + +
+If set to On, readline will undo all changes to history lines +before returning when accept-line is executed. By default, +history lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across +calls to readline. +
show-all-if-ambiguous (Off) + +
+This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. If +set to +On, + +words which have more than one possible completion cause the +matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell. +
show-all-if-unmodified (Off) + +
+This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in +a fashion similar to show-all-if-ambiguous. +If set to +On, + +words which have more than one possible completion without any +possible partial completion (the possible completions don't share +a common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately instead +of ringing the bell. +
show-mode-in-prompt (Off) + +
+If set to On, add a string to the beginning of the prompt +indicating the editing mode: emacs, vi command, or vi insertion. +The mode strings are user-settable (e.g., emacs-mode-string). +
skip-completed-text (Off) + +
+If set to On, this alters the default completion behavior when +inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when +performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled, readline +does not insert characters from the completion that match characters +after point in the word being completed, so portions of the word +following the cursor are not duplicated. +
vi-cmd-mode-string ((cmd)) + +
+If the show-mode-in-prompt variable is enabled, +this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary +prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command mode. +The value is expanded like a +key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and +backslash escape sequences is available. +Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of +non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control +sequence into the mode string. +
vi-ins-mode-string ((ins)) + +
+If the show-mode-in-prompt variable is enabled, +this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary +prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode. +The value is expanded like a +key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and +backslash escape sequences is available. +Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of +non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control +sequence into the mode string. +
visible-stats (Off) + +
+If set to On, a character denoting a file's type as reported +by stat(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible +completions. + +
+  +

Readline Conditional Constructs

+ +Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional +compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key +bindings and variable settings to be performed as the result +of tests. There are four parser directives used. +
+
$if
+The +$if + +construct allows bindings to be made based on the +editing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using +readline. The text of the test, after any comparison operator, +
 extends to the end of the line; +unless otherwise noted, no characters are required to isolate it. +
+
+
mode
+The mode= form of the $if directive is used to test +whether readline is in emacs or vi mode. +This may be used in conjunction +with the set keymap command, for instance, to set bindings in +the emacs-standard and emacs-ctlx keymaps only if +readline is starting out in emacs mode. +
term
+The term= form may be used to include terminal-specific +key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the +terminal's function keys. The word on the right side of the += + +is tested against both the full name of the terminal and the portion +of the terminal name before the first -. This allows +sun + +to match both +sun + +and +sun-cmd, + +for instance. +
version
+The version test may be used to perform comparisons against +specific readline versions. +The version expands to the current readline version. +The set of comparison operators includes +=, + +(and +==), + +!=, + +<=, + +>=, + +<, + +and +>. + +The version number supplied on the right side of the operator consists +of a major version number, an optional decimal point, and an optional +minor version (e.g., 7.1). If the minor version is omitted, it +is assumed to be 0. +The operator may be separated from the string version +and from the version number argument by whitespace. +
application
+The application construct is used to include +application-specific settings. Each program using the readline +library sets the application name, and an initialization +file can test for a particular value. +This could be used to bind key sequences to functions useful for +a specific program. For instance, the following command adds a +key sequence that quotes the current or previous word in bash: +

+

+
+$if Bash
+# Quote the current or previous word
+"\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\""
+$endif
+
+ +
+ +
variable
+The variable construct provides simple equality tests for readline +variables and values. +The permitted comparison operators are =, ==, and !=. +The variable name must be separated from the comparison operator by +whitespace; the operator may be separated from the value on the right hand +side by whitespace. +Both string and boolean variables may be tested. Boolean variables must be +tested against the values on and off. +
+ +
$endif
+This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an +$if command. +
$else
+Commands in this branch of the $if directive are executed if +the test fails. +
$include
+This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads commands +and bindings from that file. For example, the following directive +would read /etc/inputrc: +

+

+
+$include  /etc/inputrc
+
+ +
+ +
+  +

Searching

+ +Readline provides commands for searching through the command history +(see +HISTORY + + +below) for lines containing a specified string. +There are two search modes: +incremental + +and +non-incremental. + +

+ +Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the +search string. +As each character of the search string is typed, readline displays +the next entry from the history matching the string typed so far. +An incremental search requires only as many characters as needed to +find the desired history entry. +The characters present in the value of the isearch-terminators +variable are used to terminate an incremental search. +If that variable has not been assigned a value the Escape and +Control-J characters will terminate an incremental search. +Control-G will abort an incremental search and restore the original +line. +When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the +search string becomes the current line. +

+ +To find other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or +Control-R as appropriate. +This will search backward or forward in the history for the next +entry matching the search string typed so far. +Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate +the search and execute that command. +For instance, a newline will terminate the search and accept +the line, thereby executing the command from the history list. +

+ +Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two +Control-Rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a +new search string, any remembered search string is used. +

+ +Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting +to search for matching history lines. The search string may be +typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line. +  +

Readline Command Names

+ +The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default +key sequences to which they are bound. +Command names without an accompanying key sequence are unbound by default. +In the following descriptions, point refers to the current cursor +position, and mark refers to a cursor position saved by the +set-mark command. +The text between the point and mark is referred to as the region. +  +

Commands for Moving

+ + +
+
beginning-of-line (C-a) + +
+Move to the start of the current line. +
end-of-line (C-e) + +
+Move to the end of the line. +
forward-char (C-f) + +
+Move forward a character. +
backward-char (C-b) + +
+Move back a character. +
forward-word (M-f) + +
+Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of +alphanumeric characters (letters and digits). +
backward-word (M-b) + +
+Move back to the start of the current or previous word. +Words are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits). +
shell-forward-word + +
+Move forward to the end of the next word. +Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. +
shell-backward-word + +
+Move back to the start of the current or previous word. +Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. +
previous-screen-line + +
+Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the previous +physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current +readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if point is not +greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width. +
next-screen-line + +
+Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the next +physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current +readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if the length +of the current readline line is not greater than the length of the prompt +plus the screen width. +
clear-display (M-C-l) + +
+Clear the screen and, if possible, the terminal's scrollback buffer, +then redraw the current line, +leaving the current line at the top of the screen. +
clear-screen (C-l) + +
+Clear the screen, +then redraw the current line, +leaving the current line at the top of the screen. +With an argument, refresh the current line without clearing the +screen. +
redraw-current-line + +
+Refresh the current line. + +
+  +

Commands for Manipulating the History

+ + +
+
accept-line (Newline, Return) + +
+Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line is +non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state of the +HISTCONTROL + + +variable. If the line is a modified history +line, then restore the history line to its original state. +
previous-history (C-p) + +
+Fetch the previous command from the history list, moving back in +the list. +
next-history (C-n) + +
+Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in the +list. +
beginning-of-history (M-<) + +
+Move to the first line in the history. +
end-of-history (M->) + +
+Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently being +entered. +
operate-and-get-next (C-o) + +
+Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line +relative to the current line from the history for editing. +A numeric argument, if supplied, specifies the history entry to use instead +of the current line. +
fetch-history + +
+With a numeric argument, fetch that entry from the history list +and make it the current line. +Without an argument, move back to the first entry in the history list. +
reverse-search-history (C-r) + +
+Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' through +the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. +
forward-search-history (C-s) + +
+Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' through +the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. +
non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p) + +
+Search backward through the history starting at the current line +using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the user. +
non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n) + +
+Search forward through the history using a non-incremental search for +a string supplied by the user. +
history-search-forward + +
+Search forward through the history for the string of characters +between the start of the current line and the point. +This is a non-incremental search. +
history-search-backward + +
+Search backward through the history for the string of characters +between the start of the current line and the point. +This is a non-incremental search. +
history-substring-search-backward + +
+Search backward through the history for the string of characters +between the start of the current line and the current cursor +position (the point). +The search string may match anywhere in a history line. +This is a non-incremental search. +
history-substring-search-forward + +
+Search forward through the history for the string of characters +between the start of the current line and the point. +The search string may match anywhere in a history line. +This is a non-incremental search. +
yank-nth-arg (M-C-y) + +
+Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually +the second word on the previous line) at point. +With an argument +n, + +insert the nth word from the previous command (the words +in the previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument +inserts the nth word from the end of the previous command. +Once the argument n is computed, the argument is extracted +as if the "!n" history expansion had been specified. +
yank-last-arg (M-., M-_) + +
+Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word of +the previous history entry). +With a numeric argument, behave exactly like yank-nth-arg. +Successive calls to yank-last-arg move back through the history +list, inserting the last word (or the word specified by the argument to +the first call) of each line in turn. +Any numeric argument supplied to these successive calls determines +the direction to move through the history. A negative argument switches +the direction through the history (back or forward). +The history expansion facilities are used to extract the last word, +as if the "!$" history expansion had been specified. +
shell-expand-line (M-C-e) + +
+Expand the line as the shell does. This +performs alias and history expansion as well as all of the shell +word expansions. See +HISTORY EXPANSION + + +below for a description of history expansion. +
history-expand-line (M-^) + +
+Perform history expansion on the current line. +See +HISTORY EXPANSION + + +below for a description of history expansion. +
magic-space + +
+Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a space. +See +HISTORY EXPANSION + + +below for a description of history expansion. +
alias-expand-line + +
+Perform alias expansion on the current line. +See +ALIASES + + +above for a description of alias expansion. +
history-and-alias-expand-line + +
+Perform history and alias expansion on the current line. +
insert-last-argument (M-., M-_) + +
+A synonym for yank-last-arg. +
edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e) + +
+Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the result as shell +commands. +Bash attempts to invoke +$VISUAL, + + +$EDITOR, + + +and emacs as the editor, in that order. + +
+  +

Commands for Changing Text

+ + +
+
end-of-file (usually C-d) + +
+The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by +stty. + +If this character is read when there are no characters +on the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, readline +interprets it as the end of input and returns +EOF. + + +
delete-char (C-d) + +
+Delete the character at point. +If this function is bound to the +same character as the tty EOF character, as C-d +commonly is, see above for the effects. +
backward-delete-char (Rubout) + +
+Delete the character behind the cursor. When given a numeric argument, +save the deleted text on the kill ring. +
forward-backward-delete-char + +
+Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the +end of the line, in which case the character behind the cursor is +deleted. +
quoted-insert (C-q, C-v) + +
+Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is +how to insert characters like C-q, for example. +
tab-insert (C-v TAB) + +
+Insert a tab character. +
self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...) + +
+Insert the character typed. +
transpose-chars (C-t) + +
+Drag the character before point forward over the character at point, +moving point forward as well. +If point is at the end of the line, then this transposes +the two characters before point. +Negative arguments have no effect. +
transpose-words (M-t) + +
+Drag the word before point past the word after point, +moving point over that word as well. +If point is at the end of the line, this transposes +the last two words on the line. +
upcase-word (M-u) + +
+Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, +uppercase the previous word, but do not move point. +
downcase-word (M-l) + +
+Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, +lowercase the previous word, but do not move point. +
capitalize-word (M-c) + +
+Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, +capitalize the previous word, but do not move point. +
overwrite-mode + +
+Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argument, +switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive numeric +argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects only +emacs mode; vi mode does overwrite differently. +Each call to readline() starts in insert mode. +In overwrite mode, characters bound to self-insert replace +the text at point rather than pushing the text to the right. +Characters bound to backward-delete-char replace the character +before point with a space. By default, this command is unbound. + +
+  +

Killing and Yanking

+ + +
+
kill-line (C-k) + +
+Kill the text from point to the end of the line. +
backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout) + +
+Kill backward to the beginning of the line. +
unix-line-discard (C-u) + +
+Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line. +The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. + +
kill-whole-line + +
+Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is. +
kill-word (M-d) + +
+Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between +words, to the end of the next word. +Word boundaries are the same as those used by forward-word. +
backward-kill-word (M-Rubout) + +
+Kill the word behind point. +Word boundaries are the same as those used by backward-word. +
shell-kill-word + +
+Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between +words, to the end of the next word. +Word boundaries are the same as those used by shell-forward-word. +
shell-backward-kill-word + +
+Kill the word behind point. +Word boundaries are the same as those used by shell-backward-word. +
unix-word-rubout (C-w) + +
+Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary. +The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. +
unix-filename-rubout + +
+Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash character +as the word boundaries. +The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. +
delete-horizontal-space (M-\) + +
+Delete all spaces and tabs around point. +
kill-region + +
+Kill the text in the current region. +
copy-region-as-kill + +
+Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer. +
copy-backward-word + +
+Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. +The word boundaries are the same as backward-word. +
copy-forward-word + +
+Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. +The word boundaries are the same as forward-word. +
yank (C-y) + +
+Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point. +
yank-pop (M-y) + +
+Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top. Only works following +yank + +or +yank-pop. + + +
+  +

Numeric Arguments

+ + +
+
digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ..., M--) + +
+Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new +argument. M-- starts a negative argument. +
universal-argument + +
+This is another way to specify an argument. +If this command is followed by one or more digits, optionally with a +leading minus sign, those digits define the argument. +If the command is followed by digits, executing +universal-argument + +again ends the numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored. +As a special case, if this command is immediately followed by a +character that is neither a digit nor minus sign, the argument count +for the next command is multiplied by four. +The argument count is initially one, so executing this function the +first time makes the argument count four, a second time makes the +argument count sixteen, and so on. + +
+  +

Completing

+ + +
+
complete (TAB) + +
+Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. +Bash + +attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the +text begins with $), username (if the text begins with +~), hostname (if the text begins with @), or +command (including aliases and functions) in turn. If none +of these produces a match, filename completion is attempted. +
possible-completions (M-?) + +
+List the possible completions of the text before point. +
insert-completions (M-*) + +
+Insert all completions of the text before point +that would have been generated by +possible-completions. +
menu-complete + +
+Similar to complete, but replaces the word to be completed +with a single match from the list of possible completions. +Repeated execution of menu-complete steps through the list +of possible completions, inserting each match in turn. +At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung +(subject to the setting of bell-style) +and the original text is restored. +An argument of n moves n positions forward in the list +of matches; a negative argument may be used to move backward +through the list. +This command is intended to be bound to TAB, but is unbound +by default. +
menu-complete-backward + +
+Identical to menu-complete, but moves backward through the list +of possible completions, as if menu-complete had been given a +negative argument. This command is unbound by default. +
delete-char-or-list + +
+Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or +end of the line (like delete-char). +If at the end of the line, behaves identically to +possible-completions. +This command is unbound by default. +
complete-filename (M-/) + +
+Attempt filename completion on the text before point. +
possible-filename-completions (C-x /) + +
+List the possible completions of the text before point, +treating it as a filename. +
complete-username (M-~) + +
+Attempt completion on the text before point, treating +it as a username. +
possible-username-completions (C-x ~) + +
+List the possible completions of the text before point, +treating it as a username. +
complete-variable (M-$) + +
+Attempt completion on the text before point, treating +it as a shell variable. +
possible-variable-completions (C-x $) + +
+List the possible completions of the text before point, +treating it as a shell variable. +
complete-hostname (M-@) + +
+Attempt completion on the text before point, treating +it as a hostname. +
possible-hostname-completions (C-x @) + +
+List the possible completions of the text before point, +treating it as a hostname. +
complete-command (M-!) + +
+Attempt completion on the text before point, treating +it as a command name. Command completion attempts to +match the text against aliases, reserved words, shell +functions, shell builtins, and finally executable filenames, +in that order. +
possible-command-completions (C-x !) + +
+List the possible completions of the text before point, +treating it as a command name. +
dynamic-complete-history (M-TAB) + +
+Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing +the text against lines from the history list for possible +completion matches. +
dabbrev-expand + +
+Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing +the text against lines from the history list for possible +completion matches. +
complete-into-braces (M-{) + +
+Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible completions +enclosed within braces so the list is available to the shell (see +Brace Expansion + +above). + +
+  +

Keyboard Macros

+ + +
+
start-kbd-macro (C-x () + +
+Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro. +
end-kbd-macro (C-x )) + +
+Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro +and store the definition. +
call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e) + +
+Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the characters +in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard. +
print-last-kbd-macro () + +
+Print the last keyboard macro defined in a format suitable for the +inputrc file. + +
+  +

Miscellaneous

+ + +
+
re-read-init-file (C-x C-r) + +
+Read in the contents of the inputrc file, and incorporate +any bindings or variable assignments found there. +
abort (C-g) + +
+Abort the current editing command and +ring the terminal's bell (subject to the setting of +bell-style). + +
do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-x, ...) + +
+If the metafied character x is uppercase, run the command +that is bound to the corresponding metafied lowercase character. +The behavior is undefined if x is already lowercase. +
prefix-meta (ESC) + +
+Metafy the next character typed. +ESC + + +f + +is equivalent to +Meta-f. + +
undo (C-_, C-x C-u) + +
+Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line. +
revert-line (M-r) + +
+Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the +undo + +command enough times to return the line to its initial state. +
tilde-expand (M-&) + +
+Perform tilde expansion on the current word. +
set-mark (C-@, M-<space>) + +
+Set the mark to the point. If a +numeric argument is supplied, the mark is set to that position. +
exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x) + +
+Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is set to +the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the mark. +
character-search (C-]) + +
+A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of that +character. A negative argument searches for previous occurrences. +
character-search-backward (M-C-]) + +
+A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence of that +character. A negative argument searches for subsequent occurrences. +
skip-csi-sequence + +
+Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as those +defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin with a +Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. If this sequence is +bound to "\[", keys producing such sequences will have no effect +unless explicitly bound to a readline command, instead of inserting +stray characters into the editing buffer. This is unbound by default, +but usually bound to ESC-[. +
insert-comment (M-#) + +
+Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline +comment-begin + +variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line. +If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if +the characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value +of comment-begin, the value is inserted, otherwise +the characters in comment-begin are deleted from the beginning of +the line. +In either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed. +The default value of +comment-begin causes this command to make the current line +a shell comment. +If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be removed, the line +will be executed by the shell. +
spell-correct-word (C-x s) + +
+Perform spelling correction on the current word, treating it as a directory +or filename, in the same way as the cdspell shell option. +Word boundaries are the same as those used by shell-forward-word. +
glob-complete-word (M-g) + +
+The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion, +with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern is used to +generate a list of matching filenames for possible completions. +
glob-expand-word (C-x *) + +
+The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion, +and the list of matching filenames is inserted, replacing the word. +If a numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before +pathname expansion. +
glob-list-expansions (C-x g) + +
+The list of expansions that would have been generated by +glob-expand-word + +is displayed, and the line is redrawn. +If a numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before +pathname expansion. +
dump-functions + +
+Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the +readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, +the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part +of an inputrc file. +
dump-variables + +
+Print all of the settable readline variables and their values to the +readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, +the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part +of an inputrc file. +
dump-macros + +
+Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the +strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, +the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part +of an inputrc file. +
display-shell-version (C-x C-v) + +
+Display version information about the current instance of +bash. + + +
+  +

Programmable Completion

+ +When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for +which a completion specification (a compspec) has been defined +using the complete builtin (see +SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS + + +below), the programmable completion facilities are invoked. +

+ +First, the command name is identified. +If the command word is the empty string (completion attempted at the +beginning of an empty line), any compspec defined with +the -E option to complete is used. +If a compspec has been defined for that command, the +compspec is used to generate the list of possible completions for the word. +If the command word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full +pathname is searched for first. +If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an attempt is made to +find a compspec for the portion following the final slash. +If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec defined with +the -D option to complete is used as the default. +If there is no default compspec, bash attempts alias expansion +on the command word as a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec +for the command word from any successful expansion. +

+ +Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of +matching words. +If a compspec is not found, the default bash completion as +described above under Completing is performed. +

+ +First, the actions specified by the compspec are used. +Only matches which are prefixed by the word being completed are +returned. +When the +-f + +or +-d + +option is used for filename or directory name completion, the shell +variable +FIGNORE + + +is used to filter the matches. +

+ +Any completions specified by a pathname expansion pattern to the +-G option are generated next. +The words generated by the pattern need not match the word +being completed. +The +GLOBIGNORE + + +shell variable is not used to filter the matches, but the +FIGNORE + + +variable is used. +

+ +Next, the string specified as the argument to the -W option +is considered. +The string is first split using the characters in the +IFS + + +special variable as delimiters. +Shell quoting is honored. +Each word is then expanded using +brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, +as described above under +EXPANSION. + + +The results are split using the rules described above under +Word Splitting. +The results of the expansion are prefix-matched against the word being +completed, and the matching words become the possible completions. +

+ +After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command +specified with the -F and -C options is invoked. +When the command or function is invoked, the +COMP_LINE, + + +COMP_POINT, + + +COMP_KEY, + + +and +COMP_TYPE + + +variables are assigned values as described above under +Shell Variables. +If a shell function is being invoked, the +COMP_WORDS + + +and +COMP_CWORD + + +variables are also set. +When the function or command is invoked, +the first argument ($1) is the name of the command whose arguments are +being completed, +the second argument ($2) is the word being completed, +and the third argument ($3) is the word preceding the word being +completed on the current command line. +No filtering of the generated completions against the word being completed +is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in generating +the matches. +

+ +Any function specified with -F is invoked first. +The function may use any of the shell facilities, including the +compgen builtin described below, to generate the matches. +It must put the possible completions in the +COMPREPLY + + +array variable, one per array element. +

+ +Next, any command specified with the -C option is invoked +in an environment equivalent to command substitution. +It should print a list of completions, one per line, to the +standard output. +Backslash may be used to escape a newline, if necessary. +

+ +After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter +specified with the -X option is applied to the list. +The filter is a pattern as used for pathname expansion; a & +in the pattern is replaced with the text of the word being completed. +A literal & may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash +is removed before attempting a match. +Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list. +A leading ! negates the pattern; in this case any completion +not matching the pattern will be removed. +If the +nocasematch + +shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +of alphabetic characters. +

+ +Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the -P and -S +options are added to each member of the completion list, and the result is +returned to the readline completion code as the list of possible +completions. +

+ +If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the +-o dirnames option was supplied to complete when the +compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted. +

+ +If the -o plusdirs option was supplied to complete when the +compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any +matches are added to the results of the other actions. +

+ +By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned +to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. +The default bash completions are not attempted, and the readline +default of filename completion is disabled. +If the -o bashdefault option was supplied to complete when +the compspec was defined, the bash default completions are attempted +if the compspec generates no matches. +If the -o default option was supplied to complete when the +compspec was defined, readline's default completion will be performed +if the compspec (and, if attempted, the default bash completions) +generate no matches. +

+ +When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired, +the programmable completion functions force readline to append a slash +to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to +the value of the mark-directories readline variable, regardless +of the setting of the mark-symlinked-directories readline variable. +

+ +There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is +most useful when used in combination with a default completion specified +with complete -D. +It's possible for shell functions executed as completion +handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an +exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and changes +the compspec associated with the command on which completion is being +attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is executed), +programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an +attempt to find a new compspec for that command. This allows a set of +completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather than +being loaded all at once. +

+ +For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept in a +file corresponding to the name of the command, the following default +completion function would load completions dynamically: +

+ +_completion_loader() +
+ +{ +
+ +       . "/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124
+
+ +} +
+ +complete -D -F _completion_loader -o bashdefault -o default +
+ + +  +

HISTORY

+ +When the +-o history + +option to the +set + +builtin is enabled, the shell provides access to the +command history, +the list of commands previously typed. +The value of the +HISTSIZE + + +variable is used as the +number of commands to save in a history list. +The text of the last +HISTSIZE + + +commands (default 500) is saved. The shell +stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and +variable expansion (see +EXPANSION + + +above) but after history expansion is performed, subject to the +values of the shell variables +HISTIGNORE + + +and +HISTCONTROL. + + +

+ +On startup, the history is initialized from the file named by +the variable +HISTFILE + + +(default ~/.bash_history). +The file named by the value of +HISTFILE + + +is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than +the number of lines specified by the value of +HISTFILESIZE. + + +If HISTFILESIZE is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, +or a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated. +When the history file is read, +lines beginning with the history comment character followed immediately +by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the following history line. +These timestamps are optionally displayed depending on the value of the +HISTTIMEFORMAT + + +variable. +When a shell with history enabled exits, the last +$HISTSIZE + + +lines are copied from the history list to +$HISTFILE. + + +If the +histappend + +shell option is enabled +(see the description of +shopt + +under +SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS + + +below), the lines are appended to the history file, +otherwise the history file is overwritten. +If +HISTFILE + + +is unset, or if the history file is unwritable, the history is +not saved. +If the +HISTTIMEFORMAT + + +variable is set, time stamps are written to the history file, marked +with the history comment character, so +they may be preserved across shell sessions. +This uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from +other history lines. +After saving the history, the history file is truncated +to contain no more than +HISTFILESIZE + + +lines. If +HISTFILESIZE + + +is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, +or a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated. +

+ +The builtin command +fc + +(see +SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS + + +below) may be used to list or edit and re-execute a portion of +the history list. +The +history + +builtin may be used to display or modify the history list and +manipulate the history file. +When using command-line editing, search commands +are available in each editing mode that provide access to the +history list. +

+ +The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history +list. The +HISTCONTROL + + +and +HISTIGNORE + + +variables may be set to cause the shell to save only a subset of the +commands entered. +The +cmdhist + +shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each +line of a multi-line command in the same history entry, adding +semicolons where necessary to preserve syntactic correctness. +The +lithist + +shell option causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines +instead of semicolons. See the description of the +shopt + +builtin below under +SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS + + +for information on setting and unsetting shell options. +  +

HISTORY EXPANSION

+ +The shell supports a history expansion feature that +is similar to the history expansion in +csh. + +This section describes what syntax features are available. This +feature is enabled by default for interactive shells, and can be +disabled using the ++H + +option to the +set + +builtin command (see +SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS + + +below). Non-interactive shells do not perform history expansion +by default. +

+ +History expansions introduce words from the history list into +the input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the +arguments to a previous command into the current input line, or +fix errors in previous commands quickly. +

+ +History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line +is read, before the shell breaks it into words, and is performed +on each line individually without taking quoting on previous lines into +account. +It takes place in two parts. +The first is to determine which line from the history list +to use during substitution. +The second is to select portions of that line for inclusion into +the current one. +The line selected from the history is the event, +and the portions of that line that are acted upon are words. +Various modifiers are available to manipulate the selected words. +The line is broken into words in the same fashion as when reading input, +so that several metacharacter-separated words surrounded by +quotes are considered one word. +History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the +history expansion character, which is ! by default. +Only backslash (\) and single quotes can quote +the history expansion character, but the history expansion character is +also treated as quoted if it immediately precedes the closing double quote +in a double-quoted string. +

+ +Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately +following the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted: +space, tab, newline, carriage return, and =. +If the extglob shell option is enabled, ( will also +inhibit expansion. +

+ +Several shell options settable with the +shopt + +builtin may be used to tailor the behavior of history expansion. +If the +histverify + +shell option is enabled (see the description of the +shopt + +builtin below), and +readline + +is being used, history substitutions are not immediately passed to +the shell parser. +Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the +readline + +editing buffer for further modification. +If +readline + +is being used, and the +histreedit + +shell option is enabled, a failed history substitution will be reloaded +into the +readline + +editing buffer for correction. +The +-p + +option to the +history + +builtin command may be used to see what a history expansion will +do before using it. +The +-s + +option to the +history + +builtin may be used to add commands to the end of the history list +without actually executing them, so that they are available for +subsequent recall. +

+ +The shell allows control of the various characters used by the +history expansion mechanism (see the description of +histchars + +above under +Shell Variables). + +The shell uses +the history comment character to mark history timestamps when +writing the history file. +  +

Event Designators

+ +An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the +history list. +Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to the current +position in the history list. +

+ + +

+
! + +
+Start a history substitution, except when followed by a +blank, + +newline, carriage return, = +or ( (when the extglob shell option is enabled using +the shopt builtin). +
!n + +
+Refer to command line +n. + +
!-n + +
+Refer to the current command minus +n. + +
!! + +
+Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for `!-1'. +
!string + +
+Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in the +history list starting with +string. + +
!?string[?] + +
+Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in the +history list containing +string. + +The trailing ? may be omitted if +string + +is followed immediately by a newline. +If string is missing, the string from the most recent search is used; +it is an error if there is no previous search string. +
^string1^string2^ + +
+Quick substitution. Repeat the previous command, replacing +string1 + +with +string2. + +Equivalent to +``!!:s^string1^string2^'' +(see Modifiers below). +
!# + +
+The entire command line typed so far. + +
+  +

Word Designators

+ +Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. +A +: + +separates the event specification from the word designator. +It may be omitted if the word designator begins with a +^, + +$, + +*, + +-, + +or +%. + +Words are numbered from the beginning of the line, +with the first word being denoted by 0 (zero). +Words are inserted into the current line separated by single spaces. +

+ + +

+
0 (zero) + +
+The zeroth word. For the shell, this is the command +word. +
n + +
+The nth word. +
^ + +
+The first argument. That is, word 1. +
$ + +
+The last word. This is usually the last argument, but will expand to the +zeroth word if there is only one word in the line. +
% + +
+The first word matched by the most recent `?string?' search, +if the search string begins with a character that is part of a word. +
x-y + +
+A range of words; `-y' abbreviates `0-y'. +
* + +
+All of the words but the zeroth. This is a synonym +for `1-$'. It is not an error to use +* + +if there is just one +word in the event; the empty string is returned in that case. +
x* + +
+Abbreviates x-$. +
x- + +
+Abbreviates x-$ like x*, but omits the last word. +If x is missing, it defaults to 0. + +
+

+ +If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the +previous command is used as the event. +  +

Modifiers

+ +After the optional word designator, there may appear a sequence of +one or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a `:'. +These modify, or edit, the word or words selected from the history event. +

+ + +

+
h + +
+Remove a trailing filename component, leaving only the head. +
t + +
+Remove all leading filename components, leaving the tail. +
r + +
+Remove a trailing suffix of the form .xxx, leaving the +basename. +
e + +
+Remove all but the trailing suffix. +
p + +
+Print the new command but do not execute it. +
q + +
+Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions. +
x + +
+Quote the substituted words as with +q, + +but break into words at +blanks + +and newlines. +The q and x modifiers are mutually exclusive; the last one +supplied is used. +
s/old/new/ + +
+Substitute +new + +for the first occurrence of +old + +in the event line. +Any character may be used as the delimiter in place of /. +The final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the +event line. +The delimiter may be quoted in +old + +and +new + +with a single backslash. If & appears in +new, + +it is replaced by +old. + +A single backslash will quote the &. +If +old + +is null, it is set to the last +old + +substituted, or, if no previous history substitutions took place, +the last +string + +in a +!?string[?] + +search. +If +new + +is null, each matching +old + +is deleted. +
& + +
+Repeat the previous substitution. +
g + +
+Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. This is +used in conjunction with `:s' (e.g., `:gs/old/new/') +or `:&'. If used with +`:s', any delimiter can be used +in place of /, and the final delimiter is optional +if it is the last character of the event line. +An a may be used as a synonym for g. +
G + +
+Apply the following `s' or `&' modifier once to each word +in the event line. + +
+  +

SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS

+ + + +

+ +Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this +section as accepting options preceded by +- + +accepts +-- + +to signify the end of the options. +The :, true, false, and test/[ builtins +do not accept options and do not treat -- specially. +The exit, logout, return, +break, continue, let, +and shift builtins accept and process arguments beginning with +- without requiring --. +Other builtins that accept arguments but are not specified as accepting +options interpret arguments beginning with - as invalid options and +require -- to prevent this interpretation. +

+ +

+
: [arguments]
+ +No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding +arguments + +and performing any specified +redirections. +The return status is zero. +
. filename [arguments]
+ +
source filename [arguments]
+ +Read and execute commands from +filename + +in the current +shell environment and return the exit status of the last command +executed from +filename. + +If +filename + +does not contain a slash, filenames in +PATH + + +are used to find the directory containing +filename, + +but filename does not need to be executable. +The file searched for in +PATH + + +need not be executable. +When bash is not in posix mode, it searches +the current directory if no file is found in +PATH. + + +If the +sourcepath + +option to the +shopt + +builtin command is turned off, the +PATH + + +is not searched. +If any arguments are supplied, they become the positional +parameters when filename is executed. Otherwise the positional +parameters are unchanged. +If the -T option is enabled, . inherits any trap on +DEBUG; if it is not, any DEBUG trap string is saved and +restored around the call to ., and . unsets the +DEBUG trap while it executes. +If -T is not set, and the sourced file changes +the DEBUG trap, the new value is retained when . completes. +The return status is the status of the last command exited within +the script (0 if no commands are executed), and false if +filename + +is not found or cannot be read. +
alias [-p] [name[=value] ...]
+Alias with no arguments or with the +-p + +option prints the list of aliases in the form +alias name=value on standard output. +When arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for +each name whose value is given. +A trailing space in value causes the next word to be +checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded. +For each name in the argument list for which no value +is supplied, the name and value of the alias is printed. +Alias returns true unless a name is given for which +no alias has been defined. +
bg [jobspec ...]
+Resume each suspended job jobspec in the background, as if it +had been started with +&. + +If +jobspec + +is not present, the shell's notion of the current job is used. +bg + +jobspec + +returns 0 unless run when job control is disabled or, when run with +job control enabled, any specified jobspec was not found +or was started without job control. +
bind [-m keymap] [-lpsvPSVX]
+ +
bind [-m keymap] [-q function] [-u function] [-r keyseq]
+
bind [-m keymap] -f filename
+
bind [-m keymap] -x keyseq:shell-command
+
bind [-m keymap] keyseq:function-name
+
bind [-m keymap] keyseq:readline-command
+
bind readline-command-line
+ +Display current +readline + +key and function bindings, bind a key sequence to a +readline + +function or macro, or set a +readline + +variable. +Each non-option argument is a command as it would appear in a +readline + +initialization file such as +.inputrc, + +but each binding or command must be passed as a separate argument; +e.g., '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'. +Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: +
+ +
+
-m keymap + +
+Use +keymap + +as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent bindings. +Acceptable +keymap + +names are +emacs, emacs-standard, emacs-meta, emacs-ctlx, vi, +vi-move, vi-command, and +vi-insert. + +vi is equivalent to vi-command (vi-move is also +a synonym); emacs is +equivalent to emacs-standard. +
-l + +
+List the names of all readline functions. +
-p + +
+Display readline function names and bindings in such a way +that they can be re-read. +
-P + +
+List current readline function names and bindings. +
-s + +
+Display readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings +they output in such a way that they can be re-read. +
-S + +
+Display readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings +they output. +
-v + +
+Display readline variable names and values in such a way that they +can be re-read. +
-V + +
+List current readline variable names and values. +
-f filename + +
+Read key bindings from filename. +
-q function + +
+Query about which keys invoke the named function. +
-u function + +
+Unbind all keys bound to the named function. +
-r keyseq + +
+Remove any current binding for keyseq. +
-x keyseq:shell-command + +
+Cause shell-command to be executed whenever keyseq is +entered. +When shell-command is executed, the shell sets the +READLINE_LINE + + +variable to the contents of the readline line buffer and the +READLINE_POINT + + +and +READLINE_MARK + + +variables to the current location of the insertion point and the saved +insertion point (the mark), respectively. +The shell assigns any numeric argument the user supplied to the +READLINE_ARGUMENT + + +variable. +If there was no argument, that variable is not set. +If the executed command changes the value of any of +READLINE_LINE, + + +READLINE_POINT, + + +or +READLINE_MARK, + + +those new values will be reflected in the editing state. +
-X + +
+List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the associated commands +in a format that can be reused as input. + +
+

+ +The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or an +error occurred. +

+ +
break [n]
+Exit from within a +for, + +while, + +until, + +or +select + +loop. If n is specified, break n levels. +n + +must be >= 1. If +n + +is greater than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops +are exited. +The return value is 0 unless n is not greater than or equal to 1. +
builtin shell-builtin [arguments]
+Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it +arguments, + +and return its exit status. +This is useful when defining a +function whose name is the same as a shell builtin, +retaining the functionality of the builtin within the function. +The cd builtin is commonly redefined this way. +The return status is false if +shell-builtin + +is not a shell builtin command. +
caller [expr]
+Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function or +a script executed with the . or source builtins). +Without expr, caller displays the line number and source +filename of the current subroutine call. +If a non-negative integer is supplied as expr, caller +displays the line number, subroutine name, and source file corresponding +to that position in the current execution call stack. This extra +information may be used, for example, to print a stack trace. The +current frame is frame 0. +The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a subroutine +call or expr does not correspond to a valid position in the +call stack. +
cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@]] [dir]
+Change the current directory to dir. +if dir is not supplied, the value of the +HOME + + +shell variable is the default. +The variable +CDPATH + + +defines the search path for the directory containing +dir: + +each directory name in +CDPATH + + +is searched for dir. +Alternative directory names in +CDPATH + + +are separated by a colon (:). A null directory name in +CDPATH + + +is the same as the current directory, i.e., ``.''. If +dir + +begins with a slash (/), +then +CDPATH + + +is not used. The +-P + +option causes cd to use the physical directory structure +by resolving symbolic links while traversing dir and +before processing instances of .. in dir (see also the +-P + +option to the +set + +builtin command); the +-L + +option forces symbolic links to be followed by resolving the link +after processing instances of .. in dir. +If .. appears in dir, it is processed by removing the +immediately previous pathname component from dir, back to a slash +or the beginning of dir. +If the +-e + +option is supplied with +-P, + +and the current working directory cannot be successfully determined +after a successful directory change, cd will return an unsuccessful +status. +On systems that support it, the -@ option presents the extended +attributes associated with a file as a directory. +An argument of +- + +is converted to +$OLDPWD + + +before the directory change is attempted. +If a non-empty directory name from +CDPATH + + +is used, or if +- is the first argument, and the directory change is +successful, the absolute pathname of the new working directory is +written to the standard output. +If the directory change is successful, cd sets the value of the +PWD environment variable to the new directory name, and sets the +OLDPWD environment variable to the value of the current working +directory before the change. +The return value is true if the directory was successfully changed; +false otherwise. +
command [-pVv] command [arg ...]
+Run +command + +with +args + +suppressing the normal shell function lookup. +Only builtin commands or commands found in the +PATH + + +are executed. If the +-p + +option is given, the search for +command + +is performed using a default value for +PATH + + +that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities. +If either the +-V + +or +-v + +option is supplied, a description of +command + +is printed. The +-v + +option causes a single word indicating the command or filename +used to invoke +command + +to be displayed; the +-V + +option produces a more verbose description. +If the +-V + +or +-v + +option is supplied, the exit status is 0 if +command + +was found, and 1 if not. If neither option is supplied and +an error occurred or +command + +cannot be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit status of the +command + +builtin is the exit status of +command. + +
compgen [option] [word]
+Generate possible completion matches for word according to +the options, which may be any option accepted by the +complete + +builtin with the exception of -p and -r, and write +the matches to the standard output. +When using the -F or -C options, the various shell variables +set by the programmable completion facilities, while available, will not +have useful values. +

+The matches will be generated in the same way as if the programmable +completion code had generated them directly from a completion specification +with the same flags. +If word is specified, only those completions matching word +will be displayed. +

+The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or no +matches were generated. +

complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o comp-option] [-DEI] [-A action] [-G globpat] [-W wordlist]
+
+ +[-F function] [-C command] [-X filterpat] [-P prefix] [-S suffix] name [name ...] + +
complete -pr [-DEI] [name ...]
+ +Specify how arguments to each name should be completed. +If the -p option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, +existing completion specifications are printed in a way that allows +them to be reused as input. +The -r option removes a completion specification for +each name, or, if no names are supplied, all +completion specifications. +The -D option indicates that other supplied options and actions should +apply to the ``default'' command completion; that is, completion attempted +on a command for which no completion has previously been defined. +The -E option indicates that other supplied options and actions should +apply to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion attempted on a +blank line. +The -I option indicates that other supplied options and actions should +apply to completion on the initial non-assignment word on the line, or after +a command delimiter such as ; or |, which is usually command +name completion. +If multiple options are supplied, the -D option takes precedence +over -E, and both take precedence over -I. +If any of -D, -E, or -I are supplied, any other +name arguments are ignored; these completions only apply to the case +specified by the option. +

+The process of applying these completion specifications when word completion +is attempted is described + +above under Programmable Completion. +

+Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. +The arguments to the -G, -W, and -X options +(and, if necessary, the -P and -S options) +should be quoted to protect them from expansion before the +complete + +builtin is invoked. +

+ +
+
-o comp-option
+The comp-option controls several aspects of the compspec's behavior +beyond the simple generation of completions. +comp-option may be one of: +
+
+
bashdefault + +
+Perform the rest of the default bash completions if the compspec +generates no matches. +
default + +
+Use readline's default filename completion if the compspec generates +no matches. +
dirnames + +
+Perform directory name completion if the compspec generates no matches. +
filenames + +
+Tell readline that the compspec generates filenames, so it can perform any +filename-specific processing (like adding a slash to directory names, +quoting special characters, or suppressing trailing spaces). +Intended to be used with shell functions. +
noquote + +
+Tell readline not to quote the completed words if they are filenames +(quoting filenames is the default). +
nosort + +
+Tell readline not to sort the list of possible completions alphabetically. +
nospace + +
+Tell readline not to append a space (the default) to words completed at +the end of the line. +
plusdirs + +
+After any matches defined by the compspec are generated, +directory name completion is attempted and any +matches are added to the results of the other actions. +
+ +
-A action
+The action may be one of the following to generate a list of possible +completions: +
+
+
alias + +
+Alias names. May also be specified as -a. +
arrayvar + +
+Array variable names. +
binding + +
+Readline key binding names. +
builtin + +
+Names of shell builtin commands. May also be specified as -b. +
command + +
+Command names. May also be specified as -c. +
directory + +
+Directory names. May also be specified as -d. +
disabled + +
+Names of disabled shell builtins. +
enabled + +
+Names of enabled shell builtins. +
export + +
+Names of exported shell variables. May also be specified as -e. +
file + +
+File names. May also be specified as -f. +
function + +
+Names of shell functions. +
group + +
+Group names. May also be specified as -g. +
helptopic + +
+Help topics as accepted by the help builtin. +
hostname + +
+Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the +HOSTFILE + + +shell variable. +
job + +
+Job names, if job control is active. May also be specified as -j. +
keyword + +
+Shell reserved words. May also be specified as -k. +
running + +
+Names of running jobs, if job control is active. +
service + +
+Service names. May also be specified as -s. +
setopt + +
+Valid arguments for the -o option to the set builtin. +
shopt + +
+Shell option names as accepted by the shopt builtin. +
signal + +
+Signal names. +
stopped + +
+Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active. +
user + +
+User names. May also be specified as -u. +
variable + +
+Names of all shell variables. May also be specified as -v. +
+ +
-C command
+command is executed in a subshell environment, and its output is +used as the possible completions. +Arguments are passed as with the -F option. +
-F function
+The shell function function is executed in the current shell +environment. +When the function is executed, +the first argument ($1) is the name of the command whose arguments are +being completed, +the second argument ($2) is the word being completed, +and the third argument ($3) is the word preceding the word being +completed on the current command line. +When it finishes, the possible completions are retrieved from the value +of the +COMPREPLY + + +array variable. +
-G globpat
+The pathname expansion pattern globpat is expanded to generate +the possible completions. +
-P prefix
+prefix is added at the beginning of each possible completion +after all other options have been applied. +
-S suffix
+suffix is appended to each possible completion +after all other options have been applied. +
-W wordlist
+The wordlist is split using the characters in the +IFS + + +special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word is expanded. +Shell quoting is honored within wordlist, +in order to provide a +mechanism for the words to contain shell metacharacters or characters +in the value of +IFS. + + +The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which +match the word being completed. +
-X filterpat
+filterpat is a pattern as used for pathname expansion. +It is applied to the list of possible completions generated by the +preceding options and arguments, and each completion matching +filterpat is removed from the list. +A leading ! in filterpat negates the pattern; in this +case, any completion not matching filterpat is removed. + +
+

+ +The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an option +other than -p or -r is supplied without a name +argument, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification for +a name for which no specification exists, or +an error occurs adding a completion specification. +

+ +
compopt [-o option] [-DEI] [+o option] [name]
+Modify completion options for each name according to the +options, or for the +currently-executing completion if no names are supplied. +If no options are given, display the completion options for each +name or the current completion. +The possible values of option are those valid for the complete +builtin described above. +The -D option indicates that other supplied options should +apply to the ``default'' command completion; that is, completion attempted +on a command for which no completion has previously been defined. +The -E option indicates that other supplied options should +apply to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion attempted on a +blank line. +The -I option indicates that other supplied options should +apply to completion on the initial non-assignment word on the line, +or after a command delimiter such as ; or |, which is usually +command name completion. +

+The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an attempt +is made to modify the options for a name for which no completion +specification exists, or an output error occurs. +

continue [n]
+Resume the next iteration of the enclosing +for, + +while, + +until, + +or +select + +loop. +If +n + +is specified, resume at the nth enclosing loop. +n + +must be >= 1. If +n + +is greater than the number of enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop +(the ``top-level'' loop) is resumed. +The return value is 0 unless n is not greater than or equal to 1. +
declare [-aAfFgiIlnrtux] [-p] [name[=value] ...]
+ +
typeset [-aAfFgiIlnrtux] [-p] [name[=value] ...]
+ +Declare variables and/or give them attributes. +If no names are given then display the values of variables. +The +-p + +option will display the attributes and values of each +name. + +When +-p + +is used with name arguments, additional options, +other than -f and -F, are ignored. +When +-p + +is supplied without name arguments, it will display the attributes +and values of all variables having the attributes specified by the +additional options. +If no other options are supplied with -p, declare will display +the attributes and values of all shell variables. The -f option +will restrict the display to shell functions. +The +-F + +option inhibits the display of function definitions; only the +function name and attributes are printed. +If the extdebug shell option is enabled using shopt, +the source file name and line number where each name +is defined are displayed as well. The +-F + +option implies +-f. + +The +-g + +option forces variables to be created or modified at the global scope, +even when declare is executed in a shell function. +It is ignored in all other cases. +The +-I + +option causes local variables to inherit the attributes +(except the nameref attribute) +and value of any existing variable with the same +name at a surrounding scope. +If there is no existing variable, the local variable is initially unset. +The following options can +be used to restrict output to variables with the specified attribute or +to give variables attributes: +
+ +
+
-a + +
+Each name is an indexed array variable (see +Arrays + + +above). +
-A + +
+Each name is an associative array variable (see +Arrays + + +above). +
-f + +
+Use function names only. +
-i + +
+The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evaluation (see +ARITHMETIC EVALUATION + + + +above) +is performed when the variable is assigned a value. +
-l + +
+When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case characters are +converted to lower-case. +The upper-case attribute is disabled. +
-n + +
+Give each name the nameref attribute, making +it a name reference to another variable. +That other variable is defined by the value of name. +All references, assignments, and attribute modifications +to name, except those using or changing the +-n attribute itself, are performed on the variable referenced by +name's value. +The nameref attribute cannot be applied to array variables. +
-r + +
+Make names readonly. These names cannot then be assigned values +by subsequent assignment statements or unset. +
-t + +
+Give each name the trace attribute. +Traced functions inherit the DEBUG and RETURN traps from +the calling shell. +The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables. +
-u + +
+When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case characters are +converted to upper-case. +The lower-case attribute is disabled. +
-x + +
+Mark names for export to subsequent commands via the environment. + +
+

+ +Using `+' instead of `-' +turns off the attribute instead, +with the exceptions that +a and +A +may not be used to destroy array variables and +r will not +remove the readonly attribute. +When used in a function, +declare + +and +typeset + +make each +name local, as with the +local + +command, +unless the -g option is supplied. +If a variable name is followed by =value, the value of +the variable is set to value. +When using -a or -A and the compound assignment syntax to +create array variables, additional attributes do not take effect until +subsequent assignments. +The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, +an attempt is made to define a function using + +-f foo=bar, +an attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable, +an attempt is made to assign a value to an array variable without +using the compound assignment syntax (see +Arrays + + +above), +one of the names is not a valid shell variable name, +an attempt is made to turn off readonly status for a readonly variable, +an attempt is made to turn off array status for an array variable, +or an attempt is made to display a non-existent function with -f. +

+ +
dirs [-clpv] [+n] [-n] + +
+Without options, displays the list of currently remembered directories. +The default display is on a single line with directory names separated +by spaces. +Directories are added to the list with the +pushd + +command; the +popd + +command removes entries from the list. +The current directory is always the first directory in the stack. +
+ +
+
-c + +
+Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries. +
-l + +
+Produces a listing using full pathnames; +the default listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory. +
-p + +
+Print the directory stack with one entry per line. +
-v + +
+Print the directory stack with one entry per line, +prefixing each entry with its index in the stack. +
+n
+Displays the nth entry counting from the left of the list +shown by +dirs + +when invoked without options, starting with zero. +
-n
+Displays the nth entry counting from the right of the list +shown by +dirs + +when invoked without options, starting with zero. + +
+

+ +The return value is 0 unless an +invalid option is supplied or n indexes beyond the end +of the directory stack. +

+ +
disown [-ar] [-h] [jobspec ... | pid ... ]
+Without options, remove each +jobspec + +from the table of active jobs. +If +jobspec + +is not present, and neither the -a nor the -r option +is supplied, the current job is used. +If the -h option is given, each +jobspec + +is not removed from the table, but is marked so that +SIGHUP + + +is not sent to the job if the shell receives a +SIGHUP. + + +If no +jobspec + +is supplied, the +-a + +option means to remove or mark all jobs; the +-r + +option without a +jobspec + +argument restricts operation to running jobs. +The return value is 0 unless a +jobspec + +does not specify a valid job. +
echo [-neE] [arg ...]
+Output the args, separated by spaces, followed by a newline. +The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. +If -n is specified, the trailing newline is +suppressed. If the -e option is given, interpretation of +the following backslash-escaped characters is enabled. The +-E + +option disables the interpretation of these escape characters, +even on systems where they are interpreted by default. +The xpg_echo shell option may be used to +dynamically determine whether or not echo expands these +escape characters by default. +echo + +does not interpret -- to mean the end of options. +echo + +interprets the following escape sequences: +
+ +
+
\a + +
+alert (bell) +
\b + +
+backspace +
\c + +
+suppress further output +
\e + +
+
\E + +
+an escape character +
\f + +
+form feed +
\n + +
+new line +
\r + +
+carriage return +
\t + +
+horizontal tab +
\v + +
+vertical tab +
\\ + +
+backslash +
\0nnn + +
+the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value nnn +(zero to three octal digits) +
\xHH + +
+the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH +(one or two hex digits) +
\uHHHH + +
+the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value +HHHH (one to four hex digits) +
\UHHHHHHHH + +
+the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value +HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits) + +
+ +
enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f filename] [name ...]
+Enable and disable builtin shell commands. +Disabling a builtin allows a disk command which has the same name +as a shell builtin to be executed without specifying a full pathname, +even though the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. +If -n is used, each name +is disabled; otherwise, +names are enabled. For example, to use the +test + +binary found via the +PATH + + +instead of the shell builtin version, run +enable -n test. + +The +-f + +option means to load the new builtin command +name + +from shared object +filename, + +on systems that support dynamic loading. +Bash will use the value of the BASH_LOADABLES_PATH variable as a +colon-separated list of directories in which to search for filename. +The default is system-dependent. +The +-d + +option will delete a builtin previously loaded with +-f. + +If no name arguments are given, or if the +-p + +option is supplied, a list of shell builtins is printed. +With no other option arguments, the list consists of all enabled +shell builtins. +If -n is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed. +If -a is supplied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an +indication of whether or not each is enabled. +If -s is supplied, the output is restricted to the POSIX +special builtins. +If no options are supplied and a name is not a shell builtin, +enable will attempt to load name from a shared object named +name, as if the command were +enable -f name name . + +The return value is 0 unless a +name + +is not a shell builtin or there is an error loading a new builtin +from a shared object. +
eval [arg ...]
+The args are read and concatenated together into a single +command. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and +its exit status is returned as the value of +eval. + +If there are no +args, + +or only null arguments, +eval + +returns 0. +
exec [-cl] [-a name] [command [arguments]]
+If +command + +is specified, it replaces the shell. +No new process is created. The +arguments + +become the arguments to command. +If the +-l + +option is supplied, +the shell places a dash at the beginning of the zeroth argument passed to +command. + +This is what +login(1) + +does. The +-c + +option causes +command + +to be executed with an empty environment. If +-a + +is supplied, the shell passes +name + +as the zeroth argument to the executed command. +If +command + +cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, +unless the +execfail + +shell option +is enabled. In that case, it returns failure. +An interactive shell returns failure if the file cannot be executed. +A subshell exits unconditionally if exec fails. +If +command + +is not specified, any redirections take effect in the current shell, +and the return status is 0. If there is a redirection error, the +return status is 1. +
exit [n]
+Cause the shell to exit +with a status of n. If +n + +is omitted, the exit status +is that of the last command executed. +A trap on +EXIT + + +is executed before the shell terminates. +
export [-fn] [name[=word]] ...
+ +
export -p + +
+ +The supplied +names + +are marked for automatic export to the environment of +subsequently executed commands. If the +-f + +option is given, the +names + +refer to functions. +If no +names + +are given, or if the +-p + +option is supplied, a list +of names of all exported variables is printed. +The +-n + +option causes the export property to be removed from each +name. +If a variable name is followed by =word, the value of +the variable is set to word. +export + +returns an exit status of 0 unless an invalid option is +encountered, +one of the names is not a valid shell variable name, or +-f + +is supplied with a +name + +that is not a function. +
fc [-e ename] [-lnr] [first] [last]
+ +
fc -s [pat=rep] [cmd]
+ +The first form selects a range of commands from +first + +to +last + +from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes them. +First + +and +last + +may be specified as a string (to locate the last command beginning +with that string) or as a number (an index into the history list, +where a negative number is used as an offset from the current +command number). +When listing, a first or last of +0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is equivalent to the current +command (usually the fc command); otherwise 0 is equivalent to -1 +and -0 is invalid. +If +last + +is not specified, it is set to +the current command for listing (so that + +fc -l -10 +prints the last 10 commands) and to +first + +otherwise. +If +first + +is not specified, it is set to the previous +command for editing and -16 for listing. +

+The +-n + +option suppresses +the command numbers when listing. The +-r + +option reverses the order of +the commands. If the +-l + +option is given, +the commands are listed on +standard output. Otherwise, the editor given by +ename + +is invoked +on a file containing those commands. If +ename + +is not given, the +value of the +FCEDIT + + +variable is used, and +the value of +EDITOR + + +if +FCEDIT + + +is not set. If neither variable is set, + +vi + +is used. When editing is complete, the edited commands are +echoed and executed. +

+In the second form, command is re-executed after each instance +of pat is replaced by rep. +Command is interpreted the same as first above. +A useful alias to use with this is + +r='fc -s', +so that typing + +r cc +runs the last command beginning with + +cc +and typing + +r +re-executes the last command. +

+If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an invalid +option is encountered or +first + +or +last + +specify history lines out of range. +If the +-e + +option is supplied, the return value is the value of the last +command executed or failure if an error occurs with the temporary +file of commands. If the second form is used, the return status +is that of the command re-executed, unless +cmd + +does not specify a valid history line, in which case +fc + +returns failure. +

fg [jobspec]
+Resume +jobspec + +in the foreground, and make it the current job. +If +jobspec + +is not present, the shell's notion of the current job is used. +The return value is that of the command placed into the foreground, +or failure if run when job control is disabled or, when run with +job control enabled, if +jobspec + +does not specify a valid job or +jobspec + +specifies a job that was started without job control. +
getopts optstring name [arg ...]
+getopts + +is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters. +optstring + +contains the option characters to be recognized; if a character +is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an +argument, which should be separated from it by white space. +The colon and question mark characters may not be used as +option characters. +Each time it is invoked, +getopts + +places the next option in the shell variable +name, + +initializing +name + +if it does not exist, +and the index of the next argument to be processed into the +variable +OPTIND. + + +OPTIND + + +is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a shell script +is invoked. When an option requires an argument, +getopts + +places that argument into the variable +OPTARG. + + +The shell does not reset +OPTIND + + +automatically; it must be manually reset between multiple +calls to +getopts + +within the same shell invocation if a new set of parameters +is to be used. +

+When the end of options is encountered, getopts exits with a +return value greater than zero. +OPTIND + + +is set to the index of the first non-option argument, +and name is set to ?. +

+getopts + +normally parses the positional parameters, but if more arguments are +supplied as +arg + +values, +getopts + +parses those instead. +

+getopts + +can report errors in two ways. If the first character of +optstring + +is a colon, +silent + +error reporting is used. In normal operation, diagnostic messages +are printed when invalid options or missing option arguments are +encountered. +If the variable +OPTERR + + +is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed, even if the first +character of +optstring + +is not a colon. +

+If an invalid option is seen, +getopts + +places ? into +name + +and, if not silent, +prints an error message and unsets +OPTARG. + + +If +getopts + +is silent, +the option character found is placed in +OPTARG + + +and no diagnostic message is printed. +

+If a required argument is not found, and +getopts + +is not silent, +a question mark (?) is placed in +name, + +OPTARG + + +is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed. +If +getopts + +is silent, then a colon (:) is placed in +name + +and +OPTARG + + +is set to the option character found. +

+getopts + +returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is found. +It returns false if the end of options is encountered or an +error occurs. +

hash [-lr] [-p filename] [-dt] [name]
+Each time hash is invoked, +the full pathname of the command +name + +is determined by searching +the directories in +$PATH + +and remembered. Any previously-remembered pathname is discarded. +If the +-p + +option is supplied, no path search is performed, and +filename + +is used as the full filename of the command. +The +-r + +option causes the shell to forget all +remembered locations. +The +-d + +option causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each name. +If the +-t + +option is supplied, the full pathname to which each name corresponds +is printed. If multiple name arguments are supplied with -t, +the name is printed before the hashed full pathname. +The +-l + +option causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input. +If no arguments are given, or if only -l is supplied, +information about remembered commands is printed. +The return status is true unless a +name + +is not found or an invalid option is supplied. +
help [-dms] [pattern]
+Display helpful information about builtin commands. If +pattern + +is specified, +help + +gives detailed help on all commands matching +pattern; + +otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control structures +is printed. +
+ +
+
-d + +
+Display a short description of each pattern +
-m + +
+Display the description of each pattern in a manpage-like format +
-s + +
+Display only a short usage synopsis for each pattern + +
+

+ +The return status is 0 unless no command matches +pattern. + +

+ +
history [n]
+ +
history -c
+
history -d offset
+
history -d start-end
+
history -anrw [filename]
+
history -p arg [arg ...]
+
history -s arg [arg ...]
+ +With no options, display the command +history list with line numbers. Lines listed +with a +* + +have been modified. An argument of +n + +lists only the last +n + +lines. +If the shell variable +HISTTIMEFORMAT + + +is set and not null, +it is used as a format string for strftime(3) to display +the time stamp associated with each displayed history entry. +No intervening blank is printed between the formatted time stamp +and the history line. +If filename is supplied, it is used as the +name of the history file; if not, the value of +HISTFILE + + +is used. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: +
+ +
+
-c + +
+Clear the history list by deleting all the entries. +
-d offset
+Delete the history entry at position offset. +If offset is negative, it is interpreted as relative to one greater +than the last history position, so negative indices count back from the +end of the history, and an index of -1 refers to the current +history -d command. +
-d start-end
+Delete the range of history entries between positions start and +end, inclusive. +Positive and negative values for start and end +are interpreted as described above. +
-a + +
+Append the ``new'' history lines to the history file. +These are history lines entered since the beginning of the current +bash session, but not already appended to the history file. +
-n + +
+Read the history lines not already read from the history +file into the current history list. These are lines +appended to the history file since the beginning of the +current bash session. +
-r + +
+Read the contents of the history file +and append them to the current history list. +
-w + +
+Write the current history list to the history file, overwriting the +history file's contents. +
-p + +
+Perform history substitution on the following args and display +the result on the standard output. +Does not store the results in the history list. +Each arg must be quoted to disable normal history expansion. +
-s + +
+Store the +args + +in the history list as a single entry. The last command in the +history list is removed before the +args + +are added. + +
+

+ +If the +HISTTIMEFORMAT + + +variable is set, the time stamp information +associated with each history entry is written to the history file, +marked with the history comment character. +When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history +comment character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted +as timestamps for the following history entry. +The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an +error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an invalid +offset or range is supplied as an argument to -d, or the +history expansion supplied as an argument to -p fails. +

+ +
jobs [-lnprs] [ jobspec ... ]
+ +
jobs -x command [ args ... ]
+ +The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the following +meanings: +
+ +
+
-l + +
+List process IDs +in addition to the normal information. +
-n + +
+Display information only about jobs that have changed status since +the user was last notified of their status. +
-p + +
+List only the process ID of the job's process group +leader. +
-r + +
+Display only running jobs. +
-s + +
+Display only stopped jobs. + +
+

+ +If +jobspec + +is given, output is restricted to information about that job. +The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered +or an invalid +jobspec + +is supplied. +

+ +If the +-x + +option is supplied, +jobs + +replaces any +jobspec + +found in +command + +or +args + +with the corresponding process group ID, and executes +command + +passing it +args, + +returning its exit status. +

+ +
kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigspec] [pid | jobspec] ...
+ +
kill -l|-L [sigspec | exit_status]
+ +Send the signal named by +sigspec + +or +signum + +to the processes named by +pid + +or +jobspec. + +sigspec + +is either a case-insensitive signal name such as +SIGKILL + + +(with or without the +SIG + + +prefix) or a signal number; +signum + +is a signal number. +If +sigspec + +is not present, then +SIGTERM + + +is assumed. +An argument of +-l + +lists the signal names. +If any arguments are supplied when +-l + +is given, the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are +listed, and the return status is 0. +The exit_status argument to +-l + +is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit status of +a process terminated by a signal. +The +-L + +option is equivalent to -l. +kill + +returns true if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false +if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered. +
let arg [arg ...]
+Each +arg + +is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated (see +ARITHMETIC EVALUATION + + + +above). +If the last +arg + +evaluates to 0, +let + +returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise. +
local [option] [name[=value] ... | - ]
+For each argument, a local variable named +name + +is created, and assigned +value. + +The option can be any of the options accepted by declare. +When +local + +is used within a function, it causes the variable +name + +to have a visible scope restricted to that function and its children. +If name is -, the set of shell options is made local to the function +in which local is invoked: shell options changed using the +set builtin inside the function are restored to their original values +when the function returns. +The restore is effected as if a series of set commands were executed +to restore the values that were in place before the function. +With no operands, +local + +writes a list of local variables to the standard output. It is +an error to use +local + +when not within a function. The return status is 0 unless +local + +is used outside a function, an invalid +name + +is supplied, or +name is a readonly variable. +
logout + +
+Exit a login shell. +
mapfile [-d delim] [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd] [-C callback] [-c quantum] [array]
+ +
readarray [-d delim] [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd] [-C callback] [-c quantum] [array]
+ +Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable +array, + +or from file descriptor +fd + +if the +-u + +option is supplied. +The variable +MAPFILE + + +is the default array. +Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: +
+ +
+
-d + +
+The first character of delim is used to terminate each input line, +rather than newline. +If delim is the empty string, mapfile will terminate a line +when it reads a NUL character. +
-n + +
+Copy at most +count + +lines. If count is 0, all lines are copied. +
-O + +
+Begin assigning to +array + +at index +origin. + +The default index is 0. +
-s + +
+Discard the first count lines read. +
-t + +
+Remove a trailing delim (default newline) from each line read. +
-u + +
+Read lines from file descriptor fd instead of the standard input. +
-C + +
+Evaluate +callback + +each time quantum lines are read. The -c option specifies +quantum. + +
-c + +
+Specify the number of lines read between each call to +callback. + + +
+

+ +If +-C + +is specified without +-c, + +the default quantum is 5000. +When callback is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next +array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that element +as additional arguments. +callback is evaluated after the line is read but before the +array element is assigned. +

+ +If not supplied with an explicit origin, mapfile will clear array +before assigning to it. +

+ +mapfile returns successfully unless an invalid option or option +argument is supplied, array is invalid or unassignable, or if +array is not an indexed array. +

+ +
popd [-n] [+n] [-n]
+Removes entries from the directory stack. +The elements are numbered from 0 starting at the first directory +listed by dirs. +With no arguments, popd +removes the top directory from the stack, and +changes to the new top directory. +Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings: +
+ +
+
-n + +
+Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing directories +from the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. +
+n
+Removes the nth entry counting from the left of the list +shown by +dirs, + +starting with zero, from the stack. +For example: + +popd +0 +removes the first directory, + +popd +1 +the second. +
-n
+Removes the nth entry counting from the right of the list +shown by +dirs, + +starting with zero. For example: + +popd -0 +removes the last directory, + +popd -1 +the next to last. + +
+

+ +If the top element of the directory stack is modified, and +the -n option was not supplied, popd uses the cd +builtin to change to the directory at the top of the stack. +If the cd fails, popd returns a non-zero value. +

+ +Otherwise, +popd + +returns false if an invalid option is encountered, the directory stack +is empty, or a non-existent directory stack entry is specified. +

+ +If the +popd + +command is successful, +bash runs +dirs + +to show the final contents of the directory stack, +and the return status is 0. +

+ +
printf [-v var] format [arguments]
+Write the formatted arguments to the standard output under the +control of the format. +The -v option causes the output to be assigned to the variable +var rather than being printed to the standard output. +

+The format is a character string which contains three types of objects: +plain characters, which are simply copied to standard output, character +escape sequences, which are converted and copied to the standard output, and +format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive +argument. +In addition to the standard printf(1) format specifications, +printf interprets the following extensions: +

+ +
+
%b + +
+causes +printf to expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding +argument +in the same way as echo -e. +
%q + +
+causes printf to output the corresponding +argument in a format that can be reused as shell input. +
%Q + +
+like %q, but applies any supplied precision to the argument +before quoting it. +
%(datefmt)T + +
+causes printf to output the date-time string resulting from using +datefmt as a format string for strftime(3). +The corresponding argument is an integer representing the number of +seconds since the epoch. +Two special argument values may be used: -1 represents the current +time, and -2 represents the time the shell was invoked. +If no argument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had been given. +This is an exception to the usual printf behavior. + +
+

+ +The %b, %q, and %T directives all use the field width and precision +arguments from the format specification and write that many bytes from +(or use that wide a field for) the expanded argument, which usually +contains more characters than the original. +

+ +Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C constants, +except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and if the leading +character is a single or double quote, the value is the ASCII value of +the following character. +

+ +The format is reused as necessary to consume all of the arguments. +If the format requires more arguments than are supplied, the +extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or null string, as +appropriate, had been supplied. +The return value is zero on success, non-zero on failure. +

+ +
pushd [-n] [+n] [-n]
+ +
pushd [-n] [dir]
+ +Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates +the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working +directory. +With no arguments, pushd exchanges the top two elements of +the directory stack. +Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings: +
+ +
+
-n + +
+Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating or +adding directories to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. +
+n
+Rotates the stack so that the nth directory +(counting from the left of the list shown by +dirs, + +starting with zero) +is at the top. +
-n
+Rotates the stack so that the nth directory +(counting from the right of the list shown by +dirs, + +starting with zero) is at the top. +
dir + +
+Adds +dir + +to the directory stack at the top + +
+

+ +After the stack has been modified, if the -n option was not +supplied, pushd uses the cd builtin to change to the +directory at the top of the stack. +If the cd fails, pushd returns a non-zero value. +

+ +Otherwise, if no arguments are supplied, +pushd + +returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty. +When rotating the directory stack, +pushd + +returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty or +a non-existent directory stack element is specified. +

+ +If the +pushd + +command is successful, +bash runs +dirs + +to show the final contents of the directory stack. +

+ +
pwd [-LP]
+Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. +The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the +-P + +option is supplied or the +-o physical + +option to the +set + +builtin command is enabled. +If the +-L + +option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links. +The return status is 0 unless an error occurs while +reading the name of the current directory or an +invalid option is supplied. +
read [-ers] [-a aname] [-d delim] [-i text] [-n nchars] [-N nchars] [-p prompt] [-t timeout] [-u fd] [name ...]
+One line is read from the standard input, or from the file descriptor +fd supplied as an argument to the -u option, +split into words as described + +above +under Word Splitting, +and the first word +is assigned to the first +name, + +the second word to the second +name, + +and so on. +If there are more words than names, the remaining words and their +intervening delimiters are assigned to the last +name. + +If there are fewer words read from the input stream than names, +the remaining names are assigned empty values. +The characters in +IFS + + +are used to split the line into words using the same rules the shell +uses for expansion (described + +above +under Word Splitting). +The backslash character (\) may be used to remove any special +meaning for the next character read and for line continuation. +Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: +
+ +
+
-a aname + +
+The words are assigned to sequential indices +of the array variable +aname, + +starting at 0. +aname + +is unset before any new values are assigned. +Other name arguments are ignored. +
-d delim + +
+The first character of delim is used to terminate the input line, +rather than newline. +If delim is the empty string, read will terminate a line +when it reads a NUL character. +
-e + +
+If the standard input +is coming from a terminal, +readline + +(see +READLINE + + + +above) +is used to obtain the line. +Readline uses the current (or default, if line editing was not previously +active) editing settings, but uses readline's default filename completion. +
-i text + +
+If +readline + +is being used to read the line, text is placed into the editing +buffer before editing begins. +
-n nchars + +
+read returns after reading nchars characters rather than +waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delimiter if fewer +than nchars characters are read before the delimiter. +
-N nchars + +
+read returns after reading exactly nchars characters rather +than waiting for a complete line of input, unless EOF is encountered or +read times out. +Delimiter characters encountered in the input are +not treated specially and do not cause read to return until +nchars characters are read. +The result is not split on the characters in IFS; the intent is +that the variable is assigned exactly the characters read +(with the exception of backslash; see the -r option below). +
-p prompt + +
+Display prompt on standard error, without a +trailing newline, before attempting to read any input. The prompt +is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal. +
-r + +
+Backslash does not act as an escape character. +The backslash is considered to be part of the line. +In particular, a backslash-newline pair may not then be used as a line +continuation. +
-s + +
+Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, characters are +not echoed. +
-t timeout + +
+Cause read to time out and return failure if a complete line of +input (or a specified number of characters) +is not read within timeout seconds. +timeout may be a decimal number with a fractional portion following +the decimal point. +This option is only effective if read is reading input from a +terminal, pipe, or other special file; it has no effect when reading +from regular files. +If read times out, read saves any partial input read into +the specified variable name. +If timeout is 0, read returns immediately, without trying to +read any data. +The exit status is 0 if input is available on the specified file descriptor, +or the read will return EOF, +non-zero otherwise. +The exit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded. +
-u fd + +
+Read input from file descriptor fd. + +
+

+ +If no +names + +are supplied, the line read, +without the ending delimiter but otherwise unmodified, +is assigned to the variable +REPLY. + + +The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, read +times out (in which case the status is greater than 128), +a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a readonly variable) occurs, +or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to -u. +

+ +
readonly [-aAf] [-p] [name[=word] ...]
+ +The given +names are marked readonly; the values of these +names + +may not be changed by subsequent assignment. +If the +-f + +option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the +names are so +marked. +The +-a + +option restricts the variables to indexed arrays; the +-A + +option restricts the variables to associative arrays. +If both options are supplied, +-A + +takes precedence. +If no +name + +arguments are given, or if the +-p + +option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed. +The other options may be used to restrict the output to a subset of +the set of readonly names. +The +-p + +option causes output to be displayed in a format that +may be reused as input. +If a variable name is followed by =word, the value of +the variable is set to word. +The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, +one of the +names + +is not a valid shell variable name, or +-f + +is supplied with a +name + +that is not a function. +
return [n]
+Causes a function to stop executing and return the value specified by +n + +to its caller. +If +n + +is omitted, the return status is that of the last command +executed in the function body. +If return is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to +determine the status is the last command executed before the trap handler. +If return is executed during a DEBUG trap, the last command +used to determine the status is the last command executed by the trap +handler before return was invoked. +If +return + +is used outside a function, +but during execution of a script by the +. + +(source) command, it causes the shell to stop executing +that script and return either +n + +or the exit status of the last command executed within the +script as the exit status of the script. +If n is supplied, the return value is its least significant +8 bits. +The return status is non-zero if +return + +is supplied a non-numeric argument, or +is used outside a +function and not during execution of a script by . or source. +Any command associated with the RETURN trap is executed +before execution resumes after the function or script. +
set [-abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [-o option-name] [--] [-] [arg ...]
+ +
set [+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [+o option-name] [--] [-] [arg ...]
+ +Without options, display the name and value of each shell variable +in a format that can be reused as input +for setting or resetting the currently-set variables. +Read-only variables cannot be reset. +In posix mode, only shell variables are listed. +The output is sorted according to the current locale. +When options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. +Any arguments remaining after option processing are treated +as values for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to +$1, + +$2, + +... + +$n. + +Options, if specified, have the following meanings: +
+ +
+
-a + +
+Each variable or function that is created or modified is given the +export attribute and marked for export to the environment of +subsequent commands. +
-b + +
+Report the status of terminated background jobs +immediately, rather than before the next primary prompt. This is +effective only when job control is enabled. +
-e + +
+Exit immediately if a +pipeline (which may consist of a single simple command), +a list, +or a compound command +(see +SHELL GRAMMAR + + + +above), +exits with a non-zero status. +The shell does not exit if the +command that fails is part of the command list immediately following a +while + +or +until + +keyword, +part of the test following the +if + +or +elif + +reserved words, part of any command executed in a +&& + +or +|| + +list except the command following the final && or ||, +any command in a pipeline but the last, +or if the command's return value is +being inverted with +!. + +If a compound command other than a subshell +returns a non-zero status because a command failed +while -e was being ignored, the shell does not exit. +A trap on ERR, if set, is executed before the shell exits. +This option applies to the shell environment and each subshell environment +separately (see +COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT + + + +above), +and may cause +subshells to exit before executing all the commands in the subshell. +

+ + +If a compound command or shell function executes in a context +where -e is being ignored, +none of the commands executed within the compound command or function body +will be affected by the -e setting, even if -e is set +and a command returns a failure status. +If a compound command or shell function sets -e while executing in +a context where -e is ignored, that setting will not have any +effect until the compound command or the command containing the function +call completes. +

-f + +
+Disable pathname expansion. +
-h + +
+Remember the location of commands as they are looked up for execution. +This is enabled by default. +
-k + +
+All arguments in the form of assignment statements +are placed in the environment for a command, not just +those that precede the command name. +
-m + +
+Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is on +by default for interactive shells on systems that support +it (see +JOB CONTROL + + + +above). +All processes run in a separate process group. +When a background job completes, the shell prints a line +containing its exit status. +
-n + +
+Read commands but do not execute them. +This may be used to check a shell script for syntax errors. +This is ignored by interactive shells. +
-o option-name + +
+The option-name can be one of the following: +
+
+
allexport + +
+Same as +-a. + +
braceexpand + +
+Same as +-B. + +
emacs + +
+Use an emacs-style command line editing interface. This is enabled +by default when the shell is interactive, unless the shell is started +with the +--noediting + +option. +This also affects the editing interface used for read -e. +
errexit + +
+Same as +-e. + +
errtrace + +
+Same as +-E. + +
functrace + +
+Same as +-T. + +
hashall + +
+Same as +-h. + +
histexpand + +
+Same as +-H. + +
history + +
+Enable command history, as described + +above +under +HISTORY. + + +This option is on by default in interactive shells. +
ignoreeof + +
+The effect is as if the shell command +IGNOREEOF=10 + +had been executed +(see +Shell Variables + + +above). +
keyword + +
+Same as +-k. + +
monitor + +
+Same as +-m. + +
noclobber + +
+Same as +-C. + +
noexec + +
+Same as +-n. + +
noglob + +
+Same as +-f. + +
nolog + +
+Currently ignored. +
notify + +
+Same as +-b. + +
nounset + +
+Same as +-u. + +
onecmd + +
+Same as +-t. + +
physical + +
+Same as +-P. + +
pipefail + +
+If set, the return value of a pipeline is the value of the last +(rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all +commands in the pipeline exit successfully. +This option is disabled by default. +
posix + +
+Change the behavior of +bash + +where the default operation differs +from the POSIX standard to match the standard (posix mode). +See +SEE ALSO + + + +below +for a reference to a document that details how posix mode affects +bash's behavior. +
privileged + +
+Same as +-p. + +
verbose + +
+Same as +-v. + +
vi + +
+Use a vi-style command line editing interface. +This also affects the editing interface used for read -e. +
xtrace + +
+Same as +-x. + +

+

+

+ +If +-o + +is supplied with no option-name, the values of the current options are +printed. +If ++o + +is supplied with no option-name, a series of +set + +commands to recreate the current option settings is displayed on +the standard output. +

+ +
-p + +
+Turn on +privileged + +mode. In this mode, the +$ENV + + +and +$BASH_ENV + + +files are not processed, shell functions are not inherited from the +environment, and the +SHELLOPTS, + + +BASHOPTS, + + +CDPATH, + + +and +GLOBIGNORE + + +variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored. +If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the +real user (group) id, and the -p option is not supplied, these actions +are taken and the effective user id is set to the real user id. +If the -p option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is +not reset. +Turning this option off causes the effective user +and group ids to be set to the real user and group ids. +
-r + +
+Enable restricted shell mode. +This option cannot be unset once it has been set. +
-t + +
+Exit after reading and executing one command. +
-u + +
+Treat unset variables and parameters other than the special +parameters "@" and "*", +or array variables subscripted with "@" or "*", +as an error when performing +parameter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an +unset variable or parameter, the shell prints an error message, and, +if not interactive, exits with a non-zero status. +
-v + +
+Print shell input lines as they are read. +
-x + +
+After expanding each simple command, +for command, case command, select command, or +arithmetic for command, display the expanded value of +PS4, + + +followed by the command and its expanded arguments +or associated word list. +
-B + +
+The shell performs brace expansion (see +Brace Expansion + + +above). +This is on by default. +
-C + +
+If set, +bash + +does not overwrite an existing file with the +>, + +>&, + +and +<> + +redirection operators. This may be overridden when +creating output files by using the redirection operator +>| + +instead of +>. + +
-E + +
+If set, any trap on ERR is inherited by shell functions, command +substitutions, and commands executed in a subshell environment. +The ERR trap is normally not inherited in such cases. +
-H + +
+Enable +! + +style history substitution. This option is on by +default when the shell is interactive. +
-P + +
+If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when executing +commands such as +cd + +that change the current working directory. It uses the +physical directory structure instead. By default, +bash + +follows the logical chain of directories when performing commands +which change the current directory. +
-T + +
+If set, any traps on DEBUG and RETURN are inherited by shell +functions, command substitutions, and commands executed in a +subshell environment. +The DEBUG and RETURN traps are normally not inherited +in such cases. +
-- + +
+If no arguments follow this option, then the positional parameters are +unset. Otherwise, the positional parameters are set to the +args, even if some of them begin with a +-. + +
- + +
+Signal the end of options, cause all remaining args to be +assigned to the positional parameters. The +-x + +and +-v + +options are turned off. +If there are no args, +the positional parameters remain unchanged. + +
+

+ +The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. +Using + rather than - causes these options to be turned off. +The options can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of +the shell. +The current set of options may be found in +$-. + +The return status is always true unless an invalid option is encountered. +

+ +
shift [n]
+The positional parameters from n+1 ... are renamed to +$1 + +.... + +Parameters represented by the numbers $# +down to $#-n+1 are unset. +n + +must be a non-negative number less than or equal to $#. +If +n + +is 0, no parameters are changed. +If +n + +is not given, it is assumed to be 1. +If +n + +is greater than $#, the positional parameters are not changed. +The return status is greater than zero if +n + +is greater than +$# + +or less than zero; otherwise 0. +
shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [optname ...]
+Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behavior. +The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the +-o + +option is used, those available with the +-o + +option to the set builtin command. +With no options, or with the +-p + +option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with +an indication of whether or not each is set; +if optnames are supplied, the output is restricted to those options. +The -p option causes output to be displayed in a form that +may be reused as input. +Other options have the following meanings: +
+ +
+
-s + +
+Enable (set) each optname. +
-u + +
+Disable (unset) each optname. +
-q + +
+Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status indicates +whether the optname is set or unset. +If multiple optname arguments are given with +-q, + +the return status is zero if all optnames are enabled; non-zero +otherwise. +
-o + +
+Restricts the values of optname to be those defined for the +-o + +option to the +set + +builtin. + +
+

+ +If either +-s + +or +-u + +is used with no optname arguments, +shopt + +shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively. +Unless otherwise noted, the shopt options are disabled (unset) +by default. +

+ +The return status when listing options is zero if all optnames +are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting options, +the return status is zero unless an optname is not a valid shell +option. +

+ +The list of shopt options is: +

+ + + +

+
assoc_expand_once + +
+If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of associative array +subscripts during arithmetic expression evaluation, while executing +builtins that can perform variable assignments, +and while executing builtins that perform array dereferencing. +
autocd + +
+If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is executed as if +it were the argument to the cd command. +This option is only used by interactive shells. +
cdable_vars + +
+If set, an argument to the +cd + +builtin command that +is not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable whose +value is the directory to change to. +
cdspell + +
+If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a +cd + +command will be corrected. +The errors checked for are transposed characters, +a missing character, and one character too many. +If a correction is found, the corrected filename is printed, +and the command proceeds. +This option is only used by interactive shells. +
checkhash + +
+If set, bash checks that a command found in the hash +table exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed command no +longer exists, a normal path search is performed. +
checkjobs + +
+If set, bash lists the status of any stopped and running jobs before +exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs are running, this causes +the exit to be deferred until a second exit is attempted without an +intervening command (see +JOB CONTROL + + + +above). +The shell always postpones exiting if any jobs are stopped. +
checkwinsize + +
+If set, bash checks the window size after each external (non-builtin) +command and, if necessary, updates the values of +LINES + + +and +COLUMNS. + + +This option is enabled by default. +
cmdhist + +
+If set, +bash + +attempts to save all lines of a multiple-line +command in the same history entry. This allows +easy re-editing of multi-line commands. +This option is enabled by default, but only has an effect if command +history is enabled, as described + +above +under +HISTORY. + + + +
compat31 + +
+
compat32 + +
+
compat40 + +
+
compat41 + +
+
compat42 + +
+
compat43 + +
+
compat44 + +
+
compat50 + +
+ +These control aspects of the shell's compatibility mode +(see +SHELL COMPATIBILITY MODE + + + +below). +
complete_fullquote + +
+If set, +bash + +quotes all shell metacharacters in filenames and directory names when +performing completion. +If not set, +bash + +removes metacharacters such as the dollar sign from the set of +characters that will be quoted in completed filenames +when these metacharacters appear in shell variable references in words to be +completed. +This means that dollar signs in variable names that expand to directories +will not be quoted; +however, any dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted, either. +This is active only when bash is using backslashes to quote completed +filenames. +This variable is set by default, which is the default bash behavior in +versions through 4.2. +
direxpand + +
+If set, +bash + +replaces directory names with the results of word expansion when performing +filename completion. This changes the contents of the readline editing +buffer. +If not set, +bash + +attempts to preserve what the user typed. +
dirspell + +
+If set, +bash + +attempts spelling correction on directory names during word completion +if the directory name initially supplied does not exist. +
dotglob + +
+If set, +bash + +includes filenames beginning with a `.' in the results of pathname +expansion. +The filenames +``.'' + +and +``..'' + +must always be matched explicitly, even if +dotglob + +is set. +
execfail + +
+If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if +it cannot execute the file specified as an argument to the +exec + +builtin command. An interactive shell does not exit if +exec + +fails. +
expand_aliases + +
+If set, aliases are expanded as described + +above +under +ALIASES. + + +This option is enabled by default for interactive shells. +
extdebug + +
+If set at shell invocation, +or in a shell startup file, +arrange to execute the debugger profile +before the shell starts, identical to the --debugger option. +If set after invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled: +
+
+
1. + +
+The -F option to the declare builtin displays the source +file name and line number corresponding to each function name supplied +as an argument. +
2. + +
+If the command run by the DEBUG trap returns a non-zero value, the +next command is skipped and not executed. +
3. + +
+If the command run by the DEBUG trap returns a value of 2, and the +shell is executing in a subroutine (a shell function or a shell script +executed by the . or source builtins), the shell simulates +a call to return. +
4. + +
+BASH_ARGC + + +and +BASH_ARGV + + +are updated as described in their descriptions + +above). +
5. + +
+Function tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and +subshells invoked with ( command ) inherit the +DEBUG and RETURN traps. +
6. + +
+Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and +subshells invoked with ( command ) inherit the +ERR trap. +
+ +
extglob + +
+If set, the extended pattern matching features described + +above +under +Pathname Expansion are enabled. +
extquote + +
+If set, $aqstringaq and $"string" quoting is +performed within ${parameter} expansions +enclosed in double quotes. This option is enabled by default. +
failglob + +
+If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during pathname expansion +result in an expansion error. +
force_fignore + +
+If set, the suffixes specified by the +FIGNORE + + +shell variable +cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even if +the ignored words are the only possible completions. +See +SHELL VARIABLES + +above +for a description of +FIGNORE. + + +This option is enabled by default. +
globasciiranges + +
+If set, range expressions used in pattern matching bracket expressions (see +Pattern Matching + + + +above) +behave as if in the traditional C locale when performing +comparisons. That is, the current locale's collating sequence +is not taken into account, so +b + +will not collate between +A + +and +B, + +and upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters will collate together. +
globskipdots + +
+If set, pathname expansion will never match the filenames +``.'' + +and +``..'', + +even if the pattern begins with a +``.''. + +This option is enabled by default. +
globstar + +
+If set, the pattern ** used in a pathname expansion context will +match all files and zero or more directories and subdirectories. +If the pattern is followed by a /, only directories and +subdirectories match. +
gnu_errfmt + +
+If set, shell error messages are written in the standard GNU error +message format. +
histappend + +
+If set, the history list is appended to the file named by the value +of the +HISTFILE + + +variable when the shell exits, rather than overwriting the file. +
histreedit + +
+If set, and +readline + +is being used, a user is given the opportunity to re-edit a +failed history substitution. +
histverify + +
+If set, and +readline + +is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately +passed to the shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded into +the readline editing buffer, allowing further modification. +
hostcomplete + +
+If set, and +readline + +is being used, bash will attempt to perform hostname completion when a +word containing a @ is being completed (see +Completing + +under +READLINE + + + +above). +This is enabled by default. +
huponexit + +
+If set, bash will send +SIGHUP + + +to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits. +
inherit_errexit + +
+If set, command substitution inherits the value of the errexit option, +instead of unsetting it in the subshell environment. +This option is enabled when posix mode is enabled. +
interactive_comments + +
+If set, allow a word beginning with +# + +to cause that word and all remaining characters on that +line to be ignored in an interactive shell (see +COMMENTS + + + +above). +This option is enabled by default. +
lastpipe + +
+If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the last command of +a pipeline not executed in the background in the current shell environment. +
lithist + +
+If set, and the +cmdhist + +option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the history with +embedded newlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible. +
localvar_inherit + +
+If set, local variables inherit the value and attributes of a variable of +the same name that exists at a previous scope before any new value is +assigned. The nameref attribute is not inherited. +
localvar_unset + +
+If set, calling unset on local variables in previous function scopes +marks them so subsequent lookups find them unset until that function +returns. This is identical to the behavior of unsetting local variables +at the current function scope. +
login_shell + +
+The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell (see +INVOCATION + + + +above). +The value may not be changed. +
mailwarn + +
+If set, and a file that bash is checking for mail has been +accessed since the last time it was checked, the message ``The mail in +mailfile has been read'' is displayed. +
no_empty_cmd_completion + +
+If set, and +readline + +is being used, +bash + +will not attempt to search the +PATH + + +for possible completions when +completion is attempted on an empty line. +
nocaseglob + +
+If set, +bash + +matches filenames in a case-insensitive fashion when performing pathname +expansion (see +Pathname Expansion + + +above). +
nocasematch + +
+If set, +bash + +matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion when performing matching +while executing case or [[ conditional commands, +when performing pattern substitution word expansions, +or when filtering possible completions as part of programmable completion. +
noexpand_translation + +
+If set, +bash + +encloses the translated results of $"..." quoting in single quotes +instead of double quotes. +If the string is not translated, this has no effect. +
nullglob + +
+If set, +bash + +allows patterns which match no +files (see +Pathname Expansion + + +above) +to expand to a null string, rather than themselves. +
patsub_replacement + +
+If set, bash +expands occurrences of & in the replacement string of pattern +substitution to the text matched by the pattern, as described +under Parameter Expansion + +above. +This option is enabled by default. +
progcomp + +
+If set, the programmable completion facilities (see +Programmable Completion + +above) +are enabled. +This option is enabled by default. +
progcomp_alias + +
+If set, and programmable completion is enabled, bash treats a command +name that doesn't have any completions as a possible alias and attempts +alias expansion. If it has an alias, bash attempts programmable +completion using the command word resulting from the expanded alias. +
promptvars + +
+If set, prompt strings undergo +parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic +expansion, and quote removal after being expanded as described in +PROMPTING + + + +above. +This option is enabled by default. +
restricted_shell + +
+The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode +(see +RESTRICTED SHELL + + + +below). +The value may not be changed. +This is not reset when the startup files are executed, allowing +the startup files to discover whether or not a shell is restricted. +
shift_verbose + +
+If set, the +shift + +builtin prints an error message when the shift count exceeds the +number of positional parameters. +
sourcepath + +
+If set, the +. (source) builtin uses the value of +PATH + + +to find the directory containing the file supplied as an argument. +This option is enabled by default. +
varredir_close + +
+If set, the shell automatically closes file descriptors assigned using the +{varname} redirection syntax (see +REDIRECTION + + + +above) +instead of leaving them open when the command completes. +
xpg_echo + +
+If set, the echo builtin expands backslash-escape sequences +by default. +
+ + +
suspend [-f]
+Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a +SIGCONT + + +signal. A login shell, +or a shell without job control enabled, +cannot be suspended; the +-f + +option can be used to override this and force the suspension. +The return status is 0 unless the shell is a login shell +or job control is not enabled +and +-f + +is not supplied. +
test expr
+ +
[ expr ]
+Return a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on +the evaluation of the conditional expression +expr. + +Each operator and operand must be a separate argument. +Expressions are composed of the primaries described + +above +under +CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS. + + +test does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore +an argument of -- as signifying the end of options. +

+ + +Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed +in decreasing order of precedence. +The evaluation depends on the number of arguments; see below. +Operator precedence is used when there are five or more arguments. +

+ +
+
! expr + +
+True if +expr + +is false. +
( expr ) + +
+Returns the value of expr. +This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators. +
expr1 -a expr2
+True if both +expr1 + +and +expr2 + +are true. +
expr1 -o expr2
+True if either +expr1 + +or +expr2 + +is true. + +
+

+ +test and [ evaluate conditional +expressions using a set of rules based on the number of arguments. +

+ + + +

+
0 arguments
+The expression is false. +
1 argument
+The expression is true if and only if the argument is not null. +
2 arguments
+If the first argument is !, the expression is true if and +only if the second argument is null. +If the first argument is one of the unary conditional operators listed + +above +under +CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS, + + +the expression is true if the unary test is true. +If the first argument is not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression +is false. +
3 arguments
+The following conditions are applied in the order listed. +If the second argument is one of the binary conditional operators listed + +above +under +CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS, + + +the result of the expression is the result of the binary test using +the first and third arguments as operands. +The -a and -o operators are considered binary operators +when there are three arguments. +If the first argument is !, the value is the negation of +the two-argument test using the second and third arguments. +If the first argument is exactly ( and the third argument is +exactly ), the result is the one-argument test of the second +argument. +Otherwise, the expression is false. +
4 arguments
+The following conditions are applied in the order listed. +If the first argument is !, the result is the negation of +the three-argument expression composed of the remaining arguments. +the two-argument test using the second and third arguments. +If the first argument is exactly ( and the fourth argument is +exactly ), the result is the two-argument test of the second +and third arguments. +Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated according to +precedence using the rules listed above. +
5 or more arguments
+The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence +using the rules listed above. +

+ + +

+

+ +When used with test or [, the < and > operators +sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering. +

+ + +
times + +
+Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and +for processes run from the shell. The return status is 0. +
trap [-lp] [[arg] sigspec ...]
+The command +arg + +is to be read and executed when the shell receives +signal(s) +sigspec. + +If +arg + +is absent (and there is a single sigspec) or +-, + +each specified signal is +reset to its original disposition (the value it had +upon entrance to the shell). +If +arg + +is the null string the signal specified by each +sigspec + +is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes. +If +arg + +is not present and +-p + +has been supplied, then the trap commands associated with each +sigspec + +are displayed. +If no arguments are supplied or if only +-p + +is given, +trap + +prints the list of commands associated with each signal. +The +-l + +option causes the shell to print a list of signal names and +their corresponding numbers. +Each +sigspec + +is either +a signal name defined in <signal.h>, or a signal number. +Signal names are case insensitive and the +SIG + + +prefix is optional. +

+ + +If a +sigspec + +is +EXIT + + +(0) the command +arg + +is executed on exit from the shell. +If a +sigspec + +is +DEBUG, + + +the command +arg + +is executed before every simple command, for command, +case command, select command, every arithmetic for +command, and before the first command executes in a shell function (see +SHELL GRAMMAR + + + +above). +Refer to the description of the extdebug option to the +shopt builtin for details of its effect on the DEBUG trap. +If a +sigspec + +is +RETURN, + + +the command +arg + +is executed each time a shell function or a script executed with +the . or source builtins finishes executing. +

+ + +If a +sigspec + +is +ERR, + + +the command +arg + +is executed whenever +a pipeline (which may consist of a single simple +command), a list, or a compound command returns a +non-zero exit status, +subject to the following conditions. +The +ERR + + +trap is not executed if the failed +command is part of the command list immediately following a +while + +or +until + +keyword, +part of the test in an +if + +statement, part of a command executed in a +&& + +or +|| + +list except the command following the final && or ||, +any command in a pipeline but the last, +or if the command's return value is +being inverted using +!. + +These are the same conditions obeyed by the errexit (-e) option. +

+ + +Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset. +Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their original +values in a subshell or subshell environment when one is created. +The return status is false if any +sigspec + +is invalid; otherwise +trap + +returns true. +

type [-aftpP] name [name ...]
+With no options, +indicate how each +name + +would be interpreted if used as a command name. +If the +-t + +option is used, +type + +prints a string which is one of +alias, + +keyword, + +function, + +builtin, + +or +file + +if +name + +is an alias, shell reserved word, function, builtin, or disk file, +respectively. +If the +name + +is not found, then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false +is returned. +If the +-p + +option is used, +type + +either returns the name of the disk file +that would be executed if +name + +were specified as a command name, +or nothing if +type -t name + +would not return +file. + +The +-P + +option forces a +PATH + + +search for each name, even if +type -t name + +would not return +file. + +If a command is hashed, +-p + +and +-P + +print the hashed value, which is not necessarily the file that appears +first in +PATH. + + +If the +-a + +option is used, +type + +prints all of the places that contain +an executable named +name. + +This includes aliases and functions, +if and only if the +-p + +option is not also used. +The table of hashed commands is not consulted +when using +-a. + +The +-f + +option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the command builtin. +type + +returns true if all of the arguments are found, false if +any are not found. +
ulimit [-HS] -a
+ +
ulimit [-HS] [-bcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPRT [limit]]
+ +Provides control over the resources available to the shell and to +processes started by it, on systems that allow such control. +The -H and -S options specify that the hard or soft limit is +set for the given resource. +A hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; +a soft limit may be increased up to the value of the hard limit. +If neither -H nor -S is specified, both the soft and hard +limits are set. +The value of +limit + +can be a number in the unit specified for the resource +or one of the special values +hard, + +soft, + +or +unlimited, + +which stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit, and +no limit, respectively. +If +limit + +is omitted, the current value of the soft limit of the resource is +printed, unless the -H option is given. When more than one +resource is specified, the limit name and unit, if appropriate, +are printed before the value. +Other options are interpreted as follows: +
+ +
+
-a + +
+All current limits are reported; no limits are set +
-b + +
+The maximum socket buffer size +
-c + +
+The maximum size of core files created +
-d + +
+The maximum size of a process's data segment +
-e + +
+The maximum scheduling priority ("nice") +
-f + +
+The maximum size of files written by the shell and its children +
-i + +
+The maximum number of pending signals +
-k + +
+The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated +
-l + +
+The maximum size that may be locked into memory +
-m + +
+The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this limit) +
-n + +
+The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do not +allow this value to be set) +
-p + +
+The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be set) +
-q + +
+The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues +
-r + +
+The maximum real-time scheduling priority +
-s + +
+The maximum stack size +
-t + +
+The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds +
-u + +
+The maximum number of processes available to a single user +
-v + +
+The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell and, on +some systems, to its children +
-x + +
+The maximum number of file locks +
-P + +
+The maximum number of pseudoterminals +
-R + +
+The maximum time a real-time process can run before blocking, in microseconds +
-T + +
+The maximum number of threads + +
+

+ +If +limit + +is given, and the +-a + +option is not used, +limit is the new value of the specified resource. +If no option is given, then +-f + +is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for +-t, + +which is in seconds; +-R, + +which is in microseconds; +-p, + +which is in units of 512-byte blocks; +-P, + +-T, + +-b, + +-k, + +-n, + +and +-u, + +which are unscaled values; +and, when in posix mode, +-c + +and +-f, + +which are in 512-byte increments. +The return status is 0 unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, +or an error occurs while setting a new limit. +

+ +
umask [-p] [-S] [mode]
+The user file-creation mask is set to +mode. + +If +mode + +begins with a digit, it +is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise +it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar +to that accepted by +chmod(1). + +If +mode + +is omitted, the current value of the mask is printed. +The +-S + +option causes the mask to be printed in symbolic form; the +default output is an octal number. +If the +-p + +option is supplied, and +mode + +is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input. +The return status is 0 if the mode was successfully changed or if +no mode argument was supplied, and false otherwise. +
unalias [-a] [name ...]
+Remove each name from the list of defined aliases. If +-a + +is supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return +value is true unless a supplied +name + +is not a defined alias. +
unset [-fv] [-n] [name ...]
+For each +name, + +remove the corresponding variable or function. +If the +-v + +option is given, each +name + +refers to a shell variable, and that variable is removed. +Read-only variables may not be unset. +If +-f + +is specified, each +name + +refers to a shell function, and the function definition +is removed. +If the +-n + +option is supplied, and name is a variable with the nameref +attribute, name will be unset rather than the variable it +references. +-n has no effect if the -f option is supplied. +If no options are supplied, each name refers to a variable; if +there is no variable by that name, a function with that name, if any, is +unset. +Each unset variable or function is removed from the environment +passed to subsequent commands. +If any of +BASH_ALIASES, + + +BASH_ARGV0, + + +BASH_CMDS, + + +BASH_COMMAND, + + +BASH_SUBSHELL, + + +BASHPID, + + +COMP_WORDBREAKS, + + +DIRSTACK, + + +EPOCHREALTIME, + + +EPOCHSECONDS, + + +FUNCNAME, + + +GROUPS, + + +HISTCMD, + + +LINENO, + + +RANDOM, + + +SECONDS, + + +or +SRANDOM + + +are unset, they lose their special properties, even if they are +subsequently reset. The exit status is true unless a +name + +is readonly or may not be unset. +
wait [-fn] [-p varname] [id ...]
+Wait for each specified child process and return its termination status. +Each +id + +may be a process +ID or a job specification; if a job spec is given, all processes +in that job's pipeline are waited for. If +id + +is not given, +wait waits for all running background jobs and +the last-executed process substitution, if its process id is the same as +$!, +and the return status is zero. +If the -n option is supplied, +wait waits for a single job +from the list of ids or, if no ids are supplied, any job, +to complete and returns its exit status. +If none of the supplied arguments is a child of the shell, or if no arguments +are supplied and the shell has no unwaited-for children, the exit status +is 127. +If the -p option is supplied, the process or job identifier of the job +for which the exit status is returned is assigned to the variable +varname named by the option argument. +The variable will be unset initially, before any assignment. +This is useful only when the -n option is supplied. +Supplying the -f option, when job control is enabled, +forces wait to wait for id to terminate before returning +its status, instead of returning when it changes status. +If +id + +specifies a non-existent process or job, the return status is 127. +If wait is interrupted by a signal, the return status will be greater +than 128, as described under +SIGNALS + + +above. +Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the last +process or job waited for. +
+  +

SHELL COMPATIBILITY MODE

+ +Bash-4.0 introduced the concept of a shell compatibility level, +specified as a set of options to the shopt builtin ( +compat31, + +compat32, + +compat40, + +compat41, + +and so on). +There is only one current +compatibility level -- each option is mutually exclusive. +The compatibility level is intended to allow users to select behavior +from previous versions that is incompatible with newer versions +while they migrate scripts to use current features and +behavior. It's intended to be a temporary solution. +

+ +This section does not mention behavior that is standard for a particular +version (e.g., setting compat32 means that quoting the rhs of the regexp +matching operator quotes special regexp characters in the word, which is +default behavior in bash-3.2 and subsequent versions). +

+ +If a user enables, say, compat32, it may affect the behavior of other +compatibility levels up to and including the current compatibility level. +The idea is that each compatibility level controls behavior that changed +in that version of bash, +but that behavior may have been present in earlier versions. +For instance, the change to use locale-based comparisons with the [[ +command came in bash-4.1, and earlier versions used ASCII-based comparisons, +so enabling compat32 will enable ASCII-based comparisons as well. +That granularity may not be sufficient for +all uses, and as a result users should employ compatibility levels carefully. +Read the documentation for a particular feature to find out the +current behavior. +

+ +Bash-4.3 introduced a new shell variable: +BASH_COMPAT. + + +The value assigned +to this variable (a decimal version number like 4.2, or an integer +corresponding to the compatNN option, like 42) determines the +compatibility level. +

+ +Starting with bash-4.4, Bash has begun deprecating older compatibility +levels. +Eventually, the options will be removed in favor of +BASH_COMPAT. + + +

+ +Bash-5.0 is the final version for which there will be an individual shopt +option for the previous version. Users should use +BASH_COMPAT + + +on bash-5.0 and later versions. +

+ +The following table describes the behavior changes controlled by each +compatibility level setting. +The compatNN tag is used as shorthand for setting the +compatibility level +to NN using one of the following mechanisms. +For versions prior to bash-5.0, the compatibility level may be set using +the corresponding compatNN shopt option. +For bash-4.3 and later versions, the +BASH_COMPAT + + +variable is preferred, +and it is required for bash-5.1 and later versions. +

+
compat31
+ +
+
+
*
+quoting the rhs of the [[ command's regexp matching operator (=~) +has no special effect +
+ + +
compat32
+ +
+
+
*
+interrupting a command list such as "a ; b ; c" causes the execution +of the next command in the list (in bash-4.0 and later versions, +the shell acts as if it received the interrupt, so +interrupting one command in a list aborts the execution of the +entire list) +
+ + +
compat40
+ +
+
+
*
+the < and > operators to the [[ command do not +consider the current locale when comparing strings; they use ASCII +ordering. +Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII collation and +strcmp(3); + +bash-4.1 and later use the current locale's collation sequence and +strcoll(3). + +
+ + +
compat41
+ +
+
+
*
+in posix mode, time may be followed by options and still be +recognized as a reserved word (this is POSIX interpretation 267) +
*
+in posix mode, the parser requires that an even number of single +quotes occur in the word portion of a double-quoted +parameter expansion and treats them specially, so that characters within +the single quotes are considered quoted +(this is POSIX interpretation 221) +
+ + +
compat42
+ +
+
+
*
+the replacement string in double-quoted pattern substitution does not +undergo quote removal, as it does in versions after bash-4.2 +
*
+in posix mode, single quotes are considered special when expanding +the word portion of a double-quoted parameter expansion +and can be used to quote a closing brace or other special character +(this is part of POSIX interpretation 221); +in later versions, single quotes +are not special within double-quoted word expansions +
+ + +
compat43
+ +
+
+
*
+the shell does not print a warning message if an attempt is made to +use a quoted compound assignment as an argument to declare +(e.g., declare -a foo=aq(1 2)aq). Later versions warn that this usage is +deprecated +
*
+word expansion errors are considered non-fatal errors that cause the +current command to fail, even in posix mode +(the default behavior is to make them fatal errors that cause the shell +to exit) +
*
+when executing a shell function, the loop state (while/until/etc.) +is not reset, so break or continue in that function will break +or continue loops in the calling context. Bash-4.4 and later reset +the loop state to prevent this +
+ + +
compat44
+ +
+
+
*
+the shell sets up the values used by +BASH_ARGV + + +and +BASH_ARGC + + +so they can expand to the shell's positional parameters even if extended +debugging mode is not enabled +
*
+a subshell inherits loops from its parent context, so break +or continue will cause the subshell to exit. +Bash-5.0 and later reset the loop state to prevent the exit +
*
+variable assignments preceding builtins like export and readonly +that set attributes continue to affect variables with the same +name in the calling environment even if the shell is not in posix +mode +
+ + +
compat50
+ +
+
+
*
+Bash-5.1 changed the way +$RANDOM + + +is generated to introduce slightly +more randomness. If the shell compatibility level is set to 50 or +lower, it reverts to the method from bash-5.0 and previous versions, +so seeding the random number generator by assigning a value to +RANDOM + + +will produce the same sequence as in bash-5.0 +
*
+If the command hash table is empty, bash versions prior to bash-5.1 +printed an informational message to that effect, even when producing +output that can be reused as input. Bash-5.1 suppresses that message +when the -l option is supplied. +
+ + +
compat51
+ +
+
+
*
+The unset builtin treats attempts to unset array subscripts @ +and * differently depending on whether the array is indexed or +associative, and differently than in previous versions. +
+ + + + +
+  +

RESTRICTED SHELL

+ + + +

+ +If +bash + +is started with the name +rbash, + +or the +-r + +option is supplied at invocation, +the shell becomes restricted. +A restricted shell is used to +set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. +It behaves identically to +bash + +with the exception that the following are disallowed or not performed: +

+
*
+changing directories with cd +
*
+setting or unsetting the values of +SHELL, + + +PATH, + + +HISTFILE, + + +ENV, + + +or +BASH_ENV + + +
*
+specifying command names containing +/ + +
*
+specifying a filename containing a +/ + +as an argument to the +. + +builtin command +
*
+specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the +history + +builtin command +
*
+specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the +-p + +option to the +hash + +builtin command +
*
+importing function definitions from the shell environment at startup +
*
+parsing the value of +SHELLOPTS + + +from the shell environment at startup +
*
+redirecting output using the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirection operators +
*
+using the +exec + +builtin command to replace the shell with another command +
*
+adding or deleting builtin commands with the +-f + +and +-d + +options to the +enable + +builtin command +
*
+using the enable builtin command to enable disabled shell builtins +
*
+specifying the +-p + +option to the +command + +builtin command +
*
+turning off restricted mode with +set +r or shopt -u restricted_shell. +
+

+ +These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read. +

+ + + When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed +(see +COMMAND EXECUTION + + + +above), + +rbash + +turns off any restrictions in the shell spawned to execute the +script. + + +  +

SEE ALSO

+ + +
+
Bash Reference Manual, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
+
The Gnu Readline Library, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
+
The Gnu History Library, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
+
Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) Part 2: Shell and Utilities, IEEE --
+http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/ +
http://tiswww.case.edu/~chet/bash/POSIX -- a description of posix mode
+
sh(1), ksh(1), csh(1)
+
emacs(1), vi(1)
+
readline(3)
+ +
+  +

FILES

+ + +
+
+/bin/bash + +
+The bash executable +
+/etc/profile + +
+The systemwide initialization file, executed for login shells +
+~/.bash_profile + +
+The personal initialization file, executed for login shells +
+~/.bashrc + +
+The individual per-interactive-shell startup file +
+~/.bash_logout + +
+The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login shell exits +
+~/.bash_history + +
+The default value of HISTFILE, the file in which bash saves the +command history +
+~/.inputrc + +
+Individual readline initialization file + +
+  +

AUTHORS

+ +Brian Fox, Free Software Foundation +
+ +bfox@gnu.org +

+ +Chet Ramey, Case Western Reserve University +
+ +chet.ramey@case.edu +  +

BUG REPORTS

+ +If you find a bug in +bash, + +you should report it. But first, you should +make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest +version of +bash. + +The latest version is always available from +ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/ and +http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/bash.git/snapshot/bash-master.tar.gz. +

+ +Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the +bashbug + +command to submit a bug report. +If you have a fix, you are encouraged to mail that as well! +Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may be mailed +to bug-bash@gnu.org or posted to the Usenet +newsgroup +gnu.bash.bug. + +

+ +ALL bug reports should include: +

+ + +

+
The version number of bash
+
The hardware and operating system
+
The compiler used to compile
+
A description of the bug behaviour
+
A short script or `recipe' which exercises the bug
+ +
+

+ +bashbug + +inserts the first three items automatically into the template +it provides for filing a bug report. +

+ +Comments and bug reports concerning +this manual page should be directed to +chet.ramey@case.edu. + +  +

BUGS

+ +It's too big and too slow. +

+ +There are some subtle differences between +bash + +and traditional versions of +sh, + +mostly because of the +POSIX + + +specification. +

+ +Aliases are confusing in some uses. +

+ +Shell builtin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable. +

+ +Compound commands and command sequences of the form `a ; b ; c' +are not handled gracefully when process suspension is attempted. +When a process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next +command in the sequence. +It suffices to place the sequence of commands between +parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be stopped as +a unit. +

+ +Array variables may not (yet) be exported. +

+ +There may be only one active coprocess at a time. + + + +

+ + + +
GNU Bash 5.22022 September 19BASH(1) +
+
+ 

Index

+
+
NAME
+
SYNOPSIS
+
COPYRIGHT
+
DESCRIPTION
+
OPTIONS
+
ARGUMENTS
+
INVOCATION
+
DEFINITIONS
+
RESERVED WORDS
+
SHELL GRAMMAR
+
+
Simple Commands
+
Pipelines
+
Lists
+
Compound Commands
+
Coprocesses
+
Shell Function Definitions
+
+
COMMENTS
+
QUOTING
+
PARAMETERS
+
+
Positional Parameters
+
Special Parameters
+
Shell Variables
+
Arrays
+
+
EXPANSION
+
+
Brace Expansion
+
Tilde Expansion
+
Parameter Expansion
+
Command Substitution
+
Arithmetic Expansion
+
Process Substitution
+
Word Splitting
+
Pathname Expansion
+
Quote Removal
+
+
REDIRECTION
+
+
Redirecting Input
+
Redirecting Output
+
Appending Redirected Output
+
Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error
+
Appending Standard Output and Standard Error
+
Here Documents
+
Here Strings
+
Duplicating File Descriptors
+
Moving File Descriptors
+
Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing
+
+
ALIASES
+
FUNCTIONS
+
ARITHMETIC EVALUATION
+
CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS
+
SIMPLE COMMAND EXPANSION
+
COMMAND EXECUTION
+
COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT
+
ENVIRONMENT
+
EXIT STATUS
+
SIGNALS
+
JOB CONTROL
+
PROMPTING
+
READLINE
+
+
Readline Notation
+
Readline Initialization
+
Readline Key Bindings
+
Readline Variables
+
Readline Conditional Constructs
+
Searching
+
Readline Command Names
+
Commands for Moving
+
Commands for Manipulating the History
+
Commands for Changing Text
+
Killing and Yanking
+
Numeric Arguments
+
Completing
+
Keyboard Macros
+
Miscellaneous
+
Programmable Completion
+
+
HISTORY
+
HISTORY EXPANSION
+
+
Event Designators
+
Word Designators
+
Modifiers
+
+
SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
+
SHELL COMPATIBILITY MODE
+
RESTRICTED SHELL
+
SEE ALSO
+
FILES
+
AUTHORS
+
BUG REPORTS
+
BUGS
+
+
+This document was created by man2html from /usr/local/src/bash/bash-20220907/doc/bash.1.
+Time: 19 September 2022 12:02:51 EDT + + diff --git a/doc/bash.info b/doc/bash.info new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6d31de6 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/bash.info @@ -0,0 +1,12675 @@ +This is bash.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.8 from bashref.texi. + +This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the +Bash shell (version 5.2, 19 September 2022). + + This is Edition 5.2, last updated 19 September 2022, of 'The GNU Bash +Reference Manual', for 'Bash', Version 5.2. + + Copyright (C) 1988-2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + + Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this + document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, + Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software + Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and + no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the + section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". +INFO-DIR-SECTION Basics +START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY +* Bash: (bash). The GNU Bourne-Again SHell. +END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY + + +File: bash.info, Node: Top, Next: Introduction, Prev: (dir), Up: (dir) + +Bash Features +************* + +This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the +Bash shell (version 5.2, 19 September 2022). The Bash home page is +. + + This is Edition 5.2, last updated 19 September 2022, of 'The GNU Bash +Reference Manual', for 'Bash', Version 5.2. + + Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some +features that only appear in Bash. Some of the shells that Bash has +borrowed concepts from are the Bourne Shell ('sh'), the Korn Shell +('ksh'), and the C-shell ('csh' and its successor, 'tcsh'). The +following menu breaks the features up into categories, noting which +features were inspired by other shells and which are specific to Bash. + + This manual is meant as a brief introduction to features found in +Bash. The Bash manual page should be used as the definitive reference +on shell behavior. + +* Menu: + +* Introduction:: An introduction to the shell. +* Definitions:: Some definitions used in the rest of this + manual. +* Basic Shell Features:: The shell "building blocks". +* Shell Builtin Commands:: Commands that are a part of the shell. +* Shell Variables:: Variables used or set by Bash. +* Bash Features:: Features found only in Bash. +* Job Control:: What job control is and how Bash allows you + to use it. +* Command Line Editing:: Chapter describing the command line + editing features. +* Using History Interactively:: Command History Expansion +* Installing Bash:: How to build and install Bash on your system. +* Reporting Bugs:: How to report bugs in Bash. +* Major Differences From The Bourne Shell:: A terse list of the differences + between Bash and historical + versions of /bin/sh. +* GNU Free Documentation License:: Copying and sharing this documentation. +* Indexes:: Various indexes for this manual. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Introduction, Next: Definitions, Up: Top + +1 Introduction +************** + +* Menu: + +* What is Bash?:: A short description of Bash. +* What is a shell?:: A brief introduction to shells. + + +File: bash.info, Node: What is Bash?, Next: What is a shell?, Up: Introduction + +1.1 What is Bash? +================= + +Bash is the shell, or command language interpreter, for the GNU +operating system. The name is an acronym for the 'Bourne-Again SHell', +a pun on Stephen Bourne, the author of the direct ancestor of the +current Unix shell 'sh', which appeared in the Seventh Edition Bell Labs +Research version of Unix. + + Bash is largely compatible with 'sh' and incorporates useful features +from the Korn shell 'ksh' and the C shell 'csh'. It is intended to be a +conformant implementation of the IEEE POSIX Shell and Tools portion of +the IEEE POSIX specification (IEEE Standard 1003.1). It offers +functional improvements over 'sh' for both interactive and programming +use. + + While the GNU operating system provides other shells, including a +version of 'csh', Bash is the default shell. Like other GNU software, +Bash is quite portable. It currently runs on nearly every version of +Unix and a few other operating systems - independently-supported ports +exist for MS-DOS, OS/2, and Windows platforms. + + +File: bash.info, Node: What is a shell?, Prev: What is Bash?, Up: Introduction + +1.2 What is a shell? +==================== + +At its base, a shell is simply a macro processor that executes commands. +The term macro processor means functionality where text and symbols are +expanded to create larger expressions. + + A Unix shell is both a command interpreter and a programming +language. As a command interpreter, the shell provides the user +interface to the rich set of GNU utilities. The programming language +features allow these utilities to be combined. Files containing +commands can be created, and become commands themselves. These new +commands have the same status as system commands in directories such as +'/bin', allowing users or groups to establish custom environments to +automate their common tasks. + + Shells may be used interactively or non-interactively. In +interactive mode, they accept input typed from the keyboard. When +executing non-interactively, shells execute commands read from a file. + + A shell allows execution of GNU commands, both synchronously and +asynchronously. The shell waits for synchronous commands to complete +before accepting more input; asynchronous commands continue to execute +in parallel with the shell while it reads and executes additional +commands. The "redirection" constructs permit fine-grained control of +the input and output of those commands. Moreover, the shell allows +control over the contents of commands' environments. + + Shells also provide a small set of built-in commands ("builtins") +implementing functionality impossible or inconvenient to obtain via +separate utilities. For example, 'cd', 'break', 'continue', and 'exec' +cannot be implemented outside of the shell because they directly +manipulate the shell itself. The 'history', 'getopts', 'kill', or 'pwd' +builtins, among others, could be implemented in separate utilities, but +they are more convenient to use as builtin commands. All of the shell +builtins are described in subsequent sections. + + While executing commands is essential, most of the power (and +complexity) of shells is due to their embedded programming languages. +Like any high-level language, the shell provides variables, flow control +constructs, quoting, and functions. + + Shells offer features geared specifically for interactive use rather +than to augment the programming language. These interactive features +include job control, command line editing, command history and aliases. +Each of these features is described in this manual. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Definitions, Next: Basic Shell Features, Prev: Introduction, Up: Top + +2 Definitions +************* + +These definitions are used throughout the remainder of this manual. + +'POSIX' + A family of open system standards based on Unix. Bash is primarily + concerned with the Shell and Utilities portion of the POSIX 1003.1 + standard. + +'blank' + A space or tab character. + +'builtin' + A command that is implemented internally by the shell itself, + rather than by an executable program somewhere in the file system. + +'control operator' + A 'token' that performs a control function. It is a 'newline' or + one of the following: '||', '&&', '&', ';', ';;', ';&', ';;&', '|', + '|&', '(', or ')'. + +'exit status' + The value returned by a command to its caller. The value is + restricted to eight bits, so the maximum value is 255. + +'field' + A unit of text that is the result of one of the shell expansions. + After expansion, when executing a command, the resulting fields are + used as the command name and arguments. + +'filename' + A string of characters used to identify a file. + +'job' + A set of processes comprising a pipeline, and any processes + descended from it, that are all in the same process group. + +'job control' + A mechanism by which users can selectively stop (suspend) and + restart (resume) execution of processes. + +'metacharacter' + A character that, when unquoted, separates words. A metacharacter + is a 'space', 'tab', 'newline', or one of the following characters: + '|', '&', ';', '(', ')', '<', or '>'. + +'name' + A 'word' consisting solely of letters, numbers, and underscores, + and beginning with a letter or underscore. 'Name's are used as + shell variable and function names. Also referred to as an + 'identifier'. + +'operator' + A 'control operator' or a 'redirection operator'. *Note + Redirections::, for a list of redirection operators. Operators + contain at least one unquoted 'metacharacter'. + +'process group' + A collection of related processes each having the same process + group ID. + +'process group ID' + A unique identifier that represents a 'process group' during its + lifetime. + +'reserved word' + A 'word' that has a special meaning to the shell. Most reserved + words introduce shell flow control constructs, such as 'for' and + 'while'. + +'return status' + A synonym for 'exit status'. + +'signal' + A mechanism by which a process may be notified by the kernel of an + event occurring in the system. + +'special builtin' + A shell builtin command that has been classified as special by the + POSIX standard. + +'token' + A sequence of characters considered a single unit by the shell. It + is either a 'word' or an 'operator'. + +'word' + A sequence of characters treated as a unit by the shell. Words may + not include unquoted 'metacharacters'. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Basic Shell Features, Next: Shell Builtin Commands, Prev: Definitions, Up: Top + +3 Basic Shell Features +********************** + +Bash is an acronym for 'Bourne-Again SHell'. The Bourne shell is the +traditional Unix shell originally written by Stephen Bourne. All of the +Bourne shell builtin commands are available in Bash, The rules for +evaluation and quoting are taken from the POSIX specification for the +'standard' Unix shell. + + This chapter briefly summarizes the shell's 'building blocks': +commands, control structures, shell functions, shell parameters, shell +expansions, redirections, which are a way to direct input and output +from and to named files, and how the shell executes commands. + +* Menu: + +* Shell Syntax:: What your input means to the shell. +* Shell Commands:: The types of commands you can use. +* Shell Functions:: Grouping commands by name. +* Shell Parameters:: How the shell stores values. +* Shell Expansions:: How Bash expands parameters and the various + expansions available. +* Redirections:: A way to control where input and output go. +* Executing Commands:: What happens when you run a command. +* Shell Scripts:: Executing files of shell commands. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Shell Syntax, Next: Shell Commands, Up: Basic Shell Features + +3.1 Shell Syntax +================ + +* Menu: + +* Shell Operation:: The basic operation of the shell. +* Quoting:: How to remove the special meaning from characters. +* Comments:: How to specify comments. + +When the shell reads input, it proceeds through a sequence of +operations. If the input indicates the beginning of a comment, the +shell ignores the comment symbol ('#'), and the rest of that line. + + Otherwise, roughly speaking, the shell reads its input and divides +the input into words and operators, employing the quoting rules to +select which meanings to assign various words and characters. + + The shell then parses these tokens into commands and other +constructs, removes the special meaning of certain words or characters, +expands others, redirects input and output as needed, executes the +specified command, waits for the command's exit status, and makes that +exit status available for further inspection or processing. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Shell Operation, Next: Quoting, Up: Shell Syntax + +3.1.1 Shell Operation +--------------------- + +The following is a brief description of the shell's operation when it +reads and executes a command. Basically, the shell does the following: + + 1. Reads its input from a file (*note Shell Scripts::), from a string + supplied as an argument to the '-c' invocation option (*note + Invoking Bash::), or from the user's terminal. + + 2. Breaks the input into words and operators, obeying the quoting + rules described in *note Quoting::. These tokens are separated by + 'metacharacters'. Alias expansion is performed by this step (*note + Aliases::). + + 3. Parses the tokens into simple and compound commands (*note Shell + Commands::). + + 4. Performs the various shell expansions (*note Shell Expansions::), + breaking the expanded tokens into lists of filenames (*note + Filename Expansion::) and commands and arguments. + + 5. Performs any necessary redirections (*note Redirections::) and + removes the redirection operators and their operands from the + argument list. + + 6. Executes the command (*note Executing Commands::). + + 7. Optionally waits for the command to complete and collects its exit + status (*note Exit Status::). + + +File: bash.info, Node: Quoting, Next: Comments, Prev: Shell Operation, Up: Shell Syntax + +3.1.2 Quoting +------------- + +* Menu: + +* Escape Character:: How to remove the special meaning from a single + character. +* Single Quotes:: How to inhibit all interpretation of a sequence + of characters. +* Double Quotes:: How to suppress most of the interpretation of a + sequence of characters. +* ANSI-C Quoting:: How to expand ANSI-C sequences in quoted strings. +* Locale Translation:: How to translate strings into different languages. + +Quoting is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters or +words to the shell. Quoting can be used to disable special treatment +for special characters, to prevent reserved words from being recognized +as such, and to prevent parameter expansion. + + Each of the shell metacharacters (*note Definitions::) has special +meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to represent itself. +When the command history expansion facilities are being used (*note +History Interaction::), the "history expansion" character, usually '!', +must be quoted to prevent history expansion. *Note Bash History +Facilities::, for more details concerning history expansion. + + There are three quoting mechanisms: the "escape character", single +quotes, and double quotes. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Escape Character, Next: Single Quotes, Up: Quoting + +3.1.2.1 Escape Character +........................ + +A non-quoted backslash '\' is the Bash escape character. It preserves +the literal value of the next character that follows, with the exception +of 'newline'. If a '\newline' pair appears, and the backslash itself is +not quoted, the '\newline' is treated as a line continuation (that is, +it is removed from the input stream and effectively ignored). + + +File: bash.info, Node: Single Quotes, Next: Double Quotes, Prev: Escape Character, Up: Quoting + +3.1.2.2 Single Quotes +..................... + +Enclosing characters in single quotes (''') preserves the literal value +of each character within the quotes. A single quote may not occur +between single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Double Quotes, Next: ANSI-C Quoting, Prev: Single Quotes, Up: Quoting + +3.1.2.3 Double Quotes +..................... + +Enclosing characters in double quotes ('"') preserves the literal value +of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of '$', '`', +'\', and, when history expansion is enabled, '!'. When the shell is in +POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::), the '!' has no special meaning +within double quotes, even when history expansion is enabled. The +characters '$' and '`' retain their special meaning within double quotes +(*note Shell Expansions::). The backslash retains its special meaning +only when followed by one of the following characters: '$', '`', '"', +'\', or 'newline'. Within double quotes, backslashes that are followed +by one of these characters are removed. Backslashes preceding +characters without a special meaning are left unmodified. A double +quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with a +backslash. If enabled, history expansion will be performed unless an +'!' appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash. The +backslash preceding the '!' is not removed. + + The special parameters '*' and '@' have special meaning when in +double quotes (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::). + + +File: bash.info, Node: ANSI-C Quoting, Next: Locale Translation, Prev: Double Quotes, Up: Quoting + +3.1.2.4 ANSI-C Quoting +...................... + +Character sequences of the form $'STRING' are treated as a special kind +of single quotes. The sequence expands to STRING, with +backslash-escaped characters in STRING replaced as specified by the ANSI +C standard. Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded as +follows: + +'\a' + alert (bell) +'\b' + backspace +'\e' +'\E' + an escape character (not ANSI C) +'\f' + form feed +'\n' + newline +'\r' + carriage return +'\t' + horizontal tab +'\v' + vertical tab +'\\' + backslash +'\'' + single quote +'\"' + double quote +'\?' + question mark +'\NNN' + the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN (one to + three octal digits) +'\xHH' + the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH + (one or two hex digits) +'\uHHHH' + the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + hexadecimal value HHHH (one to four hex digits) +'\UHHHHHHHH' + the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + hexadecimal value HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits) +'\cX' + a control-X character + +The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not been +present. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Locale Translation, Prev: ANSI-C Quoting, Up: Quoting + +3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation +................................... + +* Menu: + +* Creating Internationalized Scripts:: How to use translations and different + languages in your scripts. + +Prefixing a double-quoted string with a dollar sign ('$'), such as +$"hello, world", will cause the string to be translated according to the +current locale. The 'gettext' infrastructure performs the lookup and +translation, using the 'LC_MESSAGES', 'TEXTDOMAINDIR', and 'TEXTDOMAIN' +shell variables, as explained below. See the gettext documentation for +additional details not covered here. If the current locale is 'C' or +'POSIX', if there are no translations available, of if the string is not +translated, the dollar sign is ignored. Since this is a form of double +quoting, the string remains double-quoted by default, whether or not it +is translated and replaced. If the 'noexpand_translation' option is +enabled using the 'shopt' builtin (*note The Shopt Builtin::), +translated strings are single-quoted instead of double-quoted. + + The rest of this section is a brief overview of how you use gettext +to create translations for strings in a shell script named SCRIPTNAME. +There are more details in the gettext documentation. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Creating Internationalized Scripts, Up: Locale Translation + +Once you've marked the strings in your script that you want to translate +using $"...", you create a gettext "template" file using the command + + bash --dump-po-strings SCRIPTNAME > DOMAIN.pot + +The DOMAIN is your "message domain". It's just an arbitrary string +that's used to identify the files gettext needs, like a package or +script name. It needs to be unique among all the message domains on +systems where you install the translations, so gettext knows which +translations correspond to your script. You'll use the template file to +create translations for each target language. The template file +conventionally has the suffix '.pot'. + + You copy this template file to a separate file for each target +language you want to support (called "PO" files, which use the suffix +'.po'). PO files use various naming conventions, but when you are +working to translate a template file into a particular language, you +first copy the template file to a file whose name is the language you +want to target, with the '.po' suffix. For instance, the Spanish +translations of your strings would be in a file named 'es.po', and to +get started using a message domain named "example," you would run + + cp example.pot es.po + +Ultimately, PO files are often named DOMAIN.po and installed in +directories that contain multiple translation files for a particular +language. + + Whichever naming convention you choose, you will need to translate +the strings in the PO files into the appropriate languages. This has to +be done manually. + + When you have the translations and PO files complete, you'll use the +gettext tools to produce what are called "MO" files, which are compiled +versions of the PO files the gettext tools use to look up translations +efficiently. MO files are also called "message catalog" files. You use +the 'msgfmt' program to do this. For instance, if you had a file with +Spanish translations, you could run + + msgfmt -o es.mo es.po + +to produce the corresponding MO file. + + Once you have the MO files, you decide where to install them and use +the 'TEXTDOMAINDIR' shell variable to tell the gettext tools where they +are. Make sure to use the same message domain to name the MO files as +you did for the PO files when you install them. + + Your users will use the 'LANG' or 'LC_MESSAGES' shell variables to +select the desired language. + + You set the 'TEXTDOMAIN' variable to the script's message domain. As +above, you use the message domain to name your translation files. + + You, or possibly your users, set the 'TEXTDOMAINDIR' variable to the +name of a directory where the message catalog files are stored. If you +install the message files into the system's standard message catalog +directory, you don't need to worry about this variable. + + The directory where the message catalog files are stored varies +between systems. Some use the message catalog selected by the +'LC_MESSAGES' shell variable. Others create the name of the message +catalog from the value of the 'TEXTDOMAIN' shell variable, possibly +adding the '.mo' suffix. If you use the 'TEXTDOMAIN' variable, you may +need to set the 'TEXTDOMAINDIR' variable to the location of the message +catalog files, as above. It's common to use both variables in this +fashion: '$TEXTDOMAINDIR'/'$LC_MESSAGES'/LC_MESSAGES/'$TEXTDOMAIN'.mo. + + If you used that last convention, and you wanted to store the message +catalog files with Spanish (es) and Esperanto (eo) translations into a +local directory you use for custom translation files, you could run + + TEXTDOMAIN=example + TEXTDOMAINDIR=/usr/local/share/locale + + cp es.mo ${TEXTDOMAINDIR}/es/LC_MESSAGES/${TEXTDOMAIN}.mo + cp eo.mo ${TEXTDOMAINDIR}/eo/LC_MESSAGES/${TEXTDOMAIN}.mo + + When all of this is done, and the message catalog files containing +the compiled translations are installed in the correct location, your +users will be able to see translated strings in any of the supported +languages by setting the 'LANG' or 'LC_MESSAGES' environment variables +before running your script. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Comments, Prev: Quoting, Up: Shell Syntax + +3.1.3 Comments +-------------- + +In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the +'interactive_comments' option to the 'shopt' builtin is enabled (*note +The Shopt Builtin::), a word beginning with '#' causes that word and all +remaining characters on that line to be ignored. An interactive shell +without the 'interactive_comments' option enabled does not allow +comments. The 'interactive_comments' option is on by default in +interactive shells. *Note Interactive Shells::, for a description of +what makes a shell interactive. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Shell Commands, Next: Shell Functions, Prev: Shell Syntax, Up: Basic Shell Features + +3.2 Shell Commands +================== + +A simple shell command such as 'echo a b c' consists of the command +itself followed by arguments, separated by spaces. + + More complex shell commands are composed of simple commands arranged +together in a variety of ways: in a pipeline in which the output of one +command becomes the input of a second, in a loop or conditional +construct, or in some other grouping. + +* Menu: + +* Reserved Words:: Words that have special meaning to the shell. +* Simple Commands:: The most common type of command. +* Pipelines:: Connecting the input and output of several + commands. +* Lists:: How to execute commands sequentially. +* Compound Commands:: Shell commands for control flow. +* Coprocesses:: Two-way communication between commands. +* GNU Parallel:: Running commands in parallel. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Reserved Words, Next: Simple Commands, Up: Shell Commands + +3.2.1 Reserved Words +-------------------- + +Reserved words are words that have special meaning to the shell. They +are used to begin and end the shell's compound commands. + + The following words are recognized as reserved when unquoted and the +first word of a command (see below for exceptions): + +'if' 'then' 'elif' 'else' 'fi' 'time' +'for' 'in' 'until' 'while' 'do' 'done' +'case' 'esac' 'coproc''select''function' +'{' '}' '[[' ']]' '!' + +'in' is recognized as a reserved word if it is the third word of a +'case' or 'select' command. 'in' and 'do' are recognized as reserved +words if they are the third word in a 'for' command. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Simple Commands, Next: Pipelines, Prev: Reserved Words, Up: Shell Commands + +3.2.2 Simple Commands +--------------------- + +A simple command is the kind of command encountered most often. It's +just a sequence of words separated by 'blank's, terminated by one of the +shell's control operators (*note Definitions::). The first word +generally specifies a command to be executed, with the rest of the words +being that command's arguments. + + The return status (*note Exit Status::) of a simple command is its +exit status as provided by the POSIX 1003.1 'waitpid' function, or 128+N +if the command was terminated by signal N. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Pipelines, Next: Lists, Prev: Simple Commands, Up: Shell Commands + +3.2.3 Pipelines +--------------- + +A 'pipeline' is a sequence of one or more commands separated by one of +the control operators '|' or '|&'. + + The format for a pipeline is + [time [-p]] [!] COMMAND1 [ | or |& COMMAND2 ] ... + +The output of each command in the pipeline is connected via a pipe to +the input of the next command. That is, each command reads the previous +command's output. This connection is performed before any redirections +specified by COMMAND1. + + If '|&' is used, COMMAND1's standard error, in addition to its +standard output, is connected to COMMAND2's standard input through the +pipe; it is shorthand for '2>&1 |'. This implicit redirection of the +standard error to the standard output is performed after any +redirections specified by COMMAND1. + + The reserved word 'time' causes timing statistics to be printed for +the pipeline once it finishes. The statistics currently consist of +elapsed (wall-clock) time and user and system time consumed by the +command's execution. The '-p' option changes the output format to that +specified by POSIX. When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX +Mode::), it does not recognize 'time' as a reserved word if the next +token begins with a '-'. The 'TIMEFORMAT' variable may be set to a +format string that specifies how the timing information should be +displayed. *Note Bash Variables::, for a description of the available +formats. The use of 'time' as a reserved word permits the timing of +shell builtins, shell functions, and pipelines. An external 'time' +command cannot time these easily. + + When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::), 'time' may +be followed by a newline. In this case, the shell displays the total +user and system time consumed by the shell and its children. The +'TIMEFORMAT' variable may be used to specify the format of the time +information. + + If the pipeline is not executed asynchronously (*note Lists::), the +shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to complete. + + Each command in a multi-command pipeline, where pipes are created, is +executed in its own "subshell", which is a separate process (*note +Command Execution Environment::). If the 'lastpipe' option is enabled +using the 'shopt' builtin (*note The Shopt Builtin::), the last element +of a pipeline may be run by the shell process when job control is not +active. + + The exit status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command +in the pipeline, unless the 'pipefail' option is enabled (*note The Set +Builtin::). If 'pipefail' is enabled, the pipeline's return status is +the value of the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero +status, or zero if all commands exit successfully. If the reserved word +'!' precedes the pipeline, the exit status is the logical negation of +the exit status as described above. The shell waits for all commands in +the pipeline to terminate before returning a value. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Lists, Next: Compound Commands, Prev: Pipelines, Up: Shell Commands + +3.2.4 Lists of Commands +----------------------- + +A 'list' is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one of the +operators ';', '&', '&&', or '||', and optionally terminated by one of +';', '&', or a 'newline'. + + Of these list operators, '&&' and '||' have equal precedence, +followed by ';' and '&', which have equal precedence. + + A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a 'list' to delimit +commands, equivalent to a semicolon. + + If a command is terminated by the control operator '&', the shell +executes the command asynchronously in a subshell. This is known as +executing the command in the "background", and these are referred to as +"asynchronous" commands. The shell does not wait for the command to +finish, and the return status is 0 (true). When job control is not +active (*note Job Control::), the standard input for asynchronous +commands, in the absence of any explicit redirections, is redirected +from '/dev/null'. + + Commands separated by a ';' are executed sequentially; the shell +waits for each command to terminate in turn. The return status is the +exit status of the last command executed. + + AND and OR lists are sequences of one or more pipelines separated by +the control operators '&&' and '||', respectively. AND and OR lists are +executed with left associativity. + + An AND list has the form + COMMAND1 && COMMAND2 + +COMMAND2 is executed if, and only if, COMMAND1 returns an exit status of +zero (success). + + An OR list has the form + COMMAND1 || COMMAND2 + +COMMAND2 is executed if, and only if, COMMAND1 returns a non-zero exit +status. + + The return status of AND and OR lists is the exit status of the last +command executed in the list. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Compound Commands, Next: Coprocesses, Prev: Lists, Up: Shell Commands + +3.2.5 Compound Commands +----------------------- + +* Menu: + +* Looping Constructs:: Shell commands for iterative action. +* Conditional Constructs:: Shell commands for conditional execution. +* Command Grouping:: Ways to group commands. + +Compound commands are the shell programming language constructs. Each +construct begins with a reserved word or control operator and is +terminated by a corresponding reserved word or operator. Any +redirections (*note Redirections::) associated with a compound command +apply to all commands within that compound command unless explicitly +overridden. + + In most cases a list of commands in a compound command's description +may be separated from the rest of the command by one or more newlines, +and may be followed by a newline in place of a semicolon. + + Bash provides looping constructs, conditional commands, and +mechanisms to group commands and execute them as a unit. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Looping Constructs, Next: Conditional Constructs, Up: Compound Commands + +3.2.5.1 Looping Constructs +.......................... + +Bash supports the following looping constructs. + + Note that wherever a ';' appears in the description of a command's +syntax, it may be replaced with one or more newlines. + +'until' + The syntax of the 'until' command is: + + until TEST-COMMANDS; do CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS; done + + Execute CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS as long as TEST-COMMANDS has an exit + status which is not zero. The return status is the exit status of + the last command executed in CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS, or zero if none + was executed. + +'while' + The syntax of the 'while' command is: + + while TEST-COMMANDS; do CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS; done + + Execute CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS as long as TEST-COMMANDS has an exit + status of zero. The return status is the exit status of the last + command executed in CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS, or zero if none was + executed. + +'for' + The syntax of the 'for' command is: + + for NAME [ [in [WORDS ...] ] ; ] do COMMANDS; done + + Expand WORDS (*note Shell Expansions::), and execute COMMANDS once + for each member in the resultant list, with NAME bound to the + current member. If 'in WORDS' is not present, the 'for' command + executes the COMMANDS once for each positional parameter that is + set, as if 'in "$@"' had been specified (*note Special + Parameters::). + + The return status is the exit status of the last command that + executes. If there are no items in the expansion of WORDS, no + commands are executed, and the return status is zero. + + An alternate form of the 'for' command is also supported: + + for (( EXPR1 ; EXPR2 ; EXPR3 )) ; do COMMANDS ; done + + First, the arithmetic expression EXPR1 is evaluated according to + the rules described below (*note Shell Arithmetic::). The + arithmetic expression EXPR2 is then evaluated repeatedly until it + evaluates to zero. Each time EXPR2 evaluates to a non-zero value, + COMMANDS are executed and the arithmetic expression EXPR3 is + evaluated. If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it + evaluates to 1. The return value is the exit status of the last + command in COMMANDS that is executed, or false if any of the + expressions is invalid. + + The 'break' and 'continue' builtins (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) +may be used to control loop execution. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Conditional Constructs, Next: Command Grouping, Prev: Looping Constructs, Up: Compound Commands + +3.2.5.2 Conditional Constructs +.............................. + +'if' + The syntax of the 'if' command is: + + if TEST-COMMANDS; then + CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS; + [elif MORE-TEST-COMMANDS; then + MORE-CONSEQUENTS;] + [else ALTERNATE-CONSEQUENTS;] + fi + + The TEST-COMMANDS list is executed, and if its return status is + zero, the CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS list is executed. If TEST-COMMANDS + returns a non-zero status, each 'elif' list is executed in turn, + and if its exit status is zero, the corresponding MORE-CONSEQUENTS + is executed and the command completes. If 'else + ALTERNATE-CONSEQUENTS' is present, and the final command in the + final 'if' or 'elif' clause has a non-zero exit status, then + ALTERNATE-CONSEQUENTS is executed. The return status is the exit + status of the last command executed, or zero if no condition tested + true. + +'case' + The syntax of the 'case' command is: + + case WORD in + [ [(] PATTERN [| PATTERN]...) COMMAND-LIST ;;]... + esac + + 'case' will selectively execute the COMMAND-LIST corresponding to + the first PATTERN that matches WORD. The match is performed + according to the rules described below in *note Pattern Matching::. + If the 'nocasematch' shell option (see the description of 'shopt' + in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is enabled, the match is performed + without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. The '|' is + used to separate multiple patterns, and the ')' operator terminates + a pattern list. A list of patterns and an associated command-list + is known as a CLAUSE. + + Each clause must be terminated with ';;', ';&', or ';;&'. The WORD + undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command + substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (*note Shell + Parameter Expansion::) before matching is attempted. Each PATTERN + undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command + substitution, arithmetic expansion, process substitution, and quote + removal. + + There may be an arbitrary number of 'case' clauses, each terminated + by a ';;', ';&', or ';;&'. The first pattern that matches + determines the command-list that is executed. It's a common idiom + to use '*' as the final pattern to define the default case, since + that pattern will always match. + + Here is an example using 'case' in a script that could be used to + describe one interesting feature of an animal: + + echo -n "Enter the name of an animal: " + read ANIMAL + echo -n "The $ANIMAL has " + case $ANIMAL in + horse | dog | cat) echo -n "four";; + man | kangaroo ) echo -n "two";; + *) echo -n "an unknown number of";; + esac + echo " legs." + + + If the ';;' operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted + after the first pattern match. Using ';&' in place of ';;' causes + execution to continue with the COMMAND-LIST associated with the + next clause, if any. Using ';;&' in place of ';;' causes the shell + to test the patterns in the next clause, if any, and execute any + associated COMMAND-LIST on a successful match, continuing the case + statement execution as if the pattern list had not matched. + + The return status is zero if no PATTERN is matched. Otherwise, the + return status is the exit status of the COMMAND-LIST executed. + +'select' + + The 'select' construct allows the easy generation of menus. It has + almost the same syntax as the 'for' command: + + select NAME [in WORDS ...]; do COMMANDS; done + + The list of words following 'in' is expanded, generating a list of + items, and the set of expanded words is printed on the standard + error output stream, each preceded by a number. If the 'in WORDS' + is omitted, the positional parameters are printed, as if 'in "$@"' + had been specified. 'select' then displays the 'PS3' prompt and + reads a line from the standard input. If the line consists of a + number corresponding to one of the displayed words, then the value + of NAME is set to that word. If the line is empty, the words and + prompt are displayed again. If 'EOF' is read, the 'select' command + completes and returns 1. Any other value read causes NAME to be + set to null. The line read is saved in the variable 'REPLY'. + + The COMMANDS are executed after each selection until a 'break' + command is executed, at which point the 'select' command completes. + + Here is an example that allows the user to pick a filename from the + current directory, and displays the name and index of the file + selected. + + select fname in *; + do + echo you picked $fname \($REPLY\) + break; + done + +'((...))' + (( EXPRESSION )) + + The arithmetic EXPRESSION is evaluated according to the rules + described below (*note Shell Arithmetic::). The EXPRESSION + undergoes the same expansions as if it were within double quotes, + but double quote characters in EXPRESSION are not treated specially + are removed. If the value of the expression is non-zero, the + return status is 0; otherwise the return status is 1. + +'[[...]]' + [[ EXPRESSION ]] + + Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the + conditional expression EXPRESSION. Expressions are composed of the + primaries described below in *note Bash Conditional Expressions::. + The words between the '[[' and ']]' do not undergo word splitting + and filename expansion. The shell performs tilde expansion, + parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command + substitution, process substitution, and quote removal on those + words (the expansions that would occur if the words were enclosed + in double quotes). Conditional operators such as '-f' must be + unquoted to be recognized as primaries. + + When used with '[[', the '<' and '>' operators sort + lexicographically using the current locale. + + When the '==' and '!=' operators are used, the string to the right + of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according to + the rules described below in *note Pattern Matching::, as if the + 'extglob' shell option were enabled. The '=' operator is identical + to '=='. If the 'nocasematch' shell option (see the description of + 'shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is enabled, the match is + performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. The + return value is 0 if the string matches ('==') or does not match + ('!=') the pattern, and 1 otherwise. + + If you quote any part of the pattern, using any of the shell's + quoting mechanisms, the quoted portion is matched literally. This + means every character in the quoted portion matches itself, instead + of having any special pattern matching meaning. + + An additional binary operator, '=~', is available, with the same + precedence as '==' and '!='. When you use '=~', the string to the + right of the operator is considered a POSIX extended regular + expression pattern and matched accordingly (using the POSIX + 'regcomp' and 'regexec' interfaces usually described in regex(3)). + The return value is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1 if + it does not. If the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, + the conditional expression returns 2. If the 'nocasematch' shell + option (see the description of 'shopt' in *note The Shopt + Builtin::) is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the + case of alphabetic characters. + + You can quote any part of the pattern to force the quoted portion + to be matched literally instead of as a regular expression (see + above). If the pattern is stored in a shell variable, quoting the + variable expansion forces the entire pattern to be matched + literally. + + The pattern will match if it matches any part of the string. If + you want to force the pattern to match the entire string, anchor + the pattern using the '^' and '$' regular expression operators. + + For example, the following will match a line (stored in the shell + variable 'line') if there is a sequence of characters anywhere in + the value consisting of any number, including zero, of characters + in the 'space' character class, immediately followed by zero or one + instances of 'a', then a 'b': + + [[ $line =~ [[:space:]]*(a)?b ]] + + That means values for 'line' like 'aab', ' aaaaaab', 'xaby', and ' + ab' will all match, as will a line containing a 'b' anywhere in its + value. + + If you want to match a character that's special to the regular + expression grammar ('^$|[]()\.*+?'), it has to be quoted to remove + its special meaning. This means that in the pattern 'xxx.txt', the + '.' matches any character in the string (its usual regular + expression meaning), but in the pattern '"xxx.txt"', it can only + match a literal '.'. + + Likewise, if you want to include a character in your pattern that + has a special meaning to the regular expression grammar, you must + make sure it's not quoted. If you want to anchor a pattern at the + beginning or end of the string, for instance, you cannot quote the + '^' or '$' characters using any form of shell quoting. + + If you want to match 'initial string' at the start of a line, the + following will work: + [[ $line =~ ^"initial string" ]] + but this will not: + [[ $line =~ "^initial string" ]] + because in the second example the '^' is quoted and doesn't have + its usual special meaning. + + It is sometimes difficult to specify a regular expression properly + without using quotes, or to keep track of the quoting used by + regular expressions while paying attention to shell quoting and the + shell's quote removal. Storing the regular expression in a shell + variable is often a useful way to avoid problems with quoting + characters that are special to the shell. For example, the + following is equivalent to the pattern used above: + + pattern='[[:space:]]*(a)?b' + [[ $line =~ $pattern ]] + + Shell programmers should take special care with backslashes, since + backslashes are used by both the shell and regular expressions to + remove the special meaning from the following character. This + means that after the shell's word expansions complete (*note Shell + Expansions::), any backslashes remaining in parts of the pattern + that were originally not quoted can remove the special meaning of + pattern characters. If any part of the pattern is quoted, the + shell does its best to ensure that the regular expression treats + those remaining backslashes as literal, if they appeared in a + quoted portion. + + The following two sets of commands are _not_ equivalent: + + pattern='\.' + + [[ . =~ $pattern ]] + [[ . =~ \. ]] + + [[ . =~ "$pattern" ]] + [[ . =~ '\.' ]] + + The first two matches will succeed, but the second two will not, + because in the second two the backslash will be part of the pattern + to be matched. In the first two examples, the pattern passed to + the regular expression parser is '\.'. The backslash removes the + special meaning from '.', so the literal '.' matches. In the + second two examples, the pattern passed to the regular expression + parser has the backslash quoted (e.g., '\\\.'), which will not + match the string, since it does not contain a backslash. If the + string in the first examples were anything other than '.', say 'a', + the pattern would not match, because the quoted '.' in the pattern + loses its special meaning of matching any single character. + + Bracket expressions in regular expressions can be sources of errors + as well, since characters that are normally special in regular + expressions lose their special meanings between brackets. However, + you can use bracket expressions to match special pattern characters + without quoting them, so they are sometimes useful for this + purpose. + + Though it might seem like a strange way to write it, the following + pattern will match a '.' in the string: + + [[ . =~ [.] ]] + + The shell performs any word expansions before passing the pattern + to the regular expression functions, so you can assume that the + shell's quoting takes precedence. As noted above, the regular + expression parser will interpret any unquoted backslashes remaining + in the pattern after shell expansion according to its own rules. + The intention is to avoid making shell programmers quote things + twice as much as possible, so shell quoting should be sufficient to + quote special pattern characters where that's necessary. + + The array variable 'BASH_REMATCH' records which parts of the string + matched the pattern. The element of 'BASH_REMATCH' with index 0 + contains the portion of the string matching the entire regular + expression. Substrings matched by parenthesized subexpressions + within the regular expression are saved in the remaining + 'BASH_REMATCH' indices. The element of 'BASH_REMATCH' with index N + is the portion of the string matching the Nth parenthesized + subexpression. + + Bash sets 'BASH_REMATCH' in the global scope; declaring it as a + local variable will lead to unexpected results. + + Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed + in decreasing order of precedence: + + '( EXPRESSION )' + Returns the value of EXPRESSION. This may be used to override + the normal precedence of operators. + + '! EXPRESSION' + True if EXPRESSION is false. + + 'EXPRESSION1 && EXPRESSION2' + True if both EXPRESSION1 and EXPRESSION2 are true. + + 'EXPRESSION1 || EXPRESSION2' + True if either EXPRESSION1 or EXPRESSION2 is true. + + The '&&' and '||' operators do not evaluate EXPRESSION2 if the + value of EXPRESSION1 is sufficient to determine the return value of + the entire conditional expression. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Command Grouping, Prev: Conditional Constructs, Up: Compound Commands + +3.2.5.3 Grouping Commands +......................... + +Bash provides two ways to group a list of commands to be executed as a +unit. When commands are grouped, redirections may be applied to the +entire command list. For example, the output of all the commands in the +list may be redirected to a single stream. + +'()' + ( LIST ) + + Placing a list of commands between parentheses forces the shell to + create a subshell (*note Command Execution Environment::), and each + of the commands in LIST is executed in that subshell environment. + Since the LIST is executed in a subshell, variable assignments do + not remain in effect after the subshell completes. + +'{}' + { LIST; } + + Placing a list of commands between curly braces causes the list to + be executed in the current shell context. No subshell is created. + The semicolon (or newline) following LIST is required. + + In addition to the creation of a subshell, there is a subtle +difference between these two constructs due to historical reasons. The +braces are reserved words, so they must be separated from the LIST by +'blank's or other shell metacharacters. The parentheses are operators, +and are recognized as separate tokens by the shell even if they are not +separated from the LIST by whitespace. + + The exit status of both of these constructs is the exit status of +LIST. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Coprocesses, Next: GNU Parallel, Prev: Compound Commands, Up: Shell Commands + +3.2.6 Coprocesses +----------------- + +A 'coprocess' is a shell command preceded by the 'coproc' reserved word. +A coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command +had been terminated with the '&' control operator, with a two-way pipe +established between the executing shell and the coprocess. + + The syntax for a coprocess is: + + coproc [NAME] COMMAND [REDIRECTIONS] + +This creates a coprocess named NAME. COMMAND may be either a simple +command (*note Simple Commands::) or a compound command (*note Compound +Commands::). NAME is a shell variable name. If NAME is not supplied, +the default name is 'COPROC'. + + The recommended form to use for a coprocess is + + coproc NAME { COMMAND; } + +This form is recommended because simple commands result in the coprocess +always being named 'COPROC', and it is simpler to use and more complete +than the other compound commands. + + There are other forms of coprocesses: + + coproc NAME COMPOUND-COMMAND + coproc COMPOUND-COMMAND + coproc SIMPLE-COMMAND + +If COMMAND is a compound command, NAME is optional. The word following +'coproc' determines whether that word is interpreted as a variable name: +it is interpreted as NAME if it is not a reserved word that introduces a +compound command. If COMMAND is a simple command, NAME is not allowed; +this is to avoid confusion between NAME and the first word of the simple +command. + + When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable +(*note Arrays::) named NAME in the context of the executing shell. The +standard output of COMMAND is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor +in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is assigned to NAME[0]. +The standard input of COMMAND is connected via a pipe to a file +descriptor in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is assigned +to NAME[1]. This pipe is established before any redirections specified +by the command (*note Redirections::). The file descriptors can be +utilized as arguments to shell commands and redirections using standard +word expansions. Other than those created to execute command and +process substitutions, the file descriptors are not available in +subshells. + + The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is +available as the value of the variable 'NAME_PID'. The 'wait' builtin +command may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate. + + Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the +'coproc' command always returns success. The return status of a +coprocess is the exit status of COMMAND. + + +File: bash.info, Node: GNU Parallel, Prev: Coprocesses, Up: Shell Commands + +3.2.7 GNU Parallel +------------------ + +There are ways to run commands in parallel that are not built into Bash. +GNU Parallel is a tool to do just that. + + GNU Parallel, as its name suggests, can be used to build and run +commands in parallel. You may run the same command with different +arguments, whether they are filenames, usernames, hostnames, or lines +read from files. GNU Parallel provides shorthand references to many of +the most common operations (input lines, various portions of the input +line, different ways to specify the input source, and so on). Parallel +can replace 'xargs' or feed commands from its input sources to several +different instances of Bash. + + For a complete description, refer to the GNU Parallel documentation, +which is available at +. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Shell Functions, Next: Shell Parameters, Prev: Shell Commands, Up: Basic Shell Features + +3.3 Shell Functions +=================== + +Shell functions are a way to group commands for later execution using a +single name for the group. They are executed just like a "regular" +command. When the name of a shell function is used as a simple command +name, the list of commands associated with that function name is +executed. Shell functions are executed in the current shell context; no +new process is created to interpret them. + + Functions are declared using this syntax: + FNAME () COMPOUND-COMMAND [ REDIRECTIONS ] + + or + + function FNAME [()] COMPOUND-COMMAND [ REDIRECTIONS ] + + This defines a shell function named FNAME. The reserved word +'function' is optional. If the 'function' reserved word is supplied, +the parentheses are optional. The "body" of the function is the +compound command COMPOUND-COMMAND (*note Compound Commands::). That +command is usually a LIST enclosed between { and }, but may be any +compound command listed above. If the 'function' reserved word is used, +but the parentheses are not supplied, the braces are recommended. +COMPOUND-COMMAND is executed whenever FNAME is specified as the name of +a simple command. When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX +Mode::), FNAME must be a valid shell name and may not be the same as one +of the special builtins (*note Special Builtins::). In default mode, a +function name can be any unquoted shell word that does not contain '$'. +Any redirections (*note Redirections::) associated with the shell +function are performed when the function is executed. A function +definition may be deleted using the '-f' option to the 'unset' builtin +(*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). + + The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax +error occurs or a readonly function with the same name already exists. +When executed, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the +last command executed in the body. + + Note that for historical reasons, in the most common usage the curly +braces that surround the body of the function must be separated from the +body by 'blank's or newlines. This is because the braces are reserved +words and are only recognized as such when they are separated from the +command list by whitespace or another shell metacharacter. Also, when +using the braces, the LIST must be terminated by a semicolon, a '&', or +a newline. + + When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the +positional parameters during its execution (*note Positional +Parameters::). The special parameter '#' that expands to the number of +positional parameters is updated to reflect the change. Special +parameter '0' is unchanged. The first element of the 'FUNCNAME' +variable is set to the name of the function while the function is +executing. + + All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical +between a function and its caller with these exceptions: the 'DEBUG' and +'RETURN' traps are not inherited unless the function has been given the +'trace' attribute using the 'declare' builtin or the '-o functrace' +option has been enabled with the 'set' builtin, (in which case all +functions inherit the 'DEBUG' and 'RETURN' traps), and the 'ERR' trap is +not inherited unless the '-o errtrace' shell option has been enabled. +*Note Bourne Shell Builtins::, for the description of the 'trap' +builtin. + + The 'FUNCNEST' variable, if set to a numeric value greater than 0, +defines a maximum function nesting level. Function invocations that +exceed the limit cause the entire command to abort. + + If the builtin command 'return' is executed in a function, the +function completes and execution resumes with the next command after the +function call. Any command associated with the 'RETURN' trap is +executed before execution resumes. When a function completes, the +values of the positional parameters and the special parameter '#' are +restored to the values they had prior to the function's execution. If a +numeric argument is given to 'return', that is the function's return +status; otherwise the function's return status is the exit status of the +last command executed before the 'return'. + + Variables local to the function may be declared with the 'local' +builtin ("local variables"). Ordinarily, variables and their values are +shared between a function and its caller. These variables are visible +only to the function and the commands it invokes. This is particularly +important when a shell function calls other functions. + + In the following description, the "current scope" is a currently- +executing function. Previous scopes consist of that function's caller +and so on, back to the "global" scope, where the shell is not executing +any shell function. Consequently, a local variable at the current local +scope is a variable declared using the 'local' or 'declare' builtins in +the function that is currently executing. + + Local variables "shadow" variables with the same name declared at +previous scopes. For instance, a local variable declared in a function +hides a global variable of the same name: references and assignments +refer to the local variable, leaving the global variable unmodified. +When the function returns, the global variable is once again visible. + + The shell uses "dynamic scoping" to control a variable's visibility +within functions. With dynamic scoping, visible variables and their +values are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused +execution to reach the current function. The value of a variable that a +function sees depends on its value within its caller, if any, whether +that caller is the "global" scope or another shell function. This is +also the value that a local variable declaration "shadows", and the +value that is restored when the function returns. + + For example, if a variable 'var' is declared as local in function +'func1', and 'func1' calls another function 'func2', references to 'var' +made from within 'func2' will resolve to the local variable 'var' from +'func1', shadowing any global variable named 'var'. + + The following script demonstrates this behavior. When executed, the +script displays + + In func2, var = func1 local + + func1() + { + local var='func1 local' + func2 + } + + func2() + { + echo "In func2, var = $var" + } + + var=global + func1 + + The 'unset' builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a +variable is local to the current scope, 'unset' will unset it; otherwise +the unset will refer to the variable found in any calling scope as +described above. If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it +will remain so (appearing as unset) until it is reset in that scope or +until the function returns. Once the function returns, any instance of +the variable at a previous scope will become visible. If the unset acts +on a variable at a previous scope, any instance of a variable with that +name that had been shadowed will become visible (see below how +'localvar_unset'shell option changes this behavior). + + Function names and definitions may be listed with the '-f' option to +the 'declare' ('typeset') builtin command (*note Bash Builtins::). The +'-F' option to 'declare' or 'typeset' will list the function names only +(and optionally the source file and line number, if the 'extdebug' shell +option is enabled). Functions may be exported so that child shell +processes (those created when executing a separate shell invocation) +automatically have them defined with the '-f' option to the 'export' +builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). + + Functions may be recursive. The 'FUNCNEST' variable may be used to +limit the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number of +function invocations. By default, no limit is placed on the number of +recursive calls. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Shell Parameters, Next: Shell Expansions, Prev: Shell Functions, Up: Basic Shell Features + +3.4 Shell Parameters +==================== + +* Menu: + +* Positional Parameters:: The shell's command-line arguments. +* Special Parameters:: Parameters denoted by special characters. + +A "parameter" is an entity that stores values. It can be a 'name', a +number, or one of the special characters listed below. A "variable" is +a parameter denoted by a 'name'. A variable has a 'value' and zero or +more 'attributes'. Attributes are assigned using the 'declare' builtin +command (see the description of the 'declare' builtin in *note Bash +Builtins::). + + A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value. The null string +is a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using +the 'unset' builtin command. + + A variable may be assigned to by a statement of the form + NAME=[VALUE] +If VALUE is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All +VALUEs undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (*note +Shell Parameter Expansion::). If the variable has its 'integer' +attribute set, then VALUE is evaluated as an arithmetic expression even +if the '$((...))' expansion is not used (*note Arithmetic Expansion::). +Word splitting and filename expansion are not performed. Assignment +statements may also appear as arguments to the 'alias', 'declare', +'typeset', 'export', 'readonly', and 'local' builtin commands +("declaration" commands). When in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::), +these builtins may appear in a command after one or more instances of +the 'command' builtin and retain these assignment statement properties. + + In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to +a shell variable or array index (*note Arrays::), the '+=' operator can +be used to append to or add to the variable's previous value. This +includes arguments to builtin commands such as 'declare' that accept +assignment statements (declaration commands). When '+=' is applied to a +variable for which the 'integer' attribute has been set, VALUE is +evaluated as an arithmetic expression and added to the variable's +current value, which is also evaluated. When '+=' is applied to an +array variable using compound assignment (*note Arrays::), the +variable's value is not unset (as it is when using '='), and new values +are appended to the array beginning at one greater than the array's +maximum index (for indexed arrays), or added as additional key-value +pairs in an associative array. When applied to a string-valued +variable, VALUE is expanded and appended to the variable's value. + + A variable can be assigned the 'nameref' attribute using the '-n' +option to the 'declare' or 'local' builtin commands (*note Bash +Builtins::) to create a "nameref", or a reference to another variable. +This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly. Whenever the +nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has its +attributes modified (other than using or changing the nameref attribute +itself), the operation is actually performed on the variable specified +by the nameref variable's value. A nameref is commonly used within +shell functions to refer to a variable whose name is passed as an +argument to the function. For instance, if a variable name is passed to +a shell function as its first argument, running + declare -n ref=$1 +inside the function creates a nameref variable 'ref' whose value is the +variable name passed as the first argument. References and assignments +to 'ref', and changes to its attributes, are treated as references, +assignments, and attribute modifications to the variable whose name was +passed as '$1'. + + If the control variable in a 'for' loop has the nameref attribute, +the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a name reference +will be established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is +executed. Array variables cannot be given the nameref attribute. +However, nameref variables can reference array variables and subscripted +array variables. Namerefs can be unset using the '-n' option to the +'unset' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). Otherwise, if 'unset' +is executed with the name of a nameref variable as an argument, the +variable referenced by the nameref variable will be unset. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Positional Parameters, Next: Special Parameters, Up: Shell Parameters + +3.4.1 Positional Parameters +--------------------------- + +A "positional parameter" is a parameter denoted by one or more digits, +other than the single digit '0'. Positional parameters are assigned +from the shell's arguments when it is invoked, and may be reassigned +using the 'set' builtin command. Positional parameter 'N' may be +referenced as '${N}', or as '$N' when 'N' consists of a single digit. +Positional parameters may not be assigned to with assignment statements. +The 'set' and 'shift' builtins are used to set and unset them (*note +Shell Builtin Commands::). The positional parameters are temporarily +replaced when a shell function is executed (*note Shell Functions::). + + When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single digit is +expanded, it must be enclosed in braces. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Special Parameters, Prev: Positional Parameters, Up: Shell Parameters + +3.4.2 Special Parameters +------------------------ + +The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may +only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed. + +'*' + ($*) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When + the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional + parameter expands to a separate word. In contexts where it is + performed, those words are subject to further word splitting and + filename expansion. When the expansion occurs within double + quotes, it expands to a single word with the value of each + parameter separated by the first character of the 'IFS' special + variable. That is, '"$*"' is equivalent to '"$1C$2C..."', where C + is the first character of the value of the 'IFS' variable. If + 'IFS' is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces. If 'IFS' + is null, the parameters are joined without intervening separators. + +'@' + ($@) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. In + contexts where word splitting is performed, this expands each + positional parameter to a separate word; if not within double + quotes, these words are subject to word splitting. In contexts + where word splitting is not performed, this expands to a single + word with each positional parameter separated by a space. When the + expansion occurs within double quotes, and word splitting is + performed, each parameter expands to a separate word. That is, + '"$@"' is equivalent to '"$1" "$2" ...'. If the double-quoted + expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of the first + parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original word, + and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last + part of the original word. When there are no positional + parameters, '"$@"' and '$@' expand to nothing (i.e., they are + removed). + +'#' + ($#) Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal. + +'?' + ($?) Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed + foreground pipeline. + +'-' + ($-, a hyphen.) Expands to the current option flags as specified + upon invocation, by the 'set' builtin command, or those set by the + shell itself (such as the '-i' option). + +'$' + ($$) Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a subshell, it + expands to the process ID of the invoking shell, not the subshell. + +'!' + ($!) Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed + into the background, whether executed as an asynchronous command or + using the 'bg' builtin (*note Job Control Builtins::). + +'0' + ($0) Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set + at shell initialization. If Bash is invoked with a file of + commands (*note Shell Scripts::), '$0' is set to the name of that + file. If Bash is started with the '-c' option (*note Invoking + Bash::), then '$0' is set to the first argument after the string to + be executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is set to the + filename used to invoke Bash, as given by argument zero. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Shell Expansions, Next: Redirections, Prev: Shell Parameters, Up: Basic Shell Features + +3.5 Shell Expansions +==================== + +Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into +'token's. There are seven kinds of expansion performed: + + * brace expansion + * tilde expansion + * parameter and variable expansion + * command substitution + * arithmetic expansion + * word splitting + * filename expansion + +* Menu: + +* Brace Expansion:: Expansion of expressions within braces. +* Tilde Expansion:: Expansion of the ~ character. +* Shell Parameter Expansion:: How Bash expands variables to their values. +* Command Substitution:: Using the output of a command as an argument. +* Arithmetic Expansion:: How to use arithmetic in shell expansions. +* Process Substitution:: A way to write and read to and from a + command. +* Word Splitting:: How the results of expansion are split into separate + arguments. +* Filename Expansion:: A shorthand for specifying filenames matching patterns. +* Quote Removal:: How and when quote characters are removed from + words. + + The order of expansions is: brace expansion; tilde expansion, +parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, and command +substitution (done in a left-to-right fashion); word splitting; and +filename expansion. + + On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion +available: "process substitution". This is performed at the same time +as tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command +substitution. + + After these expansions are performed, quote characters present in the +original word are removed unless they have been quoted themselves +("quote removal"). + + Only brace expansion, word splitting, and filename expansion can +increase the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a +single word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the +expansions of '"$@"' and '$*' (*note Special Parameters::), and +'"${NAME[@]}"' and '${NAME[*]}' (*note Arrays::). + + After all expansions, 'quote removal' (*note Quote Removal::) is +performed. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Brace Expansion, Next: Tilde Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions + +3.5.1 Brace Expansion +--------------------- + +Brace expansion is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be +generated. This mechanism is similar to "filename expansion" (*note +Filename Expansion::), but the filenames generated need not exist. +Patterns to be brace expanded take the form of an optional PREAMBLE, +followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence +expression between a pair of braces, followed by an optional POSTSCRIPT. +The preamble is prefixed to each string contained within the braces, and +the postscript is then appended to each resulting string, expanding left +to right. + + Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded string +are not sorted; left to right order is preserved. For example, + bash$ echo a{d,c,b}e + ade ace abe + + A sequence expression takes the form '{X..Y[..INCR]}', where X and Y +are either integers or letters, and INCR, an optional increment, is an +integer. When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each +number between X and Y, inclusive. Supplied integers may be prefixed +with '0' to force each term to have the same width. When either X or Y +begins with a zero, the shell attempts to force all generated terms to +contain the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary. When +letters are supplied, the expression expands to each character +lexicographically between X and Y, inclusive, using the default C +locale. Note that both X and Y must be of the same type (integer or +letter). When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference +between each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate. + + Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, and any +characters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It +is strictly textual. Bash does not apply any syntactic interpretation +to the context of the expansion or the text between the braces. + + A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening and +closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid sequence +expression. Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged. + + A { or ',' may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being +considered part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with +parameter expansion, the string '${' is not considered eligible for +brace expansion, and inhibits brace expansion until the closing '}'. + + This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common prefix +of the strings to be generated is longer than in the above example: + mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,new,dist,bugs} + or + chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}} + + +File: bash.info, Node: Tilde Expansion, Next: Shell Parameter Expansion, Prev: Brace Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions + +3.5.2 Tilde Expansion +--------------------- + +If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character ('~'), all of the +characters up to the first unquoted slash (or all characters, if there +is no unquoted slash) are considered a "tilde-prefix". If none of the +characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the characters in the +tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a possible "login name". +If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the +value of the 'HOME' shell variable. If 'HOME' is unset, the home +directory of the user executing the shell is substituted instead. +Otherwise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory +associated with the specified login name. + + If the tilde-prefix is '~+', the value of the shell variable 'PWD' +replaces the tilde-prefix. If the tilde-prefix is '~-', the value of +the shell variable 'OLDPWD', if it is set, is substituted. + + If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of +a number N, optionally prefixed by a '+' or a '-', the tilde-prefix is +replaced with the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it +would be displayed by the 'dirs' builtin invoked with the characters +following tilde in the tilde-prefix as an argument (*note The Directory +Stack::). If the tilde-prefix, sans the tilde, consists of a number +without a leading '+' or '-', '+' is assumed. + + If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the word +is left unchanged. + + Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes +immediately following a ':' or the first '='. In these cases, tilde +expansion is also performed. Consequently, one may use filenames with +tildes in assignments to 'PATH', 'MAILPATH', and 'CDPATH', and the shell +assigns the expanded value. + + The following table shows how Bash treats unquoted tilde-prefixes: + +'~' + The value of '$HOME' +'~/foo' + '$HOME/foo' + +'~fred/foo' + The subdirectory 'foo' of the home directory of the user 'fred' + +'~+/foo' + '$PWD/foo' + +'~-/foo' + '${OLDPWD-'~-'}/foo' + +'~N' + The string that would be displayed by 'dirs +N' + +'~+N' + The string that would be displayed by 'dirs +N' + +'~-N' + The string that would be displayed by 'dirs -N' + + Bash also performs tilde expansion on words satisfying the conditions +of variable assignments (*note Shell Parameters::) when they appear as +arguments to simple commands. Bash does not do this, except for the +declaration commands listed above, when in POSIX mode. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Shell Parameter Expansion, Next: Command Substitution, Prev: Tilde Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions + +3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion +------------------------------- + +The '$' character introduces parameter expansion, command substitution, +or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name or symbol to be expanded +may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the +variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it which +could be interpreted as part of the name. + + When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first '}' not +escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an +embedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter +expansion. + + The basic form of parameter expansion is ${PARAMETER}. The value of +PARAMETER is substituted. The PARAMETER is a shell parameter as +described above (*note Shell Parameters::) or an array reference (*note +Arrays::). The braces are required when PARAMETER is a positional +parameter with more than one digit, or when PARAMETER is followed by a +character that is not to be interpreted as part of its name. + + If the first character of PARAMETER is an exclamation point (!), and +PARAMETER is not a nameref, it introduces a level of indirection. Bash +uses the value formed by expanding the rest of PARAMETER as the new +PARAMETER; this is then expanded and that value is used in the rest of +the expansion, rather than the expansion of the original PARAMETER. +This is known as 'indirect expansion'. The value is subject to tilde +expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic +expansion. If PARAMETER is a nameref, this expands to the name of the +variable referenced by PARAMETER instead of performing the complete +indirect expansion. The exceptions to this are the expansions of +${!PREFIX*} and ${!NAME[@]} described below. The exclamation point must +immediately follow the left brace in order to introduce indirection. + + In each of the cases below, WORD is subject to tilde expansion, +parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. + + When not performing substring expansion, using the form described +below (e.g., ':-'), Bash tests for a parameter that is unset or null. +Omitting the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset. +Put another way, if the colon is included, the operator tests for both +PARAMETER's existence and that its value is not null; if the colon is +omitted, the operator tests only for existence. + +'${PARAMETER:-WORD}' + If PARAMETER is unset or null, the expansion of WORD is + substituted. Otherwise, the value of PARAMETER is substituted. + + $ v=123 + $ echo ${v-unset} + 123 + +'${PARAMETER:=WORD}' + If PARAMETER is unset or null, the expansion of WORD is assigned to + PARAMETER. The value of PARAMETER is then substituted. Positional + parameters and special parameters may not be assigned to in this + way. + + $ var= + $ : ${var:=DEFAULT} + $ echo $var + DEFAULT + +'${PARAMETER:?WORD}' + If PARAMETER is null or unset, the expansion of WORD (or a message + to that effect if WORD is not present) is written to the standard + error and the shell, if it is not interactive, exits. Otherwise, + the value of PARAMETER is substituted. + + $ var= + $ : ${var:?var is unset or null} + bash: var: var is unset or null + +'${PARAMETER:+WORD}' + If PARAMETER is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise + the expansion of WORD is substituted. + + $ var=123 + $ echo ${var:+var is set and not null} + var is set and not null + +'${PARAMETER:OFFSET}' +'${PARAMETER:OFFSET:LENGTH}' + This is referred to as Substring Expansion. It expands to up to + LENGTH characters of the value of PARAMETER starting at the + character specified by OFFSET. If PARAMETER is '@' or '*', an + indexed array subscripted by '@' or '*', or an associative array + name, the results differ as described below. If LENGTH is omitted, + it expands to the substring of the value of PARAMETER starting at + the character specified by OFFSET and extending to the end of the + value. LENGTH and OFFSET are arithmetic expressions (*note Shell + Arithmetic::). + + If OFFSET evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is used + as an offset in characters from the end of the value of PARAMETER. + If LENGTH evaluates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted + as an offset in characters from the end of the value of PARAMETER + rather than a number of characters, and the expansion is the + characters between OFFSET and that result. Note that a negative + offset must be separated from the colon by at least one space to + avoid being confused with the ':-' expansion. + + Here are some examples illustrating substring expansion on + parameters and subscripted arrays: + + $ string=01234567890abcdefgh + $ echo ${string:7} + 7890abcdefgh + $ echo ${string:7:0} + + $ echo ${string:7:2} + 78 + $ echo ${string:7:-2} + 7890abcdef + $ echo ${string: -7} + bcdefgh + $ echo ${string: -7:0} + + $ echo ${string: -7:2} + bc + $ echo ${string: -7:-2} + bcdef + $ set -- 01234567890abcdefgh + $ echo ${1:7} + 7890abcdefgh + $ echo ${1:7:0} + + $ echo ${1:7:2} + 78 + $ echo ${1:7:-2} + 7890abcdef + $ echo ${1: -7} + bcdefgh + $ echo ${1: -7:0} + + $ echo ${1: -7:2} + bc + $ echo ${1: -7:-2} + bcdef + $ array[0]=01234567890abcdefgh + $ echo ${array[0]:7} + 7890abcdefgh + $ echo ${array[0]:7:0} + + $ echo ${array[0]:7:2} + 78 + $ echo ${array[0]:7:-2} + 7890abcdef + $ echo ${array[0]: -7} + bcdefgh + $ echo ${array[0]: -7:0} + + $ echo ${array[0]: -7:2} + bc + $ echo ${array[0]: -7:-2} + bcdef + + If PARAMETER is '@' or '*', the result is LENGTH positional + parameters beginning at OFFSET. A negative OFFSET is taken + relative to one greater than the greatest positional parameter, so + an offset of -1 evaluates to the last positional parameter. It is + an expansion error if LENGTH evaluates to a number less than zero. + + The following examples illustrate substring expansion using + positional parameters: + + $ set -- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h + $ echo ${@:7} + 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h + $ echo ${@:7:0} + + $ echo ${@:7:2} + 7 8 + $ echo ${@:7:-2} + bash: -2: substring expression < 0 + $ echo ${@: -7:2} + b c + $ echo ${@:0} + ./bash 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h + $ echo ${@:0:2} + ./bash 1 + $ echo ${@: -7:0} + + + If PARAMETER is an indexed array name subscripted by '@' or '*', + the result is the LENGTH members of the array beginning with + '${PARAMETER[OFFSET]}'. A negative OFFSET is taken relative to one + greater than the maximum index of the specified array. It is an + expansion error if LENGTH evaluates to a number less than zero. + + These examples show how you can use substring expansion with + indexed arrays: + + $ array=(0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h) + $ echo ${array[@]:7} + 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h + $ echo ${array[@]:7:2} + 7 8 + $ echo ${array[@]: -7:2} + b c + $ echo ${array[@]: -7:-2} + bash: -2: substring expression < 0 + $ echo ${array[@]:0} + 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h + $ echo ${array[@]:0:2} + 0 1 + $ echo ${array[@]: -7:0} + + + Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces + undefined results. + + Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters + are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by default. If + OFFSET is 0, and the positional parameters are used, '$0' is + prefixed to the list. + +'${!PREFIX*}' +'${!PREFIX@}' + Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with PREFIX, + separated by the first character of the 'IFS' special variable. + When '@' is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, + each variable name expands to a separate word. + +'${!NAME[@]}' +'${!NAME[*]}' + If NAME is an array variable, expands to the list of array indices + (keys) assigned in NAME. If NAME is not an array, expands to 0 if + NAME is set and null otherwise. When '@' is used and the expansion + appears within double quotes, each key expands to a separate word. + +'${#PARAMETER}' + The length in characters of the expanded value of PARAMETER is + substituted. If PARAMETER is '*' or '@', the value substituted is + the number of positional parameters. If PARAMETER is an array name + subscripted by '*' or '@', the value substituted is the number of + elements in the array. If PARAMETER is an indexed array name + subscripted by a negative number, that number is interpreted as + relative to one greater than the maximum index of PARAMETER, so + negative indices count back from the end of the array, and an index + of -1 references the last element. + +'${PARAMETER#WORD}' +'${PARAMETER##WORD}' + The WORD is expanded to produce a pattern and matched according to + the rules described below (*note Pattern Matching::). If the + pattern matches the beginning of the expanded value of PARAMETER, + then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of PARAMETER + with the shortest matching pattern (the '#' case) or the longest + matching pattern (the '##' case) deleted. If PARAMETER is '@' or + '*', the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional + parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If + PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with '@' or '*', the + pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the array in + turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. + +'${PARAMETER%WORD}' +'${PARAMETER%%WORD}' + The WORD is expanded to produce a pattern and matched according to + the rules described below (*note Pattern Matching::). If the + pattern matches a trailing portion of the expanded value of + PARAMETER, then the result of the expansion is the value of + PARAMETER with the shortest matching pattern (the '%' case) or the + longest matching pattern (the '%%' case) deleted. If PARAMETER is + '@' or '*', the pattern removal operation is applied to each + positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant + list. If PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with '@' or + '*', the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the + array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. + +'${PARAMETER/PATTERN/STRING}' +'${PARAMETER//PATTERN/STRING}' +'${PARAMETER/#PATTERN/STRING}' +'${PARAMETER/%PATTERN/STRING}' + The PATTERN is expanded to produce a pattern just as in filename + expansion. PARAMETER is expanded and the longest match of PATTERN + against its value is replaced with STRING. STRING undergoes tilde + expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, + command and process substitution, and quote removal. The match is + performed according to the rules described below (*note Pattern + Matching::). + + In the first form above, only the first match is replaced. If + there are two slashes separating PARAMETER and PATTERN (the second + form above), all matches of PATTERN are replaced with STRING. If + PATTERN is preceded by '#' (the third form above), it must match at + the beginning of the expanded value of PARAMETER. If PATTERN is + preceded by '%' (the fourth form above), it must match at the end + of the expanded value of PARAMETER. If the expansion of STRING is + null, matches of PATTERN are deleted. If STRING is null, matches + of PATTERN are deleted and the '/' following PATTERN may be + omitted. + + If the 'patsub_replacement' shell option is enabled using 'shopt', + any unquoted instances of '&' in STRING are replaced with the + matching portion of PATTERN. This is intended to duplicate a + common 'sed' idiom. + + Quoting any part of STRING inhibits replacement in the expansion of + the quoted portion, including replacement strings stored in shell + variables. Backslash will escape '&' in STRING; the backslash is + removed in order to permit a literal '&' in the replacement string. + Users should take care if STRING is double-quoted to avoid unwanted + interactions between the backslash and double-quoting, since + backslash has special meaning within double quotes. Pattern + substitution performs the check for unquoted '&' after expanding + STRING, so users should ensure to properly quote any occurrences of + '&' they want to be taken literally in the replacement and ensure + any instances of '&' they want to be replaced are unquoted. + + For instance, + + var=abcdef + rep='& ' + echo ${var/abc/& } + echo "${var/abc/& }" + echo ${var/abc/$rep} + echo "${var/abc/$rep}" + + will display four lines of "abc def", while + + var=abcdef + rep='& ' + echo ${var/abc/\& } + echo "${var/abc/\& }" + echo ${var/abc/"& "} + echo ${var/abc/"$rep"} + + will display four lines of "& def". Like the pattern removal + operators, double quotes surrounding the replacement string quote + the expanded characters, while double quotes enclosing the entire + parameter substitution do not, since the expansion is performed in + a context that doesn't take any enclosing double quotes into + account. + + Since backslash can escape '&', it can also escape a backslash in + the replacement string. This means that '\\' will insert a literal + backslash into the replacement, so these two 'echo' commands + + var=abcdef + rep='\\&xyz' + echo ${var/abc/\\&xyz} + echo ${var/abc/$rep} + + will both output '\abcxyzdef'. + + It should rarely be necessary to enclose only STRING in double + quotes. + + If the 'nocasematch' shell option (see the description of 'shopt' + in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is enabled, the match is performed + without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. If PARAMETER + is '@' or '*', the substitution operation is applied to each + positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant + list. If PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with '@' or + '*', the substitution operation is applied to each member of the + array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. + +'${PARAMETER^PATTERN}' +'${PARAMETER^^PATTERN}' +'${PARAMETER,PATTERN}' +'${PARAMETER,,PATTERN}' + This expansion modifies the case of alphabetic characters in + PARAMETER. The PATTERN is expanded to produce a pattern just as in + filename expansion. Each character in the expanded value of + PARAMETER is tested against PATTERN, and, if it matches the + pattern, its case is converted. The pattern should not attempt to + match more than one character. + + The '^' operator converts lowercase letters matching PATTERN to + uppercase; the ',' operator converts matching uppercase letters to + lowercase. The '^^' and ',,' expansions convert each matched + character in the expanded value; the '^' and ',' expansions match + and convert only the first character in the expanded value. If + PATTERN is omitted, it is treated like a '?', which matches every + character. + + If PARAMETER is '@' or '*', the case modification operation is + applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is + the resultant list. If PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted + with '@' or '*', the case modification operation is applied to each + member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant + list. + +'${PARAMETER@OPERATOR}' + The expansion is either a transformation of the value of PARAMETER + or information about PARAMETER itself, depending on the value of + OPERATOR. Each OPERATOR is a single letter: + + 'U' + The expansion is a string that is the value of PARAMETER with + lowercase alphabetic characters converted to uppercase. + 'u' + The expansion is a string that is the value of PARAMETER with + the first character converted to uppercase, if it is + alphabetic. + 'L' + The expansion is a string that is the value of PARAMETER with + uppercase alphabetic characters converted to lowercase. + 'Q' + The expansion is a string that is the value of PARAMETER + quoted in a format that can be reused as input. + 'E' + The expansion is a string that is the value of PARAMETER with + backslash escape sequences expanded as with the '$'...'' + quoting mechanism. + 'P' + The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding the + value of PARAMETER as if it were a prompt string (*note + Controlling the Prompt::). + 'A' + The expansion is a string in the form of an assignment + statement or 'declare' command that, if evaluated, will + recreate PARAMETER with its attributes and value. + 'K' + Produces a possibly-quoted version of the value of PARAMETER, + except that it prints the values of indexed and associative + arrays as a sequence of quoted key-value pairs (*note + Arrays::). + 'a' + The expansion is a string consisting of flag values + representing PARAMETER's attributes. + 'k' + Like the 'K' transformation, but expands the keys and values + of indexed and associative arrays to separate words after word + splitting. + + If PARAMETER is '@' or '*', the operation is applied to each + positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant + list. If PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with '@' or + '*', the operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, + and the expansion is the resultant list. + + The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and + filename expansion as described below. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Command Substitution, Next: Arithmetic Expansion, Prev: Shell Parameter Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions + +3.5.4 Command Substitution +-------------------------- + +Command substitution allows the output of a command to replace the +command itself. Command substitution occurs when a command is enclosed +as follows: + $(COMMAND) +or + `COMMAND` + +Bash performs the expansion by executing COMMAND in a subshell +environment and replacing the command substitution with the standard +output of the command, with any trailing newlines deleted. Embedded +newlines are not deleted, but they may be removed during word splitting. +The command substitution '$(cat FILE)' can be replaced by the equivalent +but faster '$(< FILE)'. + + When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used, backslash +retains its literal meaning except when followed by '$', '`', or '\'. +The first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command +substitution. When using the '$(COMMAND)' form, all characters between +the parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially. + + Command substitutions may be nested. To nest when using the +backquoted form, escape the inner backquotes with backslashes. + + If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and +filename expansion are not performed on the results. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Arithmetic Expansion, Next: Process Substitution, Prev: Command Substitution, Up: Shell Expansions + +3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion +-------------------------- + +Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression +and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expansion +is: + + $(( EXPRESSION )) + + The EXPRESSION undergoes the same expansions as if it were within +double quotes, but double quote characters in EXPRESSION are not treated +specially and are removed. All tokens in the expression undergo +parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and quote +removal. The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be +evaluated. Arithmetic expansions may be nested. + + The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below +(*note Shell Arithmetic::). If the expression is invalid, Bash prints a +message indicating failure to the standard error and no substitution +occurs. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Process Substitution, Next: Word Splitting, Prev: Arithmetic Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions + +3.5.6 Process Substitution +-------------------------- + +Process substitution allows a process's input or output to be referred +to using a filename. It takes the form of + <(LIST) +or + >(LIST) +The process LIST is run asynchronously, and its input or output appears +as a filename. This filename is passed as an argument to the current +command as the result of the expansion. If the '>(LIST)' form is used, +writing to the file will provide input for LIST. If the '<(LIST)' form +is used, the file passed as an argument should be read to obtain the +output of LIST. Note that no space may appear between the '<' or '>' +and the left parenthesis, otherwise the construct would be interpreted +as a redirection. Process substitution is supported on systems that +support named pipes (FIFOs) or the '/dev/fd' method of naming open +files. + + When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with +parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic +expansion. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Word Splitting, Next: Filename Expansion, Prev: Process Substitution, Up: Shell Expansions + +3.5.7 Word Splitting +-------------------- + +The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command +substitution, and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double +quotes for word splitting. + + The shell treats each character of '$IFS' as a delimiter, and splits +the results of the other expansions into words using these characters as +field terminators. If 'IFS' is unset, or its value is exactly +'', the default, then sequences of ' ', +'', and '' at the beginning and end of the results of the +previous expansions are ignored, and any sequence of 'IFS' characters +not at the beginning or end serves to delimit words. If 'IFS' has a +value other than the default, then sequences of the whitespace +characters 'space', 'tab', and 'newline' are ignored at the beginning +and end of the word, as long as the whitespace character is in the value +of 'IFS' (an 'IFS' whitespace character). Any character in 'IFS' that +is not 'IFS' whitespace, along with any adjacent 'IFS' whitespace +characters, delimits a field. A sequence of 'IFS' whitespace characters +is also treated as a delimiter. If the value of 'IFS' is null, no word +splitting occurs. + + Explicit null arguments ('""' or '''') are retained and passed to +commands as empty strings. Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting +from the expansion of parameters that have no values, are removed. If a +parameter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a null +argument results and is retained and passed to a command as an empty +string. When a quoted null argument appears as part of a word whose +expansion is non-null, the null argument is removed. That is, the word +'-d''' becomes '-d' after word splitting and null argument removal. + + Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting is performed. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Filename Expansion, Next: Quote Removal, Prev: Word Splitting, Up: Shell Expansions + +3.5.8 Filename Expansion +------------------------ + +* Menu: + +* Pattern Matching:: How the shell matches patterns. + +After word splitting, unless the '-f' option has been set (*note The Set +Builtin::), Bash scans each word for the characters '*', '?', and '['. +If one of these characters appears, and is not quoted, then the word is +regarded as a PATTERN, and replaced with an alphabetically sorted list +of filenames matching the pattern (*note Pattern Matching::). If no +matching filenames are found, and the shell option 'nullglob' is +disabled, the word is left unchanged. If the 'nullglob' option is set, +and no matches are found, the word is removed. If the 'failglob' shell +option is set, and no matches are found, an error message is printed and +the command is not executed. If the shell option 'nocaseglob' is +enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic +characters. + + When a pattern is used for filename expansion, the character '.' at +the start of a filename or immediately following a slash must be matched +explicitly, unless the shell option 'dotglob' is set. In order to match +the filenames '.' and '..', the pattern must begin with '.' (for +example, '.?'), even if 'dotglob' is set. If the 'globskipdots' shell +option is enabled, the filenames '.' and '..' are never matched, even if +the pattern begins with a '.'. When not matching filenames, the '.' +character is not treated specially. + + When matching a filename, the slash character must always be matched +explicitly by a slash in the pattern, but in other matching contexts it +can be matched by a special pattern character as described below (*note +Pattern Matching::). + + See the description of 'shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::, for a +description of the 'nocaseglob', 'nullglob', 'globskipdots', 'failglob', +and 'dotglob' options. + + The 'GLOBIGNORE' shell variable may be used to restrict the set of +file names matching a pattern. If 'GLOBIGNORE' is set, each matching +file name that also matches one of the patterns in 'GLOBIGNORE' is +removed from the list of matches. If the 'nocaseglob' option is set, +the matching against the patterns in 'GLOBIGNORE' is performed without +regard to case. The filenames '.' and '..' are always ignored when +'GLOBIGNORE' is set and not null. However, setting 'GLOBIGNORE' to a +non-null value has the effect of enabling the 'dotglob' shell option, so +all other filenames beginning with a '.' will match. To get the old +behavior of ignoring filenames beginning with a '.', make '.*' one of +the patterns in 'GLOBIGNORE'. The 'dotglob' option is disabled when +'GLOBIGNORE' is unset. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Pattern Matching, Up: Filename Expansion + +3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching +........................ + +Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern +characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not +occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the +escaping backslash is discarded when matching. The special pattern +characters must be quoted if they are to be matched literally. + + The special pattern characters have the following meanings: +'*' + Matches any string, including the null string. When the 'globstar' + shell option is enabled, and '*' is used in a filename expansion + context, two adjacent '*'s used as a single pattern will match all + files and zero or more directories and subdirectories. If followed + by a '/', two adjacent '*'s will match only directories and + subdirectories. +'?' + Matches any single character. +'[...]' + Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of characters + separated by a hyphen denotes a RANGE EXPRESSION; any character + that falls between those two characters, inclusive, using the + current locale's collating sequence and character set, is matched. + If the first character following the '[' is a '!' or a '^' then any + character not enclosed is matched. A '-' may be matched by + including it as the first or last character in the set. A ']' may + be matched by including it as the first character in the set. The + sorting order of characters in range expressions, and the + characters included in the range, are determined by the current + locale and the values of the 'LC_COLLATE' and 'LC_ALL' shell + variables, if set. + + For example, in the default C locale, '[a-dx-z]' is equivalent to + '[abcdxyz]'. Many locales sort characters in dictionary order, and + in these locales '[a-dx-z]' is typically not equivalent to + '[abcdxyz]'; it might be equivalent to '[aBbCcDdxYyZz]', for + example. To obtain the traditional interpretation of ranges in + bracket expressions, you can force the use of the C locale by + setting the 'LC_COLLATE' or 'LC_ALL' environment variable to the + value 'C', or enable the 'globasciiranges' shell option. + + Within '[' and ']', "character classes" can be specified using the + syntax '[:'CLASS':]', where CLASS is one of the following classes + defined in the POSIX standard: + alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lower + print punct space upper word xdigit + A character class matches any character belonging to that class. + The 'word' character class matches letters, digits, and the + character '_'. + + Within '[' and ']', an "equivalence class" can be specified using + the syntax '[='C'=]', which matches all characters with the same + collation weight (as defined by the current locale) as the + character C. + + Within '[' and ']', the syntax '[.'SYMBOL'.]' matches the collating + symbol SYMBOL. + + If the 'extglob' shell option is enabled using the 'shopt' builtin, +the shell recognizes several extended pattern matching operators. In +the following description, a PATTERN-LIST is a list of one or more +patterns separated by a '|'. When matching filenames, the 'dotglob' +shell option determines the set of filenames that are tested, as +described above. Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of +the following sub-patterns: + +'?(PATTERN-LIST)' + Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns. + +'*(PATTERN-LIST)' + Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns. + +'+(PATTERN-LIST)' + Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns. + +'@(PATTERN-LIST)' + Matches one of the given patterns. + +'!(PATTERN-LIST)' + Matches anything except one of the given patterns. + + The 'extglob' option changes the behavior of the parser, since the +parentheses are normally treated as operators with syntactic meaning. +To ensure that extended matching patterns are parsed correctly, make +sure that 'extglob' is enabled before parsing constructs containing the +patterns, including shell functions and command substitutions. + + When matching filenames, the 'dotglob' shell option determines the +set of filenames that are tested: when 'dotglob' is enabled, the set of +filenames includes all files beginning with '.', but the filenames '.' +and '..' must be matched by a pattern or sub-pattern that begins with a +dot; when it is disabled, the set does not include any filenames +beginning with "." unless the pattern or sub-pattern begins with a '.'. +As above, '.' only has a special meaning when matching filenames. + + Complicated extended pattern matching against long strings is slow, +especially when the patterns contain alternations and the strings +contain multiple matches. Using separate matches against shorter +strings, or using arrays of strings instead of a single long string, may +be faster. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Quote Removal, Prev: Filename Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions + +3.5.9 Quote Removal +------------------- + +After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the +characters '\', ''', and '"' that did not result from one of the above +expansions are removed. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Redirections, Next: Executing Commands, Prev: Shell Expansions, Up: Basic Shell Features + +3.6 Redirections +================ + +Before a command is executed, its input and output may be "redirected" +using a special notation interpreted by the shell. "Redirection" allows +commands' file handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer +to different files, and can change the files the command reads from and +writes to. Redirection may also be used to modify file handles in the +current shell execution environment. The following redirection +operators may precede or appear anywhere within a simple command or may +follow a command. Redirections are processed in the order they appear, +from left to right. + + Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number may +instead be preceded by a word of the form {VARNAME}. In this case, for +each redirection operator except >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a +file descriptor greater than 10 and assign it to {VARNAME}. If >&- or +<&- is preceded by {VARNAME}, the value of VARNAME defines the file +descriptor to close. If {VARNAME} is supplied, the redirection persists +beyond the scope of the command, allowing the shell programmer to manage +the file descriptor's lifetime manually. The 'varredir_close' shell +option manages this behavior (*note The Shopt Builtin::). + + In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is +omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is '<', the +redirection refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the +first character of the redirection operator is '>', the redirection +refers to the standard output (file descriptor 1). + + The word following the redirection operator in the following +descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, +tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic +expansion, quote removal, filename expansion, and word splitting. If it +expands to more than one word, Bash reports an error. + + Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, the +command + ls > DIRLIST 2>&1 +directs both standard output (file descriptor 1) and standard error +(file descriptor 2) to the file DIRLIST, while the command + ls 2>&1 > DIRLIST +directs only the standard output to file DIRLIST, because the standard +error was made a copy of the standard output before the standard output +was redirected to DIRLIST. + + Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in +redirections, as described in the following table. If the operating +system on which Bash is running provides these special files, bash will +use them; otherwise it will emulate them internally with the behavior +described below. + +'/dev/fd/FD' + If FD is a valid integer, file descriptor FD is duplicated. + +'/dev/stdin' + File descriptor 0 is duplicated. + +'/dev/stdout' + File descriptor 1 is duplicated. + +'/dev/stderr' + File descriptor 2 is duplicated. + +'/dev/tcp/HOST/PORT' + If HOST is a valid hostname or Internet address, and PORT is an + integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open the + corresponding TCP socket. + +'/dev/udp/HOST/PORT' + If HOST is a valid hostname or Internet address, and PORT is an + integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open the + corresponding UDP socket. + + A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail. + + Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used +with care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses +internally. + +3.6.1 Redirecting Input +----------------------- + +Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from the +expansion of WORD to be opened for reading on file descriptor 'n', or +the standard input (file descriptor 0) if 'n' is not specified. + + The general format for redirecting input is: + [N][|]WORD + + If the redirection operator is '>', and the 'noclobber' option to the +'set' builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file +whose name results from the expansion of WORD exists and is a regular +file. If the redirection operator is '>|', or the redirection operator +is '>' and the 'noclobber' option is not enabled, the redirection is +attempted even if the file named by WORD exists. + +3.6.3 Appending Redirected Output +--------------------------------- + +Redirection of output in this fashion causes the file whose name results +from the expansion of WORD to be opened for appending on file descriptor +N, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if N is not specified. If +the file does not exist it is created. + + The general format for appending output is: + [N]>>WORD + +3.6.4 Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error +---------------------------------------------------- + +This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and +the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be redirected to the +file whose name is the expansion of WORD. + + There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard +error: + &>WORD +and + >&WORD +Of the two forms, the first is preferred. This is semantically +equivalent to + >WORD 2>&1 + When using the second form, WORD may not expand to a number or '-'. +If it does, other redirection operators apply (see Duplicating File +Descriptors below) for compatibility reasons. + +3.6.5 Appending Standard Output and Standard Error +-------------------------------------------------- + +This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and +the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be appended to the file +whose name is the expansion of WORD. + + The format for appending standard output and standard error is: + &>>WORD +This is semantically equivalent to + >>WORD 2>&1 + (see Duplicating File Descriptors below). + +3.6.6 Here Documents +-------------------- + +This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the +current source until a line containing only WORD (with no trailing +blanks) is seen. All of the lines read up to that point are then used +as the standard input (or file descriptor N if N is specified) for a +command. + + The format of here-documents is: + [N]<<[-]WORD + HERE-DOCUMENT + DELIMITER + + No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic +expansion, or filename expansion is performed on WORD. If any part of +WORD is quoted, the DELIMITER is the result of quote removal on WORD, +and the lines in the here-document are not expanded. If WORD is +unquoted, all lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter +expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, the character +sequence '\newline' is ignored, and '\' must be used to quote the +characters '\', '$', and '`'. + + If the redirection operator is '<<-', then all leading tab characters +are stripped from input lines and the line containing DELIMITER. This +allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural +fashion. + +3.6.7 Here Strings +------------------ + +A variant of here documents, the format is: + [N]<<< WORD + + The WORD undergoes tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal. Filename +expansion and word splitting are not performed. The result is supplied +as a single string, with a newline appended, to the command on its +standard input (or file descriptor N if N is specified). + +3.6.8 Duplicating File Descriptors +---------------------------------- + +The redirection operator + [N]<&WORD +is used to duplicate input file descriptors. If WORD expands to one or +more digits, the file descriptor denoted by N is made to be a copy of +that file descriptor. If the digits in WORD do not specify a file +descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs. If WORD +evaluates to '-', file descriptor N is closed. If N is not specified, +the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used. + + The operator + [N]>&WORD +is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If N is not +specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. If the +digits in WORD do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a +redirection error occurs. If WORD evaluates to '-', file descriptor N +is closed. As a special case, if N is omitted, and WORD does not expand +to one or more digits or '-', the standard output and standard error are +redirected as described previously. + +3.6.9 Moving File Descriptors +----------------------------- + +The redirection operator + [N]<&DIGIT- +moves the file descriptor DIGIT to file descriptor N, or the standard +input (file descriptor 0) if N is not specified. DIGIT is closed after +being duplicated to N. + + Similarly, the redirection operator + [N]>&DIGIT- +moves the file descriptor DIGIT to file descriptor N, or the standard +output (file descriptor 1) if N is not specified. + +3.6.10 Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing +------------------------------------------------------- + +The redirection operator + [N]<>WORD +causes the file whose name is the expansion of WORD to be opened for +both reading and writing on file descriptor N, or on file descriptor 0 +if N is not specified. If the file does not exist, it is created. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Executing Commands, Next: Shell Scripts, Prev: Redirections, Up: Basic Shell Features + +3.7 Executing Commands +====================== + +* Menu: + +* Simple Command Expansion:: How Bash expands simple commands before + executing them. +* Command Search and Execution:: How Bash finds commands and runs them. +* Command Execution Environment:: The environment in which Bash + executes commands that are not + shell builtins. +* Environment:: The environment given to a command. +* Exit Status:: The status returned by commands and how Bash + interprets it. +* Signals:: What happens when Bash or a command it runs + receives a signal. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Simple Command Expansion, Next: Command Search and Execution, Up: Executing Commands + +3.7.1 Simple Command Expansion +------------------------------ + +When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following +expansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right, in the +following order. + + 1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments (those + preceding the command name) and redirections are saved for later + processing. + + 2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are + expanded (*note Shell Expansions::). If any words remain after + expansion, the first word is taken to be the name of the command + and the remaining words are the arguments. + + 3. Redirections are performed as described above (*note + Redirections::). + + 4. The text after the '=' in each variable assignment undergoes tilde + expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic + expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the variable. + + If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the +current shell environment. In the case of such a command (one that +consists only of assignment statements and redirections), assignment +statements are performed before redirections. Otherwise, the variables +are added to the environment of the executed command and do not affect +the current shell environment. If any of the assignments attempts to +assign a value to a readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command +exits with a non-zero status. + + If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not +affect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the +command to exit with a non-zero status. + + If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds +as described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the +expansions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the +command is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. +If there were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status +of zero. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Command Search and Execution, Next: Command Execution Environment, Prev: Simple Command Expansion, Up: Executing Commands + +3.7.2 Command Search and Execution +---------------------------------- + +After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple +command and an optional list of arguments, the following actions are +taken. + + 1. If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to + locate it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that + function is invoked as described in *note Shell Functions::. + + 2. If the name does not match a function, the shell searches for it in + the list of shell builtins. If a match is found, that builtin is + invoked. + + 3. If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains + no slashes, Bash searches each element of '$PATH' for a directory + containing an executable file by that name. Bash uses a hash table + to remember the full pathnames of executable files to avoid + multiple 'PATH' searches (see the description of 'hash' in *note + Bourne Shell Builtins::). A full search of the directories in + '$PATH' is performed only if the command is not found in the hash + table. If the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a + defined shell function named 'command_not_found_handle'. If that + function exists, it is invoked in a separate execution environment + with the original command and the original command's arguments as + its arguments, and the function's exit status becomes the exit + status of that subshell. If that function is not defined, the + shell prints an error message and returns an exit status of 127. + + 4. If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or + more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a separate + execution environment. Argument 0 is set to the name given, and + the remaining arguments to the command are set to the arguments + supplied, if any. + + 5. If this execution fails because the file is not in executable + format, and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a + "shell script" and the shell executes it as described in *note + Shell Scripts::. + + 6. If the command was not begun asynchronously, the shell waits for + the command to complete and collects its exit status. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Command Execution Environment, Next: Environment, Prev: Command Search and Execution, Up: Executing Commands + +3.7.3 Command Execution Environment +----------------------------------- + +The shell has an "execution environment", which consists of the +following: + + * open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by + redirections supplied to the 'exec' builtin + + * the current working directory as set by 'cd', 'pushd', or 'popd', + or inherited by the shell at invocation + + * the file creation mode mask as set by 'umask' or inherited from the + shell's parent + + * current traps set by 'trap' + + * shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with 'set' + or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment + + * shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the + shell's parent in the environment + + * options enabled at invocation (either by default or with + command-line arguments) or by 'set' + + * options enabled by 'shopt' (*note The Shopt Builtin::) + + * shell aliases defined with 'alias' (*note Aliases::) + + * various process IDs, including those of background jobs (*note + Lists::), the value of '$$', and the value of '$PPID' + + When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be +executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that +consists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are +inherited from the shell. + + * the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions + specified by redirections to the command + + * the current working directory + + * the file creation mode mask + + * shell variables and functions marked for export, along with + variables exported for the command, passed in the environment + (*note Environment::) + + * traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from + the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored + + A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the +shell's execution environment. + + A "subshell" is a copy of the shell process. + + Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and +asynchronous commands are invoked in a subshell environment that is a +duplicate of the shell environment, except that traps caught by the +shell are reset to the values that the shell inherited from its parent +at invocation. Builtin commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline +are also executed in a subshell environment. Changes made to the +subshell environment cannot affect the shell's execution environment. + + Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value +of the '-e' option from the parent shell. When not in POSIX mode, Bash +clears the '-e' option in such subshells. + + If a command is followed by a '&' and job control is not active, the +default standard input for the command is the empty file '/dev/null'. +Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the +calling shell as modified by redirections. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Environment, Next: Exit Status, Prev: Command Execution Environment, Up: Executing Commands + +3.7.4 Environment +----------------- + +When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the +"environment". This is a list of name-value pairs, of the form +'name=value'. + + Bash provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On +invocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter +for each name found, automatically marking it for 'export' to child +processes. Executed commands inherit the environment. The 'export' and +'declare -x' commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and +deleted from the environment. If the value of a parameter in the +environment is modified, the new value becomes part of the environment, +replacing the old. The environment inherited by any executed command +consists of the shell's initial environment, whose values may be +modified in the shell, less any pairs removed by the 'unset' and 'export +-n' commands, plus any additions via the 'export' and 'declare -x' +commands. + + The environment for any simple command or function may be augmented +temporarily by prefixing it with parameter assignments, as described in +*note Shell Parameters::. These assignment statements affect only the +environment seen by that command. + + If the '-k' option is set (*note The Set Builtin::), then all +parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not +just those that precede the command name. + + When Bash invokes an external command, the variable '$_' is set to +the full pathname of the command and passed to that command in its +environment. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Exit Status, Next: Signals, Prev: Environment, Up: Executing Commands + +3.7.5 Exit Status +----------------- + +The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the +'waitpid' system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses fall +between 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values +above 125 specially. Exit statuses from shell builtins and compound +commands are also limited to this range. Under certain circumstances, +the shell will use special values to indicate specific failure modes. + + For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a zero exit +status has succeeded. A non-zero exit status indicates failure. This +seemingly counter-intuitive scheme is used so there is one well-defined +way to indicate success and a variety of ways to indicate various +failure modes. When a command terminates on a fatal signal whose number +is N, Bash uses the value 128+N as the exit status. + + If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it +returns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable, +the return status is 126. + + If a command fails because of an error during expansion or +redirection, the exit status is greater than zero. + + The exit status is used by the Bash conditional commands (*note +Conditional Constructs::) and some of the list constructs (*note +Lists::). + + All of the Bash builtins return an exit status of zero if they +succeed and a non-zero status on failure, so they may be used by the +conditional and list constructs. All builtins return an exit status of +2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally invalid options or missing +arguments. + + The exit status of the last command is available in the special +parameter $? (*note Special Parameters::). + + +File: bash.info, Node: Signals, Prev: Exit Status, Up: Executing Commands + +3.7.6 Signals +------------- + +When Bash is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores +'SIGTERM' (so that 'kill 0' does not kill an interactive shell), and +'SIGINT' is caught and handled (so that the 'wait' builtin is +interruptible). When Bash receives a 'SIGINT', it breaks out of any +executing loops. In all cases, Bash ignores 'SIGQUIT'. If job control +is in effect (*note Job Control::), Bash ignores 'SIGTTIN', 'SIGTTOU', +and 'SIGTSTP'. + + Non-builtin commands started by Bash have signal handlers set to the +values inherited by the shell from its parent. When job control is not +in effect, asynchronous commands ignore 'SIGINT' and 'SIGQUIT' in +addition to these inherited handlers. Commands run as a result of +command substitution ignore the keyboard-generated job control signals +'SIGTTIN', 'SIGTTOU', and 'SIGTSTP'. + + The shell exits by default upon receipt of a 'SIGHUP'. Before +exiting, an interactive shell resends the 'SIGHUP' to all jobs, running +or stopped. Stopped jobs are sent 'SIGCONT' to ensure that they receive +the 'SIGHUP'. To prevent the shell from sending the 'SIGHUP' signal to +a particular job, it should be removed from the jobs table with the +'disown' builtin (*note Job Control Builtins::) or marked to not receive +'SIGHUP' using 'disown -h'. + + If the 'huponexit' shell option has been set with 'shopt' (*note The +Shopt Builtin::), Bash sends a 'SIGHUP' to all jobs when an interactive +login shell exits. + + If Bash is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal +for which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until the +command completes. When Bash is waiting for an asynchronous command via +the 'wait' builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has been +set will cause the 'wait' builtin to return immediately with an exit +status greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is executed. + + When job control is not enabled, and Bash is waiting for a foreground +command to complete, the shell receives keyboard-generated signals such +as 'SIGINT' (usually generated by '^C') that users commonly intend to +send to that command. This happens because the shell and the command +are in the same process group as the terminal, and '^C' sends 'SIGINT' +to all processes in that process group. See *note Job Control::, for a +more in-depth discussion of process groups. + + When Bash is running without job control enabled and receives +'SIGINT' while waiting for a foreground command, it waits until that +foreground command terminates and then decides what to do about the +'SIGINT': + + 1. If the command terminates due to the 'SIGINT', Bash concludes that + the user meant to end the entire script, and acts on the 'SIGINT' + (e.g., by running a 'SIGINT' trap or exiting itself); + + 2. If the pipeline does not terminate due to 'SIGINT', the program + handled the 'SIGINT' itself and did not treat it as a fatal signal. + In that case, Bash does not treat 'SIGINT' as a fatal signal, + either, instead assuming that the 'SIGINT' was used as part of the + program's normal operation (e.g., 'emacs' uses it to abort editing + commands) or deliberately discarded. However, Bash will run any + trap set on 'SIGINT', as it does with any other trapped signal it + receives while it is waiting for the foreground command to + complete, for compatibility. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Shell Scripts, Prev: Executing Commands, Up: Basic Shell Features + +3.8 Shell Scripts +================= + +A shell script is a text file containing shell commands. When such a +file is used as the first non-option argument when invoking Bash, and +neither the '-c' nor '-s' option is supplied (*note Invoking Bash::), +Bash reads and executes commands from the file, then exits. This mode +of operation creates a non-interactive shell. The shell first searches +for the file in the current directory, and looks in the directories in +'$PATH' if not found there. + + When Bash runs a shell script, it sets the special parameter '0' to +the name of the file, rather than the name of the shell, and the +positional parameters are set to the remaining arguments, if any are +given. If no additional arguments are supplied, the positional +parameters are unset. + + A shell script may be made executable by using the 'chmod' command to +turn on the execute bit. When Bash finds such a file while searching +the '$PATH' for a command, it creates a new instance of itself to +execute it. In other words, executing + filename ARGUMENTS +is equivalent to executing + bash filename ARGUMENTS + +if 'filename' is an executable shell script. This subshell +reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a new shell had been +invoked to interpret the script, with the exception that the locations +of commands remembered by the parent (see the description of 'hash' in +*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) are retained by the child. + + Most versions of Unix make this a part of the operating system's +command execution mechanism. If the first line of a script begins with +the two characters '#!', the remainder of the line specifies an +interpreter for the program and, depending on the operating system, one +or more optional arguments for that interpreter. Thus, you can specify +Bash, 'awk', Perl, or some other interpreter and write the rest of the +script file in that language. + + The arguments to the interpreter consist of one or more optional +arguments following the interpreter name on the first line of the script +file, followed by the name of the script file, followed by the rest of +the arguments supplied to the script. The details of how the +interpreter line is split into an interpreter name and a set of +arguments vary across systems. Bash will perform this action on +operating systems that do not handle it themselves. Note that some +older versions of Unix limit the interpreter name and a single argument +to a maximum of 32 characters, so it's not portable to assume that using +more than one argument will work. + + Bash scripts often begin with '#! /bin/bash' (assuming that Bash has +been installed in '/bin'), since this ensures that Bash will be used to +interpret the script, even if it is executed under another shell. It's +a common idiom to use 'env' to find 'bash' even if it's been installed +in another directory: '#!/usr/bin/env bash' will find the first +occurrence of 'bash' in '$PATH'. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Shell Builtin Commands, Next: Shell Variables, Prev: Basic Shell Features, Up: Top + +4 Shell Builtin Commands +************************ + +* Menu: + +* Bourne Shell Builtins:: Builtin commands inherited from the Bourne + Shell. +* Bash Builtins:: Table of builtins specific to Bash. +* Modifying Shell Behavior:: Builtins to modify shell attributes and + optional behavior. +* Special Builtins:: Builtin commands classified specially by + POSIX. + +Builtin commands are contained within the shell itself. When the name +of a builtin command is used as the first word of a simple command +(*note Simple Commands::), the shell executes the command directly, +without invoking another program. Builtin commands are necessary to +implement functionality impossible or inconvenient to obtain with +separate utilities. + + This section briefly describes the builtins which Bash inherits from +the Bourne Shell, as well as the builtin commands which are unique to or +have been extended in Bash. + + Several builtin commands are described in other chapters: builtin +commands which provide the Bash interface to the job control facilities +(*note Job Control Builtins::), the directory stack (*note Directory +Stack Builtins::), the command history (*note Bash History Builtins::), +and the programmable completion facilities (*note Programmable +Completion Builtins::). + + Many of the builtins have been extended by POSIX or Bash. + + Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented as accepting +options preceded by '-' accepts '--' to signify the end of the options. +The ':', 'true', 'false', and 'test'/'[' builtins do not accept options +and do not treat '--' specially. The 'exit', 'logout', 'return', +'break', 'continue', 'let', and 'shift' builtins accept and process +arguments beginning with '-' without requiring '--'. Other builtins +that accept arguments but are not specified as accepting options +interpret arguments beginning with '-' as invalid options and require +'--' to prevent this interpretation. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Bourne Shell Builtins, Next: Bash Builtins, Up: Shell Builtin Commands + +4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins +========================= + +The following shell builtin commands are inherited from the Bourne +Shell. These commands are implemented as specified by the POSIX +standard. + +': (a colon)' + : [ARGUMENTS] + + Do nothing beyond expanding ARGUMENTS and performing redirections. + The return status is zero. + +'. (a period)' + . FILENAME [ARGUMENTS] + + Read and execute commands from the FILENAME argument in the current + shell context. If FILENAME does not contain a slash, the 'PATH' + variable is used to find FILENAME, but FILENAME does not need to be + executable. When Bash is not in POSIX mode, it searches the + current directory if FILENAME is not found in '$PATH'. If any + ARGUMENTS are supplied, they become the positional parameters when + FILENAME is executed. Otherwise the positional parameters are + unchanged. If the '-T' option is enabled, '.' inherits any trap on + 'DEBUG'; if it is not, any 'DEBUG' trap string is saved and + restored around the call to '.', and '.' unsets the 'DEBUG' trap + while it executes. If '-T' is not set, and the sourced file + changes the 'DEBUG' trap, the new value is retained when '.' + completes. The return status is the exit status of the last + command executed, or zero if no commands are executed. If FILENAME + is not found, or cannot be read, the return status is non-zero. + This builtin is equivalent to 'source'. + +'break' + break [N] + + Exit from a 'for', 'while', 'until', or 'select' loop. If N is + supplied, the Nth enclosing loop is exited. N must be greater than + or equal to 1. The return status is zero unless N is not greater + than or equal to 1. + +'cd' + cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@] [DIRECTORY] + + Change the current working directory to DIRECTORY. If DIRECTORY is + not supplied, the value of the 'HOME' shell variable is used. If + the shell variable 'CDPATH' exists, it is used as a search path: + each directory name in 'CDPATH' is searched for DIRECTORY, with + alternative directory names in 'CDPATH' separated by a colon (':'). + If DIRECTORY begins with a slash, 'CDPATH' is not used. + + The '-P' option means to not follow symbolic links: symbolic links + are resolved while 'cd' is traversing DIRECTORY and before + processing an instance of '..' in DIRECTORY. + + By default, or when the '-L' option is supplied, symbolic links in + DIRECTORY are resolved after 'cd' processes an instance of '..' in + DIRECTORY. + + If '..' appears in DIRECTORY, it is processed by removing the + immediately preceding pathname component, back to a slash or the + beginning of DIRECTORY. + + If the '-e' option is supplied with '-P' and the current working + directory cannot be successfully determined after a successful + directory change, 'cd' will return an unsuccessful status. + + On systems that support it, the '-@' option presents the extended + attributes associated with a file as a directory. + + If DIRECTORY is '-', it is converted to '$OLDPWD' before the + directory change is attempted. + + If a non-empty directory name from 'CDPATH' is used, or if '-' is + the first argument, and the directory change is successful, the + absolute pathname of the new working directory is written to the + standard output. + + If the directory change is successful, 'cd' sets the value of the + 'PWD' environment variable to the new directory name, and sets the + 'OLDPWD' environment variable to the value of the current working + directory before the change. + + The return status is zero if the directory is successfully changed, + non-zero otherwise. + +'continue' + continue [N] + + Resume the next iteration of an enclosing 'for', 'while', 'until', + or 'select' loop. If N is supplied, the execution of the Nth + enclosing loop is resumed. N must be greater than or equal to 1. + The return status is zero unless N is not greater than or equal to + 1. + +'eval' + eval [ARGUMENTS] + + The arguments are concatenated together into a single command, + which is then read and executed, and its exit status returned as + the exit status of 'eval'. If there are no arguments or only empty + arguments, the return status is zero. + +'exec' + exec [-cl] [-a NAME] [COMMAND [ARGUMENTS]] + + If COMMAND is supplied, it replaces the shell without creating a + new process. If the '-l' option is supplied, the shell places a + dash at the beginning of the zeroth argument passed to COMMAND. + This is what the 'login' program does. The '-c' option causes + COMMAND to be executed with an empty environment. If '-a' is + supplied, the shell passes NAME as the zeroth argument to COMMAND. + If COMMAND cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive + shell exits, unless the 'execfail' shell option is enabled. In + that case, it returns failure. An interactive shell returns + failure if the file cannot be executed. A subshell exits + unconditionally if 'exec' fails. If no COMMAND is specified, + redirections may be used to affect the current shell environment. + If there are no redirection errors, the return status is zero; + otherwise the return status is non-zero. + +'exit' + exit [N] + + Exit the shell, returning a status of N to the shell's parent. If + N is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed. + Any trap on 'EXIT' is executed before the shell terminates. + +'export' + export [-fn] [-p] [NAME[=VALUE]] + + Mark each NAME to be passed to child processes in the environment. + If the '-f' option is supplied, the NAMEs refer to shell functions; + otherwise the names refer to shell variables. The '-n' option + means to no longer mark each NAME for export. If no NAMEs are + supplied, or if the '-p' option is given, a list of names of all + exported variables is displayed. The '-p' option displays output + in a form that may be reused as input. If a variable name is + followed by =VALUE, the value of the variable is set to VALUE. + + The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied, one + of the names is not a valid shell variable name, or '-f' is + supplied with a name that is not a shell function. + +'getopts' + getopts OPTSTRING NAME [ARG ...] + + 'getopts' is used by shell scripts to parse positional parameters. + OPTSTRING contains the option characters to be recognized; if a + character is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an + argument, which should be separated from it by whitespace. The + colon (':') and question mark ('?') may not be used as option + characters. Each time it is invoked, 'getopts' places the next + option in the shell variable NAME, initializing NAME if it does not + exist, and the index of the next argument to be processed into the + variable 'OPTIND'. 'OPTIND' is initialized to 1 each time the + shell or a shell script is invoked. When an option requires an + argument, 'getopts' places that argument into the variable + 'OPTARG'. The shell does not reset 'OPTIND' automatically; it must + be manually reset between multiple calls to 'getopts' within the + same shell invocation if a new set of parameters is to be used. + + When the end of options is encountered, 'getopts' exits with a + return value greater than zero. 'OPTIND' is set to the index of + the first non-option argument, and NAME is set to '?'. + + 'getopts' normally parses the positional parameters, but if more + arguments are supplied as ARG values, 'getopts' parses those + instead. + + 'getopts' can report errors in two ways. If the first character of + OPTSTRING is a colon, SILENT error reporting is used. In normal + operation, diagnostic messages are printed when invalid options or + missing option arguments are encountered. If the variable 'OPTERR' + is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed, even if the first + character of 'optstring' is not a colon. + + If an invalid option is seen, 'getopts' places '?' into NAME and, + if not silent, prints an error message and unsets 'OPTARG'. If + 'getopts' is silent, the option character found is placed in + 'OPTARG' and no diagnostic message is printed. + + If a required argument is not found, and 'getopts' is not silent, a + question mark ('?') is placed in NAME, 'OPTARG' is unset, and a + diagnostic message is printed. If 'getopts' is silent, then a + colon (':') is placed in NAME and 'OPTARG' is set to the option + character found. + +'hash' + hash [-r] [-p FILENAME] [-dt] [NAME] + + Each time 'hash' is invoked, it remembers the full pathnames of the + commands specified as NAME arguments, so they need not be searched + for on subsequent invocations. The commands are found by searching + through the directories listed in '$PATH'. Any + previously-remembered pathname is discarded. The '-p' option + inhibits the path search, and FILENAME is used as the location of + NAME. The '-r' option causes the shell to forget all remembered + locations. The '-d' option causes the shell to forget the + remembered location of each NAME. If the '-t' option is supplied, + the full pathname to which each NAME corresponds is printed. If + multiple NAME arguments are supplied with '-t', the NAME is printed + before the hashed full pathname. The '-l' option causes output to + be displayed in a format that may be reused as input. If no + arguments are given, or if only '-l' is supplied, information about + remembered commands is printed. The return status is zero unless a + NAME is not found or an invalid option is supplied. + +'pwd' + pwd [-LP] + + Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. If + the '-P' option is supplied, the pathname printed will not contain + symbolic links. If the '-L' option is supplied, the pathname + printed may contain symbolic links. The return status is zero + unless an error is encountered while determining the name of the + current directory or an invalid option is supplied. + +'readonly' + readonly [-aAf] [-p] [NAME[=VALUE]] ... + + Mark each NAME as readonly. The values of these names may not be + changed by subsequent assignment. If the '-f' option is supplied, + each NAME refers to a shell function. The '-a' option means each + NAME refers to an indexed array variable; the '-A' option means + each NAME refers to an associative array variable. If both options + are supplied, '-A' takes precedence. If no NAME arguments are + given, or if the '-p' option is supplied, a list of all readonly + names is printed. The other options may be used to restrict the + output to a subset of the set of readonly names. The '-p' option + causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as + input. If a variable name is followed by =VALUE, the value of the + variable is set to VALUE. The return status is zero unless an + invalid option is supplied, one of the NAME arguments is not a + valid shell variable or function name, or the '-f' option is + supplied with a name that is not a shell function. + +'return' + return [N] + + Cause a shell function to stop executing and return the value N to + its caller. If N is not supplied, the return value is the exit + status of the last command executed in the function. If 'return' + is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to determine + the status is the last command executed before the trap handler. + If 'return' is executed during a 'DEBUG' trap, the last command + used to determine the status is the last command executed by the + trap handler before 'return' was invoked. 'return' may also be + used to terminate execution of a script being executed with the '.' + ('source') builtin, returning either N or the exit status of the + last command executed within the script as the exit status of the + script. If N is supplied, the return value is its least + significant 8 bits. Any command associated with the 'RETURN' trap + is executed before execution resumes after the function or script. + The return status is non-zero if 'return' is supplied a non-numeric + argument or is used outside a function and not during the execution + of a script by '.' or 'source'. + +'shift' + shift [N] + + Shift the positional parameters to the left by N. The positional + parameters from N+1 ... '$#' are renamed to '$1' ... '$#'-N. + Parameters represented by the numbers '$#' down to '$#'-N+1 are + unset. N must be a non-negative number less than or equal to '$#'. + If N is zero or greater than '$#', the positional parameters are + not changed. If N is not supplied, it is assumed to be 1. The + return status is zero unless N is greater than '$#' or less than + zero, non-zero otherwise. + +'test' +'[' + test EXPR + + Evaluate a conditional expression EXPR and return a status of 0 + (true) or 1 (false). Each operator and operand must be a separate + argument. Expressions are composed of the primaries described + below in *note Bash Conditional Expressions::. 'test' does not + accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore an argument of + '--' as signifying the end of options. + + When the '[' form is used, the last argument to the command must be + a ']'. + + Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed + in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation depends on the + number of arguments; see below. Operator precedence is used when + there are five or more arguments. + + '! EXPR' + True if EXPR is false. + + '( EXPR )' + Returns the value of EXPR. This may be used to override the + normal precedence of operators. + + 'EXPR1 -a EXPR2' + True if both EXPR1 and EXPR2 are true. + + 'EXPR1 -o EXPR2' + True if either EXPR1 or EXPR2 is true. + + The 'test' and '[' builtins evaluate conditional expressions using + a set of rules based on the number of arguments. + + 0 arguments + The expression is false. + + 1 argument + The expression is true if, and only if, the argument is not + null. + + 2 arguments + If the first argument is '!', the expression is true if and + only if the second argument is null. If the first argument is + one of the unary conditional operators (*note Bash Conditional + Expressions::), the expression is true if the unary test is + true. If the first argument is not a valid unary operator, + the expression is false. + + 3 arguments + The following conditions are applied in the order listed. + + 1. If the second argument is one of the binary conditional + operators (*note Bash Conditional Expressions::), the + result of the expression is the result of the binary test + using the first and third arguments as operands. The + '-a' and '-o' operators are considered binary operators + when there are three arguments. + 2. If the first argument is '!', the value is the negation + of the two-argument test using the second and third + arguments. + 3. If the first argument is exactly '(' and the third + argument is exactly ')', the result is the one-argument + test of the second argument. + 4. Otherwise, the expression is false. + + 4 arguments + The following conditions are applied in the order listed. + + 1. If the first argument is '!', the result is the negation + of the three-argument expression composed of the + remaining arguments. + 2. If the first argument is exactly '(' and the fourth + argument is exactly ')', the result is the two-argument + test of the second and third arguments. + 3. Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated + according to precedence using the rules listed above. + + 5 or more arguments + The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence + using the rules listed above. + + When used with 'test' or '[', the '<' and '>' operators sort + lexicographically using ASCII ordering. + +'times' + times + + Print out the user and system times used by the shell and its + children. The return status is zero. + +'trap' + trap [-lp] [ARG] [SIGSPEC ...] + + The commands in ARG are to be read and executed when the shell + receives signal SIGSPEC. If ARG is absent (and there is a single + SIGSPEC) or equal to '-', each specified signal's disposition is + reset to the value it had when the shell was started. If ARG is + the null string, then the signal specified by each SIGSPEC is + ignored by the shell and commands it invokes. If ARG is not + present and '-p' has been supplied, the shell displays the trap + commands associated with each SIGSPEC. If no arguments are + supplied, or only '-p' is given, 'trap' prints the list of commands + associated with each signal number in a form that may be reused as + shell input. The '-l' option causes the shell to print a list of + signal names and their corresponding numbers. Each SIGSPEC is + either a signal name or a signal number. Signal names are case + insensitive and the 'SIG' prefix is optional. + + If a SIGSPEC is '0' or 'EXIT', ARG is executed when the shell + exits. If a SIGSPEC is 'DEBUG', the command ARG is executed before + every simple command, 'for' command, 'case' command, 'select' + command, every arithmetic 'for' command, and before the first + command executes in a shell function. Refer to the description of + the 'extdebug' option to the 'shopt' builtin (*note The Shopt + Builtin::) for details of its effect on the 'DEBUG' trap. If a + SIGSPEC is 'RETURN', the command ARG is executed each time a shell + function or a script executed with the '.' or 'source' builtins + finishes executing. + + If a SIGSPEC is 'ERR', the command ARG is executed whenever a + pipeline (which may consist of a single simple command), a list, or + a compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to the + following conditions. The 'ERR' trap is not executed if the failed + command is part of the command list immediately following an + 'until' or 'while' keyword, part of the test following the 'if' or + 'elif' reserved words, part of a command executed in a '&&' or '||' + list except the command following the final '&&' or '||', any + command in a pipeline but the last, or if the command's return + status is being inverted using '!'. These are the same conditions + obeyed by the 'errexit' ('-e') option. + + Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset. + Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their + original values in a subshell or subshell environment when one is + created. + + The return status is zero unless a SIGSPEC does not specify a valid + signal. + +'umask' + umask [-p] [-S] [MODE] + + Set the shell process's file creation mask to MODE. If MODE begins + with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; if not, it is + interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by the + 'chmod' command. If MODE is omitted, the current value of the mask + is printed. If the '-S' option is supplied without a MODE + argument, the mask is printed in a symbolic format. If the '-p' + option is supplied, and MODE is omitted, the output is in a form + that may be reused as input. The return status is zero if the mode + is successfully changed or if no MODE argument is supplied, and + non-zero otherwise. + + Note that when the mode is interpreted as an octal number, each + number of the umask is subtracted from '7'. Thus, a umask of '022' + results in permissions of '755'. + +'unset' + unset [-fnv] [NAME] + + Remove each variable or function NAME. If the '-v' option is + given, each NAME refers to a shell variable and that variable is + removed. If the '-f' option is given, the NAMEs refer to shell + functions, and the function definition is removed. If the '-n' + option is supplied, and NAME is a variable with the 'nameref' + attribute, NAME will be unset rather than the variable it + references. '-n' has no effect if the '-f' option is supplied. If + no options are supplied, each NAME refers to a variable; if there + is no variable by that name, a function with that name, if any, is + unset. Readonly variables and functions may not be unset. Some + shell variables lose their special behavior if they are unset; such + behavior is noted in the description of the individual variables. + The return status is zero unless a NAME is readonly or may not be + unset. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Bash Builtins, Next: Modifying Shell Behavior, Prev: Bourne Shell Builtins, Up: Shell Builtin Commands + +4.2 Bash Builtin Commands +========================= + +This section describes builtin commands which are unique to or have been +extended in Bash. Some of these commands are specified in the POSIX +standard. + +'alias' + alias [-p] [NAME[=VALUE] ...] + + Without arguments or with the '-p' option, 'alias' prints the list + of aliases on the standard output in a form that allows them to be + reused as input. If arguments are supplied, an alias is defined + for each NAME whose VALUE is given. If no VALUE is given, the name + and value of the alias is printed. Aliases are described in *note + Aliases::. + +'bind' + bind [-m KEYMAP] [-lpsvPSVX] + bind [-m KEYMAP] [-q FUNCTION] [-u FUNCTION] [-r KEYSEQ] + bind [-m KEYMAP] -f FILENAME + bind [-m KEYMAP] -x KEYSEQ:SHELL-COMMAND + bind [-m KEYMAP] KEYSEQ:FUNCTION-NAME + bind [-m KEYMAP] KEYSEQ:READLINE-COMMAND + bind READLINE-COMMAND-LINE + + Display current Readline (*note Command Line Editing::) key and + function bindings, bind a key sequence to a Readline function or + macro, or set a Readline variable. Each non-option argument is a + command as it would appear in a Readline initialization file (*note + Readline Init File::), but each binding or command must be passed + as a separate argument; e.g., '"\C-x\C-r":re-read-init-file'. + + Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: + + '-m KEYMAP' + Use KEYMAP as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent + bindings. Acceptable KEYMAP names are 'emacs', + 'emacs-standard', 'emacs-meta', 'emacs-ctlx', 'vi', 'vi-move', + 'vi-command', and 'vi-insert'. 'vi' is equivalent to + 'vi-command' ('vi-move' is also a synonym); 'emacs' is + equivalent to 'emacs-standard'. + + '-l' + List the names of all Readline functions. + + '-p' + Display Readline function names and bindings in such a way + that they can be used as input or in a Readline initialization + file. + + '-P' + List current Readline function names and bindings. + + '-v' + Display Readline variable names and values in such a way that + they can be used as input or in a Readline initialization + file. + + '-V' + List current Readline variable names and values. + + '-s' + Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings + they output in such a way that they can be used as input or in + a Readline initialization file. + + '-S' + Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings + they output. + + '-f FILENAME' + Read key bindings from FILENAME. + + '-q FUNCTION' + Query about which keys invoke the named FUNCTION. + + '-u FUNCTION' + Unbind all keys bound to the named FUNCTION. + + '-r KEYSEQ' + Remove any current binding for KEYSEQ. + + '-x KEYSEQ:SHELL-COMMAND' + Cause SHELL-COMMAND to be executed whenever KEYSEQ is entered. + When SHELL-COMMAND is executed, the shell sets the + 'READLINE_LINE' variable to the contents of the Readline line + buffer and the 'READLINE_POINT' and 'READLINE_MARK' variables + to the current location of the insertion point and the saved + insertion point (the MARK), respectively. The shell assigns + any numeric argument the user supplied to the + 'READLINE_ARGUMENT' variable. If there was no argument, that + variable is not set. If the executed command changes the + value of any of 'READLINE_LINE', 'READLINE_POINT', or + 'READLINE_MARK', those new values will be reflected in the + editing state. + + '-X' + List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the + associated commands in a format that can be reused as input. + + The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied or + an error occurs. + +'builtin' + builtin [SHELL-BUILTIN [ARGS]] + + Run a shell builtin, passing it ARGS, and return its exit status. + This is useful when defining a shell function with the same name as + a shell builtin, retaining the functionality of the builtin within + the function. The return status is non-zero if SHELL-BUILTIN is + not a shell builtin command. + +'caller' + caller [EXPR] + + Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function + or a script executed with the '.' or 'source' builtins). + + Without EXPR, 'caller' displays the line number and source filename + of the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is + supplied as EXPR, 'caller' displays the line number, subroutine + name, and source file corresponding to that position in the current + execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for + example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0. + + The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a + subroutine call or EXPR does not correspond to a valid position in + the call stack. + +'command' + command [-pVv] COMMAND [ARGUMENTS ...] + + Runs COMMAND with ARGUMENTS ignoring any shell function named + COMMAND. Only shell builtin commands or commands found by + searching the 'PATH' are executed. If there is a shell function + named 'ls', running 'command ls' within the function will execute + the external command 'ls' instead of calling the function + recursively. The '-p' option means to use a default value for + 'PATH' that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities. + The return status in this case is 127 if COMMAND cannot be found or + an error occurred, and the exit status of COMMAND otherwise. + + If either the '-V' or '-v' option is supplied, a description of + COMMAND is printed. The '-v' option causes a single word + indicating the command or file name used to invoke COMMAND to be + displayed; the '-V' option produces a more verbose description. In + this case, the return status is zero if COMMAND is found, and + non-zero if not. + +'declare' + declare [-aAfFgiIlnrtux] [-p] [NAME[=VALUE] ...] + + Declare variables and give them attributes. If no NAMEs are given, + then display the values of variables instead. + + The '-p' option will display the attributes and values of each + NAME. When '-p' is used with NAME arguments, additional options, + other than '-f' and '-F', are ignored. + + When '-p' is supplied without NAME arguments, 'declare' will + display the attributes and values of all variables having the + attributes specified by the additional options. If no other + options are supplied with '-p', 'declare' will display the + attributes and values of all shell variables. The '-f' option will + restrict the display to shell functions. + + The '-F' option inhibits the display of function definitions; only + the function name and attributes are printed. If the 'extdebug' + shell option is enabled using 'shopt' (*note The Shopt Builtin::), + the source file name and line number where each NAME is defined are + displayed as well. '-F' implies '-f'. + + The '-g' option forces variables to be created or modified at the + global scope, even when 'declare' is executed in a shell function. + It is ignored in all other cases. + + The '-I' option causes local variables to inherit the attributes + (except the 'nameref' attribute) and value of any existing variable + with the same NAME at a surrounding scope. If there is no existing + variable, the local variable is initially unset. + + The following options can be used to restrict output to variables + with the specified attributes or to give variables attributes: + + '-a' + Each NAME is an indexed array variable (*note Arrays::). + + '-A' + Each NAME is an associative array variable (*note Arrays::). + + '-f' + Use function names only. + + '-i' + The variable is to be treated as an integer; arithmetic + evaluation (*note Shell Arithmetic::) is performed when the + variable is assigned a value. + + '-l' + When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case + characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case + attribute is disabled. + + '-n' + Give each NAME the 'nameref' attribute, making it a name + reference to another variable. That other variable is defined + by the value of NAME. All references, assignments, and + attribute modifications to NAME, except for those using or + changing the '-n' attribute itself, are performed on the + variable referenced by NAME's value. The nameref attribute + cannot be applied to array variables. + + '-r' + Make NAMEs readonly. These names cannot then be assigned + values by subsequent assignment statements or unset. + + '-t' + Give each NAME the 'trace' attribute. Traced functions + inherit the 'DEBUG' and 'RETURN' traps from the calling shell. + The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables. + + '-u' + When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case + characters are converted to upper-case. The lower-case + attribute is disabled. + + '-x' + Mark each NAME for export to subsequent commands via the + environment. + + Using '+' instead of '-' turns off the attribute instead, with the + exceptions that '+a' and '+A' may not be used to destroy array + variables and '+r' will not remove the readonly attribute. When + used in a function, 'declare' makes each NAME local, as with the + 'local' command, unless the '-g' option is used. If a variable + name is followed by =VALUE, the value of the variable is set to + VALUE. + + When using '-a' or '-A' and the compound assignment syntax to + create array variables, additional attributes do not take effect + until subsequent assignments. + + The return status is zero unless an invalid option is encountered, + an attempt is made to define a function using '-f foo=bar', an + attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable, an + attempt is made to assign a value to an array variable without + using the compound assignment syntax (*note Arrays::), one of the + NAMEs is not a valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to + turn off readonly status for a readonly variable, an attempt is + made to turn off array status for an array variable, or an attempt + is made to display a non-existent function with '-f'. + +'echo' + echo [-neE] [ARG ...] + + Output the ARGs, separated by spaces, terminated with a newline. + The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. If '-n' is + specified, the trailing newline is suppressed. If the '-e' option + is given, interpretation of the following backslash-escaped + characters is enabled. The '-E' option disables the interpretation + of these escape characters, even on systems where they are + interpreted by default. The 'xpg_echo' shell option may be used to + dynamically determine whether or not 'echo' expands these escape + characters by default. 'echo' does not interpret '--' to mean the + end of options. + + 'echo' interprets the following escape sequences: + '\a' + alert (bell) + '\b' + backspace + '\c' + suppress further output + '\e' + '\E' + escape + '\f' + form feed + '\n' + new line + '\r' + carriage return + '\t' + horizontal tab + '\v' + vertical tab + '\\' + backslash + '\0NNN' + the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN + (zero to three octal digits) + '\xHH' + the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value + HH (one or two hex digits) + '\uHHHH' + the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + hexadecimal value HHHH (one to four hex digits) + '\UHHHHHHHH' + the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + hexadecimal value HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits) + +'enable' + enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f FILENAME] [NAME ...] + + Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin + allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin to + be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though the + shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. If '-n' + is used, the NAMEs become disabled. Otherwise NAMEs are enabled. + For example, to use the 'test' binary found via '$PATH' instead of + the shell builtin version, type 'enable -n test'. + + If the '-p' option is supplied, or no NAME arguments appear, a list + of shell builtins is printed. With no other arguments, the list + consists of all enabled shell builtins. The '-a' option means to + list each builtin with an indication of whether or not it is + enabled. + + The '-f' option means to load the new builtin command NAME from + shared object FILENAME, on systems that support dynamic loading. + Bash will use the value of the 'BASH_LOADABLES_PATH' variable as a + colon-separated list of directories in which to search for + FILENAME. The default is system-dependent. The '-d' option will + delete a builtin loaded with '-f'. + + If there are no options, a list of the shell builtins is displayed. + The '-s' option restricts 'enable' to the POSIX special builtins. + If '-s' is used with '-f', the new builtin becomes a special + builtin (*note Special Builtins::). + + If no options are supplied and a NAME is not a shell builtin, + 'enable' will attempt to load NAME from a shared object named NAME, + as if the command were 'enable -f NAME NAME'. + + The return status is zero unless a NAME is not a shell builtin or + there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object. + +'help' + help [-dms] [PATTERN] + + Display helpful information about builtin commands. If PATTERN is + specified, 'help' gives detailed help on all commands matching + PATTERN, otherwise a list of the builtins is printed. + + Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: + + '-d' + Display a short description of each PATTERN + '-m' + Display the description of each PATTERN in a manpage-like + format + '-s' + Display only a short usage synopsis for each PATTERN + + The return status is zero unless no command matches PATTERN. + +'let' + let EXPRESSION [EXPRESSION ...] + + The 'let' builtin allows arithmetic to be performed on shell + variables. Each EXPRESSION is evaluated according to the rules + given below in *note Shell Arithmetic::. If the last EXPRESSION + evaluates to 0, 'let' returns 1; otherwise 0 is returned. + +'local' + local [OPTION] NAME[=VALUE] ... + + For each argument, a local variable named NAME is created, and + assigned VALUE. The OPTION can be any of the options accepted by + 'declare'. 'local' can only be used within a function; it makes + the variable NAME have a visible scope restricted to that function + and its children. If NAME is '-', the set of shell options is made + local to the function in which 'local' is invoked: shell options + changed using the 'set' builtin inside the function are restored to + their original values when the function returns. The restore is + effected as if a series of 'set' commands were executed to restore + the values that were in place before the function. The return + status is zero unless 'local' is used outside a function, an + invalid NAME is supplied, or NAME is a readonly variable. + +'logout' + logout [N] + + Exit a login shell, returning a status of N to the shell's parent. + +'mapfile' + mapfile [-d DELIM] [-n COUNT] [-O ORIGIN] [-s COUNT] + [-t] [-u FD] [-C CALLBACK] [-c QUANTUM] [ARRAY] + + Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable + ARRAY, or from file descriptor FD if the '-u' option is supplied. + The variable 'MAPFILE' is the default ARRAY. Options, if supplied, + have the following meanings: + + '-d' + The first character of DELIM is used to terminate each input + line, rather than newline. If DELIM is the empty string, + 'mapfile' will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character. + '-n' + Copy at most COUNT lines. If COUNT is 0, all lines are + copied. + '-O' + Begin assigning to ARRAY at index ORIGIN. The default index + is 0. + '-s' + Discard the first COUNT lines read. + '-t' + Remove a trailing DELIM (default newline) from each line read. + '-u' + Read lines from file descriptor FD instead of the standard + input. + '-C' + Evaluate CALLBACK each time QUANTUM lines are read. The '-c' + option specifies QUANTUM. + '-c' + Specify the number of lines read between each call to + CALLBACK. + + If '-C' is specified without '-c', the default quantum is 5000. + When CALLBACK is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next + array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that + element as additional arguments. CALLBACK is evaluated after the + line is read but before the array element is assigned. + + If not supplied with an explicit origin, 'mapfile' will clear ARRAY + before assigning to it. + + 'mapfile' returns successfully unless an invalid option or option + argument is supplied, ARRAY is invalid or unassignable, or ARRAY is + not an indexed array. + +'printf' + printf [-v VAR] FORMAT [ARGUMENTS] + + Write the formatted ARGUMENTS to the standard output under the + control of the FORMAT. The '-v' option causes the output to be + assigned to the variable VAR rather than being printed to the + standard output. + + The FORMAT is a character string which contains three types of + objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard + output, character escape sequences, which are converted and copied + to the standard output, and format specifications, each of which + causes printing of the next successive ARGUMENT. In addition to + the standard 'printf(1)' formats, 'printf' interprets the following + extensions: + + '%b' + Causes 'printf' to expand backslash escape sequences in the + corresponding ARGUMENT in the same way as 'echo -e' (*note + Bash Builtins::). + '%q' + Causes 'printf' to output the corresponding ARGUMENT in a + format that can be reused as shell input. + '%Q' + like '%q', but applies any supplied precision to the ARGUMENT + before quoting it. + '%(DATEFMT)T' + Causes 'printf' to output the date-time string resulting from + using DATEFMT as a format string for 'strftime'(3). The + corresponding ARGUMENT is an integer representing the number + of seconds since the epoch. Two special argument values may + be used: -1 represents the current time, and -2 represents the + time the shell was invoked. If no argument is specified, + conversion behaves as if -1 had been given. This is an + exception to the usual 'printf' behavior. + + The %b, %q, and %T directives all use the field width and precision + arguments from the format specification and write that many bytes + from (or use that wide a field for) the expanded argument, which + usually contains more characters than the original. + + Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C language + constants, except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and + if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value is + the ASCII value of the following character. + + The FORMAT is reused as necessary to consume all of the ARGUMENTS. + If the FORMAT requires more ARGUMENTS than are supplied, the extra + format specifications behave as if a zero value or null string, as + appropriate, had been supplied. The return value is zero on + success, non-zero on failure. + +'read' + read [-ers] [-a ANAME] [-d DELIM] [-i TEXT] [-n NCHARS] + [-N NCHARS] [-p PROMPT] [-t TIMEOUT] [-u FD] [NAME ...] + + One line is read from the standard input, or from the file + descriptor FD supplied as an argument to the '-u' option, split + into words as described above in *note Word Splitting::, and the + first word is assigned to the first NAME, the second word to the + second NAME, and so on. If there are more words than names, the + remaining words and their intervening delimiters are assigned to + the last NAME. If there are fewer words read from the input stream + than names, the remaining names are assigned empty values. The + characters in the value of the 'IFS' variable are used to split the + line into words using the same rules the shell uses for expansion + (described above in *note Word Splitting::). The backslash + character '\' may be used to remove any special meaning for the + next character read and for line continuation. + + Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: + + '-a ANAME' + The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array + variable ANAME, starting at 0. All elements are removed from + ANAME before the assignment. Other NAME arguments are + ignored. + + '-d DELIM' + The first character of DELIM is used to terminate the input + line, rather than newline. If DELIM is the empty string, + 'read' will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character. + + '-e' + Readline (*note Command Line Editing::) is used to obtain the + line. Readline uses the current (or default, if line editing + was not previously active) editing settings, but uses + Readline's default filename completion. + + '-i TEXT' + If Readline is being used to read the line, TEXT is placed + into the editing buffer before editing begins. + + '-n NCHARS' + 'read' returns after reading NCHARS characters rather than + waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delimiter + if fewer than NCHARS characters are read before the delimiter. + + '-N NCHARS' + 'read' returns after reading exactly NCHARS characters rather + than waiting for a complete line of input, unless EOF is + encountered or 'read' times out. Delimiter characters + encountered in the input are not treated specially and do not + cause 'read' to return until NCHARS characters are read. The + result is not split on the characters in 'IFS'; the intent is + that the variable is assigned exactly the characters read + (with the exception of backslash; see the '-r' option below). + + '-p PROMPT' + Display PROMPT, without a trailing newline, before attempting + to read any input. The prompt is displayed only if input is + coming from a terminal. + + '-r' + If this option is given, backslash does not act as an escape + character. The backslash is considered to be part of the + line. In particular, a backslash-newline pair may not then be + used as a line continuation. + + '-s' + Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, characters + are not echoed. + + '-t TIMEOUT' + Cause 'read' to time out and return failure if a complete line + of input (or a specified number of characters) is not read + within TIMEOUT seconds. TIMEOUT may be a decimal number with + a fractional portion following the decimal point. This option + is only effective if 'read' is reading input from a terminal, + pipe, or other special file; it has no effect when reading + from regular files. If 'read' times out, 'read' saves any + partial input read into the specified variable NAME. If + TIMEOUT is 0, 'read' returns immediately, without trying to + read any data. The exit status is 0 if input is available on + the specified file descriptor, or the read will return EOF, + non-zero otherwise. The exit status is greater than 128 if + the timeout is exceeded. + + '-u FD' + Read input from file descriptor FD. + + If no NAMEs are supplied, the line read, without the ending + delimiter but otherwise unmodified, is assigned to the variable + 'REPLY'. The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is + encountered, 'read' times out (in which case the status is greater + than 128), a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a + readonly variable) occurs, or an invalid file descriptor is + supplied as the argument to '-u'. + +'readarray' + readarray [-d DELIM] [-n COUNT] [-O ORIGIN] [-s COUNT] + [-t] [-u FD] [-C CALLBACK] [-c QUANTUM] [ARRAY] + + Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable + ARRAY, or from file descriptor FD if the '-u' option is supplied. + + A synonym for 'mapfile'. + +'source' + source FILENAME + + A synonym for '.' (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). + +'type' + type [-afptP] [NAME ...] + + For each NAME, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a + command name. + + If the '-t' option is used, 'type' prints a single word which is + one of 'alias', 'function', 'builtin', 'file' or 'keyword', if NAME + is an alias, shell function, shell builtin, disk file, or shell + reserved word, respectively. If the NAME is not found, then + nothing is printed, and 'type' returns a failure status. + + If the '-p' option is used, 'type' either returns the name of the + disk file that would be executed, or nothing if '-t' would not + return 'file'. + + The '-P' option forces a path search for each NAME, even if '-t' + would not return 'file'. + + If a command is hashed, '-p' and '-P' print the hashed value, which + is not necessarily the file that appears first in '$PATH'. + + If the '-a' option is used, 'type' returns all of the places that + contain an executable named FILE. This includes aliases and + functions, if and only if the '-p' option is not also used. + + If the '-f' option is used, 'type' does not attempt to find shell + functions, as with the 'command' builtin. + + The return status is zero if all of the NAMEs are found, non-zero + if any are not found. + +'typeset' + typeset [-afFgrxilnrtux] [-p] [NAME[=VALUE] ...] + + The 'typeset' command is supplied for compatibility with the Korn + shell. It is a synonym for the 'declare' builtin command. + +'ulimit' + ulimit [-HS] -a + ulimit [-HS] [-bcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPRT] [LIMIT] + + 'ulimit' provides control over the resources available to processes + started by the shell, on systems that allow such control. If an + option is given, it is interpreted as follows: + + '-S' + Change and report the soft limit associated with a resource. + + '-H' + Change and report the hard limit associated with a resource. + + '-a' + All current limits are reported; no limits are set. + + '-b' + The maximum socket buffer size. + + '-c' + The maximum size of core files created. + + '-d' + The maximum size of a process's data segment. + + '-e' + The maximum scheduling priority ("nice"). + + '-f' + The maximum size of files written by the shell and its + children. + + '-i' + The maximum number of pending signals. + + '-k' + The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated. + + '-l' + The maximum size that may be locked into memory. + + '-m' + The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this + limit). + + '-n' + The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do + not allow this value to be set). + + '-p' + The pipe buffer size. + + '-q' + The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues. + + '-r' + The maximum real-time scheduling priority. + + '-s' + The maximum stack size. + + '-t' + The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds. + + '-u' + The maximum number of processes available to a single user. + + '-v' + The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell, + and, on some systems, to its children. + + '-x' + The maximum number of file locks. + + '-P' + The maximum number of pseudoterminals. + + '-R' + The maximum time a real-time process can run before blocking, + in microseconds. + + '-T' + The maximum number of threads. + + If LIMIT is given, and the '-a' option is not used, LIMIT is the + new value of the specified resource. The special LIMIT values + 'hard', 'soft', and 'unlimited' stand for the current hard limit, + the current soft limit, and no limit, respectively. A hard limit + cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a soft limit + may be increased up to the value of the hard limit. Otherwise, the + current value of the soft limit for the specified resource is + printed, unless the '-H' option is supplied. When more than one + resource is specified, the limit name and unit, if appropriate, are + printed before the value. When setting new limits, if neither '-H' + nor '-S' is supplied, both the hard and soft limits are set. If no + option is given, then '-f' is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte + increments, except for '-t', which is in seconds; '-R', which is in + microseconds; '-p', which is in units of 512-byte blocks; '-P', + '-T', '-b', '-k', '-n' and '-u', which are unscaled values; and, + when in POSIX Mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::), '-c' and '-f', which + are in 512-byte increments. + + The return status is zero unless an invalid option or argument is + supplied, or an error occurs while setting a new limit. + +'unalias' + unalias [-a] [NAME ... ] + + Remove each NAME from the list of aliases. If '-a' is supplied, + all aliases are removed. Aliases are described in *note Aliases::. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Modifying Shell Behavior, Next: Special Builtins, Prev: Bash Builtins, Up: Shell Builtin Commands + +4.3 Modifying Shell Behavior +============================ + +* Menu: + +* The Set Builtin:: Change the values of shell attributes and + positional parameters. +* The Shopt Builtin:: Modify shell optional behavior. + + +File: bash.info, Node: The Set Builtin, Next: The Shopt Builtin, Up: Modifying Shell Behavior + +4.3.1 The Set Builtin +--------------------- + +This builtin is so complicated that it deserves its own section. 'set' +allows you to change the values of shell options and set the positional +parameters, or to display the names and values of shell variables. + +'set' + set [-abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [-o OPTION-NAME] [--] [-] [ARGUMENT ...] + set [+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [+o OPTION-NAME] [--] [-] [ARGUMENT ...] + + If no options or arguments are supplied, 'set' displays the names + and values of all shell variables and functions, sorted according + to the current locale, in a format that may be reused as input for + setting or resetting the currently-set variables. Read-only + variables cannot be reset. In POSIX mode, only shell variables are + listed. + + When options are supplied, they set or unset shell attributes. + Options, if specified, have the following meanings: + + '-a' + Each variable or function that is created or modified is given + the export attribute and marked for export to the environment + of subsequent commands. + + '-b' + Cause the status of terminated background jobs to be reported + immediately, rather than before printing the next primary + prompt. + + '-e' + Exit immediately if a pipeline (*note Pipelines::), which may + consist of a single simple command (*note Simple Commands::), + a list (*note Lists::), or a compound command (*note Compound + Commands::) returns a non-zero status. The shell does not + exit if the command that fails is part of the command list + immediately following a 'while' or 'until' keyword, part of + the test in an 'if' statement, part of any command executed in + a '&&' or '||' list except the command following the final + '&&' or '||', any command in a pipeline but the last, or if + the command's return status is being inverted with '!'. If a + compound command other than a subshell returns a non-zero + status because a command failed while '-e' was being ignored, + the shell does not exit. A trap on 'ERR', if set, is executed + before the shell exits. + + This option applies to the shell environment and each subshell + environment separately (*note Command Execution + Environment::), and may cause subshells to exit before + executing all the commands in the subshell. + + If a compound command or shell function executes in a context + where '-e' is being ignored, none of the commands executed + within the compound command or function body will be affected + by the '-e' setting, even if '-e' is set and a command returns + a failure status. If a compound command or shell function + sets '-e' while executing in a context where '-e' is ignored, + that setting will not have any effect until the compound + command or the command containing the function call completes. + + '-f' + Disable filename expansion (globbing). + + '-h' + Locate and remember (hash) commands as they are looked up for + execution. This option is enabled by default. + + '-k' + All arguments in the form of assignment statements are placed + in the environment for a command, not just those that precede + the command name. + + '-m' + Job control is enabled (*note Job Control::). All processes + run in a separate process group. When a background job + completes, the shell prints a line containing its exit status. + + '-n' + Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used to + check a script for syntax errors. This option is ignored by + interactive shells. + + '-o OPTION-NAME' + + Set the option corresponding to OPTION-NAME: + + 'allexport' + Same as '-a'. + + 'braceexpand' + Same as '-B'. + + 'emacs' + Use an 'emacs'-style line editing interface (*note + Command Line Editing::). This also affects the editing + interface used for 'read -e'. + + 'errexit' + Same as '-e'. + + 'errtrace' + Same as '-E'. + + 'functrace' + Same as '-T'. + + 'hashall' + Same as '-h'. + + 'histexpand' + Same as '-H'. + + 'history' + Enable command history, as described in *note Bash + History Facilities::. This option is on by default in + interactive shells. + + 'ignoreeof' + An interactive shell will not exit upon reading EOF. + + 'keyword' + Same as '-k'. + + 'monitor' + Same as '-m'. + + 'noclobber' + Same as '-C'. + + 'noexec' + Same as '-n'. + + 'noglob' + Same as '-f'. + + 'nolog' + Currently ignored. + + 'notify' + Same as '-b'. + + 'nounset' + Same as '-u'. + + 'onecmd' + Same as '-t'. + + 'physical' + Same as '-P'. + + 'pipefail' + If set, the return value of a pipeline is the value of + the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero + status, or zero if all commands in the pipeline exit + successfully. This option is disabled by default. + + 'posix' + Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation + differs from the POSIX standard to match the standard + (*note Bash POSIX Mode::). This is intended to make Bash + behave as a strict superset of that standard. + + 'privileged' + Same as '-p'. + + 'verbose' + Same as '-v'. + + 'vi' + Use a 'vi'-style line editing interface. This also + affects the editing interface used for 'read -e'. + + 'xtrace' + Same as '-x'. + + '-p' + Turn on privileged mode. In this mode, the '$BASH_ENV' and + '$ENV' files are not processed, shell functions are not + inherited from the environment, and the 'SHELLOPTS', + 'BASHOPTS', 'CDPATH' and 'GLOBIGNORE' variables, if they + appear in the environment, are ignored. If the shell is + started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the + real user (group) id, and the '-p' option is not supplied, + these actions are taken and the effective user id is set to + the real user id. If the '-p' option is supplied at startup, + the effective user id is not reset. Turning this option off + causes the effective user and group ids to be set to the real + user and group ids. + + '-r' + Enable restricted shell mode. This option cannot be unset + once it has been set. + + '-t' + Exit after reading and executing one command. + + '-u' + Treat unset variables and parameters other than the special + parameters '@' or '*', or array variables subscripted with '@' + or '*', as an error when performing parameter expansion. An + error message will be written to the standard error, and a + non-interactive shell will exit. + + '-v' + Print shell input lines as they are read. + + '-x' + Print a trace of simple commands, 'for' commands, 'case' + commands, 'select' commands, and arithmetic 'for' commands and + their arguments or associated word lists after they are + expanded and before they are executed. The value of the 'PS4' + variable is expanded and the resultant value is printed before + the command and its expanded arguments. + + '-B' + The shell will perform brace expansion (*note Brace + Expansion::). This option is on by default. + + '-C' + Prevent output redirection using '>', '>&', and '<>' from + overwriting existing files. + + '-E' + If set, any trap on 'ERR' is inherited by shell functions, + command substitutions, and commands executed in a subshell + environment. The 'ERR' trap is normally not inherited in such + cases. + + '-H' + Enable '!' style history substitution (*note History + Interaction::). This option is on by default for interactive + shells. + + '-P' + If set, do not resolve symbolic links when performing commands + such as 'cd' which change the current directory. The physical + directory is used instead. By default, Bash follows the + logical chain of directories when performing commands which + change the current directory. + + For example, if '/usr/sys' is a symbolic link to + '/usr/local/sys' then: + $ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD + /usr/sys + $ cd ..; pwd + /usr + + If 'set -P' is on, then: + $ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD + /usr/local/sys + $ cd ..; pwd + /usr/local + + '-T' + If set, any trap on 'DEBUG' and 'RETURN' are inherited by + shell functions, command substitutions, and commands executed + in a subshell environment. The 'DEBUG' and 'RETURN' traps are + normally not inherited in such cases. + + '--' + If no arguments follow this option, then the positional + parameters are unset. Otherwise, the positional parameters + are set to the ARGUMENTS, even if some of them begin with a + '-'. + + '-' + Signal the end of options, cause all remaining ARGUMENTS to be + assigned to the positional parameters. The '-x' and '-v' + options are turned off. If there are no arguments, the + positional parameters remain unchanged. + + Using '+' rather than '-' causes these options to be turned off. + The options can also be used upon invocation of the shell. The + current set of options may be found in '$-'. + + The remaining N ARGUMENTS are positional parameters and are + assigned, in order, to '$1', '$2', ... '$N'. The special parameter + '#' is set to N. + + The return status is always zero unless an invalid option is + supplied. + + +File: bash.info, Node: The Shopt Builtin, Prev: The Set Builtin, Up: Modifying Shell Behavior + +4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin +----------------------- + +This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior. + +'shopt' + shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [OPTNAME ...] + + Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behavior. + The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the '-o' + option is used, those available with the '-o' option to the 'set' + builtin command (*note The Set Builtin::). With no options, or + with the '-p' option, a list of all settable options is displayed, + with an indication of whether or not each is set; if OPTNAMEs are + supplied, the output is restricted to those options. The '-p' + option causes output to be displayed in a form that may be reused + as input. Other options have the following meanings: + + '-s' + Enable (set) each OPTNAME. + + '-u' + Disable (unset) each OPTNAME. + + '-q' + Suppresses normal output; the return status indicates whether + the OPTNAME is set or unset. If multiple OPTNAME arguments + are given with '-q', the return status is zero if all OPTNAMEs + are enabled; non-zero otherwise. + + '-o' + Restricts the values of OPTNAME to be those defined for the + '-o' option to the 'set' builtin (*note The Set Builtin::). + + If either '-s' or '-u' is used with no OPTNAME arguments, 'shopt' + shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively. + + Unless otherwise noted, the 'shopt' options are disabled (off) by + default. + + The return status when listing options is zero if all OPTNAMEs are + enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting options, + the return status is zero unless an OPTNAME is not a valid shell + option. + + The list of 'shopt' options is: + + 'assoc_expand_once' + If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of + associative array subscripts during arithmetic expression + evaluation, while executing builtins that can perform variable + assignments, and while executing builtins that perform array + dereferencing. + + 'autocd' + If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is + executed as if it were the argument to the 'cd' command. This + option is only used by interactive shells. + + 'cdable_vars' + If this is set, an argument to the 'cd' builtin command that + is not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable + whose value is the directory to change to. + + 'cdspell' + If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component + in a 'cd' command will be corrected. The errors checked for + are transposed characters, a missing character, and a + character too many. If a correction is found, the corrected + path is printed, and the command proceeds. This option is + only used by interactive shells. + + 'checkhash' + If this is set, Bash checks that a command found in the hash + table exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed command + no longer exists, a normal path search is performed. + + 'checkjobs' + If set, Bash lists the status of any stopped and running jobs + before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs are running, + this causes the exit to be deferred until a second exit is + attempted without an intervening command (*note Job + Control::). The shell always postpones exiting if any jobs + are stopped. + + 'checkwinsize' + If set, Bash checks the window size after each external + (non-builtin) command and, if necessary, updates the values of + 'LINES' and 'COLUMNS'. This option is enabled by default. + + 'cmdhist' + If set, Bash attempts to save all lines of a multiple-line + command in the same history entry. This allows easy + re-editing of multi-line commands. This option is enabled by + default, but only has an effect if command history is enabled + (*note Bash History Facilities::). + + 'compat31' + 'compat32' + 'compat40' + 'compat41' + 'compat42' + 'compat43' + 'compat44' + These control aspects of the shell's compatibility mode (*note + Shell Compatibility Mode::). + + 'complete_fullquote' + If set, Bash quotes all shell metacharacters in filenames and + directory names when performing completion. If not set, Bash + removes metacharacters such as the dollar sign from the set of + characters that will be quoted in completed filenames when + these metacharacters appear in shell variable references in + words to be completed. This means that dollar signs in + variable names that expand to directories will not be quoted; + however, any dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be + quoted, either. This is active only when bash is using + backslashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is + set by default, which is the default Bash behavior in versions + through 4.2. + + 'direxpand' + If set, Bash replaces directory names with the results of word + expansion when performing filename completion. This changes + the contents of the Readline editing buffer. If not set, Bash + attempts to preserve what the user typed. + + 'dirspell' + If set, Bash attempts spelling correction on directory names + during word completion if the directory name initially + supplied does not exist. + + 'dotglob' + If set, Bash includes filenames beginning with a '.' in the + results of filename expansion. The filenames '.' and '..' + must always be matched explicitly, even if 'dotglob' is set. + + 'execfail' + If this is set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it + cannot execute the file specified as an argument to the 'exec' + builtin command. An interactive shell does not exit if 'exec' + fails. + + 'expand_aliases' + If set, aliases are expanded as described below under Aliases, + *note Aliases::. This option is enabled by default for + interactive shells. + + 'extdebug' + If set at shell invocation, or in a shell startup file, + arrange to execute the debugger profile before the shell + starts, identical to the '--debugger' option. If set after + invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled: + + 1. The '-F' option to the 'declare' builtin (*note Bash + Builtins::) displays the source file name and line number + corresponding to each function name supplied as an + argument. + + 2. If the command run by the 'DEBUG' trap returns a non-zero + value, the next command is skipped and not executed. + + 3. If the command run by the 'DEBUG' trap returns a value of + 2, and the shell is executing in a subroutine (a shell + function or a shell script executed by the '.' or + 'source' builtins), the shell simulates a call to + 'return'. + + 4. 'BASH_ARGC' and 'BASH_ARGV' are updated as described in + their descriptions (*note Bash Variables::). + + 5. Function tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell + functions, and subshells invoked with '( COMMAND )' + inherit the 'DEBUG' and 'RETURN' traps. + + 6. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell + functions, and subshells invoked with '( COMMAND )' + inherit the 'ERR' trap. + + 'extglob' + If set, the extended pattern matching features described above + (*note Pattern Matching::) are enabled. + + 'extquote' + If set, '$'STRING'' and '$"STRING"' quoting is performed + within '${PARAMETER}' expansions enclosed in double quotes. + This option is enabled by default. + + 'failglob' + If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during filename + expansion result in an expansion error. + + 'force_fignore' + If set, the suffixes specified by the 'FIGNORE' shell variable + cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even + if the ignored words are the only possible completions. *Note + Bash Variables::, for a description of 'FIGNORE'. This option + is enabled by default. + + 'globasciiranges' + If set, range expressions used in pattern matching bracket + expressions (*note Pattern Matching::) behave as if in the + traditional C locale when performing comparisons. That is, + the current locale's collating sequence is not taken into + account, so 'b' will not collate between 'A' and 'B', and + upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters will collate + together. + + 'globskipdots' + If set, filename expansion will never match the filenames '.' + and '..', even if the pattern begins with a '.'. This option + is enabled by default. + + 'globstar' + If set, the pattern '**' used in a filename expansion context + will match all files and zero or more directories and + subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a '/', only + directories and subdirectories match. + + 'gnu_errfmt' + If set, shell error messages are written in the standard GNU + error message format. + + 'histappend' + If set, the history list is appended to the file named by the + value of the 'HISTFILE' variable when the shell exits, rather + than overwriting the file. + + 'histreedit' + If set, and Readline is being used, a user is given the + opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution. + + 'histverify' + If set, and Readline is being used, the results of history + substitution are not immediately passed to the shell parser. + Instead, the resulting line is loaded into the Readline + editing buffer, allowing further modification. + + 'hostcomplete' + If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will attempt to + perform hostname completion when a word containing a '@' is + being completed (*note Commands For Completion::). This + option is enabled by default. + + 'huponexit' + If set, Bash will send 'SIGHUP' to all jobs when an + interactive login shell exits (*note Signals::). + + 'inherit_errexit' + If set, command substitution inherits the value of the + 'errexit' option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell + environment. This option is enabled when POSIX mode is + enabled. + + 'interactive_comments' + Allow a word beginning with '#' to cause that word and all + remaining characters on that line to be ignored in an + interactive shell. This option is enabled by default. + + 'lastpipe' + If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the last + command of a pipeline not executed in the background in the + current shell environment. + + 'lithist' + If enabled, and the 'cmdhist' option is enabled, multi-line + commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines + rather than using semicolon separators where possible. + + 'localvar_inherit' + If set, local variables inherit the value and attributes of a + variable of the same name that exists at a previous scope + before any new value is assigned. The 'nameref' attribute is + not inherited. + + 'localvar_unset' + If set, calling 'unset' on local variables in previous + function scopes marks them so subsequent lookups find them + unset until that function returns. This is identical to the + behavior of unsetting local variables at the current function + scope. + + 'login_shell' + The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell + (*note Invoking Bash::). The value may not be changed. + + 'mailwarn' + If set, and a file that Bash is checking for mail has been + accessed since the last time it was checked, the message '"The + mail in MAILFILE has been read"' is displayed. + + 'no_empty_cmd_completion' + If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will not attempt to + search the 'PATH' for possible completions when completion is + attempted on an empty line. + + 'nocaseglob' + If set, Bash matches filenames in a case-insensitive fashion + when performing filename expansion. + + 'nocasematch' + If set, Bash matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion + when performing matching while executing 'case' or '[[' + conditional commands (*note Conditional Constructs::, when + performing pattern substitution word expansions, or when + filtering possible completions as part of programmable + completion. + + 'noexpand_translation' + If set, Bash encloses the translated results of $"..." + quoting in single quotes instead of double quotes. If the + string is not translated, this has no effect. + + 'nullglob' + If set, Bash allows filename patterns which match no files to + expand to a null string, rather than themselves. + + 'patsub_replacement' + If set, Bash expands occurrences of '&' in the replacement + string of pattern substitution to the text matched by the + pattern, as described above (*note Shell Parameter + Expansion::). This option is enabled by default. + + 'progcomp' + If set, the programmable completion facilities (*note + Programmable Completion::) are enabled. This option is + enabled by default. + + 'progcomp_alias' + If set, and programmable completion is enabled, Bash treats a + command name that doesn't have any completions as a possible + alias and attempts alias expansion. If it has an alias, Bash + attempts programmable completion using the command word + resulting from the expanded alias. + + 'promptvars' + If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, command + substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal after + being expanded as described below (*note Controlling the + Prompt::). This option is enabled by default. + + 'restricted_shell' + The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode + (*note The Restricted Shell::). The value may not be changed. + This is not reset when the startup files are executed, + allowing the startup files to discover whether or not a shell + is restricted. + + 'shift_verbose' + If this is set, the 'shift' builtin prints an error message + when the shift count exceeds the number of positional + parameters. + + 'sourcepath' + If set, the '.' ('source') builtin uses the value of 'PATH' to + find the directory containing the file supplied as an + argument. This option is enabled by default. + + 'varredir_close' + If set, the shell automatically closes file descriptors + assigned using the '{varname}' redirection syntax (*note + Redirections::) instead of leaving them open when the command + completes. + + 'xpg_echo' + If set, the 'echo' builtin expands backslash-escape sequences + by default. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Special Builtins, Prev: Modifying Shell Behavior, Up: Shell Builtin Commands + +4.4 Special Builtins +==================== + +For historical reasons, the POSIX standard has classified several +builtin commands as _special_. When Bash is executing in POSIX mode, +the special builtins differ from other builtin commands in three +respects: + + 1. Special builtins are found before shell functions during command + lookup. + + 2. If a special builtin returns an error status, a non-interactive + shell exits. + + 3. Assignment statements preceding the command stay in effect in the + shell environment after the command completes. + + When Bash is not executing in POSIX mode, these builtins behave no +differently than the rest of the Bash builtin commands. The Bash POSIX +mode is described in *note Bash POSIX Mode::. + + These are the POSIX special builtins: + break : . continue eval exec exit export readonly return set + shift trap unset + + +File: bash.info, Node: Shell Variables, Next: Bash Features, Prev: Shell Builtin Commands, Up: Top + +5 Shell Variables +***************** + +* Menu: + +* Bourne Shell Variables:: Variables which Bash uses in the same way + as the Bourne Shell. +* Bash Variables:: List of variables that exist in Bash. + +This chapter describes the shell variables that Bash uses. Bash +automatically assigns default values to a number of variables. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Bourne Shell Variables, Next: Bash Variables, Up: Shell Variables + +5.1 Bourne Shell Variables +========================== + +Bash uses certain shell variables in the same way as the Bourne shell. +In some cases, Bash assigns a default value to the variable. + +'CDPATH' + A colon-separated list of directories used as a search path for the + 'cd' builtin command. + +'HOME' + The current user's home directory; the default for the 'cd' builtin + command. The value of this variable is also used by tilde + expansion (*note Tilde Expansion::). + +'IFS' + A list of characters that separate fields; used when the shell + splits words as part of expansion. + +'MAIL' + If this parameter is set to a filename or directory name and the + 'MAILPATH' variable is not set, Bash informs the user of the + arrival of mail in the specified file or Maildir-format directory. + +'MAILPATH' + A colon-separated list of filenames which the shell periodically + checks for new mail. Each list entry can specify the message that + is printed when new mail arrives in the mail file by separating the + filename from the message with a '?'. When used in the text of the + message, '$_' expands to the name of the current mail file. + +'OPTARG' + The value of the last option argument processed by the 'getopts' + builtin. + +'OPTIND' + The index of the last option argument processed by the 'getopts' + builtin. + +'PATH' + A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for + commands. A zero-length (null) directory name in the value of + 'PATH' indicates the current directory. A null directory name may + appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial or trailing colon. + +'PS1' + The primary prompt string. The default value is '\s-\v\$ '. *Note + Controlling the Prompt::, for the complete list of escape sequences + that are expanded before 'PS1' is displayed. + +'PS2' + The secondary prompt string. The default value is '> '. 'PS2' is + expanded in the same way as 'PS1' before being displayed. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Bash Variables, Prev: Bourne Shell Variables, Up: Shell Variables + +5.2 Bash Variables +================== + +These variables are set or used by Bash, but other shells do not +normally treat them specially. + + A few variables used by Bash are described in different chapters: +variables for controlling the job control facilities (*note Job Control +Variables::). + +'_' + ($_, an underscore.) At shell startup, set to the pathname used to + invoke the shell or shell script being executed as passed in the + environment or argument list. Subsequently, expands to the last + argument to the previous simple command executed in the foreground, + after expansion. Also set to the full pathname used to invoke each + command executed and placed in the environment exported to that + command. When checking mail, this parameter holds the name of the + mail file. + +'BASH' + The full pathname used to execute the current instance of Bash. + +'BASHOPTS' + A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in the + list is a valid argument for the '-s' option to the 'shopt' builtin + command (*note The Shopt Builtin::). The options appearing in + 'BASHOPTS' are those reported as 'on' by 'shopt'. If this variable + is in the environment when Bash starts up, each shell option in the + list will be enabled before reading any startup files. This + variable is readonly. + +'BASHPID' + Expands to the process ID of the current Bash process. This + differs from '$$' under certain circumstances, such as subshells + that do not require Bash to be re-initialized. Assignments to + 'BASHPID' have no effect. If 'BASHPID' is unset, it loses its + special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. + +'BASH_ALIASES' + An associative array variable whose members correspond to the + internal list of aliases as maintained by the 'alias' builtin. + (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). Elements added to this array + appear in the alias list; however, unsetting array elements + currently does not cause aliases to be removed from the alias list. + If 'BASH_ALIASES' is unset, it loses its special properties, even + if it is subsequently reset. + +'BASH_ARGC' + An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each + frame of the current bash execution call stack. The number of + parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or script + executed with '.' or 'source') is at the top of the stack. When a + subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed is pushed + onto 'BASH_ARGC'. The shell sets 'BASH_ARGC' only when in extended + debugging mode (see *note The Shopt Builtin:: for a description of + the 'extdebug' option to the 'shopt' builtin). Setting 'extdebug' + after the shell has started to execute a script, or referencing + this variable when 'extdebug' is not set, may result in + inconsistent values. + +'BASH_ARGV' + An array variable containing all of the parameters in the current + bash execution call stack. The final parameter of the last + subroutine call is at the top of the stack; the first parameter of + the initial call is at the bottom. When a subroutine is executed, + the parameters supplied are pushed onto 'BASH_ARGV'. The shell + sets 'BASH_ARGV' only when in extended debugging mode (see *note + The Shopt Builtin:: for a description of the 'extdebug' option to + the 'shopt' builtin). Setting 'extdebug' after the shell has + started to execute a script, or referencing this variable when + 'extdebug' is not set, may result in inconsistent values. + +'BASH_ARGV0' + When referenced, this variable expands to the name of the shell or + shell script (identical to '$0'; *Note Special Parameters::, for + the description of special parameter 0). Assignment to + 'BASH_ARGV0' causes the value assigned to also be assigned to '$0'. + If 'BASH_ARGV0' is unset, it loses its special properties, even if + it is subsequently reset. + +'BASH_CMDS' + An associative array variable whose members correspond to the + internal hash table of commands as maintained by the 'hash' builtin + (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). Elements added to this array + appear in the hash table; however, unsetting array elements + currently does not cause command names to be removed from the hash + table. If 'BASH_CMDS' is unset, it loses its special properties, + even if it is subsequently reset. + +'BASH_COMMAND' + The command currently being executed or about to be executed, + unless the shell is executing a command as the result of a trap, in + which case it is the command executing at the time of the trap. If + 'BASH_COMMAND' is unset, it loses its special properties, even if + it is subsequently reset. + +'BASH_COMPAT' + The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level. *Note + Shell Compatibility Mode::, for a description of the various + compatibility levels and their effects. The value may be a decimal + number (e.g., 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) corresponding to the + desired compatibility level. If 'BASH_COMPAT' is unset or set to + the empty string, the compatibility level is set to the default for + the current version. If 'BASH_COMPAT' is set to a value that is + not one of the valid compatibility levels, the shell prints an + error message and sets the compatibility level to the default for + the current version. The valid values correspond to the + compatibility levels described below (*note Shell Compatibility + Mode::). For example, 4.2 and 42 are valid values that correspond + to the 'compat42' 'shopt' option and set the compatibility level to + 42. The current version is also a valid value. + +'BASH_ENV' + If this variable is set when Bash is invoked to execute a shell + script, its value is expanded and used as the name of a startup + file to read before executing the script. *Note Bash Startup + Files::. + +'BASH_EXECUTION_STRING' + The command argument to the '-c' invocation option. + +'BASH_LINENO' + An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source + files where each corresponding member of 'FUNCNAME' was invoked. + '${BASH_LINENO[$i]}' is the line number in the source file + ('${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}') where '${FUNCNAME[$i]}' was called (or + '${BASH_LINENO[$i-1]}' if referenced within another shell + function). Use 'LINENO' to obtain the current line number. + +'BASH_LOADABLES_PATH' + A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for + dynamically loadable builtins specified by the 'enable' command. + +'BASH_REMATCH' + An array variable whose members are assigned by the '=~' binary + operator to the '[[' conditional command (*note Conditional + Constructs::). The element with index 0 is the portion of the + string matching the entire regular expression. The element with + index N is the portion of the string matching the Nth parenthesized + subexpression. + +'BASH_SOURCE' + An array variable whose members are the source filenames where the + corresponding shell function names in the 'FUNCNAME' array variable + are defined. The shell function '${FUNCNAME[$i]}' is defined in + the file '${BASH_SOURCE[$i]}' and called from + '${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}' + +'BASH_SUBSHELL' + Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell environment + when the shell begins executing in that environment. The initial + value is 0. If 'BASH_SUBSHELL' is unset, it loses its special + properties, even if it is subsequently reset. + +'BASH_VERSINFO' + A readonly array variable (*note Arrays::) whose members hold + version information for this instance of Bash. The values assigned + to the array members are as follows: + + 'BASH_VERSINFO[0]' + The major version number (the "release"). + + 'BASH_VERSINFO[1]' + The minor version number (the "version"). + + 'BASH_VERSINFO[2]' + The patch level. + + 'BASH_VERSINFO[3]' + The build version. + + 'BASH_VERSINFO[4]' + The release status (e.g., 'beta1'). + + 'BASH_VERSINFO[5]' + The value of 'MACHTYPE'. + +'BASH_VERSION' + The version number of the current instance of Bash. + +'BASH_XTRACEFD' + If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, Bash + will write the trace output generated when 'set -x' is enabled to + that file descriptor. This allows tracing output to be separated + from diagnostic and error messages. The file descriptor is closed + when 'BASH_XTRACEFD' is unset or assigned a new value. Unsetting + 'BASH_XTRACEFD' or assigning it the empty string causes the trace + output to be sent to the standard error. Note that setting + 'BASH_XTRACEFD' to 2 (the standard error file descriptor) and then + unsetting it will result in the standard error being closed. + +'CHILD_MAX' + Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to + remember. Bash will not allow this value to be decreased below a + POSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum value (currently + 8192) that this may not exceed. The minimum value is + system-dependent. + +'COLUMNS' + Used by the 'select' command to determine the terminal width when + printing selection lists. Automatically set if the 'checkwinsize' + option is enabled (*note The Shopt Builtin::), or in an interactive + shell upon receipt of a 'SIGWINCH'. + +'COMP_CWORD' + An index into '${COMP_WORDS}' of the word containing the current + cursor position. This variable is available only in shell + functions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (*note + Programmable Completion::). + +'COMP_LINE' + The current command line. This variable is available only in shell + functions and external commands invoked by the programmable + completion facilities (*note Programmable Completion::). + +'COMP_POINT' + The index of the current cursor position relative to the beginning + of the current command. If the current cursor position is at the + end of the current command, the value of this variable is equal to + '${#COMP_LINE}'. This variable is available only in shell + functions and external commands invoked by the programmable + completion facilities (*note Programmable Completion::). + +'COMP_TYPE' + Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion + attempted that caused a completion function to be called: , + for normal completion, '?', for listing completions after + successive tabs, '!', for listing alternatives on partial word + completion, '@', to list completions if the word is not unmodified, + or '%', for menu completion. This variable is available only in + shell functions and external commands invoked by the programmable + completion facilities (*note Programmable Completion::). + +'COMP_KEY' + The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the current + completion function. + +'COMP_WORDBREAKS' + The set of characters that the Readline library treats as word + separators when performing word completion. If 'COMP_WORDBREAKS' + is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is + subsequently reset. + +'COMP_WORDS' + An array variable consisting of the individual words in the current + command line. The line is split into words as Readline would split + it, using 'COMP_WORDBREAKS' as described above. This variable is + available only in shell functions invoked by the programmable + completion facilities (*note Programmable Completion::). + +'COMPREPLY' + An array variable from which Bash reads the possible completions + generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable + completion facility (*note Programmable Completion::). Each array + element contains one possible completion. + +'COPROC' + An array variable created to hold the file descriptors for output + from and input to an unnamed coprocess (*note Coprocesses::). + +'DIRSTACK' + An array variable containing the current contents of the directory + stack. Directories appear in the stack in the order they are + displayed by the 'dirs' builtin. Assigning to members of this + array variable may be used to modify directories already in the + stack, but the 'pushd' and 'popd' builtins must be used to add and + remove directories. Assignment to this variable will not change + the current directory. If 'DIRSTACK' is unset, it loses its + special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. + +'EMACS' + If Bash finds this variable in the environment when the shell + starts with value 't', it assumes that the shell is running in an + Emacs shell buffer and disables line editing. + +'ENV' + Expanded and executed similarly to 'BASH_ENV' (*note Bash Startup + Files::) when an interactive shell is invoked in POSIX Mode (*note + Bash POSIX Mode::). + +'EPOCHREALTIME' + Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of + seconds since the Unix Epoch as a floating point value with + micro-second granularity (see the documentation for the C library + function 'time' for the definition of Epoch). Assignments to + 'EPOCHREALTIME' are ignored. If 'EPOCHREALTIME' is unset, it loses + its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. + +'EPOCHSECONDS' + Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of + seconds since the Unix Epoch (see the documentation for the C + library function 'time' for the definition of Epoch). Assignments + to 'EPOCHSECONDS' are ignored. If 'EPOCHSECONDS' is unset, it + loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. + +'EUID' + The numeric effective user id of the current user. This variable + is readonly. + +'EXECIGNORE' + A colon-separated list of shell patterns (*note Pattern Matching::) + defining the list of filenames to be ignored by command search + using 'PATH'. Files whose full pathnames match one of these + patterns are not considered executable files for the purposes of + completion and command execution via 'PATH' lookup. This does not + affect the behavior of the '[', 'test', and '[[' commands. Full + pathnames in the command hash table are not subject to + 'EXECIGNORE'. Use this variable to ignore shared library files + that have the executable bit set, but are not executable files. + The pattern matching honors the setting of the 'extglob' shell + option. + +'FCEDIT' + The editor used as a default by the '-e' option to the 'fc' builtin + command. + +'FIGNORE' + A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing + filename completion. A filename whose suffix matches one of the + entries in 'FIGNORE' is excluded from the list of matched + filenames. A sample value is '.o:~' + +'FUNCNAME' + An array variable containing the names of all shell functions + currently in the execution call stack. The element with index 0 is + the name of any currently-executing shell function. The + bottom-most element (the one with the highest index) is '"main"'. + This variable exists only when a shell function is executing. + Assignments to 'FUNCNAME' have no effect. If 'FUNCNAME' is unset, + it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. + + This variable can be used with 'BASH_LINENO' and 'BASH_SOURCE'. + Each element of 'FUNCNAME' has corresponding elements in + 'BASH_LINENO' and 'BASH_SOURCE' to describe the call stack. For + instance, '${FUNCNAME[$i]}' was called from the file + '${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}' at line number '${BASH_LINENO[$i]}'. The + 'caller' builtin displays the current call stack using this + information. + +'FUNCNEST' + If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum + function nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this + nesting level will cause the current command to abort. + +'GLOBIGNORE' + A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file names + to be ignored by filename expansion. If a file name matched by a + filename expansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in + 'GLOBIGNORE', it is removed from the list of matches. The pattern + matching honors the setting of the 'extglob' shell option. + +'GROUPS' + An array variable containing the list of groups of which the + current user is a member. Assignments to 'GROUPS' have no effect. + If 'GROUPS' is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it + is subsequently reset. + +'histchars' + Up to three characters which control history expansion, quick + substitution, and tokenization (*note History Interaction::). The + first character is the "history expansion" character, that is, the + character which signifies the start of a history expansion, + normally '!'. The second character is the character which + signifies 'quick substitution' when seen as the first character on + a line, normally '^'. The optional third character is the + character which indicates that the remainder of the line is a + comment when found as the first character of a word, usually '#'. + The history comment character causes history substitution to be + skipped for the remaining words on the line. It does not + necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest of the line as + a comment. + +'HISTCMD' + The history number, or index in the history list, of the current + command. Assignments to 'HISTCMD' are ignored. If 'HISTCMD' is + unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently + reset. + +'HISTCONTROL' + A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are saved + on the history list. If the list of values includes 'ignorespace', + lines which begin with a space character are not saved in the + history list. A value of 'ignoredups' causes lines which match the + previous history entry to not be saved. A value of 'ignoreboth' is + shorthand for 'ignorespace' and 'ignoredups'. A value of + 'erasedups' causes all previous lines matching the current line to + be removed from the history list before that line is saved. Any + value not in the above list is ignored. If 'HISTCONTROL' is unset, + or does not include a valid value, all lines read by the shell + parser are saved on the history list, subject to the value of + 'HISTIGNORE'. The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line + compound command are not tested, and are added to the history + regardless of the value of 'HISTCONTROL'. + +'HISTFILE' + The name of the file to which the command history is saved. The + default value is '~/.bash_history'. + +'HISTFILESIZE' + The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. When + this variable is assigned a value, the history file is truncated, + if necessary, to contain no more than that number of lines by + removing the oldest entries. The history file is also truncated to + this size after writing it when a shell exits. If the value is 0, + the history file is truncated to zero size. Non-numeric values and + numeric values less than zero inhibit truncation. The shell sets + the default value to the value of 'HISTSIZE' after reading any + startup files. + +'HISTIGNORE' + A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command + lines should be saved on the history list. Each pattern is + anchored at the beginning of the line and must match the complete + line (no implicit '*' is appended). Each pattern is tested against + the line after the checks specified by 'HISTCONTROL' are applied. + In addition to the normal shell pattern matching characters, '&' + matches the previous history line. '&' may be escaped using a + backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match. The + second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are + not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of + 'HISTIGNORE'. The pattern matching honors the setting of the + 'extglob' shell option. + + 'HISTIGNORE' subsumes the function of 'HISTCONTROL'. A pattern of + '&' is identical to 'ignoredups', and a pattern of '[ ]*' is + identical to 'ignorespace'. Combining these two patterns, + separating them with a colon, provides the functionality of + 'ignoreboth'. + +'HISTSIZE' + The maximum number of commands to remember on the history list. If + the value is 0, commands are not saved in the history list. + Numeric values less than zero result in every command being saved + on the history list (there is no limit). The shell sets the + default value to 500 after reading any startup files. + +'HISTTIMEFORMAT' + If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format + string for 'strftime' to print the time stamp associated with each + history entry displayed by the 'history' builtin. If this variable + is set, time stamps are written to the history file so they may be + preserved across shell sessions. This uses the history comment + character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines. + +'HOSTFILE' + Contains the name of a file in the same format as '/etc/hosts' that + should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname. The + list of possible hostname completions may be changed while the + shell is running; the next time hostname completion is attempted + after the value is changed, Bash adds the contents of the new file + to the existing list. If 'HOSTFILE' is set, but has no value, or + does not name a readable file, Bash attempts to read '/etc/hosts' + to obtain the list of possible hostname completions. When + 'HOSTFILE' is unset, the hostname list is cleared. + +'HOSTNAME' + The name of the current host. + +'HOSTTYPE' + A string describing the machine Bash is running on. + +'IGNOREEOF' + Controls the action of the shell on receipt of an 'EOF' character + as the sole input. If set, the value denotes the number of + consecutive 'EOF' characters that can be read as the first + character on an input line before the shell will exit. If the + variable exists but does not have a numeric value, or has no value, + then the default is 10. If the variable does not exist, then 'EOF' + signifies the end of input to the shell. This is only in effect + for interactive shells. + +'INPUTRC' + The name of the Readline initialization file, overriding the + default of '~/.inputrc'. + +'INSIDE_EMACS' + If Bash finds this variable in the environment when the shell + starts, it assumes that the shell is running in an Emacs shell + buffer and may disable line editing depending on the value of + 'TERM'. + +'LANG' + Used to determine the locale category for any category not + specifically selected with a variable starting with 'LC_'. + +'LC_ALL' + This variable overrides the value of 'LANG' and any other 'LC_' + variable specifying a locale category. + +'LC_COLLATE' + This variable determines the collation order used when sorting the + results of filename expansion, and determines the behavior of range + expressions, equivalence classes, and collating sequences within + filename expansion and pattern matching (*note Filename + Expansion::). + +'LC_CTYPE' + This variable determines the interpretation of characters and the + behavior of character classes within filename expansion and pattern + matching (*note Filename Expansion::). + +'LC_MESSAGES' + This variable determines the locale used to translate double-quoted + strings preceded by a '$' (*note Locale Translation::). + +'LC_NUMERIC' + This variable determines the locale category used for number + formatting. + +'LC_TIME' + This variable determines the locale category used for data and time + formatting. + +'LINENO' + The line number in the script or shell function currently + executing. If 'LINENO' is unset, it loses its special properties, + even if it is subsequently reset. + +'LINES' + Used by the 'select' command to determine the column length for + printing selection lists. Automatically set if the 'checkwinsize' + option is enabled (*note The Shopt Builtin::), or in an interactive + shell upon receipt of a 'SIGWINCH'. + +'MACHTYPE' + A string that fully describes the system type on which Bash is + executing, in the standard GNU CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM format. + +'MAILCHECK' + How often (in seconds) that the shell should check for mail in the + files specified in the 'MAILPATH' or 'MAIL' variables. The default + is 60 seconds. When it is time to check for mail, the shell does + so before displaying the primary prompt. If this variable is + unset, or set to a value that is not a number greater than or equal + to zero, the shell disables mail checking. + +'MAPFILE' + An array variable created to hold the text read by the 'mapfile' + builtin when no variable name is supplied. + +'OLDPWD' + The previous working directory as set by the 'cd' builtin. + +'OPTERR' + If set to the value 1, Bash displays error messages generated by + the 'getopts' builtin command. + +'OSTYPE' + A string describing the operating system Bash is running on. + +'PIPESTATUS' + An array variable (*note Arrays::) containing a list of exit status + values from the processes in the most-recently-executed foreground + pipeline (which may contain only a single command). + +'POSIXLY_CORRECT' + If this variable is in the environment when Bash starts, the shell + enters POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::) before reading the + startup files, as if the '--posix' invocation option had been + supplied. If it is set while the shell is running, Bash enables + POSIX mode, as if the command + set -o posix + had been executed. When the shell enters POSIX mode, it sets this + variable if it was not already set. + +'PPID' + The process ID of the shell's parent process. This variable is + readonly. + +'PROMPT_COMMAND' + If this variable is set, and is an array, the value of each set + element is interpreted as a command to execute before printing the + primary prompt ('$PS1'). If this is set but not an array variable, + its value is used as a command to execute instead. + +'PROMPT_DIRTRIM' + If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the + number of trailing directory components to retain when expanding + the '\w' and '\W' prompt string escapes (*note Controlling the + Prompt::). Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis. + +'PS0' + The value of this parameter is expanded like 'PS1' and displayed by + interactive shells after reading a command and before the command + is executed. + +'PS3' + The value of this variable is used as the prompt for the 'select' + command. If this variable is not set, the 'select' command prompts + with '#? ' + +'PS4' + The value of this parameter is expanded like 'PS1' and the expanded + value is the prompt printed before the command line is echoed when + the '-x' option is set (*note The Set Builtin::). The first + character of the expanded value is replicated multiple times, as + necessary, to indicate multiple levels of indirection. The default + is '+ '. + +'PWD' + The current working directory as set by the 'cd' builtin. + +'RANDOM' + Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to a random + integer between 0 and 32767. Assigning a value to this variable + seeds the random number generator. If 'RANDOM' is unset, it loses + its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. + +'READLINE_ARGUMENT' + Any numeric argument given to a Readline command that was defined + using 'bind -x' (*note Bash Builtins:: when it was invoked. + +'READLINE_LINE' + The contents of the Readline line buffer, for use with 'bind -x' + (*note Bash Builtins::). + +'READLINE_MARK' + The position of the "mark" (saved insertion point) in the Readline + line buffer, for use with 'bind -x' (*note Bash Builtins::). The + characters between the insertion point and the mark are often + called the "region". + +'READLINE_POINT' + The position of the insertion point in the Readline line buffer, + for use with 'bind -x' (*note Bash Builtins::). + +'REPLY' + The default variable for the 'read' builtin. + +'SECONDS' + This variable expands to the number of seconds since the shell was + started. Assignment to this variable resets the count to the value + assigned, and the expanded value becomes the value assigned plus + the number of seconds since the assignment. The number of seconds + at shell invocation and the current time are always determined by + querying the system clock. If 'SECONDS' is unset, it loses its + special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. + +'SHELL' + This environment variable expands to the full pathname to the + shell. If it is not set when the shell starts, Bash assigns to it + the full pathname of the current user's login shell. + +'SHELLOPTS' + A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in the + list is a valid argument for the '-o' option to the 'set' builtin + command (*note The Set Builtin::). The options appearing in + 'SHELLOPTS' are those reported as 'on' by 'set -o'. If this + variable is in the environment when Bash starts up, each shell + option in the list will be enabled before reading any startup + files. This variable is readonly. + +'SHLVL' + Incremented by one each time a new instance of Bash is started. + This is intended to be a count of how deeply your Bash shells are + nested. + +'SRANDOM' + This variable expands to a 32-bit pseudo-random number each time it + is referenced. The random number generator is not linear on + systems that support '/dev/urandom' or 'arc4random', so each + returned number has no relationship to the numbers preceding it. + The random number generator cannot be seeded, so assignments to + this variable have no effect. If 'SRANDOM' is unset, it loses its + special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. + +'TIMEFORMAT' + The value of this parameter is used as a format string specifying + how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the 'time' + reserved word should be displayed. The '%' character introduces an + escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or other + information. The escape sequences and their meanings are as + follows; the braces denote optional portions. + + '%%' + A literal '%'. + + '%[P][l]R' + The elapsed time in seconds. + + '%[P][l]U' + The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode. + + '%[P][l]S' + The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode. + + '%P' + The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R. + + The optional P is a digit specifying the precision, the number of + fractional digits after a decimal point. A value of 0 causes no + decimal point or fraction to be output. At most three places after + the decimal point may be specified; values of P greater than 3 are + changed to 3. If P is not specified, the value 3 is used. + + The optional 'l' specifies a longer format, including minutes, of + the form MMmSS.FFs. The value of P determines whether or not the + fraction is included. + + If this variable is not set, Bash acts as if it had the value + $'\nreal\t%3lR\nuser\t%3lU\nsys\t%3lS' + If the value is null, no timing information is displayed. A + trailing newline is added when the format string is displayed. + +'TMOUT' + If set to a value greater than zero, 'TMOUT' is treated as the + default timeout for the 'read' builtin (*note Bash Builtins::). + The 'select' command (*note Conditional Constructs::) terminates if + input does not arrive after 'TMOUT' seconds when input is coming + from a terminal. + + In an interactive shell, the value is interpreted as the number of + seconds to wait for a line of input after issuing the primary + prompt. Bash terminates after waiting for that number of seconds + if a complete line of input does not arrive. + +'TMPDIR' + If set, Bash uses its value as the name of a directory in which + Bash creates temporary files for the shell's use. + +'UID' + The numeric real user id of the current user. This variable is + readonly. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Bash Features, Next: Job Control, Prev: Shell Variables, Up: Top + +6 Bash Features +*************** + +This chapter describes features unique to Bash. + +* Menu: + +* Invoking Bash:: Command line options that you can give + to Bash. +* Bash Startup Files:: When and how Bash executes scripts. +* Interactive Shells:: What an interactive shell is. +* Bash Conditional Expressions:: Primitives used in composing expressions for + the 'test' builtin. +* Shell Arithmetic:: Arithmetic on shell variables. +* Aliases:: Substituting one command for another. +* Arrays:: Array Variables. +* The Directory Stack:: History of visited directories. +* Controlling the Prompt:: Customizing the various prompt strings. +* The Restricted Shell:: A more controlled mode of shell execution. +* Bash POSIX Mode:: Making Bash behave more closely to what + the POSIX standard specifies. +* Shell Compatibility Mode:: How Bash supports behavior that was present + in earlier versions and has changed. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Invoking Bash, Next: Bash Startup Files, Up: Bash Features + +6.1 Invoking Bash +================= + + bash [long-opt] [-ir] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o OPTION] + [-O SHOPT_OPTION] [ARGUMENT ...] + bash [long-opt] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o OPTION] + [-O SHOPT_OPTION] -c STRING [ARGUMENT ...] + bash [long-opt] -s [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o OPTION] + [-O SHOPT_OPTION] [ARGUMENT ...] + + All of the single-character options used with the 'set' builtin +(*note The Set Builtin::) can be used as options when the shell is +invoked. In addition, there are several multi-character options that +you can use. These options must appear on the command line before the +single-character options to be recognized. + +'--debugger' + Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell + starts. Turns on extended debugging mode (see *note The Shopt + Builtin:: for a description of the 'extdebug' option to the 'shopt' + builtin). + +'--dump-po-strings' + A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by '$' is printed on + the standard output in the GNU 'gettext' PO (portable object) file + format. Equivalent to '-D' except for the output format. + +'--dump-strings' + Equivalent to '-D'. + +'--help' + Display a usage message on standard output and exit successfully. + +'--init-file FILENAME' +'--rcfile FILENAME' + Execute commands from FILENAME (instead of '~/.bashrc') in an + interactive shell. + +'--login' + Equivalent to '-l'. + +'--noediting' + Do not use the GNU Readline library (*note Command Line Editing::) + to read command lines when the shell is interactive. + +'--noprofile' + Don't load the system-wide startup file '/etc/profile' or any of + the personal initialization files '~/.bash_profile', + '~/.bash_login', or '~/.profile' when Bash is invoked as a login + shell. + +'--norc' + Don't read the '~/.bashrc' initialization file in an interactive + shell. This is on by default if the shell is invoked as 'sh'. + +'--posix' + Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation differs + from the POSIX standard to match the standard. This is intended to + make Bash behave as a strict superset of that standard. *Note Bash + POSIX Mode::, for a description of the Bash POSIX mode. + +'--restricted' + Make the shell a restricted shell (*note The Restricted Shell::). + +'--verbose' + Equivalent to '-v'. Print shell input lines as they're read. + +'--version' + Show version information for this instance of Bash on the standard + output and exit successfully. + + There are several single-character options that may be supplied at +invocation which are not available with the 'set' builtin. + +'-c' + Read and execute commands from the first non-option argument + COMMAND_STRING, then exit. If there are arguments after the + COMMAND_STRING, the first argument is assigned to '$0' and any + remaining arguments are assigned to the positional parameters. The + assignment to '$0' sets the name of the shell, which is used in + warning and error messages. + +'-i' + Force the shell to run interactively. Interactive shells are + described in *note Interactive Shells::. + +'-l' + Make this shell act as if it had been directly invoked by login. + When the shell is interactive, this is equivalent to starting a + login shell with 'exec -l bash'. When the shell is not + interactive, the login shell startup files will be executed. 'exec + bash -l' or 'exec bash --login' will replace the current shell with + a Bash login shell. *Note Bash Startup Files::, for a description + of the special behavior of a login shell. + +'-r' + Make the shell a restricted shell (*note The Restricted Shell::). + +'-s' + If this option is present, or if no arguments remain after option + processing, then commands are read from the standard input. This + option allows the positional parameters to be set when invoking an + interactive shell or when reading input through a pipe. + +'-D' + A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by '$' is printed on + the standard output. These are the strings that are subject to + language translation when the current locale is not 'C' or 'POSIX' + (*note Locale Translation::). This implies the '-n' option; no + commands will be executed. + +'[-+]O [SHOPT_OPTION]' + SHOPT_OPTION is one of the shell options accepted by the 'shopt' + builtin (*note The Shopt Builtin::). If SHOPT_OPTION is present, + '-O' sets the value of that option; '+O' unsets it. If + SHOPT_OPTION is not supplied, the names and values of the shell + options accepted by 'shopt' are printed on the standard output. If + the invocation option is '+O', the output is displayed in a format + that may be reused as input. + +'--' + A '--' signals the end of options and disables further option + processing. Any arguments after the '--' are treated as filenames + and arguments. + + A _login_ shell is one whose first character of argument zero is '-', +or one invoked with the '--login' option. + + An _interactive_ shell is one started without non-option arguments, +unless '-s' is specified, without specifying the '-c' option, and whose +input and output are both connected to terminals (as determined by +'isatty(3)'), or one started with the '-i' option. *Note Interactive +Shells::, for more information. + + If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the '-c' nor +the '-s' option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to be +the name of a file containing shell commands (*note Shell Scripts::). +When Bash is invoked in this fashion, '$0' is set to the name of the +file, and the positional parameters are set to the remaining arguments. +Bash reads and executes commands from this file, then exits. Bash's +exit status is the exit status of the last command executed in the +script. If no commands are executed, the exit status is 0. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Bash Startup Files, Next: Interactive Shells, Prev: Invoking Bash, Up: Bash Features + +6.2 Bash Startup Files +====================== + +This section describes how Bash executes its startup files. If any of +the files exist but cannot be read, Bash reports an error. Tildes are +expanded in filenames as described above under Tilde Expansion (*note +Tilde Expansion::). + + Interactive shells are described in *note Interactive Shells::. + +Invoked as an interactive login shell, or with '--login' +........................................................ + +When Bash is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a +non-interactive shell with the '--login' option, it first reads and +executes commands from the file '/etc/profile', if that file exists. +After reading that file, it looks for '~/.bash_profile', +'~/.bash_login', and '~/.profile', in that order, and reads and executes +commands from the first one that exists and is readable. The +'--noprofile' option may be used when the shell is started to inhibit +this behavior. + + When an interactive login shell exits, or a non-interactive login +shell executes the 'exit' builtin command, Bash reads and executes +commands from the file '~/.bash_logout', if it exists. + +Invoked as an interactive non-login shell +......................................... + +When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, Bash +reads and executes commands from '~/.bashrc', if that file exists. This +may be inhibited by using the '--norc' option. The '--rcfile FILE' +option will force Bash to read and execute commands from FILE instead of +'~/.bashrc'. + + So, typically, your '~/.bash_profile' contains the line + if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then . ~/.bashrc; fi +after (or before) any login-specific initializations. + +Invoked non-interactively +......................... + +When Bash is started non-interactively, to run a shell script, for +example, it looks for the variable 'BASH_ENV' in the environment, +expands its value if it appears there, and uses the expanded value as +the name of a file to read and execute. Bash behaves as if the +following command were executed: + if [ -n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi +but the value of the 'PATH' variable is not used to search for the +filename. + + As noted above, if a non-interactive shell is invoked with the +'--login' option, Bash attempts to read and execute commands from the +login shell startup files. + +Invoked with name 'sh' +...................... + +If Bash is invoked with the name 'sh', it tries to mimic the startup +behavior of historical versions of 'sh' as closely as possible, while +conforming to the POSIX standard as well. + + When invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive +shell with the '--login' option, it first attempts to read and execute +commands from '/etc/profile' and '~/.profile', in that order. The +'--noprofile' option may be used to inhibit this behavior. When invoked +as an interactive shell with the name 'sh', Bash looks for the variable +'ENV', expands its value if it is defined, and uses the expanded value +as the name of a file to read and execute. Since a shell invoked as +'sh' does not attempt to read and execute commands from any other +startup files, the '--rcfile' option has no effect. A non-interactive +shell invoked with the name 'sh' does not attempt to read any other +startup files. + + When invoked as 'sh', Bash enters POSIX mode after the startup files +are read. + +Invoked in POSIX mode +..................... + +When Bash is started in POSIX mode, as with the '--posix' command line +option, it follows the POSIX standard for startup files. In this mode, +interactive shells expand the 'ENV' variable and commands are read and +executed from the file whose name is the expanded value. No other +startup files are read. + +Invoked by remote shell daemon +.............................. + +Bash attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input +connected to a network connection, as when executed by the historical +remote shell daemon, usually 'rshd', or the secure shell daemon 'sshd'. +If Bash determines it is being run non-interactively in this fashion, it +reads and executes commands from '~/.bashrc', if that file exists and is +readable. It will not do this if invoked as 'sh'. The '--norc' option +may be used to inhibit this behavior, and the '--rcfile' option may be +used to force another file to be read, but neither 'rshd' nor 'sshd' +generally invoke the shell with those options or allow them to be +specified. + +Invoked with unequal effective and real UID/GIDs +................................................ + +If Bash is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the +real user (group) id, and the '-p' option is not supplied, no startup +files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, +the 'SHELLOPTS', 'BASHOPTS', 'CDPATH', and 'GLOBIGNORE' variables, if +they appear in the environment, are ignored, and the effective user id +is set to the real user id. If the '-p' option is supplied at +invocation, the startup behavior is the same, but the effective user id +is not reset. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Interactive Shells, Next: Bash Conditional Expressions, Prev: Bash Startup Files, Up: Bash Features + +6.3 Interactive Shells +====================== + +* Menu: + +* What is an Interactive Shell?:: What determines whether a shell is Interactive. +* Is this Shell Interactive?:: How to tell if a shell is interactive. +* Interactive Shell Behavior:: What changes in an interactive shell? + + +File: bash.info, Node: What is an Interactive Shell?, Next: Is this Shell Interactive?, Up: Interactive Shells + +6.3.1 What is an Interactive Shell? +----------------------------------- + +An interactive shell is one started without non-option arguments (unless +'-s' is specified) and without specifying the '-c' option, whose input +and error output are both connected to terminals (as determined by +'isatty(3)'), or one started with the '-i' option. + + An interactive shell generally reads from and writes to a user's +terminal. + + The '-s' invocation option may be used to set the positional +parameters when an interactive shell is started. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Is this Shell Interactive?, Next: Interactive Shell Behavior, Prev: What is an Interactive Shell?, Up: Interactive Shells + +6.3.2 Is this Shell Interactive? +-------------------------------- + +To determine within a startup script whether or not Bash is running +interactively, test the value of the '-' special parameter. It contains +'i' when the shell is interactive. For example: + + case "$-" in + *i*) echo This shell is interactive ;; + *) echo This shell is not interactive ;; + esac + + Alternatively, startup scripts may examine the variable 'PS1'; it is +unset in non-interactive shells, and set in interactive shells. Thus: + + if [ -z "$PS1" ]; then + echo This shell is not interactive + else + echo This shell is interactive + fi + + +File: bash.info, Node: Interactive Shell Behavior, Prev: Is this Shell Interactive?, Up: Interactive Shells + +6.3.3 Interactive Shell Behavior +-------------------------------- + +When the shell is running interactively, it changes its behavior in +several ways. + + 1. Startup files are read and executed as described in *note Bash + Startup Files::. + + 2. Job Control (*note Job Control::) is enabled by default. When job + control is in effect, Bash ignores the keyboard-generated job + control signals 'SIGTTIN', 'SIGTTOU', and 'SIGTSTP'. + + 3. Bash expands and displays 'PS1' before reading the first line of a + command, and expands and displays 'PS2' before reading the second + and subsequent lines of a multi-line command. Bash expands and + displays 'PS0' after it reads a command but before executing it. + See *note Controlling the Prompt::, for a complete list of prompt + string escape sequences. + + 4. Bash executes the values of the set elements of the + 'PROMPT_COMMAND' array variable as commands before printing the + primary prompt, '$PS1' (*note Bash Variables::). + + 5. Readline (*note Command Line Editing::) is used to read commands + from the user's terminal. + + 6. Bash inspects the value of the 'ignoreeof' option to 'set -o' + instead of exiting immediately when it receives an 'EOF' on its + standard input when reading a command (*note The Set Builtin::). + + 7. Command history (*note Bash History Facilities::) and history + expansion (*note History Interaction::) are enabled by default. + Bash will save the command history to the file named by '$HISTFILE' + when a shell with history enabled exits. + + 8. Alias expansion (*note Aliases::) is performed by default. + + 9. In the absence of any traps, Bash ignores 'SIGTERM' (*note + Signals::). + + 10. In the absence of any traps, 'SIGINT' is caught and handled (*note + Signals::). 'SIGINT' will interrupt some shell builtins. + + 11. An interactive login shell sends a 'SIGHUP' to all jobs on exit if + the 'huponexit' shell option has been enabled (*note Signals::). + + 12. The '-n' invocation option is ignored, and 'set -n' has no effect + (*note The Set Builtin::). + + 13. Bash will check for mail periodically, depending on the values of + the 'MAIL', 'MAILPATH', and 'MAILCHECK' shell variables (*note Bash + Variables::). + + 14. Expansion errors due to references to unbound shell variables + after 'set -u' has been enabled will not cause the shell to exit + (*note The Set Builtin::). + + 15. The shell will not exit on expansion errors caused by VAR being + unset or null in '${VAR:?WORD}' expansions (*note Shell Parameter + Expansion::). + + 16. Redirection errors encountered by shell builtins will not cause + the shell to exit. + + 17. When running in POSIX mode, a special builtin returning an error + status will not cause the shell to exit (*note Bash POSIX Mode::). + + 18. A failed 'exec' will not cause the shell to exit (*note Bourne + Shell Builtins::). + + 19. Parser syntax errors will not cause the shell to exit. + + 20. If the 'cdspell' shell option is enabled, the shell will attempt + simple spelling correction for directory arguments to the 'cd' + builtin (see the description of the 'cdspell' option to the 'shopt' + builtin in *note The Shopt Builtin::). The 'cdspell' option is + only effective in interactive shells. + + 21. The shell will check the value of the 'TMOUT' variable and exit if + a command is not read within the specified number of seconds after + printing '$PS1' (*note Bash Variables::). + + +File: bash.info, Node: Bash Conditional Expressions, Next: Shell Arithmetic, Prev: Interactive Shells, Up: Bash Features + +6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions +================================ + +Conditional expressions are used by the '[[' compound command (*note +Conditional Constructs::) and the 'test' and '[' builtin commands (*note +Bourne Shell Builtins::). The 'test' and '[' commands determine their +behavior based on the number of arguments; see the descriptions of those +commands for any other command-specific actions. + + Expressions may be unary or binary, and are formed from the following +primaries. Unary expressions are often used to examine the status of a +file. There are string operators and numeric comparison operators as +well. Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in +expressions. If the operating system on which Bash is running provides +these special files, Bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them +internally with this behavior: If the FILE argument to one of the +primaries is of the form '/dev/fd/N', then file descriptor N is checked. +If the FILE argument to one of the primaries is one of '/dev/stdin', +'/dev/stdout', or '/dev/stderr', file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, +respectively, is checked. + + When used with '[[', the '<' and '>' operators sort lexicographically +using the current locale. The 'test' command uses ASCII ordering. + + Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow +symbolic links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the +link itself. + +'-a FILE' + True if FILE exists. + +'-b FILE' + True if FILE exists and is a block special file. + +'-c FILE' + True if FILE exists and is a character special file. + +'-d FILE' + True if FILE exists and is a directory. + +'-e FILE' + True if FILE exists. + +'-f FILE' + True if FILE exists and is a regular file. + +'-g FILE' + True if FILE exists and its set-group-id bit is set. + +'-h FILE' + True if FILE exists and is a symbolic link. + +'-k FILE' + True if FILE exists and its "sticky" bit is set. + +'-p FILE' + True if FILE exists and is a named pipe (FIFO). + +'-r FILE' + True if FILE exists and is readable. + +'-s FILE' + True if FILE exists and has a size greater than zero. + +'-t FD' + True if file descriptor FD is open and refers to a terminal. + +'-u FILE' + True if FILE exists and its set-user-id bit is set. + +'-w FILE' + True if FILE exists and is writable. + +'-x FILE' + True if FILE exists and is executable. + +'-G FILE' + True if FILE exists and is owned by the effective group id. + +'-L FILE' + True if FILE exists and is a symbolic link. + +'-N FILE' + True if FILE exists and has been modified since it was last read. + +'-O FILE' + True if FILE exists and is owned by the effective user id. + +'-S FILE' + True if FILE exists and is a socket. + +'FILE1 -ef FILE2' + True if FILE1 and FILE2 refer to the same device and inode numbers. + +'FILE1 -nt FILE2' + True if FILE1 is newer (according to modification date) than FILE2, + or if FILE1 exists and FILE2 does not. + +'FILE1 -ot FILE2' + True if FILE1 is older than FILE2, or if FILE2 exists and FILE1 + does not. + +'-o OPTNAME' + True if the shell option OPTNAME is enabled. The list of options + appears in the description of the '-o' option to the 'set' builtin + (*note The Set Builtin::). + +'-v VARNAME' + True if the shell variable VARNAME is set (has been assigned a + value). + +'-R VARNAME' + True if the shell variable VARNAME is set and is a name reference. + +'-z STRING' + True if the length of STRING is zero. + +'-n STRING' +'STRING' + True if the length of STRING is non-zero. + +'STRING1 == STRING2' +'STRING1 = STRING2' + True if the strings are equal. When used with the '[[' command, + this performs pattern matching as described above (*note + Conditional Constructs::). + + '=' should be used with the 'test' command for POSIX conformance. + +'STRING1 != STRING2' + True if the strings are not equal. + +'STRING1 < STRING2' + True if STRING1 sorts before STRING2 lexicographically. + +'STRING1 > STRING2' + True if STRING1 sorts after STRING2 lexicographically. + +'ARG1 OP ARG2' + 'OP' is one of '-eq', '-ne', '-lt', '-le', '-gt', or '-ge'. These + arithmetic binary operators return true if ARG1 is equal to, not + equal to, less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or + greater than or equal to ARG2, respectively. ARG1 and ARG2 may be + positive or negative integers. When used with the '[[' command, + ARG1 and ARG2 are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (*note Shell + Arithmetic::). + + +File: bash.info, Node: Shell Arithmetic, Next: Aliases, Prev: Bash Conditional Expressions, Up: Bash Features + +6.5 Shell Arithmetic +==================== + +The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, as one of the +shell expansions or by using the '((' compound command, the 'let' +builtin, or the '-i' option to the 'declare' builtin. + + Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check for +overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error. The +operators and their precedence, associativity, and values are the same +as in the C language. The following list of operators is grouped into +levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are listed in order of +decreasing precedence. + +'ID++ ID--' + variable post-increment and post-decrement + +'++ID --ID' + variable pre-increment and pre-decrement + +'- +' + unary minus and plus + +'! ~' + logical and bitwise negation + +'**' + exponentiation + +'* / %' + multiplication, division, remainder + +'+ -' + addition, subtraction + +'<< >>' + left and right bitwise shifts + +'<= >= < >' + comparison + +'== !=' + equality and inequality + +'&' + bitwise AND + +'^' + bitwise exclusive OR + +'|' + bitwise OR + +'&&' + logical AND + +'||' + logical OR + +'expr ? expr : expr' + conditional operator + +'= *= /= %= += -= <<= >>= &= ^= |=' + assignment + +'expr1 , expr2' + comma + + Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is +performed before the expression is evaluated. Within an expression, +shell variables may also be referenced by name without using the +parameter expansion syntax. A shell variable that is null or unset +evaluates to 0 when referenced by name without using the parameter +expansion syntax. The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic +expression when it is referenced, or when a variable which has been +given the 'integer' attribute using 'declare -i' is assigned a value. A +null value evaluates to 0. A shell variable need not have its 'integer' +attribute turned on to be used in an expression. + + Integer constants follow the C language definition, without suffixes +or character constants. Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as +octal numbers. A leading '0x' or '0X' denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, +numbers take the form [BASE'#']N, where the optional BASE is a decimal +number between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic base, and N is a +number in that base. If BASE'#' is omitted, then base 10 is used. When +specifying N, if a non-digit is required, the digits greater than 9 are +represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, '@', and +'_', in that order. If BASE is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and +uppercase letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers +between 10 and 35. + + Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in +parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules +above. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Aliases, Next: Arrays, Prev: Shell Arithmetic, Up: Bash Features + +6.6 Aliases +=========== + +"Aliases" allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used as +the first word of a simple command. The shell maintains a list of +aliases that may be set and unset with the 'alias' and 'unalias' builtin +commands. + + The first word of each simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see +if it has an alias. If so, that word is replaced by the text of the +alias. The characters '/', '$', '`', '=' and any of the shell +metacharacters or quoting characters listed above may not appear in an +alias name. The replacement text may contain any valid shell input, +including shell metacharacters. The first word of the replacement text +is tested for aliases, but a word that is identical to an alias being +expanded is not expanded a second time. This means that one may alias +'ls' to '"ls -F"', for instance, and Bash does not try to recursively +expand the replacement text. If the last character of the alias value +is a 'blank', then the next command word following the alias is also +checked for alias expansion. + + Aliases are created and listed with the 'alias' command, and removed +with the 'unalias' command. + + There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text, as +in 'csh'. If arguments are needed, use a shell function (*note Shell +Functions::). + + Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless +the 'expand_aliases' shell option is set using 'shopt' (*note The Shopt +Builtin::). + + The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat +confusing. Bash always reads at least one complete line of input, and +all lines that make up a compound command, before executing any of the +commands on that line or the compound command. Aliases are expanded +when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, an alias +definition appearing on the same line as another command does not take +effect until the next line of input is read. The commands following the +alias definition on that line are not affected by the new alias. This +behavior is also an issue when functions are executed. Aliases are +expanded when a function definition is read, not when the function is +executed, because a function definition is itself a command. As a +consequence, aliases defined in a function are not available until after +that function is executed. To be safe, always put alias definitions on +a separate line, and do not use 'alias' in compound commands. + + For almost every purpose, shell functions are preferred over aliases. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Arrays, Next: The Directory Stack, Prev: Aliases, Up: Bash Features + +6.7 Arrays +========== + +Bash provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables. +Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the 'declare' builtin will +explicitly declare an array. There is no maximum limit on the size of +an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned +contiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including +arithmetic expressions (*note Shell Arithmetic::)) and are zero-based; +associative arrays use arbitrary strings. Unless otherwise noted, +indexed array indices must be non-negative integers. + + An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned +to using the syntax + NAME[SUBSCRIPT]=VALUE + +The SUBSCRIPT is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate +to a number. To explicitly declare an array, use + declare -a NAME +The syntax + declare -a NAME[SUBSCRIPT] +is also accepted; the SUBSCRIPT is ignored. + +Associative arrays are created using + declare -A NAME + + Attributes may be specified for an array variable using the 'declare' +and 'readonly' builtins. Each attribute applies to all members of an +array. + + Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form + NAME=(VALUE1 VALUE2 ... ) +where each VALUE may be of the form '[SUBSCRIPT]='STRING. Indexed array +assignments do not require anything but STRING. When assigning to +indexed arrays, if the optional subscript is supplied, that index is +assigned to; otherwise the index of the element assigned is the last +index assigned to by the statement plus one. Indexing starts at zero. + + Each VALUE in the list undergoes all the shell expansions described +above (*note Shell Expansions::). + + When assigning to an associative array, the words in a compound +assignment may be either assignment statements, for which the subscript +is required, or a list of words that is interpreted as a sequence of +alternating keys and values: NAME=(KEY1 VALUE1 KEY2 VALUE2 ... ). These +are treated identically to NAME=( [KEY1]=VALUE1 [KEY2]=VALUE2 ... ). +The first word in the list determines how the remaining words are +interpreted; all assignments in a list must be of the same type. When +using key/value pairs, the keys may not be missing or empty; a final +missing value is treated like the empty string. + + This syntax is also accepted by the 'declare' builtin. Individual +array elements may be assigned to using the 'NAME[SUBSCRIPT]=VALUE' +syntax introduced above. + + When assigning to an indexed array, if NAME is subscripted by a +negative number, that number is interpreted as relative to one greater +than the maximum index of NAME, so negative indices count back from the +end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last element. + + The '+=' operator will append to an array variable when assigning +using the compound assignment syntax; see *note Shell Parameters:: +above. + + Any element of an array may be referenced using '${NAME[SUBSCRIPT]}'. +The braces are required to avoid conflicts with the shell's filename +expansion operators. If the SUBSCRIPT is '@' or '*', the word expands +to all members of the array NAME. These subscripts differ only when the +word appears within double quotes. If the word is double-quoted, +'${NAME[*]}' expands to a single word with the value of each array +member separated by the first character of the 'IFS' variable, and +'${NAME[@]}' expands each element of NAME to a separate word. When +there are no array members, '${NAME[@]}' expands to nothing. If the +double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of the first +parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original word, and +the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last part of the +original word. This is analogous to the expansion of the special +parameters '@' and '*'. '${#NAME[SUBSCRIPT]}' expands to the length of +'${NAME[SUBSCRIPT]}'. If SUBSCRIPT is '@' or '*', the expansion is the +number of elements in the array. If the SUBSCRIPT used to reference an +element of an indexed array evaluates to a number less than zero, it is +interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of the +array, so negative indices count back from the end of the array, and an +index of -1 refers to the last element. + + Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to +referencing with a subscript of 0. Any reference to a variable using a +valid subscript is legal, and 'bash' will create an array if necessary. + + An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned +a value. The null string is a valid value. + + It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as +the values. ${!NAME[@]} and ${!NAME[*]} expand to the indices assigned +in array variable NAME. The treatment when in double quotes is similar +to the expansion of the special parameters '@' and '*' within double +quotes. + + The 'unset' builtin is used to destroy arrays. 'unset +NAME[SUBSCRIPT]' destroys the array element at index SUBSCRIPT. +Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted as described +above. Unsetting the last element of an array variable does not unset +the variable. 'unset NAME', where NAME is an array, removes the entire +array. 'unset NAME[SUBSCRIPT]' behaves differently depending on the +array type when given a subscript of '*' or '@'. When NAME is an +associative array, it removes the element with key '*' or '@'. If NAME +is an indexed array, 'unset' removes all of the elements, but does not +remove the array itself. + + When using a variable name with a subscript as an argument to a +command, such as with 'unset', without using the word expansion syntax +described above, the argument is subject to the shell's filename +expansion. If filename expansion is not desired, the argument should be +quoted. + + The 'declare', 'local', and 'readonly' builtins each accept a '-a' +option to specify an indexed array and a '-A' option to specify an +associative array. If both options are supplied, '-A' takes precedence. +The 'read' builtin accepts a '-a' option to assign a list of words read +from the standard input to an array, and can read values from the +standard input into individual array elements. The 'set' and 'declare' +builtins display array values in a way that allows them to be reused as +input. + + +File: bash.info, Node: The Directory Stack, Next: Controlling the Prompt, Prev: Arrays, Up: Bash Features + +6.8 The Directory Stack +======================= + +* Menu: + +* Directory Stack Builtins:: Bash builtin commands to manipulate + the directory stack. + +The directory stack is a list of recently-visited directories. The +'pushd' builtin adds directories to the stack as it changes the current +directory, and the 'popd' builtin removes specified directories from the +stack and changes the current directory to the directory removed. The +'dirs' builtin displays the contents of the directory stack. The +current directory is always the "top" of the directory stack. + + The contents of the directory stack are also visible as the value of +the 'DIRSTACK' shell variable. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Directory Stack Builtins, Up: The Directory Stack + +6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins +------------------------------ + +'dirs' + dirs [-clpv] [+N | -N] + + Display the list of currently remembered directories. Directories + are added to the list with the 'pushd' command; the 'popd' command + removes directories from the list. The current directory is always + the first directory in the stack. + + '-c' + Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the elements. + '-l' + Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default listing + format uses a tilde to denote the home directory. + '-p' + Causes 'dirs' to print the directory stack with one entry per + line. + '-v' + Causes 'dirs' to print the directory stack with one entry per + line, prefixing each entry with its index in the stack. + '+N' + Displays the Nth directory (counting from the left of the list + printed by 'dirs' when invoked without options), starting with + zero. + '-N' + Displays the Nth directory (counting from the right of the + list printed by 'dirs' when invoked without options), starting + with zero. + +'popd' + popd [-n] [+N | -N] + + Removes elements from the directory stack. The elements are + numbered from 0 starting at the first directory listed by 'dirs'; + that is, 'popd' is equivalent to 'popd +0'. + + When no arguments are given, 'popd' removes the top directory from + the stack and changes to the new top directory. + + Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings: + + '-n' + Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing + directories from the stack, so that only the stack is + manipulated. + '+N' + Removes the Nth directory (counting from the left of the list + printed by 'dirs'), starting with zero, from the stack. + '-N' + Removes the Nth directory (counting from the right of the list + printed by 'dirs'), starting with zero, from the stack. + + If the top element of the directory stack is modified, and the '-n' + option was not supplied, 'popd' uses the 'cd' builtin to change to + the directory at the top of the stack. If the 'cd' fails, 'popd' + returns a non-zero value. + + Otherwise, 'popd' returns an unsuccessful status if an invalid + option is encountered, the directory stack is empty, or a + non-existent directory stack entry is specified. + + If the 'popd' command is successful, Bash runs 'dirs' to show the + final contents of the directory stack, and the return status is 0. + +'pushd' + pushd [-n] [+N | -N | DIR] + + Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates the + stack, making the new top of the stack the current working + directory. With no arguments, 'pushd' exchanges the top two + elements of the directory stack. + + Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings: + + '-n' + Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating or + adding directories to the stack, so that only the stack is + manipulated. + '+N' + Brings the Nth directory (counting from the left of the list + printed by 'dirs', starting with zero) to the top of the list + by rotating the stack. + '-N' + Brings the Nth directory (counting from the right of the list + printed by 'dirs', starting with zero) to the top of the list + by rotating the stack. + 'DIR' + Makes DIR be the top of the stack. + + After the stack has been modified, if the '-n' option was not + supplied, 'pushd' uses the 'cd' builtin to change to the directory + at the top of the stack. If the 'cd' fails, 'pushd' returns a + non-zero value. + + Otherwise, if no arguments are supplied, 'pushd' returns 0 unless + the directory stack is empty. When rotating the directory stack, + 'pushd' returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty or a + non-existent directory stack element is specified. + + If the 'pushd' command is successful, Bash runs 'dirs' to show the + final contents of the directory stack. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Controlling the Prompt, Next: The Restricted Shell, Prev: The Directory Stack, Up: Bash Features + +6.9 Controlling the Prompt +========================== + +Bash examines the value of the array variable 'PROMPT_COMMAND' just +before printing each primary prompt. If any elements in +'PROMPT_COMMAND' are set and non-null, Bash executes each value, in +numeric order, just as if it had been typed on the command line. + + In addition, the following table describes the special characters +which can appear in the prompt variables 'PS0', 'PS1', 'PS2', and 'PS4': + +'\a' + A bell character. +'\d' + The date, in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May 26"). +'\D{FORMAT}' + The FORMAT is passed to 'strftime'(3) and the result is inserted + into the prompt string; an empty FORMAT results in a + locale-specific time representation. The braces are required. +'\e' + An escape character. +'\h' + The hostname, up to the first '.'. +'\H' + The hostname. +'\j' + The number of jobs currently managed by the shell. +'\l' + The basename of the shell's terminal device name. +'\n' + A newline. +'\r' + A carriage return. +'\s' + The name of the shell, the basename of '$0' (the portion following + the final slash). +'\t' + The time, in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format. +'\T' + The time, in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format. +'\@' + The time, in 12-hour am/pm format. +'\A' + The time, in 24-hour HH:MM format. +'\u' + The username of the current user. +'\v' + The version of Bash (e.g., 2.00) +'\V' + The release of Bash, version + patchlevel (e.g., 2.00.0) +'\w' + The value of the 'PWD' shell variable ('$PWD'), with '$HOME' + abbreviated with a tilde (uses the '$PROMPT_DIRTRIM' variable). +'\W' + The basename of '$PWD', with '$HOME' abbreviated with a tilde. +'\!' + The history number of this command. +'\#' + The command number of this command. +'\$' + If the effective uid is 0, '#', otherwise '$'. +'\NNN' + The character whose ASCII code is the octal value NNN. +'\\' + A backslash. +'\[' + Begin a sequence of non-printing characters. This could be used to + embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt. +'\]' + End a sequence of non-printing characters. + + The command number and the history number are usually different: the +history number of a command is its position in the history list, which +may include commands restored from the history file (*note Bash History +Facilities::), while the command number is the position in the sequence +of commands executed during the current shell session. + + After the string is decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion, +command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject +to the value of the 'promptvars' shell option (*note The Shopt +Builtin::). This can have unwanted side effects if escaped portions of +the string appear within command substitution or contain characters +special to word expansion. + + +File: bash.info, Node: The Restricted Shell, Next: Bash POSIX Mode, Prev: Controlling the Prompt, Up: Bash Features + +6.10 The Restricted Shell +========================= + +If Bash is started with the name 'rbash', or the '--restricted' or '-r' +option is supplied at invocation, the shell becomes restricted. A +restricted shell is used to set up an environment more controlled than +the standard shell. A restricted shell behaves identically to 'bash' +with the exception that the following are disallowed or not performed: + + * Changing directories with the 'cd' builtin. + * Setting or unsetting the values of the 'SHELL', 'PATH', 'HISTFILE', + 'ENV', or 'BASH_ENV' variables. + * Specifying command names containing slashes. + * Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the '.' + builtin command. + * Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the + 'history' builtin command. + * Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the '-p' + option to the 'hash' builtin command. + * Importing function definitions from the shell environment at + startup. + * Parsing the value of 'SHELLOPTS' from the shell environment at + startup. + * Redirecting output using the '>', '>|', '<>', '>&', '&>', and '>>' + redirection operators. + * Using the 'exec' builtin to replace the shell with another command. + * Adding or deleting builtin commands with the '-f' and '-d' options + to the 'enable' builtin. + * Using the 'enable' builtin command to enable disabled shell + builtins. + * Specifying the '-p' option to the 'command' builtin. + * Turning off restricted mode with 'set +r' or 'shopt -u + restricted_shell'. + + These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read. + + When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed (*note +Shell Scripts::), 'rbash' turns off any restrictions in the shell +spawned to execute the script. + + The restricted shell mode is only one component of a useful +restricted environment. It should be accompanied by setting 'PATH' to a +value that allows execution of only a few verified commands (commands +that allow shell escapes are particularly vulnerable), changing the +current directory to a non-writable directory other than '$HOME' after +login, not allowing the restricted shell to execute shell scripts, and +cleaning the environment of variables that cause some commands to modify +their behavior (e.g., 'VISUAL' or 'PAGER'). + + Modern systems provide more secure ways to implement a restricted +environment, such as 'jails', 'zones', or 'containers'. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Bash POSIX Mode, Next: Shell Compatibility Mode, Prev: The Restricted Shell, Up: Bash Features + +6.11 Bash POSIX Mode +==================== + +Starting Bash with the '--posix' command-line option or executing 'set +-o posix' while Bash is running will cause Bash to conform more closely +to the POSIX standard by changing the behavior to match that specified +by POSIX in areas where the Bash default differs. + + When invoked as 'sh', Bash enters POSIX mode after reading the +startup files. + + The following list is what's changed when 'POSIX mode' is in effect: + + 1. Bash ensures that the 'POSIXLY_CORRECT' variable is set. + + 2. When a command in the hash table no longer exists, Bash will + re-search '$PATH' to find the new location. This is also available + with 'shopt -s checkhash'. + + 3. Bash will not insert a command without the execute bit set into the + command hash table, even if it returns it as a (last-ditch) result + from a '$PATH' search. + + 4. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job + exits with a non-zero status is 'Done(status)'. + + 5. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job + is stopped is 'Stopped(SIGNAME)', where SIGNAME is, for example, + 'SIGTSTP'. + + 6. Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells. + + 7. Reserved words appearing in a context where reserved words are + recognized do not undergo alias expansion. + + 8. Alias expansion is performed when initially parsing a command + substitution. The default mode generally defers it, when enabled, + until the command substitution is executed. This means that + command substitution will not expand aliases that are defined after + the command substitution is initially parsed (e.g., as part of a + function definition). + + 9. The POSIX 'PS1' and 'PS2' expansions of '!' to the history number + and '!!' to '!' are enabled, and parameter expansion is performed + on the values of 'PS1' and 'PS2' regardless of the setting of the + 'promptvars' option. + + 10. The POSIX startup files are executed ('$ENV') rather than the + normal Bash files. + + 11. Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a + command name, rather than on all assignment statements on the line. + + 12. The default history file is '~/.sh_history' (this is the default + value of '$HISTFILE'). + + 13. Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the + word in the redirection unless the shell is interactive. + + 14. Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in + the redirection. + + 15. Function names must be valid shell 'name's. That is, they may not + contain characters other than letters, digits, and underscores, and + may not start with a digit. Declaring a function with an invalid + name causes a fatal syntax error in non-interactive shells. + + 16. Function names may not be the same as one of the POSIX special + builtins. + + 17. POSIX special builtins are found before shell functions during + command lookup. + + 18. When printing shell function definitions (e.g., by 'type'), Bash + does not print the 'function' keyword. + + 19. Literal tildes that appear as the first character in elements of + the 'PATH' variable are not expanded as described above under *note + Tilde Expansion::. + + 20. The 'time' reserved word may be used by itself as a command. When + used in this way, it displays timing statistics for the shell and + its completed children. The 'TIMEFORMAT' variable controls the + format of the timing information. + + 21. When parsing and expanding a ${...} expansion that appears within + double quotes, single quotes are no longer special and cannot be + used to quote a closing brace or other special character, unless + the operator is one of those defined to perform pattern removal. + In this case, they do not have to appear as matched pairs. + + 22. The parser does not recognize 'time' as a reserved word if the + next token begins with a '-'. + + 23. The '!' character does not introduce history expansion within a + double-quoted string, even if the 'histexpand' option is enabled. + + 24. If a POSIX special builtin returns an error status, a + non-interactive shell exits. The fatal errors are those listed in + the POSIX standard, and include things like passing incorrect + options, redirection errors, variable assignment errors for + assignments preceding the command name, and so on. + + 25. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable + assignment error occurs when no command name follows the assignment + statements. A variable assignment error occurs, for example, when + trying to assign a value to a readonly variable. + + 26. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable + assignment error occurs in an assignment statement preceding a + special builtin, but not with any other simple command. For any + other simple command, the shell aborts execution of that command, + and execution continues at the top level ("the shell shall not + perform any further processing of the command in which the error + occurred"). + + 27. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the + iteration variable in a 'for' statement or the selection variable + in a 'select' statement is a readonly variable. + + 28. Non-interactive shells exit if FILENAME in '.' FILENAME is not + found. + + 29. Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic + expansion results in an invalid expression. + + 30. Non-interactive shells exit if a parameter expansion error occurs. + + 31. Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script + read with the '.' or 'source' builtins, or in a string processed by + the 'eval' builtin. + + 32. While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to + the '#' and '?' special parameters. + + 33. Expanding the '*' special parameter in a pattern context where the + expansion is double-quoted does not treat the '$*' as if it were + double-quoted. + + 34. Assignment statements preceding POSIX special builtins persist in + the shell environment after the builtin completes. + + 35. The 'command' builtin does not prevent builtins that take + assignment statements as arguments from expanding them as + assignment statements; when not in POSIX mode, assignment builtins + lose their assignment statement expansion properties when preceded + by 'command'. + + 36. The 'bg' builtin uses the required format to describe each job + placed in the background, which does not include an indication of + whether the job is the current or previous job. + + 37. The output of 'kill -l' prints all the signal names on a single + line, separated by spaces, without the 'SIG' prefix. + + 38. The 'kill' builtin does not accept signal names with a 'SIG' + prefix. + + 39. The 'export' and 'readonly' builtin commands display their output + in the format required by POSIX. + + 40. The 'trap' builtin displays signal names without the leading + 'SIG'. + + 41. The 'trap' builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible + signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original + disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of + digits and is a valid signal number. If users want to reset the + handler for a given signal to the original disposition, they should + use '-' as the first argument. + + 42. 'trap -p' displays signals whose dispositions are set to SIG_DFL + and those that were ignored when the shell started. + + 43. The '.' and 'source' builtins do not search the current directory + for the filename argument if it is not found by searching 'PATH'. + + 44. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the + 'inherit_errexit' option, so subshells spawned to execute command + substitutions inherit the value of the '-e' option from the parent + shell. When the 'inherit_errexit' option is not enabled, Bash + clears the '-e' option in such subshells. + + 45. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the 'shift_verbose' + option, so numeric arguments to 'shift' that exceed the number of + positional parameters will result in an error message. + + 46. When the 'alias' builtin displays alias definitions, it does not + display them with a leading 'alias ' unless the '-p' option is + supplied. + + 47. When the 'set' builtin is invoked without options, it does not + display shell function names and definitions. + + 48. When the 'set' builtin is invoked without options, it displays + variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell + metacharacters, even if the result contains nonprinting characters. + + 49. When the 'cd' builtin is invoked in logical mode, and the pathname + constructed from '$PWD' and the directory name supplied as an + argument does not refer to an existing directory, 'cd' will fail + instead of falling back to physical mode. + + 50. When the 'cd' builtin cannot change a directory because the length + of the pathname constructed from '$PWD' and the directory name + supplied as an argument exceeds 'PATH_MAX' when all symbolic links + are expanded, 'cd' will fail instead of attempting to use only the + supplied directory name. + + 51. The 'pwd' builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as + the current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file + system with the '-P' option. + + 52. When listing the history, the 'fc' builtin does not include an + indication of whether or not a history entry has been modified. + + 53. The default editor used by 'fc' is 'ed'. + + 54. The 'type' and 'command' builtins will not report a non-executable + file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute + such a file if it is the only so-named file found in '$PATH'. + + 55. The 'vi' editing mode will invoke the 'vi' editor directly when + the 'v' command is run, instead of checking '$VISUAL' and + '$EDITOR'. + + 56. When the 'xpg_echo' option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to + interpret any arguments to 'echo' as options. Each argument is + displayed, after escape characters are converted. + + 57. The 'ulimit' builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the '-c' + and '-f' options. + + 58. The arrival of 'SIGCHLD' when a trap is set on 'SIGCHLD' does not + interrupt the 'wait' builtin and cause it to return immediately. + The trap command is run once for each child that exits. + + 59. The 'read' builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap + has been set. If Bash receives a trapped signal while executing + 'read', the trap handler executes and 'read' returns an exit status + greater than 128. + + 60. The 'printf' builtin uses 'double' (via 'strtod') to convert + arguments corresponding to floating point conversion specifiers, + instead of 'long double' if it's available. The 'L' length + modifier forces 'printf' to use 'long double' if it's available. + + 61. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list + of such statuses after the 'wait' builtin is used to obtain it. + + There is other POSIX behavior that Bash does not implement by default +even when in POSIX mode. Specifically: + + 1. The 'fc' builtin checks '$EDITOR' as a program to edit history + entries if 'FCEDIT' is unset, rather than defaulting directly to + 'ed'. 'fc' uses 'ed' if 'EDITOR' is unset. + + 2. As noted above, Bash requires the 'xpg_echo' option to be enabled + for the 'echo' builtin to be fully conformant. + + Bash can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default, by +specifying the '--enable-strict-posix-default' to 'configure' when +building (*note Optional Features::). + + +File: bash.info, Node: Shell Compatibility Mode, Prev: Bash POSIX Mode, Up: Bash Features + +6.12 Shell Compatibility Mode +============================= + +Bash-4.0 introduced the concept of a "shell compatibility level", +specified as a set of options to the shopt builtin ('compat31', +'compat32', 'compat40', 'compat41', and so on). There is only one +current compatibility level - each option is mutually exclusive. The +compatibility level is intended to allow users to select behavior from +previous versions that is incompatible with newer versions while they +migrate scripts to use current features and behavior. It's intended to +be a temporary solution. + + This section does not mention behavior that is standard for a +particular version (e.g., setting 'compat32' means that quoting the rhs +of the regexp matching operator quotes special regexp characters in the +word, which is default behavior in bash-3.2 and subsequent versions). + + If a user enables, say, 'compat32', it may affect the behavior of +other compatibility levels up to and including the current compatibility +level. The idea is that each compatibility level controls behavior that +changed in that version of Bash, but that behavior may have been present +in earlier versions. For instance, the change to use locale-based +comparisons with the '[[' command came in bash-4.1, and earlier versions +used ASCII-based comparisons, so enabling 'compat32' will enable +ASCII-based comparisons as well. That granularity may not be sufficient +for all uses, and as a result users should employ compatibility levels +carefully. Read the documentation for a particular feature to find out +the current behavior. + + Bash-4.3 introduced a new shell variable: 'BASH_COMPAT'. The value +assigned to this variable (a decimal version number like 4.2, or an +integer corresponding to the 'compat'NN option, like 42) determines the +compatibility level. + + Starting with bash-4.4, Bash has begun deprecating older +compatibility levels. Eventually, the options will be removed in favor +of 'BASH_COMPAT'. + + Bash-5.0 is the final version for which there will be an individual +shopt option for the previous version. Users should use 'BASH_COMPAT' +on bash-5.0 and later versions. + + The following table describes the behavior changes controlled by each +compatibility level setting. The 'compat'NN tag is used as shorthand +for setting the compatibility level to NN using one of the following +mechanisms. For versions prior to bash-5.0, the compatibility level may +be set using the corresponding 'compat'NN shopt option. For bash-4.3 +and later versions, the 'BASH_COMPAT' variable is preferred, and it is +required for bash-5.1 and later versions. + +'compat31' + * quoting the rhs of the '[[' command's regexp matching operator + (=~) has no special effect + +'compat32' + * interrupting a command list such as "a ; b ; c" causes the + execution of the next command in the list (in bash-4.0 and + later versions, the shell acts as if it received the + interrupt, so interrupting one command in a list aborts the + execution of the entire list) + +'compat40' + * the '<' and '>' operators to the '[[' command do not consider + the current locale when comparing strings; they use ASCII + ordering. Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII collation + and strcmp(3); bash-4.1 and later use the current locale's + collation sequence and strcoll(3). + +'compat41' + * in posix mode, 'time' may be followed by options and still be + recognized as a reserved word (this is POSIX interpretation + 267) + * in posix mode, the parser requires that an even number of + single quotes occur in the WORD portion of a double-quoted + ${...} parameter expansion and treats them specially, so that + characters within the single quotes are considered quoted + (this is POSIX interpretation 221) + +'compat42' + * the replacement string in double-quoted pattern substitution + does not undergo quote removal, as it does in versions after + bash-4.2 + * in posix mode, single quotes are considered special when + expanding the WORD portion of a double-quoted ${...} parameter + expansion and can be used to quote a closing brace or other + special character (this is part of POSIX interpretation 221); + in later versions, single quotes are not special within + double-quoted word expansions + +'compat43' + * the shell does not print a warning message if an attempt is + made to use a quoted compound assignment as an argument to + declare (e.g., declare -a foo='(1 2)'). Later versions warn + that this usage is deprecated + * word expansion errors are considered non-fatal errors that + cause the current command to fail, even in posix mode (the + default behavior is to make them fatal errors that cause the + shell to exit) + * when executing a shell function, the loop state + (while/until/etc.) is not reset, so 'break' or 'continue' in + that function will break or continue loops in the calling + context. Bash-4.4 and later reset the loop state to prevent + this + +'compat44' + * the shell sets up the values used by 'BASH_ARGV' and + 'BASH_ARGC' so they can expand to the shell's positional + parameters even if extended debugging mode is not enabled + * a subshell inherits loops from its parent context, so 'break' + or 'continue' will cause the subshell to exit. Bash-5.0 and + later reset the loop state to prevent the exit + * variable assignments preceding builtins like 'export' and + 'readonly' that set attributes continue to affect variables + with the same name in the calling environment even if the + shell is not in posix mode + +'compat50 (set using BASH_COMPAT)' + * Bash-5.1 changed the way '$RANDOM' is generated to introduce + slightly more randomness. If the shell compatibility level is + set to 50 or lower, it reverts to the method from bash-5.0 and + previous versions, so seeding the random number generator by + assigning a value to 'RANDOM' will produce the same sequence + as in bash-5.0 + * If the command hash table is empty, Bash versions prior to + bash-5.1 printed an informational message to that effect, even + when producing output that can be reused as input. Bash-5.1 + suppresses that message when the '-l' option is supplied. + +'compat51 (set using BASH_COMPAT)' + * The 'unset' builtin will unset the array 'a' given an argument + like 'a[@]'. Bash-5.2 will unset an element with key '@' + (associative arrays) or remove all the elements without + unsetting the array (indexed arrays) + * arithmetic commands ( ((...)) ) and the expressions in an + arithmetic for statement can be expanded more than once + * expressions used as arguments to arithmetic operators in the + '[[' conditional command can be expanded more than once + * the expressions in substring parameter brace expansion can be + expanded more than once + * the expressions in the $(( ... )) word expansion can be + expanded more than once + * arithmetic expressions used as indexed array subscripts can be + expanded more than once + * 'test -v', when given an argument of 'A[@]', where A is an + existing associative array, will return true if the array has + any set elements. Bash-5.2 will look for and report on a key + named '@' + * the ${PARAMETER[:]=VALUE} word expansion will return VALUE, + before any variable-specific transformations have been + performed (e.g., converting to lowercase). Bash-5.2 will + return the final value assigned to the variable. + * Parsing command substitutions will behave as if extended glob + (*note The Shopt Builtin::) is enabled, so that parsing a + command substitution containing an extglob pattern (say, as + part of a shell function) will not fail. This assumes the + intent is to enable extglob before the command is executed and + word expansions are performed. It will fail at word expansion + time if extglob hasn't been enabled by the time the command is + executed. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Job Control, Next: Command Line Editing, Prev: Bash Features, Up: Top + +7 Job Control +************* + +This chapter discusses what job control is, how it works, and how Bash +allows you to access its facilities. + +* Menu: + +* Job Control Basics:: How job control works. +* Job Control Builtins:: Bash builtin commands used to interact + with job control. +* Job Control Variables:: Variables Bash uses to customize job + control. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Job Control Basics, Next: Job Control Builtins, Up: Job Control + +7.1 Job Control Basics +====================== + +Job control refers to the ability to selectively stop (suspend) the +execution of processes and continue (resume) their execution at a later +point. A user typically employs this facility via an interactive +interface supplied jointly by the operating system kernel's terminal +driver and Bash. + + The shell associates a JOB with each pipeline. It keeps a table of +currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the 'jobs' command. +When Bash starts a job asynchronously, it prints a line that looks like: + [1] 25647 +indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID of the +last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647. All of +the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. Bash +uses the JOB abstraction as the basis for job control. + + To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job +control, the operating system maintains the notion of a current terminal +process group ID. Members of this process group (processes whose +process group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID) +receive keyboard-generated signals such as 'SIGINT'. These processes +are said to be in the foreground. Background processes are those whose +process group ID differs from the terminal's; such processes are immune +to keyboard-generated signals. Only foreground processes are allowed to +read from or, if the user so specifies with 'stty tostop', write to the +terminal. Background processes which attempt to read from (write to +when 'stty tostop' is in effect) the terminal are sent a 'SIGTTIN' +('SIGTTOU') signal by the kernel's terminal driver, which, unless +caught, suspends the process. + + If the operating system on which Bash is running supports job +control, Bash contains facilities to use it. Typing the "suspend" +character (typically '^Z', Control-Z) while a process is running causes +that process to be stopped and returns control to Bash. Typing the +"delayed suspend" character (typically '^Y', Control-Y) causes the +process to be stopped when it attempts to read input from the terminal, +and control to be returned to Bash. The user then manipulates the state +of this job, using the 'bg' command to continue it in the background, +the 'fg' command to continue it in the foreground, or the 'kill' command +to kill it. A '^Z' takes effect immediately, and has the additional +side effect of causing pending output and typeahead to be discarded. + + There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. The +character '%' introduces a job specification ("jobspec"). + + Job number 'n' may be referred to as '%n'. The symbols '%%' and '%+' +refer to the shell's notion of the current job, which is the last job +stopped while it was in the foreground or started in the background. A +single '%' (with no accompanying job specification) also refers to the +current job. The previous job may be referenced using '%-'. If there +is only a single job, '%+' and '%-' can both be used to refer to that +job. In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the 'jobs' +command), the current job is always flagged with a '+', and the previous +job with a '-'. + + A job may also be referred to using a prefix of the name used to +start it, or using a substring that appears in its command line. For +example, '%ce' refers to a stopped job whose command name begins with +'ce'. Using '%?ce', on the other hand, refers to any job containing the +string 'ce' in its command line. If the prefix or substring matches +more than one job, Bash reports an error. + + Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: '%1' +is a synonym for 'fg %1', bringing job 1 from the background into the +foreground. Similarly, '%1 &' resumes job 1 in the background, +equivalent to 'bg %1' + + The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. Normally, +Bash waits until it is about to print a prompt before reporting changes +in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other output. If the '-b' +option to the 'set' builtin is enabled, Bash reports such changes +immediately (*note The Set Builtin::). Any trap on 'SIGCHLD' is +executed for each child process that exits. + + If an attempt to exit Bash is made while jobs are stopped, (or +running, if the 'checkjobs' option is enabled - see *note The Shopt +Builtin::), the shell prints a warning message, and if the 'checkjobs' +option is enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses. The 'jobs' +command may then be used to inspect their status. If a second attempt +to exit is made without an intervening command, Bash does not print +another warning, and any stopped jobs are terminated. + + When the shell is waiting for a job or process using the 'wait' +builtin, and job control is enabled, 'wait' will return when the job +changes state. The '-f' option causes 'wait' to wait until the job or +process terminates before returning. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Job Control Builtins, Next: Job Control Variables, Prev: Job Control Basics, Up: Job Control + +7.2 Job Control Builtins +======================== + +'bg' + bg [JOBSPEC ...] + + Resume each suspended job JOBSPEC in the background, as if it had + been started with '&'. If JOBSPEC is not supplied, the current job + is used. The return status is zero unless it is run when job + control is not enabled, or, when run with job control enabled, any + JOBSPEC was not found or specifies a job that was started without + job control. + +'fg' + fg [JOBSPEC] + + Resume the job JOBSPEC in the foreground and make it the current + job. If JOBSPEC is not supplied, the current job is used. The + return status is that of the command placed into the foreground, or + non-zero if run when job control is disabled or, when run with job + control enabled, JOBSPEC does not specify a valid job or JOBSPEC + specifies a job that was started without job control. + +'jobs' + jobs [-lnprs] [JOBSPEC] + jobs -x COMMAND [ARGUMENTS] + + The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the + following meanings: + + '-l' + List process IDs in addition to the normal information. + + '-n' + Display information only about jobs that have changed status + since the user was last notified of their status. + + '-p' + List only the process ID of the job's process group leader. + + '-r' + Display only running jobs. + + '-s' + Display only stopped jobs. + + If JOBSPEC is given, output is restricted to information about that + job. If JOBSPEC is not supplied, the status of all jobs is listed. + + If the '-x' option is supplied, 'jobs' replaces any JOBSPEC found + in COMMAND or ARGUMENTS with the corresponding process group ID, + and executes COMMAND, passing it ARGUMENTs, returning its exit + status. + +'kill' + kill [-s SIGSPEC] [-n SIGNUM] [-SIGSPEC] JOBSPEC or PID + kill -l|-L [EXIT_STATUS] + + Send a signal specified by SIGSPEC or SIGNUM to the process named + by job specification JOBSPEC or process ID PID. SIGSPEC is either + a case-insensitive signal name such as 'SIGINT' (with or without + the 'SIG' prefix) or a signal number; SIGNUM is a signal number. + If SIGSPEC and SIGNUM are not present, 'SIGTERM' is used. The '-l' + option lists the signal names. If any arguments are supplied when + '-l' is given, the names of the signals corresponding to the + arguments are listed, and the return status is zero. EXIT_STATUS + is a number specifying a signal number or the exit status of a + process terminated by a signal. The '-L' option is equivalent to + '-l'. The return status is zero if at least one signal was + successfully sent, or non-zero if an error occurs or an invalid + option is encountered. + +'wait' + wait [-fn] [-p VARNAME] [JOBSPEC or PID ...] + + Wait until the child process specified by each process ID PID or + job specification JOBSPEC exits and return the exit status of the + last command waited for. If a job spec is given, all processes in + the job are waited for. If no arguments are given, 'wait' waits + for all running background jobs and the last-executed process + substitution, if its process id is the same as $!, and the return + status is zero. If the '-n' option is supplied, 'wait' waits for a + single job from the list of PIDs or JOBSPECs or, if no arguments + are supplied, any job, to complete and returns its exit status. If + none of the supplied arguments is a child of the shell, or if no + arguments are supplied and the shell has no unwaited-for children, + the exit status is 127. If the '-p' option is supplied, the + process or job identifier of the job for which the exit status is + returned is assigned to the variable VARNAME named by the option + argument. The variable will be unset initially, before any + assignment. This is useful only when the '-n' option is supplied. + Supplying the '-f' option, when job control is enabled, forces + 'wait' to wait for each PID or JOBSPEC to terminate before + returning its status, instead of returning when it changes status. + If neither JOBSPEC nor PID specifies an active child process of the + shell, the return status is 127. If 'wait' is interrupted by a + signal, the return status will be greater than 128, as described + above (*note Signals::). Otherwise, the return status is the exit + status of the last process or job waited for. + +'disown' + disown [-ar] [-h] [JOBSPEC ... | PID ... ] + + Without options, remove each JOBSPEC from the table of active jobs. + If the '-h' option is given, the job is not removed from the table, + but is marked so that 'SIGHUP' is not sent to the job if the shell + receives a 'SIGHUP'. If JOBSPEC is not present, and neither the + '-a' nor the '-r' option is supplied, the current job is used. If + no JOBSPEC is supplied, the '-a' option means to remove or mark all + jobs; the '-r' option without a JOBSPEC argument restricts + operation to running jobs. + +'suspend' + suspend [-f] + + Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a 'SIGCONT' + signal. A login shell, or a shell without job control enabled, + cannot be suspended; the '-f' option can be used to override this + and force the suspension. The return status is 0 unless the shell + is a login shell or job control is not enabled and '-f' is not + supplied. + + When job control is not active, the 'kill' and 'wait' builtins do not +accept JOBSPEC arguments. They must be supplied process IDs. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Job Control Variables, Prev: Job Control Builtins, Up: Job Control + +7.3 Job Control Variables +========================= + +'auto_resume' + This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and + job control. If this variable exists then single word simple + commands without redirections are treated as candidates for + resumption of an existing job. There is no ambiguity allowed; if + there is more than one job beginning with the string typed, then + the most recently accessed job will be selected. The name of a + stopped job, in this context, is the command line used to start it. + If this variable is set to the value 'exact', the string supplied + must match the name of a stopped job exactly; if set to + 'substring', the string supplied needs to match a substring of the + name of a stopped job. The 'substring' value provides + functionality analogous to the '%?' job ID (*note Job Control + Basics::). If set to any other value, the supplied string must be + a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides functionality + analogous to the '%' job ID. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Command Line Editing, Next: Using History Interactively, Prev: Job Control, Up: Top + +8 Command Line Editing +********************** + +This chapter describes the basic features of the GNU command line +editing interface. Command line editing is provided by the Readline +library, which is used by several different programs, including Bash. +Command line editing is enabled by default when using an interactive +shell, unless the '--noediting' option is supplied at shell invocation. +Line editing is also used when using the '-e' option to the 'read' +builtin command (*note Bash Builtins::). By default, the line editing +commands are similar to those of Emacs. A vi-style line editing +interface is also available. Line editing can be enabled at any time +using the '-o emacs' or '-o vi' options to the 'set' builtin command +(*note The Set Builtin::), or disabled using the '+o emacs' or '+o vi' +options to 'set'. + +* Menu: + +* Introduction and Notation:: Notation used in this text. +* Readline Interaction:: The minimum set of commands for editing a line. +* Readline Init File:: Customizing Readline from a user's view. +* Bindable Readline Commands:: A description of most of the Readline commands + available for binding +* Readline vi Mode:: A short description of how to make Readline + behave like the vi editor. +* Programmable Completion:: How to specify the possible completions for + a specific command. +* Programmable Completion Builtins:: Builtin commands to specify how to + complete arguments for a particular command. +* A Programmable Completion Example:: An example shell function for + generating possible completions. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Introduction and Notation, Next: Readline Interaction, Up: Command Line Editing + +8.1 Introduction to Line Editing +================================ + +The following paragraphs describe the notation used to represent +keystrokes. + + The text 'C-k' is read as 'Control-K' and describes the character +produced when the key is pressed while the Control key is depressed. + + The text 'M-k' is read as 'Meta-K' and describes the character +produced when the Meta key (if you have one) is depressed, and the +key is pressed. The Meta key is labeled on many keyboards. On +keyboards with two keys labeled (usually to either side of the +space bar), the on the left side is generally set to work as a +Meta key. The key on the right may also be configured to work as +a Meta key or may be configured as some other modifier, such as a +Compose key for typing accented characters. + + If you do not have a Meta or key, or another key working as a +Meta key, the identical keystroke can be generated by typing +_first_, and then typing . Either process is known as "metafying" +the key. + + The text 'M-C-k' is read as 'Meta-Control-k' and describes the +character produced by "metafying" 'C-k'. + + In addition, several keys have their own names. Specifically, , +, , , , and all stand for themselves when seen +in this text, or in an init file (*note Readline Init File::). If your +keyboard lacks a key, typing will produce the desired +character. The key may be labeled or on some +keyboards. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Readline Interaction, Next: Readline Init File, Prev: Introduction and Notation, Up: Command Line Editing + +8.2 Readline Interaction +======================== + +Often during an interactive session you type in a long line of text, +only to notice that the first word on the line is misspelled. The +Readline library gives you a set of commands for manipulating the text +as you type it in, allowing you to just fix your typo, and not forcing +you to retype the majority of the line. Using these editing commands, +you move the cursor to the place that needs correction, and delete or +insert the text of the corrections. Then, when you are satisfied with +the line, you simply press . You do not have to be at the end of +the line to press ; the entire line is accepted regardless of the +location of the cursor within the line. + +* Menu: + +* Readline Bare Essentials:: The least you need to know about Readline. +* Readline Movement Commands:: Moving about the input line. +* Readline Killing Commands:: How to delete text, and how to get it back! +* Readline Arguments:: Giving numeric arguments to commands. +* Searching:: Searching through previous lines. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Readline Bare Essentials, Next: Readline Movement Commands, Up: Readline Interaction + +8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials +------------------------------ + +In order to enter characters into the line, simply type them. The typed +character appears where the cursor was, and then the cursor moves one +space to the right. If you mistype a character, you can use your erase +character to back up and delete the mistyped character. + + Sometimes you may mistype a character, and not notice the error until +you have typed several other characters. In that case, you can type +'C-b' to move the cursor to the left, and then correct your mistake. +Afterwards, you can move the cursor to the right with 'C-f'. + + When you add text in the middle of a line, you will notice that +characters to the right of the cursor are 'pushed over' to make room for +the text that you have inserted. Likewise, when you delete text behind +the cursor, characters to the right of the cursor are 'pulled back' to +fill in the blank space created by the removal of the text. A list of +the bare essentials for editing the text of an input line follows. + +'C-b' + Move back one character. +'C-f' + Move forward one character. + or + Delete the character to the left of the cursor. +'C-d' + Delete the character underneath the cursor. +Printing characters + Insert the character into the line at the cursor. +'C-_' or 'C-x C-u' + Undo the last editing command. You can undo all the way back to an + empty line. + +(Depending on your configuration, the key might be set to +delete the character to the left of the cursor and the key set to +delete the character underneath the cursor, like 'C-d', rather than the +character to the left of the cursor.) + + +File: bash.info, Node: Readline Movement Commands, Next: Readline Killing Commands, Prev: Readline Bare Essentials, Up: Readline Interaction + +8.2.2 Readline Movement Commands +-------------------------------- + +The above table describes the most basic keystrokes that you need in +order to do editing of the input line. For your convenience, many other +commands have been added in addition to 'C-b', 'C-f', 'C-d', and . +Here are some commands for moving more rapidly about the line. + +'C-a' + Move to the start of the line. +'C-e' + Move to the end of the line. +'M-f' + Move forward a word, where a word is composed of letters and + digits. +'M-b' + Move backward a word. +'C-l' + Clear the screen, reprinting the current line at the top. + + Notice how 'C-f' moves forward a character, while 'M-f' moves forward +a word. It is a loose convention that control keystrokes operate on +characters while meta keystrokes operate on words. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Readline Killing Commands, Next: Readline Arguments, Prev: Readline Movement Commands, Up: Readline Interaction + +8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands +------------------------------- + +"Killing" text means to delete the text from the line, but to save it +away for later use, usually by "yanking" (re-inserting) it back into the +line. ('Cut' and 'paste' are more recent jargon for 'kill' and 'yank'.) + + If the description for a command says that it 'kills' text, then you +can be sure that you can get the text back in a different (or the same) +place later. + + When you use a kill command, the text is saved in a "kill-ring". Any +number of consecutive kills save all of the killed text together, so +that when you yank it back, you get it all. The kill ring is not line +specific; the text that you killed on a previously typed line is +available to be yanked back later, when you are typing another line. + + Here is the list of commands for killing text. + +'C-k' + Kill the text from the current cursor position to the end of the + line. + +'M-d' + Kill from the cursor to the end of the current word, or, if between + words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same + as those used by 'M-f'. + +'M-' + Kill from the cursor to the start of the current word, or, if + between words, to the start of the previous word. Word boundaries + are the same as those used by 'M-b'. + +'C-w' + Kill from the cursor to the previous whitespace. This is different + than 'M-' because the word boundaries differ. + + Here is how to "yank" the text back into the line. Yanking means to +copy the most-recently-killed text from the kill buffer. + +'C-y' + Yank the most recently killed text back into the buffer at the + cursor. + +'M-y' + Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this + if the prior command is 'C-y' or 'M-y'. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Readline Arguments, Next: Searching, Prev: Readline Killing Commands, Up: Readline Interaction + +8.2.4 Readline Arguments +------------------------ + +You can pass numeric arguments to Readline commands. Sometimes the +argument acts as a repeat count, other times it is the sign of the +argument that is significant. If you pass a negative argument to a +command which normally acts in a forward direction, that command will +act in a backward direction. For example, to kill text back to the +start of the line, you might type 'M-- C-k'. + + The general way to pass numeric arguments to a command is to type +meta digits before the command. If the first 'digit' typed is a minus +sign ('-'), then the sign of the argument will be negative. Once you +have typed one meta digit to get the argument started, you can type the +remainder of the digits, and then the command. For example, to give the +'C-d' command an argument of 10, you could type 'M-1 0 C-d', which will +delete the next ten characters on the input line. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Searching, Prev: Readline Arguments, Up: Readline Interaction + +8.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History +------------------------------------------- + +Readline provides commands for searching through the command history +(*note Bash History Facilities::) for lines containing a specified +string. There are two search modes: "incremental" and +"non-incremental". + + Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the +search string. As each character of the search string is typed, +Readline displays the next entry from the history matching the string +typed so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as +needed to find the desired history entry. To search backward in the +history for a particular string, type 'C-r'. Typing 'C-s' searches +forward through the history. The characters present in the value of the +'isearch-terminators' variable are used to terminate an incremental +search. If that variable has not been assigned a value, the and +'C-J' characters will terminate an incremental search. 'C-g' will abort +an incremental search and restore the original line. When the search is +terminated, the history entry containing the search string becomes the +current line. + + To find other matching entries in the history list, type 'C-r' or +'C-s' as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the +history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far. Any +other key sequence bound to a Readline command will terminate the search +and execute that command. For instance, a will terminate the +search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from the +history list. A movement command will terminate the search, make the +last line found the current line, and begin editing. + + Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two 'C-r's +are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search +string, any remembered search string is used. + + Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before +starting to search for matching history lines. The search string may be +typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Readline Init File, Next: Bindable Readline Commands, Prev: Readline Interaction, Up: Command Line Editing + +8.3 Readline Init File +====================== + +Although the Readline library comes with a set of Emacs-like keybindings +installed by default, it is possible to use a different set of +keybindings. Any user can customize programs that use Readline by +putting commands in an "inputrc" file, conventionally in their home +directory. The name of this file is taken from the value of the shell +variable 'INPUTRC'. If that variable is unset, the default is +'~/.inputrc'. If that file does not exist or cannot be read, the +ultimate default is '/etc/inputrc'. The 'bind' builtin command can also +be used to set Readline keybindings and variables. *Note Bash +Builtins::. + + When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, the init +file is read, and the key bindings are set. + + In addition, the 'C-x C-r' command re-reads this init file, thus +incorporating any changes that you might have made to it. + +* Menu: + +* Readline Init File Syntax:: Syntax for the commands in the inputrc file. + +* Conditional Init Constructs:: Conditional key bindings in the inputrc file. + +* Sample Init File:: An example inputrc file. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Readline Init File Syntax, Next: Conditional Init Constructs, Up: Readline Init File + +8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax +------------------------------- + +There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the Readline init file. +Blank lines are ignored. Lines beginning with a '#' are comments. +Lines beginning with a '$' indicate conditional constructs (*note +Conditional Init Constructs::). Other lines denote variable settings +and key bindings. + +Variable Settings + You can modify the run-time behavior of Readline by altering the + values of variables in Readline using the 'set' command within the + init file. The syntax is simple: + + set VARIABLE VALUE + + Here, for example, is how to change from the default Emacs-like key + binding to use 'vi' line editing commands: + + set editing-mode vi + + Variable names and values, where appropriate, are recognized + without regard to case. Unrecognized variable names are ignored. + + Boolean variables (those that can be set to on or off) are set to + on if the value is null or empty, ON (case-insensitive), or 1. Any + other value results in the variable being set to off. + + The 'bind -V' command lists the current Readline variable names and + values. *Note Bash Builtins::. + + A great deal of run-time behavior is changeable with the following + variables. + + 'active-region-start-color' + A string variable that controls the text color and background + when displaying the text in the active region (see the + description of 'enable-active-region' below). This string + must not take up any physical character positions on the + display, so it should consist only of terminal escape + sequences. It is output to the terminal before displaying the + text in the active region. This variable is reset to the + default value whenever the terminal type changes. The default + value is the string that puts the terminal in standout mode, + as obtained from the terminal's terminfo description. A + sample value might be '\e[01;33m'. + + 'active-region-end-color' + A string variable that "undoes" the effects of + 'active-region-start-color' and restores "normal" terminal + display appearance after displaying text in the active region. + This string must not take up any physical character positions + on the display, so it should consist only of terminal escape + sequences. It is output to the terminal after displaying the + text in the active region. This variable is reset to the + default value whenever the terminal type changes. The default + value is the string that restores the terminal from standout + mode, as obtained from the terminal's terminfo description. A + sample value might be '\e[0m'. + + 'bell-style' + Controls what happens when Readline wants to ring the terminal + bell. If set to 'none', Readline never rings the bell. If + set to 'visible', Readline uses a visible bell if one is + available. If set to 'audible' (the default), Readline + attempts to ring the terminal's bell. + + 'bind-tty-special-chars' + If set to 'on' (the default), Readline attempts to bind the + control characters treated specially by the kernel's terminal + driver to their Readline equivalents. + + 'blink-matching-paren' + If set to 'on', Readline attempts to briefly move the cursor + to an opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is + inserted. The default is 'off'. + + 'colored-completion-prefix' + If set to 'on', when listing completions, Readline displays + the common prefix of the set of possible completions using a + different color. The color definitions are taken from the + value of the 'LS_COLORS' environment variable. If there is a + color definition in 'LS_COLORS' for the custom suffix + 'readline-colored-completion-prefix', Readline uses this color + for the common prefix instead of its default. The default is + 'off'. + + 'colored-stats' + If set to 'on', Readline displays possible completions using + different colors to indicate their file type. The color + definitions are taken from the value of the 'LS_COLORS' + environment variable. The default is 'off'. + + 'comment-begin' + The string to insert at the beginning of the line when the + 'insert-comment' command is executed. The default value is + '"#"'. + + 'completion-display-width' + The number of screen columns used to display possible matches + when performing completion. The value is ignored if it is + less than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width. A + value of 0 will cause matches to be displayed one per line. + The default value is -1. + + 'completion-ignore-case' + If set to 'on', Readline performs filename matching and + completion in a case-insensitive fashion. The default value + is 'off'. + + 'completion-map-case' + If set to 'on', and COMPLETION-IGNORE-CASE is enabled, + Readline treats hyphens ('-') and underscores ('_') as + equivalent when performing case-insensitive filename matching + and completion. The default value is 'off'. + + 'completion-prefix-display-length' + The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of + possible completions that is displayed without modification. + When set to a value greater than zero, common prefixes longer + than this value are replaced with an ellipsis when displaying + possible completions. + + 'completion-query-items' + The number of possible completions that determines when the + user is asked whether the list of possibilities should be + displayed. If the number of possible completions is greater + than or equal to this value, Readline will ask whether or not + the user wishes to view them; otherwise, they are simply + listed. This variable must be set to an integer value greater + than or equal to zero. A zero value means Readline should + never ask; negative values are treated as zero. The default + limit is '100'. + + 'convert-meta' + If set to 'on', Readline will convert characters with the + eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the + eighth bit and prefixing an character, converting them + to a meta-prefixed key sequence. The default value is 'on', + but will be set to 'off' if the locale is one that contains + eight-bit characters. This variable is dependent on the + 'LC_CTYPE' locale category, and may change if the locale is + changed. + + 'disable-completion' + If set to 'On', Readline will inhibit word completion. + Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if + they had been mapped to 'self-insert'. The default is 'off'. + + 'echo-control-characters' + When set to 'on', on operating systems that indicate they + support it, Readline echoes a character corresponding to a + signal generated from the keyboard. The default is 'on'. + + 'editing-mode' + The 'editing-mode' variable controls which default set of key + bindings is used. By default, Readline starts up in Emacs + editing mode, where the keystrokes are most similar to Emacs. + This variable can be set to either 'emacs' or 'vi'. + + 'emacs-mode-string' + If the SHOW-MODE-IN-PROMPT variable is enabled, this string is + displayed immediately before the last line of the primary + prompt when emacs editing mode is active. The value is + expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and + control prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. + Use the '\1' and '\2' escapes to begin and end sequences of + non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal + control sequence into the mode string. The default is '@'. + + 'enable-active-region' + The "point" is the current cursor position, and "mark" refers + to a saved cursor position (*note Commands For Moving::). The + text between the point and mark is referred to as the + "region". When this variable is set to 'On', Readline allows + certain commands to designate the region as "active". When + the region is active, Readline highlights the text in the + region using the value of the 'active-region-start-color', + which defaults to the string that enables the terminal's + standout mode. The active region shows the text inserted by + bracketed-paste and any matching text found by incremental and + non-incremental history searches. The default is 'On'. + + 'enable-bracketed-paste' + When set to 'On', Readline configures the terminal to insert + each paste into the editing buffer as a single string of + characters, instead of treating each character as if it had + been read from the keyboard. This is called putting the + terminal into "bracketed paste mode"; it prevents Readline + from executing any editing commands bound to key sequences + appearing in the pasted text. The default is 'On'. + + 'enable-keypad' + When set to 'on', Readline will try to enable the application + keypad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable + the arrow keys. The default is 'off'. + + 'enable-meta-key' + When set to 'on', Readline will try to enable any meta + modifier key the terminal claims to support when it is called. + On many terminals, the meta key is used to send eight-bit + characters. The default is 'on'. + + 'expand-tilde' + If set to 'on', tilde expansion is performed when Readline + attempts word completion. The default is 'off'. + + 'history-preserve-point' + If set to 'on', the history code attempts to place the point + (the current cursor position) at the same location on each + history line retrieved with 'previous-history' or + 'next-history'. The default is 'off'. + + 'history-size' + Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history + list. If set to zero, any existing history entries are + deleted and no new entries are saved. If set to a value less + than zero, the number of history entries is not limited. By + default, the number of history entries is not limited. If an + attempt is made to set HISTORY-SIZE to a non-numeric value, + the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500. + + 'horizontal-scroll-mode' + This variable can be set to either 'on' or 'off'. Setting it + to 'on' means that the text of the lines being edited will + scroll horizontally on a single screen line when they are + longer than the width of the screen, instead of wrapping onto + a new screen line. This variable is automatically set to 'on' + for terminals of height 1. By default, this variable is set + to 'off'. + + 'input-meta' + If set to 'on', Readline will enable eight-bit input (it will + not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads), + regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The + default value is 'off', but Readline will set it to 'on' if + the locale contains eight-bit characters. The name + 'meta-flag' is a synonym for this variable. This variable is + dependent on the 'LC_CTYPE' locale category, and may change if + the locale is changed. + + 'isearch-terminators' + The string of characters that should terminate an incremental + search without subsequently executing the character as a + command (*note Searching::). If this variable has not been + given a value, the characters and 'C-J' will terminate + an incremental search. + + 'keymap' + Sets Readline's idea of the current keymap for key binding + commands. Built-in 'keymap' names are 'emacs', + 'emacs-standard', 'emacs-meta', 'emacs-ctlx', 'vi', 'vi-move', + 'vi-command', and 'vi-insert'. 'vi' is equivalent to + 'vi-command' ('vi-move' is also a synonym); 'emacs' is + equivalent to 'emacs-standard'. Applications may add + additional names. The default value is 'emacs'. The value of + the 'editing-mode' variable also affects the default keymap. + + 'keyseq-timeout' + Specifies the duration Readline will wait for a character when + reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a + complete key sequence using the input read so far, or can take + additional input to complete a longer key sequence). If no + input is received within the timeout, Readline will use the + shorter but complete key sequence. Readline uses this value + to determine whether or not input is available on the current + input source ('rl_instream' by default). The value is + specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that + Readline will wait one second for additional input. If this + variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a + non-numeric value, Readline will wait until another key is + pressed to decide which key sequence to complete. The default + value is '500'. + + 'mark-directories' + If set to 'on', completed directory names have a slash + appended. The default is 'on'. + + 'mark-modified-lines' + This variable, when set to 'on', causes Readline to display an + asterisk ('*') at the start of history lines which have been + modified. This variable is 'off' by default. + + 'mark-symlinked-directories' + If set to 'on', completed names which are symbolic links to + directories have a slash appended (subject to the value of + 'mark-directories'). The default is 'off'. + + 'match-hidden-files' + This variable, when set to 'on', causes Readline to match + files whose names begin with a '.' (hidden files) when + performing filename completion. If set to 'off', the leading + '.' must be supplied by the user in the filename to be + completed. This variable is 'on' by default. + + 'menu-complete-display-prefix' + If set to 'on', menu completion displays the common prefix of + the list of possible completions (which may be empty) before + cycling through the list. The default is 'off'. + + 'output-meta' + If set to 'on', Readline will display characters with the + eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape + sequence. The default is 'off', but Readline will set it to + 'on' if the locale contains eight-bit characters. This + variable is dependent on the 'LC_CTYPE' locale category, and + may change if the locale is changed. + + 'page-completions' + If set to 'on', Readline uses an internal 'more'-like pager to + display a screenful of possible completions at a time. This + variable is 'on' by default. + + 'print-completions-horizontally' + If set to 'on', Readline will display completions with matches + sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down + the screen. The default is 'off'. + + 'revert-all-at-newline' + If set to 'on', Readline will undo all changes to history + lines before returning when 'accept-line' is executed. By + default, history lines may be modified and retain individual + undo lists across calls to 'readline()'. The default is + 'off'. + + 'show-all-if-ambiguous' + This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. + If set to 'on', words which have more than one possible + completion cause the matches to be listed immediately instead + of ringing the bell. The default value is 'off'. + + 'show-all-if-unmodified' + This alters the default behavior of the completion functions + in a fashion similar to SHOW-ALL-IF-AMBIGUOUS. If set to + 'on', words which have more than one possible completion + without any possible partial completion (the possible + completions don't share a common prefix) cause the matches to + be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell. The + default value is 'off'. + + 'show-mode-in-prompt' + If set to 'on', add a string to the beginning of the prompt + indicating the editing mode: emacs, vi command, or vi + insertion. The mode strings are user-settable (e.g., + EMACS-MODE-STRING). The default value is 'off'. + + 'skip-completed-text' + If set to 'on', this alters the default completion behavior + when inserting a single match into the line. It's only active + when performing completion in the middle of a word. If + enabled, Readline does not insert characters from the + completion that match characters after point in the word being + completed, so portions of the word following the cursor are + not duplicated. For instance, if this is enabled, attempting + completion when the cursor is after the 'e' in 'Makefile' will + result in 'Makefile' rather than 'Makefilefile', assuming + there is a single possible completion. The default value is + 'off'. + + 'vi-cmd-mode-string' + If the SHOW-MODE-IN-PROMPT variable is enabled, this string is + displayed immediately before the last line of the primary + prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command mode. + The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set + of meta- and control prefixes and backslash escape sequences + is available. Use the '\1' and '\2' escapes to begin and end + sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to + embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string. The + default is '(cmd)'. + + 'vi-ins-mode-string' + If the SHOW-MODE-IN-PROMPT variable is enabled, this string is + displayed immediately before the last line of the primary + prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode. + The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set + of meta- and control prefixes and backslash escape sequences + is available. Use the '\1' and '\2' escapes to begin and end + sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to + embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string. The + default is '(ins)'. + + 'visible-stats' + If set to 'on', a character denoting a file's type is appended + to the filename when listing possible completions. The + default is 'off'. + +Key Bindings + The syntax for controlling key bindings in the init file is simple. + First you need to find the name of the command that you want to + change. The following sections contain tables of the command name, + the default keybinding, if any, and a short description of what the + command does. + + Once you know the name of the command, simply place on a line in + the init file the name of the key you wish to bind the command to, + a colon, and then the name of the command. There can be no space + between the key name and the colon - that will be interpreted as + part of the key name. The name of the key can be expressed in + different ways, depending on what you find most comfortable. + + In addition to command names, Readline allows keys to be bound to a + string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a MACRO). + + The 'bind -p' command displays Readline function names and bindings + in a format that can be put directly into an initialization file. + *Note Bash Builtins::. + + KEYNAME: FUNCTION-NAME or MACRO + KEYNAME is the name of a key spelled out in English. For + example: + Control-u: universal-argument + Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word + Control-o: "> output" + + In the example above, 'C-u' is bound to the function + 'universal-argument', 'M-DEL' is bound to the function + 'backward-kill-word', and 'C-o' is bound to run the macro + expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text + '> output' into the line). + + A number of symbolic character names are recognized while + processing this key binding syntax: DEL, ESC, ESCAPE, LFD, + NEWLINE, RET, RETURN, RUBOUT, SPACE, SPC, and TAB. + + "KEYSEQ": FUNCTION-NAME or MACRO + KEYSEQ differs from KEYNAME above in that strings denoting an + entire key sequence can be specified, by placing the key + sequence in double quotes. Some GNU Emacs style key escapes + can be used, as in the following example, but the special + character names are not recognized. + + "\C-u": universal-argument + "\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file + "\e[11~": "Function Key 1" + + In the above example, 'C-u' is again bound to the function + 'universal-argument' (just as it was in the first example), + ''C-x' 'C-r'' is bound to the function 're-read-init-file', + and ' <[> <1> <1> <~>' is bound to insert the text + 'Function Key 1'. + + The following GNU Emacs style escape sequences are available when + specifying key sequences: + + '\C-' + control prefix + '\M-' + meta prefix + '\e' + an escape character + '\\' + backslash + '\"' + <">, a double quotation mark + '\'' + <'>, a single quote or apostrophe + + In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set + of backslash escapes is available: + + '\a' + alert (bell) + '\b' + backspace + '\d' + delete + '\f' + form feed + '\n' + newline + '\r' + carriage return + '\t' + horizontal tab + '\v' + vertical tab + '\NNN' + the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN + (one to three digits) + '\xHH' + the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value + HH (one or two hex digits) + + When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be + used to indicate a macro definition. Unquoted text is assumed to + be a function name. In the macro body, the backslash escapes + described above are expanded. Backslash will quote any other + character in the macro text, including '"' and '''. For example, + the following binding will make ''C-x' \' insert a single '\' into + the line: + "\C-x\\": "\\" + + +File: bash.info, Node: Conditional Init Constructs, Next: Sample Init File, Prev: Readline Init File Syntax, Up: Readline Init File + +8.3.2 Conditional Init Constructs +--------------------------------- + +Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional +compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings and +variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There are +four parser directives used. + +'$if' + The '$if' construct allows bindings to be made based on the editing + mode, the terminal being used, or the application using Readline. + The text of the test, after any comparison operator, extends to the + end of the line; unless otherwise noted, no characters are required + to isolate it. + + 'mode' + The 'mode=' form of the '$if' directive is used to test + whether Readline is in 'emacs' or 'vi' mode. This may be used + in conjunction with the 'set keymap' command, for instance, to + set bindings in the 'emacs-standard' and 'emacs-ctlx' keymaps + only if Readline is starting out in 'emacs' mode. + + 'term' + The 'term=' form may be used to include terminal-specific key + bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the + terminal's function keys. The word on the right side of the + '=' is tested against both the full name of the terminal and + the portion of the terminal name before the first '-'. This + allows 'sun' to match both 'sun' and 'sun-cmd', for instance. + + 'version' + The 'version' test may be used to perform comparisons against + specific Readline versions. The 'version' expands to the + current Readline version. The set of comparison operators + includes '=' (and '=='), '!=', '<=', '>=', '<', and '>'. The + version number supplied on the right side of the operator + consists of a major version number, an optional decimal point, + and an optional minor version (e.g., '7.1'). If the minor + version is omitted, it is assumed to be '0'. The operator may + be separated from the string 'version' and from the version + number argument by whitespace. The following example sets a + variable if the Readline version being used is 7.0 or newer: + $if version >= 7.0 + set show-mode-in-prompt on + $endif + + 'application' + The APPLICATION construct is used to include + application-specific settings. Each program using the + Readline library sets the APPLICATION NAME, and you can test + for a particular value. This could be used to bind key + sequences to functions useful for a specific program. For + instance, the following command adds a key sequence that + quotes the current or previous word in Bash: + $if Bash + # Quote the current or previous word + "\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\"" + $endif + + 'variable' + The VARIABLE construct provides simple equality tests for + Readline variables and values. The permitted comparison + operators are '=', '==', and '!='. The variable name must be + separated from the comparison operator by whitespace; the + operator may be separated from the value on the right hand + side by whitespace. Both string and boolean variables may be + tested. Boolean variables must be tested against the values + ON and OFF. The following example is equivalent to the + 'mode=emacs' test described above: + $if editing-mode == emacs + set show-mode-in-prompt on + $endif + +'$endif' + This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an '$if' + command. + +'$else' + Commands in this branch of the '$if' directive are executed if the + test fails. + +'$include' + This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads + commands and bindings from that file. For example, the following + directive reads from '/etc/inputrc': + $include /etc/inputrc + + +File: bash.info, Node: Sample Init File, Prev: Conditional Init Constructs, Up: Readline Init File + +8.3.3 Sample Init File +---------------------- + +Here is an example of an INPUTRC file. This illustrates key binding, +variable assignment, and conditional syntax. + + # This file controls the behaviour of line input editing for + # programs that use the GNU Readline library. Existing + # programs include FTP, Bash, and GDB. + # + # You can re-read the inputrc file with C-x C-r. + # Lines beginning with '#' are comments. + # + # First, include any system-wide bindings and variable + # assignments from /etc/Inputrc + $include /etc/Inputrc + + # + # Set various bindings for emacs mode. + + set editing-mode emacs + + $if mode=emacs + + Meta-Control-h: backward-kill-word Text after the function name is ignored + + # + # Arrow keys in keypad mode + # + #"\M-OD": backward-char + #"\M-OC": forward-char + #"\M-OA": previous-history + #"\M-OB": next-history + # + # Arrow keys in ANSI mode + # + "\M-[D": backward-char + "\M-[C": forward-char + "\M-[A": previous-history + "\M-[B": next-history + # + # Arrow keys in 8 bit keypad mode + # + #"\M-\C-OD": backward-char + #"\M-\C-OC": forward-char + #"\M-\C-OA": previous-history + #"\M-\C-OB": next-history + # + # Arrow keys in 8 bit ANSI mode + # + #"\M-\C-[D": backward-char + #"\M-\C-[C": forward-char + #"\M-\C-[A": previous-history + #"\M-\C-[B": next-history + + C-q: quoted-insert + + $endif + + # An old-style binding. This happens to be the default. + TAB: complete + + # Macros that are convenient for shell interaction + $if Bash + # edit the path + "\C-xp": "PATH=${PATH}\e\C-e\C-a\ef\C-f" + # prepare to type a quoted word -- + # insert open and close double quotes + # and move to just after the open quote + "\C-x\"": "\"\"\C-b" + # insert a backslash (testing backslash escapes + # in sequences and macros) + "\C-x\\": "\\" + # Quote the current or previous word + "\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\"" + # Add a binding to refresh the line, which is unbound + "\C-xr": redraw-current-line + # Edit variable on current line. + "\M-\C-v": "\C-a\C-k$\C-y\M-\C-e\C-a\C-y=" + $endif + + # use a visible bell if one is available + set bell-style visible + + # don't strip characters to 7 bits when reading + set input-meta on + + # allow iso-latin1 characters to be inserted rather + # than converted to prefix-meta sequences + set convert-meta off + + # display characters with the eighth bit set directly + # rather than as meta-prefixed characters + set output-meta on + + # if there are 150 or more possible completions for a word, + # ask whether or not the user wants to see all of them + set completion-query-items 150 + + # For FTP + $if Ftp + "\C-xg": "get \M-?" + "\C-xt": "put \M-?" + "\M-.": yank-last-arg + $endif + + +File: bash.info, Node: Bindable Readline Commands, Next: Readline vi Mode, Prev: Readline Init File, Up: Command Line Editing + +8.4 Bindable Readline Commands +============================== + +* Menu: + +* Commands For Moving:: Moving about the line. +* Commands For History:: Getting at previous lines. +* Commands For Text:: Commands for changing text. +* Commands For Killing:: Commands for killing and yanking. +* Numeric Arguments:: Specifying numeric arguments, repeat counts. +* Commands For Completion:: Getting Readline to do the typing for you. +* Keyboard Macros:: Saving and re-executing typed characters +* Miscellaneous Commands:: Other miscellaneous commands. + +This section describes Readline commands that may be bound to key +sequences. You can list your key bindings by executing 'bind -P' or, +for a more terse format, suitable for an INPUTRC file, 'bind -p'. +(*Note Bash Builtins::.) Command names without an accompanying key +sequence are unbound by default. + + In the following descriptions, "point" refers to the current cursor +position, and "mark" refers to a cursor position saved by the 'set-mark' +command. The text between the point and mark is referred to as the +"region". + + +File: bash.info, Node: Commands For Moving, Next: Commands For History, Up: Bindable Readline Commands + +8.4.1 Commands For Moving +------------------------- + +'beginning-of-line (C-a)' + Move to the start of the current line. + +'end-of-line (C-e)' + Move to the end of the line. + +'forward-char (C-f)' + Move forward a character. + +'backward-char (C-b)' + Move back a character. + +'forward-word (M-f)' + Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of + letters and digits. + +'backward-word (M-b)' + Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are + composed of letters and digits. + +'shell-forward-word (M-C-f)' + Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are delimited by + non-quoted shell metacharacters. + +'shell-backward-word (M-C-b)' + Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are + delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. + +'previous-screen-line ()' + Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the + previous physical screen line. This will not have the desired + effect if the current Readline line does not take up more than one + physical line or if point is not greater than the length of the + prompt plus the screen width. + +'next-screen-line ()' + Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the + next physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect + if the current Readline line does not take up more than one + physical line or if the length of the current Readline line is not + greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width. + +'clear-display (M-C-l)' + Clear the screen and, if possible, the terminal's scrollback + buffer, then redraw the current line, leaving the current line at + the top of the screen. + +'clear-screen (C-l)' + Clear the screen, then redraw the current line, leaving the current + line at the top of the screen. + +'redraw-current-line ()' + Refresh the current line. By default, this is unbound. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Commands For History, Next: Commands For Text, Prev: Commands For Moving, Up: Bindable Readline Commands + +8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History +------------------------------------------- + +'accept-line (Newline or Return)' + Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line is + non-empty, add it to the history list according to the setting of + the 'HISTCONTROL' and 'HISTIGNORE' variables. If this line is a + modified history line, then restore the history line to its + original state. + +'previous-history (C-p)' + Move 'back' through the history list, fetching the previous + command. + +'next-history (C-n)' + Move 'forward' through the history list, fetching the next command. + +'beginning-of-history (M-<)' + Move to the first line in the history. + +'end-of-history (M->)' + Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently + being entered. + +'reverse-search-history (C-r)' + Search backward starting at the current line and moving 'up' + through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. + This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the + mark. + +'forward-search-history (C-s)' + Search forward starting at the current line and moving 'down' + through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. + This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the + mark. + +'non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)' + Search backward starting at the current line and moving 'up' + through the history as necessary using a non-incremental search for + a string supplied by the user. The search string may match + anywhere in a history line. + +'non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)' + Search forward starting at the current line and moving 'down' + through the history as necessary using a non-incremental search for + a string supplied by the user. The search string may match + anywhere in a history line. + +'history-search-forward ()' + Search forward through the history for the string of characters + between the start of the current line and the point. The search + string must match at the beginning of a history line. This is a + non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound. + +'history-search-backward ()' + Search backward through the history for the string of characters + between the start of the current line and the point. The search + string must match at the beginning of a history line. This is a + non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound. + +'history-substring-search-forward ()' + Search forward through the history for the string of characters + between the start of the current line and the point. The search + string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a + non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound. + +'history-substring-search-backward ()' + Search backward through the history for the string of characters + between the start of the current line and the point. The search + string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a + non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound. + +'yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)' + Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the + second word on the previous line) at point. With an argument N, + insert the Nth word from the previous command (the words in the + previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument inserts + the Nth word from the end of the previous command. Once the + argument N is computed, the argument is extracted as if the '!N' + history expansion had been specified. + +'yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)' + Insert last argument to the previous command (the last word of the + previous history entry). With a numeric argument, behave exactly + like 'yank-nth-arg'. Successive calls to 'yank-last-arg' move back + through the history list, inserting the last word (or the word + specified by the argument to the first call) of each line in turn. + Any numeric argument supplied to these successive calls determines + the direction to move through the history. A negative argument + switches the direction through the history (back or forward). The + history expansion facilities are used to extract the last argument, + as if the '!$' history expansion had been specified. + +'operate-and-get-next (C-o)' + Accept the current line for return to the calling application as if + a newline had been entered, and fetch the next line relative to the + current line from the history for editing. A numeric argument, if + supplied, specifies the history entry to use instead of the current + line. + +'fetch-history ()' + With a numeric argument, fetch that entry from the history list and + make it the current line. Without an argument, move back to the + first entry in the history list. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Commands For Text, Next: Commands For Killing, Prev: Commands For History, Up: Bindable Readline Commands + +8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text +-------------------------------- + +'end-of-file (usually C-d)' + The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by + 'stty'. If this character is read when there are no characters on + the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, Readline + interprets it as the end of input and returns EOF. + +'delete-char (C-d)' + Delete the character at point. If this function is bound to the + same character as the tty EOF character, as 'C-d' commonly is, see + above for the effects. + +'backward-delete-char (Rubout)' + Delete the character behind the cursor. A numeric argument means + to kill the characters instead of deleting them. + +'forward-backward-delete-char ()' + Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the + end of the line, in which case the character behind the cursor is + deleted. By default, this is not bound to a key. + +'quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)' + Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is how to + insert key sequences like 'C-q', for example. + +'self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...)' + Insert yourself. + +'bracketed-paste-begin ()' + This function is intended to be bound to the "bracketed paste" + escape sequence sent by some terminals, and such a binding is + assigned by default. It allows Readline to insert the pasted text + as a single unit without treating each character as if it had been + read from the keyboard. The characters are inserted as if each one + was bound to 'self-insert' instead of executing any editing + commands. + + Bracketed paste sets the region (the characters between point and + the mark) to the inserted text. It uses the concept of an _active + mark_: when the mark is active, Readline redisplay uses the + terminal's standout mode to denote the region. + +'transpose-chars (C-t)' + Drag the character before the cursor forward over the character at + the cursor, moving the cursor forward as well. If the insertion + point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the last two + characters of the line. Negative arguments have no effect. + +'transpose-words (M-t)' + Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving point + past that word as well. If the insertion point is at the end of + the line, this transposes the last two words on the line. + +'upcase-word (M-u)' + Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative + argument, uppercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor. + +'downcase-word (M-l)' + Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative + argument, lowercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor. + +'capitalize-word (M-c)' + Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative + argument, capitalize the previous word, but do not move the cursor. + +'overwrite-mode ()' + Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argument, + switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive numeric + argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects only + 'emacs' mode; 'vi' mode does overwrite differently. Each call to + 'readline()' starts in insert mode. + + In overwrite mode, characters bound to 'self-insert' replace the + text at point rather than pushing the text to the right. + Characters bound to 'backward-delete-char' replace the character + before point with a space. + + By default, this command is unbound. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Commands For Killing, Next: Numeric Arguments, Prev: Commands For Text, Up: Bindable Readline Commands + +8.4.4 Killing And Yanking +------------------------- + +'kill-line (C-k)' + Kill the text from point to the end of the line. With a negative + numeric argument, kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of + the current line. + +'backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)' + Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line. + With a negative numeric argument, kill forward from the cursor to + the end of the current line. + +'unix-line-discard (C-u)' + Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line. + +'kill-whole-line ()' + Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is. + By default, this is unbound. + +'kill-word (M-d)' + Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between + words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same + as 'forward-word'. + +'backward-kill-word (M-)' + Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as + 'backward-word'. + +'shell-kill-word (M-C-d)' + Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between + words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same + as 'shell-forward-word'. + +'shell-backward-kill-word ()' + Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as + 'shell-backward-word'. + +'shell-transpose-words (M-C-t)' + Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving point + past that word as well. If the insertion point is at the end of + the line, this transposes the last two words on the line. Word + boundaries are the same as 'shell-forward-word' and + 'shell-backward-word'. + +'unix-word-rubout (C-w)' + Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary. + The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. + +'unix-filename-rubout ()' + Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash + character as the word boundaries. The killed text is saved on the + kill-ring. + +'delete-horizontal-space ()' + Delete all spaces and tabs around point. By default, this is + unbound. + +'kill-region ()' + Kill the text in the current region. By default, this command is + unbound. + +'copy-region-as-kill ()' + Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer, so it can be yanked + right away. By default, this command is unbound. + +'copy-backward-word ()' + Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word boundaries + are the same as 'backward-word'. By default, this command is + unbound. + +'copy-forward-word ()' + Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. The word + boundaries are the same as 'forward-word'. By default, this + command is unbound. + +'yank (C-y)' + Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point. + +'yank-pop (M-y)' + Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this + if the prior command is 'yank' or 'yank-pop'. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Numeric Arguments, Next: Commands For Completion, Prev: Commands For Killing, Up: Bindable Readline Commands + +8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments +---------------------------------- + +'digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--)' + Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new + argument. 'M--' starts a negative argument. + +'universal-argument ()' + This is another way to specify an argument. If this command is + followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus + sign, those digits define the argument. If the command is followed + by digits, executing 'universal-argument' again ends the numeric + argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case, if this + command is immediately followed by a character that is neither a + digit nor minus sign, the argument count for the next command is + multiplied by four. The argument count is initially one, so + executing this function the first time makes the argument count + four, a second time makes the argument count sixteen, and so on. + By default, this is not bound to a key. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Commands For Completion, Next: Keyboard Macros, Prev: Numeric Arguments, Up: Bindable Readline Commands + +8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You +----------------------------------- + +'complete ()' + Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. The actual + completion performed is application-specific. Bash attempts + completion treating the text as a variable (if the text begins with + '$'), username (if the text begins with '~'), hostname (if the text + begins with '@'), or command (including aliases and functions) in + turn. If none of these produces a match, filename completion is + attempted. + +'possible-completions (M-?)' + List the possible completions of the text before point. When + displaying completions, Readline sets the number of columns used + for display to the value of 'completion-display-width', the value + of the environment variable 'COLUMNS', or the screen width, in that + order. + +'insert-completions (M-*)' + Insert all completions of the text before point that would have + been generated by 'possible-completions'. + +'menu-complete ()' + Similar to 'complete', but replaces the word to be completed with a + single match from the list of possible completions. Repeated + execution of 'menu-complete' steps through the list of possible + completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the list + of completions, the bell is rung (subject to the setting of + 'bell-style') and the original text is restored. An argument of N + moves N positions forward in the list of matches; a negative + argument may be used to move backward through the list. This + command is intended to be bound to , but is unbound by + default. + +'menu-complete-backward ()' + Identical to 'menu-complete', but moves backward through the list + of possible completions, as if 'menu-complete' had been given a + negative argument. + +'delete-char-or-list ()' + Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or + end of the line (like 'delete-char'). If at the end of the line, + behaves identically to 'possible-completions'. This command is + unbound by default. + +'complete-filename (M-/)' + Attempt filename completion on the text before point. + +'possible-filename-completions (C-x /)' + List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it + as a filename. + +'complete-username (M-~)' + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + username. + +'possible-username-completions (C-x ~)' + List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it + as a username. + +'complete-variable (M-$)' + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a shell + variable. + +'possible-variable-completions (C-x $)' + List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it + as a shell variable. + +'complete-hostname (M-@)' + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + hostname. + +'possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)' + List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it + as a hostname. + +'complete-command (M-!)' + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + command name. Command completion attempts to match the text + against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell builtins, + and finally executable filenames, in that order. + +'possible-command-completions (C-x !)' + List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it + as a command name. + +'dynamic-complete-history (M-)' + Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text + against lines from the history list for possible completion + matches. + +'dabbrev-expand ()' + Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing the + text against lines from the history list for possible completion + matches. + +'complete-into-braces (M-{)' + Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible + completions enclosed within braces so the list is available to the + shell (*note Brace Expansion::). + + +File: bash.info, Node: Keyboard Macros, Next: Miscellaneous Commands, Prev: Commands For Completion, Up: Bindable Readline Commands + +8.4.7 Keyboard Macros +--------------------- + +'start-kbd-macro (C-x ()' + Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro. + +'end-kbd-macro (C-x ))' + Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro + and save the definition. + +'call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)' + Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the + characters in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard. + +'print-last-kbd-macro ()' + Print the last keyboard macro defined in a format suitable for the + INPUTRC file. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Miscellaneous Commands, Prev: Keyboard Macros, Up: Bindable Readline Commands + +8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands +--------------------------------- + +'re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)' + Read in the contents of the INPUTRC file, and incorporate any + bindings or variable assignments found there. + +'abort (C-g)' + Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell + (subject to the setting of 'bell-style'). + +'do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-X, ...)' + If the metafied character X is upper case, run the command that is + bound to the corresponding metafied lower case character. The + behavior is undefined if X is already lower case. + +'prefix-meta ()' + Metafy the next character typed. This is for keyboards without a + meta key. Typing ' f' is equivalent to typing 'M-f'. + +'undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)' + Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line. + +'revert-line (M-r)' + Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the + 'undo' command enough times to get back to the beginning. + +'tilde-expand (M-&)' + Perform tilde expansion on the current word. + +'set-mark (C-@)' + Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied, the + mark is set to that position. + +'exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)' + Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is set + to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the + mark. + +'character-search (C-])' + A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of + that character. A negative argument searches for previous + occurrences. + +'character-search-backward (M-C-])' + A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence + of that character. A negative argument searches for subsequent + occurrences. + +'skip-csi-sequence ()' + Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as + those defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin + with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. If this + sequence is bound to "\e[", keys producing such sequences will have + no effect unless explicitly bound to a Readline command, instead of + inserting stray characters into the editing buffer. This is + unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[. + +'insert-comment (M-#)' + Without a numeric argument, the value of the 'comment-begin' + variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line. If a + numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if the + characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value of + 'comment-begin', the value is inserted, otherwise the characters in + 'comment-begin' are deleted from the beginning of the line. In + either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed. + The default value of 'comment-begin' causes this command to make + the current line a shell comment. If a numeric argument causes the + comment character to be removed, the line will be executed by the + shell. + +'dump-functions ()' + Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the Readline + output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is + formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an INPUTRC + file. This command is unbound by default. + +'dump-variables ()' + Print all of the settable variables and their values to the + Readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the + output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an + INPUTRC file. This command is unbound by default. + +'dump-macros ()' + Print all of the Readline key sequences bound to macros and the + strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output + is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an INPUTRC + file. This command is unbound by default. + +'spell-correct-word (C-x s)' + Perform spelling correction on the current word, treating it as a + directory or filename, in the same way as the 'cdspell' shell + option. Word boundaries are the same as those used by + 'shell-forward-word'. + +'glob-complete-word (M-g)' + The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname + expansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern is + used to generate a list of matching file names for possible + completions. + +'glob-expand-word (C-x *)' + The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname + expansion, and the list of matching file names is inserted, + replacing the word. If a numeric argument is supplied, a '*' is + appended before pathname expansion. + +'glob-list-expansions (C-x g)' + The list of expansions that would have been generated by + 'glob-expand-word' is displayed, and the line is redrawn. If a + numeric argument is supplied, a '*' is appended before pathname + expansion. + +'display-shell-version (C-x C-v)' + Display version information about the current instance of Bash. + +'shell-expand-line (M-C-e)' + Expand the line as the shell does. This performs alias and history + expansion as well as all of the shell word expansions (*note Shell + Expansions::). + +'history-expand-line (M-^)' + Perform history expansion on the current line. + +'magic-space ()' + Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a space + (*note History Interaction::). + +'alias-expand-line ()' + Perform alias expansion on the current line (*note Aliases::). + +'history-and-alias-expand-line ()' + Perform history and alias expansion on the current line. + +'insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)' + A synonym for 'yank-last-arg'. + +'edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)' + Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the + result as shell commands. Bash attempts to invoke '$VISUAL', + '$EDITOR', and 'emacs' as the editor, in that order. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Readline vi Mode, Next: Programmable Completion, Prev: Bindable Readline Commands, Up: Command Line Editing + +8.5 Readline vi Mode +==================== + +While the Readline library does not have a full set of 'vi' editing +functions, it does contain enough to allow simple editing of the line. +The Readline 'vi' mode behaves as specified in the POSIX standard. + + In order to switch interactively between 'emacs' and 'vi' editing +modes, use the 'set -o emacs' and 'set -o vi' commands (*note The Set +Builtin::). The Readline default is 'emacs' mode. + + When you enter a line in 'vi' mode, you are already placed in +'insertion' mode, as if you had typed an 'i'. Pressing switches +you into 'command' mode, where you can edit the text of the line with +the standard 'vi' movement keys, move to previous history lines with 'k' +and subsequent lines with 'j', and so forth. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Programmable Completion, Next: Programmable Completion Builtins, Prev: Readline vi Mode, Up: Command Line Editing + +8.6 Programmable Completion +=========================== + +When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for which +a completion specification (a COMPSPEC) has been defined using the +'complete' builtin (*note Programmable Completion Builtins::), the +programmable completion facilities are invoked. + + First, the command name is identified. If a compspec has been +defined for that command, the compspec is used to generate the list of +possible completions for the word. If the command word is the empty +string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line), any +compspec defined with the '-E' option to 'complete' is used. If the +command word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is +searched for first. If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an +attempt is made to find a compspec for the portion following the final +slash. If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec +defined with the '-D' option to 'complete' is used as the default. If +there is no default compspec, Bash attempts alias expansion on the +command word as a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec for the +command word from any successful expansion + + Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of +matching words. If a compspec is not found, the default Bash completion +described above (*note Commands For Completion::) is performed. + + First, the actions specified by the compspec are used. Only matches +which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned. When the +'-f' or '-d' option is used for filename or directory name completion, +the shell variable 'FIGNORE' is used to filter the matches. *Note Bash +Variables::, for a description of 'FIGNORE'. + + Any completions specified by a filename expansion pattern to the '-G' +option are generated next. The words generated by the pattern need not +match the word being completed. The 'GLOBIGNORE' shell variable is not +used to filter the matches, but the 'FIGNORE' shell variable is used. + + Next, the string specified as the argument to the '-W' option is +considered. The string is first split using the characters in the 'IFS' +special variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored within the +string, in order to provide a mechanism for the words to contain shell +metacharacters or characters in the value of 'IFS'. Each word is then +expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable +expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as described +above (*note Shell Expansions::). The results are split using the rules +described above (*note Word Splitting::). The results of the expansion +are prefix-matched against the word being completed, and the matching +words become the possible completions. + + After these matches have been generated, any shell function or +command specified with the '-F' and '-C' options is invoked. When the +command or function is invoked, the 'COMP_LINE', 'COMP_POINT', +'COMP_KEY', and 'COMP_TYPE' variables are assigned values as described +above (*note Bash Variables::). If a shell function is being invoked, +the 'COMP_WORDS' and 'COMP_CWORD' variables are also set. When the +function or command is invoked, the first argument ($1) is the name of +the command whose arguments are being completed, the second argument +($2) is the word being completed, and the third argument ($3) is the +word preceding the word being completed on the current command line. No +filtering of the generated completions against the word being completed +is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in generating +the matches. + + Any function specified with '-F' is invoked first. The function may +use any of the shell facilities, including the 'compgen' and 'compopt' +builtins described below (*note Programmable Completion Builtins::), to +generate the matches. It must put the possible completions in the +'COMPREPLY' array variable, one per array element. + + Next, any command specified with the '-C' option is invoked in an +environment equivalent to command substitution. It should print a list +of completions, one per line, to the standard output. Backslash may be +used to escape a newline, if necessary. + + After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter +specified with the '-X' option is applied to the list. The filter is a +pattern as used for pathname expansion; a '&' in the pattern is replaced +with the text of the word being completed. A literal '&' may be escaped +with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match. +Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list. +A leading '!' negates the pattern; in this case any completion not +matching the pattern will be removed. If the 'nocasematch' shell option +(see the description of 'shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is +enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic +characters. + + Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the '-P' and '-S' +options are added to each member of the completion list, and the result +is returned to the Readline completion code as the list of possible +completions. + + If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and +the '-o dirnames' option was supplied to 'complete' when the compspec +was defined, directory name completion is attempted. + + If the '-o plusdirs' option was supplied to 'complete' when the +compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any +matches are added to the results of the other actions. + + By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned +to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. The +default Bash completions are not attempted, and the Readline default of +filename completion is disabled. If the '-o bashdefault' option was +supplied to 'complete' when the compspec was defined, the default Bash +completions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches. If the +'-o default' option was supplied to 'complete' when the compspec was +defined, Readline's default completion will be performed if the compspec +(and, if attempted, the default Bash completions) generate no matches. + + When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired, +the programmable completion functions force Readline to append a slash +to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to +the value of the MARK-DIRECTORIES Readline variable, regardless of the +setting of the MARK-SYMLINKED-DIRECTORIES Readline variable. + + There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is +most useful when used in combination with a default completion specified +with '-D'. It's possible for shell functions executed as completion +handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an +exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and changes the +compspec associated with the command on which completion is being +attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is +executed), programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an +attempt to find a new compspec for that command. This allows a set of +completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather +than being loaded all at once. + + For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each +kept in a file corresponding to the name of the command, the following +default completion function would load completions dynamically: + + _completion_loader() + { + . "/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124 + } + complete -D -F _completion_loader -o bashdefault -o default + + +File: bash.info, Node: Programmable Completion Builtins, Next: A Programmable Completion Example, Prev: Programmable Completion, Up: Command Line Editing + +8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins +==================================== + +Three builtin commands are available to manipulate the programmable +completion facilities: one to specify how the arguments to a particular +command are to be completed, and two to modify the completion as it is +happening. + +'compgen' + compgen [OPTION] [WORD] + + Generate possible completion matches for WORD according to the + OPTIONs, which may be any option accepted by the 'complete' builtin + with the exception of '-p' and '-r', and write the matches to the + standard output. When using the '-F' or '-C' options, the various + shell variables set by the programmable completion facilities, + while available, will not have useful values. + + The matches will be generated in the same way as if the + programmable completion code had generated them directly from a + completion specification with the same flags. If WORD is + specified, only those completions matching WORD will be displayed. + + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or + no matches were generated. + +'complete' + complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o COMP-OPTION] [-DEI] [-A ACTION] [-G GLOBPAT] + [-W WORDLIST] [-F FUNCTION] [-C COMMAND] [-X FILTERPAT] + [-P PREFIX] [-S SUFFIX] NAME [NAME ...] + complete -pr [-DEI] [NAME ...] + + Specify how arguments to each NAME should be completed. If the + '-p' option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing + completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them to + be reused as input. The '-r' option removes a completion + specification for each NAME, or, if no NAMEs are supplied, all + completion specifications. The '-D' option indicates that other + supplied options and actions should apply to the "default" command + completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for which no + completion has previously been defined. The '-E' option indicates + that other supplied options and actions should apply to "empty" + command completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line. + The '-I' option indicates that other supplied options and actions + should apply to completion on the initial non-assignment word on + the line, or after a command delimiter such as ';' or '|', which is + usually command name completion. If multiple options are supplied, + the '-D' option takes precedence over '-E', and both take + precedence over '-I'. If any of '-D', '-E', or '-I' are supplied, + any other NAME arguments are ignored; these completions only apply + to the case specified by the option. + + The process of applying these completion specifications when word + completion is attempted is described above (*note Programmable + Completion::). + + Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The + arguments to the '-G', '-W', and '-X' options (and, if necessary, + the '-P' and '-S' options) should be quoted to protect them from + expansion before the 'complete' builtin is invoked. + + '-o COMP-OPTION' + The COMP-OPTION controls several aspects of the compspec's + behavior beyond the simple generation of completions. + COMP-OPTION may be one of: + + 'bashdefault' + Perform the rest of the default Bash completions if the + compspec generates no matches. + + 'default' + Use Readline's default filename completion if the + compspec generates no matches. + + 'dirnames' + Perform directory name completion if the compspec + generates no matches. + + 'filenames' + Tell Readline that the compspec generates filenames, so + it can perform any filename-specific processing (like + adding a slash to directory names, quoting special + characters, or suppressing trailing spaces). This option + is intended to be used with shell functions specified + with '-F'. + + 'noquote' + Tell Readline not to quote the completed words if they + are filenames (quoting filenames is the default). + + 'nosort' + Tell Readline not to sort the list of possible + completions alphabetically. + + 'nospace' + Tell Readline not to append a space (the default) to + words completed at the end of the line. + + 'plusdirs' + After any matches defined by the compspec are generated, + directory name completion is attempted and any matches + are added to the results of the other actions. + + '-A ACTION' + The ACTION may be one of the following to generate a list of + possible completions: + + 'alias' + Alias names. May also be specified as '-a'. + + 'arrayvar' + Array variable names. + + 'binding' + Readline key binding names (*note Bindable Readline + Commands::). + + 'builtin' + Names of shell builtin commands. May also be specified + as '-b'. + + 'command' + Command names. May also be specified as '-c'. + + 'directory' + Directory names. May also be specified as '-d'. + + 'disabled' + Names of disabled shell builtins. + + 'enabled' + Names of enabled shell builtins. + + 'export' + Names of exported shell variables. May also be specified + as '-e'. + + 'file' + File names. May also be specified as '-f'. + + 'function' + Names of shell functions. + + 'group' + Group names. May also be specified as '-g'. + + 'helptopic' + Help topics as accepted by the 'help' builtin (*note Bash + Builtins::). + + 'hostname' + Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the + 'HOSTFILE' shell variable (*note Bash Variables::). + + 'job' + Job names, if job control is active. May also be + specified as '-j'. + + 'keyword' + Shell reserved words. May also be specified as '-k'. + + 'running' + Names of running jobs, if job control is active. + + 'service' + Service names. May also be specified as '-s'. + + 'setopt' + Valid arguments for the '-o' option to the 'set' builtin + (*note The Set Builtin::). + + 'shopt' + Shell option names as accepted by the 'shopt' builtin + (*note Bash Builtins::). + + 'signal' + Signal names. + + 'stopped' + Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active. + + 'user' + User names. May also be specified as '-u'. + + 'variable' + Names of all shell variables. May also be specified as + '-v'. + + '-C COMMAND' + COMMAND is executed in a subshell environment, and its output + is used as the possible completions. Arguments are passed as + with the '-F' option. + + '-F FUNCTION' + The shell function FUNCTION is executed in the current shell + environment. When it is executed, $1 is the name of the + command whose arguments are being completed, $2 is the word + being completed, and $3 is the word preceding the word being + completed, as described above (*note Programmable + Completion::). When it finishes, the possible completions are + retrieved from the value of the 'COMPREPLY' array variable. + + '-G GLOBPAT' + The filename expansion pattern GLOBPAT is expanded to generate + the possible completions. + + '-P PREFIX' + PREFIX is added at the beginning of each possible completion + after all other options have been applied. + + '-S SUFFIX' + SUFFIX is appended to each possible completion after all other + options have been applied. + + '-W WORDLIST' + The WORDLIST is split using the characters in the 'IFS' + special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word is + expanded. The possible completions are the members of the + resultant list which match the word being completed. + + '-X FILTERPAT' + FILTERPAT is a pattern as used for filename expansion. It is + applied to the list of possible completions generated by the + preceding options and arguments, and each completion matching + FILTERPAT is removed from the list. A leading '!' in + FILTERPAT negates the pattern; in this case, any completion + not matching FILTERPAT is removed. + + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an + option other than '-p' or '-r' is supplied without a NAME argument, + an attempt is made to remove a completion specification for a NAME + for which no specification exists, or an error occurs adding a + completion specification. + +'compopt' + compopt [-o OPTION] [-DEI] [+o OPTION] [NAME] + Modify completion options for each NAME according to the OPTIONs, + or for the currently-executing completion if no NAMEs are supplied. + If no OPTIONs are given, display the completion options for each + NAME or the current completion. The possible values of OPTION are + those valid for the 'complete' builtin described above. The '-D' + option indicates that other supplied options should apply to the + "default" command completion; that is, completion attempted on a + command for which no completion has previously been defined. The + '-E' option indicates that other supplied options should apply to + "empty" command completion; that is, completion attempted on a + blank line. The '-I' option indicates that other supplied options + should apply to completion on the initial non-assignment word on + the line, or after a command delimiter such as ';' or '|', which is + usually command name completion. + + If multiple options are supplied, the '-D' option takes precedence + over '-E', and both take precedence over '-I' + + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an + attempt is made to modify the options for a NAME for which no + completion specification exists, or an output error occurs. + + +File: bash.info, Node: A Programmable Completion Example, Prev: Programmable Completion Builtins, Up: Command Line Editing + +8.8 A Programmable Completion Example +===================================== + +The most common way to obtain additional completion functionality beyond +the default actions 'complete' and 'compgen' provide is to use a shell +function and bind it to a particular command using 'complete -F'. + + The following function provides completions for the 'cd' builtin. It +is a reasonably good example of what shell functions must do when used +for completion. This function uses the word passed as '$2' to determine +the directory name to complete. You can also use the 'COMP_WORDS' array +variable; the current word is indexed by the 'COMP_CWORD' variable. + + The function relies on the 'complete' and 'compgen' builtins to do +much of the work, adding only the things that the Bash 'cd' does beyond +accepting basic directory names: tilde expansion (*note Tilde +Expansion::), searching directories in $CDPATH, which is described above +(*note Bourne Shell Builtins::), and basic support for the 'cdable_vars' +shell option (*note The Shopt Builtin::). '_comp_cd' modifies the value +of IFS so that it contains only a newline to accommodate file names +containing spaces and tabs - 'compgen' prints the possible completions +it generates one per line. + + Possible completions go into the COMPREPLY array variable, one +completion per array element. The programmable completion system +retrieves the completions from there when the function returns. + + # A completion function for the cd builtin + # based on the cd completion function from the bash_completion package + _comp_cd() + { + local IFS=$' \t\n' # normalize IFS + local cur _skipdot _cdpath + local i j k + + # Tilde expansion, which also expands tilde to full pathname + case "$2" in + \~*) eval cur="$2" ;; + *) cur=$2 ;; + esac + + # no cdpath or absolute pathname -- straight directory completion + if [[ -z "${CDPATH:-}" ]] || [[ "$cur" == @(./*|../*|/*) ]]; then + # compgen prints paths one per line; could also use while loop + IFS=$'\n' + COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -d -- "$cur") ) + IFS=$' \t\n' + # CDPATH+directories in the current directory if not in CDPATH + else + IFS=$'\n' + _skipdot=false + # preprocess CDPATH to convert null directory names to . + _cdpath=${CDPATH/#:/.:} + _cdpath=${_cdpath//::/:.:} + _cdpath=${_cdpath/%:/:.} + for i in ${_cdpath//:/$'\n'}; do + if [[ $i -ef . ]]; then _skipdot=true; fi + k="${#COMPREPLY[@]}" + for j in $( compgen -d -- "$i/$cur" ); do + COMPREPLY[k++]=${j#$i/} # cut off directory + done + done + $_skipdot || COMPREPLY+=( $(compgen -d -- "$cur") ) + IFS=$' \t\n' + fi + + # variable names if appropriate shell option set and no completions + if shopt -q cdable_vars && [[ ${#COMPREPLY[@]} -eq 0 ]]; then + COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -v -- "$cur") ) + fi + + return 0 + } + + We install the completion function using the '-F' option to +'complete': + + # Tell readline to quote appropriate and append slashes to directories; + # use the bash default completion for other arguments + complete -o filenames -o nospace -o bashdefault -F _comp_cd cd + +Since we'd like Bash and Readline to take care of some of the other +details for us, we use several other options to tell Bash and Readline +what to do. The '-o filenames' option tells Readline that the possible +completions should be treated as filenames, and quoted appropriately. +That option will also cause Readline to append a slash to filenames it +can determine are directories (which is why we might want to extend +'_comp_cd' to append a slash if we're using directories found via +CDPATH: Readline can't tell those completions are directories). The '-o +nospace' option tells Readline to not append a space character to the +directory name, in case we want to append to it. The '-o bashdefault' +option brings in the rest of the "Bash default" completions - possible +completions that Bash adds to the default Readline set. These include +things like command name completion, variable completion for words +beginning with '$' or '${', completions containing pathname expansion +patterns (*note Filename Expansion::), and so on. + + Once installed using 'complete', '_comp_cd' will be called every time +we attempt word completion for a 'cd' command. + + Many more examples - an extensive collection of completions for most +of the common GNU, Unix, and Linux commands - are available as part of +the bash_completion project. This is installed by default on many +GNU/Linux distributions. Originally written by Ian Macdonald, the +project now lives at . There +are ports for other systems such as Solaris and Mac OS X. + + An older version of the bash_completion package is distributed with +bash in the 'examples/complete' subdirectory. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Using History Interactively, Next: Installing Bash, Prev: Command Line Editing, Up: Top + +9 Using History Interactively +***************************** + +This chapter describes how to use the GNU History Library interactively, +from a user's standpoint. It should be considered a user's guide. For +information on using the GNU History Library in other programs, see the +GNU Readline Library Manual. + +* Menu: + +* Bash History Facilities:: How Bash lets you manipulate your command + history. +* Bash History Builtins:: The Bash builtin commands that manipulate + the command history. +* History Interaction:: What it feels like using History as a user. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Bash History Facilities, Next: Bash History Builtins, Up: Using History Interactively + +9.1 Bash History Facilities +=========================== + +When the '-o history' option to the 'set' builtin is enabled (*note The +Set Builtin::), the shell provides access to the "command history", the +list of commands previously typed. The value of the 'HISTSIZE' shell +variable is used as the number of commands to save in a history list. +The text of the last '$HISTSIZE' commands (default 500) is saved. The +shell stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and +variable expansion but after history expansion is performed, subject to +the values of the shell variables 'HISTIGNORE' and 'HISTCONTROL'. + + When the shell starts up, the history is initialized from the file +named by the 'HISTFILE' variable (default '~/.bash_history'). The file +named by the value of 'HISTFILE' is truncated, if necessary, to contain +no more than the number of lines specified by the value of the +'HISTFILESIZE' variable. When a shell with history enabled exits, the +last '$HISTSIZE' lines are copied from the history list to the file +named by '$HISTFILE'. If the 'histappend' shell option is set (*note +Bash Builtins::), the lines are appended to the history file, otherwise +the history file is overwritten. If 'HISTFILE' is unset, or if the +history file is unwritable, the history is not saved. After saving the +history, the history file is truncated to contain no more than +'$HISTFILESIZE' lines. If 'HISTFILESIZE' is unset, or set to null, a +non-numeric value, or a numeric value less than zero, the history file +is not truncated. + + If the 'HISTTIMEFORMAT' is set, the time stamp information associated +with each history entry is written to the history file, marked with the +history comment character. When the history file is read, lines +beginning with the history comment character followed immediately by a +digit are interpreted as timestamps for the following history entry. + + The builtin command 'fc' may be used to list or edit and re-execute a +portion of the history list. The 'history' builtin may be used to +display or modify the history list and manipulate the history file. +When using command-line editing, search commands are available in each +editing mode that provide access to the history list (*note Commands For +History::). + + The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history +list. The 'HISTCONTROL' and 'HISTIGNORE' variables may be set to cause +the shell to save only a subset of the commands entered. The 'cmdhist' +shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each line +of a multi-line command in the same history entry, adding semicolons +where necessary to preserve syntactic correctness. The 'lithist' shell +option causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines +instead of semicolons. The 'shopt' builtin is used to set these +options. *Note The Shopt Builtin::, for a description of 'shopt'. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Bash History Builtins, Next: History Interaction, Prev: Bash History Facilities, Up: Using History Interactively + +9.2 Bash History Builtins +========================= + +Bash provides two builtin commands which manipulate the history list and +history file. + +'fc' + fc [-e ENAME] [-lnr] [FIRST] [LAST] + fc -s [PAT=REP] [COMMAND] + + The first form selects a range of commands from FIRST to LAST from + the history list and displays or edits and re-executes them. Both + FIRST and LAST may be specified as a string (to locate the most + recent command beginning with that string) or as a number (an index + into the history list, where a negative number is used as an offset + from the current command number). + + When listing, a FIRST or LAST of 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is + equivalent to the current command (usually the 'fc' command); + otherwise 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is invalid. + + If LAST is not specified, it is set to FIRST. If FIRST is not + specified, it is set to the previous command for editing and -16 + for listing. If the '-l' flag is given, the commands are listed on + standard output. The '-n' flag suppresses the command numbers when + listing. The '-r' flag reverses the order of the listing. + Otherwise, the editor given by ENAME is invoked on a file + containing those commands. If ENAME is not given, the value of the + following variable expansion is used: '${FCEDIT:-${EDITOR:-vi}}'. + This says to use the value of the 'FCEDIT' variable if set, or the + value of the 'EDITOR' variable if that is set, or 'vi' if neither + is set. When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed + and executed. + + In the second form, COMMAND is re-executed after each instance of + PAT in the selected command is replaced by REP. COMMAND is + interpreted the same as FIRST above. + + A useful alias to use with the 'fc' command is 'r='fc -s'', so that + typing 'r cc' runs the last command beginning with 'cc' and typing + 'r' re-executes the last command (*note Aliases::). + +'history' + history [N] + history -c + history -d OFFSET + history -d START-END + history [-anrw] [FILENAME] + history -ps ARG + + With no options, display the history list with line numbers. Lines + prefixed with a '*' have been modified. An argument of N lists + only the last N lines. If the shell variable 'HISTTIMEFORMAT' is + set and not null, it is used as a format string for STRFTIME to + display the time stamp associated with each displayed history + entry. No intervening blank is printed between the formatted time + stamp and the history line. + + Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: + + '-c' + Clear the history list. This may be combined with the other + options to replace the history list completely. + + '-d OFFSET' + Delete the history entry at position OFFSET. If OFFSET is + positive, it should be specified as it appears when the + history is displayed. If OFFSET is negative, it is + interpreted as relative to one greater than the last history + position, so negative indices count back from the end of the + history, and an index of '-1' refers to the current 'history + -d' command. + + '-d START-END' + Delete the range of history entries between positions START + and END, inclusive. Positive and negative values for START + and END are interpreted as described above. + + '-a' + Append the new history lines to the history file. These are + history lines entered since the beginning of the current Bash + session, but not already appended to the history file. + + '-n' + Append the history lines not already read from the history + file to the current history list. These are lines appended to + the history file since the beginning of the current Bash + session. + + '-r' + Read the history file and append its contents to the history + list. + + '-w' + Write out the current history list to the history file. + + '-p' + Perform history substitution on the ARGs and display the + result on the standard output, without storing the results in + the history list. + + '-s' + The ARGs are added to the end of the history list as a single + entry. + + If a FILENAME argument is supplied when any of the '-w', '-r', + '-a', or '-n' options is used, Bash uses FILENAME as the history + file. If not, then the value of the 'HISTFILE' variable is used. + + The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an + error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an invalid + OFFSET or range is supplied as an argument to '-d', or the history + expansion supplied as an argument to '-p' fails. + + +File: bash.info, Node: History Interaction, Prev: Bash History Builtins, Up: Using History Interactively + +9.3 History Expansion +===================== + +The History library provides a history expansion feature that is similar +to the history expansion provided by 'csh'. This section describes the +syntax used to manipulate the history information. + + History expansions introduce words from the history list into the +input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to +a previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in +previous commands quickly. + + History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line is +read, before the shell breaks it into words, and is performed on each +line individually. Bash attempts to inform the history expansion +functions about quoting still in effect from previous lines. + + History expansion takes place in two parts. The first is to +determine which line from the history list should be used during +substitution. The second is to select portions of that line for +inclusion into the current one. The line selected from the history is +called the "event", and the portions of that line that are acted upon +are called "words". Various "modifiers" are available to manipulate the +selected words. The line is broken into words in the same fashion that +Bash does, so that several words surrounded by quotes are considered one +word. History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the +history expansion character, which is '!' by default. + + History expansion implements shell-like quoting conventions: a +backslash can be used to remove the special handling for the next +character; single quotes enclose verbatim sequences of characters, and +can be used to inhibit history expansion; and characters enclosed within +double quotes may be subject to history expansion, since backslash can +escape the history expansion character, but single quotes may not, since +they are not treated specially within double quotes. + + When using the shell, only '\' and ''' may be used to escape the +history expansion character, but the history expansion character is also +treated as quoted if it immediately precedes the closing double quote in +a double-quoted string. + + Several shell options settable with the 'shopt' builtin (*note The +Shopt Builtin::) may be used to tailor the behavior of history +expansion. If the 'histverify' shell option is enabled, and Readline is +being used, history substitutions are not immediately passed to the +shell parser. Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the Readline +editing buffer for further modification. If Readline is being used, and +the 'histreedit' shell option is enabled, a failed history expansion +will be reloaded into the Readline editing buffer for correction. The +'-p' option to the 'history' builtin command may be used to see what a +history expansion will do before using it. The '-s' option to the +'history' builtin may be used to add commands to the end of the history +list without actually executing them, so that they are available for +subsequent recall. This is most useful in conjunction with Readline. + + The shell allows control of the various characters used by the +history expansion mechanism with the 'histchars' variable, as explained +above (*note Bash Variables::). The shell uses the history comment +character to mark history timestamps when writing the history file. + +* Menu: + +* Event Designators:: How to specify which history line to use. +* Word Designators:: Specifying which words are of interest. +* Modifiers:: Modifying the results of substitution. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Event Designators, Next: Word Designators, Up: History Interaction + +9.3.1 Event Designators +----------------------- + +An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the +history list. Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to +the current position in the history list. + +'!' + Start a history substitution, except when followed by a space, tab, + the end of the line, '=' or '(' (when the 'extglob' shell option is + enabled using the 'shopt' builtin). + +'!N' + Refer to command line N. + +'!-N' + Refer to the command N lines back. + +'!!' + Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for '!-1'. + +'!STRING' + Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in + the history list starting with STRING. + +'!?STRING[?]' + Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in + the history list containing STRING. The trailing '?' may be + omitted if the STRING is followed immediately by a newline. If + STRING is missing, the string from the most recent search is used; + it is an error if there is no previous search string. + +'^STRING1^STRING2^' + Quick Substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing STRING1 + with STRING2. Equivalent to '!!:s^STRING1^STRING2^'. + +'!#' + The entire command line typed so far. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Word Designators, Next: Modifiers, Prev: Event Designators, Up: History Interaction + +9.3.2 Word Designators +---------------------- + +Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. A ':' +separates the event specification from the word designator. It may be +omitted if the word designator begins with a '^', '$', '*', '-', or '%'. +Words are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first word +being denoted by 0 (zero). Words are inserted into the current line +separated by single spaces. + + For example, + +'!!' + designates the preceding command. When you type this, the + preceding command is repeated in toto. + +'!!:$' + designates the last argument of the preceding command. This may be + shortened to '!$'. + +'!fi:2' + designates the second argument of the most recent command starting + with the letters 'fi'. + + Here are the word designators: + +'0 (zero)' + The '0'th word. For many applications, this is the command word. + +'N' + The Nth word. + +'^' + The first argument; that is, word 1. + +'$' + The last argument. + +'%' + The first word matched by the most recent '?STRING?' search, if the + search string begins with a character that is part of a word. + +'X-Y' + A range of words; '-Y' abbreviates '0-Y'. + +'*' + All of the words, except the '0'th. This is a synonym for '1-$'. + It is not an error to use '*' if there is just one word in the + event; the empty string is returned in that case. + +'X*' + Abbreviates 'X-$' + +'X-' + Abbreviates 'X-$' like 'X*', but omits the last word. If 'x' is + missing, it defaults to 0. + + If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the +previous command is used as the event. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Modifiers, Prev: Word Designators, Up: History Interaction + +9.3.3 Modifiers +--------------- + +After the optional word designator, you can add a sequence of one or +more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a ':'. These modify, +or edit, the word or words selected from the history event. + +'h' + Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head. + +'t' + Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail. + +'r' + Remove a trailing suffix of the form '.SUFFIX', leaving the + basename. + +'e' + Remove all but the trailing suffix. + +'p' + Print the new command but do not execute it. + +'q' + Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions. + +'x' + Quote the substituted words as with 'q', but break into words at + spaces, tabs, and newlines. The 'q' and 'x' modifiers are mutually + exclusive; the last one supplied is used. + +'s/OLD/NEW/' + Substitute NEW for the first occurrence of OLD in the event line. + Any character may be used as the delimiter in place of '/'. The + delimiter may be quoted in OLD and NEW with a single backslash. If + '&' appears in NEW, it is replaced by OLD. A single backslash will + quote the '&'. If OLD is null, it is set to the last OLD + substituted, or, if no previous history substitutions took place, + the last STRING in a !?STRING'[?]' search. If NEW is null, each + matching OLD is deleted. The final delimiter is optional if it is + the last character on the input line. + +'&' + Repeat the previous substitution. + +'g' +'a' + Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. Used in + conjunction with 's', as in 'gs/OLD/NEW/', or with '&'. + +'G' + Apply the following 's' or '&' modifier once to each word in the + event. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Installing Bash, Next: Reporting Bugs, Prev: Using History Interactively, Up: Top + +10 Installing Bash +****************** + +This chapter provides basic instructions for installing Bash on the +various supported platforms. The distribution supports the GNU +operating systems, nearly every version of Unix, and several non-Unix +systems such as BeOS and Interix. Other independent ports exist for +MS-DOS, OS/2, and Windows platforms. + +* Menu: + +* Basic Installation:: Installation instructions. +* Compilers and Options:: How to set special options for various + systems. +* Compiling For Multiple Architectures:: How to compile Bash for more + than one kind of system from + the same source tree. +* Installation Names:: How to set the various paths used by the installation. +* Specifying the System Type:: How to configure Bash for a particular system. +* Sharing Defaults:: How to share default configuration values among GNU + programs. +* Operation Controls:: Options recognized by the configuration program. +* Optional Features:: How to enable and disable optional features when + building Bash. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Basic Installation, Next: Compilers and Options, Up: Installing Bash + +10.1 Basic Installation +======================= + +These are installation instructions for Bash. + + The simplest way to compile Bash is: + + 1. 'cd' to the directory containing the source code and type + './configure' to configure Bash for your system. If you're using + 'csh' on an old version of System V, you might need to type 'sh + ./configure' instead to prevent 'csh' from trying to execute + 'configure' itself. + + Running 'configure' takes some time. While running, it prints + messages telling which features it is checking for. + + 2. Type 'make' to compile Bash and build the 'bashbug' bug reporting + script. + + 3. Optionally, type 'make tests' to run the Bash test suite. + + 4. Type 'make install' to install 'bash' and 'bashbug'. This will + also install the manual pages and Info file, message translation + files, some supplemental documentation, a number of example + loadable builtin commands, and a set of header files for developing + loadable builtins. You may need additional privileges to install + 'bash' to your desired destination, so 'sudo make install' might be + required. More information about controlling the locations where + 'bash' and other files are installed is below (*note Installation + Names::). + + The 'configure' shell script attempts to guess correct values for +various system-dependent variables used during compilation. It uses +those values to create a 'Makefile' in each directory of the package +(the top directory, the 'builtins', 'doc', 'po', and 'support' +directories, each directory under 'lib', and several others). It also +creates a 'config.h' file containing system-dependent definitions. +Finally, it creates a shell script named 'config.status' that you can +run in the future to recreate the current configuration, a file +'config.cache' that saves the results of its tests to speed up +reconfiguring, and a file 'config.log' containing compiler output +(useful mainly for debugging 'configure'). If at some point +'config.cache' contains results you don't want to keep, you may remove +or edit it. + + To find out more about the options and arguments that the 'configure' +script understands, type + + bash-4.2$ ./configure --help + +at the Bash prompt in your Bash source directory. + + If you want to build Bash in a directory separate from the source +directory - to build for multiple architectures, for example - just use +the full path to the configure script. The following commands will +build bash in a directory under '/usr/local/build' from the source code +in '/usr/local/src/bash-4.4': + + mkdir /usr/local/build/bash-4.4 + cd /usr/local/build/bash-4.4 + bash /usr/local/src/bash-4.4/configure + make + + See *note Compiling For Multiple Architectures:: for more information +about building in a directory separate from the source. + + If you need to do unusual things to compile Bash, please try to +figure out how 'configure' could check whether or not to do them, and +mail diffs or instructions to so they can be +considered for the next release. + + The file 'configure.ac' is used to create 'configure' by a program +called Autoconf. You only need 'configure.ac' if you want to change it +or regenerate 'configure' using a newer version of Autoconf. If you do +this, make sure you are using Autoconf version 2.69 or newer. + + You can remove the program binaries and object files from the source +code directory by typing 'make clean'. To also remove the files that +'configure' created (so you can compile Bash for a different kind of +computer), type 'make distclean'. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Compilers and Options, Next: Compiling For Multiple Architectures, Prev: Basic Installation, Up: Installing Bash + +10.2 Compilers and Options +========================== + +Some systems require unusual options for compilation or linking that the +'configure' script does not know about. You can give 'configure' +initial values for variables by setting them in the environment. Using +a Bourne-compatible shell, you can do that on the command line like +this: + + CC=c89 CFLAGS=-O2 LIBS=-lposix ./configure + + On systems that have the 'env' program, you can do it like this: + + env CPPFLAGS=-I/usr/local/include LDFLAGS=-s ./configure + + The configuration process uses GCC to build Bash if it is available. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures, Next: Installation Names, Prev: Compilers and Options, Up: Installing Bash + +10.3 Compiling For Multiple Architectures +========================================= + +You can compile Bash for more than one kind of computer at the same +time, by placing the object files for each architecture in their own +directory. To do this, you must use a version of 'make' that supports +the 'VPATH' variable, such as GNU 'make'. 'cd' to the directory where +you want the object files and executables to go and run the 'configure' +script from the source directory (*note Basic Installation::). You may +need to supply the '--srcdir=PATH' argument to tell 'configure' where +the source files are. 'configure' automatically checks for the source +code in the directory that 'configure' is in and in '..'. + + If you have to use a 'make' that does not support the 'VPATH' +variable, you can compile Bash for one architecture at a time in the +source code directory. After you have installed Bash for one +architecture, use 'make distclean' before reconfiguring for another +architecture. + + Alternatively, if your system supports symbolic links, you can use +the 'support/mkclone' script to create a build tree which has symbolic +links back to each file in the source directory. Here's an example that +creates a build directory in the current directory from a source +directory '/usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0': + + bash /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0/support/mkclone -s /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0 . + +The 'mkclone' script requires Bash, so you must have already built Bash +for at least one architecture before you can create build directories +for other architectures. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Installation Names, Next: Specifying the System Type, Prev: Compiling For Multiple Architectures, Up: Installing Bash + +10.4 Installation Names +======================= + +By default, 'make install' will install into '/usr/local/bin', +'/usr/local/man', etc.; that is, the "installation prefix" defaults to +'/usr/local'. You can specify an installation prefix other than +'/usr/local' by giving 'configure' the option '--prefix=PATH', or by +specifying a value for the 'prefix' 'make' variable when running 'make +install' (e.g., 'make install prefix=PATH'). The 'prefix' variable +provides a default for 'exec_prefix' and other variables used when +installing bash. + + You can specify separate installation prefixes for +architecture-specific files and architecture-independent files. If you +give 'configure' the option '--exec-prefix=PATH', 'make install' will +use PATH as the prefix for installing programs and libraries. +Documentation and other data files will still use the regular prefix. + + If you would like to change the installation locations for a single +run, you can specify these variables as arguments to 'make': 'make +install exec_prefix=/' will install 'bash' and 'bashbug' into '/bin' +instead of the default '/usr/local/bin'. + + If you want to see the files bash will install and where it will +install them without changing anything on your system, specify the +variable 'DESTDIR' as an argument to 'make'. Its value should be the +absolute directory path you'd like to use as the root of your sample +installation tree. For example, + + mkdir /fs1/bash-install + make install DESTDIR=/fs1/bash-install + +will install 'bash' into '/fs1/bash-install/usr/local/bin/bash', the +documentation into directories within +'/fs1/bash-install/usr/local/share', the example loadable builtins into +'/fs1/bash-install/usr/local/lib/bash', and so on. You can use the +usual 'exec_prefix' and 'prefix' variables to alter the directory paths +beneath the value of 'DESTDIR'. + + The GNU Makefile standards provide a more complete description of +these variables and their effects. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Specifying the System Type, Next: Sharing Defaults, Prev: Installation Names, Up: Installing Bash + +10.5 Specifying the System Type +=============================== + +There may be some features 'configure' can not figure out automatically, +but needs to determine by the type of host Bash will run on. Usually +'configure' can figure that out, but if it prints a message saying it +can not guess the host type, give it the '--host=TYPE' option. 'TYPE' +can either be a short name for the system type, such as 'sun4', or a +canonical name with three fields: 'CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM' (e.g., +'i386-unknown-freebsd4.2'). + + See the file 'support/config.sub' for the possible values of each +field. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Sharing Defaults, Next: Operation Controls, Prev: Specifying the System Type, Up: Installing Bash + +10.6 Sharing Defaults +===================== + +If you want to set default values for 'configure' scripts to share, you +can create a site shell script called 'config.site' that gives default +values for variables like 'CC', 'cache_file', and 'prefix'. 'configure' +looks for 'PREFIX/share/config.site' if it exists, then +'PREFIX/etc/config.site' if it exists. Or, you can set the +'CONFIG_SITE' environment variable to the location of the site script. +A warning: the Bash 'configure' looks for a site script, but not all +'configure' scripts do. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Operation Controls, Next: Optional Features, Prev: Sharing Defaults, Up: Installing Bash + +10.7 Operation Controls +======================= + +'configure' recognizes the following options to control how it operates. + +'--cache-file=FILE' + Use and save the results of the tests in FILE instead of + './config.cache'. Set FILE to '/dev/null' to disable caching, for + debugging 'configure'. + +'--help' + Print a summary of the options to 'configure', and exit. + +'--quiet' +'--silent' +'-q' + Do not print messages saying which checks are being made. + +'--srcdir=DIR' + Look for the Bash source code in directory DIR. Usually + 'configure' can determine that directory automatically. + +'--version' + Print the version of Autoconf used to generate the 'configure' + script, and exit. + + 'configure' also accepts some other, not widely used, boilerplate +options. 'configure --help' prints the complete list. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Optional Features, Prev: Operation Controls, Up: Installing Bash + +10.8 Optional Features +====================== + +The Bash 'configure' has a number of '--enable-FEATURE' options, where +FEATURE indicates an optional part of Bash. There are also several +'--with-PACKAGE' options, where PACKAGE is something like 'bash-malloc' +or 'purify'. To turn off the default use of a package, use +'--without-PACKAGE'. To configure Bash without a feature that is +enabled by default, use '--disable-FEATURE'. + + Here is a complete list of the '--enable-' and '--with-' options that +the Bash 'configure' recognizes. + +'--with-afs' + Define if you are using the Andrew File System from Transarc. + +'--with-bash-malloc' + Use the Bash version of 'malloc' in the directory 'lib/malloc'. + This is not the same 'malloc' that appears in GNU libc, but an + older version originally derived from the 4.2 BSD 'malloc'. This + 'malloc' is very fast, but wastes some space on each allocation. + This option is enabled by default. The 'NOTES' file contains a + list of systems for which this should be turned off, and + 'configure' disables this option automatically for a number of + systems. + +'--with-curses' + Use the curses library instead of the termcap library. This should + be supplied if your system has an inadequate or incomplete termcap + database. + +'--with-gnu-malloc' + A synonym for '--with-bash-malloc'. + +'--with-installed-readline[=PREFIX]' + Define this to make Bash link with a locally-installed version of + Readline rather than the version in 'lib/readline'. This works + only with Readline 5.0 and later versions. If PREFIX is 'yes' or + not supplied, 'configure' uses the values of the make variables + 'includedir' and 'libdir', which are subdirectories of 'prefix' by + default, to find the installed version of Readline if it is not in + the standard system include and library directories. If PREFIX is + 'no', Bash links with the version in 'lib/readline'. If PREFIX is + set to any other value, 'configure' treats it as a directory + pathname and looks for the installed version of Readline in + subdirectories of that directory (include files in PREFIX/'include' + and the library in PREFIX/'lib'). + +'--with-libintl-prefix[=PREFIX]' + Define this to make Bash link with a locally-installed version of + the libintl library instead of the version in 'lib/intl'. + +'--with-libiconv-prefix[=PREFIX]' + Define this to make Bash look for libiconv in PREFIX instead of the + standard system locations. There is no version included with Bash. + +'--enable-minimal-config' + This produces a shell with minimal features, close to the + historical Bourne shell. + + There are several '--enable-' options that alter how Bash is +compiled, linked, and installed, rather than changing run-time features. + +'--enable-largefile' + Enable support for large files + (http://www.unix.org/version2/whatsnew/lfs20mar.html) if the + operating system requires special compiler options to build + programs which can access large files. This is enabled by default, + if the operating system provides large file support. + +'--enable-profiling' + This builds a Bash binary that produces profiling information to be + processed by 'gprof' each time it is executed. + +'--enable-separate-helpfiles' + Use external files for the documentation displayed by the 'help' + builtin instead of storing the text internally. + +'--enable-static-link' + This causes Bash to be linked statically, if 'gcc' is being used. + This could be used to build a version to use as root's shell. + + The 'minimal-config' option can be used to disable all of the +following options, but it is processed first, so individual options may +be enabled using 'enable-FEATURE'. + + All of the following options except for 'alt-array-implementation', +'disabled-builtins', 'direxpand-default', 'strict-posix-default', and +'xpg-echo-default' are enabled by default, unless the operating system +does not provide the necessary support. + +'--enable-alias' + Allow alias expansion and include the 'alias' and 'unalias' + builtins (*note Aliases::). + +'--enable-alt-array-implementation' + This builds bash using an alternate implementation of arrays (*note + Arrays::) that provides faster access at the expense of using more + memory (sometimes many times more, depending on how sparse an array + is). + +'--enable-arith-for-command' + Include support for the alternate form of the 'for' command that + behaves like the C language 'for' statement (*note Looping + Constructs::). + +'--enable-array-variables' + Include support for one-dimensional array shell variables (*note + Arrays::). + +'--enable-bang-history' + Include support for 'csh'-like history substitution (*note History + Interaction::). + +'--enable-brace-expansion' + Include 'csh'-like brace expansion ( 'b{a,b}c' ==> 'bac bbc' ). + See *note Brace Expansion::, for a complete description. + +'--enable-casemod-attributes' + Include support for case-modifying attributes in the 'declare' + builtin and assignment statements. Variables with the 'uppercase' + attribute, for example, will have their values converted to + uppercase upon assignment. + +'--enable-casemod-expansion' + Include support for case-modifying word expansions. + +'--enable-command-timing' + Include support for recognizing 'time' as a reserved word and for + displaying timing statistics for the pipeline following 'time' + (*note Pipelines::). This allows pipelines as well as shell + builtins and functions to be timed. + +'--enable-cond-command' + Include support for the '[[' conditional command. (*note + Conditional Constructs::). + +'--enable-cond-regexp' + Include support for matching POSIX regular expressions using the + '=~' binary operator in the '[[' conditional command. (*note + Conditional Constructs::). + +'--enable-coprocesses' + Include support for coprocesses and the 'coproc' reserved word + (*note Pipelines::). + +'--enable-debugger' + Include support for the bash debugger (distributed separately). + +'--enable-dev-fd-stat-broken' + If calling 'stat' on /dev/fd/N returns different results than + calling 'fstat' on file descriptor N, supply this option to enable + a workaround. This has implications for conditional commands that + test file attributes. + +'--enable-direxpand-default' + Cause the 'direxpand' shell option (*note The Shopt Builtin::) to + be enabled by default when the shell starts. It is normally + disabled by default. + +'--enable-directory-stack' + Include support for a 'csh'-like directory stack and the 'pushd', + 'popd', and 'dirs' builtins (*note The Directory Stack::). + +'--enable-disabled-builtins' + Allow builtin commands to be invoked via 'builtin xxx' even after + 'xxx' has been disabled using 'enable -n xxx'. See *note Bash + Builtins::, for details of the 'builtin' and 'enable' builtin + commands. + +'--enable-dparen-arithmetic' + Include support for the '((...))' command (*note Conditional + Constructs::). + +'--enable-extended-glob' + Include support for the extended pattern matching features + described above under *note Pattern Matching::. + +'--enable-extended-glob-default' + Set the default value of the 'extglob' shell option described above + under *note The Shopt Builtin:: to be enabled. + +'--enable-function-import' + Include support for importing function definitions exported by + another instance of the shell from the environment. This option is + enabled by default. + +'--enable-glob-asciirange-default' + Set the default value of the 'globasciiranges' shell option + described above under *note The Shopt Builtin:: to be enabled. + This controls the behavior of character ranges when used in pattern + matching bracket expressions. + +'--enable-help-builtin' + Include the 'help' builtin, which displays help on shell builtins + and variables (*note Bash Builtins::). + +'--enable-history' + Include command history and the 'fc' and 'history' builtin commands + (*note Bash History Facilities::). + +'--enable-job-control' + This enables the job control features (*note Job Control::), if the + operating system supports them. + +'--enable-multibyte' + This enables support for multibyte characters if the operating + system provides the necessary support. + +'--enable-net-redirections' + This enables the special handling of filenames of the form + '/dev/tcp/HOST/PORT' and '/dev/udp/HOST/PORT' when used in + redirections (*note Redirections::). + +'--enable-process-substitution' + This enables process substitution (*note Process Substitution::) if + the operating system provides the necessary support. + +'--enable-progcomp' + Enable the programmable completion facilities (*note Programmable + Completion::). If Readline is not enabled, this option has no + effect. + +'--enable-prompt-string-decoding' + Turn on the interpretation of a number of backslash-escaped + characters in the '$PS0', '$PS1', '$PS2', and '$PS4' prompt + strings. See *note Controlling the Prompt::, for a complete list + of prompt string escape sequences. + +'--enable-readline' + Include support for command-line editing and history with the Bash + version of the Readline library (*note Command Line Editing::). + +'--enable-restricted' + Include support for a "restricted shell". If this is enabled, + Bash, when called as 'rbash', enters a restricted mode. See *note + The Restricted Shell::, for a description of restricted mode. + +'--enable-select' + Include the 'select' compound command, which allows the generation + of simple menus (*note Conditional Constructs::). + +'--enable-single-help-strings' + Store the text displayed by the 'help' builtin as a single string + for each help topic. This aids in translating the text to + different languages. You may need to disable this if your compiler + cannot handle very long string literals. + +'--enable-strict-posix-default' + Make Bash POSIX-conformant by default (*note Bash POSIX Mode::). + +'--enable-translatable-strings' + Enable support for '$"STRING"' translatable strings (*note Locale + Translation::). + +'--enable-usg-echo-default' + A synonym for '--enable-xpg-echo-default'. + +'--enable-xpg-echo-default' + Make the 'echo' builtin expand backslash-escaped characters by + default, without requiring the '-e' option. This sets the default + value of the 'xpg_echo' shell option to 'on', which makes the Bash + 'echo' behave more like the version specified in the Single Unix + Specification, version 3. *Note Bash Builtins::, for a description + of the escape sequences that 'echo' recognizes. + + The file 'config-top.h' contains C Preprocessor '#define' statements +for options which are not settable from 'configure'. Some of these are +not meant to be changed; beware of the consequences if you do. Read the +comments associated with each definition for more information about its +effect. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Reporting Bugs, Next: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell, Prev: Installing Bash, Up: Top + +Appendix A Reporting Bugs +************************* + +Please report all bugs you find in Bash. But first, you should make +sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest version +of Bash. The latest version of Bash is always available for FTP from + and from +. + + Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the +'bashbug' command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are +encouraged to mail that as well! Suggestions and 'philosophical' bug +reports may be mailed to or posted to the Usenet +newsgroup 'gnu.bash.bug'. + + All bug reports should include: + * The version number of Bash. + * The hardware and operating system. + * The compiler used to compile Bash. + * A description of the bug behaviour. + * A short script or 'recipe' which exercises the bug and may be used + to reproduce it. + +'bashbug' inserts the first three items automatically into the template +it provides for filing a bug report. + + Please send all reports concerning this manual to . + + +File: bash.info, Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell, Next: GNU Free Documentation License, Prev: Reporting Bugs, Up: Top + +Appendix B Major Differences From The Bourne Shell +************************************************** + +Bash implements essentially the same grammar, parameter and variable +expansion, redirection, and quoting as the Bourne Shell. Bash uses the +POSIX standard as the specification of how these features are to be +implemented. There are some differences between the traditional Bourne +shell and Bash; this section quickly details the differences of +significance. A number of these differences are explained in greater +depth in previous sections. This section uses the version of 'sh' +included in SVR4.2 (the last version of the historical Bourne shell) as +the baseline reference. + + * Bash is POSIX-conformant, even where the POSIX specification + differs from traditional 'sh' behavior (*note Bash POSIX Mode::). + + * Bash has multi-character invocation options (*note Invoking + Bash::). + + * Bash has command-line editing (*note Command Line Editing::) and + the 'bind' builtin. + + * Bash provides a programmable word completion mechanism (*note + Programmable Completion::), and builtin commands 'complete', + 'compgen', and 'compopt', to manipulate it. + + * Bash has command history (*note Bash History Facilities::) and the + 'history' and 'fc' builtins to manipulate it. The Bash history + list maintains timestamp information and uses the value of the + 'HISTTIMEFORMAT' variable to display it. + + * Bash implements 'csh'-like history expansion (*note History + Interaction::). + + * Bash has one-dimensional array variables (*note Arrays::), and the + appropriate variable expansions and assignment syntax to use them. + Several of the Bash builtins take options to act on arrays. Bash + provides a number of built-in array variables. + + * The '$'...'' quoting syntax, which expands ANSI-C backslash-escaped + characters in the text between the single quotes, is supported + (*note ANSI-C Quoting::). + + * Bash supports the '$"..."' quoting syntax to do locale-specific + translation of the characters between the double quotes. The '-D', + '--dump-strings', and '--dump-po-strings' invocation options list + the translatable strings found in a script (*note Locale + Translation::). + + * Bash implements the '!' keyword to negate the return value of a + pipeline (*note Pipelines::). Very useful when an 'if' statement + needs to act only if a test fails. The Bash '-o pipefail' option + to 'set' will cause a pipeline to return a failure status if any + command fails. + + * Bash has the 'time' reserved word and command timing (*note + Pipelines::). The display of the timing statistics may be + controlled with the 'TIMEFORMAT' variable. + + * Bash implements the 'for (( EXPR1 ; EXPR2 ; EXPR3 ))' arithmetic + for command, similar to the C language (*note Looping + Constructs::). + + * Bash includes the 'select' compound command, which allows the + generation of simple menus (*note Conditional Constructs::). + + * Bash includes the '[[' compound command, which makes conditional + testing part of the shell grammar (*note Conditional Constructs::), + including optional regular expression matching. + + * Bash provides optional case-insensitive matching for the 'case' and + '[[' constructs. + + * Bash includes brace expansion (*note Brace Expansion::) and tilde + expansion (*note Tilde Expansion::). + + * Bash implements command aliases and the 'alias' and 'unalias' + builtins (*note Aliases::). + + * Bash provides shell arithmetic, the '((' compound command (*note + Conditional Constructs::), and arithmetic expansion (*note Shell + Arithmetic::). + + * Variables present in the shell's initial environment are + automatically exported to child processes. The Bourne shell does + not normally do this unless the variables are explicitly marked + using the 'export' command. + + * Bash supports the '+=' assignment operator, which appends to the + value of the variable named on the left hand side. + + * Bash includes the POSIX pattern removal '%', '#', '%%' and '##' + expansions to remove leading or trailing substrings from variable + values (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::). + + * The expansion '${#xx}', which returns the length of '${xx}', is + supported (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::). + + * The expansion '${var:'OFFSET'[:'LENGTH']}', which expands to the + substring of 'var''s value of length LENGTH, beginning at OFFSET, + is present (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::). + + * The expansion '${VAR/[/]'PATTERN'[/'REPLACEMENT']}', which matches + PATTERN and replaces it with REPLACEMENT in the value of VAR, is + available (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::). + + * The expansion '${!PREFIX*}' expansion, which expands to the names + of all shell variables whose names begin with PREFIX, is available + (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::). + + * Bash has indirect variable expansion using '${!word}' (*note Shell + Parameter Expansion::). + + * Bash can expand positional parameters beyond '$9' using '${NUM}'. + + * The POSIX '$()' form of command substitution is implemented (*note + Command Substitution::), and preferred to the Bourne shell's '``' + (which is also implemented for backwards compatibility). + + * Bash has process substitution (*note Process Substitution::). + + * Bash automatically assigns variables that provide information about + the current user ('UID', 'EUID', and 'GROUPS'), the current host + ('HOSTTYPE', 'OSTYPE', 'MACHTYPE', and 'HOSTNAME'), and the + instance of Bash that is running ('BASH', 'BASH_VERSION', and + 'BASH_VERSINFO'). *Note Bash Variables::, for details. + + * The 'IFS' variable is used to split only the results of expansion, + not all words (*note Word Splitting::). This closes a longstanding + shell security hole. + + * The filename expansion bracket expression code uses '!' and '^' to + negate the set of characters between the brackets. The Bourne + shell uses only '!'. + + * Bash implements the full set of POSIX filename expansion operators, + including character classes, equivalence classes, and collating + symbols (*note Filename Expansion::). + + * Bash implements extended pattern matching features when the + 'extglob' shell option is enabled (*note Pattern Matching::). + + * It is possible to have a variable and a function with the same + name; 'sh' does not separate the two name spaces. + + * Bash functions are permitted to have local variables using the + 'local' builtin, and thus useful recursive functions may be written + (*note Bash Builtins::). + + * Variable assignments preceding commands affect only that command, + even builtins and functions (*note Environment::). In 'sh', all + variable assignments preceding commands are global unless the + command is executed from the file system. + + * Bash performs filename expansion on filenames specified as operands + to input and output redirection operators (*note Redirections::). + + * Bash contains the '<>' redirection operator, allowing a file to be + opened for both reading and writing, and the '&>' redirection + operator, for directing standard output and standard error to the + same file (*note Redirections::). + + * Bash includes the '<<<' redirection operator, allowing a string to + be used as the standard input to a command. + + * Bash implements the '[n]<&WORD' and '[n]>&WORD' redirection + operators, which move one file descriptor to another. + + * Bash treats a number of filenames specially when they are used in + redirection operators (*note Redirections::). + + * Bash can open network connections to arbitrary machines and + services with the redirection operators (*note Redirections::). + + * The 'noclobber' option is available to avoid overwriting existing + files with output redirection (*note The Set Builtin::). The '>|' + redirection operator may be used to override 'noclobber'. + + * The Bash 'cd' and 'pwd' builtins (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) + each take '-L' and '-P' options to switch between logical and + physical modes. + + * Bash allows a function to override a builtin with the same name, + and provides access to that builtin's functionality within the + function via the 'builtin' and 'command' builtins (*note Bash + Builtins::). + + * The 'command' builtin allows selective disabling of functions when + command lookup is performed (*note Bash Builtins::). + + * Individual builtins may be enabled or disabled using the 'enable' + builtin (*note Bash Builtins::). + + * The Bash 'exec' builtin takes additional options that allow users + to control the contents of the environment passed to the executed + command, and what the zeroth argument to the command is to be + (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). + + * Shell functions may be exported to children via the environment + using 'export -f' (*note Shell Functions::). + + * The Bash 'export', 'readonly', and 'declare' builtins can take a + '-f' option to act on shell functions, a '-p' option to display + variables with various attributes set in a format that can be used + as shell input, a '-n' option to remove various variable + attributes, and 'name=value' arguments to set variable attributes + and values simultaneously. + + * The Bash 'hash' builtin allows a name to be associated with an + arbitrary filename, even when that filename cannot be found by + searching the '$PATH', using 'hash -p' (*note Bourne Shell + Builtins::). + + * Bash includes a 'help' builtin for quick reference to shell + facilities (*note Bash Builtins::). + + * The 'printf' builtin is available to display formatted output + (*note Bash Builtins::). + + * The Bash 'read' builtin (*note Bash Builtins::) will read a line + ending in '\' with the '-r' option, and will use the 'REPLY' + variable as a default if no non-option arguments are supplied. The + Bash 'read' builtin also accepts a prompt string with the '-p' + option and will use Readline to obtain the line when given the '-e' + option. The 'read' builtin also has additional options to control + input: the '-s' option will turn off echoing of input characters as + they are read, the '-t' option will allow 'read' to time out if + input does not arrive within a specified number of seconds, the + '-n' option will allow reading only a specified number of + characters rather than a full line, and the '-d' option will read + until a particular character rather than newline. + + * The 'return' builtin may be used to abort execution of scripts + executed with the '.' or 'source' builtins (*note Bourne Shell + Builtins::). + + * Bash includes the 'shopt' builtin, for finer control of shell + optional capabilities (*note The Shopt Builtin::), and allows these + options to be set and unset at shell invocation (*note Invoking + Bash::). + + * Bash has much more optional behavior controllable with the 'set' + builtin (*note The Set Builtin::). + + * The '-x' ('xtrace') option displays commands other than simple + commands when performing an execution trace (*note The Set + Builtin::). + + * The 'test' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) is slightly + different, as it implements the POSIX algorithm, which specifies + the behavior based on the number of arguments. + + * Bash includes the 'caller' builtin, which displays the context of + any active subroutine call (a shell function or a script executed + with the '.' or 'source' builtins). This supports the Bash + debugger. + + * The 'trap' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) allows a 'DEBUG' + pseudo-signal specification, similar to 'EXIT'. Commands specified + with a 'DEBUG' trap are executed before every simple command, 'for' + command, 'case' command, 'select' command, every arithmetic 'for' + command, and before the first command executes in a shell function. + The 'DEBUG' trap is not inherited by shell functions unless the + function has been given the 'trace' attribute or the 'functrace' + option has been enabled using the 'shopt' builtin. The 'extdebug' + shell option has additional effects on the 'DEBUG' trap. + + The 'trap' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) allows an 'ERR' + pseudo-signal specification, similar to 'EXIT' and 'DEBUG'. + Commands specified with an 'ERR' trap are executed after a simple + command fails, with a few exceptions. The 'ERR' trap is not + inherited by shell functions unless the '-o errtrace' option to the + 'set' builtin is enabled. + + The 'trap' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) allows a + 'RETURN' pseudo-signal specification, similar to 'EXIT' and + 'DEBUG'. Commands specified with a 'RETURN' trap are executed + before execution resumes after a shell function or a shell script + executed with '.' or 'source' returns. The 'RETURN' trap is not + inherited by shell functions unless the function has been given the + 'trace' attribute or the 'functrace' option has been enabled using + the 'shopt' builtin. + + * The Bash 'type' builtin is more extensive and gives more + information about the names it finds (*note Bash Builtins::). + + * The Bash 'umask' builtin permits a '-p' option to cause the output + to be displayed in the form of a 'umask' command that may be reused + as input (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). + + * Bash implements a 'csh'-like directory stack, and provides the + 'pushd', 'popd', and 'dirs' builtins to manipulate it (*note The + Directory Stack::). Bash also makes the directory stack visible as + the value of the 'DIRSTACK' shell variable. + + * Bash interprets special backslash-escaped characters in the prompt + strings when interactive (*note Controlling the Prompt::). + + * The Bash restricted mode is more useful (*note The Restricted + Shell::); the SVR4.2 shell restricted mode is too limited. + + * The 'disown' builtin can remove a job from the internal shell job + table (*note Job Control Builtins::) or suppress the sending of + 'SIGHUP' to a job when the shell exits as the result of a 'SIGHUP'. + + * Bash includes a number of features to support a separate debugger + for shell scripts. + + * The SVR4.2 shell has two privilege-related builtins ('mldmode' and + 'priv') not present in Bash. + + * Bash does not have the 'stop' or 'newgrp' builtins. + + * Bash does not use the 'SHACCT' variable or perform shell + accounting. + + * The SVR4.2 'sh' uses a 'TIMEOUT' variable like Bash uses 'TMOUT'. + +More features unique to Bash may be found in *note Bash Features::. + +B.1 Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell +==================================================== + +Since Bash is a completely new implementation, it does not suffer from +many of the limitations of the SVR4.2 shell. For instance: + + * Bash does not fork a subshell when redirecting into or out of a + shell control structure such as an 'if' or 'while' statement. + + * Bash does not allow unbalanced quotes. The SVR4.2 shell will + silently insert a needed closing quote at 'EOF' under certain + circumstances. This can be the cause of some hard-to-find errors. + + * The SVR4.2 shell uses a baroque memory management scheme based on + trapping 'SIGSEGV'. If the shell is started from a process with + 'SIGSEGV' blocked (e.g., by using the 'system()' C library function + call), it misbehaves badly. + + * In a questionable attempt at security, the SVR4.2 shell, when + invoked without the '-p' option, will alter its real and effective + UID and GID if they are less than some magic threshold value, + commonly 100. This can lead to unexpected results. + + * The SVR4.2 shell does not allow users to trap 'SIGSEGV', 'SIGALRM', + or 'SIGCHLD'. + + * The SVR4.2 shell does not allow the 'IFS', 'MAILCHECK', 'PATH', + 'PS1', or 'PS2' variables to be unset. + + * The SVR4.2 shell treats '^' as the undocumented equivalent of '|'. + + * Bash allows multiple option arguments when it is invoked ('-x -v'); + the SVR4.2 shell allows only one option argument ('-xv'). In fact, + some versions of the shell dump core if the second argument begins + with a '-'. + + * The SVR4.2 shell exits a script if any builtin fails; Bash exits a + script only if one of the POSIX special builtins fails, and only + for certain failures, as enumerated in the POSIX standard. + + * The SVR4.2 shell behaves differently when invoked as 'jsh' (it + turns on job control). + + +File: bash.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Next: Indexes, Prev: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell, Up: Top + +Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License +***************************************** + + Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 + + Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + + + Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies + of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. + + 0. PREAMBLE + + The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other + functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to + assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, + with or without modifying it, either commercially or + noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the + author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not + being considered responsible for modifications made by others. + + This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative + works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. + It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft + license designed for free software. + + We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for + free software, because free software needs free documentation: a + free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms + that the software does. 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If your rights have been terminated and not + permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the + same material does not give you any rights to use it. + + 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE + + The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of + the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new + versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may + differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See + . + + Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version + number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered + version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you + have the option of following the terms and conditions either of + that specified version or of any later version that has been + published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the + Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may + choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free + Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can + decide which future versions of this License can be used, that + proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently + authorizes you to choose that version for the Document. + + 11. RELICENSING + + "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any + World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also + provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A + public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. + A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the + site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC + site. + + "CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 + license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit + corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, + California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license + published by that same organization. + + "Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or + in part, as part of another Document. + + An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this + License, and if all works that were first published under this + License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently + incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover + texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior + to November 1, 2008. + + The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the + site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, + 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing. + +ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents +==================================================== + +To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of +the License in the document and put the following copyright and license +notices just after the title page: + + Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME. + Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document + under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 + or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; + with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover + Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU + Free Documentation License''. + + If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover +Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this: + + with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with + the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts + being LIST. + + If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other +combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the +situation. + + If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we +recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free +software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit +their use in free software. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Indexes, Prev: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Top + +Appendix D Indexes +****************** + +* Menu: + +* Builtin Index:: Index of Bash builtin commands. +* Reserved Word Index:: Index of Bash reserved words. +* Variable Index:: Quick reference helps you find the + variable you want. +* Function Index:: Index of bindable Readline functions. +* Concept Index:: General index for concepts described in + this manual. + + +File: bash.info, Node: Builtin Index, Next: Reserved Word Index, Up: Indexes + +D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands +=================================== + +[index] +* Menu: + +* .: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 17) +* :: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 11) +* [: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 275) +* alias: Bash Builtins. (line 11) +* bg: Job Control Builtins. + (line 7) +* bind: Bash Builtins. (line 21) +* break: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 37) +* builtin: Bash Builtins. (line 108) +* caller: Bash Builtins. (line 117) +* cd: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 45) +* command: Bash Builtins. (line 134) +* compgen: Programmable Completion Builtins. + (line 12) +* complete: Programmable Completion Builtins. + (line 30) +* compopt: Programmable Completion Builtins. + (line 238) +* continue: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 90) +* declare: Bash Builtins. (line 154) +* dirs: Directory Stack Builtins. + (line 7) +* disown: Job Control Builtins. + (line 104) +* echo: Bash Builtins. (line 257) +* enable: Bash Builtins. (line 306) +* eval: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 99) +* exec: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 107) +* exit: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 125) +* export: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 132) +* fc: Bash History Builtins. + (line 10) +* fg: Job Control Builtins. + (line 17) +* getopts: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 148) +* hash: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 192) +* help: Bash Builtins. (line 342) +* history: Bash History Builtins. + (line 46) +* jobs: Job Control Builtins. + (line 27) +* kill: Job Control Builtins. + (line 58) +* let: Bash Builtins. (line 361) +* local: Bash Builtins. (line 369) +* logout: Bash Builtins. (line 385) +* mapfile: Bash Builtins. (line 390) +* popd: Directory Stack Builtins. + (line 35) +* printf: Bash Builtins. (line 436) +* pushd: Directory Stack Builtins. + (line 69) +* pwd: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 212) +* read: Bash Builtins. (line 488) +* readarray: Bash Builtins. (line 585) +* readonly: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 222) +* return: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 241) +* set: The Set Builtin. (line 11) +* shift: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 262) +* shopt: The Shopt Builtin. (line 9) +* source: Bash Builtins. (line 594) +* suspend: Job Control Builtins. + (line 116) +* test: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 275) +* times: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 360) +* trap: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 366) +* type: Bash Builtins. (line 599) +* typeset: Bash Builtins. (line 631) +* ulimit: Bash Builtins. (line 637) +* umask: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 415) +* unalias: Bash Builtins. (line 743) +* unset: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 433) +* wait: Job Control Builtins. + (line 76) + + +File: bash.info, Node: Reserved Word Index, Next: Variable Index, Prev: Builtin Index, Up: Indexes + +D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words +================================= + +[index] +* Menu: + +* !: Pipelines. (line 9) +* [[: Conditional Constructs. + (line 126) +* ]]: Conditional Constructs. + (line 126) +* {: Command Grouping. (line 21) +* }: Command Grouping. (line 21) +* case: Conditional Constructs. + (line 28) +* do: Looping Constructs. (line 12) +* done: Looping Constructs. (line 12) +* elif: Conditional Constructs. + (line 7) +* else: Conditional Constructs. + (line 7) +* esac: Conditional Constructs. + (line 28) +* fi: Conditional Constructs. + (line 7) +* for: Looping Constructs. (line 32) +* function: Shell Functions. (line 13) +* if: Conditional Constructs. + (line 7) +* in: Conditional Constructs. + (line 28) +* select: Conditional Constructs. + (line 84) +* then: Conditional Constructs. + (line 7) +* time: Pipelines. (line 9) +* until: Looping Constructs. (line 12) +* while: Looping Constructs. (line 22) + + +File: bash.info, Node: Variable Index, Next: Function Index, Prev: Reserved Word Index, Up: Indexes + +D.3 Parameter and Variable Index +================================ + +[index] +* Menu: + +* !: Special Parameters. (line 55) +* #: Special Parameters. (line 39) +* $: Special Parameters. (line 51) +* $!: Special Parameters. (line 56) +* $#: Special Parameters. (line 40) +* $$: Special Parameters. (line 52) +* $*: Special Parameters. (line 10) +* $-: Special Parameters. (line 47) +* $0: Special Parameters. (line 61) +* $?: Special Parameters. (line 43) +* $@: Special Parameters. (line 23) +* $_: Bash Variables. (line 14) +* *: Special Parameters. (line 9) +* -: Special Parameters. (line 46) +* 0: Special Parameters. (line 60) +* ?: Special Parameters. (line 42) +* @: Special Parameters. (line 22) +* _: Bash Variables. (line 13) +* active-region-end-color: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 51) +* active-region-start-color: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 38) +* auto_resume: Job Control Variables. + (line 6) +* BASH: Bash Variables. (line 23) +* BASHOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 26) +* BASHPID: Bash Variables. (line 35) +* BASH_ALIASES: Bash Variables. (line 42) +* BASH_ARGC: Bash Variables. (line 51) +* BASH_ARGV: Bash Variables. (line 64) +* BASH_ARGV0: Bash Variables. (line 76) +* BASH_CMDS: Bash Variables. (line 84) +* BASH_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 93) +* BASH_COMPAT: Bash Variables. (line 100) +* BASH_ENV: Bash Variables. (line 116) +* BASH_EXECUTION_STRING: Bash Variables. (line 122) +* BASH_LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 125) +* BASH_LOADABLES_PATH: Bash Variables. (line 133) +* BASH_REMATCH: Bash Variables. (line 137) +* BASH_SOURCE: Bash Variables. (line 145) +* BASH_SUBSHELL: Bash Variables. (line 152) +* BASH_VERSINFO: Bash Variables. (line 158) +* BASH_VERSION: Bash Variables. (line 181) +* BASH_XTRACEFD: Bash Variables. (line 184) +* bell-style: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 64) +* bind-tty-special-chars: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 71) +* blink-matching-paren: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 76) +* CDPATH: Bourne Shell Variables. + (line 9) +* CHILD_MAX: Bash Variables. (line 195) +* colored-completion-prefix: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 81) +* colored-stats: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 91) +* COLUMNS: Bash Variables. (line 202) +* comment-begin: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 97) +* completion-display-width: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 102) +* completion-ignore-case: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 109) +* completion-map-case: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 114) +* completion-prefix-display-length: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 120) +* completion-query-items: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 127) +* COMPREPLY: Bash Variables. (line 254) +* COMP_CWORD: Bash Variables. (line 208) +* COMP_KEY: Bash Variables. (line 237) +* COMP_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 214) +* COMP_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 219) +* COMP_TYPE: Bash Variables. (line 227) +* COMP_WORDBREAKS: Bash Variables. (line 241) +* COMP_WORDS: Bash Variables. (line 247) +* convert-meta: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 138) +* COPROC: Bash Variables. (line 260) +* DIRSTACK: Bash Variables. (line 264) +* disable-completion: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 148) +* echo-control-characters: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 153) +* editing-mode: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 158) +* EMACS: Bash Variables. (line 274) +* emacs-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 164) +* enable-active-region: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 174) +* enable-bracketed-paste: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 187) +* enable-keypad: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 196) +* ENV: Bash Variables. (line 279) +* EPOCHREALTIME: Bash Variables. (line 284) +* EPOCHSECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 292) +* EUID: Bash Variables. (line 299) +* EXECIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 303) +* expand-tilde: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 207) +* FCEDIT: Bash Variables. (line 316) +* FIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 320) +* FUNCNAME: Bash Variables. (line 326) +* FUNCNEST: Bash Variables. (line 343) +* GLOBIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 348) +* GROUPS: Bash Variables. (line 355) +* histchars: Bash Variables. (line 361) +* HISTCMD: Bash Variables. (line 376) +* HISTCONTROL: Bash Variables. (line 382) +* HISTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 398) +* HISTFILESIZE: Bash Variables. (line 402) +* HISTIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 413) +* history-preserve-point: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 211) +* history-size: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 217) +* HISTSIZE: Bash Variables. (line 433) +* HISTTIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 440) +* HOME: Bourne Shell Variables. + (line 13) +* horizontal-scroll-mode: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 226) +* HOSTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 448) +* HOSTNAME: Bash Variables. (line 459) +* HOSTTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 462) +* IFS: Bourne Shell Variables. + (line 18) +* IGNOREEOF: Bash Variables. (line 465) +* input-meta: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 235) +* INPUTRC: Bash Variables. (line 475) +* INSIDE_EMACS: Bash Variables. (line 479) +* isearch-terminators: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 245) +* keymap: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 252) +* LANG: Creating Internationalized Scripts. + (line 51) +* LANG <1>: Bash Variables. (line 485) +* LC_ALL: Bash Variables. (line 489) +* LC_COLLATE: Bash Variables. (line 493) +* LC_CTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 500) +* LC_MESSAGES: Creating Internationalized Scripts. + (line 51) +* LC_MESSAGES <1>: Bash Variables. (line 505) +* LC_NUMERIC: Bash Variables. (line 509) +* LC_TIME: Bash Variables. (line 513) +* LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 517) +* LINES: Bash Variables. (line 522) +* MACHTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 528) +* MAIL: Bourne Shell Variables. + (line 22) +* MAILCHECK: Bash Variables. (line 532) +* MAILPATH: Bourne Shell Variables. + (line 27) +* MAPFILE: Bash Variables. (line 540) +* mark-modified-lines: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 282) +* mark-symlinked-directories: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 287) +* match-hidden-files: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 292) +* menu-complete-display-prefix: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 299) +* meta-flag: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 235) +* OLDPWD: Bash Variables. (line 544) +* OPTARG: Bourne Shell Variables. + (line 34) +* OPTERR: Bash Variables. (line 547) +* OPTIND: Bourne Shell Variables. + (line 38) +* OSTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 551) +* output-meta: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 304) +* page-completions: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 312) +* PATH: Bourne Shell Variables. + (line 42) +* PIPESTATUS: Bash Variables. (line 554) +* POSIXLY_CORRECT: Bash Variables. (line 559) +* PPID: Bash Variables. (line 569) +* PROMPT_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 573) +* PROMPT_DIRTRIM: Bash Variables. (line 579) +* PS0: Bash Variables. (line 585) +* PS1: Bourne Shell Variables. + (line 48) +* PS2: Bourne Shell Variables. + (line 53) +* PS3: Bash Variables. (line 590) +* PS4: Bash Variables. (line 595) +* PWD: Bash Variables. (line 603) +* RANDOM: Bash Variables. (line 606) +* READLINE_ARGUMENT: Bash Variables. (line 612) +* READLINE_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 616) +* READLINE_MARK: Bash Variables. (line 620) +* READLINE_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 626) +* REPLY: Bash Variables. (line 630) +* revert-all-at-newline: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 322) +* SECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 633) +* SHELL: Bash Variables. (line 642) +* SHELLOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 647) +* SHLVL: Bash Variables. (line 656) +* show-all-if-ambiguous: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 329) +* show-all-if-unmodified: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 335) +* show-mode-in-prompt: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 344) +* skip-completed-text: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 350) +* SRANDOM: Bash Variables. (line 661) +* TEXTDOMAIN: Creating Internationalized Scripts. + (line 51) +* TEXTDOMAINDIR: Creating Internationalized Scripts. + (line 51) +* TIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 670) +* TMOUT: Bash Variables. (line 708) +* TMPDIR: Bash Variables. (line 720) +* UID: Bash Variables. (line 724) +* vi-cmd-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 363) +* vi-ins-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 374) +* visible-stats: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 385) + + +File: bash.info, Node: Function Index, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Variable Index, Up: Indexes + +D.4 Function Index +================== + +[index] +* Menu: + +* abort (C-g): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 10) +* accept-line (Newline or Return): Commands For History. + (line 6) +* alias-expand-line (): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 131) +* backward-char (C-b): Commands For Moving. (line 15) +* backward-delete-char (Rubout): Commands For Text. (line 17) +* backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout): Commands For Killing. + (line 11) +* backward-kill-word (M-): Commands For Killing. + (line 28) +* backward-word (M-b): Commands For Moving. (line 22) +* beginning-of-history (M-<): Commands For History. + (line 20) +* beginning-of-line (C-a): Commands For Moving. (line 6) +* bracketed-paste-begin (): Commands For Text. (line 33) +* call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e): Keyboard Macros. (line 13) +* capitalize-word (M-c): Commands For Text. (line 66) +* character-search (C-]): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 42) +* character-search-backward (M-C-]): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 47) +* clear-display (M-C-l): Commands For Moving. (line 48) +* clear-screen (C-l): Commands For Moving. (line 53) +* complete (): Commands For Completion. + (line 6) +* complete-command (M-!): Commands For Completion. + (line 80) +* complete-filename (M-/): Commands For Completion. + (line 49) +* complete-hostname (M-@): Commands For Completion. + (line 72) +* complete-into-braces (M-{): Commands For Completion. + (line 100) +* complete-username (M-~): Commands For Completion. + (line 56) +* complete-variable (M-$): Commands For Completion. + (line 64) +* copy-backward-word (): Commands For Killing. + (line 69) +* copy-forward-word (): Commands For Killing. + (line 74) +* copy-region-as-kill (): Commands For Killing. + (line 65) +* dabbrev-expand (): Commands For Completion. + (line 95) +* delete-char (C-d): Commands For Text. (line 12) +* delete-char-or-list (): Commands For Completion. + (line 43) +* delete-horizontal-space (): Commands For Killing. + (line 57) +* digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--): Numeric Arguments. (line 6) +* display-shell-version (C-x C-v): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 116) +* do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-X, ...): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 14) +* downcase-word (M-l): Commands For Text. (line 62) +* dump-functions (): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 74) +* dump-macros (): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 86) +* dump-variables (): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 80) +* dynamic-complete-history (M-): Commands For Completion. + (line 90) +* edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 140) +* end-kbd-macro (C-x )): Keyboard Macros. (line 9) +* end-of-file (usually C-d): Commands For Text. (line 6) +* end-of-history (M->): Commands For History. + (line 23) +* end-of-line (C-e): Commands For Moving. (line 9) +* exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 37) +* fetch-history (): Commands For History. + (line 103) +* forward-backward-delete-char (): Commands For Text. (line 21) +* forward-char (C-f): Commands For Moving. (line 12) +* forward-search-history (C-s): Commands For History. + (line 33) +* forward-word (M-f): Commands For Moving. (line 18) +* glob-complete-word (M-g): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 98) +* glob-expand-word (C-x *): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 104) +* glob-list-expansions (C-x g): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 110) +* history-and-alias-expand-line (): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 134) +* history-expand-line (M-^): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 124) +* history-search-backward (): Commands For History. + (line 57) +* history-search-forward (): Commands For History. + (line 51) +* history-substring-search-backward (): Commands For History. + (line 69) +* history-substring-search-forward (): Commands For History. + (line 63) +* insert-comment (M-#): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 61) +* insert-completions (M-*): Commands For Completion. + (line 22) +* insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 137) +* kill-line (C-k): Commands For Killing. + (line 6) +* kill-region (): Commands For Killing. + (line 61) +* kill-whole-line (): Commands For Killing. + (line 19) +* kill-word (M-d): Commands For Killing. + (line 23) +* magic-space (): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 127) +* menu-complete (): Commands For Completion. + (line 26) +* menu-complete-backward (): Commands For Completion. + (line 38) +* next-history (C-n): Commands For History. + (line 17) +* next-screen-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 41) +* non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n): Commands For History. + (line 45) +* non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p): Commands For History. + (line 39) +* operate-and-get-next (C-o): Commands For History. + (line 96) +* overwrite-mode (): Commands For Text. (line 70) +* possible-command-completions (C-x !): Commands For Completion. + (line 86) +* possible-completions (M-?): Commands For Completion. + (line 15) +* possible-filename-completions (C-x /): Commands For Completion. + (line 52) +* possible-hostname-completions (C-x @): Commands For Completion. + (line 76) +* possible-username-completions (C-x ~): Commands For Completion. + (line 60) +* possible-variable-completions (C-x $): Commands For Completion. + (line 68) +* prefix-meta (): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 19) +* previous-history (C-p): Commands For History. + (line 13) +* previous-screen-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 34) +* print-last-kbd-macro (): Keyboard Macros. (line 17) +* quoted-insert (C-q or C-v): Commands For Text. (line 26) +* re-read-init-file (C-x C-r): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 6) +* redraw-current-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 57) +* reverse-search-history (C-r): Commands For History. + (line 27) +* revert-line (M-r): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 26) +* self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...): Commands For Text. (line 30) +* set-mark (C-@): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 33) +* shell-backward-kill-word (): Commands For Killing. + (line 37) +* shell-backward-word (M-C-b): Commands For Moving. (line 30) +* shell-expand-line (M-C-e): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 119) +* shell-forward-word (M-C-f): Commands For Moving. (line 26) +* shell-kill-word (M-C-d): Commands For Killing. + (line 32) +* shell-transpose-words (M-C-t): Commands For Killing. + (line 41) +* skip-csi-sequence (): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 52) +* spell-correct-word (C-x s): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 92) +* start-kbd-macro (C-x (): Keyboard Macros. (line 6) +* tilde-expand (M-&): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 30) +* transpose-chars (C-t): Commands For Text. (line 47) +* transpose-words (M-t): Commands For Text. (line 53) +* undo (C-_ or C-x C-u): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 23) +* universal-argument (): Numeric Arguments. (line 10) +* unix-filename-rubout (): Commands For Killing. + (line 52) +* unix-line-discard (C-u): Commands For Killing. + (line 16) +* unix-word-rubout (C-w): Commands For Killing. + (line 48) +* upcase-word (M-u): Commands For Text. (line 58) +* yank (C-y): Commands For Killing. + (line 79) +* yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_): Commands For History. + (line 84) +* yank-nth-arg (M-C-y): Commands For History. + (line 75) +* yank-pop (M-y): Commands For Killing. + (line 82) + + +File: bash.info, Node: Concept Index, Prev: Function Index, Up: Indexes + +D.5 Concept Index +================= + +[index] +* Menu: + +* alias expansion: Aliases. (line 6) +* arithmetic evaluation: Shell Arithmetic. (line 6) +* arithmetic expansion: Arithmetic Expansion. + (line 6) +* arithmetic, shell: Shell Arithmetic. (line 6) +* arrays: Arrays. (line 6) +* background: Job Control Basics. (line 6) +* Bash configuration: Basic Installation. (line 6) +* Bash installation: Basic Installation. (line 6) +* Bourne shell: Basic Shell Features. + (line 6) +* brace expansion: Brace Expansion. (line 6) +* builtin: Definitions. (line 17) +* command editing: Readline Bare Essentials. + (line 6) +* command execution: Command Search and Execution. + (line 6) +* command expansion: Simple Command Expansion. + (line 6) +* command history: Bash History Facilities. + (line 6) +* command search: Command Search and Execution. + (line 6) +* command substitution: Command Substitution. + (line 6) +* command timing: Pipelines. (line 9) +* commands, compound: Compound Commands. (line 6) +* commands, conditional: Conditional Constructs. + (line 6) +* commands, grouping: Command Grouping. (line 6) +* commands, lists: Lists. (line 6) +* commands, looping: Looping Constructs. (line 6) +* commands, pipelines: Pipelines. (line 6) +* commands, shell: Shell Commands. (line 6) +* commands, simple: Simple Commands. (line 6) +* comments, shell: Comments. (line 6) +* Compatibility Level: Shell Compatibility Mode. + (line 6) +* Compatibility Mode: Shell Compatibility Mode. + (line 6) +* completion builtins: Programmable Completion Builtins. + (line 6) +* configuration: Basic Installation. (line 6) +* control operator: Definitions. (line 21) +* coprocess: Coprocesses. (line 6) +* directory stack: The Directory Stack. (line 6) +* editing command lines: Readline Bare Essentials. + (line 6) +* environment: Environment. (line 6) +* evaluation, arithmetic: Shell Arithmetic. (line 6) +* event designators: Event Designators. (line 6) +* execution environment: Command Execution Environment. + (line 6) +* exit status: Definitions. (line 26) +* exit status <1>: Exit Status. (line 6) +* expansion: Shell Expansions. (line 6) +* expansion, arithmetic: Arithmetic Expansion. + (line 6) +* expansion, brace: Brace Expansion. (line 6) +* expansion, filename: Filename Expansion. (line 9) +* expansion, parameter: Shell Parameter Expansion. + (line 6) +* expansion, pathname: Filename Expansion. (line 9) +* expansion, tilde: Tilde Expansion. (line 6) +* expressions, arithmetic: Shell Arithmetic. (line 6) +* expressions, conditional: Bash Conditional Expressions. + (line 6) +* field: Definitions. (line 30) +* filename: Definitions. (line 35) +* filename expansion: Filename Expansion. (line 9) +* foreground: Job Control Basics. (line 6) +* functions, shell: Shell Functions. (line 6) +* history builtins: Bash History Builtins. + (line 6) +* history events: Event Designators. (line 8) +* history expansion: History Interaction. (line 6) +* history list: Bash History Facilities. + (line 6) +* History, how to use: A Programmable Completion Example. + (line 113) +* identifier: Definitions. (line 51) +* initialization file, readline: Readline Init File. (line 6) +* installation: Basic Installation. (line 6) +* interaction, readline: Readline Interaction. + (line 6) +* interactive shell: Invoking Bash. (line 131) +* interactive shell <1>: Interactive Shells. (line 6) +* internationalization: Locale Translation. (line 6) +* internationalized scripts: Creating Internationalized Scripts. + (line 3) +* job: Definitions. (line 38) +* job control: Definitions. (line 42) +* job control <1>: Job Control Basics. (line 6) +* kill ring: Readline Killing Commands. + (line 18) +* killing text: Readline Killing Commands. + (line 6) +* localization: Locale Translation. (line 6) +* login shell: Invoking Bash. (line 128) +* matching, pattern: Pattern Matching. (line 6) +* metacharacter: Definitions. (line 46) +* name: Definitions. (line 51) +* native languages: Locale Translation. (line 6) +* notation, readline: Readline Bare Essentials. + (line 6) +* operator, shell: Definitions. (line 57) +* parameter expansion: Shell Parameter Expansion. + (line 6) +* parameters: Shell Parameters. (line 6) +* parameters, positional: Positional Parameters. + (line 6) +* parameters, special: Special Parameters. (line 6) +* pathname expansion: Filename Expansion. (line 9) +* pattern matching: Pattern Matching. (line 6) +* pipeline: Pipelines. (line 6) +* POSIX: Definitions. (line 9) +* POSIX Mode: Bash POSIX Mode. (line 6) +* process group: Definitions. (line 62) +* process group ID: Definitions. (line 66) +* process substitution: Process Substitution. + (line 6) +* programmable completion: Programmable Completion. + (line 6) +* prompting: Controlling the Prompt. + (line 6) +* quoting: Quoting. (line 6) +* quoting, ANSI: ANSI-C Quoting. (line 6) +* Readline, how to use: Job Control Variables. + (line 23) +* redirection: Redirections. (line 6) +* reserved word: Definitions. (line 70) +* reserved words: Reserved Words. (line 6) +* restricted shell: The Restricted Shell. + (line 6) +* return status: Definitions. (line 75) +* shell arithmetic: Shell Arithmetic. (line 6) +* shell function: Shell Functions. (line 6) +* shell script: Shell Scripts. (line 6) +* shell variable: Shell Parameters. (line 6) +* shell, interactive: Interactive Shells. (line 6) +* signal: Definitions. (line 78) +* signal handling: Signals. (line 6) +* special builtin: Definitions. (line 82) +* special builtin <1>: Special Builtins. (line 6) +* startup files: Bash Startup Files. (line 6) +* string translations: Creating Internationalized Scripts. + (line 3) +* suspending jobs: Job Control Basics. (line 6) +* tilde expansion: Tilde Expansion. (line 6) +* token: Definitions. (line 86) +* translation, native languages: Locale Translation. (line 6) +* variable, shell: Shell Parameters. (line 6) +* variables, readline: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 37) +* word: Definitions. (line 90) +* word splitting: Word Splitting. (line 6) +* yanking text: Readline Killing Commands. + (line 6) + + + +Tag Table: +Node: Top896 +Node: Introduction2815 +Node: What is Bash?3028 +Node: What is a shell?4139 +Node: Definitions6674 +Node: Basic Shell Features9622 +Node: Shell Syntax10838 +Node: Shell Operation11861 +Node: Quoting13151 +Node: Escape Character14452 +Node: Single Quotes14934 +Node: Double Quotes15279 +Node: ANSI-C Quoting16554 +Node: Locale Translation17861 +Node: Creating Internationalized Scripts19169 +Node: Comments23283 +Node: Shell Commands23898 +Node: Reserved Words24833 +Node: Simple Commands25586 +Node: Pipelines26237 +Node: Lists29233 +Node: Compound Commands31025 +Node: Looping Constructs32034 +Node: Conditional Constructs34526 +Node: Command Grouping49011 +Node: Coprocesses50486 +Node: GNU Parallel53146 +Node: Shell Functions54060 +Node: Shell Parameters61942 +Node: Positional Parameters66327 +Node: Special Parameters67226 +Node: Shell Expansions70437 +Node: Brace Expansion72561 +Node: Tilde Expansion75292 +Node: Shell Parameter Expansion77910 +Node: Command Substitution96258 +Node: Arithmetic Expansion97610 +Node: Process Substitution98575 +Node: Word Splitting99692 +Node: Filename Expansion101633 +Node: Pattern Matching104379 +Node: Quote Removal109378 +Node: Redirections109670 +Node: Executing Commands119327 +Node: Simple Command Expansion119994 +Node: Command Search and Execution122101 +Node: Command Execution Environment124476 +Node: Environment127508 +Node: Exit Status129168 +Node: Signals130949 +Node: Shell Scripts134395 +Node: Shell Builtin Commands137419 +Node: Bourne Shell Builtins139454 +Node: Bash Builtins160917 +Node: Modifying Shell Behavior191770 +Node: The Set Builtin192112 +Node: The Shopt Builtin202710 +Node: Special Builtins218619 +Node: Shell Variables219595 +Node: Bourne Shell Variables220029 +Node: Bash Variables222130 +Node: Bash Features254942 +Node: Invoking Bash255952 +Node: Bash Startup Files261962 +Node: Interactive Shells267090 +Node: What is an Interactive Shell?267498 +Node: Is this Shell Interactive?268144 +Node: Interactive Shell Behavior268956 +Node: Bash Conditional Expressions272582 +Node: Shell Arithmetic277221 +Node: Aliases280162 +Node: Arrays282772 +Node: The Directory Stack289160 +Node: Directory Stack Builtins289941 +Node: Controlling the Prompt294198 +Node: The Restricted Shell297160 +Node: Bash POSIX Mode299767 +Node: Shell Compatibility Mode311682 +Node: Job Control320246 +Node: Job Control Basics320703 +Node: Job Control Builtins325702 +Node: Job Control Variables331494 +Node: Command Line Editing332647 +Node: Introduction and Notation334315 +Node: Readline Interaction335935 +Node: Readline Bare Essentials337123 +Node: Readline Movement Commands338909 +Node: Readline Killing Commands339866 +Node: Readline Arguments341784 +Node: Searching342825 +Node: Readline Init File345008 +Node: Readline Init File Syntax346266 +Node: Conditional Init Constructs369849 +Node: Sample Init File374042 +Node: Bindable Readline Commands377163 +Node: Commands For Moving378364 +Node: Commands For History380412 +Node: Commands For Text385403 +Node: Commands For Killing389049 +Node: Numeric Arguments392079 +Node: Commands For Completion393215 +Node: Keyboard Macros397403 +Node: Miscellaneous Commands398088 +Node: Readline vi Mode404030 +Node: Programmable Completion404934 +Node: Programmable Completion Builtins412711 +Node: A Programmable Completion Example423460 +Node: Using History Interactively428705 +Node: Bash History Facilities429386 +Node: Bash History Builtins432388 +Node: History Interaction437409 +Node: Event Designators441026 +Node: Word Designators442377 +Node: Modifiers444134 +Node: Installing Bash445939 +Node: Basic Installation447073 +Node: Compilers and Options450792 +Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures451530 +Node: Installation Names453219 +Node: Specifying the System Type455325 +Node: Sharing Defaults456039 +Node: Operation Controls456709 +Node: Optional Features457664 +Node: Reporting Bugs468880 +Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell470152 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License486998 +Node: Indexes512172 +Node: Builtin Index512623 +Node: Reserved Word Index519447 +Node: Variable Index521892 +Node: Function Index538663 +Node: Concept Index552444 + +End Tag Table + + +Local Variables: +coding: utf-8 +End: diff --git a/doc/bash.pdf b/doc/bash.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b8f7dd6 Binary files /dev/null and b/doc/bash.pdf differ diff --git a/doc/bash.ps b/doc/bash.ps new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b6a4bbe --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/bash.ps @@ -0,0 +1,10469 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-3.0 +%%Creator: groff version 1.22.4 +%%CreationDate: Mon Sep 19 12:02:42 2022 +%%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Roman +%%+ font Times-Bold +%%+ font Times-Italic +%%+ font Courier +%%+ font Symbol +%%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset grops 1.22 4 +%%Pages: 87 +%%PageOrder: Ascend +%%DocumentMedia: Default 612 792 0 () () +%%Orientation: Portrait +%%EndComments +%%BeginDefaults 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Since).15 F 2.671(as)2.671 G .171(hell in) +-2.671 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E(as)108 220.8 Q F2(sh)3.081 E F0 +.581(does not attempt to read and e)3.081 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .581 +(cute commands from an).15 F 3.08(yo)-.15 G .58 +(ther startup \214les, the)-3.08 F F23.08 E(c\214le)-.18 E F0 +.58(option has)3.08 F .182(no ef)108 232.8 R 2.682(fect. A)-.25 F +(non-interacti)2.682 E .482 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .182(hell in).15 F -.2(vo) +-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.682(dw).1 G .182(ith the name)-2.682 F F2(sh)2.682 E +F0 .182(does not attempt to read an)2.682 F 2.683(yo)-.15 G .183 +(ther startup \214les.)-2.683 F(When in)108 244.8 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke) +.2 G 2.5(da).1 G(s)-2.5 E F2(sh)2.5 E F0(,)A F2(bash)2.5 E F0(enters)2.5 +E F4(posix)3.75 E F0(mode after the startup \214les are read.)3.03 E +(When)108 261.6 Q F2(bash)2.727 E F0 .226(is started in)2.727 F F4 +(posix)3.976 E F0 .226(mode, as with the)3.256 F F2(\255\255posix)2.726 +E F0 .226(command line option, it follo)2.726 F .226(ws the POSIX stan-) +-.25 F .341(dard for startup \214les.)108 273.6 R .341 +(In this mode, interacti)5.341 F .641 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .341(hells e).15 +F .341(xpand the)-.15 F F1(ENV)2.841 E F0 -.25(va)2.591 G .342 +(riable and commands are read and).25 F -.15(exe)108 285.6 S +(cuted from the \214le whose name is the e).15 E(xpanded v)-.15 E 2.5 +(alue. No)-.25 F(other startup \214les are read.)2.5 E F2(Bash)108 302.4 +Q F0 .224(attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard \ +input connected to a netw)2.724 F .223(ork connection,)-.1 F .521 +(as when e)108 314.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .521 +(cuted by the historical remote shell daemon, usually).15 F F4 -.1(rs) +3.021 G(hd).1 E F0 3.021(,o)C 3.021(rt)-3.021 G .521 +(he secure shell daemon)-3.021 F F4(sshd)3.022 E F0 5.522(.I)C(f)-5.522 +E F2(bash)108 326.4 Q F0 1.523(determines it is being run non-interacti) +4.023 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.523(ly in this f).15 F 1.522 +(ashion, it reads and e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.522(cutes commands from) +.15 F F4(~/.bashr)108 338.4 Q(c)-.37 E F0 2.847(,i)C 2.847(ft)-2.847 G +.347(hat \214le e)-2.847 F .347(xists and is readable.)-.15 F .348 +(It will not do this if in)5.347 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.848(da).1 +G(s)-2.848 E F2(sh)2.848 E F0 5.348(.T)C(he)-5.348 E F22.848 +E(c)-.18 E F0 .348(option may be)2.848 F .61(used to inhibit this beha) +108 350.4 R(vior)-.2 E 3.11(,a)-.4 G .61(nd the)-3.11 F F23.11 E +(c\214le)-.18 E F0 .609 +(option may be used to force another \214le to be read, b)3.11 F .609 +(ut nei-)-.2 F(ther)108 362.4 Q F4 -.1(rs)2.5 G(hd).1 E F0(nor)2.5 E F4 +(sshd)2.5 E F0(generally in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .2 -.1(ke t).2 H +(he shell with those options or allo).1 E 2.5(wt)-.25 G +(hem to be speci\214ed.)-2.5 E .433(If the shell is started with the ef) +108 379.2 R(fecti)-.25 E .733 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .433 +(ser \(group\) id not equal to the real user \(group\) id, and the).15 F +F22.934 E F0(op-)2.934 E 1.124(tion is not supplied, no startup \ +\214les are read, shell functions are not inherited from the en)108 +391.2 R 1.124(vironment, the)-.4 F F1(SHELLOPTS)108 403.2 Q F5(,)A F1 +-.27(BA)2.959 G(SHOPTS).27 E F5(,)A F1(CDP)2.959 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H) +.855 E F5(,)A F0(and)2.959 E F1(GLOBIGNORE)3.209 E F0 -.25(va)2.959 G +.709(riables, if the).25 F 3.209(ya)-.15 G .71(ppear in the en)-3.209 F +.71(vironment, are)-.4 F .905(ignored, and the ef)108 415.2 R(fecti)-.25 +E 1.205 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .904(ser id is set to the real user id.).15 F +.904(If the)5.904 F F23.404 E F0 .904(option is supplied at in) +3.404 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .904(cation, the).2 F(startup beha)108 427.2 Q +(vior is the same, b)-.2 E(ut the ef)-.2 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve u) +-.25 H(ser id is not reset.).15 E/F6 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(DEFINITIONS) +72 444 Q F0(The follo)108 456 Q +(wing de\214nitions are used throughout the rest of this document.)-.25 +E F2(blank)108 468 Q F0 2.5(As)144 468 S(pace or tab)-2.5 E(.)-.4 E F2 +-.1(wo)108 480 S(rd).1 E F0 2.5(As)144 480 S +(equence of characters considered as a single unit by the shell.)-2.5 E +(Also kno)5 E(wn as a)-.25 E F2(tok)2.5 E(en)-.1 E F0(.)A F2(name)108 +492 Q F0(A)144 492 Q F4(wor)3.005 E(d)-.37 E F0 .165 +(consisting only of alphanumeric characters and underscores, and be) +3.435 F .166(ginning with an alpha-)-.15 F +(betic character or an underscore.)144 504 Q(Also referred to as an)5 E +F2(identi\214er)2.5 E F0(.)A F2(metacharacter)108 516 Q F0 2.5(Ac)144 +528 S(haracter that, when unquoted, separates w)-2.5 E 2.5(ords. One)-.1 +F(of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E F2 5(|&;\(\)<>s)144 540 S 2.5 +(pace tab newline)-5 F(contr)108 552 Q(ol operator)-.18 E F0(A)144 564 Q +F4(tok)2.5 E(en)-.1 E F0(that performs a control function.)2.5 E +(It is one of the follo)5 E(wing symbols:)-.25 E F2 2.5 +(|| & && ; ;; ;& ;;& \( \) | |&)144 576 R()10 E F6(RESER)72 +592.8 Q(VED W)-.602 E(ORDS)-.11 E F4 .307(Reserved wor)108 604.8 R(ds) +-.37 E F0 .307(are w)2.807 F .307(ords that ha)-.1 F .607 -.15(ve a s) +-.2 H .306(pecial meaning to the shell.).15 F .306(The follo)5.306 F +.306(wing w)-.25 F .306(ords are recognized as)-.1 F(reserv)108 616.8 Q +.313(ed when unquoted and either the \214rst w)-.15 F .314 +(ord of a command \(see)-.1 F F1 .314(SHELL GRAMMAR)2.814 F F0(belo) +2.564 E .314(w\), the third)-.25 F -.1(wo)108 628.8 S .644(rd of a).1 F +F2(case)3.144 E F0(or)3.144 E F2(select)3.143 E F0 .643(command \(only) +3.143 F F2(in)3.143 E F0 .643(is v)3.143 F .643(alid\), or the third w) +-.25 F .643(ord of a)-.1 F F2 -.25(fo)3.143 G(r).25 E F0 .643 +(command \(only)3.143 F F2(in)3.143 E F0(and)3.143 E F2(do)3.143 E F0 +(are v)108 640.8 Q(alid\):)-.25 E F2 11.295(!c)144 657.6 S 8.795 +(ase copr)-11.295 F 8.795(oc do done elif else esac \214 f)-.18 F 8.795 +(or function if in select then)-.25 F 7.5(until while { } time [[ ]])144 +669.6 R F6(SHELL GRAMMAR)72 686.4 Q F0 +(This section describes the syntax of the v)108 698.4 Q +(arious forms of shell commands.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q +(2022 September 19)135.955 E(3)190.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 4 4 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(Simple Commands)87 84 Q F0(A)108 96 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .389 +(simple command)2.889 F F0 .389(is a sequence of optional v)2.889 F .388 +(ariable assignments follo)-.25 F .388(wed by)-.25 F F1(blank)2.888 E F0 +.388(-separated w)B .388(ords and)-.1 F .815 +(redirections, and terminated by a)108 108 R F2(contr)3.315 E .815 +(ol oper)-.45 F(ator)-.15 E F0 5.815(.T)C .815(he \214rst w)-5.815 F +.816(ord speci\214es the command to be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 +E(and is passed as ar)108 120 Q(gument zero.)-.18 E(The remaining w)5 E +(ords are passed as ar)-.1 E(guments to the in)-.18 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 +(ke).2 G 2.5(dc).1 G(ommand.)-2.5 E(The return v)108 136.8 Q(alue of a) +-.25 E F2(simple command)2.5 E F0(is its e)2.5 E(xit status, or 128+) +-.15 E F2(n)A F0(if the command is terminated by signal)3.333 E F2(n) +2.86 E F0(.).24 E F1(Pipelines)87 153.6 Q F0(A)108 165.6 Q F2(pipeline) +2.996 E F0 .496(is a sequence of one or more commands separated by one \ +of the control operators)2.996 F F1(|)2.996 E F0(or)2.996 E F1(|&)2.996 +E F0 5.496(.T)C(he)-5.496 E(format for a pipeline is:)108 177.6 Q([)144 +194.4 Q F1(time)A F0([)2.5 E F1A F0(]] [ ! ])A F2(command1)2.5 E +F0 2.5([[)2.5 G F1(|)-2.5 E/F3 10/Symbol SFA F1(|&)A F0(])A F2 +(command2)2.5 E F0(... ])2.5 E .799(The standard output of)108 211.2 R +F2(command1)3.499 E F0 .799 +(is connected via a pipe to the standard input of)3.299 F F2(command2) +3.5 E F0 5.8(.T).02 G .8(his con-)-5.8 F .215 +(nection is performed before an)108 223.2 R 2.715(yr)-.15 G .214 +(edirections speci\214ed by the)-2.715 F F2(command1)2.914 E F0(\(see)A +/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)2.714 E F0(belo)2.464 E 2.714(w\). If) +-.25 F F1(|&)2.714 E F0 .126(is used,)108 235.2 R F2(command1)2.626 E F0 +1.226 -.55('s s)D .126(tandard error).55 F 2.626(,i)-.4 G 2.626(na) +-2.626 G .126(ddition to its standard output, is connected to)-2.626 F +F2(command2)2.626 E F0 1.226 -.55('s s)D(tandard).55 E .028 +(input through the pipe; it is shorthand for)108 247.2 R F1 .028(2>&1 |) +2.528 F F0 5.028(.T)C .028 +(his implicit redirection of the standard error to the stan-)-5.028 F +(dard output is performed after an)108 259.2 Q 2.5(yr)-.15 G +(edirections speci\214ed by)-2.5 E F2(command1)2.5 E F0(.)A .48 +(The return status of a pipeline is the e)108 276 R .48 +(xit status of the last command, unless the)-.15 F F1(pipefail)2.98 E F0 +.48(option is enabled.)2.98 F(If)108 288 Q F1(pipefail)2.687 E F0 .187 +(is enabled, the pipeline')2.687 F 2.687(sr)-.55 G .186 +(eturn status is the v)-2.687 F .186 +(alue of the last \(rightmost\) command to e)-.25 F .186(xit with a)-.15 +F .61(non-zero status, or zero if all commands e)108 300 R .611 +(xit successfully)-.15 F 5.611(.I)-.65 G 3.111(ft)-5.611 G .611 +(he reserv)-3.111 F .611(ed w)-.15 F(ord)-.1 E F1(!)3.111 E F0 .611 +(precedes a pipeline, the)5.611 F -.15(ex)108 312 S .55 +(it status of that pipeline is the logical ne).15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .55 +(tion of the e).05 F .55(xit status as described abo)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 +G 5.55(.T).15 G .55(he shell w)-5.55 F .55(aits for)-.1 F +(all commands in the pipeline to terminate before returning a v)108 324 +Q(alue.)-.25 E .298(If the)108 340.8 R F1(time)2.799 E F0(reserv)2.799 E +.299(ed w)-.15 F .299(ord precedes a pipeline, the elapsed as well as u\ +ser and system time consumed by its)-.1 F -.15(exe)108 352.8 S .14 +(cution are reported when the pipeline terminates.).15 F(The)5.139 E F1 +2.639 E F0 .139(option changes the output format to that spec-) +2.639 F .302(i\214ed by POSIX.)108 364.8 R .303(When the shell is in) +5.302 F F2 .303(posix mode)2.803 F F0 2.803(,i)C 2.803(td)-2.803 G .303 +(oes not recognize)-2.803 F F1(time)2.803 E F0 .303(as a reserv)2.803 F +.303(ed w)-.15 F .303(ord if the ne)-.1 F(xt)-.15 E(tok)108 376.8 Q .736 +(en be)-.1 F .736(gins with a `-'.)-.15 F(The)5.736 E F4(TIMEFORMA)3.236 +E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.986 G .736 +(riable may be set to a format string that speci\214es ho).25 F 3.235 +(wt)-.25 G(he)-3.235 E .879 +(timing information should be displayed; see the description of)108 +388.8 R F4(TIMEFORMA)3.38 E(T)-.855 E F0(under)3.13 E F1 .88(Shell V) +3.38 F(ariables)-.92 E F0(be-)3.38 E(lo)108 400.8 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G .162 +(When the shell is in)108 417.6 R F2 .162(posix mode)2.662 F F0(,)A F1 +(time)2.662 E F0 .162(may be follo)2.662 F .161(wed by a ne)-.25 F 2.661 +(wline. In)-.25 F .161(this case, the shell displays the to-)2.661 F +.243(tal user and system time consumed by the shell and its children.) +108 429.6 R(The)5.243 E F4(TIMEFORMA)2.743 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.493 +G .243(riable may be used).25 F +(to specify the format of the time information.)108 441.6 Q .304(Each c\ +ommand in a multi-command pipeline, where pipes are created, is e)108 +458.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .303(cuted in a).15 F F2(subshell)2.803 E F0 +2.803(,w)C .303(hich is a)-2.803 F .207(separate process.)108 470.4 R +(See)5.207 E F4 .208(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)2.708 F(ONMENT)-.27 E F0 +.208(for a description of subshells and a sub-)2.458 F .927(shell en)108 +482.4 R 3.427(vironment. If)-.4 F(the)3.427 E F1(lastpipe)3.427 E F0 +.927(option is enabled using the)3.427 F F1(shopt)3.427 E F0 -.2(bu) +3.427 G .927(iltin \(see the description of).2 F F1(shopt)3.426 E F0 +(belo)108 494.4 Q(w\), the last element of a pipeline may be run by the\ + shell process when job control is not acti)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 +E F1(Lists)87 511.2 Q F0(A)108 523.2 Q F2(list)2.849 E F0 .349(is a seq\ +uence of one or more pipelines separated by one of the operators)2.849 F +F1(;)2.85 E F0(,)A F1(&)2.85 E F0(,)A F1(&&)2.85 E F0 2.85(,o)C(r)-2.85 +E F1(||)2.85 E F0 2.85(,a)C .35(nd option-)-2.85 F +(ally terminated by one of)108 535.2 Q F1(;)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(&)2.5 E F0 +2.5(,o)C(r)-2.5 E F1()2.5 E F0(.)A .961 +(Of these list operators,)108 552 R F1(&&)3.461 E F0(and)3.461 E F1(||) +3.461 E F0(ha)3.461 E 1.261 -.15(ve e)-.2 H .961(qual precedence, follo) +.15 F .96(wed by)-.25 F F1(;)3.46 E F0(and)3.46 E F1(&)3.46 E F0 3.46 +(,w)C .96(hich ha)-3.46 F 1.26 -.15(ve e)-.2 H .96(qual prece-).15 F +(dence.)108 564 Q 2.5(As)108 580.8 S(equence of one or more ne)-2.5 E +(wlines may appear in a)-.25 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 +(instead of a semicolon to delimit commands.)2.5 E .029 +(If a command is terminated by the control operator)108 597.6 R F1(&) +2.529 E F0 2.529(,t)C .029(he shell e)-2.529 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .029 +(cutes the command in the).15 F F2(bac)2.529 E(kgr)-.2 E(ound)-.45 E F0 +(in)2.529 E 2.678(as)108 609.6 S 2.678(ubshell. The)-2.678 F .178 +(shell does not w)2.678 F .178 +(ait for the command to \214nish, and the return status is 0.)-.1 F .178 +(These are referred)5.178 F .778(to as)108 621.6 R F2(async)3.278 E(hr) +-.15 E(onous)-.45 E F0 3.278(commands. Commands)3.278 F .779 +(separated by a)3.278 F F1(;)3.279 E F0 .779(are e)3.279 F -.15(xe)-.15 +G .779(cuted sequentially; the shell w).15 F .779(aits for)-.1 F +(each command to terminate in turn.)108 633.6 Q +(The return status is the e)5 E(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E +-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E .172(AND and OR lists are sequences of one \ +or more pipelines separated by the)108 650.4 R F1(&&)2.671 E F0(and) +2.671 E F1(||)2.671 E F0 .171(control operators, re-)2.671 F(specti)108 +662.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5(.A)-.65 G(ND and OR lists are e)-5 E +-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted with left associati).15 E(vity)-.25 E 5(.A)-.65 G +2.5(nA)-5 G(ND list has the form)-2.5 E F2(command1)144 679.2 Q F1(&&) +2.5 E F2(command2)2.5 E(command2)108.2 696 Q F0(is e)2.52 E -.15(xe)-.15 +G(cuted if, and only if,).15 E F2(command1)2.7 E F0(returns an e)2.5 E +(xit status of zero \(success\).)-.15 E(An OR list has the form)108 +712.8 Q F2(command1)144 729.6 Q F1(||)2.5 E F2(command2)2.5 E F0 +(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(4)190.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 5 5 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(command2)108.2 84 Q F0 .434(is e)2.954 F -.15(xe)-.15 +G .434(cuted if, and only if,).15 F F1(command1)3.135 E F0 .435 +(returns a non-zero e)2.935 F .435(xit status.)-.15 F .435 +(The return status of AND)5.435 F(and OR lists is the e)108 96 Q +(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuted in the list.).15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Compound Commands)87 +112.8 Q F0(A)108 124.8 Q F1 1.054(compound command)3.554 F F0 1.054 +(is one of the follo)3.554 F 3.553(wing. In)-.25 F 1.053(most cases a) +3.553 F F1(list)3.553 E F0 1.053(in a command')3.553 F 3.553(sd)-.55 G +1.053(escription may be)-3.553 F 1.026 +(separated from the rest of the command by one or more ne)108 136.8 R +1.026(wlines, and may be follo)-.25 F 1.027(wed by a ne)-.25 F 1.027 +(wline in)-.25 F(place of a semicolon.)108 148.8 Q(\()108 165.6 Q F1 +(list)A F0(\))A F1(list)144 165.6 Q F0 .215(is e)2.715 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.215(cuted in a subshell \(see).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .215 +(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)2.715 F(ONMENT)-.27 E F0(belo)2.465 E 2.714(wf) +-.25 G .214(or a descrip-)-2.714 F .209(tion of a subshell en)144 177.6 +R 2.709(vironment\). V)-.4 F .209(ariable assignments and b)-1.11 F .209 +(uiltin commands that af)-.2 F .21(fect the shell')-.25 F(s)-.55 E(en) +144 189.6 Q 1.069(vironment do not remain in ef)-.4 F 1.069 +(fect after the command completes.)-.25 F 1.068 +(The return status is the e)6.069 F(xit)-.15 E(status of)144 201.6 Q F1 +(list)2.5 E F0(.)A({)108 218.4 Q F1(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;})C F1(list)144 +218.4 Q F0 .401(is simply e)2.901 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .401 +(cuted in the current shell en).15 F(vironment.)-.4 E F1(list)5.401 E F0 +.402(must be terminated with a ne)2.901 F .402(wline or)-.25 F 3.215 +(semicolon. This)144 230.4 R .715(is kno)3.215 F .715(wn as a)-.25 F F1 +(gr)3.215 E .715(oup command)-.45 F F0 5.715(.T)C .715 +(he return status is the e)-5.715 F .714(xit status of)-.15 F F1(list) +3.214 E F0 5.714(.N)C(ote)-5.714 E .219(that unlik)144 242.4 R 2.719(et) +-.1 G .219(he metacharacters)-2.719 F F2(\()2.719 E F0(and)2.719 E F2 +(\))2.719 E F0(,)A F2({)2.719 E F0(and)2.719 E F2(})2.719 E F0(are)2.719 +E F1 -.37(re)2.72 G .22(served wor).37 F(ds)-.37 E F0 .22 +(and must occur where a reserv)2.72 F(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)144 254.4 S .257 +(rd is permitted to be recognized.).1 F .257(Since the)5.257 F 2.757(yd) +-.15 G 2.756(on)-2.757 G .256(ot cause a w)-2.756 F .256(ord break, the) +-.1 F 2.756(ym)-.15 G .256(ust be separated)-2.756 F(from)144 266.4 Q F1 +(list)2.5 E F0(by whitespace or another shell metacharacter)2.5 E(.)-.55 +E(\(\()108 283.2 Q F1 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(\)\))A(The)144 +295.2 Q F1 -.2(ex)2.551 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 .051(is e)2.551 F +-.25(va)-.25 G .051(luated according to the rules described belo).25 F +2.552(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.552 E F3 .052(ARITHMETIC EV)2.552 F(ALU)-1.215 E +(A-)-.54 E(TION)144 307.2 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .411(If the v) +4.911 F .411(alue of the e)-.25 F .411(xpression is non-zero, the retur\ +n status is 0; otherwise the return status)-.15 F .186(is 1.)144 319.2 R +(The)5.186 E F1 -.2(ex)2.686 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(under)2.686 E +.186(goes the same e)-.18 F .186 +(xpansions as if it were within double quotes, b)-.15 F .187(ut double) +-.2 F(quote characters in)144 331.2 Q F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession) +-.37 E F0(are not treated specially and are remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G +(d.).15 E F2([[)108 348 Q F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F2(]]) +2.5 E F0 .003(Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the e)144 360 R +-.25(va)-.25 G .003(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E +F1 -.2(ex)2.503 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 5.003(.E)C(x-)-5.003 E .758 +(pressions are composed of the primaries described belo)144 372 R 3.259 +(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.259 E F3(CONDITION)3.259 E .759(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F +F4(.)A F0 .065(The w)144 384 R .065(ords between the)-.1 F F2([[)2.565 E +F0(and)2.565 E F2(]])2.565 E F0 .065(do not under)2.565 F .065(go w)-.18 +F .065(ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F 2.565(xpansion. The)-.15 F +(shell)2.565 E .483(performs tilde e)144 396 R .483 +(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .483(ariable e)-.25 F .483 +(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F .483(xpansion, command sub-)-.15 F .201 +(stitution, process substitution, and quote remo)144 408 R -.25(va)-.15 +G 2.701(lo).25 G 2.701(nt)-2.701 G .201(hose w)-2.701 F .201 +(ords \(the e)-.1 F .2(xpansions that w)-.15 F .2(ould occur)-.1 F .382 +(if the w)144 420 R .382(ords were enclosed in double quotes\).)-.1 F +.382(Conditional operators such as)5.382 F F22.882 E F0 .382 +(must be unquoted)2.882 F(to be recognized as primaries.)144 432 Q +(When used with)144 450 Q F2([[)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he)-2.5 E F2(<)2.5 E +F0(and)2.5 E F2(>)2.5 E F0(operators sort le)2.5 E +(xicographically using the current locale.)-.15 E .503(When the)144 468 +R F2(==)3.003 E F0(and)3.002 E F2(!=)3.002 E F0 .502(operators are used\ +, the string to the right of the operator is considered a pat-)3.002 F +.81(tern and matched according to the rules described belo)144 480 R +3.31(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.31 E F2 -.1(Pa)3.31 G(tter).1 E 3.31(nM)-.15 G +(atching)-3.31 E F0 3.31(,a)C 3.31(si)-3.31 G 3.31(ft)-3.31 G(he)-3.31 E +F2(ext-)3.31 E(glob)144 492 Q F0 .313(shell option were enabled.)2.814 F +(The)5.313 E F2(=)2.813 E F0 .313(operator is equi)2.813 F -.25(va)-.25 +G .313(lent to).25 F F2(==)2.813 E F0 5.313(.I)C 2.813(ft)-5.313 G(he) +-2.813 E F2(nocasematch)2.813 E F0 .313(shell op-)2.813 F .029 +(tion is enabled, the match is performed without re)144 504 R -.05(ga) +-.15 G .03(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F .03(The re-) +5.03 F .259(turn v)144 516 R .259(alue is 0 if the string matches \() +-.25 F F2(==)A F0 2.759(\)o)C 2.759(rd)-2.759 G .259(oes not match \() +-2.759 F F2(!=)A F0 2.759(\)t)C .259(he pattern, and 1 otherwise.)-2.759 +F(An)5.258 E(y)-.15 E(part of the pattern may be quoted to force the qu\ +oted portion to be matched as a string.)144 528 Q .243 +(An additional binary operator)144 546 R(,)-.4 E F2(=~)2.743 E F0 2.743 +(,i)C 2.743(sa)-2.743 G -.25(va)-2.943 G .243 +(ilable, with the same precedence as).25 F F2(==)2.743 E F0(and)2.743 E +F2(!=)2.743 E F0 5.243(.W)C .243(hen it is)-5.243 F .182 +(used, the string to the right of the operator is considered a POSIX e) +144 558 R .182(xtended re)-.15 F .181(gular e)-.15 F .181(xpression and) +-.15 F 2.623(matched accordingly \(using the POSIX)144 570 R F1 -.37(re) +5.124 G(gcomp)-.03 E F0(and)5.124 E F1 -.37(re)5.124 G -.1(ge)-.03 G +(xec)-.1 E F0(interf)5.124 E 2.624(aces usually described in)-.1 F F1 +-.37(re)144 582 S -.1(ge)-.03 G(x)-.1 E F0 3.272(\(3\)\). The)B .772 +(return v)3.272 F .772 +(alue is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1 otherwise.)-.25 F +.771(If the re)5.771 F(gular)-.15 E -.15(ex)144 594 S .508 +(pression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional e).15 F +(xpression')-.15 E 3.008(sr)-.55 G .509(eturn v)-3.008 F .509 +(alue is 2.)-.25 F .509(If the)5.509 F F2(nocase-)3.009 E(match)144 606 +Q F0 1.307(shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re) +3.807 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 1.306(rd to the case of alphabetic).05 F 2.599 +(characters. If)144 618 R(an)2.599 E 2.599(yp)-.15 G .099 +(art of the pattern is quoted, the quoted portion is matched literally) +-2.599 F 5.1(.T)-.65 G .1(his means)-5.1 F -2.15 -.25(ev e)144 630 T +.032(ry character in the quoted portion matches itself, instead of ha) +.25 F .031(ving an)-.2 F 2.531(ys)-.15 G .031(pecial pattern matching) +-2.531 F 3.041(meaning. If)144 642 R .542 +(the pattern is stored in a shell v)3.041 F .542(ariable, quoting the v) +-.25 F .542(ariable e)-.25 F .542(xpansion forces the en-)-.15 F 1.825 +(tire pattern to be matched literally)144 654 R 6.825(.T)-.65 G 1.825 +(reat brack)-7.175 F 1.825(et e)-.1 F 1.825(xpressions in re)-.15 F +1.825(gular e)-.15 F 1.825(xpressions carefully)-.15 F(,)-.65 E(since n\ +ormal quoting and pattern characters lose their meanings between brack) +144 666 Q(ets.)-.1 E .838(The pattern will match if it matches an)144 +684 R 3.338(yp)-.15 G .838(art of the string.)-3.338 F .839 +(Anchor the pattern using the)5.839 F F2(^)3.339 E F0(and)3.339 E F2($) +3.339 E F0(re)144 696 Q .847(gular e)-.15 F .846 +(xpression operators to force it to match the entire string.)-.15 F .846 +(The array v)5.846 F(ariable)-.25 E F3 -.27(BA)3.346 G(SH_RE-).27 E(MA) +144 708 Q(TCH)-.855 E F0 .321 +(records which parts of the string matched the pattern.)2.571 F .322 +(The element of)5.322 F F3 -.27(BA)2.822 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E F0 +.583(with inde)144 720 R 3.083(x0)-.15 G .582 +(contains the portion of the string matching the entire re)-.001 F .582 +(gular e)-.15 F 3.082(xpression. Substrings)-.15 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q +(2022 September 19)135.955 E(5)190.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 6 6 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .249 +(matched by parenthesized sube)144 84 R .249(xpressions within the re) +-.15 F .249(gular e)-.15 F .249(xpression are sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G +2.749(di).15 G 2.75(nt)-2.749 G .25(he remaining)-2.75 F/F1 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA)144 96 S(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E F0 1.13 +(indices. The element of)3.38 F F1 -.27(BA)3.63 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH) +-.855 E F0 1.13(with inde)3.38 F(x)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.63 +E F0 1.13(is the portion of the)3.63 F 1.125(string matching the)144 108 +R F2(n)3.625 E F0 1.125(th parenthesized sube)B 3.625(xpression. Bash) +-.15 F(sets)3.626 E F1 -.27(BA)3.626 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E F0 +1.126(in the global)3.376 F(scope; declaring it as a local v)144 120 Q +(ariable will lead to une)-.25 E(xpected results.)-.15 E .786 +(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 138 R .785 +(wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F(dence:)144 +150 Q/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\()144 168 Q F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession) +-.37 E F3(\))2.5 E F0 .522(Returns the v)180 180 R .522(alue of)-.25 F +F2 -.2(ex)3.022 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 5.522(.T)C .522 +(his may be used to o)-5.522 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .522 +(rride the normal precedence of).15 F(operators.)180 192 Q F3(!)144 204 +Q F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 216 S(ue if).35 E +F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(is f)2.74 E(alse.)-.1 E F2 -.2 +(ex)144 228 S(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F3(&&)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E +(ession2)-.37 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 240 S(ue if both).35 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G +(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F0(and)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2) +-.37 E F0(are true.)2.52 E F2 -.2(ex)144 252 S(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F3 +(||)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 264 S +(ue if either).35 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F0(or)2.5 E +F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0(is true.)2.52 E(The)144 280.8 +Q F3(&&)2.676 E F0(and)2.676 E F3(||)2.676 E F0 .175(operators do not e) +2.676 F -.25(va)-.25 G(luate).25 E F2 -.2(ex)2.675 G(pr).2 E(ession2) +-.37 E F0 .175(if the v)2.675 F .175(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.2(ex)2.675 G +(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F0 .175(is suf)2.675 F .175(\214cient to de-) +-.25 F(termine the return v)144 292.8 Q +(alue of the entire conditional e)-.25 E(xpression.)-.15 E F3 -.25(fo) +108 309.6 S(r).25 E F2(name)2.5 E F0 2.5([[)2.5 G F3(in)A F0([)2.5 E F2 +(wor)2.5 E 2.5(d.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0 2.5(]];])2.5 G F3(do)A F2(list)2.5 +E F0(;)2.5 E F3(done)2.5 E F0 .423(The list of w)144 321.6 R .423 +(ords follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F3(in)2.923 E F0 .423(is e)2.923 F .423 +(xpanded, generating a list of items.)-.15 F .424(The v)5.424 F(ariable) +-.25 E F2(name)2.924 E F0 .424(is set to)2.924 F .653 +(each element of this list in turn, and)144 333.6 R F2(list)3.153 E F0 +.653(is e)3.153 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .653(cuted each time.).15 F .653 +(If the)5.653 F F3(in)3.153 E F2(wor)3.153 E(d)-.37 E F0 .653 +(is omitted, the)3.153 F F3 -.25(fo)3.153 G(r).25 E F0 .648(command e) +144 345.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(list)3.148 E F0 .648 +(once for each positional parameter that is set \(see)3.148 F F1 -.666 +(PA)3.149 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.899 E(w\).)-.25 E .154 +(The return status is the e)144 357.6 R .153 +(xit status of the last command that e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.653 +(cutes. If).15 F .153(the e)2.653 F .153(xpansion of the items)-.15 F +(follo)144 369.6 Q(wing)-.25 E F3(in)2.5 E F0 +(results in an empty list, no commands are e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuted, and the return status is 0.).15 E F3 -.25(fo)108 386.4 S(r).25 E +F0(\(\()2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(;)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 +E F0(;)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr3).2 E F0(\)\) ;)2.5 E F3(do)2.5 E F2 +(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F3(done)2.5 E F0 1.235(First, the arithmetic e) +144 398.4 R(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.735 G(pr1).2 E F0 1.235(is e) +3.735 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.236 +(luated according to the rules described belo).25 F 3.736(wu)-.25 G +(nder)-3.736 E F1 .562(ARITHMETIC EV)144 410.4 R(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT) +-.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .562(The arithmetic e) +5.062 F(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.062 G(pr2).2 E F0 .561(is then e) +3.061 F -.25(va)-.25 G .561(luated repeatedly until).25 F .591(it e)144 +422.4 R -.25(va)-.25 G .591(luates to zero.).25 F .592(Each time)5.591 F +F2 -.2(ex)3.092 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.25(eva)3.092 G .592 +(luates to a non-zero v).25 F(alue,)-.25 E F2(list)3.092 E F0 .592(is e) +3.092 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .592(cuted and the arith-).15 F .229(metic e)144 +434.4 R(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)2.729 G(pr3).2 E F0 .229(is e)2.729 F +-.25(va)-.25 G 2.729(luated. If).25 F(an)2.729 E 2.729(ye)-.15 G .229 +(xpression is omitted, it beha)-2.879 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.729(sa).15 G +2.729(si)-2.729 G 2.729(fi)-2.729 G 2.728(te)-2.729 G -.25(va)-2.978 G +.228(luates to 1.).25 F .227(The return v)144 446.4 R .227 +(alue is the e)-.25 F .227(xit status of the last command in)-.15 F F2 +(list)2.728 E F0 .228(that is e)2.728 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .228(cuted, or f) +.15 F .228(alse if an)-.1 F 2.728(yo)-.15 G 2.728(ft)-2.728 G(he)-2.728 +E -.15(ex)144 458.4 S(pressions is in).15 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid.).25 E F3 +(select)108 475.2 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F3(in)2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d) +-.37 E F0 2.5(];)2.5 G F3(do)A F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F3(done)2.5 E F0 +1.358(The list of w)144 487.2 R 1.358(ords follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F3 +(in)3.858 E F0 1.358(is e)3.858 F 1.357 +(xpanded, generating a list of items, and the set of e)-.15 F(xpanded) +-.15 E -.1(wo)144 499.2 S .601(rds is printed on the standard error).1 F +3.101(,e)-.4 G .601(ach preceded by a number)-3.101 F 5.601(.I)-.55 G +3.101(ft)-5.601 G(he)-3.101 E F3(in)3.101 E F2(wor)3.101 E(d)-.37 E F0 +.602(is omitted, the)3.101 F .188 +(positional parameters are printed \(see)144 511.2 R F1 -.666(PA)2.688 G +(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.438 E(w\).)-.25 E F3(select)5.188 E F0 .188 +(then displays the)2.688 F F1(PS3)2.687 E F0(prompt)2.437 E .46 +(and reads a line from the standard input.)144 523.2 R .461 +(If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of)5.46 F .141 +(the displayed w)144 535.2 R .141(ords, then the v)-.1 F .141(alue of) +-.25 F F2(name)3.001 E F0 .141(is set to that w)2.821 F 2.641(ord. If) +-.1 F .141(the line is empty)2.641 F 2.641(,t)-.65 G .141(he w)-2.641 F +.141(ords and)-.1 F 1.048(prompt are displayed ag)144 547.2 R 3.548 +(ain. If)-.05 F 1.048(EOF is read, the)3.548 F F3(select)3.548 E F0 +1.048(command completes and returns 1.)3.548 F(An)6.048 E(y)-.15 E .32 +(other v)144 559.2 R .32(alue read causes)-.25 F F2(name)3.18 E F0 .32 +(to be set to null.)3 F .32(The line read is sa)5.32 F -.15(ve)-.2 G +2.82(di).15 G 2.82(nt)-2.82 G .319(he v)-2.82 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(REPL) +2.819 E(Y)-.828 E F4(.)A F0(The)4.819 E F2(list)144.09 571.2 Q F0 .055 +(is e)3.235 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .056(cuted after each selection until a).15 +F F3(br)2.556 E(eak)-.18 E F0 .056(command is e)2.556 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +2.556(cuted. The).15 F -.15(ex)2.556 G .056(it status of).15 F F3 +(select)2.556 E F0(is)2.556 E(the e)144 583.2 Q +(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E +F2(list)2.59 E F0 2.5(,o).68 G 2.5(rz)-2.5 G(ero if no commands were e) +-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F3(case)108 600 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 +E F3(in)2.5 E F0 2.5([[)2.5 G(\(])-2.5 E F2(pattern)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F3 +(|)2.5 E F2(pattern)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)2.5 G(.. \))-2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 +(;; ] ...)2.5 E F3(esac)2.5 E F0(A)144 612 Q F3(case)3.265 E F0 .764 +(command \214rst e)3.265 F(xpands)-.15 E F2(wor)3.264 E(d)-.37 E F0 +3.264(,a)C .764(nd tries to match it ag)-3.264 F .764(ainst each)-.05 F +F2(pattern)3.264 E F0 .764(in turn, using the)3.264 F .883 +(matching rules described under)144 624 R F3 -.1(Pa)3.384 G(tter).1 E +3.384(nM)-.15 G(atching)-3.384 E F0(belo)3.384 E 4.684 -.65(w. T)-.25 H +(he).65 E F2(wor)3.384 E(d)-.37 E F0 .884(is e)3.384 F .884 +(xpanded using tilde e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E .95(pansion, parameter and v)144 +636 R .95(ariable e)-.25 F .95(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F .95 +(xpansion, command substitution, process)-.15 F .18 +(substitution and quote remo)144 648 R -.25(va)-.15 G 2.681(l. Each).25 +F F2(pattern)2.681 E F0 -.15(ex)2.681 G .181(amined is e).15 F .181 +(xpanded using tilde e)-.15 F .181(xpansion, param-)-.15 F .103 +(eter and v)144 660 R .103(ariable e)-.25 F .103(xpansion, arithmetic e) +-.15 F .103(xpansion, command substitution, process substitution, and) +-.15 F .138(quote remo)144 672 R -.25(va)-.15 G 2.638(l. If).25 F(the) +2.638 E F3(nocasematch)2.638 E F0 .139 +(shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)2.638 F -.05 +(ga)-.15 G(rd).05 E .209(to the case of alphabetic characters.)144 684 R +.209(When a match is found, the corresponding)5.209 F F2(list)2.708 E F0 +.208(is e)2.708 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.708(cuted. If).15 F(the)144 696 Q F3 +(;;)3.349 E F0 .849(operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempt\ +ed after the \214rst pattern match.)3.349 F(Using)5.85 E F3(;&)144 708 Q +F0 .254(in place of)2.754 F F3(;;)2.754 E F0 .254(causes e)2.754 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .254(cution to continue with the).15 F F2(list)2.754 E F0 +.254(associated with the ne)2.754 F .253(xt set of patterns.)-.15 F +(Using)144 720 Q F3(;;&)3.378 E F0 .878(in place of)3.378 F F3(;;)3.378 +E F0 .878(causes the shell to test the ne)3.378 F .878 +(xt pattern list in the statement, if an)-.15 F 2.178 -.65(y, a)-.15 H +(nd).65 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(6)190.115 E +0 Cg EP +%%Page: 7 7 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.15(exe)144 84 S +.159(cute an).15 F 2.659(ya)-.15 G(ssociated)-2.659 E/F1 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(list)2.659 E F0 .159 +(on a successful match, continuing the case statement e)2.659 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G .158(cution as if the).15 F .182(pattern list had not matched.) +144 96 R .183(The e)5.183 F .183 +(xit status is zero if no pattern matches.)-.15 F .183 +(Otherwise, it is the e)5.183 F(xit)-.15 E(status of the last command e) +144 108 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E F1(list)2.5 E F0(.)A/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(if)108 124.8 Q F1(list)2.5 E F0(;)A F2(then)2.5 E F1 +(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;[)C F2(elif)A F1(list)2.5 E F0(;)A F2(then)2.5 E F1 +(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;].)C(.. [)-2.5 E F2(else)2.5 E F1(list)2.5 E F0 2.5 +(;])C F2<8c>A F0(The)144 136.8 Q F2(if)2.978 E F1(list)3.068 E F0 .478 +(is e)3.658 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.978(cuted. If).15 F .478(its e)2.978 F +.478(xit status is zero, the)-.15 F F2(then)2.978 E F1(list)2.978 E F0 +.478(is e)2.978 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.978(cuted. Otherwise,).15 F(each) +2.978 E F2(elif)2.977 E F1(list)2.977 E F0 1.087(is e)144 148.8 R -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 1.087(cuted in turn, and if its e).15 F 1.087 +(xit status is zero, the corresponding)-.15 F F2(then)3.587 E F1(list) +3.587 E F0 1.088(is e)3.588 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.088(cuted and the).15 F +.104(command completes.)144 160.8 R .103(Otherwise, the)5.104 F F2(else) +2.603 E F1(list)2.603 E F0 .103(is e)2.603 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .103 +(cuted, if present.).15 F .103(The e)5.103 F .103(xit status is the e) +-.15 F .103(xit sta-)-.15 F(tus of the last command e)144 172.8 Q -.15 +(xe)-.15 G(cuted, or zero if no condition tested true.).15 E F2(while) +108 189.6 Q F1(list-1)2.5 E F0(;)A F2(do)2.5 E F1(list-2)2.5 E F0(;)A F2 +(done)2.5 E(until)108 201.6 Q F1(list-1)2.5 E F0(;)A F2(do)2.5 E F1 +(list-2)2.5 E F0(;)A F2(done)2.5 E F0(The)144 213.6 Q F2(while)3.45 E F0 +.95(command continuously e)3.45 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .95(cutes the list).15 +F F1(list-2)3.45 E F0 .95(as long as the last command in the list)3.45 F +F1(list-1)144 225.6 Q F0 .205(returns an e)2.705 F .205 +(xit status of zero.)-.15 F(The)5.205 E F2(until)2.705 E F0 .205 +(command is identical to the)2.705 F F2(while)2.705 E F0 .205 +(command, e)2.705 F(xcept)-.15 E .599(that the test is ne)144 237.6 R +-.05(ga)-.15 G(ted:).05 E F1(list-2)3.189 E F0 .599(is e)3.119 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .6(cuted as long as the last command in).15 F F1(list-1)3.19 +E F0 .6(returns a non-zero)3.1 F -.15(ex)144 249.6 S .205(it status.).15 +F .205(The e)5.205 F .205(xit status of the)-.15 F F2(while)2.705 E F0 +(and)2.705 E F2(until)2.704 E F0 .204(commands is the e)2.704 F .204 +(xit status of the last command)-.15 F -.15(exe)144 261.6 S(cuted in).15 +E F1(list-2)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(rz)-2.5 G(ero if none w)-2.5 E(as e) +-.1 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F2(Copr)87 278.4 Q(ocesses)-.18 E F0 +(A)108 290.4 Q F1(copr)3.712 E(ocess)-.45 E F0 1.212 +(is a shell command preceded by the)3.712 F F2(copr)3.713 E(oc)-.18 E F0 +(reserv)3.713 E 1.213(ed w)-.15 F 3.713(ord. A)-.1 F 1.213 +(coprocess is e)3.713 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.213(cuted asyn-).15 F .575(chr\ +onously in a subshell, as if the command had been terminated with the) +108 302.4 R F2(&)3.074 E F0 .574(control operator)3.074 F 3.074(,w)-.4 G +.574(ith a tw)-3.074 F(o-)-.1 E -.1(wa)108 314.4 S 2.5(yp).1 G +(ipe established between the e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuting shell and the coprocess.).15 E(The syntax for a coprocess is:) +108 331.2 Q F2(copr)144 348 Q(oc)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F1 -.27(NA)C(ME).27 E +F0(])A F1(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1 -.37(re)C(dir).37 E(ections)-.37 E +F0(])A .598(This creates a coprocess named)108 364.8 R F1 -.27(NA)3.099 +G(ME).27 E F0(.)A F1(command)5.599 E F0 .599 +(may be either a simple command or a compound com-)3.099 F 1.4 +(mand \(see abo)108 376.8 R -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1 -.27(NA)6.4 G +(ME).27 E F0 1.4(is a shell v)3.9 F 1.4(ariable name.)-.25 F(If)6.4 E F1 +-.27(NA)3.9 G(ME).27 E F0 1.4(is not supplied, the def)3.9 F 1.4 +(ault name is)-.1 F F2(CO-)3.9 E(PR)108 388.8 Q(OC)-.3 E F0(.)A +(The recommended form to use for a coprocess is)108 405.6 Q F2(copr)144 +422.4 Q(oc)-.18 E F1 -.27(NA)2.5 G(ME).27 E F0({)2.5 E F1(command)2.5 E +F0([)2.5 E F1 -.37(re)C(dir).37 E(ections)-.37 E F0(]; })A 1.313(This f\ +orm is recommended because simple commands result in the coprocess al) +108 439.2 R -.1(wa)-.1 G 1.313(ys being named).1 F F2(CO-)3.813 E(PR)108 +451.2 Q(OC)-.3 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd it is simpler to use and more complete \ +than the other compound commands.)-2.5 E(If)108 468 Q F1(command)3.062 E +F0 .562(is a compound command,)3.062 F F1 -.27(NA)3.062 G(ME).27 E F0 +.561(is optional. The w)3.061 F .561(ord follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F2 +(copr)3.061 E(oc)-.18 E F0 .561(determines whether)3.061 F .338(that w) +108 480 R .338(ord is interpreted as a v)-.1 F .338 +(ariable name: it is interpreted as)-.25 F F1 -.27(NA)2.839 G(ME).27 E +F0 .339(if it is not a reserv)2.839 F .339(ed w)-.15 F .339 +(ord that intro-)-.1 F 1.122(duces a compound command.)108 492 R(If) +6.121 E F1(command)3.621 E F0 1.121(is a simple command,)3.621 F F1 -.27 +(NA)3.621 G(ME).27 E F0 1.121(is not allo)3.621 F 1.121 +(wed; this is to a)-.25 F -.2(vo)-.2 G(id).2 E(confusion between)108 504 +Q F1 -.27(NA)2.5 G(ME).27 E F0(and the \214rst w)2.5 E +(ord of the simple command.)-.1 E .09(When the coprocess is e)108 520.8 +R -.15(xe)-.15 G .09(cuted, the shell creates an array v).15 F .09 +(ariable \(see)-.25 F F2(Arrays)2.59 E F0(belo)2.59 E .09(w\) named)-.25 +F F1 -.27(NA)2.59 G(ME).27 E F0 .09(in the)2.59 F(conte)108 532.8 Q .303 +(xt of the e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .303(cuting shell.).15 F .302 +(The standard output of)5.302 F F1(command)3.002 E F0 .302 +(is connected via a pipe to a \214le descriptor)3.572 F .587(in the e) +108 544.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .587 +(cuting shell, and that \214le descriptor is assigned to).15 F F1 -.27 +(NA)3.087 G(ME).27 E F0 3.087([0]. The)B .587(standard input of)3.087 F +F1(command)3.287 E F0(is)3.858 E 2.029 +(connected via a pipe to a \214le descriptor in the e)108 556.8 R -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 2.029 +(cuting shell, and that \214le descriptor is assigned to).15 F F1 -.27 +(NA)108 568.8 S(ME).27 E F0 2.879([1]. This)B .379 +(pipe is established before an)2.879 F 2.879(yr)-.15 G .379 +(edirections speci\214ed by the command \(see)-2.879 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 +SF(REDIRECTION)2.879 E F0(belo)108 580.8 Q 3.426(w\). The)-.25 F .926 +(\214le descriptors can be utilized as ar)3.426 F .925 +(guments to shell commands and redirections using stan-)-.18 F .286 +(dard w)108 592.8 R .286(ord e)-.1 F 2.786(xpansions. Other)-.15 F .286 +(than those created to e)2.786 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .286 +(cute command and process substitutions, the \214le de-).15 F +(scriptors are not a)108 604.8 Q -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable in subshells.).25 +E 1.676(The process ID of the shell spa)108 621.6 R 1.676(wned to e)-.15 +F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.676(cute the coprocess is a).15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.676 +(ilable as the v).25 F 1.676(alue of the v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F1 -.27 +(NA)108 633.6 S(ME).27 E F0 2.5(_PID. The)B F2(wait)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 +G(iltin command may be used to w).2 E +(ait for the coprocess to terminate.)-.1 E .336 +(Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the)108 +650.4 R F2(copr)2.836 E(oc)-.18 E F0 .336(command al)2.836 F -.1(wa)-.1 +G .336(ys returns success.).1 F +(The return status of a coprocess is the e)108 662.4 Q(xit status of) +-.15 E F1(command)2.5 E F0(.)A F2(Shell Function De\214nitions)87 679.2 +Q F0 2.698(As)108 691.2 S .198 +(hell function is an object that is called lik)-2.698 F 2.698(eas)-.1 G +.198(imple command and e)-2.698 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .197 +(cutes a compound command with).15 F 2.5(an)108 703.2 S .5 -.25(ew s) +-2.5 H(et of positional parameters.).25 E +(Shell functions are declared as follo)5 E(ws:)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 +768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(7)190.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 8 8 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(fname)108 84 Q F0(\(\))2.5 E F1(compound\255command) +2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1 -.37(re)C(dir).37 E(ection)-.37 E F0(])A/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(function)108 96 Q F1(fname)2.5 E F0([\(\)])2.5 E F1 +(compound\255command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1 -.37(re)C(dir).37 E(ection)-.37 +E F0(])A .216(This de\214nes a function named)144 108 R F1(fname)2.716 E +F0 5.217(.T)C .217(he reserv)-5.217 F .217(ed w)-.15 F(ord)-.1 E F2 +(function)2.717 E F0 .217(is optional.)2.717 F .217(If the)5.217 F F2 +(function)2.717 E F0(re-)2.717 E(serv)144 120 Q .68(ed w)-.15 F .68 +(ord is supplied, the parentheses are optional.)-.1 F(The)5.68 E F1 +(body)3.18 E F0 .68(of the function is the compound)3.18 F(command)144 +132 Q F1(compound\255command)2.784 E F0(\(see)3.354 E F2 .084 +(Compound Commands)2.584 F F0(abo)2.584 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.584(\). That) +.15 F .084(command is usually a)2.584 F F1(list)144 144 Q F0 .044 +(of commands between { and }, b)2.544 F .044(ut may be an)-.2 F 2.544 +(yc)-.15 G .044(ommand listed under)-2.544 F F2 .044(Compound Commands) +2.544 F F0(abo)144 156 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.531(.I).15 G 3.031(ft)-5.531 G +(he)-3.031 E F2(function)3.032 E F0(reserv)3.032 E .532(ed w)-.15 F .532 +(ord is used, b)-.1 F .532 +(ut the parentheses are not supplied, the braces are)-.2 F(recommended.) +144 168 Q F1(compound\255command)6.254 E F0 1.254(is e)3.754 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G 1.254(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E F1(fname)3.753 E +F0 1.253(is speci\214ed as the name of a)3.753 F 1.252(simple command.) +144 180 R 1.252(When in)6.252 F F1 1.252(posix mode)3.752 F F0(,)A F1 +(fname)3.752 E F0 1.252(must be a v)3.752 F 1.252(alid shell)-.25 F F1 +(name)3.753 E F0 1.253(and may not be the)3.753 F .089 +(name of one of the POSIX)144 192 R F1 .089(special b)2.589 F(uiltins) +-.2 E F0 5.089(.I)C 2.589(nd)-5.089 G(ef)-2.589 E .089 +(ault mode, a function name can be an)-.1 F 2.588(yu)-.15 G(nquoted) +-2.588 E .164(shell w)144 204 R .164(ord that does not contain)-.1 F F2 +($)2.665 E F0 5.165(.A)C .465 -.15(ny r)-5.165 H .165(edirections \(see) +.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)2.665 E F0(belo)2.415 E .165 +(w\) speci\214ed when a)-.25 F .061 +(function is de\214ned are performed when the function is e)144 216 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G 2.561(cuted. The).15 F -.15(ex)2.56 G .06 +(it status of a function de\214-).15 F .579(nition is zero unless a syn\ +tax error occurs or a readonly function with the same name already e)144 +228 R(x-)-.15 E 2.593(ists. When)144 240 R -.15(exe)2.593 G .093 +(cuted, the e).15 F .093(xit status of a function is the e)-.15 F .093 +(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .092(cuted in) +.15 F(the body)144 252 Q 5(.\()-.65 G(See)-5 E F3(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0 +(belo)2.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G(\)).65 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMMENTS) +72 268.8 Q F0 .982(In a non-interacti)108 280.8 R 1.282 -.15(ve s)-.25 H +.982(hell, or an interacti).15 F 1.282 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .982 +(hell in which the).15 F F2(interacti)3.482 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 +E F0 .982(option to the)3.482 F F2(shopt)3.482 E F0 -.2(bu)108 292.8 S +.952(iltin is enabled \(see).2 F F3 .952(SHELL B)3.452 F(UIL)-.09 E .952 +(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.202 E .952(w\), a w)-.25 F .952(ord be) +-.1 F .952(ginning with)-.15 F F2(#)3.451 E F0 .951(causes that w)3.451 +F(ord)-.1 E .604 +(and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored.)108 304.8 R +.605(An interacti)5.605 F .905 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .605(hell without the) +.15 F F2(interacti)3.105 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_com-).1 E(ments)108 316.8 Q F0 +.34(option enabled does not allo)2.84 F 2.84(wc)-.25 G 2.84 +(omments. The)-2.84 F F2(interacti)2.84 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E F0 +.34(option is on by def)2.84 F .34(ault in in-)-.1 F(teracti)108 328.8 Q +.3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F4 -.11(QU)72 345.6 S -.438(OT).11 G +(ING).438 E F1(Quoting)108 357.6 Q F0 .477(is used to remo)2.977 F .777 +-.15(ve t)-.15 H .477(he special meaning of certain characters or w).15 +F .477(ords to the shell.)-.1 F .478(Quoting can be)5.478 F .185 +(used to disable special treatment for special characters, to pre)108 +369.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .185(nt reserv).15 F .184(ed w)-.15 F .184 +(ords from being recognized as)-.1 F(such, and to pre)108 381.6 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(nt parameter e).15 E(xpansion.)-.15 E .288(Each of the)108 +398.4 R F1(metac)2.788 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .288 +(listed abo)2.788 F .588 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(DEFINITIONS) +2.788 E F0 .288(has special meaning to the shell and must be)2.538 F +(quoted if it is to represent itself.)108 410.4 Q 1.345 +(When the command history e)108 427.2 R 1.344(xpansion f)-.15 F 1.344 +(acilities are being used \(see)-.1 F F3(HIST)3.844 E(OR)-.162 E 3.594 +(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.594 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.594 E 1.344(w\), the) +-.25 F F1(history e)108 439.2 Q(xpansion)-.2 E F0(character)2.5 E 2.5 +(,u)-.4 G(sually)-2.5 E F2(!)2.5 E F0 2.5(,m)C(ust be quoted to pre)-2.5 +E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt history e).15 E(xpansion.)-.15 E +(There are three quoting mechanisms: the)108 456 Q F1(escape c)2.69 E +(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 2.5(,s).73 G +(ingle quotes, and double quotes.)-2.5 E 2.962(An)108 472.8 S .463 +(on-quoted backslash \()-2.962 F F2(\\)A F0 2.963(\)i)C 2.963(st)-2.963 +G(he)-2.963 E F1 .463(escape c)3.153 F(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 5.463 +(.I).73 G 2.963(tp)-5.463 G(reserv)-2.963 E .463(es the literal v)-.15 F +.463(alue of the ne)-.25 F .463(xt character that)-.15 F(follo)108 484.8 +Q 1.554(ws, with the e)-.25 F 1.553(xception of . If)-.25 F(a)4.053 E F2(\\)4.053 E F0( pair appears, and the backslash is not itself)-.25 F .347 +(quoted, the)108 496.8 R F2(\\)2.847 E F0( is treated as a line continuation \(that is, it is remo)-.25 F +-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.848(df).15 G .348(rom the input stream and ef-)-2.848 F +(fecti)108 508.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly ignored\).).15 E .295 +(Enclosing characters in single quotes preserv)108 525.6 R .295 +(es the literal v)-.15 F .295(alue of each character within the quotes.) +-.25 F 2.795(As)5.295 G(in-)-2.795 E +(gle quote may not occur between single quotes, e)108 537.6 Q -.15(ve) +-.25 G 2.5(nw).15 G(hen preceded by a backslash.)-2.5 E .033 +(Enclosing characters in double quotes preserv)108 554.4 R .034 +(es the literal v)-.15 F .034 +(alue of all characters within the quotes, with the)-.25 F -.15(ex)108 +566.4 S .108(ception of).15 F F2($)2.608 E F0(,)A F2<92>2.608 E F0(,)A +F2(\\)2.608 E F0 2.608(,a)C .107(nd, when history e)-2.608 F .107 +(xpansion is enabled,)-.15 F F2(!)2.607 E F0 5.107(.W)C .107 +(hen the shell is in)-5.107 F F1 .107(posix mode)2.607 F F0 2.607(,t)C +(he)-2.607 E F2(!)2.607 E F0 .107(has no)2.607 F .46 +(special meaning within double quotes, e)108 578.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.96 +(nw).15 G .46(hen history e)-2.96 F .46(xpansion is enabled.)-.15 F .46 +(The characters)5.46 F F2($)2.96 E F0(and)2.96 E F2<92>2.96 E F0(re-) +2.96 E .563(tain their special meaning within double quotes.)108 590.4 R +.562(The backslash retains its special meaning only when fol-)5.563 F +(lo)108 602.4 Q .601(wed by one of the follo)-.25 F .602 +(wing characters:)-.25 F F2($)3.102 E F0(,)A F2<92>3.102 E F0(,)A F2(") +3.935 E F0(,).833 E F2(\\)3.102 E F0 3.102(,o)C(r)-3.102 E F2() +3.102 E F0 5.602(.A)C .602(double quote may be quoted within)-2.5 F .131 +(double quotes by preceding it with a backslash.)108 614.4 R .131 +(If enabled, history e)5.131 F .13(xpansion will be performed unless an) +-.15 F F2(!)2.63 E F0 +(appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash.)108 626.4 Q +(The backslash preceding the)5 E F2(!)2.5 E F0(is not remo)5 E -.15(ve) +-.15 G(d.).15 E(The special parameters)108 643.2 Q F2(*)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 +E F2(@)2.5 E F0(ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.2 H +(pecial meaning when in double quotes \(see).15 E F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G +(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E .148 +(Character sequences of the form)108 660 R F2($)2.649 E F0<08>A F1 +(string)A F0 2.649<0861>C .149(re treated as a special v)-2.649 F .149 +(ariant of single quotes.)-.25 F .149(The sequence e)5.149 F(x-)-.15 E +.528(pands to)108 672 R F1(string)3.028 E F0 3.028(,w)C .528 +(ith backslash-escaped characters in)-3.028 F F1(string)3.027 E F0 .527 +(replaced as speci\214ed by the ANSI C standard.)3.027 F +(Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded as follo)108 684 Q +(ws:)-.25 E F2(\\a)144 696 Q F0(alert \(bell\))180 696 Q F2(\\b)144 708 +Q F0(backspace)180 708 Q(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 +E(8)190.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 9 9 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F0(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh) +-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F1(\\u)144 240 Q F2(HHHH)A F0 +1.506(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 252 R 1.507 +(alue is the he)-.25 F 1.507(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHH) +4.007 E F0(\(one to four he)180 264 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F1 +(\\U)144 276 Q F2(HHHHHHHH)A F0 .548 +(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 288 R .547 +(alue is the he)-.25 F .547(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHHH-) +3.047 E(HHH)180 300 Q F0(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\)) +-2.5 E F1(\\c)144 312 Q F2(x)A F0 2.5(ac)180 312 S(ontrol-)-2.5 E F2(x)A +F0(character)2.5 E(The e)108 328.8 Q(xpanded result is single-quoted, a\ +s if the dollar sign had not been present.)-.15 E 2.64(Ad)108 345.6 S +.14(ouble-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign \()-2.64 F F1($)A F0 +(")A F2(string)A F0 .14 +("\) will cause the string to be translated according)B .785 +(to the current locale.)108 357.6 R(The)5.785 E F2 -.1(ge)3.284 G(tte).1 +E(xt)-.2 E F0 .784 +(infrastructure performs the lookup and translation, using the)3.284 F +F1(LC_MES-)3.284 E(SA)108 369.6 Q(GES)-.55 E F0(,)A F1(TEXTDOMAINDIR) +2.76 E F0 2.76(,a)C(nd)-2.76 E F1(TEXTDOMAIN)2.76 E F0 .261(shell v) +2.761 F 2.761(ariables. If)-.25 F .261(the current locale is)2.761 F F1 +(C)2.761 E F0(or)2.761 E F1(POSIX)2.761 E F0(,)A .792 +(if there are no translations a)108 381.6 R -.25(va)-.2 G .791(ilable, \ +or if the string is not translated, the dollar sign is ignored.).25 F +.791(This is a)5.791 F .534 +(form of double quoting, so the string remains double-quoted by def)108 +393.6 R .535(ault, whether or not it is translated and)-.1 F 2.798 +(replaced. 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It)-.25 F .825 +(can be a)3.325 F F2(name)3.684 E F0 3.324(,an).18 G(umber)-3.324 E +3.324(,o)-.4 G 3.324(ro)-3.324 G .824(ne of the special characters) +-3.324 F .801(listed belo)108 470.4 R 3.301(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.301 E F1 +.801(Special P)3.301 F(arameters)-.1 E F0 5.802(.A)C F2(variable)-2.21 E +F0 .802(is a parameter denoted by a)3.482 F F2(name)3.662 E F0 5.802(.A) +.18 G -.25(va)-2.5 G .802(riable has a).25 F F2(value)108 482.4 Q F0 +.369(and zero or more)2.869 F F2(attrib)2.869 E(utes)-.2 E F0 5.369(.A)C +(ttrib)-5.369 E .369(utes are assigned using the)-.2 F F1(declar)2.868 E +(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.868 G .368(iltin command \(see).2 F F1(declar) +2.868 E(e)-.18 E F0(belo)108 494.4 Q 2.5(wi)-.25 G(n)-2.5 E F3(SHELL B) +2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F4(\).)A F0 2.754(Ap)108 511.2 S +.254(arameter is set if it has been assigned a v)-2.754 F 2.754 +(alue. The)-.25 F .254(null string is a v)2.754 F .255(alid v)-.25 F +2.755(alue. Once)-.25 F 2.755(av)2.755 G .255(ariable is set, it)-3.005 +F(may be unset only by using the)108 523.2 Q F1(unset)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu) +2.5 G(iltin command \(see).2 E F3(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS) +-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E(A)108 540 Q F2(variable)2.79 E F0 +(may be assigned to by a statement of the form)2.68 E F2(name)144 556.8 +Q F0(=[)A F2(value)A F0(])A(If)108 573.6 Q F2(value)3.023 E F0 .233 +(is not gi)2.913 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .233(n, the v).15 F .232 +(ariable is assigned the null string.)-.25 F(All)5.232 E F2(values)3.022 +E F0(under)3.002 E .232(go tilde e)-.18 F .232(xpansion, parameter)-.15 +F .515(and v)108 585.6 R .515(ariable e)-.25 F .515 +(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F .515 +(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.015(l\().25 G(see) +-3.015 E F3(EXP)3.015 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)108 597.6 Q 2.699 +(w\). If)-.25 F .199(the v)2.699 F .199(ariable has its)-.25 F F1 +(integer)2.698 E F0(attrib)2.698 E .198(ute set, then)-.2 F F2(value) +2.988 E F0 .198(is e)2.878 F -.25(va)-.25 G .198 +(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F .198(xpression e)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +(n).15 E .745(if the $\(\(...\)\) e)108 609.6 R .745 +(xpansion is not used \(see)-.15 F F1 .745(Arithmetic Expansion)3.245 F +F0(belo)3.245 E 3.246(w\). W)-.25 F .746(ord splitting and pathname e) +-.8 F(x-)-.15 E 1.364(pansion are not performed.)108 621.6 R 1.364 +(Assignment statements may also appear as ar)6.364 F 1.363 +(guments to the)-.18 F F1(alias)3.863 E F0(,)A F1(declar)3.863 E(e)-.18 +E F0(,)A F1(typeset)108 633.6 Q F0(,)A F1(export)3.964 E F0(,)A F1 -.18 +(re)3.964 G(adonly).18 E F0 3.964(,a)C(nd)-3.964 E F1(local)3.964 E F0 +-.2(bu)3.964 G 1.464(iltin commands \().2 F F2(declar)A(ation)-.15 E F0 +3.964(commands\). 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When)2.664 F .164(+= is)2.664 F .132 +(applied to a v)108 710.4 R .132(ariable for which the)-.25 F F1 +(integer)2.632 E F0(attrib)2.632 E .132(ute has been set,)-.2 F F2 +(value)2.632 E F0 .131(is e)2.631 F -.25(va)-.25 G .131 +(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F(xpres-)-.15 E 1.226 +(sion and added to the v)108 722.4 R(ariable')-.25 E 3.726(sc)-.55 G +1.227(urrent v)-3.726 F 1.227(alue, which is also e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 +G 3.727(luated. When).25 F 1.227(+= is applied to an array)3.727 F +(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(9)190.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 10 10 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.25(va)108 84 S +.115(riable using compound assignment \(see).25 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(Arrays)2.615 E F0(belo)2.615 E .115(w\), the v)-.25 F(ariable')-.25 E +2.615(sv)-.55 G .114(alue is not unset \(as it is when us-)-2.865 F .387 +(ing =\), and ne)108 96 R 2.887(wv)-.25 G .388 +(alues are appended to the array be)-3.137 F .388 +(ginning at one greater than the array')-.15 F 2.888(sm)-.55 G .388 +(aximum inde)-2.888 F(x)-.15 E 1.597(\(for inde)108 108 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +4.097(da).15 G 1.596(rrays\) or added as additional k)-4.097 F -.15(ey) +-.1 G.15 E 1.596(alue pairs in an associati)-.25 F 1.896 -.15 +(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E 6.596(.W)-.65 G 1.596(hen applied to a)-6.596 F +(string-v)108 120 Q(alued v)-.25 E(ariable,)-.25 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 +SF(value)2.5 E F0(is e)2.5 E(xpanded and appended to the v)-.15 E +(ariable')-.25 E 2.5(sv)-.55 G(alue.)-2.75 E 3.382(Av)108 136.8 S .882 +(ariable can be assigned the)-3.632 F F2(namer)3.382 E(ef)-.37 E F0 +(attrib)3.382 E .882(ute using the)-.2 F F13.382 E F0 .882 +(option to the)3.382 F F1(declar)3.382 E(e)-.18 E F0(or)3.383 E F1 +(local)3.383 E F0 -.2(bu)3.383 G .883(iltin com-).2 F .316 +(mands \(see the descriptions of)108 148.8 R F1(declar)2.816 E(e)-.18 E +F0(and)2.816 E F1(local)2.816 E F0(belo)2.816 E .316(w\) to create a) +-.25 F F2(namer)2.815 E(ef)-.37 E F0 2.815(,o)C 2.815(rar)-2.815 G .315 +(eference to another v)-2.815 F(ari-)-.25 E 2.918(able. This)108 160.8 R +(allo)2.918 E .418(ws v)-.25 F .418 +(ariables to be manipulated indirectly)-.25 F 5.419(.W)-.65 G(hene) +-5.419 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.919(rt).15 G .419(he nameref v)-2.919 F .419 +(ariable is referenced, as-)-.25 F .133 +(signed to, unset, or has its attrib)108 172.8 R .132 +(utes modi\214ed \(other than using or changing the)-.2 F F2(namer)2.632 +E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)2.632 E .132(ute itself\), the)-.2 F 1.356 +(operation is actually performed on the v)108 184.8 R 1.357 +(ariable speci\214ed by the nameref v)-.25 F(ariable')-.25 E 3.857(sv) +-.55 G 3.857(alue. A)-4.107 F 1.357(nameref is)3.857 F .972 +(commonly used within shell functions to refer to a v)108 196.8 R .971 +(ariable whose name is passed as an ar)-.25 F .971(gument to the)-.18 F +2.5(function. F)108 208.8 R(or instance, if a v)-.15 E +(ariable name is passed to a shell function as its \214rst ar)-.25 E +(gument, running)-.18 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(declare -n ref=$1)144 226.8 Q +F0 .302(inside the function creates a nameref v)108 244.8 R(ariable)-.25 +E F1 -.18(re)2.803 G(f).18 E F0 .303(whose v)2.803 F .303(alue is the v) +-.25 F .303(ariable name passed as the \214rst ar)-.25 F(gu-)-.18 E +3.592(ment. References)108 256.8 R 1.092(and assignments to)3.592 F F1 +-.18(re)3.592 G(f).18 E F0 3.592(,a)C 1.092(nd changes to its attrib) +-3.592 F 1.092(utes, are treated as references, assign-)-.2 F .143 +(ments, and attrib)108 268.8 R .144(ute modi\214cations to the v)-.2 F +.144(ariable whose name w)-.25 F .144(as passed as)-.1 F F1($1)2.644 E +F0 5.144(.I)C 2.644(ft)-5.144 G .144(he control v)-2.644 F .144 +(ariable in a)-.25 F F1 -.25(fo)108 280.8 S(r).25 E F0 .868 +(loop has the nameref attrib)3.368 F .868(ute, the list of w)-.2 F .867 +(ords can be a list of shell v)-.1 F .867 +(ariables, and a name reference)-.25 F .509 +(will be established for each w)108 292.8 R .509 +(ord in the list, in turn, when the loop is e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.009 +(cuted. Array).15 F -.25(va)3.009 G .509(riables cannot be).25 F(gi)108 +304.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.032(nt).15 G(he)-3.032 E F1(namer)3.032 E(ef) +-.18 E F0(attrib)3.032 E 3.032(ute. Ho)-.2 F(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +1.332 -.4(r, n).15 H .532(ameref v).4 F .531 +(ariables can reference array v)-.25 F .531(ariables and subscripted ar) +-.25 F(-)-.2 E .533(ray v)108 316.8 R 3.033(ariables. Namerefs)-.25 F +.533(can be unset using the)3.033 F F13.033 E F0 .533 +(option to the)3.033 F F1(unset)3.033 E F0 -.2(bu)3.034 G 3.034 +(iltin. Otherwise,).2 F(if)3.034 E F1(unset)3.034 E F0 .534(is e)3.034 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E .443(cuted with the name of a nameref v)108 328.8 +R .442(ariable as an ar)-.25 F .442(gument, the v)-.18 F .442 +(ariable referenced by the nameref v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E +(will be unset.)108 340.8 Q F1 -.2(Po)87 357.6 S(sitional P).2 E +(arameters)-.1 E F0(A)108 369.6 Q F2 .705(positional par)4.455 F(ameter) +-.15 E F0 .706(is a parameter denoted by one or more digits, other than\ + the single digit 0.)3.935 F(Posi-)5.706 E .445 +(tional parameters are assigned from the shell')108 381.6 R 2.944(sa) +-.55 G -.18(rg)-2.944 G .444(uments when it is in).18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 +(ke).2 G .444(d, and may be reassigned using).1 F(the)108 393.6 Q F1 +(set)3.333 E F0 -.2(bu)3.333 G .833(iltin command.).2 F .834(Positional\ + parameters may not be assigned to with assignment statements.)5.833 F +(The)5.834 E(positional parameters are temporarily replaced when a shel\ +l function is e)108 405.6 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted \(see).15 E/F4 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.404(When \ +a positional parameter consisting of more than a single digit is e)108 +422.4 R 1.403(xpanded, it must be enclosed in)-.15 F(braces \(see)108 +434.4 Q F4(EXP)2.5 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1 +(Special P)87 451.2 Q(arameters)-.1 E F0 1.674(The shell treats se)108 +463.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.674(ral parameters specially).15 F 6.675(.T) +-.65 G 1.675(hese parameters may only be referenced; assignment to) +-6.675 F(them is not allo)108 475.2 Q(wed.)-.25 E F1(*)108 487.2 Q F0 +.224(Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)144 487.2 +R .223(When the e)5.224 F .223(xpansion is not within double)-.15 F .662 +(quotes, each positional parameter e)144 499.2 R .662 +(xpands to a separate w)-.15 F 3.162(ord. In)-.1 F(conte)3.162 E .662 +(xts where it is performed,)-.15 F 1.082(those w)144 511.2 R 1.082 +(ords are subject to further w)-.1 F 1.081(ord splitting and pathname e) +-.1 F 3.581(xpansion. When)-.15 F 1.081(the e)3.581 F(xpansion)-.15 E +.914(occurs within double quotes, it e)144 523.2 R .914 +(xpands to a single w)-.15 F .915(ord with the v)-.1 F .915 +(alue of each parameter sepa-)-.25 F .891 +(rated by the \214rst character of the)144 535.2 R F4(IFS)3.39 E F0 .89 +(special v)3.14 F 3.39(ariable. That)-.25 F .89(is, ")3.39 F F1($*)A F0 +3.39("i)C 3.39(se)-3.39 G(qui)-3.39 E -.25(va)-.25 G .89(lent to ").25 F +F1($1)A F2(c)A F1($2)A F2(c)A F1(...)A F0(",)A(where)144 547.2 Q F2(c) +3.532 E F0 .832(is the \214rst character of the v)3.642 F .832 +(alue of the)-.25 F F4(IFS)3.332 E F0 -.25(va)3.082 G 3.332(riable. If) +.25 F F4(IFS)3.332 E F0 .833(is unset, the parameters are)3.082 F +(separated by spaces.)144 559.2 Q(If)5 E F4(IFS)2.5 E F0 +(is null, the parameters are joined without interv)2.25 E +(ening separators.)-.15 E F1(@)108 571.2 Q F0 .722 +(Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)144 571.2 R +.722(In conte)5.722 F .722(xts where w)-.15 F .722(ord splitting is per) +-.1 F(-)-.2 E 1.165(formed, this e)144 583.2 R 1.165 +(xpands each positional parameter to a separate w)-.15 F 1.165 +(ord; if not within double quotes,)-.1 F .655(these w)144 595.2 R .655 +(ords are subject to w)-.1 F .655(ord splitting.)-.1 F .655(In conte) +5.655 F .655(xts where w)-.15 F .654 +(ord splitting is not performed, this)-.1 F -.15(ex)144 607.2 S .748 +(pands to a single w).15 F .748 +(ord with each positional parameter separated by a space.)-.1 F .748 +(When the e)5.748 F(xpan-)-.15 E 1.091 +(sion occurs within double quotes, each parameter e)144 619.2 R 1.091 +(xpands to a separate w)-.15 F 3.59(ord. That)-.1 F 1.09(is, ")3.59 F F1 +($@)A F0 3.59("i)C(s)-3.59 E(equi)144 631.2 Q -.25(va)-.25 G .412 +(lent to ").25 F F1($1)A F0 2.912("")C F1($2)-2.912 E F0 2.912(".)C +2.912(.. If)-2.912 F .413(the double-quoted e)2.913 F .413 +(xpansion occurs within a w)-.15 F .413(ord, the e)-.1 F .413 +(xpansion of)-.15 F .38(the \214rst parameter is joined with the be)144 +643.2 R .379(ginning part of the original w)-.15 F .379(ord, and the e) +-.1 F .379(xpansion of the)-.15 F .771 +(last parameter is joined with the last part of the original w)144 655.2 +R 3.271(ord. When)-.1 F .772(there are no positional pa-)3.271 F +(rameters, ")144 667.2 Q F1($@)A F0 2.5("a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1($@)2.5 E F0 +-.15(ex)2.5 G(pand to nothing \(i.e., the).15 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re remo) +-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d\).).15 E F1(#)108 679.2 Q F0 +(Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.)144 679.2 Q +F1(?)108 691.2 Q F0(Expands to the e)144 691.2 Q +(xit status of the most recently e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted fore).15 +E(ground pipeline.)-.15 E F1108 703.2 Q F0 .882 +(Expands to the current option \215ags as speci\214ed upon in)144 703.2 +R -.2(vo)-.4 G .881(cation, by the).2 F F1(set)3.381 E F0 -.2(bu)3.381 G +.881(iltin command, or).2 F(those set by the shell itself \(such as the) +144 715.2 Q F12.5 E F0(option\).)2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q +(2022 September 19)135.955 E(10)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 11 11 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF($)108 84 Q F0 .839 +(Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a subshell, it e)144 84 R +.839(xpands to the process ID of the current)-.15 F +(shell, not the subshell.)144 96 Q F1(!)108 108 Q F0 .499(Expands to th\ +e process ID of the job most recently placed into the background, wheth\ +er e)144 108 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E +(as an asynchronous command or using the)144 120 Q F1(bg)2.5 E F0 -.2 +(bu)2.5 G(iltin \(see).2 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(JOB CONTR)2.5 E(OL)-.27 +E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(0)108 132 Q F0 .886 +(Expands to the name of the shell or shell script.)144 132 R .886 +(This is set at shell initialization.)5.886 F(If)5.887 E F1(bash)3.387 E +F0 .887(is in-)3.387 F -.2(vo)144 144 S -.1(ke).2 G 2.668(dw).1 G .168 +(ith a \214le of commands,)-2.668 F F1($0)2.668 E F0 .167 +(is set to the name of that \214le.)2.667 F(If)5.167 E F1(bash)2.667 E +F0 .167(is started with the)2.667 F F12.667 E F0(op-)2.667 E .895 +(tion, then)144 156 R F1($0)3.395 E F0 .895(is set to the \214rst ar) +3.395 F .895(gument after the string to be e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .896 +(cuted, if one is present.).15 F(Other)5.896 E(-)-.2 E +(wise, it is set to the \214lename used to in)144 168 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 +(ke).2 G F1(bash)2.6 E F0 2.5(,a)C 2.5(sg)-2.5 G -2.15 -.25(iv e)-2.5 H +2.5(nb).25 G 2.5(ya)-2.5 G -.18(rg)-2.5 G(ument zero.).18 E F1(Shell V) +87 184.8 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0(The follo)108 196.8 Q(wing v)-.25 E +(ariables are set by the shell:)-.25 E F1(_)108 213.6 Q F0 1.526 +(At shell startup, set to the pathname used to in)144 213.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 +G 1.725 -.1(ke t).2 H 1.525(he shell or shell script being e).1 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 1.525(cuted as).15 F .173(passed in the en)144 225.6 R .173 +(vironment or ar)-.4 F .173(gument list.)-.18 F(Subsequently)5.173 E +2.673(,e)-.65 G .173(xpands to the last ar)-2.823 F .174 +(gument to the pre-)-.18 F .337(vious simple command e)144 237.6 R -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .337(cuted in the fore).15 F .336(ground, after e)-.15 F +2.836(xpansion. Also)-.15 F .336(set to the full pathname)2.836 F .365 +(used to in)144 249.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G .565 -.1(ke e).2 H .365 +(ach command e).1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .366(cuted and placed in the en).15 F +.366(vironment e)-.4 F .366(xported to that command.)-.15 F(When checki\ +ng mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail \214le currently bei\ +ng check)144 261.6 Q(ed.)-.1 E F1 -.3(BA)108 273.6 S(SH).3 E F0 +(Expands to the full \214lename used to in)144 273.6 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G .2 +-.1(ke t).2 H(his instance of).1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.3(BA)108 +285.6 S(SHOPTS).3 E F0 2.549(Ac)144 297.6 S .049 +(olon-separated list of enabled shell options.)-2.549 F .049(Each w) +5.049 F .049(ord in the list is a v)-.1 F .049(alid ar)-.25 F .049 +(gument for the)-.18 F F12.548 E F0 .115(option to the)144 309.6 R +F1(shopt)2.616 E F0 -.2(bu)2.616 G .116(iltin command \(see).2 F F2 .116 +(SHELL B)2.616 F(UIL)-.09 E .116(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.366 E +2.616(w\). The)-.25 F .116(options ap-)2.616 F 1.067(pearing in)144 +321.6 R F2 -.27(BA)3.567 G(SHOPTS).27 E F0 1.067(are those reported as) +3.317 F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(on)3.797 E F0(by)3.807 E F1(shopt)3.567 +E F0 6.066(.I)C 3.566(ft)-6.066 G 1.066(his v)-3.566 F 1.066 +(ariable is in the en)-.25 F(vironment)-.4 E(when)144 333.6 Q F1(bash) +3.141 E F0 .642(starts up, each shell option in the list will be enable\ +d before reading an)3.141 F 3.142(ys)-.15 G .642(tartup \214les.)-3.142 +F(This v)144 345.6 Q(ariable is read-only)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F1 -.3(BA)108 +357.6 S(SHPID).3 E F0 .188(Expands to the process ID of the current)144 +369.6 R F1(bash)2.688 E F0 2.687(process. This)2.687 F(dif)2.687 E .187 +(fers from)-.25 F F1($$)2.687 E F0 .187(under certain circum-)2.687 F +.548(stances, such as subshells that do not require)144 381.6 R F1(bash) +3.048 E F0 .548(to be re-initialized.)3.048 F .549(Assignments to)5.549 +F F2 -.27(BA)3.049 G(SHPID).27 E F0(ha)144 393.6 Q .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H +2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G 2.5(ect. If).25 F F1 -.3(BA)2.5 G(SHPID).3 E +F0(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.) +-2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 405.6 S(SH_ALIASES).3 E F0 1.195(An associati)144 +417.6 R 1.495 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.195(rray v).15 F 1.195(ariable whose m\ +embers correspond to the internal list of aliases as main-)-.25 F .16 +(tained by the)144 429.6 R F1(alias)2.66 E F0 -.2(bu)2.66 G 2.66 +(iltin. Elements).2 F .16 +(added to this array appear in the alias list; ho)2.66 F(we)-.25 E -.15 +(ve)-.25 G .96 -.4(r, u).15 H(nsetting).4 E 4.503 +(array elements currently does not cause aliases to be remo)144 441.6 R +-.15(ve)-.15 G 7.003(df).15 G 4.503(rom the alias list.)-7.003 F(If) +9.502 E F1 -.3(BA)144 453.6 S(SH_ALIASES).3 E F0 +(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.) +-2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 465.6 S(SH_ARGC).3 E F0 .934(An array v)144 477.6 R +.934(ariable whose v)-.25 F .934 +(alues are the number of parameters in each frame of the current)-.25 F +F1(bash)3.435 E F0 -.15(exe)144 489.6 S .535(cution call stack.).15 F +.535(The number of parameters to the current subroutine \(shell functio\ +n or script)5.535 F -.15(exe)144 501.6 S .141(cuted with).15 F F1(.) +2.641 E F0(or)2.641 E F1(sour)2.641 E(ce)-.18 E F0 2.641(\)i)C 2.641(sa) +-2.641 G 2.641(tt)-2.641 G .142(he top of the stack.)-2.641 F .142 +(When a subroutine is e)5.142 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .142 +(cuted, the number of).15 F 1.265(parameters passed is pushed onto)144 +513.6 R F2 -.27(BA)3.765 G(SH_ARGC).27 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 +1.265(The shell sets)5.765 F F2 -.27(BA)3.765 G(SH_ARGC).27 E F0 1.265 +(only when in e)3.515 F(x-)-.15 E .947(tended deb)144 525.6 R .947 +(ugging mode \(see the description of the)-.2 F F1(extdeb)3.447 E(ug)-.2 +E F0 .947(option to the)3.447 F F1(shopt)3.447 E F0 -.2(bu)3.448 G .948 +(iltin belo).2 F(w\).)-.25 E(Setting)144 537.6 Q F1(extdeb)3.363 E(ug) +-.2 E F0 .863(after the shell has started to e)3.363 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.862(cute a script, or referencing this v).15 F .862(ariable when)-.25 F +F1(extdeb)144 549.6 Q(ug)-.2 E F0 +(is not set, may result in inconsistent v)2.5 E(alues.)-.25 E F1 -.3(BA) +108 561.6 S(SH_ARGV).3 E F0 .206(An array v)144 573.6 R .206 +(ariable containing all of the parameters in the current)-.25 F F1(bash) +2.706 E F0 -.15(exe)2.706 G .207(cution call stack.).15 F .207 +(The \214-)5.207 F .567(nal parameter of the last subroutine call is at\ + the top of the stack; the \214rst parameter of the initial)144 585.6 R +1.424(call is at the bottom.)144 597.6 R 1.424(When a subroutine is e) +6.424 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.424 +(cuted, the parameters supplied are pushed onto).15 F F2 -.27(BA)144 +609.6 S(SH_ARGV).27 E F4(.)A F0 .854(The shell sets)5.354 F F2 -.27(BA) +3.354 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F0 .853(only when in e)3.104 F .853(xtended deb) +-.15 F .853(ugging mode \(see the de-)-.2 F .475(scription of the)144 +621.6 R F1(extdeb)2.975 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .475(option to the)2.975 F F1 +(shopt)2.975 E F0 -.2(bu)2.975 G .475(iltin belo).2 F 2.975 +(w\). Setting)-.25 F F1(extdeb)2.976 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .476 +(after the shell has)2.976 F .45(started to e)144 633.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +.45(cute a script, or referencing this v).15 F .45(ariable when)-.25 F +F1(extdeb)2.95 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .45(is not set, may result in in-)2.95 F +(consistent v)144 645.6 Q(alues.)-.25 E F1 -.3(BA)108 657.6 S(SH_ARGV0) +.3 E F0 .25(When referenced, this v)144 669.6 R .25(ariable e)-.25 F +.251(xpands to the name of the shell or shell script \(identical to)-.15 +F F1($0)2.751 E F0 2.751(;s)C(ee)-2.751 E .041 +(the description of special parameter 0 abo)144 681.6 R -.15(ve)-.15 G +2.541(\). Assignment).15 F(to)2.541 E F1 -.3(BA)2.541 G(SH_ARGV0).3 E F0 +.04(causes the v)2.541 F .04(alue as-)-.25 F .216 +(signed to also be assigned to)144 693.6 R F1($0)2.716 E F0 5.216(.I)C +(f)-5.216 E F1 -.3(BA)2.716 G(SH_ARGV0).3 E F0 .216 +(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.716 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +2.716(ni).15 G(f)-2.716 E(it is subsequently reset.)144 705.6 Q +(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(11)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 12 12 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF -.3(BA)108 84 S(SH_CMDS).3 E F0 .668(An associati)144 96 R .968 -.15 +(ve a)-.25 H .668(rray v).15 F .668(ariable whose members correspond to\ + the internal hash table of commands)-.25 F .195(as maintained by the) +144 108 R F1(hash)2.695 E F0 -.2(bu)2.695 G 2.695(iltin. Elements).2 F +.196(added to this array appear in the hash table; ho)2.696 F(we)-.25 E +-.15(ve)-.25 G -.4(r,).15 G .852(unsetting array elements currently doe\ +s not cause command names to be remo)144 120 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.352(df) +.15 G .852(rom the hash)-3.352 F 2.5(table. If)144 132 R F1 -.3(BA)2.5 G +(SH_CMDS).3 E F0(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.5 E -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G +(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 144 S(SH_COMMAND).3 E F0 1.242 +(The command currently being e)144 156 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.243 +(cuted or about to be e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.243 +(cuted, unless the shell is e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.243(cuting a).15 F +.263(command as the result of a trap, in which case it is the command e) +144 168 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .262(cuting at the time of the trap.).15 F(If) +144 180 Q F1 -.3(BA)2.5 G(SH_COMMAND).3 E F0 +(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.) +-2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 192 S(SH_EXECUTION_STRING).3 E F0(The command ar) +144 204 Q(gument to the)-.18 E F12.5 E F0(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G +(cation option.).2 E F1 -.3(BA)108 216 S(SH_LINENO).3 E F0 .692 +(An array v)144 228 R .692(ariable whose members are the line numbers i\ +n source \214les where each corresponding)-.25 F .97(member of)144 240 R +/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCN)3.47 E(AME)-.18 E F0 -.1(wa)3.22 G 3.47(si) +.1 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-3.47 H -.1(ke).4 G(d.).1 E F1(${B)5.969 E +(ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF($i)A F1(]})A F0 .969 +(is the line number in the source)3.469 F 14.671(\214le \()144 252 R F1 +(${B)A(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F3($i+1)A F1(]})A F0 17.171(\)w)C(here)-17.171 +E F1(${FUNCN)17.172 E(AME[)-.2 E F3($i)A F1(]})A F0 -.1(wa)17.172 G +17.172(sc).1 G 14.672(alled \(or)-17.172 F F1(${B)144 264 Q(ASH_LINENO[) +-.3 E F3($i-1)A F1(]})A F0 .115 +(if referenced within another shell function\).)2.615 F(Use)5.115 E F2 +(LINENO)2.615 E F0 .115(to obtain the)2.365 F(current line number)144 +276 Q(.)-.55 E F1 -.3(BA)108 288 S(SH_LO).3 E(AD)-.4 E(ABLES_P)-.35 E +-.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 4.07(Ac)144 300 S 1.57(olon-separated list of\ + directories in which the shell looks for dynamically loadable b)-4.07 F +(uiltins)-.2 E(speci\214ed by the)144 312 Q F1(enable)2.5 E F0(command.) +2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 324 S(SH_REMA).3 E(TCH)-.95 E F0 .006(An array v)144 +336 R .006(ariable whose members are assigned by the)-.25 F F1(=~)2.506 +E F0 .005(binary operator to the)2.506 F F1([[)2.505 E F0 .005 +(conditional com-)2.505 F 2.506(mand. The)144 348 R .007 +(element with inde)2.506 F 2.507(x0i)-.15 G 2.507(st)-2.507 G .007 +(he portion of the string matching the entire re)-2.507 F .007(gular e) +-.15 F(xpression.)-.15 E .998(The element with inde)144 360 R(x)-.15 E +F3(n)3.498 E F0 .997(is the portion of the string matching the)3.498 F +F3(n)3.497 E F0 .997(th parenthesized sube)B(xpres-)-.15 E(sion.)144 372 +Q F1 -.3(BA)108 384 S(SH_SOURCE).3 E F0 .125(An array v)144 396 R .125(\ +ariable whose members are the source \214lenames where the correspondin\ +g shell function)-.25 F .781(names in the)144 408 R F2(FUNCN)3.28 E(AME) +-.18 E F0 .78(array v)3.03 F .78(ariable are de\214ned.)-.25 F .78 +(The shell function)5.78 F F1(${FUNCN)3.28 E(AME[)-.2 E F3($i)A F1(]})A +F0(is)3.28 E(de\214ned in the \214le)144 420 Q F1(${B)2.5 E(ASH_SOURCE[) +-.3 E F3($i)A F1(]})A F0(and called from)2.5 E F1(${B)2.5 E(ASH_SOURCE[) +-.3 E F3($i+1)A F1(]})A F0(.)A F1 -.3(BA)108 432 S(SH_SUBSHELL).3 E F0 +.296(Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell en)144 444 R +.296(vironment when the shell be)-.4 F .297(gins e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuting).15 E 1.277(in that en)144 456 R 3.777(vironment. The)-.4 F +1.277(initial v)3.777 F 1.277(alue is 0.)-.25 F(If)6.277 E F1 -.3(BA) +3.777 G(SH_SUBSHELL).3 E F0 1.276(is unset, it loses its special)3.777 F +(properties, e)144 468 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5 +(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 480 S +(SH_VERSINFO).3 E F0 2.644(Ar)144 492 S .144(eadonly array v)-2.644 F +.144(ariable whose members hold v)-.25 F .144 +(ersion information for this instance of)-.15 F F1(bash)2.645 E F0 5.145 +(.T)C(he)-5.145 E -.25(va)144 504 S +(lues assigned to the array members are as follo).25 E(ws:)-.25 E F1 -.3 +(BA)144 522 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(0)A F1(])A F0(The major v)264 522 Q +(ersion number \(the)-.15 E F3 -.37(re)2.5 G(lease).37 E F0(\).)A F1 -.3 +(BA)144 534 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(1)A F1(])A F0(The minor v)264 534 Q +(ersion number \(the)-.15 E F3(ver)2.5 E(sion)-.1 E F0(\).)A F1 -.3(BA) +144 546 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(2)A F1(])A F0(The patch le)264 546 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(l.).15 E F1 -.3(BA)144 558 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(3)A F1(])A +F0(The b)264 558 Q(uild v)-.2 E(ersion.)-.15 E F1 -.3(BA)144 570 S +(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(4)A F1(])A F0(The release status \(e.g.,)264 570 Q +F3(beta1)2.5 E F0(\).)A F1 -.3(BA)144 582 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(5)A F1 +(])A F0(The v)264 582 Q(alue of)-.25 E F2(MA)2.5 E(CHTYPE)-.495 E/F4 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 -.3(BA)108 594 S(SH_VERSION).3 E F0 +(Expands to a string describing the v)144 606 Q +(ersion of this instance of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(COMP_CW)108 +618 Q(ORD)-.1 E F0 .397(An inde)144 630 R 2.897(xi)-.15 G(nto)-2.897 E +F1(${COMP_W)2.896 E(ORDS})-.1 E F0 .396(of the w)2.896 F .396 +(ord containing the current cursor position.)-.1 F .396(This v)5.396 F +(ari-)-.25 E 1.18(able is a)144 642 R -.25(va)-.2 G 1.181 +(ilable only in shell functions in).25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.681 +(db).1 G 3.681(yt)-3.681 G 1.181(he programmable completion f)-3.681 F +1.181(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)144 654 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E +F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_KEY)108 666 Q F0(The k)144 678 Q .3 +-.15(ey \()-.1 H(or \214nal k).15 E .3 -.15(ey o)-.1 H 2.5(fak).15 G .3 +-.15(ey s)-2.6 H(equence\) used to in).15 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .2 -.1(ke t).2 +H(he current completion function.).1 E F1(COMP_LINE)108 690 Q F0 1.208 +(The current command line.)144 702 R 1.208(This v)6.208 F 1.208 +(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.208 +(ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F 1.207(xternal com-)-.15 F +1.037(mands in)144 714 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.537(db).1 G 3.537 +(yt)-3.537 G 1.037(he programmable completion f)-3.537 F 1.037 +(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)3.537 E 1.037(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F +F0(be-)3.537 E(lo)144 726 Q(w\).)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q +(2022 September 19)135.955 E(12)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 13 13 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(COMP_POINT)108 84 Q F0 .667(The inde)144 96 R 3.167(xo)-.15 G 3.167 +(ft)-3.167 G .666(he current cursor position relati)-3.167 F .966 -.15 +(ve t)-.25 H 3.166(ot).15 G .666(he be)-3.166 F .666 +(ginning of the current command.)-.15 F .666(If the)5.666 F .534 +(current cursor position is at the end of the current command, the v)144 +108 R .535(alue of this v)-.25 F .535(ariable is equal to)-.25 F F1 +(${#COMP_LINE})144 120 Q F0 5.705(.T)C .705(his v)-5.705 F .704 +(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G .704 +(ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F .704(xternal commands in-) +-.15 F -.2(vo)144 132 S -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(db).1 G 2.5(yt)-2.5 G +(he programmable completion f)-2.5 E(acilities \(see)-.1 E F1(Pr)2.5 E +(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_TYPE)108 +144 Q F0 .041(Set to an inte)144 156 R .041(ger v)-.15 F .041(alue corr\ +esponding to the type of completion attempted that caused a completion) +-.25 F .338(function to be called:)144 168 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.5 +(TA)2.837 G(B).5 E F0 2.837(,f)C .337(or normal completion,)-2.837 F F2 +(?)2.837 E F0 2.837(,f)C .337(or listing completions after successi) +-2.837 F .637 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(abs,).15 E F2(!)144 180 Q F0 3.067(,f)C +.567(or listing alternati)-3.067 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.067(so).15 G 3.067 +(np)-3.067 G .567(artial w)-3.067 F .567(ord completion,)-.1 F F2(@) +3.067 E F0 3.067(,t)C 3.067(ol)-3.067 G .567(ist completions if the w) +-3.067 F .567(ord is not un-)-.1 F .418(modi\214ed, or)144 192 R F2(%) +2.918 E F0 2.918(,f)C .418(or menu completion.)-2.918 F .417(This v) +5.417 F .417(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G .417 +(ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F(xter)-.15 E(-)-.2 E .704 +(nal commands in)144 204 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.204(db).1 G 3.204 +(yt)-3.204 G .704(he programmable completion f)-3.204 F .704 +(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)3.204 E .704(ogrammable Comple-)-.18 F +(tion)144 216 Q F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_W)108 228 Q(ORDBREAKS) +-.1 E F0 1.336(The set of characters that the)144 240 R F1 -.18(re)3.836 +G(adline).18 E F0 1.336(library treats as w)3.836 F 1.335 +(ord separators when performing w)-.1 F(ord)-.1 E 3.125(completion. If) +144 252 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMP_W)3.125 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F0 .626 +(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.875 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +3.126(ni).15 G 3.126(fi)-3.126 G 3.126(ti)-3.126 G 3.126(ss)-3.126 G +(ubse-)-3.126 E(quently reset.)144 264 Q F1(COMP_W)108 276 Q(ORDS)-.1 E +F0 .654(An array v)144 288 R .654(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)3.154 E +F0(belo)3.154 E .654(w\) consisting of the indi)-.25 F .653(vidual w) +-.25 F .653(ords in the current command)-.1 F 3.191(line. The)144 300 R +.692(line is split into w)3.192 F .692(ords as)-.1 F F1 -.18(re)3.192 G +(adline).18 E F0 -.1(wo)3.192 G .692(uld split it, using).1 F F3(COMP_W) +3.192 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F0 .692(as de-)2.942 F 1.558(scribed abo)144 +312 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 6.558(.T).15 G 1.558(his v)-6.558 F 1.558 +(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.558 +(ilable only in shell functions in).25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 4.057 +(db).1 G 4.057(yt)-4.057 G 1.557(he programmable)-4.057 F(completion f) +144 324 Q(acilities \(see)-.1 E F1(Pr)2.5 E(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E +F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COPR)108 336 Q(OC)-.3 E F0 .168(An array v) +144 348 R .168(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)2.668 E F0(belo)2.669 E +.169 +(w\) created to hold the \214le descriptors for output from and input) +-.25 F(to an unnamed coprocess \(see)144 360 Q F1(Copr)2.5 E(ocesses) +-.18 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(DIRST)108 372 Q -.55(AC) +-.9 G(K).55 E F0 .79(An array v)144 384 R .79(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1 +(Arrays)3.29 E F0(belo)3.289 E .789 +(w\) containing the current contents of the directory stack.)-.25 F(Di-) +5.789 E .099(rectories appear in the stack in the order the)144 396 R +2.599(ya)-.15 G .099(re displayed by the)-2.599 F F1(dirs)2.599 E F0 -.2 +(bu)2.599 G 2.599(iltin. Assigning).2 F .099(to mem-)2.599 F .84 +(bers of this array v)144 408 R .84 +(ariable may be used to modify directories already in the stack, b)-.25 +F .84(ut the)-.2 F F1(pushd)3.34 E F0(and)144 420 Q F1(popd)3.45 E F0 +-.2(bu)3.45 G .951(iltins must be used to add and remo).2 F 1.251 -.15 +(ve d)-.15 H 3.451(irectories. Assignment).15 F .951(to this v)3.451 F +.951(ariable will)-.25 F .379(not change the current directory)144 432 R +5.379(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.379 E F3(DIRST)2.879 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F0 +.378(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.629 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +2.878(ni).15 G 2.878(fi)-2.878 G 2.878(ti)-2.878 G(s)-2.878 E +(subsequently reset.)144 444 Q F1(EPOCHREAL)108 456 Q(TIME)-.92 E F0 +.337(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)144 468 R .338 +(xpands to the number of seconds since the Unix Epoch)-.15 F(\(see)144 +480 Q F2(time)2.917 E F0 .417(\(3\)\) as a \215oating point v)B .416 +(alue with micro-second granularity)-.25 F 5.416(.A)-.65 G .416 +(ssignments to)-5.416 F F3(EPOCHRE-)2.916 E(AL)144 492 Q(TIME)-.828 E F0 +1.09(are ignored.)3.34 F(If)6.09 E F3(EPOCHREAL)3.59 E(TIME)-.828 E F0 +1.09(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)3.34 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +3.591(ni).15 G 3.591(fi)-3.591 G 3.591(ti)-3.591 G(s)-3.591 E +(subsequently reset.)144 504 Q F1(EPOCHSECONDS)108 516 Q F0 .338 +(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)144 528 R .337 +(xpands to the number of seconds since the Unix Epoch)-.15 F(\(see)144 +540 Q F2(time)4.041 E F0 4.041(\(3\)\). Assignments)B(to)4.041 E F3 +(EPOCHSECONDS)4.041 E F0 1.542(are ignored.)3.792 F(If)6.542 E F3 +(EPOCHSECONDS)4.042 E F0 1.542(is unset, it)3.792 F +(loses its special properties, e)144 552 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G +2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1 +(EUID)108 564 Q F0 1.104(Expands to the ef)144 564 R(fecti)-.25 E 1.403 +-.15(ve u)-.25 H 1.103(ser ID of the current user).15 F 3.603(,i)-.4 G +1.103(nitialized at shell startup.)-3.603 F 1.103(This v)6.103 F 1.103 +(ariable is)-.25 F(readonly)144 576 Q(.)-.65 E F1(FUNCN)108 588 Q(AME) +-.2 E F0 .478(An array v)144 600 R .479 +(ariable containing the names of all shell functions currently in the e) +-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .479(cution call stack.).15 F .277 +(The element with inde)144 612 R 2.777(x0i)-.15 G 2.777(st)-2.777 G .276 +(he name of an)-2.777 F 2.776(yc)-.15 G(urrently-e)-2.776 E -.15(xe)-.15 +G .276(cuting shell function.).15 F .276(The bottom-most)5.276 F .384 +(element \(the one with the highest inde)144 624 R .384(x\) is)-.15 F/F4 +10/Courier@0 SF("main")2.884 E F0 5.384(.T)C .384(his v)-5.384 F .385 +(ariable e)-.25 F .385(xists only when a shell func-)-.15 F .076 +(tion is e)144 636 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.576(cuting. Assignments).15 F(to) +2.576 E F3(FUNCN)2.576 E(AME)-.18 E F0(ha)2.326 E .376 -.15(ve n)-.2 H +2.576(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.576 G 2.576(ect. If).25 F F3(FUNCN)2.575 E +(AME)-.18 E F0 .075(is unset, it loses its)2.325 F +(special properties, e)144 648 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 +G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E .11(This v)144 +666 R .111(ariable can be used with)-.25 F F1 -.3(BA)2.611 G(SH_LINENO) +.3 E F0(and)2.611 E F1 -.3(BA)2.611 G(SH_SOURCE).3 E F0 5.111(.E)C .111 +(ach element of)-5.111 F F1(FUNC-)2.611 E -.2(NA)144 678 S(ME).2 E F0 +1.404(has corresponding elements in)3.904 F F1 -.3(BA)3.904 G(SH_LINENO) +.3 E F0(and)3.904 E F1 -.3(BA)3.904 G(SH_SOURCE).3 E F0 1.404 +(to describe the)3.904 F .012(call stack.)144 690 R -.15(Fo)5.012 G +2.512(ri).15 G(nstance,)-2.512 E F1(${FUNCN)2.512 E(AME[)-.2 E F2($i)A +F1(]})A F0 -.1(wa)2.512 G 2.512(sc).1 G .012(alled from the \214le) +-2.512 F F1(${B)2.512 E(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F2($i+1)A F1(]})A F0 1.184 +(at line number)144 702 R F1(${B)3.684 E(ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E F2($i)A F1 +(]})A F0 6.184(.T)C(he)-6.184 E F1(caller)3.683 E F0 -.2(bu)3.683 G +1.183(iltin displays the current call stack using).2 F +(this information.)144 714 Q(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19) +135.955 E(13)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 14 14 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(GR)108 84 Q(OUPS)-.3 E F0 1.228(An array v)144 96 R 1.228(ariable co\ +ntaining the list of groups of which the current user is a member)-.25 F +6.229(.A)-.55 G(ssign-)-6.229 E .572(ments to)144 108 R/F2 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(GR)3.072 E(OUPS)-.27 E F0(ha)2.822 E .872 -.15(ve n)-.2 +H 3.072(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-3.072 G 3.072(ect. If).25 F F2(GR)3.072 E +(OUPS)-.27 E F0 .572(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.822 +F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.072(ni).15 G 3.071(fi)-3.072 G 3.071(ti)-3.071 G(s) +-3.071 E(subsequently reset.)144 120 Q F1(HISTCMD)108 132 Q F0 2.81 +(The history number)144 144 R 5.31(,o)-.4 G 5.31(ri)-5.31 G(nde)-5.31 E +5.311(xi)-.15 G 5.311(nt)-5.311 G 2.811 +(he history list, of the current command.)-5.311 F 2.811(Assignments to) +7.811 F F2(HISTCMD)144 156 Q F0 1.135(are ignored.)3.385 F(If)6.135 E F2 +(HISTCMD)3.635 E F0 1.135(is unset, it loses its special properties, e) +3.385 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.634(ni).15 G 3.634(fi)-3.634 G 3.634(ti)-3.634 +G 3.634(ss)-3.634 G(ubse-)-3.634 E(quently reset.)144 168 Q F1(HOSTN)108 +180 Q(AME)-.2 E F0(Automatically set to the name of the current host.) +144 192 Q F1(HOSTTYPE)108 204 Q F0 .222(Automatically set to a string t\ +hat uniquely describes the type of machine on which)144 216 R F1(bash) +2.723 E F0 .223(is e)2.723 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E 2.5(ing. The)144 +228 R(def)2.5 E(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(LINENO)108 240 Q F0 +1.408(Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a d\ +ecimal number representing the)144 252 R .078(current sequential line n\ +umber \(starting with 1\) within a script or function.)144 264 R .079 +(When not in a script or)5.078 F .307(function, the v)144 276 R .307 +(alue substituted is not guaranteed to be meaningful.)-.25 F(If)5.306 E +F2(LINENO)2.806 E F0 .306(is unset, it loses its)2.556 F +(special properties, e)144 288 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 +G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(MA)108 300 Q +(CHTYPE)-.55 E F0 .898(Automatically set to a string that fully describ\ +es the system type on which)144 312 R F1(bash)3.398 E F0 .899(is e)3.398 +F -.15(xe)-.15 G .899(cuting, in).15 F(the standard GNU)144 324 Q/F3 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(cpu-company-system)2.5 E F0 2.5(format. The)2.5 F +(def)2.5 E(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(MAPFILE)108 336 Q F0 .294 +(An array v)144 348 R .294(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)2.794 E F0 +(belo)2.794 E .294(w\) created to hold the te)-.25 F .293 +(xt read by the)-.15 F F1(map\214le)2.793 E F0 -.2(bu)2.793 G .293 +(iltin when no).2 F -.25(va)144 360 S(riable name is supplied.).25 E F1 +(OLDPWD)108 372 Q F0(The pre)144 384 Q(vious w)-.25 E +(orking directory as set by the)-.1 E F1(cd)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1 +(OPT)108 396 Q(ARG)-.9 E F0 1.626(The v)144 408 R 1.627 +(alue of the last option ar)-.25 F 1.627(gument processed by the)-.18 F +F1(getopts)4.127 E F0 -.2(bu)4.127 G 1.627(iltin command \(see).2 F F2 +(SHELL)4.127 E -.09(BU)144 420 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo) +2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(OPTIND)108 432 Q F0 1.652(The inde)144 444 R 4.152 +(xo)-.15 G 4.152(ft)-4.152 G 1.652(he ne)-4.152 F 1.652(xt ar)-.15 F +1.652(gument to be processed by the)-.18 F F1(getopts)4.151 E F0 -.2(bu) +4.151 G 1.651(iltin command \(see).2 F F2(SHELL)4.151 E -.09(BU)144 456 +S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(OSTYPE)108 +468 Q F0 .329(Automatically set to a string that describes the operatin\ +g system on which)144 480 R F1(bash)2.83 E F0 .33(is e)2.83 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G 2.83(cuting. The).15 F(def)144 492 Q(ault is system-dependent.) +-.1 E F1(PIPEST)108 504 Q -.95(AT)-.9 G(US).95 E F0 .61(An array v)144 +516 R .61(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)3.11 E F0(belo)3.11 E .61 +(w\) containing a list of e)-.25 F .61(xit status v)-.15 F .61 +(alues from the processes in)-.25 F(the most-recently-e)144 528 Q -.15 +(xe)-.15 G(cuted fore).15 E +(ground pipeline \(which may contain only a single command\).)-.15 E F1 +(PPID)108 540 Q F0(The process ID of the shell')144 540 Q 2.5(sp)-.55 G +2.5(arent. This)-2.5 F -.25(va)2.5 G(riable is readonly).25 E(.)-.65 E +F1(PWD)108 552 Q F0(The current w)144 552 Q +(orking directory as set by the)-.1 E F1(cd)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1 +(RANDOM)108 564 Q F0 .417(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e) +144 576 R .417(xpands to a random inte)-.15 F .417 +(ger between 0 and 32767.)-.15 F(As-)5.417 E .551(signing a v)144 588 R +.551(alue to)-.25 F F2(RANDOM)3.051 E F0 .551 +(initializes \(seeds\) the sequence of random numbers.)2.801 F(If)5.55 E +F2(RANDOM)3.05 E F0(is)2.8 E(unset, it loses its special properties, e) +144 600 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5 +(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(READLINE_ARGUMENT)108 612 Q F0 +(An)144 624 Q 4.694(yn)-.15 G 2.194(umeric ar)-4.694 F 2.194(gument gi) +-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.694(nt).15 G 4.694(oar)-4.694 G 2.194 +(eadline command that w)-4.694 F 2.194(as de\214ned using)-.1 F/F4 10 +/Courier@0 SF 2.195(bind -x)4.695 F F0(\(see)4.695 E F2(SHELL B)144 636 +Q(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\) when it w)-.25 E +(as in)-.1 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E F1(READLINE_LINE)108 648 Q +F0 1.547(The contents of the)144 660 R F1 -.18(re)4.047 G(adline).18 E +F0 1.547(line b)4.047 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 4.047(,f)-.4 G 1.547 +(or use with)-4.047 F F4 1.547(bind -x)4.047 F F0(\(see)4.047 E F2 1.546 +(SHELL B)4.047 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.546(TIN COM-)-.828 F(MANDS)144 672 Q F0 +(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(READLINE_MARK)108 684 Q F0 .106 +(The position of the mark \(sa)144 696 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.606(di).15 G +.106(nsertion point\) in the)-2.606 F F1 -.18(re)2.607 G(adline).18 E F0 +.107(line b)2.607 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 2.607(,f)-.4 G .107(or use with) +-2.607 F F4 .107(bind -x)2.607 F F0(\(see)144 708 Q F2 1.017(SHELL B) +3.517 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.017(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.267 E 3.516 +(w\). The)-.25 F 1.016(characters between the insertion point and the) +3.516 F(mark are often called the)144 720 Q F3 -.37(re)2.5 G(gion)-.03 E +F0(.)A(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(14)185.115 E 0 +Cg EP +%%Page: 15 15 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(READLINE_POINT)108 84 Q F0 .313 +(The position of the insertion point in the)144 96 R F1 -.18(re)2.813 G +(adline).18 E F0 .313(line b)2.813 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 2.813(,f)-.4 G +.313(or use with)-2.813 F/F2 10/Courier@0 SF .314(bind -x)2.814 F F0 +(\(see)2.814 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL)2.814 E -.09(BU)144 108 S(IL) +.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(REPL)108 120 Q +(Y)-.92 E F0(Set to the line of input read by the)144 132 Q F1 -.18(re) +2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command when no ar).2 E +(guments are supplied.)-.18 E F1(SECONDS)108 144 Q F0 .178 +(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)144 156 R .177 +(xpands to the number of seconds since shell in)-.15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G +(cation.).2 E .712(If a v)144 168 R .712(alue is assigned to)-.25 F F3 +(SECONDS)3.212 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 .712(the v)2.962 F .712 +(alue returned upon subsequent references is the number)-.25 F .628 +(of seconds since the assignment plus the v)144 180 R .627 +(alue assigned.)-.25 F .627(The number of seconds at shell in)5.627 F +-.2(vo)-.4 G(ca-).2 E .111(tion and the current time are al)144 192 R +-.1(wa)-.1 G .111(ys determined by querying the system clock.).1 F(If) +5.112 E F3(SECONDS)2.612 E F0 .112(is un-)2.362 F +(set, it loses its special properties, e)144 204 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.) +-2.5 E F1(SHELLOPTS)108 216 Q F0 3.263(Ac)144 228 S .763 +(olon-separated list of enabled shell options.)-3.263 F .763(Each w) +5.763 F .763(ord in the list is a v)-.1 F .763(alid ar)-.25 F .763 +(gument for the)-.18 F F1144 240 Q F0 1.173(option to the)3.673 F +F1(set)3.673 E F0 -.2(bu)3.673 G 1.173(iltin command \(see).2 F F3 1.174 +(SHELL B)3.674 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.174(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.424 E +3.674(w\). The)-.25 F(options)3.674 E .02(appearing in)144 252 R F3 +(SHELLOPTS)2.52 E F0 .019(are those reported as)2.27 F/F5 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(on)2.749 E F0(by)2.759 E F1 .019(set \255o)2.519 F F0 +5.019(.I)C 2.519(ft)-5.019 G .019(his v)-2.519 F .019 +(ariable is in the en)-.25 F(vironment)-.4 E(when)144 264 Q F1(bash) +3.141 E F0 .642(starts up, each shell option in the list will be enable\ +d before reading an)3.141 F 3.142(ys)-.15 G .642(tartup \214les.)-3.142 +F(This v)144 276 Q(ariable is read-only)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F1(SHL)108 288 Q +(VL)-.92 E F0(Incremented by one each time an instance of)144 300 Q F1 +(bash)2.5 E F0(is started.)2.5 E F1(SRANDOM)108 312 Q F0 .761(This v)144 +324 R .761(ariable e)-.25 F .761(xpands to a 32-bit pseudo-random numbe\ +r each time it is referenced. The random)-.15 F .564 +(number generator is not linear on systems that support)144 336 R F2 +(/dev/urandom)3.065 E F0(or)3.065 E F5(ar)3.065 E(c4r)-.37 E(andom)-.15 +E F0 3.065(,s)C 3.065(oe)-3.065 G(ach)-3.065 E .788 +(returned number has no relationship to the numbers preceding it.)144 +348 R .787(The random number generator)5.787 F .087 +(cannot be seeded, so assignments to this v)144 360 R .087(ariable ha) +-.25 F .387 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.587(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.587 G 2.588 +(ect. If).25 F F3(SRANDOM)2.588 E F0 .088(is unset, it loses its)2.338 F +(special properties, e)144 372 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 +G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(UID)108 384 Q +F0(Expands to the user ID of the current user)144 384 Q 2.5(,i)-.4 G +(nitialized at shell startup.)-2.5 E(This v)5 E(ariable is readonly)-.25 +E(.)-.65 E .994(The follo)108 400.8 R .994(wing v)-.25 F .994 +(ariables are used by the shell.)-.25 F .994(In some cases,)5.994 F F1 +(bash)3.494 E F0 .994(assigns a def)3.494 F .994(ault v)-.1 F .993 +(alue to a v)-.25 F(ariable;)-.25 E(these cases are noted belo)108 412.8 +Q -.65(w.)-.25 G F1 -.3(BA)108 429.6 S(SH_COMP).3 E -.95(AT)-.74 G F0 +.502(The v)144 441.6 R .502(alue is used to set the shell')-.25 F 3.002 +(sc)-.55 G .502(ompatibility le)-3.002 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.002(l. See).15 +F F3 .503(SHELL COMP)3.002 F -.855(AT)-.666 G .503(IBILITY MODE).855 F +F0(be-)2.753 E(lo)144 453.6 Q 2.663(wf)-.25 G .163 +(or a description of the v)-2.663 F .162(arious compatibility le)-.25 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G .162(ls and their ef).15 F 2.662(fects. The)-.25 F -.25 +(va)2.662 G .162(lue may be a dec-).25 F .33 +(imal number \(e.g., 4.2\) or an inte)144 465.6 R .33 +(ger \(e.g., 42\) corresponding to the desired compatibility le)-.15 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.83(l. If).15 F F1 -.3(BA)144 477.6 S(SH_COMP).3 E -.95 +(AT)-.74 G F0 .861 +(is unset or set to the empty string, the compatibility le)4.311 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 3.36(li).15 G 3.36(ss)-3.36 G .86(et to the def)-3.36 F(ault) +-.1 E .39(for the current v)144 489.6 R 2.89(ersion. If)-.15 F F1 -.3 +(BA)2.89 G(SH_COMP).3 E -.95(AT)-.74 G F0 .39(is set to a v)3.84 F .39 +(alue that is not one of the v)-.25 F .39(alid compati-)-.25 F .278 +(bility le)144 501.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .278 +(ls, the shell prints an error message and sets the compatibility le).15 +F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.777(lt).15 G 2.777(ot)-2.777 G .277(he def)-2.777 F +.277(ault for the)-.1 F 1.4(current v)144 513.6 R 3.9(ersion. The)-.15 F +-.25(va)3.901 G 1.401(lid v).25 F 1.401 +(alues correspond to the compatibility le)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.401 +(ls described belo).15 F 3.901(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.901 E F3 .154 +(SHELL COMP)144 525.6 R -.855(AT)-.666 G .154(IBILITY MODE).855 F F4(.)A +F0 -.15(Fo)4.654 G 2.654(re).15 G .154(xample, 4.2 and 42 are v)-2.804 F +.153(alid v)-.25 F .153(alues that correspond to the)-.25 F F1 .773 +(compat42 shopt)144 537.6 R F0 .774(option and set the compatibility le) +3.273 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.274(lt).15 G 3.274(o4)-3.274 G 3.274(2. The) +-3.274 F .774(current v)3.274 F .774(ersion is also a v)-.15 F(alid)-.25 +E -.25(va)144 549.6 S(lue.).25 E F1 -.3(BA)108 561.6 S(SH_ENV).3 E F0 +.506(If this parameter is set when)144 573.6 R F1(bash)3.006 E F0 .506 +(is e)3.006 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .505(cuting a shell script, its v).15 F +.505(alue is interpreted as a \214lename)-.25 F .39 +(containing commands to initialize the shell, as in)144 585.6 R F5 +(~/.bashr)2.39 E(c)-.37 E F0 5.39(.T).31 G .39(he v)-5.39 F .391 +(alue of)-.25 F F3 -.27(BA)2.891 G(SH_ENV).27 E F0 .391(is subjected) +2.641 F .525(to parameter e)144 597.6 R .525 +(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F .525 +(xpansion before being interpreted)-.15 F(as a \214lename.)144 609.6 Q +F3 -.666(PA)5 G(TH)-.189 E F0 +(is not used to search for the resultant \214lename.)2.25 E F1 -.3(BA) +108 621.6 S(SH_XTRA).3 E(CEFD)-.55 E F0 .48(If set to an inte)144 633.6 +R .48(ger corresponding to a v)-.15 F .481(alid \214le descriptor)-.25 F +(,)-.4 E F1(bash)2.981 E F0 .481(will write the trace output gener)2.981 +F(-)-.2 E 3.114(ated when)144 645.6 R F2 3.114(set -x)5.614 F F0 3.114 +(is enabled to that \214le descriptor)5.614 F 8.114(.T)-.55 G 3.114 +(he \214le descriptor is closed when)-8.114 F F3 -.27(BA)144 657.6 S +(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F0 .138(is unset or assigned a ne)2.388 F +2.638(wv)-.25 G 2.638(alue. Unsetting)-2.888 F F3 -.27(BA)2.638 G +(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F0 .138(or assigning it)2.388 F 2.531(the e\ +mpty string causes the trace output to be sent to the standard error)144 +669.6 R 7.53(.N)-.55 G 2.53(ote that setting)-7.53 F F3 -.27(BA)144 +681.6 S(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F0 .74(to 2 \(the standard error \ +\214le descriptor\) and then unsetting it will result in the)2.99 F +(standard error being closed.)144 693.6 Q F1(CDP)108 705.6 Q -.95(AT) +-.74 G(H).95 E F0 1.248(The search path for the)144 717.6 R F1(cd)3.748 +E F0 3.748(command. This)3.748 F 1.247 +(is a colon-separated list of directories in which the)3.748 F 3.795 +(shell looks for destination directories speci\214ed by the)144 729.6 R +F1(cd)6.295 E F0 6.296(command. A)6.296 F 3.796(sample v)6.296 F 3.796 +(alue is)-.25 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(15) +185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 16 16 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Courier@0 SF +(".:~:/usr")144 84 Q F0(.)A/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(CHILD_MAX)108 96 Q F0 +.997(Set the number of e)144 108 R .997(xited child status v)-.15 F .997 +(alues for the shell to remember)-.25 F 5.997(.B)-.55 G .997 +(ash will not allo)-5.997 F 3.497(wt)-.25 G(his)-3.497 E -.25(va)144 120 +S 1.077(lue to be decreased belo).25 F 3.577(waP)-.25 G 1.077 +(OSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum v)-3.577 F 1.078 +(alue \(cur)-.25 F(-)-.2 E(rently 8192\) that this may not e)144 132 Q +2.5(xceed. The)-.15 F(minimum v)2.5 E(alue is system-dependent.)-.25 E +F2(COLUMNS)108 144 Q F0 .829(Used by the)144 156 R F2(select)3.329 E F0 +.828(compound command to determine the terminal width when printing sel\ +ection)3.329 F 3.466(lists. Automatically)144 168 R .966(set if the) +3.466 F F2(checkwinsize)3.466 E F0 .966 +(option is enabled or in an interacti)3.466 F 1.266 -.15(ve s)-.25 H +.966(hell upon re-).15 F(ceipt of a)144 180 Q/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(SIGWINCH)2.5 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F2(COMPREPL)108 192 Q(Y)-.92 E +F0 .848(An array v)144 204 R .848(ariable from which)-.25 F F2(bash) +3.348 E F0 .848 +(reads the possible completions generated by a shell function)3.348 F +(in)144 216 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.785(db).1 G 2.785(yt)-2.785 G +.285(he programmable completion f)-2.785 F .285(acility \(see)-.1 F F2 +(Pr)2.785 E .285(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F0(belo)2.785 E 2.785 +(w\). Each)-.25 F(array element contains one possible completion.)144 +228 Q F2(EMA)108 240 Q(CS)-.55 E F0(If)144 252 Q F2(bash)2.536 E F0 .036 +(\214nds this v)2.536 F .036(ariable in the en)-.25 F .036 +(vironment when the shell starts with v)-.4 F(alue)-.25 E F1(t)2.535 E +F0 2.535(,i)C 2.535(ta)-2.535 G .035(ssumes that the)-2.535 F +(shell is running in an Emacs shell b)144 264 Q(uf)-.2 E +(fer and disables line editing.)-.25 E F2(ENV)108 276 Q F0 .67 +(Expanded and e)144 276 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .67(cuted similarly to).15 F F3 +-.27(BA)3.17 G(SH_ENV).27 E F0(\(see)2.92 E F2(INV)3.17 E(OCA)-.45 E +(TION)-.95 E F0(abo)3.171 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.171(\)w).15 G .671 +(hen an interacti)-3.171 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(shell is in)144 288 Q -.2(vo) +-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(di).1 G(n)-2.5 E/F5 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(posix mode)2.5 E F0(.)A F2(EXECIGNORE)108 300 Q F0 2.717(Ac)144 312 S +.217(olon-separated list of shell patterns \(see)-2.717 F F2 -.1(Pa) +2.717 G(tter).1 E 2.717(nM)-.15 G(atching)-2.717 E F0 2.717(\)d)C .216 +(e\214ning the list of \214lenames to be)-2.717 F .116 +(ignored by command search using)144 324 R F2 -.74(PA)2.616 G(TH)-.21 E +F0 5.116(.F)C .117 +(iles whose full pathnames match one of these patterns)-5.116 F 1.433 +(are not considered e)144 336 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.432 +(cutable \214les for the purposes of completion and command e).15 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 1.432(cution via).15 F F2 -.74(PA)144 348 S(TH)-.21 E F0 +2.908(lookup. This)2.908 F .408(does not af)2.908 F .408(fect the beha) +-.25 F .408(vior of the)-.2 F F2([)2.908 E F0(,)A F2(test)2.908 E F0 +2.908(,a)C(nd)-2.908 E F2([[)2.908 E F0 2.909(commands. Full)2.908 F +(pathnames)2.909 E .364(in the command hash table are not subject to)144 +360 R F2(EXECIGNORE)2.864 E F0 5.364(.U)C .364(se this v)-5.364 F .364 +(ariable to ignore shared)-.25 F 1.37(library \214les that ha)144 372 R +1.67 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.37(he e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.37 +(cutable bit set, b).15 F 1.37(ut are not e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.37 +(cutable \214les.).15 F 1.37(The pattern matching)6.37 F +(honors the setting of the)144 384 Q F2(extglob)2.5 E F0(shell option.) +2.5 E F2(FCEDIT)108 396 Q F0(The def)144 408 Q(ault editor for the)-.1 E +F2(fc)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E F2(FIGNORE)108 420 Q F0 +2.599(Ac)144 432 S .098(olon-separated list of suf)-2.599 F<8c78>-.25 E +.098(es to ignore when performing \214lename completion \(see)-.15 F F3 +(READLINE)2.598 E F0(belo)144 444 Q 2.704(w\). A)-.25 F .204 +(\214lename whose suf)2.704 F .205(\214x matches one of the entries in) +-.25 F F3(FIGNORE)2.705 E F0 .205(is e)2.455 F .205 +(xcluded from the list)-.15 F(of matched \214lenames.)144 456 Q 2.5(As)5 +G(ample v)-2.5 E(alue is)-.25 E F1(".o:~")2.5 E F0(.)A F2(FUNCNEST)108 +468 Q F0 .231(If set to a numeric v)144 480 R .231 +(alue greater than 0, de\214nes a maximum function nesting le)-.25 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.73(l. Function).15 F(in)2.73 E -.2(vo)-.4 G(-).2 E +(cations that e)144 492 Q(xceed this nesting le)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +2.5(lw).15 G(ill cause the current command to abort.)-2.5 E F2 +(GLOBIGNORE)108 504 Q F0 2.923(Ac)144 516 S .423(olon-separated list of\ + patterns de\214ning the set of \214le names to be ignored by pathname \ +e)-2.923 F(xpan-)-.15 E 2.948(sion. If)144 528 R 2.948<618c>2.948 G .448 +(le name matched by a pathname e)-2.948 F .447 +(xpansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in)-.15 F F3 +(GLOBIGNORE)144 540 Q F4(,)A F0(it is remo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(df) +.15 G(rom the list of matches.)-2.5 E F2(HISTCONTR)108 552 Q(OL)-.3 E F0 +2.653(Ac)144 564 S .153(olon-separated list of v)-2.653 F .153 +(alues controlling ho)-.25 F 2.653(wc)-.25 G .153(ommands are sa)-2.653 +F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.653(do).15 G 2.653(nt)-2.653 G .153(he history list.) +-2.653 F .154(If the list)5.153 F .49(of v)144 576 R .49(alues includes) +-.25 F F5(ignor)3 E(espace)-.37 E F0 2.99(,l).18 G .49(ines which be) +-2.99 F .49(gin with a)-.15 F F2(space)2.99 E F0 .49 +(character are not sa)2.99 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.99(di).15 G 2.99(nt)-2.99 G +.49(he his-)-2.99 F .557(tory list.)144 588 R 3.057(Av)5.557 G .557 +(alue of)-3.307 F F5(ignor)3.067 E(edups)-.37 E F0 .557 +(causes lines matching the pre)3.327 F .558 +(vious history entry to not be sa)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.2 G(d.).15 E 2.926 +(Av)144 600 S .426(alue of)-3.176 F F5(ignor)2.936 E(eboth)-.37 E F0 +.426(is shorthand for)3.206 F F5(ignor)2.926 E(espace)-.37 E F0(and) +2.926 E F5(ignor)2.926 E(edups)-.37 E F0 5.426(.A)C -.25(va)-2.501 G +.425(lue of).25 F F5(er)3.115 E(asedups)-.15 E F0(causes)3.195 E .698 +(all pre)144 612 R .698 +(vious lines matching the current line to be remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G +3.198(df).15 G .699(rom the history list before that line is)-3.198 F +(sa)144 624 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.764(d. An).15 F 2.764(yv)-.15 G .264 +(alue not in the abo)-3.014 F .563 -.15(ve l)-.15 H .263 +(ist is ignored.).15 F(If)5.263 E F3(HISTCONTR)2.763 E(OL)-.27 E F0 .263 +(is unset, or does not include)2.513 F 2.941(av)144 636 S .441(alid v) +-3.191 F .441(alue, all lines read by the shell parser are sa)-.25 F +-.15(ve)-.2 G 2.942(do).15 G 2.942(nt)-2.942 G .442 +(he history list, subject to the v)-2.942 F .442(alue of)-.25 F F3 +(HISTIGNORE)144 648 Q F4(.)A F0 1.981(The second and subsequent lines o\ +f a multi-line compound command are not)6.482 F +(tested, and are added to the history re)144 660 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G +(rdless of the v).05 E(alue of)-.25 E F3(HISTCONTR)2.5 E(OL)-.27 E F4(.) +A F2(HISTFILE)108 672 Q F0 .181 +(The name of the \214le in which command history is sa)144 684 R -.15 +(ve)-.2 G 2.681(d\().15 G(see)-2.681 E F3(HIST)2.681 E(OR)-.162 E(Y) +-.315 E F0(belo)2.431 E 2.682(w\). The)-.25 F(def)2.682 E .182(ault v) +-.1 F(alue)-.25 E(is)144 696 Q F5(~/.bash_history)2.5 E F0 5(.I)C 2.5 +(fu)-5 G(nset, the command history is not sa)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5 +(dw).15 G(hen a shell e)-2.5 E(xits.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q +(2022 September 19)135.955 E(16)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 17 17 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(HISTFILESIZE)108 84 Q F0 1.623 +(The maximum number of lines contained in the history \214le.)144 96 R +1.622(When this v)6.623 F 1.622(ariable is assigned a)-.25 F -.25(va)144 +108 S .124(lue, the history \214le is truncated, if necessary).25 F +2.624(,t)-.65 G 2.624(oc)-2.624 G .125 +(ontain no more than that number of lines by re-)-2.624 F(mo)144 120 Q +.066(ving the oldest entries.)-.15 F .065(The history \214le is also tr\ +uncated to this size after writing it when a shell)5.066 F -.15(ex)144 +132 S 2.927(its. If).15 F .427(the v)2.927 F .428 +(alue is 0, the history \214le is truncated to zero size.)-.25 F .428 +(Non-numeric v)5.428 F .428(alues and numeric)-.25 F -.25(va)144 144 S +.152(lues less than zero inhibit truncation.).25 F .152 +(The shell sets the def)5.152 F .152(ault v)-.1 F .152(alue to the v) +-.25 F .151(alue of)-.25 F F1(HISTSIZE)2.651 E F0(after reading an)144 +156 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(tartup \214les.)-2.5 E F1(HISTIGNORE)108 168 Q F0 +2.657(Ac)144 180 S .157(olon-separated list of patterns used to decide \ +which command lines should be sa)-2.657 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.658(do).15 G +2.658(nt)-2.658 G .158(he his-)-2.658 F .708(tory list.)144 192 R .708 +(Each pattern is anchored at the be)5.708 F .707 +(ginning of the line and must match the complete line)-.15 F .625 +(\(no implicit `)144 204 R F1(*)A F0 3.125('i)C 3.125(sa)-3.125 G 3.125 +(ppended\). Each)-3.125 F .626(pattern is tested ag)3.125 F .626 +(ainst the line after the checks speci\214ed by)-.05 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 +SF(HISTCONTR)144 216 Q(OL)-.27 E F0 1.793(are applied.)4.043 F 1.793 +(In addition to the normal shell pattern matching characters, `)6.793 F +F1(&)A F0(')A 1.44(matches the pre)144 228 R 1.44(vious history line.) +-.25 F(`)6.44 E F1(&)A F0 3.94('m)C 1.44 +(ay be escaped using a backslash; the backslash is re-)-3.94 F(mo)144 +240 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.95(db).15 G 1.45(efore attempting a match.)-3.95 +F 1.45(The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound)6.45 F +1.269(command are not tested, and are added to the history re)144 252 R +-.05(ga)-.15 G 1.269(rdless of the v).05 F 1.269(alue of)-.25 F F2 +(HISTIGNORE)3.77 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 +(The pattern matching honors the setting of the)144 264 Q F1(extglob)2.5 +E F0(shell option.)2.5 E F1(HISTSIZE)108 276 Q F0 1.387 +(The number of commands to remember in the command history \(see)144 288 +R F2(HIST)3.887 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0(belo)3.637 E 3.887(w\). If) +-.25 F(the)3.887 E -.25(va)144 300 S .412(lue is 0, commands are not sa) +.25 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.913(di).15 G 2.913(nt)-2.913 G .413 +(he history list.)-2.913 F .413(Numeric v)5.413 F .413 +(alues less than zero result in e)-.25 F(v-)-.25 E .344 +(ery command being sa)144 312 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.844(do).15 G 2.844(nt) +-2.844 G .343(he history list \(there is no limit\).)-2.844 F .343 +(The shell sets the def)5.343 F .343(ault v)-.1 F .343(alue to)-.25 F +(500 after reading an)144 324 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(tartup \214les.)-2.5 E F1 +(HISTTIMEFORMA)108 336 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .951(If this v)144 348 R .951 +(ariable is set and not null, its v)-.25 F .952 +(alue is used as a format string for)-.25 F/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(strftime)3.452 E F0 .952(\(3\) to print the)B .673 +(time stamp associated with each history entry displayed by the)144 360 +R F1(history)3.173 E F0 -.2(bu)3.172 G 3.172(iltin. If).2 F .672(this v) +3.172 F .672(ariable is)-.25 F .144 +(set, time stamps are written to the history \214le so the)144 372 R +2.644(ym)-.15 G .144(ay be preserv)-2.644 F .144 +(ed across shell sessions.)-.15 F(This)5.145 E(uses the history comment\ + character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.)144 384 Q +F1(HOME)108 396 Q F0 1.27 +(The home directory of the current user; the def)144 408 R 1.27(ault ar) +-.1 F 1.27(gument for the)-.18 F F1(cd)3.77 E F0 -.2(bu)3.77 G 1.27 +(iltin command.).2 F(The)6.27 E -.25(va)144 420 S(lue of this v).25 E +(ariable is also used when performing tilde e)-.25 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F1 +(HOSTFILE)108 432 Q F0 1.015 +(Contains the name of a \214le in the same format as)144 444 R F4 +(/etc/hosts)5.181 E F0 1.015(that should be read when the shell)5.181 F +.551(needs to complete a hostname.)144 456 R .551 +(The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while)5.551 F +1.058(the shell is running; the ne)144 468 R 1.059 +(xt time hostname completion is attempted after the v)-.15 F 1.059 +(alue is changed,)-.25 F F1(bash)144 480 Q F0 .138 +(adds the contents of the ne)2.639 F 2.638<778c>-.25 G .138(le to the e) +-2.638 F .138(xisting list.)-.15 F(If)5.138 E F2(HOSTFILE)2.638 E F0 +.138(is set, b)2.388 F .138(ut has no v)-.2 F .138(alue, or)-.25 F .517 +(does not name a readable \214le,)144 492 R F1(bash)3.017 E F0 .517 +(attempts to read)3.017 F F4(/etc/hosts)4.684 E F0 .518 +(to obtain the list of possible host-)4.684 F(name completions.)144 504 +Q(When)5 E F2(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F0(is unset, the hostname list is cleared.) +2.25 E F1(IFS)108 516 Q F0(The)144 516 Q F4 .556(Internal F)3.636 F .556 +(ield Separ)-.45 F(ator)-.15 E F0 .556(that is used for w)3.786 F .556 +(ord splitting after e)-.1 F .555(xpansion and to split lines into)-.15 +F -.1(wo)144 528 S(rds with the).1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2 +(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E(The def)5 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is `)-.25 E +(`')-.25 E('.)-.74 E F1(IGNOREEOF)108 540 Q +F0 .503(Controls the action of an interacti)144 552 R .803 -.15(ve s) +-.25 H .503(hell on receipt of an).15 F F2(EOF)3.003 E F0 .503 +(character as the sole input.)2.753 F .504(If set,)5.504 F .426(the v) +144 564 R .426(alue is the number of consecuti)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F2 +(EOF)3.076 E F0 .426 +(characters which must be typed as the \214rst characters)2.676 F .302 +(on an input line before)144 576 R F1(bash)2.802 E F0 -.15(ex)2.802 G +2.802(its. If).15 F .302(the v)2.802 F .302(ariable e)-.25 F .302 +(xists b)-.15 F .302(ut does not ha)-.2 F .602 -.15(ve a n)-.2 H .302 +(umeric v).15 F .303(alue, or has)-.25 F(no v)144 588 Q(alue, the def) +-.25 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is 10.)-.25 E(If it does not e)5 E(xist,)-.15 E +F2(EOF)2.5 E F0(signi\214es the end of input to the shell.)2.25 E F1 +(INPUTRC)108 600 Q F0 .261(The \214lename for the)144 612 R F1 -.18(re) +2.761 G(adline).18 E F0 .261(startup \214le, o)2.761 F -.15(ve)-.15 G +.26(rriding the def).15 F .26(ault of)-.1 F F4(~/.inputr)4.426 E(c)-.37 +E F0(\(see)4.426 E F2(READLINE)2.76 E F0(be-)2.51 E(lo)144 624 Q(w\).) +-.25 E F1(INSIDE_EMA)108 636 Q(CS)-.55 E F0 .033(If this v)144 648 R +.033(ariable appears in the en)-.25 F .033 +(vironment when the shell starts,)-.4 F F1(bash)2.534 E F0 .034 +(assumes that it is running in-)2.534 F(side an Emacs shell b)144 660 Q +(uf)-.2 E(fer and may disable line editing, depending on the v)-.25 E +(alue of)-.25 E F1(TERM)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(LANG)108 672 Q F0 1.24 +(Used to determine the locale cate)144 672 R 1.239(gory for an)-.15 F +3.739(yc)-.15 G(ate)-3.739 E 1.239 +(gory not speci\214cally selected with a v)-.15 F(ariable)-.25 E +(starting with)144 684 Q F1(LC_)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(LC_ALL)108 696 Q F0 .973 +(This v)144 708 R .973(ariable o)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .973 +(rrides the v).15 F .973(alue of)-.25 F F2(LANG)3.473 E F0 .973(and an) +3.223 F 3.473(yo)-.15 G(ther)-3.473 E F1(LC_)3.473 E F0 -.25(va)3.473 G +.974(riable specifying a locale cate-).25 F(gory)144 720 Q(.)-.65 E +(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(17)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 18 18 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(LC_COLLA)108 84 Q(TE)-.95 E F0 .412(This v)144 96 R .412(ariable det\ +ermines the collation order used when sorting the results of pathname e) +-.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E 1.464(and determines the beha)144 108 R 1.464 +(vior of range e)-.2 F 1.465(xpressions, equi)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G +1.465(lence classes, and collating sequences).25 F(within pathname e)144 +120 Q(xpansion and pattern matching.)-.15 E F1(LC_CTYPE)108 132 Q F0 +1.936(This v)144 144 R 1.936 +(ariable determines the interpretation of characters and the beha)-.25 F +1.935(vior of character classes)-.2 F(within pathname e)144 156 Q +(xpansion and pattern matching.)-.15 E F1(LC_MESSA)108 168 Q(GES)-.55 E +F0(This v)144 180 Q(ariable determines the locale used to translate dou\ +ble-quoted strings preceded by a)-.25 E F1($)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(LC_NUMERIC) +108 192 Q F0(This v)144 204 Q(ariable determines the locale cate)-.25 E +(gory used for number formatting.)-.15 E F1(LC_TIME)108 216 Q F0(This v) +144 228 Q(ariable determines the locale cate)-.25 E +(gory used for data and time formatting.)-.15 E F1(LINES)108 240 Q F0 +.054(Used by the)144 240 R F1(select)2.554 E F0 .054(compound command t\ +o determine the column length for printing selection lists.)2.554 F .265 +(Automatically set if the)144 252 R F1(checkwinsize)2.765 E F0 .264 +(option is enabled or in an interacti)2.765 F .564 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .264 +(hell upon receipt of a).15 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGWINCH)144 264 Q/F3 +9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(MAIL)108 276 Q F0 .421 +(If this parameter is set to a \214le or directory name and the)144 276 +R F2(MAILP)2.922 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 -.25(va)2.672 G .422 +(riable is not set,).25 F F1(bash)2.922 E F0(in-)2.922 E +(forms the user of the arri)144 288 Q -.25(va)-.25 G 2.5(lo).25 G 2.5 +(fm)-2.5 G(ail in the speci\214ed \214le or Maildir)-2.5 E +(-format directory)-.2 E(.)-.65 E F1(MAILCHECK)108 300 Q F0 .099 +(Speci\214es ho)144 312 R 2.599(wo)-.25 G .099(ften \(in seconds\)) +-2.599 F F1(bash)2.598 E F0 .098(checks for mail.)2.598 F .098(The def) +5.098 F .098(ault is 60 seconds.)-.1 F .098(When it is time)5.098 F .223 +(to check for mail, the shell does so before displaying the primary pro\ +mpt.)144 324 R .224(If this v)5.224 F .224(ariable is unset,)-.25 F +(or set to a v)144 336 Q(alue that is not a number greater than or equa\ +l to zero, the shell disables mail checking.)-.25 E F1(MAILP)108 348 Q +-.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 2.99(Ac)144 360 S .49 +(olon-separated list of \214lenames to be check)-2.99 F .49 +(ed for mail.)-.1 F .49(The message to be printed when mail)5.49 F(arri) +144 372 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.62(si).15 G 2.62(nap)-2.62 G .12(articular \ +\214le may be speci\214ed by separating the \214lename from the message\ + with a `?'.)-2.62 F(When used in the te)144 384 Q(xt of the message,) +-.15 E F1($_)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(pands to the name of the current mail\214le.).15 E(Example:)5 E F1 +(MAILP)144 396 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0(=\010/v)A(ar/mail/bfox?"Y) +-.25 E(ou ha)-1.1 E .3 -.15(ve m)-.2 H +(ail":~/shell\255mail?"$_ has mail!"\010).15 E F1(Bash)144 408 Q F0 .015 +(can be con\214gured to supply a def)2.515 F .015(ault v)-.1 F .015 +(alue for this v)-.25 F .015(ariable \(there is no v)-.25 F .015 +(alue by def)-.25 F .015(ault\), b)-.1 F(ut)-.2 E(the location of the u\ +ser mail \214les that it uses is system dependent \(e.g., /v)144 420 Q +(ar/mail/)-.25 E F1($USER)A F0(\).)A F1(OPTERR)108 432 Q F0 .389 +(If set to the v)144 444 R .389(alue 1,)-.25 F F1(bash)2.889 E F0 .389 +(displays error messages generated by the)2.889 F F1(getopts)2.89 E F0 +-.2(bu)2.89 G .39(iltin command \(see).2 F F2 .36(SHELL B)144 456 R(UIL) +-.09 E .36(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.61 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(OPTERR) +5.36 E F0 .359(is initialized to 1 each time the shell is in)2.61 F -.2 +(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E(or a shell script is e)144 468 Q -.15(xe) +-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1 -.74(PA)108 480 S(TH)-.21 E F0 .587 +(The search path for commands.)144 480 R .588 +(It is a colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks) +5.587 F .472(for commands \(see)144 492 R F2 .472(COMMAND EXECUTION) +2.972 F F0(belo)2.722 E 2.972(w\). A)-.25 F .471 +(zero-length \(null\) directory name in the)2.972 F -.25(va)144 504 S +.535(lue of).25 F F2 -.666(PA)3.035 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .535 +(indicates the current directory)2.785 F 5.535(.A)-.65 G .535 +(null directory name may appear as tw)-2.5 F 3.036(oa)-.1 G(djacent) +-3.036 E .868(colons, or as an initial or trailing colon.)144 516 R .868 +(The def)5.868 F .867(ault path is system-dependent, and is set by the) +-.1 F(administrator who installs)144 528 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 5(.A)C +(common v)-2.5 E(alue is)-.25 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF +(/usr/local/bin:/usr/lo-)2.5 E(cal/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin) +144 540 Q F0(.)A F1(POSIXL)108 552 Q(Y_CORRECT)-.92 E F0 .472(If this v) +144 564 R .472(ariable is in the en)-.25 F .471(vironment when)-.4 F F1 +(bash)2.971 E F0 .471(starts, the shell enters)2.971 F/F5 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF .471(posix mode)2.971 F F0 .471(before reading)2.971 +F .011(the startup \214les, as if the)144 576 R F1(\255\255posix)2.511 E +F0(in)2.511 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .011(cation option had been supplied.).2 F +.011(If it is set while the shell is)5.011 F(running,)144 588 Q F1(bash) +4.498 E F0(enables)4.498 E F5 1.997(posix mode)4.497 F F0 4.497(,a)C +4.497(si)-4.497 G 4.497(ft)-4.497 G 1.997(he command)-4.497 F F4 1.997 +(set -o posix)4.497 F F0 1.997(had been e)4.497 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.) +.15 E(When the shell enters)144 600 Q F5(posix mode)2.5 E F0 2.5(,i)C +2.5(ts)-2.5 G(ets this v)-2.5 E(ariable if it w)-.25 E +(as not already set.)-.1 E F1(PR)108 612 Q(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F0 .155 +(If this v)144 624 R .155(ariable is set, and is an array)-.25 F 2.655 +(,t)-.65 G .155(he v)-2.655 F .155(alue of each set element is e)-.25 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .155(cuted as a command prior).15 F .407 +(to issuing each primary prompt.)144 636 R .407(If this is set b)5.407 F +.407(ut not an array v)-.2 F .407(ariable, its v)-.25 F .407 +(alue is used as a com-)-.25 F(mand to e)144 648 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cute instead.).15 E F1(PR)108 660 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.3 E(TRIM)-.4 E F0 .676 +(If set to a number greater than zero, the v)144 672 R .676 +(alue is used as the number of trailing directory compo-)-.25 F .923 +(nents to retain when e)144 684 R .923(xpanding the)-.15 F F1(\\w)3.423 +E F0(and)3.423 E F1(\\W)3.423 E F0 .923(prompt string escapes \(see) +3.423 F F2(PR)3.423 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)3.173 E(w\).)-.25 E +(Characters remo)144 696 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G +(re replaced with an ellipsis.)-2.5 E F1(PS0)108 708 Q F0 1.174(The v) +144 708 R 1.174(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F 1.174(xpanded \(see) +-.15 F F2(PR)3.674 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)3.424 E 1.174 +(w\) and displayed by interacti)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +(shells after reading a command and before the command is e)144 720 Q +-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19) +135.955 E(18)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 19 19 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(PS1)108 84 Q F0 .065(The v)144 84 R .065(alue of this parameter is e) +-.25 F .065(xpanded \(see)-.15 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)2.565 E +(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)2.315 E .065(w\) and used as the primary prompt) +-.25 F 2.5(string. The)144 96 R(def)2.5 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is `)-.25 E +(`)-.74 E F1(\\s\255\\v\\$)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(PS2)108 108 Q +F0 .117(The v)144 108 R .117(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .117 +(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1)2.617 E F0 .118 +(and used as the secondary prompt string.)2.368 F(The)5.118 E(def)144 +120 Q(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(>)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(PS3) +108 132 Q F0 1.116(The v)144 132 R 1.115 +(alue of this parameter is used as the prompt for the)-.25 F F1(select) +3.615 E F0 1.115(command \(see)3.615 F F2 1.115(SHELL GRAM-)3.615 F(MAR) +144 144 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(PS4)108 156 Q F0 .1 +(The v)144 156 R .1(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .1 +(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1)2.6 E F0 .101(and the v)2.35 F .101 +(alue is printed before each command)-.25 F F1(bash)144 168 Q F0 .335 +(displays during an e)2.835 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .335(cution trace.).15 F +.335(The \214rst character of the e)5.335 F .335(xpanded v)-.15 F .335 +(alue of)-.25 F F2(PS4)2.834 E F0 .334(is repli-)2.584 F +(cated multiple times, as necessary)144 180 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G 2.5(oi)-2.5 +G(ndicate multiple le)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ls of indirection.).15 E +(The def)5 E(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(+)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1 +(SHELL)108 192 Q F0 .542(This v)144 204 R .542(ariable e)-.25 F .542 +(xpands to the full pathname to the shell.)-.15 F .543 +(If it is not set when the shell starts,)5.543 F F1(bash)3.043 E F0 +(assigns to it the full pathname of the current user')144 216 Q 2.5(sl) +-.55 G(ogin shell.)-2.5 E F1(TIMEFORMA)108 228 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .827(The v) +144 240 R .826 +(alue of this parameter is used as a format string specifying ho)-.25 F +3.326(wt)-.25 G .826(he timing information for)-3.326 F .648 +(pipelines pre\214x)144 252 R .648(ed with the)-.15 F F1(time)3.148 E F0 +(reserv)3.148 E .648(ed w)-.15 F .649(ord should be displayed.)-.1 F +(The)5.649 E F1(%)3.149 E F0 .649(character introduces)3.149 F .712 +(an escape sequence that is e)144 264 R .711(xpanded to a time v)-.15 F +.711(alue or other information.)-.25 F .711(The escape sequences)5.711 F +(and their meanings are as follo)144 276 Q +(ws; the braces denote optional portions.)-.25 E F1(%%)144 294 Q F0 2.5 +(Al)194 294 S(iteral)-2.5 E F1(%)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%[)144 306 Q/F3 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(p)A F1(][l]R)A F0(The elapsed time in seconds.)194 +306 Q F1(%[)144 318 Q F3(p)A F1(][l]U)A F0 +(The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.)194 318 Q F1(%[)144 330 Q +F3(p)A F1(][l]S)A F0(The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.)194 +330 Q F1(%P)144 342 Q F0 +(The CPU percentage, computed as \(%U + %S\) / %R.)194 342 Q .87 +(The optional)144 358.8 R F3(p)3.37 E F0 .87(is a digit specifying the) +3.37 F F3(pr)3.37 E(ecision)-.37 E F0 3.37(,t)C .87 +(he number of fractional digits after a decimal)-3.37 F 2.526(point. A) +144 370.8 R -.25(va)2.526 G .025 +(lue of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.).25 F .025 +(At most three places after the)5.025 F .537 +(decimal point may be speci\214ed; v)144 382.8 R .537(alues of)-.25 F F3 +(p)3.037 E F0 .537(greater than 3 are changed to 3.)3.037 F(If)5.538 E +F3(p)3.038 E F0 .538(is not speci\214ed,)3.038 F(the v)144 394.8 Q +(alue 3 is used.)-.25 E .668(The optional)144 411.6 R F1(l)3.168 E F0 +.668(speci\214es a longer format, including minutes, of the form)3.168 F +F3(MM)3.168 E F0(m)A F3(SS)A F0(.)A F3(FF)A F0 3.167(s. The)B -.25(va) +3.167 G(lue).25 E(of)144 423.6 Q F3(p)2.5 E F0 +(determines whether or not the fraction is included.)2.5 E 13.364 +(If this v)144 440.4 R 13.364(ariable is not set,)-.25 F F1(bash)15.865 +E F0 13.365(acts as if it had the v)15.865 F(alue)-.25 E F1($\010\\nr) +144 452.4 Q(eal\\t%3lR\\nuser\\t%3lU\\nsys\\t%3lS\010)-.18 E F0 7.113 +(.I)C 4.613(ft)-7.113 G 2.113(he v)-4.613 F 2.113 +(alue is null, no timing information is dis-)-.25 F 2.5(played. A)144 +464.4 R(trailing ne)2.5 E +(wline is added when the format string is displayed.)-.25 E F1(TMOUT)108 +476.4 Q F0 .941(If set to a v)144 488.4 R .941(alue greater than zero,) +-.25 F F2(TMOUT)3.441 E F0 .941(is treated as the def)3.191 F .941 +(ault timeout for the)-.1 F F1 -.18(re)3.441 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.441 +G(iltin.).2 E(The)144 500.4 Q F1(select)2.811 E F0 .311 +(command terminates if input does not arri)2.811 F .61 -.15(ve a)-.25 H +(fter).15 E F2(TMOUT)2.81 E F0 .31(seconds when input is com-)2.56 F +.885(ing from a terminal.)144 512.4 R .885(In an interacti)5.885 F 1.185 +-.15(ve s)-.25 H .885(hell, the v).15 F .886 +(alue is interpreted as the number of seconds to)-.25 F -.1(wa)144 524.4 +S 1.05(it for a line of input after issuing the primary prompt.).1 F F1 +(Bash)6.05 E F0 1.05(terminates after w)3.55 F 1.05(aiting for that)-.1 +F(number of seconds if a complete line of input does not arri)144 536.4 +Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(TMPDIR)108 548.4 Q F0 .39(If set,)144 560.4 +R F1(bash)2.89 E F0 .39(uses its v)2.89 F .39 +(alue as the name of a directory in which)-.25 F F1(bash)2.891 E F0 .391 +(creates temporary \214les for the)2.891 F(shell')144 572.4 Q 2.5(su) +-.55 G(se.)-2.5 E F1(auto_r)108 584.4 Q(esume)-.18 E F0 .531(This v)144 +596.4 R .531(ariable controls ho)-.25 F 3.031(wt)-.25 G .531 +(he shell interacts with the user and job control.)-3.031 F .53 +(If this v)5.53 F .53(ariable is set,)-.25 F .538(single w)144 608.4 R +.538(ord simple commands without redirections are treated as candidates\ + for resumption of an)-.1 F -.15(ex)144 620.4 S .367(isting stopped job) +.15 F 5.367(.T)-.4 G .366(here is no ambiguity allo)-5.367 F .366 +(wed; if there is more than one job be)-.25 F .366(ginning with)-.15 F +1.124(the string typed, the job most recently accessed is selected.)144 +632.4 R(The)6.125 E F3(name)3.985 E F0 1.125(of a stopped job, in this) +3.805 F(conte)144 644.4 Q 1.133 +(xt, is the command line used to start it.)-.15 F 1.133(If set to the v) +6.133 F(alue)-.25 E F3 -.2(ex)3.633 G(act).2 E F0 3.632(,t).68 G 1.132 +(he string supplied must)-3.632 F .605 +(match the name of a stopped job e)144 656.4 R .606(xactly; if set to) +-.15 F F3(substring)3.446 E F0 3.106(,t).22 G .606 +(he string supplied needs to match a)-3.106 F .885 +(substring of the name of a stopped job)144 668.4 R 5.884(.T)-.4 G(he) +-5.884 E F3(substring)3.724 E F0 -.25(va)3.604 G .884(lue pro).25 F .884 +(vides functionality analogous to)-.15 F(the)144 680.4 Q F1(%?)3.333 E +F0 .833(job identi\214er \(see)5.833 F F2 .834(JOB CONTR)3.334 F(OL)-.27 +E F0(belo)3.084 E 3.334(w\). If)-.25 F .834(set to an)3.334 F 3.334(yo) +-.15 G .834(ther v)-3.334 F .834(alue, the supplied string)-.25 F .316 +(must be a pre\214x of a stopped job')144 692.4 R 2.816(sn)-.55 G .316 +(ame; this pro)-2.816 F .315(vides functionality analogous to the)-.15 F +F1(%)2.815 E F3(string)A F0(job)2.815 E(identi\214er)144 704.4 Q(.)-.55 +E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(19)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 20 20 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(histchars)108 84 Q F0 .545(The tw)144 96 R 3.045(oo)-.1 G 3.045(rt) +-3.045 G .545(hree characters which control history e)-3.045 F .546 +(xpansion and tok)-.15 F .546(enization \(see)-.1 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(HIST)3.046 E(OR)-.162 E 2.796(YE)-.315 G(X-)-2.796 E -.666(PA)144 108 S +(NSION).666 E F0(belo)2.988 E 3.238(w\). The)-.25 F .738 +(\214rst character is the)3.238 F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .737 +(history e)3.237 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(character)3.237 E 3.237(,t)-.4 G +.737(he character which sig-)-3.237 F .76(nals the start of a history e) +144 120 R .761(xpansion, normally `)-.15 F F1(!)A F0 3.261('. The)B .761 +(second character is the)3.261 F F3(quic)3.261 E 3.261(ks)-.2 G +(ubstitution)-3.261 E F0(character)144 132 Q 3.477(,w)-.4 G .977 +(hich is used as shorthand for re-running the pre)-3.477 F .976 +(vious command entered, substituting)-.25 F .13 +(one string for another in the command.)144 144 R .131(The def)5.13 F +.131(ault is `)-.1 F F1(^)A F0 2.631('. The)B .131 +(optional third character is the char)2.631 F(-)-.2 E .276(acter which \ +indicates that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as the\ + \214rst character)144 156 R .459(of a w)144 168 R .459(ord, normally `) +-.1 F F1(#)A F0 2.959('. The)B .459 +(history comment character causes history substitution to be skipped) +2.959 F .467(for the remaining w)144 180 R .467(ords on the line.)-.1 F +.466(It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest) +5.467 F(of the line as a comment.)144 192 Q F1(Arrays)87 208.8 Q(Bash) +108 220.8 Q F0(pro)3.39 E .89(vides one-dimensional inde)-.15 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G 3.39(da).15 G .891(nd associati)-3.39 F 1.191 -.15(ve a)-.25 H +.891(rray v).15 F 3.391(ariables. An)-.25 F 3.391(yv)-.15 G .891 +(ariable may be used as an)-3.641 F(inde)108 232.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +2.574(da).15 G .074(rray; the)-2.574 F F1(declar)2.574 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2 +(bu)2.574 G .074(iltin will e).2 F .073(xplicitly declare an array)-.15 +F 5.073(.T)-.65 G .073(here is no maximum limit on the size of)-5.073 F +.328(an array)108 244.8 R 2.828(,n)-.65 G .328(or an)-2.828 F 2.828(yr) +-.15 G .329(equirement that members be inde)-2.828 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +2.829(do).15 G 2.829(ra)-2.829 G .329(ssigned contiguously)-2.829 F +5.329(.I)-.65 G(nde)-5.329 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.829(da).15 G .329 +(rrays are refer)-2.829 F(-)-.2 E 1.595(enced using inte)108 256.8 R +1.595(gers \(including arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.595 +(xpressions\) and are zero-based; associati)-.15 F 1.895 -.15(ve a)-.25 +H 1.595(rrays are refer).15 F(-)-.2 E(enced using arbitrary strings.)108 +268.8 Q(Unless otherwise noted, inde)5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G +(rray indices must be non-ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .3 -.15 +(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E(gers.)-.15 E 2.462(An inde)108 285.6 R -.15(xe) +-.15 G 4.962(da).15 G 2.462(rray is created automatically if an)-4.962 F +4.963(yv)-.15 G 2.463(ariable is assigned to using the syntax)-5.213 F +F3(name)4.963 E F0([)A F3(sub-)A(script)108 297.6 Q F0(]=)A F3(value)A +F0 5.507(.T)C(he)-5.507 E F3(subscript)3.347 E F0 .507 +(is treated as an arithmetic e)3.687 F .507(xpression that must e)-.15 F +-.25(va)-.25 G .507(luate to a number).25 F 5.506(.T)-.55 G 3.006(oe) +-6.306 G(x-)-3.156 E 1.192(plicitly declare an inde)108 309.6 R -.15(xe) +-.15 G 3.692(da).15 G(rray)-3.692 E 3.692(,u)-.65 G(se)-3.692 E F1 +(declar)3.692 E 3.693<65ad>-.18 G(a)-3.693 E F3(name)3.693 E F0(\(see) +3.693 E F2 1.193(SHELL B)3.693 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.193(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F +F0(belo)3.443 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(de-)6.193 E(clar)108 321.6 Q 2.5<65ad> +-.18 G(a)-2.5 E F3(name)2.5 E F1([)A F3(subscript)A F1(])A F0 +(is also accepted; the)2.5 E F3(subscript)2.5 E F0(is ignored.)2.5 E +(Associati)108 338.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rrays are created using).15 E +F1(declar)2.5 E 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(A)-2.5 E F3(name)2.5 E F0(.)A(Attrib)108 +355.2 Q .941(utes may be speci\214ed for an array v)-.2 F .941 +(ariable using the)-.25 F F1(declar)3.441 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)3.44 E F1 +-.18(re)3.44 G(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.44 G 3.44(iltins. Each).2 F +(attrib)3.44 E(ute)-.2 E(applies to all members of an array)108 367.2 Q +(.)-.65 E 1.647 +(Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form)108 384 R +F3(name)4.147 E F0(=)A F1(\()A F0 -.25(va)C(lue).25 E F3(1)A F0 1.647 +(... v)4.147 F(alue)-.25 E F3(n)A F1(\))A F0 4.148(,w)C 1.648(here each) +-4.148 F F3(value)108 396 Q F0 .212(may be of the form [)2.712 F F3 +(subscript)A F0(]=)A F3(string)A F0 5.211(.I)C(nde)-5.211 E -.15(xe)-.15 +G 2.711(da).15 G .211(rray assignments do not require an)-2.711 F .211 +(ything b)-.15 F(ut)-.2 E F3(string)2.711 E F0(.)A(Each)108 408 Q F3 +(value)2.529 E F0 .029(in the list is e)2.529 F .029 +(xpanded using all the shell e)-.15 F .029(xpansions described belo)-.15 +F 2.529(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.529 E F2(EXP)2.529 E(ANSION)-.666 E/F4 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(When)4.53 E .996(assigning to inde)108 420 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G 3.496(da).15 G .996(rrays, if the optional brack)-3.496 F +.996(ets and subscript are supplied, that inde)-.1 F 3.495(xi)-.15 G +3.495(sa)-3.495 G .995(ssigned to;)-3.495 F .416(otherwise the inde)108 +432 R 2.916(xo)-.15 G 2.916(ft)-2.916 G .417 +(he element assigned is the last inde)-2.916 F 2.917(xa)-.15 G .417 +(ssigned to by the statement plus one.)-2.917 F(Inde)5.417 E(x-)-.15 E +(ing starts at zero.)108 444 Q 1.288(When assigning to an associati)108 +460.8 R 1.588 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E 3.788(,t)-.65 G 1.288(he w) +-3.788 F 1.288(ords in a compound assignment may be either assignment) +-.1 F .608 +(statements, for which the subscript is required, or a list of w)108 +472.8 R .608(ords that is interpreted as a sequence of alter)-.1 F(-)-.2 +E 1.957(nating k)108 484.8 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 4.457(sa).15 G 1.957(nd v) +-4.457 F(alues:)-.25 E F3(name)4.457 E F0(=)A F1(\()A F3 -.1(ke)4.457 G +1.957(y1 value1 k)-.2 F -.3(ey)-.1 G 4.457(2v).3 G(alue2)-4.457 E F0 +(...)4.457 E F1(\))A F0 6.957(.T)C 1.956 +(hese are treated identically to)-6.957 F F3(name)4.456 E F0(=)A F1(\()A +F0([)108 496.8 Q F3 -.1(ke)C(y1)-.2 E F0(]=)A F3(value1)A F0([)3.132 E +F3 -.1(ke)C(y2)-.2 E F0(]=)A F3(value2)A F0(...)3.132 E F1(\))A F0 5.632 +(.T)C .632(he \214rst w)-5.632 F .633(ord in the list determines ho)-.1 +F 3.133(wt)-.25 G .633(he remaining w)-3.133 F .633(ords are inter)-.1 F +(-)-.2 E .154 +(preted; all assignments in a list must be of the same type.)108 508.8 R +.153(When using k)5.153 F -.15(ey)-.1 G(/v).15 E .153(alue pairs, the k) +-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.653(sm).15 G .153(ay not be)-2.653 F +(missing or empty; a \214nal missing v)108 520.8 Q(alue is treated lik) +-.25 E 2.5(et)-.1 G(he empty string.)-2.5 E .239 +(This syntax is also accepted by the)108 537.6 R F1(declar)2.739 E(e) +-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.739 G 2.739(iltin. Indi).2 F .24 +(vidual array elements may be assigned to using the)-.25 F F3(name)108 +549.6 Q F0([)A F3(subscript)A F0(]=)A F3(value)A F0 1.917 +(syntax introduced abo)4.417 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 6.917(.W).15 G 1.917 +(hen assigning to an inde)-6.917 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.417(da).15 G(rray) +-4.417 E 4.417(,i)-.65 G(f)-4.417 E F3(name)4.777 E F0 1.916(is sub-) +4.597 F .115(scripted by a ne)108 561.6 R -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .415 +-.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E 2.615(,t)-.4 G .115 +(hat number is interpreted as relati)-2.615 F .415 -.15(ve t)-.25 H +2.615(oo).15 G .116(ne greater than the maximum inde)-2.615 F(x)-.15 E +(of)108 573.6 Q F3(name)2.677 E F0 2.677(,s)C 2.677(on)-2.677 G -2.25 +-.15(eg a)-2.677 H(ti).15 E .477 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .177 +(ndices count back from the end of the array).15 F 2.677(,a)-.65 G .177 +(nd an inde)-2.677 F 2.676(xo)-.15 G 2.676<66ad>-2.676 G 2.676(1r)-2.676 +G .176(eferences the last el-)-2.676 F(ement.)108 585.6 Q .716 +(The += operator will append to an array v)108 602.4 R .717 +(ariable when assigning using the compound assignment syntax;)-.25 F +(see)108 614.4 Q F2 -.666(PA)2.5 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(abo)2.25 E -.15 +(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(An)108 631.2 Q 3.576(ye)-.15 G 1.076 +(lement of an array may be referenced using ${)-3.576 F F3(name)A F0([)A +F3(subscript)A F0 3.575(]}. The)B 1.075(braces are required to a)3.575 F +-.2(vo)-.2 G(id).2 E 1.541(con\215icts with pathname e)108 643.2 R 4.041 +(xpansion. If)-.15 F F3(subscript)4.041 E F0(is)4.041 E F1(@)4.041 E F0 +(or)4.041 E F1(*)4.041 E F0 4.041(,t)C 1.541(he w)-4.041 F 1.541(ord e) +-.1 F 1.541(xpands to all members of)-.15 F F3(name)4.042 E F0(.)A 1.057 +(These subscripts dif)108 655.2 R 1.057(fer only when the w)-.25 F 1.057 +(ord appears within double quotes.)-.1 F 1.056(If the w)6.056 F 1.056 +(ord is double-quoted,)-.1 F(${)108 667.2 Q F3(name)A F0 .52([*]} e)B +.52(xpands to a single w)-.15 F .52(ord with the v)-.1 F .521 +(alue of each array member separated by the \214rst character)-.25 F +1.375(of the)108 679.2 R F2(IFS)3.875 E F0 1.375(special v)3.625 F 1.375 +(ariable, and ${)-.25 F F3(name)A F0 1.375([@]} e)B 1.375 +(xpands each element of)-.15 F F3(name)3.875 E F0 1.374(to a separate w) +3.875 F 3.874(ord. When)-.1 F 2.027(there are no array members, ${)108 +691.2 R F3(name)A F0 2.028([@]} e)B 2.028(xpands to nothing.)-.15 F +2.028(If the double-quoted e)7.028 F 2.028(xpansion occurs)-.15 F .759 +(within a w)108 703.2 R .759(ord, the e)-.1 F .759 +(xpansion of the \214rst parameter is joined with the be)-.15 F .759 +(ginning part of the original w)-.15 F(ord,)-.1 E .515(and the e)108 +715.2 R .516(xpansion of the last parameter is joined with the last par\ +t of the original w)-.15 F 3.016(ord. This)-.1 F .516(is analogous)3.016 +F .228(to the e)108 727.2 R .228(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15 +F F1(*)2.728 E F0(and)2.728 E F1(@)2.728 E F0(\(see)2.728 E F1 .228 +(Special P)2.728 F(arameters)-.1 E F0(abo)2.727 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.727 +(\). ${#).15 F F3(name)A F0([)A F3(subscript)A F0(]})A(GNU Bash 5.2)72 +768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(20)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 21 21 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.15(ex)108 84 S +.886(pands to the length of ${).15 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)A F0 +([)A F1(subscript)A F0 3.386(]}. If)B F1(subscript)3.386 E F0(is)3.386 E +/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(*)3.386 E F0(or)3.386 E F2(@)3.386 E F0 3.386(,t) +C .886(he e)-3.386 F .886(xpansion is the number of ele-)-.15 F .295 +(ments in the array)108 96 R 5.295(.I)-.65 G 2.795(ft)-5.295 G(he)-2.795 +E F1(subscript)3.135 E F0 .295(used to reference an element of an inde) +3.475 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.794(da).15 G .294(rray e)-2.794 F -.25(va)-.25 +G .294(luates to a number).25 F .628 +(less than zero, it is interpreted as relati)108 108 R .928 -.15(ve t) +-.25 H 3.128(oo).15 G .629(ne greater than the maximum inde)-3.128 F +3.129(xo)-.15 G 3.129(ft)-3.129 G .629(he array)-3.129 F 3.129(,s)-.65 G +3.129(on)-3.129 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.129 H(ti).15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +(indices count back from the end of the array)108 120 Q 2.5(,a)-.65 G +(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G +(eferences the last element.)-2.5 E .595(Referencing an array v)108 +136.8 R .595(ariable without a subscript is equi)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G +.595(lent to referencing the array with a subscript of).25 F 2.5(0. An) +108 148.8 R 2.5(yr)-.15 G(eference to a v)-2.5 E(ariable using a v)-.25 +E(alid subscript is le)-.25 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(l, and).05 E F2(bash)2.5 E +F0(will create an array if necessary)2.5 E(.)-.65 E(An array v)108 165.6 +Q(ariable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a v)-.25 E +2.5(alue. The)-.25 F(null string is a v)2.5 E(alid v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E +.417(It is possible to obtain the k)108 182.4 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.918(s\() +.15 G .418(indices\) of an array as well as the v)-2.918 F 2.918 +(alues. ${)-.25 F F2(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(@)A F0 .418(]} and ${)B F2 +(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(*)A F0(]})A -.15(ex)108 194.4 S .75 +(pand to the indices assigned in array v).15 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(name) +3.249 E F0 5.749(.T)C .749 +(he treatment when in double quotes is similar to)-5.749 F(the e)108 +206.4 Q(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15 E F1(@)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 +E F1(*)2.5 E F0(within double quotes.)2.5 E(The)108 223.2 Q F2(unset) +2.766 E F0 -.2(bu)2.766 G .267(iltin is used to destro).2 F 2.767(ya)-.1 +G(rrays.)-2.767 E F2(unset)5.267 E F1(name)2.767 E F0([)A F1(subscript)A +F0 2.767(]d)C(estro)-2.767 E .267(ys the array element at inde)-.1 F(x) +-.15 E F1(sub-)2.767 E(script)108 235.2 Q F0 2.858(,f)C .358 +(or both inde)-2.858 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.858(da).15 G .358(nd associati) +-2.858 F .658 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 2.858(rrays. Ne).15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti) +.05 E .658 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .358(ubscripts to inde).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +2.858(da).15 G .358(rrays are interpreted as de-)-2.858 F 1.204 +(scribed abo)108 247.2 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 6.204(.U).15 G 1.204 +(nsetting the last element of an array v)-6.204 F 1.205 +(ariable does not unset the v)-.25 F(ariable.)-.25 E F2(unset)6.205 E F1 +(name)3.705 E F0(,)A(where)108 259.2 Q F1(name)3.413 E F0 .913 +(is an array)3.413 F 3.413(,r)-.65 G(emo)-3.413 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.413 +(st).15 G .912(he entire array)-3.413 F(.)-.65 E F2(unset)5.912 E F1 +(name)3.412 E F0([)A F1(subscript)A F0 .912(], where)B F1(subscript) +3.412 E F0(is)3.412 E F2(*)3.412 E F0(or)3.412 E F2(@)3.412 E F0 3.412 +(,b)C(e-)-3.412 E(ha)108 271.2 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.125(sd).15 G(if)-3.125 +E .625(ferently depending on whether)-.25 F F1(name)3.125 E F0 .626 +(is an inde)3.125 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.126(do).15 G 3.126(ra)-3.126 G +(ssociati)-3.126 E .926 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E 5.626(.I)-.65 G(f) +-5.626 E F1(name)3.126 E F0 .626(is an associati)3.126 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +(array)108 283.2 Q 3.067(,t)-.65 G .567 +(his unsets the element with subscript)-3.067 F F2(*)3.067 E F0(or)3.067 +E F2(@)3.067 E F0 5.567(.I)C(f)-5.567 E F1(name)3.067 E F0 .567 +(is an inde)3.067 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.067(da).15 G(rray)-3.067 E 3.067 +(,u)-.65 G .567(nset remo)-3.067 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.067(sa).15 G .567 +(ll of the)-3.067 F(elements b)108 295.2 Q(ut does not remo)-.2 E .3 +-.15(ve t)-.15 H(he array itself.).15 E .028(When using a v)108 312 R +.028(ariable name with a subscript as an ar)-.25 F .029 +(gument to a command, such as with)-.18 F F2(unset)2.529 E F0 2.529(,w)C +.029(ithout us-)-2.529 F .938(ing the w)108 324 R .938(ord e)-.1 F .938 +(xpansion syntax described abo)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.437(,t).15 G .937 +(he ar)-3.437 F .937(gument is subject to pathname e)-.18 F 3.437 +(xpansion. If)-.15 F(path-)3.437 E(name e)108 336 Q +(xpansion is not desired, the ar)-.15 E(gument should be quoted.)-.18 E +(The)108 352.8 Q F2(declar)2.683 E(e)-.18 E F0(,)A F2(local)2.683 E F0 +2.683(,a)C(nd)-2.683 E F2 -.18(re)2.683 G(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.683 G +.184(iltins each accept a).2 F F22.684 E F0 .184 +(option to specify an inde)2.684 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.684(da).15 G .184 +(rray and a)-2.684 F F22.684 E F0(op-)2.684 E .042 +(tion to specify an associati)108 364.8 R .341 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 +E 5.041(.I)-.65 G 2.541(fb)-5.041 G .041(oth options are supplied,) +-2.541 F F22.541 E F0(tak)2.541 E .041(es precedence.)-.1 F(The) +5.041 E F2 -.18(re)2.541 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.541 G .041(iltin ac-).2 +F .863(cepts a)108 376.8 R F23.363 E F0 .864 +(option to assign a list of w)3.363 F .864 +(ords read from the standard input to an array)-.1 F 5.864(.T)-.65 G(he) +-5.864 E F2(set)3.364 E F0(and)3.364 E F2(declar)3.364 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2 +(bu)108 388.8 S(iltins display array v).2 E(alues in a w)-.25 E +(ay that allo)-.1 E(ws them to be reused as assignments.)-.25 E/F3 10.95 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXP)72 405.6 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .76(Expansion is perfo\ +rmed on the command line after it has been split into w)108 417.6 R 3.26 +(ords. There)-.1 F .76(are se)3.26 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.26(nk).15 G .76 +(inds of)-3.26 F -.15(ex)108 429.6 S .2(pansion performed:).15 F F1(br) +2.971 E .201(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1 .201(tilde e) +2.831 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1(par)3.951 E .201 +(ameter and variable e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1 .201 +(command sub-)2.901 F(stitution)108 441.6 Q F0(,).24 E F1(arithmetic e) +2.83 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1(wor)2.84 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting) +-2.5 E F0 2.5(,a).22 G(nd)-2.5 E F1(pathname e)3.75 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0 +(.).24 E .419(The order of e)108 458.4 R .419(xpansions is: brace e)-.15 +F .418(xpansion; tilde e)-.15 F .418(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F +.418(ariable e)-.25 F .418(xpansion, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 470.4 +S .195(pansion, and command substitution \(done in a left-to-right f).15 +F .196(ashion\); w)-.1 F .196(ord splitting; and pathname e)-.1 F(xpan-) +-.15 E(sion.)108 482.4 Q .257 +(On systems that can support it, there is an additional e)108 499.2 R +.257(xpansion a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F1(pr)2.757 E .257 +(ocess substitution)-.45 F F0 5.257(.T)C .256(his is per)-5.257 F(-)-.2 +E(formed at the same time as tilde, parameter)108 511.2 Q 2.5(,v)-.4 G +(ariable, and arithmetic e)-2.75 E(xpansion and command substitution.) +-.15 E .002(After these e)108 528 R .003 +(xpansions are performed, quote characters present in the original w) +-.15 F .003(ord are remo)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.503(du).15 G .003 +(nless the)-2.503 F(y)-.15 E(ha)108 540 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H +(een quoted themselv).15 E(es \()-.15 E F1(quote r)A(emo)-.37 E(val)-.1 +E F0(\).)A .172(Only brace e)108 556.8 R .172(xpansion, w)-.15 F .171 +(ord splitting, and pathname e)-.1 F .171 +(xpansion can increase the number of w)-.15 F .171(ords of the e)-.1 F +(x-)-.15 E .776(pansion; other e)108 568.8 R .776(xpansions e)-.15 F +.776(xpand a single w)-.15 F .776(ord to a single w)-.1 F 3.276 +(ord. The)-.1 F .776(only e)3.276 F .776(xceptions to this are the e) +-.15 F(x-)-.15 E .696(pansions of ")108 580.8 R F2($@)A F0 3.196("a)C +.696(nd ")-3.196 F F2(${)A F1(name)A F2([@]})A F0 .696 +(", and, in most cases,)B F2($*)3.196 E F0(and)3.196 E F2(${)3.196 E F1 +(name)A F2([*]})A F0 .695(as e)3.196 F .695(xplained abo)-.15 F .995 +-.15(ve \()-.15 H(see).15 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.195 G(-).666 +E(RAMETERS)108 592.8 Q/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F2(Brace Expansion)87 +609.6 Q F1(Br)108.58 621.6 Q .606(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 .606 +(is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated.)3.346 F +.606(This mechanism is similar)5.606 F(to)108 633.6 Q F1 .415 +(pathname e)2.915 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 2.915(,b)C .415 +(ut the \214lenames generated need not e)-3.115 F 2.915(xist. P)-.15 F +.415(atterns to be brace e)-.15 F .415(xpanded tak)-.15 F 2.915(et)-.1 G +(he)-2.915 E .073(form of an optional)108 645.6 R F1(pr)3.823 E(eamble) +-.37 E F0 2.573(,f).18 G(ollo)-2.573 E .073 +(wed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence e)-.25 +F(xpres-)-.15 E .49(sion between a pair of braces, follo)108 657.6 R +.489(wed by an optional)-.25 F F1(postscript)4.239 E F0 5.489(.T).68 G +.489(he preamble is pre\214x)-5.489 F .489(ed to each string)-.15 F .659 +(contained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended to ea\ +ch resulting string, e)108 669.6 R .659(xpanding left to)-.15 F(right.) +108 681.6 Q .719(Brace e)108 698.4 R .719(xpansions may be nested.)-.15 +F .719(The results of each e)5.719 F .719 +(xpanded string are not sorted; left to right order is)-.15 F(preserv) +108 710.4 Q 2.5(ed. F)-.15 F(or e)-.15 E(xample, a)-.15 E F2({)A F0 +(d,c,b)A F2(})A F0 2.5(ee)C(xpands into `ade ace abe'.)-2.65 E 3.148(As) +108 727.2 S .648(equence e)-3.148 F .648(xpression tak)-.15 F .649 +(es the form)-.1 F F2({)3.149 E F1(x)A F2(..)A F1(y)A F2([..)A F1(incr)A +F2(]})A F0 3.149(,w)C(here)-3.149 E F1(x)3.149 E F0(and)3.149 E F1(y) +3.149 E F0 .649(are either inte)3.149 F .649 +(gers or single letters, and)-.15 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q +(2022 September 19)135.955 E(21)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 22 22 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(incr)108 84 Q F0 2.615(,a)C 2.615(no)-2.615 G .115 +(ptional increment, is an inte)-2.615 F(ger)-.15 E 5.115(.W)-.55 G .115 +(hen inte)-5.115 F .115(gers are supplied, the e)-.15 F .115 +(xpression e)-.15 F .115(xpands to each num-)-.15 F 1.013(ber between) +108 96 R F1(x)3.513 E F0(and)3.513 E F1(y)3.513 E F0 3.513(,i)C(nclusi) +-3.513 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 6.013(.S).15 G 1.013(upplied inte)-6.013 F 1.013 +(gers may be pre\214x)-.15 F 1.013(ed with)-.15 F F1(0)3.513 E F0 1.013 +(to force each term to ha)3.513 F 1.314 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he).15 E .015 +(same width.)108 108 R .015(When either)5.015 F F1(x)2.515 E F0(or)2.515 +E F1(y)2.515 E F0(be)2.515 E .014(gins with a zero, the shell attempts \ +to force all generated terms to contain)-.15 F 1.13 +(the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary)108 120 R 6.131 +(.W)-.65 G 1.131(hen letters are supplied, the e)-6.131 F 1.131 +(xpression e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E .485(pands to each character le)108 132 R +.485(xicographically between)-.15 F F1(x)2.985 E F0(and)2.984 E F1(y) +2.984 E F0 2.984(,i)C(nclusi)-2.984 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.984(,u).15 G .484 +(sing the def)-2.984 F .484(ault C locale.)-.1 F .484(Note that)5.484 F +(both)108 144 Q F1(x)2.966 E F0(and)2.966 E F1(y)2.966 E F0 .467 +(must be of the same type \(inte)2.966 F .467(ger or letter\).)-.15 F +.467(When the increment is supplied, it is used as the)5.467 F(dif)108 +156 Q(ference between each term.)-.25 E(The def)5 E +(ault increment is 1 or \2551 as appropriate.)-.1 E .582(Brace e)108 +172.8 R .582(xpansion is performed before an)-.15 F 3.082(yo)-.15 G .581 +(ther e)-3.082 F .581(xpansions, and an)-.15 F 3.081(yc)-.15 G .581 +(haracters special to other e)-3.081 F(xpansions)-.15 E .015 +(are preserv)108 184.8 R .015(ed in the result.)-.15 F .015 +(It is strictly te)5.015 F(xtual.)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Bash) +5.016 E F0 .016(does not apply an)2.516 F 2.516(ys)-.15 G .016 +(yntactic interpretation to the con-)-2.516 F(te)108 196.8 Q +(xt of the e)-.15 E(xpansion or the te)-.15 E(xt between the braces.) +-.15 E 2.502(Ac)108 213.6 S .002(orrectly-formed brace e)-2.502 F .001(\ +xpansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at least\ + one un-)-.15 F .457(quoted comma or a v)108 225.6 R .458 +(alid sequence e)-.25 F 2.958(xpression. An)-.15 F 2.958(yi)-.15 G .458 +(ncorrectly formed brace e)-2.958 F .458(xpansion is left unchanged.) +-.15 F(A)108 237.6 Q F2({)2.522 E F0(or)2.522 E F2(,)2.522 E F0 .022 +(may be quoted with a backslash to pre)2.522 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .021 +(nt its being considered part of a brace e).15 F 2.521(xpression. T)-.15 +F 2.521(oa)-.8 G -.2(vo)-2.721 G(id).2 E .172 +(con\215icts with parameter e)108 249.6 R .172(xpansion, the string)-.15 +F F2(${)2.672 E F0 .172(is not considered eligible for brace e)2.672 F +.172(xpansion, and inhibits)-.15 F(brace e)108 261.6 Q +(xpansion until the closing)-.15 E F2(})2.5 E F0(.)A 1.476(This constru\ +ct is typically used as shorthand when the common pre\214x of the strin\ +gs to be generated is)108 278.4 R(longer than in the abo)108 290.4 Q .3 +-.15(ve ex)-.15 H(ample:).15 E(mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,ne)144 +307.2 Q -.65(w,)-.25 G(dist,b).65 E(ugs})-.2 E(or)108 319.2 Q(cho)144 +331.2 Q(wn root /usr/{ucb/{e)-.25 E(x,edit},lib/{e)-.15 E(x?.?*,ho)-.15 +E(w_e)-.25 E(x}})-.15 E .618(Brace e)108 348 R .618 +(xpansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical v)-.15 F +.618(ersions of)-.15 F F2(sh)3.118 E F0(.)A F2(sh)5.618 E F0 .618 +(does not treat open-)3.118 F .248 +(ing or closing braces specially when the)108 360 R 2.748(ya)-.15 G .247 +(ppear as part of a w)-2.748 F .247(ord, and preserv)-.1 F .247 +(es them in the output.)-.15 F F2(Bash)5.247 E F0(remo)108 372 Q -.15 +(ve)-.15 G 3.53(sb).15 G 1.03(races from w)-3.53 F 1.03 +(ords as a consequence of brace e)-.1 F 3.53(xpansion. F)-.15 F 1.03 +(or e)-.15 F 1.03(xample, a w)-.15 F 1.03(ord entered to)-.1 F F2(sh) +3.53 E F0(as)3.53 E F1(\214le{1,2})108 384 Q F0 .515 +(appears identically in the output.)3.015 F .515(The same w)5.515 F .515 +(ord is output as)-.1 F F1 .514(\214le1 \214le2)4.925 F F0 .514(after e) +3.034 F .514(xpansion by)-.15 F F2(bash)3.014 E F0(.)A .436 +(If strict compatibility with)108 396 R F2(sh)2.936 E F0 .436 +(is desired, start)2.936 F F2(bash)2.936 E F0 .436(with the)2.936 F F2 +(+B)2.936 E F0 .436(option or disable brace e)2.936 F .437 +(xpansion with the)-.15 F F2(+B)108 408 Q F0(option to the)2.5 E F2(set) +2.5 E F0(command \(see)2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 +E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F2 -.18(Ti)87 424.8 S +(lde Expansion).18 E F0 1.087(If a w)108 436.8 R 1.087(ord be)-.1 F +1.087(gins with an unquoted tilde character \(`)-.15 F F2(~)A F0 1.086 +('\), all of the characters preceding the \214rst unquoted)B .185(slash\ + \(or all characters, if there is no unquoted slash\) are considered a) +108 448.8 R F1(tilde-pr)2.685 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.185(.I)C 2.685(fn) +-5.185 G .185(one of the characters)-2.685 F .726(in the tilde-pre\214x\ + are quoted, the characters in the tilde-pre\214x follo)108 460.8 R .725 +(wing the tilde are treated as a possible)-.25 F F1(lo)108 472.8 Q .522 +(gin name)-.1 F F0 5.522(.I)C 3.022(ft)-5.522 G .522 +(his login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the v) +-3.022 F .523(alue of the shell parameter)-.25 F F3(HOME)108 484.8 Q/F4 +9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.787 E F3(HOME)2.787 E F0 .287 +(is unset, the home directory of the user e)2.537 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .286 +(cuting the shell is substituted instead.).15 F(Other)5.286 E(-)-.2 E(w\ +ise, the tilde-pre\214x is replaced with the home directory associated \ +with the speci\214ed login name.)108 496.8 Q .092 +(If the tilde-pre\214x is a `~+', the v)108 513.6 R .092 +(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(PWD)2.592 E F0 .092 +(replaces the tilde-pre\214x.)2.342 F .093(If the tilde-pre\214x is) +5.093 F 3.404(a`)108 525.6 S .904(~\255', the v)-3.404 F .904 +(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(OLDPWD)3.404 E F4(,)A F0 +.904(if it is set, is substituted.)3.154 F .903(If the characters follo) +5.903 F .903(wing the)-.25 F .879 +(tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number)108 537.6 R F1(N)3.379 +E F0 3.379(,o)C .879(ptionally pre\214x)-3.379 F .88 +(ed by a `+' or a `\255', the tilde-pre\214x is re-)-.15 F .138(placed \ +with the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it w)108 +549.6 R .138(ould be displayed by the)-.1 F F2(dirs)2.638 E F0 -.2(bu) +2.638 G(iltin).2 E(in)108 561.6 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.838(dw).1 G +.338(ith the tilde-pre\214x as an ar)-2.838 F 2.838(gument. If)-.18 F +.338(the characters follo)2.838 F .338 +(wing the tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist)-.25 F +(of a number without a leading `+' or `\255', `+' is assumed.)108 573.6 +Q(If the login name is in)108 590.4 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid, or the tilde e) +.25 E(xpansion f)-.15 E(ails, the w)-.1 E(ord is unchanged.)-.1 E .167 +(Each v)108 607.2 R .167(ariable assignment is check)-.25 F .167 +(ed for unquoted tilde-pre\214x)-.1 F .167(es immediately follo)-.15 F +.167(wing a)-.25 F F2(:)2.667 E F0 .167(or the \214rst)2.667 F F2(=) +2.666 E F0 5.166(.I)C(n)-5.166 E .467(these cases, tilde e)108 619.2 R +.467(xpansion is also performed.)-.15 F(Consequently)5.467 E 2.967(,o) +-.65 G .468(ne may use \214lenames with tildes in assign-)-2.967 F +(ments to)108 631.2 Q F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F4(,)A F3(MAILP)2.25 +E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F3(CDP)2.5 E -.855(AT) +-.666 G(H).855 E F4(,)A F0(and the shell assigns the e)2.25 E(xpanded v) +-.15 E(alue.)-.25 E .024(Bash also performs tilde e)108 648 R .024 +(xpansion on w)-.15 F .023(ords satisfying the conditions of v)-.1 F +.023(ariable assignments \(as described)-.25 F(abo)108 660 Q .769 -.15 +(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3 -.666(PA)2.969 G(RAMETERS).666 E F4(\))A F0 +.469(when the)2.719 F 2.969(ya)-.15 G .469(ppear as ar)-2.969 F .469 +(guments to simple commands.)-.18 F .47(Bash does not do this,)5.469 F +-.15(ex)108 672 S(cept for the).15 E F1(declar)2.5 E(ation)-.15 E F0 +(commands listed abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(,w).15 G(hen in)-2.5 E F1 +(posix mode)2.5 E F0(.)A F2 -.1(Pa)87 688.8 S(rameter Expansion).1 E F0 +.2(The `)108 700.8 R F2($)A F0 2.7('c)C .199 +(haracter introduces parameter e)-2.7 F .199 +(xpansion, command substitution, or arithmetic e)-.15 F 2.699 +(xpansion. The)-.15 F(pa-)2.699 E .314(rameter name or symbol to be e) +108 712.8 R .314 +(xpanded may be enclosed in braces, which are optional b)-.15 F .314 +(ut serv)-.2 F 2.814(et)-.15 G 2.814(op)-2.814 G(rotect)-2.814 E .415 +(the v)108 724.8 R .415(ariable to be e)-.25 F .415 +(xpanded from characters immediately follo)-.15 F .414 +(wing it which could be interpreted as part of)-.25 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 +768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(22)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 23 23 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(the name.)108 84 Q +1.189(When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the \214rst `) +108 100.8 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(})A F0 3.69('n)C 1.19 +(ot escaped by a backslash or within a)-3.69 F .822 +(quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic e)108 112.8 R .821 +(xpansion, command substitution, or parameter e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E +(pansion.)108 124.8 Q(${)108 141.6 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)A +(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A .106(The v)144 153.6 R .106(alue of)-.25 F F2(par) +2.606 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .106(is substituted.)2.606 F .106 +(The braces are required when)5.106 F F2(par)3.856 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +.106(is a positional pa-)3.336 F .111 +(rameter with more than one digit, or when)144 165.6 R F2(par)3.861 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0 .111(is follo)3.341 F .11 +(wed by a character which is not to be)-.25 F .208 +(interpreted as part of its name.)144 177.6 R(The)5.208 E F2(par)2.708 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0 .208(is a shell parameter as described abo)2.708 F +-.15(ve)-.15 G F1 -.74(PA)2.858 G(RAME-).74 E(TERS)144 189.6 Q F0 2.5 +(\)o)C 2.5(ra)-2.5 G 2.5(na)-2.5 G(rray reference \()-2.5 E F1(Arrays)A +F0(\).)A .347(If the \214rst character of)108 206.4 R F2(par)2.846 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0 .346(is an e)2.846 F .346(xclamation point \()-.15 F +F1(!)A F0 .346(\), and)B F2(par)2.846 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .346(is not a) +2.846 F F2(namer)2.846 E(ef)-.37 E F0 2.846(,i)C 2.846(ti)-2.846 G +(ntroduces)-2.846 E 2.906(al)108 218.4 S -2.15 -.25(ev e)-2.906 H 2.906 +(lo).25 G 2.906(fi)-2.906 G(ndirection.)-2.906 E F1(Bash)5.406 E F0 .406 +(uses the v)2.906 F .406(alue formed by e)-.25 F .406 +(xpanding the rest of)-.15 F F2(par)2.906 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .406 +(as the ne)2.906 F(w)-.25 E F2(par)2.907 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)108 230.4 Q +F0 2.579(;t)C .079(his is then e)-2.579 F .079(xpanded and that v)-.15 F +.079(alue is used in the rest of the e)-.25 F .078 +(xpansion, rather than the e)-.15 F .078(xpansion of the)-.15 F +(original)108 242.4 Q F2(par)2.542 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.042(.T)C .042 +(his is kno)-5.042 F .042(wn as)-.25 F F2(indir)2.543 E .043(ect e)-.37 +F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 5.043(.T)C .043(he v)-5.043 F .043 +(alue is subject to tilde e)-.25 F .043(xpansion, parameter)-.15 F -.15 +(ex)108 254.4 S .249(pansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e).15 +F 2.749(xpansion. If)-.15 F F2(par)2.749 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .248 +(is a nameref, this e)2.749 F .248(xpands to the)-.15 F 1.51 +(name of the parameter referenced by)108 266.4 R F2(par)4.01 E(ameter) +-.15 E F0 1.51(instead of performing the complete indirect e)4.01 F +(xpansion.)-.15 E .388(The e)108 278.4 R .387 +(xceptions to this are the e)-.15 F .387(xpansions of ${)-.15 F F1(!)A +F2(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F1(*)A F0 2.887(}a)C .387(nd ${)-2.887 F F1(!)A F2 +(name)A F0([)A F2(@)A F0 .387(]} described belo)B 4.187 -.65(w. T)-.25 H +.387(he e).65 F(xclama-)-.15 E(tion point must immediately follo)108 +290.4 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G(he left brace in order to introduce indirection.) +-2.5 E .334(In each of the cases belo)108 307.2 R -.65(w,)-.25 G F2(wor) +3.484 E(d)-.37 E F0 .334(is subject to tilde e)2.834 F .334 +(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F .334(xpansion, command substitution,)-.15 +F(and arithmetic e)108 319.2 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E .067 +(When not performing substring e)108 336 R .067 +(xpansion, using the forms documented belo)-.15 F 2.567(w\()-.25 G +(e.g.,)-2.567 E F1(:-)2.567 E F0(\),)A F1(bash)2.567 E F0 .066 +(tests for a pa-)2.567 F(rameter that is unset or null.)108 348 Q(Omitt\ +ing the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset.)5 E +(${)108 364.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1<3aad>A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(}) +A F1 .722(Use Default V)144 376.8 R(alues)-.92 E F0 5.722(.I)C(f)-5.722 +E F2(par)4.472 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .723(is unset or null, the e)3.952 F +.723(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.563 E(d)-.37 E F0 .723(is substituted.) +3.993 F(Other)5.723 E(-)-.2 E(wise, the v)144 388.8 Q(alue of)-.25 E F2 +(par)3.75 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is substituted.)3.23 E(${)108 400.8 Q F2 +(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1 .812 +(Assign Default V)144 412.8 R(alues)-.92 E F0 5.812(.I)C(f)-5.812 E F2 +(par)4.562 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .812(is unset or null, the e)4.042 F .812 +(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.652 E(d)-.37 E F0 .812(is assigned to)4.082 +F F2(pa-)4.561 E -.15(ra)144 424.8 S(meter).15 E F0 5.741(.T).73 G .741 +(he v)-5.741 F .741(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)4.491 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .742 +(is then substituted.)3.972 F .742 +(Positional parameters and special parame-)5.742 F +(ters may not be assigned to in this w)144 436.8 Q(ay)-.1 E(.)-.65 E(${) +108 448.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:?)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1 +.535(Display Err)144 460.8 R .535(or if Null or Unset)-.18 F F0 5.535 +(.I)C(f)-5.535 E F2(par)4.285 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .535 +(is null or unset, the e)3.765 F .535(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.035 E +(d)-.37 E F0 .535(\(or a mes-)3.035 F .012(sage to that ef)144 472.8 R +.012(fect if)-.25 F F2(wor)2.852 E(d)-.37 E F0 .013(is not present\) is\ + written to the standard error and the shell, if it is not in-)3.282 F +(teracti)144 484.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,e).15 G 2.5(xits. Otherwise,) +-2.65 F(the v)2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F2(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +(is substituted.)2.5 E(${)108 496.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:+)A F2 +(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1 .745(Use Alter)144 508.8 R .745(nate V)-.15 F +(alue)-.92 E F0 5.745(.I)C(f)-5.745 E F2(par)4.495 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +.745(is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the e)3.975 F +(xpan-)-.15 E(sion of)144 520.8 Q F2(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0 +(is substituted.)3.27 E(${)108 532.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:)A F2 +(of)A(fset)-.18 E F0(})A(${)108 544.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:)A F2 +(of)A(fset)-.18 E F1(:)A F2(length)A F0(})A F1 .002(Substring Expansion) +144 556.8 R F0 5.002(.E)C .002(xpands to up to)-5.002 F F2(length)2.502 +E F0 .002(characters of the v)2.502 F .002(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)2.502 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0 .002(starting at the)2.502 F .004 +(character speci\214ed by)144 568.8 R F2(of)2.504 E(fset)-.18 E F0 5.003 +(.I)C(f)-5.003 E F2(par)2.503 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)2.503 E F1(@)2.503 E +F0(or)2.503 E F1(*)2.503 E F0 2.503(,a)C 2.503(ni)-2.503 G(nde)-2.503 E +-.15(xe)-.15 G 2.503(da).15 G .003(rray subscripted by)-2.503 F F1(@) +2.503 E F0(or)2.503 E F1(*)2.503 E F0 2.503(,o)C 2.503(ra)-2.503 G(n) +-2.503 E(associati)144 580.8 Q 1.022 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .722 +(rray name, the results dif).15 F .722(fer as described belo)-.25 F +4.522 -.65(w. I)-.25 H(f).65 E F2(length)3.222 E F0 .722(is omitted, e) +3.222 F .722(xpands to the)-.15 F .043(substring of the v)144 592.8 R +.043(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)2.543 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .042 +(starting at the character speci\214ed by)2.543 F F2(of)2.542 E(fset) +-.18 E F0 .042(and e)2.542 F .042(xtending to the)-.15 F .846 +(end of the v)144 604.8 R(alue.)-.25 E F2(length)5.846 E F0(and)3.346 E +F2(of)3.346 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .846(are arithmetic e)3.346 F .847 +(xpressions \(see)-.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .847(ARITHMETIC EV)3.347 F +(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(belo)144 616.8 Q(w\).)-.25 E +(If)144 640.8 Q F2(of)3.029 E(fset)-.18 E F0 -.25(eva)3.029 G .529 +(luates to a number less than zero, the v).25 F .529 +(alue is used as an of)-.25 F .529(fset in characters from the)-.25 F +.045(end of the v)144 652.8 R .045(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)2.546 E(ameter) +-.15 E F0 5.046(.I)C(f)-5.046 E F2(length)2.546 E F0 -.25(eva)2.546 G +.046(luates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as an).25 F +(of)144 664.8 Q .203(fset in characters from the end of the v)-.25 F +.202(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)2.702 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .202 +(rather than a number of characters, and)2.702 F .557(the e)144 676.8 R +.557(xpansion is the characters between)-.15 F F2(of)3.057 E(fset)-.18 E +F0 .557(and that result.)3.057 F .558(Note that a ne)5.558 F -.05(ga) +-.15 G(ti).05 E .858 -.15(ve o)-.25 H -.25(ff).15 G .558(set must be).25 +F(separated from the colon by at least one space to a)144 688.8 Q -.2 +(vo)-.2 G(id being confused with the).2 E F1(:-)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(pansion.).15 E(If)144 712.8 Q F2(par)3.284 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.284 +E F1(@)3.284 E F0(or)3.284 E F1(*)3.284 E F0 3.284(,t)C .784 +(he result is)-3.284 F F2(length)3.284 E F0 .784 +(positional parameters be)3.284 F .783(ginning at)-.15 F F2(of)3.283 E +(fset)-.18 E F0 5.783(.A)C(ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve) +-.25 G F2(of)144 724.8 Q(fset)-.18 E F0 1.551(is tak)4.051 F 1.551 +(en relati)-.1 F 1.851 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 4.051(oo).15 G 1.551 +(ne greater than the greatest positional parameter)-4.051 F 4.051(,s)-.4 +G 4.052(oa)-4.051 G 4.052(no)-4.052 G -.25(ff)-4.052 G 1.552 +(set of \2551).25 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E +(23)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 24 24 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.25(eva)144 84 S +.555(luates to the last positional parameter).25 F 5.555(.I)-.55 G 3.055 +(ti)-5.555 G 3.055(sa)-3.055 G 3.055(ne)-3.055 G .555(xpansion error if) +-3.205 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(length)3.055 E F0 -.25(eva)3.055 G .555 +(luates to a number).25 F(less than zero.)144 96 Q(If)144 120 Q F1(par) +3.013 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .514(is an inde)3.013 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.014 +(da).15 G .514(rray name subscripted by @ or *, the result is the)-3.014 +F F1(length)3.014 E F0 .514(members of)3.014 F 1.082(the array be)144 +132 R 1.082(ginning with ${)-.15 F F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0([)A F1(of)A +(fset)-.18 E F0 3.582(]}. A)B(ne)3.582 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15 +(ve)-.25 G F1(of)3.732 E(fset)-.18 E F0 1.081(is tak)3.581 F 1.081 +(en relati)-.1 F 1.381 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.581(oo).15 G 1.081(ne greater) +-3.581 F 1.079(than the maximum inde)144 144 R 3.579(xo)-.15 G 3.579(ft) +-3.579 G 1.079(he speci\214ed array)-3.579 F 6.079(.I)-.65 G 3.579(ti) +-6.079 G 3.579(sa)-3.579 G 3.58(ne)-3.579 G 1.08(xpansion error if)-3.73 +F F1(length)3.58 E F0 -.25(eva)3.58 G 1.08(luates to a).25 F +(number less than zero.)144 156 Q(Substring e)144 180 Q +(xpansion applied to an associati)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H +(rray produces unde\214ned results.).15 E .821(Substring inde)144 204 R +.821(xing is zero-based unless the positional parameters are used, in w\ +hich case the in-)-.15 F(de)144 216 Q .159(xing starts at 1 by def)-.15 +F 2.659(ault. If)-.1 F F1(of)2.659 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .159 +(is 0, and the positional parameters are used,)2.659 F/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF($0)2.659 E F0 .159(is pre\214x)2.659 F .159(ed to)-.15 +F(the list.)144 228 Q(${)108 244.8 Q F2(!)A F1(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2(*)A +F0(})A(${)108 256.8 Q F2(!)A F1(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2(@)A F0(})A F2 .085 +(Names matching pr)144 268.8 R(e\214x)-.18 E F0 5.085(.E)C .084 +(xpands to the names of v)-5.085 F .084(ariables whose names be)-.25 F +.084(gin with)-.15 F F1(pr)2.584 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.584(,s)C(epa-) +-2.584 E .257(rated by the \214rst character of the)144 280.8 R/F3 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)2.757 E F0 .257(special v)2.507 F 2.757 +(ariable. When)-.25 F F1(@)2.758 E F0 .258(is used and the e)2.758 F +.258(xpansion appears)-.15 F(within double quotes, each v)144 292.8 Q +(ariable name e)-.25 E(xpands to a separate w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108 +309.6 Q F2(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(@)A F0(]})A(${)108 321.6 Q F2(!)A F1 +(name)A F0([)A F1(*)A F0(]})A F2 1.137(List of array k)144 333.6 R(eys) +-.1 E F0 6.136(.I)C(f)-6.136 E F1(name)3.636 E F0 1.136(is an array v) +3.636 F 1.136(ariable, e)-.25 F 1.136 +(xpands to the list of array indices \(k)-.15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 1.136 +(s\) as-).15 F .397(signed in)144 345.6 R F1(name)2.897 E F0 5.397(.I)C +(f)-5.397 E F1(name)2.897 E F0 .397(is not an array)2.897 F 2.897(,e) +-.65 G .397(xpands to 0 if)-3.047 F F1(name)2.897 E F0 .397 +(is set and null otherwise.)2.897 F(When)5.397 E F1(@)2.897 E F0 +(is used and the e)144 357.6 Q +(xpansion appears within double quotes, each k)-.15 E .3 -.15(ey ex)-.1 +H(pands to a separate w).15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108 374.4 Q F2(#)A F1(par)A +(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 386.4 S .471(rameter length).1 F F0 +5.471(.T)C .471(he length in characters of the v)-5.471 F .471(alue of) +-.25 F F1(par)2.971 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .47(is substituted.)2.97 F(If) +5.47 E F1(par)4.22 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)144 398.4 Q F0(is)3.626 E F2(*) +2.896 E F0(or)2.896 E F2(@)2.896 E F0 2.896(,t)C .396(he v)-2.896 F .397 +(alue substituted is the number of positional parameters.)-.25 F(If) +5.397 E F1(par)4.147 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .397(is an ar)3.627 F(-)-.2 E +.781(ray name subscripted by)144 410.4 R F2(*)3.281 E F0(or)3.281 E F2 +(@)3.281 E F0 3.281(,t)C .781(he v)-3.281 F .78 +(alue substituted is the number of elements in the array)-.25 F 5.78(.I) +-.65 G(f)-5.78 E F1(par)145.25 422.4 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 .455(is an inde) +3.685 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.955(da).15 G .456 +(rray name subscripted by a ne)-2.955 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .756 +-.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E 2.956(,t)-.4 G .456 +(hat number is interpreted)-2.956 F .973(as relati)144 434.4 R 1.273 +-.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.473(oo).15 G .973(ne greater than the maximum inde) +-3.473 F 3.473(xo)-.15 G(f)-3.473 E F1(par)3.473 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +3.472(,s)C 3.472(on)-3.472 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.472 H(ti).15 E 1.272 +-.15(ve i)-.25 H .972(ndices count back).15 F(from the end of the array) +144 446.4 Q 2.5(,a)-.65 G(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 +G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G(eferences the last element.)-2.5 E(${)108 463.2 Q F1 +(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(#)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)108 475.2 Q F1 +(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(##)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2(Remo)144 487.2 +Q 1.396 -.1(ve m)-.1 H 1.196(atching pr).1 F 1.196(e\214x patter)-.18 F +(n)-.15 E F0 6.196(.T)C(he)-6.196 E F1(wor)4.036 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.196 +(is e)4.466 F 1.196(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in path-)-.15 F +.544(name e)144 499.2 R .544(xpansion, and matched ag)-.15 F .544 +(ainst the e)-.05 F .544(xpanded v)-.15 F .544(alue of)-.25 F F1(par) +4.294 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .543(using the rules described)3.774 F(under) +144 511.2 Q F2 -.1(Pa)3.132 G(tter).1 E 3.132(nM)-.15 G(atching)-3.132 E +F0(belo)3.132 E 4.432 -.65(w. I)-.25 H 3.132(ft).65 G .632 +(he pattern matches the be)-3.132 F .632(ginning of the v)-.15 F .633 +(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)4.383 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(,).73 E 1.152 +(then the result of the e)144 523.2 R 1.151(xpansion is the e)-.15 F +1.151(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.151(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)4.901 E(ameter)-.15 E +F0 1.151(with the shortest matching)4.381 F .183(pattern \(the `)144 +535.2 R(`)-.74 E F2(#)A F0 1.663 -.74('' c)D .184 +(ase\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `).74 F(`)-.74 E F2(##)A F0 +1.664 -.74('' c)D .184(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If)5.184 E F1(par)3.934 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.414 E F2(@)2.684 E F0(or)144 547.2 Q F2(*)3.019 E +F0 3.019(,t)C .518(he pattern remo)-3.019 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.018(lo).25 +G .518 +(peration is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e) +-3.018 F(xpan-)-.15 E .303(sion is the resultant list.)144 559.2 R(If) +5.303 E F1(par)4.053 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .303(is an array v)3.533 F .303 +(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.804 E F0(or)2.804 E F2(*)2.804 E +F0 2.804(,t)C .304(he pattern re-)-2.804 F(mo)144 571.2 Q -.25(va)-.15 G +2.988(lo).25 G .487 +(peration is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e) +-2.988 F .487(xpansion is the resultant)-.15 F(list.)144 583.2 Q(${)108 +600 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(%)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)108 612 +Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(%%)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2(Remo)144 +624 Q .346 -.1(ve m)-.1 H .146(atching suf\214x patter).1 F(n)-.15 E F0 +5.146(.T)C(he)-5.146 E F1(wor)2.646 E(d)-.37 E F0 .147(is e)2.647 F .147 +(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname)-.15 F -.15(ex)144 636 +S .459(pansion, and matched ag).15 F .459(ainst the e)-.05 F .459 +(xpanded v)-.15 F .458(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)4.208 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +.458(using the rules described under)3.688 F F2 -.1(Pa)144 648 S(tter).1 +E 3.314(nM)-.15 G(atching)-3.314 E F0(belo)3.314 E 4.614 -.65(w. I)-.25 +H 3.314(ft).65 G .814(he pattern matches a trailing portion of the e) +-3.314 F .814(xpanded v)-.15 F .814(alue of)-.25 F F1(pa-)4.564 E -.15 +(ra)144 660 S(meter).15 E F0 3.817(,t).73 G 1.317 +(hen the result of the e)-3.817 F 1.317(xpansion is the e)-.15 F 1.317 +(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.316(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)5.066 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +1.316(with the shortest)4.546 F 1.084(matching pattern \(the `)144 672 R +(`)-.74 E F2(%)A F0 2.564 -.74('' c)D 1.084 +(ase\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `).74 F(`)-.74 E F2(%%)A F0 +2.565 -.74('' c)D 1.085(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If)6.085 E F1(par)145.25 +684 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.39 E F2(@)2.66 E F0(or)2.66 E F2(*)2.66 E F0 +2.66(,t)C .16(he pattern remo)-2.66 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.659(lo).25 G .159 +(peration is applied to each positional parameter in turn,)-2.659 F .509 +(and the e)144 696 R .509(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If) +5.509 E F1(par)4.259 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .51(is an array v)3.739 F .51 +(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)3.01 E F0(or)3.01 E F2(*)3.01 E F0 +(,)A .423(the pattern remo)144 708 R -.25(va)-.15 G 2.923(lo).25 G .422 +(peration is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e) +-2.923 F .422(xpansion is)-.15 F(the resultant list.)144 720 Q +(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(24)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 25 25 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(${)108 84 Q/F1 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)A(ameter)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(/)A F1 +(pattern)A F2(/)A F1(string)A F0(})A(${)108 96 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E +F2(//)A F1(pattern)A F2(/)A F1(string)A F0(})A(${)108 108 Q F1(par)A +(ameter)-.15 E F2(/#)A F1(pattern)A F2(/)A F1(string)A F0(})A(${)108 120 +Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(/%)A F1(pattern)A F2(/)A F1(string)A F0(})A +F2 -.1(Pa)144 132 S(tter).1 E 3.606(ns)-.15 G(ubstitution)-3.606 E F0 +6.106(.T)C(he)-6.106 E F1(pattern)3.606 E F0 1.106(is e)3.606 F 1.107 +(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F(xpan-)-.15 E +(sion.)144 144 Q F1 -.8(Pa)6.034 G -.15(ra).8 G(meter).15 E F0 1.034 +(is e)3.534 F 1.033(xpanded and the longest match of)-.15 F F1(pattern) +3.533 E F0(ag)3.533 E 1.033(ainst its v)-.05 F 1.033 +(alue is replaced with)-.25 F F1(string)144 156 Q F0(.)A F1(string)5.499 +E F0(under)2.999 E .499(goes tilde e)-.18 F .499 +(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .499(ariable e)-.25 F .499 +(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F(xpansion,)-.15 E 1.137 +(command and process substitution, and quote remo)144 168 R -.25(va)-.15 +G 3.637(l. The).25 F 1.137(match is performed using the rules)3.637 F +.075(described under)144 180 R F2 -.1(Pa)2.575 G(tter).1 E 2.575(nM)-.15 +G(atching)-2.575 E F0(belo)2.575 E 3.875 -.65(w. I)-.25 H 2.575(nt).65 G +.075(he \214rst form abo)-2.575 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.575(,o).15 G .076 +(nly the \214rst match is replaced.)-2.575 F .48(If there are tw)144 192 +R 2.98(os)-.1 G .48(lashes separating)-2.98 F F1(par)2.98 E(ameter)-.15 +E F0(and)2.98 E F1(pattern)2.98 E F0 .48(\(the second form abo)2.98 F +-.15(ve)-.15 G .48(\), all matches of).15 F F1(pattern)144 204 Q F0 .374 +(are replaced with)2.874 F F1(string)2.874 E F0 5.374(.I)C(f)-5.374 E F1 +(pattern)2.874 E F0 .374(is preceded by)2.874 F F2(#)2.874 E F0 .374 +(\(the third form abo)2.874 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .375(\), it must match).15 +F .089(at the be)144 216 R .089(ginning of the e)-.15 F .088(xpanded v) +-.15 F .088(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.588 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.088(.I)C(f) +-5.088 E F1(pattern)2.588 E F0 .088(is preceded by)2.588 F F2(%)2.588 E +F0 .088(\(the fourth form)2.588 F(abo)144 228 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G .315 +(\), it must match at the end of the e).15 F .315(xpanded v)-.15 F .315 +(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.815 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.315(.I)C 2.815(ft) +-5.315 G .315(he e)-2.815 F .315(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(string)2.815 E F0 +(is)2.815 E .399(null, matches of)144 240 R F1(pattern)2.899 E F0 .399 +(are deleted.)2.899 F(If)5.399 E F1(string)2.898 E F0 .398 +(is null, matches of)2.898 F F1(pattern)2.898 E F0 .398 +(are deleted and the)2.898 F F2(/)2.898 E F0(fol-)2.898 E(lo)144 252 Q +(wing)-.25 E F1(pattern)2.5 E F0(may be omitted.)2.5 E .95(If the)144 +276 R F2(patsub_r)3.45 E(eplacement)-.18 E F0 .95 +(shell option is enabled using)3.45 F F2(shopt)3.45 E F0 3.45(,a)C 1.25 +-.15(ny u)-3.45 H .95(nquoted instances of).15 F F2(&)3.45 E F0(in)3.45 +E F1(string)144 288 Q F0(are replaced with the matching portion of)2.5 E +F1(pattern)2.5 E F0(.)A .75(Quoting an)144 312 R 3.25(yp)-.15 G .75 +(art of)-3.25 F F1(string)3.25 E F0 .749(inhibits replacement in the e) +3.249 F .749(xpansion of the quoted portion, including)-.15 F .767 +(replacement strings stored in shell v)144 324 R 3.267 +(ariables. Backslash)-.25 F .767(will escape)3.267 F F2(&)3.267 E F0(in) +3.267 E F1(string)3.267 E F0 3.267(;t)C .768(he backslash is)-3.267 F +(remo)144 336 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.669(di).15 G 2.669(no)-2.669 G .169 +(rder to permit a literal)-2.669 F F2(&)2.669 E F0 .169 +(in the replacement string.)2.669 F .169 +(Backslash can also be used to es-)5.169 F 1.428(cape a backslash;)144 +348 R F2(\\\\)3.928 E F0 1.428 +(results in a literal backslash in the replacement.)3.928 F 1.428 +(Users should tak)6.428 F 3.929(ec)-.1 G 1.429(are if)-3.929 F F1 +(string)144 360 Q F0 .292(is double-quoted to a)2.792 F -.2(vo)-.2 G +.292(id unw).2 F .292 +(anted interactions between the backslash and double-quoting,)-.1 F .053 +(since backslash has special meaning within double quotes.)144 372 R +-.15(Pa)5.053 G .054(ttern substitution performs the check).15 F .07 +(for unquoted)144 384 R F2(&)2.57 E F0 .07(after e)2.57 F(xpanding)-.15 +E F1(string)2.569 E F0 2.569(;s)C .069(hell programmers should quote an) +-2.569 F 2.569(yo)-.15 G .069(ccurrences of)-2.569 F F2(&)2.569 E F0 +(the)2.569 E(y)-.15 E -.1(wa)144 396 S 1.112(nt to be tak).1 F 1.112 +(en literally in the replacement and ensure an)-.1 F 3.612(yi)-.15 G +1.112(nstances of)-3.612 F F2(&)3.612 E F0(the)3.612 E 3.613(yw)-.15 G +1.113(ant to be re-)-3.713 F(placed are unquoted.)144 408 Q .687(If the) +144 432 R F2(nocasematch)3.187 E F0 .687 +(shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)3.187 F -.05 +(ga)-.15 G .687(rd to the case of).05 F .736(alphabetic characters.)144 +444 R(If)5.736 E F1(par)4.486 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.966 E F2(@)3.236 E +F0(or)3.236 E F2(*)3.236 E F0 3.236(,t)C .736 +(he substitution operation is applied to each posi-)-3.236 F .655 +(tional parameter in turn, and the e)144 456 R .654 +(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If)5.654 E F1(par)4.404 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0 .654(is an array v)3.884 F(ariable)-.25 E .347 +(subscripted with)144 468 R F2(@)2.847 E F0(or)2.847 E F2(*)2.847 E F0 +2.847(,t)C .348(he substitution operation is applied to each member of \ +the array in turn,)-2.847 F(and the e)144 480 Q +(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 496.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter) +-.15 E F2(^)A F1(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 508.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E +F2(^^)A F1(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 520.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(,)A +F1(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 532.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(,,)A F1 +(pattern)A F0(})A F2 .438(Case modi\214cation)144 544.8 R F0 5.438(.T)C +.438(his e)-5.438 F .437 +(xpansion modi\214es the case of alphabetic characters in)-.15 F F1(par) +2.937 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.437(.T)C(he)-5.437 E F1(pattern)144 556.8 Q +F0 .373(is e)2.873 F .374 +(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F 2.874 +(xpansion. Each)-.15 F .374(character in the e)2.874 F(x-)-.15 E .514 +(panded v)144 568.8 R .514(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.014 E(ameter)-.15 E +F0 .514(is tested ag)3.014 F(ainst)-.05 E F1(pattern)3.014 E F0 3.014 +(,a)C .513(nd, if it matches the pattern, its case is con-)-3.014 F -.15 +(ve)144 580.8 S 2.822(rted. The).15 F .323 +(pattern should not attempt to match more than one character)2.822 F +5.323(.T)-.55 G(he)-5.323 E F2(^)2.823 E F0 .323(operator con)2.823 F +-.15(ve)-.4 G(rts).15 E(lo)144 592.8 Q .181(wercase letters matching) +-.25 F F1(pattern)2.681 E F0 .181(to uppercase; the)2.681 F F2(,)2.681 E +F0 .181(operator con)2.681 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .18 +(rts matching uppercase letters).15 F .085(to lo)144 604.8 R 2.585 +(wercase. The)-.25 F F2(^^)2.585 E F0(and)2.585 E F2(,,)2.585 E F0 -.15 +(ex)2.585 G .085(pansions con).15 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .085 +(rt each matched character in the e).15 F .085(xpanded v)-.15 F .085 +(alue; the)-.25 F F2(^)2.585 E F0(and)144 616.8 Q F2(,)3.591 E F0 -.15 +(ex)3.591 G 1.091(pansions match and con).15 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.091 +(rt only the \214rst character in the e).15 F 1.09(xpanded v)-.15 F 3.59 +(alue. If)-.25 F F1(pattern)3.59 E F0(is)3.59 E 1.12 +(omitted, it is treated lik)144 628.8 R 3.62(ea)-.1 G F2(?)A F0 3.62(,w) +C 1.12(hich matches e)-3.62 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.121(ry character).15 F +6.121(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.121 E F1(par)4.871 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)4.351 E F2 +(@)3.621 E F0(or)3.621 E F2(*)3.621 E F0 3.621(,t)C 1.121(he case)-3.621 +F .339(modi\214cation operation is applied to each positional parameter\ + in turn, and the e)144 640.8 R .339(xpansion is the re-)-.15 F .249 +(sultant list.)144 652.8 R(If)5.249 E F1(par)3.999 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +.249(is an array v)3.479 F .249(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@) +2.749 E F0(or)2.75 E F2(*)2.75 E F0 2.75(,t)C .25 +(he case modi\214cation oper)-2.75 F(-)-.2 E +(ation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 +664.8 Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 681.6 Q F1(par)A +(ameter)-.15 E F2(@)A F1(oper)A(ator)-.15 E F0(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 693.6 S +.86(rameter transf).1 F(ormation)-.25 E F0 5.86(.T)C .86(he e)-5.86 F +.86(xpansion is either a transformation of the v)-.15 F .86(alue of)-.25 +F F1(par)3.36 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .153(or information about)144 705.6 R +F1(par)2.653 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .153(itself, depending on the v)2.653 F +.153(alue of)-.25 F F1(oper)2.653 E(ator)-.15 E F0 5.154(.E)C(ach)-5.154 +E F1(oper)2.654 E(ator)-.15 E F0 .154(is a sin-)2.654 F(gle letter:)144 +717.6 Q(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(25)185.115 E 0 +Cg EP +%%Page: 26 26 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(U)144 84 Q F0 .143(The e)180 84 R .142 +(xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F .142(alue of)-.25 F/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)2.642 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .142(with lo)2.642 F +.142(wercase alphabetic charac-)-.25 F(ters con)180 96 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G +(rted to uppercase.).15 E F1(u)144 108 Q F0 .429(The e)180 108 R .429 +(xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F .429(alue of)-.25 F F2(par) +2.929 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .43(with the \214rst character con)2.93 F -.15 +(ve)-.4 G(rted).15 E(to uppercase, if it is alphabetic.)180 120 Q F1(L) +144 132 Q F0 .125(The e)180 132 R .124 +(xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F .124(alue of)-.25 F F2(par) +2.624 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .124(with uppercase alphabetic charac-)2.624 F +(ters con)180 144 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G(rted to lo).15 E(wercase.)-.25 E F1(Q) +144 156 Q F0 1.064(The e)180 156 R 1.064 +(xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F 1.065(alue of)-.25 F F2(par) +3.565 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.065(quoted in a format that can be)3.565 F +(reused as input.)180 168 Q F1(E)144 180 Q F0 .441(The e)180 180 R .441 +(xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F .441(alue of)-.25 F F2(par) +2.941 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .44(with backslash escape sequences)2.94 F -.15 +(ex)180 192 S(panded as with the).15 E F1($\010...\010)2.5 E F0 +(quoting mechanism.)2.5 E F1(P)144 204 Q F0 1.072(The e)180 204 R 1.073 +(xpansion is a string that is the result of e)-.15 F 1.073 +(xpanding the v)-.15 F 1.073(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)3.573 E(ameter)-.15 E +F0 1.073(as if it)3.573 F(were a prompt string \(see)180 216 Q F1(PR)2.5 +E(OMPTING)-.3 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(A)144 228 Q F0 1.138(The e) +180 228 R 1.138 +(xpansion is a string in the form of an assignment statement or)-.15 F +F1(declar)3.637 E(e)-.18 E F0(command)3.637 E(that, if e)180 240 Q -.25 +(va)-.25 G(luated, will recreate).25 E F2(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +(with its attrib)2.5 E(utes and v)-.2 E(alue.)-.25 E F1(K)144 252 Q F0 +1.339(Produces a possibly-quoted v)180 252 R 1.339(ersion of the v)-.15 +F 1.339(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)3.839 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 3.839(,e)C 1.34 +(xcept that it prints the)-3.989 F -.25(va)180 264 S .258(lues of inde) +.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.757(da).15 G .257(nd associati)-2.757 F .557 -.15 +(ve a)-.25 H .257(rrays as a sequence of quoted k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G +(-v).15 E .257(alue pairs \(see)-.25 F F1(Ar)2.757 E(-)-.37 E(rays)180 +276 Q F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(a)144 288 Q F0(The e)180 +288 Q(xpansion is a string consisting of \215ag v)-.15 E +(alues representing)-.25 E F2(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.1 -.55('s a)D +(ttrib).55 E(utes.)-.2 E F1(k)144 300 Q F0(Lik)180 300 Q 2.657(et)-.1 G +.157(he K transformation, b)-2.657 F .157(ut e)-.2 F .157(xpands the k) +-.15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.657(sa).15 G .157(nd v)-2.657 F .157 +(alues of inde)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.657(da).15 G .158(nd associati) +-2.657 F .458 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.2(r-).15 G(rays to separate w)180 312 Q +(ords after w)-.1 E(ord splitting.)-.1 E(If)144 328.8 Q F2(par)4.403 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.883 E F1(@)3.153 E F0(or)3.153 E F1(*)3.153 E F0 +3.153(,t)C .653(he operation is applied to each positional parameter in\ + turn, and the e)-3.153 F(x-)-.15 E .403(pansion is the resultant list.) +144 340.8 R(If)5.403 E F2(par)4.153 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .403 +(is an array v)3.633 F .403(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F1(@)2.903 E +F0(or)2.903 E F1(*)2.903 E F0 2.903(,t)C .403(he opera-)-2.903 F +(tion is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 +352.8 Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E .708(The result of the e) +144 376.8 R .708(xpansion is subject to w)-.15 F .708 +(ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F .708(xpansion as described be-)-.15 +F(lo)144 388.8 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G F1(Command Substitution)87 405.6 Q F2 +1.697(Command substitution)108 417.6 R F0(allo)4.197 E 1.697 +(ws the output of a command to replace the command name.)-.25 F 1.698 +(There are tw)6.698 F(o)-.1 E(forms:)108 429.6 Q F1($\()144 446.4 Q F2 +(command)A F1(\))1.666 E F0(or)108 458.4 Q F1<92>144 470.4 Q F2(command) +A F1<92>A(Bash)108 487.2 Q F0 .089(performs the e)2.589 F .089 +(xpansion by e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F2(command)2.589 E F0 +.088(in a subshell en)2.589 F .088(vironment and replacing the command) +-.4 F .41(substitution with the standard output of the command, with an) +108 499.2 R 2.91(yt)-.15 G .41(railing ne)-2.91 F .41(wlines deleted.) +-.25 F .41(Embedded ne)5.41 F(w-)-.25 E .192(lines are not deleted, b) +108 511.2 R .192(ut the)-.2 F 2.692(ym)-.15 G .192(ay be remo)-2.692 F +-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.692(dd).15 G .192(uring w)-2.692 F .192(ord splitting.) +-.1 F .192(The command substitution)5.192 F F1($\(cat)2.691 E F2(\214le) +2.691 E F1(\))A F0(can be replaced by the equi)108 523.2 Q -.25(va)-.25 +G(lent b).25 E(ut f)-.2 E(aster)-.1 E F1($\(<)2.5 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F1 +(\))A F0(.)A 1.724(When the old-style backquote form of substitution is\ + used, backslash retains its literal meaning e)108 540 R(xcept)-.15 E +.315(when follo)108 552 R .315(wed by)-.25 F F1($)2.815 E F0(,)A F1<92> +2.815 E F0 2.815(,o)C(r)-2.815 E F1(\\)2.815 E F0 5.315(.T)C .314(he \ +\214rst backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command su\ +b-)-5.315 F 3.886(stitution. When)108 564 R 1.386(using the $\()3.886 F +F2(command).833 E F0 3.886(\)f)1.666 G 1.387 +(orm, all characters between the parentheses mak)-3.886 F 3.887(eu)-.1 G +3.887(pt)-3.887 G 1.387(he com-)-3.887 F +(mand; none are treated specially)108 576 Q(.)-.65 E .894 +(Command substitutions may be nested.)108 592.8 R 2.494 -.8(To n)5.894 H +.894(est when using the backquoted form, escape the inner back-).8 F +(quotes with backslashes.)108 604.8 Q .422 +(If the substitution appears within double quotes, w)108 621.6 R .422 +(ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F .423(xpansion are not performed)-.15 +F(on the results.)108 633.6 Q F1(Arithmetic Expansion)87 650.4 Q F0 +1.035(Arithmetic e)108 662.4 R 1.035(xpansion allo)-.15 F 1.035 +(ws the e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.034(luation of an arithmetic e).25 F +1.034(xpression and the substitution of the result.)-.15 F +(The format for arithmetic e)108 674.4 Q(xpansion is:)-.15 E F1($\(\() +144 691.2 Q F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(\)\))A F0(The)108 708 Q +F2 -.2(ex)2.735 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(under)2.975 E .235 +(goes the same e)-.18 F .236 +(xpansions as if it were within double quotes, b)-.15 F .236 +(ut double quote charac-)-.2 F 2.8(ters in)108 720 R F2 -.2(ex)5.3 G(pr) +.2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 2.799(are not treated specially and are remo)5.3 F +-.15(ve)-.15 G 5.299(d. All).15 F(tok)5.299 E 2.799(ens in the e)-.1 F +2.799(xpression under)-.15 F(go)-.18 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q +(2022 September 19)135.955 E(26)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 27 27 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .919 +(parameter and v)108 84 R .919(ariable e)-.25 F .919 +(xpansion, command substitution, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G +3.419(l. The).25 F .92(result is treated as the)3.419 F(arithmetic e)108 +96 Q(xpression to be e)-.15 E -.25(va)-.25 G 2.5(luated. Arithmetic).25 +F -.15(ex)2.5 G(pansions may be nested.).15 E 1.379(The e)108 112.8 R +-.25(va)-.25 G 1.378 +(luation is performed according to the rules listed belo).25 F 3.878(wu) +-.25 G(nder)-3.878 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.378(ARITHMETIC EV)3.878 F +(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 +(If)5.878 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)108 124.8 S(pr).2 E(ession) +-.37 E F0(is in)2.74 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid,).25 E/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(bash)2.5 E F0(prints a message indicating f)2.5 E +(ailure and no substitution occurs.)-.1 E F4(Pr)87 141.6 Q +(ocess Substitution)-.18 E F3(Pr)108 153.6 Q .405(ocess substitution) +-.45 F F0(allo)2.905 E .405(ws a process')-.25 F 2.905(si)-.55 G .405 +(nput or output to be referred to using a \214lename.)-2.905 F .405 +(It tak)5.405 F .405(es the form)-.1 F(of)108 165.6 Q F4(<\()3.251 E F3 +(list)A F4(\)).833 E F0(or)3.251 E F4(>\()3.251 E F3(list)A F4(\)).833 E +F0 5.751(.T)C .751(he process)-5.751 F F3(list)3.251 E F0 .751 +(is run asynchronously)3.251 F 3.251(,a)-.65 G .751 +(nd its input or output appears as a \214lename.)-3.251 F .147 +(This \214lename is passed as an ar)108 177.6 R .148 +(gument to the current command as the result of the e)-.18 F 2.648 +(xpansion. If)-.15 F(the)2.648 E F4(>\()2.648 E F3(list)A F4(\)).833 E +F0 .56(form is used, writing to the \214le will pro)108 189.6 R .56 +(vide input for)-.15 F F3(list)3.059 E F0 5.559(.I)C 3.059(ft)-5.559 G +(he)-3.059 E F4(<\()3.059 E F3(list)A F4(\)).833 E F0 .559 +(form is used, the \214le passed as an)3.059 F(ar)108 201.6 Q .308 +(gument should be read to obtain the output of)-.18 F F3(list)2.808 E F0 +5.308(.P)C .309(rocess substitution is supported on systems that sup-) +-5.308 F(port named pipes \()108 213.6 Q F3(FIFOs)A F0 2.5(\)o)C 2.5(rt) +-2.5 G(he)-2.5 E F4(/de)2.5 E(v/fd)-.15 E F0 +(method of naming open \214les.)2.5 E .897(When a)108 230.4 R -.25(va) +-.2 G .896(ilable, process substitution is performed simultaneously wit\ +h parameter and v).25 F .896(ariable e)-.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E +(command substitution, and arithmetic e)108 242.4 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F4 +-.75(Wo)87 259.2 S(rd Splitting).75 E F0 1.142 +(The shell scans the results of parameter e)108 271.2 R 1.143 +(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.143 +(xpansion that)-.15 F(did not occur within double quotes for)108 283.2 Q +F3(wor)2.84 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5 E F0(.).22 E .063 +(The shell treats each character of)108 300 R F1(IFS)2.563 E F0 .063 +(as a delimiter)2.313 F 2.563(,a)-.4 G .063 +(nd splits the results of the other e)-2.563 F .063(xpansions into w) +-.15 F(ords)-.1 E .207(using these characters as \214eld terminators.) +108 312 R(If)5.207 E F1(IFS)2.707 E F0 .207(is unset, or its v)2.457 F +.207(alue is e)-.25 F(xactly)-.15 E F4()2.708 E F0 +(,)A .837(the def)108 324 R .837(ault, then sequences of)-.1 F F4 +()3.337 E F0(,)A F4()3.337 E F0 3.337(,a)C(nd)-3.337 E F4 +()3.337 E F0 .836(at the be)3.336 F .836 +(ginning and end of the results of)-.15 F .345(the pre)108 336 R .345 +(vious e)-.25 F .345(xpansions are ignored, and an)-.15 F 2.845(ys)-.15 +G .345(equence of)-2.845 F F1(IFS)2.845 E F0 .345 +(characters not at the be)2.595 F .345(ginning or end serv)-.15 F(es) +-.15 E 1.237(to delimit w)108 348 R 3.737(ords. If)-.1 F F1(IFS)3.737 E +F0 1.236(has a v)3.486 F 1.236(alue other than the def)-.25 F 1.236 +(ault, then sequences of the whitespace characters)-.1 F F4(space)108 +360 Q F0(,)A F4(tab)2.506 E F0 2.506(,a)C(nd)-2.506 E F4(newline)2.506 E +F0 .006(are ignored at the be)2.506 F .006(ginning and end of the w)-.15 +F .007(ord, as long as the whitespace charac-)-.1 F .921 +(ter is in the v)108 372 R .92(alue of)-.25 F F1(IFS)3.42 E F0(\(an)3.17 +E F1(IFS)3.42 E F0 .92(whitespace character\).)3.17 F(An)5.92 E 3.42(yc) +-.15 G .92(haracter in)-3.42 F F1(IFS)3.42 E F0 .92(that is not)3.17 F +F1(IFS)3.42 E F0(whitespace,)3.17 E .428(along with an)108 384 R 2.928 +(ya)-.15 G(djacent)-2.928 E F1(IFS)2.928 E F0 .428 +(whitespace characters, delimits a \214eld.)2.678 F 2.928(As)5.428 G +.428(equence of)-2.928 F F1(IFS)2.928 E F0 .429(whitespace charac-)2.679 +F(ters is also treated as a delimiter)108 396 Q 5(.I)-.55 G 2.5(ft)-5 G +(he v)-2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F1(IFS)2.5 E F0(is null, no w)2.25 E +(ord splitting occurs.)-.1 E .783(Explicit null ar)108 412.8 R .783 +(guments \()-.18 F F4 .833("").833 G F0(or)2.449 E F4 .833<0808>4.115 G +F0 3.282(\)a)C .782 +(re retained and passed to commands as empty strings.)-3.282 F .782 +(Unquoted im-)5.782 F .178(plicit null ar)108 424.8 R .179 +(guments, resulting from the e)-.18 F .179 +(xpansion of parameters that ha)-.15 F .479 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.679(ov).15 +G .179(alues, are remo)-2.929 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.679(d. If).15 F 2.679 +(ap)2.679 G(a-)-2.679 E .319(rameter with no v)108 436.8 R .319 +(alue is e)-.25 F .319(xpanded within double quotes, a null ar)-.15 F +.319(gument results and is retained and passed)-.18 F +(to a command as an empty string.)108 448.8 Q(When a quoted null ar)5 E +.001(gument appears as part of a w)-.18 F .001(ord whose e)-.1 F +(xpansion)-.15 E .984(is non-null, the null ar)108 460.8 R .984 +(gument is remo)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.483(d. That).15 F .983 +(is, the w)3.483 F(ord)-.1 E/F5 10/Courier@0 SF -5.1673.483 +F F0(becomes)3.483 E F53.483 E F0 .983(after w)3.483 F .983 +(ord splitting and)-.1 F(null ar)108 472.8 Q(gument remo)-.18 E -.25(va) +-.15 G(l.).25 E(Note that if no e)108 489.6 Q +(xpansion occurs, no splitting is performed.)-.15 E F4 -.1(Pa)87 506.4 S +(thname Expansion).1 E F0 .37(After w)108 518.4 R .37 +(ord splitting, unless the)-.1 F F42.87 E F0 .37 +(option has been set,)2.87 F F4(bash)2.87 E F0 .371(scans each w)2.871 F +.371(ord for the characters)-.1 F F4(*)2.871 E F0(,)A F4(?)2.871 E F0 +2.871(,a)C(nd)-2.871 E F4([)2.871 E F0(.)A .634 +(If one of these characters appears, and is not quoted, then the w)108 +530.4 R .634(ord is re)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .633(rded as a).05 F F3 +(pattern)4.383 E F0 3.133(,a).24 G .633(nd replaced)-3.133 F 1.34(with \ +an alphabetically sorted list of \214lenames matching the pattern \(see) +108 542.4 R F1 -.09(Pa)3.84 G(tter).09 E 3.59(nM)-.135 G(atching)-3.59 E +F0(belo)3.59 E 3.84(w\). If)-.25 F(no)3.84 E .534 +(matching \214lenames are found, and the shell option)108 554.4 R F4 +(nullglob)3.034 E F0 .534(is not enabled, the w)3.034 F .534 +(ord is left unchanged.)-.1 F(If)5.534 E(the)108 566.4 Q F4(nullglob) +3.284 E F0 .785(option is set, and no matches are found, the w)3.284 F +.785(ord is remo)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.285(d. If).15 F(the)3.285 E F4 +(failglob)3.285 E F0 .785(shell option is)3.285 F .754(set, and no matc\ +hes are found, an error message is printed and the command is not e)108 +578.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.254(cuted. If).15 F .754(the shell)3.254 F +(option)108 590.4 Q F4(nocaseglob)3.263 E F0 .763 +(is enabled, the match is performed without re)3.263 F -.05(ga)-.15 G +.764(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F .039 +(When a pattern is used for pathname e)108 602.4 R .039 +(xpansion, the character)-.15 F F4 -.63(``)2.539 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 +E F0 .039(at the start of a name or immediately fol-)5.039 F(lo)108 +614.4 Q .19(wing a slash must be matched e)-.25 F(xplicitly)-.15 E 2.69 +(,u)-.65 G .19(nless the shell option)-2.69 F F4(dotglob)2.691 E F0 .191 +(is set.)2.691 F .191(In order to match the \214le-)5.191 F(names)108 +626.4 Q F4 -.63(``)3.645 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0(and)6.145 E F4 -.63 +(``)3.645 G(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 3.645(,t).63 G 1.145 +(he pattern must be)-3.645 F 1.145(gin with `)-.15 F(`.)-.74 E 2.625 +-.74('' \()-.7 H 1.145(for e).74 F 1.145(xample, `)-.15 F(`.?')-.74 E +1.145('\), e)-.74 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.645(ni).15 G(f)-3.645 E F4(dotglob) +3.644 E F0 1.144(is set.)3.644 F 1.144(If the)6.144 F F4(globskipdots) +108 638.4 Q F0 .153(shell option is enabled, the \214lenames)2.653 F F4 +-.63(``)2.653 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0(and)5.153 E F4 -.63(``)2.654 G +(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 .154(are ne)5.784 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.654(rm) +.15 G .154(atched, e)-2.654 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.654(ni).15 G 2.654(ft) +-2.654 G .154(he pattern be-)-2.654 F .12(gins with a)108 650.4 R F4 +-.63(``)2.62 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 5.12(.W)C .12 +(hen not matching pathnames, the)-5.12 F F4 -.63(``)2.62 G -.55(.').63 G +(')-.08 E F0 .12(character is not treated specially)5.12 F 5.12(.W)-.65 +G .12(hen matching)-5.12 F 3.54(ap)108 662.4 S 1.04 +(athname, the slash character must al)-3.54 F -.1(wa)-.1 G 1.04 +(ys be matched e).1 F 1.041(xplicitly by a slash in the pattern, b)-.15 +F 1.041(ut in other)-.2 F .132(matching conte)108 674.4 R .132 +(xts it can be matched by a special pattern character as described belo) +-.15 F 2.631(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.631 E F1 -.09(Pa)2.631 G(tter).09 E 2.381 +(nM)-.135 G(atch-)-2.381 E(ing)108 686.4 Q F2(.)A F0 .605 +(See the description of)5.105 F F4(shopt)3.105 E F0(belo)3.105 E 3.106 +(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.106 E F1 .606(SHELL B)3.106 F(UIL)-.09 E .606 +(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 .606(for a description of the)2.856 F F4(no-) +3.106 E(caseglob)108 698.4 Q F0(,)A F4(nullglob)2.5 E F0(,)A F4 +(globskipdots)2.5 E F0(,)A F4(failglob)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F4 +(dotglob)2.5 E F0(shell options.)2.5 E(The)108 715.2 Q F1(GLOBIGNORE) +2.562 E F0 .062(shell v)2.312 F .061 +(ariable may be used to restrict the set of \214le names matching a)-.25 +F F3(pattern)3.811 E F0 5.061(.I).24 G(f)-5.061 E F1(GLO-)2.561 E +(BIGNORE)108 727.2 Q F0 2.015(is set, each matching \214le name that al\ +so matches one of the patterns in)4.264 F F1(GLOBIGNORE)4.515 E F0(is) +4.265 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(27)185.115 E 0 +Cg EP +%%Page: 28 28 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(remo)108 84 Q -.15 +(ve)-.15 G 3.915(df).15 G 1.415(rom the list of matches.)-3.915 F 1.415 +(If the)6.415 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(nocaseglob)3.915 E F0 1.415 +(option is set, the matching ag)3.915 F 1.414(ainst the patterns in)-.05 +F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(GLOBIGNORE)108 96 Q F0 .146 +(is performed without re)2.396 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .146(rd to case.).05 F +.146(The \214lenames)5.146 F F1 -.63(``)2.646 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E +F0(and)5.147 E F1 -.63(``)2.647 G(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 .147 +(are al)5.777 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .147(ys ignored when).1 F F2(GLOBIGNORE)108 +108 Q F0 .827(is set and not null.)3.077 F(Ho)5.827 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve) +-.25 G 1.627 -.4(r, s).15 H(etting).4 E F2(GLOBIGNORE)3.327 E F0 .827 +(to a non-null v)3.077 F .827(alue has the ef)-.25 F .827(fect of)-.25 F +.682(enabling the)108 120 R F1(dotglob)3.182 E F0 .682 +(shell option, so all other \214lenames be)3.182 F .682(ginning with a) +-.15 F F1 -.63(``)3.182 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 .682(will match.) +5.682 F 2.283 -.8(To g)5.683 H .683(et the old).8 F(beha)108 132 Q 1.185 +(vior of ignoring \214lenames be)-.2 F 1.185(ginning with a)-.15 F F1 +-.63(``)3.684 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 3.684(,m)C(ak)-3.684 E(e)-.1 E +F1 -.63(``)3.684 G(.*').63 E(')-.63 E F0 1.184(one of the patterns in) +6.184 F F2(GLOBIGNORE)3.684 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(The)108 144 Q +F1(dotglob)3.131 E F0 .631(option is disabled when)3.131 F F2 +(GLOBIGNORE)3.132 E F0 .632(is unset.)2.882 F .632 +(The pattern matching honors the setting of)5.632 F(the)108 156 Q F1 +(extglob)2.5 E F0(shell option.)2.5 E F1 -.1(Pa)108 172.8 S(tter).1 E +2.5(nM)-.15 G(atching)-2.5 E F0(An)108 189.6 Q 3.138(yc)-.15 G .638(har\ +acter that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern charact\ +ers described belo)-3.138 F 1.938 -.65(w, m)-.25 H(atches).65 E 2.721 +(itself. The)108 201.6 R .221(NUL character may not occur in a pattern.) +2.721 F 2.721(Ab)5.221 G .221(ackslash escapes the follo)-2.721 F .222 +(wing character; the es-)-.25 F .418 +(caping backslash is discarded when matching.)108 213.6 R .418 +(The special pattern characters must be quoted if the)5.418 F 2.918(ya) +-.15 G .418(re to)-2.918 F(be matched literally)108 225.6 Q(.)-.65 E +(The special pattern characters ha)108 242.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H +(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1(*)144 259.2 Q F0 .376 +(Matches an)180 259.2 R 2.876(ys)-.15 G .376 +(tring, including the null string.)-2.876 F .376(When the)5.376 F F1 +(globstar)2.876 E F0 .377(shell option is enabled,)2.876 F(and)180 271.2 +Q F1(*)3.275 E F0 .775(is used in a pathname e)3.275 F .775 +(xpansion conte)-.15 F .775(xt, tw)-.15 F 3.275(oa)-.1 G(djacent)-3.275 +E F1(*)3.275 E F0 3.275(su)C .775(sed as a single pattern)-3.275 F 1.058 +(will match all \214les and zero or more directories and subdirectories\ +.)180 283.2 R 1.058(If follo)6.058 F 1.058(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)3.558 E +F0(,)A(tw)180 295.2 Q 2.5(oa)-.1 G(djacent)-2.5 E F1(*)2.5 E F0 2.5(sw)C +(ill match only directories and subdirectories.)-2.5 E F1(?)144 307.2 Q +F0(Matches an)180 307.2 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(ingle character)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E +F1([...])144 319.2 Q F0 .579(Matches an)180 319.2 R 3.079(yo)-.15 G .579 +(ne of the enclosed characters.)-3.079 F 3.079(Ap)5.579 G .578 +(air of characters separated by a h)-3.079 F(yphen)-.05 E .684 +(denotes a)180 331.2 R/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.15(ra)3.184 G(ng).15 E +3.184(ee)-.1 G(xpr)-3.384 E(ession)-.37 E F0 3.184(;a)C .984 -.15(ny c) +-3.184 H .684(haracter that f).15 F .684(alls between those tw)-.1 F +3.185(oc)-.1 G .685(haracters, inclu-)-3.185 F(si)180 343.2 Q -.15(ve) +-.25 G 3.713(,u).15 G 1.213(sing the current locale')-3.713 F 3.712(sc) +-.55 G 1.212(ollating sequence and character set, is matched.)-3.712 F +1.212(If the)6.212 F 1.123(\214rst character follo)180 355.2 R 1.123 +(wing the)-.25 F F1([)3.623 E F0 1.123(is a)3.623 F F1(!)3.623 E F0 +1.124(or a)6.123 F F1(^)3.624 E F0 1.124(then an)3.624 F 3.624(yc)-.15 G +1.124(haracter not enclosed is matched.)-3.624 F 1.045 +(The sorting order of characters in range e)180 367.2 R 1.044 +(xpressions, and the characters included in the)-.15 F 2.34 +(range, are determined by the current locale and the v)180 379.2 R 2.341 +(alues of the)-.25 F F2(LC_COLLA)4.841 E(TE)-.855 E F0(or)4.591 E F2 +(LC_ALL)180 391.2 Q F0 1.079(shell v)3.329 F 1.079(ariables, if set.) +-.25 F 2.679 -.8(To o)6.079 H 1.079 +(btain the traditional interpretation of range e).8 F(xpres-)-.15 E .392 +(sions, where)180 403.2 R F1([a\255d])2.892 E F0 .392(is equi)2.892 F +-.25(va)-.25 G .392(lent to).25 F F1([abcd])2.893 E F0 2.893(,s)C .393 +(et v)-2.893 F .393(alue of the)-.25 F F1(LC_ALL)2.893 E F0 .393 +(shell v)2.893 F .393(ariable to)-.25 F F1(C)2.893 E F0(,)A .9 +(or enable the)180 415.2 R F1(globasciiranges)3.4 E F0 .9(shell option.) +3.4 F(A)5.899 E F13.399 E F0 .899 +(may be matched by including it as the)3.399 F .405 +(\214rst or last character in the set.)180 427.2 R(A)5.405 E F1(])2.905 +E F0 .405(may be matched by including it as the \214rst character)2.905 +F(in the set.)180 439.2 Q -.4(Wi)180 457.2 S(thin).4 E F1([)3.071 E F0 +(and)3.071 E F1(])3.071 E F0(,)A F4 -.15(ch)3.071 G(ar).15 E .571 +(acter classes)-.15 F F0 .571(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)3.071 +F F1([:)3.07 E F4(class)A F1(:])A F0 3.07(,w)C(here)-3.07 E F4(class) +3.07 E F0(is one of the follo)180 469.2 Q +(wing classes de\214ned in the POSIX standard:)-.25 E F1 5.889 +(alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lo)180 481.2 R 5.889 +(wer print punct space up-)-.1 F 5(per w)180 493.2 R 5(ord xdigit)-.1 F +F0 4.29(Ac)180 505.2 S 1.789(haracter class matches an)-4.29 F 4.289(yc) +-.15 G 1.789(haracter belonging to that class.)-4.289 F(The)6.789 E F1 +-.1(wo)4.289 G(rd).1 E F0(character)4.289 E +(class matches letters, digits, and the character _.)180 517.2 Q -.4(Wi) +180 535.2 S(thin).4 E F1([)4.536 E F0(and)4.536 E F1(])4.536 E F0 4.536 +(,a)C(n)-4.536 E F4 2.036(equivalence class)4.536 F F0 2.037 +(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)4.536 F F1([=)4.537 E F4(c)A F1(=]) +A F0 4.537(,w)C(hich)-4.537 E .125(matches all characters with the same\ + collation weight \(as de\214ned by the current locale\) as)180 547.2 R +(the character)180 559.2 Q F4(c)2.5 E F0(.)A -.4(Wi)180 577.2 S(thin).4 +E F1([)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(])2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he syntax)-2.5 E F1([.) +2.5 E F4(symbol)A F1(.])A F0(matches the collating symbol)2.5 E F4 +(symbol)2.5 E F0(.)A .539(If the)108 594 R F1(extglob)3.039 E F0 .539 +(shell option is enabled using the)3.039 F F1(shopt)3.039 E F0 -.2(bu) +3.039 G .54(iltin, the shell recognizes se).2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .54 +(ral e).15 F .54(xtended pattern)-.15 F .038(matching operators.)108 606 +R .038(In the follo)5.038 F .038(wing description, a)-.25 F F4 +(pattern-list)2.538 E F0 .037 +(is a list of one or more patterns separated by)2.538 F(a)108 618 Q F1 +(|)2.5 E F0 5(.C)C +(omposite patterns may be formed using one or more of the follo)-5 E +(wing sub-patterns:)-.25 E F1(?\()144 642 Q F4(pattern-list).833 E F1 +(\)).833 E F0(Matches zero or one occurrence of the gi)180 654 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(*\()144 666 Q F4(pattern-list) +.833 E F1(\)).833 E F0(Matches zero or more occurrences of the gi)180 +678 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(+\()144 690 Q F4 +(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0 +(Matches one or more occurrences of the gi)180 702 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 +E(28)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 29 29 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(@\()144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E +F0(Matches one of the gi)180 96 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns) +-2.5 E F1(!\()144 108 Q F2(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0 +(Matches an)180 120 Q(ything e)-.15 E(xcept one of the gi)-.15 E -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E(The)108 136.8 Q F1(extglob)A F0 +.477(option changes the beha)2.977 F .477(vior of the parser)-.2 F 2.977 +(,s)-.4 G .478(ince the parentheses are normally treated as opera-) +-2.977 F .105(tors with syntactic meaning.)108 148.8 R 1.705 -.8(To e) +5.105 H .105(nsure that e).8 F .105 +(xtended matching patterns are parsed correctly)-.15 F 2.604(,m)-.65 G +(ak)-2.604 E 2.604(es)-.1 G .104(ure that)-2.604 F F1(extglob)108 160.8 +Q F0 1.355(is enabled before parsing constructs containing the patterns\ +, including shell functions and com-)3.854 F(mand substitutions.)108 +172.8 Q .988(When matching \214lenames, the)108 189.6 R F1(dotglob)3.488 +E F0 .988 +(shell option determines the set of \214lenames that are tested: when) +3.488 F F1(dotglob)108 201.6 Q F0 1.391 +(is enabled, the set of \214lenames includes all \214les be)3.891 F +1.392(ginning with `)-.15 F(`.)-.74 E -.74('')-.7 G 3.892(,b).74 G 1.392 +(ut `)-4.092 F(`.)-.74 E 2.872 -.74('' a)-.7 H 1.392(nd `).74 F(`..)-.74 +E 2.872 -.74('' m)-.7 H 1.392(ust be).74 F .298 +(matched by a pattern or sub-pattern that be)108 213.6 R .298 +(gins with a dot; when it is disabled, the set does not include an)-.15 +F(y)-.15 E .327(\214lenames be)108 225.6 R .327(ginning with `)-.15 F +(`.)-.74 E 1.807 -.74('' u)-.7 H .327 +(nless the pattern or sub-pattern be).74 F .327(gins with a `)-.15 F(`.) +-.74 E -.74('')-.7 G 5.327(.A).74 G 2.827(sa)-5.327 G(bo)-2.827 E -.15 +(ve)-.15 G 2.828(,`).15 G(`.)-3.568 E 1.808 -.74('' o)-.7 H .328 +(nly has a).74 F(special meaning when matching \214lenames.)108 237.6 Q +.969(Complicated e)108 254.4 R .969(xtended pattern matching ag)-.15 F +.969(ainst long strings is slo)-.05 F 2.268 -.65(w, e)-.25 H .968 +(specially when the patterns contain).65 F .09 +(alternations and the strings contain multiple matches.)108 266.4 R .091 +(Using separate matches ag)5.091 F .091(ainst shorter strings, or us-) +-.05 F(ing arrays of strings instead of a single long string, may be f) +108 278.4 Q(aster)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F1(Quote Remo)87 295.2 Q -.1(va)-.1 G +(l).1 E F0 1.113(After the preceding e)108 307.2 R 1.113 +(xpansions, all unquoted occurrences of the characters)-.15 F F1(\\) +3.613 E F0(,)A F1<08>3.612 E F0 3.612(,a)C(nd)-3.612 E F1(")4.445 E F0 +1.112(that did not result)4.445 F(from one of the abo)108 319.2 Q .3 +-.15(ve ex)-.15 H(pansions are remo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E/F3 +10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)72 336 Q F0 .545 +(Before a command is e)108 348 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .545 +(cuted, its input and output may be).15 F F2 -.37(re)3.045 G(dir).37 E +(ected)-.37 E F0 .545(using a special notation interpreted)3.815 F .429 +(by the shell.)108 360 R F2(Redir)5.428 E(ection)-.37 E F0(allo)2.928 E +.428(ws commands' \214le handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made\ + to refer to)-.25 F(dif)108 372 Q 1.019(ferent \214les, and can change \ +the \214les the command reads from and writes to.)-.25 F 1.02 +(Redirection may also be)6.02 F .215 +(used to modify \214le handles in the current shell e)108 384 R -.15(xe) +-.15 G .215(cution en).15 F 2.715(vironment. The)-.4 F(follo)2.715 E +.215(wing redirection operators)-.25 F .862(may precede or appear an)108 +396 R .862(ywhere within a)-.15 F F2 .862(simple command)3.702 F F0 .862 +(or may follo)4.132 F 3.362(wa)-.25 G F2(command).2 E F0 5.862(.R).77 G +.862(edirections are)-5.862 F(processed in the order the)108 408 Q 2.5 +(ya)-.15 G(ppear)-2.5 E 2.5(,f)-.4 G(rom left to right.)-2.5 E .771(Eac\ +h redirection that may be preceded by a \214le descriptor number may in\ +stead be preceded by a w)108 424.8 R .771(ord of)-.1 F .292(the form {) +108 436.8 R F2(varname)A F0 2.793(}. In)B .293 +(this case, for each redirection operator e)2.793 F .293 +(xcept >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate)-.15 F 3.18<618c>108 448.8 S +.679(le descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assign it to)-3.18 F +F2(varname)3.179 E F0 5.679(.I)C 3.179(f>)-5.679 G .679 +(&- or <&- is preceded by {)-3.179 F F2(var)A(-)-.2 E(name)108 460.8 Q +F0 .599(}, the v)B .599(alue of)-.25 F F2(varname)3.099 E F0 .599 +(de\214nes the \214le descriptor to close.)3.099 F .6(If {)5.6 F F2 +(varname)A F0 3.1(}i)C 3.1(ss)-3.1 G .6(upplied, the redirection)-3.1 F +.794(persists be)108 472.8 R .794(yond the scope of the command, allo) +-.15 F .793(wing the shell programmer to manage the \214le descriptor') +-.25 F(s)-.55 E(lifetime manually)108 484.8 Q 5(.T)-.65 G(he)-5 E F1 -.1 +(va)2.5 G(rr).1 E(edir_close)-.18 E F0(shell option manages this beha) +2.5 E(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E .283(In the follo)108 501.6 R .284(wing descr\ +iptions, if the \214le descriptor number is omitted, and the \214rst ch\ +aracter of the redirect-)-.25 F .513(ion operator is)108 513.6 R F1(<) +3.012 E F0 3.012(,t)C .512 +(he redirection refers to the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\).) +-3.012 F .512(If the \214rst character of the)5.512 F +(redirection operator is)108 525.6 Q F1(>)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C +(he redirection refers to the standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\).) +-2.5 E .824(The w)108 542.4 R .824(ord follo)-.1 F .824 +(wing the redirection operator in the follo)-.25 F .825 +(wing descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is sub-)-.25 F .463 +(jected to brace e)108 554.4 R .463(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .462 +(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .462(ariable e)-.25 F .462 +(xpansion, command substitution, arith-)-.15 F .866(metic e)108 566.4 R +.866(xpansion, quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G .866(l, pathname e).25 F +.867(xpansion, and w)-.15 F .867(ord splitting.)-.1 F .867(If it e)5.867 +F .867(xpands to more than one)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 578.4 S(rd,).1 E F1 +(bash)2.5 E F0(reports an error)2.5 E(.)-.55 E +(Note that the order of redirections is signi\214cant.)108 595.2 Q -.15 +(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G(xample, the command)-2.65 E(ls)144 612 Q F1(>)2.5 E +F0(dirlist 2)2.5 E F1(>&)A F0(1)A +(directs both standard output and standard error to the \214le)108 628.8 +Q F2(dirlist)2.85 E F0 2.5(,w).68 G(hile the command)-2.5 E(ls 2)144 +645.6 Q F1(>&)A F0(1)A F1(>)2.5 E F0(dirlist)2.5 E .505 +(directs only the standard output to \214le)108 662.4 R F2(dirlist)3.355 +E F0 3.005(,b).68 G .505(ecause the standard error w)-3.005 F .505 +(as duplicated from the standard)-.1 F +(output before the standard output w)108 674.4 Q(as redirected to)-.1 E +F2(dirlist)2.85 E F0(.).68 E F1(Bash)108 691.2 Q F0 .598(handles se) +3.098 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .598(ral \214lenames specially when the).15 F +3.099(ya)-.15 G .599(re used in redirections, as described in the follo) +-3.099 F(wing)-.25 E 3.478(table. If)108 703.2 R .978 +(the operating system on which)3.478 F F1(bash)3.478 E F0 .978 +(is running pro)3.478 F .977 +(vides these special \214les, bash will use them;)-.15 F +(otherwise it will emulate them internally with the beha)108 715.2 Q +(vior described belo)-.2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q +(2022 September 19)135.955 E(29)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 30 30 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(/de)144 84 Q(v/fd/)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(fd)A F0(If)180 96 Q +F2(fd)2.5 E F0(is a v)2.5 E(alid inte)-.25 E(ger)-.15 E 2.5<2c8c>-.4 G +(le descriptor)-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0(is duplicated.)2.5 E F1(/de)144 108 +Q(v/stdin)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 0 is duplicated.)180 120 Q F1(/de) +144 132 Q(v/stdout)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 1 is duplicated.)180 144 Q +F1(/de)144 156 Q(v/stderr)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 2 is duplicated.)180 +168 Q F1(/de)144 180 Q(v/tcp/)-.15 E F2(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If) +180 192 Q F2(host)2.996 E F0 .496(is a v)2.996 F .496 +(alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F2(port)2.997 E F0 .497 +(is an inte)2.997 F .497(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E +(vice name,)180 204 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 +(attempts to open the corresponding TCP sock)2.5 E(et.)-.1 E F1(/de)144 +216 Q(v/udp/)-.15 E F2(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If)180 228 Q F2(host) +2.997 E F0 .497(is a v)2.997 F .497 +(alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F2(port)2.996 E F0 .496 +(is an inte)2.996 F .496(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E +(vice name,)180 240 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 +(attempts to open the corresponding UDP sock)2.5 E(et.)-.1 E 2.5(Af)108 +256.8 S(ailure to open or create a \214le causes the redirection to f) +-2.6 E(ail.)-.1 E .045(Redirections using \214le descriptors greater th\ +an 9 should be used with care, as the)108 273.6 R 2.546(ym)-.15 G .046 +(ay con\215ict with \214le de-)-2.546 F +(scriptors the shell uses internally)108 285.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1(Redir)87 +302.4 Q(ecting Input)-.18 E F0 .391 +(Redirection of input causes the \214le whose name results from the e) +108 314.4 R .391(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.231 E(d)-.37 E F0 .391 +(to be opened for read-)3.661 F(ing on \214le descriptor)108 326.4 Q F2 +(n)2.86 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(rt)-2.5 G +(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-2.5 E F2(n)2.86 E F0 +(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E +(The general format for redirecting input is:)108 343.2 Q([)144 360 Q F2 +(n)A F0(])A F1(<)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 376.8 Q(ecting Output) +-.18 E F0 .174 +(Redirection of output causes the \214le whose name results from the e) +108 388.8 R .175(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.015 E(d)-.37 E F0 .175 +(to be opened for writ-)3.445 F .084(ing on \214le descriptor)108 400.8 +R F2(n)2.944 E F0 2.583(,o).24 G 2.583(rt)-2.583 G .083 +(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.583 F F2(n)2.943 E F0 +.083(is not speci\214ed.)2.823 F .083(If the \214le does not e)5.083 F +(x-)-.15 E(ist it is created; if it does e)108 412.8 Q +(xist it is truncated to zero size.)-.15 E +(The general format for redirecting output is:)108 429.6 Q([)144 446.4 Q +F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .154 +(If the redirection operator is)108 463.2 R F1(>)2.654 E F0 2.654(,a)C +.154(nd the)-2.654 F F1(noclob)2.654 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .154(option to the) +2.654 F F1(set)2.655 E F0 -.2(bu)2.655 G .155 +(iltin has been enabled, the redirection).2 F .658(will f)108 475.2 R +.658(ail if the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .658 +(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.158 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.158 G .657 +(ists and is a re).15 F .657(gular \214le.)-.15 F .657(If the redi-) +5.657 F .408(rection operator is)108 487.2 R F1(>|)2.909 E F0 2.909(,o)C +2.909(rt)-2.909 G .409(he redirection operator is)-2.909 F F1(>)2.909 E +F0 .409(and the)2.909 F F1(noclob)2.909 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .409 +(option to the)2.909 F F1(set)2.909 E F0 -.2(bu)2.909 G .409 +(iltin command).2 F(is not enabled, the redirection is attempted e)108 +499.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214le named by) +-2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1 -.25(Ap)87 +516 S(pending Redir).25 E(ected Output)-.18 E F0 .642 +(Redirection of output in this f)108 528 R .642 +(ashion causes the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .641 +(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.481 E(d)-.37 E F0 .641(to be)3.911 F .454 +(opened for appending on \214le descriptor)108 540 R F2(n)3.315 E F0 +2.955(,o).24 G 2.955(rt)-2.955 G .455 +(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.955 F F2(n)3.315 E F0 +.455(is not speci\214ed.)3.195 F(If)5.455 E(the \214le does not e)108 +552 Q(xist it is created.)-.15 E +(The general format for appending output is:)108 568.8 Q([)144 585.6 Q +F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 602.4 Q +(ecting Standard Output and Standard Err)-.18 E(or)-.18 E F0 .249 +(This construct allo)108 614.4 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\ +\214le descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-) +-.25 F(tor 2\) to be redirected to the \214le whose name is the e)108 +626.4 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F2(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E +(There are tw)108 643.2 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G +(ormats for redirecting standard output and standard error:)-2.5 E F1 +(&>)144 660 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(and)108 672 Q F1(>&)144 684 Q F2(wor) +A(d)-.37 E F0(Of the tw)108 700.8 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G +(orms, the \214rst is preferred.)-2.5 E(This is semantically equi)5 E +-.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(>)144 717.6 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 +E F1(>&)A F0(1)A(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(30) +185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 31 31 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .114 +(When using the second form,)108 84 R/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(wor)2.614 +E(d)-.37 E F0 .114(may not e)2.614 F .114(xpand to a number or)-.15 F/F2 +10/Times-Bold@0 SF2.614 E F0 5.114(.I)C 2.614(fi)-5.114 G 2.615(td) +-2.614 G .115(oes, other redirection operators)-2.615 F(apply \(see)108 +96 Q F2(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E +(w\) for compatibility reasons.)-.25 E F2 -.25(Ap)87 112.8 S +(pending Standard Output and Standard Err).25 E(or)-.18 E F0 .249 +(This construct allo)108 124.8 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\ +\214le descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-) +-.25 F(tor 2\) to be appended to the \214le whose name is the e)108 +136.8 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F1(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E +(The format for appending standard output and standard error is:)108 +153.6 Q F2(&>>)144 170.4 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 +(This is semantically equi)108 187.2 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2 +(>>)144 204 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 E F2(>&)A F0(1)A(\(see)108 +220.8 Q F2(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E +F2(Her)87 237.6 Q 2.5(eD)-.18 G(ocuments)-2.5 E F0 .33(This type of red\ +irection instructs the shell to read input from the current source unti\ +l a line containing only)108 249.6 R F1(delimiter)108.35 261.6 Q F0 .615 +(\(with no trailing blanks\) is seen.)3.845 F .615 +(All of the lines read up to that point are then used as the stan-)5.615 +F(dard input \(or \214le descriptor)108 273.6 Q F1(n)2.5 E F0(if)2.5 E +F1(n)2.5 E F0(is speci\214ed\) for a command.)2.5 E +(The format of here-documents is:)108 290.4 Q([)144 307.2 Q F1(n)A F0(]) +A F2(<<)A F0([)A F2A F0(])A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E(her)164 319.2 Q +(e-document)-.37 E(delimiter)144 331.2 Q F0 .301(No parameter and v)108 +348 R .302(ariable e)-.25 F .302 +(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F .302 +(xpansion, or pathname e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.15 E .381(is performed on)108 +360 R F1(wor)3.221 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.381(.I).77 G 2.881(fa)-5.381 G .681 +-.15(ny p)-2.881 H .381(art of).15 F F1(wor)3.221 E(d)-.37 E F0 .381 +(is quoted, the)3.651 F F1(delimiter)3.231 E F0 .381 +(is the result of quote remo)3.611 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.881(lo).25 G(n) +-2.881 E F1(wor)3.221 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E .773 +(and the lines in the here-document are not e)108 372 R 3.274 +(xpanded. If)-.15 F F1(wor)3.274 E(d)-.37 E F0 .774 +(is unquoted, all lines of the here-document)3.274 F 1.195 +(are subjected to parameter e)108 384 R 1.194 +(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.194 +(xpansion, the character se-)-.15 F(quence)108 396 Q F2(\\)2.5 +E F0(is ignored, and)2.5 E F2(\\)2.5 E F0 +(must be used to quote the characters)2.5 E F2(\\)2.5 E F0(,)A F2($)2.5 +E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F2<92>2.5 E F0(.)A .601 +(If the redirection operator is)108 412.8 R F2(<<\255)3.101 E F0 3.101 +(,t)C .601(hen all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines\ + and the line)-3.101 F(containing)108 424.8 Q F1(delimiter)2.85 E F0 5 +(.T).73 G(his allo)-5 E +(ws here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural f) +-.25 E(ashion.)-.1 E F2(Her)87 441.6 Q 2.5(eS)-.18 G(trings)-2.5 E F0 +2.5(Av)108 453.6 S(ariant of here documents, the format is:)-2.75 E([) +144 470.4 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(<<<)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(The)108 487.2 Q +F1(wor)3.292 E(d)-.37 E F0(under)3.292 E .792(goes tilde e)-.18 F .792 +(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .792(ariable e)-.25 F .791 +(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 499.2 S +1.187(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.687(l. P).25 F +1.187(athname e)-.15 F 1.187(xpansion and w)-.15 F 1.187 +(ord splitting are not performed.)-.1 F 1.188(The result is)6.187 F .375 +(supplied as a single string, with a ne)108 511.2 R .374(wline appended\ +, to the command on its standard input \(or \214le descrip-)-.25 F(tor) +108 523.2 Q F1(n)2.5 E F0(if)2.5 E F1(n)2.5 E F0(is speci\214ed\).)2.5 E +F2(Duplicating File Descriptors)87 540 Q F0(The redirection operator)108 +552 Q([)144 568.8 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(<&)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .126 +(is used to duplicate input \214le descriptors.)108 585.6 R(If)5.127 E +F1(wor)2.967 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.397 G .127 +(pands to one or more digits, the \214le descriptor denoted).15 F(by)108 +597.6 Q F1(n)3.318 E F0 .458(is made to be a cop)3.198 F 2.958(yo)-.1 G +2.958(ft)-2.958 G .457(hat \214le descriptor)-2.958 F 5.457(.I)-.55 G +2.957(ft)-5.457 G .457(he digits in)-2.957 F F1(wor)3.297 E(d)-.37 E F0 +.457(do not specify a \214le descriptor open)3.727 F .149 +(for input, a redirection error occurs.)108 609.6 R(If)5.149 E F1(wor) +2.989 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.419 G .149(luates to).25 F F22.649 E +F0 2.65<2c8c>C .15(le descriptor)-2.65 F F1(n)3.01 E F0 .15(is closed.) +2.89 F(If)5.15 E F1(n)3.01 E F0 .15(is not speci\214ed,)2.89 F +(the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) is used.)108 621.6 Q +(The operator)108 638.4 Q([)144 655.2 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(>&)A F1(wor)A +(d)-.37 E F0 .444 +(is used similarly to duplicate output \214le descriptors.)108 672 R(If) +5.444 E F1(n)3.304 E F0 .443 +(is not speci\214ed, the standard output \(\214le descrip-)3.183 F .565 +(tor 1\) is used.)108 684 R .565(If the digits in)5.565 F F1(wor)3.406 E +(d)-.37 E F0 .566(do not specify a \214le descriptor open for output, a\ + redirection error oc-)3.836 F 3.204(curs. If)108 696 R F1(wor)3.544 E +(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.974 G .704(luates to).25 F F23.204 E F0 +3.204<2c8c>C .704(le descriptor)-3.204 F F1(n)3.563 E F0 .703 +(is closed.)3.443 F .703(As a special case, if)5.703 F F1(n)3.203 E F0 +.703(is omitted, and)3.203 F F1(wor)3.203 E(d)-.37 E F0(does)3.203 E +.965(not e)108 708 R .965(xpand to one or more digits or)-.15 F F2 +3.465 E F0 3.466(,t)C .966 +(he standard output and standard error are redirected as described) +-3.466 F(pre)108 720 Q(viously)-.25 E(.)-.65 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q +(2022 September 19)135.955 E(31)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 32 32 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(Mo)87 84 Q(ving File Descriptors)-.1 E F0(The redirection operator) +108 96 Q([)144 112.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A F2 +(digit)A F1A F0(mo)108 129.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.018(st).15 G .518 +(he \214le descriptor)-3.018 F F2(digit)3.018 E F0 .518 +(to \214le descriptor)3.018 F F2(n)3.378 E F0 3.018(,o).24 G 3.018(rt) +-3.018 G .517(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-3.018 F F2 +(n)3.017 E F0 .517(is not speci-)3.017 F(\214ed.)108 141.6 Q F2(digit)5 +E F0(is closed after being duplicated to)2.5 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(.)A +(Similarly)108 158.4 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he redirection operator)-2.5 E([) +144 175.2 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(digit)A F1A F0(mo)108 192 Q +-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.767(st).15 G .267(he \214le descriptor)-2.767 F F2 +(digit)2.767 E F0 .267(to \214le descriptor)2.767 F F2(n)3.127 E F0 +2.767(,o).24 G 2.767(rt)-2.767 G .268 +(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.767 F F2(n)2.768 E F0 +.268(is not speci-)2.768 F(\214ed.)108 204 Q F1 +(Opening File Descriptors f)87 220.8 Q(or Reading and Writing)-.25 E F0 +(The redirection operator)108 232.8 Q([)144 249.6 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<>) +A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .518(causes the \214le whose name is the e)108 +266.4 R .518(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.358 E(d)-.37 E F0 .518 +(to be opened for both reading and writing on \214le de-)3.788 F +(scriptor)108 278.4 Q F2(n)2.86 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(ro)-2.5 G 2.5 +<6e8c>-2.5 G(le descriptor 0 if)-2.5 E F2(n)2.86 E F0 +(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E(If the \214le does not e)5 E +(xist, it is created.)-.15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)72 295.2 Q +F2(Aliases)108 307.2 Q F0(allo)3.173 E 3.173(was)-.25 G .674 +(tring to be substituted for a w)-3.173 F .674 +(ord when it is used as the \214rst w)-.1 F .674 +(ord of a simple command.)-.1 F .394(The shell maintains a list of alia\ +ses that may be set and unset with the)108 319.2 R F1(alias)2.893 E F0 +(and)2.893 E F1(unalias)2.893 E F0 -.2(bu)2.893 G .393(iltin commands).2 +F(\(see)108 331.2 Q/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.979(SHELL B)4.479 F(UIL)-.09 +E 1.979(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)4.229 E 4.48(w\). The)-.25 F 1.98 +(\214rst w)4.48 F 1.98(ord of each simple command, if unquoted, is)-.1 F +(check)108 343.2 Q .473(ed to see if it has an alias.)-.1 F .473 +(If so, that w)5.473 F .472(ord is replaced by the te)-.1 F .472 +(xt of the alias.)-.15 F .472(The characters)5.472 F F1(/)2.972 E F0(,)A +F1($)2.972 E F0(,)A F1<92>2.972 E F0(,)A(and)108 355.2 Q F1(=)3.611 E F0 +1.111(and an)3.611 F 3.611(yo)-.15 G 3.611(ft)-3.611 G 1.111(he shell) +-3.611 F F2(metac)3.612 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.112 +(or quoting characters listed abo)3.612 F 1.412 -.15(ve m)-.15 H 1.112 +(ay not appear in an alias).15 F 3.62(name. The)108 367.2 R 1.12 +(replacement te)3.62 F 1.119(xt may contain an)-.15 F 3.619(yv)-.15 G +1.119(alid shell input, including shell metacharacters.)-3.869 F 1.119 +(The \214rst)6.119 F -.1(wo)108 379.2 S .513(rd of the replacement te).1 +F .513(xt is tested for aliases, b)-.15 F .513(ut a w)-.2 F .514 +(ord that is identical to an alias being e)-.1 F .514(xpanded is)-.15 F +.296(not e)108 391.2 R .296(xpanded a second time.)-.15 F .296 +(This means that one may alias)5.296 F F1(ls)2.796 E F0(to)2.796 E F1 +.296(ls \255F)2.796 F F0 2.796(,f)C .295(or instance, and)-2.796 F F1 +(bash)2.795 E F0 .295(does not try)2.795 F .528(to recursi)108 403.2 R +-.15(ve)-.25 G .528(ly e).15 F .528(xpand the replacement te)-.15 F +3.028(xt. If)-.15 F .528(the last character of the alias v)3.028 F .529 +(alue is a)-.25 F F2(blank)3.299 E F0 3.029(,t).67 G .529(hen the ne) +-3.029 F(xt)-.15 E(command w)108 415.2 Q(ord follo)-.1 E +(wing the alias is also check)-.25 E(ed for alias e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15 +E(Aliases are created and listed with the)108 432 Q F1(alias)2.5 E F0 +(command, and remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith the)-2.5 E F1 +(unalias)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E .742 +(There is no mechanism for using ar)108 448.8 R .741 +(guments in the replacement te)-.18 F 3.241(xt. If)-.15 F(ar)3.241 E +.741(guments are needed, use a shell)-.18 F(function \(see)108 460.8 Q +F4(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E .282(Aliases are not e)108 +477.6 R .282(xpanded when the shell is not interacti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 +G 2.782(,u).15 G .282(nless the)-2.782 F F1(expand_aliases)2.783 E F0 +.283(shell option is set us-)2.783 F(ing)108 489.6 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 +(\(see the description of)2.5 E F1(shopt)2.5 E F0(under)2.5 E F4 +(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 +E .436 +(The rules concerning the de\214nition and use of aliases are some)108 +506.4 R .435(what confusing.)-.25 F F1(Bash)5.435 E F0(al)2.935 E -.1 +(wa)-.1 G .435(ys reads at least).1 F .67 +(one complete line of input, and all lines that mak)108 518.4 R 3.17(eu) +-.1 G 3.17(pac)-3.17 G .67(ompound command, before e)-3.17 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G .67(cuting an).15 F 3.17(yo)-.15 G 3.17(ft)-3.17 G(he)-3.17 E +1.059(commands on that line or the compound command.)108 530.4 R 1.059 +(Aliases are e)6.059 F 1.058(xpanded when a command is read, not)-.15 F +.074(when it is e)108 542.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.574(cuted. Therefore,).15 +F .075(an alias de\214nition appearing on the same line as another comm\ +and does not)2.574 F(tak)108 554.4 Q 2.838(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-2.838 G +.338(ect until the ne).25 F .338(xt line of input is read.)-.15 F .337 +(The commands follo)5.337 F .337 +(wing the alias de\214nition on that line are)-.25 F .551(not af)108 +566.4 R .551(fected by the ne)-.25 F 3.051(wa)-.25 G 3.051(lias. This) +-3.051 F(beha)3.051 E .551(vior is also an issue when functions are e) +-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.051(cuted. Aliases).15 F .552(are e)3.052 F(x-) +-.15 E .426(panded when a function de\214nition is read, not when the f\ +unction is e)108 578.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .425 +(cuted, because a function de\214nition).15 F .403(is itself a command.) +108 590.4 R .403 +(As a consequence, aliases de\214ned in a function are not a)5.403 F +-.25(va)-.2 G .404(ilable until after that func-).25 F .862(tion is e) +108 602.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.362(cuted. T).15 F 3.362(ob)-.8 G 3.362(es) +-3.362 G .862(afe, al)-3.362 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .862 +(ys put alias de\214nitions on a separate line, and do not use).1 F F1 +(alias)3.362 E F0 .862(in com-)3.362 F(pound commands.)108 614.4 Q -.15 +(Fo)108 631.2 S 2.5(ra).15 G(lmost e)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +(ry purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions.).15 E F3 +(FUNCTIONS)72 648 Q F0 3.467(As)108 660 S .967 +(hell function, de\214ned as described abo)-3.467 F 1.267 -.15(ve u)-.15 +H(nder).15 E F4 .967(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.467 F/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 +.968(stores a series of commands for)3.217 F 1.002(later e)108 672 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G 3.502(cution. When).15 F 1.002(the name of a shell funct\ +ion is used as a simple command name, the list of com-)3.502 F .315 +(mands associated with that function name is e)108 684 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +2.816(cuted. Functions).15 F .316(are e)2.816 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .316 +(cuted in the conte).15 F .316(xt of the current)-.15 F .036 +(shell; no ne)108 696 R 2.536(wp)-.25 G .036 +(rocess is created to interpret them \(contrast this with the e)-2.536 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .036(cution of a shell script\).).15 F .035(When a)5.035 +F .639(function is e)108 708 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .639(cuted, the ar).15 F +.639 +(guments to the function become the positional parameters during its e) +-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution.).15 E 1.659(The special parameter)108 720 +R F1(#)4.159 E F0 1.659(is updated to re\215ect the change.)4.159 F +1.659(Special parameter)6.659 F F1(0)4.159 E F0 1.658(is unchanged.) +4.158 F 1.658(The \214rst)6.658 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q +(2022 September 19)135.955 E(32)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 33 33 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(element of the)108 +84 Q/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCN)2.5 E(AME)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G +(riable is set to the name of the function while the function is e).25 E +-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting.).15 E 1.25(All other aspects of the shell e)108 +100.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.25(cution en).15 F 1.25 +(vironment are identical between a function and its caller with)-.4 F +1.215(these e)108 112.8 R 1.215(xceptions: the)-.15 F F1(DEB)3.715 E(UG) +-.09 E F0(and)3.465 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(RETURN)3.715 E F0 1.215 +(traps \(see the description of the)3.715 F F2(trap)3.714 E F0 -.2(bu) +3.714 G 1.214(iltin under).2 F F1(SHELL)3.714 E -.09(BU)108 124.8 S(IL) +.09 E .478(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.728 E .479 +(w\) are not inherited unless the function has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G 2.979(nt).15 G(he)-2.979 E F2(trace)2.979 E F0(attrib)2.979 E +.479(ute \(see)-.2 F .421(the description of the)108 136.8 R F1(declar) +2.92 E(e)-.162 E F0 -.2(bu)2.67 G .42(iltin belo).2 F .42(w\) or the) +-.25 F F2 .42(\255o functrace)2.92 F F0 .42 +(shell option has been enabled with the)2.92 F F2(set)2.92 E F0 -.2(bu) +108 148.8 S .071(iltin \(in which case all functions inherit the).2 F F2 +(DEB)2.572 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.572 E F2(RETURN)2.572 E F0 .072 +(traps\), and the)2.572 F F1(ERR)2.572 E F0 .072(trap is not inher)2.322 +F(-)-.2 E(ited unless the)108 160.8 Q F2(\255o errtrace)2.5 E F0 +(shell option has been enabled.)2.5 E -1.11(Va)108 177.6 S .368 +(riables local to the function may be declared with the)1.11 F F2(local) +2.868 E F0 -.2(bu)2.868 G .368(iltin command \().2 F/F3 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF .368(local variables)B F0 2.868(\). Ordinar)B(-)-.2 E +(ily)108 189.6 Q 2.88(,v)-.65 G .38(ariables and their v)-3.13 F .38 +(alues are shared between the function and its caller)-.25 F 5.38(.I) +-.55 G 2.88(fav)-5.38 G .38(ariable is declared)-3.13 F F2(local)2.88 E +F0(,)A(the v)108 201.6 Q(ariable')-.25 E 2.5(sv)-.55 G(isible scope is \ +restricted to that function and its children \(including the functions \ +it calls\).)-2.5 E .727(In the follo)108 218.4 R .727 +(wing description, the)-.25 F F3(curr)3.227 E .727(ent scope)-.37 F F0 +.726(is a currently- e)3.226 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .726(cuting function.).15 +F(Pre)5.726 E .726(vious scopes consist)-.25 F 1.003(of that function') +108 230.4 R 3.503(sc)-.55 G 1.004 +(aller and so on, back to the "global" scope, where the shell is not e) +-3.503 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.004(cuting an).15 F 3.504(ys)-.15 G(hell) +-3.504 E 3.41(function. Consequently)108 242.4 R 3.41(,al)-.65 G .91 +(ocal v)-3.41 F .909(ariable at the current scope is a v)-.25 F .909 +(ariable declared using the)-.25 F F2(local)3.409 E F0(or)3.409 E F2 +(de-)3.409 E(clar)108 254.4 Q(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(iltins in the function that is currently e).2 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting.) +.15 E .635(Local v)108 271.2 R .635(ariables "shado)-.25 F .635(w" v) +-.25 F .635(ariables with the same name declared at pre)-.25 F .636 +(vious scopes.)-.25 F -.15(Fo)5.636 G 3.136(ri).15 G .636 +(nstance, a local)-3.136 F -.25(va)108 283.2 S .581 +(riable declared in a function hides a global v).25 F .58 +(ariable of the same name: references and assignments refer)-.25 F .182 +(to the local v)108 295.2 R .182(ariable, lea)-.25 F .183 +(ving the global v)-.2 F .183(ariable unmodi\214ed.)-.25 F .183 +(When the function returns, the global v)5.183 F(ariable)-.25 E +(is once ag)108 307.2 Q(ain visible.)-.05 E .727(The shell uses)108 324 +R F3 .727(dynamic scoping)3.227 F F0 .726(to control a v)3.227 F +(ariable')-.25 E 3.226(sv)-.55 G .726(isibility within functions.)-3.226 +F -.4(Wi)5.726 G .726(th dynamic scoping,).4 F .007(visible v)108 336 R +.007(ariables and their v)-.25 F .007 +(alues are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused e)-.25 +F -.15(xe)-.15 G .008(cution to reach).15 F .814(the current function.) +108 348 R .813(The v)5.814 F .813(alue of a v)-.25 F .813 +(ariable that a function sees depends on its v)-.25 F .813 +(alue within its caller)-.25 F 3.313(,i)-.4 G(f)-3.313 E(an)108 360 Q +2.116 -.65(y, w)-.15 H .816 +(hether that caller is the "global" scope or another shell function.).65 +F .817(This is also the v)5.816 F .817(alue that a local)-.25 F -.25(va) +108 372 S(riable declaration "shado).25 E(ws", and the v)-.25 E +(alue that is restored when the function returns.)-.25 E -.15(Fo)108 +388.8 S 2.724(re).15 G .224(xample, if a v)-2.874 F(ariable)-.25 E F3 +(var)2.724 E F0 .223(is declared as local in function)2.724 F F3(func1) +2.723 E F0 2.723(,a)C(nd)-2.723 E F3(func1)2.723 E F0 .223 +(calls another function)2.723 F F3(func2)2.723 E F0(,)A .463 +(references to)108 400.8 R F3(var)2.963 E F0 .463(made from within)2.963 +F F3(func2)2.963 E F0 .463(will resolv)2.963 F 2.964(et)-.15 G 2.964(ot) +-2.964 G .464(he local v)-2.964 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(var)2.964 E F0(from) +2.964 E F3(func1)2.964 E F0 2.964(,s)C(hado)-2.964 E .464(wing an)-.25 F +(y)-.15 E(global v)108 412.8 Q(ariable named)-.25 E F3(var)2.5 E F0(.)A +(The)108 429.6 Q F2(unset)2.983 E F0 -.2(bu)2.983 G .483 +(iltin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a v).2 F .482 +(ariable is local to the current scope,)-.25 F F2(unset)2.982 E F0 .19 +(will unset it; otherwise the unset will refer to the v)108 441.6 R .19 +(ariable found in an)-.25 F 2.69(yc)-.15 G .19 +(alling scope as described abo)-2.69 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.19(.I).15 G(f) +-5.19 E 3.325(av)108 453.6 S .824(ariable at the current local scope is\ + unset, it will remain so \(appearing as unset\) until it is reset in t\ +hat)-3.575 F 1.141(scope or until the function returns.)108 465.6 R +1.141(Once the function returns, an)6.141 F 3.641(yi)-.15 G 1.141 +(nstance of the v)-3.641 F 1.142(ariable at a pre)-.25 F(vious)-.25 E +.977(scope will become visible.)108 477.6 R .976 +(If the unset acts on a v)5.977 F .976(ariable at a pre)-.25 F .976 +(vious scope, an)-.25 F 3.476(yi)-.15 G .976(nstance of a v)-3.476 F +(ariable)-.25 E .007(with that name that had been shado)108 489.6 R .008 +(wed will become visible \(see belo)-.25 F 2.508(wh)-.25 G .508 -.25 +(ow t)-2.508 H(he).25 E F2(localv)2.508 E(ar_unset)-.1 E F0 .008 +(shell option)2.508 F(changes this beha)108 501.6 Q(vior\).)-.2 E(The) +108 518.4 Q F2(FUNCNEST)3.529 E F0 -.25(va)3.529 G 1.028 +(riable, if set to a numeric v).25 F 1.028 +(alue greater than 0, de\214nes a maximum function nesting)-.25 F(le)108 +530.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(l. Function).15 F(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G +(cations that e).2 E(xceed the limit cause the entire command to abort.) +-.15 E .043(If the b)108 547.2 R .043(uiltin command)-.2 F F2 -.18(re) +2.543 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .043(is e)2.543 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .043 +(cuted in a function, the function completes and e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.044(cution resumes with).15 F 1.012(the ne)108 559.2 R 1.012 +(xt command after the function call.)-.15 F(An)6.011 E 3.511(yc)-.15 G +1.011(ommand associated with the)-3.511 F F2(RETURN)3.511 E F0 1.011 +(trap is e)3.511 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .213(before e)108 571.2 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G .213(cution resumes.).15 F .213 +(When a function completes, the v)5.213 F .214 +(alues of the positional parameters and the spe-)-.25 F(cial parameter) +108 583.2 Q F2(#)2.5 E F0(are restored to the v)2.5 E(alues the)-.25 E +2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad prior to the function')-2.5 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe) +-2.65 G(cution.).15 E 1.359 +(Function names and de\214nitions may be listed with the)108 600 R F2 +3.858 E F0 1.358(option to the)3.858 F F2(declar)3.858 E(e)-.18 E +F0(or)3.858 E F2(typeset)3.858 E F0 -.2(bu)3.858 G 1.358(iltin com-).2 F +3.39(mands. 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By).2 F(def)2.822 E .322 +(ault, no limit is imposed on the number of re-)-.1 F(cursi)108 700.8 Q +.3 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(alls.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19) +135.955 E(33)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 34 34 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10.95 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(ARITHMETIC EV)72 84 Q(ALU)-1.478 E -1.04(AT)-.657 G +(ION)1.04 E F0 1.088(The shell allo)108 96 R 1.088(ws arithmetic e)-.25 +F 1.089(xpressions to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.089 +(luated, under certain circumstances \(see the).25 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(let)3.589 E F0(and)3.589 E F2(de-)3.589 E(clar)108 108 Q(e)-.18 E F0 +-.2(bu)3.453 G .953(iltin commands, the).2 F F2(\(\()3.453 E F0 .952 +(compound command, and)3.452 F F2 .952(Arithmetic Expansion)3.452 F F0 +3.452(\). Ev)B .952(aluation is done in)-.25 F<8c78>108 120 Q 1.057 +(ed-width inte)-.15 F 1.057(gers with no check for o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 +G(r\215o).15 E 2.357 -.65(w, t)-.25 H 1.057(hough di).65 F 1.057 +(vision by 0 is trapped and \215agged as an error)-.25 F(.)-.55 E .829 +(The operators and their precedence, associati)108 132 R(vity)-.25 E +3.329(,a)-.65 G .829(nd v)-3.329 F .829 +(alues are the same as in the C language.)-.25 F .828(The fol-)5.828 F +(lo)108 144 Q .439(wing list of operators is grouped into le)-.25 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G .439(ls of equal-precedence operators.).15 F .44(The le)5.44 +F -.15(ve)-.25 G .44(ls are listed in order).15 F +(of decreasing precedence.)108 156 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(id)108 +172.8 Q F2(++)A F3(id)2.5 E F2A F0 -.25(va)144 184.8 S +(riable post-increment and post-decrement).25 E F2 2.5108 196.8 S +F0(unary minus and plus)144 196.8 Q F2(++)108 208.8 Q F3(id)A F2 +2.5 E F3(id)A F0 -.25(va)144 220.8 S +(riable pre-increment and pre-decrement).25 E F2 2.5(!~)108 232.8 S F0 +(logical and bitwise ne)144 232.8 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(tion).05 E F2(**)108 +244.8 Q F0 -.15(ex)144 244.8 S(ponentiation).15 E F2 2.5(*/%)108 256.8 S +F0(multiplication, di)144 256.8 Q(vision, remainder)-.25 E F2 2.5<2bad> +108 268.8 S F0(addition, subtraction)144 268.8 Q F2(<< >>)108 280.8 Q F0 +(left and right bitwise shifts)144 280.8 Q F2(<= >= < >)108 292.8 Q F0 +(comparison)144 304.8 Q F2(== !=)108 316.8 Q F0(equality and inequality) +144 316.8 Q F2(&)108 328.8 Q F0(bitwise AND)144 328.8 Q F2(^)108 340.8 Q +F0(bitwise e)144 340.8 Q(xclusi)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve O)-.25 H(R).15 E F2(|) +108 352.8 Q F0(bitwise OR)144 352.8 Q F2(&&)108 364.8 Q F0(logical AND) +144 364.8 Q F2(||)108 376.8 Q F0(logical OR)144 376.8 Q F3 -.2(ex)108 +388.8 S(pr).2 E F2(?)A F3 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F2(:)A F3 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F0 +(conditional operator)144 400.8 Q F2 2.5(=*)108 412.8 S 2.5(=/)-2.5 G +2.5(=%)-2.5 G 2.5(=+)-2.5 G 2.5<3dad>-2.5 G 2.5(=<)-2.5 G +(<= >>= &= ^= |=)-2.5 E F0(assignment)144 424.8 Q F3 -.2(ex)108 436.8 S +(pr1).2 E F2(,)2.5 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(comma)144 448.8 Q .68 +(Shell v)108 465.6 R .68(ariables are allo)-.25 F .68 +(wed as operands; parameter e)-.25 F .68 +(xpansion is performed before the e)-.15 F .68(xpression is e)-.15 F +-.25(va)-.25 G(lu-).25 E 3.507(ated. 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A).25 F .357 +(null v)2.857 F .357(alue e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .357(luates to 0.).25 +F 2.857(As)5.357 G .357(hell v)-2.857 F .357(ariable need not ha)-.25 F +.657 -.15(ve i)-.2 H(ts).15 E F3(inte)2.857 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0 +(attrib)2.857 E .357(ute turned on to be used)-.2 F(in an e)108 537.6 Q +(xpression.)-.15 E(Inte)108 554.4 Q .518(ger constants follo)-.15 F +3.018(wt)-.25 G .518(he C language de\214nition, without suf)-3.018 F +<8c78>-.25 E .517(es or character constants.)-.15 F .517(Constants with) +5.517 F 3.282(al)108 566.4 S .782 +(eading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.)-3.282 F 3.283(Al)5.782 G +.783(eading 0x or 0X denotes he)-3.283 F 3.283(xadecimal. 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If)-.15 F .425(the operating system on which) +2.925 F F1(bash)2.925 E F0 .425(is running pro)2.925 F .425(vides these) +-.15 F .345(special \214les, bash will use them; otherwise it will emul\ +ate them internally with this beha)108 108 R .344(vior: If an)-.2 F(y) +-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214le)2.844 E F0(ar)2.844 E(-)-.2 E .805 +(gument to one of the primaries is of the form)108 120 R F2(/de)3.305 E +(v/fd/n)-.15 E F0 3.306(,t)C .806(hen \214le descriptor)-3.306 F F2(n) +3.306 E F0 .806(is check)3.306 F 3.306(ed. If)-.1 F(the)3.306 E F2 +(\214le)3.306 E F0(ar)3.306 E(gu-)-.18 E .03 +(ment to one of the primaries is one of)108 132 R F2(/de)2.53 E(v/stdin) +-.15 E F0(,)A F2(/de)2.529 E(v/stdout)-.15 E F0 2.529(,o)C(r)-2.529 E F2 +(/de)2.529 E(v/stderr)-.15 E F0 2.529<2c8c>C .029 +(le descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respec-)-2.529 F(ti)108 144 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +(ly).15 E 2.5(,i)-.65 G 2.5(sc)-2.5 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed.)-.1 E .721 +(Unless otherwise speci\214ed, primaries that operate on \214les follo) +108 160.8 R 3.221(ws)-.25 G .722(ymbolic links and operate on the tar) +-3.221 F(get)-.18 E(of the link, rather than the link itself.)108 172.8 +Q 1.096(When used with)108 190.8 R F1([[)3.596 E F0 3.596(,t)C(he)-3.596 +E F1(<)3.596 E F0(and)3.595 E F1(>)3.595 E F0 1.095(operators sort le) +3.595 F 1.095(xicographically using the current locale.)-.15 F(The)6.095 +E F1(test)3.595 E F0(com-)3.595 E(mand sorts using ASCII ordering.)108 +202.8 Q F1108 226.8 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 226.8 S +(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1108 +238.8 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 238.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 +E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a block special \214le.).15 E F1108 +250.8 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 250.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 +E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a character special \214le.).15 E F1 +108 262.8 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 262.8 S(ue if).35 E F2 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a directory).15 E(.)-.65 E F1 +108 274.8 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 274.8 S(ue if).35 E F2 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1108 286.8 Q F2 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 286.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 +(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a re).15 E(gular \214le.)-.15 E F1108 298.8 +Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 298.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 +-.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is set-group-id.).15 E F1108 310.8 Q F2 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 310.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 +(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F1108 322.8 Q F2 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 322.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 +(ex)2.5 G(ists and its `).15 E(`stick)-.74 E(y')-.15 E 2.5('b)-.74 G +(it is set.)-2.5 E F1108 334.8 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 +334.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and is a named pipe \(FIFO\).).15 E F1108 346.8 Q F2(\214le) +2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 346.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 +G(ists and is readable.).15 E F1108 358.8 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 +-.35(Tr)144 358.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and has a size greater than zero.).15 E F1108 370.8 Q F2(fd) +2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 370.8 S(ue if \214le descriptor).35 E F2(fd)4.47 E +F0(is open and refers to a terminal.)3.27 E F1108 382.8 Q F2 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 382.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 +(ex)2.5 G(ists and its set-user).15 E(-id bit is set.)-.2 E F1108 +394.8 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 394.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 +E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is writable.).15 E F1108 406.8 Q F2 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 406.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 +(ex)2.5 G(ists and is e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutable.).15 E F1108 +418.8 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 418.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 +E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E(fecti)-.25 +E .3 -.15(ve g)-.25 H(roup id.).15 E F1108 430.8 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E +F0 -.35(Tr)144 430.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F1108 442.8 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E +F0 -.35(Tr)144 442.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and has been modi\214ed since it w).15 E(as last read.)-.1 E F1 +108 454.8 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 454.8 S(ue if).35 E F2 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E +(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.25 H(ser id.).15 E F1108 466.8 Q F2 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 466.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 +(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a sock).15 E(et.)-.1 E F2(\214le1)108 478.8 Q F1 +(\255ef)2.5 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 490.8 S(ue if).35 E F2 +(\214le1)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0(refer to the same de)2.5 +E(vice and inode numbers.)-.25 E F2(\214le1)108 502.8 Q F02.5 E F1 +(nt)A F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 514.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le1)2.5 +E F0(is ne)2.5 E(wer \(according to modi\214cation date\) than)-.25 E F2 +(\214le2)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 G(f)-2.5 E F2(\214le1)2.5 E F0 +-.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and).15 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0(does not.)2.5 E F2 +(\214le1)108 526.8 Q F02.5 E F1(ot)A F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 +538.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le1)2.5 E F0(is older than)2.5 E F2(\214le2) +2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 G(f)-2.5 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 +G(ists and).15 E F2(\214le1)2.5 E F0(does not.)2.5 E F1108 550.8 Q +F2(optname)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 562.8 S .262(ue if the shell option).35 +F F2(optname)2.992 E F0 .262(is enabled.)2.942 F .262 +(See the list of options under the description of the)5.262 F F1 +2.763 E F0(option to the)144 574.8 Q F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(iltin belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F1108 586.8 Q F2(varname)2.5 E F0 +-.35(Tr)144 598.8 S(ue if the shell v).35 E(ariable)-.25 E F2(varname) +2.79 E F0(is set \(has been assigned a v)2.68 E(alue\).)-.25 E F1 +108 610.8 Q F2(varname)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 622.8 S(ue if the shell v) +.35 E(ariable)-.25 E F2(varname)2.79 E F0 +(is set and is a name reference.)2.68 E F1108 634.8 Q F2(string) +2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 646.8 S(ue if the length of).35 E F2(string)2.5 E +F0(is zero.)2.5 E F2(string)108 658.8 Q F1108 670.8 Q F2(string) +2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 682.8 S(ue if the length of).35 E F2(string)2.84 E +F0(is non-zero.)2.72 E F2(string1)108 699.6 Q F1(==)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 +E F0(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(35)185.115 E 0 Cg +EP +%%Page: 36 36 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(string1)108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(=)2.5 E F1 +(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 96 S .862(ue if the strings are equal.).35 +F F2(=)5.861 E F0 .861(should be used with the)3.361 F F2(test)3.361 E +F0 .861(command for POSIX conformance.)3.361 F .446(When used with the) +144 108 R F2([[)2.946 E F0 .446 +(command, this performs pattern matching as described abo)2.946 F .747 +-.15(ve \()-.15 H F2(Compound).15 E(Commands)144 120 Q F0(\).)A F1 +(string1)108 136.8 Q F2(!=)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 148.8 S +(ue if the strings are not equal.).35 E F1(string1)108 165.6 Q F2(<)2.5 +E F1(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 177.6 S(ue if).35 E F1(string1)2.5 E +F0(sorts before)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E F0(le)2.5 E(xicographically)-.15 +E(.)-.65 E F1(string1)108 194.4 Q F2(>)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35 +(Tr)144 206.4 S(ue if).35 E F1(string1)2.5 E F0(sorts after)2.5 E F1 +(string2)2.5 E F0(le)2.5 E(xicographically)-.15 E(.)-.65 E F1(ar)108.33 +223.2 Q(g1)-.37 E F2(OP)2.5 E F1(ar)2.5 E(g2)-.37 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(OP)144 235.2 Q F0 .385(is one of)2.635 F F2(\255eq)2.885 E F0(,)A F2 +(\255ne)2.885 E F0(,)A F2(\255lt)2.885 E F0(,)A F2(\255le)2.885 E F0(,)A +F2(\255gt)2.885 E F0 2.885(,o)C(r)-2.885 E F2(\255ge)2.885 E F0 5.385 +(.T)C .385(hese arithmetic binary operators return true if)-5.385 F F1 +(ar)2.884 E(g1)-.37 E F0 .845(is equal to, not equal to, less than, les\ +s than or equal to, greater than, or greater than or equal to)144 247.2 +R F1(ar)144 259.2 Q(g2)-.37 E F0 3.59(,r)C(especti)-3.59 E -.15(ve)-.25 +G(ly).15 E(.)-.65 E F1(Ar)7.1 E(g1)-.37 E F0(and)3.59 E F1(ar)3.92 E(g2) +-.37 E F0 1.089(may be positi)3.61 F 1.389 -.15(ve o)-.25 H 3.589(rn).15 +G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.589 H(ti).15 E 1.389 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E +3.589(gers. When)-.15 F 1.089(used with the)3.589 F F2([[)3.589 E F0 +(command,)144 271.2 Q F1(Ar)4.447 E(g1)-.37 E F0(and)3.437 E F1(Ar)4.447 +E(g2)-.37 E F0 .937(are e)3.457 F -.25(va)-.25 G .937 +(luated as arithmetic e).25 F .937(xpressions \(see)-.15 F F3 .937 +(ARITHMETIC EV)3.437 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)144 283.2 Q F0(abo) +2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF +(SIMPLE COMMAND EXP)72 300 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .614 +(When a simple command is e)108 312 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .614 +(cuted, the shell performs the follo).15 F .613(wing e)-.25 F .613 +(xpansions, assignments, and redi-)-.15 F +(rections, from left to right, in the follo)108 324 Q(wing order)-.25 E +(.)-.55 E(1.)108 340.8 Q 1.848(The w)144 340.8 R 1.848 +(ords that the parser has mark)-.1 F 1.848(ed as v)-.1 F 1.849 +(ariable assignments \(those preceding the command)-.25 F +(name\) and redirections are sa)144 352.8 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(df).15 G +(or later processing.)-2.5 E(2.)108 369.6 Q .18(The w)144 369.6 R .18 +(ords that are not v)-.1 F .179 +(ariable assignments or redirections are e)-.25 F 2.679(xpanded. If)-.15 +F(an)2.679 E 2.679(yw)-.15 G .179(ords remain af-)-2.779 F .346(ter e) +144 381.6 R .346(xpansion, the \214rst w)-.15 F .346(ord is tak)-.1 F +.347(en to be the name of the command and the remaining w)-.1 F .347 +(ords are)-.1 F(the ar)144 393.6 Q(guments.)-.18 E(3.)108 410.4 Q +(Redirections are performed as described abo)144 410.4 Q .3 -.15(ve u) +-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(REDIRECTION)2.5 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(4.) +108 427.2 Q .717(The te)144 427.2 R .717(xt after the)-.15 F F2(=)3.217 +E F0 .717(in each v)3.217 F .717(ariable assignment under)-.25 F .717 +(goes tilde e)-.18 F .717(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F(xpansion,)-.15 E +.339(command substitution, arithmetic e)144 439.2 R .339 +(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.839(lb).25 G .339 +(efore being assigned to the v)-2.839 F(ari-)-.25 E(able.)144 451.2 Q +.587(If no command name results, the v)108 468 R .586 +(ariable assignments af)-.25 F .586(fect the current shell en)-.25 F +3.086(vironment. In)-.4 F .586(the case of)3.086 F .371(such a command \ +\(one that consists only of assignment statements and redirections\), a\ +ssignment statements)108 480 R .835(are performed before redirections.) +108 492 R .835(Otherwise, the v)5.835 F .835 +(ariables are added to the en)-.25 F .835(vironment of the e)-.4 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .838(command and do not af)108 504 R .838 +(fect the current shell en)-.25 F 3.338(vironment. If)-.4 F(an)3.338 E +3.338(yo)-.15 G 3.338(ft)-3.338 G .839 +(he assignments attempts to assign a)-3.338 F -.25(va)108 516 S +(lue to a readonly v).25 E(ariable, an error occurs, and the command e) +-.25 E(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 E .15 +(If no command name results, redirections are performed, b)108 532.8 R +.149(ut do not af)-.2 F .149(fect the current shell en)-.25 F 2.649 +(vironment. A)-.4 F(redirection error causes the command to e)108 544.8 +Q(xit with a non-zero status.)-.15 E 1.064 +(If there is a command name left after e)108 561.6 R 1.064(xpansion, e) +-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.064(cution proceeds as described belo).15 F +4.864 -.65(w. O)-.25 H 1.064(therwise, the).65 F .069(command e)108 +573.6 R 2.569(xits. If)-.15 F .069(one of the e)2.569 F .069 +(xpansions contained a command substitution, the e)-.15 F .068 +(xit status of the command)-.15 F .466(is the e)108 585.6 R .466 +(xit status of the last command substitution performed.)-.15 F .467 +(If there were no command substitutions, the)5.466 F(command e)108 597.6 +Q(xits with a status of zero.)-.15 E F4(COMMAND EXECUTION)72 614.4 Q F0 +.547(After a command has been split into w)108 626.4 R .546 +(ords, if it results in a simple command and an optional list of ar)-.1 +F(gu-)-.18 E(ments, the follo)108 638.4 Q(wing actions are tak)-.25 E +(en.)-.1 E .379(If the command name contains no slashes, the shell atte\ +mpts to locate it.)108 655.2 R .379(If there e)5.379 F .379 +(xists a shell function by)-.15 F .246(that name, that function is in) +108 667.2 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.746(da).1 G 2.746(sd)-2.746 G +.246(escribed abo)-2.746 F .546 -.15(ve i)-.15 H(n).15 E F3(FUNCTIONS) +2.746 E F5(.)A F0 .246(If the name does not match a func-)4.746 F +(tion, the shell searches for it in the list of shell b)108 679.2 Q 2.5 +(uiltins. If)-.2 F 2.5(am)2.5 G(atch is found, that b)-2.5 E +(uiltin is in)-.2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .309 +(If the name is neither a shell function nor a b)108 696 R .31 +(uiltin, and contains no slashes,)-.2 F F2(bash)2.81 E F0 .31 +(searches each element of)2.81 F(the)108 708 Q F3 -.666(PA)3.163 G(TH) +-.189 E F0 .662(for a directory containing an e)2.913 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.662(cutable \214le by that name.).15 F F2(Bash)5.662 E F0 .662 +(uses a hash table to remember)3.162 F 1.914(the full pathnames of e)108 +720 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.915(cutable \214les \(see).15 F F2(hash)4.415 E +F0(under)4.415 E F3 1.915(SHELL B)4.415 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.915(TIN COMMANDS) +-.828 F F0(belo)4.165 E 4.415(w\). A)-.25 F(full)4.415 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 +768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(36)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 37 37 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .72 +(search of the directories in)108 84 R/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA) +3.22 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .719 +(is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table.)2.97 F +.719(If the)5.719 F .956(search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for\ + a de\214ned shell function named)108 96 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(command_not_f)3.456 E(ound_han-)-.25 E(dle)108 108 Q F0 6.006(.I)C +3.506(ft)-6.006 G 1.006(hat function e)-3.506 F 1.006(xists, it is in) +-.15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.506(di).1 G 3.506(nas)-3.506 G 1.005 +(eparate e)-3.506 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.005(cution en).15 F 1.005 +(vironment with the original command)-.4 F .255 +(and the original command')108 120 R 2.755(sa)-.55 G -.18(rg)-2.755 G +.255(uments as its ar).18 F .256(guments, and the function')-.18 F 2.756 +(se)-.55 G .256(xit status becomes the e)-2.906 F .256(xit sta-)-.15 F +.263(tus of that subshell.)108 132 R .263(If that function is not de\ +\214ned, the shell prints an error message and returns an e)5.263 F .263 +(xit sta-)-.15 F(tus of 127.)108 144 Q 1.089(If the search is successfu\ +l, or if the command name contains one or more slashes, the shell e)108 +160.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.09(cutes the).15 F .198 +(named program in a separate e)108 172.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .198 +(cution en).15 F 2.698(vironment. Ar)-.4 F .198 +(gument 0 is set to the name gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .197 +(n, and the remain-).15 F(ing ar)108 184.8 Q +(guments to the command are set to the ar)-.18 E(guments gi)-.18 E -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(n, if an).15 E -.65(y.)-.15 G 1.048(If this e)108 201.6 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G 1.048(cution f).15 F 1.048 +(ails because the \214le is not in e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.049 +(cutable format, and the \214le is not a directory).15 F 3.549(,i)-.65 G +3.549(ti)-3.549 G 3.549(sa)-3.549 G(s-)-3.549 E .143(sumed to be a)108 +213.6 R/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .143(shell script)2.643 F F0 2.643 +(,a\214)C .143(le containing shell commands, and the shell creates a ne) +-2.643 F 2.643(wi)-.25 G .143(nstance of itself to)-2.643 F -.15(exe)108 +225.6 S .136(cute it.).15 F .136 +(This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the ef)5.136 F .137 +(fect is as if a ne)-.25 F 2.637(ws)-.25 G .137(hell had been in)-2.637 +F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.637(dt).1 G 2.637(oh)-2.637 G(andle)-2.637 +E .866(the script, with the e)108 237.6 R .866 +(xception that the locations of commands remembered by the parent \(see) +-.15 F F2(hash)3.365 E F0(belo)3.365 E(w)-.25 E(under)108 249.6 Q F1 +(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\)) +A F0(are retained by the child.)2.25 E .347 +(If the program is a \214le be)108 266.4 R .347(ginning with)-.15 F F2 +(#!)2.847 E F0 2.847(,t)C .348(he remainder of the \214rst line speci\ +\214es an interpreter for the pro-)-2.847 F 3.178(gram. The)108 278.4 R +.678(shell e)3.178 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .678(cutes the speci\214ed interpre\ +ter on operating systems that do not handle this e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cutable).15 E .206(format themselv)108 290.4 R 2.706(es. 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Exit)108 482.4 R .348(statuses f)2.848 F .347 +(all between 0 and 255, though, as e)-.1 F .347(xplained belo)-.15 F +1.647 -.65(w, t)-.25 H .347(he shell may use v).65 F .347(alues abo)-.25 +F .647 -.15(ve 1)-.15 H(25).15 E(specially)108 494.4 Q 5.506(.E)-.65 G +.506(xit statuses from shell b)-5.506 F .507 +(uiltins and compound commands are also limited to this range.)-.2 F +(Under)5.507 E(certain circumstances, the shell will use special v)108 +506.4 Q(alues to indicate speci\214c f)-.25 E(ailure modes.)-.1 E -.15 +(Fo)108 523.2 S 3.373(rt).15 G .873(he shell')-3.373 F 3.373(sp)-.55 G +.873(urposes, a command which e)-3.373 F .873(xits with a zero e)-.15 F +.873(xit status has succeeded.)-.15 F .872(An e)5.872 F .872 +(xit status of)-.15 F .048(zero indicates success.)108 535.2 R 2.548(An) +5.048 G .049(on-zero e)-2.548 F .049(xit status indicates f)-.15 F 2.549 +(ailure. 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-.8(To p) +5.429 H(re).8 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .93(nt the shell from sending the signal\ + to a particular job, it should be remo).15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.43(df).15 +G .93(rom the)-3.43 F 1.357(jobs table with the)108 189.6 R F1(diso) +3.857 E(wn)-.1 E F0 -.2(bu)3.857 G 1.357(iltin \(see).2 F F2 1.356 +(SHELL B)3.856 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.356(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.606 E +1.356(w\) or mark)-.25 F 1.356(ed to not recei)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F2 +(SIGHUP)108 201.6 Q F0(using)2.25 E F1(diso)2.5 E(wn \255h)-.1 E F0(.)A +.166(If the)108 218.4 R F1(huponexit)2.666 E F0 .166 +(shell option has been set with)2.666 F F1(shopt)2.666 E F0(,)A F1(bash) +2.666 E F0 .166(sends a)2.666 F F2(SIGHUP)2.666 E F0 .166 +(to all jobs when an interacti)2.416 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(login shell e)108 +230.4 Q(xits.)-.15 E(If)108 247.2 Q F1(bash)3.047 E F0 .547(is w)3.047 F +.546(aiting for a command to complete and recei)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +3.046(sas).15 G .546(ignal for which a trap has been set, the trap) +-3.046 F .662(will not be e)108 259.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .662 +(cuted until the command completes.).15 F(When)5.663 E F1(bash)3.163 E +F0 .663(is w)3.163 F .663(aiting for an asynchronous command)-.1 F .327 +(via the)108 271.2 R F1(wait)2.827 E F0 -.2(bu)2.827 G .327(iltin, the \ +reception of a signal for which a trap has been set will cause the).2 F +F1(wait)2.826 E F0 -.2(bu)2.826 G .326(iltin to re-).2 F +(turn immediately with an e)108 283.2 Q +(xit status greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is e)-.15 +E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E .498(When job control is not enabled, and) +108 300 R F1(bash)2.998 E F0 .498(is w)2.998 F .498(aiting for a fore) +-.1 F .499(ground command to complete, the shell re-)-.15 F(cei)108 312 +Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.606(sk).15 G -.15(ey)-2.706 G .105 +(board-generated signals such as).15 F F2(SIGINT)2.605 E F0 .105 +(\(usually generated by)2.355 F F1(^C)2.605 E F0 2.605(\)t)C .105 +(hat users commonly intend to)-2.605 F .423(send to that command.)108 +324 R .424(This happens because the shell and the command are in the sa\ +me process group as)5.424 F(the terminal, and)108 336 Q F1(^C)2.5 E F0 +(sends)2.5 E F2(SIGINT)2.5 E F0(to all processes in that process group.) +2.25 E(When)108 352.8 Q F1(bash)3.801 E F0 1.3 +(is running without job control enabled and recei)3.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +(s).15 E F2(SIGINT)3.8 E F0 1.3(while w)3.55 F 1.3(aiting for a fore)-.1 +F(ground)-.15 E .809(command, it w)108 364.8 R .809 +(aits until that fore)-.1 F .81 +(ground command terminates and then decides what to do about the)-.15 F +F2(SIG-)3.31 E(INT)108 376.8 Q F3(:)A F0(1.)108 393.6 Q .003 +(If the command terminates due to the)144 393.6 R F2(SIGINT)2.503 E F3 +(,)A F1(bash)2.252 E F0 .002 +(concludes that the user meant to end the entire)2.502 F +(script, and acts on the)144 405.6 Q F2(SIGINT)2.5 E F0 +(\(e.g., by running a)2.25 E F2(SIGINT)2.5 E F0(trap or e)2.25 E +(xiting itself\);)-.15 E(2.)108 422.4 Q .288 +(If the command does not terminate due to)144 422.4 R F2(SIGINT)2.788 E +F3(,)A F0 .288(the program handled the)2.538 F F2(SIGINT)2.789 E F0 .289 +(itself and did)2.539 F .728(not treat it as a f)144 434.4 R .728 +(atal signal.)-.1 F .728(In that case,)5.728 F F1(bash)3.228 E F0 .728 +(does not treat)3.228 F F2(SIGINT)3.228 E F0 .728(as a f)2.978 F .728 +(atal signal, either)-.1 F 3.228(,i)-.4 G(n-)-3.228 E .771 +(stead assuming that the)144 446.4 R F2(SIGINT)3.271 E F0 -.1(wa)3.021 G +3.271(su).1 G .771(sed as part of the program')-3.271 F 3.272(sn)-.55 G +.772(ormal operation \(e.g., emacs)-3.272 F .41 +(uses it to abort editing commands\) or deliberately discarded.)144 +458.4 R(Ho)5.409 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -.4(r,).15 G F1(bash)3.309 E +F0 .409(will run an)2.909 F 2.909(yt)-.15 G .409(rap set)-2.909 F(on)144 +470.4 Q F2(SIGINT)3.788 E F3(,)A F0 1.288(as it does with an)3.538 F +3.788(yo)-.15 G 1.288(ther trapped signal it recei)-3.788 F -.15(ve)-.25 +G 3.789(sw).15 G 1.289(hile it is w)-3.789 F 1.289(aiting for the fore-) +-.1 F(ground command to complete, for compatibility)144 482.4 Q(.)-.65 E +/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(JOB CONTR)72 499.2 Q(OL)-.329 E/F5 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(Jo)108 511.2 S 3.369(bc).25 G(ontr)-3.369 E(ol) +-.45 E F0 .868(refers to the ability to selecti)3.879 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +.868(ly stop \().15 F F5(suspend)A F0 3.368(\)t)C .868(he e)-3.368 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .868(cution of processes and continue \().15 F F5 -.37 +(re)C(-).37 E(sume)108 523.2 Q F0 2.664(\)t)C .164(heir e)-2.664 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .164(cution at a later point.).15 F 2.665(Au)5.165 G .165 +(ser typically emplo)-2.665 F .165(ys this f)-.1 F .165 +(acility via an interacti)-.1 F .465 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nterf).15 E .165 +(ace sup-)-.1 F(plied jointly by the operating system k)108 535.2 Q +(ernel')-.1 E 2.5(st)-.55 G(erminal dri)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ra).15 +G(nd)-2.5 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A .785(The shell associates a)108 552 R +F5(job)5.025 E F0 .785(with each pipeline.)3.515 F .784(It k)5.785 F +.784(eeps a table of currently e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .784 +(cuting jobs, which may be).15 F .324(listed with the)108 564 R F1(jobs) +2.824 E F0 2.824(command. When)2.824 F F1(bash)2.825 E F0 .325 +(starts a job asynchronously \(in the)2.825 F F5(bac)3.095 E(kgr)-.2 E +(ound)-.45 E F0 .325(\), it prints a line).77 F(that looks lik)108 576 Q +(e:)-.1 E([1] 25647)144 592.8 Q .241(indicating that this job is job nu\ +mber 1 and that the process ID of the last process in the pipeline asso\ +ciated)108 609.6 R .732(with this job is 25647.)108 621.6 R .733 +(All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job) +5.732 F(.)-.4 E F1(Bash)5.733 E F0(uses)3.233 E(the)108 633.6 Q F5(job) +4.24 E F0(abstraction as the basis for job control.)2.73 E 1.982 -.8 +(To f)108 650.4 T .382(acilitate the implementation of the user interf) +.7 F .382(ace to job control, the operating system maintains the no-)-.1 +F 1.537(tion of a)108 662.4 R F5(curr)4.037 E 1.537(ent terminal pr)-.37 +F 1.537(ocess gr)-.45 F 1.537(oup ID)-.45 F F0 6.537(.M)C 1.538 +(embers of this process group \(processes whose process)-6.537 F .023 +(group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID\) recei)108 +674.4 R .323 -.15(ve k)-.25 H -.15(ey).05 G .023 +(board-generated signals such as).15 F F2(SIG-)2.522 E(INT)108 686.4 Q +F3(.)A F0 1.215(These processes are said to be in the)5.715 F F5(for) +5.685 E -.4(eg)-.37 G -.45(ro).4 G(und).45 E F0(.).77 E F5(Bac)6.795 E +(kgr)-.2 E(ound)-.45 E F0 1.216(processes are those whose process)4.485 +F .146(group ID dif)108 698.4 R .146(fers from the terminal')-.25 F .146 +(s; such processes are immune to k)-.55 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .145 +(board-generated signals.).15 F .145(Only fore-)5.145 F .16 +(ground processes are allo)108 710.4 R .16(wed to read from or)-.25 F +2.66(,i)-.4 G 2.66(ft)-2.66 G .16(he user so speci\214es with)-2.66 F/F6 +10/Courier@0 SF .16(stty tostop)2.66 F F0 2.66(,w)C .16(rite to the ter) +-2.66 F(-)-.2 E 3.052(minal. Background)108 722.4 R .551 +(processes which attempt to read from \(write to when)3.052 F F6 .551 +(stty tostop)3.051 F F0 .551(is in ef)3.051 F .551(fect\) the)-.25 F +(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(39)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 40 40 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .717 +(terminal are sent a)108 84 R/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .717(SIGTTIN \(SIGTT) +3.217 F(OU\))-.162 E F0 .718(signal by the k)2.967 F(ernel')-.1 E 3.218 +(st)-.55 G .718(erminal dri)-3.218 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.518 -.4(r, w).15 H +.718(hich, unless caught, sus-).4 F(pends the process.)108 96 Q 1.088 +(If the operating system on which)108 112.8 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(bash)3.588 E F0 1.088(is running supports job control,)3.588 F F2(bash) +3.587 E F0 1.087(contains f)3.587 F 1.087(acilities to use it.)-.1 F -.8 +(Ty)108 124.8 S .301(ping the).8 F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(suspend)3.141 +E F0 .301(character \(typically)3.571 F F2(^Z)2.801 E F0 2.801(,C)C .301 +(ontrol-Z\) while a process is running causes that process to be)-2.801 +F 2.143(stopped and returns control to)108 136.8 R F2(bash)4.642 E F0 +7.142(.T)C 2.142(yping the)-7.942 F F3 2.142(delayed suspend)4.992 F F0 +2.142(character \(typically)5.412 F F2(^Y)4.642 E F0 4.642(,C)C +(ontrol-Y\))-4.642 E .021(causes the process to be stopped when it atte\ +mpts to read input from the terminal, and control to be returned)108 +148.8 R(to)108 160.8 Q F2(bash)3.392 E F0 5.892(.T)C .892 +(he user may then manipulate the state of this job, using the)-5.892 F +F2(bg)3.392 E F0 .892(command to continue it in the)3.392 F .17 +(background, the)108 172.8 R F2(fg)2.67 E F0 .17 +(command to continue it in the fore)2.67 F .17(ground, or the)-.15 F F2 +(kill)2.67 E F0 .17(command to kill it.)2.67 F(A)5.17 E F2(^Z)2.67 E F0 +(tak)2.67 E .17(es ef-)-.1 F 1.419(fect immediately)108 184.8 R 3.919 +(,a)-.65 G 1.418(nd has the additional side ef)-3.919 F 1.418 +(fect of causing pending output and typeahead to be dis-)-.25 F(carded.) +108 196.8 Q .777(There are a number of w)108 213.6 R .777 +(ays to refer to a job in the shell.)-.1 F .777(The character)5.777 F F2 +(%)3.277 E F0 .777(introduces a job speci\214cation)3.277 F(\()108 225.6 +Q F3(jobspec)A F0 3.458(\). Job)B(number)3.458 E F3(n)3.818 E F0 .957 +(may be referred to as)3.697 F F2(%n)3.457 E F0 5.957(.A)C .957 +(job may also be referred to using a pre\214x of the)-2.5 F .59(name us\ +ed to start it, or using a substring that appears in its command line.) +108 237.6 R -.15(Fo)5.59 G 3.09(re).15 G(xample,)-3.24 E F2(%ce)3.09 E +F0 .59(refers to a)3.09 F .385(stopped job whose command name be)108 +249.6 R .385(gins with)-.15 F F2(ce)2.885 E F0 5.385(.I)C 2.885(fap) +-5.385 G .385(re\214x matches more than one job,)-2.885 F F2(bash)2.885 +E F0 .385(reports an)2.885 F(error)108 261.6 Q 5.194(.U)-.55 G(sing) +-5.194 E F2(%?ce)2.694 E F0 2.694(,o)C 2.694(nt)-2.694 G .194 +(he other hand, refers to an)-2.694 F 2.694(yj)-.15 G .194 +(ob containing the string)-2.694 F F2(ce)2.694 E F0 .194 +(in its command line.)2.694 F .194(If the)5.194 F .306 +(substring matches more than one job,)108 273.6 R F2(bash)2.806 E F0 +.306(reports an error)2.806 F 5.306(.T)-.55 G .306(he symbols)-5.306 F +F2(%%)2.806 E F0(and)2.806 E F2(%+)2.806 E F0 .306(refer to the shell') +2.806 F(s)-.55 E .132(notion of the)108 285.6 R F3(curr)2.832 E .133 +(ent job)-.37 F F0 2.633(,w).23 G .133 +(hich is the last job stopped while it w)-2.633 F .133(as in the fore) +-.1 F .133(ground or started in the back-)-.15 F 2.576(ground. The)108 +297.6 R F3(pr)3.826 E -.15(ev)-.37 G .076(ious job).15 F F0 .076 +(may be referenced using)2.806 F F2<25ad>2.576 E F0 5.076(.I)C 2.576(ft) +-5.076 G .075(here is only a single job,)-2.576 F F2(%+)2.575 E F0(and) +2.575 E F2<25ad>2.575 E F0 .075(can both)2.575 F .317 +(be used to refer to that job)108 309.6 R 5.317(.I)-.4 G 2.817(no)-5.317 +G .317(utput pertaining to jobs \(e.g., the output of the)-2.817 F F2 +(jobs)2.817 E F0 .317(command\), the current)2.817 F .033(job is al)108 +321.6 R -.1(wa)-.1 G .033(ys \215agged with a).1 F F2(+)2.533 E F0 2.533 +(,a)C .033(nd the pre)-2.533 F .033(vious job with a)-.25 F F22.533 +E F0 5.033(.A)C .033(single % \(with no accompan)-2.5 F .032 +(ying job speci-)-.15 F(\214cation\) also refers to the current job)108 +333.6 Q(.)-.4 E .443 +(Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the fore)108 350.4 R +(ground:)-.15 E F2(%1)2.944 E F0 .444(is a synon)2.944 F .444(ym for) +-.15 F F2 -.63(``)2.944 G .444(fg %1').63 F(')-.63 E F0 2.944(,b)C +(ringing)-2.944 E 1.473(job 1 from the background into the fore)108 +362.4 R 3.973(ground. Similarly)-.15 F(,)-.65 E F2 -.63(``)3.972 G 1.472 +(%1 &').63 F(')-.63 E F0 1.472(resumes job 1 in the background,)3.972 F +(equi)108 374.4 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2 -.63(``)2.5 G(bg %1') +.63 E(')-.63 E F0(.)A .13(The shell learns immediately whene)108 391.2 R +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.63(raj).15 G .13(ob changes state.)-2.63 F(Normally) +5.131 E(,)-.65 E F2(bash)2.631 E F0 -.1(wa)2.631 G .131 +(its until it is about to print a).1 F .158 +(prompt before reporting changes in a job')108 403.2 R 2.658(ss)-.55 G +.158(tatus so as to not interrupt an)-2.658 F 2.657(yo)-.15 G .157 +(ther output.)-2.657 F .157(If the)5.157 F F22.657 E F0 .157 +(option to)2.657 F(the)108 415.2 Q F2(set)2.647 E F0 -.2(bu)2.647 G .147 +(iltin command is enabled,).2 F F2(bash)2.647 E F0 .148 +(reports such changes immediately)2.648 F 5.148(.A)-.65 G .448 -.15 +(ny t)-5.148 H .148(rap on).15 F F1(SIGCHLD)2.648 E F0 .148(is e)2.398 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cuted for each child that e)108 427.2 Q(xits.) +-.15 E .033(If an attempt to e)108 444 R(xit)-.15 E F2(bash)2.533 E F0 +.033(is made while jobs are stopped \(or)2.533 F 2.532(,i)-.4 G 2.532 +(ft)-2.532 G(he)-2.532 E F2(checkjobs)2.532 E F0 .032 +(shell option has been enabled)2.532 F 1.002(using the)108 456 R F2 +(shopt)3.502 E F0 -.2(bu)3.502 G 1.002 +(iltin, running\), the shell prints a w).2 F 1.002 +(arning message, and, if the)-.1 F F2(checkjobs)3.503 E F0 1.003 +(option is en-)3.503 F .956(abled, lists the jobs and their statuses.) +108 468 R(The)5.955 E F2(jobs)3.455 E F0 .955 +(command may then be used to inspect their status.)3.455 F .955(If a) +5.955 F .603(second attempt to e)108 480 R .604 +(xit is made without an interv)-.15 F .604 +(ening command, the shell does not print another w)-.15 F(arning,)-.1 E +(and an)108 492 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(topped jobs are terminated.)-2.5 E .645 +(When the shell is w)108 508.8 R .645 +(aiting for a job or process using the)-.1 F F2(wait)3.144 E F0 -.2(bu) +3.144 G .644(iltin, and job control is enabled,).2 F F2(wait)3.144 E F0 +(will)3.144 E .282(return when the job changes state. The)108 520.8 R F2 +2.782 E F0 .282(option causes)2.782 F F2(wait)2.782 E F0 .282 +(to w)2.782 F .282(ait until the job or process terminates be-)-.1 F +(fore returning.)108 532.8 Q/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)72 549.6 Q +(OMPTING)-.329 E F0 .645(When e)108 561.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .645 +(cuting interacti).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E(,)-.65 E F2(bash)3.145 E +F0 .645(displays the primary prompt)3.145 F F1(PS1)3.145 E F0 .645 +(when it is ready to read a command,)2.895 F .427 +(and the secondary prompt)108 573.6 R F1(PS2)2.927 E F0 .427 +(when it needs more input to complete a command.)2.677 F F2(Bash)5.428 E +F0(displays)2.928 E F1(PS0)2.928 E F0(after)2.678 E .038 +(it reads a command b)108 585.6 R .038(ut before e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.038(cuting it.).15 F F2(Bash)5.038 E F0(displays)2.537 E F1(PS4)2.537 E +F0 .037(as described abo)2.287 F .337 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .037 +(efore tracing each com-).15 F 1.121(mand when the)108 597.6 R F2 +3.621 E F0 1.122(option is enabled.)3.621 F F2(Bash)6.122 E F0(allo) +3.622 E 1.122(ws these prompt strings to be customized by inserting a) +-.25 F(number of backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded \ +as follo)108 609.6 Q(ws:)-.25 E F2(\\a)144 621.6 Q F0 +(an ASCII bell character \(07\))180 621.6 Q F2(\\d)144 633.6 Q F0 +(the date in "W)180 633.6 Q(eekday Month Date" format \(e.g., "T)-.8 E +(ue May 26"\))-.45 E F2(\\D{)144 645.6 Q F3(format)A F2(})A F0(the)180 +657.6 Q F3(format)3.927 E F0 1.427(is passed to)3.927 F F3(strftime) +3.927 E F0 1.427 +(\(3\) and the result is inserted into the prompt string; an)B(empty)180 +669.6 Q F3(format)2.5 E F0 +(results in a locale-speci\214c time representation.)2.5 E +(The braces are required)5 E F2(\\e)144 681.6 Q F0 +(an ASCII escape character \(033\))180 681.6 Q F2(\\h)144 693.6 Q F0 +(the hostname up to the \214rst `.)180 693.6 Q(')-.7 E F2(\\H)144 705.6 +Q F0(the hostname)180 705.6 Q F2(\\j)144 717.6 Q F0 +(the number of jobs currently managed by the shell)180 717.6 Q +(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(40)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 41 41 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(\\l)144 84 Q F0(the basename of the shell')180 84 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G +(erminal de)-2.5 E(vice name)-.25 E F1(\\n)144 96 Q F0(ne)180 96 Q +(wline)-.25 E F1(\\r)144 108 Q F0(carriage return)180 108 Q F1(\\s)144 +120 Q F0(the name of the shell, the basename of)180 120 Q F1($0)2.5 E F0 +(\(the portion follo)2.5 E(wing the \214nal slash\))-.25 E F1(\\t)144 +132 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format)180 132 Q F1(\\T) +144 144 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format)180 144 Q F1 +(\\@)144 156 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour am/pm format)180 156 Q F1 +(\\A)144 168 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format)180 168 Q F1 +(\\u)144 180 Q F0(the username of the current user)180 180 Q F1(\\v)144 +192 Q F0(the v)180 192 Q(ersion of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0 +(\(e.g., 2.00\))2.5 E F1(\\V)144 204 Q F0(the release of)180 204 Q F1 +(bash)2.5 E F0 2.5(,v)C(ersion + patch le)-2.65 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(l\().15 G(e.g., 2.00.0\))-2.5 E F1(\\w)144 216 Q F0 .119(the v)180 216 +R .119(alue of the)-.25 F F1(PWD)2.619 E F0 .119(shell v)2.619 F .119 +(ariable \()-.25 F F1($PWD)A F0 .119(\), with)B/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +($HOME)2.619 E F0(abbre)2.369 E .119(viated with a tilde \(uses)-.25 F +(the v)180 228 Q(alue of the)-.25 E F2(PR)2.5 E(OMPT_DIR)-.27 E(TRIM) +-.36 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable\)).25 E F1(\\W)144 240 Q F0 +(the basename of)180 240 Q F1($PWD)2.5 E F0 2.5(,w)C(ith)-2.5 E F2 +($HOME)2.5 E F0(abbre)2.25 E(viated with a tilde)-.25 E F1(\\!)144 252 Q +F0(the history number of this command)180 252 Q F1(\\#)144 264 Q F0 +(the command number of this command)180 264 Q F1(\\$)144 276 Q F0 +(if the ef)180 276 Q(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve U)-.25 H(ID is 0, a).15 E +F1(#)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(therwise a)-2.5 E F1($)2.5 E(\\)144 288 Q/F3 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(nnn)A F0 +(the character corresponding to the octal number)180 288 Q F3(nnn)2.5 E +F1(\\\\)144 300 Q F0 2.5(ab)180 300 S(ackslash)-2.5 E F1(\\[)144 312 Q +F0(be)180 312 Q 1.257(gin a sequence of non-printing characters, which \ +could be used to embed a terminal)-.15 F +(control sequence into the prompt)180 324 Q F1(\\])144 336 Q F0 +(end a sequence of non-printing characters)180 336 Q .119 +(The command number and the history number are usually dif)108 352.8 R +.12(ferent: the history number of a command is its)-.25 F .547(position\ + in the history list, which may include commands restored from the hist\ +ory \214le \(see)108 364.8 R F2(HIST)3.046 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0 +(be-)2.796 E(lo)108 376.8 Q .354(w\), while the command number is the p\ +osition in the sequence of commands e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .355 +(cuted during the current).15 F .823(shell session.)108 388.8 R .822 +(After the string is decoded, it is e)5.823 F .822 +(xpanded via parameter e)-.15 F .822(xpansion, command substitution,) +-.15 F .682(arithmetic e)108 400.8 R .682(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 +F -.25(va)-.15 G .682(l, subject to the v).25 F .683(alue of the)-.25 F +F1(pr)3.183 E(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 .683(shell option \(see the de-) +3.183 F 1.198(scription of the)108 412.8 R F1(shopt)3.698 E F0 1.198 +(command under)3.698 F F2 1.197(SHELL B)3.697 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.197 +(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.447 E 3.697(w\). This)-.25 F 1.197 +(can ha)3.697 F 1.497 -.15(ve u)-.2 H(nw).15 E(anted)-.1 E .322(side ef) +108 424.8 R .322(fects if escaped portions of the string appear within \ +command substitution or contain characters spe-)-.25 F(cial to w)108 +436.8 Q(ord e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE) +72 453.6 Q F0 .151 +(This is the library that handles reading input when using an interacti) +108 465.6 R .45 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .15(hell, unless the).15 F F1 +(\255\255noediting)2.65 E F0(option)2.65 E .384(is gi)108 477.6 R -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 2.884(na).15 G 2.884(ts)-2.884 G .384(hell in)-2.884 F -.2 +(vo)-.4 G 2.884(cation. Line).2 F .384 +(editing is also used when using the)2.884 F F12.885 E F0 .385 +(option to the)2.885 F F1 -.18(re)2.885 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.885 G +2.885(iltin. By).2 F(de-)2.885 E -.1(fa)108 489.6 S 1.407 +(ult, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs.).1 F +3.906(Av)6.406 G 1.406(i-style line editing interf)-3.906 F 1.406 +(ace is also)-.1 F -.2(av)108 501.6 S 3.35(ailable. Line)-.05 F .85 +(editing can be enabled at an)3.35 F 3.35(yt)-.15 G .85(ime using the) +-3.35 F F1 .85(\255o emacs)3.35 F F0(or)3.35 E F1 .85(\255o vi)3.35 F F0 +.85(options to the)3.35 F F1(set)3.35 E F0 -.2(bu)3.35 G(iltin).2 E +(\(see)108 513.6 Q F2 .763(SHELL B)3.263 F(UIL)-.09 E .763(TIN COMMANDS) +-.828 F F0(belo)3.013 E 3.263(w\). T)-.25 F 3.263(ot)-.8 G .763(urn of) +-3.263 F 3.263(fl)-.25 G .763 +(ine editing after the shell is running, use the)-3.263 F F1(+o)3.262 E +(emacs)108 525.6 Q F0(or)2.5 E F1(+o vi)2.5 E F0(options to the)2.5 E F1 +(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(Readline Notation)87 542.4 Q +F0 .463(In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote k) +108 554.4 R -.15(ey)-.1 G(strok).15 E 2.963(es. Control)-.1 F -.1(ke) +2.963 G .463(ys are denoted by C\255)-.05 F F3 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0(,)A +1.153(e.g., C\255n means Control\255N.)108 566.4 R(Similarly)6.153 E(,) +-.65 E F3(meta)4.033 E F0 -.1(ke)3.913 G 1.153(ys are denoted by M\255) +-.05 F F3 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0 3.652(,s)C 3.652(oM)-3.652 G 1.152 +(\255x means Meta\255X.)-3.652 F(\(On)6.152 E -.1(ke)108 578.4 S .83 +(yboards without a)-.05 F F3(meta)3.71 E F0 -.1(ke)3.59 G 2.13 -.65 +(y, M)-.05 H.65 E F3(x)A F0 .83(means ESC)3.33 F F3(x)3.33 E F0 3.33 +(,i)C .831(.e., press the Escape k)-3.33 F 1.131 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .831 +(hen the).15 F F3(x)4.101 E F0 -.1(ke)3.861 G 4.631 -.65(y. T)-.05 H +.831(his mak).65 F(es)-.1 E .6(ESC the)108 590.4 R F3 .6(meta pr)3.1 F +(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.6(.T)C .6(he combination M\255C\255)-5.6 F F3(x)A F0 +.599(means ESC\255Control\255)3.099 F F3(x)A F0 3.099(,o)C 3.099(rp) +-3.099 G .599(ress the Escape k)-3.099 F .899 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .599 +(hen hold).15 F(the Control k)108 602.4 Q .3 -.15(ey w)-.1 H +(hile pressing the).15 E F3(x)3.27 E F0 -.1(ke)3.03 G -.65(y.)-.05 G(\)) +.65 E .595(Readline commands may be gi)108 619.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.096 +(nn).15 G(umeric)-3.096 E F3(ar)3.426 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.096(,w).27 G +.596(hich normally act as a repeat count.)-3.096 F(Sometimes,)5.596 E +(ho)108 631.2 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.419 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.119(ti) +.4 G 3.119(st)-3.119 G .619(he sign of the ar)-3.119 F .619 +(gument that is signi\214cant.)-.18 F -.15(Pa)5.619 G .619(ssing a ne) +.15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .919 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .619 +(ument to a command that).18 F 1.018(acts in the forw)108 643.2 R 1.018 +(ard direction \(e.g.,)-.1 F F1(kill\255line)3.518 E F0 3.518(\)c)C +1.018(auses that command to act in a backw)-3.518 F 1.019 +(ard direction.)-.1 F(Com-)6.019 E(mands whose beha)108 655.2 Q +(vior with ar)-.2 E(guments de)-.18 E(viates from this are noted belo) +-.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G .812(When a command is described as)108 672 R F3 +(killing)3.311 E F0(te)3.311 E .811(xt, the te)-.15 F .811 +(xt deleted is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.311(df).15 G .811 +(or possible future retrie)-3.311 F -.25(va)-.25 G 3.311(l\().25 G F3 +(yank-)-3.311 E(ing)108 684 Q F0 2.529(\). The)B .029(killed te)2.529 F +.029(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.529(di).15 G 2.529(na)-2.529 G F3 +.029(kill ring)B F0 5.029(.C)C(onsecuti)-5.029 E .329 -.15(ve k)-.25 H +.029(ills cause the te).15 F .029(xt to be accumulated into one unit,) +-.15 F .567(which can be yank)108 696 R .567(ed all at once.)-.1 F .567 +(Commands which do not kill te)5.567 F .567 +(xt separate the chunks of te)-.15 F .567(xt on the kill)-.15 F(ring.) +108 708 Q(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(41)185.115 E +0 Cg EP +%%Page: 42 42 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(Readline Initialization)87 84 Q F0 .091(Readline is customized by pu\ +tting commands in an initialization \214le \(the)108 96 R/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr)2.591 E(c)-.37 E F0 2.591(\214le\). The)2.591 +F .092(name of this \214le)2.591 F .573(is tak)108 108 R .573 +(en from the v)-.1 F .573(alue of the)-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(INPUTRC)3.073 E F0 -.25(va)2.823 G 3.073(riable. If).25 F .573(that v) +3.073 F .573(ariable is unset, the def)-.25 F .573(ault is)-.1 F F2 +(~/.inputr)2.573 E(c)-.37 E F0 5.572(.I).31 G 3.072(ft)-5.572 G(hat) +-3.072 E 3.061(\214le does)108 120 R .561(not e)3.061 F .562 +(xist or cannot be read, the ultimate def)-.15 F .562(ault is)-.1 F F2 +(/etc/inputr)4.212 E(c)-.37 E F0 5.562(.W).31 G .562 +(hen a program which uses the)-5.562 F .175(readline library starts up,\ + the initialization \214le is read, and the k)108 132 R .474 -.15(ey b) +-.1 H .174(indings and v).15 F .174(ariables are set.)-.25 F .174 +(There are)5.174 F .238(only a fe)108 144 R 2.738(wb)-.25 G .238 +(asic constructs allo)-2.738 F .239 +(wed in the readline initialization \214le.)-.25 F .239 +(Blank lines are ignored.)5.239 F .239(Lines be)5.239 F(gin-)-.15 E .554 +(ning with a)108 156 R F1(#)3.054 E F0 .554(are comments.)3.054 F .554 +(Lines be)5.554 F .554(ginning with a)-.15 F F1($)3.054 E F0 .554 +(indicate conditional constructs.)3.054 F .553(Other lines denote)5.553 +F -.1(ke)108 168 S 2.5(yb)-.05 G(indings and v)-2.5 E(ariable settings.) +-.25 E .986(The def)108 184.8 R .986(ault k)-.1 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .987 +(-bindings may be changed with an).15 F F2(inputr)3.497 E(c)-.37 E F0 +3.487(\214le. Other)3.797 F .987(programs that use this library may) +3.487 F(add their o)108 196.8 Q(wn commands and bindings.)-.25 E -.15 +(Fo)108 213.6 S 2.5(re).15 G(xample, placing)-2.65 E +(M\255Control\255u: uni)144 230.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E +(gument)-.18 E(or)108 242.4 Q(C\255Meta\255u: uni)144 254.4 Q -.15(ve) +-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(into the)108 266.4 Q F2(inputr) +2.51 E(c)-.37 E F0 -.1(wo)2.81 G(uld mak).1 E 2.5(eM)-.1 G(\255C\255u e) +-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute the readline command).15 E F2(univer)2.58 E +(sal\255ar)-.1 E(gument)-.37 E F0(.).68 E 1.011(The follo)108 283.2 R +1.011(wing symbolic character names are recognized:)-.25 F F2 -.4(RU) +3.511 G(BOUT).4 E F0(,)1.27 E F2(DEL)4.091 E F0(,).53 E F2(ESC)4.021 E +F0(,).72 E F2(LFD)4.091 E F0(,).28 E F2(NEWLINE)4.21 E F0(,).73 E F2 +(RET)4.14 E F0(,)1.27 E F2(RETURN)108.63 295.2 Q F0(,)1.1 E F2(SPC)2.83 +E F0(,).72 E F2(SP)2.83 E -.3(AC)-.9 G(E).3 E F0 2.5(,a).73 G(nd)-2.5 E +F2 -.5(TA)2.5 G(B).5 E F0(.).27 E .209 +(In addition to command names, readline allo)108 312 R .209(ws k)-.25 F +-.15(ey)-.1 G 2.709(st).15 G 2.709(ob)-2.709 G 2.709(eb)-2.709 G .209 +(ound to a string that is inserted when the k)-2.709 F .509 -.15(ey i) +-.1 H(s).15 E(pressed \(a)108 324 Q F2(macr)2.5 E(o)-.45 E F0(\).)A F1 +(Readline K)87 340.8 Q(ey Bindings)-.25 E F0 .366 +(The syntax for controlling k)108 352.8 R .666 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .366 +(indings in the).15 F F2(inputr)2.876 E(c)-.37 E F0 .366 +(\214le is simple.)3.176 F .366(All that is required is the name of the) +5.366 F .263(command or the te)108 364.8 R .264(xt of a macro and a k) +-.15 F .564 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .264(equence to which it should be bound.) +.15 F .264(The name may be speci-)5.264 F .139(\214ed in one of tw)108 +376.8 R 2.638(ow)-.1 G .138(ays: as a symbolic k)-2.738 F .438 -.15 +(ey n)-.1 H .138(ame, possibly with).15 F F2(Meta\255)2.638 E F0(or) +2.638 E F2(Contr)2.638 E(ol\255)-.45 E F0(pre\214x)2.638 E .138 +(es, or as a k)-.15 F .438 -.15(ey s)-.1 H(e-).15 E(quence.)108 388.8 Q +.16(When using the form)108 405.6 R F1 -.1(ke)2.66 G(yname).1 E F0(:)A +F2(function\255name).833 E F0(or)2.66 E F2(macr)2.66 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A +F2 -.1(ke)2.66 G(yname)-.2 E F0 .161(is the name of a k)2.84 F .461 -.15 +(ey s)-.1 H .161(pelled out in Eng-).15 F 2.5(lish. F)108 417.6 R(or e) +-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E(Control-u: uni)144 441.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(Meta-Rubout: backw)144 453.6 Q +(ard-kill-w)-.1 E(ord)-.1 E(Control-o: "> output")144 465.6 Q .699 +(In the abo)108 482.4 R .998 -.15(ve ex)-.15 H(ample,).15 E F2(C\255u) +3.038 E F0 .698(is bound to the function)3.448 F F1(uni)3.198 E -.1(ve) +-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(,)A F2(M\255DEL)3.878 E F0 .698 +(is bound to the func-)3.728 F(tion)108 494.4 Q F1 +(backward\255kill\255w)2.758 E(ord)-.1 E F0 2.758(,a)C(nd)-2.758 E F2 +(C\255o)2.598 E F0 .258(is bound to run the macro e)2.938 F .259 +(xpressed on the right hand side \(that is, to)-.15 F(insert the te)108 +506.4 Q(xt)-.15 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF 6(>o)2.5 G(utput)-6 E F0 +(into the line\).)2.5 E .056(In the second form,)108 523.2 R F1("k)2.556 +E(eyseq")-.1 E F0(:)A F2(function\255name).833 E F0(or)2.556 E F2(macr) +2.556 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A F1 -.1(ke)2.556 G(yseq).1 E F0(dif)2.555 E .055 +(fers from)-.25 F F1 -.1(ke)2.555 G(yname).1 E F0(abo)2.555 E .355 -.15 +(ve i)-.15 H 2.555(nt).15 G .055(hat strings)-2.555 F 1.284 +(denoting an entire k)108 535.2 R 1.584 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.284(equence m\ +ay be speci\214ed by placing the sequence within double quotes.).15 F +(Some)6.284 E .386(GNU Emacs style k)108 547.2 R .686 -.15(ey e)-.1 H +.385(scapes can be used, as in the follo).15 F .385(wing e)-.25 F .385 +(xample, b)-.15 F .385(ut the symbolic character names)-.2 F +(are not recognized.)108 559.2 Q("\\C\255u": uni)144 583.2 Q -.15(ve) +-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E +("\\C\255x\\C\255r": re\255read\255init\255\214le)144 595.2 Q +("\\e[11~": "Function K)144 607.2 Q .3 -.15(ey 1)-.25 H(").15 E .314 +(In this e)108 624 R(xample,)-.15 E F2(C\255u)2.654 E F0 .314(is ag) +3.064 F .315(ain bound to the function)-.05 F F1(uni)2.815 E -.1(ve)-.1 +G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(.)A F2 .315(C\255x C\255r)5.155 F F0 +.315(is bound to the func-)3.545 F(tion)108 636 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G +.18 E(ead\255init\255\214le)-.18 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F2(ESC [ 1 1 ~) +3.01 E F0(is bound to insert the te)3.94 E(xt)-.15 E F4(Function Key 1) +2.5 E F0(.)A(The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is)108 +652.8 Q F1<5c43ad>144 664.8 Q F0(control pre\214x)180 664.8 Q F1<5c4dad> +144 676.8 Q F0(meta pre\214x)180 676.8 Q F1(\\e)144 688.8 Q F0 +(an escape character)180 688.8 Q F1(\\\\)144 700.8 Q F0(backslash)180 +700.8 Q F1(\\")144 712.8 Q F0(literal ")180 712.8 Q(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 +Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(42)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 43 43 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF<5c08>144 84 Q F0(literal \010)180 84 Q(In addition to the GNU Emacs \ +style escape sequences, a second set of backslash escapes is a)108 100.8 +Q -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F1(\\a)144 112.8 Q F0(alert \(bell\))180 +112.8 Q F1(\\b)144 124.8 Q F0(backspace)180 124.8 Q F1(\\d)144 136.8 Q +F0(delete)180 136.8 Q F1(\\f)144 148.8 Q F0(form feed)180 148.8 Q F1 +(\\n)144 160.8 Q F0(ne)180 160.8 Q(wline)-.25 E F1(\\r)144 172.8 Q F0 +(carriage return)180 172.8 Q F1(\\t)144 184.8 Q F0(horizontal tab)180 +184.8 Q F1(\\v)144 196.8 Q F0 -.15(ve)180 196.8 S(rtical tab).15 E F1 +(\\)144 208.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(nnn)A F0 +(the eight-bit character whose v)180 208.8 Q(alue is the octal v)-.25 E +(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0(\(one to three digits\))2.5 E F1(\\x)144 +220.8 Q F2(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 220.8 Q +(alue is the he)-.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0 +(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E 1.142 +(When entering the te)108 237.6 R 1.141(xt of a macro, single or double\ + quotes must be used to indicate a macro de\214nition.)-.15 F .089 +(Unquoted te)108 249.6 R .089(xt is assumed to be a function name.)-.15 +F .09(In the macro body)5.089 F 2.59(,t)-.65 G .09 +(he backslash escapes described abo)-2.59 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(are e)108 +261.6 Q 2.5(xpanded. Backslash)-.15 F(will quote an)2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G +(ther character in the macro te)-2.5 E(xt, including " and \010.)-.15 E +F1(Bash)108 278.4 Q F0(allo)2.93 E .43(ws the current readline k)-.25 F +.73 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .429(indings to be displayed or modi\214ed with the) +.15 F F1(bind)2.929 E F0 -.2(bu)2.929 G .429(iltin command.).2 F .045 +(The editing mode may be switched during interacti)108 290.4 R .345 -.15 +(ve u)-.25 H .046(se by using the).15 F F12.546 E F0 .046 +(option to the)2.546 F F1(set)2.546 E F0 -.2(bu)2.546 G .046 +(iltin command).2 F(\(see)108 302.4 Q/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E +(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1 +(Readline V)87 319.2 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0 .044(Readline has v)108 331.2 +R .043(ariables that can be used to further customize its beha)-.25 F +(vior)-.2 E 5.043(.A)-.55 G -.25(va)-2.5 G .043 +(riable may be set in the).25 F F2(inpu-)2.553 E(tr)108 343.2 Q(c)-.37 E +F0(\214le with a statement of the form)2.81 E F1(set)144 360 Q F2 +(variable\255name value)2.5 E F0(or using the)108 372 Q F1(bind)2.5 E F0 +-.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command \(see).2 E F3(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E +(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E .79 +(Except where noted, readline v)108 388.8 R .79(ariables can tak)-.25 F +3.29(et)-.1 G .79(he v)-3.29 F(alues)-.25 E F1(On)3.29 E F0(or)3.29 E F1 +(Off)3.29 E F0 .79(\(without re)3.29 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .79(rd to case\).) +.05 F(Unrecog-)5.79 E .449(nized v)108 400.8 R .448 +(ariable names are ignored.)-.25 F .448(When a v)5.448 F .448(ariable v) +-.25 F .448(alue is read, empty or null v)-.25 F .448 +(alues, "on" \(case-insensi-)-.25 F(ti)108 412.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .467 +(\), and "1" are equi).15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F1(On) +2.968 E F0 5.468(.A)C .468(ll other v)-5.468 F .468(alues are equi)-.25 +F -.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F1(Off)2.968 E F0 5.468(.T)C .468 +(he v)-5.468 F .468(ariables and their def)-.25 F(ault)-.1 E -.25(va)108 +424.8 S(lues are:).25 E F1(acti)108 441.6 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G.1 E +(egion\255start\255color)-.18 E F0 2.73(As)144 453.6 S .23(tring v)-2.73 +F .23(ariable that controls the te)-.25 F .229 +(xt color and background when displaying the te)-.15 F .229 +(xt in the acti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(re)144 465.6 Q 1.526 +(gion \(see the description of)-.15 F F1(enable\255acti)4.026 E -.1(ve) +-.1 G.1 E(egion)-.18 E F0(belo)4.026 E 4.026(w\). This)-.25 F +1.526(string must not tak)4.026 F 4.027(eu)-.1 G 4.027(pa)-4.027 G -.15 +(ny)-4.027 G(ph)144 477.6 Q .284 +(ysical character positions on the display)-.05 F 2.784(,s)-.65 G 2.784 +(oi)-2.784 G 2.784(ts)-2.784 G .283 +(hould consist only of terminal escape sequences.)-2.784 F .45 +(It is output to the terminal before displaying the te)144 489.6 R .45 +(xt in the acti)-.15 F .75 -.15(ve r)-.25 H -.15(eg).15 G 2.95 +(ion. This).15 F -.25(va)2.95 G .45(riable is reset to).25 F .379 +(the def)144 501.6 R .379(ault v)-.1 F .379(alue whene)-.25 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G 2.879(rt).15 G .379(he terminal type changes.)-2.879 F .379 +(The def)5.379 F .379(ault v)-.1 F .378 +(alue is the string that puts the)-.25 F .654 +(terminal in standout mode, as obtained from the terminal')144 513.6 R +3.155(st)-.55 G .655(erminfo description.)-3.155 F 3.155(As)5.655 G .655 +(ample v)-3.155 F(alue)-.25 E(might be)144 525.6 Q/F4 10/Courier@0 SF +("\\e[01;33m")2.5 E F0(.)A F1(acti)108 537.6 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G.1 E +(egion\255end\255color)-.18 E F0 3.909(As)144 549.6 S 1.409(tring v) +-3.909 F 1.408(ariable that "undoes" the ef)-.25 F 1.408(fects of)-.25 F +F1(acti)3.908 E -.1(ve)-.1 G.1 E(egion\255start\255color)-.18 E F0 +1.408(and restores "normal")3.908 F .216 +(terminal display appearance after displaying te)144 561.6 R .216 +(xt in the acti)-.15 F .516 -.15(ve r)-.25 H -.15(eg).15 G 2.716 +(ion. This).15 F .216(string must not tak)2.716 F 2.716(eu)-.1 G(p) +-2.716 E(an)144 573.6 Q 3.738(yp)-.15 G -.05(hy)-3.738 G 1.238 +(sical character positions on the display).05 F 3.737(,s)-.65 G 3.737 +(oi)-3.737 G 3.737(ts)-3.737 G 1.237 +(hould consist only of terminal escape se-)-3.737 F 2.927(quences. It) +144 585.6 R .427(is output to the terminal after displaying the te)2.927 +F .428(xt in the acti)-.15 F .728 -.15(ve r)-.25 H -.15(eg).15 G 2.928 +(ion. This).15 F -.25(va)2.928 G .428(riable is).25 F .519 +(reset to the def)144 597.6 R .518(ault v)-.1 F .518(alue whene)-.25 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.018(rt).15 G .518(he terminal type changes.)-3.018 F +.518(The def)5.518 F .518(ault v)-.1 F .518(alue is the string that)-.25 +F .251(restores the terminal from standout mode, as obtained from the t\ +erminal')144 609.6 R 2.752(st)-.55 G .252(erminfo description.)-2.752 F +(A)5.252 E(sample v)144 621.6 Q(alue might be)-.25 E F4("\\e[0m")2.5 E +F0(.)A F1(bell\255style \(audible\))108 633.6 Q F0 .011 +(Controls what happens when readline w)144 645.6 R .011 +(ants to ring the terminal bell.)-.1 F .01(If set to)5.01 F F1(none)2.51 +E F0 2.51(,r)C .01(eadline ne)-2.51 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E .94 +(rings the bell.)144 657.6 R .94(If set to)5.94 F F1(visible)3.44 E F0 +3.44(,r)C .94(eadline uses a visible bell if one is a)-3.44 F -.25(va) +-.2 G 3.44(ilable. If).25 F .94(set to)3.44 F F1(audible)3.44 E F0(,)A +(readline attempts to ring the terminal')144 669.6 Q 2.5(sb)-.55 G(ell.) +-2.5 E F1(bind\255tty\255special\255chars \(On\))108 681.6 Q F0 .056 +(If set to)144 693.6 R F1(On)2.556 E F0 2.556(,r)C .056(eadline attempt\ +s to bind the control characters treated specially by the k)-2.556 F +(ernel')-.1 E 2.555(st)-.55 G(ermi-)-2.555 E(nal dri)144 705.6 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 2.5(rt).15 G 2.5(ot)-2.5 G(heir readline equi)-2.5 E -.25(va) +-.25 G(lents.).25 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E +(43)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 44 44 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(blink\255matching\255par)108 84 Q(en \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .21(If set to) +144 96 R F1(On)2.71 E F0 2.71(,r)C .21(eadline attempts to brie\215y mo) +-2.71 F .51 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .21 +(he cursor to an opening parenthesis when a closing).15 F +(parenthesis is inserted.)144 108 Q F1(color)108 120 Q +(ed\255completion\255pr)-.18 E(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .515(If set to) +144 132 R F1(On)3.015 E F0 3.015(,w)C .515(hen listing completions, rea\ +dline displays the common pre\214x of the set of possible)-3.015 F 2.935 +(completions using a dif)144 144 R 2.935(ferent color)-.25 F 7.936(.T) +-.55 G 2.936(he color de\214nitions are tak)-7.936 F 2.936 +(en from the v)-.1 F 2.936(alue of the)-.25 F F1(LS_COLORS)144 156 Q F0 +(en)3.077 E .577(vironment v)-.4 F 3.077(ariable. If)-.25 F .577 +(there is a color de\214nition in)3.077 F F1($LS_COLORS)3.077 E F0 .577 +(for the cus-)3.077 F .134(tom suf)144 168 R .135(\214x "readline-color\ +ed-completion-pre\214x", readline uses this color for the common pre\ +\214x in-)-.25 F(stead of its def)144 180 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(color)108 192 +Q(ed\255stats \(Off\))-.18 E F0 1.58(If set to)144 204 R F1(On)4.08 E F0 +4.08(,r)C 1.579(eadline displays possible completions using dif)-4.08 F +1.579(ferent colors to indicate their \214le)-.25 F 2.5(type. The)144 +216 R(color de\214nitions are tak)2.5 E(en from the v)-.1 E(alue of the) +-.25 E F1(LS_COLORS)2.5 E F0(en)2.5 E(vironment v)-.4 E(ariable.)-.25 E +F1(comment\255begin \(`)108 228 Q(`#')-.63 E('\))-.63 E F0 .884 +(The string that is inserted when the readline)144 240 R F1 +(insert\255comment)3.385 E F0 .885(command is e)3.385 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +3.385(cuted. This).15 F(com-)3.385 E(mand is bound to)144 252 Q F1 +(M\255#)2.5 E F0(in emacs mode and to)2.5 E F1(#)2.5 E F0 +(in vi command mode.)2.5 E F1(completion\255display\255width \(\2551\)) +108 264 Q F0 1.453(The number of screen columns used to display possibl\ +e matches when performing completion.)144 276 R .193(The v)144 288 R +.193(alue is ignored if it is less than 0 or greater than the terminal \ +screen width.)-.25 F 2.694(Av)5.194 G .194(alue of 0 will)-2.944 F +(cause matches to be displayed one per line.)144 300 Q(The def)5 E +(ault v)-.1 E(alue is \2551.)-.25 E F1(completion\255ignor)108 312 Q +(e\255case \(Off\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 324 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,r)C +(eadline performs \214lename matching and completion in a case\255insen\ +siti)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.25 H(ashion.).05 E F1 +(completion\255map\255case \(Off\))108 336 Q F0 .094(If set to)144 348 R +F1(On)2.593 E F0 2.593(,a)C(nd)-2.593 E F1(completion\255ignor)2.593 E +(e\255case)-.18 E F0 .093(is enabled, readline treats h)2.593 F .093 +(yphens \()-.05 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SFA F0 2.593(\)a)C .093 +(nd underscores)-2.593 F(\()144 360 Q F2(_)A F0 2.5(\)a)C 2.5(se)-2.5 G +(qui)-2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent when performing case\255insensiti).25 E +.3 -.15(ve \214)-.25 H(lename matching and completion.).15 E F1 +(completion\255pr)108 372 Q(e\214x\255display\255length \(0\))-.18 E F0 +.829(The length in characters of the common pre\214x of a list of possi\ +ble completions that is displayed)144 384 R 1.275 +(without modi\214cation.)144 396 R 1.275(When set to a v)6.275 F 1.274 +(alue greater than zero, common pre\214x)-.25 F 1.274 +(es longer than this)-.15 F -.25(va)144 408 S(lue are replaced with an \ +ellipsis when displaying possible completions.).25 E F1 +(completion\255query\255items \(100\))108 420 Q F0 .529 +(This determines when the user is queried about vie)144 432 R .53 +(wing the number of possible completions gen-)-.25 F .561(erated by the) +144 444 R F1(possible\255completions)3.061 E F0 3.061(command. It)3.061 +F .561(may be set to an)3.061 F 3.06(yi)-.15 G(nte)-3.06 E .56(ger v) +-.15 F .56(alue greater than or)-.25 F .782(equal to zero.)144 456 R +.783(If the number of possible completions is greater than or equal to \ +the v)5.782 F .783(alue of this)-.25 F -.25(va)144 468 S .368 +(riable, readline will ask whether or not the user wishes to vie).25 F +2.867(wt)-.25 G .367(hem; otherwise the)-2.867 F 2.867(ya)-.15 G .367 +(re simply)-2.867 F .672(listed on the terminal.)144 480 R 3.172(Az) +5.672 G .673(ero v)-3.172 F .673(alue means readline should ne)-.25 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.173(ra).15 G .673(sk; ne)-3.173 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 +E .973 -.15(ve v)-.25 H .673(alues are treated)-.1 F(as zero.)144 492 Q +F1(con)108 504 Q -.1(ve)-.4 G(rt\255meta \(On\)).1 E F0 .613(If set to) +144 516 R F1(On)3.113 E F0 3.113(,r)C .613(eadline will con)-3.113 F +-.15(ve)-.4 G .613(rt characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII k) +.15 F .912 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .612(equence by).15 F .541 +(stripping the eighth bit and pre\214xing an escape character \(in ef) +144 528 R .541(fect, using escape as the)-.25 F F2 .542(meta pr)3.042 F +(e-)-.37 E<8c78>144 540 Q F0 3.751(\). The)B(def)3.751 E 1.251(ault is) +-.1 F F2(On)3.751 E F0 3.751(,b)C 1.251(ut readline will set it to) +-3.951 F F2(Of)3.75 E(f)-.18 E F0 1.25 +(if the locale contains eight-bit characters.)3.75 F 1.141(This v)144 +552 R 1.141(ariable is dependent on the)-.25 F F1(LC_CTYPE)3.641 E F0 +1.141(locale cate)3.641 F(gory)-.15 E 3.641(,a)-.65 G 1.142 +(nd may change if the locale is)-3.641 F(changed.)144 564 Q F1 +(disable\255completion \(Off\))108 576 Q F0 .038(If set to)144 588 R F1 +(On)2.538 E F0 2.538(,r)C .038(eadline will inhibit w)-2.538 F .038 +(ord completion.)-.1 F .038 +(Completion characters will be inserted into the)5.038 F(line as if the) +144 600 Q 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad been mapped to)-2.5 E F1(self-insert)2.5 E F0 +(.)A F1(echo\255contr)108 612 Q(ol\255characters \(On\))-.18 E F0 1.21 +(When set to)144 624 R F1(On)3.71 E F0 3.71(,o)C 3.71(no)-3.71 G 1.211 +(perating systems that indicate the)-3.71 F 3.711(ys)-.15 G 1.211 +(upport it, readline echoes a character)-3.711 F +(corresponding to a signal generated from the k)144 636 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G +(board.).15 E F1(editing\255mode \(emacs\))108 648 Q F0 .142 +(Controls whether readline be)144 660 R .141(gins with a set of k)-.15 F +.441 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .141(indings similar to).15 F F2(Emacs)2.641 E F0 +(or)2.641 E F2(vi)2.641 E F0(.)A F1(editing\255mode)5.141 E F0 +(can be set to either)144 672 Q F1(emacs)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(vi)2.5 E +F0(.)A F1(emacs\255mode\255string \(@\))108 684 Q F0 .517(If the)144 696 +R F2(show\255mode\255in\255pr)3.017 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 -.25(va)3.017 G +.518(riable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the) +.25 F .622 +(last line of the primary prompt when emacs editing mode is acti)144 708 +R -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.622(.T).15 G .622(he v)-5.622 F .621(alue is e)-.25 F +.621(xpanded lik)-.15 F 3.121(ea)-.1 G -.1(ke)144 720 S 3.339(yb)-.05 G +.839(inding, so the standard set of meta- and control pre\214x)-3.339 F +.84(es and backslash escape sequences is)-.15 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q +(2022 September 19)135.955 E(44)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 45 45 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.2(av)144 84 S +2.798(ailable. Use)-.05 F .298(the \\1 and \\2 escapes to be)2.798 F +.298(gin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which)-.15 F +(can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.) +144 96 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(enable\255acti)108 108 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G +.1 E(egion \(On\))-.18 E F0(The)144 120 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(point)3.245 E F0 .746(is the current cursor position, and)3.245 F F2 +(mark)3.246 E F0 .746(refers to a sa)3.246 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.246(dc).15 +G .746(ursor position.)-3.246 F .746(The te)5.746 F .746(xt be-)-.15 F +.344(tween the point and mark is referred to as the)144 132 R F2 -.37 +(re)2.844 G(gion)-.03 E F0 5.344(.W)C .344(hen this v)-5.344 F .344 +(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(On)2.844 E F0 2.844(,r)C .344(eadline al-) +-2.844 F(lo)144 144 Q .098(ws certain commands to designate the re)-.25 +F .098(gion as)-.15 F F2(active)2.598 E F0 5.098(.W)C .098(hen the re) +-5.098 F .098(gion is acti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.598(,r).15 G .098 +(eadline high-)-2.598 F .971(lights the te)144 156 R .971(xt in the re) +-.15 F .971(gion using the v)-.15 F .971(alue of the)-.25 F F1(acti)3.47 +E -.1(ve)-.1 G.1 E(egion\255start\255color)-.18 E F0 3.47(,w)C .97 +(hich def)-3.47 F .97(aults to)-.1 F .484 +(the string that enables the terminal')144 168 R 2.985(ss)-.55 G .485 +(tandout mode.)-2.985 F .485(The acti)5.485 F .785 -.15(ve r)-.25 H -.15 +(eg).15 G .485(ion sho).15 F .485(ws the te)-.25 F .485(xt inserted by) +-.15 F(brack)144 180 Q(eted-paste and an)-.1 E 2.5(ym)-.15 G(atching te) +-2.5 E(xt found by incremental and non-incremental history searches.) +-.15 E F1(enable\255brack)108 192 Q(eted\255paste \(On\))-.1 E F0 .841 +(When set to)144 204 R F1(On)3.341 E F0 3.341(,r)C .841(eadline con\214\ +gures the terminal to insert each paste into the editing b)-3.341 F(uf) +-.2 E .84(fer as a)-.25 F .799(single string of characters, instead of \ +treating each character as if it had been read from the k)144 216 R -.15 +(ey)-.1 G(-).15 E 3.159(board. This)144 228 R(pre)3.159 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +.659(nts readline from e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .659(cuting an).15 F 3.158 +(ye)-.15 G .658(diting commands bound to k)-3.158 F .958 -.15(ey s)-.1 H +.658(equences ap-).15 F(pearing in the pasted te)144 240 Q(xt.)-.15 E F1 +(enable\255k)108 252 Q(eypad \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .892(When set to)144 264 R +F1(On)3.393 E F0 3.393(,r)C .893 +(eadline will try to enable the application k)-3.393 F -.15(ey)-.1 G +.893(pad when it is called.).15 F .893(Some sys-)5.893 F +(tems need this to enable the arro)144 276 Q 2.5(wk)-.25 G -.15(ey)-2.6 +G(s.).15 E F1(enable\255meta\255k)108 288 Q(ey \(On\))-.1 E F0 .64 +(When set to)144 300 R F1(On)3.14 E F0 3.14(,r)C .64 +(eadline will try to enable an)-3.14 F 3.14(ym)-.15 G .64 +(eta modi\214er k)-3.14 F .94 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .64 +(he terminal claims to support).15 F(when it is called.)144 312 Q +(On man)5 E 2.5(yt)-.15 G(erminals, the meta k)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ey i)-.1 H +2.5(su).15 G(sed to send eight-bit characters.)-2.5 E F1 +(expand\255tilde \(Off\))108 324 Q F0(If set to)144 336 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 +2.5(,t)C(ilde e)-2.5 E(xpansion is performed when readline attempts w) +-.15 E(ord completion.)-.1 E F1(history\255pr)108 348 Q(eser)-.18 E -.1 +(ve)-.1 G(\255point \(Off\)).1 E F0 .552(If set to)144 360 R F1(On)3.052 +E F0 3.052(,t)C .552(he history code attempts to place point at the sam\ +e location on each history line re-)-3.052 F(trie)144 372 Q -.15(ve)-.25 +G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(pr)2.5 E -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious-history).15 E +F0(or)2.5 E F1(next-history)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(history\255size \(unset\)) +108 384 Q F0 .949(Set the maximum number of history entries sa)144 396 R +-.15(ve)-.2 G 3.448(di).15 G 3.448(nt)-3.448 G .948(he history list.) +-3.448 F .948(If set to zero, an)5.948 F 3.448(ye)-.15 G(xisting)-3.598 +E .482(history entries are deleted and no ne)144 408 R 2.982(we)-.25 G +.483(ntries are sa)-2.982 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.983(d. If).15 F .483 +(set to a v)2.983 F .483(alue less than zero, the num-)-.25 F .278 +(ber of history entries is not limited.)144 420 R .277(By def)5.278 F +.277(ault, the number of history entries is set to the v)-.1 F .277 +(alue of)-.25 F(the)144 432 Q F1(HISTSIZE)3.41 E F0 .91(shell v)3.41 F +3.41(ariable. If)-.25 F .911(an attempt is made to set)3.41 F F2 +(history\255size)3.411 E F0 .911(to a non-numeric v)3.411 F(alue,)-.25 E +(the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500.)144 444 Q F1 +(horizontal\255scr)108 456 Q(oll\255mode \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .449 +(When set to)144 468 R F1(On)2.949 E F0 2.949(,m)C(ak)-2.949 E .448 +(es readline use a single line for display)-.1 F 2.948(,s)-.65 G .448 +(crolling the input horizontally on a)-2.948 F 1.194(single screen line\ + when it becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a\ + ne)144 480 R(w)-.25 E 2.5(line. This)144 492 R +(setting is automatically enabled for terminals of height 1.)2.5 E F1 +(input\255meta \(Off\))108 504 Q F0 1.062(If set to)144 516 R F1(On) +3.562 E F0 3.562(,r)C 1.061(eadline will enable eight-bit input \(that \ +is, it will not strip the eighth bit from the)-3.562 F .335 +(characters it reads\), re)144 528 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .335 +(rdless of what the terminal claims it can support.).05 F .336(The name) +5.336 F F1(meta\255\215ag)2.836 E F0(is)2.836 E 2.865(as)144 540 S(ynon) +-2.865 E .365(ym for this v)-.15 F 2.864(ariable. The)-.25 F(def)2.864 E +.364(ault is)-.1 F F2(Of)2.864 E(f)-.18 E F0 2.864(,b)C .364 +(ut readline will set it to)-3.064 F F2(On)2.864 E F0 .364 +(if the locale contains)2.864 F 1.866(eight-bit characters.)144 552 R +1.866(This v)6.866 F 1.867(ariable is dependent on the)-.25 F F1 +(LC_CTYPE)4.367 E F0 1.867(locale cate)4.367 F(gory)-.15 E 4.367(,a)-.65 +G 1.867(nd may)-4.367 F(change if the locale is changed.)144 564 Q F1 +(isear)108 576 Q(ch\255terminators \(`)-.18 E(`C\255[C\255J')-.63 E('\)) +-.63 E F0 .439(The string of characters that should terminate an increm\ +ental search without subsequently e)144 588 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E +.934(ing the character as a command.)144 600 R .935(If this v)5.935 F +.935(ariable has not been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.435(nav).15 G .935 +(alue, the characters)-3.685 F F2(ESC)3.435 E F0(and)144 612 Q F2 +(C\255J)2.5 E F0(will terminate an incremental search.)2.5 E F1 -.1(ke) +108 624 S(ymap \(emacs\)).1 E F0 2.021(Set the current readline k)144 +636 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 4.521(map. The).15 F 2.021(set of v)4.521 F 2.021 +(alid k)-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.021(map names is).15 F F2 2.02 +(emacs, emacs\255standar)4.52 F(d,)-.37 E .041 +(emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255command)144 648 R F0 2.542(,a)C +(nd)-2.542 E F2(vi\255insert)2.832 E F0(.).68 E F2(vi)5.042 E F0 .042 +(is equi)2.542 F -.25(va)-.25 G .042(lent to).25 F F2(vi\255command) +2.542 E F0(;)A F2(emacs)2.542 E F0 .449(is equi)144 660 R -.25(va)-.25 G +.449(lent to).25 F F2(emacs\255standar)2.949 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.449(.T)C +.449(he def)-5.449 F .449(ault v)-.1 F .449(alue is)-.25 F F2(emacs) +3.139 E F0 2.948(;t).27 G .448(he v)-2.948 F .448(alue of)-.25 F F1 +(editing\255mode)2.948 E F0 .448(also af-)2.948 F(fects the def)144 672 +Q(ault k)-.1 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(map.).15 E F1 -.1(ke)108 684 S +(yseq\255timeout \(500\)).1 E F0 .367(Speci\214es the duration)144 696 R +F2 -.37(re)2.867 G(adline).37 E F0 .367(will w)2.867 F .367 +(ait for a character when reading an ambiguous k)-.1 F .668 -.15(ey s) +-.1 H(equence).15 E .525(\(one that can form a complete k)144 708 R .825 +-.15(ey s)-.1 H .524(equence using the input read so f).15 F(ar)-.1 E +3.024(,o)-.4 G 3.024(rc)-3.024 G .524(an tak)-3.024 F 3.024(ea)-.1 G +.524(dditional in-)-3.024 F .806(put to complete a longer k)144 720 R +1.106 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 3.306(equence\). If).15 F .806(no input is recei) +3.306 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.306(dw).15 G .807(ithin the timeout,)-3.306 F +F2 -.37(re)3.307 G(adline).37 E F0(will)3.307 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q +(2022 September 19)135.955 E(45)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 46 46 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .907 +(use the shorter b)144 84 R .907(ut complete k)-.2 F 1.207 -.15(ey s)-.1 +H 3.407(equence. The).15 F -.25(va)3.407 G .907 +(lue is speci\214ed in milliseconds, so a v).25 F .906(alue of)-.25 F +.05(1000 means that)144 96 R/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.37(re)2.55 G +(adline).37 E F0 .05(will w)2.55 F .05 +(ait one second for additional input.)-.1 F .05(If this v)5.05 F .05 +(ariable is set to a v)-.25 F(alue)-.25 E .051 +(less than or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric v)144 108 R(alue,)-.25 +E F1 -.37(re)2.551 G(adline).37 E F0 .051(will w)2.551 F .051 +(ait until another k)-.1 F .351 -.15(ey i)-.1 H 2.551(sp).15 G(ressed) +-2.551 E(to decide which k)144 120 Q .3 -.15(ey s)-.1 H +(equence to complete.).15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(mark\255dir)108 132 Q +(ectories \(On\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 144 Q F2(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,c)C +(ompleted directory names ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a s)-.2 H(lash appended.) +.15 E F2(mark\255modi\214ed\255lines \(Off\))108 156 Q F0(If set to)144 +168 Q F2(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,h)C(istory lines that ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve b) +-.2 H(een modi\214ed are displayed with a preceding asterisk \().15 E F2 +(*)A F0(\).)A F2(mark\255symlink)108 180 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E +(ectories \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .175(If set to)144 192 R F2(On)2.675 E F0 +2.675(,c)C .175 +(ompleted names which are symbolic links to directories ha)-2.675 F .475 +-.15(ve a s)-.2 H .175(lash appended \(sub-).15 F(ject to the v)144 204 +Q(alue of)-.25 E F2(mark\255dir)2.5 E(ectories)-.18 E F0(\).)A F2 +(match\255hidden\255\214les \(On\))108 216 Q F0 .193(This v)144 228 R +.193(ariable, when set to)-.25 F F2(On)2.693 E F0 2.693(,c)C .192 +(auses readline to match \214les whose names be)-2.693 F .192 +(gin with a `.)-.15 F 2.692('\()-.7 G(hidden)-2.692 E .456 +(\214les\) when performing \214lename completion.)144 240 R .456 +(If set to)5.456 F F2(Off)2.956 E F0 2.956(,t)C .456(he leading `.) +-2.956 F 2.956('m)-.7 G .457(ust be supplied by the)-2.956 F +(user in the \214lename to be completed.)144 252 Q F2 +(menu\255complete\255display\255pr)108 264 Q(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F0 +1.586(If set to)144 276 R F2(On)4.086 E F0 4.086(,m)C 1.585(enu complet\ +ion displays the common pre\214x of the list of possible completions) +-4.086 F(\(which may be empty\) before c)144 288 Q +(ycling through the list.)-.15 E F2(output\255meta \(Off\))108 300 Q F0 +.506(If set to)144 312 R F2(On)3.006 E F0 3.006(,r)C .507(eadline will \ +display characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a me\ +ta-)-3.006 F(pre\214x)144 324 Q .885(ed escape sequence.)-.15 F .884 +(The def)5.884 F .884(ault is)-.1 F F1(Of)3.384 E(f)-.18 E F0 3.384(,b)C +.884(ut readline will set it to)-3.584 F F1(On)3.384 E F0 .884 +(if the locale contains)3.384 F 1.866(eight-bit characters.)144 336 R +1.866(This v)6.866 F 1.867(ariable is dependent on the)-.25 F F2 +(LC_CTYPE)4.367 E F0 1.867(locale cate)4.367 F(gory)-.15 E 4.367(,a)-.65 +G 1.867(nd may)-4.367 F(change if the locale is changed.)144 348 Q F2 +(page\255completions \(On\))108 360 Q F0 .809(If set to)144 372 R F2(On) +3.308 E F0 3.308(,r)C .808(eadline uses an internal)-3.308 F F1(mor) +3.308 E(e)-.37 E F0(-lik)A 3.308(ep)-.1 G .808 +(ager to display a screenful of possible comple-)-3.308 F +(tions at a time.)144 384 Q F2 +(print\255completions\255horizontally \(Off\))108 396 Q F0 .227 +(If set to)144 408 R F2(On)2.727 E F0 2.727(,r)C .227(eadline will disp\ +lay completions with matches sorted horizontally in alphabetical or) +-2.727 F(-)-.2 E(der)144 420 Q 2.5(,r)-.4 G(ather than do)-2.5 E +(wn the screen.)-.25 E F2 -2.29 -.18(re v)108 432 T +(ert\255all\255at\255newline \(Off\)).08 E F0 .699(If set to)144 444 R +F2(On)3.199 E F0 3.199(,r)C .699 +(eadline will undo all changes to history lines before returning when) +-3.199 F F2(accept\255line)3.198 E F0(is)3.198 E -.15(exe)144 456 S +2.686(cuted. By).15 F(def)2.686 E .186 +(ault, history lines may be modi\214ed and retain indi)-.1 F .186 +(vidual undo lists across calls to)-.25 F F2 -.18(re)144 468 S(adline) +.18 E F0(.)A F2(sho)108 480 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous \(Off\))-.1 E +F0 .304(This alters the def)144 492 R .304(ault beha)-.1 F .304 +(vior of the completion functions.)-.2 F .304(If set to)5.304 F F2(On) +2.804 E F0 2.803(,w)C .303(ords which ha)-2.903 F .603 -.15(ve m)-.2 H +(ore).15 E 1.264(than one possible completion cause the matches to be l\ +isted immediately instead of ringing the)144 504 R(bell.)144 516 Q F2 +(sho)108 528 Q(w\255all\255if\255unmodi\214ed \(Off\))-.1 E F0 5.346 +(This alters the def)144 540 R 5.346(ault beha)-.1 F 5.345 +(vior of the completion functions in a f)-.2 F 5.345(ashion similar to) +-.1 F F2(sho)144 552 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous)-.1 E F0 6.69(.I)C +4.19(fs)-6.69 G 1.691(et to)-4.19 F F2(On)4.191 E F0 4.191(,w)C 1.691 +(ords which ha)-4.291 F 1.991 -.15(ve m)-.2 H 1.691 +(ore than one possible completion).15 F 1.04(without an)144 564 R 3.54 +(yp)-.15 G 1.039 +(ossible partial completion \(the possible completions don')-3.54 F +3.539(ts)-.18 G 1.039(hare a common pre\214x\))-3.539 F(cause the match\ +es to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.)144 576 Q F2 +(sho)108 588 Q(w\255mode\255in\255pr)-.1 E(ompt \(Off\))-.18 E F0 1.021 +(If set to)144 600 R F2(On)3.521 E F0 3.521(,a)C 1.022 +(dd a string to the be)-3.521 F 1.022 +(ginning of the prompt indicating the editing mode: emacs, vi)-.15 F +(command, or vi insertion.)144 612 Q(The mode strings are user)5 E +(-settable \(e.g.,)-.2 E F1(emacs\255mode\255string)2.5 E F0(\).)A F2 +(skip\255completed\255text \(Off\))108 624 Q F0 .095(If set to)144 636 R +F2(On)2.595 E F0 2.595(,t)C .095(his alters the def)-2.595 F .095 +(ault completion beha)-.1 F .094 +(vior when inserting a single match into the line.)-.2 F(It')144 648 Q +2.545(so)-.55 G .045(nly acti)-2.545 F .345 -.15(ve w)-.25 H .046 +(hen performing completion in the middle of a w).15 F 2.546(ord. If)-.1 +F .046(enabled, readline does not)2.546 F 1.394(insert characters from \ +the completion that match characters after point in the w)144 660 R +1.394(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, so portions of the w)144 672 Q +(ord follo)-.1 E(wing the cursor are not duplicated.)-.25 E F2 +(vi\255cmd\255mode\255string \(\(cmd\)\))108 684 Q F0 .517(If the)144 +696 R F1(show\255mode\255in\255pr)3.017 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 -.25(va)3.017 G +.518(riable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the) +.25 F .475(last line of the primary prompt when vi editing mode is acti) +144 708 R .775 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .475(nd in command mode.).15 F .475 +(The v)5.475 F(alue)-.25 E 1.235(is e)144 720 R 1.235(xpanded lik)-.15 F +3.735(eak)-.1 G 1.535 -.15(ey b)-3.835 H 1.236 +(inding, so the standard set of meta- and control pre\214x).15 F 1.236 +(es and backslash)-.15 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 +E(46)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 47 47 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .315 +(escape sequences is a)144 84 R -.25(va)-.2 G 2.815(ilable. Use).25 F +.314(the \\1 and \\2 escapes to be)2.815 F .314 +(gin and end sequences of non-print-)-.15 F(ing characters, which can b\ +e used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.)144 96 +Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(vi\255ins\255mode\255string \(\(ins\)\))108 108 +Q F0 .517(If the)144 120 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(show\255mode\255in\255pr)3.017 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 -.25(va)3.017 G .518 +(riable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the).25 +F .186(last line of the primary prompt when vi editing mode is acti)144 +132 R .486 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .186(nd in insertion mode.).15 F .186(The v) +5.186 F .186(alue is)-.25 F -.15(ex)144 144 S .923(panded lik).15 F +3.423(eak)-.1 G 1.223 -.15(ey b)-3.523 H .924 +(inding, so the standard set of meta- and control pre\214x).15 F .924 +(es and backslash es-)-.15 F .245(cape sequences is a)144 156 R -.25(va) +-.2 G 2.745(ilable. Use).25 F .244(the \\1 and \\2 escapes to be)2.745 F +.244(gin and end sequences of non-printing)-.15 F(characters, which can\ + be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.)144 +168 Q F1(visible\255stats \(Off\))108 180 Q F0 .846(If set to)144 192 R +F1(On)3.346 E F0 3.346(,ac)C .846(haracter denoting a \214le')-3.346 F +3.346(st)-.55 G .846(ype as reported by)-3.346 F F2(stat)3.346 E F0 .846 +(\(2\) is appended to the \214lename)B +(when listing possible completions.)144 204 Q F1 +(Readline Conditional Constructs)87 220.8 Q F0 .05 +(Readline implements a f)108 232.8 R .05(acility similar in spirit to t\ +he conditional compilation features of the C preprocessor)-.1 F .096 +(which allo)108 244.8 R .096(ws k)-.25 F .396 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .096 +(indings and v).15 F .096 +(ariable settings to be performed as the result of tests.)-.25 F .097 +(There are four parser)5.096 F(directi)108 256.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(su).15 G(sed.)-2.5 E F1($if)108 273.6 Q F0(The)144 273.6 Q F1($if)2.963 +E F0 .463(construct allo)2.963 F .462(ws bindings to be made based on t\ +he editing mode, the terminal being used,)-.25 F +(or the application using readline.)144 285.6 Q(The te)5 E +(xt of the test, after an)-.15 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(omparison operator)-2.5 E +(,)-.4 E -.15(ex)146.5 297.6 S(tends to the end of the line; unless oth\ +erwise noted, no characters are required to isolate it.).15 E F1(mode) +144 314.4 Q F0(The)180 314.4 Q F1(mode=)3.711 E F0 1.211(form of the) +3.711 F F1($if)3.711 E F0(directi)3.711 E 1.511 -.15(ve i)-.25 H 3.711 +(su).15 G 1.211(sed to test whether readline is in emacs or vi)-3.711 F +3.065(mode. This)180 326.4 R .565(may be used in conjunction with the) +3.065 F F1 .565(set k)3.065 F(eymap)-.1 E F0 .565 +(command, for instance, to)3.065 F .735(set bindings in the)180 338.4 R +F2(emacs\255standar)3.235 E(d)-.37 E F0(and)3.235 E F2(emacs\255ctlx) +3.235 E F0 -.1(ke)3.235 G .735(ymaps only if readline is starting)-.05 F +(out in emacs mode.)180 350.4 Q F1(term)144 367.2 Q F0(The)180 367.2 Q +F1(term=)3.197 E F0 .696 +(form may be used to include terminal-speci\214c k)3.197 F .996 -.15 +(ey b)-.1 H .696(indings, perhaps to bind).15 F .654(the k)180 379.2 R +.954 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .654(equences output by the terminal').15 F 3.154 +(sf)-.55 G .654(unction k)-3.154 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 3.154(s. The).15 F -.1 +(wo)3.154 G .654(rd on the right side of).1 F(the)180 391.2 Q F1(=)3.232 +E F0 .732(is tested ag)3.232 F .732(ainst both the full name of the ter\ +minal and the portion of the terminal)-.05 F(name before the \214rst)180 +403.2 Q F12.5 E F0 5(.T)C(his allo)-5 E(ws)-.25 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0 +(to match both)2.74 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0(and)2.74 E F2(sun\255cmd)2.84 E +F0 2.5(,f).77 G(or instance.)-2.5 E F1 -.1(ve)144 420 S(rsion).1 E F0 +(The)180 432 Q F1 -.1(ve)3.108 G(rsion).1 E F0 .608 +(test may be used to perform comparisons ag)3.108 F .609 +(ainst speci\214c readline v)-.05 F(ersions.)-.15 E(The)180 444 Q F1 -.1 +(ve)2.772 G(rsion).1 E F0 -.15(ex)2.772 G .272 +(pands to the current readline v).15 F 2.771(ersion. The)-.15 F .271 +(set of comparison operators in-)2.771 F(cludes)180 456 Q F1(=)3.063 E +F0 3.063(,\()C(and)-3.063 E F1(==)3.063 E F0(\),)A F1(!=)3.063 E F0(,)A +F1(<=)3.063 E F0(,)A F1(>=)3.063 E F0(,)A F1(<)3.063 E F0 3.063(,a)C(nd) +-3.063 E F1(>)3.064 E F0 5.564(.T)C .564(he v)-5.564 F .564 +(ersion number supplied on the right side)-.15 F .318 +(of the operator consists of a major v)180 468 R .318(ersion number)-.15 +F 2.818(,a)-.4 G 2.818(no)-2.818 G .318 +(ptional decimal point, and an op-)-2.818 F .1(tional minor v)180 480 R +.1(ersion \(e.g.,)-.15 F F1(7.1)2.6 E F0 .1(\). If the minor v)B .101 +(ersion is omitted, it is assumed to be)-.15 F F1(0)2.601 E F0 5.101(.T) +C(he)-5.101 E .06(operator may be separated from the string)180 492 R F1 +-.1(ve)2.56 G(rsion).1 E F0 .06(and from the v)2.56 F .06 +(ersion number ar)-.15 F(gument)-.18 E(by whitespace.)180 504 Q F1 +(application)144 520.8 Q F0(The)180 532.8 Q F1(application)3.003 E F0 +.503(construct is used to include application-speci\214c settings.)3.003 +F .503(Each program)5.503 F .114(using the readline library sets the)180 +544.8 R F2 .114(application name)2.614 F F0 2.614(,a)C .114 +(nd an initialization \214le can test for a)-2.614 F .5(particular v)180 +556.8 R 3(alue. This)-.25 F .501(could be used to bind k)3 F .801 -.15 +(ey s)-.1 H .501(equences to functions useful for a spe-).15 F .397 +(ci\214c program.)180 568.8 R -.15(Fo)5.397 G 2.896(ri).15 G .396 +(nstance, the follo)-2.896 F .396(wing command adds a k)-.25 F .696 -.15 +(ey s)-.1 H .396(equence that quotes the).15 F(current or pre)180 580.8 +Q(vious w)-.25 E(ord in)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(:)A F1($if)180 604.8 Q F0 +(Bash)2.5 E 2.5(#Q)180 616.8 S(uote the current or pre)-2.5 E(vious w) +-.25 E(ord)-.1 E("\\C\255xq": "\\eb\\"\\ef\\"")180 628.8 Q F1($endif)180 +640.8 Q F2(variable)144 657.6 Q F0(The)180 669.6 Q F2(variable)3.776 E +F0 1.276(construct pro)3.776 F 1.276 +(vides simple equality tests for readline v)-.15 F 1.277(ariables and v) +-.25 F(alues.)-.25 E .08(The permitted comparison operators are)180 +681.6 R F2(=)2.579 E F0(,)A F2(==)2.579 E F0 2.579(,a)C(nd)-2.579 E F2 +(!=)2.579 E F0 5.079(.T)C .079(he v)-5.079 F .079 +(ariable name must be sepa-)-.25 F .98(rated from the comparison operat\ +or by whitespace; the operator may be separated from)180 693.6 R .13 +(the v)180 705.6 R .13(alue on the right hand side by whitespace.)-.25 F +.129(Both string and boolean v)5.129 F .129(ariables may be)-.25 F +(tested. Boolean v)180 717.6 Q(ariables must be tested ag)-.25 E +(ainst the v)-.05 E(alues)-.25 E F2(on)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(of)2.5 E(f) +-.18 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(47) +185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 48 48 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF($endif)108 84 Q F0(This command, as seen in the pre)144 84 Q(vious e) +-.25 E(xample, terminates an)-.15 E F1($if)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1 +($else)108 100.8 Q F0(Commands in this branch of the)144 100.8 Q F1($if) +2.5 E F0(directi)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(re e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuted if the test f).15 E(ails.)-.1 E F1($include)108 117.6 Q F0 .356 +(This directi)144 129.6 R .656 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(ak).15 E .356 +(es a single \214lename as an ar)-.1 F .357 +(gument and reads commands and bindings from that)-.18 F 2.5(\214le. F) +144 141.6 R(or e)-.15 E(xample, the follo)-.15 E(wing directi)-.25 E .3 +-.15(ve w)-.25 H(ould read).05 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(/etc/inputr)2.5 +E(c)-.37 E F0(:)A F1($include)144 165.6 Q F2(/etc/inputr)5.833 E(c)-.37 +E F1(Sear)87 182.4 Q(ching)-.18 E F0 .835(Readline pro)108 194.4 R .835 +(vides commands for searching through the command history \(see)-.15 F +/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.334 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0(belo)3.084 E +.834(w\) for lines)-.25 F(containing a speci\214ed string.)108 206.4 Q +(There are tw)5 E 2.5(os)-.1 G(earch modes:)-2.5 E F2(incr)2.51 E +(emental)-.37 E F0(and)3.01 E F2(non-incr)2.86 E(emental)-.37 E F0(.).51 +E .697(Incremental searches be)108 223.2 R .697 +(gin before the user has \214nished typing the search string.)-.15 F +.698(As each character of the)5.698 F .113 +(search string is typed, readline displays the ne)108 235.2 R .112 +(xt entry from the history matching the string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1 +E 5.112(.A)-.55 G(n)-5.112 E .542 +(incremental search requires only as man)108 247.2 R 3.042(yc)-.15 G +.542(haracters as needed to \214nd the desired history entry)-3.042 F +5.542(.T)-.65 G .542(he char)-5.542 F(-)-.2 E .224 +(acters present in the v)108 259.2 R .224(alue of the)-.25 F F1(isear) +2.724 E(ch-terminators)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)2.724 G .224 +(riable are used to terminate an incremental search.).25 F .66 +(If that v)108 271.2 R .66(ariable has not been assigned a v)-.25 F .66 +(alue the Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incre-)-.25 +F .097(mental search.)108 283.2 R .096(Control-G will abort an incremen\ +tal search and restore the original line.)5.097 F .096 +(When the search is)5.096 F(terminated, the history entry containing th\ +e search string becomes the current line.)108 295.2 Q 2.938 -.8(To \214) +108 312 T 1.339(nd other matching entries in the history list, type Con\ +trol-S or Control-R as appropriate.).8 F 1.339(This will)6.339 F .675 +(search backw)108 324 R .675(ard or forw)-.1 F .675 +(ard in the history for the ne)-.1 F .674 +(xt entry matching the search string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1 E 5.674 +(.A)-.55 G -.15(ny)-5.674 G .174(other k)108 336 R .474 -.15(ey s)-.1 H +.174 +(equence bound to a readline command will terminate the search and e).15 +F -.15(xe)-.15 G .175(cute that command.).15 F -.15(Fo)5.175 G(r).15 E +.541(instance, a)108 348 R F2(ne)3.041 E(wline)-.15 E F0 .541 +(will terminate the search and accept the line, thereby e)3.041 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .54(cuting the command from the).15 F(history list.)108 360 Q +.653(Readline remembers the last incremental search string.)108 376.8 R +.653(If tw)5.653 F 3.153(oC)-.1 G .653(ontrol-Rs are typed without an) +-3.153 F 3.153(yi)-.15 G(nterv)-3.153 E(en-)-.15 E +(ing characters de\214ning a ne)108 388.8 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G +(earch string, an)-2.5 E 2.5(yr)-.15 G(emembered search string is used.) +-2.5 E .567(Non-incremental searches read the entire search string befo\ +re starting to search for matching history lines.)108 405.6 R(The searc\ +h string may be typed by the user or be part of the contents of the cur\ +rent line.)108 417.6 Q F1(Readline Command Names)87 434.4 Q F0 1.391 +(The follo)108 446.4 R 1.391 +(wing is a list of the names of the commands and the def)-.25 F 1.391 +(ault k)-.1 F 1.691 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.391(equences to which the).15 F +3.892(ya)-.15 G(re)-3.892 E 2.622(bound. Command)108 458.4 R .122 +(names without an accompan)2.622 F .122(ying k)-.15 F .421 -.15(ey s)-.1 +H .121(equence are unbound by def).15 F 2.621(ault. In)-.1 F .121 +(the follo)2.621 F(wing)-.25 E(descriptions,)108 470.4 Q F2(point)3.41 E +F0 .91(refers to the current cursor position, and)3.41 F F2(mark)3.411 E +F0 .911(refers to a cursor position sa)3.411 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.411(db) +.15 G 3.411(yt)-3.411 G(he)-3.411 E F1(set\255mark)108 482.4 Q F0 2.5 +(command. The)2.5 F(te)2.5 E +(xt between the point and mark is referred to as the)-.15 E F2 -.37(re) +2.5 G(gion)-.03 E F0(.)A F1(Commands f)87 499.2 Q(or Mo)-.25 E(ving)-.1 +E(beginning\255of\255line \(C\255a\))108 511.2 Q F0(Mo)144 523.2 Q .3 +-.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he start of the current line.)-2.5 E F1 +(end\255of\255line \(C\255e\))108 535.2 Q F0(Mo)144 547.2 Q .3 -.15 +(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the line.)-2.5 E F1 -.25(fo)108 +559.2 S(rward\255char \(C\255f\)).25 E F0(Mo)144 571.2 Q .3 -.15(ve f) +-.15 H(orw).15 E(ard a character)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F1 +(backward\255char \(C\255b\))108 583.2 Q F0(Mo)144 595.2 Q .3 -.15(ve b) +-.15 H(ack a character).15 E(.)-.55 E F1 -.25(fo)108 607.2 S(rward\255w) +.25 E(ord \(M\255f\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 619.2 Q .823 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw) +.15 E .523(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .523(xt w)-.15 F 3.023(ord. W) +-.1 F .522(ords are composed of alphanumeric characters \(let-)-.8 F +(ters and digits\).)144 631.2 Q F1(backward\255w)108 643.2 Q +(ord \(M\255b\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 655.2 Q 1.71 -.15(ve b)-.15 H 1.41 +(ack to the start of the current or pre).15 F 1.41(vious w)-.25 F 3.91 +(ord. W)-.1 F 1.41(ords are composed of alphanumeric)-.8 F +(characters \(letters and digits\).)144 667.2 Q F1(shell\255f)108 679.2 +Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Mo)144 691.2 Q .784 -.15(ve f)-.15 H +(orw).15 E .484(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .484(xt w)-.15 F 2.984 +(ord. W)-.1 F .484(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharac-) +-.8 F(ters.)144 703.2 Q(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 +E(48)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 49 49 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(shell\255backward\255w)108 84 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Mo)144 96 Q .908 -.15 +(ve b)-.15 H .609(ack to the start of the current or pre).15 F .609 +(vious w)-.25 F 3.109(ord. W)-.1 F .609 +(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell)-.8 F(metacharacters.)144 108 Q +F1(pr)108 120 Q -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious\255scr).15 E(een\255line)-.18 E F0 +.891(Attempt to mo)144 132 R 1.191 -.15(ve p)-.15 H .891 +(oint to the same ph).15 F .891(ysical screen column on the pre)-.05 F +.89(vious ph)-.25 F .89(ysical screen line.)-.05 F 1.055 +(This will not ha)144 144 R 1.355 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.055(he desired ef) +.15 F 1.056(fect if the current readline line does not tak)-.25 F 3.556 +(eu)-.1 G 3.556(pm)-3.556 G 1.056(ore than one)-3.556 F(ph)144 156 Q(ys\ +ical line or if point is not greater than the length of the prompt plus\ + the screen width.)-.05 E F1(next\255scr)108 168 Q(een\255line)-.18 E F0 +.638(Attempt to mo)144 180 R .938 -.15(ve p)-.15 H .638 +(oint to the same ph).15 F .637(ysical screen column on the ne)-.05 F +.637(xt ph)-.15 F .637(ysical screen line. This)-.05 F .194(will not ha) +144 192 R .494 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .194(he desired ef).15 F .194 +(fect if the current readline line does not tak)-.25 F 2.695(eu)-.1 G +2.695(pm)-2.695 G .195(ore than one ph)-2.695 F(ysical)-.05 E .164(line\ + or if the length of the current readline line is not greater than the \ +length of the prompt plus the)144 204 R(screen width.)144 216 Q F1 +(clear\255display \(M\255C\255l\))108 228 Q F0 1.498 +(Clear the screen and, if possible, the terminal')144 240 R 3.999(ss) +-.55 G 1.499(crollback b)-3.999 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 3.999(,t)-.4 G +1.499(hen redra)-3.999 F 3.999(wt)-.15 G 1.499(he current line,)-3.999 F +(lea)144 252 Q(ving the current line at the top of the screen.)-.2 E F1 +(clear\255scr)108 264 Q(een \(C\255l\))-.18 E F0 1.36 +(Clear the screen, then redra)144 276 R 3.86(wt)-.15 G 1.36 +(he current line, lea)-3.86 F 1.36 +(ving the current line at the top of the screen.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)144 288 S +(th an ar).4 E +(gument, refresh the current line without clearing the screen.)-.18 E F1 +-.18(re)108 300 S(draw\255curr).18 E(ent\255line)-.18 E F0 +(Refresh the current line.)144 312 Q F1(Commands f)87 328.8 Q +(or Manipulating the History)-.25 E(accept\255line \(Newline, Retur)108 +340.8 Q(n\))-.15 E F0 .158(Accept the line re)144 352.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 G +.158(rdless of where the cursor is.).05 F .158 +(If this line is non-empty)5.158 F 2.659(,a)-.65 G .159 +(dd it to the history list)-2.659 F .699(according to the state of the) +144 364.8 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTCONTR)3.199 E(OL)-.27 E F0 -.25(va) +2.949 G 3.199(riable. If).25 F .699 +(the line is a modi\214ed history line, then)3.199 F +(restore the history line to its original state.)144 376.8 Q F1(pr)108 +388.8 Q -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious\255history \(C\255p\)).15 E F0 +(Fetch the pre)144 400.8 Q(vious command from the history list, mo)-.25 +E(ving back in the list.)-.15 E F1(next\255history \(C\255n\))108 412.8 +Q F0(Fetch the ne)144 424.8 Q(xt command from the history list, mo)-.15 +E(ving forw)-.15 E(ard in the list.)-.1 E F1 +(beginning\255of\255history \(M\255<\))108 436.8 Q F0(Mo)144 448.8 Q .3 +-.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he \214rst line in the history)-2.5 E(.) +-.65 E F1(end\255of\255history \(M\255>\))108 460.8 Q F0(Mo)144 472.8 Q +.3 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the input history)-2.5 E 2.5 +(,i)-.65 G(.e., the line currently being entered.)-2.5 E F1 +(operate\255and\255get\255next \(C\255o\))108 484.8 Q F0 .947 +(Accept the current line for e)144 496.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .948 +(cution and fetch the ne).15 F .948(xt line relati)-.15 F 1.248 -.15 +(ve t)-.25 H 3.448(ot).15 G .948(he current line from the)-3.448 F .73 +(history for editing.)144 508.8 R 3.23(An)5.73 G .73(umeric ar)-3.23 F +.729 +(gument, if supplied, speci\214es the history entry to use instead of) +-.18 F(the current line.)144 520.8 Q F1(fetch\255history)108 532.8 Q F0 +-.4(Wi)144 544.8 S .256(th a numeric ar).4 F .256 +(gument, fetch that entry from the history list and mak)-.18 F 2.757(ei) +-.1 G 2.757(tt)-2.757 G .257(he current line.)-2.757 F -.4(Wi)5.257 G +(th-).4 E(out an ar)144 556.8 Q(gument, mo)-.18 E .3 -.15(ve b)-.15 H +(ack to the \214rst entry in the history list.).15 E F1 -2.29 -.18(re v) +108 568.8 T(erse\255sear).08 E(ch\255history \(C\255r\))-.18 E F0 1.471 +(Search backw)144 580.8 R 1.471(ard starting at the current line and mo) +-.1 F 1.47(ving `up' through the history as necessary)-.15 F(.)-.65 E +(This is an incremental search.)144 592.8 Q F1 -.25(fo)108 604.8 S +(rward\255sear).25 E(ch\255history \(C\255s\))-.18 E F0 1.131 +(Search forw)144 616.8 R 1.131(ard starting at the current line and mo) +-.1 F 1.132(ving `do)-.15 F 1.132(wn' through the history as necessary) +-.25 F(.)-.65 E(This is an incremental search.)144 628.8 Q F1 +(non\255incr)108 640.8 Q(emental\255r)-.18 E -2.3 -.15(ev e)-.18 H +(rse\255sear).15 E(ch\255history \(M\255p\))-.18 E F0 .165(Search backw) +144 652.8 R .164(ard through the history starting at the current line u\ +sing a non-incremental search for)-.1 F 2.5(as)144 664.8 S +(tring supplied by the user)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1(non\255incr)108 676.8 Q +(emental\255f)-.18 E(orward\255sear)-.25 E(ch\255history \(M\255n\))-.18 +E F0 1.353(Search forw)144 688.8 R 1.354(ard through the history using \ +a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the)-.1 F(user)144 +700.8 Q(.)-.55 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(49) +185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 50 50 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(history\255sear)108 84 Q(ch\255f)-.18 E(orward)-.25 E F0 .249 +(Search forw)144 96 R .249(ard through the history for the string of ch\ +aracters between the start of the current line)-.1 F(and the point.)144 +108 Q(This is a non-incremental search.)5 E F1(history\255sear)108 120 Q +(ch\255backward)-.18 E F0 .95(Search backw)144 132 R .951(ard through t\ +he history for the string of characters between the start of the curren\ +t)-.1 F(line and the point.)144 144 Q(This is a non-incremental search.) +5 E F1(history\255substring\255sear)108 156 Q(ch\255backward)-.18 E F0 +.951(Search backw)144 168 R .951(ard through the history for the string\ + of characters between the start of the current)-.1 F .007 +(line and the current cursor position \(the)144 180 R/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(point)2.507 E F0 2.507(\). The)B .007 +(search string may match an)2.507 F .007(ywhere in a history)-.15 F 2.5 +(line. This)144 192 R(is a non-incremental search.)2.5 E F1 +(history\255substring\255sear)108 204 Q(ch\255f)-.18 E(orward)-.25 E F0 +.249(Search forw)144 216 R .249(ard through the history for the string \ +of characters between the start of the current line)-.1 F .318 +(and the point.)144 228 R .319(The search string may match an)5.318 F +.319(ywhere in a history line.)-.15 F .319(This is a non-incremental) +5.319 F(search.)144 240 Q F1(yank\255nth\255ar)108 252 Q 2.5(g\()-.1 G +<4dad43ad7929>-2.5 E F0 .622(Insert the \214rst ar)144 264 R .622 +(gument to the pre)-.18 F .622(vious command \(usually the second w)-.25 +F .622(ord on the pre)-.1 F .622(vious line\))-.25 F .772(at point.)144 +276 R -.4(Wi)5.773 G .773(th an ar).4 F(gument)-.18 E F2(n)3.633 E F0 +3.273(,i).24 G .773(nsert the)-3.273 F F2(n)3.273 E F0 .773(th w)B .773 +(ord from the pre)-.1 F .773(vious command \(the w)-.25 F .773 +(ords in the)-.1 F(pre)144 288 Q .292(vious command be)-.25 F .292 +(gin with w)-.15 F .291(ord 0\).)-.1 F 2.791(An)5.291 G -2.25 -.15(eg a) +-2.791 H(ti).15 E .591 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .291 +(ument inserts the).18 F F2(n)2.791 E F0 .291(th w)B .291 +(ord from the end of)-.1 F .281(the pre)144 300 R .281(vious command.) +-.25 F .281(Once the ar)5.281 F(gument)-.18 E F2(n)2.781 E F0 .281 +(is computed, the ar)2.781 F .281(gument is e)-.18 F .282 +(xtracted as if the "!)-.15 F F2(n)A F0(")A(history e)144 312 Q +(xpansion had been speci\214ed.)-.15 E F1(yank\255last\255ar)108 324 Q +2.5(g\()-.1 G -1.667(M\255. ,)-2.5 F -1.667(M\255_ \))2.5 F F0 1.308 +(Insert the last ar)144 336 R 1.308(gument to the pre)-.18 F 1.307 +(vious command \(the last w)-.25 F 1.307(ord of the pre)-.1 F 1.307 +(vious history entry\).)-.25 F -.4(Wi)144 348 S .203(th a numeric ar).4 +F .203(gument, beha)-.18 F .504 -.15(ve ex)-.2 H .204(actly lik).15 F(e) +-.1 E F1(yank\255nth\255ar)2.704 E(g)-.1 E F0 5.204(.S)C(uccessi)-5.204 +E .504 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .204(alls to).15 F F1(yank\255last\255ar)2.704 E +(g)-.1 E F0(mo)144 360 Q .807 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .507 +(ack through the history list, inserting the last w).15 F .507 +(ord \(or the w)-.1 F .507(ord speci\214ed by the ar)-.1 F(gument)-.18 E +.416(to the \214rst call\) of each line in turn.)144 372 R(An)5.416 E +2.916(yn)-.15 G .416(umeric ar)-2.916 F .416 +(gument supplied to these successi)-.18 F .716 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .416 +(alls de-).15 F 1.218(termines the direction to mo)144 384 R 1.518 -.15 +(ve t)-.15 H 1.218(hrough the history).15 F 6.218(.A)-.65 G(ne)-2.5 E +-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.517 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.217 +(ument switches the direction).18 F .494 +(through the history \(back or forw)144 396 R 2.994(ard\). The)-.1 F +.494(history e)2.994 F .494(xpansion f)-.15 F .494 +(acilities are used to e)-.1 F .494(xtract the last)-.15 F -.1(wo)144 +408 S(rd, as if the "!$" history e).1 E(xpansion had been speci\214ed.) +-.15 E F1(shell\255expand\255line \(M\255C\255e\))108 420 Q F0 .623 +(Expand the line as the shell does.)144 432 R .622 +(This performs alias and history e)5.622 F .622 +(xpansion as well as all of the)-.15 F(shell w)144 444 Q(ord e)-.1 E 2.5 +(xpansions. See)-.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)2.5 E(OR)-.162 E 2.25 +(YE)-.315 G(XP)-2.25 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)2.25 E 2.5(wf)-.25 G +(or a description of history e)-2.5 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F1 +(history\255expand\255line \(M\255^\))108 456 Q F0 .938 +(Perform history e)144 468 R .939(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F +(See)5.939 E F3(HIST)3.439 E(OR)-.162 E 3.189(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.189 E +(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.189 E 3.439(wf)-.25 G .939(or a descrip-) +-3.439 F(tion of history e)144 480 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(magic\255space) +108 492 Q F0 .438(Perform history e)144 504 R .438 +(xpansion on the current line and insert a space.)-.15 F(See)5.437 E F3 +(HIST)2.937 E(OR)-.162 E 2.687(YE)-.315 G(XP)-2.687 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0 +(be-)2.687 E(lo)144 516 Q 2.5(wf)-.25 G(or a description of history e) +-2.5 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(alias\255expand\255line)108 528 Q F0 .394 +(Perform alias e)144 540 R .394(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F +(See)5.395 E F3(ALIASES)2.895 E F0(abo)2.645 E .695 -.15(ve f)-.15 H +.395(or a description of alias e).15 F(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)144 552 Q F1 +(history\255and\255alias\255expand\255line)108 564 Q F0 +(Perform history and alias e)144 576 Q(xpansion on the current line.) +-.15 E F1(insert\255last\255ar)108 588 Q(gument \(M\255.)-.1 E 2.5(,M) +.833 G -1.667(\255_ \))-2.5 F F0 2.5(As)144 600 S(ynon)-2.5 E(ym for) +-.15 E F1(yank\255last\255ar)2.5 E(g)-.1 E F0(.)A F1 +(edit\255and\255execute\255command \(C\255x C\255e\))108 612 Q F0(In)144 +624 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G .347 -.1(ke a).2 H 2.647(ne).1 G .146 +(ditor on the current command line, and e)-2.647 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .146 +(cute the result as shell commands.).15 F F1(Bash)5.146 E F0(at-)2.646 E +(tempts to in)144 636 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F3($VISU)2.6 E(AL)-.54 +E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3($EDIT)2.25 E(OR)-.162 E F4(,)A F0(and) +2.25 E F2(emacs)2.5 E F0(as the editor)2.5 E 2.5(,i)-.4 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G +(hat order)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1(Commands f)87 652.8 Q(or Changing T)-.25 E +(ext)-.92 E F2(end\255of\255\214le)108 664.8 Q F1(\(usually C\255d\))2.5 +E F0 .798(The character indicating end-of-\214le as set, for e)144 676.8 +R .799(xample, by)-.15 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF(stty)3.299 E F0 5.799(.I)C +3.299(ft)-5.799 G .799(his character is read when)-3.299 F .167 +(there are no characters on the line, and point is at the be)144 688.8 R +.167(ginning of the line, readline interprets it as)-.15 F +(the end of input and returns)144 700.8 Q F3(EOF)2.5 E F4(.)A F0 +(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(50)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 51 51 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(delete\255char \(C\255d\))108 84 Q F0 .441 +(Delete the character at point.)144 96 R .442 +(If this function is bound to the same character as the tty)5.441 F F1 +(EOF)2.942 E F0(char)2.942 E(-)-.2 E(acter)144 108 Q 2.5(,a)-.4 G(s)-2.5 +E F1(C\255d)2.5 E F0(commonly is, see abo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.15 H +(or the ef).15 E(fects.)-.25 E F1(backward\255delete\255char \(Rubout\)) +108 120 Q F0 .553(Delete the character behind the cursor)144 132 R 5.553 +(.W)-.55 G .553(hen gi)-5.553 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.053(nan).15 G .553 +(umeric ar)-3.053 F .552(gument, sa)-.18 F .852 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .552 +(he deleted te).15 F .552(xt on)-.15 F(the kill ring.)144 144 Q F1 -.25 +(fo)108 156 S(rward\255backward\255delete\255char).25 E F0 .473 +(Delete the character under the cursor)144 168 R 2.973(,u)-.4 G .474 +(nless the cursor is at the end of the line, in which case the)-2.973 F +(character behind the cursor is deleted.)144 180 Q F1 +(quoted\255insert \(C\255q, C\255v\))108 192 Q F0 .779(Add the ne)144 +204 R .779(xt character typed to the line v)-.15 F 3.279(erbatim. This) +-.15 F .779(is ho)3.279 F 3.279(wt)-.25 G 3.279(oi)-3.279 G .779 +(nsert characters lik)-3.279 F(e)-.1 E F1(C\255q)3.278 E F0 3.278(,f)C +(or)-3.278 E -.15(ex)144 216 S(ample.).15 E F1(tab\255insert \(C\255v T) +108 228 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0(Insert a tab character)144 240 Q(.)-.55 E F1 +(self\255insert \(a, b, A, 1, !, ...\))108 252 Q F0 +(Insert the character typed.)144 264 Q F1(transpose\255chars \(C\255t\)) +108 276 Q F0 .321(Drag the character before point forw)144 288 R .321 +(ard o)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.821(rt).15 G .321 +(he character at point, mo)-2.821 F .322(ving point forw)-.15 F .322 +(ard as well.)-.1 F .372 +(If point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the tw)144 300 +R 2.872(oc)-.1 G .372(haracters before point.)-2.872 F(Ne)5.372 E -.05 +(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .672 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.2(r-).15 G(guments ha)144 +312 Q .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G(ect.).25 E F1 +(transpose\255w)108 324 Q(ords \(M\255t\))-.1 E F0 .023(Drag the w)144 +336 R .023(ord before point past the w)-.1 F .023(ord after point, mo) +-.1 F .023(ving point o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.524(rt).15 G .024(hat w) +-2.524 F .024(ord as well.)-.1 F .024(If point)5.024 F +(is at the end of the line, this transposes the last tw)144 348 Q 2.5 +(ow)-.1 G(ords on the line.)-2.6 E F1(upcase\255w)108 360 Q +(ord \(M\255u\))-.1 E F0 1.699(Uppercase the current \(or follo)144 372 +R 1.698(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.198(ord. W)-.1 F 1.698(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga) +-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.998 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.698 +(ument, uppercase the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 384 S(rd, b).1 E +(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(do)108 396 Q +(wncase\255w)-.1 E(ord \(M\255l\))-.1 E F0(Lo)144 408 Q 1.647 +(wercase the current \(or follo)-.25 F 1.647(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.147 +(ord. W)-.1 F 1.648(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.948 -.15 +(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.648(ument, lo).18 F 1.648(wercase the pre) +-.25 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 420 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 +-.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(capitalize\255w)108 432 Q +(ord \(M\255c\))-.1 E F0 1.975(Capitalize the current \(or follo)144 444 +R 1.974(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.474(ord. W)-.1 F 1.974(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga) +-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.274 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.974 +(ument, capitalize the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 456 S(rd, b).1 +E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1 -.1(ove)108 468 +S(rwrite\255mode).1 E F0 -.8(To)144 480 S .437(ggle o).8 F -.15(ve)-.15 +G .437(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4(Wi)5.437 G .437(th an e).4 F .437 +(xplicit positi)-.15 F .738 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .438(umeric ar).15 F .438 +(gument, switches to o)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .438(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4 +(Wi)144 492 S .781(th an e).4 F .781(xplicit non-positi)-.15 F 1.081 +-.15(ve n)-.25 H .781(umeric ar).15 F .781 +(gument, switches to insert mode.)-.18 F .78(This command af)5.781 F +(fects)-.25 E(only)144 504 Q F1(emacs)4.394 E F0(mode;)4.394 E F1(vi) +4.394 E F0 1.894(mode does o)4.394 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.894(rwrite dif).15 +F(ferently)-.25 E 6.894(.E)-.65 G 1.894(ach call to)-6.894 F/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF -.37(re)4.395 G(adline\(\)).37 E F0 1.895 +(starts in insert)4.395 F 3.969(mode. In)144 516 R -.15(ove)3.969 G +1.469(rwrite mode, characters bound to).15 F F1(self\255insert)3.969 E +F0 1.468(replace the te)3.969 F 1.468(xt at point rather than)-.15 F +.957(pushing the te)144 528 R .957(xt to the right.)-.15 F .958 +(Characters bound to)5.957 F F1(backward\255delete\255char)3.458 E F0 +.958(replace the character)3.458 F(before point with a space.)144 540 Q +(By def)5 E(ault, this command is unbound.)-.1 E F1(Killing and Y)87 +556.8 Q(anking)-.85 E(kill\255line \(C\255k\))108 568.8 Q F0 +(Kill the te)144 580.8 Q(xt from point to the end of the line.)-.15 E F1 +(backward\255kill\255line \(C\255x Rubout\))108 592.8 Q F0(Kill backw) +144 604.8 Q(ard to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E F1 +(unix\255line\255discard \(C\255u\))108 616.8 Q F0(Kill backw)144 628.8 +Q(ard from point to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E +(The killed te)5 E(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt) +-2.5 G(he kill-ring.)-2.5 E F1(kill\255whole\255line)108 640.8 Q F0 +(Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.)144 +652.8 Q F1(kill\255w)108 664.8 Q(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0 .729 +(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 676.8 R .728 +(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .728(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .728 +(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 688.8 S +(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1 -.25(fo)2.5 G +(rward\255w).25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(backward\255kill\255w)108 700.8 Q +(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0(Kill the w)144 712.8 Q(ord behind point.) +-.1 E -.8(Wo)5 G(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1 +(backward\255w)2.5 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q +(2022 September 19)135.955 E(51)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 52 52 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(shell\255kill\255w)108 84 Q(ord)-.1 E F0 .728 +(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 96 R .729 +(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .729(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .729 +(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 108 S +(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1(shell\255f)2.5 E +(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255backward\255kill\255w) +108 120 Q(ord)-.1 E F0 3.025(Kill the w)144 132 R 3.025 +(ord behind point.)-.1 F -.8(Wo)8.025 G 3.025 +(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 F F1(shell\255back-) +5.525 E(ward\255w)144 144 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(unix\255w)108 156 Q +(ord\255rubout \(C\255w\))-.1 E F0 .364(Kill the w)144 168 R .364 +(ord behind point, using white space as a w)-.1 F .365(ord boundary)-.1 +F 5.365(.T)-.65 G .365(he killed te)-5.365 F .365(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15 +(ve)-.2 G 2.865(do).15 G 2.865(nt)-2.865 G(he)-2.865 E(kill-ring.)144 +180 Q F1(unix\255\214lename\255rubout)108 192 Q F0 .167(Kill the w)144 +204 R .166 +(ord behind point, using white space and the slash character as the w) +-.1 F .166(ord boundaries.)-.1 F(The)5.166 E(killed te)144 216 Q +(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(he kill-ring.) +-2.5 E F1(delete\255horizontal\255space \(M\255\\\))108 228 Q F0 +(Delete all spaces and tabs around point.)144 240 Q F1(kill\255r)108 252 +Q(egion)-.18 E F0(Kill the te)144 264 Q(xt in the current re)-.15 E +(gion.)-.15 E F1(copy\255r)108 276 Q(egion\255as\255kill)-.18 E F0(Cop) +144 288 Q 2.5(yt)-.1 G(he te)-2.5 E(xt in the re)-.15 E +(gion to the kill b)-.15 E(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E(.)-.55 E F1 +(copy\255backward\255w)108 300 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 312 Q 4.8(yt)-.1 G +2.3(he w)-4.8 F 2.3(ord before point to the kill b)-.1 F(uf)-.2 E(fer) +-.25 E 7.301(.T)-.55 G 2.301(he w)-7.301 F 2.301 +(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1(back-)4.801 E(ward\255w)144 324 +Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(copy\255f)108 336 Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E +F0(Cop)144 348 Q 4.508(yt)-.1 G 2.008(he w)-4.508 F 2.008(ord follo)-.1 +F 2.008(wing point to the kill b)-.25 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 7.007(.T) +-.55 G 2.007(he w)-7.007 F 2.007(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1 +-.25(fo)4.507 G -.37(r-).25 G(ward\255w)144 360 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1 +(yank \(C\255y\))108 372 Q F0 -1(Ya)144 384 S +(nk the top of the kill ring into the b)1 E(uf)-.2 E(fer at point.)-.25 +E F1(yank\255pop \(M\255y\))108 396 Q F0 +(Rotate the kill ring, and yank the ne)144 408 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5 +(op. Only)-2.5 F -.1(wo)2.5 G(rks follo).1 E(wing)-.25 E F1(yank)2.5 E +F0(or)2.5 E F1(yank\255pop)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Numeric Ar)87 424.8 Q +(guments)-.1 E(digit\255ar)108 436.8 Q +(gument \(M\2550, M\2551, ..., M\255\255\))-.1 E F0 .367 +(Add this digit to the ar)144 448.8 R .367 +(gument already accumulating, or start a ne)-.18 F 2.867(wa)-.25 G -.18 +(rg)-2.867 G 2.867(ument. M\255\255).18 F .367(starts a ne)2.867 F -.05 +(ga)-.15 G(-).05 E(ti)144 460.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G +(ument.).18 E F1(uni)108 472.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 +E F0 .779(This is another w)144 484.8 R .779(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F +3.279(gument. If)-.18 F .779(this command is follo)3.279 F .778 +(wed by one or more digits,)-.25 F 1.376 +(optionally with a leading minus sign, those digits de\214ne the ar)144 +496.8 R 3.876(gument. If)-.18 F 1.376(the command is fol-)3.876 F(lo)144 +508.8 Q 1.17(wed by digits, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(uni) +3.67 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(ag)3.67 E 1.17 +(ain ends the numeric ar)-.05 F 1.17(gument, b)-.18 F 1.17(ut is other) +-.2 F(-)-.2 E .898(wise ignored.)144 520.8 R .898 +(As a special case, if this command is immediately follo)5.898 F .898 +(wed by a character that is)-.25 F 1.23 +(neither a digit nor minus sign, the ar)144 532.8 R 1.23 +(gument count for the ne)-.18 F 1.23(xt command is multiplied by four) +-.15 F(.)-.55 E .822(The ar)144 544.8 R .822 +(gument count is initially one, so e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .823 +(cuting this function the \214rst time mak).15 F .823(es the ar)-.1 F +(gument)-.18 E(count four)144 556.8 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G(econd time mak)-2.5 +E(es the ar)-.1 E(gument count sixteen, and so on.)-.18 E F1(Completing) +87 573.6 Q(complete \(T)108 585.6 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 1.137 +(Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 597.6 R 1.137 +(xt before point.)-.15 F F1(Bash)6.137 E F0 1.137 +(attempts completion treating the)3.637 F(te)144 609.6 Q .532(xt as a v) +-.15 F .532(ariable \(if the te)-.25 F .532(xt be)-.15 F .533(gins with) +-.15 F F1($)3.033 E F0 .533(\), username \(if the te)B .533(xt be)-.15 F +.533(gins with)-.15 F F1(~)3.033 E F0 .533(\), hostname \(if the)B(te) +144 621.6 Q .702(xt be)-.15 F .702(gins with)-.15 F F1(@)3.202 E F0 .701 +(\), or command \(including aliases and functions\) in turn.)B .701 +(If none of these pro-)5.701 F +(duces a match, \214lename completion is attempted.)144 633.6 Q F1 +(possible\255completions \(M\255?\))108 645.6 Q F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 657.6 Q(xt before point.) +-.15 E F1(insert\255completions \(M\255*\))108 669.6 Q F0 .783 +(Insert all completions of the te)144 681.6 R .783 +(xt before point that w)-.15 F .783(ould ha)-.1 F 1.083 -.15(ve b)-.2 H +.783(een generated by).15 F F1(possible\255com-)3.283 E(pletions)144 +693.6 Q F0(.)A F1(menu\255complete)108 705.6 Q F0 .929(Similar to)144 +717.6 R F1(complete)3.429 E F0 3.429(,b)C .929(ut replaces the w)-3.629 +F .929(ord to be completed with a single match from the list of)-.1 F +1.193(possible completions.)144 729.6 R 1.193(Repeated e)6.193 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 1.193(cution of).15 F F1(menu\255complete)3.694 E F0 1.194 +(steps through the list of possible)3.694 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q +(2022 September 19)135.955 E(52)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 53 53 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .829 +(completions, inserting each match in turn.)144 84 R .828 +(At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung)5.828 F .727 +(\(subject to the setting of)144 96 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(bell\255style)3.227 E F0 3.227(\)a)C .727(nd the original te)-3.227 F +.727(xt is restored.)-.15 F .727(An ar)5.727 F .727(gument of)-.18 F/F2 +10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.227 E F0(mo)3.227 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(s).15 E F2 +(n)3.228 E F0 1.73(positions forw)144 108 R 1.73 +(ard in the list of matches; a ne)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.03 +-.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.73(ument may be used to mo).18 F 2.03 +-.15(ve b)-.15 H(ackw).15 E(ard)-.1 E(through the list.)144 120 Q +(This command is intended to be bound to)5 E F1 -.9(TA)2.5 G(B).9 E F0 +2.5(,b)C(ut is unbound by def)-2.7 E(ault.)-.1 E F1 +(menu\255complete\255backward)108 132 Q F0 .82(Identical to)144 144 R F1 +(menu\255complete)3.32 E F0 3.32(,b)C .82(ut mo)-3.52 F -.15(ve)-.15 G +3.32(sb).15 G(ackw)-3.32 E .82 +(ard through the list of possible completions, as if)-.1 F F1 +(menu\255complete)144 156 Q F0(had been gi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(nan) +.15 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-2.5 H(ti).15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G +2.5(ument. This).18 F(command is unbound by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1 +(delete\255char\255or\255list)108 168 Q F0 .234 +(Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the be)144 180 R .234 +(ginning or end of the line \(lik)-.15 F(e)-.1 E F1(delete\255char)2.734 +E F0(\).)A .425(If at the end of the line, beha)144 192 R -.15(ve)-.2 G +2.925(si).15 G .425(dentically to)-2.925 F F1(possible\255completions) +2.925 E F0 5.425(.T)C .425(his command is unbound)-5.425 F(by def)144 +204 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(complete\255\214lename \(M\255/\))108 216 Q F0 +(Attempt \214lename completion on the te)144 228 Q(xt before point.)-.15 +E F1(possible\255\214lename\255completions \(C\255x /\))108 240 Q F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 252 Q +(xt before point, treating it as a \214lename.)-.15 E F1 +(complete\255user)108 264 Q(name \(M\255~\))-.15 E F0 +(Attempt completion on the te)144 276 Q +(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(possible\255user) +108 288 Q(name\255completions \(C\255x ~\))-.15 E F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 300 Q +(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(complete\255v)108 +312 Q(ariable \(M\255$\))-.1 E F0(Attempt completion on the te)144 324 Q +(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1 +(possible\255v)108 336 Q(ariable\255completions \(C\255x $\))-.1 E F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 348 Q +(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1 +(complete\255hostname \(M\255@\))108 360 Q F0 +(Attempt completion on the te)144 372 Q +(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1 +(possible\255hostname\255completions \(C\255x @\))108 384 Q F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 396 Q +(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1 +(complete\255command \(M\255!\))108 408 Q F0 .581 +(Attempt completion on the te)144 420 R .581 +(xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 F .58 +(Command comple-)5.58 F .715(tion attempts to match the te)144 432 R +.715(xt ag)-.15 F .715(ainst aliases, reserv)-.05 F .715(ed w)-.15 F +.715(ords, shell functions, shell b)-.1 F .715(uiltins, and)-.2 F +(\214nally e)144 444 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cutable \214lenames, in that order).15 E(.)-.55 E F1 +(possible\255command\255completions \(C\255x !\))108 456 Q F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 468 Q +(xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 E F1 +(dynamic\255complete\255history \(M\255T)108 480 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 .425 +(Attempt completion on the te)144 492 R .425 +(xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .425(xt ag)-.15 F .424 +(ainst lines from the history list)-.05 F +(for possible completion matches.)144 504 Q F1(dab)108 516 Q(br)-.1 E +-.15(ev)-.18 G(\255expand).15 E F0 .61 +(Attempt menu completion on the te)144 528 R .611 +(xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .611(xt ag)-.15 F .611 +(ainst lines from the his-)-.05 F +(tory list for possible completion matches.)144 540 Q F1 +(complete\255into\255braces \(M\255{\))108 552 Q F0 .4(Perform \214lena\ +me completion and insert the list of possible completions enclosed with\ +in braces so)144 564 R(the list is a)144 576 Q -.25(va)-.2 G +(ilable to the shell \(see).25 E F1(Brace Expansion)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1 -.25(Ke)87 592.8 S(yboard Macr).25 E(os)-.18 +E(start\255kbd\255macr)108 604.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x \()-2.5 E(\)) +.833 E F0(Be)144 616.8 Q(gin sa)-.15 E +(ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G +(board macro.).15 E F1(end\255kbd\255macr)108 628.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G +(C\255x \))-2.5 E(\)).833 E F0(Stop sa)144 640.8 Q +(ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G +(board macro and store the de\214nition.).15 E F1 +(call\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 652.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x e\))-2.5 +E F0(Re-e)144 664.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G .999(cute the last k).15 F -.15(ey) +-.1 G .999(board macro de\214ned, by making the characters in the macro\ + appear as if).15 F(typed at the k)144 676.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(board.).15 +E F1(print\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 688.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(\))-2.5 E +F0(Print the last k)144 700.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G +(board macro de\214ned in a format suitable for the).15 E F2(inputr)2.5 +E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19) +135.955 E(53)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 54 54 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(Miscellaneous)87 84 Q -.18(re)108 96 S.18 E +(ead\255init\255\214le \(C\255x C\255r\))-.18 E F0 1.777 +(Read in the contents of the)144 108 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr) +4.277 E(c)-.37 E F0 1.776(\214le, and incorporate an)4.276 F 4.276(yb) +-.15 G 1.776(indings or v)-4.276 F 1.776(ariable assignments)-.25 F +(found there.)144 120 Q F1(abort \(C\255g\))108 132 Q F0 3.248 +(Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal')144 144 R +5.749(sb)-.55 G 3.249(ell \(subject to the setting of)-5.749 F F1 +(bell\255style)144 156 Q F0(\).)A F1(do\255lo)108 168 Q(wer)-.1 E +(case\255v)-.18 E(ersion \(M\255A, M\255B, M\255)-.1 E F2(x)A F1 2.5(,.) +C(..\))-2.5 E F0 1.739(If the meta\214ed character)144 180 R F2(x)4.239 +E F0 1.739 +(is uppercase, run the command that is bound to the corresponding)4.239 +F(meta\214ed lo)144 192 Q(wercase character)-.25 E 5(.T)-.55 G(he beha) +-5 E(vior is unde\214ned if)-.2 E F2(x)2.5 E F0(is already lo)2.5 E +(wercase.)-.25 E F1(pr)108 204 Q(e\214x\255meta \(ESC\))-.18 E F0 +(Metafy the ne)144 216 Q(xt character typed.)-.15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(ESC)5 E F1(f)2.25 E F0(is equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1 +(Meta\255f)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(undo \(C\255_, C\255x C\255u\))108 228 Q F0 +(Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.)144 240 Q F1 +-2.29 -.18(re v)108 252 T(ert\255line \(M\255r\)).08 E F0 .23 +(Undo all changes made to this line.)144 264 R .231(This is lik)5.23 F +2.731(ee)-.1 G -.15(xe)-2.881 G .231(cuting the).15 F F1(undo)2.731 E F0 +.231(command enough times to re-)2.731 F +(turn the line to its initial state.)144 276 Q F1 +(tilde\255expand \(M\255&\))108 288 Q F0(Perform tilde e)144 300 Q +(xpansion on the current w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E F1 +(set\255mark \(C\255@, M\255\))108 312 Q F0 +(Set the mark to the point.)144 324 Q(If a numeric ar)5 E +(gument is supplied, the mark is set to that position.)-.18 E F1 +(exchange\255point\255and\255mark \(C\255x C\255x\))108 336 Q F0(Sw)144 +348 Q .283(ap the point with the mark.)-.1 F .283 +(The current cursor position is set to the sa)5.283 F -.15(ve)-.2 G +2.782(dp).15 G .282(osition, and the old)-2.782 F(cursor position is sa) +144 360 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(da).15 G 2.5(st)-2.5 G(he mark.)-2.5 E F1 +(character\255sear)108 372 Q(ch \(C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.111(Ac)144 384 S +.611(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.111 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.112(dt) +.15 G 3.112(ot)-3.112 G .612(he ne)-3.112 F .612 +(xt occurrence of that character)-.15 F 5.612(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05 +(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .912 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G(u-).18 E +(ment searches for pre)144 396 Q(vious occurrences.)-.25 E F1 +(character\255sear)108 408 Q(ch\255backward \(M\255C\255]\))-.18 E F0 +2.695(Ac)144 420 S .194(haracter is read and point is mo)-2.695 F -.15 +(ve)-.15 G 2.694(dt).15 G 2.694(ot)-2.694 G .194(he pre)-2.694 F .194 +(vious occurrence of that character)-.25 F 5.194(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E +-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .494 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.2(r-).15 G +(gument searches for subsequent occurrences.)144 432 Q F1 +(skip\255csi\255sequence)108 444 Q F0 1.826 +(Read enough characters to consume a multi-k)144 456 R 2.126 -.15(ey s) +-.1 H 1.827(equence such as those de\214ned for k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G +4.327(sl).15 G(ik)-4.327 E(e)-.1 E .791(Home and End.)144 468 R .791 +(Such sequences be)5.791 F .791 +(gin with a Control Sequence Indicator \(CSI\), usually ESC\255[.)-.15 F +.331(If this sequence is bound to "\\[", k)144 480 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.831 +(sp).15 G .331(roducing such sequences will ha)-2.831 F .632 -.15(ve n) +-.2 H 2.832(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.832 G .332(ect unless e).25 F(xplic-) +-.15 E .026(itly bound to a readline command, instead of inserting stra\ +y characters into the editing b)144 492 R(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 5.026(.T) +-.55 G(his)-5.026 E(is unbound by def)144 504 Q(ault, b)-.1 E +(ut usually bound to ESC\255[.)-.2 E F1(insert\255comment \(M\255#\))108 +516 Q F0 -.4(Wi)144 528 S .48(thout a numeric ar).4 F .48(gument, the v) +-.18 F .481(alue of the readline)-.25 F F1(comment\255begin)2.981 E F0 +-.25(va)2.981 G .481(riable is inserted at the).25 F(be)144 540 Q .245 +(ginning of the current line.)-.15 F .245(If a numeric ar)5.245 F .244 +(gument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if)-.18 F .321 +(the characters at the be)144 552 R .321 +(ginning of the line do not match the v)-.15 F .321(alue of)-.25 F F1 +(comment\255begin)2.821 E F0 2.822(,t)C .322(he v)-2.822 F .322(alue is) +-.25 F .832(inserted, otherwise the characters in)144 564 R F1 +(comment\255begin)3.332 E F0 .831(are deleted from the be)3.332 F .831 +(ginning of the line.)-.15 F 1.468 +(In either case, the line is accepted as if a ne)144 576 R 1.468 +(wline had been typed.)-.25 F 1.469(The def)6.469 F 1.469(ault v)-.1 F +1.469(alue of)-.25 F F1(com-)3.969 E(ment\255begin)144 588 Q F0 .84 +(causes this command to mak)3.34 F 3.339(et)-.1 G .839 +(he current line a shell comment.)-3.339 F .839(If a numeric ar)5.839 F +(gu-)-.18 E(ment causes the comment character to be remo)144 600 Q -.15 +(ve)-.15 G(d, the line will be e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuted by the shell.).15 E F1(spell\255corr)108 612 Q(ect\255w)-.18 E +(ord \(C\255x s\))-.1 E F0 .42 +(Perform spelling correction on the current w)144 624 R .421 +(ord, treating it as a directory or \214lename, in the same)-.1 F -.1 +(wa)144 636 S 4.718(ya).1 G 4.718(st)-4.718 G(he)-4.718 E F1(cdspell) +4.718 E F0 2.218(shell option.)4.718 F -.8(Wo)7.217 G 2.217 +(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 F F1(shell\255f)4.717 E +(or)-.25 E(-)-.37 E(ward\255w)144 648 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1 +(glob\255complete\255w)108 660 Q(ord \(M\255g\))-.1 E F0 .791(The w)144 +672 R .791(ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F +.792(xpansion, with an asterisk implicitly)-.15 F 2.5(appended. This)144 +684 R(pattern is used to generate a list of matching \214lenames for po\ +ssible completions.)2.5 E F1(glob\255expand\255w)108 696 Q +(ord \(C\255x *\))-.1 E F0 .176(The w)144 708 R .176 +(ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .176 +(xpansion, and the list of matching \214le-)-.15 F .516 +(names is inserted, replacing the w)144 720 R 3.016(ord. If)-.1 F 3.016 +(an)3.016 G .516(umeric ar)-3.016 F .516 +(gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended)-.18 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 +Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(54)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 55 55 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(before pathname e) +144 84 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(glob\255list\255expansions \(C\255x g\))108 96 Q F0 .923(The list of e) +144 108 R .923(xpansions that w)-.15 F .923(ould ha)-.1 F 1.223 -.15 +(ve b)-.2 H .923(een generated by).15 F F1(glob\255expand\255w)3.423 E +(ord)-.1 E F0 .923(is displayed, and)3.423 F .872(the line is redra)144 +120 R 3.372(wn. If)-.15 F 3.372(an)3.372 G .872(umeric ar)-3.372 F .872 +(gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname)-.18 F -.15 +(ex)144 132 S(pansion.).15 E F1(dump\255functions)108 144 Q F0 .627 +(Print all of the functions and their k)144 156 R .927 -.15(ey b)-.1 H +.626(indings to the readline output stream.).15 F .626(If a numeric ar) +5.626 F(gu-)-.18 E +(ment is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)144 168 Q +(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr) +2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255v)108 180 Q(ariables)-.1 E F0 +.762(Print all of the settable readline v)144 192 R .762 +(ariables and their v)-.25 F .763(alues to the readline output stream.) +-.25 F .763(If a nu-)5.763 F .109(meric ar)144 204 R .109 +(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .108 +(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(in-)2.608 E(putr)144 216 Q +(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255macr)108 228 Q(os)-.18 E F0 .592 +(Print all of the readline k)144 240 R .892 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .592 +(equences bound to macros and the strings the).15 F 3.093(yo)-.15 G +3.093(utput. If)-3.093 F 3.093(an)3.093 G(umeric)-3.093 E(ar)144 252 Q +.528(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .528 +(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)3.027 E(c)-.37 E F0 +(\214le.)144 264 Q F1(display\255shell\255v)108 276 Q +(ersion \(C\255x C\255v\))-.1 E F0(Display v)144 288 Q +(ersion information about the current instance of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E +F0(.)A F1(Pr)87 304.8 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0 .146(When w)108 +316.8 R .147(ord completion is attempted for an ar)-.1 F .147 +(gument to a command for which a completion speci\214cation \(a)-.18 F +F2(compspec)108 328.8 Q F0 3.829(\)h)C 1.329 +(as been de\214ned using the)-3.829 F F1(complete)3.829 E F0 -.2(bu) +3.829 G 1.329(iltin \(see).2 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.329(SHELL B)3.829 +F(UIL)-.09 E 1.329(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.579 E 1.328(w\), the) +-.25 F(programmable completion f)108 340.8 Q(acilities are in)-.1 E -.2 +(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .497 +(First, the command name is identi\214ed.)108 357.6 R .497 +(If the command w)5.497 F .498 +(ord is the empty string \(completion attempted at)-.1 F .234(the be)108 +369.6 R .233(ginning of an empty line\), an)-.15 F 2.733(yc)-.15 G .233 +(ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.733 F F12.733 E F0 .233(option to) +2.733 F F1(complete)2.733 E F0 .233(is used.)2.733 F .233(If a comp-) +5.233 F .481(spec has been de\214ned for that command, the compspec is \ +used to generate the list of possible completions)108 381.6 R .823 +(for the w)108 393.6 R 3.323(ord. If)-.1 F .823(the command w)3.323 F +.822(ord is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is search\ +ed for)-.1 F 2.866(\214rst. If)108 405.6 R .367(no compspec is found fo\ +r the full pathname, an attempt is made to \214nd a compspec for the po\ +rtion)2.866 F(follo)108 417.6 Q .299(wing the \214nal slash.)-.25 F .298 +(If those searches do not result in a compspec, an)5.299 F 2.798(yc)-.15 +G .298(ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.798 F F12.798 E F0 .056 +(option to)108 429.6 R F1(complete)2.556 E F0 .056(is used as the def) +2.556 F 2.556(ault. If)-.1 F .056(there is no def)2.556 F .056 +(ault compspec,)-.1 F F1(bash)2.556 E F0 .056(attempts alias e)2.556 F +.057(xpansion on)-.15 F .333(the command w)108 441.6 R .332(ord as a \ +\214nal resort, and attempts to \214nd a compspec for the command w)-.1 +F .332(ord from an)-.1 F 2.832(ys)-.15 G(uc-)-2.832 E(cessful e)108 +453.6 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E .817(Once a compspec has been found, it is use\ +d to generate the list of matching w)108 470.4 R 3.317(ords. If)-.1 F +3.317(ac)3.317 G .817(ompspec is not)-3.317 F(found, the def)108 482.4 Q +(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(completion as described abo)2.5 E .3 -.15 +(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(Completing)2.5 E F0(is performed.)2.5 E .464 +(First, the actions speci\214ed by the compspec are used.)108 499.2 R +.463(Only matches which are pre\214x)5.464 F .463(ed by the w)-.15 F +.463(ord being)-.1 F .595(completed are returned.)108 511.2 R .595 +(When the)5.595 F F13.095 E F0(or)3.095 E F13.095 E F0 .596 +(option is used for \214lename or directory name completion, the)3.095 F +(shell v)108 523.2 Q(ariable)-.25 E F3(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0 +(is used to \214lter the matches.)2.25 E(An)108 540 Q 4.084(yc)-.15 G +1.584(ompletions speci\214ed by a pathname e)-4.084 F 1.584 +(xpansion pattern to the)-.15 F F14.084 E F0 1.584 +(option are generated ne)4.084 F 4.084(xt. The)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 552 S +.554(rds generated by the pattern need not match the w).1 F .555 +(ord being completed.)-.1 F(The)5.555 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.055 E F0 .555 +(shell v)2.805 F(ari-)-.25 E +(able is not used to \214lter the matches, b)108 564 Q(ut the)-.2 E F3 +(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable is used.).25 E(Ne)108 580.8 Q +.321(xt, the string speci\214ed as the ar)-.15 F .321(gument to the)-.18 +F F12.821 E F0 .32(option is considered.)2.821 F .32 +(The string is \214rst split using the)5.32 F .412(characters in the)108 +592.8 R F3(IFS)2.912 E F0 .412(special v)2.662 F .412 +(ariable as delimiters.)-.25 F .412(Shell quoting is honored.)5.412 F +.413(Each w)5.412 F .413(ord is then e)-.1 F(xpanded)-.15 E .092 +(using brace e)108 604.8 R .092(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .092 +(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .092(ariable e)-.25 F .091 +(xpansion, command substitution, and arith-)-.15 F 1.396(metic e)108 +616.8 R 1.396(xpansion, as described abo)-.15 F 1.696 -.15(ve u)-.15 H +(nder).15 E F3(EXP)3.896 E(ANSION)-.666 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 +1.396(The results are split using the rules described)5.896 F(abo)108 +628.8 Q .51 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75(Wo)2.71 G .21 +(rd Splitting).75 F F0 5.21(.T)C .209(he results of the e)-5.21 F .209 +(xpansion are pre\214x-matched ag)-.15 F .209(ainst the w)-.05 F .209 +(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, and the matching w)108 640.8 Q +(ords become the possible completions.)-.1 E .233 +(After these matches ha)108 657.6 R .533 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .233 +(een generated, an).15 F 2.733(ys)-.15 G .234 +(hell function or command speci\214ed with the)-2.733 F F12.734 E +F0(and)2.734 E F12.734 E F0(op-)2.734 E 4.209(tions is in)108 +669.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 6.709(d. When).1 F 4.208 +(the command or function is in)6.709 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 4.208 +(d, the).1 F F3(COMP_LINE)6.708 E F4(,)A F3(COMP_POINT)6.458 E F4(,)A F3 +(COMP_KEY)108 681.6 Q F4(,)A F0(and)2.407 E F3(COMP_TYPE)2.657 E F0 -.25 +(va)2.407 G .157(riables are assigned v).25 F .157 +(alues as described abo)-.25 F .457 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 .158 +(Shell V)2.658 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 5.158(.I)C(f)-5.158 E 3.486(as)108 +693.6 S .986(hell function is being in)-3.486 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G +.986(d, the).1 F F3(COMP_W)3.486 E(ORDS)-.09 E F0(and)3.236 E F3 +(COMP_CW)3.486 E(ORD)-.09 E F0 -.25(va)3.236 G .986 +(riables are also set.).25 F(When)5.985 E .346 +(the function or command is in)108 705.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .346 +(d, the \214rst ar).1 F .346(gument \()-.18 F F1($1)A F0 2.847(\)i)C +2.847(st)-2.847 G .347(he name of the command whose ar)-2.847 F(guments) +-.18 E .264(are being completed, the second ar)108 717.6 R .264 +(gument \()-.18 F F1($2)A F0 2.764(\)i)C 2.764(st)-2.764 G .264(he w) +-2.764 F .263(ord being completed, and the third ar)-.1 F .263 +(gument \()-.18 F F1($3)A F0 2.763(\)i)C(s)-2.763 E .628(the w)108 729.6 +R .628(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .629 +(ord being completed on the current command line.)-.1 F .629 +(No \214ltering of the generated)5.629 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q +(2022 September 19)135.955 E(55)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 56 56 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .715 +(completions ag)108 84 R .715(ainst the w)-.05 F .714(ord being complet\ +ed is performed; the function or command has complete free-)-.1 F +(dom in generating the matches.)108 96 Q(An)108 112.8 Q 2.937(yf)-.15 G +.437(unction speci\214ed with)-2.937 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF2.937 +E F0 .437(is in)2.937 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.937<648c>.1 G 2.937 +(rst. The)-2.937 F .437(function may use an)2.937 F 2.937(yo)-.15 G +2.937(ft)-2.937 G .437(he shell f)-2.937 F .438(acilities, including)-.1 +F(the)108 124.8 Q F1(compgen)2.957 E F0 -.2(bu)2.957 G .457 +(iltin described belo).2 F 1.756 -.65(w, t)-.25 H 2.956(og).65 G .456 +(enerate the matches.)-2.956 F .456 +(It must put the possible completions in the)5.456 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 +SF(COMPREPL)108 136.8 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E +(ariable, one per array element.)-.25 E(Ne)108 153.6 Q .08(xt, an)-.15 F +2.58(yc)-.15 G .08(ommand speci\214ed with the)-2.58 F F12.58 E F0 +.081(option is in)2.581 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.581(di).1 G 2.581 +(na)-2.581 G 2.581(ne)-2.581 G -.4(nv)-2.581 G .081(ironment equi).4 F +-.25(va)-.25 G .081(lent to command sub-).25 F 2.859(stitution. It)108 +165.6 R .359(should print a list of completions, one per line, to the s\ +tandard output.)2.859 F .358(Backslash may be used)5.359 F +(to escape a ne)108 177.6 Q(wline, if necessary)-.25 E(.)-.65 E .376 +(After all of the possible completions are generated, an)108 194.4 R +2.877<798c>-.15 G .377(lter speci\214ed with the)-2.877 F F12.877 +E F0 .377(option is applied to the)2.877 F 3.182(list. The)108 206.4 R +.682(\214lter is a pattern as used for pathname e)3.182 F .681 +(xpansion; a)-.15 F F1(&)3.181 E F0 .681 +(in the pattern is replaced with the te)3.181 F .681(xt of)-.15 F .522 +(the w)108 218.4 R .522(ord being completed.)-.1 F 3.022(Al)5.522 G +(iteral)-3.022 E F1(&)3.022 E F0 .523 +(may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash is remo)3.022 F -.15(ve) +-.15 G 3.023(db).15 G(efore)-3.023 E .85(attempting a match.)108 230.4 R +(An)5.85 E 3.35(yc)-.15 G .849 +(ompletion that matches the pattern will be remo)-3.35 F -.15(ve)-.15 G +3.349(df).15 G .849(rom the list.)-3.349 F 3.349(Al)5.849 G(eading) +-3.349 E F1(!)3.349 E F0(ne)108 242.4 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G .764 +(tes the pattern; in this case an).05 F 3.264(yc)-.15 G .764 +(ompletion not matching the pattern will be remo)-3.264 F -.15(ve)-.15 G +3.264(d. If).15 F(the)3.265 E F1(nocase-)3.265 E(match)108 254.4 Q F0 +(shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)2.5 E -.05 +(ga)-.15 G(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 E(Finally)108 +271.2 Q 3.087(,a)-.65 G .887 -.15(ny p)-3.087 H .587(re\214x and suf).15 +F .587(\214x speci\214ed with the)-.25 F F13.087 E F0(and)3.087 E +F13.087 E F0 .587(options are added to each member of the com-) +3.087 F(pletion list, and the result is returned to the readline comple\ +tion code as the list of possible completions.)108 283.2 Q .246 +(If the pre)108 300 R .247(viously-applied actions do not generate an) +-.25 F 2.747(ym)-.15 G .247(atches, and the)-2.747 F F1 .247(\255o dir) +2.747 F(names)-.15 E F0 .247(option w)2.747 F .247(as supplied to)-.1 F +F1(complete)108 312 Q F0(when the compspec w)2.5 E +(as de\214ned, directory name completion is attempted.)-.1 E .462 +(If the)108 328.8 R F1 .462(\255o plusdirs)2.962 F F0 .462(option w) +2.962 F .462(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)2.962 E F0 .462 +(when the compspec w)2.962 F .462(as de\214ned, directory name com-)-.1 +F(pletion is attempted and an)108 340.8 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G +(atches are added to the results of the other actions.)-2.5 E .559 +(By def)108 357.6 R .559(ault, if a compspec is found, whate)-.1 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 3.059(ri).15 G 3.059(tg)-3.059 G .56 +(enerates is returned to the completion code as the full set)-3.059 F +.632(of possible completions.)108 369.6 R .632(The def)5.632 F(ault)-.1 +E F1(bash)3.132 E F0 .631 +(completions are not attempted, and the readline def)3.131 F .631 +(ault of \214le-)-.1 F .558(name completion is disabled.)108 381.6 R +.558(If the)5.558 F F1 .559(\255o bashdefault)3.059 F F0 .559(option w) +3.059 F .559(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)3.059 E F0 .559 +(when the compspec)3.059 F -.1(wa)108 393.6 S 3.172(sd).1 G .672 +(e\214ned, the)-3.172 F F1(bash)3.172 E F0(def)3.172 E .671 +(ault completions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches.) +-.1 F .671(If the)5.671 F F13.171 E(default)108 405.6 Q F0 1.207 +(option w)3.706 F 1.207(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)3.707 E F0 +1.207(when the compspec w)3.707 F 1.207(as de\214ned, readline')-.1 F +3.707(sd)-.55 G(ef)-3.707 E 1.207(ault completion)-.1 F +(will be performed if the compspec \(and, if attempted, the def)108 +417.6 Q(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(completions\) generate no matches.) +2.5 E .245(When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is \ +desired, the programmable completion func-)108 434.4 R .632(tions force\ + readline to append a slash to completed names which are symbolic links\ + to directories, subject)108 446.4 R 2.762(to the v)108 458.4 R 2.762 +(alue of the)-.25 F F1(mark\255dir)5.262 E(ectories)-.18 E F0 2.761 +(readline v)5.262 F 2.761(ariable, re)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 2.761 +(rdless of the setting of the).05 F F1(mark-sym-)5.261 E(link)108 470.4 +Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E(ectories)-.18 E F0(readline v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E +.19(There is some support 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be b)108 559.2 Q(uilt dynamicall\ +y as completion is attempted, rather than being loaded all at once.)-.2 +E -.15(Fo)108 576 S 2.636(ri).15 G .137 +(nstance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each k)-2.636 F +.137(ept in a \214le corresponding to the name of)-.1 F +(the command, the follo)108 588 Q(wing def)-.25 E +(ault completion function w)-.1 E(ould load completions dynamically:)-.1 +E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(_completion_loader\(\))108 604.8 Q({)108 616.8 Q 6 +(.")144 628.8 S +(/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124)-6 E(})108 +640.8 Q(complete -D -F _completion_loader -o bashdefault -o default)108 +652.8 Q/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)72 681.6 Q(OR)-.197 E(Y)-.383 E F0 +.372(When the)108 693.6 R F1 .372(\255o history)2.872 F F0 .372 +(option to the)2.872 F F1(set)2.872 E F0 -.2(bu)2.872 G .372 +(iltin is enabled, the shell pro).2 F .371(vides access to the)-.15 F/F5 +10/Times-Italic@0 SF .371(command history)2.871 F F0(,)A .304 +(the list of commands pre)108 705.6 R .304(viously typed.)-.25 F .304 +(The v)5.304 F .304(alue of the)-.25 F F2(HISTSIZE)2.804 E F0 -.25(va) +2.554 G .305(riable is used as the number of com-).25 F .43(mands to sa) +108 717.6 R .73 -.15(ve i)-.2 H 2.93(nah).15 G .43(istory list.)-2.93 F +.43(The te)5.43 F .429(xt of the last)-.15 F F2(HISTSIZE)2.929 E F0 .429 +(commands \(def)2.679 F .429(ault 500\) is sa)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.929 +(d. The).15 F(shell)2.929 E .287 +(stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and v)108 +729.6 R .287(ariable e)-.25 F .287(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F2(EXP)2.787 E +(ANSION)-.666 E F0(abo)2.537 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 +768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(56)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 57 57 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.2(bu)108 84 S +4.066(ta).2 G 1.565(fter history e)-4.066 F 1.565 +(xpansion is performed, subject to the v)-.15 F 1.565 +(alues of the shell v)-.25 F(ariables)-.25 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(HISTIGNORE)4.065 E F0(and)3.815 E F1(HISTCONTR)108 96 Q(OL)-.27 E/F2 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .082 +(On startup, the history is initialized from the \214le named by the v) +108 112.8 R(ariable)-.25 E F1(HISTFILE)2.583 E F0(\(def)2.333 E(ault)-.1 +E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(~/.bash_history)2.583 E F0(\).)A .315 +(The \214le named by the v)108 124.8 R .315(alue of)-.25 F F1(HISTFILE) +2.815 E F0 .315(is truncated, if necessary)2.565 F 2.815(,t)-.65 G 2.815 +(oc)-2.815 G .315(ontain no more than the number of)-2.815 F .658 +(lines speci\214ed by the v)108 136.8 R .658(alue of)-.25 F F1 +(HISTFILESIZE)3.158 E F2(.)A F0(If)5.158 E/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(HISTFILESIZE)3.158 E F0 .659(is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric) +3.158 F -.25(va)108 148.8 S .142(lue, or a numeric v).25 F .142 +(alue less than zero, the history \214le is not truncated.)-.25 F .142 +(When the history \214le is read, lines)5.142 F(be)108 160.8 Q 1.604 +(ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F 1.604 +(wed immediately by a digit are interpreted as time-)-.25 F .151 +(stamps for the follo)108 172.8 R .151(wing history line.)-.25 F .151 +(These timestamps are optionally displayed depending on the v)5.151 F +.15(alue of)-.25 F(the)108 184.8 Q F1(HISTTIMEFORMA)3.558 E(T)-.855 E F0 +-.25(va)3.309 G 3.559(riable. 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If) +.15 F F1(HISTFILE)2.697 E F0 .196(is unset, or if the history \214le is\ + unwritable, the history is not sa)2.447 F -.15(ve)-.2 G(d.).15 E .583 +(If the)108 232.8 R F1(HISTTIMEFORMA)3.083 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.834 +G .584 +(riable is set, time stamps are written to the history \214le, mark).25 +F .584(ed with the his-)-.1 F 1.148(tory comment character)108 244.8 R +3.648(,s)-.4 G 3.648(ot)-3.648 G(he)-3.648 E 3.648(ym)-.15 G 1.147 +(ay be preserv)-3.648 F 1.147(ed across shell sessions.)-.15 F 1.147 +(This uses the history comment)6.147 F 1.376 +(character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.)108 256.8 +R 1.377(After sa)6.377 F 1.377(ving the history)-.2 F 3.877(,t)-.65 G +1.377(he history \214le is)-3.877 F .757 +(truncated to contain no more than)108 268.8 R F1(HISTFILESIZE)3.257 E +F0 3.257(lines. If)3.007 F F1(HISTFILESIZE)3.257 E F0 .757 +(is unset, or set to null, a non-)3.007 F(numeric v)108 280.8 Q +(alue, or a numeric v)-.25 E +(alue less than zero, the history \214le is not truncated.)-.25 E .298 +(The b)108 297.6 R .298(uiltin command)-.2 F F4(fc)2.798 E F0(\(see) +2.798 E F1 .298(SHELL B)2.798 F(UIL)-.09 E .298(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 +(belo)2.549 E .299(w\) may be used to list or edit and re-e)-.25 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E .472(cute a portion of the history list.)108 309.6 R +(The)5.472 E F4(history)2.972 E F0 -.2(bu)2.972 G .471 +(iltin may be used to display or modify the history list and).2 F .001 +(manipulate the history \214le.)108 321.6 R .001 +(When using command-line editing, search commands are a)5.001 F -.25(va) +-.2 G .002(ilable in each edit-).25 F(ing mode that pro)108 333.6 Q +(vide access to the history list.)-.15 E 1.486(The shell allo)108 350.4 +R 1.486(ws control o)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.986(rw).15 G 1.486 +(hich commands are sa)-3.986 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.986(do).15 G 3.986(nt) +-3.986 G 1.486(he history list.)-3.986 F(The)6.485 E F1(HISTCONTR)3.985 +E(OL)-.27 E F0(and)3.735 E F1(HISTIGNORE)108 362.4 Q F0 -.25(va)2.707 G +.457(riables may be set to cause the shell to sa).25 F .758 -.15(ve o) +-.2 H .458(nly a subset of the commands entered.).15 F(The)5.458 E F4 +(cmdhist)108 374.4 Q F0 .75 +(shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to sa)3.25 F 1.05 +-.15(ve e)-.2 H .75(ach line of a multi-line command in).15 F 1.077 +(the same history entry)108 386.4 R 3.577(,a)-.65 G 1.077 +(dding semicolons where necessary to preserv)-3.577 F 3.577(es)-.15 G +1.077(yntactic correctness.)-3.577 F(The)6.077 E F4(lithist)3.577 E F0 +.374(shell option causes the shell to sa)108 398.4 R .674 -.15(ve t)-.2 +H .374(he command with embedded ne).15 F .373 +(wlines instead of semicolons.)-.25 F .373(See the)5.373 F .318 +(description of the)108 410.4 R F4(shopt)2.818 E F0 -.2(bu)2.818 G .318 +(iltin belo).2 F 2.818(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.818 E F1 .318(SHELL B)2.818 F +(UIL)-.09 E .318(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 .319 +(for information on setting and)2.568 F(unsetting shell options.)108 +422.4 Q/F5 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)72 439.2 Q(OR)-.197 E 2.738(YE) +-.383 G(XP)-2.738 E(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .611 +(The shell supports a history e)108 451.2 R .611 +(xpansion feature that is similar to the history e)-.15 F .61 +(xpansion in)-.15 F F4(csh)3.11 E F0 5.61(.T)C .61(his section)-5.61 F +.87(describes what syntax features are a)108 463.2 R -.25(va)-.2 G 3.371 +(ilable. This).25 F .871(feature is enabled by def)3.371 F .871 +(ault for interacti)-.1 F 1.171 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .871(hells, and).15 F +.95(can be disabled using the)108 475.2 R F4(+H)3.449 E F0 .949 +(option to the)3.449 F F4(set)3.449 E F0 -.2(bu)3.449 G .949 +(iltin command \(see).2 F F1 .949(SHELL B)3.449 F(UIL)-.09 E .949 +(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(be-)3.199 E(lo)108 487.2 Q 2.5 +(w\). Non-interacti)-.25 F .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H +(hells do not perform history e).15 E(xpansion by def)-.15 E(ault.)-.1 E +1.305(History e)108 504 R 1.305(xpansions introduce w)-.15 F 1.306(ords\ + from the history list into the input stream, making it easy to repeat) +-.1 F .21(commands, insert the ar)108 516 R .21(guments to a pre)-.18 F +.209(vious command into the current input line, or \214x errors in pre) +-.25 F(vious)-.25 E(commands quickly)108 528 Q(.)-.65 E 1.163(History e) +108 544.8 R 1.163(xpansion is performed immediately after a complete li\ +ne is read, before the shell breaks it into)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 556.8 S +.252(rds, and is performed on each line indi).1 F .251 +(vidually without taking quoting on pre)-.25 F .251 +(vious lines into account.)-.25 F(It)5.251 E(tak)108 568.8 Q .145 +(es place in tw)-.1 F 2.645(op)-.1 G 2.646(arts. The)-2.645 F .146(\214\ +rst is to determine which line from the history list to use during subs\ +titution.)2.646 F .766(The second is to select portions of that line fo\ +r inclusion into the current one.)108 580.8 R .766 +(The line selected from the)5.766 F .253(history is the)108 592.8 R F3 +-.15(ev)2.753 G(ent).15 E F0 2.753(,a)C .253 +(nd the portions of that line that are acted upon are)-2.753 F F3(wor) +2.753 E(ds)-.37 E F0 5.253(.V)C(arious)-6.363 E F3(modi\214er)2.754 E(s) +-.1 E F0 .254(are a)2.754 F -.25(va)-.2 G(il-).25 E .539 +(able to manipulate the selected w)108 604.8 R 3.039(ords. The)-.1 F +.538(line is brok)3.038 F .538(en into w)-.1 F .538(ords in the same f) +-.1 F .538(ashion as when reading)-.1 F .572(input, so that se)108 616.8 +R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ral).15 E F3(metac)3.072 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 +.572(-separated w)B .572(ords surrounded by quotes are considered one w) +-.1 F 3.073(ord. His-)-.1 F .356(tory e)108 628.8 R .355 +(xpansions are introduced by the appearance of the history e)-.15 F .355 +(xpansion character)-.15 F 2.855(,w)-.4 G .355(hich is)-2.855 F F4(!) +3.688 E F0 .355(by def)3.688 F(ault.)-.1 E .79(Only backslash \()108 +640.8 R F4(\\).833 E F0 3.29(\)a).833 G .79 +(nd single quotes can quote the history e)-3.29 F .79 +(xpansion character)-.15 F 3.291(,b)-.4 G .791(ut the history e)-3.491 F +(xpansion)-.15 E .789(character is also treated as quoted if it immedia\ +tely precedes the closing double quote in a double-quoted)108 652.8 R +(string.)108 664.8 Q(Se)108 681.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .03 +(ral characters inhibit history e).15 F .03 +(xpansion if found immediately follo)-.15 F .03(wing the history e)-.25 +F .03(xpansion character)-.15 F(,)-.4 E -2.15 -.25(ev e)108 693.6 T +3.163(ni).25 G 3.163(fi)-3.163 G 3.162(ti)-3.163 G 3.162(su)-3.162 G +.662(nquoted: space, tab, ne)-3.162 F .662(wline, carriage return, and) +-.25 F F4(=)3.162 E F0 5.662(.I)C 3.162(ft)-5.662 G(he)-3.162 E F4 +(extglob)3.162 E F0 .662(shell option is enabled,)3.162 F F4(\()3.162 E +F0(will also inhibit e)108 705.6 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E(Se)108 722.4 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G .109(ral shell options settable with the).15 F F4(shopt)2.609 +E F0 -.2(bu)2.609 G .11(iltin may be used to tailor the beha).2 F .11 +(vior of history e)-.2 F(xpansion.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q +(2022 September 19)135.955 E(57)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 58 58 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .232(If the)108 84 +R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(histv)2.732 E(erify)-.1 E F0 .231 +(shell option is enabled \(see the description of the)2.731 F F1(shopt) +2.731 E F0 -.2(bu)2.731 G .231(iltin belo).2 F .231(w\), and)-.25 F F1 +-.18(re)2.731 G(adline).18 E F0 .231(is be-)2.731 F .449(ing used, hist\ +ory substitutions are not immediately passed to the shell parser)108 96 +R 5.449(.I)-.55 G .449(nstead, the e)-5.449 F .449(xpanded line is)-.15 +F 2.228(reloaded into the)108 108 R F1 -.18(re)4.728 G(adline).18 E F0 +2.228(editing b)4.728 F(uf)-.2 E 2.228(fer for further modi\214cation.) +-.25 F(If)7.228 E F1 -.18(re)4.728 G(adline).18 E F0 2.228 +(is being used, and the)4.728 F F1(histr)108 120 Q(eedit)-.18 E F0 1.202 +(shell option is enabled, a f)3.702 F 1.202 +(ailed history substitution will be reloaded into the)-.1 F F1 -.18(re) +3.702 G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.702 E -.2(bu)108 132 S -.25(ff).2 G +.304(er for correction.).25 F(The)5.304 E F12.804 E F0 .304 +(option to the)2.804 F F1(history)2.804 E F0 -.2(bu)2.804 G .303 +(iltin command may be used to see what a history e).2 F(x-)-.15 E .52 +(pansion will do before using it.)108 144 R(The)5.52 E F13.02 E F0 +.52(option to the)3.02 F F1(history)3.02 E F0 -.2(bu)3.02 G .52 +(iltin may be used to add commands to the).2 F +(end of the history list without actually e)108 156 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuting them, so that the).15 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re a)-2.5 E -.25(va)-.2 G +(ilable for subsequent recall.).25 E 1.109(The shell allo)108 172.8 R +1.108(ws control of the v)-.25 F 1.108 +(arious characters used by the history e)-.25 F 1.108 +(xpansion mechanism \(see the de-)-.15 F .162(scription of)108 184.8 R +F1(histchars)2.662 E F0(abo)2.662 E .462 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 +.163(Shell V)2.662 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 2.663(\). The)B .163 +(shell uses the history comment character to mark)2.663 F +(history timestamps when writing the history \214le.)108 196.8 Q F1(Ev) +87 213.6 Q(ent Designators)-.1 E F0 .205(An e)108 225.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G +.204(nt designator is a reference to a command line entry in the histor\ +y list.).15 F .204(Unless the reference is abso-)5.204 F(lute, e)108 +237.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nts are relati).15 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.5(ot) +.15 G(he current position in the history list.)-2.5 E F1(!)108 254.4 Q +F0 1.607(Start a history substitution, e)144 254.4 R 1.607 +(xcept when follo)-.15 F 1.607(wed by a)-.25 F F1(blank)4.107 E F0 4.107 +(,n)C -.25(ew)-4.107 G 1.608(line, carriage return, = or \().25 F +(\(when the)144 266.4 Q F1(extglob)2.5 E F0 +(shell option is enabled using the)2.5 E F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(iltin\).).2 E F1(!)108 278.4 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0 +(Refer to command line)144 278.4 Q F2(n)2.86 E F0(.).24 E F1<21ad>108 +290.4 Q F2(n)A F0(Refer to the current command minus)144 290.4 Q F2(n) +2.86 E F0(.).24 E F1(!!)108 302.4 Q F0(Refer to the pre)144 302.4 Q +(vious command.)-.25 E(This is a synon)5 E(ym for `!\2551'.)-.15 E F1(!) +108 314.4 Q F2(string)A F0 .865(Refer to the most recent command preced\ +ing the current position in the history list starting with)144 314.4 R +F2(string)144.34 326.4 Q F0(.).22 E F1(!?)108 338.4 Q F2(string)A F1 +([?])A F0 1.503(Refer to the most recent command preceding the current \ +position in the history list containing)144 350.4 R F2(string)144.34 +362.4 Q F0 5.497(.T).22 G .497(he trailing)-5.497 F F1(?)2.997 E F0 .497 +(may be omitted if)2.997 F F2(string)3.337 E F0 .496(is follo)3.216 F +.496(wed immediately by a ne)-.25 F 2.996(wline. If)-.25 F F2(string) +2.996 E F0(is)2.996 E .39(missing, the string from the most recent sear\ +ch is used; it is an error if there is no pre)144 374.4 R .391 +(vious search)-.25 F(string.)144 386.4 Q/F3 12/Times-Bold@0 SF(^)108 +403.4 Q F2(string1)-5 I F3(^)5 I F2(string2)-5 I F3(^)5 I F0 .753 +(Quick substitution.)144 410.4 R .753(Repeat the pre)5.753 F .753 +(vious command, replacing)-.25 F F2(string1)3.593 E F0(with)3.253 E F2 +(string2)3.592 E F0 5.752(.E).02 G(qui)-5.752 E -.25(va)-.25 G .752 +(lent to).25 F -.74(``)144 422.4 S(!!:s).74 E/F4 12/Times-Roman@0 SF(^)5 +I F2(string1)-5 I F4(^)5 I F2(string2)-5 I F4(^)5 I F0 1.48 -.74('' \() +-5 L(see).74 E F1(Modi\214ers)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(!#)108 +434.4 Q F0(The entire command line typed so f)144 434.4 Q(ar)-.1 E(.) +-.55 E F1 -.75(Wo)87 451.2 S(rd Designators).75 E F0 -.8(Wo)108 463.2 S +1.313(rd designators are used to select desired w).8 F 1.314 +(ords from the e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.814(nt. A).15 F F1(:)3.814 E F0 +1.314(separates the e)3.814 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.314(nt speci\214cation) +.15 F .53(from the w)108 475.2 R .529(ord designator)-.1 F 5.529(.I)-.55 +G 3.029(tm)-5.529 G .529(ay be omitted if the w)-3.029 F .529 +(ord designator be)-.1 F .529(gins with a)-.15 F F1(^)3.029 E F0(,)A F1 +($)3.029 E F0(,)A F1(*)3.029 E F0(,)A F13.029 E F0 3.029(,o)C(r) +-3.029 E F1(%)3.029 E F0 5.529(.W)C(ords)-6.329 E .515 +(are numbered from the be)108 487.2 R .516 +(ginning of the line, with the \214rst w)-.15 F .516 +(ord being denoted by 0 \(zero\).)-.1 F -.8(Wo)5.516 G .516(rds are in-) +.8 F(serted into the current line separated by single spaces.)108 499.2 +Q F1 2.5(0\()108 516 S(zer)-2.5 E(o\))-.18 E F0(The zeroth w)144 528 Q +2.5(ord. F)-.1 F(or the shell, this is the command w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E +F2(n)108.36 540 Q F0(The)144 540 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(th w)A(ord.)-.1 E F1(^) +108 552 Q F0(The \214rst ar)144 552 Q 2.5(gument. That)-.18 F(is, w)2.5 +E(ord 1.)-.1 E F1($)108 564 Q F0 .064(The last w)144 564 R 2.564 +(ord. This)-.1 F .064(is usually the last ar)2.564 F .064(gument, b)-.18 +F .064(ut will e)-.2 F .064(xpand to the zeroth w)-.15 F .063 +(ord if there is only)-.1 F(one w)144 576 Q(ord in the line.)-.1 E F1(%) +108 588 Q F0 1.419(The \214rst w)144 588 R 1.419 +(ord matched by the most recent `?)-.1 F F2(string)A F0 1.42 +(?' search, if the search string be)B 1.42(gins with a)-.15 F +(character that is part of a w)144 600 Q(ord.)-.1 E F2(x)108.77 612 Q F1 +A F2(y)A F0 2.5(Ar)144 612 S(ange of w)-2.5 E(ords; `\255)-.1 E F2 +(y)A F0 2.5('a)C(bbre)-2.5 E(viates `0\255)-.25 E F2(y)A F0('.)A F1(*) +108 624 Q F0 .316(All of the w)144 624 R .316(ords b)-.1 F .316 +(ut the zeroth.)-.2 F .315(This is a synon)5.315 F .315(ym for `)-.15 F +F2(1\255$)A F0 2.815('. It)B .315(is not an error to use)2.815 F F1(*) +2.815 E F0 .315(if there is)2.815 F(just one w)144 636 Q(ord in the e) +-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt; the empty string is returned in that case.).15 +E F1(x*)108 648 Q F0(Abbre)144 648 Q(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0(.) +A F1<78ad>108 660 Q F0(Abbre)144 660 Q(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0 +(lik)2.5 E(e)-.1 E F1(x*)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut omits the last w)-2.7 E +2.5(ord. If)-.1 F F1(x)2.5 E F0(is missing, it def)2.5 E(aults to 0.)-.1 +E(If a w)108 676.8 Q(ord designator is supplied without an e)-.1 E -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(nt speci\214cation, the pre).15 E +(vious command is used as the e)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt.).15 E F1 +(Modi\214ers)87 693.6 Q F0 .183(After the optional w)108 705.6 R .183 +(ord designator)-.1 F 2.683(,t)-.4 G .184 +(here may appear a sequence of one or more of the follo)-2.683 F .184 +(wing modi\214ers,)-.25 F(each preceded by a `:'.)108 717.6 Q +(These modify)5 E 2.5(,o)-.65 G 2.5(re)-2.5 G(dit, the w)-2.5 E +(ord or w)-.1 E(ords selected from the history e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +(nt.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(58)185.115 +E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 59 59 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(h)108 84 Q F0(Remo)144 84 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H +(railing \214lename component, lea).15 E(ving only the head.)-.2 E F1(t) +108 96 Q F0(Remo)144 96 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H +(ll leading \214lename components, lea).15 E(ving the tail.)-.2 E F1(r) +108 108 Q F0(Remo)144 108 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing suf).15 E +(\214x of the form)-.25 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(.xxx)2.5 E F0 2.5(,l)C +(ea)-2.5 E(ving the basename.)-.2 E F1(e)108 120 Q F0(Remo)144 120 Q .3 +-.15(ve a)-.15 H(ll b).15 E(ut the trailing suf)-.2 E(\214x.)-.25 E F1 +(p)108 132 Q F0(Print the ne)144 132 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommand b)-2.5 E +(ut do not e)-.2 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute it.).15 E F1(q)108 144 Q F0 +(Quote the substituted w)144 144 Q +(ords, escaping further substitutions.)-.1 E F1(x)108 156 Q F0 .386 +(Quote the substituted w)144 156 R .386(ords as with)-.1 F F1(q)2.886 E +F0 2.886(,b)C .386(ut break into w)-3.086 F .385(ords at)-.1 F F1 +(blanks)2.885 E F0 .385(and ne)2.885 F 2.885(wlines. The)-.25 F F1(q) +2.885 E F0(and)2.885 E F1(x)2.885 E F0(modi\214ers are mutually e)144 +168 Q(xclusi)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(;t).15 G +(he last one supplied is used.)-2.5 E F1(s/)108 180 Q F2(old)A F1(/)A F2 +(ne)A(w)-.15 E F1(/)A F0(Substitute)144 192 Q F2(ne)3.328 E(w)-.15 E F0 +.469(for the \214rst occurrence of)3.278 F F2(old)3.199 E F0 .469 +(in the e)3.739 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .469(nt line.).15 F(An)5.469 E 2.969 +(yc)-.15 G .469(haracter may be used as the)-2.969 F .954 +(delimiter in place of /.)144 204 R .953 +(The \214nal delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e) +5.953 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .953(nt line.).15 F .131 +(The delimiter may be quoted in)144 216 R F2(old)2.861 E F0(and)3.401 E +F2(ne)2.991 E(w)-.15 E F0 .131(with a single backslash.)2.941 F .131 +(If & appears in)5.131 F F2(ne)2.991 E(w)-.15 E F0 2.631(,i).31 G 2.631 +(ti)-2.631 G 2.631(sr)-2.631 G(e-)-2.631 E .62(placed by)144 228 R F2 +(old)3.349 E F0 5.619(.A).77 G .619(single backslash will quote the &.) +-2.5 F(If)5.619 E F2(old)3.349 E F0 .619(is null, it is set to the last) +3.889 F F2(old)3.349 E F0(substi-)3.889 E .486(tuted, or)144 240 R 2.986 +(,i)-.4 G 2.986(fn)-2.986 G 2.986(op)-2.986 G(re)-2.986 E .486 +(vious history substitutions took place, the last)-.25 F F2(string)3.326 +E F0 .487(in a)3.206 F F1(!?)2.987 E F2(string)A F1([?])A F0 2.987 +(search. If)5.487 F F2(ne)144.36 252 Q(w)-.15 E F0 +(is null, each matching)2.81 E F2(old)2.73 E F0(is deleted.)3.27 E F1(&) +108 264 Q F0(Repeat the pre)144 264 Q(vious substitution.)-.25 E F1(g) +108 276 Q F0 .398(Cause changes to be applied o)144 276 R -.15(ve)-.15 G +2.898(rt).15 G .398(he entire e)-2.898 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .398(nt line.) +.15 F .397(This is used in conjunction with `)5.398 F F1(:s)A F0 2.897 +('\()C(e.g.,)-2.897 E(`)144 288 Q F1(:gs/)A F2(old)A F1(/)A F2(ne)A(w) +-.15 E F1(/)A F0 .35('\) or `)B F1(:&)A F0 2.85('. If)B .35(used with `) +2.85 F F1(:s)A F0 .35(', an)B 2.85(yd)-.15 G .351 +(elimiter can be used in place of /, and the \214nal de-)-2.85 F +(limiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)144 300 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(nt line.).15 E(An)5 E F1(a)2.5 E F0(may be used as a synon) +2.5 E(ym for)-.15 E F1(g)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(G)108 312 Q F0(Apply the follo) +144 312 Q(wing `)-.25 E F1(s)A F0 2.5('o)C 2.5(r`)-2.5 G F1(&)-2.5 E F0 +2.5('m)C(odi\214er once to each w)-2.5 E(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 +G(nt line.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)72 328.8 Q(UIL)-.11 E +(TIN COMMANDS)-1.007 E F0 .063(Unless otherwise noted, each b)108 340.8 +R .062(uiltin command documented in this section as accepting options p\ +receded by)-.2 F F1108 352.8 Q F0(accepts)3.077 E F13.077 E F0 +.577(to signify the end of the options.)3.077 F(The)5.577 E F1(:)3.077 E +F0(,)A F1(true)3.077 E F0(,)A F1(false)3.077 E F0 3.077(,a)C(nd)-3.077 E +F1(test)3.077 E F0(/)A F1([)A F0 -.2(bu)3.077 G .577 +(iltins do not accept options).2 F .462(and do not treat)108 364.8 R F1 +2.961 E F0(specially)2.961 E 5.461(.T)-.65 G(he)-5.461 E F1(exit) +2.961 E F0(,)A F1(logout)2.961 E F0(,)A F1 -.18(re)2.961 G(tur).18 E(n) +-.15 E F0(,)A F1(br)2.961 E(eak)-.18 E F0(,)A F1(continue)2.961 E F0(,)A +F1(let)2.961 E F0 2.961(,a)C(nd)-2.961 E F1(shift)2.961 E F0 -.2(bu) +2.961 G .461(iltins accept and).2 F .26(process ar)108 376.8 R .26 +(guments be)-.18 F .26(ginning with)-.15 F F12.76 E F0 .261 +(without requiring)2.76 F F12.761 E F0 5.261(.O)C .261(ther b) +-5.261 F .261(uiltins that accept ar)-.2 F .261(guments b)-.18 F .261 +(ut are not)-.2 F 1.154(speci\214ed as accepting options interpret ar) +108 388.8 R 1.154(guments be)-.18 F 1.154(ginning with)-.15 F F1 +3.654 E F0 1.154(as in)3.654 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.154 +(lid options and require).25 F F13.654 E F0(to)3.654 E(pre)108 +400.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt this interpretation.).15 E F1(:)108 418.8 Q F0 +([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .451(No ef)144 430.8 R .451 +(fect; the command does nothing be)-.25 F .452(yond e)-.15 F(xpanding) +-.15 E F2(ar)3.282 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .452(and performing an)3.222 F +2.952(ys)-.15 G(peci\214ed)-2.952 E 2.5(redirections. The)144 442.8 R +(return status is zero.)2.5 E F1(.)110.5 459.6 Q F2(\214lename)6.666 E +F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A F1(sour)108 471.6 Q(ce)-.18 E +F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A 1.02 +(Read and e)144 483.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.02(cute commands from).15 F F2 +(\214lename)5.43 E F0 1.02(in the current shell en)3.7 F 1.02 +(vironment and return the e)-.4 F(xit)-.15 E 1.33 +(status of the last command e)144 495.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.331 +(cuted from).15 F F2(\214lename)5.741 E F0 6.331(.I).18 G(f)-6.331 E F2 +(\214lename)5.741 E F0 1.331(does not contain a slash, \214le-)4.011 F +.023(names in)144 507.6 R/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.523 G(TH)-.189 +E F0 .022(are used to \214nd the directory containing)2.273 F F2 +(\214lename)4.432 E F0 2.522(,b).18 G(ut)-2.722 E F2(\214lename)2.522 E +F0 .022(does not need to be)2.522 F -.15(exe)144 519.6 S 3.86 +(cutable. The).15 F 1.36(\214le searched for in)3.86 F F4 -.666(PA)3.86 +G(TH)-.189 E F0 1.361(need not be e)3.61 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.861 +(cutable. When).15 F F1(bash)3.861 E F0 1.361(is not in)3.861 F F2 +(posix)3.861 E(mode)144 531.6 Q F0 2.772(,i)C 2.772(ts)-2.772 G .272 +(earches the current directory if no \214le is found in)-2.772 F F4 +-.666(PA)2.771 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .271(If the) +4.771 F F1(sour)2.771 E(cepath)-.18 E F0 .271(option to the)2.771 F F1 +(shopt)144 543.6 Q F0 -.2(bu)3.659 G 1.159(iltin command is turned of).2 +F 1.159(f, the)-.25 F F4 -.666(PA)3.659 G(TH)-.189 E F0 1.159 +(is not searched.)3.409 F 1.16(If an)6.159 F(y)-.15 E F2(ar)3.66 E +(guments)-.37 E F0 1.16(are supplied,)3.66 F(the)144 555.6 Q 3.692(yb) +-.15 G 1.192(ecome the positional parameters when)-3.692 F F2 +(\214lename)3.692 E F0 1.192(is e)3.692 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.691 +(cuted. 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The)-.15 F .214(return v)2.714 F(alue)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 +Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(60)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 61 61 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(is 0 unless)144 84 +Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)2.5 E F0(is not greater than or equal to 1.) +2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.2(bu)108 100.8 S(iltin).2 E F1(shell\255b) +2.5 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A(Ex)144 112.8 +Q .77(ecute the speci\214ed shell b)-.15 F .77(uiltin, passing it)-.2 F +F1(ar)3.601 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.271(,a).27 G .771(nd return its e) +-3.271 F .771(xit status.)-.15 F .771(This is useful)5.771 F .616 +(when de\214ning a function whose name is the same as a shell b)144 +124.8 R .615(uiltin, retaining the functionality of)-.2 F .57(the b)144 +136.8 R .57(uiltin within the function.)-.2 F(The)5.57 E F2(cd)3.07 E F0 +-.2(bu)3.07 G .57(iltin is commonly rede\214ned this w).2 F(ay)-.1 E +5.57(.T)-.65 G .57(he return status)-5.57 F(is f)144 148.8 Q(alse if)-.1 +E F1(shell\255b)2.84 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0(is not a shell b)2.74 E +(uiltin command.)-.2 E F2(caller)108 165.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)C(pr) +.2 E F0(])A .254(Returns the conte)144 177.6 R .254(xt of an)-.15 F +2.754(ya)-.15 G(cti)-2.754 E .554 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .254 +(ubroutine call \(a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.254(cuted with the).15 F F2(.)2.753 E F0(or)2.753 E F2(sour)144 189.6 Q +(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.824 G 2.824(iltins\). W).2 F(ithout)-.4 E F1 -.2 +(ex)2.824 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F2(caller)2.824 E F0 .324 +(displays the line number and source \214lename of the current)2.824 F +.254(subroutine call.)144 201.6 R .254(If a non-ne)5.254 F -.05(ga)-.15 +G(ti).05 E .554 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E .253(ger is supplied as)-.15 +F F1 -.2(ex)2.753 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F2(caller)2.753 E F0 .253 +(displays the line number)2.753 F 2.753(,s)-.4 G(ub-)-2.753 E 1.327(rou\ +tine name, and source \214le corresponding to that position in the curr\ +ent e)144 213.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.328(cution call stack.).15 F .001 +(This e)144 225.6 R .001(xtra information may be used, for e)-.15 F .001 +(xample, to print a stack trace.)-.15 F(The current frame is frame)5 E +3.019(0. The)144 237.6 R .519(return v)3.019 F .519 +(alue is 0 unless the shell is not e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .52 +(cuting a subroutine call or).15 F F1 -.2(ex)3.02 G(pr).2 E F0 .52 +(does not corre-)3.02 F(spond to a v)144 249.6 Q +(alid position in the call stack.)-.25 E F2(cd)108 266.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2 +A F0(|[)A F2A F0([)2.5 E F2A F0(]] [\255@]] [)A F1 +(dir)A F0(])A .322(Change the current directory to)144 278.4 R F1(dir) +2.822 E F0 5.322(.i)C(f)-5.322 E F1(dir)2.822 E F0 .321 +(is not supplied, the v)2.822 F .321(alue of the)-.25 F/F3 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(HOME)2.821 E F0 .321(shell v)2.571 F .321(ariable is) +-.25 F .929(the def)144 290.4 R 3.429(ault. The)-.1 F -.25(va)3.429 G +(riable).25 E F3(CDP)3.429 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .93 +(de\214nes the search path for the directory containing)3.179 F F1(dir) +3.78 E F0 3.43(:e).73 G(ach)-3.43 E .407(directory name in)144 302.4 R +F3(CDP)2.907 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .407(is searched for)2.657 F +F1(dir)2.907 E F0 5.407(.A)C(lternati)-5.407 E .707 -.15(ve d)-.25 H +.407(irectory names in).15 F F3(CDP)2.907 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 +.406(are sepa-)2.656 F .799(rated by a colon \(:\).)144 314.4 R 3.299 +(An)5.799 G .799(ull directory name in)-3.299 F F3(CDP)3.299 E -.855(AT) +-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .799(is the same as the current directory)3.049 F +3.3(,i)-.65 G(.e.,)-3.3 E -.74(``)144 326.4 S F2(.).74 E F0 -.74('')C +5.428(.I).74 G(f)-5.428 E F1(dir)3.278 E F0(be)3.658 E .428 +(gins with a slash \(/\), then)-.15 F F3(CDP)2.928 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H) +.855 E F0 .428(is not used.)2.678 F(The)5.428 E F22.927 E F0 .427 +(option causes)2.927 F F2(cd)2.927 E F0 .427(to use the)2.927 F(ph)144 +338.4 Q .167 +(ysical directory structure by resolving symbolic links while tra)-.05 F +-.15(ve)-.2 G(rsing).15 E F1(dir)2.668 E F0 .168(and before processing) +2.668 F 1.225(instances of)144 350.4 R F1(..)3.725 E F0(in)3.725 E F1 +(dir)3.725 E F0 1.225(\(see also the)3.725 F F23.725 E F0 1.225 +(option to the)3.725 F F2(set)3.725 E F0 -.2(bu)3.725 G 1.225 +(iltin command\); the).2 F F23.725 E F0 1.225(option forces)3.725 +F .411(symbolic links to be follo)144 362.4 R .411 +(wed by resolving the link after processing instances of)-.25 F F1(..) +2.911 E F0(in)2.911 E F1(dir)2.911 E F0 5.411(.I)C(f)-5.411 E F1(..) +2.912 E F0(ap-)2.912 E .341(pears in)144 374.4 R F1(dir)2.841 E F0 2.841 +(,i)C 2.841(ti)-2.841 G 2.841(sp)-2.841 G .341(rocessed by remo)-2.841 F +.341(ving the immediately pre)-.15 F .34(vious pathname component from) +-.25 F F1(dir)2.84 E F0(,)A .175(back to a slash or the be)144 386.4 R +.175(ginning of)-.15 F F1(dir)2.675 E F0 5.175(.I)C 2.675(ft)-5.175 G +(he)-2.675 E F22.676 E F0 .176(option is supplied with)2.676 F F2 +2.676 E F0 2.676(,a)C .176(nd the current w)-2.676 F(ork-)-.1 E +.341(ing directory cannot be successfully determined after a successful\ + directory change,)144 398.4 R F2(cd)2.84 E F0 .34(will return)2.84 F +.356(an unsuccessful status.)144 410.4 R .356 +(On systems that support it, the)5.356 F F22.857 E F0 .357 +(option presents the e)2.857 F .357(xtended attrib)-.15 F(utes)-.2 E .07 +(associated with a \214le as a directory)144 422.4 R 5.07(.A)-.65 G +2.569(na)-5.07 G -.18(rg)-2.569 G .069(ument of).18 F F22.569 E F0 +.069(is con)2.569 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .069(rted to).15 F F3($OLDPWD)2.569 E +F0 .069(before the direc-)2.319 F .306(tory change is attempted.)144 +434.4 R .306(If a non-empty directory name from)5.306 F F3(CDP)2.806 E +-.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .306(is used, or if)2.556 F F22.807 E +F0 .307(is the \214rst)2.807 F(ar)144 446.4 Q .116(gument, and the dire\ +ctory change is successful, the absolute pathname of the ne)-.18 F 2.615 +(ww)-.25 G .115(orking direc-)-2.715 F .15 +(tory is written to the standard output.)144 458.4 R .15 +(If the directory change is successful,)5.15 F F2(cd)2.65 E F0 .15 +(sets the v)2.65 F .15(alue of the)-.25 F F2(PWD)144 470.4 Q F0(en)2.958 +E .458(vironment v)-.4 F .458(ariable to the ne)-.25 F 2.958(wd)-.25 G +.458(irectory name, and sets the)-2.958 F F2(OLDPWD)2.957 E F0(en)2.957 +E .457(vironment v)-.4 F(ari-)-.25 E .125(able to the v)144 482.4 R .125 +(alue of the current w)-.25 F .126(orking directory before the change.) +-.1 F .126(The return v)5.126 F .126(alue is true if the)-.25 F +(directory w)144 494.4 Q(as successfully changed; f)-.1 E +(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F2(command)108 511.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255pVv)A F0 +(])A F1(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Run)144 +523.2 Q F1(command)2.765 E F0(with)3.335 E F1(ar)2.895 E(gs)-.37 E F0 +.065(suppressing the normal shell function lookup.)2.835 F .064(Only b) +5.064 F .064(uiltin commands or)-.2 F .501(commands found in the)144 +535.2 R F3 -.666(PA)3.001 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .502(are e)2.751 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G 3.002(cuted. If).15 F(the)3.002 E F23.002 E F0 .502 +(option is gi)3.002 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .502(n, the search for).15 F F1 +(command)3.202 E F0(is)3.772 E .4(performed using a def)144 547.2 R .4 +(ault v)-.1 F .4(alue for)-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)2.9 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .399 +(that is guaranteed to \214nd all of the standard utilities.)2.649 F(If) +5.399 E .174(either the)144 559.2 R F22.674 E F0(or)2.674 E F2 +2.674 E F0 .175(option is supplied, a description of)2.674 F F1 +(command)2.875 E F0 .175(is printed.)3.445 F(The)5.175 E F22.675 E +F0 .175(option causes)2.675 F 3.318(as)144 571.2 S .818(ingle w)-3.318 F +.817(ord indicating the command or \214lename used to in)-.1 F -.2(vo) +-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F1(command)3.617 E F0 .817(to be displayed; the)4.087 +F F2144 583.2 Q F0 .249(option produces a more v)2.749 F .249 +(erbose description.)-.15 F .249(If the)5.249 F F22.749 E F0(or) +2.749 E F22.75 E F0 .25(option is supplied, the e)2.75 F .25 +(xit status)-.15 F 1.005(is 0 if)144 595.2 R F1(command)3.705 E F0 -.1 +(wa)4.275 G 3.505(sf).1 G 1.005(ound, and 1 if not.)-3.505 F 1.004 +(If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or)6.005 F F1 +(command)144.2 607.2 Q F0 1.598(cannot be found, the e)4.868 F 1.599 +(xit status is 127.)-.15 F 1.599(Otherwise, the e)6.599 F 1.599 +(xit status of the)-.15 F F2(command)4.099 E F0 -.2(bu)144 619.2 S +(iltin is the e).2 E(xit status of)-.15 E F1(command)2.7 E F0(.).77 E F2 +(compgen)108 636 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(wor)-2.5 E(d) +-.37 E F0(])A .013(Generate possible completion matches for)144 648 R F1 +(wor)2.513 E(d)-.37 E F0 .013(according to the)2.513 F F1(option)2.513 E +F0 .013(s, which may be an)B 2.512(yo)-.15 G(ption)-2.512 E .981 +(accepted by the)144 660 R F2(complete)3.481 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981 +(iltin with the e).2 F .981(xception of)-.15 F F23.481 E F0(and) +3.481 E F23.481 E F0 3.481(,a)C .982(nd write the matches to the) +-3.481 F .131(standard output.)144 672 R .131(When using the)5.131 F F2 +2.631 E F0(or)2.631 E F22.631 E F0 .131(options, the v)2.631 +F .13(arious shell v)-.25 F .13(ariables set by the program-)-.25 F +(mable completion f)144 684 Q(acilities, while a)-.1 E -.25(va)-.2 G +(ilable, will not ha).25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.2 H(seful v).15 E(alues.)-.25 +E .352(The matches will be generated in the same w)144 708 R .352 +(ay as if the programmable completion code had gen-)-.1 F .02(erated th\ +em directly from a completion speci\214cation with the same \215ags.)144 +720 R(If)5.02 E F1(wor)2.52 E(d)-.37 E F0 .02(is speci\214ed, only)2.52 +F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(61)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 62 62 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E +(those completions matching)144 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(wor)2.5 E +(d)-.37 E F0(will be displayed.)2.5 E(The return v)144 108 Q +(alue is true unless an in)-.25 E -.25(va)-.4 G +(lid option is supplied, or no matches were generated.).25 E/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(complete)108 124.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255abcdefgjksuv)A +F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1(comp-option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(\255DEI) +-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1(action)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 +-2.5 E F1(globpat)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1(wor)2.5 E(dlist) +-.37 E F0(])A([)144 136.8 Q F2A F1(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 +-2.5 E F1(command)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1(\214lterpat) +2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.5(][)C +F2-2.5 E F1(suf)2.5 E<8c78>-.18 E F0(])A F1(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E +F1(name ...)A F0(])A F2(complete \255pr)108 148.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2 +(\255DEI)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .633(Specify ho)144 +160.8 R 3.133(wa)-.25 G -.18(rg)-3.133 G .633(uments to each).18 F F1 +(name)3.133 E F0 .633(should be completed.)3.133 F .634(If the)5.634 F +F23.134 E F0 .634(option is supplied, or if no)3.134 F .14 +(options are supplied, e)144 172.8 R .139 +(xisting completion speci\214cations are printed in a w)-.15 F .139 +(ay that allo)-.1 F .139(ws them to be)-.25 F .31(reused as input.)144 +184.8 R(The)5.31 E F22.81 E F0 .31(option remo)2.81 F -.15(ve)-.15 +G 2.81(sac).15 G .31(ompletion speci\214cation for each)-2.81 F F1(name) +2.81 E F0 2.81(,o)C 1.11 -.4(r, i)-2.81 H 2.81(fn).4 G(o)-2.81 E F1 +(name)2.81 E F0(s)A 1.208 +(are supplied, all completion speci\214cations.)144 196.8 R(The)6.208 E +F23.708 E F0 1.207(option indicates that other supplied options) +3.707 F .5(and actions should apply to the `)144 208.8 R(`def)-.74 E +(ault')-.1 E 3('c)-.74 G .5 +(ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on)-3 F 3.455(ac)144 +220.8 S .955(ommand for which no completion has pre)-3.455 F .955 +(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)5.955 E F23.455 E F0 .955 +(option indicates that)3.455 F .876 +(other supplied options and actions should apply to `)144 232.8 R +(`empty')-.74 E 3.376('c)-.74 G .876(ommand completion; that is, com-) +-3.376 F .448(pletion attempted on a blank line.)144 244.8 R(The)5.447 E +F22.947 E F0 .447 +(option indicates that other supplied options and actions)2.947 F .123 +(should apply to completion on the initial non-assignment w)144 256.8 R +.123(ord on the line, or after a command de-)-.1 F 1.021 +(limiter such as)144 268.8 R F2(;)3.521 E F0(or)3.521 E F2(|)3.521 E F0 +3.521(,w)C 1.021(hich is usually command name completion.)-3.521 F 1.02 +(If multiple options are sup-)6.02 F .707(plied, the)144 280.8 R F2 +3.207 E F0 .707(option tak)3.207 F .707(es precedence o)-.1 F -.15 +(ve)-.15 G(r).15 E F23.208 E F0 3.208(,a)C .708(nd both tak)-3.208 +F 3.208(ep)-.1 G .708(recedence o)-3.208 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(r).15 E F2 +3.208 E F0 5.708(.I)C 3.208(fa)-5.708 G 1.008 -.15(ny o)-3.208 H +(f).15 E F23.208 E F0(,)A F2144 292.8 Q F0 2.604(,o)C(r) +-2.604 E F22.604 E F0 .103(are supplied, an)2.603 F 2.603(yo)-.15 +G(ther)-2.603 E F1(name)2.603 E F0(ar)2.603 E .103 +(guments are ignored; these completions only apply to the)-.18 F +(case speci\214ed by the option.)144 304.8 Q .152 +(The process of applying these completion speci\214cations when w)144 +328.8 R .153(ord completion is attempted is de-)-.1 F(scribed abo)144 +340.8 Q .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(Pr)2.5 E +(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0(.)A .556 +(Other options, if speci\214ed, ha)144 364.8 R .856 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .555 +(he follo).15 F .555(wing meanings.)-.25 F .555(The ar)5.555 F .555 +(guments to the)-.18 F F23.055 E F0(,)A F23.055 E F0 3.055 +(,a)C(nd)-3.055 E F23.055 E F0 .722(options \(and, if necessary) +144 376.8 R 3.222(,t)-.65 G(he)-3.222 E F23.222 E F0(and)3.222 E +F23.222 E F0 .723 +(options\) should be quoted to protect them from e)3.222 F(xpan-)-.15 E +(sion before the)144 388.8 Q F2(complete)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(iltin is in).2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E F2144 400.8 Q +F1(comp-option)2.5 E F0(The)184 412.8 Q F1(comp-option)2.791 E F0 .291 +(controls se)2.791 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .291(ral aspects of the compspec') +.15 F 2.791(sb)-.55 G(eha)-2.791 E .291(vior be)-.2 F .291 +(yond the simple)-.15 F(generation of completions.)184 424.8 Q F1 +(comp-option)5 E F0(may be one of:)2.5 E F2(bashdefault)184 436.8 Q F0 +.281(Perform the rest of the def)224 448.8 R(ault)-.1 E F2(bash)2.781 E +F0 .281(completions if the compspec generates no)2.781 F(matches.)224 +460.8 Q F2(default)184 472.8 Q F0 2.876(Use readline')224 472.8 R 5.376 +(sd)-.55 G(ef)-5.376 E 2.875 +(ault \214lename completion if the compspec generates no)-.1 F(matches.) +224 484.8 Q F2(dir)184 496.8 Q(names)-.15 E F0(Perform directory name c\ +ompletion if the compspec generates no matches.)224 508.8 Q F2 +(\214lenames)184 520.8 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 532.8 S .137(ll readline that th\ +e compspec generates \214lenames, so it can perform an).7 F 2.637<798c> +-.15 G(le-)-2.637 E .134(name\255speci\214c processing \(lik)224 544.8 R +2.634(ea)-.1 G .134(dding a slash to directory names, quoting spe-) +-2.634 F .45(cial characters, or suppressing trailing spaces\).)224 +556.8 R .45(Intended to be used with shell)5.45 F(functions.)224 568.8 Q +F2(noquote)184 580.8 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 580.8 S .814 +(ll readline not to quote the completed w).7 F .814(ords if the)-.1 F +3.314(ya)-.15 G .814(re \214lenames \(quoting)-3.314 F +(\214lenames is the def)224 592.8 Q(ault\).)-.1 E F2(nosort)184 604.8 Q +F0 -.7(Te)224 604.8 S(ll readline not to sort the list of possible comp\ +letions alphabetically).7 E(.)-.65 E F2(nospace)184 616.8 Q F0 -.7(Te) +224 616.8 S .22(ll readline not to append a space \(the def).7 F .22 +(ault\) to w)-.1 F .22(ords completed at the end)-.1 F(of the line.)224 +628.8 Q F2(plusdirs)184 640.8 Q F0 1.985(After an)224 640.8 R 4.485(ym) +-.15 G 1.985 +(atches de\214ned by the compspec are generated, directory name)-4.485 F +.583(completion is attempted and an)224 652.8 R 3.084(ym)-.15 G .584 +(atches are added to the results of the other)-3.084 F(actions.)224 +664.8 Q F2144 676.8 Q F1(action)2.5 E F0(The)184 688.8 Q F1 +(action)2.5 E F0(may be one of the follo)2.5 E +(wing to generate a list of possible completions:)-.25 E F2(alias)184 +700.8 Q F0(Alias names.)224 700.8 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F2 +2.5 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(62) +185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 63 63 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(arrayv)184 84 Q(ar)-.1 E F0(Array v)224 96 Q(ariable names.)-.25 E F1 +(binding)184 108 Q(Readline)224 108 Q F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G 2.5(yb)-.05 G +(inding names.)-2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)184 120 S(iltin).2 E F0 +(Names of shell b)224 120 Q(uiltin commands.)-.2 E +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(command)184 132 +Q F0(Command names.)224 144 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 +E F0(.)A F1(dir)184 156 Q(ectory)-.18 E F0(Directory names.)224 168 Q +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(disabled)184 180 +Q F0(Names of disabled shell b)224 192 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(enabled)184 +204 Q F0(Names of enabled shell b)224 204 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(export)184 +216 Q F0(Names of e)224 216 Q(xported shell v)-.15 E 2.5(ariables. May) +-.25 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(\214le)184 +228 Q F0(File names.)224 228 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1 +2.5 E F0(.)A F1(function)184 240 Q F0(Names of shell functions.)224 252 +Q F1(gr)184 264 Q(oup)-.18 E F0(Group names.)224 264 Q +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(helptopic)184 +276 Q F0(Help topics as accepted by the)224 288 Q F1(help)2.5 E F0 -.2 +(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(hostname)184 300 Q F0(Hostnames, as tak)224 312 +Q(en from the \214le speci\214ed by the)-.1 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F0(shell v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(job)184 324 Q F0 +(Job names, if job control is acti)224 324 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 5(.M).15 G +(ay also be speci\214ed as)-5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ke)184 336 S +(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Shell reserv)224 348 Q(ed w)-.15 E 2.5(ords. May) +-.1 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(running)184 +360 Q F0(Names of running jobs, if job control is acti)224 360 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(ser)184 372 Q(vice)-.1 E F0(Service names.)224 372 +Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(setopt)184 384 +Q F0 -1.11(Va)224 384 S(lid ar)1.11 E(guments for the)-.18 E F12.5 +E F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1 +(shopt)184 396 Q F0(Shell option names as accepted by the)224 396 Q F1 +(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(signal)184 408 Q F0 +(Signal names.)224 408 Q F1(stopped)184 420 Q F0 +(Names of stopped jobs, if job control is acti)224 420 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +(.).15 E F1(user)184 432 Q F0(User names.)224 432 Q +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(va)184 444 S +(riable).1 E F0(Names of all shell v)224 444 Q 2.5(ariables. May)-.25 F +(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1144 456 Q/F3 +10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E(command)184 468 Q F0 1.056(is e)3.556 +F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.056(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 1.056 +(vironment, and its output is used as the possible)-.4 F 2.5 +(completions. Ar)184 480 R(guments are passed as with the)-.18 E F1 +2.5 E F0(option.)2.5 E F1144 492 Q F3(function)2.5 E F0 .113 +(The shell function)184 504 R F3(function)2.614 E F0 .114(is e)2.614 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .114(cuted in the current shell en).15 F 2.614 +(vironment. When)-.4 F .114(the func-)2.614 F .817(tion is e)184 516 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G .817(cuted, the \214rst ar).15 F .817(gument \()-.18 F F1 +($1)A F0 3.316(\)i)C 3.316(st)-3.316 G .816 +(he name of the command whose ar)-3.316 F(guments)-.18 E 1.407 +(are being completed, the second ar)184 528 R 1.407(gument \()-.18 F F1 +($2)A F0 3.907(\)i)C 3.907(st)-3.907 G 1.407(he w)-3.907 F 1.407 +(ord being completed, and the)-.1 F .104(third ar)184 540 R .104 +(gument \()-.18 F F1($3)A F0 2.604(\)i)C 2.604(st)-2.604 G .104(he w) +-2.604 F .104(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .103 +(ord being completed on the current com-)-.1 F .101(mand line.)184 552 R +.101(When it \214nishes, the possible completions are retrie)5.101 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.602(df).15 G .102(rom the v)-2.602 F .102(alue of the) +-.25 F F2(COMPREPL)184 564 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E +F1144 576 Q F3(globpat)2.5 E F0 1.008(The pathname e)184 588 R +1.008(xpansion pattern)-.15 F F3(globpat)3.507 E F0 1.007(is e)3.507 F +1.007(xpanded to generate the possible comple-)-.15 F(tions.)184 600 Q +F1144 612 Q F3(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E(pr)184 624 Q(e\214x)-.37 E +F0 .534(is added at the be)3.034 F .534 +(ginning of each possible completion after all other options ha)-.15 F +-.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 636 Q F1144 648 Q F3(suf)2.5 E +<8c78>-.18 E(suf)184 648 Q<8c78>-.18 E F0 +(is appended to each possible completion after all other options ha)2.5 +E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E F1144 660 Q F3(wor)2.5 E +(dlist)-.37 E F0(The)184 672 Q F3(wor)3.64 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 1.14 +(is split using the characters in the)3.64 F F2(IFS)3.64 E F0 1.139 +(special v)3.39 F 1.139(ariable as delimiters, and)-.25 F .98 +(each resultant w)184 684 R .98(ord is e)-.1 F 3.481(xpanded. Shell)-.15 +F .981(quoting is honored within)3.481 F F3(wor)3.481 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 +3.481(,i)C 3.481(no)-3.481 G .981(rder to)-3.481 F(pro)184 696 Q .766 +(vide a mechanism for the w)-.15 F .765 +(ords to contain shell metacharacters or characters in the)-.1 F -.25 +(va)184 708 S 1.964(lue of).25 F F2(IFS)4.464 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.) +A F0 1.964 +(The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which) +6.464 F(match the w)184 720 Q(ord being completed.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 +768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(63)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 64 64 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214lterpat)2.5 E(\214lterpat) +184 96 Q F0 .456(is a pattern as used for pathname e)2.956 F 2.956 +(xpansion. It)-.15 F .455(is applied to the list of possible)2.956 F +1.596(completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 108 R +1.596(guments, and each completion)-.18 F(matching)184 120 Q F2 +(\214lterpat)3.205 E F0 .705(is remo)3.205 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.205(df).15 +G .704(rom the list.)-3.205 F 3.204(Al)5.704 G(eading)-3.204 E F1(!) +3.204 E F0(in)3.204 E F2(\214lterpat)3.204 E F0(ne)3.204 E -.05(ga)-.15 +G .704(tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 132 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G +(ompletion not matching)-2.5 E F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0(is remo)2.5 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .466(The return v)144 148.8 R .466 +(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .466 +(lid option is supplied, an option other than).25 F F12.967 E F0 +(or)2.967 E F12.967 E F0 .467(is sup-)2.967 F 1.362 +(plied without a)144 160.8 R F2(name)3.862 E F0(ar)3.862 E 1.361 +(gument, an attempt is made to remo)-.18 F 1.661 -.15(ve a c)-.15 H +1.361(ompletion speci\214cation for a).15 F F2(name)144 172.8 Q F0 +(for which no speci\214cation e)2.5 E +(xists, or an error occurs adding a completion speci\214cation.)-.15 E +F1(compopt)108 189.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C +F1(\255DEI)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C +F2(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .447(Modify completion options for each)144 201.6 +R F2(name)2.947 E F0 .447(according to the)2.947 F F2(option)2.947 E F0 +.447(s, or for the currently-e)B -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E .726 +(completion if no)144 213.6 R F2(name)3.226 E F0 3.226(sa)C .726 +(re supplied.)-3.226 F .725(If no)5.725 F F2(option)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa) +C .725(re gi)-3.225 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .725 +(n, display the completion options for).15 F(each)144 225.6 Q F2(name) +3.223 E F0 .723(or the current completion.)3.223 F .724(The possible v) +5.724 F .724(alues of)-.25 F F2(option)3.224 E F0 .724(are those v)3.224 +F .724(alid for the)-.25 F F1(com-)3.224 E(plete)144 237.6 Q F0 -.2(bu) +2.678 G .178(iltin described abo).2 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.178(.T).15 G(he) +-5.178 E F12.678 E F0 .178 +(option indicates that other supplied options should apply to)2.678 F +1.227(the `)144 249.6 R(`def)-.74 E(ault')-.1 E 3.727('c)-.74 G 1.228(o\ +mmand completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for which \ +no)-3.727 F 2.039(completion has pre)144 261.6 R 2.039 +(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)7.038 E F14.538 E F0 2.038 +(option indicates that other supplied options)4.538 F 1.538 +(should apply to `)144 273.6 R(`empty')-.74 E 4.038('c)-.74 G 1.539 +(ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line.) +-4.038 F(The)144 285.6 Q F13.02 E F0 .52(option indicates that ot\ +her supplied options should apply to completion on the initial non-)3.02 +F .867(assignment w)144 297.6 R .868 +(ord on the line, or after a command delimiter such as)-.1 F F1(;)3.368 +E F0(or)3.368 E F1(|)3.368 E F0 3.368(,w)C .868(hich is usually com-) +-3.368 F(mand name completion.)144 309.6 Q .432(The return v)144 333.6 R +.431(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .431 +(lid option is supplied, an attempt is made to modify the op-).25 F +(tions for a)144 345.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0 +(for which no completion speci\214cation e)2.5 E +(xists, or an output error occurs.)-.15 E F1(continue)108 362.4 Q F0([) +2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .85(Resume the ne)144 374.4 R .85 +(xt iteration of the enclosing)-.15 F F1 -.25(fo)3.35 G(r).25 E F0(,)A +F1(while)3.351 E F0(,)A F1(until)3.351 E F0 3.351(,o)C(r)-3.351 E F1 +(select)3.351 E F0 3.351(loop. If)3.351 F F2(n)3.711 E F0 .851 +(is speci\214ed, re-)3.591 F .204(sume at the)144 386.4 R F2(n)2.704 E +F0 .204(th enclosing loop.)B F2(n)5.564 E F0 .204(must be)2.944 F/F3 10 +/Symbol SF2.704 E F0 2.703(1. If)2.704 F F2(n)3.063 E F0 .203 +(is greater than the number of enclosing loops,)2.943 F 1.183 +(the last enclosing loop \(the `)144 398.4 R(`top-le)-.74 E -.15(ve)-.25 +G(l').15 E 3.683('l)-.74 G 1.183(oop\) is resumed.)-3.683 F 1.184 +(The return v)6.184 F 1.184(alue is 0 unless)-.25 F F2(n)3.684 E F0 +1.184(is not)3.684 F(greater than or equal to 1.)144 410.4 Q F1(declar) +108 427.2 Q(e)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgiIlnrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1 +-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C +(..])-2.5 E F1(typeset)108 439.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgiIlnrtux)A F0 +2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 +2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E 1.265(Declare v)144 451.2 R 1.265 +(ariables and/or gi)-.25 F 1.565 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 1.265(hem attrib).15 F +3.765(utes. If)-.2 F(no)3.765 E F2(name)3.765 E F0 3.765(sa)C 1.265 +(re gi)-3.765 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.764(nt).15 G 1.264(hen display the v) +-3.764 F 1.264(alues of)-.25 F -.25(va)144 463.2 S 3.46(riables. The).25 +F F13.46 E F0 .96(option will display the attrib)3.46 F .96 +(utes and v)-.2 F .96(alues of each)-.25 F F2(name)3.82 E F0 5.96(.W).18 +G(hen)-5.96 E F13.46 E F0 .96(is used)3.46 F(with)144 475.2 Q F2 +(name)2.775 E F0(ar)2.775 E .275 +(guments, additional options, other than)-.18 F F12.775 E F0(and) +2.775 E F12.775 E F0 2.775(,a)C .274(re ignored.)-2.775 F(When) +5.274 E F12.774 E F0 .274(is supplied)2.774 F(without)144 487.2 Q +F2(name)3.789 E F0(ar)3.789 E 1.289(guments, it will display the attrib) +-.18 F 1.289(utes and v)-.2 F 1.29(alues of all v)-.25 F 1.29 +(ariables ha)-.25 F 1.29(ving the at-)-.2 F(trib)144 499.2 Q .38 +(utes speci\214ed by the additional options.)-.2 F .38 +(If no other options are supplied with)5.38 F F12.88 E F0(,)A F1 +(declar)2.88 E(e)-.18 E F0(will)2.88 E 1.106(display the attrib)144 +511.2 R 1.106(utes and v)-.2 F 1.106(alues of all shell v)-.25 F 3.606 +(ariables. The)-.25 F F13.606 E F0 1.107 +(option will restrict the display to)3.606 F .3(shell functions.)144 +523.2 R(The)5.3 E F12.8 E F0 .299(option inhibits the display of \ +function de\214nitions; only the function name)2.8 F 1.54(and attrib)144 +535.2 R 1.54(utes are printed.)-.2 F 1.54(If the)6.54 F F1(extdeb)4.04 E +(ug)-.2 E F0 1.54(shell option is enabled using)4.04 F F1(shopt)4.04 E +F0 4.04(,t)C 1.54(he source \214le)-4.04 F .648 +(name and line number where each)144 547.2 R F2(name)3.148 E F0 .648 +(is de\214ned are displayed as well.)3.148 F(The)5.648 E F13.148 E +F0 .648(option implies)3.148 F F1144 559.2 Q F0 5.836(.T)C(he) +-5.836 E F13.336 E F0 .836(option forces v)3.336 F .837 +(ariables to be created or modi\214ed at the global scope, e)-.25 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 3.337(nw).15 G(hen)-3.337 E F1(de-)3.337 E(clar)144 571.2 Q +(e)-.18 E F0 .819(is e)3.319 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .819 +(cuted in a shell function.).15 F .818 +(It is ignored in all other cases.)5.818 F(The)5.818 E F13.318 E +F0 .818(option causes local)3.318 F -.25(va)144 583.2 S .693 +(riables to inherit the attrib).25 F .693(utes \(e)-.2 F .693(xcept the) +-.15 F F2(namer)3.194 E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)3.194 E .694(ute\) and v)-.2 +F .694(alue of an)-.25 F 3.194(ye)-.15 G .694(xisting v)-3.344 F +(ariable)-.25 E .82(with the same)144 595.2 R F2(name)3.32 E F0 .82 +(at a surrounding scope.)3.32 F .82(If there is no e)5.82 F .82 +(xisting v)-.15 F .82(ariable, the local v)-.25 F .82(ariable is)-.25 F +.379(initially unset.)144 607.2 R .379(The follo)5.379 F .379 +(wing options can be used to restrict output to v)-.25 F .38 +(ariables with the speci\214ed)-.25 F(attrib)144 619.2 Q(ute or to gi) +-.2 E .3 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(ariables attrib)-.1 E(utes:)-.2 E F1144 +631.2 Q F0(Each)180 631.2 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an inde)2.5 E -.15(xe) +-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray v)-2.5 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5 E +F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1144 643.2 Q F0(Each)180 +643.2 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an associati)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H +(rray v).15 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve) +-.15 G(\).).15 E F1144 655.2 Q F0(Use function names only)180 +655.2 Q(.)-.65 E F1144 667.2 Q F0 .558(The v)180 667.2 R .558 +(ariable is treated as an inte)-.25 F .558(ger; arithmetic e)-.15 F -.25 +(va)-.25 G .558(luation \(see).25 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .557 +(ARITHMETIC EV)3.058 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)180 679.2 Q F0(abo) +2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\)i).15 G 2.5(sp)-2.5 G(erformed when the v) +-2.5 E(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E F1144 691.2 Q +F0 .909(When the v)180 691.2 R .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909 +(alue, all upper)-.25 F .909(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4 +G .91(rted to lo).15 F(wer)-.25 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 703.2 R +(upper)2.5 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1144 715.2 +Q F0(Gi)180 715.2 Q 1.62 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F2(name)3.82 E F0 +(the)3.82 E F2(namer)3.819 E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)3.819 E 1.319 +(ute, making it a name reference to another v)-.2 F(ariable.)-.25 E +1.518(That other v)180 727.2 R 1.518(ariable is de\214ned by the v)-.25 +F 1.519(alue of)-.25 F F2(name)4.019 E F0 6.519(.A)C 1.519 +(ll references, assignments, and)-6.519 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q +(2022 September 19)135.955 E(64)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 65 65 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(attrib)180 84 Q +.227(ute modi\214cations to)-.2 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.726 E +F0 2.726(,e)C .226(xcept those using or changing the)-2.876 F/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF2.726 E F0(attrib)2.726 E .226(ute itself, are)-.2 +F .808(performed on the v)180 96 R .808(ariable referenced by)-.25 F F1 +(name)3.308 E F0 1.908 -.55('s v)D 3.308(alue. The).3 F .809 +(nameref attrib)3.309 F .809(ute cannot be)-.2 F(applied to array v)180 +108 Q(ariables.)-.25 E F2144 120 Q F0(Mak)180 120 Q(e)-.1 E F1 +(name)3.655 E F0 3.655(sr)C(eadonly)-3.655 E 6.154(.T)-.65 G 1.154 +(hese names cannot then be assigned v)-6.154 F 1.154 +(alues by subsequent as-)-.25 F(signment statements or unset.)180 132 Q +F2144 144 Q F0(Gi)180 144 Q .729 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F1 +(name)2.929 E F0(the)2.929 E F1(tr)2.929 E(ace)-.15 E F0(attrib)2.929 E +2.929(ute. T)-.2 F .429(raced functions inherit the)-.35 F F2(DEB)2.929 +E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.93 E F2(RETURN)2.93 E F0 +(traps from the calling shell.)180 156 Q(The trace attrib)5 E +(ute has no special meaning for v)-.2 E(ariables.)-.25 E F2144 168 +Q F0 .91(When the v)180 168 R .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909 +(alue, all lo)-.25 F(wer)-.25 E .909(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15 +(ve)-.4 G .909(rted to upper).15 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 180 R(lo) +2.5 E(wer)-.25 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F2144 +192 Q F0(Mark)180 192 Q F1(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(sf)C(or e)-2.5 E +(xport to subsequent commands via the en)-.15 E(vironment.)-.4 E .143 +(Using `+' instead of `\255' turns of)144 208.8 R 2.643(ft)-.25 G .143 +(he attrib)-2.643 F .143(ute instead, with the e)-.2 F .144 +(xceptions that)-.15 F F2(+a)2.644 E F0(and)2.644 E F2(+A)2.644 E F0 +.144(may not)2.644 F .579(be used to destro)144 220.8 R 3.079(ya)-.1 G +.579(rray v)-3.079 F .579(ariables and)-.25 F F2(+r)3.079 E F0 .579 +(will not remo)3.079 F .879 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .579(he readonly attrib).15 +F 3.079(ute. When)-.2 F .578(used in a)3.078 F(function,)144 232.8 Q F2 +(declar)3.543 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)3.543 E F2(typeset)3.543 E F0(mak)3.543 +E 3.543(ee)-.1 G(ach)-3.543 E F1(name)3.543 E F0 1.043 +(local, as with the)3.543 F F2(local)3.544 E F0 1.044 +(command, unless the)3.544 F F23.544 E F0 1.205 +(option is supplied.)144 244.8 R 1.205(If a v)6.205 F 1.205 +(ariable name is follo)-.25 F 1.205(wed by =)-.25 F F1(value)A F0 3.705 +(,t)C 1.205(he v)-3.705 F 1.205(alue of the v)-.25 F 1.205 +(ariable is set to)-.25 F F1(value)144 256.8 Q F0 5.217(.W)C .217 +(hen using)-5.217 F F22.717 E F0(or)2.717 E F22.717 E F0 +.217(and the compound assignment syntax to create array v)2.717 F .218 +(ariables, addi-)-.25 F .882(tional attrib)144 268.8 R .882 +(utes do not tak)-.2 F 3.382(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.382 G .882 +(ect until subsequent assignments.).25 F .882(The return v)5.882 F .882 +(alue is 0 unless an)-.25 F(in)144 280.8 Q -.25(va)-.4 G .365(lid optio\ +n is encountered, an attempt is made to de\214ne a function using).25 F +/F3 10/Courier@0 SF .366(\255f foo=bar)2.866 F F0 2.866(,a)C 2.866(na) +-2.866 G(t-)-2.866 E .549(tempt is made to assign a v)144 292.8 R .549 +(alue to a readonly v)-.25 F .548 +(ariable, an attempt is made to assign a v)-.25 F .548(alue to an)-.25 F +1.748(array v)144 304.8 R 1.748 +(ariable without using the compound assignment syntax \(see)-.25 F F2 +(Arrays)4.249 E F0(abo)4.249 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.749(\), one of the).15 F +F1(names)144 316.8 Q F0 .359(is not a v)2.859 F .359(alid shell v)-.25 F +.359(ariable name, an attempt is made to turn of)-.25 F 2.859(fr)-.25 G +.359(eadonly status for a read-)-2.859 F 1.212(only v)144 328.8 R 1.213 +(ariable, an attempt is made to turn of)-.25 F 3.713(fa)-.25 G 1.213 +(rray status for an array v)-3.713 F 1.213(ariable, or an attempt is) +-.25 F(made to display a non-e)144 340.8 Q(xistent function with)-.15 E +F22.5 E F0(.)A F2(dirs [\255clpv] [+)108 357.6 Q F1(n)A F2 2.5(][) +C-2.5 E F1(n)A F2(])A F0 -.4(Wi)144 369.6 S .329 +(thout options, displays the list of currently remembered directories.) +.4 F .328(The def)5.328 F .328(ault display is on a)-.1 F 1.238 +(single line with directory names separated by spaces.)144 381.6 R 1.238 +(Directories are added to the list with the)6.238 F F2(pushd)144 393.6 Q +F0 .928(command; the)3.428 F F2(popd)3.428 E F0 .928(command remo)3.428 +F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.428(se).15 G .928(ntries from the list.)-3.428 F .928 +(The current directory is al-)5.928 F -.1(wa)144 405.6 S +(ys the \214rst directory in the stack.).1 E F2144 417.6 Q F0 +(Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.)180 417.6 Q +F2144 429.6 Q F0 .881 +(Produces a listing using full pathnames; the def)180 429.6 R .882 +(ault listing format uses a tilde to denote)-.1 F(the home directory)180 +441.6 Q(.)-.65 E F2144 453.6 Q F0 +(Print the directory stack with one entry per line.)180 453.6 Q F2 +144 465.6 Q F0 .273(Print the directory stack with one entry per line, \ +pre\214xing each entry with its inde)180 465.6 R 2.772(xi)-.15 G 2.772 +(nt)-2.772 G(he)-2.772 E(stack.)180 477.6 Q F2(+)144 489.6 Q F1(n)A F0 +1.564(Displays the)180 489.6 R F1(n)4.064 E F0 1.565 +(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.565(wn by)-.25 F F2 +(dirs)4.065 E F0 1.565(when in)4.065 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E +(without options, starting with zero.)180 501.6 Q F2144 513.6 Q F1 +(n)A F0 1.194(Displays the)180 513.6 R F1(n)3.694 E F0 1.194 +(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.194(wn by)-.25 F +F2(dirs)3.694 E F0 1.194(when in)3.694 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E +(without options, starting with zero.)180 525.6 Q .257(The return v)144 +542.4 R .258(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .258 +(lid option is supplied or).25 F F1(n)2.758 E F0(inde)2.758 E -.15(xe) +-.15 G 2.758(sb).15 G -.15(ey)-2.758 G .258(ond the end of the direc-) +.15 F(tory stack.)144 554.4 Q F2(diso)108 571.2 Q(wn)-.1 E F0([)2.5 E F2 +(\255ar)A F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(jobspec)-2.5 E F0 +(... |)2.5 E F1(pid)2.5 E F0(... ])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 583.2 S .122 +(thout options, remo).4 F .422 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F1(jobspec) +4.362 E F0 .122(from the table of acti)2.932 F .422 -.15(ve j)-.25 H +2.622(obs. If).15 F F1(jobspec)4.362 E F0 .121(is not present, and)2.932 +F .096(neither the)144 595.2 R F22.596 E F0 .096(nor the)2.596 F +F22.596 E F0 .096(option is supplied, the)2.596 F F1(curr)2.596 E +.096(ent job)-.37 F F0 .096(is used.)2.596 F .096(If the)5.096 F F2 +2.596 E F0 .096(option is gi)2.596 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .096(n, each) +.15 F F1(jobspec)145.74 607.2 Q F0 .586(is not remo)3.396 F -.15(ve)-.15 +G 3.086(df).15 G .585(rom the table, b)-3.086 F .585(ut is mark)-.2 F +.585(ed so that)-.1 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGHUP)3.085 E F0 .585 +(is not sent to the job if the)2.835 F .962(shell recei)144 619.2 R -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 3.462(sa).15 G F4(SIGHUP)A/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .962 +(If no)5.462 F F1(jobspec)5.202 E F0 .962(is supplied, the)3.772 F F2 +3.462 E F0 .962(option means to remo)3.462 F 1.262 -.15(ve o)-.15 +H 3.462(rm).15 G .962(ark all)-3.462 F 1.359(jobs; the)144 631.2 R F2 +3.859 E F0 1.359(option without a)3.859 F F1(jobspec)5.599 E F0 +(ar)4.169 E 1.358(gument restricts operation to running jobs.)-.18 F +1.358(The return)6.358 F -.25(va)144 643.2 S(lue is 0 unless a).25 E F1 +(jobspec)4.24 E F0(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job)-.25 E(.)-.4 E +F2(echo)108 660 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255neE)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(ar)-2.5 E(g) +-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E .424(Output the)144 672 R F1(ar)2.924 E(g)-.37 E F0 +.424(s, separated by spaces, follo)B .424(wed by a ne)-.25 F 2.924 +(wline. The)-.25 F .424(return status is 0 unless a write)2.924 F .308 +(error occurs.)144 684 R(If)5.308 E F22.808 E F0 .308 +(is speci\214ed, the trailing ne)2.808 F .308(wline is suppressed.)-.25 +F .307(If the)5.308 F F22.807 E F0 .307(option is gi)2.807 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G .307(n, inter).15 F(-)-.2 E .197(pretation of the follo)144 +696 R .198(wing backslash-escaped characters is enabled.)-.25 F(The) +5.198 E F22.698 E F0 .198(option disables the in-)2.698 F .067 +(terpretation of these escape characters, e)144 708 R -.15(ve)-.25 G +2.567(no).15 G 2.567(ns)-2.567 G .067(ystems where the)-2.567 F 2.567 +(ya)-.15 G .067(re interpreted by def)-2.567 F 2.567(ault. The)-.1 F F2 +(xpg_echo)144 720 Q F0 .601 +(shell option may be used to dynamically determine whether or not)3.101 +F F2(echo)3.102 E F0 -.15(ex)3.102 G .602(pands these).15 F +(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(65)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 66 66 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .659 +(escape characters by def)144 84 R(ault.)-.1 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(echo)5.659 E F0 .659(does not interpret)3.159 F F13.159 E F0 .659 +(to mean the end of options.)3.159 F F1(echo)5.658 E F0(inter)3.158 E(-) +-.2 E(prets the follo)144 96 Q(wing escape sequences:)-.25 E F1(\\a)144 +108 Q F0(alert \(bell\))180 108 Q F1(\\b)144 120 Q F0(backspace)180 120 +Q F1(\\c)144 132 Q F0(suppress further output)180 132 Q F1(\\e)144 144 Q +(\\E)144 156 Q F0(an escape character)180 156 Q F1(\\f)144 168 Q F0 +(form feed)180 168 Q F1(\\n)144 180 Q F0(ne)180 180 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(ine) +-2.5 E F1(\\r)144 192 Q F0(carriage return)180 192 Q F1(\\t)144 204 Q F0 +(horizontal tab)180 204 Q F1(\\v)144 216 Q F0 -.15(ve)180 216 S +(rtical tab).15 E F1(\\\\)144 228 Q F0(backslash)180 228 Q F1(\\0)144 +240 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(nnn)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v) +180 240 Q(alue is the octal v)-.25 E(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0 +(\(zero to three octal digits\))2.5 E F1(\\x)144 252 Q F2(HH)A F0 +(the eight-bit character whose v)180 252 Q(alue is the he)-.25 E +(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh) +-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F1(\\u)144 264 Q F2(HHHH)A F0 +1.506(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 276 R 1.507 +(alue is the he)-.25 F 1.507(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHH) +4.007 E F0(\(one to four he)180 288 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F1 +(\\U)144 300 Q F2(HHHHHHHH)A F0 .548 +(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 312 R .547 +(alue is the he)-.25 F .547(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHHH-) +3.047 E(HHH)180 324 Q F0(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\)) +-2.5 E F1(enable)108 340.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C F1 +(\255dnps)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0 2.5 +(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .277(Enable and disable b)144 352.8 R +.278(uiltin shell commands.)-.2 F .278(Disabling a b)5.278 F .278 +(uiltin allo)-.2 F .278(ws a disk command which has)-.25 F .834 +(the same name as a shell b)144 364.8 R .834(uiltin to be e)-.2 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .834(cuted without specifying a full pathname, e).15 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 3.333(nt).15 G(hough)-3.333 E .989 +(the shell normally searches for b)144 376.8 R .989 +(uiltins before disk commands.)-.2 F(If)5.989 E F13.489 E F0 .99 +(is used, each)3.49 F F2(name)3.49 E F0 .99(is dis-)3.49 F .649 +(abled; otherwise,)144 388.8 R F2(names)3.148 E F0 .648(are enabled.) +3.148 F -.15(Fo)5.648 G 3.148(re).15 G .648(xample, to use the)-3.298 F +F1(test)3.148 E F0 .648(binary found via the)3.148 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 +SF -.666(PA)3.148 G(TH)-.189 E F0(in-)2.898 E .538(stead of the shell b) +144 400.8 R .538(uiltin v)-.2 F .538(ersion, run)-.15 F/F4 10/Courier@0 +SF .538(enable -n test)3.038 F F0 5.538(.T)C(he)-5.538 E F13.038 E +F0 .539(option means to load the ne)3.038 F(w)-.25 E -.2(bu)144 412.8 S +1.365(iltin command).2 F F2(name)4.225 E F0 1.365(from shared object) +4.045 F F2(\214lename)5.775 E F0 3.865(,o).18 G 3.865(ns)-3.865 G 1.365 +(ystems that support dynamic loading.)-3.865 F .606(Bash will use the v) +144 424.8 R .606(alue of the)-.25 F F1 -.3(BA)3.106 G(SH_LO).3 E(AD)-.4 +E(ABLES_P)-.35 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 -.25(va)3.106 G .606 +(riable as a colon-separated list of).25 F .549 +(directories in which to search for)144 436.8 R F2(\214lename)3.049 E F0 +5.549(.T)C .549(he def)-5.549 F .548(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 F +(The)5.548 E F13.048 E F0 .548(option will)3.048 F .546 +(delete a b)144 448.8 R .546(uiltin pre)-.2 F .546(viously loaded with) +-.25 F F13.046 E F0 5.547(.I)C 3.047(fn)-5.547 G(o)-3.047 E F2 +(name)3.047 E F0(ar)3.047 E .547(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +.547(n, or if the).15 F F13.047 E F0 .547(option is)3.047 F .546 +(supplied, a list of shell b)144 460.8 R .545(uiltins is printed.)-.2 F +-.4(Wi)5.545 G .545(th no other option ar).4 F .545 +(guments, the list consists of all)-.18 F .695(enabled shell b)144 472.8 +R 3.195(uiltins. If)-.2 F F13.195 E F0 .695 +(is supplied, only disabled b)3.195 F .695(uiltins are printed.)-.2 F +(If)5.695 E F13.195 E F0 .695(is supplied, the)3.195 F .262 +(list printed includes all b)144 484.8 R .261 +(uiltins, with an indication of whether or not each is enabled.)-.2 F +(If)5.261 E F12.761 E F0 .261(is sup-)2.761 F .268 +(plied, the output is restricted to the POSIX)144 496.8 R F2(special) +2.768 E F0 -.2(bu)2.768 G 2.768(iltins. If).2 F .269 +(no options are supplied and a)2.768 F F2(name)2.769 E F0 .285 +(is not a shell b)144 508.8 R(uiltin,)-.2 E F1(enable)2.784 E F0 .284 +(will attempt to load)2.784 F F2(name)2.784 E F0 .284 +(from a shared object named)2.784 F F2(name)2.784 E F0 2.784(,a)C 2.784 +(si)-2.784 G 2.784(ft)-2.784 G(he)-2.784 E 1.41(command were)144 520.8 R +F4 1.41(enable \255f)3.91 F F2 1.41(name name)3.91 F F0 6.41(.T)3.91 G +1.41(he return v)-6.41 F 1.41(alue is 0 unless a)-.25 F F2(name)4.27 E +F0 1.41(is not a shell)4.09 F -.2(bu)144 532.8 S +(iltin or there is an error loading a ne).2 E 2.5(wb)-.25 G +(uiltin from a shared object.)-2.7 E F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)108 549.6 T(l).15 +E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(The)144 561.6 Q F2(ar)3.171 +E(g)-.37 E F0 3.171(sa)C .671 +(re read and concatenated together into a single command.)-3.171 F .67 +(This command is then read)5.67 F .478(and e)144 573.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +.478(cuted by the shell, and its e).15 F .478 +(xit status is returned as the v)-.15 F .479(alue of)-.25 F F1 -2.3 -.15 +(ev a)2.979 H(l).15 E F0 5.479(.I)C 2.979(ft)-5.479 G .479(here are no) +-2.979 F F2(ar)3.309 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E(or only null ar)144 585.6 Q +(guments,)-.18 E F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)2.5 H(l).15 E F0(returns 0.)2.5 E F1 +(exec)108 602.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255cl)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 +(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(command)-2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments) +-.37 E F0(]])A(If)144 614.4 Q F2(command)3.006 E F0 .306 +(is speci\214ed, it replaces the shell.)3.576 F .305(No ne)5.305 F 2.805 +(wp)-.25 G .305(rocess is created.)-2.805 F(The)5.305 E F2(ar)3.135 E +(guments)-.37 E F0(become)3.075 E .176(the ar)144 626.4 R .176 +(guments to)-.18 F F2(command)2.676 E F0 5.176(.I)C 2.676(ft)-5.176 G +(he)-2.676 E F12.676 E F0 .176 +(option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the be)2.676 F .177 +(ginning of)-.15 F .48(the zeroth ar)144 638.4 R .48(gument passed to) +-.18 F F2(command)3.18 E F0 5.48(.T).77 G .48(his is what)-5.48 F F2(lo) +3.07 E(gin)-.1 E F0 .48(\(1\) does.).24 F(The)5.48 E F12.98 E F0 +.48(option causes)2.98 F F2(com-)3.18 E(mand)144 650.4 Q F0 .638 +(to be e)3.908 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .638(cuted with an empty en).15 F 3.138 +(vironment. If)-.4 F F13.138 E F0 .638 +(is supplied, the shell passes)3.138 F F2(name)3.499 E F0 .639(as the) +3.319 F 1.078(zeroth ar)144 662.4 R 1.077(gument to the e)-.18 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted command.).15 F(If)6.077 E F2(command)3.777 E F0 +1.077(cannot be e)4.347 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted for some reason, a) +.15 F(non-interacti)144 674.4 Q .876 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .576(hell e).15 F +.576(xits, unless the)-.15 F F1(execfail)3.076 E F0 .577 +(shell option is enabled.)3.077 F .577(In that case, it returns f)5.577 +F(ail-)-.1 E 3.32(ure. An)144 686.4 R(interacti)3.32 E 1.12 -.15(ve s) +-.25 H .82(hell returns f).15 F .82(ailure if the \214le cannot be e)-.1 +F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.32(cuted. A).15 F .82(subshell e)3.32 F .82 +(xits uncondi-)-.15 F .287(tionally if)144 698.4 R F1(exec)2.787 E F0 +-.1(fa)2.787 G 2.787(ils. If).1 F F2(command)2.987 E F0 .287 +(is not speci\214ed, an)3.557 F 2.788(yr)-.15 G .288(edirections tak) +-2.788 F 2.788(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-2.788 G .288(ect in the current shell,) +.25 F(and the return status is 0.)144 710.4 Q +(If there is a redirection error)5 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G +(he return status is 1.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19) +135.955 E(66)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 67 67 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(exit)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(])A .096 +(Cause the shell to e)144 84 R .096(xit with a status of)-.15 F F2(n) +2.596 E F0 5.096(.I)C(f)-5.096 E F2(n)2.955 E F0 .095(is omitted, the e) +2.835 F .095(xit status is that of the last command)-.15 F -.15(exe)144 +96 S 2.5(cuted. A).15 F(trap on)2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXIT)2.5 E F0 +(is e)2.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted before the shell terminates.).15 E F1 +(export)108 112.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255fn)A F0 2.5(][).833 G F2(name)-2.5 +E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(]] ...)A F1(export \255p)108 124.8 Q F0 +.256(The supplied)144 136.8 R F2(names)3.117 E F0 .257(are mark)3.027 F +.257(ed for automatic e)-.1 F .257(xport to the en)-.15 F .257 +(vironment of subsequently e)-.4 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 2.627 +(commands. If)144 148.8 R(the)2.627 E F12.627 E F0 .127 +(option is gi)2.627 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .127(n, the).15 F F2(names)2.987 E +F0 .127(refer to functions.)2.897 F .127(If no)5.127 F F2(names)2.987 E +F0 .127(are gi)2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .126(n, or if the).15 F F1 +144 160.8 Q F0 .048(option is supplied, a list of names of all e)2.547 F +.048(xported v)-.15 F .048(ariables is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.048 E F1 +2.548 E F0 .048(option causes the)2.548 F -.15(ex)144 172.8 S +1.447(port property to be remo).15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.947(df).15 G 1.447 +(rom each)-3.947 F F2(name)3.947 E F0 6.447(.I)C 3.947(fav)-6.447 G +1.447(ariable name is follo)-4.197 F 1.447(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d) +-.37 E F0 3.946(,t)C(he)-3.946 E -.25(va)144 184.8 S .741(lue of the v) +.25 F .741(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)3.241 E(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F1 +(export)5.741 E F0 .742(returns an e)3.242 F .742 +(xit status of 0 unless an in)-.15 F -.25(va)-.4 G .742(lid option is) +.25 F .032(encountered, one of the)144 196.8 R F2(names)2.532 E F0 .032 +(is not a v)2.532 F .032(alid shell v)-.25 F .032(ariable name, or)-.25 +F F12.531 E F0 .031(is supplied with a)2.531 F F2(name)2.891 E F0 +(that)2.711 E(is not a function.)144 208.8 Q F1(fc)108 225.6 Q F0([)2.5 +E F1A F2(ename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255lnr)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 +<8c72>-2.5 E(st)-.1 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(last)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(fc \255s)108 +237.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(pat)A F0(=)A F2 -.37(re)C(p).37 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 +(cmd)-2.5 E F0(])A .431 +(The \214rst form selects a range of commands from)144 249.6 R F2<8c72> +4.842 E(st)-.1 E F0(to)3.612 E F2(last)3.022 E F0 .432 +(from the history list and displays or)3.612 F .142(edits and re-e)144 +261.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .142(cutes them.).15 F F2 -.45(Fi)5.141 G -.1(rs) +.45 G(t).1 E F0(and)3.321 E F2(last)2.731 E F0 .141 +(may be speci\214ed as a string \(to locate the last command)3.321 F(be) +144 273.6 Q .31(ginning with that string\) or as a number \(an inde)-.15 +F 2.811(xi)-.15 G .311(nto the history list, where a ne)-2.811 F -.05 +(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .611 -.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E .071 +(is used as an of)144 285.6 R .071 +(fset from the current command number\).)-.25 F .071(When listing, a) +5.071 F F2<8c72>2.571 E(st)-.1 E F0(or)2.571 E F2(last)2.571 E F0 .071 +(of 0 is equi)2.571 F -.25(va)-.25 G(-).25 E .653 +(lent to \2551 and \2550 is equi)144 297.6 R -.25(va)-.25 G .653 +(lent to the current command \(usually the).25 F F1(fc)3.153 E F0 .653 +(command\); otherwise 0 is)3.153 F(equi)144 309.6 Q -.25(va)-.25 G .242 +(lent to \2551 and \2550 is in).25 F -.25(va)-.4 G 2.742(lid. If).25 F +F2(last)2.832 E F0 .242 +(is not speci\214ed, it is set to the current command for list-)3.422 F +.092(ing \(so that)144 321.6 R/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .092(fc \255l \25510) +2.592 F F0 .093(prints the last 10 commands\) and to)2.592 F F2<8c72> +4.503 E(st)-.1 E F0 2.593(otherwise. If)3.273 F F2<8c72>4.503 E(st)-.1 E +F0 .093(is not speci-)3.273 F(\214ed, it is set to the pre)144 333.6 Q +(vious command for editing and \25516 for listing.)-.25 E(The)144 357.6 +Q F12.522 E F0 .022 +(option suppresses the command numbers when listing.)2.522 F(The)5.022 E +F12.522 E F0 .022(option re)2.522 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .022 +(rses the order of).15 F .438(the commands.)144 369.6 R .438(If the) +5.438 F F12.938 E F0 .438(option is gi)2.938 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .438 +(n, the commands are listed on standard output.).15 F(Otherwise,)5.438 E +.335(the editor gi)144 381.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.835(nb).15 G(y)-2.835 E +F2(ename)3.025 E F0 .335(is in)3.015 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.835 +(do).1 G 2.835(na\214)-2.835 G .335(le containing those commands.)-2.835 +F(If)5.334 E F2(ename)3.024 E F0 .334(is not gi)3.014 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +(n,).15 E .63(the v)144 393.6 R .63(alue of the)-.25 F F3(FCEDIT)3.13 E +F0 -.25(va)2.88 G .631(riable is used, and the v).25 F .631(alue of)-.25 +F F3(EDIT)3.131 E(OR)-.162 E F0(if)2.881 E F3(FCEDIT)3.131 E F0 .631 +(is not set.)2.881 F .631(If nei-)5.631 F .006(ther v)144 405.6 R .006 +(ariable is set,)-.25 F F2(vi)4.171 E F0 .005(is used.)4.171 F .005 +(When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and e)5.005 F +(x-)-.15 E(ecuted.)144 417.6 Q .788(In the second form,)144 441.6 R F2 +(command)3.288 E F0 .788(is re-e)3.288 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .788 +(cuted after each instance of).15 F F2(pat)3.288 E F0 .788 +(is replaced by)3.288 F F2 -.37(re)3.289 G(p).37 E F0(.)A F2(Com-)5.789 +E(mand)144 453.6 Q F0 .172(is interpreted the same as)2.672 F F2<8c72> +2.672 E(st)-.1 E F0(abo)2.672 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.172(.A).15 G .171 +(useful alias to use with this is)-2.5 F F4 .171(r='fc \255s')2.671 F F0 +2.671(,s)C 2.671(ot)-2.671 G(hat)-2.671 E(typing)144 465.6 Q F4 7.165 +(rc)3.665 G(c)-7.165 E F0 1.165(runs the last command be)3.665 F 1.166 +(ginning with)-.15 F F4(cc)3.666 E F0 1.166(and typing)3.666 F F4(r) +3.666 E F0(re-e)3.666 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.166(cutes the last com-).15 F +(mand.)144 477.6 Q .142(If the \214rst form is used, the return v)144 +501.6 R .142(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .142 +(lid option is encountered or).25 F F2<8c72>4.552 E(st)-.1 E F0(or)3.322 +E F2(last)2.732 E F0 .454(specify history lines out of range.)144 513.6 +R .454(If the)5.454 F F12.954 E F0 .454 +(option is supplied, the return v)2.954 F .455(alue is the v)-.25 F .455 +(alue of the)-.25 F .788(last command e)144 525.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .788 +(cuted or f).15 F .787 +(ailure if an error occurs with the temporary \214le of commands.)-.1 F +.787(If the)5.787 F 1.135 +(second form is used, the return status is that of the command re-e)144 +537.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.136(cuted, unless).15 F F2(cmd)3.836 E F0 1.136 +(does not)4.406 F(specify a v)144 549.6 Q +(alid history line, in which case)-.25 E F1(fc)2.5 E F0(returns f)2.5 E +(ailure.)-.1 E F1(fg)108 566.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(jobspec)A F0(])A(Resume) +144 578.4 Q F2(jobspec)5.654 E F0 1.413(in the fore)4.224 F 1.413 +(ground, and mak)-.15 F 3.913(ei)-.1 G 3.913(tt)-3.913 G 1.413 +(he current job)-3.913 F 6.413(.I)-.4 G(f)-6.413 E F2(jobspec)5.653 E F0 +1.413(is not present, the)4.223 F(shell')144 590.4 Q 3.116(sn)-.55 G +.616(otion of the)-3.116 F F2(curr)3.116 E .616(ent job)-.37 F F0 .617 +(is used.)3.116 F .617(The return v)5.617 F .617 +(alue is that of the command placed into the)-.25 F(fore)144 602.4 Q +.363(ground, or f)-.15 F .363 +(ailure if run when job control is disabled or)-.1 F 2.862(,w)-.4 G .362 +(hen run with job control enabled, if)-2.862 F F2(jobspec)145.74 614.4 Q +F0(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job or)-.25 E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0 +(speci\214es a job that w)2.81 E(as started without job control.)-.1 E +F1(getopts)108 631.2 Q F2(optstring name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5 +(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(getopts)144 643.2 Q F0 .793 +(is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.)3.293 F F2 +(optstring)6.023 E F0 .793(contains the option)3.513 F .15 +(characters to be recognized; if a character is follo)144 655.2 R .149 +(wed by a colon, the option is e)-.25 F .149(xpected to ha)-.15 F .449 +-.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E(ar)144 667.2 Q .578 +(gument, which should be separated from it by white space.)-.18 F .579 +(The colon and question mark char)5.579 F(-)-.2 E .636 +(acters may not be used as option characters.)144 679.2 R .636 +(Each time it is in)5.636 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d,).1 E F1(getopts) +3.136 E F0 .636(places the ne)3.136 F .635(xt op-)-.15 F .029 +(tion in the shell v)144 691.2 R(ariable)-.25 E F2(name)2.889 E F0 2.529 +(,i).18 G(nitializing)-2.529 E F2(name)2.889 E F0 .029(if it does not e) +2.709 F .03(xist, and the inde)-.15 F 2.53(xo)-.15 G 2.53(ft)-2.53 G .03 +(he ne)-2.53 F .03(xt ar)-.15 F(gu-)-.18 E .066 +(ment to be processed into the v)144 703.2 R(ariable)-.25 E F3(OPTIND) +2.566 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F3(OPTIND)4.566 E F0 .065 +(is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a)2.315 F .885 +(shell script is in)144 715.2 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.385(d. When) +.1 F .885(an option requires an ar)3.385 F(gument,)-.18 E F1(getopts) +3.385 E F0 .885(places that ar)3.385 F .885(gument into)-.18 F .567 +(the v)144 727.2 R(ariable)-.25 E F3(OPT)3.067 E(ARG)-.81 E F5(.)A F0 +.566(The shell does not reset)5.067 F F3(OPTIND)3.066 E F0 .566 +(automatically; it must be manually reset)2.816 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q +(2022 September 19)135.955 E(67)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 68 68 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .389 +(between multiple calls to)144 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(getopts)2.889 +E F0 .389(within the same shell in)2.889 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .39 +(cation if a ne).2 F 2.89(ws)-.25 G .39(et of parameters is to)-2.89 F +(be used.)144 96 Q 2.044(When the end of options is encountered,)144 120 +R F1(getopts)4.543 E F0 -.15(ex)4.543 G 2.043(its with a return v).15 F +2.043(alue greater than zero.)-.25 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(OPTIND)144 132 +Q F0(is set to the inde)2.25 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G +(he \214rst non-option ar)-2.5 E(gument, and)-.18 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 +SF(name)2.5 E F0(is set to ?.)2.5 E F1(getopts)144 156 Q F0 .485 +(normally parses the positional parameters, b)2.985 F .485 +(ut if more ar)-.2 F .485(guments are supplied as)-.18 F F3(ar)3.315 E +(g)-.37 E F0 -.25(va)3.205 G(l-).25 E(ues,)144 168 Q F1(getopts)2.5 E F0 +(parses those instead.)2.5 E F1(getopts)144 192 Q F0 .345 +(can report errors in tw)2.845 F 2.845(ow)-.1 G 2.845(ays. If)-2.945 F +.345(the \214rst character of)2.845 F F3(optstring)3.075 E F0 .345 +(is a colon,)3.065 F F3(silent)3.185 E F0 .345(error re-)3.525 F 1.668 +(porting is used.)144 204 R 1.668 +(In normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when in)6.668 F +-.25(va)-.4 G 1.669(lid options or).25 F .394(missing option ar)144 216 +R .394(guments are encountered.)-.18 F .394(If the v)5.394 F(ariable) +-.25 E F2(OPTERR)2.894 E F0 .394(is set to 0, no error messages)2.644 F +(will be displayed, e)144 228 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 +G(he \214rst character of)-2.5 E F3(optstring)2.73 E F0(is not a colon.) +2.72 E .666(If an in)144 252 R -.25(va)-.4 G .666(lid option is seen,) +.25 F F1(getopts)3.166 E F0 .667(places ? into)3.167 F F3(name)3.527 E +F0 .667(and, if not silent, prints an error message)3.347 F .4 +(and unsets)144 264 R F2(OPT)2.9 E(ARG)-.81 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A +F0(If)4.899 E F1(getopts)2.899 E F0 .399 +(is silent, the option character found is placed in)2.899 F F2(OPT)2.899 +E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .399(and no)2.649 F(diagnostic message is printed.)144 +276 Q 1.241(If a required ar)144 300 R 1.241(gument is not found, and) +-.18 F F1(getopts)3.741 E F0 1.241(is not silent, a question mark \() +3.741 F F1(?).833 E F0 3.742(\)i).833 G 3.742(sp)-3.742 G 1.242 +(laced in)-3.742 F F3(name)144.36 312 Q F0(,).18 E F2(OPT)2.714 E(ARG) +-.81 E F0 .213(is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed.)2.463 F +(If)5.213 E F1(getopts)2.713 E F0 .213(is silent, then a colon \()2.713 +F F1(:).833 E F0(\)).833 E(is placed in)144 324 Q F3(name)2.86 E F0(and) +2.68 E F2(OPT)2.5 E(ARG)-.81 E F0(is set to the option character found.) +2.25 E F1(getopts)144 348 Q F0 .902 +(returns true if an option, speci\214ed or unspeci\214ed, is found.) +3.401 F .902(It returns f)5.902 F .902(alse if the end of)-.1 F +(options is encountered or an error occurs.)144 360 Q F1(hash)108 376.8 +Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lr)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F3(\214lename)2.5 E +F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255dt)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .858 +(Each time)144 388.8 R F1(hash)3.358 E F0 .858(is in)3.358 F -.2(vo)-.4 +G -.1(ke).2 G .858(d, the full pathname of the command).1 F F3(name) +3.718 E F0 .858(is determined by searching)3.538 F .956 +(the directories in)144 400.8 R F1($P)3.456 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 +.956(and remembered.)3.456 F(An)5.956 E 3.456(yp)-.15 G(re)-3.456 E .956 +(viously-remembered pathname is discarded.)-.25 F .243(If the)144 412.8 +R F12.743 E F0 .243 +(option is supplied, no path search is performed, and)2.743 F F3 +(\214lename)4.653 E F0 .242(is used as the full \214lename)2.923 F .615 +(of the command.)144 424.8 R(The)5.615 E F13.115 E F0 .615 +(option causes the shell to for)3.115 F .615 +(get all remembered locations.)-.18 F(The)5.615 E F13.115 E F0 +(op-)3.115 E .294(tion causes the shell to for)144 436.8 R .294 +(get the remembered location of each)-.18 F F3(name)2.793 E F0 5.293(.I) +C 2.793(ft)-5.293 G(he)-2.793 E F12.793 E F0 .293 +(option is supplied,)2.793 F .028(the full pathname to which each)144 +448.8 R F3(name)2.528 E F0 .028(corresponds is printed.)2.528 F .028 +(If multiple)5.028 F F3(name)2.528 E F0(ar)2.528 E .028 +(guments are sup-)-.18 F .176(plied with)144 460.8 R F12.676 E F0 +2.676(,t)C(he)-2.676 E F3(name)2.676 E F0 .175 +(is printed before the hashed full pathname.)2.676 F(The)5.175 E F1 +2.675 E F0 .175(option causes output to)2.675 F .783 +(be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.)144 472.8 R .783 +(If no ar)5.783 F .783(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .783 +(n, or if only).15 F F13.283 E F0(is)3.283 E .807 +(supplied, information about remembered commands is printed.)144 484.8 R +.807(The return status is true unless a)5.807 F F3(name)144.36 496.8 Q +F0(is not found or an in)2.68 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is supplied.) +.25 E F1(help)108 513.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255dms)A F0 2.5(][)C F3 +(pattern)-2.5 E F0(])A .866(Display helpful information about b)144 +525.6 R .867(uiltin commands.)-.2 F(If)5.867 E F3(pattern)4.617 E F0 +.867(is speci\214ed,)3.607 F F1(help)3.367 E F0(gi)3.367 E -.15(ve)-.25 +G 3.367(sd).15 G(etailed)-3.367 E .224(help on all commands matching)144 +537.6 R F3(pattern)3.974 E F0 2.723(;o).24 G .223 +(therwise help for all the b)-2.723 F .223 +(uiltins and shell control struc-)-.2 F(tures is printed.)144 549.6 Q F1 +144 561.6 Q F0(Display a short description of each)180 561.6 Q F3 +(pattern)2.5 E F1144 573.6 Q F0(Display the description of each) +180 573.6 Q F3(pattern)2.5 E F0(in a manpage-lik)2.5 E 2.5(ef)-.1 G +(ormat)-2.5 E F1144 585.6 Q F0 +(Display only a short usage synopsis for each)180 585.6 Q F3(pattern)2.5 +E F0(The return status is 0 unless no command matches)144 602.4 Q F3 +(pattern)3.75 E F0(.).24 E F1(history [)108 619.2 Q F3(n)A F1(])A +(history \255c)108 631.2 Q(history \255d)108 643.2 Q F3(of)2.5 E(fset) +-.18 E F1(history \255d)108 655.2 Q F3(start)2.5 E F0A F3(end)A F1 +(history \255anrw)108 667.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F3(\214lename)A F0(])A F1 +(history \255p)108 679.2 Q F3(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F3(ar)A 2.5 +(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(history \255s)108 691.2 Q F3(ar)2.5 E(g) +-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F3(ar)A 2.5(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.4(Wi)144 +703.2 S .752 +(th no options, display the command history list with line numbers.).4 F +.752(Lines listed with a)5.752 F F1(*)3.252 E F0(ha)3.252 E -.15(ve)-.2 +G .381(been modi\214ed.)144 715.2 R .38(An ar)5.38 F .38(gument of)-.18 +F F3(n)3.24 E F0 .38(lists only the last)3.12 F F3(n)3.24 E F0 2.88 +(lines. If)3.12 F .38(the shell v)2.88 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(HISTTIMEFOR-) +2.88 E(MA)144 727.2 Q(T)-.855 E F0 1.491 +(is set and not null, it is used as a format string for)3.741 F F3 +(strftime)3.992 E F0 1.492(\(3\) to display the time stamp)B +(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(68)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 69 69 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .379 +(associated with each displayed history entry)144 84 R 5.379(.N)-.65 G +2.878(oi)-5.379 G(nterv)-2.878 E .378 +(ening blank is printed between the format-)-.15 F .814 +(ted time stamp and the history line.)144 96 R(If)5.814 E/F1 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214lename)3.314 E F0 .814 +(is supplied, it is used as the name of the history)3.314 F +(\214le; if not, the v)144 108 Q(alue of)-.25 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(HISTFILE)2.5 E F0(is used.)2.25 E(Options, if supplied, ha)5 E .3 -.15 +(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +144 120 Q F0(Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.) +180 120 Q F3144 132 Q F1(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .39 +(Delete the history entry at position)180 144 R F1(of)2.889 E(fset)-.18 +E F0 5.389(.I)C(f)-5.389 E F1(of)2.889 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .389(is ne)2.889 +F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.889(,i).15 G 2.889(ti)-2.889 +G 2.889(si)-2.889 G .389(nterpreted as relati)-2.889 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +.598(to one greater than the last history position, so ne)180 156 R -.05 +(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .899 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .599 +(ndices count back from the end).15 F(of the history)180 168 Q 2.5(,a) +-.65 G(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G +(efers to the current)-2.5 E F3(history -d)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F3 +144 180 Q F1(start)2.5 E F0A F1(end)A F0 1.25 +(Delete the range of history entries between positions)180 192 R F1 +(start)3.75 E F0(and)3.75 E F1(end)3.75 E F0 3.75(,i)C(nclusi)-3.75 E +-.15(ve)-.25 G 6.25(.P).15 G(ositi)-6.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(and ne)180 204 +Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .3 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(alues for)-.1 E F1(start) +2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(end)2.5 E F0(are interpreted as described abo)2.5 +E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F3144 216 Q F0 .564(Append the `)180 216 +R(`ne)-.74 E(w')-.25 E 3.064('h)-.74 G .564 +(istory lines to the history \214le.)-3.064 F .565 +(These are history lines entered since)5.564 F(the be)180 228 Q +(ginning of the current)-.15 E F3(bash)2.5 E F0(session, b)2.5 E +(ut not already appended to the history \214le.)-.2 E F3144 240 Q +F0 .854(Read the history lines not already read from the history \214le\ + into the current history list.)180 240 R .772 +(These are lines appended to the history \214le since the be)180 252 R +.773(ginning of the current)-.15 F F3(bash)3.273 E F0(ses-)3.273 E +(sion.)180 264 Q F3144 276 Q F0(Read the contents of the history \ +\214le and append them to the current history list.)180 276 Q F3 +144 288 Q F0(Write the current history list to the history \214le, o)180 +288 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the history \214le').15 E 2.5(sc)-.55 G +(ontents.)-2.5 E F3144 300 Q F0 .626 +(Perform history substitution on the follo)180 300 R(wing)-.25 E F1(ar) +3.125 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .625(and display the result on the standard)3.125 F +2.975(output. Does)180 312 R .475 +(not store the results in the history list.)2.975 F(Each)5.475 E F1(ar) +2.975 E(g)-.37 E F0 .475(must be quoted to disable)2.975 F +(normal history e)180 324 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F3144 336 Q F0 .363 +(Store the)180 336 R F1(ar)3.193 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .363 +(in the history list as a single entry)3.133 F 5.363(.T)-.65 G .362 +(he last command in the history list is)-5.363 F(remo)180 348 Q -.15(ve) +-.15 G 2.5(db).15 G(efore the)-2.5 E F1(ar)2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F0 +(are added.)2.77 E .145(If the)144 364.8 R F2(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.645 E(T) +-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.395 G .145 +(riable is set, the time stamp information associated with each history) +.25 F .669(entry is written to the history \214le, mark)144 376.8 R .669 +(ed with the history comment character)-.1 F 5.668(.W)-.55 G .668 +(hen the history)-5.668 F .955(\214le is read, lines be)144 388.8 R .956 +(ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F .956 +(wed immediately by a digit)-.25 F .833 +(are interpreted as timestamps for the follo)144 400.8 R .833 +(wing history entry)-.25 F 5.832(.T)-.65 G .832(he return v)-5.832 F +.832(alue is 0 unless an in-)-.25 F -.25(va)144 412.8 S .168(lid option\ + is encountered, an error occurs while reading or writing the history \ +\214le, an in).25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F1(of)2.669 E(f-)-.18 E(set) +144 424.8 Q F0 .341(or range is supplied as an ar)2.841 F .341 +(gument to)-.18 F F32.841 E F0 2.841(,o)C 2.84(rt)-2.841 G .34 +(he history e)-2.84 F .34(xpansion supplied as an ar)-.15 F .34 +(gument to)-.18 F F3144 436.8 Q F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F3(jobs) +108 453.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F3(\255lnprs)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(jobspec)A F0(... ]) +2.5 E F3(jobs \255x)108 465.6 Q F1(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)2.5 E +(gs)-.37 E F0(... ])2.5 E(The \214rst form lists the acti)144 477.6 Q .3 +-.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.5(obs. The).15 F(options ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H +(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F3144 489.6 Q F0 +(List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)180 489.6 Q F3 +144 501.6 Q F0 .193(Display information only about jobs that ha) +180 501.6 R .494 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .194(hanged status since the user w).15 +F .194(as last noti-)-.1 F(\214ed of their status.)180 513.6 Q F3 +144 525.6 Q F0(List only the process ID of the job')180 525.6 Q 2.5(sp) +-.55 G(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F3144 537.6 Q F0 +(Display only running jobs.)180 537.6 Q F3144 549.6 Q F0 +(Display only stopped jobs.)180 549.6 Q(If)144 566.4 Q F1(jobspec)4.554 +E F0 .314(is gi)3.124 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .314 +(n, output is restricted to information about that job).15 F 5.313(.T) +-.4 G .313(he return status is 0 unless)-5.313 F(an in)144 578.4 Q -.25 +(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered or an in).25 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 +E F1(jobspec)4.24 E F0(is supplied.)2.81 E .394(If the)144 595.2 R F3 +2.894 E F0 .394(option is supplied,)2.894 F F3(jobs)2.894 E F0 +.394(replaces an)2.894 F(y)-.15 E F1(jobspec)4.634 E F0 .394(found in) +3.204 F F1(command)3.094 E F0(or)3.664 E F1(ar)3.224 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .395 +(with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 607.2 Q +-.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F1(command)2.7 E F0(passing it)3.27 E F1(ar) +2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r).27 G(eturning its e)-2.5 E(xit status.)-.15 +E F3(kill)108 624 Q F0([)2.5 E F3A F1(sigspec)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F3 +2.5 E F1(signum)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F32.5 E F1(sigspec)A F0 2.5 +(][)C F1(pid)-2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1(jobspec)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)C(..)-2.5 E F3 +(kill \255l)108 636 Q F0(|)A F3A F0([)2.5 E F1(sigspec)A F0(|)2.5 +E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(it_status).2 E F0(])A .017(Send the signal named by) +144 648 R F1(sigspec)2.857 E F0(or)2.827 E F1(signum)2.857 E F0 .017 +(to the processes named by)2.837 F F1(pid)3.767 E F0(or)3.287 E F1 +(jobspec)4.257 E F0(.).31 E F1(sigspec)5.357 E F0(is)2.827 E .318 +(either a case-insensiti)144 660 R .618 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .318 +(ignal name such as).15 F F2(SIGKILL)2.818 E F0 .319 +(\(with or without the)2.569 F F2(SIG)2.819 E F0 .319 +(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.569 F(number;)144 672 Q F1(signum)3.268 E F0 +.427(is a signal number)3.247 F 5.427(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.427 E F1(sigspec) +3.267 E F0 .427(is not present, then)3.237 F F2(SIGTERM)2.927 E F0 .427 +(is assumed.)2.677 F .427(An ar)5.427 F(-)-.2 E .313(gument of)144 684 R +F32.813 E F0 .314(lists the signal names.)2.814 F .314(If an)5.314 +F 2.814(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-2.814 G .314(uments are supplied when).18 F +F32.814 E F0 .314(is gi)2.814 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .314 +(n, the names of).15 F .12(the signals corresponding to the ar)144 696 R +.119(guments are listed, and the return status is 0.)-.18 F(The)5.119 E +F1 -.2(ex)2.619 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)2.619 E(-)-.2 E .799(gument to) +144 708 R F33.299 E F0 .799 +(is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)3.299 F .8 +(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .963(nated by a signal.)144 720 R +(The)5.962 E F33.462 E F0 .962(option is equi)3.462 F -.25(va)-.25 +G .962(lent to).25 F F33.462 E F0(.)A F3(kill)5.962 E F0 .962 +(returns true if at least one signal w)3.462 F(as)-.1 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 +768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(69)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 70 70 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E +(successfully sent, or f)144 84 Q(alse if an error occurs or an in)-.1 E +-.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.).25 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(let)108 100.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2 +(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Each)144 112.8 Q F2(ar)3.026 E(g)-.37 E F0 +.196(is an arithmetic e)2.916 F .197(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va) +-.25 G .197(luated \(see).25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .197(ARITHMETIC EV) +2.697 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(abo)2.447 E -.15(ve) +-.15 G 2.697(\). If).15 F(the last)144 124.8 Q F2(ar)2.83 E(g)-.37 E F0 +-.25(eva)2.72 G(luates to 0,).25 E F1(let)2.5 E F0 +(returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.)2.5 E F1(local)108 141.6 Q F0([)2.5 +E F2(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C +(.. | \255 ])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 153.6 S 2.542(re).15 G .042(ach ar) +-2.542 F .042(gument, a local v)-.18 F .042(ariable named)-.25 F F2 +(name)2.902 E F0 .042(is created, and assigned)2.722 F F2(value)2.832 E +F0 5.042(.T).18 G(he)-5.042 E F2(option)2.542 E F0 .041(can be)2.541 F +(an)144 165.6 Q 3.152(yo)-.15 G 3.152(ft)-3.152 G .652 +(he options accepted by)-3.152 F F1(declar)3.152 E(e)-.18 E F0 5.652(.W) +C(hen)-5.652 E F1(local)3.152 E F0 .653 +(is used within a function, it causes the v)3.152 F(ari-)-.25 E(able)144 +177.6 Q F2(name)3.282 E F0 .422(to ha)3.102 F .722 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H +.422(isible scope restricted to that function and its children.).15 F +(If)5.421 E F2(name)2.921 E F0 .421(is \255, the set)2.921 F .509 +(of shell options is made local to the function in which)144 189.6 R F1 +(local)3.01 E F0 .51(is in)3.01 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .51 +(d: shell options changed us-).1 F 1.171(ing the)144 201.6 R F1(set) +3.671 E F0 -.2(bu)3.671 G 1.171 +(iltin inside the function are restored to their original v).2 F 1.17 +(alues when the function re-)-.25 F 3.38(turns. The)144 213.6 R .88 +(restore is ef)3.38 F .88(fected as if a series of)-.25 F F1(set)3.381 E +F0 .881(commands were e)3.381 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .881 +(cuted to restore the v).15 F(alues)-.25 E .788 +(that were in place before the function.)144 225.6 R -.4(Wi)5.788 G .788 +(th no operands,).4 F F1(local)3.288 E F0 .787(writes a list of local v) +3.288 F .787(ariables to)-.25 F .654(the standard output.)144 237.6 R +.654(It is an error to use)5.654 F F1(local)3.154 E F0 .654 +(when not within a function.)3.154 F .655(The return status is 0)5.654 F +(unless)144 249.6 Q F1(local)2.5 E F0(is used outside a function, an in) +2.5 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(name)2.86 E F0(is supplied, or)2.68 E +F2(name)2.5 E F0(is a readonly v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(logout)108 +266.4 Q F0(Exit a login shell.)144 266.4 Q F1(map\214le)108 283.2 Q F0 +([)2.5 E F1A F2(delim)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(count) +2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1 +-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1 +-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E +F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(arr)-2.5 E +(ay)-.15 E F0(])A F1 -.18(re)108 295.2 S(adarray).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1 +A F2(delim)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5 +(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 +(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 +(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][) +C F1-2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 +(])A .159(Read lines from the standard input into the inde)144 307.2 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G 2.659(da).15 G .159(rray v)-2.659 F(ariable)-.25 E F2 +(arr)2.989 E(ay)-.15 E F0 2.659(,o).32 G 2.658(rf)-2.659 G .158 +(rom \214le descriptor)-2.658 F F2(fd)4.628 E F0 1.248(if the)144 319.2 +R F13.748 E F0 1.248(option is supplied.)3.748 F 1.249(The v)6.249 +F(ariable)-.25 E F3(MAPFILE)3.749 E F0 1.249(is the def)3.499 F(ault)-.1 +E F2(arr)3.749 E(ay)-.15 E F0 6.249(.O)C 1.249(ptions, if supplied,) +-6.249 F(ha)144 331.2 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 343.2 Q F0 .911 +(The \214rst character of)180 343.2 R F2(delim)3.411 E F0 .911 +(is used to terminate each input line, rather than ne)3.411 F 3.41 +(wline. If)-.25 F F2(delim)180 355.2 Q F0(is the empty string,)2.5 E F1 +(map\214le)2.5 E F0(will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character) +2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1144 367.2 Q F0(Cop)180 367.2 Q 2.5(ya)-.1 G 2.5 +(tm)-2.5 G(ost)-2.5 E F2(count)2.7 E F0 2.5(lines. If)3.18 F F2(count) +2.5 E F0(is 0, all lines are copied.)2.5 E F1144 379.2 Q F0(Be)180 +379.2 Q(gin assigning to)-.15 E F2(arr)2.83 E(ay)-.15 E F0(at inde)2.82 +E(x)-.15 E F2(origin)2.73 E F0 5(.T).24 G(he def)-5 E(ault inde)-.1 E +2.5(xi)-.15 G 2.5(s0)-2.5 G(.)-2.5 E F1144 391.2 Q F0 +(Discard the \214rst)180 391.2 Q F2(count)2.5 E F0(lines read.)2.5 E F1 +144 403.2 Q F0(Remo)180 403.2 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing).15 +E F2(delim)2.5 E F0(\(def)2.5 E(ault ne)-.1 E +(wline\) from each line read.)-.25 E F1144 415.2 Q F0 +(Read lines from \214le descriptor)180 415.2 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0 +(instead of the standard input.)2.5 E F1144 427.2 Q F0(Ev)180 +427.2 Q(aluate)-.25 E F2(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F0(each time)3.17 E F2 +(quantum)2.5 E F0(lines are read.)2.5 E(The)5 E F12.5 E F0 +(option speci\214es)2.5 E F2(quantum)2.75 E F0(.).32 E F1144 439.2 +Q F0(Specify the number of lines read between each call to)180 439.2 Q +F2(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F0(.).67 E(If)144 456 Q F12.967 E F0 .467 +(is speci\214ed without)2.967 F F12.967 E F0 2.967(,t)C .467 +(he def)-2.967 F .467(ault quantum is 5000.)-.1 F(When)5.467 E F2 +(callbac)2.967 E(k)-.2 E F0 .467(is e)2.967 F -.25(va)-.25 G .467 +(luated, it is sup-).25 F .262(plied the inde)144 468 R 2.762(xo)-.15 G +2.762(ft)-2.762 G .262(he ne)-2.762 F .261(xt array element to be assig\ +ned and the line to be assigned to that element)-.15 F .274 +(as additional ar)144 480 R(guments.)-.18 E F2(callbac)5.274 E(k)-.2 E +F0 .274(is e)2.774 F -.25(va)-.25 G .274 +(luated after the line is read b).25 F .275 +(ut before the array element is)-.2 F(assigned.)144 492 Q +(If not supplied with an e)144 508.8 Q(xplicit origin,)-.15 E F1 +(map\214le)2.5 E F0(will clear)2.5 E F2(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 +(before assigning to it.)2.5 E F1(map\214le)144 525.6 Q F0 .797 +(returns successfully unless an in)3.298 F -.25(va)-.4 G .797 +(lid option or option ar).25 F .797(gument is supplied,)-.18 F F2(arr) +3.297 E(ay)-.15 E F0 .797(is in-)3.297 F -.25(va)144 537.6 S +(lid or unassignable, or if).25 E F2(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 +(is not an inde)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E +F1(popd)108 554.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 +2.5(][)C-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A(Remo)144 566.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.091 +(se).15 G .591(ntries from the directory stack.)-3.091 F .592 +(The elements are numbered from 0 starting at the \214rst)5.591 F .665 +(directory listed by)144 578.4 R F1(dirs)3.165 E F0 5.665(.W)C .665 +(ith no ar)-6.065 F(guments,)-.18 E F1(popd)3.165 E F0(remo)3.165 E -.15 +(ve)-.15 G 3.165(st).15 G .664(he top directory from the stack, and) +-3.165 F(changes to the ne)144 590.4 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G(op directory)-2.5 E +5(.A)-.65 G -.18(rg)-5 G(uments, if supplied, ha).18 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 +H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 602.4 Q F0 .551 +(Suppresses the normal change of directory when remo)180 602.4 R .551 +(ving directories from the stack, so)-.15 F +(that only the stack is manipulated.)180 614.4 Q F1(+)144 626.4 Q F2(n)A +F0(Remo)180 626.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.64(st).15 G(he)-2.64 E F2(n)2.64 E +F0 .14(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B .14(wn by)-.25 +F F1(dirs)2.64 E F0 2.64(,s)C .14(tarting with zero,)-2.64 F .779 +(from the stack.)180 638.4 R -.15(Fo)5.779 G 3.279(re).15 G(xample:) +-3.429 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .779(popd +0)3.279 F F0(remo)3.279 E -.15 +(ve)-.15 G 3.279(st).15 G .779(he \214rst directory)-3.279 F(,)-.65 E F4 +.78(popd +1)3.28 F F0 .78(the sec-)3.28 F(ond.)180 650.4 Q F1144 +662.4 Q F2(n)A F0(Remo)180 662.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.76(st).15 G(he)-3.76 +E F2(n)3.76 E F0 1.259(th entry counting from the right of the list sho) +B 1.259(wn by)-.25 F F1(dirs)3.759 E F0 3.759(,s)C 1.259(tarting with) +-3.759 F 2.5(zero. F)180 674.4 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E F4(popd -0) +2.5 E F0(remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he last directory)-2.5 E +(,)-.65 E F4(popd -1)2.5 E F0(the ne)2.5 E(xt to last.)-.15 E .093 +(If the top element of the directory stack is modi\214ed, and the)144 +691.2 R F2(-n)2.593 E F0 .094(option w)2.594 F .094(as not supplied,)-.1 +F F1(popd)2.594 E F0(uses)2.594 E(the)144 703.2 Q F1(cd)2.697 E F0 -.2 +(bu)2.697 G .196 +(iltin to change to the directory at the top of the stack.).2 F .196 +(If the)5.196 F F1(cd)2.696 E F0 -.1(fa)2.696 G(ils,).1 E F1(popd)2.696 +E F0 .196(returns a non-)2.696 F(zero v)144 715.2 Q(alue.)-.25 E +(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(70)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 71 71 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(Otherwise,)144 84 +Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(popd)2.67 E F0 .17(returns f)2.67 F .17 +(alse if an in)-.1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .171 +(lid option is encountered, the directory stack is empty).25 F 2.671(,o) +-.65 G 2.671(ra)-2.671 G(non-e)144 96 Q +(xistent directory stack entry is speci\214ed.)-.15 E 1.556(If the)144 +112.8 R F1(popd)4.056 E F0 1.556(command is successful, bash runs)4.056 +F F1(dirs)4.056 E F0 1.556(to sho)4.056 F 4.055(wt)-.25 G 1.555 +(he \214nal contents of the directory)-4.055 F +(stack, and the return status is 0.)144 124.8 Q F1(printf)108 141.6 Q F0 +([)2.5 E F1A/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(var)2.5 E F0(])A F2(format) +2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .357(Write the formatted) +144 153.6 R F2(ar)2.857 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .357 +(to the standard output under the control of the)2.857 F F2(format)2.858 +E F0 5.358(.T)C(he)-5.358 E F12.858 E F0(op-)2.858 E .714 +(tion causes the output to be assigned to the v)144 165.6 R(ariable)-.25 +E F2(var)3.214 E F0 .714(rather than being printed to the standard)3.214 +F(output.)144 177.6 Q(The)144 201.6 Q F2(format)3.017 E F0 .517(is a ch\ +aracter string which contains three types of objects: plain characters,\ + which are)3.017 F .704(simply copied to standard output, character esc\ +ape sequences, which are con)144 213.6 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .703 +(rted and copied to).15 F .036(the standard output, and format speci\ +\214cations, each of which causes printing of the ne)144 225.6 R .037 +(xt successi)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F2(ar)144 237.6 Q(gument)-.37 E F0 +5.532(.I)C 3.032(na)-5.532 G .532(ddition to the standard)-3.032 F F2 +(printf)3.032 E F0 .532(\(1\) format speci\214cations,)B F1(printf)3.031 +E F0 .531(interprets the follo)3.031 F(w-)-.25 E(ing e)144 249.6 Q +(xtensions:)-.15 E F1(%b)144 261.6 Q F0(causes)180 261.6 Q F1(printf) +2.595 E F0 .096(to e)2.595 F .096 +(xpand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding)-.15 F F2(ar) +2.596 E(gument)-.37 E F0 .096(in the)2.596 F(same w)180 273.6 Q(ay as) +-.1 E F1(echo \255e)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%q)144 285.6 Q F0(causes)180 285.6 Q +F1(printf)2.51 E F0 .01(to output the corresponding)2.51 F F2(ar)2.51 E +(gument)-.37 E F0 .01(in a format that can be reused as shell)2.51 F +(input.)180 297.6 Q F1(%Q)144 309.6 Q F0(lik)180 309.6 Q(e)-.1 E F1(%q) +2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut applies an)-2.7 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G +(upplied precision to the)-2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E(gument)-.37 E F0 +(before quoting it.)2.5 E F1(%\()144 321.6 Q F2(datefmt)A F1(\)T)A F0 +(causes)180 333.6 Q F1(printf)4.403 E F0 1.904 +(to output the date-time string resulting from using)4.403 F F2(datefmt) +4.404 E F0 1.904(as a format)4.404 F .381(string for)180 345.6 R F2 +(strftime)2.881 E F0 2.881(\(3\). The)B(corresponding)2.881 E F2(ar) +2.881 E(gument)-.37 E F0 .381(is an inte)2.881 F .381 +(ger representing the number)-.15 F .292(of seconds since the epoch.)180 +357.6 R -1 -.8(Tw o)5.293 H .293(special ar)3.593 F .293(gument v)-.18 F +.293(alues may be used: \2551 represents the)-.25 F .694 +(current time, and \2552 represents the time the shell w)180 369.6 R +.693(as in)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.193(d. If).1 F .693(no ar) +3.193 F .693(gument is speci-)-.18 F .21(\214ed, con)180 381.6 R -.15 +(ve)-.4 G .21(rsion beha).15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.71(sa).15 G 2.71(si)-2.71 +G 2.71<66ad>-2.71 G 2.71(1h)-2.71 G .21(ad been gi)-2.71 F -.15(ve)-.25 +G 2.71(n. This).15 F .21(is an e)2.71 F .21(xception to the usual)-.15 F +F1(printf)2.71 E F0(beha)180 393.6 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E .902 +(The %b, %q, and %T directi)144 410.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.401(sa).15 G +.901(ll use the \214eld width and precision ar)-3.401 F .901 +(guments from the format)-.18 F .357(speci\214cation and write that man) +144 422.4 R 2.857(yb)-.15 G .358 +(ytes from \(or use that wide a \214eld for\) the e)-2.857 F .358 +(xpanded ar)-.15 F(gument,)-.18 E +(which usually contains more characters than the original.)144 434.4 Q +(Ar)144 451.2 Q .464(guments to non-string format speci\214ers are trea\ +ted as C constants, e)-.18 F .463(xcept that a leading plus or)-.15 F +1.258(minus sign is allo)144 463.2 R 1.259 +(wed, and if the leading character is a single or double quote, the v) +-.25 F 1.259(alue is the)-.25 F(ASCII v)144 475.2 Q(alue of the follo) +-.25 E(wing character)-.25 E(.)-.55 E(The)144 492 Q F2(format)2.515 E F0 +.015(is reused as necessary to consume all of the)2.515 F F2(ar)2.515 E +(guments)-.37 E F0 5.015(.I)C 2.514(ft)-5.015 G(he)-2.514 E F2(format) +2.514 E F0 .014(requires more)2.514 F F2(ar)2.514 E(-)-.2 E(guments)144 +504 Q F0 .565(than are supplied, the e)3.065 F .566 +(xtra format speci\214cations beha)-.15 F .866 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 3.066(si) +.15 G 3.066(faz)-3.066 G .566(ero v)-3.066 F .566(alue or null string,) +-.25 F(as appropriate, had been supplied.)144 516 Q(The return v)5 E +(alue is zero on success, non-zero on f)-.25 E(ailure.)-.1 E F1(pushd) +108 532.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 2.5(][)C +-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A F1(pushd)108 544.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 +2.5(][)C F2(dir)-2.5 E F0(])A .64(Adds a directory to the top of the di\ +rectory stack, or rotates the stack, making the ne)144 556.8 R 3.139(wt) +-.25 G .639(op of the)-3.139 F .088(stack the current w)144 568.8 R .088 +(orking directory)-.1 F 5.088(.W)-.65 G .088(ith no ar)-5.488 F +(guments,)-.18 E F1(pushd)2.589 E F0 -.15(ex)2.589 G .089 +(changes the top tw).15 F 2.589(oe)-.1 G .089(lements of)-2.589 F +(the directory stack.)144 580.8 Q(Ar)5 E(guments, if supplied, ha)-.18 E +.3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 +592.8 Q F0 1.811(Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotatin\ +g or adding directories to the)180 592.8 R +(stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.)180 604.8 Q F1(+)144 +616.8 Q F2(n)A F0 1.267(Rotates the stack so that the)180 616.8 R F2(n) +3.767 E F0 1.268(th directory \(counting from the left of the list sho)B +1.268(wn by)-.25 F F1(dirs)180 628.8 Q F0 2.5(,s)C +(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 E F1144 640.8 Q F2(n)A F0 +.92(Rotates the stack so that the)180 640.8 R F2(n)3.42 E F0 .92 +(th directory \(counting from the right of the list sho)B .92(wn by)-.25 +F F1(dirs)180 652.8 Q F0 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.) +-2.5 E F2(dir)144.35 664.8 Q F0(Adds)180 664.8 Q F2(dir)2.85 E F0 +(to the directory stack at the top)3.23 E .434 +(After the stack has been modi\214ed, if the)144 681.6 R F12.934 E +F0 .434(option w)2.934 F .435(as not supplied,)-.1 F F1(pushd)2.935 E F0 +.435(uses the)2.935 F F1(cd)2.935 E F0 -.2(bu)2.935 G .435(iltin to).2 F +(change to the directory at the top of the stack.)144 693.6 Q(If the)5 E +F1(cd)2.5 E F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils,).1 E F1(pushd)2.5 E F0 +(returns a non-zero v)2.5 E(alue.)-.25 E 1.78(Otherwise, if no ar)144 +710.4 R 1.78(guments are supplied,)-.18 F F1(pushd)4.28 E F0 1.78 +(returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty)4.28 F(.)-.65 E .881 +(When rotating the directory stack,)144 722.4 R F1(pushd)3.381 E F0 .881 +(returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty or a non-)3.381 F +(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(71)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 72 72 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.15(ex)144 84 S +(istent directory stack element is speci\214ed.).15 E 1.278(If the)144 +100.8 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(pushd)3.778 E F0 1.278 +(command is successful, bash runs)3.778 F F1(dirs)3.778 E F0 1.277 +(to sho)3.777 F 3.777(wt)-.25 G 1.277 +(he \214nal contents of the directory)-3.777 F(stack.)144 112.8 Q F1 +(pwd)108 129.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255LP)A F0(])A .844 +(Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 141.6 R .845 +(orking directory)-.1 F 5.845(.T)-.65 G .845 +(he pathname printed contains no)-5.845 F .182(symbolic links if the)144 +153.6 R F12.681 E F0 .181(option is supplied or the)2.681 F F1 +.181(\255o ph)2.681 F(ysical)-.15 E F0 .181(option to the)2.681 F F1 +(set)2.681 E F0 -.2(bu)2.681 G .181(iltin command is).2 F 3.263 +(enabled. If)144 165.6 R(the)3.263 E F13.263 E F0 .763 +(option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links.)3.263 +F .764(The return)5.764 F .405(status is 0 unless an error occurs while\ + reading the name of the current directory or an in)144 177.6 R -.25(va) +-.4 G .405(lid op-).25 F(tion is supplied.)144 189.6 Q F1 -.18(re)108 +206.4 S(ad).18 E F0([)3.816 E F1(\255ers)A F0 3.816(][)C F1-3.816 +E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(aname)3.816 E F0 3.816(][)C F1-3.816 E +F2(delim)3.816 E F0 3.816(][)C F1-3.816 E F2(te)3.816 E(xt)-.2 E +F0 3.816(][)C F1-3.816 E F2(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.817 +(][)C F1-3.817 E F2(nc)3.817 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.817(][)C F1 +-3.817 E F2(pr)3.817 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 3.817(][)C F1-3.817 E +F2(timeout)3.817 E F0 3.817(][)C F1-3.817 E F2(fd)3.817 E F0(])A +([)108 218.4 Q F2(name)A F0(...])2.5 E .516(One line is read from the s\ +tandard input, or from the \214le descriptor)144 230.4 R F2(fd)3.016 E +F0 .516(supplied as an ar)3.016 F .516(gument to)-.18 F(the)144 242.4 Q +F12.935 E F0 .435(option, split into w)2.935 F .435 +(ords as described abo)-.1 F .735 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75 +(Wo)2.935 G .435(rd Splitting).75 F F0 2.935(,a)C .436(nd the \214rst w) +-2.935 F .436(ord is as-)-.1 F .376(signed to the \214rst)144 254.4 R F2 +(name)3.236 E F0 2.876(,t).18 G .376(he second w)-2.876 F .376 +(ord to the second)-.1 F F2(name)3.236 E F0 2.876(,a).18 G .376 +(nd so on.)-2.876 F .375(If there are more w)5.376 F(ords)-.1 E .236 +(than names, the remaining w)144 266.4 R .237(ords and their interv)-.1 +F .237(ening delimiters are assigned to the last)-.15 F F2(name)3.097 E +F0 5.237(.I).18 G(f)-5.237 E .875(there are fe)144 278.4 R .875(wer w) +-.25 F .875(ords read from the input stream than names, the remaining n\ +ames are assigned)-.1 F .517(empty v)144 290.4 R 3.017(alues. The)-.25 F +.517(characters in)3.017 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)3.017 E F0 .518 +(are used to split the line into w)2.767 F .518 +(ords using the same rules the)-.1 F .027(shell uses for e)144 302.4 R +.026(xpansion \(described abo)-.15 F .326 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 +-.75(Wo)2.526 G .026(rd Splitting).75 F F0 2.526(\). The)B .026 +(backslash character \()2.526 F F1(\\)A F0 2.526(\)m)C(ay)-2.526 E .488 +(be used to remo)144 314.4 R .788 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .788 -.15(ny s).15 H +.488(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F .488 +(xt character read and for line continuation.)-.15 F(Op-)5.489 E +(tions, if supplied, ha)144 326.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 338.4 Q F2(aname)2.5 E F0 1.026 +(The w)180 350.4 R 1.026 +(ords are assigned to sequential indices of the array v)-.1 F(ariable) +-.25 E F2(aname)3.855 E F0 3.525(,s).18 G 1.025(tarting at 0.)-3.525 F +F2(aname)180.33 362.4 Q F0(is unset before an)2.68 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5 +-.25(ew va)-2.5 H(lues are assigned.).25 E(Other)5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0 +(ar)2.5 E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E F1144 374.4 Q F2(delim)2.5 E +F0 .28(The \214rst character of)180 386.4 R F2(delim)2.78 E F0 .281 +(is used to terminate the input line, rather than ne)2.78 F 2.781 +(wline. If)-.25 F F2(de-)2.781 E(lim)180 398.4 Q F0 +(is the empty string,)2.5 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 +(will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1 +144 410.4 Q F0 .373 +(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)180 410.4 R F1 -.18 +(re)2.873 G(adline).18 E F0(\(see)2.873 E F3(READLINE)2.872 E F0(abo) +2.622 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.872(\)i).15 G 2.872(su)-2.872 G(sed)-2.872 E +.218(to obtain the line.)180 422.4 R .218 +(Readline uses the current \(or def)5.218 F .218 +(ault, if line editing w)-.1 F .218(as not pre)-.1 F(viously)-.25 E +(acti)180 434.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(\)e).15 G(diting settings, b)-2.5 E +(ut uses readline')-.2 E 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ef)-2.5 E +(ault \214lename completion.)-.1 E F1144 446.4 Q F2(te)2.5 E(xt) +-.2 E F0(If)180 446.4 Q F1 -.18(re)2.716 G(adline).18 E F0 .216 +(is being used to read the line,)2.716 F F2(te)2.716 E(xt)-.2 E F0 .216 +(is placed into the editing b)2.716 F(uf)-.2 E .215(fer before edit-) +-.25 F(ing be)180 458.4 Q(gins.)-.15 E F1144 470.4 Q F2(nc)2.5 E +(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 482.4 S(ad).18 E F0 .322 +(returns after reading)2.822 F F2(nc)2.823 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .323 +(characters rather than w)2.823 F .323 +(aiting for a complete line of in-)-.1 F(put, b)180 494.4 Q +(ut honors a delimiter if fe)-.2 E(wer than)-.25 E F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 +E(s)-.1 E F0(characters are read before the delimiter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1 +144 506.4 Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 518.4 S +(ad).18 E F0 1.269(returns after reading e)3.77 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(nc) +3.769 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.269(characters rather than w)3.769 F +1.269(aiting for a complete)-.1 F .274 +(line of input, unless EOF is encountered or)180 530.4 R F1 -.18(re) +2.775 G(ad).18 E F0 .275(times out.)2.775 F .275 +(Delimiter characters encoun-)5.275 F 1.003 +(tered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 542.4 +R F1 -.18(re)3.502 G(ad).18 E F0 1.002(to return until)3.502 F F2(nc) +3.502 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .608(characters are read.)180 554.4 R .608 +(The result is not split on the characters in)5.608 F F1(IFS)3.108 E F0 +3.108(;t)C .609(he intent is that the)-3.108 F -.25(va)180 566.4 S .67 +(riable is assigned e).25 F .669 +(xactly the characters read \(with the e)-.15 F .669 +(xception of backslash; see the)-.15 F F1180 578.4 Q F0 +(option belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1144 590.4 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 +E F0(Display)180 602.4 Q F2(pr)3.66 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 1.161 +(on standard error)3.66 F 3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161(ithout a trailing ne) +-3.661 F 1.161(wline, before attempting to read)-.25 F(an)180 614.4 Q +2.5(yi)-.15 G 2.5(nput. The)-2.5 F +(prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.)2.5 E F1 +144 626.4 Q F0 .544(Backslash does not act as an escape character) +180 626.4 R 5.543(.T)-.55 G .543 +(he backslash is considered to be part of)-5.543 F .492(the line.)180 +638.4 R .492(In particular)5.492 F 2.992(,ab)-.4 G(ackslash-ne)-2.992 E +.493(wline pair may not then be used as a line continua-)-.25 F(tion.) +180 650.4 Q F1144 662.4 Q F0(Silent mode.)180 662.4 Q +(If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed.)5 E F1 +144 674.4 Q F2(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 686.4 Q F1 -.18(re)2.929 +G(ad).18 E F0 .428(to time out and return f)2.929 F .428 +(ailure if a complete line of input \(or a speci\214ed num-)-.1 F .56 +(ber of characters\) is not read within)180 698.4 R F2(timeout)3.061 E +F0(seconds.)3.061 E F2(timeout)5.561 E F0 .561(may be a decimal number) +3.061 F(with a fractional portion follo)180 710.4 Q +(wing the decimal point.)-.25 E(This option is only ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E +.3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(f).15 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 .506(is readin\ +g input from a terminal, pipe, or other special \214le; it has no ef)180 +722.4 R .506(fect when reading)-.25 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q +(2022 September 19)135.955 E(72)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 73 73 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .59(from re)180 84 +R .59(gular \214les.)-.15 F(If)5.59 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.18(re)3.09 +G(ad).18 E F0 .589(times out,)3.09 F F1 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0(sa) +3.089 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.089(sa).15 G .889 -.15(ny p)-3.089 H .589 +(artial input read into the speci\214ed).15 F -.25(va)180 96 S(riable) +.25 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.77 E F0 5.27(.I)C(f)-5.27 E F2 +(timeout)2.77 E F0 .27(is 0,)2.77 F F1 -.18(re)2.77 G(ad).18 E F0 .27 +(returns immediately)2.77 F 2.77(,w)-.65 G .27(ithout trying to read an) +-2.77 F 2.77(yd)-.15 G(ata.)-2.77 E .228(The e)180 108 R .228 +(xit status is 0 if input is a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G .228 +(ilable on the speci\214ed \214le descriptor).25 F 2.728(,o)-.4 G 2.727 +(rt)-2.728 G .227(he read will re-)-2.727 F 1.224(turn EOF)180 120 R +3.724(,n)-.8 G 1.224(on-zero otherwise.)-3.724 F 1.224(The e)6.224 F +1.225(xit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 +E(ceeded.)180 132 Q F1144 144 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0 +(Read input from \214le descriptor)180 144 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .522 +(If no)144 160.8 R F2(names)3.382 E F0 .522 +(are supplied, the line read, without the ending delimiter b)3.292 F +.522(ut otherwise unmodi\214ed, is)-.2 F 1.186(assigned to the v)144 +172.8 R(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REPL)3.686 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 1.186(The e)5.686 F 1.186 +(xit status is zero, unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)-.15 F F1 -.18 +(re)3.687 G(ad).18 E F0 .961 +(times out \(in which case the status is greater than 128\), a v)144 +184.8 R .96(ariable assignment error \(such as as-)-.25 F .706 +(signing to a readonly v)144 196.8 R .706(ariable\) occurs, or an in) +-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .706(lid \214le descriptor is supplied as the ar) +.25 F .707(gument to)-.18 F F1144 208.8 Q F0(.)A F1 -.18(re)108 +225.6 S(adonly).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAf)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E +F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 2.5(].)C(..]) +-2.5 E .77(The gi)144 237.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E F2(names)3.27 E F0 +.77(are mark)3.27 F .77(ed readonly; the v)-.1 F .77(alues of these)-.25 +F F2(names)3.63 E F0 .77(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.096 +(quent assignment.)144 249.6 R 1.096(If the)6.096 F F13.596 E F0 +1.097(option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.596 F F2 +(names)3.597 E F0 1.097(are so)3.597 F(mark)144 261.6 Q 3.334(ed. The) +-.1 F F13.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F .834 +(ariables to inde)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.334(da).15 G .834(rrays; the) +-3.334 F F13.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F(ari-) +-.25 E .776(ables to associati)144 273.6 R 1.076 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.276 +(rrays. If).15 F .777(both options are supplied,)3.276 F F13.277 E +F0(tak)3.277 E .777(es precedence.)-.1 F .777(If no)5.777 F F2(name) +3.637 E F0(ar)3.457 E(gu-)-.18 E .522(ments are gi)144 285.6 R -.15(ve) +-.25 G .521(n, or if the).15 F F13.021 E F0 .521 +(option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.)3.021 F +.521(The other)5.521 F .295(options may be used to restrict the output \ +to a subset of the set of readonly names.)144 297.6 R(The)5.296 E F1 +2.796 E F0(option)2.796 E .786 +(causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.) +144 309.6 R .786(If a v)5.786 F .785(ariable name is fol-)-.25 F(lo)144 +321.6 Q .717(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 3.218(,t)C .718(he v) +-3.218 F .718(alue of the v)-.25 F .718(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor) +3.218 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.718(.T)C .718(he return status is 0 unless an in) +-5.718 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .26(option is encountered, one of the) +144 333.6 R F2(names)3.12 E F0 .26(is not a v)3.03 F .26(alid shell v) +-.25 F .26(ariable name, or)-.25 F F12.76 E F0 .26 +(is supplied with a)2.76 F F2(name)144.36 345.6 Q F0 +(that is not a function.)2.68 E F1 -.18(re)108 362.4 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 +E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .02(Causes a function to stop e)144 374.4 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G .02(cuting and return the v).15 F .021 +(alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F2(n)2.881 E F0 .021(to its caller)2.761 F +5.021(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.021 E F2(n)2.881 E F0 .021(is omitted,)2.761 F .597 +(the return status is that of the last command e)144 386.4 R -.15(xe) +-.15 G .596(cuted in the function body).15 F 5.596(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.596 E +F1 -.18(re)3.096 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .596(is e)3.096 F -.15(xe)-.15 +G(cuted).15 E .267(by a trap handler)144 398.4 R 2.767(,t)-.4 G .267 +(he last command used to determine the status is the last command e) +-2.767 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .268(cuted be-).15 F .02(fore the trap handler) +144 410.4 R 5.02(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.02 E F1 -.18(re)2.52 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 +E F0 .02(is e)2.52 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .02(cuted during a).15 F F1(DEB)2.52 +E(UG)-.1 E F0 .02(trap, the last command used to deter)2.52 F(-)-.2 E +.885(mine the status is the last command e)144 422.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +.886(cuted by the trap handler before).15 F F1 -.18(re)3.386 G(tur).18 E +(n)-.15 E F0 -.1(wa)3.386 G 3.386(si).1 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-3.386 H -.1(ke) +.4 G 3.386(d. If).1 F F1 -.18(re)144 434.4 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .628 +(is used outside a function, b)3.128 F .628(ut during e)-.2 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G .628(cution of a script by the).15 F F1(.)3.127 E F0(\()5.627 E +F1(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F0 3.127(\)c)C .627(ommand, it)-3.127 F .588 +(causes the shell to stop e)144 446.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .588 +(cuting that script and return either).15 F F2(n)3.448 E F0 .589 +(or the e)3.329 F .589(xit status of the last com-)-.15 F .326(mand e) +144 458.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .326(cuted within the script as the e).15 F +.326(xit status of the script.)-.15 F(If)5.326 E F2(n)2.826 E F0 .325 +(is supplied, the return v)2.826 F .325(alue is)-.25 F .444 +(its least signi\214cant 8 bits.)144 470.4 R .444 +(The return status is non-zero if)5.444 F F1 -.18(re)2.945 G(tur).18 E +(n)-.15 E F0 .445(is supplied a non-numeric ar)2.945 F(gu-)-.18 E .381 +(ment, or is used outside a function and not during e)144 482.4 R -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .381(cution of a script by).15 F F1(.)2.881 E F0(or)3.714 E +F1(sour)2.881 E(ce)-.18 E F0 5.38(.A)C .68 -.15(ny c)-5.38 H(om-).15 E +.749(mand associated with the)144 494.4 R F1(RETURN)3.249 E F0 .749 +(trap is e)3.249 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .749(cuted before e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 +G .75(cution resumes after the function).15 F(or script.)144 506.4 Q F1 +(set)108 523.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1 +-2.5 E F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5 +(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E F1 +(set)108 535.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o) +-2.5 E F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1 +-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 +547.2 S .574(thout options, display the name and v).4 F .574 +(alue of each shell v)-.25 F .573 +(ariable in a format that can be reused)-.25 F .113 +(as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 559.2 R 2.613 +(ariables. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)2.613 G .113 +(riables cannot be reset.).25 F(In)5.113 E F2 1.032(posix mode)144 571.2 +R F0 3.532(,o)C 1.032(nly shell v)-3.532 F 1.032(ariables are listed.) +-.25 F 1.032(The output is sorted according to the current locale.)6.032 +F .58(When options are speci\214ed, the)144 583.2 R 3.081(ys)-.15 G .581 +(et or unset shell attrib)-3.081 F 3.081(utes. An)-.2 F 3.081(ya)-.15 G +-.18(rg)-3.081 G .581(uments remaining after op-).18 F .161 +(tion processing are treated as v)144 595.2 R .161 +(alues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order)-.25 F +2.66(,t)-.4 G(o)-2.66 E F1($1)2.66 E F0(,)A F1($2)144 607.2 Q F0(,)A F1 +2.5(... $)2.5 F F2(n)A F0 5(.O)C(ptions, if speci\214ed, ha)-5 E .3 -.15 +(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 619.2 Q F0 +1.377(Each v)184 619.2 R 1.377 +(ariable or function that is created or modi\214ed is gi)-.25 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G 3.877(nt).15 G 1.377(he e)-3.877 F 1.378(xport attrib)-.15 F +1.378(ute and)-.2 F(mark)184 631.2 Q(ed for e)-.1 E(xport to the en)-.15 +E(vironment of subsequent commands.)-.4 E F1144 643.2 Q F0 .132 +(Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately)184 643.2 R +2.632(,r)-.65 G .131(ather than before the ne)-2.632 F(xt)-.15 E +(primary prompt.)184 655.2 Q(This is ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve o) +-.25 H(nly when job control is enabled.).15 E F1144 667.2 Q F0 +.087(Exit immediately if a)184 667.2 R F2(pipeline)2.587 E F0 .087 +(\(which may consist of a single)2.587 F F2 .088(simple command)2.588 F +F0 .088(\), a)B F2(list)2.588 E F0 2.588(,o)C(r)-2.588 E(a)184 679.2 Q +F2 1.521(compound command)4.021 F F0(\(see)4.021 E F3 1.521 +(SHELL GRAMMAR)4.021 F F0(abo)3.771 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.521(\), e).15 F +1.521(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 F .079(The shell does not e)184 +691.2 R .079(xit if the command that f)-.15 F .08 +(ails is part of the command list immediately)-.1 F(follo)184 703.2 Q +1.655(wing a)-.25 F F1(while)4.155 E F0(or)4.155 E F1(until)4.155 E F0 +-.1(ke)4.155 G(yw)-.05 E 1.655(ord, part of the test follo)-.1 F 1.654 +(wing the)-.25 F F1(if)4.154 E F0(or)4.154 E F1(elif)4.154 E F0(reserv) +4.154 E(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)184 715.2 S .581(rds, part of an).1 F 3.081(yc) +-.15 G .581(ommand e)-3.081 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .581(cuted in a).15 F F1 +(&&)3.081 E F0(or)3.081 E F1(||)3.081 E F0 .582(list e)3.082 F .582 +(xcept the command follo)-.15 F(wing)-.25 E .918(the \214nal)184 727.2 R +F1(&&)3.418 E F0(or)3.418 E F1(||)3.418 E F0 3.418(,a)C 1.218 -.15(ny c) +-3.418 H .918(ommand in a pipeline b).15 F .917 +(ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F 3.417(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.417 E +(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(73)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 74 74 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.25(va)184 84 S +.66(lue is being in).25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .66(rted with).15 F/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(!)3.16 E F0 5.661(.I)C 3.161(fac)-5.661 G .661 +(ompound command other than a subshell returns a)-3.161 F 1.113 +(non-zero status because a command f)184 96 R 1.112(ailed while)-.1 F F1 +3.612 E F0 -.1(wa)3.612 G 3.612(sb).1 G 1.112 +(eing ignored, the shell does)-3.612 F .177(not e)184 108 R 2.677 +(xit. A)-.15 F .177(trap on)2.677 F F1(ERR)2.677 E F0 2.677(,i)C 2.678 +(fs)-2.677 G .178(et, is e)-2.678 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .178 +(cuted before the shell e).15 F 2.678(xits. This)-.15 F .178 +(option applies to)2.678 F .618(the shell en)184 120 R .617 +(vironment and each subshell en)-.4 F .617(vironment separately \(see) +-.4 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .617(COMMAND EXE-)3.117 F .642(CUTION ENVIR) +184 132 R(ONMENT)-.27 E F0(abo)2.893 E -.15(ve)-.15 G .643 +(\), and may cause subshells to e).15 F .643(xit before e)-.15 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .643(cuting all).15 F(the commands in the subshell.)184 144 Q +.999(If a compound command or shell function e)184 162 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +.999(cutes in a conte).15 F .998(xt where)-.15 F F13.498 E F0 .998 +(is being ig-)3.498 F .089(nored, none of the commands e)184 174 R -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .089(cuted within the compound command or function body).15 F +.503(will be af)184 186 R .503(fected by the)-.25 F F13.002 E F0 +.502(setting, e)3.002 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.002(ni).15 G(f)-3.002 E F1 +3.002 E F0 .502(is set and a command returns a f)3.002 F .502 +(ailure sta-)-.1 F 4.183(tus. If)184 198 R 4.183(ac)4.183 G 1.683 +(ompound command or shell function sets)-4.183 F F14.184 E F0 +1.684(while e)4.184 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.684(cuting in a conte).15 F(xt) +-.15 E(where)184 210 Q F13.154 E F0 .654 +(is ignored, that setting will not ha)3.154 F .953 -.15(ve a)-.2 H .953 +-.15(ny e).15 H -.25(ff).15 G .653(ect until the compound command).25 F +(or the command containing the function call completes.)184 222 Q F1 +144 234 Q F0(Disable pathname e)184 234 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1 +144 246 Q F0 .988(Remember the location of commands as the)184 246 +R 3.488(ya)-.15 G .988(re look)-3.488 F .988(ed up for e)-.1 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G 3.488(cution. This).15 F .988(is en-)3.488 F(abled by def)184 258 +Q(ault.)-.1 E F1144 270 Q F0 .514(All ar)184 270 R .514 +(guments in the form of assignment statements are placed in the en)-.18 +F .513(vironment for a)-.4 F +(command, not just those that precede the command name.)184 282 Q F1 +144 294 Q F0 .148(Monitor mode.)184 294 R .148 +(Job control is enabled.)5.148 F .149(This option is on by def)5.148 F +.149(ault for interacti)-.1 F .449 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells).15 E .651 +(on systems that support it \(see)184 306 R F2 .651(JOB CONTR)3.151 F +(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)2.901 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.151(\). All).15 F .65 +(processes run in a separate)3.151 F .678(process group.)184 318 R .679 +(When a background job completes, the shell prints a line containing it\ +s)5.678 F -.15(ex)184 330 S(it status.).15 E F1144 342 Q F0 .653 +(Read commands b)184 342 R .653(ut do not e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .653 +(cute them.).15 F .652(This may be used to check a shell script for) +5.653 F(syntax errors.)184 354 Q(This is ignored by interacti)5 E .3 +-.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1144 366 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(option\255name)2.5 E F0(The)184 378 Q F3(option\255name)2.5 E F0 +(can be one of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E F1(allexport)184 390 Q F0 +(Same as)224 402 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(braceexpand)184 414 Q F0 +(Same as)224 426 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(emacs)184 438 Q F0 .089 +(Use an emacs-style command line editing interf)224 438 R 2.589 +(ace. This)-.1 F .089(is enabled by def)2.589 F(ault)-.1 E .95 +(when the shell is interacti)224 450 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.45(,u).15 G .95 +(nless the shell is started with the)-3.45 F F1(\255\255noediting)3.45 E +F0 2.5(option. This)224 462 R(also af)2.5 E(fects the editing interf) +-.25 E(ace used for)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F0(.)A F1(err) +184 474 Q(exit)-.18 E F0(Same as)224 474 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(errtrace)184 486 Q F0(Same as)224 486 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(functrace)184 498 Q F0(Same as)224 510 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(hashall)184 522 Q F0(Same as)224 522 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(histexpand)184 534 Q F0(Same as)224 546 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(history)184 558 Q F0 .586(Enable command history)224 558 R 3.087(,a) +-.65 G 3.087(sd)-3.087 G .587(escribed abo)-3.087 F .887 -.15(ve u)-.15 +H(nder).15 E F2(HIST)3.087 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF +(.)A F0 .587(This option is)5.087 F(on by def)224 570 Q +(ault in interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1(ignor)184 +582 Q(eeof)-.18 E F0 1.657(The ef)224 594 R 1.657 +(fect is as if the shell command)-.25 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF(IGNOREEOF=10) +4.156 E F0 1.656(had been e)4.156 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E(\(see)224 +606 Q F1(Shell V)2.5 E(ariables)-.92 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).) +.15 E F1 -.1(ke)184 618 S(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 630 Q F1 +2.5 E F0(.)A F1(monitor)184 642 Q F0(Same as)224 642 Q F12.5 +E F0(.)A F1(noclob)184 654 Q(ber)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 666 Q F12.5 +E F0(.)A F1(noexec)184 678 Q F0(Same as)224 678 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A +F1(noglob)184 690 Q F0(Same as)224 690 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(nolog) +184 702 Q F0(Currently ignored.)224 702 Q F1(notify)184 714 Q F0 +(Same as)224 714 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q +(2022 September 19)135.955 E(74)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 75 75 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(nounset)184 84 Q F0(Same as)224 84 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(onecmd) +184 96 Q F0(Same as)224 96 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(ph)184 108 Q +(ysical)-.15 E F0(Same as)224 108 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(pipefail)184 +120 Q F0 1.029(If set, the return v)224 120 R 1.029 +(alue of a pipeline is the v)-.25 F 1.03 +(alue of the last \(rightmost\) com-)-.25 F 1.137(mand to e)224 132 R +1.136 +(xit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands in the pipeline) +-.15 F -.15(ex)224 144 S(it successfully).15 E 5(.T)-.65 G +(his option is disabled by def)-5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(posix)184 156 Q F0 +2.09(Change the beha)224 156 R 2.091(vior of)-.2 F F1(bash)4.591 E F0 +2.091(where the def)4.591 F 2.091(ault operation dif)-.1 F 2.091 +(fers from the)-.25 F 1.212(POSIX standard to match the standard \()224 +168 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF 1.212(posix mode)B F0 3.712(\). See)B/F3 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.212(SEE ALSO)3.712 F F0(belo)3.462 E(w)-.25 E .954 +(for a reference to a document that details ho)224 180 R 3.455(wp)-.25 G +.955(osix mode af)-3.455 F .955(fects bash')-.25 F 3.455(sb)-.55 G(e-) +-3.455 E(ha)224 192 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E F1(pri)184 204 Q(vileged)-.1 E +F0(Same as)224 216 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ve)184 228 S(rbose).1 E +F0(Same as)224 228 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(vi)184 240 Q F0 .209 +(Use a vi-style command line editing interf)224 240 R 2.709(ace. This) +-.1 F .209(also af)2.709 F .209(fects the editing in-)-.25 F(terf)224 +252 Q(ace used for)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F0(.)A F1 +(xtrace)184 264 Q F0(Same as)224 264 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A(If)184 282 Q +F13.052 E F0 .552(is supplied with no)3.052 F F2(option\255name) +3.053 E F0 3.053(,t)C .553(he v)-3.053 F .553 +(alues of the current options are printed.)-.25 F(If)5.553 E F1(+o)184 +294 Q F0 1.072(is supplied with no)3.572 F F2(option\255name)3.572 E F0 +3.572(,a)C 1.071(series of)-.001 F F1(set)3.571 E F0 1.071 +(commands to recreate the current)3.571 F +(option settings is displayed on the standard output.)184 306 Q F1 +144 318 Q F0 -.45(Tu)184 318 S 1.071(rn on).45 F F2(privile)4.821 E -.1 +(ge)-.4 G(d).1 E F0 3.572(mode. In)4.341 F 1.072(this mode, the)3.572 F +F3($ENV)3.572 E F0(and)3.322 E F3($B)3.572 E(ASH_ENV)-.27 E F0 1.072 +(\214les are not pro-)3.322 F 1.501 +(cessed, shell functions are not inherited from the en)184 330 R 1.5 +(vironment, and the)-.4 F F3(SHELLOPTS)4 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3 +-.27(BA)184 342 S(SHOPTS).27 E F4(,)A F3(CDP)2.774 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H) +.855 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.774 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.024 E F0 -.25(va)2.774 G +.524(riables, if the).25 F 3.025(ya)-.15 G .525(ppear in the en)-3.025 F +(vironment,)-.4 E .38(are ignored.)184 354 R .38 +(If the shell is started with the ef)5.38 F(fecti)-.25 E .679 -.15(ve u) +-.25 H .379(ser \(group\) id not equal to the real).15 F .461 +(user \(group\) id, and the)184 366 R F12.961 E F0 .461 +(option is not supplied, these actions are tak)2.961 F .462 +(en and the ef)-.1 F(fec-)-.25 E(ti)184 378 Q .695 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .395 +(ser id is set to the real user id.).15 F .395(If the)5.395 F F1 +2.895 E F0 .394(option is supplied at startup, the ef)2.895 F(fecti)-.25 +E -.15(ve)-.25 G .386(user id is not reset.)184 390 R -.45(Tu)5.386 G +.386(rning this option of).45 F 2.886(fc)-.25 G .387(auses the ef)-2.886 +F(fecti)-.25 E .687 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .387(ser and group ids to be).15 F +(set to the real user and group ids.)184 402 Q F1144 414 Q F0 +(Enable restricted shell mode.)184 414 Q +(This option cannot be unset once it has been set.)5 E F1144 426 Q +F0(Exit after reading and e)184 426 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuting one command.).15 E F1144 438 Q F0 -.35(Tr)184 438 S .774 +(eat unset v).35 F .773(ariables and parameters other than the special \ +parameters "@" and "*", or)-.25 F .459(array v)184 450 R .459(ariables \ +subscripted with "@" or "*", as an error when performing parameter e) +-.25 F(x-)-.15 E 2.891(pansion. If)184 462 R -.15(ex)2.891 G .391 +(pansion is attempted on an unset v).15 F .391(ariable or parameter)-.25 +F 2.89(,t)-.4 G .39(he shell prints an)-2.89 F +(error message, and, if not interacti)184 474 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,e) +.15 G(xits with a non-zero status.)-2.65 E F1144 486 Q F0 +(Print shell input lines as the)184 486 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E +F1144 498 Q F0 .315(After e)184 498 R .315(xpanding each)-.15 F F2 +.315(simple command)2.815 F F0(,)A F1 -.25(fo)2.815 G(r).25 E F0 +(command,)2.815 E F1(case)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E F1(select)2.815 E +F0(command,)2.815 E 1.236(or arithmetic)184 510 R F1 -.25(fo)3.736 G(r) +.25 E F0 1.236(command, display the e)3.736 F 1.236(xpanded v)-.15 F +1.236(alue of)-.25 F F3(PS4)3.736 E F4(,)A F0(follo)3.486 E 1.236 +(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184 522 Q(xpanded ar)-.15 E +(guments or associated w)-.18 E(ord list.)-.1 E F1144 534 Q F0 +1.205(The shell performs brace e)184 534 R 1.205(xpansion \(see)-.15 F +F1 1.205(Brace Expansion)3.705 F F0(abo)3.705 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.706 +(\). This).15 F 1.206(is on by de-)3.706 F -.1(fa)184 546 S(ult.).1 E F1 +144 558 Q F0 .214(If set,)184 558 R F1(bash)2.714 E F0 .214 +(does not o)2.714 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .214(rwrite an e).15 F .214 +(xisting \214le with the)-.15 F F1(>)2.714 E F0(,)A F1(>&)2.714 E F0 +2.713(,a)C(nd)-2.713 E F1(<>)2.713 E F0 .213(redirection opera-)2.713 F +3.053(tors. This)184 570 R .553(may be o)3.053 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .553 +(rridden when creating output \214les by using the redirection opera-) +.15 F(tor)184 582 Q F1(>|)2.5 E F0(instead of)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +144 594 Q F0 .104(If set, an)184 594 R 2.604(yt)-.15 G .104 +(rap on)-2.604 F F1(ERR)2.604 E F0 .103 +(is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and com-)2.604 +F .838(mands e)184 606 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .838(cuted in a subshell en).15 +F 3.338(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(ERR)3.338 E F0 .839 +(trap is normally not inherited in)3.339 F(such cases.)184 618 Q F1 +144 630 Q F0(Enable)184 630 Q F1(!)3.032 E F0 .532 +(style history substitution.)5.532 F .531(This option is on by def)5.532 +F .531(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 642 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1144 654 Q F0 .959 +(If set, the shell does not resolv)184 654 R 3.459(es)-.15 G .959 +(ymbolic links when e)-3.459 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .96 +(cuting commands such as).15 F F1(cd)3.46 E F0 1.453 +(that change the current w)184 666 R 1.453(orking directory)-.1 F 6.453 +(.I)-.65 G 3.952(tu)-6.453 G 1.452(ses the ph)-3.952 F 1.452 +(ysical directory structure in-)-.05 F 3.334(stead. By)184 678 R(def) +3.334 E(ault,)-.1 E F1(bash)3.334 E F0(follo)3.334 E .834 +(ws the logical chain of directories when performing com-)-.25 F +(mands which change the current directory)184 690 Q(.)-.65 E F1144 +702 Q F0 .89(If set, an)184 702 R 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F1 +(DEB)3.39 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)3.39 E F1(RETURN)3.39 E F0 .89 +(are inherited by shell functions, command)3.39 F 1.932 +(substitutions, and commands e)184 714 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932 +(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 4.432(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(DEB)4.432 E +(UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 726 Q F0 +(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 +768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(75)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 76 76 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF144 84 Q F0 .401(If no ar)184 84 R .401(guments follo)-.18 F +2.901(wt)-.25 G .401 +(his option, then the positional parameters are unset.)-2.901 F +(Otherwise,)5.4 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 96 Q/F2 +10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni) +.15 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G(ome of them be)-2.5 E(gin with a)-.15 E F12.5 E +F0(.)A F1144 108 Q F0 .796 +(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)184 108 R F2(ar)3.297 E +(g)-.37 E F0 3.297(st)C 3.297(ob)-3.297 G 3.297(ea)-3.297 G .797 +(ssigned to the positional pa-)-3.297 F 3.022(rameters. The)184 120 R F1 +3.022 E F0(and)3.022 E F13.022 E F0 .522 +(options are turned of)3.022 F 3.022(f. If)-.25 F .522(there are no) +3.022 F F2(ar)3.022 E(g)-.37 E F0 .521(s, the positional pa-)B +(rameters remain unchanged.)184 132 Q .425(The options are of)144 148.8 +R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)-2.925 E .425 +(ault unless otherwise noted.)-.1 F .425 +(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .178 +(to be turned of)144 160.8 R 2.678(f. The)-.25 F .178 +(options can also be speci\214ed as ar)2.678 F .178(guments to an in) +-.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .177(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.177 E .066 +(current set of options may be found in)144 172.8 R F1<24ad>2.566 E F0 +5.066(.T)C .066(he return status is al)-5.066 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .066 +(ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .067(lid option).25 F +(is encountered.)144 184.8 Q F1(shift)108 201.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0 +(])A .429(The positional parameters from)144 213.6 R F2(n)2.929 E F0 +.429(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....)2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.428 G +.428(rameters represented by the num-).15 F(bers)144 225.6 Q F1($#)2.582 +E F0(do)2.582 E .082(wn to)-.25 F F1($#)2.582 E F0A F2(n)A F0 .082 +(+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.442 E F0 .082(must be a non-ne)2.822 F -.05(ga) +-.15 G(ti).05 E .383 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .083(umber less than or equal to) +.15 F F1($#)2.583 E F0 5.083(.I)C(f)-5.083 E F2(n)2.943 E F0 .06 +(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 237.6 R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 +.06(is not gi)2.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .06(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F +(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is greater than)2.8 F F1($#)2.56 E F0 2.56 +(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .143(positional parameters are not changed.)144 249.6 R +.144(The return status is greater than zero if)5.143 F F2(n)3.004 E F0 +.144(is greater than)2.884 F F1($#)2.644 E F0 +(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 261.6 Q F1(shopt)108 278.4 Q F0([) +2.5 E F1(\255pqsu)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(optname) +-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 290.4 S .64(ggle the v).8 F .639 +(alues of settings controlling optional shell beha)-.25 F(vior)-.2 E +5.639(.T)-.55 G .639(he settings can be either those)-5.639 F .374 +(listed belo)144 302.4 R 1.674 -.65(w, o)-.25 H 1.174 -.4(r, i).65 H +2.874(ft).4 G(he)-2.874 E F12.874 E F0 .375 +(option is used, those a)2.875 F -.25(va)-.2 G .375(ilable with the).25 +F F12.875 E F0 .375(option to the)2.875 F F1(set)2.875 E F0 -.2 +(bu)2.875 G .375(iltin com-).2 F 2.566(mand. W)144 314.4 R .066 +(ith no options, or with the)-.4 F F12.566 E F0 .066 +(option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with an in-)2.566 +F .074(dication of whether or not each is set; if)144 326.4 R F2 +(optnames)2.574 E F0 .074 +(are supplied, the output is restricted to those op-)2.574 F 3.105 +(tions. The)144 338.4 R F13.105 E F0 .605(option causes output to\ + be displayed in a form that may be reused as input.)3.105 F(Other)5.605 +E(options ha)144 350.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 362.4 Q F0(Enable \(set\) each)180 +362.4 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 374.4 Q F0 +(Disable \(unset\) each)180 374.4 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 +386.4 Q F0 .003(Suppresses normal output \(quiet mode\); the return sta\ +tus indicates whether the)180 386.4 R F2(optname)2.504 E F0(is)2.504 E +.256(set or unset.)180 398.4 R .256(If multiple)5.256 F F2(optname)2.756 +E F0(ar)2.756 E .256(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.756(nw).15 G +(ith)-2.756 E F12.756 E F0 2.755(,t)C .255 +(he return status is zero if)-2.755 F(all)180 410.4 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E +F0(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)2.5 E F1144 422.4 Q F0 +(Restricts the v)180 422.4 Q(alues of)-.25 E F2(optname)2.5 E F0 +(to be those de\214ned for the)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(option to the)2.5 +E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .624(If either)144 439.2 R F1 +3.124 E F0(or)3.124 E F13.124 E F0 .624(is used with no) +3.124 F F2(optname)3.124 E F0(ar)3.124 E(guments,)-.18 E F1(shopt)3.124 +E F0(sho)3.124 E .624(ws only those options which are)-.25 F .984 +(set or unset, respecti)144 451.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.984(.U) +-.65 G .984(nless otherwise noted, the)-5.984 F F1(shopt)3.484 E F0 .983 +(options are disabled \(unset\) by de-)3.483 F -.1(fa)144 463.2 S(ult.) +.1 E 1.544(The return status when listing options is zero if all)144 480 +R F2(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.545(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.)4.045 F +.696 +(When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an) +144 492 R F2(optname)3.196 E F0 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .695(alid shell) +-.25 F(option.)144 504 Q(The list of)144 520.8 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 +(options is:)2.5 E F1(assoc_expand_once)144 538.8 Q F0 1.944 +(If set, the shell suppresses multiple e)184 550.8 R -.25(va)-.25 G +1.945(luation of associati).25 F 2.245 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.945 +(rray subscripts during).15 F .885(arithmetic e)184 562.8 R .885 +(xpression e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .885(luation, while e).25 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G .885(cuting b).15 F .885(uiltins that can perform v)-.2 F .885 +(ariable as-)-.25 F(signments, and while e)184 574.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuting b).15 E(uiltins that perform array dereferencing.)-.2 E F1 +(autocd)144 586.8 Q F0 .199 +(If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is e)184 586.8 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G .2(cuted as if it were the ar).15 F(gu-)-.18 E +(ment to the)184 598.8 Q F1(cd)2.5 E F0 2.5(command. This)2.5 F +(option is only used by interacti)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E +F1(cdable_v)144 610.8 Q(ars)-.1 E F0 .156(If set, an ar)184 622.8 R .156 +(gument to the)-.18 F F1(cd)2.656 E F0 -.2(bu)2.656 G .155 +(iltin command that is not a directory is assumed to be the).2 F +(name of a v)184 634.8 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E +(alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E F1(cdspell)144 646.8 Q F0 +1.055 +(If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a)184 +646.8 R F1(cd)3.555 E F0 1.055(command will be)3.555 F 3.988 +(corrected. The)184 658.8 R 1.488(errors check)3.988 F 1.487 +(ed for are transposed characters, a missing character)-.1 F 3.987(,a) +-.4 G(nd)-3.987 E .77(one character too man)184 670.8 R 4.57 -.65(y. I) +-.15 H 3.27(fac).65 G .77 +(orrection is found, the corrected \214lename is printed, and)-3.27 F +(the command proceeds.)184 682.8 Q +(This option is only used by interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.) +.15 E F1(checkhash)144 694.8 Q F0 .737(If set,)184 706.8 R F1(bash)3.237 +E F0 .736(checks that a command found in the hash table e)3.237 F .736 +(xists before trying to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cute it.)184 +718.8 Q(If a hashed command no longer e)5 E +(xists, a normal path search is performed.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q +(2022 September 19)135.955 E(76)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 77 77 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(checkjobs)144 84 Q F0 .448(If set,)184 96 R F1(bash)2.948 E F0 .448 +(lists the status of an)2.948 F 2.949(ys)-.15 G .449 +(topped and running jobs before e)-2.949 F .449(xiting an interacti)-.15 +F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.662(shell. If)184 108 R(an)2.662 E 2.661(yj)-.15 G +.161(obs are running, this causes the e)-2.661 F .161 +(xit to be deferred until a second e)-.15 F .161(xit is at-)-.15 F 1.472 +(tempted without an interv)184 120 R 1.473(ening command \(see)-.15 F/F2 +9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.473(JOB CONTR)3.973 F(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)3.723 E -.15 +(ve)-.15 G 3.973(\). The).15 F 1.473(shell al-)3.973 F -.1(wa)184 132 S +(ys postpones e).1 E(xiting if an)-.15 E 2.5(yj)-.15 G(obs are stopped.) +-2.5 E F1(checkwinsize)144 144 Q F0 1.09(If set,)184 156 R F1(bash)3.59 +E F0 1.09(checks the windo)3.59 F 3.59(ws)-.25 G 1.09(ize after each e) +-3.59 F 1.09(xternal \(non-b)-.15 F 1.09(uiltin\) command and, if)-.2 F +(necessary)184 168 Q 3.35(,u)-.65 G .85(pdates the v)-3.35 F .85 +(alues of)-.25 F F2(LINES)3.35 E F0(and)3.1 E F2(COLUMNS)3.35 E/F3 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .85(This option is enabled by de-)5.35 F -.1 +(fa)184 180 S(ult.).1 E F1(cmdhist)144 192 Q F0 .173(If set,)184 192 R +F1(bash)2.673 E F0 .173(attempts to sa)2.673 F .473 -.15(ve a)-.2 H .172 +(ll lines of a multiple-line command in the same history en-).15 F(try) +184 204 Q 5.596(.T)-.65 G .597(his allo)-5.596 F .597 +(ws easy re-editing of multi-line commands.)-.25 F .597 +(This option is enabled by de-)5.597 F -.1(fa)184 216 S 1.288(ult, b).1 +F 1.288(ut only has an ef)-.2 F 1.288 +(fect if command history is enabled, as described abo)-.25 F 1.587 -.15 +(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(HIST)184 228 Q(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F3(.)A F1 +(compat31)144 240 Q(compat32)144 252 Q(compat40)144 264 Q(compat41)144 +276 Q(compat42)144 288 Q(compat43)144 300 Q(compat44)144 312 Q(compat50) +144 324 Q F0 .889(These control aspects of the shell')184 336 R 3.389 +(sc)-.55 G .889(ompatibility mode \(see)-3.389 F F2 .889(SHELL COMP) +3.389 F -.855(AT)-.666 G(IBILITY).855 E(MODE)184 348 Q F0(belo)2.25 E +(w\).)-.25 E F1(complete_fullquote)144 364.8 Q F0 .654(If set,)184 376.8 +R F1(bash)3.153 E F0 .653(quotes all shell metacharacters in \214lename\ +s and directory names when per)3.153 F(-)-.2 E 1.524 +(forming completion.)184 388.8 R 1.524(If not set,)6.524 F F1(bash)4.024 +E F0(remo)4.024 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.024(sm).15 G 1.524 +(etacharacters such as the dollar sign)-4.024 F 2.667(from the set of c\ +haracters that will be quoted in completed \214lenames when these)184 +400.8 R .028(metacharacters appear in shell v)184 412.8 R .028 +(ariable references in w)-.25 F .029(ords to be completed.)-.1 F .029 +(This means)5.029 F 1.073(that dollar signs in v)184 424.8 R 1.073 +(ariable names that e)-.25 F 1.073 +(xpand to directories will not be quoted; ho)-.15 F(w-)-.25 E -2.15 -.25 +(ev e)184 436.8 T 1.922 -.4(r, a).25 H 1.422 -.15(ny d).4 H 1.123 +(ollar signs appearing in \214lenames will not be quoted, either).15 F +6.123(.T)-.55 G 1.123(his is acti)-6.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .59 +(only when bash is using backslashes to quote completed \214lenames.)184 +448.8 R .59(This v)5.59 F .59(ariable is set)-.25 F(by def)184 460.8 Q +(ault, which is the def)-.1 E(ault bash beha)-.1 E(vior in v)-.2 E +(ersions through 4.2.)-.15 E F1(dir)144 477.6 Q(expand)-.18 E F0 .486 +(If set,)184 489.6 R F1(bash)2.986 E F0 .486 +(replaces directory names with the results of w)2.986 F .486(ord e)-.1 F +.487(xpansion when perform-)-.15 F .18(ing \214lename completion.)184 +501.6 R .179(This changes the contents of the readline editing b)5.18 F +(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 5.179(.I)-.55 G 2.679(fn)-5.179 G(ot)-2.679 E(set,) +184 513.6 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(attempts to preserv)2.5 E 2.5(ew)-.15 G +(hat the user typed.)-2.5 E F1(dirspell)144 530.4 Q F0 .858(If set,)184 +530.4 R F1(bash)3.358 E F0 .858 +(attempts spelling correction on directory names during w)3.358 F .859 +(ord completion if)-.1 F +(the directory name initially supplied does not e)184 542.4 Q(xist.)-.15 +E F1(dotglob)144 559.2 Q F0 .165(If set,)184 559.2 R F1(bash)2.665 E F0 +.165(includes \214lenames be)2.665 F .165(ginning with a `.)-.15 F 2.665 +('i)-.7 G 2.665(nt)-2.665 G .165(he results of pathname e)-2.665 F +(xpansion.)-.15 E(The \214lenames)184 571.2 Q F1 -.63(``)2.5 G -.55(.') +.63 G(')-.08 E F0(and)5 E F1 -.63(``)2.5 G(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 +(must al)5.63 E -.1(wa)-.1 G(ys be matched e).1 E(xplicitly)-.15 E 2.5 +(,e)-.65 G -.15(ve)-2.75 G 2.5(ni).15 G(f)-2.5 E F1(dotglob)2.5 E F0 +(is set.)2.5 E F1(execfail)144 588 Q F0 .516(If set, a non-interacti)184 +588 R .816 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .516(hell will not e).15 F .516 +(xit if it cannot e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .517 +(cute the \214le speci\214ed as an ar).15 F(-)-.2 E(gument to the)184 +600 Q F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E(An interacti)5 E +.3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hell does not e).15 E(xit if)-.15 E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 +-.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(expand_aliases)144 616.8 Q F0 .717 +(If set, aliases are e)184 628.8 R .717(xpanded as described abo)-.15 F +1.017 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(ALIASES)3.217 E F3(.)A F0 .716 +(This option is enabled)5.217 F(by def)184 640.8 Q(ault for interacti) +-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1(extdeb)144 657.6 Q(ug)-.2 E F0 +.17(If set at shell in)184 669.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G .17 +(cation, or in a shell startup \214le, arrange to e).2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.17(cute the deb).15 F .17(ugger pro\214le)-.2 F 1.082 +(before the shell starts, identical to the)184 681.6 R F1 +3.582 E(ugger)-.2 E F0 3.581(option. If)3.581 F 1.081(set after in)3.581 +F -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.081(cation, be-).2 F(ha)184 693.6 Q +(vior intended for use by deb)-.2 E(uggers is enabled:)-.2 E F1(1.)184 +710.4 Q F0(The)220 710.4 Q F14.25 E F0 1.75(option to the)4.25 F +F1(declar)4.251 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)4.251 G 1.751 +(iltin displays the source \214le name and line).2 F +(number corresponding to each function name supplied as an ar)220 722.4 +Q(gument.)-.18 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(77) +185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 78 78 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(2.)184 84 Q F0 1.667(If the command run by the)220 84 R F1(DEB)4.167 +E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.667(trap returns a non-zero v)4.167 F 1.667 +(alue, the ne)-.25 F(xt)-.15 E(command is skipped and not e)220 96 Q +-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(3.)184 112.8 Q F0 .84 +(If the command run by the)220 112.8 R F1(DEB)3.34 E(UG)-.1 E F0 .841 +(trap returns a v)3.341 F .841(alue of 2, and the shell is)-.25 F -.15 +(exe)220 124.8 S .488 +(cuting in a subroutine \(a shell function or a shell script e).15 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .488(cuted by the).15 F F1(.)2.988 E F0(or)2.988 E F1 +(sour)220 136.8 Q(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(iltins\), the shell simulates a call to).2 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(tur).18 E +(n)-.15 E F0(.)A F1(4.)184 153.6 Q/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA)220 +153.6 S(SH_ARGC).27 E F0(and)3.153 E F2 -.27(BA)3.403 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F0 +.904(are updated as described in their descriptions)3.154 F(abo)220 +165.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(5.)184 182.4 Q F0 1.637(Function tr\ +acing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and sub-)220 +182.4 R(shells in)220 194.4 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith) +-2.5 E F1(\()2.5 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0 +(inherit the)2.5 E F1(DEB)2.5 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(RETURN)2.5 E F0 +(traps.)2.5 E F1(6.)184 211.2 Q F0 1.082(Error tracing is enabled: comm\ +and substitution, shell functions, and subshells)220 211.2 R(in)220 +223.2 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(\()2.5 E F3 +(command)2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0(inherit the)2.5 E F1(ERR)2.5 E F0(trap.) +2.5 E F1(extglob)144 240 Q F0 .4(If set, the e)184 240 R .4 +(xtended pattern matching features described abo)-.15 F .7 -.15(ve u) +-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.9 G .4(thname Expan-).1 F(sion)184 252 Q +F0(are enabled.)2.5 E F1(extquote)144 268.8 Q F0 .86(If set,)184 280.8 R +F1($)3.36 E F0<08>A F3(string)A F0 3.36<0861>C(nd)-3.36 E F1($)3.36 E F0 +(")A F3(string)A F0 3.36("q)C .86(uoting is performed within)-3.36 F F1 +(${)3.36 E F3(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(})A F0 -.15(ex)3.36 G .86 +(pansions en-).15 F(closed in double quotes.)184 292.8 Q +(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(failglob)144 309.6 Q +F0 .243(If set, patterns which f)184 309.6 R .243 +(ail to match \214lenames during pathname e)-.1 F .243 +(xpansion result in an e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E(pansion error)184 321.6 Q(.) +-.55 E F1 -.25(fo)144 338.4 S -.18(rc).25 G(e_\214gnor).18 E(e)-.18 E F0 +.936(If set, the suf)184 350.4 R<8c78>-.25 E .936(es speci\214ed by the) +-.15 F F2(FIGNORE)3.436 E F0 .936(shell v)3.186 F .936(ariable cause w) +-.25 F .937(ords to be ignored)-.1 F .32(when performing w)184 362.4 R +.32(ord completion e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.82(ni).15 G 2.82(ft)-2.82 G +.32(he ignored w)-2.82 F .32(ords are the only possible com-)-.1 F 2.947 +(pletions. See)184 374.4 R F2 .447(SHELL V)2.947 F(ARIABLES)-1.215 E F0 +(abo)2.697 E .747 -.15(ve f)-.15 H .448(or a description of).15 F F2 +(FIGNORE)2.948 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .448(This option is)4.948 +F(enabled by def)184 386.4 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(globasciiranges)144 403.2 Q +F0 2.519(If set, range e)184 415.2 R 2.519 +(xpressions used in pattern matching brack)-.15 F 2.518(et e)-.1 F 2.518 +(xpressions \(see)-.15 F F2 -.09(Pa)5.018 G(tter).09 E(n)-.135 E +(Matching)184 427.2 Q F0(abo)2.964 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.214(\)b).15 G(eha) +-3.214 E 1.014 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 3.214(si).15 G 3.214(fi)-3.214 G 3.214 +(nt)-3.214 G .714(he traditional C locale when performing comparisons.) +-3.214 F 1.02(That is, the current locale')184 439.2 R 3.52(sc)-.55 G +1.02(ollating sequence is not tak)-3.52 F 1.02(en into account, so)-.1 F +F1(b)3.52 E F0 1.02(will not)3.52 F .956(collate between)184 451.2 R F1 +(A)3.456 E F0(and)3.456 E F1(B)3.456 E F0 3.457(,a)C .957(nd upper) +-3.457 F .957(-case and lo)-.2 F(wer)-.25 E .957 +(-case ASCII characters will collate)-.2 F(together)184 463.2 Q(.)-.55 E +F1(globskipdots)144 480 Q F0 .285(If set, pathname e)184 492 R .285 +(xpansion will ne)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.785(rm).15 G .285 +(atch the \214lenames)-2.785 F F1 -.63(``)2.785 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E +F0(and)5.285 E F1 -.63(``)2.784 G(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 2.784(,e) +.63 G -.15(ve)-3.034 G 2.784(ni).15 G 2.784(ft)-2.784 G .284(he pat-) +-2.784 F(tern be)184 504 Q(gins with a)-.15 E F1 -.63(``)2.5 G -.55(.') +.63 G(')-.08 E F0 5(.T)C(his option is enabled by def)-5 E(ault.)-.1 E +F1(globstar)144 520.8 Q F0 .518(If set, the pattern)184 520.8 R F1(**) +3.018 E F0 .519(used in a pathname e)3.019 F .519(xpansion conte)-.15 F +.519(xt will match all \214les and zero)-.15 F .432 +(or more directories and subdirectories.)184 532.8 R .431 +(If the pattern is follo)5.432 F .431(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)2.931 E F0 +2.931(,o)C .431(nly directories)-2.931 F(and subdirectories match.)184 +544.8 Q F1(gnu_errfmt)144 561.6 Q F0(If set, shell error messages are w\ +ritten in the standard GNU error message format.)184 573.6 Q F1 +(histappend)144 590.4 Q F0 .676 +(If set, the history list is appended to the \214le named by the v)184 +602.4 R .676(alue of the)-.25 F F2(HISTFILE)3.177 E F0 -.25(va)2.927 G +(ri-).25 E(able when the shell e)184 614.4 Q(xits, rather than o)-.15 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the \214le.).15 E F1(histr)144 631.2 Q(eedit) +-.18 E F0 .576(If set, and)184 643.2 R F1 -.18(re)3.076 G(adline).18 E +F0 .575(is being used, a user is gi)3.076 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.075(nt).15 +G .575(he opportunity to re-edit a f)-3.075 F .575(ailed his-)-.1 F +(tory substitution.)184 655.2 Q F1(histv)144 672 Q(erify)-.1 E F0 .402 +(If set, and)184 684 R F1 -.18(re)2.903 G(adline).18 E F0 .403 +(is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately) +2.903 F .662(passed to the shell parser)184 696 R 5.662(.I)-.55 G .661 +(nstead, the resulting line is loaded into the)-5.662 F F1 -.18(re)3.161 +G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.161 E -.2(bu)184 708 S -.25(ff).2 G(er).25 E +2.5(,a)-.4 G(llo)-2.5 E(wing further modi\214cation.)-.25 E +(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(78)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 79 79 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(hostcomplete)144 84 Q F0 1.181(If set, and)184 96 R F1 -.18(re)3.681 +G(adline).18 E F0 1.181(is being used,)3.681 F F1(bash)3.682 E F0 1.182 +(will attempt to perform hostname completion)3.682 F 1.381(when a w)184 +108 R 1.381(ord containing a)-.1 F F1(@)3.881 E F0 1.381 +(is being completed \(see)3.881 F F1(Completing)3.88 E F0(under)3.88 E +/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE)3.88 E F0(abo)184 120 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G +2.5(\). This).15 F(is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(huponexit)144 +136.8 Q F0(If set,)184 148.8 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(will send)2.5 E F2 +(SIGHUP)2.5 E F0(to all jobs when an interacti)2.25 E .3 -.15(ve l)-.25 +H(ogin shell e).15 E(xits.)-.15 E F1(inherit_err)144 165.6 Q(exit)-.18 E +F0 .219(If set, command substitution inherits the v)184 177.6 R .219 +(alue of the)-.25 F F1(err)2.719 E(exit)-.18 E F0 .22 +(option, instead of unsetting)2.719 F(it in the subshell en)184 189.6 Q +2.5(vironment. This)-.4 F(option is enabled when)2.5 E/F3 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(posix mode)2.5 E F0(is enabled.)2.5 E F1(interacti) +144 206.4 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E F0 .33(If set, allo)184 218.4 R +2.83(waw)-.25 G .33(ord be)-2.93 F .33(ginning with)-.15 F F1(#)2.83 E +F0 .33(to cause that w)2.83 F .33(ord and all remaining characters on) +-.1 F .967(that line to be ignored in an interacti)184 230.4 R 1.267 +-.15(ve s)-.25 H .967(hell \(see).15 F F2(COMMENTS)3.467 E F0(abo)3.217 +E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.467(\). This).15 F .968(option is)3.468 F +(enabled by def)184 242.4 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(lastpipe)144 259.2 Q F0 .066 +(If set, and job control is not acti)184 259.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.566 +(,t).15 G .066(he shell runs the last command of a pipeline not e)-2.566 +F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E +(cuted in the background in the current shell en)184 271.2 Q(vironment.) +-.4 E F1(lithist)144 288 Q F0 .654(If set, and the)184 288 R F1(cmdhist) +3.154 E F0 .654(option is enabled, multi-line commands are sa)3.154 F +-.15(ve)-.2 G 3.155(dt).15 G 3.155(ot)-3.155 G .655(he history)-3.155 F +(with embedded ne)184 300 Q +(wlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible.)-.25 E F1 +(localv)144 316.8 Q(ar_inherit)-.1 E F0 .422(If set, local v)184 328.8 R +.422(ariables inherit the v)-.25 F .422(alue and attrib)-.25 F .422 +(utes of a v)-.2 F .422(ariable of the same name that)-.25 F -.15(ex)184 +340.8 S .173(ists at a pre).15 F .173(vious scope before an)-.25 F 2.673 +(yn)-.15 G .673 -.25(ew va)-2.673 H .173(lue is assigned.).25 F .174 +(The nameref attrib)5.174 F .174(ute is not)-.2 F(inherited.)184 352.8 Q +F1(localv)144 369.6 Q(ar_unset)-.1 E F0 .329(If set, calling)184 381.6 R +F1(unset)2.829 E F0 .329(on local v)2.829 F .329(ariables in pre)-.25 F +.328(vious function scopes marks them so subse-)-.25 F .543(quent looku\ +ps \214nd them unset until that function returns. This is identical to \ +the beha)184 393.6 R(v-)-.2 E(ior of unsetting local v)184 405.6 Q +(ariables at the current function scope.)-.25 E F1(login_shell)144 422.4 +Q F0 .486 +(The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell \(see)184 +434.4 R F2(INV)2.986 E(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F0(abo)2.736 E -.15(ve) +-.15 G 2.986(\). The).15 F -.25(va)184 446.4 S(lue may not be changed.) +.25 E F1(mailwar)144 463.2 Q(n)-.15 E F0 .814(If set, and a \214le that) +184 475.2 R F1(bash)3.314 E F0 .815 +(is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it)3.314 F +-.1(wa)184 487.2 S 2.5(sc).1 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed, the message `)-.1 E +(`The mail in)-.74 E F3(mail\214le)2.5 E F0(has been read')2.5 E 2.5('i) +-.74 G 2.5(sd)-2.5 G(isplayed.)-2.5 E F1(no_empty_cmd_completion)144 504 +Q F0 .325(If set, and)184 516 R F1 -.18(re)2.825 G(adline).18 E F0 .325 +(is being used,)2.825 F F1(bash)2.824 E F0 .324 +(will not attempt to search the)2.824 F F2 -.666(PA)2.824 G(TH)-.189 E +F0 .324(for possible)2.574 F +(completions when completion is attempted on an empty line.)184 528 Q F1 +(nocaseglob)144 544.8 Q F0 .436(If set,)184 556.8 R F1(bash)2.936 E F0 +.436(matches \214lenames in a case\255insensiti)2.936 F .737 -.15(ve f) +-.25 H .437(ashion when performing pathname).05 F -.15(ex)184 568.8 S +(pansion \(see).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.5 G(thname Expansion).1 E F0(abo)2.5 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(nocasematch)144 585.6 Q F0 1.194(If set,)184 +597.6 R F1(bash)3.694 E F0 1.194 +(matches patterns in a case\255insensiti)3.694 F 1.493 -.15(ve f)-.25 H +1.193(ashion when performing matching).05 F .551(while e)184 609.6 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(case)3.051 E F0(or)3.051 E F1([[)3.051 E +F0 .551(conditional commands, when performing pattern substitution)3.051 +F -.1(wo)184 621.6 S .623(rd e).1 F .623(xpansions, or when \214ltering\ + possible completions as part of programmable com-)-.15 F(pletion.)184 +633.6 Q F1(noexpand_translation)144 650.4 Q F0 1.117(If set,)184 662.4 R +F1(bash)3.617 E F0 1.117(encloses the translated results of $"..." quot\ +ing in single quotes instead of)3.617 F(double quotes.)184 674.4 Q +(If the string is not translated, this has no ef)5 E(fect.)-.25 E F1 +(nullglob)144 691.2 Q F0 .855(If set,)184 703.2 R F1(bash)3.355 E F0 +(allo)3.355 E .855(ws patterns which match no \214les \(see)-.25 F F1 +-.1(Pa)3.354 G .854(thname Expansion).1 F F0(abo)3.354 E -.15(ve)-.15 G +3.354(\)t).15 G(o)-3.354 E -.15(ex)184 715.2 S +(pand to a null string, rather than themselv).15 E(es.)-.15 E +(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(79)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 80 80 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(patsub_r)144 84 Q(eplacement)-.18 E F0 .105(If set,)184 96 R F1(bash) +2.605 E F0 -.15(ex)2.605 G .105(pands occurrences of).15 F F1(&)2.606 E +F0 .106(in the replacement string of pattern substitution to)2.606 F +.528(the te)184 108 R .528 +(xt matched by the pattern, as described under)-.15 F F1 -.1(Pa)3.027 G +.527(rameter Expansion).1 F F0(abo)3.027 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.527(.T).15 G +(his)-5.527 E(option is enabled by def)184 120 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(pr)144 +136.8 Q(ogcomp)-.18 E F0 .676(If set, the programmable completion f)184 +148.8 R .677(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)3.177 E .677 +(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F0(abo)3.177 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E +(are enabled.)184 160.8 Q(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E +F1(pr)144 177.6 Q(ogcomp_alias)-.18 E F0 2.124 +(If set, and programmable completion is enabled,)184 189.6 R F1(bash) +4.624 E F0 2.124(treats a command name that)4.624 F(doesn')184 201.6 Q +3.288(th)-.18 G -2.25 -.2(av e)-3.288 H(an)3.488 E 3.288(yc)-.15 G .789 +(ompletions as a possible alias and attempts alias e)-3.288 F .789 +(xpansion. If it has)-.15 F 1.473(an alias,)184 213.6 R F1(bash)3.973 E +F0 1.473(attempts programmable completion using the command w)3.973 F +1.473(ord resulting)-.1 F(from the e)184 225.6 Q(xpanded alias.)-.15 E +F1(pr)144 242.4 Q(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 1.447 +(If set, prompt strings under)184 254.4 R 1.448(go parameter e)-.18 F +1.448(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)184 +266.4 S .171(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.67(la).25 G +.17(fter being e)-2.67 F .17(xpanded as described in)-.15 F/F2 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)2.67 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(abo)2.42 E -.15(ve)-.15 G +(.).15 E(This option is enabled by def)184 278.4 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1 -.18 +(re)144 295.2 S(stricted_shell).18 E F0 1.069 +(The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode \(see) +184 307.2 R F2 1.069(RESTRICTED SHELL)3.569 F F0(belo)184 319.2 Q 2.86 +(w\). The)-.25 F -.25(va)2.86 G .36(lue may not be changed.).25 F .36 +(This is not reset when the startup \214les are e)5.36 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +(-).15 E(cuted, allo)184 331.2 Q(wing the startup \214les to disco)-.25 +E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(rw).15 G(hether or not a shell is restricted.)-2.5 +E F1(shift_v)144 348 Q(erbose)-.1 E F0 .501(If set, the)184 360 R F1 +(shift)3.001 E F0 -.2(bu)3.001 G .501 +(iltin prints an error message when the shift count e).2 F .502 +(xceeds the number)-.15 F(of positional parameters.)184 372 Q F1(sour) +144 388.8 Q(cepath)-.18 E F0 .771(If set, the)184 400.8 R F1(.)3.271 E +F0(\()3.271 E F1(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F0 3.271(\)b)C .771(uiltin uses the v) +-3.471 F .771(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.666(PA)3.27 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .77 +(to \214nd the directory containing the)3.02 F(\214le supplied as an ar) +184 412.8 Q 2.5(gument. This)-.18 F(option is enabled by def)2.5 E +(ault.)-.1 E F1 -.1(va)144 429.6 S(rr).1 E(edir_close)-.18 E F0 .74(If \ +set, the shell automatically closes \214le descriptors assigned using t\ +he)184 441.6 R/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF({varname})3.24 E F0(redi-)3.24 E +.424(rection syntax \(see)184 453.6 R F2(REDIRECTION)2.924 E F0(abo) +2.674 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.924(\)i).15 G .424(nstead of lea)-2.924 F .424 +(ving them open when the com-)-.2 F(mand completes.)184 465.6 Q F1 +(xpg_echo)144 482.4 Q F0(If set, the)184 494.4 Q F1(echo)2.5 E F0 -.2 +(bu)2.5 G(iltin e).2 E(xpands backslash-escape sequences by def)-.15 E +(ault.)-.1 E F1(suspend)108 511.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0(])A .909 +(Suspend the e)144 523.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .909 +(cution of this shell until it recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.41(sa).15 G +F2(SIGCONT)A F0 3.41(signal. A)3.16 F .91(login shell, or a shell)3.41 F +.753(without job control enabled, cannot be suspended; the)144 535.2 R +F13.253 E F0 .752(option can be used to o)3.252 F -.15(ve)-.15 G +.752(rride this and).15 F .107(force the suspension.)144 547.2 R .107(T\ +he return status is 0 unless the shell is a login shell or job control \ +is not en-)5.107 F(abled and)144 559.2 Q F12.5 E F0 +(is not supplied.)2.5 E F1(test)108 576 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1([) +108 588 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(])2.5 E F0 .878 +(Return a status of 0 \(true\) or 1 \(f)144 588 R .877 +(alse\) depending on the e)-.1 F -.25(va)-.25 G .877 +(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F3 -.2(ex)144 600 S +(pr).2 E F0 5.53(.E).73 G .53 +(ach operator and operand must be a separate ar)-5.53 F 3.03 +(gument. Expressions)-.18 F .53(are composed of the)3.03 F 1.361 +(primaries described abo)144 612 R 1.661 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2 +(CONDITION)3.861 E 1.36(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A +F1(test)5.86 E F0 1.36(does not accept an)3.86 F 3.86(yo)-.15 G(p-)-3.86 +E(tions, nor does it accept and ignore an ar)144 624 Q(gument of)-.18 E +F12.5 E F0(as signifying the end of options.)2.5 E .785 +(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 642 R .786 +(wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F 3.412 +(dence. The)144 654 R -.25(eva)3.412 G .912 +(luation depends on the number of ar).25 F .911(guments; see belo)-.18 F +4.711 -.65(w. O)-.25 H .911(perator precedence is).65 F +(used when there are \214v)144 666 Q 2.5(eo)-.15 G 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar) +-2.5 E(guments.)-.18 E F1(!)144 678 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0 -.35 +(Tr)180 678 S(ue if).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0(is f)3.23 E(alse.) +-.1 E F1(\()144 690 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(\))2.5 E F0 .26 +(Returns the v)180 690 R .26(alue of)-.25 F F3 -.2(ex)2.76 G(pr).2 E F0 +5.26(.T)C .26(his may be used to o)-5.26 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .26 +(rride the normal precedence of opera-).15 F(tors.)180 702 Q +(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(80)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 81 81 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)144 84 S(pr1).2 E F02.5 E/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(a)A F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 96 S +(ue if both).35 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(and)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G +(pr2).2 E F0(are true.)2.52 E F1 -.2(ex)144 108 S(pr1).2 E F02.5 E +F2(o)A F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 120 S(ue if either).35 E +F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(or)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 +(is true.)2.52 E F2(test)144 136.8 Q F0(and)2.5 E F2([)2.5 E F0 -.25 +(eva)2.5 G(luate conditional e).25 E +(xpressions using a set of rules based on the number of ar)-.15 E +(guments.)-.18 E 2.5(0a)144 154.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E(The e) +180 166.8 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(1a)144 178.8 S -.18 +(rg)-2.5 G(ument).18 E(The e)180 190.8 Q +(xpression is true if and only if the ar)-.15 E(gument is not null.)-.18 +E 2.5(2a)144 202.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .37(If the \214rst ar) +180 214.8 R .37(gument is)-.18 F F2(!)2.87 E F0 2.87(,t)C .37(he e)-2.87 +F .37(xpression is true if and only if the second ar)-.15 F .37 +(gument is null.)-.18 F .379(If the \214rst ar)180 226.8 R .38 +(gument is one of the unary conditional operators listed abo)-.18 F .68 +-.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDI-)2.88 E(TION)180 +238.8 Q .553(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 .552 +(the e)2.802 F .552(xpression is true if the unary test is true.)-.15 F +.552(If the \214rst ar)5.552 F(gu-)-.18 E(ment is not a v)180 250.8 Q +(alid unary conditional operator)-.25 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G(he e)-2.5 E +(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(3a)144 262.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G +(uments).18 E .236(The follo)180 274.8 R .236 +(wing conditions are applied in the order listed.)-.25 F .236 +(If the second ar)5.236 F .236(gument is one of)-.18 F .855 +(the binary conditional operators listed abo)180 286.8 R 1.155 -.15 +(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(CONDITION)3.355 E .855(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F +F4(,)A F0(the)3.104 E .578(result of the e)180 298.8 R .578(xpression i\ +s the result of the binary test using the \214rst and third ar)-.15 F +(guments)-.18 E 1.333(as operands.)180 310.8 R(The)6.333 E F23.833 +E F0(and)3.833 E F23.832 E F0 1.332 +(operators are considered binary operators when there are)3.832 F .558 +(three ar)180 322.8 R 3.058(guments. If)-.18 F .558(the \214rst ar)3.058 +F .558(gument is)-.18 F F2(!)3.058 E F0 3.058(,t)C .558(he v)-3.058 F +.558(alue is the ne)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .558(tion of the tw).05 F +(o-ar)-.1 E(gument)-.18 E .521(test using the second and third ar)180 +334.8 R 3.021(guments. If)-.18 F .521(the \214rst ar)3.021 F .52 +(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(\()3.02 E F0 .52(and the third)3.02 +F(ar)180 346.8 Q .485(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(\))2.985 E F0 +2.985(,t)C .485(he result is the one-ar)-2.985 F .485 +(gument test of the second ar)-.18 F 2.985(gument. Other)-.18 F(-)-.2 E +(wise, the e)180 358.8 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(4a)144 +370.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .43(The follo)180 382.8 R .43 +(wing conditions are applied in the order listed.)-.25 F .429 +(If the \214rst ar)5.429 F .429(gument is)-.18 F F2(!)2.929 E F0 2.929 +(,t)C .429(he re-)-2.929 F 1.314(sult is the ne)180 394.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 +G 1.314(tion of the three-ar).05 F 1.314(gument e)-.18 F 1.314 +(xpression composed of the remaining ar)-.15 F(gu-)-.18 E 2.745 +(ments. the)180 406.8 R(tw)2.745 E(o-ar)-.1 E .245 +(gument test using the second and third ar)-.18 F 2.744(guments. If)-.18 +F .244(the \214rst ar)2.744 F(gument)-.18 E .309(is e)180 418.8 R +(xactly)-.15 E F2(\()2.809 E F0 .309(and the fourth ar)2.809 F .309 +(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(\))2.809 E F0 2.809(,t)C .31 +(he result is the tw)-2.809 F(o-ar)-.1 E .31(gument test of the)-.18 F +.184(second and third ar)180 430.8 R 2.684(guments. Otherwise,)-.18 F +.184(the e)2.684 F .183(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G +.183(luated according).25 F(to precedence using the rules listed abo)180 +442.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E 2.5(5o)144 454.8 S 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar) +-2.5 E(guments)-.18 E 1.635(The e)180 466.8 R 1.635 +(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.635 +(luated according to precedence using the rules listed).25 F(abo)180 +478.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(When used with)144 496.8 Q F2(test)2.5 E +F0(or)2.5 E F2([)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he)-2.5 E F2(<)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2 +(>)2.5 E F0(operators sort le)2.5 E +(xicographically using ASCII ordering.)-.15 E F2(times)108 513.6 Q F0 +1.229(Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for\ + processes run from the shell.)144 513.6 R(The return status is 0.)144 +525.6 Q F2(trap)108 542.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255lp)A F0 2.5(][)C([)-2.5 E +F1(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(])A F1(sigspec)2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .682(The command) +144 554.4 R F1(ar)3.512 E(g)-.37 E F0 .682(is to be read and e)3.402 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .682(cuted when the shell recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +3.183(ss).15 G(ignal\(s\))-3.183 E F1(sigspec)3.523 E F0 5.683(.I).31 G +(f)-5.683 E F1(ar)3.513 E(g)-.37 E F0(is)3.403 E .609 +(absent \(and there is a single)144 566.4 R F1(sigspec)3.108 E F0 3.108 +(\)o)C(r)-3.108 E F23.108 E F0 3.108(,e)C .608 +(ach speci\214ed signal is reset to its original disposition)-3.108 F +.658(\(the v)144 578.4 R .658(alue it had upon entrance to the shell\).) +-.25 F(If)5.658 E F1(ar)3.488 E(g)-.37 E F0 .659 +(is the null string the signal speci\214ed by each)3.378 F F1(sigspec) +144.34 590.4 Q F0 .581 +(is ignored by the shell and by the commands it in)3.391 F -.2(vo)-.4 G +-.1(ke).2 G 3.08(s. If).1 F F1(ar)3.41 E(g)-.37 E F0 .58 +(is not present and)3.3 F F23.08 E F0(has)3.08 E 1.214 +(been supplied, then the trap commands associated with each)144 602.4 R +F1(sigspec)4.054 E F0 1.215(are displayed.)4.024 F 1.215(If no ar)6.215 +F(gu-)-.18 E .86(ments are supplied or if only)144 614.4 R F23.36 +E F0 .86(is gi)3.36 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n,).15 E F2(trap)3.36 E F0 .86 +(prints the list of commands associated with each)3.36 F 2.83 +(signal. The)144 626.4 R F22.83 E F0 .33(option causes the shell \ +to print a list of signal names and their corresponding num-)2.83 F +4.311(bers. Each)144 638.4 R F1(sigspec)4.651 E F0 1.811 +(is either a signal name de\214ned in <)4.621 F F1(signal.h)A F0 1.81 +(>, or a signal number)B 6.81(.S)-.55 G(ignal)-6.81 E +(names are case insensiti)144 650.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(nd the).15 E +F3(SIG)2.5 E F0(pre\214x is optional.)2.25 E .666(If a)144 668.4 R F1 +(sigspec)3.506 E F0(is)3.476 E F3(EXIT)3.166 E F0 .666 +(\(0\) the command)2.916 F F1(ar)3.496 E(g)-.37 E F0 .666(is e)3.386 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .666(cuted on e).15 F .667(xit from the shell.)-.15 F +.667(If a)5.667 F F1(sigspec)3.507 E F0(is)3.477 E F3(DE-)3.167 E -.09 +(BU)144 680.4 S(G).09 E F4(,)A F0 .484(the command)2.734 F F1(ar)3.314 E +(g)-.37 E F0 .484(is e)3.204 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .484(cuted before e).15 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E F1 .483(simple command)2.984 F F0(,)A F1(for) +2.983 E F0(command,)2.983 E F1(case)2.983 E F0(command,)2.983 E F1 +(select)144 692.4 Q F0 .562(command, e)3.062 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .563 +(ry arithmetic).15 F F1(for)3.063 E F0 .563 +(command, and before the \214rst command e)3.063 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .563 +(cutes in a shell).15 F .623(function \(see)144 704.4 R F3 .622 +(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.122 F F0(abo)2.872 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.122(\). Refer).15 +F .622(to the description of the)3.122 F F2(extdeb)3.122 E(ug)-.2 E F0 +.622(option to the)3.122 F F2(shopt)144 716.4 Q F0 -.2(bu)2.996 G .496 +(iltin for details of its ef).2 F .496(fect on the)-.25 F F2(DEB)2.996 E +(UG)-.1 E F0 2.996(trap. If)2.996 F(a)2.996 E F1(sigspec)3.336 E F0(is) +3.306 E F3(RETURN)2.996 E F4(,)A F0 .496(the command)2.746 F F1(ar) +144.33 728.4 Q(g)-.37 E F0 .18(is e)2.9 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .18 +(cuted each time a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .18 +(cuted with the).15 F F2(.)2.68 E F0(or)2.68 E F2(sour)2.68 E(ce)-.18 E +F0 -.2(bu)2.68 G .18(iltins \214nishes).2 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q +(2022 September 19)135.955 E(81)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 82 82 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.15(exe)144 84 S +(cuting.).15 E .96(If a)144 102 R/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(sigspec)3.8 E +F0(is)3.77 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ERR)3.46 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A +F0 .96(the command)3.21 F F1(ar)3.791 E(g)-.37 E F0 .961(is e)3.681 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .961(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.461(rap).15 G +.961(ipeline \(which may consist of a)-3.461 F .185(single simple comma\ +nd\), a list, or a compound command returns a non\255zero e)144 114 R +.184(xit status, subject to)-.15 F .451(the follo)144 126 R .451 +(wing conditions.)-.25 F(The)5.451 E F2(ERR)2.951 E F0 .451 +(trap is not e)2.701 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .451(cuted if the f).15 F .452 +(ailed command is part of the com-)-.1 F .388 +(mand list immediately follo)144 138 R .388(wing a)-.25 F/F4 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(while)2.888 E F0(or)2.888 E F4(until)2.888 E F0 -.1(ke) +2.888 G(yw)-.05 E .388(ord, part of the test in an)-.1 F F1(if)2.897 E +F0 .387(statement, part)4.847 F .777(of a command e)144 150 R -.15(xe) +-.15 G .778(cuted in a).15 F F4(&&)3.278 E F0(or)3.278 E F4(||)3.278 E +F0 .778(list e)3.278 F .778(xcept the command follo)-.15 F .778 +(wing the \214nal)-.25 F F4(&&)3.278 E F0(or)3.278 E F4(||)3.278 E F0 +3.278(,a)C -.15(ny)-3.278 G 1.28(command in a pipeline b)144 162 R 1.28 +(ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F 3.78(sr)-.55 G 1.28(eturn v)-3.78 +F 1.28(alue is being in)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.28(rted using).15 F F4(!) +3.78 E F0(.)A(These are the same conditions obe)144 174 Q(yed by the) +-.15 E F4(err)2.5 E(exit)-.18 E F0(\()2.5 E F4A F0 2.5(\)o)C +(ption.)-2.5 E .132 +(Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.)144 +192 R -.35(Tr)5.133 G .133(apped signals that are not be-).35 F .117 +(ing ignored are reset to their original v)144 204 R .117 +(alues in a subshell or subshell en)-.25 F .117 +(vironment when one is cre-)-.4 F 2.5(ated. The)144 216 R +(return status is f)2.5 E(alse if an)-.1 E(y)-.15 E F1(sigspec)2.84 E F0 +(is in)2.81 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid; otherwise).25 E F4(trap)2.5 E F0 +(returns true.)2.5 E F4(type)108 232.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F4(\255aftpP)A F0(]) +A F1(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(name)A F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 244.8 S +.173(th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.673(we)-.25 G(ach)-2.673 E F1 +(name)3.033 E F0 -.1(wo)2.853 G .174 +(uld be interpreted if used as a command name.).1 F .174(If the)5.174 F +F4144 256.8 Q F0 .715(option is used,)3.215 F F4(type)3.215 E F0 +.715(prints a string which is one of)3.215 F F1(alias)3.545 E F0(,).27 E +F1 -.1(ke)3.215 G(ywor)-.2 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E F1(function)5.185 E F0 +(,).24 E F1 -.2(bu)3.215 G(iltin).2 E F0 3.215(,o).24 G(r)-3.215 E F1 +(\214le)5.125 E F0(if)3.395 E F1(name)144.36 268.8 Q F0 .086 +(is an alias, shell reserv)2.766 F .086(ed w)-.15 F .086 +(ord, function, b)-.1 F .087(uiltin, or disk \214le, respecti)-.2 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.087(.I)-.65 G 2.587(ft)-5.087 G(he)-2.587 E F1 +(name)2.947 E F0 .087(is not)2.767 F .119 +(found, then nothing is printed, and an e)144 280.8 R .118 +(xit status of f)-.15 F .118(alse is returned.)-.1 F .118(If the)5.118 F +F42.618 E F0 .118(option is used,)2.618 F F4(type)2.618 E F0 .855 +(either returns the name of the disk \214le that w)144 292.8 R .855 +(ould be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .855(cuted if).15 F F1(name)3.715 E F0 +.855(were speci\214ed as a com-)3.535 F .529(mand name, or nothing if) +144 304.8 R/F5 10/Courier@0 SF .528(type -t name)3.028 F F0 -.1(wo)3.028 +G .528(uld not return).1 F F1(\214le)4.938 E F0 5.528(.T).18 G(he)-5.528 +E F43.028 E F0 .528(option forces a)3.028 F F2 -.666(PA)3.028 G +(TH)-.189 E F0 .006(search for each)144 316.8 R F1(name)2.506 E F0 2.506 +(,e)C -.15(ve)-2.756 G 2.506(ni).15 G(f)-2.506 E F5 .007(type -t name) +2.506 F F0 -.1(wo)2.507 G .007(uld not return).1 F F1(\214le)4.417 E F0 +5.007(.I).18 G 2.507(fac)-5.007 G .007(ommand is hashed,)-2.507 F F4 +2.507 E F0(and)144 328.8 Q F43.231 E F0 .731 +(print the hashed v)3.231 F .73 +(alue, which is not necessarily the \214le that appears \214rst in)-.25 +F F2 -.666(PA)3.23 G(TH)-.189 E F3(.)A F0 .73(If the)5.23 F F4144 +340.8 Q F0 .823(option is used,)3.323 F F4(type)3.323 E F0 .824 +(prints all of the places that contain an e)3.323 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .824 +(cutable named).15 F F1(name)3.684 E F0 5.824(.T).18 G .824(his in-) +-5.824 F 1.176(cludes aliases and functions, if and only if the)144 +352.8 R F43.676 E F0 1.176(option is not also used.)3.676 F 1.176 +(The table of hashed)6.176 F 1.223(commands is not consulted when using) +144 364.8 R F43.723 E F0 6.223(.T)C(he)-6.223 E F43.723 E F0 +1.223(option suppresses shell function lookup, as)3.723 F .326(with the) +144 376.8 R F4(command)2.826 E F0 -.2(bu)2.826 G(iltin.).2 E F4(type) +5.326 E F0 .326(returns true if all of the ar)2.826 F .325 +(guments are found, f)-.18 F .325(alse if an)-.1 F 2.825(ya)-.15 G .325 +(re not)-2.825 F(found.)144 388.8 Q F4(ulimit)108 405.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F4 +(\255HS)A F0(])A F42.5 E(ulimit)108 417.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F4(\255HS)A +F0 2.5(][)C F4(\255bcde\214klmnpqrstuvxPR)-2.5 E(T)-.4 E F0([)2.5 E F1 +(limit)A F0(]])A(Pro)144 429.6 Q .243(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve) +-.15 G 2.743(rt).15 G .243(he resources a)-2.743 F -.25(va)-.2 G .244 +(ilable to the shell and to processes started by it, on systems).25 F +.944(that allo)144 441.6 R 3.444(ws)-.25 G .944(uch control.)-3.444 F +(The)5.944 E F43.444 E F0(and)3.444 E F43.444 E F0 .943 +(options specify that the hard or soft limit is set for the)3.444 F(gi) +144 453.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.708(nr).15 G 2.708(esource. A)-2.708 F .208 +(hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a so\ +ft limit may)2.708 F .426(be increased up to the v)144 465.6 R .426 +(alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .425(If neither)5.426 F F42.925 E +F0(nor)2.925 E F42.925 E F0 .425 +(is speci\214ed, both the soft and)2.925 F .139(hard limits are set.)144 +477.6 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F1(limit)2.729 E F0 .139 +(can be a number in the unit speci\214ed for the resource or one)3.319 F +.742(of the special v)144 489.6 R(alues)-.25 E F4(hard)3.242 E F0(,)A F4 +(soft)3.241 E F0 3.241(,o)C(r)-3.241 E F4(unlimited)3.241 E F0 3.241(,w) +C .741(hich stand for the current hard limit, the current)-3.241 F .023 +(soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 501.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E +5.023(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.023 E F1(limit)2.613 E F0 .023 +(is omitted, the current v)3.203 F .023 +(alue of the soft limit of the re-)-.25 F .985 +(source is printed, unless the)144 513.6 R F43.485 E F0 .984 +(option is gi)3.485 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.484(n. When).15 F .984 +(more than one resource is speci\214ed, the)3.484 F .7 +(limit name and unit, if appropriate, are printed before the v)144 525.6 +R 3.2(alue. Other)-.25 F .7(options are interpreted as)3.2 F(follo)144 +537.6 Q(ws:)-.25 E F4144 549.6 Q F0 +(All current limits are reported; no limits are set)180 549.6 Q F4 +144 561.6 Q F0(The maximum sock)180 561.6 Q(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E +(fer size)-.25 E F4144 573.6 Q F0 +(The maximum size of core \214les created)180 573.6 Q F4144 585.6 +Q F0(The maximum size of a process')180 585.6 Q 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ata se) +-2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F4144 597.6 Q F0 +(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))180 597.6 Q F4144 +609.6 Q F0 +(The maximum size of \214les written by the shell and its children)180 +609.6 Q F4144 621.6 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals)180 +621.6 Q F4144 633.6 Q F0 +(The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated)180 633.6 Q F4 +144 645.6 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)180 645.6 Q +(ed into memory)-.1 E F4144 657.6 Q F0 +(The maximum resident set size \(man)180 657.6 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G +(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F4144 669.6 Q F0 .791(Th\ +e maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do not allo) +180 669.6 R 3.29(wt)-.25 G .79(his v)-3.29 F .79(alue to)-.25 F +(be set\))180 681.6 Q F4144 693.6 Q F0 +(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))180 693.6 Q F4 +144 705.6 Q F0 +(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues)180 705.6 Q F4 +144 717.6 Q F0(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)180 717.6 +Q(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(82)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 83 83 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF144 84 Q F0(The maximum stack size)180 84 Q F1144 96 Q F0 +(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)180 96 Q F1144 108 Q F0 +(The maximum number of processes a)180 108 Q -.25(va)-.2 G +(ilable to a single user).25 E F1144 120 Q F0 .47 +(The maximum amount of virtual memory a)180 120 R -.25(va)-.2 G .47 +(ilable to the shell and, on some systems, to).25 F(its children)180 132 +Q F1144 144 Q F0(The maximum number of \214le locks)180 144 Q F1 +144 156 Q F0(The maximum number of pseudoterminals)180 156 Q F1 +144 168 Q F0(The maximum time a real-time process can run before \ +blocking, in microseconds)180 168 Q F1144 180 Q F0 +(The maximum number of threads)180 180 Q(If)144 196.8 Q/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(limit)3.058 E F0 .468(is gi)3.648 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +.468(n, and the).15 F F12.968 E F0 .468(option is not used,)2.968 +F F2(limit)2.968 E F0 .468(is the ne)2.968 F 2.968(wv)-.25 G .468 +(alue of the speci\214ed resource.)-3.218 F(If)5.468 E .044 +(no option is gi)144 208.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .044(n, then).15 F F1 +2.544 E F0 .045(is assumed.)2.545 F -1.11(Va)5.045 G .045 +(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .045(xcept for)-.15 F F1 +2.545 E F0 2.545(,w)C .045(hich is)-2.545 F .67(in seconds;)144 +220.8 R F13.17 E F0 3.17(,w)C .67(hich is in microseconds;)-3.17 F +F13.17 E F0 3.17(,w)C .67(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks;) +-3.17 F F13.17 E F0(,)A F13.17 E F0(,)A F13.17 E F0(,) +A F1144 232.8 Q F0(,)A F13.736 E F0 3.736(,a)C(nd)-3.736 E +F13.736 E F0 3.736(,w)C 1.236(hich are unscaled v)-3.736 F 1.236 +(alues; and, when in posix mode,)-.25 F F13.736 E F0(and)3.736 E +F13.736 E F0 3.736(,w)C 1.237(hich are in)-3.736 F .239 +(512-byte increments.)144 244.8 R .238 +(The return status is 0 unless an in)5.239 F -.25(va)-.4 G .238 +(lid option or ar).25 F .238(gument is supplied, or an)-.18 F +(error occurs while setting a ne)144 256.8 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(imit.)-2.5 E +F1(umask)108 273.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 +2.5(][)C F2(mode)-2.5 E F0(])A .18 +(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 285.6 R F2(mode)3.06 E F0 +5.18(.I).18 G(f)-5.18 E F2(mode)3.06 E F0(be)2.86 E .18 +(gins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal)-.15 F .066(number; o\ +therwise it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that acce\ +pted by)144 297.6 R F2 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144 +309.6 Q F2(mode)3.262 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.062 F .382 +(alue of the mask is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.382 E F12.882 E F0 .382 +(option causes the mask to be)2.882 F .547 +(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 321.6 R .547 +(ault output is an octal number)-.1 F 5.547(.I)-.55 G 3.047(ft)-5.547 G +(he)-3.047 E F13.047 E F0 .547(option is supplied, and)3.047 F F2 +(mode)144.38 333.6 Q F0 .551 +(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.231 +F .552(The return status is 0 if the)5.552 F(mode w)144 345.6 Q +(as successfully changed or if no)-.1 E F2(mode)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E +(gument w)-.18 E(as supplied, and f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F1 +(unalias)108 362.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0 +(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 374.4 Q 1.058 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(name) +3.258 E F0 .758(from the list of de\214ned aliases.)3.258 F(If)5.758 E +F13.258 E F0 .757(is supplied, all alias de\214nitions are re-) +3.258 F(mo)144 386.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E +(alue is true unless a supplied)-.25 E F2(name)2.86 E F0 +(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F1(unset)108 403.2 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1 +(fv)A F0 2.5(][)C-2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...]) +2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 415.2 S 3.803(re).15 G(ach)-3.803 E F2(name)4.163 E F0 +3.803(,r).18 G(emo)-3.803 E 1.603 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 1.303 +(he corresponding v).15 F 1.303(ariable or function.)-.25 F 1.303 +(If the)6.303 F F13.804 E F0 1.304(option is gi)3.804 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G 1.304(n, each).15 F F2(name)144.36 427.2 Q F0 .465 +(refers to a shell v)3.145 F .464(ariable, and that v)-.25 F .464 +(ariable is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.964(d. Read-only).15 F -.25(va) +2.964 G .464(riables may not be un-).25 F 2.768(set. If)144 439.2 R F1 +2.768 E F0 .269(is speci\214ed, each)2.768 F F2(name)3.129 E F0 +.269(refers to a shell function, and the function de\214nition is remo) +2.949 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .404(If the)144 451.2 R F12.904 E +F0 .404(option is supplied, and)2.904 F F2(name)2.904 E F0 .404(is a v) +2.904 F .404(ariable with the)-.25 F F2(namer)2.904 E(ef)-.37 E F0 +(attrib)2.904 E(ute,)-.2 E F2(name)2.904 E F0 .403(will be unset)2.904 F +.719(rather than the v)144 463.2 R .719(ariable it references.)-.25 F F1 +5.719 E F0 .719(has no ef)3.219 F .719(fect if the)-.25 F F1 +3.22 E F0 .72(option is supplied.)3.22 F .72(If no options)5.72 F .737 +(are supplied, each)144 475.2 R F2(name)3.237 E F0 .737(refers to a v) +3.237 F .737(ariable; if there is no v)-.25 F .736 +(ariable by that name, a function with)-.25 F 1.761(that name, if an)144 +487.2 R 3.061 -.65(y, i)-.15 H 4.261(su).65 G 4.261(nset. 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Q(vidual)-.25 E F4 -.37(re)2.5 G(adline).37 E F0 +(initialization \214le)2.5 E F3 -.548(AU)72 523.2 S(THORS).548 E F0 +(Brian F)108 535.2 Q(ox, Free Softw)-.15 E(are F)-.1 E(oundation)-.15 E +(bfox@gnu.or)108 547.2 Q(g)-.18 E(Chet Rame)108 564 Q 1.3 -.65(y, C)-.15 +H(ase W).65 E(estern Reserv)-.8 E 2.5(eU)-.15 G(ni)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +(rsity).15 E(chet.rame)108 576 Q(y@case.edu)-.15 E F3 -.11(BU)72 592.8 S +2.738(GR).11 G(EPOR)-2.738 E(TS)-.438 E F0 .568(If you \214nd a b)108 +604.8 R .568(ug in)-.2 F F1(bash,)3.068 E F0 .568(you should report it.) +3.068 F .568(But \214rst, you should mak)5.568 F 3.068(es)-.1 G .568 +(ure that it really is a b)-3.068 F .567(ug, and)-.2 F 5.625 +(that it appears in the latest v)108 616.8 R 5.625(ersion of)-.15 F F1 +(bash)8.125 E F0 10.625(.T)C 5.625(he latest v)-10.625 F 5.626 +(ersion is al)-.15 F -.1(wa)-.1 G 5.626(ys a).1 F -.25(va)-.2 G 5.626 +(ilable from).25 F F4(ftp://ftp.gnu.or)108 628.8 Q(g/pub/gnu/bash/)-.37 +E F0(and)2.5 E F4(http://git.savannah.gnu.or)2.5 E +(g/cgit/bash.git/snapshot/bash-master)-.37 E(.tar)-1.11 E(.gz)-1.11 E F0 +(.)A .411(Once you ha)108 645.6 R .711 -.15(ve d)-.2 H .411 +(etermined that a b).15 F .411(ug actually e)-.2 F .411(xists, use the) +-.15 F F4(bashb)3.18 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .41(command to submit a b)3.13 F .41 +(ug report.)-.2 F(If)5.41 E .594(you ha)108 657.6 R .894 -.15(ve a \214) +-.2 H .595(x, you are encouraged to mail that as well!).15 F .595 +(Suggestions and `philosophical' b)5.595 F .595(ug reports may)-.2 F +(be mailed to)108 669.6 Q F4 -.2(bu)2.5 G(g-bash@gnu.or).2 E(g)-.37 E F0 +(or posted to the Usenet ne)2.5 E(wsgroup)-.25 E F1(gnu.bash.b)2.5 E(ug) +-.2 E F0(.)A(ALL b)108 686.4 Q(ug reports should include:)-.2 E(The v) +108 703.2 Q(ersion number of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 +Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(86)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 87 87 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(The hardw)108 84 Q +(are and operating system)-.1 E(The compiler used to compile)108 96 Q +2.5(Ad)108 108 S(escription of the b)-2.5 E(ug beha)-.2 E(viour)-.2 E +2.5(As)108 120 S(hort script or `recipe' which e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(rcises the b).15 E(ug)-.2 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(bashb)108.27 136.8 +Q(ug)-.2 E F0 +(inserts the \214rst three items automatically into the template it pro) +2.72 E(vides for \214ling a b)-.15 E(ug report.)-.2 E(Comments and b)108 +153.6 Q(ug reports concerning this manual page should be directed to)-.2 +E F1 -.15(ch)2.5 G(et.r).15 E(ame)-.15 E(y@case)-.3 E(.edu)-.15 E F0(.) +.25 E/F2 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF -.11(BU)72 170.4 S(GS).11 E F0(It')108 +182.4 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G(oo big and too slo)-2.5 E -.65(w.)-.25 G 1.869 +(There are some subtle dif)108 199.2 R 1.869(ferences between)-.25 F/F3 +10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)4.369 E F0 1.869(and traditional v)4.369 F 1.869 +(ersions of)-.15 F F3(sh)4.368 E F0 4.368(,m)C 1.868 +(ostly because of the)-4.368 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(POSIX)108 211.2 Q F0 +(speci\214cation.)2.25 E(Aliases are confusing in some uses.)108 228 Q +(Shell b)108 244.8 Q +(uiltin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable.)-.2 E +1.315(Compound commands and command sequences of the form `a ; b ; c' a\ +re not handled gracefully when)108 261.6 R .39 +(process suspension is attempted.)108 273.6 R .389 +(When a process is stopped, the shell immediately e)5.39 F -.15(xe)-.15 +G .389(cutes the ne).15 F .389(xt com-)-.15 F .192 +(mand in the sequence.)108 285.6 R .192(It suf)5.192 F .192(\214ces to \ +place the sequence of commands between parentheses to force it into a) +-.25 F(subshell, which may be stopped as a unit.)108 297.6 Q(Array v)108 +314.4 Q(ariables may not \(yet\) be e)-.25 E(xported.)-.15 E +(There may be only one acti)108 331.2 Q .3 -.15(ve c)-.25 H +(oprocess at a time.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19) +135.955 E(87)185.115 E 0 Cg EP +%%Trailer +end +%%EOF diff --git a/doc/bashbug.0 b/doc/bashbug.0 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..58f08de --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/bashbug.0 @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +BASHBUG(1) General Commands Manual BASHBUG(1) + + + +NNAAMMEE + bashbug - report a bug in bash + +SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS + bbaasshhbbuugg [_-_-_v_e_r_s_i_o_n] [_-_-_h_e_l_p] [_e_m_a_i_l_-_a_d_d_r_e_s_s] + +DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN + bbaasshhbbuugg is a shell script to help the user compose and mail bug reports + concerning bash in a standard format. bbaasshhbbuugg invokes the editor spec- + ified by the environment variable EEDDIITTOORR on a temporary copy of the bug + report format outline. The user must fill in the appropriate fields and + exit the editor. bbaasshhbbuugg then mails the completed report to _b_u_g_- + _b_a_s_h_@_g_n_u_._o_r_g, or _e_m_a_i_l_-_a_d_d_r_e_s_s. If the report cannot be mailed, it is + saved in the file _d_e_a_d_._b_a_s_h_b_u_g in the invoking user's home directory. + + The bug report format outline consists of several sections. The first + section provides information about the machine, operating system, the + bash version, and the compilation environment. The second section + should be filled in with a description of the bug. The third section + should be a description of how to reproduce the bug. The optional + fourth section is for a proposed fix. Fixes are encouraged. + +EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT + bbaasshhbbuugg will utilize the following environment variables if they exist: + + EEDDIITTOORR Specifies the preferred editor. If EEDDIITTOORR is not set, bbaasshhbbuugg + attempts to locate a number of alternative editors, including + eemmaaccss. If bbaasshhbbuugg cannot locate any of the alternative editors, + it attempts to execute vvii. + + HHOOMMEE Directory in which the failed bug report is saved if the mail + fails. + + TTMMPPDDIIRR Directory in which to create temporary files and directories. + +SSEEEE AALLSSOO + _b_a_s_h(1) + +AAUUTTHHOORRSS + Brian Fox, Free Software Foundation + bfox@gnu.org + + Chet Ramey, Case Western Reserve University + chet@po.cwru.edu + + + +GNU Bash 5.2 2020 August 1 BASHBUG(1) diff --git a/doc/bashbug.1 b/doc/bashbug.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..abcaf48 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/bashbug.1 @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +.\" +.\" MAN PAGE COMMENTS to +.\" +.\" Chet Ramey +.\" Case Western Reserve University +.\" chet@po.cwru.edu +.\" +.\" Last Change: Sun Aug 2 15:39:07 EDT 2020 +.\" +.TH BASHBUG 1 "2020 August 1" "GNU Bash 5.1" +.SH NAME +bashbug \- report a bug in bash +.SH SYNOPSIS +\fBbashbug\fP [\fI--version\fP] [\fI--help\fP] [\fIemail-address\fP] +.SH DESCRIPTION +.B bashbug +is a shell script to help the user compose and mail bug reports +concerning bash in a standard format. +.B bashbug +invokes the editor specified by the environment variable +.SM +.B EDITOR +on a temporary copy of the bug report format outline. The user must +fill in the appropriate fields and exit the editor. +.B bashbug +then mails the completed report to \fIbug-bash@gnu.org\fP, or +\fIemail-address\fP. If the report cannot be mailed, it is saved in the +file \fIdead.bashbug\fP in the invoking user's home directory. +.PP +The bug report format outline consists of several sections. The first +section provides information about the machine, operating system, the +bash version, and the compilation environment. The second section +should be filled in with a description of the bug. The third section +should be a description of how to reproduce the bug. The optional +fourth section is for a proposed fix. Fixes are encouraged. +.SH ENVIRONMENT +.B bashbug +will utilize the following environment variables if they exist: +.TP +.B EDITOR +Specifies the preferred editor. If +.SM +.B EDITOR +is not set, +.B bashbug +attempts to locate a number of alternative editors, including +.BR emacs . +If +.B bashbug +cannot locate any of the alternative editors, it attempts to execute \fBvi\fP. +.TP +.B HOME +Directory in which the failed bug report is saved if the mail fails. +.TP +.B TMPDIR +Directory in which to create temporary files and directories. +.SH "SEE ALSO" +.TP +\fIbash\fP(1) +.SH AUTHORS +Brian Fox, Free Software Foundation +.br +bfox@gnu.org +.PP +Chet Ramey, Case Western Reserve University +.br +chet@po.cwru.edu diff --git a/doc/bashbug.ps b/doc/bashbug.ps new file mode 100644 index 0000000..55fe45c --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/bashbug.ps @@ -0,0 +1,297 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-3.0 +%%Creator: groff version 1.22.4 +%%CreationDate: Tue Jan 11 16:04:43 2022 +%%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Roman +%%+ font Times-Bold +%%+ font Times-Italic +%%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset grops 1.22 4 +%%Pages: 1 +%%PageOrder: Ascend +%%DocumentMedia: Default 612 792 0 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setmiterlimit +[]0 setdash +/setstrokeadjust where{ +pop +false setstrokeadjust +}if +/setoverprint where{ +pop +false setoverprint +}if +newpath +/CNT countdictstack def +userdict begin +/showpage{}def +/setpagedevice{}def +mark +}bind def +/PEND{ +cleartomark +countdictstack CNT sub{end}repeat +level1 restore +}bind def +end def +/setpacking where{ +pop +setpacking +}if +%%EndResource +%%EndProlog +%%BeginSetup +%%BeginFeature: *PageSize Default +<< /PageSize [ 612 792 ] /ImagingBBox null >> setpagedevice +%%EndFeature +%%IncludeResource: font Times-Roman +%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold +%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic +grops begin/DEFS 1 dict def DEFS begin/u{.001 mul}bind def end/RES 72 +def/PL 792 def/LS false def/ENC0[/asciicircum/asciitilde/Scaron/Zcaron +/scaron/zcaron/Ydieresis/trademark/quotesingle/Euro/.notdef/.notdef +/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef +/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef 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+/ordmasculine/guilsinglright/onequarter/onehalf/threequarters +/questiondown/Agrave/Aacute/Acircumflex/Atilde/Adieresis/Aring/AE +/Ccedilla/Egrave/Eacute/Ecircumflex/Edieresis/Igrave/Iacute/Icircumflex +/Idieresis/Eth/Ntilde/Ograve/Oacute/Ocircumflex/Otilde/Odieresis +/multiply/Oslash/Ugrave/Uacute/Ucircumflex/Udieresis/Yacute/Thorn +/germandbls/agrave/aacute/acircumflex/atilde/adieresis/aring/ae/ccedilla +/egrave/eacute/ecircumflex/edieresis/igrave/iacute/icircumflex/idieresis +/eth/ntilde/ograve/oacute/ocircumflex/otilde/odieresis/divide/oslash +/ugrave/uacute/ucircumflex/udieresis/yacute/thorn/ydieresis]def +/Times-Italic@0 ENC0/Times-Italic RE/Times-Bold@0 ENC0/Times-Bold RE +/Times-Roman@0 ENC0/Times-Roman RE +%%EndSetup +%%Page: 1 1 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SHB).35 E 116.13 +(UG\(1\) General)-.1 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)118.63 G(SHB).35 E +(UG\(1\))-.1 E/F1 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF -.219(NA)72 84 S(ME).219 E F0 +(bashb)108 96 Q(ug \255 report a b)-.2 E(ug in bash)-.2 E F1(SYNOPSIS)72 +112.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bashb)108 124.8 Q(ug)-.2 E F0([)2.5 E/F3 +10/Times-Italic@0 SF(--ver)A(sion)-.1 E F0 2.5(][)C F3(--help)-2.5 E F0 +2.5(][)C F3(email-addr)-2.5 E(ess)-.37 E F0(])A F1(DESCRIPTION)72 141.6 +Q F2(bashb)108 153.6 Q(ug)-.2 E F0 .446 +(is a shell script to help the user compose and mail b)2.947 F .446 +(ug reports concerning bash in a standard for)-.2 F(-)-.2 E(mat.)108 +165.6 Q F2(bashb)5.961 E(ug)-.2 E F0(in)3.461 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G +3.461(st).1 G .962(he editor speci\214ed by the en)-3.461 F .962 +(vironment v)-.4 F(ariable)-.25 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(EDIT)3.462 E(OR) +-.162 E F0 .962(on a temporary cop)3.212 F 3.462(yo)-.1 G(f)-3.462 E +.374(the b)108 177.6 R .374(ug report format outline. The user must \ +\214ll in the appropriate \214elds and e)-.2 F .374(xit the editor)-.15 +F(.)-.55 E F2(bashb)5.373 E(ug)-.2 E F0(then)2.873 E 1.141 +(mails the completed report to)108 189.6 R F3 -.2(bu)3.641 G +(g-bash@gnu.or).2 E(g)-.37 E F0 3.641(,o)C(r)-3.641 E F3(email-addr) +3.641 E(ess)-.37 E F0 6.141(.I)C 3.641(ft)-6.141 G 1.142 +(he report cannot be mailed, it is)-3.641 F(sa)108 201.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G +2.5(di).15 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(he \214le)-2.5 E F3(dead.bashb)2.5 E(ug)-.2 E +F0(in the in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G(king user').2 E 2.5(sh)-.55 G +(ome directory)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E .354(The b)108 218.4 R .354 +(ug report format outline consists of se)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .353 +(ral sections.).15 F .353(The \214rst section pro)5.353 F .353 +(vides information about the)-.15 F .37 +(machine, operating system, the bash v)108 230.4 R .371 +(ersion, and the compilation en)-.15 F 2.871(vironment. The)-.4 F .371 +(second section should)2.871 F .209 +(be \214lled in with a description of the b)108 242.4 R 2.709(ug. The) +-.2 F .208(third section should be a description of ho)2.709 F 2.708(wt) +-.25 G 2.708(or)-2.708 G .208(eproduce the)-2.708 F -.2(bu)108 254.4 S +2.5(g. The).2 F(optional fourth section is for a proposed \214x.)2.5 E +(Fix)5 E(es are encouraged.)-.15 E F1(ENVIR)72 271.2 Q(ONMENT)-.329 E F2 +(bashb)108 283.2 Q(ug)-.2 E F0(will utilize the follo)2.5 E(wing en)-.25 +E(vironment v)-.4 E(ariables if the)-.25 E 2.5(ye)-.15 G(xist:)-2.65 E +F2(EDIT)108 300 Q(OR)-.18 E F0 .327(Speci\214es the preferred editor)144 +312 R 2.827(.I)-.55 G(f)-2.827 E F4(EDIT)2.827 E(OR)-.162 E F0 .327 +(is not set,)2.577 F F2(bashb)2.827 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .328 +(attempts to locate a number of alter)2.827 F(-)-.2 E(nati)144 324 Q +1.925 -.15(ve e)-.25 H 1.625(ditors, including).15 F F2(emacs)4.125 E F0 +6.625(.I)C(f)-6.625 E F2(bashb)4.125 E(ug)-.2 E F0 1.625 +(cannot locate an)4.125 F 4.125(yo)-.15 G 4.125(ft)-4.125 G 1.625 +(he alternati)-4.125 F 1.925 -.15(ve e)-.25 H 1.625(ditors, it at-).15 F +(tempts to e)144 336 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute).15 E F2(vi)2.5 E F0(.)A F2 +(HOME)108 352.8 Q F0(Directory in which the f)144 364.8 Q(ailed b)-.1 E +(ug report is sa)-.2 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(di).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G +(he mail f)-2.5 E(ails.)-.1 E F2(TMPDIR)108 381.6 Q F0 +(Directory in which to create temporary \214les and directories.)144 +393.6 Q F1(SEE ALSO)72 410.4 Q F3(bash)108 422.4 Q F0(\(1\))A F1 -.548 +(AU)72 439.2 S(THORS).548 E F0(Brian F)108 451.2 Q(ox, Free Softw)-.15 E +(are F)-.1 E(oundation)-.15 E(bfox@gnu.or)108 463.2 Q(g)-.18 E +(Chet Rame)108 480 Q 1.3 -.65(y, C)-.15 H(ase W).65 E(estern Reserv)-.8 +E 2.5(eU)-.15 G(ni)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsity).15 E(chet@po.cwru.edu) +108 492 Q(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2020 August 1)145.395 E(1)199.555 E 0 Cg +EP +%%Trailer +end +%%EOF diff --git a/doc/bashref.dvi b/doc/bashref.dvi new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a7a571b Binary files /dev/null and b/doc/bashref.dvi differ diff --git a/doc/bashref.html b/doc/bashref.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..928b3ff --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/bashref.html @@ -0,0 +1,16033 @@ + + + + + + +Bash Reference Manual + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Bash Reference Manual

+ + + + + + + + + + + +
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: (dir)   [Contents][Index]

+
+

Bash Features

+ +

This text is a brief description of the features that are present in +the Bash shell (version 5.2, 19 September 2022). +The Bash home page is http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/. +

+

This is Edition 5.2, last updated 19 September 2022, +of The GNU Bash Reference Manual, +for Bash, Version 5.2. +

+

Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some +features that only appear in Bash. Some of the shells that Bash has +borrowed concepts from are the Bourne Shell (sh), the Korn Shell +(ksh), and the C-shell (csh and its successor, +tcsh). The following menu breaks the features up into +categories, noting which features were inspired by other shells and +which are specific to Bash. +

+

This manual is meant as a brief introduction to features found in +Bash. The Bash manual page should be used as the definitive +reference on shell behavior. +

+ +
+

Table of Contents

+ +
+ + +
+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Up: Bash Features   [Contents][Index]

+
+

1 Introduction

+ + +
+
+
+

+Next: , Up: Introduction   [Contents][Index]

+
+

1.1 What is Bash?

+ +

Bash is the shell, or command language interpreter, +for the GNU operating system. +The name is an acronym for the ‘Bourne-Again SHell’, +a pun on Stephen Bourne, the author of the direct ancestor of +the current Unix shell sh, +which appeared in the Seventh Edition Bell Labs Research version +of Unix. +

+

Bash is largely compatible with sh and incorporates useful +features from the Korn shell ksh and the C shell csh. +It is intended to be a conformant implementation of the IEEE +POSIX Shell and Tools portion of the IEEE POSIX +specification (IEEE Standard 1003.1). +It offers functional improvements over sh for both interactive and +programming use. +

+

While the GNU operating system provides other shells, including +a version of csh, Bash is the default shell. +Like other GNU software, Bash is quite portable. It currently runs +on nearly every version of Unix and a few other operating systems - +independently-supported ports exist for MS-DOS, OS/2, +and Windows platforms. +

+
+
+
+
+

+Previous: , Up: Introduction   [Contents][Index]

+
+

1.2 What is a shell?

+ +

At its base, a shell is simply a macro processor that executes +commands. The term macro processor means functionality where text +and symbols are expanded to create larger expressions. +

+

A Unix shell is both a command interpreter and a programming +language. As a command interpreter, the shell provides the user +interface to the rich set of GNU utilities. The programming +language features allow these utilities to be combined. +Files containing commands can be created, and become +commands themselves. These new commands have the same status as +system commands in directories such as /bin, allowing users +or groups to establish custom environments to automate their common +tasks. +

+

Shells may be used interactively or non-interactively. In +interactive mode, they accept input typed from the keyboard. +When executing non-interactively, shells execute commands read +from a file. +

+

A shell allows execution of GNU commands, both synchronously and +asynchronously. +The shell waits for synchronous commands to complete before accepting +more input; asynchronous commands continue to execute in parallel +with the shell while it reads and executes additional commands. +The redirection constructs permit +fine-grained control of the input and output of those commands. +Moreover, the shell allows control over the contents of commands’ +environments. +

+

Shells also provide a small set of built-in +commands (builtins) implementing functionality impossible +or inconvenient to obtain via separate utilities. +For example, cd, break, continue, and +exec cannot be implemented outside of the shell because +they directly manipulate the shell itself. +The history, getopts, kill, or pwd +builtins, among others, could be implemented in separate utilities, +but they are more convenient to use as builtin commands. +All of the shell builtins are described in +subsequent sections. +

+

While executing commands is essential, most of the power (and +complexity) of shells is due to their embedded programming +languages. Like any high-level language, the shell provides +variables, flow control constructs, quoting, and functions. +

+

Shells offer features geared specifically for +interactive use rather than to augment the programming language. +These interactive features include job control, command line +editing, command history and aliases. Each of these features is +described in this manual. +

+
+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Bash Features   [Contents][Index]

+
+

2 Definitions

+

These definitions are used throughout the remainder of this manual. +

+
+
POSIX
+

A family of open system standards based on Unix. Bash +is primarily concerned with the Shell and Utilities portion of the +POSIX 1003.1 standard. +

+
+
blank
+

A space or tab character. +

+
+
builtin
+

A command that is implemented internally by the shell itself, rather +than by an executable program somewhere in the file system. +

+
+
control operator
+

A token that performs a control function. It is a newline +or one of the following: +‘||’, ‘&&’, ‘&’, ‘;’, ‘;;’, ‘;&’, ‘;;&’, +‘|’, ‘|&’, ‘(’, or ‘)’. +

+
+
exit status
+

The value returned by a command to its caller. The value is restricted +to eight bits, so the maximum value is 255. +

+
+
field
+

A unit of text that is the result of one of the shell expansions. After +expansion, when executing a command, the resulting fields are used as +the command name and arguments. +

+
+
filename
+

A string of characters used to identify a file. +

+
+
job
+

A set of processes comprising a pipeline, and any processes descended +from it, that are all in the same process group. +

+
+
job control
+

A mechanism by which users can selectively stop (suspend) and restart +(resume) execution of processes. +

+
+
metacharacter
+

A character that, when unquoted, separates words. A metacharacter is +a space, tab, newline, or one of the following characters: +‘|’, ‘&’, ‘;’, ‘(’, ‘)’, ‘<’, or +‘>’. +

+
+
name
+
+

A word consisting solely of letters, numbers, and underscores, +and beginning with a letter or underscore. Names are used as +shell variable and function names. +Also referred to as an identifier. +

+
+
operator
+

A control operator or a redirection operator. +See Redirections, for a list of redirection operators. +Operators contain at least one unquoted metacharacter. +

+
+
process group
+

A collection of related processes each having the same process +group ID. +

+
+
process group ID
+

A unique identifier that represents a process group +during its lifetime. +

+
+
reserved word
+

A word that has a special meaning to the shell. Most reserved +words introduce shell flow control constructs, such as for and +while. +

+
+
return status
+

A synonym for exit status. +

+
+
signal
+

A mechanism by which a process may be notified by the kernel +of an event occurring in the system. +

+
+
special builtin
+

A shell builtin command that has been classified as special by the +POSIX standard. +

+
+
token
+

A sequence of characters considered a single unit by the shell. +It is either a word or an operator. +

+
+
word
+

A sequence of characters treated as a unit by the shell. +Words may not include unquoted metacharacters. +

+
+ +
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Bash Features   [Contents][Index]

+
+

3 Basic Shell Features

+ + +

Bash is an acronym for ‘Bourne-Again SHell’. +The Bourne shell is +the traditional Unix shell originally written by Stephen Bourne. +All of the Bourne shell builtin commands are available in Bash, +The rules for evaluation and quoting are taken from the POSIX +specification for the ‘standard’ Unix shell. +

+

This chapter briefly summarizes the shell’s ‘building blocks’: +commands, control structures, shell functions, shell parameters, +shell expansions, +redirections, which are a way to direct input and output from +and to named files, and how the shell executes commands. +

+ + +
+
+
+

+Next: , Up: Basic Shell Features   [Contents][Index]

+
+

3.1 Shell Syntax

+ +

When the shell reads input, it proceeds through a +sequence of operations. If the input indicates the beginning of a +comment, the shell ignores the comment symbol (‘#’), and the rest +of that line. +

+

Otherwise, roughly speaking, the shell reads its input and +divides the input into words and operators, employing the quoting rules +to select which meanings to assign various words and characters. +

+

The shell then parses these tokens into commands and other constructs, +removes the special meaning of certain words or characters, expands +others, redirects input and output as needed, executes the specified +command, waits for the command’s exit status, and makes that exit status +available for further inspection or processing. +

+ +
+
+
+

+Next: , Up: Shell Syntax   [Contents][Index]

+
+

3.1.1 Shell Operation

+ +

The following is a brief description of the shell’s operation when it +reads and executes a command. Basically, the shell does the +following: +

+
    +
  1. Reads its input from a file (see Shell Scripts), from a string +supplied as an argument to the -c invocation option +(see Invoking Bash), or from the user’s terminal. + +
  2. Breaks the input into words and operators, obeying the quoting rules +described in Quoting. These tokens are separated by +metacharacters. Alias expansion is performed by this step +(see Aliases). + +
  3. Parses the tokens into simple and compound commands +(see Shell Commands). + +
  4. Performs the various shell expansions (see Shell Expansions), breaking +the expanded tokens into lists of filenames (see Filename Expansion) +and commands and arguments. + +
  5. Performs any necessary redirections (see Redirections) and removes +the redirection operators and their operands from the argument list. + +
  6. Executes the command (see Executing Commands). + +
  7. Optionally waits for the command to complete and collects its exit +status (see Exit Status). + +
+ +
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Shell Syntax   [Contents][Index]

+
+

3.1.2 Quoting

+ + +

Quoting is used to remove the special meaning of certain +characters or words to the shell. Quoting can be used to +disable special treatment for special characters, to prevent +reserved words from being recognized as such, and to prevent +parameter expansion. +

+

Each of the shell metacharacters (see Definitions) +has special meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to +represent itself. +When the command history expansion facilities are being used +(see History Expansion), the +history expansion character, usually ‘!’, must be quoted +to prevent history expansion. See Bash History Facilities, for +more details concerning history expansion. +

+

There are three quoting mechanisms: the +escape character, single quotes, and double quotes. +

+ +
+
+
+

+Next: , Up: Quoting   [Contents][Index]

+
+

3.1.2.1 Escape Character

+

A non-quoted backslash ‘\’ is the Bash escape character. +It preserves the literal value of the next character that follows, +with the exception of newline. If a \newline pair +appears, and the backslash itself is not quoted, the \newline +is treated as a line continuation (that is, it is removed from +the input stream and effectively ignored). +

+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Quoting   [Contents][Index]

+
+

3.1.2.2 Single Quotes

+ +

Enclosing characters in single quotes (‘'’) preserves the literal value +of each character within the quotes. A single quote may not occur +between single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash. +

+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Quoting   [Contents][Index]

+
+

3.1.2.3 Double Quotes

+ +

Enclosing characters in double quotes (‘"’) preserves the literal value +of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of +‘$’, ‘`’, ‘\’, +and, when history expansion is enabled, ‘!’. +When the shell is in +POSIX mode (see Bash POSIX Mode), +the ‘!’ has no special meaning +within double quotes, even when history expansion is enabled. +The characters ‘$’ and ‘`’ +retain their special meaning within double quotes (see Shell Expansions). +The backslash retains its special meaning only when followed by one of +the following characters: +‘$’, ‘`’, ‘"’, ‘\’, or newline. +Within double quotes, backslashes that are followed by one of these +characters are removed. Backslashes preceding characters without a +special meaning are left unmodified. +A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with +a backslash. +If enabled, history expansion will be performed unless an ‘!’ +appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash. +The backslash preceding the ‘!’ is not removed. +

+

The special parameters ‘*’ and ‘@’ have special meaning +when in double quotes (see Shell Parameter Expansion). +

+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Quoting   [Contents][Index]

+
+

3.1.2.4 ANSI-C Quoting

+ + +

Character sequences of the form $’string’ are treated as a special +kind of single quotes. +The sequence expands to string, with backslash-escaped characters +in string replaced as specified by the ANSI C standard. +Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded as follows: +

+
+
\a
+

alert (bell) +

+
\b
+

backspace +

+
\e
+
\E
+

an escape character (not ANSI C) +

+
\f
+

form feed +

+
\n
+

newline +

+
\r
+

carriage return +

+
\t
+

horizontal tab +

+
\v
+

vertical tab +

+
\\
+

backslash +

+
\'
+

single quote +

+
\"
+

double quote +

+
\?
+

question mark +

+
\nnn
+

the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value nnn +(one to three octal digits) +

+
\xHH
+

the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH +(one or two hex digits) +

+
\uHHHH
+

the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value +HHHH (one to four hex digits) +

+
\UHHHHHHHH
+

the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value +HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits) +

+
\cx
+

a control-x character +

+
+ +

The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not +been present. +

+
+
+
+
+

+Previous: , Up: Quoting   [Contents][Index]

+
+

3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation

+ + + + + +

Prefixing a double-quoted string with a dollar sign (‘$’), such +as $"hello, world", +will cause the string to be translated according to the current locale. +The gettext infrastructure performs the lookup and +translation, using the LC_MESSAGES, TEXTDOMAINDIR, +and TEXTDOMAIN shell variables, as explained below. +See the gettext documentation for additional details not covered here. +If the current locale is C or POSIX, +if there are no translations available, +of if the string is not translated, +the dollar sign is ignored. +Since this is a form of double quoting, the string remains double-quoted +by default, whether or not it is translated and replaced. +If the noexpand_translation option is enabled +using the shopt builtin (see The Shopt Builtin), +translated strings are single-quoted instead of double-quoted. +

+

The rest of this section is a brief overview of how you use gettext to +create translations for strings in a shell script named scriptname. +There are more details in the gettext documentation. +

+
+
+

+   [Contents][Index]

+
+

Creating Internationalized Scripts

+ + +

Once you’ve marked the strings in your script +that you want to translate using $"...", +you create a gettext "template" file using the command +

+
+
bash --dump-po-strings scriptname > domain.pot
+
+ +

The domain is your message domain. +It’s just an arbitrary string that’s used to identify the files gettext +needs, like a package or script name. +It needs to be unique among all +the message domains on systems where you install the translations, so +gettext knows which translations correspond to your script. +You’ll use the template file to create translations for each target language. +The template file conventionally has the suffix ‘.pot’. +

+

You copy this template file to a separate file for each target language +you want to support (called "PO" files, which use the suffix ‘.po’). +PO files use various naming conventions, but +when you are working to translate a template file into a particular +language, you first copy the template file to a file whose name is the +language you want to target, with the ‘.po’ suffix. +For instance, the Spanish translations of your strings would be +in a file named ‘es.po’, and to get started using a message +domain named "example," you would run +

+
+
cp example.pot es.po
+
+ +

Ultimately, PO files are often named domain.po and installed in +directories that contain multiple translation files for a particular language. +

+

Whichever naming convention you choose, you will need to translate the +strings in the PO files into the appropriate languages. +This has to be done manually. +

+

When you have the translations and PO files complete, you’ll use the +gettext tools to produce what are called "MO" files, which are compiled +versions of the PO files the gettext tools use to look up translations +efficiently. +MO files are also called "message catalog" files. +You use the msgfmt program to do this. +For instance, if you had a file with Spanish translations, you could run +

+
+
msgfmt -o es.mo es.po
+
+ +

to produce the corresponding MO file. +

+

Once you have the MO files, you decide where to install them and use the +TEXTDOMAINDIR shell variable to tell the gettext tools where they are. +Make sure to use the same message domain to name the MO files +as you did for the PO files when you install them. +

+ + + + +

Your users will use the LANG or LC_MESSAGES shell variables to +select the desired language. +

+

You set the TEXTDOMAIN variable to the script’s message domain. +As above, you use the message domain to name your translation files. +

+

You, or possibly your users, set the TEXTDOMAINDIR variable to the +name of a directory where the message catalog files are stored. +If you install the message files into the system’s standard message catalog +directory, you don’t need to worry about this variable. +

+

The directory where the message catalog files are stored varies between +systems. +Some use the message catalog selected by the LC_MESSAGES +shell variable. +Others create the name of the message catalog from the value of the +TEXTDOMAIN shell variable, possibly adding the ‘.mo’ suffix. +If you use the TEXTDOMAIN variable, you may need to set the +TEXTDOMAINDIR variable to the location of the message catalog files, +as above. +It’s common to use both variables in this fashion: +$TEXTDOMAINDIR/$LC_MESSAGES/LC_MESSAGES/$TEXTDOMAIN.mo. +

+

If you used that last convention, and you wanted to store the message +catalog files with Spanish (es) and Esperanto (eo) translations into a +local directory you use for custom translation files, you could run +

+
+
TEXTDOMAIN=example
+TEXTDOMAINDIR=/usr/local/share/locale
+
+cp es.mo ${TEXTDOMAINDIR}/es/LC_MESSAGES/${TEXTDOMAIN}.mo
+cp eo.mo ${TEXTDOMAINDIR}/eo/LC_MESSAGES/${TEXTDOMAIN}.mo
+
+ +

When all of this is done, and the message catalog files containing the +compiled translations are installed in the correct location, +your users will be able to see translated strings +in any of the supported languages by setting the LANG or +LC_MESSAGES environment variables before running your script. +

+
+
+
+
+
+

+Previous: , Up: Shell Syntax   [Contents][Index]

+
+

3.1.3 Comments

+ + +

In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the +interactive_comments option to the shopt +builtin is enabled (see The Shopt Builtin), +a word beginning with ‘#’ +causes that word and all remaining characters on that line to +be ignored. An interactive shell without the interactive_comments +option enabled does not allow comments. The interactive_comments +option is on by default in interactive shells. +See Interactive Shells, for a description of what makes +a shell interactive. +

+
+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Basic Shell Features   [Contents][Index]

+
+

3.2 Shell Commands

+ + +

A simple shell command such as echo a b c consists of the command +itself followed by arguments, separated by spaces. +

+

More complex shell commands are composed of simple commands arranged together +in a variety of ways: in a pipeline in which the output of one command +becomes the input of a second, in a loop or conditional construct, or in +some other grouping. +

+ + +
+
+
+

+Next: , Up: Shell Commands   [Contents][Index]

+
+

3.2.1 Reserved Words

+ + +

Reserved words are words that have special meaning to the shell. +They are used to begin and end the shell’s compound commands. +

+

The following words are recognized as reserved when unquoted and +the first word of a command (see below for exceptions): +

+ + + + + +
ifthenelifelsefitime
forinuntilwhiledodone
caseesaccoprocselectfunction
{}[[]]!
+ +

in is recognized as a reserved word if it is the third word of a +case or select command. +in and do are recognized as reserved +words if they are the third word in a for command. +

+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Shell Commands   [Contents][Index]

+
+

3.2.2 Simple Commands

+ + +

A simple command is the kind of command encountered most often. +It’s just a sequence of words separated by blanks, terminated +by one of the shell’s control operators (see Definitions). The +first word generally specifies a command to be executed, with the +rest of the words being that command’s arguments. +

+

The return status (see Exit Status) of a simple command is +its exit status as provided +by the POSIX 1003.1 waitpid function, or 128+n if +the command was terminated by signal n. +

+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Shell Commands   [Contents][Index]

+
+

3.2.3 Pipelines

+ + + +

A pipeline is a sequence of one or more commands separated by +one of the control operators ‘|’ or ‘|&’. +

+ + + +

The format for a pipeline is +

+
[time [-p]] [!] command1 [ | or |& command2 ] …
+
+ +

The output of each command in the pipeline is connected via a pipe +to the input of the next command. +That is, each command reads the previous command’s output. This +connection is performed before any redirections specified by +command1. +

+

If ‘|&’ is used, command1’s standard error, in addition to +its standard output, is connected to +command2’s standard input through the pipe; +it is shorthand for 2>&1 |. +This implicit redirection of the standard error to the standard output is +performed after any redirections specified by command1. +

+

The reserved word time causes timing statistics +to be printed for the pipeline once it finishes. +The statistics currently consist of elapsed (wall-clock) time and +user and system time consumed by the command’s execution. +The -p option changes the output format to that specified +by POSIX. +When the shell is in POSIX mode (see Bash POSIX Mode), +it does not recognize time as a reserved word if the next +token begins with a ‘-’. +The TIMEFORMAT variable may be set to a format string that +specifies how the timing information should be displayed. +See Bash Variables, for a description of the available formats. +The use of time as a reserved word permits the timing of +shell builtins, shell functions, and pipelines. An external +time command cannot time these easily. +

+

When the shell is in POSIX mode (see Bash POSIX Mode), time +may be followed by a newline. In this case, the shell displays the +total user and system time consumed by the shell and its children. +The TIMEFORMAT variable may be used to specify the format of +the time information. +

+

If the pipeline is not executed asynchronously (see Lists of Commands), the +shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to complete. +

+

Each command in a multi-command pipeline, +where pipes are created, +is executed in its own subshell, which is a +separate process (see Command Execution Environment). +If the lastpipe option is enabled using the shopt builtin +(see The Shopt Builtin), +the last element of a pipeline may be run by the shell process +when job control is not active. +

+

The exit +status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command in the +pipeline, unless the pipefail option is enabled +(see The Set Builtin). +If pipefail is enabled, the pipeline’s return status is the +value of the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status, +or zero if all commands exit successfully. +If the reserved word ‘!’ precedes the pipeline, the +exit status is the logical negation of the exit status as described +above. +The shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to terminate before +returning a value. +

+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Shell Commands   [Contents][Index]

+
+

3.2.4 Lists of Commands

+ + +

A list is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one +of the operators ‘;’, ‘&’, ‘&&’, or ‘||’, +and optionally terminated by one of ‘;’, ‘&’, or a +newline. +

+

Of these list operators, ‘&&’ and ‘||’ +have equal precedence, followed by ‘;’ and ‘&’, +which have equal precedence. +

+

A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a list +to delimit commands, equivalent to a semicolon. +

+

If a command is terminated by the control operator ‘&’, +the shell executes the command asynchronously in a subshell. +This is known as executing the command in the background, +and these are referred to as asynchronous commands. +The shell does not wait for the command to finish, and the return +status is 0 (true). +When job control is not active (see Job Control), +the standard input for asynchronous commands, in the absence of any +explicit redirections, is redirected from /dev/null. +

+

Commands separated by a ‘;’ are executed sequentially; the shell +waits for each command to terminate in turn. The return status is the +exit status of the last command executed. +

+

AND and OR lists are sequences of one or more pipelines +separated by the control operators ‘&&’ and ‘||’, +respectively. AND and OR lists are executed with left +associativity. +

+

An AND list has the form +

+
command1 && command2
+
+ +

command2 is executed if, and only if, command1 +returns an exit status of zero (success). +

+

An OR list has the form +

+
command1 || command2
+
+ +

command2 is executed if, and only if, command1 +returns a non-zero exit status. +

+

The return status of +AND and OR lists is the exit status of the last command +executed in the list. +

+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Shell Commands   [Contents][Index]

+
+

3.2.5 Compound Commands

+ + + +

Compound commands are the shell programming language constructs. +Each construct begins with a reserved word or control operator and is +terminated by a corresponding reserved word or operator. +Any redirections (see Redirections) associated with a compound command +apply to all commands within that compound command unless explicitly overridden. +

+

In most cases a list of commands in a compound command’s description may be +separated from the rest of the command by one or more newlines, and may be +followed by a newline in place of a semicolon. +

+

Bash provides looping constructs, conditional commands, and mechanisms +to group commands and execute them as a unit. +

+ +
+
+
+

+Next: , Up: Compound Commands   [Contents][Index]

+
+

3.2.5.1 Looping Constructs

+ + +

Bash supports the following looping constructs. +

+

Note that wherever a ‘;’ appears in the description of a +command’s syntax, it may be replaced with one or more newlines. +

+
+
until
+
+ +

The syntax of the until command is: +

+
+
until test-commands; do consequent-commands; done
+
+ +

Execute consequent-commands as long as +test-commands has an exit status which is not zero. +The return status is the exit status of the last command executed +in consequent-commands, or zero if none was executed. +

+
+
while
+

The syntax of the while command is: +

+
+
while test-commands; do consequent-commands; done
+
+ +

Execute consequent-commands as long as +test-commands has an exit status of zero. +The return status is the exit status of the last command executed +in consequent-commands, or zero if none was executed. +

+
+
for
+

The syntax of the for command is: +

+
+
for name [ [in [words …] ] ; ] do commands; done
+
+ +

Expand words (see Shell Expansions), and execute commands +once for each member +in the resultant list, with name bound to the current member. +If ‘in words’ is not present, the for command +executes the commands once for each positional parameter that is +set, as if ‘in "$@"’ had been specified +(see Special Parameters). +

+

The return status is the exit status of the last command that executes. +If there are no items in the expansion of words, no commands are +executed, and the return status is zero. +

+

An alternate form of the for command is also supported: +

+
+
for (( expr1 ; expr2 ; expr3 )) ; do commands ; done
+
+ +

First, the arithmetic expression expr1 is evaluated according +to the rules described below (see Shell Arithmetic). +The arithmetic expression expr2 is then evaluated repeatedly +until it evaluates to zero. +Each time expr2 evaluates to a non-zero value, commands are +executed and the arithmetic expression expr3 is evaluated. +If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1. +The return value is the exit status of the last command in commands +that is executed, or false if any of the expressions is invalid. +

+
+ +

The break and continue builtins (see Bourne Shell Builtins) +may be used to control loop execution. +

+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Compound Commands   [Contents][Index]

+
+

3.2.5.2 Conditional Constructs

+ + +
+
if
+
+ + + +

The syntax of the if command is: +

+
+
if test-commands; then
+  consequent-commands;
+[elif more-test-commands; then
+  more-consequents;]
+[else alternate-consequents;]
+fi
+
+ +

The test-commands list is executed, and if its return status is zero, +the consequent-commands list is executed. +If test-commands returns a non-zero status, each elif list +is executed in turn, and if its exit status is zero, +the corresponding more-consequents is executed and the +command completes. +If ‘else alternate-consequents’ is present, and +the final command in the final if or elif clause +has a non-zero exit status, then alternate-consequents is executed. +The return status is the exit status of the last command executed, or +zero if no condition tested true. +

+
+
case
+
+ +

The syntax of the case command is: +

+
+
case word in
+    [ [(] pattern [| pattern]…) command-list ;;]…
+esac
+
+ +

case will selectively execute the command-list corresponding to +the first pattern that matches word. +The match is performed according +to the rules described below in Pattern Matching. +If the nocasematch shell option +(see the description of shopt in The Shopt Builtin) +is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +of alphabetic characters. +The ‘|’ is used to separate multiple patterns, and the ‘)’ +operator terminates a pattern list. +A list of patterns and an associated command-list is known +as a clause. +

+

Each clause must be terminated with ‘;;’, ‘;&’, or ‘;;&’. +The word undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command +substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal +(see Shell Parameter Expansion) +before matching is attempted. +Each pattern undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, +command substitution, arithmetic expansion, process substitution, and +quote removal. +

+

There may be an arbitrary number of case clauses, each terminated +by a ‘;;’, ‘;&’, or ‘;;&’. +The first pattern that matches determines the +command-list that is executed. +It’s a common idiom to use ‘*’ as the final pattern to define the +default case, since that pattern will always match. +

+

Here is an example using case in a script that could be used to +describe one interesting feature of an animal: +

+
+
echo -n "Enter the name of an animal: "
+read ANIMAL
+echo -n "The $ANIMAL has "
+case $ANIMAL in
+  horse | dog | cat) echo -n "four";;
+  man | kangaroo ) echo -n "two";;
+  *) echo -n "an unknown number of";;
+esac
+echo " legs."
+
+ + +

If the ‘;;’ operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted after +the first pattern match. +Using ‘;&’ in place of ‘;;’ causes execution to continue with +the command-list associated with the next clause, if any. +Using ‘;;&’ in place of ‘;;’ causes the shell to test the patterns +in the next clause, if any, and execute any associated command-list +on a successful match, +continuing the case statement execution as if the pattern list had not matched. +

+

The return status is zero if no pattern is matched. Otherwise, the +return status is the exit status of the command-list executed. +

+
+
select
+
+

The select construct allows the easy generation of menus. +It has almost the same syntax as the for command: +

+
+
select name [in words …]; do commands; done
+
+ +

The list of words following in is expanded, generating a list +of items, and the set of expanded words is printed on the standard +error output stream, each preceded by a number. If the +‘in words’ is omitted, the positional parameters are printed, +as if ‘in "$@"’ had been specified. +select then displays the PS3 +prompt and reads a line from the standard input. +If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of the displayed +words, then the value of name is set to that word. +If the line is empty, the words and prompt are displayed again. +If EOF is read, the select command completes and returns 1. +Any other value read causes name to be set to null. +The line read is saved in the variable REPLY. +

+

The commands are executed after each selection until a +break command is executed, at which +point the select command completes. +

+

Here is an example that allows the user to pick a filename from the +current directory, and displays the name and index of the file +selected. +

+
+
select fname in *;
+do
+	echo you picked $fname \($REPLY\)
+	break;
+done
+
+ +
+
((…))
+
+
(( expression ))
+
+ +

The arithmetic expression is evaluated according to the rules +described below (see Shell Arithmetic). +The expression undergoes the same expansions +as if it were within double quotes, +but double quote characters in expression are not treated specially +are removed. +If the value of the expression is non-zero, the return status is 0; +otherwise the return status is 1. +

+ +
+
[[…]]
+
+
+
[[ expression ]]
+
+ +

Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of +the conditional expression expression. +Expressions are composed of the primaries described below in +Bash Conditional Expressions. +The words between the [[ and ]] do not undergo word splitting +and filename expansion. +The shell performs tilde expansion, parameter and +variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process +substitution, and quote removal on those words +(the expansions that would occur if the words were enclosed in double quotes). +Conditional operators such as ‘-f’ must be unquoted to be recognized +as primaries. +

+

When used with [[, the ‘<’ and ‘>’ operators sort +lexicographically using the current locale. +

+

When the ‘==’ and ‘!=’ operators are used, the string to the +right of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according +to the rules described below in Pattern Matching, +as if the extglob shell option were enabled. +The ‘=’ operator is identical to ‘==’. +If the nocasematch shell option +(see the description of shopt in The Shopt Builtin) +is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +of alphabetic characters. +The return value is 0 if the string matches (‘==’) or does not +match (‘!=’) the pattern, and 1 otherwise. +

+

If you quote any part of the pattern, +using any of the shell’s quoting mechanisms, +the quoted portion is matched literally. +This means every character in the quoted portion matches itself, +instead of having any special pattern matching meaning. +

+

An additional binary operator, ‘=~’, is available, with the same +precedence as ‘==’ and ‘!=’. +When you use ‘=~’, the string to the right of the operator is considered +a POSIX extended regular expression pattern and matched accordingly +(using the POSIX regcomp and regexec interfaces +usually described in regex(3)). +The return value is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1 if it does not. +If the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional +expression returns 2. +If the nocasematch shell option +(see the description of shopt in The Shopt Builtin) +is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +of alphabetic characters. +

+

You can quote any part of the pattern +to force the quoted portion to be matched literally +instead of as a regular expression (see above). +If the pattern is stored in a shell variable, quoting the variable +expansion forces the entire pattern to be matched literally. +

+

The pattern will match if it matches any part of the string. +If you want to force the pattern to match the entire string, +anchor the pattern using the ‘^’ and ‘$’ regular expression +operators. +

+

For example, the following will match a line +(stored in the shell variable line) +if there is a sequence of characters anywhere in the value consisting of +any number, including zero, of +characters in the space character class, +immediately followed by zero or one instances of ‘a’, +then a ‘b’: +

+
+
[[ $line =~ [[:space:]]*(a)?b ]]
+
+ +

That means values for line like +‘aab’, ‘ aaaaaab’, ‘xaby’, and ‘ ab’ +will all match, +as will a line containing a ‘b’ anywhere in its value. +

+

If you want to match a character that’s special to the regular expression +grammar (‘^$|[]()\.*+?’), it has to be quoted to remove its special +meaning. +This means that in the pattern ‘xxx.txt’, the ‘.’ matches any +character in the string (its usual regular expression meaning), but in the +pattern ‘"xxx.txt"’, it can only match a literal ‘.’. +

+

Likewise, if you want to include a character in your pattern that has a +special meaning to the regular expression grammar, you must make sure it’s +not quoted. +If you want to anchor a pattern at the beginning or end of the string, +for instance, you cannot quote the ‘^’ or ‘$’ +characters using any form of shell quoting. +

+

If you want to match ‘initial string’ at the start of a line, +the following will work: +

+
[[ $line =~ ^"initial string" ]]
+
+

but this will not: +

+
[[ $line =~ "^initial string" ]]
+
+

because in the second example the ‘^’ is quoted and doesn’t have its +usual special meaning. +

+

It is sometimes difficult to specify a regular expression properly +without using quotes, or to keep track of the quoting used by regular +expressions while paying attention to +shell quoting and the shell’s quote removal. +Storing the regular expression in a shell variable is often a useful +way to avoid problems with quoting characters that are special to the +shell. +For example, the following is equivalent to the pattern used above: +

+
+
pattern='[[:space:]]*(a)?b'
+[[ $line =~ $pattern ]]
+
+ +

Shell programmers should take special care with backslashes, since +backslashes are used by both the shell and regular expressions to remove +the special meaning from the following character. +This means that after the shell’s word expansions complete +(see Shell Expansions), +any backslashes remaining in parts of the pattern +that were originally not quoted can remove the +special meaning of pattern characters. +If any part of the pattern is quoted, the shell does its best to ensure that +the regular expression treats those remaining backslashes as literal, +if they appeared in a quoted portion. +

+

The following two sets of commands are not equivalent: +

+
+
pattern='\.'
+
+[[ . =~ $pattern ]]
+[[ . =~ \. ]]
+
+[[ . =~ "$pattern" ]]
+[[ . =~ '\.' ]]
+
+ +

The first two matches will succeed, but the second two will not, because +in the second two the backslash will be part of the pattern to be matched. +In the first two examples, the pattern passed to the regular expression +parser is ‘\.’. The backslash removes the special meaning from +‘.’, so the literal ‘.’ matches. +In the second two examples, the pattern passed to the regular expression +parser has the backslash quoted (e.g., ‘\\\.’), which will not match +the string, since it does not contain a backslash. +If the string in the first examples were anything other than ‘.’, say +‘a’, the pattern would not match, because the quoted ‘.’ in the +pattern loses its special meaning of matching any single character. +

+

Bracket expressions in regular expressions can be sources of errors as well, +since characters that are normally special in regular expressions +lose their special meanings between brackets. +However, you can use bracket expressions to match special pattern characters +without quoting them, so they are sometimes useful for this purpose. +

+

Though it might seem like a strange way to write it, the following pattern +will match a ‘.’ in the string: +

+
+
[[ . =~ [.] ]]
+
+ +

The shell performs any word expansions before passing the pattern +to the regular expression functions, +so you can assume that the shell’s quoting takes precedence. +As noted above, the regular expression parser will interpret any +unquoted backslashes remaining in the pattern after shell expansion +according to its own rules. +The intention is to avoid making shell programmers quote things twice +as much as possible, so shell quoting should be sufficient to quote +special pattern characters where that’s necessary. +

+

The array variable BASH_REMATCH records which parts of the string +matched the pattern. +The element of BASH_REMATCH with index 0 contains the portion of +the string matching the entire regular expression. +Substrings matched by parenthesized subexpressions within the regular +expression are saved in the remaining BASH_REMATCH indices. +The element of BASH_REMATCH with index n is the portion of the +string matching the nth parenthesized subexpression. +

+

Bash sets +BASH_REMATCH +in the global scope; declaring it as a local variable will lead to +unexpected results. +

+

Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed +in decreasing order of precedence: +

+
+
( expression )
+

Returns the value of expression. +This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators. +

+
+
! expression
+

True if expression is false. +

+
+
expression1 && expression2
+

True if both expression1 and expression2 are true. +

+
+
expression1 || expression2
+

True if either expression1 or expression2 is true. +

+
+ +

The && and || operators do not evaluate expression2 if the +value of expression1 is sufficient to determine the return +value of the entire conditional expression. +

+
+ +
+
+
+
+

+Previous: , Up: Compound Commands   [Contents][Index]

+
+

3.2.5.3 Grouping Commands

+ + +

Bash provides two ways to group a list of commands to be executed +as a unit. When commands are grouped, redirections may be applied +to the entire command list. For example, the output of all the +commands in the list may be redirected to a single stream. +

+
+
()
+
+
( list )
+
+ +

Placing a list of commands between parentheses forces the shell to create +a subshell (see Command Execution Environment), and each +of the commands in list is executed in that subshell environment. +Since the list is executed in a subshell, variable assignments do not +remain in effect after the subshell completes. +

+
+
{}
+
+
+
{ list; }
+
+ +

Placing a list of commands between curly braces causes the list to +be executed in the current shell context. No subshell is created. +The semicolon (or newline) following list is required. +

+
+ +

In addition to the creation of a subshell, there is a subtle difference +between these two constructs due to historical reasons. The braces +are reserved words, so they must be separated from the list +by blanks or other shell metacharacters. +The parentheses are operators, and are +recognized as separate tokens by the shell even if they are not separated +from the list by whitespace. +

+

The exit status of both of these constructs is the exit status of +list. +

+
+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Shell Commands   [Contents][Index]

+
+

3.2.6 Coprocesses

+ + +

A coprocess is a shell command preceded by the coproc +reserved word. +A coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command +had been terminated with the ‘&’ control operator, with a two-way pipe +established between the executing shell and the coprocess. +

+

The syntax for a coprocess is: +

+
+
coproc [NAME] command [redirections]
+
+ +

This creates a coprocess named NAME. +command may be either a simple command (see Simple Commands) +or a compound command (see Compound Commands). +NAME is a shell variable name. +If NAME is not supplied, the default name is COPROC. +

+

The recommended form to use for a coprocess is +

+
+
coproc NAME { command; }
+
+ +

This form is recommended because simple commands result in the coprocess +always being named COPROC, and it is simpler to use and more complete +than the other compound commands. +

+

There are other forms of coprocesses: +

+
+
coproc NAME compound-command
+coproc compound-command
+coproc simple-command
+
+ +

If command is a compound command, NAME is optional. The +word following coproc determines whether that word is interpreted +as a variable name: it is interpreted as NAME if it is not a +reserved word that introduces a compound command. +If command is a simple command, NAME is not allowed; this +is to avoid confusion between NAME and the first word of the simple +command. +

+

When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable +(see Arrays) +named NAME in the context of the executing shell. +The standard output of command +is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell, +and that file descriptor is assigned to NAME[0]. +The standard input of command +is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell, +and that file descriptor is assigned to NAME[1]. +This pipe is established before any redirections specified by the +command (see Redirections). +The file descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell commands +and redirections using standard word expansions. +Other than those created to execute command and process substitutions, +the file descriptors are not available in subshells. +

+

The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is +available as the value of the variable NAME_PID. +The wait +builtin command may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate. +

+

Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, +the coproc command always returns success. +The return status of a coprocess is the exit status of command. +

+
+
+
+
+

+Previous: , Up: Shell Commands   [Contents][Index]

+
+

3.2.7 GNU Parallel

+ +

There are ways to run commands in parallel that are not built into Bash. +GNU Parallel is a tool to do just that. +

+

GNU Parallel, as its name suggests, can be used to build and run commands +in parallel. You may run the same command with different arguments, whether +they are filenames, usernames, hostnames, or lines read from files. GNU +Parallel provides shorthand references to many of the most common operations +(input lines, various portions of the input line, different ways to specify +the input source, and so on). Parallel can replace xargs or feed +commands from its input sources to several different instances of Bash. +

+

For a complete description, refer to the GNU Parallel documentation, which +is available at +https://www.gnu.org/software/parallel/parallel_tutorial.html. +

+
+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Basic Shell Features   [Contents][Index]

+
+

3.3 Shell Functions

+ + + +

Shell functions are a way to group commands for later execution +using a single name for the group. They are executed just like +a "regular" command. +When the name of a shell function is used as a simple command name, +the list of commands associated with that function name is executed. +Shell functions are executed in the current +shell context; no new process is created to interpret them. +

+

Functions are declared using this syntax: + +

+
fname () compound-command [ redirections ]
+
+ +

or +

+
+
function fname [()] compound-command [ redirections ]
+
+ +

This defines a shell function named fname. The reserved +word function is optional. +If the function reserved +word is supplied, the parentheses are optional. +The body of the function is the compound command +compound-command (see Compound Commands). +That command is usually a list enclosed between { and }, but +may be any compound command listed above. +If the function reserved word is used, but the +parentheses are not supplied, the braces are recommended. +compound-command is executed whenever fname is specified as the +name of a simple command. +When the shell is in POSIX mode (see Bash POSIX Mode), +fname must be a valid shell name and +may not be the same as one of the special builtins +(see Special Builtins). +In default mode, a function name can be any unquoted shell word that does +not contain ‘$’. +Any redirections (see Redirections) associated with the shell function +are performed when the function is executed. +A function definition may be deleted using the -f option to the +unset builtin (see Bourne Shell Builtins). +

+

The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax error +occurs or a readonly function with the same name already exists. +When executed, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the +last command executed in the body. +

+

Note that for historical reasons, in the most common usage the curly braces +that surround the body of the function must be separated from the body by +blanks or newlines. +This is because the braces are reserved words and are only recognized +as such when they are separated from the command list +by whitespace or another shell metacharacter. +Also, when using the braces, the list must be terminated by a semicolon, +a ‘&’, or a newline. +

+

When a function is executed, the arguments to the +function become the positional parameters +during its execution (see Positional Parameters). +The special parameter ‘#’ that expands to the number of +positional parameters is updated to reflect the change. +Special parameter 0 is unchanged. +The first element of the FUNCNAME variable is set to the +name of the function while the function is executing. +

+

All other aspects of the shell execution +environment are identical between a function and its caller +with these exceptions: +the DEBUG and RETURN traps +are not inherited unless the function has been given the +trace attribute using the declare builtin or +the -o functrace option has been enabled with +the set builtin, +(in which case all functions inherit the DEBUG and RETURN traps), +and the ERR trap is not inherited unless the -o errtrace +shell option has been enabled. +See Bourne Shell Builtins, for the description of the +trap builtin. +

+

The FUNCNEST variable, if set to a numeric value greater +than 0, defines a maximum function nesting level. Function +invocations that exceed the limit cause the entire command to +abort. +

+

If the builtin command return +is executed in a function, the function completes and +execution resumes with the next command after the function +call. +Any command associated with the RETURN trap is executed +before execution resumes. +When a function completes, the values of the +positional parameters and the special parameter ‘#’ +are restored to the values they had prior to the function’s +execution. If a numeric argument is given to return, +that is the function’s return status; otherwise the function’s +return status is the exit status of the last command executed +before the return. +

+

Variables local to the function may be declared with the +local builtin (local variables). +Ordinarily, variables and their values +are shared between a function and its caller. +These variables are visible only to +the function and the commands it invokes. This is particularly +important when a shell function calls other functions. +

+

In the following description, the current scope is a currently- +executing function. +Previous scopes consist of that function’s caller and so on, +back to the "global" scope, where the shell is not executing +any shell function. +Consequently, a local variable at the current local scope is a variable +declared using the local or declare builtins in the +function that is currently executing. +

+

Local variables "shadow" variables with the same name declared at +previous scopes. For instance, a local variable declared in a function +hides a global variable of the same name: references and assignments +refer to the local variable, leaving the global variable unmodified. +When the function returns, the global variable is once again visible. +

+

The shell uses dynamic scoping to control a variable’s visibility +within functions. +With dynamic scoping, visible variables and their values +are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused execution +to reach the current function. +The value of a variable that a function sees depends +on its value within its caller, if any, whether that caller is +the "global" scope or another shell function. +This is also the value that a local variable +declaration "shadows", and the value that is restored when the function +returns. +

+

For example, if a variable var is declared as local in function +func1, and func1 calls another function func2, +references to var made from within func2 will resolve to the +local variable var from func1, shadowing any global variable +named var. +

+

The following script demonstrates this behavior. +When executed, the script displays +

+
+
In func2, var = func1 local
+
+ +
+
func1()
+{
+    local var='func1 local'
+    func2
+}
+
+func2()
+{
+    echo "In func2, var = $var"
+}
+
+var=global
+func1
+
+ +

The unset builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a +variable is local to the current scope, unset will unset it; +otherwise the unset will refer to the variable found in any calling scope +as described above. +If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it will remain so +(appearing as unset) +until it is reset in that scope or until the function returns. +Once the function returns, any instance of the variable at a previous +scope will become visible. +If the unset acts on a variable at a previous scope, any instance of a +variable with that name that had been shadowed will become visible +(see below how localvar_unsetshell option changes this behavior). +

+

Function names and definitions may be listed with the +-f option to the declare (typeset) +builtin command (see Bash Builtin Commands). +The -F option to declare or typeset +will list the function names only +(and optionally the source file and line number, if the extdebug +shell option is enabled). +Functions may be exported so that child shell processes +(those created when executing a separate shell invocation) +automatically have them defined with the +-f option to the export builtin +(see Bourne Shell Builtins). +

+

Functions may be recursive. +The FUNCNEST variable may be used to limit the depth of the +function call stack and restrict the number of function invocations. +By default, no limit is placed on the number of recursive calls. +

+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Basic Shell Features   [Contents][Index]

+
+

3.4 Shell Parameters

+ + + + + +

A parameter is an entity that stores values. +It can be a name, a number, or one of the special characters +listed below. +A variable is a parameter denoted by a name. +A variable has a value and zero or more attributes. +Attributes are assigned using the declare builtin command +(see the description of the declare builtin in Bash Builtin Commands). +

+

A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value. The null string is +a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using +the unset builtin command. +

+

A variable may be assigned to by a statement of the form +

+
name=[value]
+
+

If value +is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All +values undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote +removal (see Shell Parameter Expansion). +If the variable has its integer +attribute set, then value +is evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the $((…)) +expansion is not used (see Arithmetic Expansion). +Word splitting and filename expansion are not performed. +Assignment statements may also appear as arguments to the +alias, +declare, typeset, export, readonly, +and local builtin commands (declaration commands). +When in POSIX mode (see Bash POSIX Mode), these builtins may appear +in a command after one or more instances of the command builtin +and retain these assignment statement properties. +

+

In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value +to a shell variable or array index (see Arrays), the ‘+=’ +operator can be used to +append to or add to the variable’s previous value. +This includes arguments to builtin commands such as declare that +accept assignment statements (declaration commands). +When ‘+=’ is applied to a variable for which the integer attribute +has been set, value is evaluated as an arithmetic expression and +added to the variable’s current value, which is also evaluated. +When ‘+=’ is applied to an array variable using compound assignment +(see Arrays), the +variable’s value is not unset (as it is when using ‘=’), and new +values are appended to the array beginning at one greater than the array’s +maximum index (for indexed arrays), or added as additional key-value pairs +in an associative array. +When applied to a string-valued variable, value is expanded and +appended to the variable’s value. +

+

A variable can be assigned the nameref attribute using the +-n option to the declare or local builtin commands +(see Bash Builtin Commands) +to create a nameref, or a reference to another variable. +This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly. +Whenever the nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has +its attributes modified (other than using or changing the nameref +attribute itself), the +operation is actually performed on the variable specified by the nameref +variable’s value. +A nameref is commonly used within shell functions to refer to a variable +whose name is passed as an argument to the function. +For instance, if a variable name is passed to a shell function as its first +argument, running +

+
declare -n ref=$1
+
+

inside the function creates a nameref variable ref whose value is +the variable name passed as the first argument. +References and assignments to ref, and changes to its attributes, +are treated as references, assignments, and attribute modifications +to the variable whose name was passed as $1. +

+

If the control variable in a for loop has the nameref attribute, +the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a name reference +will be established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is +executed. +Array variables cannot be given the nameref attribute. +However, nameref variables can reference array variables and subscripted +array variables. +Namerefs can be unset using the -n option to the unset builtin +(see Bourne Shell Builtins). +Otherwise, if unset is executed with the name of a nameref variable +as an argument, the variable referenced by the nameref variable will be unset. +

+ +
+
+
+

+Next: , Up: Shell Parameters   [Contents][Index]

+
+

3.4.1 Positional Parameters

+ + +

A positional parameter is a parameter denoted by one or more +digits, other than the single digit 0. Positional parameters are +assigned from the shell’s arguments when it is invoked, +and may be reassigned using the set builtin command. +Positional parameter N may be referenced as ${N}, or +as $N when N consists of a single digit. +Positional parameters may not be assigned to with assignment statements. +The set and shift builtins are used to set and +unset them (see Shell Builtin Commands). +The positional parameters are +temporarily replaced when a shell function is executed +(see Shell Functions). +

+

When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single +digit is expanded, it must be enclosed in braces. +

+
+
+
+
+

+Previous: , Up: Shell Parameters   [Contents][Index]

+
+

3.4.2 Special Parameters

+ + +

The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may +only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed. +

+
+
*
+
+

($*) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. +When the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional parameter +expands to a separate word. +In contexts where it is performed, those words +are subject to further word splitting and filename expansion. +When the expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a single word +with the value of each parameter separated by the first character of the +IFS special variable. That is, "$*" is equivalent +to "$1c$2c…", where c +is the first character of the value of the IFS +variable. +If IFS is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces. +If IFS is null, the parameters are joined without intervening +separators. +

+
+
@
+
+

($@) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. +In contexts where word splitting is performed, this expands each +positional parameter to a separate word; if not within double +quotes, these words are subject to word splitting. +In contexts where word splitting is not performed, +this expands to a single word +with each positional parameter separated by a space. +When the +expansion occurs within double quotes, and word splitting is performed, +each parameter expands to a +separate word. That is, "$@" is equivalent to +"$1" "$2" …. +If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of +the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original +word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last +part of the original word. +When there are no positional parameters, "$@" and +$@ +expand to nothing (i.e., they are removed). +

+
+
#
+
+

($#) Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal. +

+
+
?
+
+

($?) Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed foreground +pipeline. +

+
+
-
+
+

($-, a hyphen.) Expands to the current option flags as specified upon +invocation, by the set +builtin command, or those set by the shell itself +(such as the -i option). +

+
+
$
+
+

($$) Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a subshell, it +expands to the process ID of the invoking shell, not the subshell. +

+
+
!
+
+

($!) Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed into the +background, whether executed as an asynchronous command or using +the bg builtin (see Job Control Builtins). +

+
+
0
+
+

($0) Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set at +shell initialization. If Bash is invoked with a file of commands +(see Shell Scripts), $0 is set to the name of that file. +If Bash is started with the -c option (see Invoking Bash), +then $0 is set to the first argument after the string to be +executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is set +to the filename used to invoke Bash, as given by argument zero. +

+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Basic Shell Features   [Contents][Index]

+
+

3.5 Shell Expansions

+ + +

Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into +tokens. There are seven kinds of expansion performed: +

+
    +
  • brace expansion +
  • tilde expansion +
  • parameter and variable expansion +
  • command substitution +
  • arithmetic expansion +
  • word splitting +
  • filename expansion +
+ + +

The order of expansions is: +brace expansion; +tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, +and command substitution (done in a left-to-right fashion); +word splitting; +and filename expansion. +

+

On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion +available: process substitution. +This is performed at the +same time as tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and +command substitution. +

+

After these expansions are performed, quote characters present in the +original word are removed unless they have been quoted themselves +(quote removal). +

+

Only brace expansion, word splitting, and filename expansion +can increase the number of words of the expansion; other expansions +expand a single word to a single word. +The only exceptions to this are the expansions of +"$@" and $* (see Special Parameters), and +"${name[@]}" and ${name[*]} +(see Arrays). +

+

After all expansions, quote removal (see Quote Removal) +is performed. +

+ +
+
+
+

+Next: , Up: Shell Expansions   [Contents][Index]

+
+

3.5.1 Brace Expansion

+ + + +

Brace expansion is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated. +This mechanism is similar to +filename expansion (see Filename Expansion), +but the filenames generated need not exist. +Patterns to be brace expanded take the form of an optional preamble, +followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence expression +between a pair of braces, +followed by an optional postscript. +The preamble is prefixed to each string contained within the braces, and +the postscript is then appended to each resulting string, expanding left +to right. +

+

Brace expansions may be nested. +The results of each expanded string are not sorted; left to right order +is preserved. +For example, +

+
bash$ echo a{d,c,b}e
+ade ace abe
+
+ +

A sequence expression takes the form {x..y[..incr]}, +where x and y are either integers or letters, +and incr, an optional increment, is an integer. +When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each number between +x and y, inclusive. +Supplied integers may be prefixed with ‘0’ to force each term to have the +same width. +When either x or y begins with a zero, the shell +attempts to force all generated terms to contain the same number of digits, +zero-padding where necessary. +When letters are supplied, the expression expands to each character +lexicographically between x and y, inclusive, +using the default C locale. +Note that both x and y must be of the same type +(integer or letter). +When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between +each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate. +

+

Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, +and any characters special to other expansions are preserved +in the result. It is strictly textual. Bash +does not apply any syntactic interpretation to the context of the +expansion or the text between the braces. +

+

A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening +and closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid +sequence expression. +Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged. +

+

A { or ‘,’ may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its +being considered part of a brace expression. +To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string ‘${’ +is not considered eligible for brace expansion, +and inhibits brace expansion until the closing ‘}’. +

+

This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common +prefix of the strings to be generated is longer than in the +above example: +

+
mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,new,dist,bugs}
+
+

or +

+
chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}}
+
+ +
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Shell Expansions   [Contents][Index]

+
+

3.5.2 Tilde Expansion

+ + + +

If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character (‘~’), all of the +characters up to the first unquoted slash (or all characters, +if there is no unquoted slash) are considered a tilde-prefix. +If none of the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the +characters in the tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a +possible login name. +If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the +value of the HOME shell variable. +If HOME is unset, the home directory of the user executing the +shell is substituted instead. +Otherwise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory +associated with the specified login name. +

+

If the tilde-prefix is ‘~+’, the value of +the shell variable PWD replaces the tilde-prefix. +If the tilde-prefix is ‘~-’, the value of the shell variable +OLDPWD, if it is set, is substituted. +

+

If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a +number N, optionally prefixed by a ‘+’ or a ‘-’, +the tilde-prefix is replaced with the +corresponding element from the directory stack, as it would be displayed +by the dirs builtin invoked with the characters following tilde +in the tilde-prefix as an argument (see The Directory Stack). +If the tilde-prefix, sans the tilde, consists of a number without a +leading ‘+’ or ‘-’, ‘+’ is assumed. +

+

If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the word is +left unchanged. +

+

Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes immediately +following a ‘:’ or the first ‘=’. +In these cases, tilde expansion is also performed. +Consequently, one may use filenames with tildes in assignments to +PATH, MAILPATH, and CDPATH, +and the shell assigns the expanded value. +

+

The following table shows how Bash treats unquoted tilde-prefixes: +

+
+
~
+

The value of $HOME +

+
~/foo
+

$HOME/foo +

+
+
~fred/foo
+

The subdirectory foo of the home directory of the user +fred +

+
+
~+/foo
+

$PWD/foo +

+
+
~-/foo
+

${OLDPWD-'~-'}/foo +

+
+
~N
+

The string that would be displayed by ‘dirs +N’ +

+
+
~+N
+

The string that would be displayed by ‘dirs +N’ +

+
+
~-N
+

The string that would be displayed by ‘dirs -N’ +

+
+ +

Bash also performs tilde expansion on words satisfying the conditions of +variable assignments (see Shell Parameters) +when they appear as arguments to simple commands. +Bash does not do this, except for the declaration commands listed +above, when in POSIX mode. +

+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Shell Expansions   [Contents][Index]

+
+

3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion

+ + + +

The ‘$’ character introduces parameter expansion, +command substitution, or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name +or symbol to be expanded may be enclosed in braces, which +are optional but serve to protect the variable to be expanded from +characters immediately following it which could be +interpreted as part of the name. +

+

When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first ‘}’ +not escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an +embedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter +expansion. +

+

The basic form of parameter expansion is ${parameter}. +The value of parameter is substituted. +The parameter is a shell parameter as described above +(see Shell Parameters) or an array reference (see Arrays). +The braces are required when parameter +is a positional parameter with more than one digit, +or when parameter is followed by a character that is not to be +interpreted as part of its name. +

+

If the first character of parameter is an exclamation point (!), +and parameter is not a nameref, +it introduces a level of indirection. +Bash uses the value formed by expanding the rest of +parameter as the new parameter; this is then +expanded and that value is used in the rest of the expansion, rather +than the expansion of the original parameter. +This is known as indirect expansion. +The value is subject to tilde expansion, +parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. +If parameter is a nameref, this expands to the name of the +variable referenced by parameter instead of performing the +complete indirect expansion. +The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${!prefix*} +and ${!name[@]} +described below. +The exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to +introduce indirection. +

+

In each of the cases below, word is subject to tilde expansion, +parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. +

+

When not performing substring expansion, using the form described +below (e.g., ‘:-’), Bash tests for a parameter that is unset or null. +Omitting the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset. +Put another way, if the colon is included, +the operator tests for both parameter’s existence and that its value +is not null; if the colon is omitted, the operator tests only for existence. +

+
+
${parameter:-word}
+

If parameter is unset or null, the expansion of +word is substituted. Otherwise, the value of +parameter is substituted. +

+
+
$ v=123
+$ echo ${v-unset}
+123
+
+ +
+
${parameter:=word}
+

If parameter +is unset or null, the expansion of word +is assigned to parameter. +The value of parameter is then substituted. +Positional parameters and special parameters may not be assigned to +in this way. +

+
+
$ var=
+$ : ${var:=DEFAULT}
+$ echo $var
+DEFAULT
+
+ +
+
${parameter:?word}
+

If parameter +is null or unset, the expansion of word (or a message +to that effect if word +is not present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if it +is not interactive, exits. Otherwise, the value of parameter is +substituted. +

+
+
$ var=
+$ : ${var:?var is unset or null}
+bash: var: var is unset or null
+
+ +
+
${parameter:+word}
+

If parameter +is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the expansion of +word is substituted. +

+
+
$ var=123
+$ echo ${var:+var is set and not null}
+var is set and not null
+
+ +
+
${parameter:offset}
+
${parameter:offset:length}
+

This is referred to as Substring Expansion. +It expands to up to length characters of the value of parameter +starting at the character specified by offset. +If parameter is ‘@’ or ‘*’, an indexed array subscripted by +‘@’ or ‘*’, or an associative array name, the results differ as +described below. +If length is omitted, it expands to the substring of the value of +parameter starting at the character specified by offset +and extending to the end of the value. +length and offset are arithmetic expressions +(see Shell Arithmetic). +

+

If offset evaluates to a number less than zero, the value +is used as an offset in characters +from the end of the value of parameter. +If length evaluates to a number less than zero, +it is interpreted as an offset in characters +from the end of the value of parameter rather than +a number of characters, and the expansion is the characters between +offset and that result. +Note that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at least +one space to avoid being confused with the ‘:-’ expansion. +

+

Here are some examples illustrating substring expansion on parameters and +subscripted arrays: +

+
$ string=01234567890abcdefgh
+$ echo ${string:7}
+7890abcdefgh
+$ echo ${string:7:0}
+
+$ echo ${string:7:2}
+78
+$ echo ${string:7:-2}
+7890abcdef
+$ echo ${string: -7}
+bcdefgh
+$ echo ${string: -7:0}
+
+$ echo ${string: -7:2}
+bc
+$ echo ${string: -7:-2}
+bcdef
+$ set -- 01234567890abcdefgh
+$ echo ${1:7}
+7890abcdefgh
+$ echo ${1:7:0}
+
+$ echo ${1:7:2}
+78
+$ echo ${1:7:-2}
+7890abcdef
+$ echo ${1: -7}
+bcdefgh
+$ echo ${1: -7:0}
+
+$ echo ${1: -7:2}
+bc
+$ echo ${1: -7:-2}
+bcdef
+$ array[0]=01234567890abcdefgh
+$ echo ${array[0]:7}
+7890abcdefgh
+$ echo ${array[0]:7:0}
+
+$ echo ${array[0]:7:2}
+78
+$ echo ${array[0]:7:-2}
+7890abcdef
+$ echo ${array[0]: -7}
+bcdefgh
+$ echo ${array[0]: -7:0}
+
+$ echo ${array[0]: -7:2}
+bc
+$ echo ${array[0]: -7:-2}
+bcdef
+
+

If parameter is ‘@’ or ‘*’, the result is length +positional parameters beginning at offset. +A negative offset is taken relative to one greater than the greatest +positional parameter, so an offset of -1 evaluates to the last positional +parameter. +It is an expansion error if length evaluates to a number less than zero. +

+

The following examples illustrate substring expansion using positional +parameters: +

+
$ set -- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
+$ echo ${@:7}
+7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
+$ echo ${@:7:0}
+
+$ echo ${@:7:2}
+7 8
+$ echo ${@:7:-2}
+bash: -2: substring expression < 0
+$ echo ${@: -7:2}
+b c
+$ echo ${@:0}
+./bash 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
+$ echo ${@:0:2}
+./bash 1
+$ echo ${@: -7:0}
+
+
+

If parameter is an indexed array name subscripted +by ‘@’ or ‘*’, the result is the length +members of the array beginning with ${parameter[offset]}. +A negative offset is taken relative to one greater than the maximum +index of the specified array. +It is an expansion error if length evaluates to a number less than zero. +

+

These examples show how you can use substring expansion with indexed +arrays: +

+
$ array=(0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h)
+$ echo ${array[@]:7}
+7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
+$ echo ${array[@]:7:2}
+7 8
+$ echo ${array[@]: -7:2}
+b c
+$ echo ${array[@]: -7:-2}
+bash: -2: substring expression < 0
+$ echo ${array[@]:0}
+0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
+$ echo ${array[@]:0:2}
+0 1
+$ echo ${array[@]: -7:0}
+
+
+

Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces undefined +results. +

+

Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters +are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by default. +If offset is 0, and the positional parameters are used, $0 is +prefixed to the list. +

+
+
${!prefix*}
+
${!prefix@}
+

Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with prefix, +separated by the first character of the IFS special variable. +When ‘@’ is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each +variable name expands to a separate word. +

+
+
${!name[@]}
+
${!name[*]}
+

If name is an array variable, expands to the list of array indices +(keys) assigned in name. +If name is not an array, expands to 0 if name is set and null +otherwise. +When ‘@’ is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each +key expands to a separate word. +

+
+
${#parameter}
+

The length in characters of the expanded value of parameter is +substituted. +If parameter is ‘*’ or ‘@’, the value substituted +is the number of positional parameters. +If parameter is an array name subscripted by ‘*’ or ‘@’, +the value substituted is the number of elements in the array. +If parameter +is an indexed array name subscripted by a negative number, that number is +interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of +parameter, so negative indices count back from the end of the +array, and an index of -1 references the last element. +

+
+
${parameter#word}
+
${parameter##word}
+

The word +is expanded to produce a pattern and matched according to the rules +described below (see Pattern Matching). If the pattern matches +the beginning of the expanded value of parameter, +then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of parameter +with the shortest matching pattern (the ‘#’ case) or the +longest matching pattern (the ‘##’ case) deleted. +If parameter is ‘@’ or ‘*’, +the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional +parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +If parameter is an array variable subscripted with +‘@’ or ‘*’, +the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the +array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +

+
+
${parameter%word}
+
${parameter%%word}
+

The word +is expanded to produce a pattern and matched according to the rules +described below (see Pattern Matching). +If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the expanded value of +parameter, then the result of the expansion is the value of +parameter with the shortest matching pattern (the ‘%’ case) +or the longest matching pattern (the ‘%%’ case) deleted. +If parameter is ‘@’ or ‘*’, +the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional +parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +If parameter +is an array variable subscripted with ‘@’ or ‘*’, +the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the +array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +

+
+
${parameter/pattern/string}
+
${parameter//pattern/string}
+
${parameter/#pattern/string}
+
${parameter/%pattern/string}
+

The pattern is expanded to produce a pattern just as in +filename expansion. +Parameter is expanded and the longest match of pattern +against its value is replaced with string. +string undergoes tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, +arithmetic expansion, command and process substitution, and quote removal. +The match is performed according to the rules described below +(see Pattern Matching). +

+

In the first form above, only the first match is replaced. +If there are two slashes separating parameter and pattern +(the second form above), all matches of pattern are +replaced with string. +If pattern is preceded by ‘#’ (the third form above), +it must match at the beginning of the expanded value of parameter. +If pattern is preceded by ‘%’ (the fourth form above), +it must match at the end of the expanded value of parameter. +If the expansion of string is null, +matches of pattern are deleted. +If string is null, +matches of pattern are deleted +and the ‘/’ following pattern may be omitted. +

+

If the patsub_replacement shell option is enabled using shopt, +any unquoted instances of ‘&’ in string are replaced with the +matching portion of pattern. +This is intended to duplicate a common sed idiom. +

+

Quoting any part of string inhibits replacement in the +expansion of the quoted portion, including replacement strings stored +in shell variables. +Backslash will escape ‘&’ in string; the backslash is removed +in order to permit a literal ‘&’ in the replacement string. +Users should take care if string is double-quoted to avoid +unwanted interactions between the backslash and double-quoting, since +backslash has special meaning within double quotes. +Pattern substitution performs the check for unquoted ‘&’ after +expanding string, +so users should ensure to properly quote any occurrences of ‘&’ +they want to be taken literally in the replacement +and ensure any instances of ‘&’ they want to be replaced are unquoted. +

+

For instance, +

+
+
var=abcdef
+rep='& '
+echo ${var/abc/& }
+echo "${var/abc/& }"
+echo ${var/abc/$rep}
+echo "${var/abc/$rep}"
+
+ +

will display four lines of "abc def", while +

+
+
var=abcdef
+rep='& '
+echo ${var/abc/\& }
+echo "${var/abc/\& }"
+echo ${var/abc/"& "}
+echo ${var/abc/"$rep"}
+
+ +

will display four lines of "& def". +Like the pattern removal operators, double quotes surrounding the +replacement string quote the expanded characters, while double quotes +enclosing the entire parameter substitution do not, since +the expansion is performed in a +context that doesn’t take any enclosing double quotes into account. +

+

Since backslash can escape ‘&’, it can also escape a backslash in +the replacement string. +This means that ‘\\’ will insert a literal +backslash into the replacement, so these two echo commands +

+
+
var=abcdef
+rep='\\&xyz'
+echo ${var/abc/\\&xyz}
+echo ${var/abc/$rep}
+
+ +

will both output ‘\abcxyzdef’. +

+

It should rarely be necessary to enclose only string in double +quotes. +

+

If the nocasematch shell option +(see the description of shopt in The Shopt Builtin) +is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +of alphabetic characters. +If parameter is ‘@’ or ‘*’, +the substitution operation is applied to each positional +parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +If parameter +is an array variable subscripted with ‘@’ or ‘*’, +the substitution operation is applied to each member of the +array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +

+
+
${parameter^pattern}
+
${parameter^^pattern}
+
${parameter,pattern}
+
${parameter,,pattern}
+

This expansion modifies the case of alphabetic characters in parameter. +The pattern is expanded to produce a pattern just as in +filename expansion. +Each character in the expanded value of parameter is tested against +pattern, and, if it matches the pattern, its case is converted. +The pattern should not attempt to match more than one character. +

+

The ‘^’ operator converts lowercase letters matching pattern +to uppercase; the ‘,’ operator converts matching uppercase letters +to lowercase. +The ‘^^’ and ‘,,’ expansions convert each matched character in the +expanded value; the ‘^’ and ‘,’ expansions match and convert only +the first character in the expanded value. +If pattern is omitted, it is treated like a ‘?’, which matches +every character. +

+

If parameter is ‘@’ or ‘*’, +the case modification operation is applied to each positional +parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +If parameter +is an array variable subscripted with ‘@’ or ‘*’, +the case modification operation is applied to each member of the +array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +

+
+
${parameter@operator}
+

The expansion is either a transformation of the value of parameter +or information about parameter itself, depending on the value of +operator. Each operator is a single letter: +

+
+
U
+

The expansion is a string that is the value of parameter with lowercase +alphabetic characters converted to uppercase. +

+
u
+

The expansion is a string that is the value of parameter with the first +character converted to uppercase, if it is alphabetic. +

+
L
+

The expansion is a string that is the value of parameter with uppercase +alphabetic characters converted to lowercase. +

+
Q
+

The expansion is a string that is the value of parameter quoted in a +format that can be reused as input. +

+
E
+

The expansion is a string that is the value of parameter with backslash +escape sequences expanded as with the $'…' quoting mechanism. +

+
P
+

The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding the value of +parameter as if it were a prompt string (see Controlling the Prompt). +

+
A
+

The expansion is a string in the form of +an assignment statement or declare command that, if +evaluated, will recreate parameter with its attributes and value. +

+
K
+

Produces a possibly-quoted version of the value of parameter, +except that it prints the values of +indexed and associative arrays as a sequence of quoted key-value pairs +(see Arrays). +

+
a
+

The expansion is a string consisting of flag values representing +parameter’s attributes. +

+
k
+

Like the ‘K’ transformation, but expands the keys and values of +indexed and associative arrays to separate words after word splitting. +

+
+ +

If parameter is ‘@’ or ‘*’, +the operation is applied to each positional +parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +If parameter +is an array variable subscripted with ‘@’ or ‘*’, +the operation is applied to each member of the +array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +

+

The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and filename +expansion as described below. +

+
+ +
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Shell Expansions   [Contents][Index]

+
+

3.5.4 Command Substitution

+ + +

Command substitution allows the output of a command to replace +the command itself. +Command substitution occurs when a command is enclosed as follows: +

+
$(command)
+
+

or +

+
`command`
+
+ +

Bash performs the expansion by executing command in a subshell environment +and replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the +command, with any trailing newlines deleted. +Embedded newlines are not deleted, but they may be removed during +word splitting. +The command substitution $(cat file) can be +replaced by the equivalent but faster $(< file). +

+

When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used, +backslash retains its literal meaning except when followed by +‘$’, ‘`’, or ‘\’. +The first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the +command substitution. +When using the $(command) form, all characters between +the parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially. +

+

Command substitutions may be nested. To nest when using the backquoted +form, escape the inner backquotes with backslashes. +

+

If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and +filename expansion are not performed on the results. +

+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Shell Expansions   [Contents][Index]

+
+

3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion

+ + + +

Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression +and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expansion is: +

+
+
$(( expression ))
+
+ +

The expression undergoes the same expansions +as if it were within double quotes, +but double quote characters in expression are not treated specially +and are removed. +All tokens in the expression undergo parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, and quote removal. +The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be evaluated. +Arithmetic expansions may be nested. +

+

The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below +(see Shell Arithmetic). +If the expression is invalid, Bash prints a message indicating +failure to the standard error and no substitution occurs. +

+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Shell Expansions   [Contents][Index]

+
+

3.5.6 Process Substitution

+ + +

Process substitution allows a process’s input or output to be +referred to using a filename. +It takes the form of +

+
<(list)
+
+

or +

+
>(list)
+
+

The process list is run asynchronously, and its input or output +appears as a filename. +This filename is +passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the +expansion. +If the >(list) form is used, writing to +the file will provide input for list. If the +<(list) form is used, the file passed as an +argument should be read to obtain the output of list. +Note that no space may appear between the < or > +and the left parenthesis, otherwise the construct would be interpreted +as a redirection. +Process substitution is supported on systems that support named +pipes (FIFOs) or the /dev/fd method of naming open files. +

+

When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with +parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic +expansion. +

+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Shell Expansions   [Contents][Index]

+
+

3.5.7 Word Splitting

+ + +

The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitution, +and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes for +word splitting. +

+

The shell treats each character of $IFS as a delimiter, and splits +the results of the other expansions into words using these characters +as field terminators. +If IFS is unset, or its value is exactly <space><tab><newline>, +the default, then sequences of + <space>, <tab>, and <newline> +at the beginning and end of the results of the previous +expansions are ignored, and any sequence of IFS +characters not at the beginning or end serves to delimit words. +If IFS has a value other than the default, then sequences of +the whitespace characters space, tab, and newline +are ignored at the beginning and end of the +word, as long as the whitespace character is in the +value of IFS (an IFS whitespace character). +Any character in IFS that is not IFS +whitespace, along with any adjacent IFS +whitespace characters, delimits a field. A sequence of IFS +whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter. +If the value of IFS is null, no word splitting occurs. +

+

Explicit null arguments ("" or '') are retained +and passed to commands as empty strings. +Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of +parameters that have no values, are removed. +If a parameter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a +null argument results and is retained +and passed to a command as an empty string. +When a quoted null argument appears as part of a word whose expansion is +non-null, the null argument is removed. +That is, the word +-d'' becomes -d after word splitting and +null argument removal. +

+

Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting +is performed. +

+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Shell Expansions   [Contents][Index]

+
+

3.5.8 Filename Expansion

+ + + + + +

After word splitting, unless the -f option has been set +(see The Set Builtin), Bash scans each word for the characters +‘*’, ‘?’, and ‘[’. +If one of these characters appears, and is not quoted, then the word is +regarded as a pattern, +and replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of +filenames matching the pattern (see Pattern Matching). +If no matching filenames are found, +and the shell option nullglob is disabled, the word is left +unchanged. +If the nullglob option is set, and no matches are found, the word +is removed. +If the failglob shell option is set, and no matches are found, +an error message is printed and the command is not executed. +If the shell option nocaseglob is enabled, the match is performed +without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. +

+

When a pattern is used for filename expansion, the character ‘.’ +at the start of a filename or immediately following a slash +must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option dotglob is set. +In order to match the filenames ‘.’ and ‘..’, +the pattern must begin with ‘.’ (for example, ‘.?’), +even if dotglob is set. +If the globskipdots shell option is enabled, the filenames +‘.’ and ‘..’ are never matched, even if the pattern begins +with a ‘.’. +When not matching filenames, the ‘.’ character is not treated specially. +

+

When matching a filename, the slash character must always be +matched explicitly by a slash in the pattern, but in other matching +contexts it can be matched by a special pattern character as described +below (see Pattern Matching). +

+

See the description of shopt in The Shopt Builtin, +for a description of the nocaseglob, nullglob, +globskipdots, +failglob, and dotglob options. +

+

The GLOBIGNORE +shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file names matching a +pattern. If GLOBIGNORE +is set, each matching file name that also matches one of the patterns in +GLOBIGNORE is removed from the list of matches. +If the nocaseglob option is set, the matching against the patterns in +GLOBIGNORE is performed without regard to case. +The filenames +. and .. +are always ignored when GLOBIGNORE +is set and not null. +However, setting GLOBIGNORE to a non-null value has the effect of +enabling the dotglob +shell option, so all other filenames beginning with a +‘.’ will match. +To get the old behavior of ignoring filenames beginning with a +‘.’, make ‘.*’ one of the patterns in GLOBIGNORE. +The dotglob option is disabled when GLOBIGNORE +is unset. +

+ +
+
+
+

+Up: Filename Expansion   [Contents][Index]

+
+

3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching

+ + + +

Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern +characters described below, matches itself. +The NUL character may not occur in a pattern. +A backslash escapes the following character; the +escaping backslash is discarded when matching. +The special pattern characters must be quoted if they are to be matched +literally. +

+

The special pattern characters have the following meanings: +

+
*
+

Matches any string, including the null string. +When the globstar shell option is enabled, and ‘*’ is used in +a filename expansion context, two adjacent ‘*’s used as a single +pattern will match all files and zero or more directories and +subdirectories. +If followed by a ‘/’, two adjacent ‘*’s will match only +directories and subdirectories. +

+
?
+

Matches any single character. +

+
[…]
+

Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of characters +separated by a hyphen denotes a range expression; +any character that falls between those two characters, inclusive, +using the current locale’s collating sequence and character set, +is matched. If the first character following the +‘[’ is a ‘!’ or a ‘^’ +then any character not enclosed is matched. A ‘-’ +may be matched by including it as the first or last character +in the set. A ‘]’ may be matched by including it as the first +character in the set. +The sorting order of characters in range expressions, +and the characters included in the range, +are determined by +the current locale and the values of the +LC_COLLATE and LC_ALL shell variables, if set. +

+

For example, in the default C locale, ‘[a-dx-z]’ is equivalent to +‘[abcdxyz]’. Many locales sort characters in dictionary order, and in +these locales ‘[a-dx-z]’ is typically not equivalent to ‘[abcdxyz]’; +it might be equivalent to ‘[aBbCcDdxYyZz]’, for example. To obtain +the traditional interpretation of ranges in bracket expressions, you can +force the use of the C locale by setting the LC_COLLATE or +LC_ALL environment variable to the value ‘C’, or enable the +globasciiranges shell option. +

+

Within ‘[’ and ‘]’, character classes can be specified +using the syntax +[:class:], where class is one of the +following classes defined in the POSIX standard: +

+
alnum   alpha   ascii   blank   cntrl   digit   graph   lower
+print   punct   space   upper   word    xdigit
+
+

A character class matches any character belonging to that class. +The word character class matches letters, digits, and the character +‘_’. +

+

Within ‘[’ and ‘]’, an equivalence class can be +specified using the syntax [=c=], which +matches all characters with the same collation weight (as defined +by the current locale) as the character c. +

+

Within ‘[’ and ‘]’, the syntax [.symbol.] +matches the collating symbol symbol. +

+
+ +

If the extglob shell option is enabled using the shopt +builtin, the shell recognizes several extended pattern matching operators. +In the following description, a pattern-list is a list of one +or more patterns separated by a ‘|’. +When matching filenames, the dotglob shell option determines +the set of filenames that are tested, as described above. +Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the following +sub-patterns: +

+
+
?(pattern-list)
+

Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns. +

+
+
*(pattern-list)
+

Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns. +

+
+
+(pattern-list)
+

Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns. +

+
+
@(pattern-list)
+

Matches one of the given patterns. +

+
+
!(pattern-list)
+

Matches anything except one of the given patterns. +

+
+ +

The extglob option changes the behavior of the parser, since the +parentheses are normally treated as operators with syntactic meaning. +To ensure that extended matching patterns are parsed correctly, make sure +that extglob is enabled before parsing constructs containing the +patterns, including shell functions and command substitutions. +

+

When matching filenames, the dotglob shell option determines +the set of filenames that are tested: +when dotglob is enabled, the set of filenames includes all files +beginning with ‘.’, but the filenames +‘.’ and ‘..’ must be matched by a +pattern or sub-pattern that begins with a dot; +when it is disabled, the set does not +include any filenames beginning with “.” unless the pattern +or sub-pattern begins with a ‘.’. +As above, ‘.’ only has a special meaning when matching filenames. +

+

Complicated extended pattern matching against long strings is slow, +especially when the patterns contain alternations and the strings +contain multiple matches. +Using separate matches against shorter strings, or using arrays of +strings instead of a single long string, may be faster. +

+
+
+
+
+
+

+Previous: , Up: Shell Expansions   [Contents][Index]

+
+

3.5.9 Quote Removal

+ +

After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the +characters ‘\’, ‘'’, and ‘"’ that did not +result from one of the above expansions are removed. +

+
+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Basic Shell Features   [Contents][Index]

+
+

3.6 Redirections

+ + +

Before a command is executed, its input and output +may be redirected +using a special notation interpreted by the shell. +Redirection allows commands’ file handles to be +duplicated, opened, closed, +made to refer to different files, +and can change the files the command reads from and writes to. +Redirection may also be used to modify file handles in the +current shell execution environment. The following redirection +operators may precede or appear anywhere within a +simple command or may follow a command. +Redirections are processed in the order they appear, from +left to right. +

+

Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number +may instead be preceded by a word of the form {varname}. +In this case, for each redirection operator except +>&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a file descriptor greater +than 10 and assign it to {varname}. If >&- or <&- is preceded +by {varname}, the value of varname defines the file +descriptor to close. +If {varname} is supplied, the redirection persists beyond +the scope of the command, allowing the shell programmer to manage +the file descriptor’s lifetime manually. +The varredir_close shell option manages this behavior +(see The Shopt Builtin). +

+

In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is +omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is +‘<’, the redirection refers to the standard input (file +descriptor 0). If the first character of the redirection operator +is ‘>’, the redirection refers to the standard output (file +descriptor 1). +

+

The word following the redirection operator in the following +descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, +tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic +expansion, quote removal, filename expansion, and word splitting. +If it expands to more than one word, Bash reports an error. +

+

Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, +the command +

+
ls > dirlist 2>&1
+
+

directs both standard output (file descriptor 1) and standard error +(file descriptor 2) to the file dirlist, while the command +

+
ls 2>&1 > dirlist
+
+

directs only the standard output to file dirlist, +because the standard error was made a copy of the standard output +before the standard output was redirected to dirlist. +

+

Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in +redirections, as described in the following table. +If the operating system on which Bash is running provides these +special files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them +internally with the behavior described below. +

+
+
/dev/fd/fd
+

If fd is a valid integer, file descriptor fd is duplicated. +

+
+
/dev/stdin
+

File descriptor 0 is duplicated. +

+
+
/dev/stdout
+

File descriptor 1 is duplicated. +

+
+
/dev/stderr
+

File descriptor 2 is duplicated. +

+
+
/dev/tcp/host/port
+

If host is a valid hostname or Internet address, and port +is an integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open +the corresponding TCP socket. +

+
+
/dev/udp/host/port
+

If host is a valid hostname or Internet address, and port +is an integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open +the corresponding UDP socket. +

+
+ +

A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail. +

+

Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with +care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses +internally. +

+ +
+

3.6.1 Redirecting Input

+

Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from +the expansion of word +to be opened for reading on file descriptor n, +or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if n +is not specified. +

+

The general format for redirecting input is: +

+
[n]<word
+
+ +
+
+

3.6.2 Redirecting Output

+

Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from +the expansion of word +to be opened for writing on file descriptor n, +or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if n +is not specified. If the file does not exist it is created; +if it does exist it is truncated to zero size. +

+

The general format for redirecting output is: +

+
[n]>[|]word
+
+ +

If the redirection operator is ‘>’, and the noclobber +option to the set builtin has been enabled, the redirection +will fail if the file whose name results from the expansion of +word exists and is a regular file. +If the redirection operator is ‘>|’, or the redirection operator is +‘>’ and the noclobber option is not enabled, the redirection +is attempted even if the file named by word exists. +

+
+
+

3.6.3 Appending Redirected Output

+

Redirection of output in this fashion +causes the file whose name results from +the expansion of word +to be opened for appending on file descriptor n, +or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if n +is not specified. If the file does not exist it is created. +

+

The general format for appending output is: +

+
[n]>>word
+
+ +
+
+

3.6.4 Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error

+

This construct allows both the +standard output (file descriptor 1) and +the standard error output (file descriptor 2) +to be redirected to the file whose name is the +expansion of word. +

+

There are two formats for redirecting standard output and +standard error: +

+
&>word
+
+

and +

+
>&word
+
+

Of the two forms, the first is preferred. +This is semantically equivalent to +

+
>word 2>&1
+
+

When using the second form, word may not expand to a number or +‘-’. If it does, other redirection operators apply +(see Duplicating File Descriptors below) for compatibility reasons. +

+
+
+

3.6.5 Appending Standard Output and Standard Error

+

This construct allows both the +standard output (file descriptor 1) and +the standard error output (file descriptor 2) +to be appended to the file whose name is the +expansion of word. +

+

The format for appending standard output and standard error is: +

+
&>>word
+
+

This is semantically equivalent to +

+
>>word 2>&1
+
+

(see Duplicating File Descriptors below). +

+
+
+

3.6.6 Here Documents

+

This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the +current source until a line containing only word +(with no trailing blanks) is seen. All of +the lines read up to that point are then used as the standard +input (or file descriptor n if n is specified) for a command. +

+

The format of here-documents is: +

+
[n]<<[-]word
+        here-document
+delimiter
+
+ +

No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, +arithmetic expansion, or filename expansion is performed on +word. If any part of word is quoted, the +delimiter is the result of quote removal on word, +and the lines in the here-document are not expanded. +If word is unquoted, +all lines of the here-document are subjected to +parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, +the character sequence \newline is ignored, and ‘\’ +must be used to quote the characters +‘\’, ‘$’, and ‘`’. +

+

If the redirection operator is ‘<<-’, +then all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines and the +line containing delimiter. +This allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a +natural fashion. +

+
+
+

3.6.7 Here Strings

+

A variant of here documents, the format is: +

+
[n]<<< word
+
+ +

The word undergoes +tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal. +Filename expansion and word splitting are not performed. +The result is supplied as a single string, +with a newline appended, +to the command on its +standard input (or file descriptor n if n is specified). +

+
+
+

3.6.8 Duplicating File Descriptors

+

The redirection operator +

+
[n]<&word
+
+

is used to duplicate input file descriptors. +If word +expands to one or more digits, the file descriptor denoted by n +is made to be a copy of that file descriptor. +If the digits in word do not specify a file descriptor open for +input, a redirection error occurs. +If word +evaluates to ‘-’, file descriptor n is closed. +If n is not specified, the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used. +

+

The operator +

+
[n]>&word
+
+

is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If +n is not specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. +If the digits in word do not specify a file descriptor open for +output, a redirection error occurs. +If word +evaluates to ‘-’, file descriptor n is closed. +As a special case, if n is omitted, and word does not +expand to one or more digits or ‘-’, the standard output and standard +error are redirected as described previously. +

+
+
+

3.6.9 Moving File Descriptors

+

The redirection operator +

+
[n]<&digit-
+
+

moves the file descriptor digit to file descriptor n, +or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if n is not specified. +digit is closed after being duplicated to n. +

+

Similarly, the redirection operator +

+
[n]>&digit-
+
+

moves the file descriptor digit to file descriptor n, +or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if n is not specified. +

+
+
+

3.6.10 Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing

+

The redirection operator +

+
[n]<>word
+
+

causes the file whose name is the expansion of word +to be opened for both reading and writing on file descriptor +n, or on file descriptor 0 if n +is not specified. If the file does not exist, it is created. +

+
+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Basic Shell Features   [Contents][Index]

+
+

3.7 Executing Commands

+ + + +
+
+
+

+Next: , Up: Executing Commands   [Contents][Index]

+
+

3.7.1 Simple Command Expansion

+ + +

When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following +expansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right, in +the following order. +

+
    +
  1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments (those +preceding the command name) and redirections are saved for later +processing. + +
  2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are +expanded (see Shell Expansions). +If any words remain after expansion, the first word +is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words are +the arguments. + +
  3. Redirections are performed as described above (see Redirections). + +
  4. The text after the ‘=’ in each variable assignment undergoes tilde +expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, +and quote removal before being assigned to the variable. +
+ +

If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current +shell environment. +In the case of such a command (one that consists only of assignment +statements and redirections), assignment statements are performed before +redirections. +Otherwise, the variables are added to the environment +of the executed command and do not affect the current shell environment. +If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a readonly variable, +an error occurs, and the command exits with a non-zero status. +

+

If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not +affect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the +command to exit with a non-zero status. +

+

If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as +described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expansions +contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command is +the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If there +were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status of zero. +

+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Executing Commands   [Contents][Index]

+
+

3.7.2 Command Search and Execution

+ + + +

After a command has been split into words, if it results in a +simple command and an optional list of arguments, the following +actions are taken. +

+
    +
  1. If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to +locate it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that +function is invoked as described in Shell Functions. + +
  2. If the name does not match a function, the shell searches for +it in the list of shell builtins. If a match is found, that +builtin is invoked. + +
  3. If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, +and contains no slashes, Bash searches each element of +$PATH for a directory containing an executable file +by that name. Bash uses a hash table to remember the full +pathnames of executable files to avoid multiple PATH searches +(see the description of hash in Bourne Shell Builtins). +A full search of the directories in $PATH +is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table. +If the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell +function named command_not_found_handle. +If that function exists, it is invoked in a separate execution environment +with the original command and +the original command’s arguments as its arguments, and the function’s +exit status becomes the exit status of that subshell. +If that function is not defined, the shell prints an error +message and returns an exit status of 127. + +
  4. If the search is successful, or if the command name contains +one or more slashes, the shell executes the named program in +a separate execution environment. +Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remaining arguments +to the command are set to the arguments supplied, if any. + +
  5. If this execution fails because the file is not in executable +format, and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a +shell script and the shell executes it as described in +Shell Scripts. + +
  6. If the command was not begun asynchronously, the shell waits for +the command to complete and collects its exit status. + +
+ +
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Executing Commands   [Contents][Index]

+
+

3.7.3 Command Execution Environment

+ + +

The shell has an execution environment, which consists of the +following: +

+
    +
  • open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by +redirections supplied to the exec builtin + +
  • the current working directory as set by cd, pushd, or +popd, or inherited by the shell at invocation + +
  • the file creation mode mask as set by umask or inherited from +the shell’s parent + +
  • current traps set by trap + +
  • shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with set +or inherited from the shell’s parent in the environment + +
  • shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell’s +parent in the environment + +
  • options enabled at invocation (either by default or with command-line +arguments) or by set + +
  • options enabled by shopt (see The Shopt Builtin) + +
  • shell aliases defined with alias (see Aliases) + +
  • various process IDs, including those of background jobs +(see Lists of Commands), the value of $$, and the value of +$PPID + +
+ +

When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function +is to be executed, it +is invoked in a separate execution environment that consists of +the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inherited +from the shell. +

+
    +
  • the shell’s open files, plus any modifications and additions specified +by redirections to the command + +
  • the current working directory + +
  • the file creation mode mask + +
  • shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables +exported for the command, passed in the environment (see Environment) + +
  • traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the +shell’s parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored + +
+ +

A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the +shell’s execution environment. +

+

A subshell is a copy of the shell process. +

+

Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, +and asynchronous commands are invoked in a +subshell environment that is a duplicate of the shell environment, +except that traps caught by the shell are reset to the values +that the shell inherited from its parent at invocation. Builtin +commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline are also executed +in a subshell environment. Changes made to the subshell environment +cannot affect the shell’s execution environment. +

+

Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of +the -e option from the parent shell. When not in POSIX mode, +Bash clears the -e option in such subshells. +

+

If a command is followed by a ‘&’ and job control is not active, the +default standard input for the command is the empty file /dev/null. +Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the calling +shell as modified by redirections. +

+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Executing Commands   [Contents][Index]

+
+

3.7.4 Environment

+ + +

When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings +called the environment. +This is a list of name-value pairs, of the form name=value. +

+

Bash provides several ways to manipulate the environment. +On invocation, the shell scans its own environment and +creates a parameter for each name found, automatically marking +it for export +to child processes. Executed commands inherit the environment. +The export and ‘declare -x’ +commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and +deleted from the environment. If the value of a parameter +in the environment is modified, the new value becomes part +of the environment, replacing the old. The environment +inherited by any executed command consists of the shell’s +initial environment, whose values may be modified in the shell, +less any pairs removed by the unset and ‘export -n’ +commands, plus any additions via the export and +‘declare -x’ commands. +

+

The environment for any simple command +or function may be augmented temporarily by prefixing it with +parameter assignments, as described in Shell Parameters. +These assignment statements affect only the environment seen +by that command. +

+

If the -k option is set (see The Set Builtin), then all +parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, +not just those that precede the command name. +

+

When Bash invokes an external command, the variable ‘$_’ +is set to the full pathname of the command and passed to that +command in its environment. +

+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Executing Commands   [Contents][Index]

+
+

3.7.5 Exit Status

+ + +

The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the +waitpid system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses +fall between 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may +use values above 125 specially. Exit statuses from shell builtins and +compound commands are also limited to this range. Under certain +circumstances, the shell will use special values to indicate specific +failure modes. +

+

For the shell’s purposes, a command which exits with a +zero exit status has succeeded. +A non-zero exit status indicates failure. +This seemingly counter-intuitive scheme is used so there +is one well-defined way to indicate success and a variety of +ways to indicate various failure modes. +When a command terminates on a fatal signal whose number is N, +Bash uses the value 128+N as the exit status. +

+

If a command is not found, the child process created to +execute it returns a status of 127. If a command is found +but is not executable, the return status is 126. +

+

If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection, +the exit status is greater than zero. +

+

The exit status is used by the Bash conditional commands +(see Conditional Constructs) and some of the list +constructs (see Lists of Commands). +

+

All of the Bash builtins return an exit status of zero if they succeed +and a non-zero status on failure, so they may be used by the +conditional and list constructs. +All builtins return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, +generally invalid options or missing arguments. +

+

The exit status of the last command is available in the special +parameter $? (see Special Parameters). +

+
+
+
+
+

+Previous: , Up: Executing Commands   [Contents][Index]

+
+

3.7.6 Signals

+ + +

When Bash is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores +SIGTERM (so that ‘kill 0’ does not kill an interactive shell), +and SIGINT +is caught and handled (so that the wait builtin is interruptible). +When Bash receives a SIGINT, it breaks out of any executing loops. +In all cases, Bash ignores SIGQUIT. +If job control is in effect (see Job Control), Bash +ignores SIGTTIN, SIGTTOU, and SIGTSTP. +

+

Non-builtin commands started by Bash have signal handlers set to the +values inherited by the shell from its parent. +When job control is not in effect, asynchronous commands +ignore SIGINT and SIGQUIT in addition to these inherited +handlers. +Commands run as a result of +command substitution ignore the keyboard-generated job control signals +SIGTTIN, SIGTTOU, and SIGTSTP. +

+

The shell exits by default upon receipt of a SIGHUP. +Before exiting, an interactive shell resends the SIGHUP to +all jobs, running or stopped. +Stopped jobs are sent SIGCONT to ensure that they receive +the SIGHUP. +To prevent the shell from sending the SIGHUP signal to a +particular job, it should be removed +from the jobs table with the disown +builtin (see Job Control Builtins) or marked +to not receive SIGHUP using disown -h. +

+

If the huponexit shell option has been set with shopt +(see The Shopt Builtin), Bash sends a SIGHUP to all jobs when +an interactive login shell exits. +

+

If Bash is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal +for which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until +the command completes. +When Bash is waiting for an asynchronous +command via the wait builtin, the reception of a signal for +which a trap has been set will cause the wait builtin to return +immediately with an exit status greater than 128, immediately after +which the trap is executed. +

+

When job control is not enabled, and Bash is waiting for a foreground +command to complete, the shell receives keyboard-generated signals +such as SIGINT (usually generated by ‘^C’) that users +commonly intend to send to that command. +This happens because the shell and the command are in the same process +group as the terminal, and ‘^C’ sends SIGINT to all processes +in that process group. +See Job Control, for a more in-depth discussion of process groups. +

+

When Bash is running without job control enabled and receives SIGINT +while waiting for a foreground command, it waits until that foreground +command terminates and then decides what to do about the SIGINT: +

+
    +
  1. If the command terminates due to the SIGINT, Bash concludes +that the user meant to end the entire script, and acts on the +SIGINT (e.g., by running a SIGINT trap or exiting itself); + +
  2. If the pipeline does not terminate due to SIGINT, the program +handled the SIGINT itself and did not treat it as a fatal signal. +In that case, Bash does not treat SIGINT as a fatal signal, +either, instead assuming that the SIGINT was used as part of the +program’s normal operation (e.g., emacs uses it to abort editing +commands) or deliberately discarded. However, Bash will run any +trap set on SIGINT, as it does with any other trapped signal it +receives while it is waiting for the foreground command to +complete, for compatibility. +
+ +
+
+
+
+
+

+Previous: , Up: Basic Shell Features   [Contents][Index]

+
+

3.8 Shell Scripts

+ + +

A shell script is a text file containing shell commands. When such +a file is used as the first non-option argument when invoking Bash, +and neither the -c nor -s option is supplied +(see Invoking Bash), +Bash reads and executes commands from the file, then exits. This +mode of operation creates a non-interactive shell. The shell first +searches for the file in the current directory, and looks in the +directories in $PATH if not found there. +

+

When Bash runs +a shell script, it sets the special parameter 0 to the name +of the file, rather than the name of the shell, and the positional +parameters are set to the remaining arguments, if any are given. +If no additional arguments are supplied, the positional parameters +are unset. +

+

A shell script may be made executable by using the chmod command +to turn on the execute bit. When Bash finds such a file while +searching the $PATH for a command, it creates a +new instance of itself +to execute it. +In other words, executing +

+
filename arguments
+
+

is equivalent to executing +

+
bash filename arguments
+
+ +

if filename is an executable shell script. +This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a +new shell had been invoked to interpret the script, with the +exception that the locations of commands remembered by the parent +(see the description of hash in Bourne Shell Builtins) +are retained by the child. +

+

Most versions of Unix make this a part of the operating system’s command +execution mechanism. If the first line of a script begins with +the two characters ‘#!’, the remainder of the line specifies +an interpreter for the program and, depending on the operating system, one +or more optional arguments for that interpreter. +Thus, you can specify Bash, awk, Perl, or some other +interpreter and write the rest of the script file in that language. +

+

The arguments to the interpreter +consist of one or more optional arguments following the interpreter +name on the first line of the script file, followed by the name of +the script file, followed by the rest of the arguments supplied to the +script. +The details of how the interpreter line is split into an interpreter name +and a set of arguments vary across systems. +Bash will perform this action on operating systems that do not handle it +themselves. +Note that some older versions of Unix limit the interpreter +name and a single argument to a maximum of 32 characters, so it’s not +portable to assume that using more than one argument will work. +

+

Bash scripts often begin with #! /bin/bash (assuming that +Bash has been installed in /bin), since this ensures that +Bash will be used to interpret the script, even if it is executed +under another shell. It’s a common idiom to use env to find +bash even if it’s been installed in another directory: +#!/usr/bin/env bash will find the first occurrence of bash +in $PATH. +

+
+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Bash Features   [Contents][Index]

+
+

4 Shell Builtin Commands

+ + +

Builtin commands are contained within the shell itself. +When the name of a builtin command is used as the first word of +a simple command (see Simple Commands), the shell executes +the command directly, without invoking another program. +Builtin commands are necessary to implement functionality impossible +or inconvenient to obtain with separate utilities. +

+

This section briefly describes the builtins which Bash inherits from +the Bourne Shell, as well as the builtin commands which are unique +to or have been extended in Bash. +

+

Several builtin commands are described in other chapters: builtin +commands which provide the Bash interface to the job control +facilities (see Job Control Builtins), the directory stack +(see Directory Stack Builtins), the command history +(see Bash History Builtins), and the programmable completion +facilities (see Programmable Completion Builtins). +

+

Many of the builtins have been extended by POSIX or Bash. +

+

Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented as accepting +options preceded by ‘-’ accepts ‘--’ +to signify the end of the options. +The :, true, false, and test/[ +builtins do not accept options and do not treat ‘--’ specially. +The exit, logout, return, +break, continue, let, +and shift builtins accept and process arguments beginning +with ‘-’ without requiring ‘--’. +Other builtins that accept arguments but are not specified as accepting +options interpret arguments beginning with ‘-’ as invalid options and +require ‘--’ to prevent this interpretation. +

+ +
+
+
+

+Next: , Up: Shell Builtin Commands   [Contents][Index]

+
+

4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins

+ +

The following shell builtin commands are inherited from the Bourne Shell. +These commands are implemented as specified by the POSIX standard. +

+
+
: (a colon)
+
+
: [arguments]
+
+ +

Do nothing beyond expanding arguments and performing redirections. +The return status is zero. +

+
+
. (a period)
+
+
. filename [arguments]
+
+ +

Read and execute commands from the filename argument in the +current shell context. If filename does not contain a slash, +the PATH variable is used to find filename, +but filename does not need to be executable. +When Bash is not in POSIX mode, it searches the current directory +if filename is not found in $PATH. +If any arguments are supplied, they become the positional +parameters when filename is executed. Otherwise the positional +parameters are unchanged. +If the -T option is enabled, . inherits any trap on +DEBUG; if it is not, any DEBUG trap string is saved and +restored around the call to ., and . unsets the +DEBUG trap while it executes. +If -T is not set, and the sourced file changes +the DEBUG trap, the new value is retained when . completes. +The return status is the exit status of the last command executed, or +zero if no commands are executed. If filename is not found, or +cannot be read, the return status is non-zero. +This builtin is equivalent to source. +

+
+
break
+
+
break [n]
+
+ +

Exit from a for, while, until, or select loop. +If n is supplied, the nth enclosing loop is exited. +n must be greater than or equal to 1. +The return status is zero unless n is not greater than or equal to 1. +

+
+
cd
+
+
cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@] [directory]
+
+ +

Change the current working directory to directory. +If directory is not supplied, the value of the HOME +shell variable is used. +If the shell variable +CDPATH exists, it is used as a search path: +each directory name in CDPATH is searched for +directory, with alternative directory names in CDPATH +separated by a colon (‘:’). +If directory begins with a slash, CDPATH is not used. +

+

The -P option means to not follow symbolic links: symbolic links +are resolved while cd is traversing directory and before +processing an instance of ‘..’ in directory. +

+

By default, or when the -L option is supplied, symbolic links +in directory are resolved after cd processes an instance +of ‘..’ in directory. +

+

If ‘..’ appears in directory, it is processed by removing the +immediately preceding pathname component, back to a slash or the beginning +of directory. +

+

If the -e option is supplied with -P +and the current working directory cannot be successfully determined +after a successful directory change, cd will return an unsuccessful +status. +

+

On systems that support it, the -@ option presents the extended +attributes associated with a file as a directory. +

+

If directory is ‘-’, it is converted to $OLDPWD +before the directory change is attempted. +

+

If a non-empty directory name from CDPATH is used, or if +‘-’ is the first argument, and the directory change is +successful, the absolute pathname of the new working directory is +written to the standard output. +

+

If the directory change is successful, cd sets the value of the +PWD environment variable to the new directory name, and sets the +OLDPWD environment variable to the value of the current working +directory before the change. +

+

The return status is zero if the directory is successfully changed, +non-zero otherwise. +

+
+
continue
+
+
continue [n]
+
+ +

Resume the next iteration of an enclosing for, while, +until, or select loop. +If n is supplied, the execution of the nth enclosing loop +is resumed. +n must be greater than or equal to 1. +The return status is zero unless n is not greater than or equal to 1. +

+
+
eval
+
+
eval [arguments]
+
+ +

The arguments are concatenated together into a single command, which is +then read and executed, and its exit status returned as the exit status +of eval. +If there are no arguments or only empty arguments, the return status is +zero. +

+
+
exec
+
+
exec [-cl] [-a name] [command [arguments]]
+
+ +

If command +is supplied, it replaces the shell without creating a new process. +If the -l option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the +beginning of the zeroth argument passed to command. +This is what the login program does. +The -c option causes command to be executed with an empty +environment. +If -a is supplied, the shell passes name as the zeroth +argument to command. +If command +cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, +unless the execfail shell option +is enabled. In that case, it returns failure. +An interactive shell returns failure if the file cannot be executed. +A subshell exits unconditionally if exec fails. +If no command is specified, redirections may be used to affect +the current shell environment. If there are no redirection errors, the +return status is zero; otherwise the return status is non-zero. +

+
+
exit
+
+
exit [n]
+
+ +

Exit the shell, returning a status of n to the shell’s parent. +If n is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed. +Any trap on EXIT is executed before the shell terminates. +

+
+
export
+
+
export [-fn] [-p] [name[=value]]
+
+ +

Mark each name to be passed to child processes +in the environment. If the -f option is supplied, the names +refer to shell functions; otherwise the names refer to shell variables. +The -n option means to no longer mark each name for export. +If no names are supplied, or if the -p option is given, a +list of names of all exported variables is displayed. +The -p option displays output in a form that may be reused as input. +If a variable name is followed by =value, the value of +the variable is set to value. +

+

The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied, one of +the names is not a valid shell variable name, or -f is supplied +with a name that is not a shell function. +

+
+
getopts
+
+
getopts optstring name [arg …]
+
+ +

getopts is used by shell scripts to parse positional parameters. +optstring contains the option characters to be recognized; if a +character is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an +argument, which should be separated from it by whitespace. +The colon (‘:’) and question mark (‘?’) may not be +used as option characters. +Each time it is invoked, getopts +places the next option in the shell variable name, initializing +name if it does not exist, +and the index of the next argument to be processed into the +variable OPTIND. +OPTIND is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a shell script +is invoked. +When an option requires an argument, +getopts places that argument into the variable OPTARG. +The shell does not reset OPTIND automatically; it must be manually +reset between multiple calls to getopts within the same shell +invocation if a new set of parameters is to be used. +

+

When the end of options is encountered, getopts exits with a +return value greater than zero. +OPTIND is set to the index of the first non-option argument, +and name is set to ‘?’. +

+

getopts +normally parses the positional parameters, but if more arguments are +supplied as arg values, getopts parses those instead. +

+

getopts can report errors in two ways. If the first character of +optstring is a colon, silent +error reporting is used. In normal operation, diagnostic messages +are printed when invalid options or missing option arguments are +encountered. +If the variable OPTERR +is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed, even if the first +character of optstring is not a colon. +

+

If an invalid option is seen, +getopts places ‘?’ into name and, if not silent, +prints an error message and unsets OPTARG. +If getopts is silent, the option character found is placed in +OPTARG and no diagnostic message is printed. +

+

If a required argument is not found, and getopts +is not silent, a question mark (‘?’) is placed in name, +OPTARG is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed. +If getopts is silent, then a colon (‘:’) is placed in +name and OPTARG is set to the option character found. +

+
+
hash
+
+
hash [-r] [-p filename] [-dt] [name]
+
+ +

Each time hash is invoked, it remembers the full pathnames of the +commands specified as name arguments, +so they need not be searched for on subsequent invocations. +The commands are found by searching through the directories listed in +$PATH. +Any previously-remembered pathname is discarded. +The -p option inhibits the path search, and filename is +used as the location of name. +The -r option causes the shell to forget all remembered locations. +The -d option causes the shell to forget the remembered location +of each name. +If the -t option is supplied, the full pathname to which each +name corresponds is printed. If multiple name arguments are +supplied with -t, the name is printed before the hashed +full pathname. +The -l option causes output to be displayed in a format +that may be reused as input. +If no arguments are given, or if only -l is supplied, +information about remembered commands is printed. +The return status is zero unless a name is not found or an invalid +option is supplied. +

+
+
pwd
+
+
pwd [-LP]
+
+ +

Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. +If the -P option is supplied, the pathname printed will not +contain symbolic links. +If the -L option is supplied, the pathname printed may contain +symbolic links. +The return status is zero unless an error is encountered while +determining the name of the current directory or an invalid option +is supplied. +

+
+
readonly
+
+
readonly [-aAf] [-p] [name[=value]] …
+
+ +

Mark each name as readonly. +The values of these names may not be changed by subsequent assignment. +If the -f option is supplied, each name refers to a shell +function. +The -a option means each name refers to an indexed +array variable; the -A option means each name refers +to an associative array variable. +If both options are supplied, -A takes precedence. +If no name arguments are given, or if the -p +option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed. +The other options may be used to restrict the output to a subset of +the set of readonly names. +The -p option causes output to be displayed in a format that +may be reused as input. +If a variable name is followed by =value, the value of +the variable is set to value. +The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied, one of +the name arguments is not a valid shell variable or function name, +or the -f option is supplied with a name that is not a shell function. +

+
+
return
+
+
return [n]
+
+ +

Cause a shell function to stop executing and return the value n +to its caller. +If n is not supplied, the return value is the exit status of the +last command executed in the function. +If return is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to +determine the status is the last command executed before the trap handler. +If return is executed during a DEBUG trap, the last command +used to determine the status is the last command executed by the trap +handler before return was invoked. +return may also be used to terminate execution of a script +being executed with the . (source) builtin, +returning either n or +the exit status of the last command executed within the script as the exit +status of the script. +If n is supplied, the return value is its least significant +8 bits. +Any command associated with the RETURN trap is executed +before execution resumes after the function or script. +The return status is non-zero if return is supplied a non-numeric +argument or is used outside a function +and not during the execution of a script by . or source. +

+
+
shift
+
+
shift [n]
+
+ +

Shift the positional parameters to the left by n. +The positional parameters from n+1 … $# are +renamed to $1 … $#-n. +Parameters represented by the numbers $# down to $#-n+1 +are unset. +n must be a non-negative number less than or equal to $#. +If n is zero or greater than $#, the positional parameters +are not changed. +If n is not supplied, it is assumed to be 1. +The return status is zero unless n is greater than $# or +less than zero, non-zero otherwise. +

+
+
test
+
[
+
+
+
test expr
+
+ +

Evaluate a conditional expression expr and return a status of 0 +(true) or 1 (false). +Each operator and operand must be a separate argument. +Expressions are composed of the primaries described below in +Bash Conditional Expressions. +test does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore +an argument of -- as signifying the end of options. +

+

When the [ form is used, the last argument to the command must +be a ]. +

+

Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed in +decreasing order of precedence. +The evaluation depends on the number of arguments; see below. +Operator precedence is used when there are five or more arguments. +

+
+
! expr
+

True if expr is false. +

+
+
( expr )
+

Returns the value of expr. +This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators. +

+
+
expr1 -a expr2
+

True if both expr1 and expr2 are true. +

+
+
expr1 -o expr2
+

True if either expr1 or expr2 is true. +

+
+ +

The test and [ builtins evaluate conditional +expressions using a set of rules based on the number of arguments. +

+
+
0 arguments
+

The expression is false. +

+
+
1 argument
+

The expression is true if, and only if, the argument is not null. +

+
+
2 arguments
+

If the first argument is ‘!’, the expression is true if and +only if the second argument is null. +If the first argument is one of the unary conditional operators +(see Bash Conditional Expressions), the expression +is true if the unary test is true. +If the first argument is not a valid unary operator, the expression is +false. +

+
+
3 arguments
+

The following conditions are applied in the order listed. +

+
    +
  1. If the second argument is one of the binary conditional +operators (see Bash Conditional Expressions), the +result of the expression is the result of the binary test using the +first and third arguments as operands. +The ‘-a’ and ‘-o’ operators are considered binary operators +when there are three arguments. +
  2. If the first argument is ‘!’, the value is the negation of +the two-argument test using the second and third arguments. +
  3. If the first argument is exactly ‘(’ and the third argument is +exactly ‘)’, the result is the one-argument test of the second +argument. +
  4. Otherwise, the expression is false. +
+ +
+
4 arguments
+

The following conditions are applied in the order listed. +

+
    +
  1. If the first argument is ‘!’, the result is the negation of +the three-argument expression composed of the remaining arguments. +
  2. If the first argument is exactly ‘(’ and the fourth argument is +exactly ‘)’, the result is the two-argument test of the second +and third arguments. +
  3. Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated according to +precedence using the rules listed above. +
+ +
+
5 or more arguments
+

The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence +using the rules listed above. +

+
+ +

When used with test or ‘[’, the ‘<’ and ‘>’ +operators sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering. +

+
+
times
+
+
times
+
+ +

Print out the user and system times used by the shell and its children. +The return status is zero. +

+
+
trap
+
+
trap [-lp] [arg] [sigspec …]
+
+ +

The commands in arg are to be read and executed when the +shell receives signal sigspec. If arg is absent (and +there is a single sigspec) or +equal to ‘-’, each specified signal’s disposition is reset +to the value it had when the shell was started. +If arg is the null string, then the signal specified by +each sigspec is ignored by the shell and commands it invokes. +If arg is not present and -p has been supplied, +the shell displays the trap commands associated with each sigspec. +If no arguments are supplied, or +only -p is given, trap prints the list of commands +associated with each signal number in a form that may be reused as +shell input. +The -l option causes the shell to print a list of signal names +and their corresponding numbers. +Each sigspec is either a signal name or a signal number. +Signal names are case insensitive and the SIG prefix is optional. +

+

If a sigspec +is 0 or EXIT, arg is executed when the shell exits. +If a sigspec is DEBUG, the command arg is executed +before every simple command, for command, case command, +select command, every arithmetic for command, and before +the first command executes in a shell function. +Refer to the description of the extdebug option to the +shopt builtin (see The Shopt Builtin) for details of its +effect on the DEBUG trap. +If a sigspec is RETURN, the command arg is executed +each time a shell function or a script executed with the . or +source builtins finishes executing. +

+

If a sigspec is ERR, the command arg +is executed whenever +a pipeline (which may consist of a single simple +command), a list, or a compound command returns a +non-zero exit status, +subject to the following conditions. +The ERR trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the +command list immediately following an until or while keyword, +part of the test following the if or elif reserved words, +part of a command executed in a && or || list +except the command following the final && or ||, +any command in a pipeline but the last, +or if the command’s return +status is being inverted using !. +These are the same conditions obeyed by the errexit (-e) +option. +

+

Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset. +Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their original +values in a subshell or subshell environment when one is created. +

+

The return status is zero unless a sigspec does not specify a +valid signal. +

+
+
umask
+
+
umask [-p] [-S] [mode]
+
+ +

Set the shell process’s file creation mask to mode. If +mode begins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; +if not, it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar +to that accepted by the chmod command. If mode is +omitted, the current value of the mask is printed. If the -S +option is supplied without a mode argument, the mask is printed +in a symbolic format. +If the -p option is supplied, and mode +is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input. +The return status is zero if the mode is successfully changed or if +no mode argument is supplied, and non-zero otherwise. +

+

Note that when the mode is interpreted as an octal number, each number +of the umask is subtracted from 7. Thus, a umask of 022 +results in permissions of 755. +

+
+
unset
+
+
unset [-fnv] [name]
+
+ +

Remove each variable or function name. +If the -v option is given, each +name refers to a shell variable and that variable is removed. +If the -f option is given, the names refer to shell +functions, and the function definition is removed. +If the -n option is supplied, and name is a variable with +the nameref attribute, name will be unset rather than the +variable it references. +-n has no effect if the -f option is supplied. +If no options are supplied, each name refers to a variable; if +there is no variable by that name, a function with that name, if any, is +unset. +Readonly variables and functions may not be unset. +Some shell variables lose their special behavior if they are unset; such +behavior is noted in the description of the individual variables. +The return status is zero unless a name is readonly or may not be unset. +

+
+ +
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Shell Builtin Commands   [Contents][Index]

+
+

4.2 Bash Builtin Commands

+ +

This section describes builtin commands which are unique to +or have been extended in Bash. +Some of these commands are specified in the POSIX standard. +

+
+
alias
+
+
alias [-p] [name[=value] …]
+
+ +

Without arguments or with the -p option, alias prints +the list of aliases on the standard output in a form that allows +them to be reused as input. +If arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each name +whose value is given. If no value is given, the name +and value of the alias is printed. +Aliases are described in Aliases. +

+
+
bind
+
+
bind [-m keymap] [-lpsvPSVX]
+bind [-m keymap] [-q function] [-u function] [-r keyseq]
+bind [-m keymap] -f filename
+bind [-m keymap] -x keyseq:shell-command
+bind [-m keymap] keyseq:function-name
+bind [-m keymap] keyseq:readline-command
+bind readline-command-line
+
+ +

Display current Readline (see Command Line Editing) +key and function bindings, +bind a key sequence to a Readline function or macro, +or set a Readline variable. +Each non-option argument is a command as it would appear in a +Readline initialization file (see Readline Init File), +but each binding or command must be passed as a separate argument; e.g., +‘"\C-x\C-r":re-read-init-file’. +

+

Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: +

+
+
-m keymap
+

Use keymap as the keymap to be affected by +the subsequent bindings. Acceptable keymap +names are +emacs, +emacs-standard, +emacs-meta, +emacs-ctlx, +vi, +vi-move, +vi-command, and +vi-insert. +vi is equivalent to vi-command (vi-move is also a +synonym); emacs is equivalent to emacs-standard. +

+
+
-l
+

List the names of all Readline functions. +

+
+
-p
+

Display Readline function names and bindings in such a way that they +can be used as input or in a Readline initialization file. +

+
+
-P
+

List current Readline function names and bindings. +

+
+
-v
+

Display Readline variable names and values in such a way that they +can be used as input or in a Readline initialization file. +

+
+
-V
+

List current Readline variable names and values. +

+
+
-s
+

Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output +in such a way that they can be used as input or in a Readline +initialization file. +

+
+
-S
+

Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output. +

+
+
-f filename
+

Read key bindings from filename. +

+
+
-q function
+

Query about which keys invoke the named function. +

+
+
-u function
+

Unbind all keys bound to the named function. +

+
+
-r keyseq
+

Remove any current binding for keyseq. +

+
+
-x keyseq:shell-command
+

Cause shell-command to be executed whenever keyseq is +entered. +When shell-command is executed, the shell sets the +READLINE_LINE variable to the contents of the Readline line +buffer and the READLINE_POINT and READLINE_MARK variables +to the current location of the insertion point and the saved insertion +point (the mark), respectively. +The shell assigns any numeric argument the user supplied to the +READLINE_ARGUMENT variable. +If there was no argument, that variable is not set. +If the executed command changes the value of any of READLINE_LINE, +READLINE_POINT, or READLINE_MARK, those new values will be +reflected in the editing state. +

+
+
-X
+

List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the associated commands +in a format that can be reused as input. +

+
+ +

The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied or an +error occurs. +

+
+
builtin
+
+
builtin [shell-builtin [args]]
+
+ +

Run a shell builtin, passing it args, and return its exit status. +This is useful when defining a shell function with the same +name as a shell builtin, retaining the functionality of the builtin within +the function. +The return status is non-zero if shell-builtin is not a shell +builtin command. +

+
+
caller
+
+
caller [expr]
+
+ +

Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function or +a script executed with the . or source builtins). +

+

Without expr, caller displays the line number and source +filename of the current subroutine call. +If a non-negative integer is supplied as expr, caller +displays the line number, subroutine name, and source file corresponding +to that position in the current execution call stack. This extra +information may be used, for example, to print a stack trace. The +current frame is frame 0. +

+

The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a subroutine +call or expr does not correspond to a valid position in the +call stack. +

+
+
command
+
+
command [-pVv] command [arguments …]
+
+ +

Runs command with arguments ignoring any shell function +named command. +Only shell builtin commands or commands found by searching the +PATH are executed. +If there is a shell function named ls, running ‘command ls’ +within the function will execute the external command ls +instead of calling the function recursively. +The -p option means to use a default value for PATH +that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities. +The return status in this case is 127 if command cannot be +found or an error occurred, and the exit status of command +otherwise. +

+

If either the -V or -v option is supplied, a +description of command is printed. The -v option +causes a single word indicating the command or file name used to +invoke command to be displayed; the -V option produces +a more verbose description. In this case, the return status is +zero if command is found, and non-zero if not. +

+
+
declare
+
+
declare [-aAfFgiIlnrtux] [-p] [name[=value] …]
+
+ +

Declare variables and give them attributes. If no names +are given, then display the values of variables instead. +

+

The -p option will display the attributes and values of each +name. +When -p is used with name arguments, additional options, +other than -f and -F, are ignored. +

+

When -p is supplied without name arguments, declare +will display the attributes and values of all variables having the +attributes specified by the additional options. +If no other options are supplied with -p, declare will +display the attributes and values of all shell variables. The -f +option will restrict the display to shell functions. +

+

The -F option inhibits the display of function definitions; +only the function name and attributes are printed. +If the extdebug shell option is enabled using shopt +(see The Shopt Builtin), the source file name and line number where +each name is defined are displayed as well. +-F implies -f. +

+

The -g option forces variables to be created or modified at +the global scope, even when declare is executed in a shell function. +It is ignored in all other cases. +

+

The -I option causes local variables to inherit the attributes +(except the nameref attribute) +and value of any existing variable with the same +name at a surrounding scope. +If there is no existing variable, the local variable is initially unset. +

+

The following options can be used to restrict output to variables with +the specified attributes or to give variables attributes: +

+
+
-a
+

Each name is an indexed array variable (see Arrays). +

+
+
-A
+

Each name is an associative array variable (see Arrays). +

+
+
-f
+

Use function names only. +

+
+
-i
+

The variable is to be treated as +an integer; arithmetic evaluation (see Shell Arithmetic) is +performed when the variable is assigned a value. +

+
+
-l
+

When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case characters are +converted to lower-case. +The upper-case attribute is disabled. +

+
+
-n
+

Give each name the nameref attribute, making +it a name reference to another variable. +That other variable is defined by the value of name. +All references, assignments, and attribute modifications +to name, except for those using or changing the +-n attribute itself, are performed on the variable referenced by +name’s value. +The nameref attribute cannot be applied to array variables. +

+
+
-r
+

Make names readonly. These names cannot then be assigned values +by subsequent assignment statements or unset. +

+
+
-t
+

Give each name the trace attribute. +Traced functions inherit the DEBUG and RETURN traps from +the calling shell. +The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables. +

+
+
-u
+

When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case characters are +converted to upper-case. +The lower-case attribute is disabled. +

+
+
-x
+

Mark each name for export to subsequent commands via +the environment. +

+
+ +

Using ‘+’ instead of ‘-’ turns off the attribute instead, +with the exceptions that ‘+a’ and ‘+A’ +may not be used to destroy array variables and ‘+r’ will not +remove the readonly attribute. +When used in a function, declare makes each name local, +as with the local command, unless the -g option is used. +If a variable name is followed by =value, the value of the variable +is set to value. +

+

When using -a or -A and the compound assignment syntax to +create array variables, additional attributes do not take effect until +subsequent assignments. +

+

The return status is zero unless an invalid option is encountered, +an attempt is made to define a function using ‘-f foo=bar’, +an attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable, +an attempt is made to assign a value to an array variable without +using the compound assignment syntax (see Arrays), +one of the names is not a valid shell variable name, +an attempt is made to turn off readonly status for a readonly variable, +an attempt is made to turn off array status for an array variable, +or an attempt is made to display a non-existent function with -f. +

+
+
echo
+
+
echo [-neE] [arg …]
+
+ +

Output the args, separated by spaces, terminated with a +newline. +The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. +If -n is specified, the trailing newline is suppressed. +If the -e option is given, interpretation of the following +backslash-escaped characters is enabled. +The -E option disables the interpretation of these escape characters, +even on systems where they are interpreted by default. +The xpg_echo shell option may be used to +dynamically determine whether or not echo expands these +escape characters by default. +echo does not interpret -- to mean the end of options. +

+

echo interprets the following escape sequences: +

+
\a
+

alert (bell) +

+
\b
+

backspace +

+
\c
+

suppress further output +

+
\e
+
\E
+

escape +

+
\f
+

form feed +

+
\n
+

new line +

+
\r
+

carriage return +

+
\t
+

horizontal tab +

+
\v
+

vertical tab +

+
\\
+

backslash +

+
\0nnn
+

the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value nnn +(zero to three octal digits) +

+
\xHH
+

the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH +(one or two hex digits) +

+
\uHHHH
+

the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value +HHHH (one to four hex digits) +

+
\UHHHHHHHH
+

the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value +HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits) +

+
+ +
+
enable
+
+
enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f filename] [name …]
+
+ +

Enable and disable builtin shell commands. +Disabling a builtin allows a disk command which has the same name +as a shell builtin to be executed without specifying a full pathname, +even though the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. +If -n is used, the names become disabled. Otherwise +names are enabled. For example, to use the test binary +found via $PATH instead of the shell builtin version, type +‘enable -n test’. +

+

If the -p option is supplied, or no name arguments appear, +a list of shell builtins is printed. With no other arguments, the list +consists of all enabled shell builtins. +The -a option means to list +each builtin with an indication of whether or not it is enabled. +

+

The -f option means to load the new builtin command name +from shared object filename, on systems that support dynamic loading. +Bash will use the value of the BASH_LOADABLES_PATH variable as a +colon-separated list of directories in which to search for filename. +The default is system-dependent. +The -d option will delete a builtin loaded with -f. +

+

If there are no options, a list of the shell builtins is displayed. +The -s option restricts enable to the POSIX special +builtins. If -s is used with -f, the new builtin becomes +a special builtin (see Special Builtins). +

+

If no options are supplied and a name is not a shell builtin, +enable will attempt to load name from a shared object named +name, as if the command were +‘enable -f name name’. +

+

The return status is zero unless a name is not a shell builtin +or there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object. +

+
+
help
+
+
help [-dms] [pattern]
+
+ +

Display helpful information about builtin commands. +If pattern is specified, help gives detailed help +on all commands matching pattern, otherwise a list of +the builtins is printed. +

+

Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: +

+
+
-d
+

Display a short description of each pattern +

+
-m
+

Display the description of each pattern in a manpage-like format +

+
-s
+

Display only a short usage synopsis for each pattern +

+
+ +

The return status is zero unless no command matches pattern. +

+
+
let
+
+
let expression [expression …]
+
+ +

The let builtin allows arithmetic to be performed on shell +variables. Each expression is evaluated according to the +rules given below in Shell Arithmetic. If the +last expression evaluates to 0, let returns 1; +otherwise 0 is returned. +

+
+
local
+
+
local [option] name[=value] …
+
+ +

For each argument, a local variable named name is created, +and assigned value. +The option can be any of the options accepted by declare. +local can only be used within a function; it makes the variable +name have a visible scope restricted to that function and its +children. +If name is ‘-’, the set of shell options is made local to the +function in which local is invoked: shell options changed using +the set builtin inside the function are restored to their original +values when the function returns. +The restore is effected as if a series of set commands were executed +to restore the values that were in place before the function. +The return status is zero unless local is used outside +a function, an invalid name is supplied, or name is a +readonly variable. +

+
+
logout
+
+
logout [n]
+
+ +

Exit a login shell, returning a status of n to the shell’s +parent. +

+
+
mapfile
+
+
mapfile [-d delim] [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count]
+    [-t] [-u fd] [-C callback] [-c quantum] [array]
+
+ +

Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable array, +or from file descriptor fd +if the -u option is supplied. +The variable MAPFILE is the default array. +Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: +

+
+
-d
+

The first character of delim is used to terminate each input line, +rather than newline. +If delim is the empty string, mapfile will terminate a line +when it reads a NUL character. +

+
-n
+

Copy at most count lines. If count is 0, all lines are copied. +

+
-O
+

Begin assigning to array at index origin. +The default index is 0. +

+
-s
+

Discard the first count lines read. +

+
-t
+

Remove a trailing delim (default newline) from each line read. +

+
-u
+

Read lines from file descriptor fd instead of the standard input. +

+
-C
+

Evaluate callback each time quantum lines are read. +The -c option specifies quantum. +

+
-c
+

Specify the number of lines read between each call to callback. +

+
+ +

If -C is specified without -c, +the default quantum is 5000. +When callback is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next +array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that element +as additional arguments. +callback is evaluated after the line is read but before the +array element is assigned. +

+

If not supplied with an explicit origin, mapfile will clear array +before assigning to it. +

+

mapfile returns successfully unless an invalid option or option +argument is supplied, array is invalid or unassignable, or array +is not an indexed array. +

+
+
printf
+
+
printf [-v var] format [arguments]
+
+ +

Write the formatted arguments to the standard output under the +control of the format. +The -v option causes the output to be assigned to the variable +var rather than being printed to the standard output. +

+

The format is a character string which contains three types of objects: +plain characters, which are simply copied to standard output, character +escape sequences, which are converted and copied to the standard output, and +format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive +argument. +In addition to the standard printf(1) formats, printf +interprets the following extensions: +

+
+
%b
+

Causes printf to expand backslash escape sequences in the +corresponding argument in the same way as echo -e +(see Bash Builtin Commands). +

+
%q
+

Causes printf to output the +corresponding argument in a format that can be reused as shell input. +

+
%Q
+

like %q, but applies any supplied precision to the argument +before quoting it. +

+
%(datefmt)T
+

Causes printf to output the date-time string resulting from using +datefmt as a format string for strftime(3). +The corresponding argument is an integer representing the number of +seconds since the epoch. +Two special argument values may be used: -1 represents the current +time, and -2 represents the time the shell was invoked. +If no argument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had been given. +This is an exception to the usual printf behavior. +

+
+ +

The %b, %q, and %T directives all use the field width and precision +arguments from the format specification and write that many bytes from +(or use that wide a field for) the expanded argument, which usually +contains more characters than the original. +

+

Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C language constants, +except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and if the leading +character is a single or double quote, the value is the ASCII value of +the following character. +

+

The format is reused as necessary to consume all of the arguments. +If the format requires more arguments than are supplied, the +extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or null string, as +appropriate, had been supplied. The return value is zero on success, +non-zero on failure. +

+
+
read
+
+
read [-ers] [-a aname] [-d delim] [-i text] [-n nchars]
+    [-N nchars] [-p prompt] [-t timeout] [-u fd] [name …]
+
+ +

One line is read from the standard input, or from the file descriptor +fd supplied as an argument to the -u option, +split into words as described above in Word Splitting, +and the first word +is assigned to the first name, the second word to the second name, +and so on. +If there are more words than names, +the remaining words and their intervening delimiters are assigned +to the last name. +If there are fewer words read from the input stream than names, +the remaining names are assigned empty values. +The characters in the value of the IFS variable +are used to split the line into words using the same rules the shell +uses for expansion (described above in Word Splitting). +The backslash character ‘\’ may be used to remove any special +meaning for the next character read and for line continuation. +

+

Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: +

+
+
-a aname
+

The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array variable +aname, starting at 0. +All elements are removed from aname before the assignment. +Other name arguments are ignored. +

+
+
-d delim
+

The first character of delim is used to terminate the input line, +rather than newline. +If delim is the empty string, read will terminate a line +when it reads a NUL character. +

+
+
-e
+

Readline (see Command Line Editing) is used to obtain the line. +Readline uses the current (or default, if line editing was not previously +active) editing settings, but uses Readline’s default filename completion. +

+
+
-i text
+

If Readline is being used to read the line, text is placed into +the editing buffer before editing begins. +

+
+
-n nchars
+

read returns after reading nchars characters rather than +waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delimiter if fewer +than nchars characters are read before the delimiter. +

+
+
-N nchars
+

read returns after reading exactly nchars characters rather +than waiting for a complete line of input, unless EOF is encountered or +read times out. +Delimiter characters encountered in the input are +not treated specially and do not cause read to return until +nchars characters are read. +The result is not split on the characters in IFS; the intent is +that the variable is assigned exactly the characters read +(with the exception of backslash; see the -r option below). +

+
+
-p prompt
+

Display prompt, without a trailing newline, before attempting +to read any input. +The prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal. +

+
+
-r
+

If this option is given, backslash does not act as an escape character. +The backslash is considered to be part of the line. +In particular, a backslash-newline pair may not then be used as a line +continuation. +

+
+
-s
+

Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, characters are +not echoed. +

+
+
-t timeout
+

Cause read to time out and return failure if a complete line of +input (or a specified number of characters) +is not read within timeout seconds. +timeout may be a decimal number with a fractional portion following +the decimal point. +This option is only effective if read is reading input from a +terminal, pipe, or other special file; it has no effect when reading +from regular files. +If read times out, read saves any partial input read into +the specified variable name. +If timeout is 0, read returns immediately, without trying to +read any data. +The exit status is 0 if input is available on the specified file descriptor, +or the read will return EOF, +non-zero otherwise. +The exit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded. +

+
+
-u fd
+

Read input from file descriptor fd. +

+
+ +

If no names are supplied, the line read, +without the ending delimiter but otherwise unmodified, +is assigned to the +variable REPLY. +The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, read +times out (in which case the status is greater than 128), +a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a readonly variable) occurs, +or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to -u. +

+
+
readarray
+
+
readarray [-d delim] [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count]
+    [-t] [-u fd] [-C callback] [-c quantum] [array]
+
+ +

Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable array, +or from file descriptor fd +if the -u option is supplied. +

+

A synonym for mapfile. +

+
+
source
+
+
source filename
+
+ +

A synonym for . (see Bourne Shell Builtins). +

+
+
type
+
+
type [-afptP] [name …]
+
+ +

For each name, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a +command name. +

+

If the -t option is used, type prints a single word +which is one of ‘alias’, ‘function’, ‘builtin’, +‘file’ or ‘keyword’, +if name is an alias, shell function, shell builtin, +disk file, or shell reserved word, respectively. +If the name is not found, then nothing is printed, and +type returns a failure status. +

+

If the -p option is used, type either returns the name +of the disk file that would be executed, or nothing if -t +would not return ‘file’. +

+

The -P option forces a path search for each name, even if +-t would not return ‘file’. +

+

If a command is hashed, -p and -P print the hashed value, +which is not necessarily the file that appears first in $PATH. +

+

If the -a option is used, type returns all of the places +that contain an executable named file. +This includes aliases and functions, if and only if the -p option +is not also used. +

+

If the -f option is used, type does not attempt to find +shell functions, as with the command builtin. +

+

The return status is zero if all of the names are found, non-zero +if any are not found. +

+
+
typeset
+
+
typeset [-afFgrxilnrtux] [-p] [name[=value] …]
+
+ +

The typeset command is supplied for compatibility with the Korn +shell. +It is a synonym for the declare builtin command. +

+
+
ulimit
+
+
ulimit [-HS] -a
+ulimit [-HS] [-bcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPRT] [limit]
+
+ +

ulimit provides control over the resources available to processes +started by the shell, on systems that allow such control. If an +option is given, it is interpreted as follows: +

+
+
-S
+

Change and report the soft limit associated with a resource. +

+
+
-H
+

Change and report the hard limit associated with a resource. +

+
+
-a
+

All current limits are reported; no limits are set. +

+
+
-b
+

The maximum socket buffer size. +

+
+
-c
+

The maximum size of core files created. +

+
+
-d
+

The maximum size of a process’s data segment. +

+
+
-e
+

The maximum scheduling priority ("nice"). +

+
+
-f
+

The maximum size of files written by the shell and its children. +

+
+
-i
+

The maximum number of pending signals. +

+
+
-k
+

The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated. +

+
+
-l
+

The maximum size that may be locked into memory. +

+
+
-m
+

The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this limit). +

+
+
-n
+

The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do not +allow this value to be set). +

+
+
-p
+

The pipe buffer size. +

+
+
-q
+

The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues. +

+
+
-r
+

The maximum real-time scheduling priority. +

+
+
-s
+

The maximum stack size. +

+
+
-t
+

The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds. +

+
+
-u
+

The maximum number of processes available to a single user. +

+
+
-v
+

The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell, and, on +some systems, to its children. +

+
+
-x
+

The maximum number of file locks. +

+
+
-P
+

The maximum number of pseudoterminals. +

+
+
-R
+

The maximum time a real-time process can run before blocking, in microseconds. +

+
+
-T
+

The maximum number of threads. +

+
+ +

If limit is given, and the -a option is not used, +limit is the new value of the specified resource. +The special limit values hard, soft, and +unlimited stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit, +and no limit, respectively. +A hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; +a soft limit may be increased up to the value of the hard limit. +Otherwise, the current value of the soft limit for the specified resource +is printed, unless the -H option is supplied. +When more than one +resource is specified, the limit name and unit, if appropriate, +are printed before the value. +When setting new limits, if neither -H nor -S is supplied, +both the hard and soft limits are set. +If no option is given, then -f is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte +increments, except for +-t, which is in seconds; +-R, which is in microseconds; +-p, which is in units of 512-byte blocks; +-P, +-T, +-b, +-k, +-n and -u, which are unscaled values; +and, when in POSIX Mode (see Bash POSIX Mode), +-c and -f, which are in 512-byte increments. +

+

The return status is zero unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, +or an error occurs while setting a new limit. +

+
+
unalias
+
+
unalias [-a] [name … ]
+
+ +

Remove each name from the list of aliases. If -a is +supplied, all aliases are removed. +Aliases are described in Aliases. +

+
+ +
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Shell Builtin Commands   [Contents][Index]

+
+

4.3 Modifying Shell Behavior

+ + + +
+
+
+

+Next: , Up: Modifying Shell Behavior   [Contents][Index]

+
+

4.3.1 The Set Builtin

+ +

This builtin is so complicated that it deserves its own section. set +allows you to change the values of shell options and set the positional +parameters, or to display the names and values of shell variables. +

+
+
set
+
+
set [-abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [-o option-name] [--] [-] [argument …]
+set [+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [+o option-name] [--] [-] [argument …]
+
+ +

If no options or arguments are supplied, set displays the names +and values of all shell variables and functions, sorted according to the +current locale, in a format that may be reused as input +for setting or resetting the currently-set variables. +Read-only variables cannot be reset. +In POSIX mode, only shell variables are listed. +

+

When options are supplied, they set or unset shell attributes. +Options, if specified, have the following meanings: +

+
+
-a
+

Each variable or function that is created or modified is given the +export attribute and marked for export to the environment of +subsequent commands. +

+
+
-b
+

Cause the status of terminated background jobs to be reported +immediately, rather than before printing the next primary prompt. +

+
+
-e
+

Exit immediately if +a pipeline (see Pipelines), which may consist of a single simple command +(see Simple Commands), +a list (see Lists of Commands), +or a compound command (see Compound Commands) +returns a non-zero status. +The shell does not exit if the command that fails is part of the +command list immediately following a while or until keyword, +part of the test in an if statement, +part of any command executed in a && or || list except +the command following the final && or ||, +any command in a pipeline but the last, +or if the command’s return status is being inverted with !. +If a compound command other than a subshell +returns a non-zero status because a command failed +while -e was being ignored, the shell does not exit. +A trap on ERR, if set, is executed before the shell exits. +

+

This option applies to the shell environment and each subshell environment +separately (see Command Execution Environment), and may cause +subshells to exit before executing all the commands in the subshell. +

+

If a compound command or shell function executes in a context where +-e is being ignored, +none of the commands executed within the compound command or function body +will be affected by the -e setting, even if -e is set +and a command returns a failure status. +If a compound command or shell function sets -e while executing in +a context where -e is ignored, that setting will not have any +effect until the compound command or the command containing the function +call completes. +

+
+
-f
+

Disable filename expansion (globbing). +

+
+
-h
+

Locate and remember (hash) commands as they are looked up for execution. +This option is enabled by default. +

+
+
-k
+

All arguments in the form of assignment statements are placed +in the environment for a command, not just those that precede +the command name. +

+
+
-m
+

Job control is enabled (see Job Control). +All processes run in a separate process group. +When a background job completes, the shell prints a line +containing its exit status. +

+
+
-n
+

Read commands but do not execute them. +This may be used to check a script for syntax errors. +This option is ignored by interactive shells. +

+
+
-o option-name
+
+

Set the option corresponding to option-name: +

+
+
allexport
+

Same as -a. +

+
+
braceexpand
+

Same as -B. +

+
+
emacs
+

Use an emacs-style line editing interface (see Command Line Editing). +This also affects the editing interface used for read -e. +

+
+
errexit
+

Same as -e. +

+
+
errtrace
+

Same as -E. +

+
+
functrace
+

Same as -T. +

+
+
hashall
+

Same as -h. +

+
+
histexpand
+

Same as -H. +

+
+
history
+

Enable command history, as described in Bash History Facilities. +This option is on by default in interactive shells. +

+
+
ignoreeof
+

An interactive shell will not exit upon reading EOF. +

+
+
keyword
+

Same as -k. +

+
+
monitor
+

Same as -m. +

+
+
noclobber
+

Same as -C. +

+
+
noexec
+

Same as -n. +

+
+
noglob
+

Same as -f. +

+
+
nolog
+

Currently ignored. +

+
+
notify
+

Same as -b. +

+
+
nounset
+

Same as -u. +

+
+
onecmd
+

Same as -t. +

+
+
physical
+

Same as -P. +

+
+
pipefail
+

If set, the return value of a pipeline is the value of the last +(rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all +commands in the pipeline exit successfully. +This option is disabled by default. +

+
+
posix
+

Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation differs +from the POSIX standard to match the standard +(see Bash POSIX Mode). +This is intended to make Bash behave as a strict superset of that +standard. +

+
+
privileged
+

Same as -p. +

+
+
verbose
+

Same as -v. +

+
+
vi
+

Use a vi-style line editing interface. +This also affects the editing interface used for read -e. +

+
+
xtrace
+

Same as -x. +

+
+ +
+
-p
+

Turn on privileged mode. +In this mode, the $BASH_ENV and $ENV files are not +processed, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, +and the SHELLOPTS, BASHOPTS, CDPATH and GLOBIGNORE +variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored. +If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the +real user (group) id, and the -p option is not supplied, these actions +are taken and the effective user id is set to the real user id. +If the -p option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is +not reset. +Turning this option off causes the effective user +and group ids to be set to the real user and group ids. +

+
+
-r
+

Enable restricted shell mode. +This option cannot be unset once it has been set. +

+
+
-t
+

Exit after reading and executing one command. +

+
+
-u
+

Treat unset variables and parameters other than the special parameters +‘@’ or ‘*’, +or array variables subscripted with ‘@’ or ‘*’, +as an error when performing parameter expansion. +An error message will be written to the standard error, and a non-interactive +shell will exit. +

+
+
-v
+

Print shell input lines as they are read. +

+
+
-x
+

Print a trace of simple commands, for commands, case +commands, select commands, and arithmetic for commands +and their arguments or associated word lists after they are +expanded and before they are executed. The value of the PS4 +variable is expanded and the resultant value is printed before +the command and its expanded arguments. +

+
+
-B
+

The shell will perform brace expansion (see Brace Expansion). +This option is on by default. +

+
+
-C
+

Prevent output redirection using ‘>’, ‘>&’, and ‘<>’ +from overwriting existing files. +

+
+
-E
+

If set, any trap on ERR is inherited by shell functions, command +substitutions, and commands executed in a subshell environment. +The ERR trap is normally not inherited in such cases. +

+
+
-H
+

Enable ‘!’ style history substitution (see History Expansion). +This option is on by default for interactive shells. +

+
+
-P
+

If set, do not resolve symbolic links when performing commands such as +cd which change the current directory. The physical directory +is used instead. By default, Bash follows +the logical chain of directories when performing commands +which change the current directory. +

+

For example, if /usr/sys is a symbolic link to /usr/local/sys +then: +

+
$ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD
+/usr/sys
+$ cd ..; pwd
+/usr
+
+ +

If set -P is on, then: +

+
$ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD
+/usr/local/sys
+$ cd ..; pwd
+/usr/local
+
+ +
+
-T
+

If set, any trap on DEBUG and RETURN are inherited by +shell functions, command substitutions, and commands executed +in a subshell environment. +The DEBUG and RETURN traps are normally not inherited +in such cases. +

+
+
--
+

If no arguments follow this option, then the positional parameters are +unset. Otherwise, the positional parameters are set to the +arguments, even if some of them begin with a ‘-’. +

+
+
-
+

Signal the end of options, cause all remaining arguments +to be assigned to the positional parameters. The -x +and -v options are turned off. +If there are no arguments, the positional parameters remain unchanged. +

+
+ +

Using ‘+’ rather than ‘-’ causes these options to be +turned off. The options can also be used upon invocation of the +shell. The current set of options may be found in $-. +

+

The remaining N arguments are positional parameters and are +assigned, in order, to $1, $2, … $N. +The special parameter # is set to N. +

+

The return status is always zero unless an invalid option is supplied. +

+
+ +
+
+
+
+

+Previous: , Up: Modifying Shell Behavior   [Contents][Index]

+
+

4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin

+ +

This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior. +

+
+
shopt
+
+
shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [optname …]
+
+ +

Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behavior. +The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the +-o option is used, those available with the -o +option to the set builtin command (see The Set Builtin). +With no options, or with the -p option, a list of all settable +options is displayed, with an indication of whether or not each is set; +if optnames are supplied, the output is restricted to those options. +The -p option causes output to be displayed in a form that +may be reused as input. +Other options have the following meanings: +

+
+
-s
+

Enable (set) each optname. +

+
+
-u
+

Disable (unset) each optname. +

+
+
-q
+

Suppresses normal output; the return status +indicates whether the optname is set or unset. +If multiple optname arguments are given with -q, +the return status is zero if all optnames are enabled; +non-zero otherwise. +

+
+
-o
+

Restricts the values of +optname to be those defined for the -o option to the +set builtin (see The Set Builtin). +

+
+ +

If either -s or -u +is used with no optname arguments, shopt shows only +those options which are set or unset, respectively. +

+

Unless otherwise noted, the shopt options are disabled (off) +by default. +

+

The return status when listing options is zero if all optnames +are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting options, +the return status is zero unless an optname is not a valid shell +option. +

+

The list of shopt options is: +

+
assoc_expand_once
+

If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of associative array +subscripts during arithmetic expression evaluation, while executing +builtins that can perform variable assignments, +and while executing builtins that perform array dereferencing. +

+
+
autocd
+

If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is executed as if +it were the argument to the cd command. +This option is only used by interactive shells. +

+
+
cdable_vars
+

If this is set, an argument to the cd builtin command that +is not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable whose +value is the directory to change to. +

+
+
cdspell
+

If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a +cd command will be corrected. +The errors checked for are transposed characters, +a missing character, and a character too many. +If a correction is found, the corrected path is printed, +and the command proceeds. +This option is only used by interactive shells. +

+
+
checkhash
+

If this is set, Bash checks that a command found in the hash +table exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed command no +longer exists, a normal path search is performed. +

+
+
checkjobs
+

If set, Bash lists the status of any stopped and running jobs before +exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs are running, this causes +the exit to be deferred until a second exit is attempted without an +intervening command (see Job Control). +The shell always postpones exiting if any jobs are stopped. +

+
+
checkwinsize
+

If set, Bash checks the window size after each external (non-builtin) +command and, if necessary, updates the values of +LINES and COLUMNS. +This option is enabled by default. +

+
+
cmdhist
+

If set, Bash +attempts to save all lines of a multiple-line +command in the same history entry. This allows +easy re-editing of multi-line commands. +This option is enabled by default, but only has an effect if command +history is enabled (see Bash History Facilities). +

+
+
compat31
+
compat32
+
compat40
+
compat41
+
compat42
+
compat43
+
compat44
+

These control aspects of the shell’s compatibility mode +(see Shell Compatibility Mode). +

+
+
complete_fullquote
+

If set, Bash +quotes all shell metacharacters in filenames and directory names when +performing completion. +If not set, Bash +removes metacharacters such as the dollar sign from the set of +characters that will be quoted in completed filenames +when these metacharacters appear in shell variable references in words to be +completed. +This means that dollar signs in variable names that expand to directories +will not be quoted; +however, any dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted, either. +This is active only when bash is using backslashes to quote completed +filenames. +This variable is set by default, which is the default Bash behavior in +versions through 4.2. +

+
+
direxpand
+

If set, Bash +replaces directory names with the results of word expansion when performing +filename completion. This changes the contents of the Readline editing +buffer. +If not set, Bash attempts to preserve what the user typed. +

+
+
dirspell
+

If set, Bash +attempts spelling correction on directory names during word completion +if the directory name initially supplied does not exist. +

+
+
dotglob
+

If set, Bash includes filenames beginning with a ‘.’ in +the results of filename expansion. +The filenames ‘.’ and ‘..’ must always be matched explicitly, +even if dotglob is set. +

+
+
execfail
+

If this is set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if +it cannot execute the file specified as an argument to the exec +builtin command. An interactive shell does not exit if exec +fails. +

+
+
expand_aliases
+

If set, aliases are expanded as described below under Aliases, +Aliases. +This option is enabled by default for interactive shells. +

+
+
extdebug
+

If set at shell invocation, +or in a shell startup file, +arrange to execute the debugger profile +before the shell starts, identical to the --debugger option. +If set after invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled: +

+
    +
  1. The -F option to the declare builtin (see Bash Builtin Commands) +displays the source file name and line number corresponding to each function +name supplied as an argument. + +
  2. If the command run by the DEBUG trap returns a non-zero value, the +next command is skipped and not executed. + +
  3. If the command run by the DEBUG trap returns a value of 2, and the +shell is executing in a subroutine (a shell function or a shell script +executed by the . or source builtins), the shell simulates +a call to return. + +
  4. BASH_ARGC and BASH_ARGV are updated as described in their +descriptions (see Bash Variables). + +
  5. Function tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and +subshells invoked with ( command ) inherit the +DEBUG and RETURN traps. + +
  6. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and +subshells invoked with ( command ) inherit the +ERR trap. +
+ +
+
extglob
+

If set, the extended pattern matching features described above +(see Pattern Matching) are enabled. +

+
+
extquote
+

If set, $'string' and $"string" quoting is +performed within ${parameter} expansions +enclosed in double quotes. This option is enabled by default. +

+
+
failglob
+

If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during filename expansion +result in an expansion error. +

+
+
force_fignore
+

If set, the suffixes specified by the FIGNORE shell variable +cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even if +the ignored words are the only possible completions. +See Bash Variables, for a description of FIGNORE. +This option is enabled by default. +

+
+
globasciiranges
+

If set, range expressions used in pattern matching bracket expressions +(see Pattern Matching) +behave as if in the traditional C locale when performing +comparisons. That is, the current locale’s collating sequence +is not taken into account, so +‘b’ will not collate between ‘A’ and ‘B’, +and upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters will collate together. +

+
+
globskipdots
+

If set, filename expansion will never match the filenames +‘.’ and ‘..’, +even if the pattern begins with a ‘.’. +This option is enabled by default. +

+
+
globstar
+

If set, the pattern ‘**’ used in a filename expansion context will +match all files and zero or more directories and subdirectories. +If the pattern is followed by a ‘/’, only directories and +subdirectories match. +

+
+
gnu_errfmt
+

If set, shell error messages are written in the standard GNU error +message format. +

+
+
histappend
+

If set, the history list is appended to the file named by the value +of the HISTFILE +variable when the shell exits, rather than overwriting the file. +

+
+
histreedit
+

If set, and Readline +is being used, a user is given the opportunity to re-edit a +failed history substitution. +

+
+
histverify
+

If set, and Readline +is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately +passed to the shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded into +the Readline editing buffer, allowing further modification. +

+
+
hostcomplete
+

If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will attempt to perform +hostname completion when a word containing a ‘@’ is being +completed (see Letting Readline Type For You). This option is enabled +by default. +

+
+
huponexit
+

If set, Bash will send SIGHUP to all jobs when an interactive +login shell exits (see Signals). +

+
+
inherit_errexit
+

If set, command substitution inherits the value of the errexit option, +instead of unsetting it in the subshell environment. +This option is enabled when POSIX mode is enabled. +

+
+
interactive_comments
+

Allow a word beginning with ‘#’ +to cause that word and all remaining characters on that +line to be ignored in an interactive shell. +This option is enabled by default. +

+
+
lastpipe
+

If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the last command of +a pipeline not executed in the background in the current shell environment. +

+
+
lithist
+

If enabled, and the cmdhist +option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the history with +embedded newlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible. +

+
+
localvar_inherit
+

If set, local variables inherit the value and attributes of a variable of +the same name that exists at a previous scope before any new value is +assigned. The nameref attribute is not inherited. +

+
+
localvar_unset
+

If set, calling unset on local variables in previous function scopes +marks them so subsequent lookups find them unset until that function +returns. This is identical to the behavior of unsetting local variables +at the current function scope. +

+
+
login_shell
+

The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell +(see Invoking Bash). +The value may not be changed. +

+
+
mailwarn
+

If set, and a file that Bash is checking for mail has been +accessed since the last time it was checked, the message +"The mail in mailfile has been read" is displayed. +

+
+
no_empty_cmd_completion
+

If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will not attempt to search +the PATH for possible completions when completion is attempted +on an empty line. +

+
+
nocaseglob
+

If set, Bash matches filenames in a case-insensitive fashion when +performing filename expansion. +

+
+
nocasematch
+

If set, Bash matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion when +performing matching while executing case or [[ +conditional commands (see Conditional Constructs, +when performing pattern substitution word expansions, +or when filtering possible completions as part of programmable completion. +

+
+
noexpand_translation
+

If set, Bash +encloses the translated results of $"..." quoting in single quotes +instead of double quotes. +If the string is not translated, this has no effect. +

+
+
nullglob
+

If set, Bash allows filename patterns which match no +files to expand to a null string, rather than themselves. +

+
+
patsub_replacement
+

If set, Bash +expands occurrences of ‘&’ in the replacement string of pattern +substitution to the text matched by the pattern, as described +above (see Shell Parameter Expansion). +This option is enabled by default. +

+
+
progcomp
+

If set, the programmable completion facilities +(see Programmable Completion) are enabled. +This option is enabled by default. +

+
+
progcomp_alias
+

If set, and programmable completion is enabled, Bash treats a command +name that doesn’t have any completions as a possible alias and attempts +alias expansion. If it has an alias, Bash attempts programmable +completion using the command word resulting from the expanded alias. +

+
+
promptvars
+

If set, prompt strings undergo +parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic +expansion, and quote removal after being expanded +as described below (see Controlling the Prompt). +This option is enabled by default. +

+
+
restricted_shell
+

The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode +(see The Restricted Shell). +The value may not be changed. +This is not reset when the startup files are executed, allowing +the startup files to discover whether or not a shell is restricted. +

+
+
shift_verbose
+

If this is set, the shift +builtin prints an error message when the shift count exceeds the +number of positional parameters. +

+
+
sourcepath
+

If set, the . (source) builtin uses the value of PATH +to find the directory containing the file supplied as an argument. +This option is enabled by default. +

+
+
varredir_close
+

If set, the shell automatically closes file descriptors assigned using the +{varname} redirection syntax (see Redirections) instead of +leaving them open when the command completes. +

+
+
xpg_echo
+

If set, the echo builtin expands backslash-escape sequences +by default. +

+
+
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+

+Previous: , Up: Shell Builtin Commands   [Contents][Index]

+
+

4.4 Special Builtins

+ + +

For historical reasons, the POSIX standard has classified +several builtin commands as special. +When Bash is executing in POSIX mode, the special builtins +differ from other builtin commands in three respects: +

+
    +
  1. Special builtins are found before shell functions during command lookup. + +
  2. If a special builtin returns an error status, a non-interactive shell exits. + +
  3. Assignment statements preceding the command stay in effect in the shell +environment after the command completes. +
+ +

When Bash is not executing in POSIX mode, these builtins behave no +differently than the rest of the Bash builtin commands. +The Bash POSIX mode is described in Bash POSIX Mode. +

+

These are the POSIX special builtins: +

+
break : . continue eval exec exit export readonly return set
+shift trap unset
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Bash Features   [Contents][Index]

+
+

5 Shell Variables

+ + +

This chapter describes the shell variables that Bash uses. +Bash automatically assigns default values to a number of variables. +

+ +
+
+
+

+Next: , Up: Shell Variables   [Contents][Index]

+
+

5.1 Bourne Shell Variables

+ +

Bash uses certain shell variables in the same way as the Bourne shell. +In some cases, Bash assigns a default value to the variable. +

+
+
CDPATH
+

A colon-separated list of directories used as a search path for +the cd builtin command. +

+
+
HOME
+

The current user’s home directory; the default for the cd builtin +command. +The value of this variable is also used by tilde expansion +(see Tilde Expansion). +

+
+
IFS
+

A list of characters that separate fields; used when the shell splits +words as part of expansion. +

+
+
MAIL
+

If this parameter is set to a filename or directory name +and the MAILPATH variable +is not set, Bash informs the user of the arrival of mail in +the specified file or Maildir-format directory. +

+
+
MAILPATH
+

A colon-separated list of filenames which the shell periodically checks +for new mail. +Each list entry can specify the message that is printed when new mail +arrives in the mail file by separating the filename from the message with +a ‘?’. +When used in the text of the message, $_ expands to the name of +the current mail file. +

+
+
OPTARG
+

The value of the last option argument processed by the getopts builtin. +

+
+
OPTIND
+

The index of the last option argument processed by the getopts builtin. +

+
+
PATH
+

A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for +commands. +A zero-length (null) directory name in the value of PATH indicates the +current directory. +A null directory name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial +or trailing colon. +

+
+
PS1
+

The primary prompt string. The default value is ‘\s-\v\$ ’. +See Controlling the Prompt, for the complete list of escape +sequences that are expanded before PS1 is displayed. +

+
+
PS2
+

The secondary prompt string. The default value is ‘> ’. +PS2 is expanded in the same way as PS1 before being +displayed. +

+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+

+Previous: , Up: Shell Variables   [Contents][Index]

+
+

5.2 Bash Variables

+ +

These variables are set or used by Bash, but other shells +do not normally treat them specially. +

+

A few variables used by Bash are described in different chapters: +variables for controlling the job control facilities +(see Job Control Variables). +

+
+
_
+
+

($_, an underscore.) +At shell startup, set to the pathname used to invoke the +shell or shell script being executed as passed in the environment +or argument list. +Subsequently, expands to the last argument to the previous simple +command executed in the foreground, after expansion. +Also set to the full pathname used to invoke each command executed +and placed in the environment exported to that command. +When checking mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file. +

+
+
BASH
+

The full pathname used to execute the current instance of Bash. +

+
+
BASHOPTS
+

A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in +the list is a valid argument for the -s option to the +shopt builtin command (see The Shopt Builtin). +The options appearing in BASHOPTS are those reported +as ‘on’ by ‘shopt’. +If this variable is in the environment when Bash +starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before +reading any startup files. This variable is readonly. +

+
+
BASHPID
+

Expands to the process ID of the current Bash process. +This differs from $$ under certain circumstances, such as subshells +that do not require Bash to be re-initialized. +Assignments to BASHPID have no effect. +If BASHPID +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +

+
+
BASH_ALIASES
+

An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal +list of aliases as maintained by the alias builtin. +(see Bourne Shell Builtins). +Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; however, +unsetting array elements currently does not cause aliases to be removed +from the alias list. +If BASH_ALIASES +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +

+
+
BASH_ARGC
+

An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each +frame of the current bash execution call stack. The number of +parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or script executed +with . or source) is at the top of the stack. When a +subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed is pushed onto +BASH_ARGC. +The shell sets BASH_ARGC only when in extended debugging mode +(see The Shopt Builtin +for a description of the extdebug option to the shopt +builtin). +Setting extdebug after the shell has started to execute a script, +or referencing this variable when extdebug is not set, +may result in inconsistent values. +

+
+
BASH_ARGV
+

An array variable containing all of the parameters in the current bash +execution call stack. The final parameter of the last subroutine call +is at the top of the stack; the first parameter of the initial call is +at the bottom. When a subroutine is executed, the parameters supplied +are pushed onto BASH_ARGV. +The shell sets BASH_ARGV only when in extended debugging mode +(see The Shopt Builtin +for a description of the extdebug option to the shopt +builtin). +Setting extdebug after the shell has started to execute a script, +or referencing this variable when extdebug is not set, +may result in inconsistent values. +

+
+
BASH_ARGV0
+

When referenced, this variable expands to the name of the shell or shell +script (identical to $0; See Special Parameters, +for the description of special parameter 0). +Assignment to BASH_ARGV0 +causes the value assigned to also be assigned to $0. +If BASH_ARGV0 +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +

+
+
BASH_CMDS
+

An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal +hash table of commands as maintained by the hash builtin +(see Bourne Shell Builtins). +Elements added to this array appear in the hash table; however, +unsetting array elements currently does not cause command names to be removed +from the hash table. +If BASH_CMDS +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +

+
+
BASH_COMMAND
+

The command currently being executed or about to be executed, unless the +shell is executing a command as the result of a trap, +in which case it is the command executing at the time of the trap. +If BASH_COMMAND +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +

+
+
BASH_COMPAT
+

The value is used to set the shell’s compatibility level. +See Shell Compatibility Mode, for a description of the various +compatibility levels and their effects. +The value may be a decimal number (e.g., 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) +corresponding to the desired compatibility level. +If BASH_COMPAT is unset or set to the empty string, the compatibility +level is set to the default for the current version. +If BASH_COMPAT is set to a value that is not one of the valid +compatibility levels, the shell prints an error message and sets the +compatibility level to the default for the current version. +The valid values correspond to the compatibility levels +described below (see Shell Compatibility Mode). +For example, 4.2 and 42 are valid values that correspond +to the compat42 shopt option +and set the compatibility level to 42. +The current version is also a valid value. +

+
+
BASH_ENV
+

If this variable is set when Bash is invoked to execute a shell +script, its value is expanded and used as the name of a startup file +to read before executing the script. See Bash Startup Files. +

+
+
BASH_EXECUTION_STRING
+

The command argument to the -c invocation option. +

+
+
BASH_LINENO
+

An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source files +where each corresponding member of FUNCNAME was invoked. +${BASH_LINENO[$i]} is the line number in the source file +(${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}) where +${FUNCNAME[$i]} was called (or ${BASH_LINENO[$i-1]} if +referenced within another shell function). +Use LINENO to obtain the current line number. +

+
+
BASH_LOADABLES_PATH
+

A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for +dynamically loadable builtins specified by the +enable command. +

+
+
BASH_REMATCH
+

An array variable whose members are assigned by the ‘=~’ binary +operator to the [[ conditional command +(see Conditional Constructs). +The element with index 0 is the portion of the string +matching the entire regular expression. +The element with index n is the portion of the +string matching the nth parenthesized subexpression. +

+
+
BASH_SOURCE
+

An array variable whose members are the source filenames where the +corresponding shell function names in the FUNCNAME array +variable are defined. +The shell function ${FUNCNAME[$i]} is defined in the file +${BASH_SOURCE[$i]} and called from ${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]} +

+
+
BASH_SUBSHELL
+

Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell environment when +the shell begins executing in that environment. +The initial value is 0. +If BASH_SUBSHELL +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +

+
+
BASH_VERSINFO
+

A readonly array variable (see Arrays) +whose members hold version information for this instance of Bash. +The values assigned to the array members are as follows: +

+
+
BASH_VERSINFO[0]
+

The major version number (the release). +

+
+
BASH_VERSINFO[1]
+

The minor version number (the version). +

+
+
BASH_VERSINFO[2]
+

The patch level. +

+
+
BASH_VERSINFO[3]
+

The build version. +

+
+
BASH_VERSINFO[4]
+

The release status (e.g., beta1). +

+
+
BASH_VERSINFO[5]
+

The value of MACHTYPE. +

+
+ +
+
BASH_VERSION
+

The version number of the current instance of Bash. +

+
+
BASH_XTRACEFD
+

If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, Bash +will write the trace output generated when ‘set -x’ +is enabled to that file descriptor. +This allows tracing output to be separated from diagnostic and error +messages. +The file descriptor is closed when BASH_XTRACEFD is unset or assigned +a new value. +Unsetting BASH_XTRACEFD or assigning it the empty string causes the +trace output to be sent to the standard error. +Note that setting BASH_XTRACEFD to 2 (the standard error file +descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the standard error +being closed. +

+
+
CHILD_MAX
+

Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to remember. +Bash will not allow this value to be decreased below a POSIX-mandated +minimum, and there is a maximum value (currently 8192) that this may +not exceed. +The minimum value is system-dependent. +

+
+
COLUMNS
+

Used by the select command to determine the terminal width +when printing selection lists. +Automatically set if the checkwinsize option is enabled +(see The Shopt Builtin), or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a +SIGWINCH. +

+
+
COMP_CWORD
+

An index into ${COMP_WORDS} of the word containing the current +cursor position. +This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the +programmable completion facilities (see Programmable Completion). +

+
+
COMP_LINE
+

The current command line. +This variable is available only in shell functions and external +commands invoked by the +programmable completion facilities (see Programmable Completion). +

+
+
COMP_POINT
+

The index of the current cursor position relative to the beginning of +the current command. +If the current cursor position is at the end of the current command, +the value of this variable is equal to ${#COMP_LINE}. +This variable is available only in shell functions and external +commands invoked by the +programmable completion facilities (see Programmable Completion). +

+
+
COMP_TYPE
+

Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion attempted +that caused a completion function to be called: +TAB, for normal completion, +‘?’, for listing completions after successive tabs, +‘!’, for listing alternatives on partial word completion, +‘@’, to list completions if the word is not unmodified, +or +‘%’, for menu completion. +This variable is available only in shell functions and external +commands invoked by the +programmable completion facilities (see Programmable Completion). +

+
+
COMP_KEY
+

The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the current +completion function. +

+
+
COMP_WORDBREAKS
+

The set of characters that the Readline library treats as word +separators when performing word completion. +If COMP_WORDBREAKS +is unset, it loses its special properties, +even if it is subsequently reset. +

+
+
COMP_WORDS
+

An array variable consisting of the individual +words in the current command line. +The line is split into words as Readline would split it, using +COMP_WORDBREAKS as described above. +This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the +programmable completion facilities (see Programmable Completion). +

+
+
COMPREPLY
+

An array variable from which Bash reads the possible completions +generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable completion +facility (see Programmable Completion). +Each array element contains one possible completion. +

+
+
COPROC
+

An array variable created to hold the file descriptors +for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess (see Coprocesses). +

+
+
DIRSTACK
+

An array variable containing the current contents of the directory stack. +Directories appear in the stack in the order they are displayed by the +dirs builtin. +Assigning to members of this array variable may be used to modify +directories already in the stack, but the pushd and popd +builtins must be used to add and remove directories. +Assignment to this variable will not change the current directory. +If DIRSTACK +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if +it is subsequently reset. +

+
+
EMACS
+

If Bash finds this variable in the environment when the shell +starts with value ‘t’, it assumes that the shell is running in an +Emacs shell buffer and disables line editing. +

+
+
ENV
+

Expanded and executed similarly to BASH_ENV +(see Bash Startup Files) +when an interactive shell is invoked in +POSIX Mode (see Bash POSIX Mode). +

+
+
EPOCHREALTIME
+

Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of seconds +since the Unix Epoch as a floating point value with micro-second granularity +(see the documentation for the C library function time for the +definition of Epoch). +Assignments to EPOCHREALTIME are ignored. +If EPOCHREALTIME +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if +it is subsequently reset. +

+
+
EPOCHSECONDS
+

Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of seconds +since the Unix Epoch (see the documentation for the C library function +time for the definition of Epoch). +Assignments to EPOCHSECONDS are ignored. +If EPOCHSECONDS +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if +it is subsequently reset. +

+
+
EUID
+

The numeric effective user id of the current user. This variable +is readonly. +

+
+
EXECIGNORE
+

A colon-separated list of shell patterns (see Pattern Matching) +defining the list of filenames to be ignored by command search using +PATH. +Files whose full pathnames match one of these patterns are not considered +executable files for the purposes of completion and command execution +via PATH lookup. +This does not affect the behavior of the [, test, and [[ +commands. +Full pathnames in the command hash table are not subject to EXECIGNORE. +Use this variable to ignore shared library files that have the executable +bit set, but are not executable files. +The pattern matching honors the setting of the extglob shell +option. +

+
+
FCEDIT
+

The editor used as a default by the -e option to the fc +builtin command. +

+
+
FIGNORE
+

A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing +filename completion. +A filename whose suffix matches one of the entries in +FIGNORE +is excluded from the list of matched filenames. A sample +value is ‘.o:~’ +

+
+
FUNCNAME
+

An array variable containing the names of all shell functions +currently in the execution call stack. +The element with index 0 is the name of any currently-executing +shell function. +The bottom-most element (the one with the highest index) +is "main". +This variable exists only when a shell function is executing. +Assignments to FUNCNAME have no effect. +If FUNCNAME +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if +it is subsequently reset. +

+

This variable can be used with BASH_LINENO and BASH_SOURCE. +Each element of FUNCNAME has corresponding elements in +BASH_LINENO and BASH_SOURCE to describe the call stack. +For instance, ${FUNCNAME[$i]} was called from the file +${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]} at line number ${BASH_LINENO[$i]}. +The caller builtin displays the current call stack using this +information. +

+
+
FUNCNEST
+

If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum function +nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this nesting level +will cause the current command to abort. +

+
+
GLOBIGNORE
+

A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file names to +be ignored by filename expansion. +If a file name matched by a filename expansion pattern also matches one +of the patterns in GLOBIGNORE, it is removed from the list +of matches. +The pattern matching honors the setting of the extglob shell +option. +

+
+
GROUPS
+

An array variable containing the list of groups of which the current +user is a member. +Assignments to GROUPS have no effect. +If GROUPS +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +

+
+
histchars
+

Up to three characters which control history expansion, quick +substitution, and tokenization (see History Expansion). +The first character is the +history expansion character, that is, the character which signifies the +start of a history expansion, normally ‘!’. The second character is the +character which signifies ‘quick substitution’ when seen as the first +character on a line, normally ‘^’. The optional third character is the +character which indicates that the remainder of the line is a comment when +found as the first character of a word, usually ‘#’. The history +comment character causes history substitution to be skipped for the +remaining words on the line. It does not necessarily cause the shell +parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment. +

+
+
HISTCMD
+

The history number, or index in the history list, of the current +command. +Assignments to HISTCMD are ignored. +If HISTCMD +is unset, it loses its special properties, +even if it is subsequently reset. +

+
+
HISTCONTROL
+

A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are saved on +the history list. +If the list of values includes ‘ignorespace’, lines which begin +with a space character are not saved in the history list. +A value of ‘ignoredups’ causes lines which match the previous +history entry to not be saved. +A value of ‘ignoreboth’ is shorthand for +‘ignorespace’ and ‘ignoredups’. +A value of ‘erasedups’ causes all previous lines matching the +current line to be removed from the history list before that line +is saved. +Any value not in the above list is ignored. +If HISTCONTROL is unset, or does not include a valid value, +all lines read by the shell parser are saved on the history list, +subject to the value of HISTIGNORE. +The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are +not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of +HISTCONTROL. +

+
+
HISTFILE
+

The name of the file to which the command history is saved. The +default value is ~/.bash_history. +

+
+
HISTFILESIZE
+

The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. +When this variable is assigned a value, the history file is truncated, +if necessary, to contain no more than that number of lines +by removing the oldest entries. +The history file is also truncated to this size after +writing it when a shell exits. +If the value is 0, the history file is truncated to zero size. +Non-numeric values and numeric values less than zero inhibit truncation. +The shell sets the default value to the value of HISTSIZE +after reading any startup files. +

+
+
HISTIGNORE
+

A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command +lines should be saved on the history list. Each pattern is +anchored at the beginning of the line and must match the complete +line (no implicit ‘*’ is appended). Each pattern is tested +against the line after the checks specified by HISTCONTROL +are applied. In addition to the normal shell pattern matching +characters, ‘&’ matches the previous history line. ‘&’ +may be escaped using a backslash; the backslash is removed +before attempting a match. +The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are +not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of +HISTIGNORE. +The pattern matching honors the setting of the extglob shell +option. +

+

HISTIGNORE subsumes the function of HISTCONTROL. A +pattern of ‘&’ is identical to ignoredups, and a +pattern of ‘[ ]*’ is identical to ignorespace. +Combining these two patterns, separating them with a colon, +provides the functionality of ignoreboth. +

+
+
HISTSIZE
+

The maximum number of commands to remember on the history list. +If the value is 0, commands are not saved in the history list. +Numeric values less than zero result in every command being saved +on the history list (there is no limit). +The shell sets the default value to 500 after reading any startup files. +

+
+
HISTTIMEFORMAT
+

If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format string +for strftime to print the time stamp associated with each history +entry displayed by the history builtin. +If this variable is set, time stamps are written to the history file so +they may be preserved across shell sessions. +This uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from +other history lines. +

+
+
HOSTFILE
+

Contains the name of a file in the same format as /etc/hosts that +should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname. +The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while the shell +is running; +the next time hostname completion is attempted after the +value is changed, Bash adds the contents of the new file to the +existing list. +If HOSTFILE is set, but has no value, or does not name a readable file, +Bash attempts to read +/etc/hosts to obtain the list of possible hostname completions. +When HOSTFILE is unset, the hostname list is cleared. +

+
+
HOSTNAME
+

The name of the current host. +

+
+
HOSTTYPE
+

A string describing the machine Bash is running on. +

+
+
IGNOREEOF
+

Controls the action of the shell on receipt of an EOF character +as the sole input. If set, the value denotes the number +of consecutive EOF characters that can be read as the +first character on an input line +before the shell will exit. If the variable exists but does not +have a numeric value, or has no value, then the default is 10. +If the variable does not exist, then EOF signifies the end of +input to the shell. This is only in effect for interactive shells. +

+
+
INPUTRC
+

The name of the Readline initialization file, overriding the default +of ~/.inputrc. +

+
+
INSIDE_EMACS
+

If Bash finds this variable in the environment when the shell +starts, it assumes that the shell is running in an Emacs shell buffer +and may disable line editing depending on the value of TERM. +

+
+
LANG
+

Used to determine the locale category for any category not specifically +selected with a variable starting with LC_. +

+
+
LC_ALL
+

This variable overrides the value of LANG and any other +LC_ variable specifying a locale category. +

+
+
LC_COLLATE
+

This variable determines the collation order used when sorting the +results of filename expansion, and +determines the behavior of range expressions, equivalence classes, +and collating sequences within filename expansion and pattern matching +(see Filename Expansion). +

+
+
LC_CTYPE
+

This variable determines the interpretation of characters and the +behavior of character classes within filename expansion and pattern +matching (see Filename Expansion). +

+
+
LC_MESSAGES
+

This variable determines the locale used to translate double-quoted +strings preceded by a ‘$’ (see Locale-Specific Translation). +

+
+
LC_NUMERIC
+

This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting. +

+
+
LC_TIME
+

This variable determines the locale category used for data and time +formatting. +

+
+
LINENO
+

The line number in the script or shell function currently executing. +If LINENO +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +

+
+
LINES
+

Used by the select command to determine the column length +for printing selection lists. +Automatically set if the checkwinsize option is enabled +(see The Shopt Builtin), or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a +SIGWINCH. +

+
+
MACHTYPE
+

A string that fully describes the system type on which Bash +is executing, in the standard GNU cpu-company-system format. +

+
+
MAILCHECK
+

How often (in seconds) that the shell should check for mail in the +files specified in the MAILPATH or MAIL variables. +The default is 60 seconds. When it is time to check +for mail, the shell does so before displaying the primary prompt. +If this variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number +greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking. +

+
+
MAPFILE
+

An array variable created to hold the text read by the +mapfile builtin when no variable name is supplied. +

+
+
OLDPWD
+

The previous working directory as set by the cd builtin. +

+
+
OPTERR
+

If set to the value 1, Bash displays error messages +generated by the getopts builtin command. +

+
+
OSTYPE
+

A string describing the operating system Bash is running on. +

+
+
PIPESTATUS
+

An array variable (see Arrays) +containing a list of exit status values from the processes +in the most-recently-executed foreground pipeline (which may +contain only a single command). +

+
+
POSIXLY_CORRECT
+

If this variable is in the environment when Bash starts, the shell +enters POSIX mode (see Bash POSIX Mode) before reading the +startup files, as if the --posix invocation option had been supplied. +If it is set while the shell is running, Bash enables POSIX mode, +as if the command +

+
set -o posix
+
+

had been executed. +When the shell enters POSIX mode, it sets this variable if it was +not already set. +

+
+
PPID
+

The process ID of the shell’s parent process. This variable +is readonly. +

+
+
PROMPT_COMMAND
+

If this variable is set, and is an array, +the value of each set element is interpreted as a command to execute +before printing the primary prompt ($PS1). +If this is set but not an array variable, +its value is used as a command to execute instead. +

+
+
PROMPT_DIRTRIM
+

If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the number of +trailing directory components to retain when expanding the \w and +\W prompt string escapes (see Controlling the Prompt). +Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis. +

+
+
PS0
+

The value of this parameter is expanded like PS1 +and displayed by interactive shells after reading a command +and before the command is executed. +

+
+
PS3
+

The value of this variable is used as the prompt for the +select command. If this variable is not set, the +select command prompts with ‘#? ’ +

+
+
PS4
+

The value of this parameter is expanded like PS1 +and the expanded value is the prompt printed before the command line +is echoed when the -x option is set (see The Set Builtin). +The first character of the expanded value is replicated multiple times, +as necessary, to indicate multiple levels of indirection. +The default is ‘+ ’. +

+
+
PWD
+

The current working directory as set by the cd builtin. +

+
+
RANDOM
+

Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to a random integer +between 0 and 32767. Assigning a value to this +variable seeds the random number generator. +If RANDOM +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +

+
+
READLINE_ARGUMENT
+

Any numeric argument given to a Readline command that was defined using +‘bind -x’ (see Bash Builtin Commands +when it was invoked. +

+
+
READLINE_LINE
+

The contents of the Readline line buffer, for use +with ‘bind -x’ (see Bash Builtin Commands). +

+
+
READLINE_MARK
+

The position of the mark (saved insertion point) in the +Readline line buffer, for use +with ‘bind -x’ (see Bash Builtin Commands). +The characters between the insertion point and the mark are often +called the region. +

+
+
READLINE_POINT
+

The position of the insertion point in the Readline line buffer, for use +with ‘bind -x’ (see Bash Builtin Commands). +

+
+
REPLY
+

The default variable for the read builtin. +

+
+
SECONDS
+

This variable expands to the number of seconds since the shell was started. +Assignment to this variable resets the count to the value assigned, and the +expanded value becomes the value assigned plus the number of seconds +since the assignment. +The number of seconds at shell invocation and the current time are always +determined by querying the system clock. +If SECONDS +is unset, it loses its special properties, +even if it is subsequently reset. +

+
+
SHELL
+

This environment variable expands to the full pathname to the shell. +If it is not set when the shell starts, +Bash assigns to it the full pathname of the current user’s login shell. +

+
+
SHELLOPTS
+

A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in +the list is a valid argument for the -o option to the +set builtin command (see The Set Builtin). +The options appearing in SHELLOPTS are those reported +as ‘on’ by ‘set -o’. +If this variable is in the environment when Bash +starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before +reading any startup files. This variable is readonly. +

+
+
SHLVL
+

Incremented by one each time a new instance of Bash is started. This is +intended to be a count of how deeply your Bash shells are nested. +

+
+
SRANDOM
+

This variable expands to a 32-bit pseudo-random number each time it is +referenced. The random number generator is not linear on systems that +support /dev/urandom or arc4random, so each returned number +has no relationship to the numbers preceding it. +The random number generator cannot be seeded, so assignments to this +variable have no effect. +If SRANDOM +is unset, it loses its special properties, +even if it is subsequently reset. +

+
+
TIMEFORMAT
+

The value of this parameter is used as a format string specifying +how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the time +reserved word should be displayed. +The ‘%’ character introduces an +escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or other +information. +The escape sequences and their meanings are as +follows; the braces denote optional portions. +

+
+
%%
+

A literal ‘%’. +

+
+
%[p][l]R
+

The elapsed time in seconds. +

+
+
%[p][l]U
+

The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode. +

+
+
%[p][l]S
+

The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode. +

+
+
%P
+

The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R. +

+
+ +

The optional p is a digit specifying the precision, the number of +fractional digits after a decimal point. +A value of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output. +At most three places after the decimal point may be specified; values +of p greater than 3 are changed to 3. +If p is not specified, the value 3 is used. +

+

The optional l specifies a longer format, including minutes, of +the form MMmSS.FFs. +The value of p determines whether or not the fraction is included. +

+

If this variable is not set, Bash acts as if it had the value +

+
$'\nreal\t%3lR\nuser\t%3lU\nsys\t%3lS'
+
+

If the value is null, no timing information is displayed. +A trailing newline is added when the format string is displayed. +

+
+
TMOUT
+

If set to a value greater than zero, TMOUT is treated as the +default timeout for the read builtin (see Bash Builtin Commands). +The select command (see Conditional Constructs) terminates +if input does not arrive after TMOUT seconds when input is coming +from a terminal. +

+

In an interactive shell, the value is interpreted as +the number of seconds to wait for a line of input after issuing +the primary prompt. +Bash +terminates after waiting for that number of seconds if a complete +line of input does not arrive. +

+
+
TMPDIR
+

If set, Bash uses its value as the name of a directory in which +Bash creates temporary files for the shell’s use. +

+
+
UID
+

The numeric real user id of the current user. This variable is readonly. +

+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Bash Features   [Contents][Index]

+
+

6 Bash Features

+ +

This chapter describes features unique to Bash. +

+ + +
+
+
+

+Next: , Up: Bash Features   [Contents][Index]

+
+

6.1 Invoking Bash

+ +
+
bash [long-opt] [-ir] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o option]
+    [-O shopt_option] [argument …]
+bash [long-opt] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o option]
+    [-O shopt_option] -c string [argument …]
+bash [long-opt] -s [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o option]
+    [-O shopt_option] [argument …]
+
+ +

All of the single-character options used with the set builtin +(see The Set Builtin) can be used as options when the shell is invoked. +In addition, there are several multi-character +options that you can use. These options must appear on the command +line before the single-character options to be recognized. +

+
+
--debugger
+

Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell +starts. Turns on extended debugging mode (see The Shopt Builtin +for a description of the extdebug option to the shopt +builtin). +

+
+
--dump-po-strings
+

A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by ‘$’ +is printed on the standard output +in the GNU gettext PO (portable object) file format. +Equivalent to -D except for the output format. +

+
+
--dump-strings
+

Equivalent to -D. +

+
+
--help
+

Display a usage message on standard output and exit successfully. +

+
+
--init-file filename
+
--rcfile filename
+

Execute commands from filename (instead of ~/.bashrc) +in an interactive shell. +

+
+
--login
+

Equivalent to -l. +

+
+
--noediting
+

Do not use the GNU Readline library (see Command Line Editing) +to read command lines when the shell is interactive. +

+
+
--noprofile
+

Don’t load the system-wide startup file /etc/profile +or any of the personal initialization files +~/.bash_profile, ~/.bash_login, or ~/.profile +when Bash is invoked as a login shell. +

+
+
--norc
+

Don’t read the ~/.bashrc initialization file in an +interactive shell. This is on by default if the shell is +invoked as sh. +

+
+
--posix
+

Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation differs +from the POSIX standard to match the standard. This +is intended to make Bash behave as a strict superset of that +standard. See Bash POSIX Mode, for a description of the Bash +POSIX mode. +

+
+
--restricted
+

Make the shell a restricted shell (see The Restricted Shell). +

+
+
--verbose
+

Equivalent to -v. Print shell input lines as they’re read. +

+
+
--version
+

Show version information for this instance of +Bash on the standard output and exit successfully. +

+
+ +

There are several single-character options that may be supplied at +invocation which are not available with the set builtin. +

+
+
-c
+

Read and execute commands from the first non-option argument +command_string, then exit. +If there are arguments after the command_string, +the first argument is assigned to $0 +and any remaining arguments are assigned to the positional parameters. +The assignment to $0 sets the name of the shell, which is used +in warning and error messages. +

+
+
-i
+

Force the shell to run interactively. Interactive shells are +described in Interactive Shells. +

+
+
-l
+

Make this shell act as if it had been directly invoked by login. +When the shell is interactive, this is equivalent to starting a +login shell with ‘exec -l bash’. +When the shell is not interactive, the login shell startup files will +be executed. +‘exec bash -l’ or ‘exec bash --login’ +will replace the current shell with a Bash login shell. +See Bash Startup Files, for a description of the special behavior +of a login shell. +

+
+
-r
+

Make the shell a restricted shell (see The Restricted Shell). +

+
+
-s
+

If this option is present, or if no arguments remain after option +processing, then commands are read from the standard input. +This option allows the positional parameters to be set +when invoking an interactive shell or when reading input +through a pipe. +

+
+
-D
+

A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by ‘$’ +is printed on the standard output. +These are the strings that +are subject to language translation when the current locale +is not C or POSIX (see Locale-Specific Translation). +This implies the -n option; no commands will be executed. +

+
+
[-+]O [shopt_option]
+

shopt_option is one of the shell options accepted by the +shopt builtin (see The Shopt Builtin). +If shopt_option is present, -O sets the value of that option; ++O unsets it. +If shopt_option is not supplied, the names and values of the shell +options accepted by shopt are printed on the standard output. +If the invocation option is +O, the output is displayed in a format +that may be reused as input. +

+
+
--
+

A -- signals the end of options and disables further option +processing. +Any arguments after the -- are treated as filenames and arguments. +

+
+ + +

A login shell is one whose first character of argument zero is +‘-’, or one invoked with the --login option. +

+ +

An interactive shell is one started without non-option arguments, +unless -s is specified, +without specifying the -c option, and whose input and output are both +connected to terminals (as determined by isatty(3)), or one +started with the -i option. See Interactive Shells, for more +information. +

+

If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the +-c nor the -s +option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to +be the name of a file containing shell commands (see Shell Scripts). +When Bash is invoked in this fashion, $0 +is set to the name of the file, and the positional parameters +are set to the remaining arguments. +Bash reads and executes commands from this file, then exits. +Bash’s exit status is the exit status of the last command executed +in the script. If no commands are executed, the exit status is 0. +

+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Bash Features   [Contents][Index]

+
+

6.2 Bash Startup Files

+ + +

This section describes how Bash executes its startup files. +If any of the files exist but cannot be read, Bash reports an error. +Tildes are expanded in filenames as described above under +Tilde Expansion (see Tilde Expansion). +

+

Interactive shells are described in Interactive Shells. +

+

Invoked as an interactive login shell, or with --login

+ +

When Bash is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a +non-interactive shell with the --login option, it first reads and +executes commands from the file /etc/profile, if that file exists. +After reading that file, it looks for ~/.bash_profile, +~/.bash_login, and ~/.profile, in that order, and reads +and executes commands from the first one that exists and is readable. +The --noprofile option may be used when the shell is started to +inhibit this behavior. +

+

When an interactive login shell exits, +or a non-interactive login shell executes the exit builtin command, +Bash reads and executes commands from +the file ~/.bash_logout, if it exists. +

+

Invoked as an interactive non-login shell

+ +

When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, Bash +reads and executes commands from ~/.bashrc, if that file exists. +This may be inhibited by using the --norc option. +The --rcfile file option will force Bash to read and +execute commands from file instead of ~/.bashrc. +

+

So, typically, your ~/.bash_profile contains the line +

+
if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then . ~/.bashrc; fi
+
+

after (or before) any login-specific initializations. +

+

Invoked non-interactively

+ +

When Bash is started non-interactively, to run a shell script, +for example, it looks for the variable BASH_ENV in the environment, +expands its value if it appears there, and uses the expanded value as +the name of a file to read and execute. Bash behaves as if the +following command were executed: +

+
if [ -n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi
+
+

but the value of the PATH variable is not used to search for the +filename. +

+

As noted above, if a non-interactive shell is invoked with the +--login option, Bash attempts to read and execute commands from the +login shell startup files. +

+

Invoked with name sh

+ +

If Bash is invoked with the name sh, it tries to mimic the +startup behavior of historical versions of sh as closely as +possible, while conforming to the POSIX standard as well. +

+

When invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive +shell with the --login option, it first attempts to read +and execute commands from /etc/profile and ~/.profile, in +that order. +The --noprofile option may be used to inhibit this behavior. +When invoked as an interactive shell with the name sh, Bash +looks for the variable ENV, expands its value if it is defined, +and uses the expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute. +Since a shell invoked as sh does not attempt to read and execute +commands from any other startup files, the --rcfile option has +no effect. +A non-interactive shell invoked with the name sh does not attempt +to read any other startup files. +

+

When invoked as sh, Bash enters POSIX mode after +the startup files are read. +

+

Invoked in POSIX mode

+ +

When Bash is started in POSIX mode, as with the +--posix command line option, it follows the POSIX standard +for startup files. +In this mode, interactive shells expand the ENV variable +and commands are read and executed from the file whose name is the +expanded value. +No other startup files are read. +

+

Invoked by remote shell daemon

+ +

Bash attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input +connected to a network connection, as when executed by +the historical remote shell daemon, usually rshd, +or the secure shell daemon sshd. +If Bash +determines it is being run non-interactively in this fashion, +it reads and executes commands from ~/.bashrc, if that +file exists and is readable. +It will not do this if invoked as sh. +The --norc option may be used to inhibit this behavior, and the +--rcfile option may be used to force another file to be read, but +neither rshd nor sshd generally invoke the shell with those +options or allow them to be specified. +

+

Invoked with unequal effective and real UID/GIDs

+ +

If Bash is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the +real user (group) id, and the -p option is not supplied, no startup +files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, +the SHELLOPTS, BASHOPTS, CDPATH, and GLOBIGNORE +variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored, and the effective +user id is set to the real user id. +If the -p option is supplied at invocation, the startup behavior is +the same, but the effective user id is not reset. +

+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Bash Features   [Contents][Index]

+
+

6.3 Interactive Shells

+ + + + + +
+
+
+

+Next: , Up: Interactive Shells   [Contents][Index]

+
+

6.3.1 What is an Interactive Shell?

+ +

An interactive shell +is one started without non-option arguments +(unless -s is specified) +and without specifying the -c option, +whose input and error output are both +connected to terminals (as determined by isatty(3)), +or one started with the -i option. +

+

An interactive shell generally reads from and writes to a user’s +terminal. +

+

The -s invocation option may be used to set the positional parameters +when an interactive shell is started. +

+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Interactive Shells   [Contents][Index]

+
+

6.3.2 Is this Shell Interactive?

+ +

To determine within a startup script whether or not Bash is +running interactively, +test the value of the ‘-’ special parameter. +It contains i when the shell is interactive. For example: +

+
+
case "$-" in
+*i*)	echo This shell is interactive ;;
+*)	echo This shell is not interactive ;;
+esac
+
+ +

Alternatively, startup scripts may examine the variable +PS1; it is unset in non-interactive shells, and set in +interactive shells. Thus: +

+
+
if [ -z "$PS1" ]; then
+        echo This shell is not interactive
+else
+        echo This shell is interactive
+fi
+
+ +
+
+
+
+

+Previous: , Up: Interactive Shells   [Contents][Index]

+
+

6.3.3 Interactive Shell Behavior

+ +

When the shell is running interactively, it changes its behavior in +several ways. +

+
    +
  1. Startup files are read and executed as described in Bash Startup Files. + +
  2. Job Control (see Job Control) is enabled by default. When job +control is in effect, Bash ignores the keyboard-generated job control +signals SIGTTIN, SIGTTOU, and SIGTSTP. + +
  3. Bash expands and displays PS1 before reading the first line +of a command, and expands and displays PS2 before reading the +second and subsequent lines of a multi-line command. +Bash expands and displays PS0 after it reads a command but before +executing it. +See Controlling the Prompt, for a complete list of prompt +string escape sequences. + +
  4. Bash executes the values of the set elements of the PROMPT_COMMAND +array variable as commands before printing the primary prompt, $PS1 +(see Bash Variables). + +
  5. Readline (see Command Line Editing) is used to read commands from +the user’s terminal. + +
  6. Bash inspects the value of the ignoreeof option to set -o +instead of exiting immediately when it receives an EOF on its +standard input when reading a command (see The Set Builtin). + +
  7. Command history (see Bash History Facilities) +and history expansion (see History Expansion) +are enabled by default. +Bash will save the command history to the file named by $HISTFILE +when a shell with history enabled exits. + +
  8. Alias expansion (see Aliases) is performed by default. + +
  9. In the absence of any traps, Bash ignores SIGTERM +(see Signals). + +
  10. In the absence of any traps, SIGINT is caught and handled +(see Signals). +SIGINT will interrupt some shell builtins. + +
  11. An interactive login shell sends a SIGHUP to all jobs on exit +if the huponexit shell option has been enabled (see Signals). + +
  12. The -n invocation option is ignored, and ‘set -n’ has +no effect (see The Set Builtin). + +
  13. Bash will check for mail periodically, depending on the values of the +MAIL, MAILPATH, and MAILCHECK shell variables +(see Bash Variables). + +
  14. Expansion errors due to references to unbound shell variables after +‘set -u’ has been enabled will not cause the shell to exit +(see The Set Builtin). + +
  15. The shell will not exit on expansion errors caused by var being unset +or null in ${var:?word} expansions +(see Shell Parameter Expansion). + +
  16. Redirection errors encountered by shell builtins will not cause the +shell to exit. + +
  17. When running in POSIX mode, a special builtin returning an error +status will not cause the shell to exit (see Bash POSIX Mode). + +
  18. A failed exec will not cause the shell to exit +(see Bourne Shell Builtins). + +
  19. Parser syntax errors will not cause the shell to exit. + +
  20. If the cdspell shell option is enabled, the shell will attempt +simple spelling correction for directory arguments to the cd +builtin (see the description of the cdspell +option to the shopt builtin in The Shopt Builtin). +The cdspell option is only effective in interactive shells. + +
  21. The shell will check the value of the TMOUT variable and exit +if a command is not read within the specified number of seconds after +printing $PS1 (see Bash Variables). + +
+ +
+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Bash Features   [Contents][Index]

+
+

6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions

+ + +

Conditional expressions are used by the [[ compound command +(see Conditional Constructs) +and the test and [ builtin commands +(see Bourne Shell Builtins). +The test +and [ commands determine their behavior based on the number +of arguments; see the descriptions of those commands for any other +command-specific actions. +

+

Expressions may be unary or binary, +and are formed from the following primaries. +Unary expressions are often used to examine the status of a file. +There are string operators and numeric comparison operators as well. +Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in +expressions. +If the operating system on which Bash is running provides these +special files, Bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them +internally with this behavior: +If the file argument to one of the primaries is of the form +/dev/fd/N, then file descriptor N is checked. +If the file argument to one of the primaries is one of +/dev/stdin, /dev/stdout, or /dev/stderr, file +descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, is checked. +

+

When used with [[, the ‘<’ and ‘>’ operators sort +lexicographically using the current locale. +The test command uses ASCII ordering. +

+

Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow symbolic +links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link itself. +

+
+
-a file
+

True if file exists. +

+
+
-b file
+

True if file exists and is a block special file. +

+
+
-c file
+

True if file exists and is a character special file. +

+
+
-d file
+

True if file exists and is a directory. +

+
+
-e file
+

True if file exists. +

+
+
-f file
+

True if file exists and is a regular file. +

+
+
-g file
+

True if file exists and its set-group-id bit is set. +

+
+
-h file
+

True if file exists and is a symbolic link. +

+
+
-k file
+

True if file exists and its "sticky" bit is set. +

+
+
-p file
+

True if file exists and is a named pipe (FIFO). +

+
+
-r file
+

True if file exists and is readable. +

+
+
-s file
+

True if file exists and has a size greater than zero. +

+
+
-t fd
+

True if file descriptor fd is open and refers to a terminal. +

+
+
-u file
+

True if file exists and its set-user-id bit is set. +

+
+
-w file
+

True if file exists and is writable. +

+
+
-x file
+

True if file exists and is executable. +

+
+
-G file
+

True if file exists and is owned by the effective group id. +

+
+
-L file
+

True if file exists and is a symbolic link. +

+
+
-N file
+

True if file exists and has been modified since it was last read. +

+
+
-O file
+

True if file exists and is owned by the effective user id. +

+
+
-S file
+

True if file exists and is a socket. +

+
+
file1 -ef file2
+

True if file1 and file2 refer to the same device and +inode numbers. +

+
+
file1 -nt file2
+

True if file1 is newer (according to modification date) +than file2, or if file1 exists and file2 does not. +

+
+
file1 -ot file2
+

True if file1 is older than file2, +or if file2 exists and file1 does not. +

+
+
-o optname
+

True if the shell option optname is enabled. +The list of options appears in the description of the -o +option to the set builtin (see The Set Builtin). +

+
+
-v varname
+

True if the shell variable varname is set (has been assigned a value). +

+
+
-R varname
+

True if the shell variable varname is set and is a name reference. +

+
+
-z string
+

True if the length of string is zero. +

+
+
-n string
+
string
+

True if the length of string is non-zero. +

+
+
string1 == string2
+
string1 = string2
+

True if the strings are equal. +When used with the [[ command, this performs pattern matching as +described above (see Conditional Constructs). +

+

‘=’ should be used with the test command for POSIX conformance. +

+
+
string1 != string2
+

True if the strings are not equal. +

+
+
string1 < string2
+

True if string1 sorts before string2 lexicographically. +

+
+
string1 > string2
+

True if string1 sorts after string2 lexicographically. +

+
+
arg1 OP arg2
+

OP is one of +‘-eq’, ‘-ne’, ‘-lt’, ‘-le’, ‘-gt’, or ‘-ge’. +These arithmetic binary operators return true if arg1 +is equal to, not equal to, less than, less than or equal to, +greater than, or greater than or equal to arg2, +respectively. Arg1 and arg2 +may be positive or negative integers. +When used with the [[ command, Arg1 and Arg2 +are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (see Shell Arithmetic). +

+
+ +
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Bash Features   [Contents][Index]

+
+

6.5 Shell Arithmetic

+ + + + + + +

The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, as one of +the shell expansions or by using the (( compound command, the +let builtin, or the -i option to the declare builtin. +

+

Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check for overflow, +though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error. +The operators and their precedence, associativity, and values +are the same as in the C language. +The following list of operators is grouped into levels of +equal-precedence operators. +The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence. +

+
+
id++ id--
+

variable post-increment and post-decrement +

+
+
++id --id
+

variable pre-increment and pre-decrement +

+
+
- +
+

unary minus and plus +

+
+
! ~
+

logical and bitwise negation +

+
+
**
+

exponentiation +

+
+
* / %
+

multiplication, division, remainder +

+
+
+ -
+

addition, subtraction +

+
+
<< >>
+

left and right bitwise shifts +

+
+
<= >= < >
+

comparison +

+
+
== !=
+

equality and inequality +

+
+
&
+

bitwise AND +

+
+
^
+

bitwise exclusive OR +

+
+
|
+

bitwise OR +

+
+
&&
+

logical AND +

+
+
||
+

logical OR +

+
+
expr ? expr : expr
+

conditional operator +

+
+
= *= /= %= += -= <<= >>= &= ^= |=
+

assignment +

+
+
expr1 , expr2
+

comma +

+
+ +

Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is +performed before the expression is evaluated. +Within an expression, shell variables may also be referenced by name +without using the parameter expansion syntax. +A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to 0 when referenced +by name without using the parameter expansion syntax. +The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression +when it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the +integer attribute using ‘declare -i’ is assigned a value. +A null value evaluates to 0. +A shell variable need not have its integer attribute turned on +to be used in an expression. +

+

Integer constants follow the C language definition, without suffixes or +character constants. +Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers. +A leading ‘0x’ or ‘0X’ denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, +numbers take the form [base#]n, where the optional base +is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic +base, and n is a number in that base. +If base# is omitted, then base 10 is used. +When specifying n, +if a non-digit is required, +the digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, +the uppercase letters, ‘@’, and ‘_’, in that order. +If base is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase +letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers between 10 +and 35. +

+

Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in +parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence +rules above. +

+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Bash Features   [Contents][Index]

+
+

6.6 Aliases

+ + +

Aliases allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used +as the first word of a simple command. +The shell maintains a list of aliases that may be set and unset with +the alias and unalias builtin commands. +

+

The first word of each simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see +if it has an alias. +If so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias. +The characters ‘/’, ‘$’, ‘`’, ‘=’ and any of the +shell metacharacters or quoting characters listed above may not appear +in an alias name. +The replacement text may contain any valid +shell input, including shell metacharacters. +The first word of the replacement text is tested for +aliases, but a word that is identical to an alias being expanded +is not expanded a second time. +This means that one may alias ls to "ls -F", +for instance, and Bash does not try to recursively expand the +replacement text. +If the last character of the alias value is a +blank, then the next command word following the +alias is also checked for alias expansion. +

+

Aliases are created and listed with the alias +command, and removed with the unalias command. +

+

There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text, +as in csh. +If arguments are needed, use a shell function +(see Shell Functions). +

+

Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, +unless the expand_aliases shell option is set using +shopt (see The Shopt Builtin). +

+

The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are +somewhat confusing. Bash +always reads at least one complete line of input, +and all lines that make up a compound command, +before executing any of the commands on that line or the compound command. +Aliases are expanded when a +command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, an +alias definition appearing on the same line as another +command does not take effect until the next line of input is read. +The commands following the alias definition +on that line are not affected by the new alias. +This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed. +Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read, +not when the function is executed, because a function definition +is itself a command. As a consequence, aliases +defined in a function are not available until after that +function is executed. To be safe, always put +alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use alias +in compound commands. +

+

For almost every purpose, shell functions are preferred over aliases. +

+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Bash Features   [Contents][Index]

+
+

6.7 Arrays

+ + +

Bash provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables. +Any variable may be used as an indexed array; +the declare builtin will explicitly declare an array. +There is no maximum +limit on the size of an array, nor any requirement that members +be indexed or assigned contiguously. +Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including arithmetic +expressions (see Shell Arithmetic)) and are zero-based; +associative arrays use arbitrary strings. +Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers. +

+

An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to +using the syntax +

+
name[subscript]=value
+
+ +

The subscript +is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number. +To explicitly declare an array, use +

+
declare -a name
+
+

The syntax +

+
declare -a name[subscript]
+
+

is also accepted; the subscript is ignored. +

+

Associative arrays are created using +

+
declare -A name
+
+ +

Attributes may be +specified for an array variable using the declare and +readonly builtins. Each attribute applies to all members of +an array. +

+

Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form +

+
name=(value1 value2 … )
+
+

where each +value may be of the form [subscript]=string. +Indexed array assignments do not require anything but string. +When assigning to indexed arrays, if +the optional subscript is supplied, that index is assigned to; +otherwise the index of the element assigned is the last index assigned +to by the statement plus one. Indexing starts at zero. +

+

Each value in the list undergoes all the shell expansions +described above (see Shell Expansions). +

+

When assigning to an associative array, the words in a compound assignment +may be either assignment statements, for which the subscript is required, +or a list of words that is interpreted as a sequence of alternating keys +and values: +name=(key1 value1 key2 value2 … ). +These are treated identically to +name=( [key1]=value1 [key2]=value2 … ). +The first word in the list determines how the remaining words +are interpreted; all assignments in a list must be of the same type. +When using key/value pairs, the keys may not be missing or empty; +a final missing value is treated like the empty string. +

+

This syntax is also accepted by the declare +builtin. Individual array elements may be assigned to using the +name[subscript]=value syntax introduced above. +

+

When assigning to an indexed array, if name +is subscripted by a negative number, that number is +interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of +name, so negative indices count back from the end of the +array, and an index of -1 references the last element. +

+

The ‘+=’ operator will append to an array variable when assigning +using the compound assignment syntax; see Shell Parameters above. +

+

Any element of an array may be referenced using +${name[subscript]}. +The braces are required to avoid +conflicts with the shell’s filename expansion operators. If the +subscript is ‘@’ or ‘*’, the word expands to all members +of the array name. These subscripts differ only when the word +appears within double quotes. +If the word is double-quoted, +${name[*]} expands to a single word with +the value of each array member separated by the first character of the +IFS variable, and ${name[@]} expands each element of +name to a separate word. When there are no array members, +${name[@]} expands to nothing. +If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of +the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original +word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last +part of the original word. +This is analogous to the +expansion of the special parameters ‘@’ and ‘*’. +${#name[subscript]} expands to the length of +${name[subscript]}. +If subscript is ‘@’ or +‘*’, the expansion is the number of elements in the array. +If the subscript +used to reference an element of an indexed array +evaluates to a number less than zero, it is +interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of the array, +so negative indices count back from the end of the array, +and an index of -1 refers to the last element. +

+

Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to +referencing with a subscript of 0. +Any reference to a variable using a valid subscript is legal, and +bash will create an array if necessary. +

+

An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a +value. The null string is a valid value. +

+

It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the values. +${!name[@]} and ${!name[*]} expand to the indices +assigned in array variable name. +The treatment when in double quotes is similar to the expansion of the +special parameters ‘@’ and ‘*’ within double quotes. +

+

The unset builtin is used to destroy arrays. +unset name[subscript] +destroys the array element at index subscript. +Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted as described above. +Unsetting the last element of an array variable does not unset the variable. +unset name, where name is an array, removes the +entire array. +unset name[subscript] behaves differently +depending on the array type when given a +subscript of ‘*’ or ‘@’. +When name is an associative array, it removes the element with key +‘*’ or ‘@’. +If name is an indexed array, unset removes all of the elements, +but does not remove the array itself. +

+

When using a variable name with a subscript as an argument to a command, +such as with unset, without using the word expansion syntax +described above, the argument is subject to the shell’s filename expansion. +If filename expansion is not desired, the argument should be quoted. +

+

The declare, local, and readonly +builtins each accept a -a option to specify an indexed +array and a -A option to specify an associative array. +If both options are supplied, -A takes precedence. +The read builtin accepts a -a +option to assign a list of words read from the standard input +to an array, and can read values from the standard input into +individual array elements. The set and declare +builtins display array values in a way that allows them to be +reused as input. +

+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Bash Features   [Contents][Index]

+
+

6.8 The Directory Stack

+ + + +

The directory stack is a list of recently-visited directories. The +pushd builtin adds directories to the stack as it changes +the current directory, and the popd builtin removes specified +directories from the stack and changes the current directory to +the directory removed. The dirs builtin displays the contents +of the directory stack. The current directory is always the "top" +of the directory stack. +

+

The contents of the directory stack are also visible +as the value of the DIRSTACK shell variable. +

+ +
+
+
+

+Up: The Directory Stack   [Contents][Index]

+
+

6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins

+ +
+
dirs
+
+
dirs [-clpv] [+N | -N]
+
+ +

Display the list of currently remembered directories. Directories +are added to the list with the pushd command; the +popd command removes directories from the list. +The current directory is always the first directory in the stack. +

+
+
-c
+

Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the elements. +

+
-l
+

Produces a listing using full pathnames; +the default listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory. +

+
-p
+

Causes dirs to print the directory stack with one entry per +line. +

+
-v
+

Causes dirs to print the directory stack with one entry per +line, prefixing each entry with its index in the stack. +

+
+N
+

Displays the Nth directory (counting from the left of the +list printed by dirs when invoked without options), starting +with zero. +

+
-N
+

Displays the Nth directory (counting from the right of the +list printed by dirs when invoked without options), starting +with zero. +

+
+ +
+
popd
+
+
popd [-n] [+N | -N]
+
+ +

Removes elements from the directory stack. +The elements are numbered from 0 starting at the first directory +listed by dirs; +that is, popd is equivalent to popd +0. +

+

When no arguments are given, popd +removes the top directory from the stack and changes to +the new top directory. +

+

Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings: +

+
+
-n
+

Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing directories +from the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. +

+
+N
+

Removes the Nth directory (counting from the left of the +list printed by dirs), starting with zero, from the stack. +

+
-N
+

Removes the Nth directory (counting from the right of the +list printed by dirs), starting with zero, from the stack. +

+
+ +

If the top element of the directory stack is modified, and +the -n option was not supplied, popd uses the cd +builtin to change to the directory at the top of the stack. +If the cd fails, popd returns a non-zero value. +

+

Otherwise, popd returns an unsuccessful status if +an invalid option is encountered, the directory stack +is empty, or a non-existent directory stack entry is specified. +

+

If the popd command is successful, +Bash runs dirs to show the final contents of the directory stack, +and the return status is 0. +

+ +
+
pushd
+
+
pushd [-n] [+N | -N | dir]
+
+ +

Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates +the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working +directory. +With no arguments, pushd exchanges the top two elements +of the directory stack. +

+

Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings: +

+
+
-n
+

Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating or +adding directories to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. +

+
+N
+

Brings the Nth directory (counting from the left of the +list printed by dirs, starting with zero) to the top of +the list by rotating the stack. +

+
-N
+

Brings the Nth directory (counting from the right of the +list printed by dirs, starting with zero) to the top of +the list by rotating the stack. +

+
dir
+

Makes dir be the top of the stack. +

+
+ +

After the stack has been modified, if the -n option was not +supplied, pushd uses the cd builtin to change to the +directory at the top of the stack. +If the cd fails, pushd returns a non-zero value. +

+

Otherwise, if no arguments are supplied, pushd returns 0 unless the +directory stack is empty. +When rotating the directory stack, pushd returns 0 unless +the directory stack is empty or a non-existent directory stack element +is specified. +

+

If the pushd command is successful, +Bash runs dirs to show the final contents of the directory stack. +

+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Bash Features   [Contents][Index]

+
+

6.9 Controlling the Prompt

+ + +

Bash examines the value of the array variable PROMPT_COMMAND just before +printing each primary prompt. +If any elements in PROMPT_COMMAND are set and non-null, Bash +executes each value, in numeric order, +just as if it had been typed on the command line. +

+

In addition, the following table describes the special characters which +can appear in the prompt variables PS0, PS1, PS2, and +PS4: +

+
+
\a
+

A bell character. +

+
\d
+

The date, in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May 26"). +

+
\D{format}
+

The format is passed to strftime(3) and the result is inserted +into the prompt string; an empty format results in a locale-specific +time representation. The braces are required. +

+
\e
+

An escape character. +

+
\h
+

The hostname, up to the first ‘.’. +

+
\H
+

The hostname. +

+
\j
+

The number of jobs currently managed by the shell. +

+
\l
+

The basename of the shell’s terminal device name. +

+
\n
+

A newline. +

+
\r
+

A carriage return. +

+
\s
+

The name of the shell, the basename of $0 (the portion +following the final slash). +

+
\t
+

The time, in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format. +

+
\T
+

The time, in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format. +

+
\@
+

The time, in 12-hour am/pm format. +

+
\A
+

The time, in 24-hour HH:MM format. +

+
\u
+

The username of the current user. +

+
\v
+

The version of Bash (e.g., 2.00) +

+
\V
+

The release of Bash, version + patchlevel (e.g., 2.00.0) +

+
\w
+

The value of the PWD shell variable ($PWD), +with $HOME abbreviated with a tilde +(uses the $PROMPT_DIRTRIM variable). +

+
\W
+

The basename of $PWD, with $HOME abbreviated with a tilde. +

+
\!
+

The history number of this command. +

+
\#
+

The command number of this command. +

+
\$
+

If the effective uid is 0, #, otherwise $. +

+
\nnn
+

The character whose ASCII code is the octal value nnn. +

+
\\
+

A backslash. +

+
\[
+

Begin a sequence of non-printing characters. This could be used to +embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt. +

+
\]
+

End a sequence of non-printing characters. +

+
+ +

The command number and the history number are usually different: +the history number of a command is its position in the history +list, which may include commands restored from the history file +(see Bash History Facilities), while the command number is +the position in the sequence of commands executed during the current +shell session. +

+

After the string is decoded, it is expanded via +parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic +expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of the +promptvars shell option (see The Shopt Builtin). +This can have unwanted side effects if escaped portions of the string +appear within command substitution or contain characters special to +word expansion. +

+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Bash Features   [Contents][Index]

+
+

6.10 The Restricted Shell

+ + +

If Bash is started with the name rbash, or the +--restricted +or +-r +option is supplied at invocation, the shell becomes restricted. +A restricted shell is used to +set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. +A restricted shell behaves identically to bash +with the exception that the following are disallowed or not performed: +

+
    +
  • Changing directories with the cd builtin. +
  • Setting or unsetting the values of the SHELL, PATH, +HISTFILE, +ENV, or BASH_ENV variables. +
  • Specifying command names containing slashes. +
  • Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the . +builtin command. +
  • Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the history +builtin command. +
  • Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the -p +option to the hash builtin command. +
  • Importing function definitions from the shell environment at startup. +
  • Parsing the value of SHELLOPTS from the shell environment at startup. +
  • Redirecting output using the ‘>’, ‘>|’, ‘<>’, ‘>&’, +‘&>’, and ‘>>’ redirection operators. +
  • Using the exec builtin to replace the shell with another command. +
  • Adding or deleting builtin commands with the +-f and -d options to the enable builtin. +
  • Using the enable builtin command to enable disabled shell builtins. +
  • Specifying the -p option to the command builtin. +
  • Turning off restricted mode with ‘set +r’ or ‘shopt -u restricted_shell’. +
+ +

These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read. +

+

When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed +(see Shell Scripts), rbash turns off any restrictions in +the shell spawned to execute the script. +

+

The restricted shell mode is only one component of a useful restricted +environment. It should be accompanied by setting PATH to a value +that allows execution of only a few verified commands (commands that +allow shell escapes are particularly vulnerable), changing the current +directory to a non-writable directory other than $HOME after login, +not allowing the restricted shell to execute shell scripts, and cleaning +the environment of variables that cause some commands to modify their +behavior (e.g., VISUAL or PAGER). +

+

Modern systems provide more secure ways to implement a restricted environment, +such as jails, zones, or containers. +

+ +
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Bash Features   [Contents][Index]

+
+

6.11 Bash POSIX Mode

+ + +

Starting Bash with the --posix command-line option or executing +‘set -o posix’ while Bash is running will cause Bash to conform more +closely to the POSIX standard by changing the behavior to +match that specified by POSIX in areas where the Bash default differs. +

+

When invoked as sh, Bash enters POSIX mode after reading the +startup files. +

+

The following list is what’s changed when ‘POSIX mode’ is in effect: +

+
    +
  1. Bash ensures that the POSIXLY_CORRECT variable is set. + +
  2. When a command in the hash table no longer exists, Bash will re-search +$PATH to find the new location. This is also available with +‘shopt -s checkhash’. + +
  3. Bash will not insert a command without the execute bit set into the +command hash table, even if it returns it as a (last-ditch) result +from a $PATH search. + +
  4. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job +exits with a non-zero status is ‘Done(status)’. + +
  5. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job +is stopped is ‘Stopped(signame)’, where signame is, for +example, SIGTSTP. + +
  6. Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells. + +
  7. Reserved words appearing in a context where reserved words are recognized +do not undergo alias expansion. + +
  8. Alias expansion is performed when initially parsing a command substitution. +The default mode generally defers it, when enabled, until the command +substitution is executed. This means that command substitution will not +expand aliases that are defined after the command substitution is initially +parsed (e.g., as part of a function definition). + +
  9. The POSIX PS1 and PS2 expansions of ‘!’ to +the history number and ‘!!’ to ‘!’ are enabled, +and parameter expansion is performed on the values of PS1 and +PS2 regardless of the setting of the promptvars option. + +
  10. The POSIX startup files are executed ($ENV) rather than +the normal Bash files. + +
  11. Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a command +name, rather than on all assignment statements on the line. + +
  12. The default history file is ~/.sh_history (this is the +default value of $HISTFILE). + +
  13. Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the word +in the redirection unless the shell is interactive. + +
  14. Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in the +redirection. + +
  15. Function names must be valid shell names. That is, they may not +contain characters other than letters, digits, and underscores, and +may not start with a digit. Declaring a function with an invalid name +causes a fatal syntax error in non-interactive shells. + +
  16. Function names may not be the same as one of the POSIX special +builtins. + +
  17. POSIX special builtins are found before shell functions +during command lookup. + +
  18. When printing shell function definitions (e.g., by type), Bash does +not print the function keyword. + +
  19. Literal tildes that appear as the first character in elements of +the PATH variable are not expanded as described above +under Tilde Expansion. + +
  20. The time reserved word may be used by itself as a command. When +used in this way, it displays timing statistics for the shell and its +completed children. The TIMEFORMAT variable controls the format +of the timing information. + +
  21. When parsing and expanding a ${…} expansion that appears within +double quotes, single quotes are no longer special and cannot be used to +quote a closing brace or other special character, unless the operator is +one of those defined to perform pattern removal. In this case, they do +not have to appear as matched pairs. + +
  22. The parser does not recognize time as a reserved word if the next +token begins with a ‘-’. + + +
  23. The ‘!’ character does not introduce history expansion within a +double-quoted string, even if the histexpand option is enabled. + +
  24. If a POSIX special builtin returns an error status, a +non-interactive shell exits. The fatal errors are those listed in +the POSIX standard, and include things like passing incorrect options, +redirection errors, variable assignment errors for assignments preceding +the command name, and so on. + +
  25. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable +assignment error occurs when no command name follows the assignment +statements. +A variable assignment error occurs, for example, when trying to assign +a value to a readonly variable. + +
  26. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable +assignment error occurs in an assignment statement preceding a special +builtin, but not with any other simple command. For any other simple +command, the shell aborts execution of that command, and execution continues +at the top level ("the shell shall not perform any further processing of the +command in which the error occurred"). + +
  27. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the iteration +variable in a for statement or the selection variable in a +select statement is a readonly variable. + +
  28. Non-interactive shells exit if filename in . filename +is not found. + +
  29. Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic expansion +results in an invalid expression. + +
  30. Non-interactive shells exit if a parameter expansion error occurs. + +
  31. Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script read +with the . or source builtins, or in a string processed by +the eval builtin. + +
  32. While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to the +‘#’ and ‘?’ special parameters. + +
  33. Expanding the ‘*’ special parameter in a pattern context where the +expansion is double-quoted does not treat the $* as if it were +double-quoted. + +
  34. Assignment statements preceding POSIX special builtins +persist in the shell environment after the builtin completes. + +
  35. The command builtin does not prevent builtins that take assignment +statements as arguments from expanding them as assignment statements; +when not in POSIX mode, assignment builtins lose their assignment +statement expansion properties when preceded by command. + +
  36. The bg builtin uses the required format to describe each job placed +in the background, which does not include an indication of whether the job +is the current or previous job. + +
  37. The output of ‘kill -l’ prints all the signal names on a single line, +separated by spaces, without the ‘SIG’ prefix. + +
  38. The kill builtin does not accept signal names with a ‘SIG’ +prefix. + +
  39. The export and readonly builtin commands display their +output in the format required by POSIX. + +
  40. The trap builtin displays signal names without the leading +SIG. + +
  41. The trap builtin doesn’t check the first argument for a possible +signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original +disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of digits and +is a valid signal number. If users want to reset the handler for a given +signal to the original disposition, they should use ‘-’ as the +first argument. + +
  42. trap -p displays signals whose dispositions are set to SIG_DFL and +those that were ignored when the shell started. + +
  43. The . and source builtins do not search the current directory +for the filename argument if it is not found by searching PATH. + +
  44. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the +inherit_errexit option, so +subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of +the -e option from the parent shell. +When the inherit_errexit option is not enabled, +Bash clears the -e option in such subshells. + +
  45. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the +shift_verbose option, so numeric arguments to shift +that exceed the number of positional parameters will result in an +error message. + +
  46. When the alias builtin displays alias definitions, it does not +display them with a leading ‘alias ’ unless the -p option +is supplied. + +
  47. When the set builtin is invoked without options, it does not display +shell function names and definitions. + +
  48. When the set builtin is invoked without options, it displays +variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell metacharacters, +even if the result contains nonprinting characters. + +
  49. When the cd builtin is invoked in logical mode, and the pathname +constructed from $PWD and the directory name supplied as an argument +does not refer to an existing directory, cd will fail instead of +falling back to physical mode. + +
  50. When the cd builtin cannot change a directory because the +length of the pathname +constructed from $PWD and the directory name supplied as an argument +exceeds PATH_MAX when all symbolic links are expanded, cd will +fail instead of attempting to use only the supplied directory name. + +
  51. The pwd builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as the +current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file system with the +-P option. + +
  52. When listing the history, the fc builtin does not include an +indication of whether or not a history entry has been modified. + +
  53. The default editor used by fc is ed. + +
  54. The type and command builtins will not report a non-executable +file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute such a +file if it is the only so-named file found in $PATH. + +
  55. The vi editing mode will invoke the vi editor directly when +the ‘v’ command is run, instead of checking $VISUAL and +$EDITOR. + +
  56. When the xpg_echo option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to interpret +any arguments to echo as options. Each argument is displayed, after +escape characters are converted. + +
  57. The ulimit builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the -c +and -f options. + +
  58. The arrival of SIGCHLD when a trap is set on SIGCHLD does +not interrupt the wait builtin and cause it to return immediately. +The trap command is run once for each child that exits. + +
  59. The read builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap +has been set. +If Bash receives a trapped signal while executing read, the trap +handler executes and read returns an exit status greater than 128. + +
  60. The printf builtin uses double (via strtod) to convert +arguments corresponding to floating point conversion specifiers, instead of +long double if it’s available. The ‘L’ length modifier forces +printf to use long double if it’s available. + +
  61. Bash removes an exited background process’s status from the list of such +statuses after the wait builtin is used to obtain it. + +
+ +

There is other POSIX behavior that Bash does not implement by +default even when in POSIX mode. +Specifically: +

+
    +
  1. The fc builtin checks $EDITOR as a program to edit history +entries if FCEDIT is unset, rather than defaulting directly to +ed. fc uses ed if EDITOR is unset. + +
  2. As noted above, Bash requires the xpg_echo option to be enabled for +the echo builtin to be fully conformant. + +
+ +

Bash can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default, by specifying +the --enable-strict-posix-default to configure when building +(see Optional Features). +

+
+
+
+
+

+Previous: , Up: Bash Features   [Contents][Index]

+
+

6.12 Shell Compatibility Mode

+ + + +

Bash-4.0 introduced the concept of a shell compatibility level, +specified as a set of options to the shopt builtin +(compat31, +compat32, +compat40, +compat41, +and so on). +There is only one current +compatibility level – each option is mutually exclusive. +The compatibility level is intended to allow users to select behavior +from previous versions that is incompatible with newer versions +while they migrate scripts to use current features and +behavior. It’s intended to be a temporary solution. +

+

This section does not mention behavior that is standard for a particular +version (e.g., setting compat32 means that quoting the rhs of the regexp +matching operator quotes special regexp characters in the word, which is +default behavior in bash-3.2 and subsequent versions). +

+

If a user enables, say, compat32, it may affect the behavior of other +compatibility levels up to and including the current compatibility level. +The idea is that each compatibility level controls behavior that changed +in that version of Bash, +but that behavior may have been present in earlier versions. +For instance, the change to use locale-based comparisons with the [[ +command came in bash-4.1, and earlier versions used ASCII-based comparisons, +so enabling compat32 will enable ASCII-based comparisons as well. +That granularity may not be sufficient for +all uses, and as a result users should employ compatibility levels carefully. +Read the documentation for a particular feature to find out the +current behavior. +

+

Bash-4.3 introduced a new shell variable: BASH_COMPAT. +The value assigned +to this variable (a decimal version number like 4.2, or an integer +corresponding to the compatNN option, like 42) determines the +compatibility level. +

+

Starting with bash-4.4, Bash has begun deprecating older compatibility +levels. +Eventually, the options will be removed in favor of BASH_COMPAT. +

+

Bash-5.0 is the final version for which there will be an individual shopt +option for the previous version. Users should use BASH_COMPAT +on bash-5.0 and later versions. +

+

The following table describes the behavior changes controlled by each +compatibility level setting. +The compatNN tag is used as shorthand for setting the +compatibility level +to NN using one of the following mechanisms. +For versions prior to bash-5.0, the compatibility level may be set using +the corresponding compatNN shopt option. +For bash-4.3 and later versions, the BASH_COMPAT variable is preferred, +and it is required for bash-5.1 and later versions. +

+
+
compat31
+
    +
  • quoting the rhs of the [[ command’s regexp matching operator (=~) +has no special effect +
+ +
+
compat32
+
    +
  • interrupting a command list such as "a ; b ; c" causes the execution +of the next command in the list (in bash-4.0 and later versions, +the shell acts as if it received the interrupt, so +interrupting one command in a list aborts the execution of the +entire list) +
+ +
+
compat40
+
    +
  • the ‘<’ and ‘>’ operators to the [[ command do not +consider the current locale when comparing strings; they use ASCII +ordering. +Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII collation and strcmp(3); +bash-4.1 and later use the current locale’s collation sequence and +strcoll(3). +
+ +
+
compat41
+
    +
  • in posix mode, time may be followed by options and still be +recognized as a reserved word (this is POSIX interpretation 267) +
  • in posix mode, the parser requires that an even number of single +quotes occur in the word portion of a double-quoted ${…} +parameter expansion and treats them specially, so that characters within +the single quotes are considered quoted +(this is POSIX interpretation 221) +
+ +
+
compat42
+
    +
  • the replacement string in double-quoted pattern substitution does not +undergo quote removal, as it does in versions after bash-4.2 +
  • in posix mode, single quotes are considered special when expanding +the word portion of a double-quoted ${…} parameter expansion +and can be used to quote a closing brace or other special character +(this is part of POSIX interpretation 221); +in later versions, single quotes +are not special within double-quoted word expansions +
+ +
+
compat43
+
    +
  • the shell does not print a warning message if an attempt is made to +use a quoted compound assignment as an argument to declare +(e.g., declare -a foo=’(1 2)’). Later versions warn that this usage is +deprecated +
  • word expansion errors are considered non-fatal errors that cause the +current command to fail, even in posix mode +(the default behavior is to make them fatal errors that cause the shell +to exit) +
  • when executing a shell function, the loop state (while/until/etc.) +is not reset, so break or continue in that function will break +or continue loops in the calling context. Bash-4.4 and later reset +the loop state to prevent this +
+ +
+
compat44
+
    +
  • the shell sets up the values used by BASH_ARGV and BASH_ARGC +so they can expand to the shell’s positional parameters even if extended +debugging mode is not enabled +
  • a subshell inherits loops from its parent context, so break +or continue will cause the subshell to exit. +Bash-5.0 and later reset the loop state to prevent the exit +
  • variable assignments preceding builtins like export and readonly +that set attributes continue to affect variables with the same +name in the calling environment even if the shell is not in posix +mode +
+ +
+
compat50 (set using BASH_COMPAT)
+
    +
  • Bash-5.1 changed the way $RANDOM is generated to introduce slightly +more randomness. If the shell compatibility level is set to 50 or +lower, it reverts to the method from bash-5.0 and previous versions, +so seeding the random number generator by assigning a value to +RANDOM will produce the same sequence as in bash-5.0 +
  • If the command hash table is empty, Bash versions prior to bash-5.1 +printed an informational message to that effect, even when producing +output that can be reused as input. Bash-5.1 suppresses that message +when the -l option is supplied. +
+ +
+
compat51 (set using BASH_COMPAT)
+
    +
  • The unset builtin will unset the array a given an argument like +‘a[@]’. +Bash-5.2 will unset an element with key ‘@’ (associative arrays) +or remove all the elements without unsetting the array (indexed arrays) +
  • arithmetic commands ( ((...)) ) and the expressions in an arithmetic for +statement can be expanded more than once +
  • expressions used as arguments to arithmetic operators in the [[ +conditional command can be expanded more than once +
  • the expressions in substring parameter brace expansion can be +expanded more than once +
  • the expressions in the $(( ... )) word expansion can be expanded +more than once +
  • arithmetic expressions used as indexed array subscripts can be +expanded more than once +
  • test -v, when given an argument of ‘A[@]’, where A is +an existing associative array, will return true if the array has any set +elements. +Bash-5.2 will look for and report on a key named ‘@’ +
  • the ${parameter[:]=value} word expansion will return +value, before any variable-specific transformations have been +performed (e.g., converting to lowercase). +Bash-5.2 will return the final value assigned to the variable. +
  • Parsing command substitutions will behave as if extended glob +(see The Shopt Builtin) +is enabled, so that parsing a command substitution containing an extglob +pattern (say, as part of a shell function) will not fail. +This assumes the intent is to enable extglob before the command is executed +and word expansions are performed. +It will fail at word expansion time if extglob hasn’t been +enabled by the time the command is executed. +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Bash Features   [Contents][Index]

+
+

7 Job Control

+ +

This chapter discusses what job control is, how it works, and how +Bash allows you to access its facilities. +

+ + +
+
+
+

+Next: , Up: Job Control   [Contents][Index]

+
+

7.1 Job Control Basics

+ + + + + +

Job control +refers to the ability to selectively stop (suspend) +the execution of processes and continue (resume) +their execution at a later point. A user typically employs +this facility via an interactive interface supplied jointly +by the operating system kernel’s terminal driver and Bash. +

+

The shell associates a job with each pipeline. It keeps a +table of currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the +jobs command. When Bash starts a job +asynchronously, it prints a line that looks +like: +

+
[1] 25647
+
+

indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID +of the last process in the pipeline associated with this job is +25647. All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of +the same job. Bash uses the job abstraction as the +basis for job control. +

+

To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job +control, the operating system maintains the notion of a current terminal +process group ID. Members of this process group (processes whose +process group ID is equal to the current terminal process group +ID) receive keyboard-generated signals such as SIGINT. +These processes are said to be in the foreground. Background +processes are those whose process group ID differs from the +terminal’s; such processes are immune to keyboard-generated +signals. Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, if +the user so specifies with stty tostop, write to the terminal. +Background processes which attempt to +read from (write to when stty tostop is in effect) the +terminal are sent a SIGTTIN (SIGTTOU) +signal by the kernel’s terminal driver, +which, unless caught, suspends the process. +

+

If the operating system on which Bash is running supports +job control, Bash contains facilities to use it. Typing the +suspend character (typically ‘^Z’, Control-Z) while a +process is running causes that process to be stopped and returns +control to Bash. Typing the delayed suspend character +(typically ‘^Y’, Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped +when it attempts to read input from the terminal, and control to +be returned to Bash. The user then manipulates the state of +this job, using the bg command to continue it in the +background, the fg command to continue it in the +foreground, or the kill command to kill it. A ‘^Z’ +takes effect immediately, and has the additional side effect of +causing pending output and typeahead to be discarded. +

+

There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. The +character ‘%’ introduces a job specification (jobspec). +

+

Job number n may be referred to as ‘%n’. +The symbols ‘%%’ and ‘%+’ refer to the shell’s notion of the +current job, which is the last job stopped while it was in the foreground +or started in the background. +A single ‘%’ (with no accompanying job specification) also refers +to the current job. +The previous job may be referenced using ‘%-’. +If there is only a single job, ‘%+’ and ‘%-’ can both be used +to refer to that job. +In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the jobs +command), the current job is always flagged with a ‘+’, and the +previous job with a ‘-’. +

+

A job may also be referred to +using a prefix of the name used to start it, or using a substring +that appears in its command line. For example, ‘%ce’ refers +to a stopped job whose command name begins with ‘ce’. +Using ‘%?ce’, on the +other hand, refers to any job containing the string ‘ce’ in +its command line. If the prefix or substring matches more than one job, +Bash reports an error. +

+

Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: +‘%1’ is a synonym for ‘fg %1’, bringing job 1 from the +background into the foreground. Similarly, ‘%1 &’ resumes +job 1 in the background, equivalent to ‘bg %1’ +

+

The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. +Normally, Bash waits until it is about to print a prompt +before reporting changes in a job’s status so as to not interrupt +any other output. +If the -b option to the set builtin is enabled, +Bash reports such changes immediately (see The Set Builtin). +Any trap on SIGCHLD is executed for each child process +that exits. +

+

If an attempt to exit Bash is made while jobs are stopped, (or running, if +the checkjobs option is enabled – see The Shopt Builtin), the +shell prints a warning message, and if the checkjobs option is +enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses. +The jobs command may then be used to inspect their status. +If a second attempt to exit is made without an intervening command, +Bash does not print another warning, and any stopped jobs are terminated. +

+

When the shell is waiting for a job or process using the wait +builtin, and job control is enabled, wait will return when the +job changes state. The -f option causes wait to wait +until the job or process terminates before returning. +

+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Job Control   [Contents][Index]

+
+

7.2 Job Control Builtins

+ +
+
bg
+
+
bg [jobspec …]
+
+ +

Resume each suspended job jobspec in the background, as if it +had been started with ‘&’. +If jobspec is not supplied, the current job is used. +The return status is zero unless it is run when job control is not +enabled, or, when run with job control enabled, any +jobspec was not found or specifies a job +that was started without job control. +

+
+
fg
+
+
fg [jobspec]
+
+ +

Resume the job jobspec in the foreground and make it the current job. +If jobspec is not supplied, the current job is used. +The return status is that of the command placed into the foreground, +or non-zero if run when job control is disabled or, when run with +job control enabled, jobspec does not specify a valid job or +jobspec specifies a job that was started without job control. +

+
+
jobs
+
+
jobs [-lnprs] [jobspec]
+jobs -x command [arguments]
+
+ +

The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the +following meanings: +

+
+
-l
+

List process IDs in addition to the normal information. +

+
+
-n
+

Display information only about jobs that have changed status since +the user was last notified of their status. +

+
+
-p
+

List only the process ID of the job’s process group leader. +

+
+
-r
+

Display only running jobs. +

+
+
-s
+

Display only stopped jobs. +

+
+ +

If jobspec is given, +output is restricted to information about that job. +If jobspec is not supplied, the status of all jobs is +listed. +

+

If the -x option is supplied, jobs replaces any +jobspec found in command or arguments with the +corresponding process group ID, and executes command, +passing it arguments, returning its exit status. +

+
+
kill
+
+
kill [-s sigspec] [-n signum] [-sigspec] jobspec or pid
+kill -l|-L [exit_status]
+
+ +

Send a signal specified by sigspec or signum to the process +named by job specification jobspec or process ID pid. +sigspec is either a case-insensitive signal name such as +SIGINT (with or without the SIG prefix) +or a signal number; signum is a signal number. +If sigspec and signum are not present, SIGTERM is used. +The -l option lists the signal names. +If any arguments are supplied when -l is given, the names of the +signals corresponding to the arguments are listed, and the return status +is zero. +exit_status is a number specifying a signal number or the exit +status of a process terminated by a signal. +The -L option is equivalent to -l. +The return status is zero if at least one signal was successfully sent, +or non-zero if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered. +

+
+
wait
+
+
wait [-fn] [-p varname] [jobspec or pid …]
+
+ +

Wait until the child process specified by each process ID pid +or job specification jobspec exits and return the exit status of the +last command waited for. +If a job spec is given, all processes in the job are waited for. +If no arguments are given, +wait waits for all running background jobs and +the last-executed process substitution, if its process id is the same as +$!, +and the return status is zero. +If the -n option is supplied, wait waits for a single job +from the list of pids or jobspecs or, if no arguments are +supplied, any job, +to complete and returns its exit status. +If none of the supplied arguments is a child of the shell, or if no arguments +are supplied and the shell has no unwaited-for children, the exit status +is 127. +If the -p option is supplied, the process or job identifier of the job +for which the exit status is returned is assigned to the variable +varname named by the option argument. +The variable will be unset initially, before any assignment. +This is useful only when the -n option is supplied. +Supplying the -f option, when job control is enabled, +forces wait to wait for each pid or jobspec to +terminate before returning its status, instead of returning when it changes +status. +If neither jobspec nor pid specifies an active child process +of the shell, the return status is 127. +If wait is interrupted by a signal, the return status will be greater +than 128, as described above (see Signals). +Otherwise, the return status is the exit status +of the last process or job waited for. +

+
+
disown
+
+
disown [-ar] [-h] [jobspec … | pid … ]
+
+ +

Without options, remove each jobspec from the table of +active jobs. +If the -h option is given, the job is not removed from the table, +but is marked so that SIGHUP is not sent to the job if the shell +receives a SIGHUP. +If jobspec is not present, and neither the -a nor the +-r option is supplied, the current job is used. +If no jobspec is supplied, the -a option means to remove or +mark all jobs; the -r option without a jobspec +argument restricts operation to running jobs. +

+
+
suspend
+
+
suspend [-f]
+
+ +

Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a +SIGCONT signal. +A login shell, +or a shell without job control enabled, +cannot be suspended; the -f +option can be used to override this and force the suspension. +The return status is 0 unless the shell is a login shell +or job control is not enabled +and +-f +is not supplied. +

+
+
+ +

When job control is not active, the kill and wait +builtins do not accept jobspec arguments. They must be +supplied process IDs. +

+
+
+
+
+

+Previous: , Up: Job Control   [Contents][Index]

+
+

7.3 Job Control Variables

+ +
+
auto_resume
+

This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and +job control. If this variable exists then single word simple +commands without redirections are treated as candidates for resumption +of an existing job. There is no ambiguity allowed; if there is +more than one job beginning with the string typed, then +the most recently accessed job will be selected. +The name of a stopped job, in this context, is the command line +used to start it. If this variable is set to the value ‘exact’, +the string supplied must match the name of a stopped job exactly; +if set to ‘substring’, +the string supplied needs to match a substring of the name of a +stopped job. The ‘substring’ value provides functionality +analogous to the ‘%?’ job ID (see Job Control Basics). +If set to any other value, the supplied string must +be a prefix of a stopped job’s name; this provides functionality +analogous to the ‘%’ job ID. +

+
+
+ + + + + + +
+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Bash Features   [Contents][Index]

+
+

8 Command Line Editing

+ +

This chapter describes the basic features of the GNU +command line editing interface. +Command line editing is provided by the Readline library, which is +used by several different programs, including Bash. +Command line editing is enabled by default when using an interactive shell, +unless the --noediting option is supplied at shell invocation. +Line editing is also used when using the -e option to the +read builtin command (see Bash Builtin Commands). +By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs. +A vi-style line editing interface is also available. +Line editing can be enabled at any time using the -o emacs or +-o vi options to the set builtin command +(see The Set Builtin), or disabled using the +o emacs or ++o vi options to set. +

+ + +
+
+
+

+Next: , Up: Command Line Editing   [Contents][Index]

+
+

8.1 Introduction to Line Editing

+ +

The following paragraphs describe the notation used to represent +keystrokes. +

+

The text C-k is read as ‘Control-K’ and describes the character +produced when the k key is pressed while the Control key +is depressed. +

+

The text M-k is read as ‘Meta-K’ and describes the character +produced when the Meta key (if you have one) is depressed, and the k +key is pressed. +The Meta key is labeled ALT on many keyboards. +On keyboards with two keys labeled ALT (usually to either side of +the space bar), the ALT on the left side is generally set to +work as a Meta key. +The ALT key on the right may also be configured to work as a +Meta key or may be configured as some other modifier, such as a +Compose key for typing accented characters. +

+

If you do not have a Meta or ALT key, or another key working as +a Meta key, the identical keystroke can be generated by typing ESC +first, and then typing k. +Either process is known as metafying the k key. +

+

The text M-C-k is read as ‘Meta-Control-k’ and describes the +character produced by metafying C-k. +

+

In addition, several keys have their own names. Specifically, +DEL, ESC, LFD, SPC, RET, and TAB all +stand for themselves when seen in this text, or in an init file +(see Readline Init File). +If your keyboard lacks a LFD key, typing C-j will +produce the desired character. +The RET key may be labeled Return or Enter on +some keyboards. +

+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Command Line Editing   [Contents][Index]

+
+

8.2 Readline Interaction

+ + +

Often during an interactive session you type in a long line of text, +only to notice that the first word on the line is misspelled. The +Readline library gives you a set of commands for manipulating the text +as you type it in, allowing you to just fix your typo, and not forcing +you to retype the majority of the line. Using these editing commands, +you move the cursor to the place that needs correction, and delete or +insert the text of the corrections. Then, when you are satisfied with +the line, you simply press RET. You do not have to be at the +end of the line to press RET; the entire line is accepted +regardless of the location of the cursor within the line. +

+ + +
+
+
+

+Next: , Up: Readline Interaction   [Contents][Index]

+
+

8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials

+ + + + +

In order to enter characters into the line, simply type them. The typed +character appears where the cursor was, and then the cursor moves one +space to the right. If you mistype a character, you can use your +erase character to back up and delete the mistyped character. +

+

Sometimes you may mistype a character, and +not notice the error until you have typed several other characters. In +that case, you can type C-b to move the cursor to the left, and then +correct your mistake. Afterwards, you can move the cursor to the right +with C-f. +

+

When you add text in the middle of a line, you will notice that characters +to the right of the cursor are ‘pushed over’ to make room for the text +that you have inserted. Likewise, when you delete text behind the cursor, +characters to the right of the cursor are ‘pulled back’ to fill in the +blank space created by the removal of the text. A list of the bare +essentials for editing the text of an input line follows. +

+
+
C-b
+

Move back one character. +

+
C-f
+

Move forward one character. +

+
DEL or Backspace
+

Delete the character to the left of the cursor. +

+
C-d
+

Delete the character underneath the cursor. +

+
Printing characters
+

Insert the character into the line at the cursor. +

+
C-_ or C-x C-u
+

Undo the last editing command. You can undo all the way back to an +empty line. +

+
+ +

(Depending on your configuration, the Backspace key might be set to +delete the character to the left of the cursor and the DEL key set +to delete the character underneath the cursor, like C-d, rather +than the character to the left of the cursor.) +

+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Readline Interaction   [Contents][Index]

+
+

8.2.2 Readline Movement Commands

+ + +

The above table describes the most basic keystrokes that you need +in order to do editing of the input line. For your convenience, many +other commands have been added in addition to C-b, C-f, +C-d, and DEL. Here are some commands for moving more rapidly +about the line. +

+
+
C-a
+

Move to the start of the line. +

+
C-e
+

Move to the end of the line. +

+
M-f
+

Move forward a word, where a word is composed of letters and digits. +

+
M-b
+

Move backward a word. +

+
C-l
+

Clear the screen, reprinting the current line at the top. +

+
+ +

Notice how C-f moves forward a character, while M-f moves +forward a word. It is a loose convention that control keystrokes +operate on characters while meta keystrokes operate on words. +

+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Readline Interaction   [Contents][Index]

+
+

8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands

+ + + + +

Killing text means to delete the text from the line, but to save +it away for later use, usually by yanking (re-inserting) +it back into the line. +(‘Cut’ and ‘paste’ are more recent jargon for ‘kill’ and ‘yank’.) +

+

If the description for a command says that it ‘kills’ text, then you can +be sure that you can get the text back in a different (or the same) +place later. +

+

When you use a kill command, the text is saved in a kill-ring. +Any number of consecutive kills save all of the killed text together, so +that when you yank it back, you get it all. The kill +ring is not line specific; the text that you killed on a previously +typed line is available to be yanked back later, when you are typing +another line. + +

+

Here is the list of commands for killing text. +

+
+
C-k
+

Kill the text from the current cursor position to the end of the line. +

+
+
M-d
+

Kill from the cursor to the end of the current word, or, if between +words, to the end of the next word. +Word boundaries are the same as those used by M-f. +

+
+
M-DEL
+

Kill from the cursor to the start of the current word, or, if between +words, to the start of the previous word. +Word boundaries are the same as those used by M-b. +

+
+
C-w
+

Kill from the cursor to the previous whitespace. This is different than +M-DEL because the word boundaries differ. +

+
+
+ +

Here is how to yank the text back into the line. Yanking +means to copy the most-recently-killed text from the kill buffer. +

+
+
C-y
+

Yank the most recently killed text back into the buffer at the cursor. +

+
+
M-y
+

Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this if +the prior command is C-y or M-y. +

+
+ +
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Readline Interaction   [Contents][Index]

+
+

8.2.4 Readline Arguments

+ +

You can pass numeric arguments to Readline commands. Sometimes the +argument acts as a repeat count, other times it is the sign of the +argument that is significant. If you pass a negative argument to a +command which normally acts in a forward direction, that command will +act in a backward direction. For example, to kill text back to the +start of the line, you might type ‘M-- C-k’. +

+

The general way to pass numeric arguments to a command is to type meta +digits before the command. If the first ‘digit’ typed is a minus +sign (‘-’), then the sign of the argument will be negative. Once +you have typed one meta digit to get the argument started, you can type +the remainder of the digits, and then the command. For example, to give +the C-d command an argument of 10, you could type ‘M-1 0 C-d’, +which will delete the next ten characters on the input line. +

+
+
+
+
+

+Previous: , Up: Readline Interaction   [Contents][Index]

+
+

8.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History

+ +

Readline provides commands for searching through the command history +(see Bash History Facilities) +for lines containing a specified string. +There are two search modes: incremental and non-incremental. +

+

Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the +search string. +As each character of the search string is typed, Readline displays +the next entry from the history matching the string typed so far. +An incremental search requires only as many characters as needed to +find the desired history entry. +To search backward in the history for a particular string, type +C-r. Typing C-s searches forward through the history. +The characters present in the value of the isearch-terminators variable +are used to terminate an incremental search. +If that variable has not been assigned a value, the ESC and +C-J characters will terminate an incremental search. +C-g will abort an incremental search and restore the original line. +When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the +search string becomes the current line. +

+

To find other matching entries in the history list, type C-r or +C-s as appropriate. +This will search backward or forward in the history for the next +entry matching the search string typed so far. +Any other key sequence bound to a Readline command will terminate +the search and execute that command. +For instance, a RET will terminate the search and accept +the line, thereby executing the command from the history list. +A movement command will terminate the search, make the last line found +the current line, and begin editing. +

+

Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two +C-rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a new +search string, any remembered search string is used. +

+

Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting +to search for matching history lines. The search string may be +typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line. +

+
+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Command Line Editing   [Contents][Index]

+
+

8.3 Readline Init File

+ + +

Although the Readline library comes with a set of Emacs-like +keybindings installed by default, it is possible to use a different set +of keybindings. +Any user can customize programs that use Readline by putting +commands in an inputrc file, +conventionally in their home directory. +The name of this +file is taken from the value of the shell variable INPUTRC. If +that variable is unset, the default is ~/.inputrc. If that +file does not exist or cannot be read, the ultimate default is +/etc/inputrc. +The bind builtin command can also be used to set Readline +keybindings and variables. +See Bash Builtin Commands. +

+

When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, the +init file is read, and the key bindings are set. +

+

In addition, the C-x C-r command re-reads this init file, thus +incorporating any changes that you might have made to it. +

+ + +
+
+
+

+Next: , Up: Readline Init File   [Contents][Index]

+
+

8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax

+ +

There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the +Readline init file. Blank lines are ignored. +Lines beginning with a ‘#’ are comments. +Lines beginning with a ‘$’ indicate conditional +constructs (see Conditional Init Constructs). Other lines +denote variable settings and key bindings. +

+
+
Variable Settings
+

You can modify the run-time behavior of Readline by +altering the values of variables in Readline +using the set command within the init file. +The syntax is simple: +

+
+
set variable value
+
+ +

Here, for example, is how to +change from the default Emacs-like key binding to use +vi line editing commands: +

+
+
set editing-mode vi
+
+ +

Variable names and values, where appropriate, are recognized without regard +to case. Unrecognized variable names are ignored. +

+

Boolean variables (those that can be set to on or off) are set to on if +the value is null or empty, on (case-insensitive), or 1. Any other +value results in the variable being set to off. +

+

The bind -V command lists the current Readline variable names +and values. See Bash Builtin Commands. +

+

A great deal of run-time behavior is changeable with the following +variables. +

+ +
+
active-region-start-color
+

A string variable that controls the text color and background when displaying +the text in the active region (see the description of +enable-active-region below). +This string must not take up any physical character positions on the display, +so it should consist only of terminal escape sequences. +It is output to the terminal before displaying the text in the active region. +This variable is reset to the default value whenever the terminal type changes. +The default value is the string that puts the terminal in standout mode, +as obtained from the terminal’s terminfo description. +A sample value might be ‘\e[01;33m’. +

+
+
active-region-end-color
+

A string variable that "undoes" the effects of active-region-start-color +and restores "normal" terminal display appearance after displaying text +in the active region. +This string must not take up any physical character positions on the display, +so it should consist only of terminal escape sequences. +It is output to the terminal after displaying the text in the active region. +This variable is reset to the default value whenever the terminal type changes. +The default value is the string that restores the terminal from standout mode, +as obtained from the terminal’s terminfo description. +A sample value might be ‘\e[0m’. +

+
+
bell-style
+

Controls what happens when Readline wants to ring the terminal bell. +If set to ‘none’, Readline never rings the bell. If set to +‘visible’, Readline uses a visible bell if one is available. +If set to ‘audible’ (the default), Readline attempts to ring +the terminal’s bell. +

+
+
bind-tty-special-chars
+

If set to ‘on’ (the default), Readline attempts to bind the control +characters treated specially by the kernel’s terminal driver to their +Readline equivalents. +

+
+ +

If set to ‘on’, Readline attempts to briefly move the cursor to an +opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is inserted. The default +is ‘off’. +

+
+
colored-completion-prefix
+

If set to ‘on’, when listing completions, Readline displays the +common prefix of the set of possible completions using a different color. +The color definitions are taken from the value of the LS_COLORS +environment variable. +If there is a color definition in LS_COLORS for the custom suffix +‘readline-colored-completion-prefix’, Readline uses this color for +the common prefix instead of its default. +The default is ‘off’. +

+
+
colored-stats
+

If set to ‘on’, Readline displays possible completions using different +colors to indicate their file type. +The color definitions are taken from the value of the LS_COLORS +environment variable. +The default is ‘off’. +

+
+
comment-begin
+

The string to insert at the beginning of the line when the +insert-comment command is executed. The default value +is "#". +

+
+
completion-display-width
+

The number of screen columns used to display possible matches +when performing completion. +The value is ignored if it is less than 0 or greater than the terminal +screen width. +A value of 0 will cause matches to be displayed one per line. +The default value is -1. +

+
+
completion-ignore-case
+

If set to ‘on’, Readline performs filename matching and completion +in a case-insensitive fashion. +The default value is ‘off’. +

+
+
completion-map-case
+

If set to ‘on’, and completion-ignore-case is enabled, Readline +treats hyphens (‘-’) and underscores (‘_’) as equivalent when +performing case-insensitive filename matching and completion. +The default value is ‘off’. +

+
+
completion-prefix-display-length
+

The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible +completions that is displayed without modification. When set to a +value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than this value are +replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions. +

+
+
completion-query-items
+

The number of possible completions that determines when the user is +asked whether the list of possibilities should be displayed. +If the number of possible completions is greater than or equal to this value, +Readline will ask whether or not the user wishes to view them; +otherwise, they are simply listed. +This variable must be set to an integer value greater than or equal to zero. +A zero value means Readline should never ask; negative values are +treated as zero. +The default limit is 100. +

+
+
convert-meta
+

If set to ‘on’, Readline will convert characters with the +eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the eighth +bit and prefixing an ESC character, converting them to a +meta-prefixed key sequence. +The default value is ‘on’, but +will be set to ‘off’ if the locale is one that contains +eight-bit characters. +This variable is dependent on the LC_CTYPE locale category, and +may change if the locale is changed. +

+
+
disable-completion
+

If set to ‘On’, Readline will inhibit word completion. +Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if they had +been mapped to self-insert. The default is ‘off’. +

+
+
echo-control-characters
+

When set to ‘on’, on operating systems that indicate they support it, +Readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal generated from the +keyboard. The default is ‘on’. +

+
+
editing-mode
+

The editing-mode variable controls which default set of +key bindings is used. By default, Readline starts up in Emacs editing +mode, where the keystrokes are most similar to Emacs. This variable can be +set to either ‘emacs’ or ‘vi’. +

+
+
emacs-mode-string
+

If the show-mode-in-prompt variable is enabled, +this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary +prompt when emacs editing mode is active. The value is expanded like a +key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and +backslash escape sequences is available. +Use the ‘\1’ and ‘\2’ escapes to begin and end sequences of +non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control +sequence into the mode string. +The default is ‘@’. +

+
+
enable-active-region
+

The point is the current cursor position, and mark refers +to a saved cursor position (see Commands For Moving). +The text between the point and mark is referred to as the region. +When this variable is set to ‘On’, Readline allows certain commands +to designate the region as active. +When the region is active, Readline highlights the text in the region using +the value of the active-region-start-color, which defaults to the +string that enables +the terminal’s standout mode. +The active region shows the text inserted by bracketed-paste and any +matching text found by incremental and non-incremental history searches. +The default is ‘On’. +

+
+
enable-bracketed-paste
+

When set to ‘On’, Readline configures the terminal to insert each +paste into the editing buffer as a single string of characters, instead +of treating each character as if it had been read from the keyboard. +This is called putting the terminal into bracketed paste mode; +it prevents Readline from executing any editing commands bound to key +sequences appearing in the pasted text. +The default is ‘On’. +

+
+
enable-keypad
+

When set to ‘on’, Readline will try to enable the application +keypad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the +arrow keys. The default is ‘off’. +

+
+
enable-meta-key
+

When set to ‘on’, Readline will try to enable any meta modifier +key the terminal claims to support when it is called. On many terminals, +the meta key is used to send eight-bit characters. +The default is ‘on’. +

+
+
expand-tilde
+

If set to ‘on’, tilde expansion is performed when Readline +attempts word completion. The default is ‘off’. +

+
+
history-preserve-point
+

If set to ‘on’, the history code attempts to place the point (the +current cursor position) at the +same location on each history line retrieved with previous-history +or next-history. The default is ‘off’. +

+
+
history-size
+

Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history list. +If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted and no new entries +are saved. +If set to a value less than zero, the number of history entries is not +limited. +By default, the number of history entries is not limited. +If an attempt is made to set history-size to a non-numeric value, +the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500. +

+
+
horizontal-scroll-mode
+

This variable can be set to either ‘on’ or ‘off’. Setting it +to ‘on’ means that the text of the lines being edited will scroll +horizontally on a single screen line when they are longer than the width +of the screen, instead of wrapping onto a new screen line. +This variable is automatically set to ‘on’ for terminals of height 1. +By default, this variable is set to ‘off’. +

+
+
input-meta
+
+

If set to ‘on’, Readline will enable eight-bit input (it +will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads), +regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The +default value is ‘off’, but Readline will set it to ‘on’ if the +locale contains eight-bit characters. +The name meta-flag is a synonym for this variable. +This variable is dependent on the LC_CTYPE locale category, and +may change if the locale is changed. +

+
+
isearch-terminators
+

The string of characters that should terminate an incremental search without +subsequently executing the character as a command (see Searching for Commands in the History). +If this variable has not been given a value, the characters ESC and +C-J will terminate an incremental search. +

+
+
keymap
+

Sets Readline’s idea of the current keymap for key binding commands. +Built-in keymap names are +emacs, +emacs-standard, +emacs-meta, +emacs-ctlx, +vi, +vi-move, +vi-command, and +vi-insert. +vi is equivalent to vi-command (vi-move is also a +synonym); emacs is equivalent to emacs-standard. +Applications may add additional names. +The default value is emacs. +The value of the editing-mode variable also affects the +default keymap. +

+
+
keyseq-timeout
+

Specifies the duration Readline will wait for a character when reading an +ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete key sequence using +the input read so far, or can take additional input to complete a longer +key sequence). +If no input is received within the timeout, Readline will use the shorter +but complete key sequence. +Readline uses this value to determine whether or not input is +available on the current input source (rl_instream by default). +The value is specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that +Readline will wait one second for additional input. +If this variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a +non-numeric value, Readline will wait until another key is pressed to +decide which key sequence to complete. +The default value is 500. +

+
+
mark-directories
+

If set to ‘on’, completed directory names have a slash +appended. The default is ‘on’. +

+
+
mark-modified-lines
+

This variable, when set to ‘on’, causes Readline to display an +asterisk (‘*’) at the start of history lines which have been modified. +This variable is ‘off’ by default. +

+
+
mark-symlinked-directories
+

If set to ‘on’, completed names which are symbolic links +to directories have a slash appended (subject to the value of +mark-directories). +The default is ‘off’. +

+
+
match-hidden-files
+

This variable, when set to ‘on’, causes Readline to match files whose +names begin with a ‘.’ (hidden files) when performing filename +completion. +If set to ‘off’, the leading ‘.’ must be +supplied by the user in the filename to be completed. +This variable is ‘on’ by default. +

+
+
menu-complete-display-prefix
+

If set to ‘on’, menu completion displays the common prefix of the +list of possible completions (which may be empty) before cycling through +the list. The default is ‘off’. +

+
+
output-meta
+

If set to ‘on’, Readline will display characters with the +eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape +sequence. +The default is ‘off’, but Readline will set it to ‘on’ if the +locale contains eight-bit characters. +This variable is dependent on the LC_CTYPE locale category, and +may change if the locale is changed. +

+
+
page-completions
+

If set to ‘on’, Readline uses an internal more-like pager +to display a screenful of possible completions at a time. +This variable is ‘on’ by default. +

+
+
print-completions-horizontally
+

If set to ‘on’, Readline will display completions with matches +sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen. +The default is ‘off’. +

+
+
revert-all-at-newline
+

If set to ‘on’, Readline will undo all changes to history lines +before returning when accept-line is executed. By default, +history lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across +calls to readline(). The default is ‘off’. +

+
+
show-all-if-ambiguous
+

This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. If +set to ‘on’, +words which have more than one possible completion cause the +matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell. +The default value is ‘off’. +

+
+
show-all-if-unmodified
+

This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in +a fashion similar to show-all-if-ambiguous. +If set to ‘on’, +words which have more than one possible completion without any +possible partial completion (the possible completions don’t share +a common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately instead +of ringing the bell. +The default value is ‘off’. +

+
+
show-mode-in-prompt
+

If set to ‘on’, add a string to the beginning of the prompt +indicating the editing mode: emacs, vi command, or vi insertion. +The mode strings are user-settable (e.g., emacs-mode-string). +The default value is ‘off’. +

+
+
skip-completed-text
+

If set to ‘on’, this alters the default completion behavior when +inserting a single match into the line. It’s only active when +performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled, Readline +does not insert characters from the completion that match characters +after point in the word being completed, so portions of the word +following the cursor are not duplicated. +For instance, if this is enabled, attempting completion when the cursor +is after the ‘e’ in ‘Makefile’ will result in ‘Makefile’ +rather than ‘Makefilefile’, assuming there is a single possible +completion. +The default value is ‘off’. +

+
+
vi-cmd-mode-string
+

If the show-mode-in-prompt variable is enabled, +this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary +prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command mode. +The value is expanded like a +key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and +backslash escape sequences is available. +Use the ‘\1’ and ‘\2’ escapes to begin and end sequences of +non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control +sequence into the mode string. +The default is ‘(cmd)’. +

+
+
vi-ins-mode-string
+

If the show-mode-in-prompt variable is enabled, +this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary +prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode. +The value is expanded like a +key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and +backslash escape sequences is available. +Use the ‘\1’ and ‘\2’ escapes to begin and end sequences of +non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control +sequence into the mode string. +The default is ‘(ins)’. +

+
+
visible-stats
+

If set to ‘on’, a character denoting a file’s type +is appended to the filename when listing possible +completions. The default is ‘off’. +

+
+
+ +
+
Key Bindings
+

The syntax for controlling key bindings in the init file is +simple. First you need to find the name of the command that you +want to change. The following sections contain tables of the command +name, the default keybinding, if any, and a short description of what +the command does. +

+

Once you know the name of the command, simply place on a line +in the init file the name of the key +you wish to bind the command to, a colon, and then the name of the +command. +There can be no space between the key name and the colon – that will be +interpreted as part of the key name. +The name of the key can be expressed in different ways, depending on +what you find most comfortable. +

+

In addition to command names, Readline allows keys to be bound +to a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a macro). +

+

The bind -p command displays Readline function names and +bindings in a format that can be put directly into an initialization file. +See Bash Builtin Commands. +

+
+
keyname: function-name or macro
+

keyname is the name of a key spelled out in English. For example: +

+
Control-u: universal-argument
+Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word
+Control-o: "> output"
+
+ +

In the example above, C-u is bound to the function +universal-argument, +M-DEL is bound to the function backward-kill-word, and +C-o is bound to run the macro +expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text +‘> output’ into the line). +

+

A number of symbolic character names are recognized while +processing this key binding syntax: +DEL, +ESC, +ESCAPE, +LFD, +NEWLINE, +RET, +RETURN, +RUBOUT, +SPACE, +SPC, +and +TAB. +

+
+
"keyseq": function-name or macro
+

keyseq differs from keyname above in that strings +denoting an entire key sequence can be specified, by placing +the key sequence in double quotes. Some GNU Emacs style key +escapes can be used, as in the following example, but the +special character names are not recognized. +

+
+
"\C-u": universal-argument
+"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file
+"\e[11~": "Function Key 1"
+
+ +

In the above example, C-u is again bound to the function +universal-argument (just as it was in the first example), +‘C-x C-r’ is bound to the function re-read-init-file, +and ‘ESC [ 1 1 ~’ is bound to insert +the text ‘Function Key 1’. +

+
+
+ +

The following GNU Emacs style escape sequences are available when +specifying key sequences: +

+
+
\C-
+

control prefix +

+
\M-
+

meta prefix +

+
\e
+

an escape character +

+
\\
+

backslash +

+
\"
+

", a double quotation mark +

+
\'
+

', a single quote or apostrophe +

+
+ +

In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second +set of backslash escapes is available: +

+
+
\a
+

alert (bell) +

+
\b
+

backspace +

+
\d
+

delete +

+
\f
+

form feed +

+
\n
+

newline +

+
\r
+

carriage return +

+
\t
+

horizontal tab +

+
\v
+

vertical tab +

+
\nnn
+

the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value nnn +(one to three digits) +

+
\xHH
+

the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH +(one or two hex digits) +

+
+ +

When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must +be used to indicate a macro definition. +Unquoted text is assumed to be a function name. +In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above are expanded. +Backslash will quote any other character in the macro text, +including ‘"’ and ‘'’. +For example, the following binding will make ‘C-x \’ +insert a single ‘\’ into the line: +

+
"\C-x\\": "\\"
+
+ +
+
+ +
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Readline Init File   [Contents][Index]

+
+

8.3.2 Conditional Init Constructs

+ +

Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional +compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key +bindings and variable settings to be performed as the result +of tests. There are four parser directives used. +

+
+
$if
+

The $if construct allows bindings to be made based on the +editing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using +Readline. The text of the test, after any comparison operator, +extends to the end of the line; +unless otherwise noted, no characters are required to isolate it. +

+
+
mode
+

The mode= form of the $if directive is used to test +whether Readline is in emacs or vi mode. +This may be used in conjunction +with the ‘set keymap’ command, for instance, to set bindings in +the emacs-standard and emacs-ctlx keymaps only if +Readline is starting out in emacs mode. +

+
+
term
+

The term= form may be used to include terminal-specific +key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the +terminal’s function keys. The word on the right side of the +‘=’ is tested against both the full name of the terminal and +the portion of the terminal name before the first ‘-’. This +allows sun to match both sun and sun-cmd, +for instance. +

+
+
version
+

The version test may be used to perform comparisons against +specific Readline versions. +The version expands to the current Readline version. +The set of comparison operators includes +‘=’ (and ‘==’), ‘!=’, ‘<=’, ‘>=’, ‘<’, +and ‘>’. +The version number supplied on the right side of the operator consists +of a major version number, an optional decimal point, and an optional +minor version (e.g., ‘7.1’). If the minor version is omitted, it +is assumed to be ‘0’. +The operator may be separated from the string version and +from the version number argument by whitespace. +The following example sets a variable if the Readline version being used +is 7.0 or newer: +

+
$if version >= 7.0
+set show-mode-in-prompt on
+$endif
+
+ +
+
application
+

The application construct is used to include +application-specific settings. Each program using the Readline +library sets the application name, and you can test for +a particular value. +This could be used to bind key sequences to functions useful for +a specific program. For instance, the following command adds a +key sequence that quotes the current or previous word in Bash: +

+
$if Bash
+# Quote the current or previous word
+"\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\""
+$endif
+
+ +
+
variable
+

The variable construct provides simple equality tests for Readline +variables and values. +The permitted comparison operators are ‘=’, ‘==’, and ‘!=’. +The variable name must be separated from the comparison operator by +whitespace; the operator may be separated from the value on the right hand +side by whitespace. +Both string and boolean variables may be tested. Boolean variables must be +tested against the values on and off. +The following example is equivalent to the mode=emacs test described +above: +

+
$if editing-mode == emacs
+set show-mode-in-prompt on
+$endif
+
+
+
+ +
+
$endif
+

This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an +$if command. +

+
+
$else
+

Commands in this branch of the $if directive are executed if +the test fails. +

+
+
$include
+

This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads commands +and bindings from that file. +For example, the following directive reads from /etc/inputrc: +

+
$include /etc/inputrc
+
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+

+Previous: , Up: Readline Init File   [Contents][Index]

+
+

8.3.3 Sample Init File

+ +

Here is an example of an inputrc file. This illustrates key +binding, variable assignment, and conditional syntax. +

+
+
# This file controls the behaviour of line input editing for
+# programs that use the GNU Readline library.  Existing
+# programs include FTP, Bash, and GDB.
+#
+# You can re-read the inputrc file with C-x C-r.
+# Lines beginning with '#' are comments.
+#
+# First, include any system-wide bindings and variable
+# assignments from /etc/Inputrc
+$include /etc/Inputrc
+
+#
+# Set various bindings for emacs mode.
+
+set editing-mode emacs 
+
+$if mode=emacs
+
+Meta-Control-h:	backward-kill-word	Text after the function name is ignored
+
+#
+# Arrow keys in keypad mode
+#
+#"\M-OD":        backward-char
+#"\M-OC":        forward-char
+#"\M-OA":        previous-history
+#"\M-OB":        next-history
+#
+# Arrow keys in ANSI mode
+#
+"\M-[D":        backward-char
+"\M-[C":        forward-char
+"\M-[A":        previous-history
+"\M-[B":        next-history
+#
+# Arrow keys in 8 bit keypad mode
+#
+#"\M-\C-OD":       backward-char
+#"\M-\C-OC":       forward-char
+#"\M-\C-OA":       previous-history
+#"\M-\C-OB":       next-history
+#
+# Arrow keys in 8 bit ANSI mode
+#
+#"\M-\C-[D":       backward-char
+#"\M-\C-[C":       forward-char
+#"\M-\C-[A":       previous-history
+#"\M-\C-[B":       next-history
+
+C-q: quoted-insert
+
+$endif
+
+# An old-style binding.  This happens to be the default.
+TAB: complete
+
+# Macros that are convenient for shell interaction
+$if Bash
+# edit the path
+"\C-xp": "PATH=${PATH}\e\C-e\C-a\ef\C-f"
+# prepare to type a quoted word --
+# insert open and close double quotes
+# and move to just after the open quote
+"\C-x\"": "\"\"\C-b"
+# insert a backslash (testing backslash escapes
+# in sequences and macros)
+"\C-x\\": "\\"
+# Quote the current or previous word
+"\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\""
+# Add a binding to refresh the line, which is unbound
+"\C-xr": redraw-current-line
+# Edit variable on current line.
+"\M-\C-v": "\C-a\C-k$\C-y\M-\C-e\C-a\C-y="
+$endif
+
+# use a visible bell if one is available
+set bell-style visible
+
+# don't strip characters to 7 bits when reading
+set input-meta on
+
+# allow iso-latin1 characters to be inserted rather
+# than converted to prefix-meta sequences
+set convert-meta off
+
+# display characters with the eighth bit set directly
+# rather than as meta-prefixed characters
+set output-meta on
+
+# if there are 150 or more possible completions for a word,
+# ask whether or not the user wants to see all of them
+set completion-query-items 150
+
+# For FTP
+$if Ftp
+"\C-xg": "get \M-?"
+"\C-xt": "put \M-?"
+"\M-.": yank-last-arg
+$endif
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Command Line Editing   [Contents][Index]

+
+

8.4 Bindable Readline Commands

+ + +

This section describes Readline commands that may be bound to key +sequences. +You can list your key bindings by executing +bind -P or, for a more terse format, suitable for an +inputrc file, bind -p. (See Bash Builtin Commands.) +Command names without an accompanying key sequence are unbound by default. +

+

In the following descriptions, point refers to the current cursor +position, and mark refers to a cursor position saved by the +set-mark command. +The text between the point and mark is referred to as the region. +

+ +
+
+
+

+Next: , Up: Bindable Readline Commands   [Contents][Index]

+
+

8.4.1 Commands For Moving

+
+
beginning-of-line (C-a)
+

Move to the start of the current line. +

+
+
end-of-line (C-e)
+

Move to the end of the line. +

+
+
forward-char (C-f)
+

Move forward a character. +

+
+
backward-char (C-b)
+

Move back a character. +

+
+
forward-word (M-f)
+

Move forward to the end of the next word. +Words are composed of letters and digits. +

+
+
backward-word (M-b)
+

Move back to the start of the current or previous word. +Words are composed of letters and digits. +

+
+
shell-forward-word (M-C-f)
+

Move forward to the end of the next word. +Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. +

+
+
shell-backward-word (M-C-b)
+

Move back to the start of the current or previous word. +Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. +

+
+
previous-screen-line ()
+

Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the previous +physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current +Readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if point is not +greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width. +

+
+
next-screen-line ()
+

Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the next +physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current +Readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if the length +of the current Readline line is not greater than the length of the prompt +plus the screen width. +

+
+
clear-display (M-C-l)
+

Clear the screen and, if possible, the terminal’s scrollback buffer, +then redraw the current line, +leaving the current line at the top of the screen. +

+
+
clear-screen (C-l)
+

Clear the screen, +then redraw the current line, +leaving the current line at the top of the screen. +

+
+
redraw-current-line ()
+

Refresh the current line. By default, this is unbound. +

+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Bindable Readline Commands   [Contents][Index]

+
+

8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History

+ +
+
accept-line (Newline or Return)
+

Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. +If this line is +non-empty, add it to the history list according to the setting of +the HISTCONTROL and HISTIGNORE variables. +If this line is a modified history line, then restore the history line +to its original state. +

+
+
previous-history (C-p)
+

Move ‘back’ through the history list, fetching the previous command. +

+
+
next-history (C-n)
+

Move ‘forward’ through the history list, fetching the next command. +

+
+
beginning-of-history (M-<)
+

Move to the first line in the history. +

+
+
end-of-history (M->)
+

Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently +being entered. +

+
+
reverse-search-history (C-r)
+

Search backward starting at the current line and moving ‘up’ through +the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. +This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the mark. +

+
+
forward-search-history (C-s)
+

Search forward starting at the current line and moving ‘down’ through +the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. +This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the mark. +

+
+
non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)
+

Search backward starting at the current line and moving ‘up’ +through the history as necessary using a non-incremental search +for a string supplied by the user. +The search string may match anywhere in a history line. +

+
+
non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)
+

Search forward starting at the current line and moving ‘down’ +through the history as necessary using a non-incremental search +for a string supplied by the user. +The search string may match anywhere in a history line. +

+
+
history-search-forward ()
+

Search forward through the history for the string of characters +between the start of the current line and the point. +The search string must match at the beginning of a history line. +This is a non-incremental search. +By default, this command is unbound. +

+
+
history-search-backward ()
+

Search backward through the history for the string of characters +between the start of the current line and the point. +The search string must match at the beginning of a history line. +This is a non-incremental search. +By default, this command is unbound. +

+
+
history-substring-search-forward ()
+

Search forward through the history for the string of characters +between the start of the current line and the point. +The search string may match anywhere in a history line. +This is a non-incremental search. +By default, this command is unbound. +

+
+
history-substring-search-backward ()
+

Search backward through the history for the string of characters +between the start of the current line and the point. +The search string may match anywhere in a history line. +This is a non-incremental search. +By default, this command is unbound. +

+
+
yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)
+

Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually +the second word on the previous line) at point. +With an argument n, +insert the nth word from the previous command (the words +in the previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument +inserts the nth word from the end of the previous command. +Once the argument n is computed, the argument is extracted +as if the ‘!n’ history expansion had been specified. +

+
+
yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)
+

Insert last argument to the previous command (the last word of the +previous history entry). +With a numeric argument, behave exactly like yank-nth-arg. +Successive calls to yank-last-arg move back through the history +list, inserting the last word (or the word specified by the argument to +the first call) of each line in turn. +Any numeric argument supplied to these successive calls determines +the direction to move through the history. A negative argument switches +the direction through the history (back or forward). +The history expansion facilities are used to extract the last argument, +as if the ‘!$’ history expansion had been specified. +

+
+
operate-and-get-next (C-o)
+

Accept the current line for return to the calling application as if a +newline had been entered, +and fetch the next line relative to the current line from the history +for editing. +A numeric argument, if supplied, specifies the history entry to use instead +of the current line. +

+
+
fetch-history ()
+

With a numeric argument, fetch that entry from the history list +and make it the current line. +Without an argument, move back to the first entry in the history list. +

+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Bindable Readline Commands   [Contents][Index]

+
+

8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text

+ +
+
end-of-file (usually C-d)
+

The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by +stty. If this character is read when there are no characters +on the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, Readline +interprets it as the end of input and returns EOF. +

+
+
delete-char (C-d)
+

Delete the character at point. If this function is bound to the +same character as the tty EOF character, as C-d +commonly is, see above for the effects. +

+
+
backward-delete-char (Rubout)
+

Delete the character behind the cursor. A numeric argument means +to kill the characters instead of deleting them. +

+
+
forward-backward-delete-char ()
+

Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the +end of the line, in which case the character behind the cursor is +deleted. By default, this is not bound to a key. +

+
+
quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)
+

Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is +how to insert key sequences like C-q, for example. +

+ +
+
self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, …)
+

Insert yourself. +

+
+
bracketed-paste-begin ()
+

This function is intended to be bound to the "bracketed paste" escape +sequence sent by some terminals, and such a binding is assigned by default. +It allows Readline to insert the pasted text as a single unit without treating +each character as if it had been read from the keyboard. The characters +are inserted as if each one was bound to self-insert instead of +executing any editing commands. +

+

Bracketed paste sets the region (the characters between point and the mark) +to the inserted text. It uses the concept of an active mark: when the +mark is active, Readline redisplay uses the terminal’s standout mode to +denote the region. +

+
+
transpose-chars (C-t)
+

Drag the character before the cursor forward over +the character at the cursor, moving the +cursor forward as well. If the insertion point +is at the end of the line, then this +transposes the last two characters of the line. +Negative arguments have no effect. +

+
+
transpose-words (M-t)
+

Drag the word before point past the word after point, +moving point past that word as well. +If the insertion point is at the end of the line, this transposes +the last two words on the line. +

+
+
upcase-word (M-u)
+

Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, +uppercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor. +

+
+
downcase-word (M-l)
+

Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, +lowercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor. +

+
+
capitalize-word (M-c)
+

Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, +capitalize the previous word, but do not move the cursor. +

+
+
overwrite-mode ()
+

Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argument, +switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive numeric +argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects only +emacs mode; vi mode does overwrite differently. +Each call to readline() starts in insert mode. +

+

In overwrite mode, characters bound to self-insert replace +the text at point rather than pushing the text to the right. +Characters bound to backward-delete-char replace the character +before point with a space. +

+

By default, this command is unbound. +

+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Bindable Readline Commands   [Contents][Index]

+
+

8.4.4 Killing And Yanking

+ +
+
kill-line (C-k)
+

Kill the text from point to the end of the line. +With a negative numeric argument, kill backward from the cursor to the +beginning of the current line. +

+
+
backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)
+

Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line. +With a negative numeric argument, kill forward from the cursor to the +end of the current line. +

+
+
unix-line-discard (C-u)
+

Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line. +

+
+
kill-whole-line ()
+

Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is. +By default, this is unbound. +

+
+
kill-word (M-d)
+

Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between +words, to the end of the next word. +Word boundaries are the same as forward-word. +

+
+
backward-kill-word (M-DEL)
+

Kill the word behind point. +Word boundaries are the same as backward-word. +

+
+
shell-kill-word (M-C-d)
+

Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between +words, to the end of the next word. +Word boundaries are the same as shell-forward-word. +

+
+
shell-backward-kill-word ()
+

Kill the word behind point. +Word boundaries are the same as shell-backward-word. +

+
+
shell-transpose-words (M-C-t)
+

Drag the word before point past the word after point, +moving point past that word as well. +If the insertion point is at the end of the line, this transposes +the last two words on the line. +Word boundaries are the same as shell-forward-word and +shell-backward-word. +

+
+
unix-word-rubout (C-w)
+

Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary. +The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. +

+
+
unix-filename-rubout ()
+

Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash character +as the word boundaries. +The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. +

+
+
delete-horizontal-space ()
+

Delete all spaces and tabs around point. By default, this is unbound. +

+
+
kill-region ()
+

Kill the text in the current region. +By default, this command is unbound. +

+
+
copy-region-as-kill ()
+

Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer, so it can be yanked +right away. By default, this command is unbound. +

+
+
copy-backward-word ()
+

Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. +The word boundaries are the same as backward-word. +By default, this command is unbound. +

+
+
copy-forward-word ()
+

Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. +The word boundaries are the same as forward-word. +By default, this command is unbound. +

+
+
yank (C-y)
+

Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point. +

+
+
yank-pop (M-y)
+

Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this if +the prior command is yank or yank-pop. +

+
+ +
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Bindable Readline Commands   [Contents][Index]

+
+

8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments

+
+
digit-argument (M-0, M-1, … M--)
+

Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new +argument. M-- starts a negative argument. +

+
+
universal-argument ()
+

This is another way to specify an argument. +If this command is followed by one or more digits, optionally with a +leading minus sign, those digits define the argument. +If the command is followed by digits, executing universal-argument +again ends the numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored. +As a special case, if this command is immediately followed by a +character that is neither a digit nor minus sign, the argument count +for the next command is multiplied by four. +The argument count is initially one, so executing this function the +first time makes the argument count four, a second time makes the +argument count sixteen, and so on. +By default, this is not bound to a key. +

+
+ +
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Bindable Readline Commands   [Contents][Index]

+
+

8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You

+ +
+
complete (TAB)
+

Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. +The actual completion performed is application-specific. +Bash attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the +text begins with ‘$’), username (if the text begins with +‘~’), hostname (if the text begins with ‘@’), or +command (including aliases and functions) in turn. If none +of these produces a match, filename completion is attempted. +

+
+
possible-completions (M-?)
+

List the possible completions of the text before point. +When displaying completions, Readline sets the number of columns used +for display to the value of completion-display-width, the value of +the environment variable COLUMNS, or the screen width, in that order. +

+
+
insert-completions (M-*)
+

Insert all completions of the text before point that would have +been generated by possible-completions. +

+
+
menu-complete ()
+

Similar to complete, but replaces the word to be completed +with a single match from the list of possible completions. +Repeated execution of menu-complete steps through the list +of possible completions, inserting each match in turn. +At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung +(subject to the setting of bell-style) +and the original text is restored. +An argument of n moves n positions forward in the list +of matches; a negative argument may be used to move backward +through the list. +This command is intended to be bound to TAB, but is unbound +by default. +

+
+
menu-complete-backward ()
+

Identical to menu-complete, but moves backward through the list +of possible completions, as if menu-complete had been given a +negative argument. +

+
+
delete-char-or-list ()
+

Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or +end of the line (like delete-char). +If at the end of the line, behaves identically to +possible-completions. +This command is unbound by default. +

+
+
complete-filename (M-/)
+

Attempt filename completion on the text before point. +

+
+
possible-filename-completions (C-x /)
+

List the possible completions of the text before point, +treating it as a filename. +

+
+
complete-username (M-~)
+

Attempt completion on the text before point, treating +it as a username. +

+
+
possible-username-completions (C-x ~)
+

List the possible completions of the text before point, +treating it as a username. +

+
+
complete-variable (M-$)
+

Attempt completion on the text before point, treating +it as a shell variable. +

+
+
possible-variable-completions (C-x $)
+

List the possible completions of the text before point, +treating it as a shell variable. +

+
+
complete-hostname (M-@)
+

Attempt completion on the text before point, treating +it as a hostname. +

+
+
possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)
+

List the possible completions of the text before point, +treating it as a hostname. +

+
+
complete-command (M-!)
+

Attempt completion on the text before point, treating +it as a command name. Command completion attempts to +match the text against aliases, reserved words, shell +functions, shell builtins, and finally executable filenames, +in that order. +

+
+
possible-command-completions (C-x !)
+

List the possible completions of the text before point, +treating it as a command name. +

+
+
dynamic-complete-history (M-TAB)
+

Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing +the text against lines from the history list for possible +completion matches. +

+
+
dabbrev-expand ()
+

Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing +the text against lines from the history list for possible +completion matches. +

+
+
complete-into-braces (M-{)
+

Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible completions +enclosed within braces so the list is available to the shell +(see Brace Expansion). +

+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Bindable Readline Commands   [Contents][Index]

+
+

8.4.7 Keyboard Macros

+
+
start-kbd-macro (C-x ()
+

Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro. +

+
+
end-kbd-macro (C-x ))
+

Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro +and save the definition. +

+
+
call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)
+

Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the characters +in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard. +

+
+
print-last-kbd-macro ()
+

Print the last keyboard macro defined in a format suitable for the +inputrc file. +

+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+

+Previous: , Up: Bindable Readline Commands   [Contents][Index]

+
+

8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands

+
+
re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)
+

Read in the contents of the inputrc file, and incorporate +any bindings or variable assignments found there. +

+
+
abort (C-g)
+

Abort the current editing command and +ring the terminal’s bell (subject to the setting of +bell-style). +

+
+
do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-x, …)
+

If the metafied character x is upper case, run the command +that is bound to the corresponding metafied lower case character. +The behavior is undefined if x is already lower case. +

+
+
prefix-meta (ESC)
+

Metafy the next character typed. This is for keyboards +without a meta key. Typing ‘ESC f’ is equivalent to typing +M-f. +

+
+
undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)
+

Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line. +

+
+
revert-line (M-r)
+

Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the undo +command enough times to get back to the beginning. +

+
+
tilde-expand (M-&)
+

Perform tilde expansion on the current word. +

+
+
set-mark (C-@)
+

Set the mark to the point. If a +numeric argument is supplied, the mark is set to that position. +

+
+
exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)
+

Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is set to +the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the mark. +

+
+
character-search (C-])
+

A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of that +character. A negative argument searches for previous occurrences. +

+
+
character-search-backward (M-C-])
+

A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence +of that character. A negative argument searches for subsequent +occurrences. +

+
+
skip-csi-sequence ()
+

Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as those +defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin with a +Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. If this sequence is +bound to "\e[", keys producing such sequences will have no effect +unless explicitly bound to a Readline command, instead of inserting +stray characters into the editing buffer. This is unbound by default, +but usually bound to ESC-[. +

+
+
insert-comment (M-#)
+

Without a numeric argument, the value of the comment-begin +variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line. +If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if +the characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value +of comment-begin, the value is inserted, otherwise +the characters in comment-begin are deleted from the beginning of +the line. +In either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed. +The default value of comment-begin causes this command +to make the current line a shell comment. +If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be removed, the line +will be executed by the shell. +

+
+
dump-functions ()
+

Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the +Readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, +the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part +of an inputrc file. This command is unbound by default. +

+
+
dump-variables ()
+

Print all of the settable variables and their values to the +Readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, +the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part +of an inputrc file. This command is unbound by default. +

+
+
dump-macros ()
+

Print all of the Readline key sequences bound to macros and the +strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, +the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part +of an inputrc file. This command is unbound by default. +

+
+
spell-correct-word (C-x s)
+

Perform spelling correction on the current word, treating it as a directory +or filename, in the same way as the cdspell shell option. +Word boundaries are the same as those used by shell-forward-word. +

+
+
glob-complete-word (M-g)
+

The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion, +with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern is used to +generate a list of matching file names for possible completions. +

+
+
glob-expand-word (C-x *)
+

The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion, +and the list of matching file names is inserted, replacing the word. +If a numeric argument is supplied, a ‘*’ is appended before +pathname expansion. +

+
+
glob-list-expansions (C-x g)
+

The list of expansions that would have been generated by +glob-expand-word is displayed, and the line is redrawn. +If a numeric argument is supplied, a ‘*’ is appended before +pathname expansion. +

+
+
display-shell-version (C-x C-v)
+

Display version information about the current instance of Bash. +

+
+
shell-expand-line (M-C-e)
+

Expand the line as the shell does. +This performs alias and history expansion as well as all of the shell +word expansions (see Shell Expansions). +

+
+
history-expand-line (M-^)
+

Perform history expansion on the current line. +

+
+
magic-space ()
+

Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a space +(see History Expansion). +

+
+
alias-expand-line ()
+

Perform alias expansion on the current line (see Aliases). +

+
+
history-and-alias-expand-line ()
+

Perform history and alias expansion on the current line. +

+
+
insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)
+

A synonym for yank-last-arg. +

+
+
edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)
+

Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the result as shell +commands. +Bash attempts to invoke +$VISUAL, $EDITOR, and emacs +as the editor, in that order. +

+ + +
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Command Line Editing   [Contents][Index]

+
+

8.5 Readline vi Mode

+ +

While the Readline library does not have a full set of vi +editing functions, it does contain enough to allow simple editing +of the line. The Readline vi mode behaves as specified in +the POSIX standard. +

+

In order to switch interactively between emacs and vi +editing modes, use the ‘set -o emacs’ and ‘set -o vi’ +commands (see The Set Builtin). +The Readline default is emacs mode. +

+

When you enter a line in vi mode, you are already placed in +‘insertion’ mode, as if you had typed an ‘i’. Pressing ESC +switches you into ‘command’ mode, where you can edit the text of the +line with the standard vi movement keys, move to previous +history lines with ‘k’ and subsequent lines with ‘j’, and +so forth. +

+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Command Line Editing   [Contents][Index]

+
+

8.6 Programmable Completion

+ + +

When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for +which a completion specification (a compspec) has been defined +using the complete builtin (see Programmable Completion Builtins), +the programmable completion facilities are invoked. +

+

First, the command name is identified. +If a compspec has been defined for that command, the +compspec is used to generate the list of possible completions for the word. +If the command word is the empty string (completion attempted at the +beginning of an empty line), any compspec defined with +the -E option to complete is used. +If the command word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full +pathname is searched for first. +If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an attempt is made to +find a compspec for the portion following the final slash. +If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec defined with +the -D option to complete is used as the default. +If there is no default compspec, Bash attempts alias expansion +on the command word as a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec +for the command word from any successful expansion +

+

Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of +matching words. +If a compspec is not found, the default Bash completion +described above (see Letting Readline Type For You) is performed. +

+

First, the actions specified by the compspec are used. +Only matches which are prefixed by the word being completed are +returned. +When the -f or -d option is used for filename or +directory name completion, the shell variable FIGNORE is +used to filter the matches. +See Bash Variables, for a description of FIGNORE. +

+

Any completions specified by a filename expansion pattern to the +-G option are generated next. +The words generated by the pattern need not match the word being completed. +The GLOBIGNORE shell variable is not used to filter the matches, +but the FIGNORE shell variable is used. +

+

Next, the string specified as the argument to the -W option +is considered. +The string is first split using the characters in the IFS +special variable as delimiters. +Shell quoting is honored within the string, in order to provide a +mechanism for the words to contain shell metacharacters or characters +in the value of IFS. +Each word is then expanded using +brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, +as described above (see Shell Expansions). +The results are split using the rules described above +(see Word Splitting). +The results of the expansion are prefix-matched against the word being +completed, and the matching words become the possible completions. +

+

After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command +specified with the -F and -C options is invoked. +When the command or function is invoked, the COMP_LINE, +COMP_POINT, COMP_KEY, and COMP_TYPE variables are +assigned values as described above (see Bash Variables). +If a shell function is being invoked, the COMP_WORDS and +COMP_CWORD variables are also set. +When the function or command is invoked, the first argument ($1) is the +name of the command whose arguments are being completed, the +second argument ($2) is the word being completed, and the third argument +($3) is the word preceding the word being completed on the current command +line. +No filtering of the generated completions against the word being completed +is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in generating +the matches. +

+

Any function specified with -F is invoked first. +The function may use any of the shell facilities, including the +compgen and compopt builtins described below +(see Programmable Completion Builtins), to generate the matches. +It must put the possible completions in the COMPREPLY array +variable, one per array element. +

+

Next, any command specified with the -C option is invoked +in an environment equivalent to command substitution. +It should print a list of completions, one per line, to +the standard output. +Backslash may be used to escape a newline, if necessary. +

+

After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter +specified with the -X option is applied to the list. +The filter is a pattern as used for pathname expansion; a ‘&’ +in the pattern is replaced with the text of the word being completed. +A literal ‘&’ may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash +is removed before attempting a match. +Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list. +A leading ‘!’ negates the pattern; in this case any completion +not matching the pattern will be removed. +If the nocasematch shell option +(see the description of shopt in The Shopt Builtin) +is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +of alphabetic characters. +

+

Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the -P and -S +options are added to each member of the completion list, and the result is +returned to the Readline completion code as the list of possible +completions. +

+

If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the +-o dirnames option was supplied to complete when the +compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted. +

+

If the -o plusdirs option was supplied to complete when +the compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any +matches are added to the results of the other actions. +

+

By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned to +the completion code as the full set of possible completions. +The default Bash completions are not attempted, and the Readline default +of filename completion is disabled. +If the -o bashdefault option was supplied to complete when +the compspec was defined, the default Bash completions are attempted +if the compspec generates no matches. +If the -o default option was supplied to complete when the +compspec was defined, Readline’s default completion will be performed +if the compspec (and, if attempted, the default Bash completions) +generate no matches. +

+

When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired, +the programmable completion functions force Readline to append a slash +to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to +the value of the mark-directories Readline variable, regardless +of the setting of the mark-symlinked-directories Readline variable. +

+

There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is +most useful when used in combination with a default completion specified +with -D. It’s possible for shell functions executed as completion +handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an +exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and changes +the compspec associated with the command on which completion is being +attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is executed), +programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an +attempt to find a new compspec for that command. This allows a set of +completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather than +being loaded all at once. +

+

For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept in a +file corresponding to the name of the command, the following default +completion function would load completions dynamically: +

+
+
_completion_loader()
+{
+    . "/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124
+}
+complete -D -F _completion_loader -o bashdefault -o default
+
+ +
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Command Line Editing   [Contents][Index]

+
+

8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins

+ + +

Three builtin commands are available to manipulate the programmable completion +facilities: one to specify how the arguments to a particular command are to +be completed, and two to modify the completion as it is happening. +

+
+
compgen
+
+
compgen [option] [word]
+
+ +

Generate possible completion matches for word according to +the options, which may be any option accepted by the +complete +builtin with the exception of -p and -r, and write +the matches to the standard output. +When using the -F or -C options, the various shell variables +set by the programmable completion facilities, while available, will not +have useful values. +

+

The matches will be generated in the same way as if the programmable +completion code had generated them directly from a completion specification +with the same flags. +If word is specified, only those completions matching word +will be displayed. +

+

The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or no +matches were generated. +

+
+
complete
+
+
complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o comp-option] [-DEI] [-A action] [-G globpat]
+[-W wordlist] [-F function] [-C command] [-X filterpat]
+[-P prefix] [-S suffix] name [name …]
+complete -pr [-DEI] [name …]
+
+ +

Specify how arguments to each name should be completed. +If the -p option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing +completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them to be +reused as input. +The -r option removes a completion specification for +each name, or, if no names are supplied, all +completion specifications. +The -D option indicates that other supplied options and actions should +apply to the “default” command completion; that is, completion attempted +on a command for which no completion has previously been defined. +The -E option indicates that other supplied options and actions should +apply to “empty” command completion; that is, completion attempted on a +blank line. +The -I option indicates that other supplied options and actions should +apply to completion on the initial non-assignment word on the line, or after a +command delimiter such as ‘;’ or ‘|’, which is usually command +name completion. +If multiple options are supplied, the -D option takes precedence +over -E, and both take precedence over -I. +If any of -D, -E, or -I are supplied, any other +name arguments are ignored; these completions only apply to the case +specified by the option. +

+

The process of applying these completion specifications when word completion +is attempted is described above (see Programmable Completion). +

+

Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. +The arguments to the -G, -W, and -X options +(and, if necessary, the -P and -S options) +should be quoted to protect them from expansion before the +complete builtin is invoked. +

+ +
+
-o comp-option
+

The comp-option controls several aspects of the compspec’s behavior +beyond the simple generation of completions. +comp-option may be one of: +

+
+
bashdefault
+

Perform the rest of the default Bash completions if the compspec +generates no matches. +

+
+
default
+

Use Readline’s default filename completion if the compspec generates +no matches. +

+
+
dirnames
+

Perform directory name completion if the compspec generates no matches. +

+
+
filenames
+

Tell Readline that the compspec generates filenames, so it can perform any +filename-specific processing (like adding a slash to directory names, +quoting special characters, or suppressing trailing spaces). +This option is intended to be used with shell functions specified +with -F. +

+
+
noquote
+

Tell Readline not to quote the completed words if they are filenames +(quoting filenames is the default). +

+
+
nosort
+

Tell Readline not to sort the list of possible completions alphabetically. +

+
+
nospace
+

Tell Readline not to append a space (the default) to words completed at +the end of the line. +

+
+
plusdirs
+

After any matches defined by the compspec are generated, +directory name completion is attempted and any +matches are added to the results of the other actions. +

+
+
+ +
+
-A action
+

The action may be one of the following to generate a list of possible +completions: +

+
+
alias
+

Alias names. May also be specified as -a. +

+
+
arrayvar
+

Array variable names. +

+
+
binding
+

Readline key binding names (see Bindable Readline Commands). +

+
+
builtin
+

Names of shell builtin commands. May also be specified as -b. +

+
+
command
+

Command names. May also be specified as -c. +

+
+
directory
+

Directory names. May also be specified as -d. +

+
+
disabled
+

Names of disabled shell builtins. +

+
+
enabled
+

Names of enabled shell builtins. +

+
+
export
+

Names of exported shell variables. May also be specified as -e. +

+
+
file
+

File names. May also be specified as -f. +

+
+
function
+

Names of shell functions. +

+
+
group
+

Group names. May also be specified as -g. +

+
+
helptopic
+

Help topics as accepted by the help builtin (see Bash Builtin Commands). +

+
+
hostname
+

Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the +HOSTFILE shell variable (see Bash Variables). +

+
+
job
+

Job names, if job control is active. May also be specified as -j. +

+
+
keyword
+

Shell reserved words. May also be specified as -k. +

+
+
running
+

Names of running jobs, if job control is active. +

+
+
service
+

Service names. May also be specified as -s. +

+
+
setopt
+

Valid arguments for the -o option to the set builtin +(see The Set Builtin). +

+
+
shopt
+

Shell option names as accepted by the shopt builtin +(see Bash Builtin Commands). +

+
+
signal
+

Signal names. +

+
+
stopped
+

Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active. +

+
+
user
+

User names. May also be specified as -u. +

+
+
variable
+

Names of all shell variables. May also be specified as -v. +

+
+ +
+
-C command
+

command is executed in a subshell environment, and its output is +used as the possible completions. +Arguments are passed as with the -F option. +

+
+
-F function
+

The shell function function is executed in the current shell +environment. +When it is executed, $1 is the name of the command whose arguments are +being completed, $2 is the word being completed, and $3 is the word +preceding the word being completed, as described above +(see Programmable Completion). +When it finishes, the possible completions are retrieved from the value +of the COMPREPLY array variable. +

+
+
-G globpat
+

The filename expansion pattern globpat is expanded to generate +the possible completions. +

+
+
-P prefix
+

prefix is added at the beginning of each possible completion +after all other options have been applied. +

+
+
-S suffix
+

suffix is appended to each possible completion +after all other options have been applied. +

+
+
-W wordlist
+

The wordlist is split using the characters in the +IFS special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word +is expanded. +The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which +match the word being completed. +

+
+
-X filterpat
+

filterpat is a pattern as used for filename expansion. +It is applied to the list of possible completions generated by the +preceding options and arguments, and each completion matching +filterpat is removed from the list. +A leading ‘!’ in filterpat negates the pattern; in this +case, any completion not matching filterpat is removed. +

+
+ +

The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an option +other than -p or -r is supplied without a name +argument, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification for +a name for which no specification exists, or +an error occurs adding a completion specification. +

+
+
compopt
+
+
compopt [-o option] [-DEI] [+o option] [name]
+
+

Modify completion options for each name according to the +options, or for the currently-executing completion if no names +are supplied. +If no options are given, display the completion options for each +name or the current completion. +The possible values of option are those valid for the complete +builtin described above. +The -D option indicates that other supplied options should +apply to the “default” command completion; that is, completion attempted +on a command for which no completion has previously been defined. +The -E option indicates that other supplied options should +apply to “empty” command completion; that is, completion attempted on a +blank line. +The -I option indicates that other supplied options should +apply to completion on the initial non-assignment word on the line, or after a +command delimiter such as ‘;’ or ‘|’, which is usually command +name completion. +

+

If multiple options are supplied, the -D option takes precedence +over -E, and both take precedence over -I +

+

The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an attempt +is made to modify the options for a name for which no completion +specification exists, or an output error occurs. +

+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+

+Previous: , Up: Command Line Editing   [Contents][Index]

+
+

8.8 A Programmable Completion Example

+ +

The most common way to obtain additional completion functionality beyond +the default actions complete and compgen provide is to use +a shell function and bind it to a particular command using complete -F. +

+

The following function provides completions for the cd builtin. +It is a reasonably good example of what shell functions must do when +used for completion. This function uses the word passed as $2 +to determine the directory name to complete. You can also use the +COMP_WORDS array variable; the current word is indexed by the +COMP_CWORD variable. +

+

The function relies on the complete and compgen builtins +to do much of the work, adding only the things that the Bash cd +does beyond accepting basic directory names: +tilde expansion (see Tilde Expansion), +searching directories in $CDPATH, which is described above +(see Bourne Shell Builtins), +and basic support for the cdable_vars shell option +(see The Shopt Builtin). +_comp_cd modifies the value of IFS so that it contains only +a newline to accommodate file names containing spaces and tabs – +compgen prints the possible completions it generates one per line. +

+

Possible completions go into the COMPREPLY array variable, one +completion per array element. The programmable completion system retrieves +the completions from there when the function returns. +

+
+
# A completion function for the cd builtin
+# based on the cd completion function from the bash_completion package
+_comp_cd()
+{
+    local IFS=$' \t\n'    # normalize IFS
+    local cur _skipdot _cdpath
+    local i j k
+
+    # Tilde expansion, which also expands tilde to full pathname
+    case "$2" in
+    \~*)    eval cur="$2" ;;
+    *)      cur=$2 ;;
+    esac
+
+    # no cdpath or absolute pathname -- straight directory completion
+    if [[ -z "${CDPATH:-}" ]] || [[ "$cur" == @(./*|../*|/*) ]]; then
+        # compgen prints paths one per line; could also use while loop
+        IFS=$'\n'
+        COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -d -- "$cur") )
+        IFS=$' \t\n'
+    # CDPATH+directories in the current directory if not in CDPATH
+    else
+        IFS=$'\n'
+        _skipdot=false
+        # preprocess CDPATH to convert null directory names to .
+        _cdpath=${CDPATH/#:/.:}
+        _cdpath=${_cdpath//::/:.:}
+        _cdpath=${_cdpath/%:/:.}
+        for i in ${_cdpath//:/$'\n'}; do
+            if [[ $i -ef . ]]; then _skipdot=true; fi
+            k="${#COMPREPLY[@]}"
+            for j in $( compgen -d -- "$i/$cur" ); do
+                COMPREPLY[k++]=${j#$i/}        # cut off directory
+            done
+        done
+        $_skipdot || COMPREPLY+=( $(compgen -d -- "$cur") )
+        IFS=$' \t\n'
+    fi
+
+    # variable names if appropriate shell option set and no completions
+    if shopt -q cdable_vars && [[ ${#COMPREPLY[@]} -eq 0 ]]; then
+        COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -v -- "$cur") )
+    fi
+
+    return 0
+}
+
+ +

We install the completion function using the -F option to +complete: +

+
+
# Tell readline to quote appropriate and append slashes to directories;
+# use the bash default completion for other arguments
+complete -o filenames -o nospace -o bashdefault -F _comp_cd cd
+
+ +

Since we’d like Bash and Readline to take care of some +of the other details for us, we use several other options to tell Bash +and Readline what to do. The -o filenames option tells Readline +that the possible completions should be treated as filenames, and quoted +appropriately. That option will also cause Readline to append a slash to +filenames it can determine are directories (which is why we might want to +extend _comp_cd to append a slash if we’re using directories found +via CDPATH: Readline can’t tell those completions are directories). +The -o nospace option tells Readline to not append a space +character to the directory name, in case we want to append to it. +The -o bashdefault option brings in the rest of the "Bash default" +completions – possible completions that Bash adds to the default Readline +set. These include things like command name completion, variable completion +for words beginning with ‘$’ or ‘${’, completions containing pathname +expansion patterns (see Filename Expansion), and so on. +

+

Once installed using complete, _comp_cd will be called every +time we attempt word completion for a cd command. +

+

Many more examples – an extensive collection of completions for most of +the common GNU, Unix, and Linux commands – are available as part of the +bash_completion project. This is installed by default on many GNU/Linux +distributions. Originally written by Ian Macdonald, the project now lives +at https://github.com/scop/bash-completion/. There are ports for +other systems such as Solaris and Mac OS X. +

+

An older version of the bash_completion package is distributed with bash +in the examples/complete subdirectory. +

+ + +
+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Bash Features   [Contents][Index]

+
+

9 Using History Interactively

+ + +

This chapter describes how to use the GNU History Library +interactively, from a user’s standpoint. +It should be considered a user’s guide. +For information on using the GNU History Library in other programs, +see the GNU Readline Library Manual. +

+ + +
+
+
+

+Next: , Up: Using History Interactively   [Contents][Index]

+
+

9.1 Bash History Facilities

+ + + +

When the -o history option to the set builtin +is enabled (see The Set Builtin), +the shell provides access to the command history, +the list of commands previously typed. +The value of the HISTSIZE shell variable is used as the +number of commands to save in a history list. +The text of the last $HISTSIZE +commands (default 500) is saved. +The shell stores each command in the history list prior to +parameter and variable expansion +but after history expansion is performed, subject to the +values of the shell variables +HISTIGNORE and HISTCONTROL. +

+

When the shell starts up, the history is initialized from the +file named by the HISTFILE variable (default ~/.bash_history). +The file named by the value of HISTFILE is truncated, if +necessary, to contain no more than the number of lines specified by +the value of the HISTFILESIZE variable. +When a shell with history enabled exits, the last +$HISTSIZE lines are copied from the history list to the file +named by $HISTFILE. +If the histappend shell option is set (see Bash Builtin Commands), +the lines are appended to the history file, +otherwise the history file is overwritten. +If HISTFILE +is unset, or if the history file is unwritable, the history is not saved. +After saving the history, the history file is truncated +to contain no more than $HISTFILESIZE lines. +If HISTFILESIZE is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or +a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated. +

+

If the HISTTIMEFORMAT is set, the time stamp information +associated with each history entry is written to the history file, +marked with the history comment character. +When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history +comment character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted +as timestamps for the following history entry. +

+

The builtin command fc may be used to list or edit and re-execute +a portion of the history list. +The history builtin may be used to display or modify the history +list and manipulate the history file. +When using command-line editing, search commands +are available in each editing mode that provide access to the +history list (see Commands For Manipulating The History). +

+

The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history +list. The HISTCONTROL and HISTIGNORE +variables may be set to cause the shell to save only a subset of the +commands entered. +The cmdhist +shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each +line of a multi-line command in the same history entry, adding +semicolons where necessary to preserve syntactic correctness. +The lithist +shell option causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines +instead of semicolons. +The shopt builtin is used to set these options. +See The Shopt Builtin, for a description of shopt. +

+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Using History Interactively   [Contents][Index]

+
+

9.2 Bash History Builtins

+ + +

Bash provides two builtin commands which manipulate the +history list and history file. +

+
+
fc
+
+
fc [-e ename] [-lnr] [first] [last]
+fc -s [pat=rep] [command]
+
+ +

The first form selects a range of commands from first to +last from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes +them. +Both first and +last may be specified as a string (to locate the most recent +command beginning with that string) or as a number (an index into the +history list, where a negative number is used as an offset from the +current command number). +

+

When listing, a first or last of 0 is equivalent to -1 +and -0 is equivalent to the current command (usually the fc +command); +otherwise 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is invalid. +

+

If last is not specified, it is set to +first. If first is not specified, it is set to the previous +command for editing and -16 for listing. If the -l flag is +given, the commands are listed on standard output. The -n flag +suppresses the command numbers when listing. The -r flag +reverses the order of the listing. Otherwise, the editor given by +ename is invoked on a file containing those commands. If +ename is not given, the value of the following variable expansion +is used: ${FCEDIT:-${EDITOR:-vi}}. This says to use the +value of the FCEDIT variable if set, or the value of the +EDITOR variable if that is set, or vi if neither is set. +When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and executed. +

+

In the second form, command is re-executed after each instance +of pat in the selected command is replaced by rep. +command is interpreted the same as first above. +

+

A useful alias to use with the fc command is r='fc -s', so +that typing ‘r cc’ runs the last command beginning with cc +and typing ‘r’ re-executes the last command (see Aliases). +

+
+
history
+
+
history [n]
+history -c
+history -d offset
+history -d start-end
+history [-anrw] [filename]
+history -ps arg
+
+ +

With no options, display the history list with line numbers. +Lines prefixed with a ‘*’ have been modified. +An argument of n lists only the last n lines. +If the shell variable HISTTIMEFORMAT is set and not null, +it is used as a format string for strftime to display +the time stamp associated with each displayed history entry. +No intervening blank is printed between the formatted time stamp +and the history line. +

+

Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: +

+
+
-c
+

Clear the history list. This may be combined +with the other options to replace the history list completely. +

+
+
-d offset
+

Delete the history entry at position offset. +If offset is positive, it should be specified as it appears when +the history is displayed. +If offset is negative, it is interpreted as relative to one greater +than the last history position, so negative indices count back from the +end of the history, and an index of ‘-1’ refers to the current +history -d command. +

+
+
-d start-end
+

Delete the range of history entries between positions start and +end, inclusive. +Positive and negative values for start and end +are interpreted as described above. +

+
+
-a
+

Append the new history lines to the history file. +These are history lines entered since the beginning of the current +Bash session, but not already appended to the history file. +

+
+
-n
+

Append the history lines not already read from the history file +to the current history list. These are lines appended to the history +file since the beginning of the current Bash session. +

+
+
-r
+

Read the history file and append its contents to +the history list. +

+
+
-w
+

Write out the current history list to the history file. +

+
+
-p
+

Perform history substitution on the args and display the result +on the standard output, without storing the results in the history list. +

+
+
-s
+

The args are added to the end of +the history list as a single entry. +

+
+
+ +

If a filename argument is supplied +when any of the -w, -r, -a, or -n options +is used, Bash uses filename as the history file. +If not, then the value of the HISTFILE variable is used. +

+

The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an +error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an invalid +offset or range is supplied as an argument to -d, or the +history expansion supplied as an argument to -p fails. +

+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+

+Previous: , Up: Using History Interactively   [Contents][Index]

+
+

9.3 History Expansion

+ + +

The History library provides a history expansion feature that is similar +to the history expansion provided by csh. This section +describes the syntax used to manipulate the history information. +

+

History expansions introduce words from the history list into +the input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the +arguments to a previous command into the current input line, or +fix errors in previous commands quickly. +

+

History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line +is read, before the shell breaks it into words, and is performed +on each line individually. Bash attempts to inform the history +expansion functions about quoting still in effect from previous lines. +

+

History expansion takes place in two parts. The first is to determine +which line from the history list should be used during substitution. +The second is to select portions of that line for inclusion into the +current one. The line selected from the history is called the +event, and the portions of that line that are acted upon are +called words. Various modifiers are available to manipulate +the selected words. The line is broken into words in the same fashion +that Bash does, so that several words +surrounded by quotes are considered one word. +History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the +history expansion character, which is ‘!’ by default. +

+

History expansion implements shell-like quoting conventions: +a backslash can be used to remove the special handling for the next character; +single quotes enclose verbatim sequences of characters, and can be used to +inhibit history expansion; +and characters enclosed within double quotes may be subject to history +expansion, since backslash can escape the history expansion character, +but single quotes may not, since they are not treated specially within +double quotes. +

+

When using the shell, only ‘\’ and ‘'’ may be used to escape the +history expansion character, but the history expansion character is +also treated as quoted if it immediately precedes the closing double quote +in a double-quoted string. +

+

Several shell options settable with the shopt +builtin (see The Shopt Builtin) may be used to tailor +the behavior of history expansion. If the +histverify shell option is enabled, and Readline +is being used, history substitutions are not immediately passed to +the shell parser. +Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the Readline +editing buffer for further modification. +If Readline is being used, and the histreedit +shell option is enabled, a failed history expansion will be +reloaded into the Readline editing buffer for correction. +The -p option to the history builtin command +may be used to see what a history expansion will do before using it. +The -s option to the history builtin may be used to +add commands to the end of the history list without actually executing +them, so that they are available for subsequent recall. +This is most useful in conjunction with Readline. +

+

The shell allows control of the various characters used by the +history expansion mechanism with the histchars variable, +as explained above (see Bash Variables). The shell uses +the history comment character to mark history timestamps when +writing the history file. +

+ + +
+
+
+

+Next: , Up: History Expansion   [Contents][Index]

+
+

9.3.1 Event Designators

+ + +

An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the +history list. +Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to the current +position in the history list. + +

+
+
!
+

Start a history substitution, except when followed by a space, tab, +the end of the line, ‘=’ or ‘(’ (when the +extglob shell option is enabled using the shopt builtin). +

+
+
!n
+

Refer to command line n. +

+
+
!-n
+

Refer to the command n lines back. +

+
+
!!
+

Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for ‘!-1’. +

+
+
!string
+

Refer to the most recent command +preceding the current position in the history list +starting with string. +

+
+
!?string[?]
+

Refer to the most recent command +preceding the current position in the history list +containing string. +The trailing +‘?’ may be omitted if the string is followed immediately by +a newline. +If string is missing, the string from the most recent search is used; +it is an error if there is no previous search string. +

+
+
^string1^string2^
+

Quick Substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing string1 +with string2. Equivalent to +!!:s^string1^string2^. +

+
+
!#
+

The entire command line typed so far. +

+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: History Expansion   [Contents][Index]

+
+

9.3.2 Word Designators

+ +

Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. +A ‘:’ separates the event specification from the word designator. It +may be omitted if the word designator begins with a ‘^’, ‘$’, +‘*’, ‘-’, or ‘%’. Words are numbered from the beginning +of the line, with the first word being denoted by 0 (zero). Words are +inserted into the current line separated by single spaces. +

+

For example, +

+
+
!!
+

designates the preceding command. When you type this, the preceding +command is repeated in toto. +

+
+
!!:$
+

designates the last argument of the preceding command. This may be +shortened to !$. +

+
+
!fi:2
+

designates the second argument of the most recent command starting with +the letters fi. +

+
+ +

Here are the word designators: +

+
+
0 (zero)
+

The 0th word. For many applications, this is the command word. +

+
+
n
+

The nth word. +

+
+
^
+

The first argument; that is, word 1. +

+
+
$
+

The last argument. +

+
+
%
+

The first word matched by the most recent ‘?string?’ search, +if the search string begins with a character that is part of a word. +

+
+
x-y
+

A range of words; ‘-y’ abbreviates ‘0-y’. +

+
+
*
+

All of the words, except the 0th. This is a synonym for ‘1-$’. +It is not an error to use ‘*’ if there is just one word in the event; +the empty string is returned in that case. +

+
+
x*
+

Abbreviates ‘x-$’ +

+
+
x-
+

Abbreviates ‘x-$’ like ‘x*’, but omits the last word. +If ‘x’ is missing, it defaults to 0. +

+
+
+ +

If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the +previous command is used as the event. +

+
+
+
+
+

+Previous: , Up: History Expansion   [Contents][Index]

+
+

9.3.3 Modifiers

+ +

After the optional word designator, you can add a sequence of one or more +of the following modifiers, each preceded by a ‘:’. +These modify, or edit, the word or words selected from the history event. +

+
+
h
+

Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head. +

+
+
t
+

Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail. +

+
+
r
+

Remove a trailing suffix of the form ‘.suffix’, leaving +the basename. +

+
+
e
+

Remove all but the trailing suffix. +

+
+
p
+

Print the new command but do not execute it. +

+
+
q
+

Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions. +

+
+
x
+

Quote the substituted words as with ‘q’, +but break into words at spaces, tabs, and newlines. +The ‘q’ and ‘x’ modifiers are mutually exclusive; the last one +supplied is used. +

+
+
s/old/new/
+

Substitute new for the first occurrence of old in the +event line. +Any character may be used as the delimiter in place of ‘/’. +The delimiter may be quoted in old and new +with a single backslash. If ‘&’ appears in new, +it is replaced by old. A single backslash will quote +the ‘&’. +If old is null, it is set to the last old +substituted, or, if no previous history substitutions took place, +the last string +in a !?string[?] +search. +If new is null, each matching old is deleted. +The final delimiter is optional if it is the last +character on the input line. +

+
+
&
+

Repeat the previous substitution. +

+
+
g
+
a
+

Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. Used in +conjunction with ‘s’, as in gs/old/new/, +or with ‘&’. +

+
+
G
+

Apply the following ‘s’ or ‘&’ modifier once to each word +in the event. +

+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Bash Features   [Contents][Index]

+
+

10 Installing Bash

+ +

This chapter provides basic instructions for installing Bash on +the various supported platforms. The distribution supports the +GNU operating systems, nearly every version of Unix, and several +non-Unix systems such as BeOS and Interix. +Other independent ports exist for +MS-DOS, OS/2, and Windows platforms. +

+ + +
+
+
+

+Next: , Up: Installing Bash   [Contents][Index]

+
+

10.1 Basic Installation

+ + + + + +

These are installation instructions for Bash. +

+

The simplest way to compile Bash is: +

+
    +
  1. cd to the directory containing the source code and type +‘./configure’ to configure Bash for your system. If you’re +using csh on an old version of System V, you might need to +type ‘sh ./configure’ instead to prevent csh from trying +to execute configure itself. + +

    Running configure takes some time. +While running, it prints messages telling which features it is +checking for. +

    +
  2. Type ‘make’ to compile Bash and build the bashbug bug +reporting script. + +
  3. Optionally, type ‘make tests’ to run the Bash test suite. + +
  4. Type ‘make install’ to install bash and bashbug. +This will also install the manual pages and Info file, message translation +files, some supplemental documentation, a number of example loadable +builtin commands, and a set of header files for developing loadable +builtins. +You may need additional privileges to install bash to your +desired destination, so ‘sudo make install’ might be required. +More information about controlling the locations where bash and +other files are installed is below (see Installation Names). + +
+ +

The configure shell script attempts to guess correct +values for various system-dependent variables used during +compilation. It uses those values to create a Makefile in +each directory of the package (the top directory, the +builtins, doc, po, and support directories, +each directory under lib, and several others). It also creates a +config.h file containing system-dependent definitions. +Finally, it creates a shell script named config.status that you +can run in the future to recreate the current configuration, a +file config.cache that saves the results of its tests to +speed up reconfiguring, and a file config.log containing +compiler output (useful mainly for debugging configure). +If at some point +config.cache contains results you don’t want to keep, you +may remove or edit it. +

+

To find out more about the options and arguments that the +configure script understands, type +

+
+
bash-4.2$ ./configure --help
+
+ +

at the Bash prompt in your Bash source directory. +

+

If you want to build Bash in a directory separate from the source +directory – to build for multiple architectures, for example – +just use the full path to the configure script. The following commands +will build bash in a directory under /usr/local/build from +the source code in /usr/local/src/bash-4.4: +

+
+
mkdir /usr/local/build/bash-4.4
+cd /usr/local/build/bash-4.4
+bash /usr/local/src/bash-4.4/configure
+make
+
+ +

See Compiling For Multiple Architectures for more information +about building in a directory separate from the source. +

+

If you need to do unusual things to compile Bash, please +try to figure out how configure could check whether or not +to do them, and mail diffs or instructions to +bash-maintainers@gnu.org so they can be +considered for the next release. +

+

The file configure.ac is used to create configure +by a program called Autoconf. +You only need configure.ac if you want to change it or regenerate +configure using a newer version of Autoconf. +If you do this, make sure you are using Autoconf version 2.69 or +newer. +

+

You can remove the program binaries and object files from the +source code directory by typing ‘make clean’. To also remove the +files that configure created (so you can compile Bash for +a different kind of computer), type ‘make distclean’. +

+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Installing Bash   [Contents][Index]

+
+

10.2 Compilers and Options

+ +

Some systems require unusual options for compilation or linking +that the configure script does not know about. You can +give configure initial values for variables by setting +them in the environment. Using a Bourne-compatible shell, you +can do that on the command line like this: +

+
+
CC=c89 CFLAGS=-O2 LIBS=-lposix ./configure
+
+ +

On systems that have the env program, you can do it like this: +

+
+
env CPPFLAGS=-I/usr/local/include LDFLAGS=-s ./configure
+
+ +

The configuration process uses GCC to build Bash if it +is available. +

+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Installing Bash   [Contents][Index]

+
+

10.3 Compiling For Multiple Architectures

+ +

You can compile Bash for more than one kind of computer at the +same time, by placing the object files for each architecture in their +own directory. To do this, you must use a version of make that +supports the VPATH variable, such as GNU make. +cd to the +directory where you want the object files and executables to go and run +the configure script from the source directory +(see Basic Installation). +You may need to +supply the --srcdir=PATH argument to tell configure where the +source files are. configure automatically checks for the +source code in the directory that configure is in and in ‘..’. +

+

If you have to use a make that does not support the VPATH +variable, you can compile Bash for one architecture at a +time in the source code directory. After you have installed +Bash for one architecture, use ‘make distclean’ before +reconfiguring for another architecture. +

+

Alternatively, if your system supports symbolic links, you can use the +support/mkclone script to create a build tree which has +symbolic links back to each file in the source directory. Here’s an +example that creates a build directory in the current directory from a +source directory /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0: +

+
+
bash /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0/support/mkclone -s /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0 .
+
+ +

The mkclone script requires Bash, so you must have already built +Bash for at least one architecture before you can create build +directories for other architectures. +

+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Installing Bash   [Contents][Index]

+
+

10.4 Installation Names

+ +

By default, ‘make install’ will install into +/usr/local/bin, /usr/local/man, etc.; +that is, the installation prefix defaults to /usr/local. +You can specify an installation prefix other than /usr/local by +giving configure the option --prefix=PATH, +or by specifying a value for the prefix ‘make’ +variable when running ‘make install’ +(e.g., ‘make install prefix=PATH’). +The prefix variable provides a default for exec_prefix and +other variables used when installing bash. +

+

You can specify separate installation prefixes for +architecture-specific files and architecture-independent files. +If you give configure the option +--exec-prefix=PATH, ‘make install’ will use +PATH as the prefix for installing programs and libraries. +Documentation and other data files will still use the regular prefix. +

+

If you would like to change the installation locations for a single run, +you can specify these variables as arguments to make: +‘make install exec_prefix=/’ will install bash and +bashbug into /bin instead of the default /usr/local/bin. +

+

If you want to see the files bash will install and where it will install +them without changing anything on your system, specify the variable +DESTDIR as an argument to make. Its value should be the +absolute directory path you’d like to use as the root of your sample +installation tree. For example, +

+
+
mkdir /fs1/bash-install
+make install DESTDIR=/fs1/bash-install
+
+ +

will install bash into /fs1/bash-install/usr/local/bin/bash, +the documentation into directories within +/fs1/bash-install/usr/local/share, the example loadable builtins into +/fs1/bash-install/usr/local/lib/bash, and so on. +You can use the usual exec_prefix and prefix variables to alter +the directory paths beneath the value of DESTDIR. +

+

The GNU Makefile standards provide a more complete description of these +variables and their effects. +

+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Installing Bash   [Contents][Index]

+
+

10.5 Specifying the System Type

+ +

There may be some features configure can not figure out +automatically, but needs to determine by the type of host Bash +will run on. Usually configure can figure that +out, but if it prints a message saying it can not guess the host +type, give it the --host=TYPE option. ‘TYPE’ can +either be a short name for the system type, such as ‘sun4’, +or a canonical name with three fields: ‘CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM’ +(e.g., ‘i386-unknown-freebsd4.2’). +

+

See the file support/config.sub for the possible +values of each field. +

+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Installing Bash   [Contents][Index]

+
+

10.6 Sharing Defaults

+ +

If you want to set default values for configure scripts to +share, you can create a site shell script called +config.site that gives default values for variables like +CC, cache_file, and prefix. configure +looks for PREFIX/share/config.site if it exists, then +PREFIX/etc/config.site if it exists. Or, you can set the +CONFIG_SITE environment variable to the location of the site +script. A warning: the Bash configure looks for a site script, +but not all configure scripts do. +

+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Installing Bash   [Contents][Index]

+
+

10.7 Operation Controls

+ +

configure recognizes the following options to control how it +operates. +

+
+
--cache-file=file
+

Use and save the results of the tests in +file instead of ./config.cache. Set file to +/dev/null to disable caching, for debugging +configure. +

+
+
--help
+

Print a summary of the options to configure, and exit. +

+
+
--quiet
+
--silent
+
-q
+

Do not print messages saying which checks are being made. +

+
+
--srcdir=dir
+

Look for the Bash source code in directory dir. Usually +configure can determine that directory automatically. +

+
+
--version
+

Print the version of Autoconf used to generate the configure +script, and exit. +

+
+ +

configure also accepts some other, not widely used, boilerplate +options. ‘configure --help’ prints the complete list. +

+
+
+
+
+

+Previous: , Up: Installing Bash   [Contents][Index]

+
+

10.8 Optional Features

+ +

The Bash configure has a number of --enable-feature +options, where feature indicates an optional part of Bash. +There are also several --with-package options, +where package is something like ‘bash-malloc’ or ‘purify’. +To turn off the default use of a package, use +--without-package. To configure Bash without a feature +that is enabled by default, use --disable-feature. +

+

Here is a complete list of the --enable- and +--with- options that the Bash configure recognizes. +

+
+
--with-afs
+

Define if you are using the Andrew File System from Transarc. +

+
+
--with-bash-malloc
+

Use the Bash version of +malloc in the directory lib/malloc. This is not the same +malloc that appears in GNU libc, but an older version +originally derived from the 4.2 BSD malloc. This malloc +is very fast, but wastes some space on each allocation. +This option is enabled by default. +The NOTES file contains a list of systems for +which this should be turned off, and configure disables this +option automatically for a number of systems. +

+
+
--with-curses
+

Use the curses library instead of the termcap library. This should +be supplied if your system has an inadequate or incomplete termcap +database. +

+
+
--with-gnu-malloc
+

A synonym for --with-bash-malloc. +

+
+
--with-installed-readline[=PREFIX]
+

Define this to make Bash link with a locally-installed version of Readline +rather than the version in lib/readline. This works only with +Readline 5.0 and later versions. If PREFIX is yes or not +supplied, configure uses the values of the make variables +includedir and libdir, which are subdirectories of prefix +by default, to find the installed version of Readline if it is not in +the standard system include and library directories. +If PREFIX is no, Bash links with the version in +lib/readline. +If PREFIX is set to any other value, configure treats it as +a directory pathname and looks for +the installed version of Readline in subdirectories of that directory +(include files in PREFIX/include and the library in +PREFIX/lib). +

+
+
--with-libintl-prefix[=PREFIX]
+

Define this to make Bash link with a locally-installed version of the +libintl library instead of the version in lib/intl. +

+
+
--with-libiconv-prefix[=PREFIX]
+

Define this to make Bash look for libiconv in PREFIX instead of the +standard system locations. There is no version included with Bash. +

+
+
--enable-minimal-config
+

This produces a shell with minimal features, close to the historical +Bourne shell. +

+
+ +

There are several --enable- options that alter how Bash is +compiled, linked, and installed, rather than changing run-time features. +

+
+
--enable-largefile
+

Enable support for large files if the operating system requires special compiler options +to build programs which can access large files. This is enabled by +default, if the operating system provides large file support. +

+
+
--enable-profiling
+

This builds a Bash binary that produces profiling information to be +processed by gprof each time it is executed. +

+
+
--enable-separate-helpfiles
+

Use external files for the documentation displayed by the help builtin +instead of storing the text internally. +

+
+
--enable-static-link
+

This causes Bash to be linked statically, if gcc is being used. +This could be used to build a version to use as root’s shell. +

+
+
+ +

The ‘minimal-config’ option can be used to disable all of +the following options, but it is processed first, so individual +options may be enabled using ‘enable-feature’. +

+

All of the following options except for +‘alt-array-implementation’, +‘disabled-builtins’, +‘direxpand-default’, +‘strict-posix-default’, +and +‘xpg-echo-default’ are +enabled by default, unless the operating system does not provide the +necessary support. +

+
+
--enable-alias
+

Allow alias expansion and include the alias and unalias +builtins (see Aliases). +

+
+
--enable-alt-array-implementation
+

This builds bash using an alternate implementation of arrays +(see Arrays) that provides faster access at the expense of using +more memory (sometimes many times more, depending on how sparse an array is). +

+
+
--enable-arith-for-command
+

Include support for the alternate form of the for command +that behaves like the C language for statement +(see Looping Constructs). +

+
+
--enable-array-variables
+

Include support for one-dimensional array shell variables +(see Arrays). +

+
+
--enable-bang-history
+

Include support for csh-like history substitution +(see History Expansion). +

+
+
--enable-brace-expansion
+

Include csh-like brace expansion +( b{a,b}c → bac bbc ). +See Brace Expansion, for a complete description. +

+
+
--enable-casemod-attributes
+

Include support for case-modifying attributes in the declare builtin +and assignment statements. Variables with the uppercase attribute, +for example, will have their values converted to uppercase upon assignment. +

+
+
--enable-casemod-expansion
+

Include support for case-modifying word expansions. +

+
+
--enable-command-timing
+

Include support for recognizing time as a reserved word and for +displaying timing statistics for the pipeline following time +(see Pipelines). +This allows pipelines as well as shell builtins and functions to be timed. +

+
+
--enable-cond-command
+

Include support for the [[ conditional command. +(see Conditional Constructs). +

+
+
--enable-cond-regexp
+

Include support for matching POSIX regular expressions using the +‘=~’ binary operator in the [[ conditional command. +(see Conditional Constructs). +

+
+
--enable-coprocesses
+

Include support for coprocesses and the coproc reserved word +(see Pipelines). +

+
+
--enable-debugger
+

Include support for the bash debugger (distributed separately). +

+
+
--enable-dev-fd-stat-broken
+

If calling stat on /dev/fd/N returns different results than +calling fstat on file descriptor N, supply this option to +enable a workaround. +This has implications for conditional commands that test file attributes. +

+
+
--enable-direxpand-default
+

Cause the direxpand shell option (see The Shopt Builtin) +to be enabled by default when the shell starts. +It is normally disabled by default. +

+
+
--enable-directory-stack
+

Include support for a csh-like directory stack and the +pushd, popd, and dirs builtins +(see The Directory Stack). +

+
+
--enable-disabled-builtins
+

Allow builtin commands to be invoked via ‘builtin xxx’ +even after xxx has been disabled using ‘enable -n xxx’. +See Bash Builtin Commands, for details of the builtin and +enable builtin commands. +

+
+
--enable-dparen-arithmetic
+

Include support for the ((…)) command +(see Conditional Constructs). +

+
+
--enable-extended-glob
+

Include support for the extended pattern matching features described +above under Pattern Matching. +

+
+
--enable-extended-glob-default
+

Set the default value of the extglob shell option described +above under The Shopt Builtin to be enabled. +

+
+
--enable-function-import
+

Include support for importing function definitions exported by another +instance of the shell from the environment. This option is enabled by +default. +

+
+
--enable-glob-asciirange-default
+

Set the default value of the globasciiranges shell option described +above under The Shopt Builtin to be enabled. +This controls the behavior of character ranges when used in pattern matching +bracket expressions. +

+
+
--enable-help-builtin
+

Include the help builtin, which displays help on shell builtins and +variables (see Bash Builtin Commands). +

+
+
--enable-history
+

Include command history and the fc and history +builtin commands (see Bash History Facilities). +

+
+
--enable-job-control
+

This enables the job control features (see Job Control), +if the operating system supports them. +

+
+
--enable-multibyte
+

This enables support for multibyte characters if the operating +system provides the necessary support. +

+
+
--enable-net-redirections
+

This enables the special handling of filenames of the form +/dev/tcp/host/port and +/dev/udp/host/port +when used in redirections (see Redirections). +

+
+
--enable-process-substitution
+

This enables process substitution (see Process Substitution) if +the operating system provides the necessary support. +

+
+
--enable-progcomp
+

Enable the programmable completion facilities +(see Programmable Completion). +If Readline is not enabled, this option has no effect. +

+
+
--enable-prompt-string-decoding
+

Turn on the interpretation of a number of backslash-escaped characters +in the $PS0, $PS1, $PS2, and $PS4 prompt +strings. See Controlling the Prompt, for a complete list of prompt +string escape sequences. +

+
+
--enable-readline
+

Include support for command-line editing and history with the Bash +version of the Readline library (see Command Line Editing). +

+
+
--enable-restricted
+

Include support for a restricted shell. If this is enabled, Bash, +when called as rbash, enters a restricted mode. See +The Restricted Shell, for a description of restricted mode. +

+
+
--enable-select
+

Include the select compound command, which allows the generation of +simple menus (see Conditional Constructs). +

+
+
--enable-single-help-strings
+

Store the text displayed by the help builtin as a single string for +each help topic. This aids in translating the text to different languages. +You may need to disable this if your compiler cannot handle very long string +literals. +

+
+
--enable-strict-posix-default
+

Make Bash POSIX-conformant by default (see Bash POSIX Mode). +

+
+
--enable-translatable-strings
+

Enable support for $"string" translatable strings +(see Locale-Specific Translation). +

+
+
--enable-usg-echo-default
+

A synonym for --enable-xpg-echo-default. +

+
+
--enable-xpg-echo-default
+

Make the echo builtin expand backslash-escaped characters by default, +without requiring the -e option. +This sets the default value of the xpg_echo shell option to on, +which makes the Bash echo behave more like the version specified in +the Single Unix Specification, version 3. +See Bash Builtin Commands, for a description of the escape sequences that +echo recognizes. +

+
+ +

The file config-top.h contains C Preprocessor +‘#define’ statements for options which are not settable from +configure. +Some of these are not meant to be changed; beware of the consequences if +you do. +Read the comments associated with each definition for more +information about its effect. +

+
+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Bash Features   [Contents][Index]

+
+

Appendix A Reporting Bugs

+ +

Please report all bugs you find in Bash. +But first, you should +make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest +version of Bash. +The latest version of Bash is always available for FTP from +ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/ and from +http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/bash.git/snapshot/bash-master.tar.gz. +

+

Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the +bashbug command to submit a bug report. +If you have a fix, you are encouraged to mail that as well! +Suggestions and ‘philosophical’ bug reports may be mailed +to bug-bash@gnu.org or posted to the Usenet +newsgroup gnu.bash.bug. +

+

All bug reports should include: +

    +
  • The version number of Bash. +
  • The hardware and operating system. +
  • The compiler used to compile Bash. +
  • A description of the bug behaviour. +
  • A short script or ‘recipe’ which exercises the bug and may be used +to reproduce it. +
+ +

bashbug inserts the first three items automatically into +the template it provides for filing a bug report. +

+

Please send all reports concerning this manual to +bug-bash@gnu.org. +

+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Bash Features   [Contents][Index]

+
+

Appendix B Major Differences From The Bourne Shell

+ +

Bash implements essentially the same grammar, parameter and +variable expansion, redirection, and quoting as the Bourne Shell. +Bash uses the POSIX standard as the specification of +how these features are to be implemented. There are some +differences between the traditional Bourne shell and Bash; this +section quickly details the differences of significance. A +number of these differences are explained in greater depth in +previous sections. +This section uses the version of sh included in SVR4.2 (the +last version of the historical Bourne shell) as the baseline reference. +

+
    +
  • Bash is POSIX-conformant, even where the POSIX specification +differs from traditional sh behavior (see Bash POSIX Mode). + +
  • Bash has multi-character invocation options (see Invoking Bash). + +
  • Bash has command-line editing (see Command Line Editing) and +the bind builtin. + +
  • Bash provides a programmable word completion mechanism +(see Programmable Completion), and builtin commands +complete, compgen, and compopt, to +manipulate it. + +
  • Bash has command history (see Bash History Facilities) and the +history and fc builtins to manipulate it. +The Bash history list maintains timestamp information and uses the +value of the HISTTIMEFORMAT variable to display it. + +
  • Bash implements csh-like history expansion +(see History Expansion). + +
  • Bash has one-dimensional array variables (see Arrays), and the +appropriate variable expansions and assignment syntax to use them. +Several of the Bash builtins take options to act on arrays. +Bash provides a number of built-in array variables. + +
  • The $'…' quoting syntax, which expands ANSI-C +backslash-escaped characters in the text between the single quotes, +is supported (see ANSI-C Quoting). + +
  • Bash supports the $"…" quoting syntax to do +locale-specific translation of the characters between the double +quotes. The -D, --dump-strings, and --dump-po-strings +invocation options list the translatable strings found in a script +(see Locale-Specific Translation). + +
  • Bash implements the ! keyword to negate the return value of +a pipeline (see Pipelines). +Very useful when an if statement needs to act only if a test fails. +The Bash ‘-o pipefail’ option to set will cause a pipeline to +return a failure status if any command fails. + +
  • Bash has the time reserved word and command timing (see Pipelines). +The display of the timing statistics may be controlled with the +TIMEFORMAT variable. + +
  • Bash implements the for (( expr1 ; expr2 ; expr3 )) +arithmetic for command, similar to the C language (see Looping Constructs). + +
  • Bash includes the select compound command, which allows the +generation of simple menus (see Conditional Constructs). + +
  • Bash includes the [[ compound command, which makes conditional +testing part of the shell grammar (see Conditional Constructs), including +optional regular expression matching. + +
  • Bash provides optional case-insensitive matching for the case and +[[ constructs. + +
  • Bash includes brace expansion (see Brace Expansion) and tilde +expansion (see Tilde Expansion). + +
  • Bash implements command aliases and the alias and unalias +builtins (see Aliases). + +
  • Bash provides shell arithmetic, the (( compound command +(see Conditional Constructs), +and arithmetic expansion (see Shell Arithmetic). + +
  • Variables present in the shell’s initial environment are automatically +exported to child processes. The Bourne shell does not normally do +this unless the variables are explicitly marked using the export +command. + +
  • Bash supports the ‘+=’ assignment operator, which appends to the value +of the variable named on the left hand side. + +
  • Bash includes the POSIX pattern removal ‘%’, ‘#’, ‘%%’ +and ‘##’ expansions to remove leading or trailing substrings from +variable values (see Shell Parameter Expansion). + +
  • The expansion ${#xx}, which returns the length of ${xx}, +is supported (see Shell Parameter Expansion). + +
  • The expansion ${var:offset[:length]}, +which expands to the substring of var’s value of length +length, beginning at offset, is present +(see Shell Parameter Expansion). + +
  • The expansion +${var/[/]pattern[/replacement]}, +which matches pattern and replaces it with replacement in +the value of var, is available (see Shell Parameter Expansion). + +
  • The expansion ${!prefix*} expansion, which expands to +the names of all shell variables whose names begin with prefix, +is available (see Shell Parameter Expansion). + +
  • Bash has indirect variable expansion using ${!word} +(see Shell Parameter Expansion). + +
  • Bash can expand positional parameters beyond $9 using +${num}. + +
  • The POSIX $() form of command substitution +is implemented (see Command Substitution), +and preferred to the Bourne shell’s `` (which +is also implemented for backwards compatibility). + +
  • Bash has process substitution (see Process Substitution). + +
  • Bash automatically assigns variables that provide information about the +current user (UID, EUID, and GROUPS), the current host +(HOSTTYPE, OSTYPE, MACHTYPE, and HOSTNAME), +and the instance of Bash that is running (BASH, +BASH_VERSION, and BASH_VERSINFO). See Bash Variables, +for details. + +
  • The IFS variable is used to split only the results of expansion, +not all words (see Word Splitting). +This closes a longstanding shell security hole. + +
  • The filename expansion bracket expression code uses ‘!’ and ‘^’ +to negate the set of characters between the brackets. +The Bourne shell uses only ‘!’. + +
  • Bash implements the full set of POSIX filename expansion operators, +including character classes, equivalence classes, and +collating symbols (see Filename Expansion). + +
  • Bash implements extended pattern matching features when the extglob +shell option is enabled (see Pattern Matching). + +
  • It is possible to have a variable and a function with the same name; +sh does not separate the two name spaces. + +
  • Bash functions are permitted to have local variables using the +local builtin, and thus useful recursive functions may be written +(see Bash Builtin Commands). + +
  • Variable assignments preceding commands affect only that command, even +builtins and functions (see Environment). +In sh, all variable assignments +preceding commands are global unless the command is executed from the +file system. + +
  • Bash performs filename expansion on filenames specified as operands +to input and output redirection operators (see Redirections). + +
  • Bash contains the ‘<>’ redirection operator, allowing a file to be +opened for both reading and writing, and the ‘&>’ redirection +operator, for directing standard output and standard error to the same +file (see Redirections). + +
  • Bash includes the ‘<<<’ redirection operator, allowing a string to +be used as the standard input to a command. + +
  • Bash implements the ‘[n]<&word’ and ‘[n]>&word’ +redirection operators, which move one file descriptor to another. + +
  • Bash treats a number of filenames specially when they are +used in redirection operators (see Redirections). + +
  • Bash can open network connections to arbitrary machines and services +with the redirection operators (see Redirections). + +
  • The noclobber option is available to avoid overwriting existing +files with output redirection (see The Set Builtin). +The ‘>|’ redirection operator may be used to override noclobber. + +
  • The Bash cd and pwd builtins (see Bourne Shell Builtins) +each take -L and -P options to switch between logical and +physical modes. + +
  • Bash allows a function to override a builtin with the same name, and provides +access to that builtin’s functionality within the function via the +builtin and command builtins (see Bash Builtin Commands). + +
  • The command builtin allows selective disabling of functions +when command lookup is performed (see Bash Builtin Commands). + +
  • Individual builtins may be enabled or disabled using the enable +builtin (see Bash Builtin Commands). + +
  • The Bash exec builtin takes additional options that allow users +to control the contents of the environment passed to the executed +command, and what the zeroth argument to the command is to be +(see Bourne Shell Builtins). + +
  • Shell functions may be exported to children via the environment +using export -f (see Shell Functions). + +
  • The Bash export, readonly, and declare builtins can +take a -f option to act on shell functions, a -p option to +display variables with various attributes set in a format that can be +used as shell input, a -n option to remove various variable +attributes, and ‘name=value’ arguments to set variable attributes +and values simultaneously. + +
  • The Bash hash builtin allows a name to be associated with +an arbitrary filename, even when that filename cannot be found by +searching the $PATH, using ‘hash -p’ +(see Bourne Shell Builtins). + +
  • Bash includes a help builtin for quick reference to shell +facilities (see Bash Builtin Commands). + +
  • The printf builtin is available to display formatted output +(see Bash Builtin Commands). + +
  • The Bash read builtin (see Bash Builtin Commands) +will read a line ending in ‘\’ with +the -r option, and will use the REPLY variable as a +default if no non-option arguments are supplied. +The Bash read builtin +also accepts a prompt string with the -p option and will use +Readline to obtain the line when given the -e option. +The read builtin also has additional options to control input: +the -s option will turn off echoing of input characters as +they are read, the -t option will allow read to time out +if input does not arrive within a specified number of seconds, the +-n option will allow reading only a specified number of +characters rather than a full line, and the -d option will read +until a particular character rather than newline. + +
  • The return builtin may be used to abort execution of scripts +executed with the . or source builtins +(see Bourne Shell Builtins). + +
  • Bash includes the shopt builtin, for finer control of shell +optional capabilities (see The Shopt Builtin), and allows these options +to be set and unset at shell invocation (see Invoking Bash). + +
  • Bash has much more optional behavior controllable with the set +builtin (see The Set Builtin). + +
  • The ‘-x’ (xtrace) option displays commands other than +simple commands when performing an execution trace +(see The Set Builtin). + +
  • The test builtin (see Bourne Shell Builtins) +is slightly different, as it implements the POSIX algorithm, +which specifies the behavior based on the number of arguments. + +
  • Bash includes the caller builtin, which displays the context of +any active subroutine call (a shell function or a script executed with +the . or source builtins). This supports the Bash +debugger. + +
  • The trap builtin (see Bourne Shell Builtins) allows a +DEBUG pseudo-signal specification, similar to EXIT. +Commands specified with a DEBUG trap are executed before every +simple command, for command, case command, +select command, every arithmetic for command, and before +the first command executes in a shell function. +The DEBUG trap is not inherited by shell functions unless the +function has been given the trace attribute or the +functrace option has been enabled using the shopt builtin. +The extdebug shell option has additional effects on the +DEBUG trap. + +

    The trap builtin (see Bourne Shell Builtins) allows an +ERR pseudo-signal specification, similar to EXIT and DEBUG. +Commands specified with an ERR trap are executed after a simple +command fails, with a few exceptions. +The ERR trap is not inherited by shell functions unless the +-o errtrace option to the set builtin is enabled. +

    +

    The trap builtin (see Bourne Shell Builtins) allows a +RETURN pseudo-signal specification, similar to +EXIT and DEBUG. +Commands specified with a RETURN trap are executed before +execution resumes after a shell function or a shell script executed with +. or source returns. +The RETURN trap is not inherited by shell functions unless the +function has been given the trace attribute or the +functrace option has been enabled using the shopt builtin. +

    +
  • The Bash type builtin is more extensive and gives more information +about the names it finds (see Bash Builtin Commands). + +
  • The Bash umask builtin permits a -p option to cause +the output to be displayed in the form of a umask command +that may be reused as input (see Bourne Shell Builtins). + +
  • Bash implements a csh-like directory stack, and provides the +pushd, popd, and dirs builtins to manipulate it +(see The Directory Stack). +Bash also makes the directory stack visible as the value of the +DIRSTACK shell variable. + +
  • Bash interprets special backslash-escaped characters in the prompt +strings when interactive (see Controlling the Prompt). + +
  • The Bash restricted mode is more useful (see The Restricted Shell); +the SVR4.2 shell restricted mode is too limited. + +
  • The disown builtin can remove a job from the internal shell +job table (see Job Control Builtins) or suppress the sending +of SIGHUP to a job when the shell exits as the result of a +SIGHUP. + +
  • Bash includes a number of features to support a separate debugger for +shell scripts. + +
  • The SVR4.2 shell has two privilege-related builtins +(mldmode and priv) not present in Bash. + +
  • Bash does not have the stop or newgrp builtins. + +
  • Bash does not use the SHACCT variable or perform shell accounting. + +
  • The SVR4.2 sh uses a TIMEOUT variable like Bash uses +TMOUT. + +
+ +

More features unique to Bash may be found in Bash Features. +

+ + +
+

B.1 Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell

+ +

Since Bash is a completely new implementation, it does not suffer from +many of the limitations of the SVR4.2 shell. For instance: +

+
    +
  • Bash does not fork a subshell when redirecting into or out of +a shell control structure such as an if or while +statement. + +
  • Bash does not allow unbalanced quotes. The SVR4.2 shell will silently +insert a needed closing quote at EOF under certain circumstances. +This can be the cause of some hard-to-find errors. + +
  • The SVR4.2 shell uses a baroque memory management scheme based on +trapping SIGSEGV. If the shell is started from a process with +SIGSEGV blocked (e.g., by using the system() C library +function call), it misbehaves badly. + +
  • In a questionable attempt at security, the SVR4.2 shell, +when invoked without the -p option, will alter its real +and effective UID and GID if they are less than some +magic threshold value, commonly 100. +This can lead to unexpected results. + +
  • The SVR4.2 shell does not allow users to trap SIGSEGV, +SIGALRM, or SIGCHLD. + +
  • The SVR4.2 shell does not allow the IFS, MAILCHECK, +PATH, PS1, or PS2 variables to be unset. + +
  • The SVR4.2 shell treats ‘^’ as the undocumented equivalent of +‘|’. + +
  • Bash allows multiple option arguments when it is invoked (-x -v); +the SVR4.2 shell allows only one option argument (-xv). In +fact, some versions of the shell dump core if the second argument begins +with a ‘-’. + +
  • The SVR4.2 shell exits a script if any builtin fails; Bash exits +a script only if one of the POSIX special builtins fails, and +only for certain failures, as enumerated in the POSIX standard. + +
  • The SVR4.2 shell behaves differently when invoked as jsh +(it turns on job control). +
+ +
+
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Bash Features   [Contents][Index]

+
+

Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License

+ +
Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 +
+ +
+
Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+http://fsf.org/
+
+Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
+of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
+
+ +
    +
  1. PREAMBLE + +

    The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other +functional and useful document free in the sense of freedom: to +assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, +with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. +Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way +to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible +for modifications made by others. +

    +

    This License is a kind of “copyleft”, which means that derivative +works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It +complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft +license designed for free software. +

    +

    We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free +software, because free software needs free documentation: a free +program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the +software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; +it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or +whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License +principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference. +

    +
  2. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS + +

    This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that +contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be +distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a +world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that +work under the conditions stated herein. The “Document”, below, +refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a +licensee, and is addressed as “you”. You accept the license if you +copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission +under copyright law. +

    +

    A “Modified Version” of the Document means any work containing the +Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with +modifications and/or translated into another language. +

    +

    A “Secondary Section” is a named appendix or a front-matter section +of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the +publishers or authors of the Document to the Document’s overall +subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall +directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in +part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain +any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical +connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, +commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding +them. +

    +

    The “Invariant Sections” are certain Secondary Sections whose titles +are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice +that says that the Document is released under this License. If a +section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not +allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero +Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant +Sections then there are none. +

    +

    The “Cover Texts” are certain short passages of text that are listed, +as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that +the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may +be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words. +

    +

    A “Transparent” copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, +represented in a format whose specification is available to the +general public, that is suitable for revising the document +straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of +pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available +drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or +for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input +to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file +format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart +or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. +An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount +of text. A copy that is not “Transparent” is called “Opaque”. +

    +

    Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain +ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input +format, SGML or XML using a publicly available +DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, +PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples +of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and +JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be +read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or +XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are +not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML, +PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for +output purposes only. +

    +

    The “Title Page” means, for a printed book, the title page itself, +plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material +this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in +formats which do not have any title page as such, “Title Page” means +the text near the most prominent appearance of the work’s title, +preceding the beginning of the body of the text. +

    +

    The “publisher” means any person or entity that distributes copies +of the Document to the public. +

    +

    A section “Entitled XYZ” means a named subunit of the Document whose +title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following +text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a +specific section name mentioned below, such as “Acknowledgements”, +“Dedications”, “Endorsements”, or “History”.) To “Preserve the Title” +of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a +section “Entitled XYZ” according to this definition. +

    +

    The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which +states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty +Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this +License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other +implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has +no effect on the meaning of this License. +

    +
  3. VERBATIM COPYING + +

    You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either +commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the +copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies +to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other +conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use +technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further +copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept +compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough +number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3. +

    +

    You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and +you may publicly display copies. +

    +
  4. COPYING IN QUANTITY + +

    If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have +printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the +Document’s license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the +copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover +Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on +the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify +you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present +the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and +visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. +Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve +the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated +as verbatim copying in other respects. +

    +

    If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit +legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit +reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent +pages. +

    +

    If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering +more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent +copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy +a computer-network location from which the general network-using +public has access to download using public-standard network protocols +a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. +If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, +when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure +that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated +location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an +Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that +edition to the public. +

    +

    It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the +Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give +them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document. +

    +
  5. MODIFICATIONS + +

    You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under +the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release +the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified +Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution +and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy +of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version: +

    +
      +
    1. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct +from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions +(which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section +of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version +if the original publisher of that version gives permission. + +
    2. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities +responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified +Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the +Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), +unless they release you from this requirement. + +
    3. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the +Modified Version, as the publisher. + +
    4. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document. + +
    5. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications +adjacent to the other copyright notices. + +
    6. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice +giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the +terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below. + +
    7. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections +and required Cover Texts given in the Document’s license notice. + +
    8. Include an unaltered copy of this License. + +
    9. Preserve the section Entitled “History”, Preserve its Title, and add +to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and +publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If +there is no section Entitled “History” in the Document, create one +stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as +given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified +Version as stated in the previous sentence. + +
    10. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for +public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise +the network locations given in the Document for previous versions +it was based on. These may be placed in the “History” section. +You may omit a network location for a work that was published at +least four years before the Document itself, or if the original +publisher of the version it refers to gives permission. + +
    11. For any section Entitled “Acknowledgements” or “Dedications”, Preserve +the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the +substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or +dedications given therein. + +
    12. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, +unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers +or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles. + +
    13. Delete any section Entitled “Endorsements”. Such a section +may not be included in the Modified Version. + +
    14. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled “Endorsements” or +to conflict in title with any Invariant Section. + +
    15. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers. +
    + +

    If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or +appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material +copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all +of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the +list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version’s license notice. +These titles must be distinct from any other section titles. +

    +

    You may add a section Entitled “Endorsements”, provided it contains +nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various +parties—for example, statements of peer review or that the text has +been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a +standard. +

    +

    You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a +passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list +of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of +Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or +through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already +includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or +by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, +you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit +permission from the previous publisher that added the old one. +

    +

    The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License +give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or +imply endorsement of any Modified Version. +

    +
  6. COMBINING DOCUMENTS + +

    You may combine the Document with other documents released under this +License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified +versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the +Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and +list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its +license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers. +

    +

    The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and +multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single +copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but +different contents, make the title of each such section unique by +adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original +author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. +Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of +Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work. +

    +

    In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled “History” +in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled +“History”; likewise combine any sections Entitled “Acknowledgements”, +and any sections Entitled “Dedications”. You must delete all +sections Entitled “Endorsements.” +

    +
  7. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS + +

    You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents +released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this +License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in +the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for +verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects. +

    +

    You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute +it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this +License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all +other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document. +

    +
  8. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS + +

    A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate +and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or +distribution medium, is called an “aggregate” if the copyright +resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights +of the compilation’s users beyond what the individual works permit. +When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not +apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves +derivative works of the Document. +

    +

    If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these +copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of +the entire aggregate, the Document’s Cover Texts may be placed on +covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the +electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. +Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole +aggregate. +

    +
  9. TRANSLATION + +

    Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may +distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. +Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special +permission from their copyright holders, but you may include +translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the +original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a +translation of this License, and all the license notices in the +Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include +the original English version of this License and the original versions +of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between +the translation and the original version of this License or a notice +or disclaimer, the original version will prevail. +

    +

    If a section in the Document is Entitled “Acknowledgements”, +“Dedications”, or “History”, the requirement (section 4) to Preserve +its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual +title. +

    +
  10. TERMINATION + +

    You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document +except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt +otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and +will automatically terminate your rights under this License. +

    +

    However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license +from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, +unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally +terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder +fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to +60 days after the cessation. +

    +

    Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is +reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the +violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have +received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that +copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after +your receipt of the notice. +

    +

    Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the +licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under +this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently +reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does +not give you any rights to use it. +

    +
  11. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE + +

    The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions +of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new +versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may +differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See +http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/. +

    +

    Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. +If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this +License “or any later version” applies to it, you have the option of +following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or +of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the +Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version +number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not +as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document +specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this +License can be used, that proxy’s public statement of acceptance of a +version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the +Document. +

    +
  12. RELICENSING + +

    “Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site” (or “MMC Site”) means any +World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also +provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A +public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A +“Massive Multiauthor Collaboration” (or “MMC”) contained in the +site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC +site. +

    +

    “CC-BY-SA” means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 +license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit +corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, +California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license +published by that same organization. +

    +

    “Incorporate” means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or +in part, as part of another Document. +

    +

    An MMC is “eligible for relicensing” if it is licensed under this +License, and if all works that were first published under this License +somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole +or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, +and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008. +

    +

    The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site +under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, +provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing. +

    +
+ +

ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents

+ +

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of +the License in the document and put the following copyright and +license notices just after the title page: +

+
+
  Copyright (C)  year  your name.
+  Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
+  under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
+  or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
+  with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
+  Texts.  A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
+  Free Documentation License''.
+
+ +

If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, +replace the “with…Texts.” line with this: +

+
+
    with the Invariant Sections being list their titles, with
+    the Front-Cover Texts being list, and with the Back-Cover Texts
+    being list.
+
+ +

If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other +combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the +situation. +

+

If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we +recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of +free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, +to permit their use in free software. +

+ + +
+
+
+
+

+Previous: , Up: Bash Features   [Contents][Index]

+
+

Appendix D Indexes

+ + + +
+
+
+

+Next: , Up: Indexes   [Contents][Index]

+
+

D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands

+
Jump to:   . +   +: +   +[ +   +
+A +   +B +   +C +   +D +   +E +   +F +   +G +   +H +   +J +   +K +   +L +   +M +   +P +   +R +   +S +   +T +   +U +   +W +   +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Index Entry  Section
.
.: Bourne Shell Builtins
:
:: Bourne Shell Builtins
[
[: Bourne Shell Builtins
A
alias: Bash Builtins
B
bg: Job Control Builtins
bind: Bash Builtins
break: Bourne Shell Builtins
builtin: Bash Builtins
C
caller: Bash Builtins
cd: Bourne Shell Builtins
command: Bash Builtins
compgen: Programmable Completion Builtins
complete: Programmable Completion Builtins
compopt: Programmable Completion Builtins
continue: Bourne Shell Builtins
D
declare: Bash Builtins
dirs: Directory Stack Builtins
disown: Job Control Builtins
E
echo: Bash Builtins
enable: Bash Builtins
eval: Bourne Shell Builtins
exec: Bourne Shell Builtins
exit: Bourne Shell Builtins
export: Bourne Shell Builtins
F
fc: Bash History Builtins
fg: Job Control Builtins
G
getopts: Bourne Shell Builtins
H
hash: Bourne Shell Builtins
help: Bash Builtins
history: Bash History Builtins
J
jobs: Job Control Builtins
K
kill: Job Control Builtins
L
let: Bash Builtins
local: Bash Builtins
logout: Bash Builtins
M
mapfile: Bash Builtins
P
popd: Directory Stack Builtins
printf: Bash Builtins
pushd: Directory Stack Builtins
pwd: Bourne Shell Builtins
R
read: Bash Builtins
readarray: Bash Builtins
readonly: Bourne Shell Builtins
return: Bourne Shell Builtins
S
set: The Set Builtin
shift: Bourne Shell Builtins
shopt: The Shopt Builtin
source: Bash Builtins
suspend: Job Control Builtins
T
test: Bourne Shell Builtins
times: Bourne Shell Builtins
trap: Bourne Shell Builtins
type: Bash Builtins
typeset: Bash Builtins
U
ulimit: Bash Builtins
umask: Bourne Shell Builtins
unalias: Bash Builtins
unset: Bourne Shell Builtins
W
wait: Job Control Builtins
+
Jump to:   . +   +: +   +[ +   +
+A +   +B +   +C +   +D +   +E +   +F +   +G +   +H +   +J +   +K +   +L +   +M +   +P +   +R +   +S +   +T +   +U +   +W +   +
+ +
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Indexes   [Contents][Index]

+
+

D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words

+
Jump to:   ! +   +[ +   +] +   +{ +   +} +   +
+C +   +D +   +E +   +F +   +I +   +S +   +T +   +U +   +W +   +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Index Entry  Section
!
!: Pipelines
[
[[: Conditional Constructs
]
]]: Conditional Constructs
{
{: Command Grouping
}
}: Command Grouping
C
case: Conditional Constructs
D
do: Looping Constructs
done: Looping Constructs
E
elif: Conditional Constructs
else: Conditional Constructs
esac: Conditional Constructs
F
fi: Conditional Constructs
for: Looping Constructs
function: Shell Functions
I
if: Conditional Constructs
in: Conditional Constructs
S
select: Conditional Constructs
T
then: Conditional Constructs
time: Pipelines
U
until: Looping Constructs
W
while: Looping Constructs
+
Jump to:   ! +   +[ +   +] +   +{ +   +} +   +
+C +   +D +   +E +   +F +   +I +   +S +   +T +   +U +   +W +   +
+ +
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Indexes   [Contents][Index]

+
+

D.3 Parameter and Variable Index

+
Jump to:   ! +   +# +   +$ +   +* +   +- +   +0 +   +? +   +@ +   +_ +   +
+A +   +B +   +C +   +D +   +E +   +F +   +G +   +H +   +I +   +K +   +L +   +M +   +O +   +P +   +R +   +S +   +T +   +U +   +V +   +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Index Entry  Section
!
!: Special Parameters
#
#: Special Parameters
$
$: Special Parameters
$!: Special Parameters
$#: Special Parameters
$$: Special Parameters
$*: Special Parameters
$-: Special Parameters
$0: Special Parameters
$?: Special Parameters
$@: Special Parameters
$_: Bash Variables
*
*: Special Parameters
-
-: Special Parameters
0
0: Special Parameters
?
?: Special Parameters
@
@: Special Parameters
_
_: Bash Variables
A
active-region-end-color: Readline Init File Syntax
active-region-start-color: Readline Init File Syntax
auto_resume: Job Control Variables
B
BASH: Bash Variables
BASHOPTS: Bash Variables
BASHPID: Bash Variables
BASH_ALIASES: Bash Variables
BASH_ARGC: Bash Variables
BASH_ARGV: Bash Variables
BASH_ARGV0: Bash Variables
BASH_CMDS: Bash Variables
BASH_COMMAND: Bash Variables
BASH_COMPAT: Bash Variables
BASH_ENV: Bash Variables
BASH_EXECUTION_STRING: Bash Variables
BASH_LINENO: Bash Variables
BASH_LOADABLES_PATH: Bash Variables
BASH_REMATCH: Bash Variables
BASH_SOURCE: Bash Variables
BASH_SUBSHELL: Bash Variables
BASH_VERSINFO: Bash Variables
BASH_VERSION: Bash Variables
BASH_XTRACEFD: Bash Variables
bell-style: Readline Init File Syntax
bind-tty-special-chars: Readline Init File Syntax
blink-matching-paren: Readline Init File Syntax
C
CDPATH: Bourne Shell Variables
CHILD_MAX: Bash Variables
colored-completion-prefix: Readline Init File Syntax
colored-stats: Readline Init File Syntax
COLUMNS: Bash Variables
comment-begin: Readline Init File Syntax
completion-display-width: Readline Init File Syntax
completion-ignore-case: Readline Init File Syntax
completion-map-case: Readline Init File Syntax
completion-prefix-display-length: Readline Init File Syntax
completion-query-items: Readline Init File Syntax
COMPREPLY: Bash Variables
COMP_CWORD: Bash Variables
COMP_KEY: Bash Variables
COMP_LINE: Bash Variables
COMP_POINT: Bash Variables
COMP_TYPE: Bash Variables
COMP_WORDBREAKS: Bash Variables
COMP_WORDS: Bash Variables
convert-meta: Readline Init File Syntax
COPROC: Bash Variables
D
DIRSTACK: Bash Variables
disable-completion: Readline Init File Syntax
E
echo-control-characters: Readline Init File Syntax
editing-mode: Readline Init File Syntax
EMACS: Bash Variables
emacs-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax
enable-active-region: Readline Init File Syntax
enable-bracketed-paste: Readline Init File Syntax
enable-keypad: Readline Init File Syntax
ENV: Bash Variables
EPOCHREALTIME: Bash Variables
EPOCHSECONDS: Bash Variables
EUID: Bash Variables
EXECIGNORE: Bash Variables
expand-tilde: Readline Init File Syntax
F
FCEDIT: Bash Variables
FIGNORE: Bash Variables
FUNCNAME: Bash Variables
FUNCNEST: Bash Variables
G
GLOBIGNORE: Bash Variables
GROUPS: Bash Variables
H
histchars: Bash Variables
HISTCMD: Bash Variables
HISTCONTROL: Bash Variables
HISTFILE: Bash Variables
HISTFILESIZE: Bash Variables
HISTIGNORE: Bash Variables
history-preserve-point: Readline Init File Syntax
history-size: Readline Init File Syntax
HISTSIZE: Bash Variables
HISTTIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables
HOME: Bourne Shell Variables
horizontal-scroll-mode: Readline Init File Syntax
HOSTFILE: Bash Variables
HOSTNAME: Bash Variables
HOSTTYPE: Bash Variables
I
IFS: Bourne Shell Variables
IGNOREEOF: Bash Variables
input-meta: Readline Init File Syntax
INPUTRC: Bash Variables
INSIDE_EMACS: Bash Variables
isearch-terminators: Readline Init File Syntax
K
keymap: Readline Init File Syntax
L
LANG: Creating Internationalized Scripts
LANG: Bash Variables
LC_ALL: Bash Variables
LC_COLLATE: Bash Variables
LC_CTYPE: Bash Variables
LC_MESSAGES: Creating Internationalized Scripts
LC_MESSAGES: Bash Variables
LC_NUMERIC: Bash Variables
LC_TIME: Bash Variables
LINENO: Bash Variables
LINES: Bash Variables
M
MACHTYPE: Bash Variables
MAIL: Bourne Shell Variables
MAILCHECK: Bash Variables
MAILPATH: Bourne Shell Variables
MAPFILE: Bash Variables
mark-modified-lines: Readline Init File Syntax
mark-symlinked-directories: Readline Init File Syntax
match-hidden-files: Readline Init File Syntax
menu-complete-display-prefix: Readline Init File Syntax
meta-flag: Readline Init File Syntax
O
OLDPWD: Bash Variables
OPTARG: Bourne Shell Variables
OPTERR: Bash Variables
OPTIND: Bourne Shell Variables
OSTYPE: Bash Variables
output-meta: Readline Init File Syntax
P
page-completions: Readline Init File Syntax
PATH: Bourne Shell Variables
PIPESTATUS: Bash Variables
POSIXLY_CORRECT: Bash Variables
PPID: Bash Variables
PROMPT_COMMAND: Bash Variables
PROMPT_DIRTRIM: Bash Variables
PS0: Bash Variables
PS1: Bourne Shell Variables
PS2: Bourne Shell Variables
PS3: Bash Variables
PS4: Bash Variables
PWD: Bash Variables
R
RANDOM: Bash Variables
READLINE_ARGUMENT: Bash Variables
READLINE_LINE: Bash Variables
READLINE_MARK: Bash Variables
READLINE_POINT: Bash Variables
REPLY: Bash Variables
revert-all-at-newline: Readline Init File Syntax
S
SECONDS: Bash Variables
SHELL: Bash Variables
SHELLOPTS: Bash Variables
SHLVL: Bash Variables
show-all-if-ambiguous: Readline Init File Syntax
show-all-if-unmodified: Readline Init File Syntax
show-mode-in-prompt: Readline Init File Syntax
skip-completed-text: Readline Init File Syntax
SRANDOM: Bash Variables
T
TEXTDOMAIN: Creating Internationalized Scripts
TEXTDOMAINDIR: Creating Internationalized Scripts
TIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables
TMOUT: Bash Variables
TMPDIR: Bash Variables
U
UID: Bash Variables
V
vi-cmd-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax
vi-ins-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax
visible-stats: Readline Init File Syntax
+
Jump to:   ! +   +# +   +$ +   +* +   +- +   +0 +   +? +   +@ +   +_ +   +
+A +   +B +   +C +   +D +   +E +   +F +   +G +   +H +   +I +   +K +   +L +   +M +   +O +   +P +   +R +   +S +   +T +   +U +   +V +   +
+ +
+
+
+
+

+Next: , Previous: , Up: Indexes   [Contents][Index]

+
+

D.4 Function Index

+
Jump to:   A +   +B +   +C +   +D +   +E +   +F +   +G +   +H +   +I +   +K +   +M +   +N +   +O +   +P +   +Q +   +R +   +S +   +T +   +U +   +Y +   +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Index Entry  Section
A
abort (C-g): Miscellaneous Commands
accept-line (Newline or Return): Commands For History
alias-expand-line (): Miscellaneous Commands
B
backward-char (C-b): Commands For Moving
backward-delete-char (Rubout): Commands For Text
backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout): Commands For Killing
backward-kill-word (M-DEL): Commands For Killing
backward-word (M-b): Commands For Moving
beginning-of-history (M-<): Commands For History
beginning-of-line (C-a): Commands For Moving
bracketed-paste-begin (): Commands For Text
C
call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e): Keyboard Macros
capitalize-word (M-c): Commands For Text
character-search (C-]): Miscellaneous Commands
character-search-backward (M-C-]): Miscellaneous Commands
clear-display (M-C-l): Commands For Moving
clear-screen (C-l): Commands For Moving
complete (TAB): Commands For Completion
complete-command (M-!): Commands For Completion
complete-filename (M-/): Commands For Completion
complete-hostname (M-@): Commands For Completion
complete-into-braces (M-{): Commands For Completion
complete-username (M-~): Commands For Completion
complete-variable (M-$): Commands For Completion
copy-backward-word (): Commands For Killing
copy-forward-word (): Commands For Killing
copy-region-as-kill (): Commands For Killing
D
dabbrev-expand (): Commands For Completion
delete-char (C-d): Commands For Text
delete-char-or-list (): Commands For Completion
delete-horizontal-space (): Commands For Killing
digit-argument (M-0, M-1, … M--): Numeric Arguments
display-shell-version (C-x C-v): Miscellaneous Commands
do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-x, …): Miscellaneous Commands
downcase-word (M-l): Commands For Text
dump-functions (): Miscellaneous Commands
dump-macros (): Miscellaneous Commands
dump-variables (): Miscellaneous Commands
dynamic-complete-history (M-TAB): Commands For Completion
E
edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e): Miscellaneous Commands
end-kbd-macro (C-x )): Keyboard Macros
end-of-file (usually C-d): Commands For Text
end-of-history (M->): Commands For History
end-of-line (C-e): Commands For Moving
exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x): Miscellaneous Commands
F
fetch-history (): Commands For History
forward-backward-delete-char (): Commands For Text
forward-char (C-f): Commands For Moving
forward-search-history (C-s): Commands For History
forward-word (M-f): Commands For Moving
G
glob-complete-word (M-g): Miscellaneous Commands
glob-expand-word (C-x *): Miscellaneous Commands
glob-list-expansions (C-x g): Miscellaneous Commands
H
history-and-alias-expand-line (): Miscellaneous Commands
history-expand-line (M-^): Miscellaneous Commands
history-search-backward (): Commands For History
history-search-forward (): Commands For History
history-substring-search-backward (): Commands For History
history-substring-search-forward (): Commands For History
I
insert-comment (M-#): Miscellaneous Commands
insert-completions (M-*): Commands For Completion
insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_): Miscellaneous Commands
K
kill-line (C-k): Commands For Killing
kill-region (): Commands For Killing
kill-whole-line (): Commands For Killing
kill-word (M-d): Commands For Killing
M
magic-space (): Miscellaneous Commands
menu-complete (): Commands For Completion
menu-complete-backward (): Commands For Completion
N
next-history (C-n): Commands For History
next-screen-line (): Commands For Moving
non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n): Commands For History
non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p): Commands For History
O
operate-and-get-next (C-o): Commands For History
overwrite-mode (): Commands For Text
P
possible-command-completions (C-x !): Commands For Completion
possible-completions (M-?): Commands For Completion
possible-filename-completions (C-x /): Commands For Completion
possible-hostname-completions (C-x @): Commands For Completion
possible-username-completions (C-x ~): Commands For Completion
possible-variable-completions (C-x $): Commands For Completion
prefix-meta (ESC): Miscellaneous Commands
previous-history (C-p): Commands For History
previous-screen-line (): Commands For Moving
print-last-kbd-macro (): Keyboard Macros
Q
quoted-insert (C-q or C-v): Commands For Text
R
re-read-init-file (C-x C-r): Miscellaneous Commands
redraw-current-line (): Commands For Moving
reverse-search-history (C-r): Commands For History
revert-line (M-r): Miscellaneous Commands
S
self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, …): Commands For Text
set-mark (C-@): Miscellaneous Commands
shell-backward-kill-word (): Commands For Killing
shell-backward-word (M-C-b): Commands For Moving
shell-expand-line (M-C-e): Miscellaneous Commands
shell-forward-word (M-C-f): Commands For Moving
shell-kill-word (M-C-d): Commands For Killing
shell-transpose-words (M-C-t): Commands For Killing
skip-csi-sequence (): Miscellaneous Commands
spell-correct-word (C-x s): Miscellaneous Commands
start-kbd-macro (C-x (): Keyboard Macros
T
tilde-expand (M-&): Miscellaneous Commands
transpose-chars (C-t): Commands For Text
transpose-words (M-t): Commands For Text
U
undo (C-_ or C-x C-u): Miscellaneous Commands
universal-argument (): Numeric Arguments
unix-filename-rubout (): Commands For Killing
unix-line-discard (C-u): Commands For Killing
unix-word-rubout (C-w): Commands For Killing
upcase-word (M-u): Commands For Text
Y
yank (C-y): Commands For Killing
yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_): Commands For History
yank-nth-arg (M-C-y): Commands For History
yank-pop (M-y): Commands For Killing
+
Jump to:   A +   +B +   +C +   +D +   +E +   +F +   +G +   +H +   +I +   +K +   +M +   +N +   +O +   +P +   +Q +   +R +   +S +   +T +   +U +   +Y +   +
+ +
+
+
+
+

+Previous: , Up: Indexes   [Contents][Index]

+
+

D.5 Concept Index

+
Jump to:   A +   +B +   +C +   +D +   +E +   +F +   +H +   +I +   +J +   +K +   +L +   +M +   +N +   +O +   +P +   +Q +   +R +   +S +   +T +   +V +   +W +   +Y +   +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Index Entry  Section
A
alias expansion: Aliases
arithmetic evaluation: Shell Arithmetic
arithmetic expansion: Arithmetic Expansion
arithmetic, shell: Shell Arithmetic
arrays: Arrays
B
background: Job Control Basics
Bash configuration: Basic Installation
Bash installation: Basic Installation
Bourne shell: Basic Shell Features
brace expansion: Brace Expansion
builtin: Definitions
C
command editing: Readline Bare Essentials
command execution: Command Search and Execution
command expansion: Simple Command Expansion
command history: Bash History Facilities
command search: Command Search and Execution
command substitution: Command Substitution
command timing: Pipelines
commands, compound: Compound Commands
commands, conditional: Conditional Constructs
commands, grouping: Command Grouping
commands, lists: Lists
commands, looping: Looping Constructs
commands, pipelines: Pipelines
commands, shell: Shell Commands
commands, simple: Simple Commands
comments, shell: Comments
Compatibility Level: Shell Compatibility Mode
Compatibility Mode: Shell Compatibility Mode
completion builtins: Programmable Completion Builtins
configuration: Basic Installation
control operator: Definitions
coprocess: Coprocesses
D
directory stack: The Directory Stack
E
editing command lines: Readline Bare Essentials
environment: Environment
evaluation, arithmetic: Shell Arithmetic
event designators: Event Designators
execution environment: Command Execution Environment
exit status: Definitions
exit status: Exit Status
expansion: Shell Expansions
expansion, arithmetic: Arithmetic Expansion
expansion, brace: Brace Expansion
expansion, filename: Filename Expansion
expansion, parameter: Shell Parameter Expansion
expansion, pathname: Filename Expansion
expansion, tilde: Tilde Expansion
expressions, arithmetic: Shell Arithmetic
expressions, conditional: Bash Conditional Expressions
F
field: Definitions
filename: Definitions
filename expansion: Filename Expansion
foreground: Job Control Basics
functions, shell: Shell Functions
H
history builtins: Bash History Builtins
history events: Event Designators
history expansion: History Interaction
history list: Bash History Facilities
History, how to use: A Programmable Completion Example
I
identifier: Definitions
initialization file, readline: Readline Init File
installation: Basic Installation
interaction, readline: Readline Interaction
interactive shell: Invoking Bash
interactive shell: Interactive Shells
internationalization: Locale Translation
internationalized scripts: Creating Internationalized Scripts
J
job: Definitions
job control: Definitions
job control: Job Control Basics
K
kill ring: Readline Killing Commands
killing text: Readline Killing Commands
L
localization: Locale Translation
login shell: Invoking Bash
M
matching, pattern: Pattern Matching
metacharacter: Definitions
N
name: Definitions
native languages: Locale Translation
notation, readline: Readline Bare Essentials
O
operator, shell: Definitions
P
parameter expansion: Shell Parameter Expansion
parameters: Shell Parameters
parameters, positional: Positional Parameters
parameters, special: Special Parameters
pathname expansion: Filename Expansion
pattern matching: Pattern Matching
pipeline: Pipelines
POSIX: Definitions
POSIX Mode: Bash POSIX Mode
process group: Definitions
process group ID: Definitions
process substitution: Process Substitution
programmable completion: Programmable Completion
prompting: Controlling the Prompt
Q
quoting: Quoting
quoting, ANSI: ANSI-C Quoting
R
Readline, how to use: Job Control Variables
redirection: Redirections
reserved word: Definitions
reserved words: Reserved Words
restricted shell: The Restricted Shell
return status: Definitions
S
shell arithmetic: Shell Arithmetic
shell function: Shell Functions
shell script: Shell Scripts
shell variable: Shell Parameters
shell, interactive: Interactive Shells
signal: Definitions
signal handling: Signals
special builtin: Definitions
special builtin: Special Builtins
startup files: Bash Startup Files
string translations: Creating Internationalized Scripts
suspending jobs: Job Control Basics
T
tilde expansion: Tilde Expansion
token: Definitions
translation, native languages: Locale Translation
V
variable, shell: Shell Parameters
variables, readline: Readline Init File Syntax
W
word: Definitions
word splitting: Word Splitting
Y
yanking text: Readline Killing Commands
+
Jump to:   A +   +B +   +C +   +D +   +E +   +F +   +H +   +I +   +J +   +K +   +L +   +M +   +N +   +O +   +P +   +Q +   +R +   +S +   +T +   +V +   +W +   +Y +   +
+ +
+
+
+ + + + + diff --git a/doc/bashref.info b/doc/bashref.info new file mode 100644 index 0000000..25372f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/bashref.info @@ -0,0 +1,12676 @@ +This is bashref.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.8 from +bashref.texi. + +This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the +Bash shell (version 5.2, 19 September 2022). + + This is Edition 5.2, last updated 19 September 2022, of 'The GNU Bash +Reference Manual', for 'Bash', Version 5.2. + + Copyright (C) 1988-2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + + Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this + document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, + Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software + Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and + no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the + section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". +INFO-DIR-SECTION Basics +START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY +* Bash: (bash). The GNU Bourne-Again SHell. +END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Top, Next: Introduction, Prev: (dir), Up: (dir) + +Bash Features +************* + +This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the +Bash shell (version 5.2, 19 September 2022). The Bash home page is +. + + This is Edition 5.2, last updated 19 September 2022, of 'The GNU Bash +Reference Manual', for 'Bash', Version 5.2. + + Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some +features that only appear in Bash. Some of the shells that Bash has +borrowed concepts from are the Bourne Shell ('sh'), the Korn Shell +('ksh'), and the C-shell ('csh' and its successor, 'tcsh'). The +following menu breaks the features up into categories, noting which +features were inspired by other shells and which are specific to Bash. + + This manual is meant as a brief introduction to features found in +Bash. The Bash manual page should be used as the definitive reference +on shell behavior. + +* Menu: + +* Introduction:: An introduction to the shell. +* Definitions:: Some definitions used in the rest of this + manual. +* Basic Shell Features:: The shell "building blocks". +* Shell Builtin Commands:: Commands that are a part of the shell. +* Shell Variables:: Variables used or set by Bash. +* Bash Features:: Features found only in Bash. +* Job Control:: What job control is and how Bash allows you + to use it. +* Command Line Editing:: Chapter describing the command line + editing features. +* Using History Interactively:: Command History Expansion +* Installing Bash:: How to build and install Bash on your system. +* Reporting Bugs:: How to report bugs in Bash. +* Major Differences From The Bourne Shell:: A terse list of the differences + between Bash and historical + versions of /bin/sh. +* GNU Free Documentation License:: Copying and sharing this documentation. +* Indexes:: Various indexes for this manual. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Introduction, Next: Definitions, Up: Top + +1 Introduction +************** + +* Menu: + +* What is Bash?:: A short description of Bash. +* What is a shell?:: A brief introduction to shells. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: What is Bash?, Next: What is a shell?, Up: Introduction + +1.1 What is Bash? +================= + +Bash is the shell, or command language interpreter, for the GNU +operating system. The name is an acronym for the 'Bourne-Again SHell', +a pun on Stephen Bourne, the author of the direct ancestor of the +current Unix shell 'sh', which appeared in the Seventh Edition Bell Labs +Research version of Unix. + + Bash is largely compatible with 'sh' and incorporates useful features +from the Korn shell 'ksh' and the C shell 'csh'. It is intended to be a +conformant implementation of the IEEE POSIX Shell and Tools portion of +the IEEE POSIX specification (IEEE Standard 1003.1). It offers +functional improvements over 'sh' for both interactive and programming +use. + + While the GNU operating system provides other shells, including a +version of 'csh', Bash is the default shell. Like other GNU software, +Bash is quite portable. It currently runs on nearly every version of +Unix and a few other operating systems - independently-supported ports +exist for MS-DOS, OS/2, and Windows platforms. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: What is a shell?, Prev: What is Bash?, Up: Introduction + +1.2 What is a shell? +==================== + +At its base, a shell is simply a macro processor that executes commands. +The term macro processor means functionality where text and symbols are +expanded to create larger expressions. + + A Unix shell is both a command interpreter and a programming +language. As a command interpreter, the shell provides the user +interface to the rich set of GNU utilities. The programming language +features allow these utilities to be combined. Files containing +commands can be created, and become commands themselves. These new +commands have the same status as system commands in directories such as +'/bin', allowing users or groups to establish custom environments to +automate their common tasks. + + Shells may be used interactively or non-interactively. In +interactive mode, they accept input typed from the keyboard. When +executing non-interactively, shells execute commands read from a file. + + A shell allows execution of GNU commands, both synchronously and +asynchronously. The shell waits for synchronous commands to complete +before accepting more input; asynchronous commands continue to execute +in parallel with the shell while it reads and executes additional +commands. The "redirection" constructs permit fine-grained control of +the input and output of those commands. Moreover, the shell allows +control over the contents of commands' environments. + + Shells also provide a small set of built-in commands ("builtins") +implementing functionality impossible or inconvenient to obtain via +separate utilities. For example, 'cd', 'break', 'continue', and 'exec' +cannot be implemented outside of the shell because they directly +manipulate the shell itself. The 'history', 'getopts', 'kill', or 'pwd' +builtins, among others, could be implemented in separate utilities, but +they are more convenient to use as builtin commands. All of the shell +builtins are described in subsequent sections. + + While executing commands is essential, most of the power (and +complexity) of shells is due to their embedded programming languages. +Like any high-level language, the shell provides variables, flow control +constructs, quoting, and functions. + + Shells offer features geared specifically for interactive use rather +than to augment the programming language. These interactive features +include job control, command line editing, command history and aliases. +Each of these features is described in this manual. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Definitions, Next: Basic Shell Features, Prev: Introduction, Up: Top + +2 Definitions +************* + +These definitions are used throughout the remainder of this manual. + +'POSIX' + A family of open system standards based on Unix. Bash is primarily + concerned with the Shell and Utilities portion of the POSIX 1003.1 + standard. + +'blank' + A space or tab character. + +'builtin' + A command that is implemented internally by the shell itself, + rather than by an executable program somewhere in the file system. + +'control operator' + A 'token' that performs a control function. It is a 'newline' or + one of the following: '||', '&&', '&', ';', ';;', ';&', ';;&', '|', + '|&', '(', or ')'. + +'exit status' + The value returned by a command to its caller. The value is + restricted to eight bits, so the maximum value is 255. + +'field' + A unit of text that is the result of one of the shell expansions. + After expansion, when executing a command, the resulting fields are + used as the command name and arguments. + +'filename' + A string of characters used to identify a file. + +'job' + A set of processes comprising a pipeline, and any processes + descended from it, that are all in the same process group. + +'job control' + A mechanism by which users can selectively stop (suspend) and + restart (resume) execution of processes. + +'metacharacter' + A character that, when unquoted, separates words. A metacharacter + is a 'space', 'tab', 'newline', or one of the following characters: + '|', '&', ';', '(', ')', '<', or '>'. + +'name' + A 'word' consisting solely of letters, numbers, and underscores, + and beginning with a letter or underscore. 'Name's are used as + shell variable and function names. Also referred to as an + 'identifier'. + +'operator' + A 'control operator' or a 'redirection operator'. *Note + Redirections::, for a list of redirection operators. Operators + contain at least one unquoted 'metacharacter'. + +'process group' + A collection of related processes each having the same process + group ID. + +'process group ID' + A unique identifier that represents a 'process group' during its + lifetime. + +'reserved word' + A 'word' that has a special meaning to the shell. Most reserved + words introduce shell flow control constructs, such as 'for' and + 'while'. + +'return status' + A synonym for 'exit status'. + +'signal' + A mechanism by which a process may be notified by the kernel of an + event occurring in the system. + +'special builtin' + A shell builtin command that has been classified as special by the + POSIX standard. + +'token' + A sequence of characters considered a single unit by the shell. It + is either a 'word' or an 'operator'. + +'word' + A sequence of characters treated as a unit by the shell. Words may + not include unquoted 'metacharacters'. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Basic Shell Features, Next: Shell Builtin Commands, Prev: Definitions, Up: Top + +3 Basic Shell Features +********************** + +Bash is an acronym for 'Bourne-Again SHell'. The Bourne shell is the +traditional Unix shell originally written by Stephen Bourne. All of the +Bourne shell builtin commands are available in Bash, The rules for +evaluation and quoting are taken from the POSIX specification for the +'standard' Unix shell. + + This chapter briefly summarizes the shell's 'building blocks': +commands, control structures, shell functions, shell parameters, shell +expansions, redirections, which are a way to direct input and output +from and to named files, and how the shell executes commands. + +* Menu: + +* Shell Syntax:: What your input means to the shell. +* Shell Commands:: The types of commands you can use. +* Shell Functions:: Grouping commands by name. +* Shell Parameters:: How the shell stores values. +* Shell Expansions:: How Bash expands parameters and the various + expansions available. +* Redirections:: A way to control where input and output go. +* Executing Commands:: What happens when you run a command. +* Shell Scripts:: Executing files of shell commands. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Syntax, Next: Shell Commands, Up: Basic Shell Features + +3.1 Shell Syntax +================ + +* Menu: + +* Shell Operation:: The basic operation of the shell. +* Quoting:: How to remove the special meaning from characters. +* Comments:: How to specify comments. + +When the shell reads input, it proceeds through a sequence of +operations. If the input indicates the beginning of a comment, the +shell ignores the comment symbol ('#'), and the rest of that line. + + Otherwise, roughly speaking, the shell reads its input and divides +the input into words and operators, employing the quoting rules to +select which meanings to assign various words and characters. + + The shell then parses these tokens into commands and other +constructs, removes the special meaning of certain words or characters, +expands others, redirects input and output as needed, executes the +specified command, waits for the command's exit status, and makes that +exit status available for further inspection or processing. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Operation, Next: Quoting, Up: Shell Syntax + +3.1.1 Shell Operation +--------------------- + +The following is a brief description of the shell's operation when it +reads and executes a command. Basically, the shell does the following: + + 1. Reads its input from a file (*note Shell Scripts::), from a string + supplied as an argument to the '-c' invocation option (*note + Invoking Bash::), or from the user's terminal. + + 2. Breaks the input into words and operators, obeying the quoting + rules described in *note Quoting::. These tokens are separated by + 'metacharacters'. Alias expansion is performed by this step (*note + Aliases::). + + 3. Parses the tokens into simple and compound commands (*note Shell + Commands::). + + 4. Performs the various shell expansions (*note Shell Expansions::), + breaking the expanded tokens into lists of filenames (*note + Filename Expansion::) and commands and arguments. + + 5. Performs any necessary redirections (*note Redirections::) and + removes the redirection operators and their operands from the + argument list. + + 6. Executes the command (*note Executing Commands::). + + 7. Optionally waits for the command to complete and collects its exit + status (*note Exit Status::). + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Quoting, Next: Comments, Prev: Shell Operation, Up: Shell Syntax + +3.1.2 Quoting +------------- + +* Menu: + +* Escape Character:: How to remove the special meaning from a single + character. +* Single Quotes:: How to inhibit all interpretation of a sequence + of characters. +* Double Quotes:: How to suppress most of the interpretation of a + sequence of characters. +* ANSI-C Quoting:: How to expand ANSI-C sequences in quoted strings. +* Locale Translation:: How to translate strings into different languages. + +Quoting is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters or +words to the shell. Quoting can be used to disable special treatment +for special characters, to prevent reserved words from being recognized +as such, and to prevent parameter expansion. + + Each of the shell metacharacters (*note Definitions::) has special +meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to represent itself. +When the command history expansion facilities are being used (*note +History Interaction::), the "history expansion" character, usually '!', +must be quoted to prevent history expansion. *Note Bash History +Facilities::, for more details concerning history expansion. + + There are three quoting mechanisms: the "escape character", single +quotes, and double quotes. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Escape Character, Next: Single Quotes, Up: Quoting + +3.1.2.1 Escape Character +........................ + +A non-quoted backslash '\' is the Bash escape character. It preserves +the literal value of the next character that follows, with the exception +of 'newline'. If a '\newline' pair appears, and the backslash itself is +not quoted, the '\newline' is treated as a line continuation (that is, +it is removed from the input stream and effectively ignored). + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Single Quotes, Next: Double Quotes, Prev: Escape Character, Up: Quoting + +3.1.2.2 Single Quotes +..................... + +Enclosing characters in single quotes (''') preserves the literal value +of each character within the quotes. A single quote may not occur +between single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Double Quotes, Next: ANSI-C Quoting, Prev: Single Quotes, Up: Quoting + +3.1.2.3 Double Quotes +..................... + +Enclosing characters in double quotes ('"') preserves the literal value +of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of '$', '`', +'\', and, when history expansion is enabled, '!'. When the shell is in +POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::), the '!' has no special meaning +within double quotes, even when history expansion is enabled. The +characters '$' and '`' retain their special meaning within double quotes +(*note Shell Expansions::). The backslash retains its special meaning +only when followed by one of the following characters: '$', '`', '"', +'\', or 'newline'. Within double quotes, backslashes that are followed +by one of these characters are removed. Backslashes preceding +characters without a special meaning are left unmodified. A double +quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with a +backslash. If enabled, history expansion will be performed unless an +'!' appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash. The +backslash preceding the '!' is not removed. + + The special parameters '*' and '@' have special meaning when in +double quotes (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::). + + +File: bashref.info, Node: ANSI-C Quoting, Next: Locale Translation, Prev: Double Quotes, Up: Quoting + +3.1.2.4 ANSI-C Quoting +...................... + +Character sequences of the form $'STRING' are treated as a special kind +of single quotes. The sequence expands to STRING, with +backslash-escaped characters in STRING replaced as specified by the ANSI +C standard. Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded as +follows: + +'\a' + alert (bell) +'\b' + backspace +'\e' +'\E' + an escape character (not ANSI C) +'\f' + form feed +'\n' + newline +'\r' + carriage return +'\t' + horizontal tab +'\v' + vertical tab +'\\' + backslash +'\'' + single quote +'\"' + double quote +'\?' + question mark +'\NNN' + the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN (one to + three octal digits) +'\xHH' + the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH + (one or two hex digits) +'\uHHHH' + the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + hexadecimal value HHHH (one to four hex digits) +'\UHHHHHHHH' + the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + hexadecimal value HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits) +'\cX' + a control-X character + +The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not been +present. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Locale Translation, Prev: ANSI-C Quoting, Up: Quoting + +3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation +................................... + +* Menu: + +* Creating Internationalized Scripts:: How to use translations and different + languages in your scripts. + +Prefixing a double-quoted string with a dollar sign ('$'), such as +$"hello, world", will cause the string to be translated according to the +current locale. The 'gettext' infrastructure performs the lookup and +translation, using the 'LC_MESSAGES', 'TEXTDOMAINDIR', and 'TEXTDOMAIN' +shell variables, as explained below. See the gettext documentation for +additional details not covered here. If the current locale is 'C' or +'POSIX', if there are no translations available, of if the string is not +translated, the dollar sign is ignored. Since this is a form of double +quoting, the string remains double-quoted by default, whether or not it +is translated and replaced. If the 'noexpand_translation' option is +enabled using the 'shopt' builtin (*note The Shopt Builtin::), +translated strings are single-quoted instead of double-quoted. + + The rest of this section is a brief overview of how you use gettext +to create translations for strings in a shell script named SCRIPTNAME. +There are more details in the gettext documentation. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Creating Internationalized Scripts, Up: Locale Translation + +Once you've marked the strings in your script that you want to translate +using $"...", you create a gettext "template" file using the command + + bash --dump-po-strings SCRIPTNAME > DOMAIN.pot + +The DOMAIN is your "message domain". It's just an arbitrary string +that's used to identify the files gettext needs, like a package or +script name. It needs to be unique among all the message domains on +systems where you install the translations, so gettext knows which +translations correspond to your script. You'll use the template file to +create translations for each target language. The template file +conventionally has the suffix '.pot'. + + You copy this template file to a separate file for each target +language you want to support (called "PO" files, which use the suffix +'.po'). PO files use various naming conventions, but when you are +working to translate a template file into a particular language, you +first copy the template file to a file whose name is the language you +want to target, with the '.po' suffix. For instance, the Spanish +translations of your strings would be in a file named 'es.po', and to +get started using a message domain named "example," you would run + + cp example.pot es.po + +Ultimately, PO files are often named DOMAIN.po and installed in +directories that contain multiple translation files for a particular +language. + + Whichever naming convention you choose, you will need to translate +the strings in the PO files into the appropriate languages. This has to +be done manually. + + When you have the translations and PO files complete, you'll use the +gettext tools to produce what are called "MO" files, which are compiled +versions of the PO files the gettext tools use to look up translations +efficiently. MO files are also called "message catalog" files. You use +the 'msgfmt' program to do this. For instance, if you had a file with +Spanish translations, you could run + + msgfmt -o es.mo es.po + +to produce the corresponding MO file. + + Once you have the MO files, you decide where to install them and use +the 'TEXTDOMAINDIR' shell variable to tell the gettext tools where they +are. Make sure to use the same message domain to name the MO files as +you did for the PO files when you install them. + + Your users will use the 'LANG' or 'LC_MESSAGES' shell variables to +select the desired language. + + You set the 'TEXTDOMAIN' variable to the script's message domain. As +above, you use the message domain to name your translation files. + + You, or possibly your users, set the 'TEXTDOMAINDIR' variable to the +name of a directory where the message catalog files are stored. If you +install the message files into the system's standard message catalog +directory, you don't need to worry about this variable. + + The directory where the message catalog files are stored varies +between systems. Some use the message catalog selected by the +'LC_MESSAGES' shell variable. Others create the name of the message +catalog from the value of the 'TEXTDOMAIN' shell variable, possibly +adding the '.mo' suffix. If you use the 'TEXTDOMAIN' variable, you may +need to set the 'TEXTDOMAINDIR' variable to the location of the message +catalog files, as above. It's common to use both variables in this +fashion: '$TEXTDOMAINDIR'/'$LC_MESSAGES'/LC_MESSAGES/'$TEXTDOMAIN'.mo. + + If you used that last convention, and you wanted to store the message +catalog files with Spanish (es) and Esperanto (eo) translations into a +local directory you use for custom translation files, you could run + + TEXTDOMAIN=example + TEXTDOMAINDIR=/usr/local/share/locale + + cp es.mo ${TEXTDOMAINDIR}/es/LC_MESSAGES/${TEXTDOMAIN}.mo + cp eo.mo ${TEXTDOMAINDIR}/eo/LC_MESSAGES/${TEXTDOMAIN}.mo + + When all of this is done, and the message catalog files containing +the compiled translations are installed in the correct location, your +users will be able to see translated strings in any of the supported +languages by setting the 'LANG' or 'LC_MESSAGES' environment variables +before running your script. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Comments, Prev: Quoting, Up: Shell Syntax + +3.1.3 Comments +-------------- + +In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the +'interactive_comments' option to the 'shopt' builtin is enabled (*note +The Shopt Builtin::), a word beginning with '#' causes that word and all +remaining characters on that line to be ignored. An interactive shell +without the 'interactive_comments' option enabled does not allow +comments. The 'interactive_comments' option is on by default in +interactive shells. *Note Interactive Shells::, for a description of +what makes a shell interactive. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Commands, Next: Shell Functions, Prev: Shell Syntax, Up: Basic Shell Features + +3.2 Shell Commands +================== + +A simple shell command such as 'echo a b c' consists of the command +itself followed by arguments, separated by spaces. + + More complex shell commands are composed of simple commands arranged +together in a variety of ways: in a pipeline in which the output of one +command becomes the input of a second, in a loop or conditional +construct, or in some other grouping. + +* Menu: + +* Reserved Words:: Words that have special meaning to the shell. +* Simple Commands:: The most common type of command. +* Pipelines:: Connecting the input and output of several + commands. +* Lists:: How to execute commands sequentially. +* Compound Commands:: Shell commands for control flow. +* Coprocesses:: Two-way communication between commands. +* GNU Parallel:: Running commands in parallel. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Reserved Words, Next: Simple Commands, Up: Shell Commands + +3.2.1 Reserved Words +-------------------- + +Reserved words are words that have special meaning to the shell. They +are used to begin and end the shell's compound commands. + + The following words are recognized as reserved when unquoted and the +first word of a command (see below for exceptions): + +'if' 'then' 'elif' 'else' 'fi' 'time' +'for' 'in' 'until' 'while' 'do' 'done' +'case' 'esac' 'coproc''select''function' +'{' '}' '[[' ']]' '!' + +'in' is recognized as a reserved word if it is the third word of a +'case' or 'select' command. 'in' and 'do' are recognized as reserved +words if they are the third word in a 'for' command. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Simple Commands, Next: Pipelines, Prev: Reserved Words, Up: Shell Commands + +3.2.2 Simple Commands +--------------------- + +A simple command is the kind of command encountered most often. It's +just a sequence of words separated by 'blank's, terminated by one of the +shell's control operators (*note Definitions::). The first word +generally specifies a command to be executed, with the rest of the words +being that command's arguments. + + The return status (*note Exit Status::) of a simple command is its +exit status as provided by the POSIX 1003.1 'waitpid' function, or 128+N +if the command was terminated by signal N. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Pipelines, Next: Lists, Prev: Simple Commands, Up: Shell Commands + +3.2.3 Pipelines +--------------- + +A 'pipeline' is a sequence of one or more commands separated by one of +the control operators '|' or '|&'. + + The format for a pipeline is + [time [-p]] [!] COMMAND1 [ | or |& COMMAND2 ] ... + +The output of each command in the pipeline is connected via a pipe to +the input of the next command. That is, each command reads the previous +command's output. This connection is performed before any redirections +specified by COMMAND1. + + If '|&' is used, COMMAND1's standard error, in addition to its +standard output, is connected to COMMAND2's standard input through the +pipe; it is shorthand for '2>&1 |'. This implicit redirection of the +standard error to the standard output is performed after any +redirections specified by COMMAND1. + + The reserved word 'time' causes timing statistics to be printed for +the pipeline once it finishes. The statistics currently consist of +elapsed (wall-clock) time and user and system time consumed by the +command's execution. The '-p' option changes the output format to that +specified by POSIX. When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX +Mode::), it does not recognize 'time' as a reserved word if the next +token begins with a '-'. The 'TIMEFORMAT' variable may be set to a +format string that specifies how the timing information should be +displayed. *Note Bash Variables::, for a description of the available +formats. The use of 'time' as a reserved word permits the timing of +shell builtins, shell functions, and pipelines. An external 'time' +command cannot time these easily. + + When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::), 'time' may +be followed by a newline. In this case, the shell displays the total +user and system time consumed by the shell and its children. The +'TIMEFORMAT' variable may be used to specify the format of the time +information. + + If the pipeline is not executed asynchronously (*note Lists::), the +shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to complete. + + Each command in a multi-command pipeline, where pipes are created, is +executed in its own "subshell", which is a separate process (*note +Command Execution Environment::). If the 'lastpipe' option is enabled +using the 'shopt' builtin (*note The Shopt Builtin::), the last element +of a pipeline may be run by the shell process when job control is not +active. + + The exit status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command +in the pipeline, unless the 'pipefail' option is enabled (*note The Set +Builtin::). If 'pipefail' is enabled, the pipeline's return status is +the value of the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero +status, or zero if all commands exit successfully. If the reserved word +'!' precedes the pipeline, the exit status is the logical negation of +the exit status as described above. The shell waits for all commands in +the pipeline to terminate before returning a value. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Lists, Next: Compound Commands, Prev: Pipelines, Up: Shell Commands + +3.2.4 Lists of Commands +----------------------- + +A 'list' is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one of the +operators ';', '&', '&&', or '||', and optionally terminated by one of +';', '&', or a 'newline'. + + Of these list operators, '&&' and '||' have equal precedence, +followed by ';' and '&', which have equal precedence. + + A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a 'list' to delimit +commands, equivalent to a semicolon. + + If a command is terminated by the control operator '&', the shell +executes the command asynchronously in a subshell. This is known as +executing the command in the "background", and these are referred to as +"asynchronous" commands. The shell does not wait for the command to +finish, and the return status is 0 (true). When job control is not +active (*note Job Control::), the standard input for asynchronous +commands, in the absence of any explicit redirections, is redirected +from '/dev/null'. + + Commands separated by a ';' are executed sequentially; the shell +waits for each command to terminate in turn. The return status is the +exit status of the last command executed. + + AND and OR lists are sequences of one or more pipelines separated by +the control operators '&&' and '||', respectively. AND and OR lists are +executed with left associativity. + + An AND list has the form + COMMAND1 && COMMAND2 + +COMMAND2 is executed if, and only if, COMMAND1 returns an exit status of +zero (success). + + An OR list has the form + COMMAND1 || COMMAND2 + +COMMAND2 is executed if, and only if, COMMAND1 returns a non-zero exit +status. + + The return status of AND and OR lists is the exit status of the last +command executed in the list. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Compound Commands, Next: Coprocesses, Prev: Lists, Up: Shell Commands + +3.2.5 Compound Commands +----------------------- + +* Menu: + +* Looping Constructs:: Shell commands for iterative action. +* Conditional Constructs:: Shell commands for conditional execution. +* Command Grouping:: Ways to group commands. + +Compound commands are the shell programming language constructs. Each +construct begins with a reserved word or control operator and is +terminated by a corresponding reserved word or operator. Any +redirections (*note Redirections::) associated with a compound command +apply to all commands within that compound command unless explicitly +overridden. + + In most cases a list of commands in a compound command's description +may be separated from the rest of the command by one or more newlines, +and may be followed by a newline in place of a semicolon. + + Bash provides looping constructs, conditional commands, and +mechanisms to group commands and execute them as a unit. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Looping Constructs, Next: Conditional Constructs, Up: Compound Commands + +3.2.5.1 Looping Constructs +.......................... + +Bash supports the following looping constructs. + + Note that wherever a ';' appears in the description of a command's +syntax, it may be replaced with one or more newlines. + +'until' + The syntax of the 'until' command is: + + until TEST-COMMANDS; do CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS; done + + Execute CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS as long as TEST-COMMANDS has an exit + status which is not zero. The return status is the exit status of + the last command executed in CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS, or zero if none + was executed. + +'while' + The syntax of the 'while' command is: + + while TEST-COMMANDS; do CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS; done + + Execute CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS as long as TEST-COMMANDS has an exit + status of zero. The return status is the exit status of the last + command executed in CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS, or zero if none was + executed. + +'for' + The syntax of the 'for' command is: + + for NAME [ [in [WORDS ...] ] ; ] do COMMANDS; done + + Expand WORDS (*note Shell Expansions::), and execute COMMANDS once + for each member in the resultant list, with NAME bound to the + current member. If 'in WORDS' is not present, the 'for' command + executes the COMMANDS once for each positional parameter that is + set, as if 'in "$@"' had been specified (*note Special + Parameters::). + + The return status is the exit status of the last command that + executes. If there are no items in the expansion of WORDS, no + commands are executed, and the return status is zero. + + An alternate form of the 'for' command is also supported: + + for (( EXPR1 ; EXPR2 ; EXPR3 )) ; do COMMANDS ; done + + First, the arithmetic expression EXPR1 is evaluated according to + the rules described below (*note Shell Arithmetic::). The + arithmetic expression EXPR2 is then evaluated repeatedly until it + evaluates to zero. Each time EXPR2 evaluates to a non-zero value, + COMMANDS are executed and the arithmetic expression EXPR3 is + evaluated. If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it + evaluates to 1. The return value is the exit status of the last + command in COMMANDS that is executed, or false if any of the + expressions is invalid. + + The 'break' and 'continue' builtins (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) +may be used to control loop execution. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Conditional Constructs, Next: Command Grouping, Prev: Looping Constructs, Up: Compound Commands + +3.2.5.2 Conditional Constructs +.............................. + +'if' + The syntax of the 'if' command is: + + if TEST-COMMANDS; then + CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS; + [elif MORE-TEST-COMMANDS; then + MORE-CONSEQUENTS;] + [else ALTERNATE-CONSEQUENTS;] + fi + + The TEST-COMMANDS list is executed, and if its return status is + zero, the CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS list is executed. If TEST-COMMANDS + returns a non-zero status, each 'elif' list is executed in turn, + and if its exit status is zero, the corresponding MORE-CONSEQUENTS + is executed and the command completes. If 'else + ALTERNATE-CONSEQUENTS' is present, and the final command in the + final 'if' or 'elif' clause has a non-zero exit status, then + ALTERNATE-CONSEQUENTS is executed. The return status is the exit + status of the last command executed, or zero if no condition tested + true. + +'case' + The syntax of the 'case' command is: + + case WORD in + [ [(] PATTERN [| PATTERN]...) COMMAND-LIST ;;]... + esac + + 'case' will selectively execute the COMMAND-LIST corresponding to + the first PATTERN that matches WORD. The match is performed + according to the rules described below in *note Pattern Matching::. + If the 'nocasematch' shell option (see the description of 'shopt' + in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is enabled, the match is performed + without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. The '|' is + used to separate multiple patterns, and the ')' operator terminates + a pattern list. A list of patterns and an associated command-list + is known as a CLAUSE. + + Each clause must be terminated with ';;', ';&', or ';;&'. The WORD + undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command + substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (*note Shell + Parameter Expansion::) before matching is attempted. Each PATTERN + undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command + substitution, arithmetic expansion, process substitution, and quote + removal. + + There may be an arbitrary number of 'case' clauses, each terminated + by a ';;', ';&', or ';;&'. The first pattern that matches + determines the command-list that is executed. It's a common idiom + to use '*' as the final pattern to define the default case, since + that pattern will always match. + + Here is an example using 'case' in a script that could be used to + describe one interesting feature of an animal: + + echo -n "Enter the name of an animal: " + read ANIMAL + echo -n "The $ANIMAL has " + case $ANIMAL in + horse | dog | cat) echo -n "four";; + man | kangaroo ) echo -n "two";; + *) echo -n "an unknown number of";; + esac + echo " legs." + + + If the ';;' operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted + after the first pattern match. Using ';&' in place of ';;' causes + execution to continue with the COMMAND-LIST associated with the + next clause, if any. Using ';;&' in place of ';;' causes the shell + to test the patterns in the next clause, if any, and execute any + associated COMMAND-LIST on a successful match, continuing the case + statement execution as if the pattern list had not matched. + + The return status is zero if no PATTERN is matched. Otherwise, the + return status is the exit status of the COMMAND-LIST executed. + +'select' + + The 'select' construct allows the easy generation of menus. It has + almost the same syntax as the 'for' command: + + select NAME [in WORDS ...]; do COMMANDS; done + + The list of words following 'in' is expanded, generating a list of + items, and the set of expanded words is printed on the standard + error output stream, each preceded by a number. If the 'in WORDS' + is omitted, the positional parameters are printed, as if 'in "$@"' + had been specified. 'select' then displays the 'PS3' prompt and + reads a line from the standard input. If the line consists of a + number corresponding to one of the displayed words, then the value + of NAME is set to that word. If the line is empty, the words and + prompt are displayed again. If 'EOF' is read, the 'select' command + completes and returns 1. Any other value read causes NAME to be + set to null. The line read is saved in the variable 'REPLY'. + + The COMMANDS are executed after each selection until a 'break' + command is executed, at which point the 'select' command completes. + + Here is an example that allows the user to pick a filename from the + current directory, and displays the name and index of the file + selected. + + select fname in *; + do + echo you picked $fname \($REPLY\) + break; + done + +'((...))' + (( EXPRESSION )) + + The arithmetic EXPRESSION is evaluated according to the rules + described below (*note Shell Arithmetic::). The EXPRESSION + undergoes the same expansions as if it were within double quotes, + but double quote characters in EXPRESSION are not treated specially + are removed. If the value of the expression is non-zero, the + return status is 0; otherwise the return status is 1. + +'[[...]]' + [[ EXPRESSION ]] + + Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the + conditional expression EXPRESSION. Expressions are composed of the + primaries described below in *note Bash Conditional Expressions::. + The words between the '[[' and ']]' do not undergo word splitting + and filename expansion. The shell performs tilde expansion, + parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command + substitution, process substitution, and quote removal on those + words (the expansions that would occur if the words were enclosed + in double quotes). Conditional operators such as '-f' must be + unquoted to be recognized as primaries. + + When used with '[[', the '<' and '>' operators sort + lexicographically using the current locale. + + When the '==' and '!=' operators are used, the string to the right + of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according to + the rules described below in *note Pattern Matching::, as if the + 'extglob' shell option were enabled. The '=' operator is identical + to '=='. If the 'nocasematch' shell option (see the description of + 'shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is enabled, the match is + performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. The + return value is 0 if the string matches ('==') or does not match + ('!=') the pattern, and 1 otherwise. + + If you quote any part of the pattern, using any of the shell's + quoting mechanisms, the quoted portion is matched literally. This + means every character in the quoted portion matches itself, instead + of having any special pattern matching meaning. + + An additional binary operator, '=~', is available, with the same + precedence as '==' and '!='. When you use '=~', the string to the + right of the operator is considered a POSIX extended regular + expression pattern and matched accordingly (using the POSIX + 'regcomp' and 'regexec' interfaces usually described in regex(3)). + The return value is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1 if + it does not. If the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, + the conditional expression returns 2. If the 'nocasematch' shell + option (see the description of 'shopt' in *note The Shopt + Builtin::) is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the + case of alphabetic characters. + + You can quote any part of the pattern to force the quoted portion + to be matched literally instead of as a regular expression (see + above). If the pattern is stored in a shell variable, quoting the + variable expansion forces the entire pattern to be matched + literally. + + The pattern will match if it matches any part of the string. If + you want to force the pattern to match the entire string, anchor + the pattern using the '^' and '$' regular expression operators. + + For example, the following will match a line (stored in the shell + variable 'line') if there is a sequence of characters anywhere in + the value consisting of any number, including zero, of characters + in the 'space' character class, immediately followed by zero or one + instances of 'a', then a 'b': + + [[ $line =~ [[:space:]]*(a)?b ]] + + That means values for 'line' like 'aab', ' aaaaaab', 'xaby', and ' + ab' will all match, as will a line containing a 'b' anywhere in its + value. + + If you want to match a character that's special to the regular + expression grammar ('^$|[]()\.*+?'), it has to be quoted to remove + its special meaning. This means that in the pattern 'xxx.txt', the + '.' matches any character in the string (its usual regular + expression meaning), but in the pattern '"xxx.txt"', it can only + match a literal '.'. + + Likewise, if you want to include a character in your pattern that + has a special meaning to the regular expression grammar, you must + make sure it's not quoted. If you want to anchor a pattern at the + beginning or end of the string, for instance, you cannot quote the + '^' or '$' characters using any form of shell quoting. + + If you want to match 'initial string' at the start of a line, the + following will work: + [[ $line =~ ^"initial string" ]] + but this will not: + [[ $line =~ "^initial string" ]] + because in the second example the '^' is quoted and doesn't have + its usual special meaning. + + It is sometimes difficult to specify a regular expression properly + without using quotes, or to keep track of the quoting used by + regular expressions while paying attention to shell quoting and the + shell's quote removal. Storing the regular expression in a shell + variable is often a useful way to avoid problems with quoting + characters that are special to the shell. For example, the + following is equivalent to the pattern used above: + + pattern='[[:space:]]*(a)?b' + [[ $line =~ $pattern ]] + + Shell programmers should take special care with backslashes, since + backslashes are used by both the shell and regular expressions to + remove the special meaning from the following character. This + means that after the shell's word expansions complete (*note Shell + Expansions::), any backslashes remaining in parts of the pattern + that were originally not quoted can remove the special meaning of + pattern characters. If any part of the pattern is quoted, the + shell does its best to ensure that the regular expression treats + those remaining backslashes as literal, if they appeared in a + quoted portion. + + The following two sets of commands are _not_ equivalent: + + pattern='\.' + + [[ . =~ $pattern ]] + [[ . =~ \. ]] + + [[ . =~ "$pattern" ]] + [[ . =~ '\.' ]] + + The first two matches will succeed, but the second two will not, + because in the second two the backslash will be part of the pattern + to be matched. In the first two examples, the pattern passed to + the regular expression parser is '\.'. The backslash removes the + special meaning from '.', so the literal '.' matches. In the + second two examples, the pattern passed to the regular expression + parser has the backslash quoted (e.g., '\\\.'), which will not + match the string, since it does not contain a backslash. If the + string in the first examples were anything other than '.', say 'a', + the pattern would not match, because the quoted '.' in the pattern + loses its special meaning of matching any single character. + + Bracket expressions in regular expressions can be sources of errors + as well, since characters that are normally special in regular + expressions lose their special meanings between brackets. However, + you can use bracket expressions to match special pattern characters + without quoting them, so they are sometimes useful for this + purpose. + + Though it might seem like a strange way to write it, the following + pattern will match a '.' in the string: + + [[ . =~ [.] ]] + + The shell performs any word expansions before passing the pattern + to the regular expression functions, so you can assume that the + shell's quoting takes precedence. As noted above, the regular + expression parser will interpret any unquoted backslashes remaining + in the pattern after shell expansion according to its own rules. + The intention is to avoid making shell programmers quote things + twice as much as possible, so shell quoting should be sufficient to + quote special pattern characters where that's necessary. + + The array variable 'BASH_REMATCH' records which parts of the string + matched the pattern. The element of 'BASH_REMATCH' with index 0 + contains the portion of the string matching the entire regular + expression. Substrings matched by parenthesized subexpressions + within the regular expression are saved in the remaining + 'BASH_REMATCH' indices. The element of 'BASH_REMATCH' with index N + is the portion of the string matching the Nth parenthesized + subexpression. + + Bash sets 'BASH_REMATCH' in the global scope; declaring it as a + local variable will lead to unexpected results. + + Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed + in decreasing order of precedence: + + '( EXPRESSION )' + Returns the value of EXPRESSION. This may be used to override + the normal precedence of operators. + + '! EXPRESSION' + True if EXPRESSION is false. + + 'EXPRESSION1 && EXPRESSION2' + True if both EXPRESSION1 and EXPRESSION2 are true. + + 'EXPRESSION1 || EXPRESSION2' + True if either EXPRESSION1 or EXPRESSION2 is true. + + The '&&' and '||' operators do not evaluate EXPRESSION2 if the + value of EXPRESSION1 is sufficient to determine the return value of + the entire conditional expression. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Command Grouping, Prev: Conditional Constructs, Up: Compound Commands + +3.2.5.3 Grouping Commands +......................... + +Bash provides two ways to group a list of commands to be executed as a +unit. When commands are grouped, redirections may be applied to the +entire command list. For example, the output of all the commands in the +list may be redirected to a single stream. + +'()' + ( LIST ) + + Placing a list of commands between parentheses forces the shell to + create a subshell (*note Command Execution Environment::), and each + of the commands in LIST is executed in that subshell environment. + Since the LIST is executed in a subshell, variable assignments do + not remain in effect after the subshell completes. + +'{}' + { LIST; } + + Placing a list of commands between curly braces causes the list to + be executed in the current shell context. No subshell is created. + The semicolon (or newline) following LIST is required. + + In addition to the creation of a subshell, there is a subtle +difference between these two constructs due to historical reasons. The +braces are reserved words, so they must be separated from the LIST by +'blank's or other shell metacharacters. The parentheses are operators, +and are recognized as separate tokens by the shell even if they are not +separated from the LIST by whitespace. + + The exit status of both of these constructs is the exit status of +LIST. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Coprocesses, Next: GNU Parallel, Prev: Compound Commands, Up: Shell Commands + +3.2.6 Coprocesses +----------------- + +A 'coprocess' is a shell command preceded by the 'coproc' reserved word. +A coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command +had been terminated with the '&' control operator, with a two-way pipe +established between the executing shell and the coprocess. + + The syntax for a coprocess is: + + coproc [NAME] COMMAND [REDIRECTIONS] + +This creates a coprocess named NAME. COMMAND may be either a simple +command (*note Simple Commands::) or a compound command (*note Compound +Commands::). NAME is a shell variable name. If NAME is not supplied, +the default name is 'COPROC'. + + The recommended form to use for a coprocess is + + coproc NAME { COMMAND; } + +This form is recommended because simple commands result in the coprocess +always being named 'COPROC', and it is simpler to use and more complete +than the other compound commands. + + There are other forms of coprocesses: + + coproc NAME COMPOUND-COMMAND + coproc COMPOUND-COMMAND + coproc SIMPLE-COMMAND + +If COMMAND is a compound command, NAME is optional. The word following +'coproc' determines whether that word is interpreted as a variable name: +it is interpreted as NAME if it is not a reserved word that introduces a +compound command. If COMMAND is a simple command, NAME is not allowed; +this is to avoid confusion between NAME and the first word of the simple +command. + + When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable +(*note Arrays::) named NAME in the context of the executing shell. The +standard output of COMMAND is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor +in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is assigned to NAME[0]. +The standard input of COMMAND is connected via a pipe to a file +descriptor in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is assigned +to NAME[1]. This pipe is established before any redirections specified +by the command (*note Redirections::). The file descriptors can be +utilized as arguments to shell commands and redirections using standard +word expansions. Other than those created to execute command and +process substitutions, the file descriptors are not available in +subshells. + + The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is +available as the value of the variable 'NAME_PID'. The 'wait' builtin +command may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate. + + Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the +'coproc' command always returns success. The return status of a +coprocess is the exit status of COMMAND. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: GNU Parallel, Prev: Coprocesses, Up: Shell Commands + +3.2.7 GNU Parallel +------------------ + +There are ways to run commands in parallel that are not built into Bash. +GNU Parallel is a tool to do just that. + + GNU Parallel, as its name suggests, can be used to build and run +commands in parallel. You may run the same command with different +arguments, whether they are filenames, usernames, hostnames, or lines +read from files. GNU Parallel provides shorthand references to many of +the most common operations (input lines, various portions of the input +line, different ways to specify the input source, and so on). Parallel +can replace 'xargs' or feed commands from its input sources to several +different instances of Bash. + + For a complete description, refer to the GNU Parallel documentation, +which is available at +. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Functions, Next: Shell Parameters, Prev: Shell Commands, Up: Basic Shell Features + +3.3 Shell Functions +=================== + +Shell functions are a way to group commands for later execution using a +single name for the group. They are executed just like a "regular" +command. When the name of a shell function is used as a simple command +name, the list of commands associated with that function name is +executed. Shell functions are executed in the current shell context; no +new process is created to interpret them. + + Functions are declared using this syntax: + FNAME () COMPOUND-COMMAND [ REDIRECTIONS ] + + or + + function FNAME [()] COMPOUND-COMMAND [ REDIRECTIONS ] + + This defines a shell function named FNAME. The reserved word +'function' is optional. If the 'function' reserved word is supplied, +the parentheses are optional. The "body" of the function is the +compound command COMPOUND-COMMAND (*note Compound Commands::). That +command is usually a LIST enclosed between { and }, but may be any +compound command listed above. If the 'function' reserved word is used, +but the parentheses are not supplied, the braces are recommended. +COMPOUND-COMMAND is executed whenever FNAME is specified as the name of +a simple command. When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX +Mode::), FNAME must be a valid shell name and may not be the same as one +of the special builtins (*note Special Builtins::). In default mode, a +function name can be any unquoted shell word that does not contain '$'. +Any redirections (*note Redirections::) associated with the shell +function are performed when the function is executed. A function +definition may be deleted using the '-f' option to the 'unset' builtin +(*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). + + The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax +error occurs or a readonly function with the same name already exists. +When executed, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the +last command executed in the body. + + Note that for historical reasons, in the most common usage the curly +braces that surround the body of the function must be separated from the +body by 'blank's or newlines. This is because the braces are reserved +words and are only recognized as such when they are separated from the +command list by whitespace or another shell metacharacter. Also, when +using the braces, the LIST must be terminated by a semicolon, a '&', or +a newline. + + When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the +positional parameters during its execution (*note Positional +Parameters::). The special parameter '#' that expands to the number of +positional parameters is updated to reflect the change. Special +parameter '0' is unchanged. The first element of the 'FUNCNAME' +variable is set to the name of the function while the function is +executing. + + All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical +between a function and its caller with these exceptions: the 'DEBUG' and +'RETURN' traps are not inherited unless the function has been given the +'trace' attribute using the 'declare' builtin or the '-o functrace' +option has been enabled with the 'set' builtin, (in which case all +functions inherit the 'DEBUG' and 'RETURN' traps), and the 'ERR' trap is +not inherited unless the '-o errtrace' shell option has been enabled. +*Note Bourne Shell Builtins::, for the description of the 'trap' +builtin. + + The 'FUNCNEST' variable, if set to a numeric value greater than 0, +defines a maximum function nesting level. Function invocations that +exceed the limit cause the entire command to abort. + + If the builtin command 'return' is executed in a function, the +function completes and execution resumes with the next command after the +function call. Any command associated with the 'RETURN' trap is +executed before execution resumes. When a function completes, the +values of the positional parameters and the special parameter '#' are +restored to the values they had prior to the function's execution. If a +numeric argument is given to 'return', that is the function's return +status; otherwise the function's return status is the exit status of the +last command executed before the 'return'. + + Variables local to the function may be declared with the 'local' +builtin ("local variables"). Ordinarily, variables and their values are +shared between a function and its caller. These variables are visible +only to the function and the commands it invokes. This is particularly +important when a shell function calls other functions. + + In the following description, the "current scope" is a currently- +executing function. Previous scopes consist of that function's caller +and so on, back to the "global" scope, where the shell is not executing +any shell function. Consequently, a local variable at the current local +scope is a variable declared using the 'local' or 'declare' builtins in +the function that is currently executing. + + Local variables "shadow" variables with the same name declared at +previous scopes. For instance, a local variable declared in a function +hides a global variable of the same name: references and assignments +refer to the local variable, leaving the global variable unmodified. +When the function returns, the global variable is once again visible. + + The shell uses "dynamic scoping" to control a variable's visibility +within functions. With dynamic scoping, visible variables and their +values are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused +execution to reach the current function. The value of a variable that a +function sees depends on its value within its caller, if any, whether +that caller is the "global" scope or another shell function. This is +also the value that a local variable declaration "shadows", and the +value that is restored when the function returns. + + For example, if a variable 'var' is declared as local in function +'func1', and 'func1' calls another function 'func2', references to 'var' +made from within 'func2' will resolve to the local variable 'var' from +'func1', shadowing any global variable named 'var'. + + The following script demonstrates this behavior. When executed, the +script displays + + In func2, var = func1 local + + func1() + { + local var='func1 local' + func2 + } + + func2() + { + echo "In func2, var = $var" + } + + var=global + func1 + + The 'unset' builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a +variable is local to the current scope, 'unset' will unset it; otherwise +the unset will refer to the variable found in any calling scope as +described above. If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it +will remain so (appearing as unset) until it is reset in that scope or +until the function returns. Once the function returns, any instance of +the variable at a previous scope will become visible. If the unset acts +on a variable at a previous scope, any instance of a variable with that +name that had been shadowed will become visible (see below how +'localvar_unset'shell option changes this behavior). + + Function names and definitions may be listed with the '-f' option to +the 'declare' ('typeset') builtin command (*note Bash Builtins::). The +'-F' option to 'declare' or 'typeset' will list the function names only +(and optionally the source file and line number, if the 'extdebug' shell +option is enabled). Functions may be exported so that child shell +processes (those created when executing a separate shell invocation) +automatically have them defined with the '-f' option to the 'export' +builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). + + Functions may be recursive. The 'FUNCNEST' variable may be used to +limit the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number of +function invocations. By default, no limit is placed on the number of +recursive calls. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Parameters, Next: Shell Expansions, Prev: Shell Functions, Up: Basic Shell Features + +3.4 Shell Parameters +==================== + +* Menu: + +* Positional Parameters:: The shell's command-line arguments. +* Special Parameters:: Parameters denoted by special characters. + +A "parameter" is an entity that stores values. It can be a 'name', a +number, or one of the special characters listed below. A "variable" is +a parameter denoted by a 'name'. A variable has a 'value' and zero or +more 'attributes'. Attributes are assigned using the 'declare' builtin +command (see the description of the 'declare' builtin in *note Bash +Builtins::). + + A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value. The null string +is a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using +the 'unset' builtin command. + + A variable may be assigned to by a statement of the form + NAME=[VALUE] +If VALUE is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All +VALUEs undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (*note +Shell Parameter Expansion::). If the variable has its 'integer' +attribute set, then VALUE is evaluated as an arithmetic expression even +if the '$((...))' expansion is not used (*note Arithmetic Expansion::). +Word splitting and filename expansion are not performed. Assignment +statements may also appear as arguments to the 'alias', 'declare', +'typeset', 'export', 'readonly', and 'local' builtin commands +("declaration" commands). When in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::), +these builtins may appear in a command after one or more instances of +the 'command' builtin and retain these assignment statement properties. + + In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to +a shell variable or array index (*note Arrays::), the '+=' operator can +be used to append to or add to the variable's previous value. This +includes arguments to builtin commands such as 'declare' that accept +assignment statements (declaration commands). When '+=' is applied to a +variable for which the 'integer' attribute has been set, VALUE is +evaluated as an arithmetic expression and added to the variable's +current value, which is also evaluated. When '+=' is applied to an +array variable using compound assignment (*note Arrays::), the +variable's value is not unset (as it is when using '='), and new values +are appended to the array beginning at one greater than the array's +maximum index (for indexed arrays), or added as additional key-value +pairs in an associative array. When applied to a string-valued +variable, VALUE is expanded and appended to the variable's value. + + A variable can be assigned the 'nameref' attribute using the '-n' +option to the 'declare' or 'local' builtin commands (*note Bash +Builtins::) to create a "nameref", or a reference to another variable. +This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly. Whenever the +nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has its +attributes modified (other than using or changing the nameref attribute +itself), the operation is actually performed on the variable specified +by the nameref variable's value. A nameref is commonly used within +shell functions to refer to a variable whose name is passed as an +argument to the function. For instance, if a variable name is passed to +a shell function as its first argument, running + declare -n ref=$1 +inside the function creates a nameref variable 'ref' whose value is the +variable name passed as the first argument. References and assignments +to 'ref', and changes to its attributes, are treated as references, +assignments, and attribute modifications to the variable whose name was +passed as '$1'. + + If the control variable in a 'for' loop has the nameref attribute, +the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a name reference +will be established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is +executed. Array variables cannot be given the nameref attribute. +However, nameref variables can reference array variables and subscripted +array variables. Namerefs can be unset using the '-n' option to the +'unset' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). Otherwise, if 'unset' +is executed with the name of a nameref variable as an argument, the +variable referenced by the nameref variable will be unset. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Positional Parameters, Next: Special Parameters, Up: Shell Parameters + +3.4.1 Positional Parameters +--------------------------- + +A "positional parameter" is a parameter denoted by one or more digits, +other than the single digit '0'. Positional parameters are assigned +from the shell's arguments when it is invoked, and may be reassigned +using the 'set' builtin command. Positional parameter 'N' may be +referenced as '${N}', or as '$N' when 'N' consists of a single digit. +Positional parameters may not be assigned to with assignment statements. +The 'set' and 'shift' builtins are used to set and unset them (*note +Shell Builtin Commands::). The positional parameters are temporarily +replaced when a shell function is executed (*note Shell Functions::). + + When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single digit is +expanded, it must be enclosed in braces. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Special Parameters, Prev: Positional Parameters, Up: Shell Parameters + +3.4.2 Special Parameters +------------------------ + +The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may +only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed. + +'*' + ($*) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When + the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional + parameter expands to a separate word. In contexts where it is + performed, those words are subject to further word splitting and + filename expansion. When the expansion occurs within double + quotes, it expands to a single word with the value of each + parameter separated by the first character of the 'IFS' special + variable. That is, '"$*"' is equivalent to '"$1C$2C..."', where C + is the first character of the value of the 'IFS' variable. If + 'IFS' is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces. If 'IFS' + is null, the parameters are joined without intervening separators. + +'@' + ($@) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. In + contexts where word splitting is performed, this expands each + positional parameter to a separate word; if not within double + quotes, these words are subject to word splitting. In contexts + where word splitting is not performed, this expands to a single + word with each positional parameter separated by a space. When the + expansion occurs within double quotes, and word splitting is + performed, each parameter expands to a separate word. That is, + '"$@"' is equivalent to '"$1" "$2" ...'. If the double-quoted + expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of the first + parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original word, + and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last + part of the original word. When there are no positional + parameters, '"$@"' and '$@' expand to nothing (i.e., they are + removed). + +'#' + ($#) Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal. + +'?' + ($?) Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed + foreground pipeline. + +'-' + ($-, a hyphen.) Expands to the current option flags as specified + upon invocation, by the 'set' builtin command, or those set by the + shell itself (such as the '-i' option). + +'$' + ($$) Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a subshell, it + expands to the process ID of the invoking shell, not the subshell. + +'!' + ($!) Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed + into the background, whether executed as an asynchronous command or + using the 'bg' builtin (*note Job Control Builtins::). + +'0' + ($0) Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set + at shell initialization. If Bash is invoked with a file of + commands (*note Shell Scripts::), '$0' is set to the name of that + file. If Bash is started with the '-c' option (*note Invoking + Bash::), then '$0' is set to the first argument after the string to + be executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is set to the + filename used to invoke Bash, as given by argument zero. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Expansions, Next: Redirections, Prev: Shell Parameters, Up: Basic Shell Features + +3.5 Shell Expansions +==================== + +Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into +'token's. There are seven kinds of expansion performed: + + * brace expansion + * tilde expansion + * parameter and variable expansion + * command substitution + * arithmetic expansion + * word splitting + * filename expansion + +* Menu: + +* Brace Expansion:: Expansion of expressions within braces. +* Tilde Expansion:: Expansion of the ~ character. +* Shell Parameter Expansion:: How Bash expands variables to their values. +* Command Substitution:: Using the output of a command as an argument. +* Arithmetic Expansion:: How to use arithmetic in shell expansions. +* Process Substitution:: A way to write and read to and from a + command. +* Word Splitting:: How the results of expansion are split into separate + arguments. +* Filename Expansion:: A shorthand for specifying filenames matching patterns. +* Quote Removal:: How and when quote characters are removed from + words. + + The order of expansions is: brace expansion; tilde expansion, +parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, and command +substitution (done in a left-to-right fashion); word splitting; and +filename expansion. + + On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion +available: "process substitution". This is performed at the same time +as tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command +substitution. + + After these expansions are performed, quote characters present in the +original word are removed unless they have been quoted themselves +("quote removal"). + + Only brace expansion, word splitting, and filename expansion can +increase the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a +single word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the +expansions of '"$@"' and '$*' (*note Special Parameters::), and +'"${NAME[@]}"' and '${NAME[*]}' (*note Arrays::). + + After all expansions, 'quote removal' (*note Quote Removal::) is +performed. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Brace Expansion, Next: Tilde Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions + +3.5.1 Brace Expansion +--------------------- + +Brace expansion is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be +generated. This mechanism is similar to "filename expansion" (*note +Filename Expansion::), but the filenames generated need not exist. +Patterns to be brace expanded take the form of an optional PREAMBLE, +followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence +expression between a pair of braces, followed by an optional POSTSCRIPT. +The preamble is prefixed to each string contained within the braces, and +the postscript is then appended to each resulting string, expanding left +to right. + + Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded string +are not sorted; left to right order is preserved. For example, + bash$ echo a{d,c,b}e + ade ace abe + + A sequence expression takes the form '{X..Y[..INCR]}', where X and Y +are either integers or letters, and INCR, an optional increment, is an +integer. When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each +number between X and Y, inclusive. Supplied integers may be prefixed +with '0' to force each term to have the same width. When either X or Y +begins with a zero, the shell attempts to force all generated terms to +contain the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary. When +letters are supplied, the expression expands to each character +lexicographically between X and Y, inclusive, using the default C +locale. Note that both X and Y must be of the same type (integer or +letter). When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference +between each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate. + + Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, and any +characters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It +is strictly textual. Bash does not apply any syntactic interpretation +to the context of the expansion or the text between the braces. + + A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening and +closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid sequence +expression. Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged. + + A { or ',' may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being +considered part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with +parameter expansion, the string '${' is not considered eligible for +brace expansion, and inhibits brace expansion until the closing '}'. + + This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common prefix +of the strings to be generated is longer than in the above example: + mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,new,dist,bugs} + or + chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}} + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Tilde Expansion, Next: Shell Parameter Expansion, Prev: Brace Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions + +3.5.2 Tilde Expansion +--------------------- + +If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character ('~'), all of the +characters up to the first unquoted slash (or all characters, if there +is no unquoted slash) are considered a "tilde-prefix". If none of the +characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the characters in the +tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a possible "login name". +If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the +value of the 'HOME' shell variable. If 'HOME' is unset, the home +directory of the user executing the shell is substituted instead. +Otherwise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory +associated with the specified login name. + + If the tilde-prefix is '~+', the value of the shell variable 'PWD' +replaces the tilde-prefix. If the tilde-prefix is '~-', the value of +the shell variable 'OLDPWD', if it is set, is substituted. + + If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of +a number N, optionally prefixed by a '+' or a '-', the tilde-prefix is +replaced with the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it +would be displayed by the 'dirs' builtin invoked with the characters +following tilde in the tilde-prefix as an argument (*note The Directory +Stack::). If the tilde-prefix, sans the tilde, consists of a number +without a leading '+' or '-', '+' is assumed. + + If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the word +is left unchanged. + + Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes +immediately following a ':' or the first '='. In these cases, tilde +expansion is also performed. Consequently, one may use filenames with +tildes in assignments to 'PATH', 'MAILPATH', and 'CDPATH', and the shell +assigns the expanded value. + + The following table shows how Bash treats unquoted tilde-prefixes: + +'~' + The value of '$HOME' +'~/foo' + '$HOME/foo' + +'~fred/foo' + The subdirectory 'foo' of the home directory of the user 'fred' + +'~+/foo' + '$PWD/foo' + +'~-/foo' + '${OLDPWD-'~-'}/foo' + +'~N' + The string that would be displayed by 'dirs +N' + +'~+N' + The string that would be displayed by 'dirs +N' + +'~-N' + The string that would be displayed by 'dirs -N' + + Bash also performs tilde expansion on words satisfying the conditions +of variable assignments (*note Shell Parameters::) when they appear as +arguments to simple commands. Bash does not do this, except for the +declaration commands listed above, when in POSIX mode. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Parameter Expansion, Next: Command Substitution, Prev: Tilde Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions + +3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion +------------------------------- + +The '$' character introduces parameter expansion, command substitution, +or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name or symbol to be expanded +may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the +variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it which +could be interpreted as part of the name. + + When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first '}' not +escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an +embedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter +expansion. + + The basic form of parameter expansion is ${PARAMETER}. The value of +PARAMETER is substituted. The PARAMETER is a shell parameter as +described above (*note Shell Parameters::) or an array reference (*note +Arrays::). The braces are required when PARAMETER is a positional +parameter with more than one digit, or when PARAMETER is followed by a +character that is not to be interpreted as part of its name. + + If the first character of PARAMETER is an exclamation point (!), and +PARAMETER is not a nameref, it introduces a level of indirection. Bash +uses the value formed by expanding the rest of PARAMETER as the new +PARAMETER; this is then expanded and that value is used in the rest of +the expansion, rather than the expansion of the original PARAMETER. +This is known as 'indirect expansion'. The value is subject to tilde +expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic +expansion. If PARAMETER is a nameref, this expands to the name of the +variable referenced by PARAMETER instead of performing the complete +indirect expansion. The exceptions to this are the expansions of +${!PREFIX*} and ${!NAME[@]} described below. The exclamation point must +immediately follow the left brace in order to introduce indirection. + + In each of the cases below, WORD is subject to tilde expansion, +parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. + + When not performing substring expansion, using the form described +below (e.g., ':-'), Bash tests for a parameter that is unset or null. +Omitting the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset. +Put another way, if the colon is included, the operator tests for both +PARAMETER's existence and that its value is not null; if the colon is +omitted, the operator tests only for existence. + +'${PARAMETER:-WORD}' + If PARAMETER is unset or null, the expansion of WORD is + substituted. Otherwise, the value of PARAMETER is substituted. + + $ v=123 + $ echo ${v-unset} + 123 + +'${PARAMETER:=WORD}' + If PARAMETER is unset or null, the expansion of WORD is assigned to + PARAMETER. The value of PARAMETER is then substituted. Positional + parameters and special parameters may not be assigned to in this + way. + + $ var= + $ : ${var:=DEFAULT} + $ echo $var + DEFAULT + +'${PARAMETER:?WORD}' + If PARAMETER is null or unset, the expansion of WORD (or a message + to that effect if WORD is not present) is written to the standard + error and the shell, if it is not interactive, exits. Otherwise, + the value of PARAMETER is substituted. + + $ var= + $ : ${var:?var is unset or null} + bash: var: var is unset or null + +'${PARAMETER:+WORD}' + If PARAMETER is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise + the expansion of WORD is substituted. + + $ var=123 + $ echo ${var:+var is set and not null} + var is set and not null + +'${PARAMETER:OFFSET}' +'${PARAMETER:OFFSET:LENGTH}' + This is referred to as Substring Expansion. It expands to up to + LENGTH characters of the value of PARAMETER starting at the + character specified by OFFSET. If PARAMETER is '@' or '*', an + indexed array subscripted by '@' or '*', or an associative array + name, the results differ as described below. If LENGTH is omitted, + it expands to the substring of the value of PARAMETER starting at + the character specified by OFFSET and extending to the end of the + value. LENGTH and OFFSET are arithmetic expressions (*note Shell + Arithmetic::). + + If OFFSET evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is used + as an offset in characters from the end of the value of PARAMETER. + If LENGTH evaluates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted + as an offset in characters from the end of the value of PARAMETER + rather than a number of characters, and the expansion is the + characters between OFFSET and that result. Note that a negative + offset must be separated from the colon by at least one space to + avoid being confused with the ':-' expansion. + + Here are some examples illustrating substring expansion on + parameters and subscripted arrays: + + $ string=01234567890abcdefgh + $ echo ${string:7} + 7890abcdefgh + $ echo ${string:7:0} + + $ echo ${string:7:2} + 78 + $ echo ${string:7:-2} + 7890abcdef + $ echo ${string: -7} + bcdefgh + $ echo ${string: -7:0} + + $ echo ${string: -7:2} + bc + $ echo ${string: -7:-2} + bcdef + $ set -- 01234567890abcdefgh + $ echo ${1:7} + 7890abcdefgh + $ echo ${1:7:0} + + $ echo ${1:7:2} + 78 + $ echo ${1:7:-2} + 7890abcdef + $ echo ${1: -7} + bcdefgh + $ echo ${1: -7:0} + + $ echo ${1: -7:2} + bc + $ echo ${1: -7:-2} + bcdef + $ array[0]=01234567890abcdefgh + $ echo ${array[0]:7} + 7890abcdefgh + $ echo ${array[0]:7:0} + + $ echo ${array[0]:7:2} + 78 + $ echo ${array[0]:7:-2} + 7890abcdef + $ echo ${array[0]: -7} + bcdefgh + $ echo ${array[0]: -7:0} + + $ echo ${array[0]: -7:2} + bc + $ echo ${array[0]: -7:-2} + bcdef + + If PARAMETER is '@' or '*', the result is LENGTH positional + parameters beginning at OFFSET. A negative OFFSET is taken + relative to one greater than the greatest positional parameter, so + an offset of -1 evaluates to the last positional parameter. It is + an expansion error if LENGTH evaluates to a number less than zero. + + The following examples illustrate substring expansion using + positional parameters: + + $ set -- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h + $ echo ${@:7} + 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h + $ echo ${@:7:0} + + $ echo ${@:7:2} + 7 8 + $ echo ${@:7:-2} + bash: -2: substring expression < 0 + $ echo ${@: -7:2} + b c + $ echo ${@:0} + ./bash 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h + $ echo ${@:0:2} + ./bash 1 + $ echo ${@: -7:0} + + + If PARAMETER is an indexed array name subscripted by '@' or '*', + the result is the LENGTH members of the array beginning with + '${PARAMETER[OFFSET]}'. A negative OFFSET is taken relative to one + greater than the maximum index of the specified array. It is an + expansion error if LENGTH evaluates to a number less than zero. + + These examples show how you can use substring expansion with + indexed arrays: + + $ array=(0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h) + $ echo ${array[@]:7} + 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h + $ echo ${array[@]:7:2} + 7 8 + $ echo ${array[@]: -7:2} + b c + $ echo ${array[@]: -7:-2} + bash: -2: substring expression < 0 + $ echo ${array[@]:0} + 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h + $ echo ${array[@]:0:2} + 0 1 + $ echo ${array[@]: -7:0} + + + Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces + undefined results. + + Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters + are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by default. If + OFFSET is 0, and the positional parameters are used, '$0' is + prefixed to the list. + +'${!PREFIX*}' +'${!PREFIX@}' + Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with PREFIX, + separated by the first character of the 'IFS' special variable. + When '@' is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, + each variable name expands to a separate word. + +'${!NAME[@]}' +'${!NAME[*]}' + If NAME is an array variable, expands to the list of array indices + (keys) assigned in NAME. If NAME is not an array, expands to 0 if + NAME is set and null otherwise. When '@' is used and the expansion + appears within double quotes, each key expands to a separate word. + +'${#PARAMETER}' + The length in characters of the expanded value of PARAMETER is + substituted. If PARAMETER is '*' or '@', the value substituted is + the number of positional parameters. If PARAMETER is an array name + subscripted by '*' or '@', the value substituted is the number of + elements in the array. If PARAMETER is an indexed array name + subscripted by a negative number, that number is interpreted as + relative to one greater than the maximum index of PARAMETER, so + negative indices count back from the end of the array, and an index + of -1 references the last element. + +'${PARAMETER#WORD}' +'${PARAMETER##WORD}' + The WORD is expanded to produce a pattern and matched according to + the rules described below (*note Pattern Matching::). If the + pattern matches the beginning of the expanded value of PARAMETER, + then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of PARAMETER + with the shortest matching pattern (the '#' case) or the longest + matching pattern (the '##' case) deleted. If PARAMETER is '@' or + '*', the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional + parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If + PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with '@' or '*', the + pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the array in + turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. + +'${PARAMETER%WORD}' +'${PARAMETER%%WORD}' + The WORD is expanded to produce a pattern and matched according to + the rules described below (*note Pattern Matching::). If the + pattern matches a trailing portion of the expanded value of + PARAMETER, then the result of the expansion is the value of + PARAMETER with the shortest matching pattern (the '%' case) or the + longest matching pattern (the '%%' case) deleted. If PARAMETER is + '@' or '*', the pattern removal operation is applied to each + positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant + list. If PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with '@' or + '*', the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the + array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. + +'${PARAMETER/PATTERN/STRING}' +'${PARAMETER//PATTERN/STRING}' +'${PARAMETER/#PATTERN/STRING}' +'${PARAMETER/%PATTERN/STRING}' + The PATTERN is expanded to produce a pattern just as in filename + expansion. PARAMETER is expanded and the longest match of PATTERN + against its value is replaced with STRING. STRING undergoes tilde + expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, + command and process substitution, and quote removal. The match is + performed according to the rules described below (*note Pattern + Matching::). + + In the first form above, only the first match is replaced. If + there are two slashes separating PARAMETER and PATTERN (the second + form above), all matches of PATTERN are replaced with STRING. If + PATTERN is preceded by '#' (the third form above), it must match at + the beginning of the expanded value of PARAMETER. If PATTERN is + preceded by '%' (the fourth form above), it must match at the end + of the expanded value of PARAMETER. If the expansion of STRING is + null, matches of PATTERN are deleted. If STRING is null, matches + of PATTERN are deleted and the '/' following PATTERN may be + omitted. + + If the 'patsub_replacement' shell option is enabled using 'shopt', + any unquoted instances of '&' in STRING are replaced with the + matching portion of PATTERN. This is intended to duplicate a + common 'sed' idiom. + + Quoting any part of STRING inhibits replacement in the expansion of + the quoted portion, including replacement strings stored in shell + variables. Backslash will escape '&' in STRING; the backslash is + removed in order to permit a literal '&' in the replacement string. + Users should take care if STRING is double-quoted to avoid unwanted + interactions between the backslash and double-quoting, since + backslash has special meaning within double quotes. Pattern + substitution performs the check for unquoted '&' after expanding + STRING, so users should ensure to properly quote any occurrences of + '&' they want to be taken literally in the replacement and ensure + any instances of '&' they want to be replaced are unquoted. + + For instance, + + var=abcdef + rep='& ' + echo ${var/abc/& } + echo "${var/abc/& }" + echo ${var/abc/$rep} + echo "${var/abc/$rep}" + + will display four lines of "abc def", while + + var=abcdef + rep='& ' + echo ${var/abc/\& } + echo "${var/abc/\& }" + echo ${var/abc/"& "} + echo ${var/abc/"$rep"} + + will display four lines of "& def". Like the pattern removal + operators, double quotes surrounding the replacement string quote + the expanded characters, while double quotes enclosing the entire + parameter substitution do not, since the expansion is performed in + a context that doesn't take any enclosing double quotes into + account. + + Since backslash can escape '&', it can also escape a backslash in + the replacement string. This means that '\\' will insert a literal + backslash into the replacement, so these two 'echo' commands + + var=abcdef + rep='\\&xyz' + echo ${var/abc/\\&xyz} + echo ${var/abc/$rep} + + will both output '\abcxyzdef'. + + It should rarely be necessary to enclose only STRING in double + quotes. + + If the 'nocasematch' shell option (see the description of 'shopt' + in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is enabled, the match is performed + without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. If PARAMETER + is '@' or '*', the substitution operation is applied to each + positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant + list. If PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with '@' or + '*', the substitution operation is applied to each member of the + array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. + +'${PARAMETER^PATTERN}' +'${PARAMETER^^PATTERN}' +'${PARAMETER,PATTERN}' +'${PARAMETER,,PATTERN}' + This expansion modifies the case of alphabetic characters in + PARAMETER. The PATTERN is expanded to produce a pattern just as in + filename expansion. Each character in the expanded value of + PARAMETER is tested against PATTERN, and, if it matches the + pattern, its case is converted. The pattern should not attempt to + match more than one character. + + The '^' operator converts lowercase letters matching PATTERN to + uppercase; the ',' operator converts matching uppercase letters to + lowercase. The '^^' and ',,' expansions convert each matched + character in the expanded value; the '^' and ',' expansions match + and convert only the first character in the expanded value. If + PATTERN is omitted, it is treated like a '?', which matches every + character. + + If PARAMETER is '@' or '*', the case modification operation is + applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is + the resultant list. If PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted + with '@' or '*', the case modification operation is applied to each + member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant + list. + +'${PARAMETER@OPERATOR}' + The expansion is either a transformation of the value of PARAMETER + or information about PARAMETER itself, depending on the value of + OPERATOR. Each OPERATOR is a single letter: + + 'U' + The expansion is a string that is the value of PARAMETER with + lowercase alphabetic characters converted to uppercase. + 'u' + The expansion is a string that is the value of PARAMETER with + the first character converted to uppercase, if it is + alphabetic. + 'L' + The expansion is a string that is the value of PARAMETER with + uppercase alphabetic characters converted to lowercase. + 'Q' + The expansion is a string that is the value of PARAMETER + quoted in a format that can be reused as input. + 'E' + The expansion is a string that is the value of PARAMETER with + backslash escape sequences expanded as with the '$'...'' + quoting mechanism. + 'P' + The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding the + value of PARAMETER as if it were a prompt string (*note + Controlling the Prompt::). + 'A' + The expansion is a string in the form of an assignment + statement or 'declare' command that, if evaluated, will + recreate PARAMETER with its attributes and value. + 'K' + Produces a possibly-quoted version of the value of PARAMETER, + except that it prints the values of indexed and associative + arrays as a sequence of quoted key-value pairs (*note + Arrays::). + 'a' + The expansion is a string consisting of flag values + representing PARAMETER's attributes. + 'k' + Like the 'K' transformation, but expands the keys and values + of indexed and associative arrays to separate words after word + splitting. + + If PARAMETER is '@' or '*', the operation is applied to each + positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant + list. If PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with '@' or + '*', the operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, + and the expansion is the resultant list. + + The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and + filename expansion as described below. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Command Substitution, Next: Arithmetic Expansion, Prev: Shell Parameter Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions + +3.5.4 Command Substitution +-------------------------- + +Command substitution allows the output of a command to replace the +command itself. Command substitution occurs when a command is enclosed +as follows: + $(COMMAND) +or + `COMMAND` + +Bash performs the expansion by executing COMMAND in a subshell +environment and replacing the command substitution with the standard +output of the command, with any trailing newlines deleted. Embedded +newlines are not deleted, but they may be removed during word splitting. +The command substitution '$(cat FILE)' can be replaced by the equivalent +but faster '$(< FILE)'. + + When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used, backslash +retains its literal meaning except when followed by '$', '`', or '\'. +The first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command +substitution. When using the '$(COMMAND)' form, all characters between +the parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially. + + Command substitutions may be nested. To nest when using the +backquoted form, escape the inner backquotes with backslashes. + + If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and +filename expansion are not performed on the results. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Arithmetic Expansion, Next: Process Substitution, Prev: Command Substitution, Up: Shell Expansions + +3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion +-------------------------- + +Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression +and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expansion +is: + + $(( EXPRESSION )) + + The EXPRESSION undergoes the same expansions as if it were within +double quotes, but double quote characters in EXPRESSION are not treated +specially and are removed. All tokens in the expression undergo +parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and quote +removal. The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be +evaluated. Arithmetic expansions may be nested. + + The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below +(*note Shell Arithmetic::). If the expression is invalid, Bash prints a +message indicating failure to the standard error and no substitution +occurs. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Process Substitution, Next: Word Splitting, Prev: Arithmetic Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions + +3.5.6 Process Substitution +-------------------------- + +Process substitution allows a process's input or output to be referred +to using a filename. It takes the form of + <(LIST) +or + >(LIST) +The process LIST is run asynchronously, and its input or output appears +as a filename. This filename is passed as an argument to the current +command as the result of the expansion. If the '>(LIST)' form is used, +writing to the file will provide input for LIST. If the '<(LIST)' form +is used, the file passed as an argument should be read to obtain the +output of LIST. Note that no space may appear between the '<' or '>' +and the left parenthesis, otherwise the construct would be interpreted +as a redirection. Process substitution is supported on systems that +support named pipes (FIFOs) or the '/dev/fd' method of naming open +files. + + When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with +parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic +expansion. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Word Splitting, Next: Filename Expansion, Prev: Process Substitution, Up: Shell Expansions + +3.5.7 Word Splitting +-------------------- + +The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command +substitution, and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double +quotes for word splitting. + + The shell treats each character of '$IFS' as a delimiter, and splits +the results of the other expansions into words using these characters as +field terminators. If 'IFS' is unset, or its value is exactly +'', the default, then sequences of ' ', +'', and '' at the beginning and end of the results of the +previous expansions are ignored, and any sequence of 'IFS' characters +not at the beginning or end serves to delimit words. If 'IFS' has a +value other than the default, then sequences of the whitespace +characters 'space', 'tab', and 'newline' are ignored at the beginning +and end of the word, as long as the whitespace character is in the value +of 'IFS' (an 'IFS' whitespace character). Any character in 'IFS' that +is not 'IFS' whitespace, along with any adjacent 'IFS' whitespace +characters, delimits a field. A sequence of 'IFS' whitespace characters +is also treated as a delimiter. If the value of 'IFS' is null, no word +splitting occurs. + + Explicit null arguments ('""' or '''') are retained and passed to +commands as empty strings. Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting +from the expansion of parameters that have no values, are removed. If a +parameter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a null +argument results and is retained and passed to a command as an empty +string. When a quoted null argument appears as part of a word whose +expansion is non-null, the null argument is removed. That is, the word +'-d''' becomes '-d' after word splitting and null argument removal. + + Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting is performed. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Filename Expansion, Next: Quote Removal, Prev: Word Splitting, Up: Shell Expansions + +3.5.8 Filename Expansion +------------------------ + +* Menu: + +* Pattern Matching:: How the shell matches patterns. + +After word splitting, unless the '-f' option has been set (*note The Set +Builtin::), Bash scans each word for the characters '*', '?', and '['. +If one of these characters appears, and is not quoted, then the word is +regarded as a PATTERN, and replaced with an alphabetically sorted list +of filenames matching the pattern (*note Pattern Matching::). If no +matching filenames are found, and the shell option 'nullglob' is +disabled, the word is left unchanged. If the 'nullglob' option is set, +and no matches are found, the word is removed. If the 'failglob' shell +option is set, and no matches are found, an error message is printed and +the command is not executed. If the shell option 'nocaseglob' is +enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic +characters. + + When a pattern is used for filename expansion, the character '.' at +the start of a filename or immediately following a slash must be matched +explicitly, unless the shell option 'dotglob' is set. In order to match +the filenames '.' and '..', the pattern must begin with '.' (for +example, '.?'), even if 'dotglob' is set. If the 'globskipdots' shell +option is enabled, the filenames '.' and '..' are never matched, even if +the pattern begins with a '.'. When not matching filenames, the '.' +character is not treated specially. + + When matching a filename, the slash character must always be matched +explicitly by a slash in the pattern, but in other matching contexts it +can be matched by a special pattern character as described below (*note +Pattern Matching::). + + See the description of 'shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::, for a +description of the 'nocaseglob', 'nullglob', 'globskipdots', 'failglob', +and 'dotglob' options. + + The 'GLOBIGNORE' shell variable may be used to restrict the set of +file names matching a pattern. If 'GLOBIGNORE' is set, each matching +file name that also matches one of the patterns in 'GLOBIGNORE' is +removed from the list of matches. If the 'nocaseglob' option is set, +the matching against the patterns in 'GLOBIGNORE' is performed without +regard to case. The filenames '.' and '..' are always ignored when +'GLOBIGNORE' is set and not null. However, setting 'GLOBIGNORE' to a +non-null value has the effect of enabling the 'dotglob' shell option, so +all other filenames beginning with a '.' will match. To get the old +behavior of ignoring filenames beginning with a '.', make '.*' one of +the patterns in 'GLOBIGNORE'. The 'dotglob' option is disabled when +'GLOBIGNORE' is unset. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Pattern Matching, Up: Filename Expansion + +3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching +........................ + +Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern +characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not +occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the +escaping backslash is discarded when matching. The special pattern +characters must be quoted if they are to be matched literally. + + The special pattern characters have the following meanings: +'*' + Matches any string, including the null string. When the 'globstar' + shell option is enabled, and '*' is used in a filename expansion + context, two adjacent '*'s used as a single pattern will match all + files and zero or more directories and subdirectories. If followed + by a '/', two adjacent '*'s will match only directories and + subdirectories. +'?' + Matches any single character. +'[...]' + Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of characters + separated by a hyphen denotes a RANGE EXPRESSION; any character + that falls between those two characters, inclusive, using the + current locale's collating sequence and character set, is matched. + If the first character following the '[' is a '!' or a '^' then any + character not enclosed is matched. A '-' may be matched by + including it as the first or last character in the set. A ']' may + be matched by including it as the first character in the set. The + sorting order of characters in range expressions, and the + characters included in the range, are determined by the current + locale and the values of the 'LC_COLLATE' and 'LC_ALL' shell + variables, if set. + + For example, in the default C locale, '[a-dx-z]' is equivalent to + '[abcdxyz]'. Many locales sort characters in dictionary order, and + in these locales '[a-dx-z]' is typically not equivalent to + '[abcdxyz]'; it might be equivalent to '[aBbCcDdxYyZz]', for + example. To obtain the traditional interpretation of ranges in + bracket expressions, you can force the use of the C locale by + setting the 'LC_COLLATE' or 'LC_ALL' environment variable to the + value 'C', or enable the 'globasciiranges' shell option. + + Within '[' and ']', "character classes" can be specified using the + syntax '[:'CLASS':]', where CLASS is one of the following classes + defined in the POSIX standard: + alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lower + print punct space upper word xdigit + A character class matches any character belonging to that class. + The 'word' character class matches letters, digits, and the + character '_'. + + Within '[' and ']', an "equivalence class" can be specified using + the syntax '[='C'=]', which matches all characters with the same + collation weight (as defined by the current locale) as the + character C. + + Within '[' and ']', the syntax '[.'SYMBOL'.]' matches the collating + symbol SYMBOL. + + If the 'extglob' shell option is enabled using the 'shopt' builtin, +the shell recognizes several extended pattern matching operators. In +the following description, a PATTERN-LIST is a list of one or more +patterns separated by a '|'. When matching filenames, the 'dotglob' +shell option determines the set of filenames that are tested, as +described above. Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of +the following sub-patterns: + +'?(PATTERN-LIST)' + Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns. + +'*(PATTERN-LIST)' + Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns. + +'+(PATTERN-LIST)' + Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns. + +'@(PATTERN-LIST)' + Matches one of the given patterns. + +'!(PATTERN-LIST)' + Matches anything except one of the given patterns. + + The 'extglob' option changes the behavior of the parser, since the +parentheses are normally treated as operators with syntactic meaning. +To ensure that extended matching patterns are parsed correctly, make +sure that 'extglob' is enabled before parsing constructs containing the +patterns, including shell functions and command substitutions. + + When matching filenames, the 'dotglob' shell option determines the +set of filenames that are tested: when 'dotglob' is enabled, the set of +filenames includes all files beginning with '.', but the filenames '.' +and '..' must be matched by a pattern or sub-pattern that begins with a +dot; when it is disabled, the set does not include any filenames +beginning with "." unless the pattern or sub-pattern begins with a '.'. +As above, '.' only has a special meaning when matching filenames. + + Complicated extended pattern matching against long strings is slow, +especially when the patterns contain alternations and the strings +contain multiple matches. Using separate matches against shorter +strings, or using arrays of strings instead of a single long string, may +be faster. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Quote Removal, Prev: Filename Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions + +3.5.9 Quote Removal +------------------- + +After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the +characters '\', ''', and '"' that did not result from one of the above +expansions are removed. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Redirections, Next: Executing Commands, Prev: Shell Expansions, Up: Basic Shell Features + +3.6 Redirections +================ + +Before a command is executed, its input and output may be "redirected" +using a special notation interpreted by the shell. "Redirection" allows +commands' file handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer +to different files, and can change the files the command reads from and +writes to. Redirection may also be used to modify file handles in the +current shell execution environment. The following redirection +operators may precede or appear anywhere within a simple command or may +follow a command. Redirections are processed in the order they appear, +from left to right. + + Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number may +instead be preceded by a word of the form {VARNAME}. In this case, for +each redirection operator except >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a +file descriptor greater than 10 and assign it to {VARNAME}. If >&- or +<&- is preceded by {VARNAME}, the value of VARNAME defines the file +descriptor to close. If {VARNAME} is supplied, the redirection persists +beyond the scope of the command, allowing the shell programmer to manage +the file descriptor's lifetime manually. The 'varredir_close' shell +option manages this behavior (*note The Shopt Builtin::). + + In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is +omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is '<', the +redirection refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the +first character of the redirection operator is '>', the redirection +refers to the standard output (file descriptor 1). + + The word following the redirection operator in the following +descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, +tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic +expansion, quote removal, filename expansion, and word splitting. If it +expands to more than one word, Bash reports an error. + + Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, the +command + ls > DIRLIST 2>&1 +directs both standard output (file descriptor 1) and standard error +(file descriptor 2) to the file DIRLIST, while the command + ls 2>&1 > DIRLIST +directs only the standard output to file DIRLIST, because the standard +error was made a copy of the standard output before the standard output +was redirected to DIRLIST. + + Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in +redirections, as described in the following table. If the operating +system on which Bash is running provides these special files, bash will +use them; otherwise it will emulate them internally with the behavior +described below. + +'/dev/fd/FD' + If FD is a valid integer, file descriptor FD is duplicated. + +'/dev/stdin' + File descriptor 0 is duplicated. + +'/dev/stdout' + File descriptor 1 is duplicated. + +'/dev/stderr' + File descriptor 2 is duplicated. + +'/dev/tcp/HOST/PORT' + If HOST is a valid hostname or Internet address, and PORT is an + integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open the + corresponding TCP socket. + +'/dev/udp/HOST/PORT' + If HOST is a valid hostname or Internet address, and PORT is an + integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open the + corresponding UDP socket. + + A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail. + + Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used +with care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses +internally. + +3.6.1 Redirecting Input +----------------------- + +Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from the +expansion of WORD to be opened for reading on file descriptor 'n', or +the standard input (file descriptor 0) if 'n' is not specified. + + The general format for redirecting input is: + [N][|]WORD + + If the redirection operator is '>', and the 'noclobber' option to the +'set' builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file +whose name results from the expansion of WORD exists and is a regular +file. If the redirection operator is '>|', or the redirection operator +is '>' and the 'noclobber' option is not enabled, the redirection is +attempted even if the file named by WORD exists. + +3.6.3 Appending Redirected Output +--------------------------------- + +Redirection of output in this fashion causes the file whose name results +from the expansion of WORD to be opened for appending on file descriptor +N, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if N is not specified. If +the file does not exist it is created. + + The general format for appending output is: + [N]>>WORD + +3.6.4 Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error +---------------------------------------------------- + +This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and +the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be redirected to the +file whose name is the expansion of WORD. + + There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard +error: + &>WORD +and + >&WORD +Of the two forms, the first is preferred. This is semantically +equivalent to + >WORD 2>&1 + When using the second form, WORD may not expand to a number or '-'. +If it does, other redirection operators apply (see Duplicating File +Descriptors below) for compatibility reasons. + +3.6.5 Appending Standard Output and Standard Error +-------------------------------------------------- + +This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and +the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be appended to the file +whose name is the expansion of WORD. + + The format for appending standard output and standard error is: + &>>WORD +This is semantically equivalent to + >>WORD 2>&1 + (see Duplicating File Descriptors below). + +3.6.6 Here Documents +-------------------- + +This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the +current source until a line containing only WORD (with no trailing +blanks) is seen. All of the lines read up to that point are then used +as the standard input (or file descriptor N if N is specified) for a +command. + + The format of here-documents is: + [N]<<[-]WORD + HERE-DOCUMENT + DELIMITER + + No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic +expansion, or filename expansion is performed on WORD. If any part of +WORD is quoted, the DELIMITER is the result of quote removal on WORD, +and the lines in the here-document are not expanded. If WORD is +unquoted, all lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter +expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, the character +sequence '\newline' is ignored, and '\' must be used to quote the +characters '\', '$', and '`'. + + If the redirection operator is '<<-', then all leading tab characters +are stripped from input lines and the line containing DELIMITER. This +allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural +fashion. + +3.6.7 Here Strings +------------------ + +A variant of here documents, the format is: + [N]<<< WORD + + The WORD undergoes tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal. Filename +expansion and word splitting are not performed. The result is supplied +as a single string, with a newline appended, to the command on its +standard input (or file descriptor N if N is specified). + +3.6.8 Duplicating File Descriptors +---------------------------------- + +The redirection operator + [N]<&WORD +is used to duplicate input file descriptors. If WORD expands to one or +more digits, the file descriptor denoted by N is made to be a copy of +that file descriptor. If the digits in WORD do not specify a file +descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs. If WORD +evaluates to '-', file descriptor N is closed. If N is not specified, +the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used. + + The operator + [N]>&WORD +is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If N is not +specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. If the +digits in WORD do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a +redirection error occurs. If WORD evaluates to '-', file descriptor N +is closed. As a special case, if N is omitted, and WORD does not expand +to one or more digits or '-', the standard output and standard error are +redirected as described previously. + +3.6.9 Moving File Descriptors +----------------------------- + +The redirection operator + [N]<&DIGIT- +moves the file descriptor DIGIT to file descriptor N, or the standard +input (file descriptor 0) if N is not specified. DIGIT is closed after +being duplicated to N. + + Similarly, the redirection operator + [N]>&DIGIT- +moves the file descriptor DIGIT to file descriptor N, or the standard +output (file descriptor 1) if N is not specified. + +3.6.10 Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing +------------------------------------------------------- + +The redirection operator + [N]<>WORD +causes the file whose name is the expansion of WORD to be opened for +both reading and writing on file descriptor N, or on file descriptor 0 +if N is not specified. If the file does not exist, it is created. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Executing Commands, Next: Shell Scripts, Prev: Redirections, Up: Basic Shell Features + +3.7 Executing Commands +====================== + +* Menu: + +* Simple Command Expansion:: How Bash expands simple commands before + executing them. +* Command Search and Execution:: How Bash finds commands and runs them. +* Command Execution Environment:: The environment in which Bash + executes commands that are not + shell builtins. +* Environment:: The environment given to a command. +* Exit Status:: The status returned by commands and how Bash + interprets it. +* Signals:: What happens when Bash or a command it runs + receives a signal. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Simple Command Expansion, Next: Command Search and Execution, Up: Executing Commands + +3.7.1 Simple Command Expansion +------------------------------ + +When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following +expansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right, in the +following order. + + 1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments (those + preceding the command name) and redirections are saved for later + processing. + + 2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are + expanded (*note Shell Expansions::). If any words remain after + expansion, the first word is taken to be the name of the command + and the remaining words are the arguments. + + 3. Redirections are performed as described above (*note + Redirections::). + + 4. The text after the '=' in each variable assignment undergoes tilde + expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic + expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the variable. + + If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the +current shell environment. In the case of such a command (one that +consists only of assignment statements and redirections), assignment +statements are performed before redirections. Otherwise, the variables +are added to the environment of the executed command and do not affect +the current shell environment. If any of the assignments attempts to +assign a value to a readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command +exits with a non-zero status. + + If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not +affect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the +command to exit with a non-zero status. + + If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds +as described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the +expansions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the +command is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. +If there were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status +of zero. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Command Search and Execution, Next: Command Execution Environment, Prev: Simple Command Expansion, Up: Executing Commands + +3.7.2 Command Search and Execution +---------------------------------- + +After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple +command and an optional list of arguments, the following actions are +taken. + + 1. If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to + locate it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that + function is invoked as described in *note Shell Functions::. + + 2. If the name does not match a function, the shell searches for it in + the list of shell builtins. If a match is found, that builtin is + invoked. + + 3. If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains + no slashes, Bash searches each element of '$PATH' for a directory + containing an executable file by that name. Bash uses a hash table + to remember the full pathnames of executable files to avoid + multiple 'PATH' searches (see the description of 'hash' in *note + Bourne Shell Builtins::). A full search of the directories in + '$PATH' is performed only if the command is not found in the hash + table. If the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a + defined shell function named 'command_not_found_handle'. If that + function exists, it is invoked in a separate execution environment + with the original command and the original command's arguments as + its arguments, and the function's exit status becomes the exit + status of that subshell. If that function is not defined, the + shell prints an error message and returns an exit status of 127. + + 4. If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or + more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a separate + execution environment. Argument 0 is set to the name given, and + the remaining arguments to the command are set to the arguments + supplied, if any. + + 5. If this execution fails because the file is not in executable + format, and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a + "shell script" and the shell executes it as described in *note + Shell Scripts::. + + 6. If the command was not begun asynchronously, the shell waits for + the command to complete and collects its exit status. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Command Execution Environment, Next: Environment, Prev: Command Search and Execution, Up: Executing Commands + +3.7.3 Command Execution Environment +----------------------------------- + +The shell has an "execution environment", which consists of the +following: + + * open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by + redirections supplied to the 'exec' builtin + + * the current working directory as set by 'cd', 'pushd', or 'popd', + or inherited by the shell at invocation + + * the file creation mode mask as set by 'umask' or inherited from the + shell's parent + + * current traps set by 'trap' + + * shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with 'set' + or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment + + * shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the + shell's parent in the environment + + * options enabled at invocation (either by default or with + command-line arguments) or by 'set' + + * options enabled by 'shopt' (*note The Shopt Builtin::) + + * shell aliases defined with 'alias' (*note Aliases::) + + * various process IDs, including those of background jobs (*note + Lists::), the value of '$$', and the value of '$PPID' + + When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be +executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that +consists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are +inherited from the shell. + + * the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions + specified by redirections to the command + + * the current working directory + + * the file creation mode mask + + * shell variables and functions marked for export, along with + variables exported for the command, passed in the environment + (*note Environment::) + + * traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from + the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored + + A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the +shell's execution environment. + + A "subshell" is a copy of the shell process. + + Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and +asynchronous commands are invoked in a subshell environment that is a +duplicate of the shell environment, except that traps caught by the +shell are reset to the values that the shell inherited from its parent +at invocation. Builtin commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline +are also executed in a subshell environment. Changes made to the +subshell environment cannot affect the shell's execution environment. + + Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value +of the '-e' option from the parent shell. When not in POSIX mode, Bash +clears the '-e' option in such subshells. + + If a command is followed by a '&' and job control is not active, the +default standard input for the command is the empty file '/dev/null'. +Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the +calling shell as modified by redirections. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Environment, Next: Exit Status, Prev: Command Execution Environment, Up: Executing Commands + +3.7.4 Environment +----------------- + +When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the +"environment". This is a list of name-value pairs, of the form +'name=value'. + + Bash provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On +invocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter +for each name found, automatically marking it for 'export' to child +processes. Executed commands inherit the environment. The 'export' and +'declare -x' commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and +deleted from the environment. If the value of a parameter in the +environment is modified, the new value becomes part of the environment, +replacing the old. The environment inherited by any executed command +consists of the shell's initial environment, whose values may be +modified in the shell, less any pairs removed by the 'unset' and 'export +-n' commands, plus any additions via the 'export' and 'declare -x' +commands. + + The environment for any simple command or function may be augmented +temporarily by prefixing it with parameter assignments, as described in +*note Shell Parameters::. These assignment statements affect only the +environment seen by that command. + + If the '-k' option is set (*note The Set Builtin::), then all +parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not +just those that precede the command name. + + When Bash invokes an external command, the variable '$_' is set to +the full pathname of the command and passed to that command in its +environment. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Exit Status, Next: Signals, Prev: Environment, Up: Executing Commands + +3.7.5 Exit Status +----------------- + +The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the +'waitpid' system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses fall +between 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values +above 125 specially. Exit statuses from shell builtins and compound +commands are also limited to this range. Under certain circumstances, +the shell will use special values to indicate specific failure modes. + + For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a zero exit +status has succeeded. A non-zero exit status indicates failure. This +seemingly counter-intuitive scheme is used so there is one well-defined +way to indicate success and a variety of ways to indicate various +failure modes. When a command terminates on a fatal signal whose number +is N, Bash uses the value 128+N as the exit status. + + If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it +returns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable, +the return status is 126. + + If a command fails because of an error during expansion or +redirection, the exit status is greater than zero. + + The exit status is used by the Bash conditional commands (*note +Conditional Constructs::) and some of the list constructs (*note +Lists::). + + All of the Bash builtins return an exit status of zero if they +succeed and a non-zero status on failure, so they may be used by the +conditional and list constructs. All builtins return an exit status of +2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally invalid options or missing +arguments. + + The exit status of the last command is available in the special +parameter $? (*note Special Parameters::). + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Signals, Prev: Exit Status, Up: Executing Commands + +3.7.6 Signals +------------- + +When Bash is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores +'SIGTERM' (so that 'kill 0' does not kill an interactive shell), and +'SIGINT' is caught and handled (so that the 'wait' builtin is +interruptible). When Bash receives a 'SIGINT', it breaks out of any +executing loops. In all cases, Bash ignores 'SIGQUIT'. If job control +is in effect (*note Job Control::), Bash ignores 'SIGTTIN', 'SIGTTOU', +and 'SIGTSTP'. + + Non-builtin commands started by Bash have signal handlers set to the +values inherited by the shell from its parent. When job control is not +in effect, asynchronous commands ignore 'SIGINT' and 'SIGQUIT' in +addition to these inherited handlers. Commands run as a result of +command substitution ignore the keyboard-generated job control signals +'SIGTTIN', 'SIGTTOU', and 'SIGTSTP'. + + The shell exits by default upon receipt of a 'SIGHUP'. Before +exiting, an interactive shell resends the 'SIGHUP' to all jobs, running +or stopped. Stopped jobs are sent 'SIGCONT' to ensure that they receive +the 'SIGHUP'. To prevent the shell from sending the 'SIGHUP' signal to +a particular job, it should be removed from the jobs table with the +'disown' builtin (*note Job Control Builtins::) or marked to not receive +'SIGHUP' using 'disown -h'. + + If the 'huponexit' shell option has been set with 'shopt' (*note The +Shopt Builtin::), Bash sends a 'SIGHUP' to all jobs when an interactive +login shell exits. + + If Bash is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal +for which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until the +command completes. When Bash is waiting for an asynchronous command via +the 'wait' builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has been +set will cause the 'wait' builtin to return immediately with an exit +status greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is executed. + + When job control is not enabled, and Bash is waiting for a foreground +command to complete, the shell receives keyboard-generated signals such +as 'SIGINT' (usually generated by '^C') that users commonly intend to +send to that command. This happens because the shell and the command +are in the same process group as the terminal, and '^C' sends 'SIGINT' +to all processes in that process group. See *note Job Control::, for a +more in-depth discussion of process groups. + + When Bash is running without job control enabled and receives +'SIGINT' while waiting for a foreground command, it waits until that +foreground command terminates and then decides what to do about the +'SIGINT': + + 1. If the command terminates due to the 'SIGINT', Bash concludes that + the user meant to end the entire script, and acts on the 'SIGINT' + (e.g., by running a 'SIGINT' trap or exiting itself); + + 2. If the pipeline does not terminate due to 'SIGINT', the program + handled the 'SIGINT' itself and did not treat it as a fatal signal. + In that case, Bash does not treat 'SIGINT' as a fatal signal, + either, instead assuming that the 'SIGINT' was used as part of the + program's normal operation (e.g., 'emacs' uses it to abort editing + commands) or deliberately discarded. However, Bash will run any + trap set on 'SIGINT', as it does with any other trapped signal it + receives while it is waiting for the foreground command to + complete, for compatibility. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Scripts, Prev: Executing Commands, Up: Basic Shell Features + +3.8 Shell Scripts +================= + +A shell script is a text file containing shell commands. When such a +file is used as the first non-option argument when invoking Bash, and +neither the '-c' nor '-s' option is supplied (*note Invoking Bash::), +Bash reads and executes commands from the file, then exits. This mode +of operation creates a non-interactive shell. The shell first searches +for the file in the current directory, and looks in the directories in +'$PATH' if not found there. + + When Bash runs a shell script, it sets the special parameter '0' to +the name of the file, rather than the name of the shell, and the +positional parameters are set to the remaining arguments, if any are +given. If no additional arguments are supplied, the positional +parameters are unset. + + A shell script may be made executable by using the 'chmod' command to +turn on the execute bit. When Bash finds such a file while searching +the '$PATH' for a command, it creates a new instance of itself to +execute it. In other words, executing + filename ARGUMENTS +is equivalent to executing + bash filename ARGUMENTS + +if 'filename' is an executable shell script. This subshell +reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a new shell had been +invoked to interpret the script, with the exception that the locations +of commands remembered by the parent (see the description of 'hash' in +*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) are retained by the child. + + Most versions of Unix make this a part of the operating system's +command execution mechanism. If the first line of a script begins with +the two characters '#!', the remainder of the line specifies an +interpreter for the program and, depending on the operating system, one +or more optional arguments for that interpreter. Thus, you can specify +Bash, 'awk', Perl, or some other interpreter and write the rest of the +script file in that language. + + The arguments to the interpreter consist of one or more optional +arguments following the interpreter name on the first line of the script +file, followed by the name of the script file, followed by the rest of +the arguments supplied to the script. The details of how the +interpreter line is split into an interpreter name and a set of +arguments vary across systems. Bash will perform this action on +operating systems that do not handle it themselves. Note that some +older versions of Unix limit the interpreter name and a single argument +to a maximum of 32 characters, so it's not portable to assume that using +more than one argument will work. + + Bash scripts often begin with '#! /bin/bash' (assuming that Bash has +been installed in '/bin'), since this ensures that Bash will be used to +interpret the script, even if it is executed under another shell. It's +a common idiom to use 'env' to find 'bash' even if it's been installed +in another directory: '#!/usr/bin/env bash' will find the first +occurrence of 'bash' in '$PATH'. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Builtin Commands, Next: Shell Variables, Prev: Basic Shell Features, Up: Top + +4 Shell Builtin Commands +************************ + +* Menu: + +* Bourne Shell Builtins:: Builtin commands inherited from the Bourne + Shell. +* Bash Builtins:: Table of builtins specific to Bash. +* Modifying Shell Behavior:: Builtins to modify shell attributes and + optional behavior. +* Special Builtins:: Builtin commands classified specially by + POSIX. + +Builtin commands are contained within the shell itself. When the name +of a builtin command is used as the first word of a simple command +(*note Simple Commands::), the shell executes the command directly, +without invoking another program. Builtin commands are necessary to +implement functionality impossible or inconvenient to obtain with +separate utilities. + + This section briefly describes the builtins which Bash inherits from +the Bourne Shell, as well as the builtin commands which are unique to or +have been extended in Bash. + + Several builtin commands are described in other chapters: builtin +commands which provide the Bash interface to the job control facilities +(*note Job Control Builtins::), the directory stack (*note Directory +Stack Builtins::), the command history (*note Bash History Builtins::), +and the programmable completion facilities (*note Programmable +Completion Builtins::). + + Many of the builtins have been extended by POSIX or Bash. + + Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented as accepting +options preceded by '-' accepts '--' to signify the end of the options. +The ':', 'true', 'false', and 'test'/'[' builtins do not accept options +and do not treat '--' specially. The 'exit', 'logout', 'return', +'break', 'continue', 'let', and 'shift' builtins accept and process +arguments beginning with '-' without requiring '--'. Other builtins +that accept arguments but are not specified as accepting options +interpret arguments beginning with '-' as invalid options and require +'--' to prevent this interpretation. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Bourne Shell Builtins, Next: Bash Builtins, Up: Shell Builtin Commands + +4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins +========================= + +The following shell builtin commands are inherited from the Bourne +Shell. These commands are implemented as specified by the POSIX +standard. + +': (a colon)' + : [ARGUMENTS] + + Do nothing beyond expanding ARGUMENTS and performing redirections. + The return status is zero. + +'. (a period)' + . FILENAME [ARGUMENTS] + + Read and execute commands from the FILENAME argument in the current + shell context. If FILENAME does not contain a slash, the 'PATH' + variable is used to find FILENAME, but FILENAME does not need to be + executable. When Bash is not in POSIX mode, it searches the + current directory if FILENAME is not found in '$PATH'. If any + ARGUMENTS are supplied, they become the positional parameters when + FILENAME is executed. Otherwise the positional parameters are + unchanged. If the '-T' option is enabled, '.' inherits any trap on + 'DEBUG'; if it is not, any 'DEBUG' trap string is saved and + restored around the call to '.', and '.' unsets the 'DEBUG' trap + while it executes. If '-T' is not set, and the sourced file + changes the 'DEBUG' trap, the new value is retained when '.' + completes. The return status is the exit status of the last + command executed, or zero if no commands are executed. If FILENAME + is not found, or cannot be read, the return status is non-zero. + This builtin is equivalent to 'source'. + +'break' + break [N] + + Exit from a 'for', 'while', 'until', or 'select' loop. If N is + supplied, the Nth enclosing loop is exited. N must be greater than + or equal to 1. The return status is zero unless N is not greater + than or equal to 1. + +'cd' + cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@] [DIRECTORY] + + Change the current working directory to DIRECTORY. If DIRECTORY is + not supplied, the value of the 'HOME' shell variable is used. If + the shell variable 'CDPATH' exists, it is used as a search path: + each directory name in 'CDPATH' is searched for DIRECTORY, with + alternative directory names in 'CDPATH' separated by a colon (':'). + If DIRECTORY begins with a slash, 'CDPATH' is not used. + + The '-P' option means to not follow symbolic links: symbolic links + are resolved while 'cd' is traversing DIRECTORY and before + processing an instance of '..' in DIRECTORY. + + By default, or when the '-L' option is supplied, symbolic links in + DIRECTORY are resolved after 'cd' processes an instance of '..' in + DIRECTORY. + + If '..' appears in DIRECTORY, it is processed by removing the + immediately preceding pathname component, back to a slash or the + beginning of DIRECTORY. + + If the '-e' option is supplied with '-P' and the current working + directory cannot be successfully determined after a successful + directory change, 'cd' will return an unsuccessful status. + + On systems that support it, the '-@' option presents the extended + attributes associated with a file as a directory. + + If DIRECTORY is '-', it is converted to '$OLDPWD' before the + directory change is attempted. + + If a non-empty directory name from 'CDPATH' is used, or if '-' is + the first argument, and the directory change is successful, the + absolute pathname of the new working directory is written to the + standard output. + + If the directory change is successful, 'cd' sets the value of the + 'PWD' environment variable to the new directory name, and sets the + 'OLDPWD' environment variable to the value of the current working + directory before the change. + + The return status is zero if the directory is successfully changed, + non-zero otherwise. + +'continue' + continue [N] + + Resume the next iteration of an enclosing 'for', 'while', 'until', + or 'select' loop. If N is supplied, the execution of the Nth + enclosing loop is resumed. N must be greater than or equal to 1. + The return status is zero unless N is not greater than or equal to + 1. + +'eval' + eval [ARGUMENTS] + + The arguments are concatenated together into a single command, + which is then read and executed, and its exit status returned as + the exit status of 'eval'. If there are no arguments or only empty + arguments, the return status is zero. + +'exec' + exec [-cl] [-a NAME] [COMMAND [ARGUMENTS]] + + If COMMAND is supplied, it replaces the shell without creating a + new process. If the '-l' option is supplied, the shell places a + dash at the beginning of the zeroth argument passed to COMMAND. + This is what the 'login' program does. The '-c' option causes + COMMAND to be executed with an empty environment. If '-a' is + supplied, the shell passes NAME as the zeroth argument to COMMAND. + If COMMAND cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive + shell exits, unless the 'execfail' shell option is enabled. In + that case, it returns failure. An interactive shell returns + failure if the file cannot be executed. A subshell exits + unconditionally if 'exec' fails. If no COMMAND is specified, + redirections may be used to affect the current shell environment. + If there are no redirection errors, the return status is zero; + otherwise the return status is non-zero. + +'exit' + exit [N] + + Exit the shell, returning a status of N to the shell's parent. If + N is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed. + Any trap on 'EXIT' is executed before the shell terminates. + +'export' + export [-fn] [-p] [NAME[=VALUE]] + + Mark each NAME to be passed to child processes in the environment. + If the '-f' option is supplied, the NAMEs refer to shell functions; + otherwise the names refer to shell variables. The '-n' option + means to no longer mark each NAME for export. If no NAMEs are + supplied, or if the '-p' option is given, a list of names of all + exported variables is displayed. The '-p' option displays output + in a form that may be reused as input. If a variable name is + followed by =VALUE, the value of the variable is set to VALUE. + + The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied, one + of the names is not a valid shell variable name, or '-f' is + supplied with a name that is not a shell function. + +'getopts' + getopts OPTSTRING NAME [ARG ...] + + 'getopts' is used by shell scripts to parse positional parameters. + OPTSTRING contains the option characters to be recognized; if a + character is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an + argument, which should be separated from it by whitespace. The + colon (':') and question mark ('?') may not be used as option + characters. Each time it is invoked, 'getopts' places the next + option in the shell variable NAME, initializing NAME if it does not + exist, and the index of the next argument to be processed into the + variable 'OPTIND'. 'OPTIND' is initialized to 1 each time the + shell or a shell script is invoked. When an option requires an + argument, 'getopts' places that argument into the variable + 'OPTARG'. The shell does not reset 'OPTIND' automatically; it must + be manually reset between multiple calls to 'getopts' within the + same shell invocation if a new set of parameters is to be used. + + When the end of options is encountered, 'getopts' exits with a + return value greater than zero. 'OPTIND' is set to the index of + the first non-option argument, and NAME is set to '?'. + + 'getopts' normally parses the positional parameters, but if more + arguments are supplied as ARG values, 'getopts' parses those + instead. + + 'getopts' can report errors in two ways. If the first character of + OPTSTRING is a colon, SILENT error reporting is used. In normal + operation, diagnostic messages are printed when invalid options or + missing option arguments are encountered. If the variable 'OPTERR' + is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed, even if the first + character of 'optstring' is not a colon. + + If an invalid option is seen, 'getopts' places '?' into NAME and, + if not silent, prints an error message and unsets 'OPTARG'. If + 'getopts' is silent, the option character found is placed in + 'OPTARG' and no diagnostic message is printed. + + If a required argument is not found, and 'getopts' is not silent, a + question mark ('?') is placed in NAME, 'OPTARG' is unset, and a + diagnostic message is printed. If 'getopts' is silent, then a + colon (':') is placed in NAME and 'OPTARG' is set to the option + character found. + +'hash' + hash [-r] [-p FILENAME] [-dt] [NAME] + + Each time 'hash' is invoked, it remembers the full pathnames of the + commands specified as NAME arguments, so they need not be searched + for on subsequent invocations. The commands are found by searching + through the directories listed in '$PATH'. Any + previously-remembered pathname is discarded. The '-p' option + inhibits the path search, and FILENAME is used as the location of + NAME. The '-r' option causes the shell to forget all remembered + locations. The '-d' option causes the shell to forget the + remembered location of each NAME. If the '-t' option is supplied, + the full pathname to which each NAME corresponds is printed. If + multiple NAME arguments are supplied with '-t', the NAME is printed + before the hashed full pathname. The '-l' option causes output to + be displayed in a format that may be reused as input. If no + arguments are given, or if only '-l' is supplied, information about + remembered commands is printed. The return status is zero unless a + NAME is not found or an invalid option is supplied. + +'pwd' + pwd [-LP] + + Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. If + the '-P' option is supplied, the pathname printed will not contain + symbolic links. If the '-L' option is supplied, the pathname + printed may contain symbolic links. The return status is zero + unless an error is encountered while determining the name of the + current directory or an invalid option is supplied. + +'readonly' + readonly [-aAf] [-p] [NAME[=VALUE]] ... + + Mark each NAME as readonly. The values of these names may not be + changed by subsequent assignment. If the '-f' option is supplied, + each NAME refers to a shell function. The '-a' option means each + NAME refers to an indexed array variable; the '-A' option means + each NAME refers to an associative array variable. If both options + are supplied, '-A' takes precedence. If no NAME arguments are + given, or if the '-p' option is supplied, a list of all readonly + names is printed. The other options may be used to restrict the + output to a subset of the set of readonly names. The '-p' option + causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as + input. If a variable name is followed by =VALUE, the value of the + variable is set to VALUE. The return status is zero unless an + invalid option is supplied, one of the NAME arguments is not a + valid shell variable or function name, or the '-f' option is + supplied with a name that is not a shell function. + +'return' + return [N] + + Cause a shell function to stop executing and return the value N to + its caller. If N is not supplied, the return value is the exit + status of the last command executed in the function. If 'return' + is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to determine + the status is the last command executed before the trap handler. + If 'return' is executed during a 'DEBUG' trap, the last command + used to determine the status is the last command executed by the + trap handler before 'return' was invoked. 'return' may also be + used to terminate execution of a script being executed with the '.' + ('source') builtin, returning either N or the exit status of the + last command executed within the script as the exit status of the + script. If N is supplied, the return value is its least + significant 8 bits. Any command associated with the 'RETURN' trap + is executed before execution resumes after the function or script. + The return status is non-zero if 'return' is supplied a non-numeric + argument or is used outside a function and not during the execution + of a script by '.' or 'source'. + +'shift' + shift [N] + + Shift the positional parameters to the left by N. The positional + parameters from N+1 ... '$#' are renamed to '$1' ... '$#'-N. + Parameters represented by the numbers '$#' down to '$#'-N+1 are + unset. N must be a non-negative number less than or equal to '$#'. + If N is zero or greater than '$#', the positional parameters are + not changed. If N is not supplied, it is assumed to be 1. The + return status is zero unless N is greater than '$#' or less than + zero, non-zero otherwise. + +'test' +'[' + test EXPR + + Evaluate a conditional expression EXPR and return a status of 0 + (true) or 1 (false). Each operator and operand must be a separate + argument. Expressions are composed of the primaries described + below in *note Bash Conditional Expressions::. 'test' does not + accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore an argument of + '--' as signifying the end of options. + + When the '[' form is used, the last argument to the command must be + a ']'. + + Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed + in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation depends on the + number of arguments; see below. Operator precedence is used when + there are five or more arguments. + + '! EXPR' + True if EXPR is false. + + '( EXPR )' + Returns the value of EXPR. This may be used to override the + normal precedence of operators. + + 'EXPR1 -a EXPR2' + True if both EXPR1 and EXPR2 are true. + + 'EXPR1 -o EXPR2' + True if either EXPR1 or EXPR2 is true. + + The 'test' and '[' builtins evaluate conditional expressions using + a set of rules based on the number of arguments. + + 0 arguments + The expression is false. + + 1 argument + The expression is true if, and only if, the argument is not + null. + + 2 arguments + If the first argument is '!', the expression is true if and + only if the second argument is null. If the first argument is + one of the unary conditional operators (*note Bash Conditional + Expressions::), the expression is true if the unary test is + true. If the first argument is not a valid unary operator, + the expression is false. + + 3 arguments + The following conditions are applied in the order listed. + + 1. If the second argument is one of the binary conditional + operators (*note Bash Conditional Expressions::), the + result of the expression is the result of the binary test + using the first and third arguments as operands. The + '-a' and '-o' operators are considered binary operators + when there are three arguments. + 2. If the first argument is '!', the value is the negation + of the two-argument test using the second and third + arguments. + 3. If the first argument is exactly '(' and the third + argument is exactly ')', the result is the one-argument + test of the second argument. + 4. Otherwise, the expression is false. + + 4 arguments + The following conditions are applied in the order listed. + + 1. If the first argument is '!', the result is the negation + of the three-argument expression composed of the + remaining arguments. + 2. If the first argument is exactly '(' and the fourth + argument is exactly ')', the result is the two-argument + test of the second and third arguments. + 3. Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated + according to precedence using the rules listed above. + + 5 or more arguments + The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence + using the rules listed above. + + When used with 'test' or '[', the '<' and '>' operators sort + lexicographically using ASCII ordering. + +'times' + times + + Print out the user and system times used by the shell and its + children. The return status is zero. + +'trap' + trap [-lp] [ARG] [SIGSPEC ...] + + The commands in ARG are to be read and executed when the shell + receives signal SIGSPEC. If ARG is absent (and there is a single + SIGSPEC) or equal to '-', each specified signal's disposition is + reset to the value it had when the shell was started. If ARG is + the null string, then the signal specified by each SIGSPEC is + ignored by the shell and commands it invokes. If ARG is not + present and '-p' has been supplied, the shell displays the trap + commands associated with each SIGSPEC. If no arguments are + supplied, or only '-p' is given, 'trap' prints the list of commands + associated with each signal number in a form that may be reused as + shell input. The '-l' option causes the shell to print a list of + signal names and their corresponding numbers. Each SIGSPEC is + either a signal name or a signal number. Signal names are case + insensitive and the 'SIG' prefix is optional. + + If a SIGSPEC is '0' or 'EXIT', ARG is executed when the shell + exits. If a SIGSPEC is 'DEBUG', the command ARG is executed before + every simple command, 'for' command, 'case' command, 'select' + command, every arithmetic 'for' command, and before the first + command executes in a shell function. Refer to the description of + the 'extdebug' option to the 'shopt' builtin (*note The Shopt + Builtin::) for details of its effect on the 'DEBUG' trap. If a + SIGSPEC is 'RETURN', the command ARG is executed each time a shell + function or a script executed with the '.' or 'source' builtins + finishes executing. + + If a SIGSPEC is 'ERR', the command ARG is executed whenever a + pipeline (which may consist of a single simple command), a list, or + a compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to the + following conditions. The 'ERR' trap is not executed if the failed + command is part of the command list immediately following an + 'until' or 'while' keyword, part of the test following the 'if' or + 'elif' reserved words, part of a command executed in a '&&' or '||' + list except the command following the final '&&' or '||', any + command in a pipeline but the last, or if the command's return + status is being inverted using '!'. These are the same conditions + obeyed by the 'errexit' ('-e') option. + + Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset. + Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their + original values in a subshell or subshell environment when one is + created. + + The return status is zero unless a SIGSPEC does not specify a valid + signal. + +'umask' + umask [-p] [-S] [MODE] + + Set the shell process's file creation mask to MODE. If MODE begins + with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; if not, it is + interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by the + 'chmod' command. If MODE is omitted, the current value of the mask + is printed. If the '-S' option is supplied without a MODE + argument, the mask is printed in a symbolic format. If the '-p' + option is supplied, and MODE is omitted, the output is in a form + that may be reused as input. The return status is zero if the mode + is successfully changed or if no MODE argument is supplied, and + non-zero otherwise. + + Note that when the mode is interpreted as an octal number, each + number of the umask is subtracted from '7'. Thus, a umask of '022' + results in permissions of '755'. + +'unset' + unset [-fnv] [NAME] + + Remove each variable or function NAME. If the '-v' option is + given, each NAME refers to a shell variable and that variable is + removed. If the '-f' option is given, the NAMEs refer to shell + functions, and the function definition is removed. If the '-n' + option is supplied, and NAME is a variable with the 'nameref' + attribute, NAME will be unset rather than the variable it + references. '-n' has no effect if the '-f' option is supplied. If + no options are supplied, each NAME refers to a variable; if there + is no variable by that name, a function with that name, if any, is + unset. Readonly variables and functions may not be unset. Some + shell variables lose their special behavior if they are unset; such + behavior is noted in the description of the individual variables. + The return status is zero unless a NAME is readonly or may not be + unset. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Bash Builtins, Next: Modifying Shell Behavior, Prev: Bourne Shell Builtins, Up: Shell Builtin Commands + +4.2 Bash Builtin Commands +========================= + +This section describes builtin commands which are unique to or have been +extended in Bash. Some of these commands are specified in the POSIX +standard. + +'alias' + alias [-p] [NAME[=VALUE] ...] + + Without arguments or with the '-p' option, 'alias' prints the list + of aliases on the standard output in a form that allows them to be + reused as input. If arguments are supplied, an alias is defined + for each NAME whose VALUE is given. If no VALUE is given, the name + and value of the alias is printed. Aliases are described in *note + Aliases::. + +'bind' + bind [-m KEYMAP] [-lpsvPSVX] + bind [-m KEYMAP] [-q FUNCTION] [-u FUNCTION] [-r KEYSEQ] + bind [-m KEYMAP] -f FILENAME + bind [-m KEYMAP] -x KEYSEQ:SHELL-COMMAND + bind [-m KEYMAP] KEYSEQ:FUNCTION-NAME + bind [-m KEYMAP] KEYSEQ:READLINE-COMMAND + bind READLINE-COMMAND-LINE + + Display current Readline (*note Command Line Editing::) key and + function bindings, bind a key sequence to a Readline function or + macro, or set a Readline variable. Each non-option argument is a + command as it would appear in a Readline initialization file (*note + Readline Init File::), but each binding or command must be passed + as a separate argument; e.g., '"\C-x\C-r":re-read-init-file'. + + Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: + + '-m KEYMAP' + Use KEYMAP as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent + bindings. Acceptable KEYMAP names are 'emacs', + 'emacs-standard', 'emacs-meta', 'emacs-ctlx', 'vi', 'vi-move', + 'vi-command', and 'vi-insert'. 'vi' is equivalent to + 'vi-command' ('vi-move' is also a synonym); 'emacs' is + equivalent to 'emacs-standard'. + + '-l' + List the names of all Readline functions. + + '-p' + Display Readline function names and bindings in such a way + that they can be used as input or in a Readline initialization + file. + + '-P' + List current Readline function names and bindings. + + '-v' + Display Readline variable names and values in such a way that + they can be used as input or in a Readline initialization + file. + + '-V' + List current Readline variable names and values. + + '-s' + Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings + they output in such a way that they can be used as input or in + a Readline initialization file. + + '-S' + Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings + they output. + + '-f FILENAME' + Read key bindings from FILENAME. + + '-q FUNCTION' + Query about which keys invoke the named FUNCTION. + + '-u FUNCTION' + Unbind all keys bound to the named FUNCTION. + + '-r KEYSEQ' + Remove any current binding for KEYSEQ. + + '-x KEYSEQ:SHELL-COMMAND' + Cause SHELL-COMMAND to be executed whenever KEYSEQ is entered. + When SHELL-COMMAND is executed, the shell sets the + 'READLINE_LINE' variable to the contents of the Readline line + buffer and the 'READLINE_POINT' and 'READLINE_MARK' variables + to the current location of the insertion point and the saved + insertion point (the MARK), respectively. The shell assigns + any numeric argument the user supplied to the + 'READLINE_ARGUMENT' variable. If there was no argument, that + variable is not set. If the executed command changes the + value of any of 'READLINE_LINE', 'READLINE_POINT', or + 'READLINE_MARK', those new values will be reflected in the + editing state. + + '-X' + List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the + associated commands in a format that can be reused as input. + + The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied or + an error occurs. + +'builtin' + builtin [SHELL-BUILTIN [ARGS]] + + Run a shell builtin, passing it ARGS, and return its exit status. + This is useful when defining a shell function with the same name as + a shell builtin, retaining the functionality of the builtin within + the function. The return status is non-zero if SHELL-BUILTIN is + not a shell builtin command. + +'caller' + caller [EXPR] + + Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function + or a script executed with the '.' or 'source' builtins). + + Without EXPR, 'caller' displays the line number and source filename + of the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is + supplied as EXPR, 'caller' displays the line number, subroutine + name, and source file corresponding to that position in the current + execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for + example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0. + + The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a + subroutine call or EXPR does not correspond to a valid position in + the call stack. + +'command' + command [-pVv] COMMAND [ARGUMENTS ...] + + Runs COMMAND with ARGUMENTS ignoring any shell function named + COMMAND. Only shell builtin commands or commands found by + searching the 'PATH' are executed. If there is a shell function + named 'ls', running 'command ls' within the function will execute + the external command 'ls' instead of calling the function + recursively. The '-p' option means to use a default value for + 'PATH' that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities. + The return status in this case is 127 if COMMAND cannot be found or + an error occurred, and the exit status of COMMAND otherwise. + + If either the '-V' or '-v' option is supplied, a description of + COMMAND is printed. The '-v' option causes a single word + indicating the command or file name used to invoke COMMAND to be + displayed; the '-V' option produces a more verbose description. In + this case, the return status is zero if COMMAND is found, and + non-zero if not. + +'declare' + declare [-aAfFgiIlnrtux] [-p] [NAME[=VALUE] ...] + + Declare variables and give them attributes. If no NAMEs are given, + then display the values of variables instead. + + The '-p' option will display the attributes and values of each + NAME. When '-p' is used with NAME arguments, additional options, + other than '-f' and '-F', are ignored. + + When '-p' is supplied without NAME arguments, 'declare' will + display the attributes and values of all variables having the + attributes specified by the additional options. If no other + options are supplied with '-p', 'declare' will display the + attributes and values of all shell variables. The '-f' option will + restrict the display to shell functions. + + The '-F' option inhibits the display of function definitions; only + the function name and attributes are printed. If the 'extdebug' + shell option is enabled using 'shopt' (*note The Shopt Builtin::), + the source file name and line number where each NAME is defined are + displayed as well. '-F' implies '-f'. + + The '-g' option forces variables to be created or modified at the + global scope, even when 'declare' is executed in a shell function. + It is ignored in all other cases. + + The '-I' option causes local variables to inherit the attributes + (except the 'nameref' attribute) and value of any existing variable + with the same NAME at a surrounding scope. If there is no existing + variable, the local variable is initially unset. + + The following options can be used to restrict output to variables + with the specified attributes or to give variables attributes: + + '-a' + Each NAME is an indexed array variable (*note Arrays::). + + '-A' + Each NAME is an associative array variable (*note Arrays::). + + '-f' + Use function names only. + + '-i' + The variable is to be treated as an integer; arithmetic + evaluation (*note Shell Arithmetic::) is performed when the + variable is assigned a value. + + '-l' + When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case + characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case + attribute is disabled. + + '-n' + Give each NAME the 'nameref' attribute, making it a name + reference to another variable. That other variable is defined + by the value of NAME. All references, assignments, and + attribute modifications to NAME, except for those using or + changing the '-n' attribute itself, are performed on the + variable referenced by NAME's value. The nameref attribute + cannot be applied to array variables. + + '-r' + Make NAMEs readonly. These names cannot then be assigned + values by subsequent assignment statements or unset. + + '-t' + Give each NAME the 'trace' attribute. Traced functions + inherit the 'DEBUG' and 'RETURN' traps from the calling shell. + The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables. + + '-u' + When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case + characters are converted to upper-case. The lower-case + attribute is disabled. + + '-x' + Mark each NAME for export to subsequent commands via the + environment. + + Using '+' instead of '-' turns off the attribute instead, with the + exceptions that '+a' and '+A' may not be used to destroy array + variables and '+r' will not remove the readonly attribute. When + used in a function, 'declare' makes each NAME local, as with the + 'local' command, unless the '-g' option is used. If a variable + name is followed by =VALUE, the value of the variable is set to + VALUE. + + When using '-a' or '-A' and the compound assignment syntax to + create array variables, additional attributes do not take effect + until subsequent assignments. + + The return status is zero unless an invalid option is encountered, + an attempt is made to define a function using '-f foo=bar', an + attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable, an + attempt is made to assign a value to an array variable without + using the compound assignment syntax (*note Arrays::), one of the + NAMEs is not a valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to + turn off readonly status for a readonly variable, an attempt is + made to turn off array status for an array variable, or an attempt + is made to display a non-existent function with '-f'. + +'echo' + echo [-neE] [ARG ...] + + Output the ARGs, separated by spaces, terminated with a newline. + The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. If '-n' is + specified, the trailing newline is suppressed. If the '-e' option + is given, interpretation of the following backslash-escaped + characters is enabled. The '-E' option disables the interpretation + of these escape characters, even on systems where they are + interpreted by default. The 'xpg_echo' shell option may be used to + dynamically determine whether or not 'echo' expands these escape + characters by default. 'echo' does not interpret '--' to mean the + end of options. + + 'echo' interprets the following escape sequences: + '\a' + alert (bell) + '\b' + backspace + '\c' + suppress further output + '\e' + '\E' + escape + '\f' + form feed + '\n' + new line + '\r' + carriage return + '\t' + horizontal tab + '\v' + vertical tab + '\\' + backslash + '\0NNN' + the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN + (zero to three octal digits) + '\xHH' + the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value + HH (one or two hex digits) + '\uHHHH' + the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + hexadecimal value HHHH (one to four hex digits) + '\UHHHHHHHH' + the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + hexadecimal value HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits) + +'enable' + enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f FILENAME] [NAME ...] + + Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin + allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin to + be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though the + shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. If '-n' + is used, the NAMEs become disabled. Otherwise NAMEs are enabled. + For example, to use the 'test' binary found via '$PATH' instead of + the shell builtin version, type 'enable -n test'. + + If the '-p' option is supplied, or no NAME arguments appear, a list + of shell builtins is printed. With no other arguments, the list + consists of all enabled shell builtins. The '-a' option means to + list each builtin with an indication of whether or not it is + enabled. + + The '-f' option means to load the new builtin command NAME from + shared object FILENAME, on systems that support dynamic loading. + Bash will use the value of the 'BASH_LOADABLES_PATH' variable as a + colon-separated list of directories in which to search for + FILENAME. The default is system-dependent. The '-d' option will + delete a builtin loaded with '-f'. + + If there are no options, a list of the shell builtins is displayed. + The '-s' option restricts 'enable' to the POSIX special builtins. + If '-s' is used with '-f', the new builtin becomes a special + builtin (*note Special Builtins::). + + If no options are supplied and a NAME is not a shell builtin, + 'enable' will attempt to load NAME from a shared object named NAME, + as if the command were 'enable -f NAME NAME'. + + The return status is zero unless a NAME is not a shell builtin or + there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object. + +'help' + help [-dms] [PATTERN] + + Display helpful information about builtin commands. If PATTERN is + specified, 'help' gives detailed help on all commands matching + PATTERN, otherwise a list of the builtins is printed. + + Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: + + '-d' + Display a short description of each PATTERN + '-m' + Display the description of each PATTERN in a manpage-like + format + '-s' + Display only a short usage synopsis for each PATTERN + + The return status is zero unless no command matches PATTERN. + +'let' + let EXPRESSION [EXPRESSION ...] + + The 'let' builtin allows arithmetic to be performed on shell + variables. Each EXPRESSION is evaluated according to the rules + given below in *note Shell Arithmetic::. If the last EXPRESSION + evaluates to 0, 'let' returns 1; otherwise 0 is returned. + +'local' + local [OPTION] NAME[=VALUE] ... + + For each argument, a local variable named NAME is created, and + assigned VALUE. The OPTION can be any of the options accepted by + 'declare'. 'local' can only be used within a function; it makes + the variable NAME have a visible scope restricted to that function + and its children. If NAME is '-', the set of shell options is made + local to the function in which 'local' is invoked: shell options + changed using the 'set' builtin inside the function are restored to + their original values when the function returns. The restore is + effected as if a series of 'set' commands were executed to restore + the values that were in place before the function. The return + status is zero unless 'local' is used outside a function, an + invalid NAME is supplied, or NAME is a readonly variable. + +'logout' + logout [N] + + Exit a login shell, returning a status of N to the shell's parent. + +'mapfile' + mapfile [-d DELIM] [-n COUNT] [-O ORIGIN] [-s COUNT] + [-t] [-u FD] [-C CALLBACK] [-c QUANTUM] [ARRAY] + + Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable + ARRAY, or from file descriptor FD if the '-u' option is supplied. + The variable 'MAPFILE' is the default ARRAY. Options, if supplied, + have the following meanings: + + '-d' + The first character of DELIM is used to terminate each input + line, rather than newline. If DELIM is the empty string, + 'mapfile' will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character. + '-n' + Copy at most COUNT lines. If COUNT is 0, all lines are + copied. + '-O' + Begin assigning to ARRAY at index ORIGIN. The default index + is 0. + '-s' + Discard the first COUNT lines read. + '-t' + Remove a trailing DELIM (default newline) from each line read. + '-u' + Read lines from file descriptor FD instead of the standard + input. + '-C' + Evaluate CALLBACK each time QUANTUM lines are read. The '-c' + option specifies QUANTUM. + '-c' + Specify the number of lines read between each call to + CALLBACK. + + If '-C' is specified without '-c', the default quantum is 5000. + When CALLBACK is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next + array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that + element as additional arguments. CALLBACK is evaluated after the + line is read but before the array element is assigned. + + If not supplied with an explicit origin, 'mapfile' will clear ARRAY + before assigning to it. + + 'mapfile' returns successfully unless an invalid option or option + argument is supplied, ARRAY is invalid or unassignable, or ARRAY is + not an indexed array. + +'printf' + printf [-v VAR] FORMAT [ARGUMENTS] + + Write the formatted ARGUMENTS to the standard output under the + control of the FORMAT. The '-v' option causes the output to be + assigned to the variable VAR rather than being printed to the + standard output. + + The FORMAT is a character string which contains three types of + objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard + output, character escape sequences, which are converted and copied + to the standard output, and format specifications, each of which + causes printing of the next successive ARGUMENT. In addition to + the standard 'printf(1)' formats, 'printf' interprets the following + extensions: + + '%b' + Causes 'printf' to expand backslash escape sequences in the + corresponding ARGUMENT in the same way as 'echo -e' (*note + Bash Builtins::). + '%q' + Causes 'printf' to output the corresponding ARGUMENT in a + format that can be reused as shell input. + '%Q' + like '%q', but applies any supplied precision to the ARGUMENT + before quoting it. + '%(DATEFMT)T' + Causes 'printf' to output the date-time string resulting from + using DATEFMT as a format string for 'strftime'(3). The + corresponding ARGUMENT is an integer representing the number + of seconds since the epoch. Two special argument values may + be used: -1 represents the current time, and -2 represents the + time the shell was invoked. If no argument is specified, + conversion behaves as if -1 had been given. This is an + exception to the usual 'printf' behavior. + + The %b, %q, and %T directives all use the field width and precision + arguments from the format specification and write that many bytes + from (or use that wide a field for) the expanded argument, which + usually contains more characters than the original. + + Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C language + constants, except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and + if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value is + the ASCII value of the following character. + + The FORMAT is reused as necessary to consume all of the ARGUMENTS. + If the FORMAT requires more ARGUMENTS than are supplied, the extra + format specifications behave as if a zero value or null string, as + appropriate, had been supplied. The return value is zero on + success, non-zero on failure. + +'read' + read [-ers] [-a ANAME] [-d DELIM] [-i TEXT] [-n NCHARS] + [-N NCHARS] [-p PROMPT] [-t TIMEOUT] [-u FD] [NAME ...] + + One line is read from the standard input, or from the file + descriptor FD supplied as an argument to the '-u' option, split + into words as described above in *note Word Splitting::, and the + first word is assigned to the first NAME, the second word to the + second NAME, and so on. If there are more words than names, the + remaining words and their intervening delimiters are assigned to + the last NAME. If there are fewer words read from the input stream + than names, the remaining names are assigned empty values. The + characters in the value of the 'IFS' variable are used to split the + line into words using the same rules the shell uses for expansion + (described above in *note Word Splitting::). The backslash + character '\' may be used to remove any special meaning for the + next character read and for line continuation. + + Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: + + '-a ANAME' + The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array + variable ANAME, starting at 0. All elements are removed from + ANAME before the assignment. Other NAME arguments are + ignored. + + '-d DELIM' + The first character of DELIM is used to terminate the input + line, rather than newline. If DELIM is the empty string, + 'read' will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character. + + '-e' + Readline (*note Command Line Editing::) is used to obtain the + line. Readline uses the current (or default, if line editing + was not previously active) editing settings, but uses + Readline's default filename completion. + + '-i TEXT' + If Readline is being used to read the line, TEXT is placed + into the editing buffer before editing begins. + + '-n NCHARS' + 'read' returns after reading NCHARS characters rather than + waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delimiter + if fewer than NCHARS characters are read before the delimiter. + + '-N NCHARS' + 'read' returns after reading exactly NCHARS characters rather + than waiting for a complete line of input, unless EOF is + encountered or 'read' times out. Delimiter characters + encountered in the input are not treated specially and do not + cause 'read' to return until NCHARS characters are read. The + result is not split on the characters in 'IFS'; the intent is + that the variable is assigned exactly the characters read + (with the exception of backslash; see the '-r' option below). + + '-p PROMPT' + Display PROMPT, without a trailing newline, before attempting + to read any input. The prompt is displayed only if input is + coming from a terminal. + + '-r' + If this option is given, backslash does not act as an escape + character. The backslash is considered to be part of the + line. In particular, a backslash-newline pair may not then be + used as a line continuation. + + '-s' + Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, characters + are not echoed. + + '-t TIMEOUT' + Cause 'read' to time out and return failure if a complete line + of input (or a specified number of characters) is not read + within TIMEOUT seconds. TIMEOUT may be a decimal number with + a fractional portion following the decimal point. This option + is only effective if 'read' is reading input from a terminal, + pipe, or other special file; it has no effect when reading + from regular files. If 'read' times out, 'read' saves any + partial input read into the specified variable NAME. If + TIMEOUT is 0, 'read' returns immediately, without trying to + read any data. The exit status is 0 if input is available on + the specified file descriptor, or the read will return EOF, + non-zero otherwise. The exit status is greater than 128 if + the timeout is exceeded. + + '-u FD' + Read input from file descriptor FD. + + If no NAMEs are supplied, the line read, without the ending + delimiter but otherwise unmodified, is assigned to the variable + 'REPLY'. The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is + encountered, 'read' times out (in which case the status is greater + than 128), a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a + readonly variable) occurs, or an invalid file descriptor is + supplied as the argument to '-u'. + +'readarray' + readarray [-d DELIM] [-n COUNT] [-O ORIGIN] [-s COUNT] + [-t] [-u FD] [-C CALLBACK] [-c QUANTUM] [ARRAY] + + Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable + ARRAY, or from file descriptor FD if the '-u' option is supplied. + + A synonym for 'mapfile'. + +'source' + source FILENAME + + A synonym for '.' (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). + +'type' + type [-afptP] [NAME ...] + + For each NAME, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a + command name. + + If the '-t' option is used, 'type' prints a single word which is + one of 'alias', 'function', 'builtin', 'file' or 'keyword', if NAME + is an alias, shell function, shell builtin, disk file, or shell + reserved word, respectively. If the NAME is not found, then + nothing is printed, and 'type' returns a failure status. + + If the '-p' option is used, 'type' either returns the name of the + disk file that would be executed, or nothing if '-t' would not + return 'file'. + + The '-P' option forces a path search for each NAME, even if '-t' + would not return 'file'. + + If a command is hashed, '-p' and '-P' print the hashed value, which + is not necessarily the file that appears first in '$PATH'. + + If the '-a' option is used, 'type' returns all of the places that + contain an executable named FILE. This includes aliases and + functions, if and only if the '-p' option is not also used. + + If the '-f' option is used, 'type' does not attempt to find shell + functions, as with the 'command' builtin. + + The return status is zero if all of the NAMEs are found, non-zero + if any are not found. + +'typeset' + typeset [-afFgrxilnrtux] [-p] [NAME[=VALUE] ...] + + The 'typeset' command is supplied for compatibility with the Korn + shell. It is a synonym for the 'declare' builtin command. + +'ulimit' + ulimit [-HS] -a + ulimit [-HS] [-bcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPRT] [LIMIT] + + 'ulimit' provides control over the resources available to processes + started by the shell, on systems that allow such control. If an + option is given, it is interpreted as follows: + + '-S' + Change and report the soft limit associated with a resource. + + '-H' + Change and report the hard limit associated with a resource. + + '-a' + All current limits are reported; no limits are set. + + '-b' + The maximum socket buffer size. + + '-c' + The maximum size of core files created. + + '-d' + The maximum size of a process's data segment. + + '-e' + The maximum scheduling priority ("nice"). + + '-f' + The maximum size of files written by the shell and its + children. + + '-i' + The maximum number of pending signals. + + '-k' + The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated. + + '-l' + The maximum size that may be locked into memory. + + '-m' + The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this + limit). + + '-n' + The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do + not allow this value to be set). + + '-p' + The pipe buffer size. + + '-q' + The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues. + + '-r' + The maximum real-time scheduling priority. + + '-s' + The maximum stack size. + + '-t' + The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds. + + '-u' + The maximum number of processes available to a single user. + + '-v' + The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell, + and, on some systems, to its children. + + '-x' + The maximum number of file locks. + + '-P' + The maximum number of pseudoterminals. + + '-R' + The maximum time a real-time process can run before blocking, + in microseconds. + + '-T' + The maximum number of threads. + + If LIMIT is given, and the '-a' option is not used, LIMIT is the + new value of the specified resource. The special LIMIT values + 'hard', 'soft', and 'unlimited' stand for the current hard limit, + the current soft limit, and no limit, respectively. A hard limit + cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a soft limit + may be increased up to the value of the hard limit. Otherwise, the + current value of the soft limit for the specified resource is + printed, unless the '-H' option is supplied. When more than one + resource is specified, the limit name and unit, if appropriate, are + printed before the value. When setting new limits, if neither '-H' + nor '-S' is supplied, both the hard and soft limits are set. If no + option is given, then '-f' is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte + increments, except for '-t', which is in seconds; '-R', which is in + microseconds; '-p', which is in units of 512-byte blocks; '-P', + '-T', '-b', '-k', '-n' and '-u', which are unscaled values; and, + when in POSIX Mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::), '-c' and '-f', which + are in 512-byte increments. + + The return status is zero unless an invalid option or argument is + supplied, or an error occurs while setting a new limit. + +'unalias' + unalias [-a] [NAME ... ] + + Remove each NAME from the list of aliases. If '-a' is supplied, + all aliases are removed. Aliases are described in *note Aliases::. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Modifying Shell Behavior, Next: Special Builtins, Prev: Bash Builtins, Up: Shell Builtin Commands + +4.3 Modifying Shell Behavior +============================ + +* Menu: + +* The Set Builtin:: Change the values of shell attributes and + positional parameters. +* The Shopt Builtin:: Modify shell optional behavior. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: The Set Builtin, Next: The Shopt Builtin, Up: Modifying Shell Behavior + +4.3.1 The Set Builtin +--------------------- + +This builtin is so complicated that it deserves its own section. 'set' +allows you to change the values of shell options and set the positional +parameters, or to display the names and values of shell variables. + +'set' + set [-abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [-o OPTION-NAME] [--] [-] [ARGUMENT ...] + set [+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [+o OPTION-NAME] [--] [-] [ARGUMENT ...] + + If no options or arguments are supplied, 'set' displays the names + and values of all shell variables and functions, sorted according + to the current locale, in a format that may be reused as input for + setting or resetting the currently-set variables. Read-only + variables cannot be reset. In POSIX mode, only shell variables are + listed. + + When options are supplied, they set or unset shell attributes. + Options, if specified, have the following meanings: + + '-a' + Each variable or function that is created or modified is given + the export attribute and marked for export to the environment + of subsequent commands. + + '-b' + Cause the status of terminated background jobs to be reported + immediately, rather than before printing the next primary + prompt. + + '-e' + Exit immediately if a pipeline (*note Pipelines::), which may + consist of a single simple command (*note Simple Commands::), + a list (*note Lists::), or a compound command (*note Compound + Commands::) returns a non-zero status. The shell does not + exit if the command that fails is part of the command list + immediately following a 'while' or 'until' keyword, part of + the test in an 'if' statement, part of any command executed in + a '&&' or '||' list except the command following the final + '&&' or '||', any command in a pipeline but the last, or if + the command's return status is being inverted with '!'. If a + compound command other than a subshell returns a non-zero + status because a command failed while '-e' was being ignored, + the shell does not exit. A trap on 'ERR', if set, is executed + before the shell exits. + + This option applies to the shell environment and each subshell + environment separately (*note Command Execution + Environment::), and may cause subshells to exit before + executing all the commands in the subshell. + + If a compound command or shell function executes in a context + where '-e' is being ignored, none of the commands executed + within the compound command or function body will be affected + by the '-e' setting, even if '-e' is set and a command returns + a failure status. If a compound command or shell function + sets '-e' while executing in a context where '-e' is ignored, + that setting will not have any effect until the compound + command or the command containing the function call completes. + + '-f' + Disable filename expansion (globbing). + + '-h' + Locate and remember (hash) commands as they are looked up for + execution. This option is enabled by default. + + '-k' + All arguments in the form of assignment statements are placed + in the environment for a command, not just those that precede + the command name. + + '-m' + Job control is enabled (*note Job Control::). All processes + run in a separate process group. When a background job + completes, the shell prints a line containing its exit status. + + '-n' + Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used to + check a script for syntax errors. This option is ignored by + interactive shells. + + '-o OPTION-NAME' + + Set the option corresponding to OPTION-NAME: + + 'allexport' + Same as '-a'. + + 'braceexpand' + Same as '-B'. + + 'emacs' + Use an 'emacs'-style line editing interface (*note + Command Line Editing::). This also affects the editing + interface used for 'read -e'. + + 'errexit' + Same as '-e'. + + 'errtrace' + Same as '-E'. + + 'functrace' + Same as '-T'. + + 'hashall' + Same as '-h'. + + 'histexpand' + Same as '-H'. + + 'history' + Enable command history, as described in *note Bash + History Facilities::. This option is on by default in + interactive shells. + + 'ignoreeof' + An interactive shell will not exit upon reading EOF. + + 'keyword' + Same as '-k'. + + 'monitor' + Same as '-m'. + + 'noclobber' + Same as '-C'. + + 'noexec' + Same as '-n'. + + 'noglob' + Same as '-f'. + + 'nolog' + Currently ignored. + + 'notify' + Same as '-b'. + + 'nounset' + Same as '-u'. + + 'onecmd' + Same as '-t'. + + 'physical' + Same as '-P'. + + 'pipefail' + If set, the return value of a pipeline is the value of + the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero + status, or zero if all commands in the pipeline exit + successfully. This option is disabled by default. + + 'posix' + Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation + differs from the POSIX standard to match the standard + (*note Bash POSIX Mode::). This is intended to make Bash + behave as a strict superset of that standard. + + 'privileged' + Same as '-p'. + + 'verbose' + Same as '-v'. + + 'vi' + Use a 'vi'-style line editing interface. This also + affects the editing interface used for 'read -e'. + + 'xtrace' + Same as '-x'. + + '-p' + Turn on privileged mode. In this mode, the '$BASH_ENV' and + '$ENV' files are not processed, shell functions are not + inherited from the environment, and the 'SHELLOPTS', + 'BASHOPTS', 'CDPATH' and 'GLOBIGNORE' variables, if they + appear in the environment, are ignored. If the shell is + started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the + real user (group) id, and the '-p' option is not supplied, + these actions are taken and the effective user id is set to + the real user id. If the '-p' option is supplied at startup, + the effective user id is not reset. Turning this option off + causes the effective user and group ids to be set to the real + user and group ids. + + '-r' + Enable restricted shell mode. This option cannot be unset + once it has been set. + + '-t' + Exit after reading and executing one command. + + '-u' + Treat unset variables and parameters other than the special + parameters '@' or '*', or array variables subscripted with '@' + or '*', as an error when performing parameter expansion. An + error message will be written to the standard error, and a + non-interactive shell will exit. + + '-v' + Print shell input lines as they are read. + + '-x' + Print a trace of simple commands, 'for' commands, 'case' + commands, 'select' commands, and arithmetic 'for' commands and + their arguments or associated word lists after they are + expanded and before they are executed. The value of the 'PS4' + variable is expanded and the resultant value is printed before + the command and its expanded arguments. + + '-B' + The shell will perform brace expansion (*note Brace + Expansion::). This option is on by default. + + '-C' + Prevent output redirection using '>', '>&', and '<>' from + overwriting existing files. + + '-E' + If set, any trap on 'ERR' is inherited by shell functions, + command substitutions, and commands executed in a subshell + environment. The 'ERR' trap is normally not inherited in such + cases. + + '-H' + Enable '!' style history substitution (*note History + Interaction::). This option is on by default for interactive + shells. + + '-P' + If set, do not resolve symbolic links when performing commands + such as 'cd' which change the current directory. The physical + directory is used instead. By default, Bash follows the + logical chain of directories when performing commands which + change the current directory. + + For example, if '/usr/sys' is a symbolic link to + '/usr/local/sys' then: + $ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD + /usr/sys + $ cd ..; pwd + /usr + + If 'set -P' is on, then: + $ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD + /usr/local/sys + $ cd ..; pwd + /usr/local + + '-T' + If set, any trap on 'DEBUG' and 'RETURN' are inherited by + shell functions, command substitutions, and commands executed + in a subshell environment. The 'DEBUG' and 'RETURN' traps are + normally not inherited in such cases. + + '--' + If no arguments follow this option, then the positional + parameters are unset. Otherwise, the positional parameters + are set to the ARGUMENTS, even if some of them begin with a + '-'. + + '-' + Signal the end of options, cause all remaining ARGUMENTS to be + assigned to the positional parameters. The '-x' and '-v' + options are turned off. If there are no arguments, the + positional parameters remain unchanged. + + Using '+' rather than '-' causes these options to be turned off. + The options can also be used upon invocation of the shell. The + current set of options may be found in '$-'. + + The remaining N ARGUMENTS are positional parameters and are + assigned, in order, to '$1', '$2', ... '$N'. The special parameter + '#' is set to N. + + The return status is always zero unless an invalid option is + supplied. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: The Shopt Builtin, Prev: The Set Builtin, Up: Modifying Shell Behavior + +4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin +----------------------- + +This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior. + +'shopt' + shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [OPTNAME ...] + + Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behavior. + The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the '-o' + option is used, those available with the '-o' option to the 'set' + builtin command (*note The Set Builtin::). With no options, or + with the '-p' option, a list of all settable options is displayed, + with an indication of whether or not each is set; if OPTNAMEs are + supplied, the output is restricted to those options. The '-p' + option causes output to be displayed in a form that may be reused + as input. Other options have the following meanings: + + '-s' + Enable (set) each OPTNAME. + + '-u' + Disable (unset) each OPTNAME. + + '-q' + Suppresses normal output; the return status indicates whether + the OPTNAME is set or unset. If multiple OPTNAME arguments + are given with '-q', the return status is zero if all OPTNAMEs + are enabled; non-zero otherwise. + + '-o' + Restricts the values of OPTNAME to be those defined for the + '-o' option to the 'set' builtin (*note The Set Builtin::). + + If either '-s' or '-u' is used with no OPTNAME arguments, 'shopt' + shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively. + + Unless otherwise noted, the 'shopt' options are disabled (off) by + default. + + The return status when listing options is zero if all OPTNAMEs are + enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting options, + the return status is zero unless an OPTNAME is not a valid shell + option. + + The list of 'shopt' options is: + + 'assoc_expand_once' + If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of + associative array subscripts during arithmetic expression + evaluation, while executing builtins that can perform variable + assignments, and while executing builtins that perform array + dereferencing. + + 'autocd' + If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is + executed as if it were the argument to the 'cd' command. This + option is only used by interactive shells. + + 'cdable_vars' + If this is set, an argument to the 'cd' builtin command that + is not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable + whose value is the directory to change to. + + 'cdspell' + If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component + in a 'cd' command will be corrected. The errors checked for + are transposed characters, a missing character, and a + character too many. If a correction is found, the corrected + path is printed, and the command proceeds. This option is + only used by interactive shells. + + 'checkhash' + If this is set, Bash checks that a command found in the hash + table exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed command + no longer exists, a normal path search is performed. + + 'checkjobs' + If set, Bash lists the status of any stopped and running jobs + before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs are running, + this causes the exit to be deferred until a second exit is + attempted without an intervening command (*note Job + Control::). The shell always postpones exiting if any jobs + are stopped. + + 'checkwinsize' + If set, Bash checks the window size after each external + (non-builtin) command and, if necessary, updates the values of + 'LINES' and 'COLUMNS'. This option is enabled by default. + + 'cmdhist' + If set, Bash attempts to save all lines of a multiple-line + command in the same history entry. This allows easy + re-editing of multi-line commands. This option is enabled by + default, but only has an effect if command history is enabled + (*note Bash History Facilities::). + + 'compat31' + 'compat32' + 'compat40' + 'compat41' + 'compat42' + 'compat43' + 'compat44' + These control aspects of the shell's compatibility mode (*note + Shell Compatibility Mode::). + + 'complete_fullquote' + If set, Bash quotes all shell metacharacters in filenames and + directory names when performing completion. If not set, Bash + removes metacharacters such as the dollar sign from the set of + characters that will be quoted in completed filenames when + these metacharacters appear in shell variable references in + words to be completed. This means that dollar signs in + variable names that expand to directories will not be quoted; + however, any dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be + quoted, either. This is active only when bash is using + backslashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is + set by default, which is the default Bash behavior in versions + through 4.2. + + 'direxpand' + If set, Bash replaces directory names with the results of word + expansion when performing filename completion. This changes + the contents of the Readline editing buffer. If not set, Bash + attempts to preserve what the user typed. + + 'dirspell' + If set, Bash attempts spelling correction on directory names + during word completion if the directory name initially + supplied does not exist. + + 'dotglob' + If set, Bash includes filenames beginning with a '.' in the + results of filename expansion. The filenames '.' and '..' + must always be matched explicitly, even if 'dotglob' is set. + + 'execfail' + If this is set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it + cannot execute the file specified as an argument to the 'exec' + builtin command. An interactive shell does not exit if 'exec' + fails. + + 'expand_aliases' + If set, aliases are expanded as described below under Aliases, + *note Aliases::. This option is enabled by default for + interactive shells. + + 'extdebug' + If set at shell invocation, or in a shell startup file, + arrange to execute the debugger profile before the shell + starts, identical to the '--debugger' option. If set after + invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled: + + 1. The '-F' option to the 'declare' builtin (*note Bash + Builtins::) displays the source file name and line number + corresponding to each function name supplied as an + argument. + + 2. If the command run by the 'DEBUG' trap returns a non-zero + value, the next command is skipped and not executed. + + 3. If the command run by the 'DEBUG' trap returns a value of + 2, and the shell is executing in a subroutine (a shell + function or a shell script executed by the '.' or + 'source' builtins), the shell simulates a call to + 'return'. + + 4. 'BASH_ARGC' and 'BASH_ARGV' are updated as described in + their descriptions (*note Bash Variables::). + + 5. Function tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell + functions, and subshells invoked with '( COMMAND )' + inherit the 'DEBUG' and 'RETURN' traps. + + 6. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell + functions, and subshells invoked with '( COMMAND )' + inherit the 'ERR' trap. + + 'extglob' + If set, the extended pattern matching features described above + (*note Pattern Matching::) are enabled. + + 'extquote' + If set, '$'STRING'' and '$"STRING"' quoting is performed + within '${PARAMETER}' expansions enclosed in double quotes. + This option is enabled by default. + + 'failglob' + If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during filename + expansion result in an expansion error. + + 'force_fignore' + If set, the suffixes specified by the 'FIGNORE' shell variable + cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even + if the ignored words are the only possible completions. *Note + Bash Variables::, for a description of 'FIGNORE'. This option + is enabled by default. + + 'globasciiranges' + If set, range expressions used in pattern matching bracket + expressions (*note Pattern Matching::) behave as if in the + traditional C locale when performing comparisons. That is, + the current locale's collating sequence is not taken into + account, so 'b' will not collate between 'A' and 'B', and + upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters will collate + together. + + 'globskipdots' + If set, filename expansion will never match the filenames '.' + and '..', even if the pattern begins with a '.'. This option + is enabled by default. + + 'globstar' + If set, the pattern '**' used in a filename expansion context + will match all files and zero or more directories and + subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a '/', only + directories and subdirectories match. + + 'gnu_errfmt' + If set, shell error messages are written in the standard GNU + error message format. + + 'histappend' + If set, the history list is appended to the file named by the + value of the 'HISTFILE' variable when the shell exits, rather + than overwriting the file. + + 'histreedit' + If set, and Readline is being used, a user is given the + opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution. + + 'histverify' + If set, and Readline is being used, the results of history + substitution are not immediately passed to the shell parser. + Instead, the resulting line is loaded into the Readline + editing buffer, allowing further modification. + + 'hostcomplete' + If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will attempt to + perform hostname completion when a word containing a '@' is + being completed (*note Commands For Completion::). This + option is enabled by default. + + 'huponexit' + If set, Bash will send 'SIGHUP' to all jobs when an + interactive login shell exits (*note Signals::). + + 'inherit_errexit' + If set, command substitution inherits the value of the + 'errexit' option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell + environment. This option is enabled when POSIX mode is + enabled. + + 'interactive_comments' + Allow a word beginning with '#' to cause that word and all + remaining characters on that line to be ignored in an + interactive shell. This option is enabled by default. + + 'lastpipe' + If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the last + command of a pipeline not executed in the background in the + current shell environment. + + 'lithist' + If enabled, and the 'cmdhist' option is enabled, multi-line + commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines + rather than using semicolon separators where possible. + + 'localvar_inherit' + If set, local variables inherit the value and attributes of a + variable of the same name that exists at a previous scope + before any new value is assigned. The 'nameref' attribute is + not inherited. + + 'localvar_unset' + If set, calling 'unset' on local variables in previous + function scopes marks them so subsequent lookups find them + unset until that function returns. This is identical to the + behavior of unsetting local variables at the current function + scope. + + 'login_shell' + The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell + (*note Invoking Bash::). The value may not be changed. + + 'mailwarn' + If set, and a file that Bash is checking for mail has been + accessed since the last time it was checked, the message '"The + mail in MAILFILE has been read"' is displayed. + + 'no_empty_cmd_completion' + If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will not attempt to + search the 'PATH' for possible completions when completion is + attempted on an empty line. + + 'nocaseglob' + If set, Bash matches filenames in a case-insensitive fashion + when performing filename expansion. + + 'nocasematch' + If set, Bash matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion + when performing matching while executing 'case' or '[[' + conditional commands (*note Conditional Constructs::, when + performing pattern substitution word expansions, or when + filtering possible completions as part of programmable + completion. + + 'noexpand_translation' + If set, Bash encloses the translated results of $"..." + quoting in single quotes instead of double quotes. If the + string is not translated, this has no effect. + + 'nullglob' + If set, Bash allows filename patterns which match no files to + expand to a null string, rather than themselves. + + 'patsub_replacement' + If set, Bash expands occurrences of '&' in the replacement + string of pattern substitution to the text matched by the + pattern, as described above (*note Shell Parameter + Expansion::). This option is enabled by default. + + 'progcomp' + If set, the programmable completion facilities (*note + Programmable Completion::) are enabled. This option is + enabled by default. + + 'progcomp_alias' + If set, and programmable completion is enabled, Bash treats a + command name that doesn't have any completions as a possible + alias and attempts alias expansion. If it has an alias, Bash + attempts programmable completion using the command word + resulting from the expanded alias. + + 'promptvars' + If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, command + substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal after + being expanded as described below (*note Controlling the + Prompt::). This option is enabled by default. + + 'restricted_shell' + The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode + (*note The Restricted Shell::). The value may not be changed. + This is not reset when the startup files are executed, + allowing the startup files to discover whether or not a shell + is restricted. + + 'shift_verbose' + If this is set, the 'shift' builtin prints an error message + when the shift count exceeds the number of positional + parameters. + + 'sourcepath' + If set, the '.' ('source') builtin uses the value of 'PATH' to + find the directory containing the file supplied as an + argument. This option is enabled by default. + + 'varredir_close' + If set, the shell automatically closes file descriptors + assigned using the '{varname}' redirection syntax (*note + Redirections::) instead of leaving them open when the command + completes. + + 'xpg_echo' + If set, the 'echo' builtin expands backslash-escape sequences + by default. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Special Builtins, Prev: Modifying Shell Behavior, Up: Shell Builtin Commands + +4.4 Special Builtins +==================== + +For historical reasons, the POSIX standard has classified several +builtin commands as _special_. When Bash is executing in POSIX mode, +the special builtins differ from other builtin commands in three +respects: + + 1. Special builtins are found before shell functions during command + lookup. + + 2. If a special builtin returns an error status, a non-interactive + shell exits. + + 3. Assignment statements preceding the command stay in effect in the + shell environment after the command completes. + + When Bash is not executing in POSIX mode, these builtins behave no +differently than the rest of the Bash builtin commands. The Bash POSIX +mode is described in *note Bash POSIX Mode::. + + These are the POSIX special builtins: + break : . continue eval exec exit export readonly return set + shift trap unset + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Variables, Next: Bash Features, Prev: Shell Builtin Commands, Up: Top + +5 Shell Variables +***************** + +* Menu: + +* Bourne Shell Variables:: Variables which Bash uses in the same way + as the Bourne Shell. +* Bash Variables:: List of variables that exist in Bash. + +This chapter describes the shell variables that Bash uses. Bash +automatically assigns default values to a number of variables. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Bourne Shell Variables, Next: Bash Variables, Up: Shell Variables + +5.1 Bourne Shell Variables +========================== + +Bash uses certain shell variables in the same way as the Bourne shell. +In some cases, Bash assigns a default value to the variable. + +'CDPATH' + A colon-separated list of directories used as a search path for the + 'cd' builtin command. + +'HOME' + The current user's home directory; the default for the 'cd' builtin + command. The value of this variable is also used by tilde + expansion (*note Tilde Expansion::). + +'IFS' + A list of characters that separate fields; used when the shell + splits words as part of expansion. + +'MAIL' + If this parameter is set to a filename or directory name and the + 'MAILPATH' variable is not set, Bash informs the user of the + arrival of mail in the specified file or Maildir-format directory. + +'MAILPATH' + A colon-separated list of filenames which the shell periodically + checks for new mail. Each list entry can specify the message that + is printed when new mail arrives in the mail file by separating the + filename from the message with a '?'. When used in the text of the + message, '$_' expands to the name of the current mail file. + +'OPTARG' + The value of the last option argument processed by the 'getopts' + builtin. + +'OPTIND' + The index of the last option argument processed by the 'getopts' + builtin. + +'PATH' + A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for + commands. A zero-length (null) directory name in the value of + 'PATH' indicates the current directory. A null directory name may + appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial or trailing colon. + +'PS1' + The primary prompt string. The default value is '\s-\v\$ '. *Note + Controlling the Prompt::, for the complete list of escape sequences + that are expanded before 'PS1' is displayed. + +'PS2' + The secondary prompt string. The default value is '> '. 'PS2' is + expanded in the same way as 'PS1' before being displayed. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Bash Variables, Prev: Bourne Shell Variables, Up: Shell Variables + +5.2 Bash Variables +================== + +These variables are set or used by Bash, but other shells do not +normally treat them specially. + + A few variables used by Bash are described in different chapters: +variables for controlling the job control facilities (*note Job Control +Variables::). + +'_' + ($_, an underscore.) At shell startup, set to the pathname used to + invoke the shell or shell script being executed as passed in the + environment or argument list. Subsequently, expands to the last + argument to the previous simple command executed in the foreground, + after expansion. Also set to the full pathname used to invoke each + command executed and placed in the environment exported to that + command. When checking mail, this parameter holds the name of the + mail file. + +'BASH' + The full pathname used to execute the current instance of Bash. + +'BASHOPTS' + A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in the + list is a valid argument for the '-s' option to the 'shopt' builtin + command (*note The Shopt Builtin::). The options appearing in + 'BASHOPTS' are those reported as 'on' by 'shopt'. If this variable + is in the environment when Bash starts up, each shell option in the + list will be enabled before reading any startup files. This + variable is readonly. + +'BASHPID' + Expands to the process ID of the current Bash process. This + differs from '$$' under certain circumstances, such as subshells + that do not require Bash to be re-initialized. Assignments to + 'BASHPID' have no effect. If 'BASHPID' is unset, it loses its + special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. + +'BASH_ALIASES' + An associative array variable whose members correspond to the + internal list of aliases as maintained by the 'alias' builtin. + (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). Elements added to this array + appear in the alias list; however, unsetting array elements + currently does not cause aliases to be removed from the alias list. + If 'BASH_ALIASES' is unset, it loses its special properties, even + if it is subsequently reset. + +'BASH_ARGC' + An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each + frame of the current bash execution call stack. The number of + parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or script + executed with '.' or 'source') is at the top of the stack. When a + subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed is pushed + onto 'BASH_ARGC'. The shell sets 'BASH_ARGC' only when in extended + debugging mode (see *note The Shopt Builtin:: for a description of + the 'extdebug' option to the 'shopt' builtin). Setting 'extdebug' + after the shell has started to execute a script, or referencing + this variable when 'extdebug' is not set, may result in + inconsistent values. + +'BASH_ARGV' + An array variable containing all of the parameters in the current + bash execution call stack. The final parameter of the last + subroutine call is at the top of the stack; the first parameter of + the initial call is at the bottom. When a subroutine is executed, + the parameters supplied are pushed onto 'BASH_ARGV'. The shell + sets 'BASH_ARGV' only when in extended debugging mode (see *note + The Shopt Builtin:: for a description of the 'extdebug' option to + the 'shopt' builtin). Setting 'extdebug' after the shell has + started to execute a script, or referencing this variable when + 'extdebug' is not set, may result in inconsistent values. + +'BASH_ARGV0' + When referenced, this variable expands to the name of the shell or + shell script (identical to '$0'; *Note Special Parameters::, for + the description of special parameter 0). Assignment to + 'BASH_ARGV0' causes the value assigned to also be assigned to '$0'. + If 'BASH_ARGV0' is unset, it loses its special properties, even if + it is subsequently reset. + +'BASH_CMDS' + An associative array variable whose members correspond to the + internal hash table of commands as maintained by the 'hash' builtin + (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). Elements added to this array + appear in the hash table; however, unsetting array elements + currently does not cause command names to be removed from the hash + table. If 'BASH_CMDS' is unset, it loses its special properties, + even if it is subsequently reset. + +'BASH_COMMAND' + The command currently being executed or about to be executed, + unless the shell is executing a command as the result of a trap, in + which case it is the command executing at the time of the trap. If + 'BASH_COMMAND' is unset, it loses its special properties, even if + it is subsequently reset. + +'BASH_COMPAT' + The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level. *Note + Shell Compatibility Mode::, for a description of the various + compatibility levels and their effects. The value may be a decimal + number (e.g., 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) corresponding to the + desired compatibility level. If 'BASH_COMPAT' is unset or set to + the empty string, the compatibility level is set to the default for + the current version. If 'BASH_COMPAT' is set to a value that is + not one of the valid compatibility levels, the shell prints an + error message and sets the compatibility level to the default for + the current version. The valid values correspond to the + compatibility levels described below (*note Shell Compatibility + Mode::). For example, 4.2 and 42 are valid values that correspond + to the 'compat42' 'shopt' option and set the compatibility level to + 42. The current version is also a valid value. + +'BASH_ENV' + If this variable is set when Bash is invoked to execute a shell + script, its value is expanded and used as the name of a startup + file to read before executing the script. *Note Bash Startup + Files::. + +'BASH_EXECUTION_STRING' + The command argument to the '-c' invocation option. + +'BASH_LINENO' + An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source + files where each corresponding member of 'FUNCNAME' was invoked. + '${BASH_LINENO[$i]}' is the line number in the source file + ('${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}') where '${FUNCNAME[$i]}' was called (or + '${BASH_LINENO[$i-1]}' if referenced within another shell + function). Use 'LINENO' to obtain the current line number. + +'BASH_LOADABLES_PATH' + A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for + dynamically loadable builtins specified by the 'enable' command. + +'BASH_REMATCH' + An array variable whose members are assigned by the '=~' binary + operator to the '[[' conditional command (*note Conditional + Constructs::). The element with index 0 is the portion of the + string matching the entire regular expression. The element with + index N is the portion of the string matching the Nth parenthesized + subexpression. + +'BASH_SOURCE' + An array variable whose members are the source filenames where the + corresponding shell function names in the 'FUNCNAME' array variable + are defined. The shell function '${FUNCNAME[$i]}' is defined in + the file '${BASH_SOURCE[$i]}' and called from + '${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}' + +'BASH_SUBSHELL' + Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell environment + when the shell begins executing in that environment. The initial + value is 0. If 'BASH_SUBSHELL' is unset, it loses its special + properties, even if it is subsequently reset. + +'BASH_VERSINFO' + A readonly array variable (*note Arrays::) whose members hold + version information for this instance of Bash. The values assigned + to the array members are as follows: + + 'BASH_VERSINFO[0]' + The major version number (the "release"). + + 'BASH_VERSINFO[1]' + The minor version number (the "version"). + + 'BASH_VERSINFO[2]' + The patch level. + + 'BASH_VERSINFO[3]' + The build version. + + 'BASH_VERSINFO[4]' + The release status (e.g., 'beta1'). + + 'BASH_VERSINFO[5]' + The value of 'MACHTYPE'. + +'BASH_VERSION' + The version number of the current instance of Bash. + +'BASH_XTRACEFD' + If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, Bash + will write the trace output generated when 'set -x' is enabled to + that file descriptor. This allows tracing output to be separated + from diagnostic and error messages. The file descriptor is closed + when 'BASH_XTRACEFD' is unset or assigned a new value. Unsetting + 'BASH_XTRACEFD' or assigning it the empty string causes the trace + output to be sent to the standard error. Note that setting + 'BASH_XTRACEFD' to 2 (the standard error file descriptor) and then + unsetting it will result in the standard error being closed. + +'CHILD_MAX' + Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to + remember. Bash will not allow this value to be decreased below a + POSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum value (currently + 8192) that this may not exceed. The minimum value is + system-dependent. + +'COLUMNS' + Used by the 'select' command to determine the terminal width when + printing selection lists. Automatically set if the 'checkwinsize' + option is enabled (*note The Shopt Builtin::), or in an interactive + shell upon receipt of a 'SIGWINCH'. + +'COMP_CWORD' + An index into '${COMP_WORDS}' of the word containing the current + cursor position. This variable is available only in shell + functions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (*note + Programmable Completion::). + +'COMP_LINE' + The current command line. This variable is available only in shell + functions and external commands invoked by the programmable + completion facilities (*note Programmable Completion::). + +'COMP_POINT' + The index of the current cursor position relative to the beginning + of the current command. If the current cursor position is at the + end of the current command, the value of this variable is equal to + '${#COMP_LINE}'. This variable is available only in shell + functions and external commands invoked by the programmable + completion facilities (*note Programmable Completion::). + +'COMP_TYPE' + Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion + attempted that caused a completion function to be called: , + for normal completion, '?', for listing completions after + successive tabs, '!', for listing alternatives on partial word + completion, '@', to list completions if the word is not unmodified, + or '%', for menu completion. This variable is available only in + shell functions and external commands invoked by the programmable + completion facilities (*note Programmable Completion::). + +'COMP_KEY' + The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the current + completion function. + +'COMP_WORDBREAKS' + The set of characters that the Readline library treats as word + separators when performing word completion. If 'COMP_WORDBREAKS' + is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is + subsequently reset. + +'COMP_WORDS' + An array variable consisting of the individual words in the current + command line. The line is split into words as Readline would split + it, using 'COMP_WORDBREAKS' as described above. This variable is + available only in shell functions invoked by the programmable + completion facilities (*note Programmable Completion::). + +'COMPREPLY' + An array variable from which Bash reads the possible completions + generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable + completion facility (*note Programmable Completion::). Each array + element contains one possible completion. + +'COPROC' + An array variable created to hold the file descriptors for output + from and input to an unnamed coprocess (*note Coprocesses::). + +'DIRSTACK' + An array variable containing the current contents of the directory + stack. Directories appear in the stack in the order they are + displayed by the 'dirs' builtin. Assigning to members of this + array variable may be used to modify directories already in the + stack, but the 'pushd' and 'popd' builtins must be used to add and + remove directories. Assignment to this variable will not change + the current directory. If 'DIRSTACK' is unset, it loses its + special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. + +'EMACS' + If Bash finds this variable in the environment when the shell + starts with value 't', it assumes that the shell is running in an + Emacs shell buffer and disables line editing. + +'ENV' + Expanded and executed similarly to 'BASH_ENV' (*note Bash Startup + Files::) when an interactive shell is invoked in POSIX Mode (*note + Bash POSIX Mode::). + +'EPOCHREALTIME' + Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of + seconds since the Unix Epoch as a floating point value with + micro-second granularity (see the documentation for the C library + function 'time' for the definition of Epoch). Assignments to + 'EPOCHREALTIME' are ignored. If 'EPOCHREALTIME' is unset, it loses + its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. + +'EPOCHSECONDS' + Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of + seconds since the Unix Epoch (see the documentation for the C + library function 'time' for the definition of Epoch). Assignments + to 'EPOCHSECONDS' are ignored. If 'EPOCHSECONDS' is unset, it + loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. + +'EUID' + The numeric effective user id of the current user. This variable + is readonly. + +'EXECIGNORE' + A colon-separated list of shell patterns (*note Pattern Matching::) + defining the list of filenames to be ignored by command search + using 'PATH'. Files whose full pathnames match one of these + patterns are not considered executable files for the purposes of + completion and command execution via 'PATH' lookup. This does not + affect the behavior of the '[', 'test', and '[[' commands. Full + pathnames in the command hash table are not subject to + 'EXECIGNORE'. Use this variable to ignore shared library files + that have the executable bit set, but are not executable files. + The pattern matching honors the setting of the 'extglob' shell + option. + +'FCEDIT' + The editor used as a default by the '-e' option to the 'fc' builtin + command. + +'FIGNORE' + A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing + filename completion. A filename whose suffix matches one of the + entries in 'FIGNORE' is excluded from the list of matched + filenames. A sample value is '.o:~' + +'FUNCNAME' + An array variable containing the names of all shell functions + currently in the execution call stack. The element with index 0 is + the name of any currently-executing shell function. The + bottom-most element (the one with the highest index) is '"main"'. + This variable exists only when a shell function is executing. + Assignments to 'FUNCNAME' have no effect. If 'FUNCNAME' is unset, + it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. + + This variable can be used with 'BASH_LINENO' and 'BASH_SOURCE'. + Each element of 'FUNCNAME' has corresponding elements in + 'BASH_LINENO' and 'BASH_SOURCE' to describe the call stack. For + instance, '${FUNCNAME[$i]}' was called from the file + '${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}' at line number '${BASH_LINENO[$i]}'. The + 'caller' builtin displays the current call stack using this + information. + +'FUNCNEST' + If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum + function nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this + nesting level will cause the current command to abort. + +'GLOBIGNORE' + A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file names + to be ignored by filename expansion. If a file name matched by a + filename expansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in + 'GLOBIGNORE', it is removed from the list of matches. The pattern + matching honors the setting of the 'extglob' shell option. + +'GROUPS' + An array variable containing the list of groups of which the + current user is a member. Assignments to 'GROUPS' have no effect. + If 'GROUPS' is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it + is subsequently reset. + +'histchars' + Up to three characters which control history expansion, quick + substitution, and tokenization (*note History Interaction::). The + first character is the "history expansion" character, that is, the + character which signifies the start of a history expansion, + normally '!'. The second character is the character which + signifies 'quick substitution' when seen as the first character on + a line, normally '^'. The optional third character is the + character which indicates that the remainder of the line is a + comment when found as the first character of a word, usually '#'. + The history comment character causes history substitution to be + skipped for the remaining words on the line. It does not + necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest of the line as + a comment. + +'HISTCMD' + The history number, or index in the history list, of the current + command. Assignments to 'HISTCMD' are ignored. If 'HISTCMD' is + unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently + reset. + +'HISTCONTROL' + A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are saved + on the history list. If the list of values includes 'ignorespace', + lines which begin with a space character are not saved in the + history list. A value of 'ignoredups' causes lines which match the + previous history entry to not be saved. A value of 'ignoreboth' is + shorthand for 'ignorespace' and 'ignoredups'. A value of + 'erasedups' causes all previous lines matching the current line to + be removed from the history list before that line is saved. Any + value not in the above list is ignored. If 'HISTCONTROL' is unset, + or does not include a valid value, all lines read by the shell + parser are saved on the history list, subject to the value of + 'HISTIGNORE'. The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line + compound command are not tested, and are added to the history + regardless of the value of 'HISTCONTROL'. + +'HISTFILE' + The name of the file to which the command history is saved. The + default value is '~/.bash_history'. + +'HISTFILESIZE' + The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. When + this variable is assigned a value, the history file is truncated, + if necessary, to contain no more than that number of lines by + removing the oldest entries. The history file is also truncated to + this size after writing it when a shell exits. If the value is 0, + the history file is truncated to zero size. Non-numeric values and + numeric values less than zero inhibit truncation. The shell sets + the default value to the value of 'HISTSIZE' after reading any + startup files. + +'HISTIGNORE' + A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command + lines should be saved on the history list. Each pattern is + anchored at the beginning of the line and must match the complete + line (no implicit '*' is appended). Each pattern is tested against + the line after the checks specified by 'HISTCONTROL' are applied. + In addition to the normal shell pattern matching characters, '&' + matches the previous history line. '&' may be escaped using a + backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match. The + second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are + not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of + 'HISTIGNORE'. The pattern matching honors the setting of the + 'extglob' shell option. + + 'HISTIGNORE' subsumes the function of 'HISTCONTROL'. A pattern of + '&' is identical to 'ignoredups', and a pattern of '[ ]*' is + identical to 'ignorespace'. Combining these two patterns, + separating them with a colon, provides the functionality of + 'ignoreboth'. + +'HISTSIZE' + The maximum number of commands to remember on the history list. If + the value is 0, commands are not saved in the history list. + Numeric values less than zero result in every command being saved + on the history list (there is no limit). The shell sets the + default value to 500 after reading any startup files. + +'HISTTIMEFORMAT' + If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format + string for 'strftime' to print the time stamp associated with each + history entry displayed by the 'history' builtin. If this variable + is set, time stamps are written to the history file so they may be + preserved across shell sessions. This uses the history comment + character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines. + +'HOSTFILE' + Contains the name of a file in the same format as '/etc/hosts' that + should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname. The + list of possible hostname completions may be changed while the + shell is running; the next time hostname completion is attempted + after the value is changed, Bash adds the contents of the new file + to the existing list. If 'HOSTFILE' is set, but has no value, or + does not name a readable file, Bash attempts to read '/etc/hosts' + to obtain the list of possible hostname completions. When + 'HOSTFILE' is unset, the hostname list is cleared. + +'HOSTNAME' + The name of the current host. + +'HOSTTYPE' + A string describing the machine Bash is running on. + +'IGNOREEOF' + Controls the action of the shell on receipt of an 'EOF' character + as the sole input. If set, the value denotes the number of + consecutive 'EOF' characters that can be read as the first + character on an input line before the shell will exit. If the + variable exists but does not have a numeric value, or has no value, + then the default is 10. If the variable does not exist, then 'EOF' + signifies the end of input to the shell. This is only in effect + for interactive shells. + +'INPUTRC' + The name of the Readline initialization file, overriding the + default of '~/.inputrc'. + +'INSIDE_EMACS' + If Bash finds this variable in the environment when the shell + starts, it assumes that the shell is running in an Emacs shell + buffer and may disable line editing depending on the value of + 'TERM'. + +'LANG' + Used to determine the locale category for any category not + specifically selected with a variable starting with 'LC_'. + +'LC_ALL' + This variable overrides the value of 'LANG' and any other 'LC_' + variable specifying a locale category. + +'LC_COLLATE' + This variable determines the collation order used when sorting the + results of filename expansion, and determines the behavior of range + expressions, equivalence classes, and collating sequences within + filename expansion and pattern matching (*note Filename + Expansion::). + +'LC_CTYPE' + This variable determines the interpretation of characters and the + behavior of character classes within filename expansion and pattern + matching (*note Filename Expansion::). + +'LC_MESSAGES' + This variable determines the locale used to translate double-quoted + strings preceded by a '$' (*note Locale Translation::). + +'LC_NUMERIC' + This variable determines the locale category used for number + formatting. + +'LC_TIME' + This variable determines the locale category used for data and time + formatting. + +'LINENO' + The line number in the script or shell function currently + executing. If 'LINENO' is unset, it loses its special properties, + even if it is subsequently reset. + +'LINES' + Used by the 'select' command to determine the column length for + printing selection lists. Automatically set if the 'checkwinsize' + option is enabled (*note The Shopt Builtin::), or in an interactive + shell upon receipt of a 'SIGWINCH'. + +'MACHTYPE' + A string that fully describes the system type on which Bash is + executing, in the standard GNU CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM format. + +'MAILCHECK' + How often (in seconds) that the shell should check for mail in the + files specified in the 'MAILPATH' or 'MAIL' variables. The default + is 60 seconds. When it is time to check for mail, the shell does + so before displaying the primary prompt. If this variable is + unset, or set to a value that is not a number greater than or equal + to zero, the shell disables mail checking. + +'MAPFILE' + An array variable created to hold the text read by the 'mapfile' + builtin when no variable name is supplied. + +'OLDPWD' + The previous working directory as set by the 'cd' builtin. + +'OPTERR' + If set to the value 1, Bash displays error messages generated by + the 'getopts' builtin command. + +'OSTYPE' + A string describing the operating system Bash is running on. + +'PIPESTATUS' + An array variable (*note Arrays::) containing a list of exit status + values from the processes in the most-recently-executed foreground + pipeline (which may contain only a single command). + +'POSIXLY_CORRECT' + If this variable is in the environment when Bash starts, the shell + enters POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::) before reading the + startup files, as if the '--posix' invocation option had been + supplied. If it is set while the shell is running, Bash enables + POSIX mode, as if the command + set -o posix + had been executed. When the shell enters POSIX mode, it sets this + variable if it was not already set. + +'PPID' + The process ID of the shell's parent process. This variable is + readonly. + +'PROMPT_COMMAND' + If this variable is set, and is an array, the value of each set + element is interpreted as a command to execute before printing the + primary prompt ('$PS1'). If this is set but not an array variable, + its value is used as a command to execute instead. + +'PROMPT_DIRTRIM' + If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the + number of trailing directory components to retain when expanding + the '\w' and '\W' prompt string escapes (*note Controlling the + Prompt::). Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis. + +'PS0' + The value of this parameter is expanded like 'PS1' and displayed by + interactive shells after reading a command and before the command + is executed. + +'PS3' + The value of this variable is used as the prompt for the 'select' + command. If this variable is not set, the 'select' command prompts + with '#? ' + +'PS4' + The value of this parameter is expanded like 'PS1' and the expanded + value is the prompt printed before the command line is echoed when + the '-x' option is set (*note The Set Builtin::). The first + character of the expanded value is replicated multiple times, as + necessary, to indicate multiple levels of indirection. The default + is '+ '. + +'PWD' + The current working directory as set by the 'cd' builtin. + +'RANDOM' + Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to a random + integer between 0 and 32767. Assigning a value to this variable + seeds the random number generator. If 'RANDOM' is unset, it loses + its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. + +'READLINE_ARGUMENT' + Any numeric argument given to a Readline command that was defined + using 'bind -x' (*note Bash Builtins:: when it was invoked. + +'READLINE_LINE' + The contents of the Readline line buffer, for use with 'bind -x' + (*note Bash Builtins::). + +'READLINE_MARK' + The position of the "mark" (saved insertion point) in the Readline + line buffer, for use with 'bind -x' (*note Bash Builtins::). The + characters between the insertion point and the mark are often + called the "region". + +'READLINE_POINT' + The position of the insertion point in the Readline line buffer, + for use with 'bind -x' (*note Bash Builtins::). + +'REPLY' + The default variable for the 'read' builtin. + +'SECONDS' + This variable expands to the number of seconds since the shell was + started. Assignment to this variable resets the count to the value + assigned, and the expanded value becomes the value assigned plus + the number of seconds since the assignment. The number of seconds + at shell invocation and the current time are always determined by + querying the system clock. If 'SECONDS' is unset, it loses its + special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. + +'SHELL' + This environment variable expands to the full pathname to the + shell. If it is not set when the shell starts, Bash assigns to it + the full pathname of the current user's login shell. + +'SHELLOPTS' + A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in the + list is a valid argument for the '-o' option to the 'set' builtin + command (*note The Set Builtin::). The options appearing in + 'SHELLOPTS' are those reported as 'on' by 'set -o'. If this + variable is in the environment when Bash starts up, each shell + option in the list will be enabled before reading any startup + files. This variable is readonly. + +'SHLVL' + Incremented by one each time a new instance of Bash is started. + This is intended to be a count of how deeply your Bash shells are + nested. + +'SRANDOM' + This variable expands to a 32-bit pseudo-random number each time it + is referenced. The random number generator is not linear on + systems that support '/dev/urandom' or 'arc4random', so each + returned number has no relationship to the numbers preceding it. + The random number generator cannot be seeded, so assignments to + this variable have no effect. If 'SRANDOM' is unset, it loses its + special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. + +'TIMEFORMAT' + The value of this parameter is used as a format string specifying + how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the 'time' + reserved word should be displayed. The '%' character introduces an + escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or other + information. The escape sequences and their meanings are as + follows; the braces denote optional portions. + + '%%' + A literal '%'. + + '%[P][l]R' + The elapsed time in seconds. + + '%[P][l]U' + The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode. + + '%[P][l]S' + The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode. + + '%P' + The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R. + + The optional P is a digit specifying the precision, the number of + fractional digits after a decimal point. A value of 0 causes no + decimal point or fraction to be output. At most three places after + the decimal point may be specified; values of P greater than 3 are + changed to 3. If P is not specified, the value 3 is used. + + The optional 'l' specifies a longer format, including minutes, of + the form MMmSS.FFs. The value of P determines whether or not the + fraction is included. + + If this variable is not set, Bash acts as if it had the value + $'\nreal\t%3lR\nuser\t%3lU\nsys\t%3lS' + If the value is null, no timing information is displayed. A + trailing newline is added when the format string is displayed. + +'TMOUT' + If set to a value greater than zero, 'TMOUT' is treated as the + default timeout for the 'read' builtin (*note Bash Builtins::). + The 'select' command (*note Conditional Constructs::) terminates if + input does not arrive after 'TMOUT' seconds when input is coming + from a terminal. + + In an interactive shell, the value is interpreted as the number of + seconds to wait for a line of input after issuing the primary + prompt. Bash terminates after waiting for that number of seconds + if a complete line of input does not arrive. + +'TMPDIR' + If set, Bash uses its value as the name of a directory in which + Bash creates temporary files for the shell's use. + +'UID' + The numeric real user id of the current user. This variable is + readonly. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Bash Features, Next: Job Control, Prev: Shell Variables, Up: Top + +6 Bash Features +*************** + +This chapter describes features unique to Bash. + +* Menu: + +* Invoking Bash:: Command line options that you can give + to Bash. +* Bash Startup Files:: When and how Bash executes scripts. +* Interactive Shells:: What an interactive shell is. +* Bash Conditional Expressions:: Primitives used in composing expressions for + the 'test' builtin. +* Shell Arithmetic:: Arithmetic on shell variables. +* Aliases:: Substituting one command for another. +* Arrays:: Array Variables. +* The Directory Stack:: History of visited directories. +* Controlling the Prompt:: Customizing the various prompt strings. +* The Restricted Shell:: A more controlled mode of shell execution. +* Bash POSIX Mode:: Making Bash behave more closely to what + the POSIX standard specifies. +* Shell Compatibility Mode:: How Bash supports behavior that was present + in earlier versions and has changed. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Invoking Bash, Next: Bash Startup Files, Up: Bash Features + +6.1 Invoking Bash +================= + + bash [long-opt] [-ir] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o OPTION] + [-O SHOPT_OPTION] [ARGUMENT ...] + bash [long-opt] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o OPTION] + [-O SHOPT_OPTION] -c STRING [ARGUMENT ...] + bash [long-opt] -s [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o OPTION] + [-O SHOPT_OPTION] [ARGUMENT ...] + + All of the single-character options used with the 'set' builtin +(*note The Set Builtin::) can be used as options when the shell is +invoked. In addition, there are several multi-character options that +you can use. These options must appear on the command line before the +single-character options to be recognized. + +'--debugger' + Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell + starts. Turns on extended debugging mode (see *note The Shopt + Builtin:: for a description of the 'extdebug' option to the 'shopt' + builtin). + +'--dump-po-strings' + A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by '$' is printed on + the standard output in the GNU 'gettext' PO (portable object) file + format. Equivalent to '-D' except for the output format. + +'--dump-strings' + Equivalent to '-D'. + +'--help' + Display a usage message on standard output and exit successfully. + +'--init-file FILENAME' +'--rcfile FILENAME' + Execute commands from FILENAME (instead of '~/.bashrc') in an + interactive shell. + +'--login' + Equivalent to '-l'. + +'--noediting' + Do not use the GNU Readline library (*note Command Line Editing::) + to read command lines when the shell is interactive. + +'--noprofile' + Don't load the system-wide startup file '/etc/profile' or any of + the personal initialization files '~/.bash_profile', + '~/.bash_login', or '~/.profile' when Bash is invoked as a login + shell. + +'--norc' + Don't read the '~/.bashrc' initialization file in an interactive + shell. This is on by default if the shell is invoked as 'sh'. + +'--posix' + Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation differs + from the POSIX standard to match the standard. This is intended to + make Bash behave as a strict superset of that standard. *Note Bash + POSIX Mode::, for a description of the Bash POSIX mode. + +'--restricted' + Make the shell a restricted shell (*note The Restricted Shell::). + +'--verbose' + Equivalent to '-v'. Print shell input lines as they're read. + +'--version' + Show version information for this instance of Bash on the standard + output and exit successfully. + + There are several single-character options that may be supplied at +invocation which are not available with the 'set' builtin. + +'-c' + Read and execute commands from the first non-option argument + COMMAND_STRING, then exit. If there are arguments after the + COMMAND_STRING, the first argument is assigned to '$0' and any + remaining arguments are assigned to the positional parameters. The + assignment to '$0' sets the name of the shell, which is used in + warning and error messages. + +'-i' + Force the shell to run interactively. Interactive shells are + described in *note Interactive Shells::. + +'-l' + Make this shell act as if it had been directly invoked by login. + When the shell is interactive, this is equivalent to starting a + login shell with 'exec -l bash'. When the shell is not + interactive, the login shell startup files will be executed. 'exec + bash -l' or 'exec bash --login' will replace the current shell with + a Bash login shell. *Note Bash Startup Files::, for a description + of the special behavior of a login shell. + +'-r' + Make the shell a restricted shell (*note The Restricted Shell::). + +'-s' + If this option is present, or if no arguments remain after option + processing, then commands are read from the standard input. This + option allows the positional parameters to be set when invoking an + interactive shell or when reading input through a pipe. + +'-D' + A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by '$' is printed on + the standard output. These are the strings that are subject to + language translation when the current locale is not 'C' or 'POSIX' + (*note Locale Translation::). This implies the '-n' option; no + commands will be executed. + +'[-+]O [SHOPT_OPTION]' + SHOPT_OPTION is one of the shell options accepted by the 'shopt' + builtin (*note The Shopt Builtin::). If SHOPT_OPTION is present, + '-O' sets the value of that option; '+O' unsets it. If + SHOPT_OPTION is not supplied, the names and values of the shell + options accepted by 'shopt' are printed on the standard output. If + the invocation option is '+O', the output is displayed in a format + that may be reused as input. + +'--' + A '--' signals the end of options and disables further option + processing. Any arguments after the '--' are treated as filenames + and arguments. + + A _login_ shell is one whose first character of argument zero is '-', +or one invoked with the '--login' option. + + An _interactive_ shell is one started without non-option arguments, +unless '-s' is specified, without specifying the '-c' option, and whose +input and output are both connected to terminals (as determined by +'isatty(3)'), or one started with the '-i' option. *Note Interactive +Shells::, for more information. + + If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the '-c' nor +the '-s' option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to be +the name of a file containing shell commands (*note Shell Scripts::). +When Bash is invoked in this fashion, '$0' is set to the name of the +file, and the positional parameters are set to the remaining arguments. +Bash reads and executes commands from this file, then exits. Bash's +exit status is the exit status of the last command executed in the +script. If no commands are executed, the exit status is 0. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Bash Startup Files, Next: Interactive Shells, Prev: Invoking Bash, Up: Bash Features + +6.2 Bash Startup Files +====================== + +This section describes how Bash executes its startup files. If any of +the files exist but cannot be read, Bash reports an error. Tildes are +expanded in filenames as described above under Tilde Expansion (*note +Tilde Expansion::). + + Interactive shells are described in *note Interactive Shells::. + +Invoked as an interactive login shell, or with '--login' +........................................................ + +When Bash is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a +non-interactive shell with the '--login' option, it first reads and +executes commands from the file '/etc/profile', if that file exists. +After reading that file, it looks for '~/.bash_profile', +'~/.bash_login', and '~/.profile', in that order, and reads and executes +commands from the first one that exists and is readable. The +'--noprofile' option may be used when the shell is started to inhibit +this behavior. + + When an interactive login shell exits, or a non-interactive login +shell executes the 'exit' builtin command, Bash reads and executes +commands from the file '~/.bash_logout', if it exists. + +Invoked as an interactive non-login shell +......................................... + +When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, Bash +reads and executes commands from '~/.bashrc', if that file exists. This +may be inhibited by using the '--norc' option. The '--rcfile FILE' +option will force Bash to read and execute commands from FILE instead of +'~/.bashrc'. + + So, typically, your '~/.bash_profile' contains the line + if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then . ~/.bashrc; fi +after (or before) any login-specific initializations. + +Invoked non-interactively +......................... + +When Bash is started non-interactively, to run a shell script, for +example, it looks for the variable 'BASH_ENV' in the environment, +expands its value if it appears there, and uses the expanded value as +the name of a file to read and execute. Bash behaves as if the +following command were executed: + if [ -n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi +but the value of the 'PATH' variable is not used to search for the +filename. + + As noted above, if a non-interactive shell is invoked with the +'--login' option, Bash attempts to read and execute commands from the +login shell startup files. + +Invoked with name 'sh' +...................... + +If Bash is invoked with the name 'sh', it tries to mimic the startup +behavior of historical versions of 'sh' as closely as possible, while +conforming to the POSIX standard as well. + + When invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive +shell with the '--login' option, it first attempts to read and execute +commands from '/etc/profile' and '~/.profile', in that order. The +'--noprofile' option may be used to inhibit this behavior. When invoked +as an interactive shell with the name 'sh', Bash looks for the variable +'ENV', expands its value if it is defined, and uses the expanded value +as the name of a file to read and execute. Since a shell invoked as +'sh' does not attempt to read and execute commands from any other +startup files, the '--rcfile' option has no effect. A non-interactive +shell invoked with the name 'sh' does not attempt to read any other +startup files. + + When invoked as 'sh', Bash enters POSIX mode after the startup files +are read. + +Invoked in POSIX mode +..................... + +When Bash is started in POSIX mode, as with the '--posix' command line +option, it follows the POSIX standard for startup files. In this mode, +interactive shells expand the 'ENV' variable and commands are read and +executed from the file whose name is the expanded value. No other +startup files are read. + +Invoked by remote shell daemon +.............................. + +Bash attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input +connected to a network connection, as when executed by the historical +remote shell daemon, usually 'rshd', or the secure shell daemon 'sshd'. +If Bash determines it is being run non-interactively in this fashion, it +reads and executes commands from '~/.bashrc', if that file exists and is +readable. It will not do this if invoked as 'sh'. The '--norc' option +may be used to inhibit this behavior, and the '--rcfile' option may be +used to force another file to be read, but neither 'rshd' nor 'sshd' +generally invoke the shell with those options or allow them to be +specified. + +Invoked with unequal effective and real UID/GIDs +................................................ + +If Bash is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the +real user (group) id, and the '-p' option is not supplied, no startup +files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, +the 'SHELLOPTS', 'BASHOPTS', 'CDPATH', and 'GLOBIGNORE' variables, if +they appear in the environment, are ignored, and the effective user id +is set to the real user id. If the '-p' option is supplied at +invocation, the startup behavior is the same, but the effective user id +is not reset. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Interactive Shells, Next: Bash Conditional Expressions, Prev: Bash Startup Files, Up: Bash Features + +6.3 Interactive Shells +====================== + +* Menu: + +* What is an Interactive Shell?:: What determines whether a shell is Interactive. +* Is this Shell Interactive?:: How to tell if a shell is interactive. +* Interactive Shell Behavior:: What changes in an interactive shell? + + +File: bashref.info, Node: What is an Interactive Shell?, Next: Is this Shell Interactive?, Up: Interactive Shells + +6.3.1 What is an Interactive Shell? +----------------------------------- + +An interactive shell is one started without non-option arguments (unless +'-s' is specified) and without specifying the '-c' option, whose input +and error output are both connected to terminals (as determined by +'isatty(3)'), or one started with the '-i' option. + + An interactive shell generally reads from and writes to a user's +terminal. + + The '-s' invocation option may be used to set the positional +parameters when an interactive shell is started. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Is this Shell Interactive?, Next: Interactive Shell Behavior, Prev: What is an Interactive Shell?, Up: Interactive Shells + +6.3.2 Is this Shell Interactive? +-------------------------------- + +To determine within a startup script whether or not Bash is running +interactively, test the value of the '-' special parameter. It contains +'i' when the shell is interactive. For example: + + case "$-" in + *i*) echo This shell is interactive ;; + *) echo This shell is not interactive ;; + esac + + Alternatively, startup scripts may examine the variable 'PS1'; it is +unset in non-interactive shells, and set in interactive shells. Thus: + + if [ -z "$PS1" ]; then + echo This shell is not interactive + else + echo This shell is interactive + fi + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Interactive Shell Behavior, Prev: Is this Shell Interactive?, Up: Interactive Shells + +6.3.3 Interactive Shell Behavior +-------------------------------- + +When the shell is running interactively, it changes its behavior in +several ways. + + 1. Startup files are read and executed as described in *note Bash + Startup Files::. + + 2. Job Control (*note Job Control::) is enabled by default. When job + control is in effect, Bash ignores the keyboard-generated job + control signals 'SIGTTIN', 'SIGTTOU', and 'SIGTSTP'. + + 3. Bash expands and displays 'PS1' before reading the first line of a + command, and expands and displays 'PS2' before reading the second + and subsequent lines of a multi-line command. Bash expands and + displays 'PS0' after it reads a command but before executing it. + See *note Controlling the Prompt::, for a complete list of prompt + string escape sequences. + + 4. Bash executes the values of the set elements of the + 'PROMPT_COMMAND' array variable as commands before printing the + primary prompt, '$PS1' (*note Bash Variables::). + + 5. Readline (*note Command Line Editing::) is used to read commands + from the user's terminal. + + 6. Bash inspects the value of the 'ignoreeof' option to 'set -o' + instead of exiting immediately when it receives an 'EOF' on its + standard input when reading a command (*note The Set Builtin::). + + 7. Command history (*note Bash History Facilities::) and history + expansion (*note History Interaction::) are enabled by default. + Bash will save the command history to the file named by '$HISTFILE' + when a shell with history enabled exits. + + 8. Alias expansion (*note Aliases::) is performed by default. + + 9. In the absence of any traps, Bash ignores 'SIGTERM' (*note + Signals::). + + 10. In the absence of any traps, 'SIGINT' is caught and handled (*note + Signals::). 'SIGINT' will interrupt some shell builtins. + + 11. An interactive login shell sends a 'SIGHUP' to all jobs on exit if + the 'huponexit' shell option has been enabled (*note Signals::). + + 12. The '-n' invocation option is ignored, and 'set -n' has no effect + (*note The Set Builtin::). + + 13. Bash will check for mail periodically, depending on the values of + the 'MAIL', 'MAILPATH', and 'MAILCHECK' shell variables (*note Bash + Variables::). + + 14. Expansion errors due to references to unbound shell variables + after 'set -u' has been enabled will not cause the shell to exit + (*note The Set Builtin::). + + 15. The shell will not exit on expansion errors caused by VAR being + unset or null in '${VAR:?WORD}' expansions (*note Shell Parameter + Expansion::). + + 16. Redirection errors encountered by shell builtins will not cause + the shell to exit. + + 17. When running in POSIX mode, a special builtin returning an error + status will not cause the shell to exit (*note Bash POSIX Mode::). + + 18. A failed 'exec' will not cause the shell to exit (*note Bourne + Shell Builtins::). + + 19. Parser syntax errors will not cause the shell to exit. + + 20. If the 'cdspell' shell option is enabled, the shell will attempt + simple spelling correction for directory arguments to the 'cd' + builtin (see the description of the 'cdspell' option to the 'shopt' + builtin in *note The Shopt Builtin::). The 'cdspell' option is + only effective in interactive shells. + + 21. The shell will check the value of the 'TMOUT' variable and exit if + a command is not read within the specified number of seconds after + printing '$PS1' (*note Bash Variables::). + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Bash Conditional Expressions, Next: Shell Arithmetic, Prev: Interactive Shells, Up: Bash Features + +6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions +================================ + +Conditional expressions are used by the '[[' compound command (*note +Conditional Constructs::) and the 'test' and '[' builtin commands (*note +Bourne Shell Builtins::). The 'test' and '[' commands determine their +behavior based on the number of arguments; see the descriptions of those +commands for any other command-specific actions. + + Expressions may be unary or binary, and are formed from the following +primaries. Unary expressions are often used to examine the status of a +file. There are string operators and numeric comparison operators as +well. Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in +expressions. If the operating system on which Bash is running provides +these special files, Bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them +internally with this behavior: If the FILE argument to one of the +primaries is of the form '/dev/fd/N', then file descriptor N is checked. +If the FILE argument to one of the primaries is one of '/dev/stdin', +'/dev/stdout', or '/dev/stderr', file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, +respectively, is checked. + + When used with '[[', the '<' and '>' operators sort lexicographically +using the current locale. The 'test' command uses ASCII ordering. + + Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow +symbolic links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the +link itself. + +'-a FILE' + True if FILE exists. + +'-b FILE' + True if FILE exists and is a block special file. + +'-c FILE' + True if FILE exists and is a character special file. + +'-d FILE' + True if FILE exists and is a directory. + +'-e FILE' + True if FILE exists. + +'-f FILE' + True if FILE exists and is a regular file. + +'-g FILE' + True if FILE exists and its set-group-id bit is set. + +'-h FILE' + True if FILE exists and is a symbolic link. + +'-k FILE' + True if FILE exists and its "sticky" bit is set. + +'-p FILE' + True if FILE exists and is a named pipe (FIFO). + +'-r FILE' + True if FILE exists and is readable. + +'-s FILE' + True if FILE exists and has a size greater than zero. + +'-t FD' + True if file descriptor FD is open and refers to a terminal. + +'-u FILE' + True if FILE exists and its set-user-id bit is set. + +'-w FILE' + True if FILE exists and is writable. + +'-x FILE' + True if FILE exists and is executable. + +'-G FILE' + True if FILE exists and is owned by the effective group id. + +'-L FILE' + True if FILE exists and is a symbolic link. + +'-N FILE' + True if FILE exists and has been modified since it was last read. + +'-O FILE' + True if FILE exists and is owned by the effective user id. + +'-S FILE' + True if FILE exists and is a socket. + +'FILE1 -ef FILE2' + True if FILE1 and FILE2 refer to the same device and inode numbers. + +'FILE1 -nt FILE2' + True if FILE1 is newer (according to modification date) than FILE2, + or if FILE1 exists and FILE2 does not. + +'FILE1 -ot FILE2' + True if FILE1 is older than FILE2, or if FILE2 exists and FILE1 + does not. + +'-o OPTNAME' + True if the shell option OPTNAME is enabled. The list of options + appears in the description of the '-o' option to the 'set' builtin + (*note The Set Builtin::). + +'-v VARNAME' + True if the shell variable VARNAME is set (has been assigned a + value). + +'-R VARNAME' + True if the shell variable VARNAME is set and is a name reference. + +'-z STRING' + True if the length of STRING is zero. + +'-n STRING' +'STRING' + True if the length of STRING is non-zero. + +'STRING1 == STRING2' +'STRING1 = STRING2' + True if the strings are equal. When used with the '[[' command, + this performs pattern matching as described above (*note + Conditional Constructs::). + + '=' should be used with the 'test' command for POSIX conformance. + +'STRING1 != STRING2' + True if the strings are not equal. + +'STRING1 < STRING2' + True if STRING1 sorts before STRING2 lexicographically. + +'STRING1 > STRING2' + True if STRING1 sorts after STRING2 lexicographically. + +'ARG1 OP ARG2' + 'OP' is one of '-eq', '-ne', '-lt', '-le', '-gt', or '-ge'. These + arithmetic binary operators return true if ARG1 is equal to, not + equal to, less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or + greater than or equal to ARG2, respectively. ARG1 and ARG2 may be + positive or negative integers. When used with the '[[' command, + ARG1 and ARG2 are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (*note Shell + Arithmetic::). + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Arithmetic, Next: Aliases, Prev: Bash Conditional Expressions, Up: Bash Features + +6.5 Shell Arithmetic +==================== + +The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, as one of the +shell expansions or by using the '((' compound command, the 'let' +builtin, or the '-i' option to the 'declare' builtin. + + Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check for +overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error. The +operators and their precedence, associativity, and values are the same +as in the C language. The following list of operators is grouped into +levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are listed in order of +decreasing precedence. + +'ID++ ID--' + variable post-increment and post-decrement + +'++ID --ID' + variable pre-increment and pre-decrement + +'- +' + unary minus and plus + +'! ~' + logical and bitwise negation + +'**' + exponentiation + +'* / %' + multiplication, division, remainder + +'+ -' + addition, subtraction + +'<< >>' + left and right bitwise shifts + +'<= >= < >' + comparison + +'== !=' + equality and inequality + +'&' + bitwise AND + +'^' + bitwise exclusive OR + +'|' + bitwise OR + +'&&' + logical AND + +'||' + logical OR + +'expr ? expr : expr' + conditional operator + +'= *= /= %= += -= <<= >>= &= ^= |=' + assignment + +'expr1 , expr2' + comma + + Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is +performed before the expression is evaluated. Within an expression, +shell variables may also be referenced by name without using the +parameter expansion syntax. A shell variable that is null or unset +evaluates to 0 when referenced by name without using the parameter +expansion syntax. The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic +expression when it is referenced, or when a variable which has been +given the 'integer' attribute using 'declare -i' is assigned a value. A +null value evaluates to 0. A shell variable need not have its 'integer' +attribute turned on to be used in an expression. + + Integer constants follow the C language definition, without suffixes +or character constants. Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as +octal numbers. A leading '0x' or '0X' denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, +numbers take the form [BASE'#']N, where the optional BASE is a decimal +number between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic base, and N is a +number in that base. If BASE'#' is omitted, then base 10 is used. When +specifying N, if a non-digit is required, the digits greater than 9 are +represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, '@', and +'_', in that order. If BASE is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and +uppercase letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers +between 10 and 35. + + Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in +parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules +above. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Aliases, Next: Arrays, Prev: Shell Arithmetic, Up: Bash Features + +6.6 Aliases +=========== + +"Aliases" allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used as +the first word of a simple command. The shell maintains a list of +aliases that may be set and unset with the 'alias' and 'unalias' builtin +commands. + + The first word of each simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see +if it has an alias. If so, that word is replaced by the text of the +alias. The characters '/', '$', '`', '=' and any of the shell +metacharacters or quoting characters listed above may not appear in an +alias name. The replacement text may contain any valid shell input, +including shell metacharacters. The first word of the replacement text +is tested for aliases, but a word that is identical to an alias being +expanded is not expanded a second time. This means that one may alias +'ls' to '"ls -F"', for instance, and Bash does not try to recursively +expand the replacement text. If the last character of the alias value +is a 'blank', then the next command word following the alias is also +checked for alias expansion. + + Aliases are created and listed with the 'alias' command, and removed +with the 'unalias' command. + + There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text, as +in 'csh'. If arguments are needed, use a shell function (*note Shell +Functions::). + + Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless +the 'expand_aliases' shell option is set using 'shopt' (*note The Shopt +Builtin::). + + The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat +confusing. Bash always reads at least one complete line of input, and +all lines that make up a compound command, before executing any of the +commands on that line or the compound command. Aliases are expanded +when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, an alias +definition appearing on the same line as another command does not take +effect until the next line of input is read. The commands following the +alias definition on that line are not affected by the new alias. This +behavior is also an issue when functions are executed. Aliases are +expanded when a function definition is read, not when the function is +executed, because a function definition is itself a command. As a +consequence, aliases defined in a function are not available until after +that function is executed. To be safe, always put alias definitions on +a separate line, and do not use 'alias' in compound commands. + + For almost every purpose, shell functions are preferred over aliases. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Arrays, Next: The Directory Stack, Prev: Aliases, Up: Bash Features + +6.7 Arrays +========== + +Bash provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables. +Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the 'declare' builtin will +explicitly declare an array. There is no maximum limit on the size of +an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned +contiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including +arithmetic expressions (*note Shell Arithmetic::)) and are zero-based; +associative arrays use arbitrary strings. Unless otherwise noted, +indexed array indices must be non-negative integers. + + An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned +to using the syntax + NAME[SUBSCRIPT]=VALUE + +The SUBSCRIPT is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate +to a number. To explicitly declare an array, use + declare -a NAME +The syntax + declare -a NAME[SUBSCRIPT] +is also accepted; the SUBSCRIPT is ignored. + +Associative arrays are created using + declare -A NAME + + Attributes may be specified for an array variable using the 'declare' +and 'readonly' builtins. Each attribute applies to all members of an +array. + + Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form + NAME=(VALUE1 VALUE2 ... ) +where each VALUE may be of the form '[SUBSCRIPT]='STRING. Indexed array +assignments do not require anything but STRING. When assigning to +indexed arrays, if the optional subscript is supplied, that index is +assigned to; otherwise the index of the element assigned is the last +index assigned to by the statement plus one. Indexing starts at zero. + + Each VALUE in the list undergoes all the shell expansions described +above (*note Shell Expansions::). + + When assigning to an associative array, the words in a compound +assignment may be either assignment statements, for which the subscript +is required, or a list of words that is interpreted as a sequence of +alternating keys and values: NAME=(KEY1 VALUE1 KEY2 VALUE2 ... ). These +are treated identically to NAME=( [KEY1]=VALUE1 [KEY2]=VALUE2 ... ). +The first word in the list determines how the remaining words are +interpreted; all assignments in a list must be of the same type. When +using key/value pairs, the keys may not be missing or empty; a final +missing value is treated like the empty string. + + This syntax is also accepted by the 'declare' builtin. Individual +array elements may be assigned to using the 'NAME[SUBSCRIPT]=VALUE' +syntax introduced above. + + When assigning to an indexed array, if NAME is subscripted by a +negative number, that number is interpreted as relative to one greater +than the maximum index of NAME, so negative indices count back from the +end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last element. + + The '+=' operator will append to an array variable when assigning +using the compound assignment syntax; see *note Shell Parameters:: +above. + + Any element of an array may be referenced using '${NAME[SUBSCRIPT]}'. +The braces are required to avoid conflicts with the shell's filename +expansion operators. If the SUBSCRIPT is '@' or '*', the word expands +to all members of the array NAME. These subscripts differ only when the +word appears within double quotes. If the word is double-quoted, +'${NAME[*]}' expands to a single word with the value of each array +member separated by the first character of the 'IFS' variable, and +'${NAME[@]}' expands each element of NAME to a separate word. When +there are no array members, '${NAME[@]}' expands to nothing. If the +double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of the first +parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original word, and +the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last part of the +original word. This is analogous to the expansion of the special +parameters '@' and '*'. '${#NAME[SUBSCRIPT]}' expands to the length of +'${NAME[SUBSCRIPT]}'. If SUBSCRIPT is '@' or '*', the expansion is the +number of elements in the array. If the SUBSCRIPT used to reference an +element of an indexed array evaluates to a number less than zero, it is +interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of the +array, so negative indices count back from the end of the array, and an +index of -1 refers to the last element. + + Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to +referencing with a subscript of 0. Any reference to a variable using a +valid subscript is legal, and 'bash' will create an array if necessary. + + An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned +a value. The null string is a valid value. + + It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as +the values. ${!NAME[@]} and ${!NAME[*]} expand to the indices assigned +in array variable NAME. The treatment when in double quotes is similar +to the expansion of the special parameters '@' and '*' within double +quotes. + + The 'unset' builtin is used to destroy arrays. 'unset +NAME[SUBSCRIPT]' destroys the array element at index SUBSCRIPT. +Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted as described +above. Unsetting the last element of an array variable does not unset +the variable. 'unset NAME', where NAME is an array, removes the entire +array. 'unset NAME[SUBSCRIPT]' behaves differently depending on the +array type when given a subscript of '*' or '@'. When NAME is an +associative array, it removes the element with key '*' or '@'. If NAME +is an indexed array, 'unset' removes all of the elements, but does not +remove the array itself. + + When using a variable name with a subscript as an argument to a +command, such as with 'unset', without using the word expansion syntax +described above, the argument is subject to the shell's filename +expansion. If filename expansion is not desired, the argument should be +quoted. + + The 'declare', 'local', and 'readonly' builtins each accept a '-a' +option to specify an indexed array and a '-A' option to specify an +associative array. If both options are supplied, '-A' takes precedence. +The 'read' builtin accepts a '-a' option to assign a list of words read +from the standard input to an array, and can read values from the +standard input into individual array elements. The 'set' and 'declare' +builtins display array values in a way that allows them to be reused as +input. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: The Directory Stack, Next: Controlling the Prompt, Prev: Arrays, Up: Bash Features + +6.8 The Directory Stack +======================= + +* Menu: + +* Directory Stack Builtins:: Bash builtin commands to manipulate + the directory stack. + +The directory stack is a list of recently-visited directories. The +'pushd' builtin adds directories to the stack as it changes the current +directory, and the 'popd' builtin removes specified directories from the +stack and changes the current directory to the directory removed. The +'dirs' builtin displays the contents of the directory stack. The +current directory is always the "top" of the directory stack. + + The contents of the directory stack are also visible as the value of +the 'DIRSTACK' shell variable. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Directory Stack Builtins, Up: The Directory Stack + +6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins +------------------------------ + +'dirs' + dirs [-clpv] [+N | -N] + + Display the list of currently remembered directories. Directories + are added to the list with the 'pushd' command; the 'popd' command + removes directories from the list. The current directory is always + the first directory in the stack. + + '-c' + Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the elements. + '-l' + Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default listing + format uses a tilde to denote the home directory. + '-p' + Causes 'dirs' to print the directory stack with one entry per + line. + '-v' + Causes 'dirs' to print the directory stack with one entry per + line, prefixing each entry with its index in the stack. + '+N' + Displays the Nth directory (counting from the left of the list + printed by 'dirs' when invoked without options), starting with + zero. + '-N' + Displays the Nth directory (counting from the right of the + list printed by 'dirs' when invoked without options), starting + with zero. + +'popd' + popd [-n] [+N | -N] + + Removes elements from the directory stack. The elements are + numbered from 0 starting at the first directory listed by 'dirs'; + that is, 'popd' is equivalent to 'popd +0'. + + When no arguments are given, 'popd' removes the top directory from + the stack and changes to the new top directory. + + Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings: + + '-n' + Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing + directories from the stack, so that only the stack is + manipulated. + '+N' + Removes the Nth directory (counting from the left of the list + printed by 'dirs'), starting with zero, from the stack. + '-N' + Removes the Nth directory (counting from the right of the list + printed by 'dirs'), starting with zero, from the stack. + + If the top element of the directory stack is modified, and the '-n' + option was not supplied, 'popd' uses the 'cd' builtin to change to + the directory at the top of the stack. If the 'cd' fails, 'popd' + returns a non-zero value. + + Otherwise, 'popd' returns an unsuccessful status if an invalid + option is encountered, the directory stack is empty, or a + non-existent directory stack entry is specified. + + If the 'popd' command is successful, Bash runs 'dirs' to show the + final contents of the directory stack, and the return status is 0. + +'pushd' + pushd [-n] [+N | -N | DIR] + + Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates the + stack, making the new top of the stack the current working + directory. With no arguments, 'pushd' exchanges the top two + elements of the directory stack. + + Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings: + + '-n' + Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating or + adding directories to the stack, so that only the stack is + manipulated. + '+N' + Brings the Nth directory (counting from the left of the list + printed by 'dirs', starting with zero) to the top of the list + by rotating the stack. + '-N' + Brings the Nth directory (counting from the right of the list + printed by 'dirs', starting with zero) to the top of the list + by rotating the stack. + 'DIR' + Makes DIR be the top of the stack. + + After the stack has been modified, if the '-n' option was not + supplied, 'pushd' uses the 'cd' builtin to change to the directory + at the top of the stack. If the 'cd' fails, 'pushd' returns a + non-zero value. + + Otherwise, if no arguments are supplied, 'pushd' returns 0 unless + the directory stack is empty. When rotating the directory stack, + 'pushd' returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty or a + non-existent directory stack element is specified. + + If the 'pushd' command is successful, Bash runs 'dirs' to show the + final contents of the directory stack. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Controlling the Prompt, Next: The Restricted Shell, Prev: The Directory Stack, Up: Bash Features + +6.9 Controlling the Prompt +========================== + +Bash examines the value of the array variable 'PROMPT_COMMAND' just +before printing each primary prompt. If any elements in +'PROMPT_COMMAND' are set and non-null, Bash executes each value, in +numeric order, just as if it had been typed on the command line. + + In addition, the following table describes the special characters +which can appear in the prompt variables 'PS0', 'PS1', 'PS2', and 'PS4': + +'\a' + A bell character. +'\d' + The date, in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May 26"). +'\D{FORMAT}' + The FORMAT is passed to 'strftime'(3) and the result is inserted + into the prompt string; an empty FORMAT results in a + locale-specific time representation. The braces are required. +'\e' + An escape character. +'\h' + The hostname, up to the first '.'. +'\H' + The hostname. +'\j' + The number of jobs currently managed by the shell. +'\l' + The basename of the shell's terminal device name. +'\n' + A newline. +'\r' + A carriage return. +'\s' + The name of the shell, the basename of '$0' (the portion following + the final slash). +'\t' + The time, in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format. +'\T' + The time, in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format. +'\@' + The time, in 12-hour am/pm format. +'\A' + The time, in 24-hour HH:MM format. +'\u' + The username of the current user. +'\v' + The version of Bash (e.g., 2.00) +'\V' + The release of Bash, version + patchlevel (e.g., 2.00.0) +'\w' + The value of the 'PWD' shell variable ('$PWD'), with '$HOME' + abbreviated with a tilde (uses the '$PROMPT_DIRTRIM' variable). +'\W' + The basename of '$PWD', with '$HOME' abbreviated with a tilde. +'\!' + The history number of this command. +'\#' + The command number of this command. +'\$' + If the effective uid is 0, '#', otherwise '$'. +'\NNN' + The character whose ASCII code is the octal value NNN. +'\\' + A backslash. +'\[' + Begin a sequence of non-printing characters. This could be used to + embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt. +'\]' + End a sequence of non-printing characters. + + The command number and the history number are usually different: the +history number of a command is its position in the history list, which +may include commands restored from the history file (*note Bash History +Facilities::), while the command number is the position in the sequence +of commands executed during the current shell session. + + After the string is decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion, +command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject +to the value of the 'promptvars' shell option (*note The Shopt +Builtin::). This can have unwanted side effects if escaped portions of +the string appear within command substitution or contain characters +special to word expansion. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: The Restricted Shell, Next: Bash POSIX Mode, Prev: Controlling the Prompt, Up: Bash Features + +6.10 The Restricted Shell +========================= + +If Bash is started with the name 'rbash', or the '--restricted' or '-r' +option is supplied at invocation, the shell becomes restricted. A +restricted shell is used to set up an environment more controlled than +the standard shell. A restricted shell behaves identically to 'bash' +with the exception that the following are disallowed or not performed: + + * Changing directories with the 'cd' builtin. + * Setting or unsetting the values of the 'SHELL', 'PATH', 'HISTFILE', + 'ENV', or 'BASH_ENV' variables. + * Specifying command names containing slashes. + * Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the '.' + builtin command. + * Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the + 'history' builtin command. + * Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the '-p' + option to the 'hash' builtin command. + * Importing function definitions from the shell environment at + startup. + * Parsing the value of 'SHELLOPTS' from the shell environment at + startup. + * Redirecting output using the '>', '>|', '<>', '>&', '&>', and '>>' + redirection operators. + * Using the 'exec' builtin to replace the shell with another command. + * Adding or deleting builtin commands with the '-f' and '-d' options + to the 'enable' builtin. + * Using the 'enable' builtin command to enable disabled shell + builtins. + * Specifying the '-p' option to the 'command' builtin. + * Turning off restricted mode with 'set +r' or 'shopt -u + restricted_shell'. + + These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read. + + When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed (*note +Shell Scripts::), 'rbash' turns off any restrictions in the shell +spawned to execute the script. + + The restricted shell mode is only one component of a useful +restricted environment. It should be accompanied by setting 'PATH' to a +value that allows execution of only a few verified commands (commands +that allow shell escapes are particularly vulnerable), changing the +current directory to a non-writable directory other than '$HOME' after +login, not allowing the restricted shell to execute shell scripts, and +cleaning the environment of variables that cause some commands to modify +their behavior (e.g., 'VISUAL' or 'PAGER'). + + Modern systems provide more secure ways to implement a restricted +environment, such as 'jails', 'zones', or 'containers'. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Bash POSIX Mode, Next: Shell Compatibility Mode, Prev: The Restricted Shell, Up: Bash Features + +6.11 Bash POSIX Mode +==================== + +Starting Bash with the '--posix' command-line option or executing 'set +-o posix' while Bash is running will cause Bash to conform more closely +to the POSIX standard by changing the behavior to match that specified +by POSIX in areas where the Bash default differs. + + When invoked as 'sh', Bash enters POSIX mode after reading the +startup files. + + The following list is what's changed when 'POSIX mode' is in effect: + + 1. Bash ensures that the 'POSIXLY_CORRECT' variable is set. + + 2. When a command in the hash table no longer exists, Bash will + re-search '$PATH' to find the new location. This is also available + with 'shopt -s checkhash'. + + 3. Bash will not insert a command without the execute bit set into the + command hash table, even if it returns it as a (last-ditch) result + from a '$PATH' search. + + 4. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job + exits with a non-zero status is 'Done(status)'. + + 5. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job + is stopped is 'Stopped(SIGNAME)', where SIGNAME is, for example, + 'SIGTSTP'. + + 6. Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells. + + 7. Reserved words appearing in a context where reserved words are + recognized do not undergo alias expansion. + + 8. Alias expansion is performed when initially parsing a command + substitution. The default mode generally defers it, when enabled, + until the command substitution is executed. This means that + command substitution will not expand aliases that are defined after + the command substitution is initially parsed (e.g., as part of a + function definition). + + 9. The POSIX 'PS1' and 'PS2' expansions of '!' to the history number + and '!!' to '!' are enabled, and parameter expansion is performed + on the values of 'PS1' and 'PS2' regardless of the setting of the + 'promptvars' option. + + 10. The POSIX startup files are executed ('$ENV') rather than the + normal Bash files. + + 11. Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a + command name, rather than on all assignment statements on the line. + + 12. The default history file is '~/.sh_history' (this is the default + value of '$HISTFILE'). + + 13. Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the + word in the redirection unless the shell is interactive. + + 14. Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in + the redirection. + + 15. Function names must be valid shell 'name's. That is, they may not + contain characters other than letters, digits, and underscores, and + may not start with a digit. Declaring a function with an invalid + name causes a fatal syntax error in non-interactive shells. + + 16. Function names may not be the same as one of the POSIX special + builtins. + + 17. POSIX special builtins are found before shell functions during + command lookup. + + 18. When printing shell function definitions (e.g., by 'type'), Bash + does not print the 'function' keyword. + + 19. Literal tildes that appear as the first character in elements of + the 'PATH' variable are not expanded as described above under *note + Tilde Expansion::. + + 20. The 'time' reserved word may be used by itself as a command. When + used in this way, it displays timing statistics for the shell and + its completed children. The 'TIMEFORMAT' variable controls the + format of the timing information. + + 21. When parsing and expanding a ${...} expansion that appears within + double quotes, single quotes are no longer special and cannot be + used to quote a closing brace or other special character, unless + the operator is one of those defined to perform pattern removal. + In this case, they do not have to appear as matched pairs. + + 22. The parser does not recognize 'time' as a reserved word if the + next token begins with a '-'. + + 23. The '!' character does not introduce history expansion within a + double-quoted string, even if the 'histexpand' option is enabled. + + 24. If a POSIX special builtin returns an error status, a + non-interactive shell exits. The fatal errors are those listed in + the POSIX standard, and include things like passing incorrect + options, redirection errors, variable assignment errors for + assignments preceding the command name, and so on. + + 25. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable + assignment error occurs when no command name follows the assignment + statements. A variable assignment error occurs, for example, when + trying to assign a value to a readonly variable. + + 26. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable + assignment error occurs in an assignment statement preceding a + special builtin, but not with any other simple command. For any + other simple command, the shell aborts execution of that command, + and execution continues at the top level ("the shell shall not + perform any further processing of the command in which the error + occurred"). + + 27. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the + iteration variable in a 'for' statement or the selection variable + in a 'select' statement is a readonly variable. + + 28. Non-interactive shells exit if FILENAME in '.' FILENAME is not + found. + + 29. Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic + expansion results in an invalid expression. + + 30. Non-interactive shells exit if a parameter expansion error occurs. + + 31. Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script + read with the '.' or 'source' builtins, or in a string processed by + the 'eval' builtin. + + 32. While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to + the '#' and '?' special parameters. + + 33. Expanding the '*' special parameter in a pattern context where the + expansion is double-quoted does not treat the '$*' as if it were + double-quoted. + + 34. Assignment statements preceding POSIX special builtins persist in + the shell environment after the builtin completes. + + 35. The 'command' builtin does not prevent builtins that take + assignment statements as arguments from expanding them as + assignment statements; when not in POSIX mode, assignment builtins + lose their assignment statement expansion properties when preceded + by 'command'. + + 36. The 'bg' builtin uses the required format to describe each job + placed in the background, which does not include an indication of + whether the job is the current or previous job. + + 37. The output of 'kill -l' prints all the signal names on a single + line, separated by spaces, without the 'SIG' prefix. + + 38. The 'kill' builtin does not accept signal names with a 'SIG' + prefix. + + 39. The 'export' and 'readonly' builtin commands display their output + in the format required by POSIX. + + 40. The 'trap' builtin displays signal names without the leading + 'SIG'. + + 41. The 'trap' builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible + signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original + disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of + digits and is a valid signal number. If users want to reset the + handler for a given signal to the original disposition, they should + use '-' as the first argument. + + 42. 'trap -p' displays signals whose dispositions are set to SIG_DFL + and those that were ignored when the shell started. + + 43. The '.' and 'source' builtins do not search the current directory + for the filename argument if it is not found by searching 'PATH'. + + 44. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the + 'inherit_errexit' option, so subshells spawned to execute command + substitutions inherit the value of the '-e' option from the parent + shell. When the 'inherit_errexit' option is not enabled, Bash + clears the '-e' option in such subshells. + + 45. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the 'shift_verbose' + option, so numeric arguments to 'shift' that exceed the number of + positional parameters will result in an error message. + + 46. When the 'alias' builtin displays alias definitions, it does not + display them with a leading 'alias ' unless the '-p' option is + supplied. + + 47. When the 'set' builtin is invoked without options, it does not + display shell function names and definitions. + + 48. When the 'set' builtin is invoked without options, it displays + variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell + metacharacters, even if the result contains nonprinting characters. + + 49. When the 'cd' builtin is invoked in logical mode, and the pathname + constructed from '$PWD' and the directory name supplied as an + argument does not refer to an existing directory, 'cd' will fail + instead of falling back to physical mode. + + 50. When the 'cd' builtin cannot change a directory because the length + of the pathname constructed from '$PWD' and the directory name + supplied as an argument exceeds 'PATH_MAX' when all symbolic links + are expanded, 'cd' will fail instead of attempting to use only the + supplied directory name. + + 51. The 'pwd' builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as + the current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file + system with the '-P' option. + + 52. When listing the history, the 'fc' builtin does not include an + indication of whether or not a history entry has been modified. + + 53. The default editor used by 'fc' is 'ed'. + + 54. The 'type' and 'command' builtins will not report a non-executable + file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute + such a file if it is the only so-named file found in '$PATH'. + + 55. The 'vi' editing mode will invoke the 'vi' editor directly when + the 'v' command is run, instead of checking '$VISUAL' and + '$EDITOR'. + + 56. When the 'xpg_echo' option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to + interpret any arguments to 'echo' as options. Each argument is + displayed, after escape characters are converted. + + 57. The 'ulimit' builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the '-c' + and '-f' options. + + 58. The arrival of 'SIGCHLD' when a trap is set on 'SIGCHLD' does not + interrupt the 'wait' builtin and cause it to return immediately. + The trap command is run once for each child that exits. + + 59. The 'read' builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap + has been set. If Bash receives a trapped signal while executing + 'read', the trap handler executes and 'read' returns an exit status + greater than 128. + + 60. The 'printf' builtin uses 'double' (via 'strtod') to convert + arguments corresponding to floating point conversion specifiers, + instead of 'long double' if it's available. The 'L' length + modifier forces 'printf' to use 'long double' if it's available. + + 61. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list + of such statuses after the 'wait' builtin is used to obtain it. + + There is other POSIX behavior that Bash does not implement by default +even when in POSIX mode. Specifically: + + 1. The 'fc' builtin checks '$EDITOR' as a program to edit history + entries if 'FCEDIT' is unset, rather than defaulting directly to + 'ed'. 'fc' uses 'ed' if 'EDITOR' is unset. + + 2. As noted above, Bash requires the 'xpg_echo' option to be enabled + for the 'echo' builtin to be fully conformant. + + Bash can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default, by +specifying the '--enable-strict-posix-default' to 'configure' when +building (*note Optional Features::). + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Compatibility Mode, Prev: Bash POSIX Mode, Up: Bash Features + +6.12 Shell Compatibility Mode +============================= + +Bash-4.0 introduced the concept of a "shell compatibility level", +specified as a set of options to the shopt builtin ('compat31', +'compat32', 'compat40', 'compat41', and so on). There is only one +current compatibility level - each option is mutually exclusive. The +compatibility level is intended to allow users to select behavior from +previous versions that is incompatible with newer versions while they +migrate scripts to use current features and behavior. It's intended to +be a temporary solution. + + This section does not mention behavior that is standard for a +particular version (e.g., setting 'compat32' means that quoting the rhs +of the regexp matching operator quotes special regexp characters in the +word, which is default behavior in bash-3.2 and subsequent versions). + + If a user enables, say, 'compat32', it may affect the behavior of +other compatibility levels up to and including the current compatibility +level. The idea is that each compatibility level controls behavior that +changed in that version of Bash, but that behavior may have been present +in earlier versions. For instance, the change to use locale-based +comparisons with the '[[' command came in bash-4.1, and earlier versions +used ASCII-based comparisons, so enabling 'compat32' will enable +ASCII-based comparisons as well. That granularity may not be sufficient +for all uses, and as a result users should employ compatibility levels +carefully. Read the documentation for a particular feature to find out +the current behavior. + + Bash-4.3 introduced a new shell variable: 'BASH_COMPAT'. The value +assigned to this variable (a decimal version number like 4.2, or an +integer corresponding to the 'compat'NN option, like 42) determines the +compatibility level. + + Starting with bash-4.4, Bash has begun deprecating older +compatibility levels. Eventually, the options will be removed in favor +of 'BASH_COMPAT'. + + Bash-5.0 is the final version for which there will be an individual +shopt option for the previous version. Users should use 'BASH_COMPAT' +on bash-5.0 and later versions. + + The following table describes the behavior changes controlled by each +compatibility level setting. The 'compat'NN tag is used as shorthand +for setting the compatibility level to NN using one of the following +mechanisms. For versions prior to bash-5.0, the compatibility level may +be set using the corresponding 'compat'NN shopt option. For bash-4.3 +and later versions, the 'BASH_COMPAT' variable is preferred, and it is +required for bash-5.1 and later versions. + +'compat31' + * quoting the rhs of the '[[' command's regexp matching operator + (=~) has no special effect + +'compat32' + * interrupting a command list such as "a ; b ; c" causes the + execution of the next command in the list (in bash-4.0 and + later versions, the shell acts as if it received the + interrupt, so interrupting one command in a list aborts the + execution of the entire list) + +'compat40' + * the '<' and '>' operators to the '[[' command do not consider + the current locale when comparing strings; they use ASCII + ordering. Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII collation + and strcmp(3); bash-4.1 and later use the current locale's + collation sequence and strcoll(3). + +'compat41' + * in posix mode, 'time' may be followed by options and still be + recognized as a reserved word (this is POSIX interpretation + 267) + * in posix mode, the parser requires that an even number of + single quotes occur in the WORD portion of a double-quoted + ${...} parameter expansion and treats them specially, so that + characters within the single quotes are considered quoted + (this is POSIX interpretation 221) + +'compat42' + * the replacement string in double-quoted pattern substitution + does not undergo quote removal, as it does in versions after + bash-4.2 + * in posix mode, single quotes are considered special when + expanding the WORD portion of a double-quoted ${...} parameter + expansion and can be used to quote a closing brace or other + special character (this is part of POSIX interpretation 221); + in later versions, single quotes are not special within + double-quoted word expansions + +'compat43' + * the shell does not print a warning message if an attempt is + made to use a quoted compound assignment as an argument to + declare (e.g., declare -a foo='(1 2)'). Later versions warn + that this usage is deprecated + * word expansion errors are considered non-fatal errors that + cause the current command to fail, even in posix mode (the + default behavior is to make them fatal errors that cause the + shell to exit) + * when executing a shell function, the loop state + (while/until/etc.) is not reset, so 'break' or 'continue' in + that function will break or continue loops in the calling + context. Bash-4.4 and later reset the loop state to prevent + this + +'compat44' + * the shell sets up the values used by 'BASH_ARGV' and + 'BASH_ARGC' so they can expand to the shell's positional + parameters even if extended debugging mode is not enabled + * a subshell inherits loops from its parent context, so 'break' + or 'continue' will cause the subshell to exit. Bash-5.0 and + later reset the loop state to prevent the exit + * variable assignments preceding builtins like 'export' and + 'readonly' that set attributes continue to affect variables + with the same name in the calling environment even if the + shell is not in posix mode + +'compat50 (set using BASH_COMPAT)' + * Bash-5.1 changed the way '$RANDOM' is generated to introduce + slightly more randomness. If the shell compatibility level is + set to 50 or lower, it reverts to the method from bash-5.0 and + previous versions, so seeding the random number generator by + assigning a value to 'RANDOM' will produce the same sequence + as in bash-5.0 + * If the command hash table is empty, Bash versions prior to + bash-5.1 printed an informational message to that effect, even + when producing output that can be reused as input. Bash-5.1 + suppresses that message when the '-l' option is supplied. + +'compat51 (set using BASH_COMPAT)' + * The 'unset' builtin will unset the array 'a' given an argument + like 'a[@]'. Bash-5.2 will unset an element with key '@' + (associative arrays) or remove all the elements without + unsetting the array (indexed arrays) + * arithmetic commands ( ((...)) ) and the expressions in an + arithmetic for statement can be expanded more than once + * expressions used as arguments to arithmetic operators in the + '[[' conditional command can be expanded more than once + * the expressions in substring parameter brace expansion can be + expanded more than once + * the expressions in the $(( ... )) word expansion can be + expanded more than once + * arithmetic expressions used as indexed array subscripts can be + expanded more than once + * 'test -v', when given an argument of 'A[@]', where A is an + existing associative array, will return true if the array has + any set elements. Bash-5.2 will look for and report on a key + named '@' + * the ${PARAMETER[:]=VALUE} word expansion will return VALUE, + before any variable-specific transformations have been + performed (e.g., converting to lowercase). Bash-5.2 will + return the final value assigned to the variable. + * Parsing command substitutions will behave as if extended glob + (*note The Shopt Builtin::) is enabled, so that parsing a + command substitution containing an extglob pattern (say, as + part of a shell function) will not fail. This assumes the + intent is to enable extglob before the command is executed and + word expansions are performed. It will fail at word expansion + time if extglob hasn't been enabled by the time the command is + executed. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Job Control, Next: Command Line Editing, Prev: Bash Features, Up: Top + +7 Job Control +************* + +This chapter discusses what job control is, how it works, and how Bash +allows you to access its facilities. + +* Menu: + +* Job Control Basics:: How job control works. +* Job Control Builtins:: Bash builtin commands used to interact + with job control. +* Job Control Variables:: Variables Bash uses to customize job + control. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Job Control Basics, Next: Job Control Builtins, Up: Job Control + +7.1 Job Control Basics +====================== + +Job control refers to the ability to selectively stop (suspend) the +execution of processes and continue (resume) their execution at a later +point. A user typically employs this facility via an interactive +interface supplied jointly by the operating system kernel's terminal +driver and Bash. + + The shell associates a JOB with each pipeline. It keeps a table of +currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the 'jobs' command. +When Bash starts a job asynchronously, it prints a line that looks like: + [1] 25647 +indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID of the +last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647. All of +the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. Bash +uses the JOB abstraction as the basis for job control. + + To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job +control, the operating system maintains the notion of a current terminal +process group ID. Members of this process group (processes whose +process group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID) +receive keyboard-generated signals such as 'SIGINT'. These processes +are said to be in the foreground. Background processes are those whose +process group ID differs from the terminal's; such processes are immune +to keyboard-generated signals. Only foreground processes are allowed to +read from or, if the user so specifies with 'stty tostop', write to the +terminal. Background processes which attempt to read from (write to +when 'stty tostop' is in effect) the terminal are sent a 'SIGTTIN' +('SIGTTOU') signal by the kernel's terminal driver, which, unless +caught, suspends the process. + + If the operating system on which Bash is running supports job +control, Bash contains facilities to use it. Typing the "suspend" +character (typically '^Z', Control-Z) while a process is running causes +that process to be stopped and returns control to Bash. Typing the +"delayed suspend" character (typically '^Y', Control-Y) causes the +process to be stopped when it attempts to read input from the terminal, +and control to be returned to Bash. The user then manipulates the state +of this job, using the 'bg' command to continue it in the background, +the 'fg' command to continue it in the foreground, or the 'kill' command +to kill it. A '^Z' takes effect immediately, and has the additional +side effect of causing pending output and typeahead to be discarded. + + There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. The +character '%' introduces a job specification ("jobspec"). + + Job number 'n' may be referred to as '%n'. The symbols '%%' and '%+' +refer to the shell's notion of the current job, which is the last job +stopped while it was in the foreground or started in the background. A +single '%' (with no accompanying job specification) also refers to the +current job. The previous job may be referenced using '%-'. If there +is only a single job, '%+' and '%-' can both be used to refer to that +job. In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the 'jobs' +command), the current job is always flagged with a '+', and the previous +job with a '-'. + + A job may also be referred to using a prefix of the name used to +start it, or using a substring that appears in its command line. For +example, '%ce' refers to a stopped job whose command name begins with +'ce'. Using '%?ce', on the other hand, refers to any job containing the +string 'ce' in its command line. If the prefix or substring matches +more than one job, Bash reports an error. + + Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: '%1' +is a synonym for 'fg %1', bringing job 1 from the background into the +foreground. Similarly, '%1 &' resumes job 1 in the background, +equivalent to 'bg %1' + + The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. Normally, +Bash waits until it is about to print a prompt before reporting changes +in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other output. If the '-b' +option to the 'set' builtin is enabled, Bash reports such changes +immediately (*note The Set Builtin::). Any trap on 'SIGCHLD' is +executed for each child process that exits. + + If an attempt to exit Bash is made while jobs are stopped, (or +running, if the 'checkjobs' option is enabled - see *note The Shopt +Builtin::), the shell prints a warning message, and if the 'checkjobs' +option is enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses. The 'jobs' +command may then be used to inspect their status. If a second attempt +to exit is made without an intervening command, Bash does not print +another warning, and any stopped jobs are terminated. + + When the shell is waiting for a job or process using the 'wait' +builtin, and job control is enabled, 'wait' will return when the job +changes state. The '-f' option causes 'wait' to wait until the job or +process terminates before returning. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Job Control Builtins, Next: Job Control Variables, Prev: Job Control Basics, Up: Job Control + +7.2 Job Control Builtins +======================== + +'bg' + bg [JOBSPEC ...] + + Resume each suspended job JOBSPEC in the background, as if it had + been started with '&'. If JOBSPEC is not supplied, the current job + is used. The return status is zero unless it is run when job + control is not enabled, or, when run with job control enabled, any + JOBSPEC was not found or specifies a job that was started without + job control. + +'fg' + fg [JOBSPEC] + + Resume the job JOBSPEC in the foreground and make it the current + job. If JOBSPEC is not supplied, the current job is used. The + return status is that of the command placed into the foreground, or + non-zero if run when job control is disabled or, when run with job + control enabled, JOBSPEC does not specify a valid job or JOBSPEC + specifies a job that was started without job control. + +'jobs' + jobs [-lnprs] [JOBSPEC] + jobs -x COMMAND [ARGUMENTS] + + The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the + following meanings: + + '-l' + List process IDs in addition to the normal information. + + '-n' + Display information only about jobs that have changed status + since the user was last notified of their status. + + '-p' + List only the process ID of the job's process group leader. + + '-r' + Display only running jobs. + + '-s' + Display only stopped jobs. + + If JOBSPEC is given, output is restricted to information about that + job. If JOBSPEC is not supplied, the status of all jobs is listed. + + If the '-x' option is supplied, 'jobs' replaces any JOBSPEC found + in COMMAND or ARGUMENTS with the corresponding process group ID, + and executes COMMAND, passing it ARGUMENTs, returning its exit + status. + +'kill' + kill [-s SIGSPEC] [-n SIGNUM] [-SIGSPEC] JOBSPEC or PID + kill -l|-L [EXIT_STATUS] + + Send a signal specified by SIGSPEC or SIGNUM to the process named + by job specification JOBSPEC or process ID PID. SIGSPEC is either + a case-insensitive signal name such as 'SIGINT' (with or without + the 'SIG' prefix) or a signal number; SIGNUM is a signal number. + If SIGSPEC and SIGNUM are not present, 'SIGTERM' is used. The '-l' + option lists the signal names. If any arguments are supplied when + '-l' is given, the names of the signals corresponding to the + arguments are listed, and the return status is zero. EXIT_STATUS + is a number specifying a signal number or the exit status of a + process terminated by a signal. The '-L' option is equivalent to + '-l'. The return status is zero if at least one signal was + successfully sent, or non-zero if an error occurs or an invalid + option is encountered. + +'wait' + wait [-fn] [-p VARNAME] [JOBSPEC or PID ...] + + Wait until the child process specified by each process ID PID or + job specification JOBSPEC exits and return the exit status of the + last command waited for. If a job spec is given, all processes in + the job are waited for. If no arguments are given, 'wait' waits + for all running background jobs and the last-executed process + substitution, if its process id is the same as $!, and the return + status is zero. If the '-n' option is supplied, 'wait' waits for a + single job from the list of PIDs or JOBSPECs or, if no arguments + are supplied, any job, to complete and returns its exit status. If + none of the supplied arguments is a child of the shell, or if no + arguments are supplied and the shell has no unwaited-for children, + the exit status is 127. If the '-p' option is supplied, the + process or job identifier of the job for which the exit status is + returned is assigned to the variable VARNAME named by the option + argument. The variable will be unset initially, before any + assignment. This is useful only when the '-n' option is supplied. + Supplying the '-f' option, when job control is enabled, forces + 'wait' to wait for each PID or JOBSPEC to terminate before + returning its status, instead of returning when it changes status. + If neither JOBSPEC nor PID specifies an active child process of the + shell, the return status is 127. If 'wait' is interrupted by a + signal, the return status will be greater than 128, as described + above (*note Signals::). Otherwise, the return status is the exit + status of the last process or job waited for. + +'disown' + disown [-ar] [-h] [JOBSPEC ... | PID ... ] + + Without options, remove each JOBSPEC from the table of active jobs. + If the '-h' option is given, the job is not removed from the table, + but is marked so that 'SIGHUP' is not sent to the job if the shell + receives a 'SIGHUP'. If JOBSPEC is not present, and neither the + '-a' nor the '-r' option is supplied, the current job is used. If + no JOBSPEC is supplied, the '-a' option means to remove or mark all + jobs; the '-r' option without a JOBSPEC argument restricts + operation to running jobs. + +'suspend' + suspend [-f] + + Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a 'SIGCONT' + signal. A login shell, or a shell without job control enabled, + cannot be suspended; the '-f' option can be used to override this + and force the suspension. The return status is 0 unless the shell + is a login shell or job control is not enabled and '-f' is not + supplied. + + When job control is not active, the 'kill' and 'wait' builtins do not +accept JOBSPEC arguments. They must be supplied process IDs. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Job Control Variables, Prev: Job Control Builtins, Up: Job Control + +7.3 Job Control Variables +========================= + +'auto_resume' + This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and + job control. If this variable exists then single word simple + commands without redirections are treated as candidates for + resumption of an existing job. There is no ambiguity allowed; if + there is more than one job beginning with the string typed, then + the most recently accessed job will be selected. The name of a + stopped job, in this context, is the command line used to start it. + If this variable is set to the value 'exact', the string supplied + must match the name of a stopped job exactly; if set to + 'substring', the string supplied needs to match a substring of the + name of a stopped job. The 'substring' value provides + functionality analogous to the '%?' job ID (*note Job Control + Basics::). If set to any other value, the supplied string must be + a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides functionality + analogous to the '%' job ID. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Command Line Editing, Next: Using History Interactively, Prev: Job Control, Up: Top + +8 Command Line Editing +********************** + +This chapter describes the basic features of the GNU command line +editing interface. Command line editing is provided by the Readline +library, which is used by several different programs, including Bash. +Command line editing is enabled by default when using an interactive +shell, unless the '--noediting' option is supplied at shell invocation. +Line editing is also used when using the '-e' option to the 'read' +builtin command (*note Bash Builtins::). By default, the line editing +commands are similar to those of Emacs. A vi-style line editing +interface is also available. Line editing can be enabled at any time +using the '-o emacs' or '-o vi' options to the 'set' builtin command +(*note The Set Builtin::), or disabled using the '+o emacs' or '+o vi' +options to 'set'. + +* Menu: + +* Introduction and Notation:: Notation used in this text. +* Readline Interaction:: The minimum set of commands for editing a line. +* Readline Init File:: Customizing Readline from a user's view. +* Bindable Readline Commands:: A description of most of the Readline commands + available for binding +* Readline vi Mode:: A short description of how to make Readline + behave like the vi editor. +* Programmable Completion:: How to specify the possible completions for + a specific command. +* Programmable Completion Builtins:: Builtin commands to specify how to + complete arguments for a particular command. +* A Programmable Completion Example:: An example shell function for + generating possible completions. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Introduction and Notation, Next: Readline Interaction, Up: Command Line Editing + +8.1 Introduction to Line Editing +================================ + +The following paragraphs describe the notation used to represent +keystrokes. + + The text 'C-k' is read as 'Control-K' and describes the character +produced when the key is pressed while the Control key is depressed. + + The text 'M-k' is read as 'Meta-K' and describes the character +produced when the Meta key (if you have one) is depressed, and the +key is pressed. The Meta key is labeled on many keyboards. On +keyboards with two keys labeled (usually to either side of the +space bar), the on the left side is generally set to work as a +Meta key. The key on the right may also be configured to work as +a Meta key or may be configured as some other modifier, such as a +Compose key for typing accented characters. + + If you do not have a Meta or key, or another key working as a +Meta key, the identical keystroke can be generated by typing +_first_, and then typing . Either process is known as "metafying" +the key. + + The text 'M-C-k' is read as 'Meta-Control-k' and describes the +character produced by "metafying" 'C-k'. + + In addition, several keys have their own names. Specifically, , +, , , , and all stand for themselves when seen +in this text, or in an init file (*note Readline Init File::). If your +keyboard lacks a key, typing will produce the desired +character. The key may be labeled or on some +keyboards. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Readline Interaction, Next: Readline Init File, Prev: Introduction and Notation, Up: Command Line Editing + +8.2 Readline Interaction +======================== + +Often during an interactive session you type in a long line of text, +only to notice that the first word on the line is misspelled. The +Readline library gives you a set of commands for manipulating the text +as you type it in, allowing you to just fix your typo, and not forcing +you to retype the majority of the line. Using these editing commands, +you move the cursor to the place that needs correction, and delete or +insert the text of the corrections. Then, when you are satisfied with +the line, you simply press . You do not have to be at the end of +the line to press ; the entire line is accepted regardless of the +location of the cursor within the line. + +* Menu: + +* Readline Bare Essentials:: The least you need to know about Readline. +* Readline Movement Commands:: Moving about the input line. +* Readline Killing Commands:: How to delete text, and how to get it back! +* Readline Arguments:: Giving numeric arguments to commands. +* Searching:: Searching through previous lines. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Readline Bare Essentials, Next: Readline Movement Commands, Up: Readline Interaction + +8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials +------------------------------ + +In order to enter characters into the line, simply type them. The typed +character appears where the cursor was, and then the cursor moves one +space to the right. If you mistype a character, you can use your erase +character to back up and delete the mistyped character. + + Sometimes you may mistype a character, and not notice the error until +you have typed several other characters. In that case, you can type +'C-b' to move the cursor to the left, and then correct your mistake. +Afterwards, you can move the cursor to the right with 'C-f'. + + When you add text in the middle of a line, you will notice that +characters to the right of the cursor are 'pushed over' to make room for +the text that you have inserted. Likewise, when you delete text behind +the cursor, characters to the right of the cursor are 'pulled back' to +fill in the blank space created by the removal of the text. A list of +the bare essentials for editing the text of an input line follows. + +'C-b' + Move back one character. +'C-f' + Move forward one character. + or + Delete the character to the left of the cursor. +'C-d' + Delete the character underneath the cursor. +Printing characters + Insert the character into the line at the cursor. +'C-_' or 'C-x C-u' + Undo the last editing command. You can undo all the way back to an + empty line. + +(Depending on your configuration, the key might be set to +delete the character to the left of the cursor and the key set to +delete the character underneath the cursor, like 'C-d', rather than the +character to the left of the cursor.) + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Readline Movement Commands, Next: Readline Killing Commands, Prev: Readline Bare Essentials, Up: Readline Interaction + +8.2.2 Readline Movement Commands +-------------------------------- + +The above table describes the most basic keystrokes that you need in +order to do editing of the input line. For your convenience, many other +commands have been added in addition to 'C-b', 'C-f', 'C-d', and . +Here are some commands for moving more rapidly about the line. + +'C-a' + Move to the start of the line. +'C-e' + Move to the end of the line. +'M-f' + Move forward a word, where a word is composed of letters and + digits. +'M-b' + Move backward a word. +'C-l' + Clear the screen, reprinting the current line at the top. + + Notice how 'C-f' moves forward a character, while 'M-f' moves forward +a word. It is a loose convention that control keystrokes operate on +characters while meta keystrokes operate on words. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Readline Killing Commands, Next: Readline Arguments, Prev: Readline Movement Commands, Up: Readline Interaction + +8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands +------------------------------- + +"Killing" text means to delete the text from the line, but to save it +away for later use, usually by "yanking" (re-inserting) it back into the +line. ('Cut' and 'paste' are more recent jargon for 'kill' and 'yank'.) + + If the description for a command says that it 'kills' text, then you +can be sure that you can get the text back in a different (or the same) +place later. + + When you use a kill command, the text is saved in a "kill-ring". Any +number of consecutive kills save all of the killed text together, so +that when you yank it back, you get it all. The kill ring is not line +specific; the text that you killed on a previously typed line is +available to be yanked back later, when you are typing another line. + + Here is the list of commands for killing text. + +'C-k' + Kill the text from the current cursor position to the end of the + line. + +'M-d' + Kill from the cursor to the end of the current word, or, if between + words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same + as those used by 'M-f'. + +'M-' + Kill from the cursor to the start of the current word, or, if + between words, to the start of the previous word. Word boundaries + are the same as those used by 'M-b'. + +'C-w' + Kill from the cursor to the previous whitespace. This is different + than 'M-' because the word boundaries differ. + + Here is how to "yank" the text back into the line. Yanking means to +copy the most-recently-killed text from the kill buffer. + +'C-y' + Yank the most recently killed text back into the buffer at the + cursor. + +'M-y' + Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this + if the prior command is 'C-y' or 'M-y'. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Readline Arguments, Next: Searching, Prev: Readline Killing Commands, Up: Readline Interaction + +8.2.4 Readline Arguments +------------------------ + +You can pass numeric arguments to Readline commands. Sometimes the +argument acts as a repeat count, other times it is the sign of the +argument that is significant. If you pass a negative argument to a +command which normally acts in a forward direction, that command will +act in a backward direction. For example, to kill text back to the +start of the line, you might type 'M-- C-k'. + + The general way to pass numeric arguments to a command is to type +meta digits before the command. If the first 'digit' typed is a minus +sign ('-'), then the sign of the argument will be negative. Once you +have typed one meta digit to get the argument started, you can type the +remainder of the digits, and then the command. For example, to give the +'C-d' command an argument of 10, you could type 'M-1 0 C-d', which will +delete the next ten characters on the input line. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Searching, Prev: Readline Arguments, Up: Readline Interaction + +8.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History +------------------------------------------- + +Readline provides commands for searching through the command history +(*note Bash History Facilities::) for lines containing a specified +string. There are two search modes: "incremental" and +"non-incremental". + + Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the +search string. As each character of the search string is typed, +Readline displays the next entry from the history matching the string +typed so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as +needed to find the desired history entry. To search backward in the +history for a particular string, type 'C-r'. Typing 'C-s' searches +forward through the history. The characters present in the value of the +'isearch-terminators' variable are used to terminate an incremental +search. If that variable has not been assigned a value, the and +'C-J' characters will terminate an incremental search. 'C-g' will abort +an incremental search and restore the original line. When the search is +terminated, the history entry containing the search string becomes the +current line. + + To find other matching entries in the history list, type 'C-r' or +'C-s' as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the +history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far. Any +other key sequence bound to a Readline command will terminate the search +and execute that command. For instance, a will terminate the +search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from the +history list. A movement command will terminate the search, make the +last line found the current line, and begin editing. + + Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two 'C-r's +are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search +string, any remembered search string is used. + + Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before +starting to search for matching history lines. The search string may be +typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Readline Init File, Next: Bindable Readline Commands, Prev: Readline Interaction, Up: Command Line Editing + +8.3 Readline Init File +====================== + +Although the Readline library comes with a set of Emacs-like keybindings +installed by default, it is possible to use a different set of +keybindings. Any user can customize programs that use Readline by +putting commands in an "inputrc" file, conventionally in their home +directory. The name of this file is taken from the value of the shell +variable 'INPUTRC'. If that variable is unset, the default is +'~/.inputrc'. If that file does not exist or cannot be read, the +ultimate default is '/etc/inputrc'. The 'bind' builtin command can also +be used to set Readline keybindings and variables. *Note Bash +Builtins::. + + When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, the init +file is read, and the key bindings are set. + + In addition, the 'C-x C-r' command re-reads this init file, thus +incorporating any changes that you might have made to it. + +* Menu: + +* Readline Init File Syntax:: Syntax for the commands in the inputrc file. + +* Conditional Init Constructs:: Conditional key bindings in the inputrc file. + +* Sample Init File:: An example inputrc file. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Readline Init File Syntax, Next: Conditional Init Constructs, Up: Readline Init File + +8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax +------------------------------- + +There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the Readline init file. +Blank lines are ignored. Lines beginning with a '#' are comments. +Lines beginning with a '$' indicate conditional constructs (*note +Conditional Init Constructs::). Other lines denote variable settings +and key bindings. + +Variable Settings + You can modify the run-time behavior of Readline by altering the + values of variables in Readline using the 'set' command within the + init file. The syntax is simple: + + set VARIABLE VALUE + + Here, for example, is how to change from the default Emacs-like key + binding to use 'vi' line editing commands: + + set editing-mode vi + + Variable names and values, where appropriate, are recognized + without regard to case. Unrecognized variable names are ignored. + + Boolean variables (those that can be set to on or off) are set to + on if the value is null or empty, ON (case-insensitive), or 1. Any + other value results in the variable being set to off. + + The 'bind -V' command lists the current Readline variable names and + values. *Note Bash Builtins::. + + A great deal of run-time behavior is changeable with the following + variables. + + 'active-region-start-color' + A string variable that controls the text color and background + when displaying the text in the active region (see the + description of 'enable-active-region' below). This string + must not take up any physical character positions on the + display, so it should consist only of terminal escape + sequences. It is output to the terminal before displaying the + text in the active region. This variable is reset to the + default value whenever the terminal type changes. The default + value is the string that puts the terminal in standout mode, + as obtained from the terminal's terminfo description. A + sample value might be '\e[01;33m'. + + 'active-region-end-color' + A string variable that "undoes" the effects of + 'active-region-start-color' and restores "normal" terminal + display appearance after displaying text in the active region. + This string must not take up any physical character positions + on the display, so it should consist only of terminal escape + sequences. It is output to the terminal after displaying the + text in the active region. This variable is reset to the + default value whenever the terminal type changes. The default + value is the string that restores the terminal from standout + mode, as obtained from the terminal's terminfo description. A + sample value might be '\e[0m'. + + 'bell-style' + Controls what happens when Readline wants to ring the terminal + bell. If set to 'none', Readline never rings the bell. If + set to 'visible', Readline uses a visible bell if one is + available. If set to 'audible' (the default), Readline + attempts to ring the terminal's bell. + + 'bind-tty-special-chars' + If set to 'on' (the default), Readline attempts to bind the + control characters treated specially by the kernel's terminal + driver to their Readline equivalents. + + 'blink-matching-paren' + If set to 'on', Readline attempts to briefly move the cursor + to an opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is + inserted. The default is 'off'. + + 'colored-completion-prefix' + If set to 'on', when listing completions, Readline displays + the common prefix of the set of possible completions using a + different color. The color definitions are taken from the + value of the 'LS_COLORS' environment variable. If there is a + color definition in 'LS_COLORS' for the custom suffix + 'readline-colored-completion-prefix', Readline uses this color + for the common prefix instead of its default. The default is + 'off'. + + 'colored-stats' + If set to 'on', Readline displays possible completions using + different colors to indicate their file type. The color + definitions are taken from the value of the 'LS_COLORS' + environment variable. The default is 'off'. + + 'comment-begin' + The string to insert at the beginning of the line when the + 'insert-comment' command is executed. The default value is + '"#"'. + + 'completion-display-width' + The number of screen columns used to display possible matches + when performing completion. The value is ignored if it is + less than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width. A + value of 0 will cause matches to be displayed one per line. + The default value is -1. + + 'completion-ignore-case' + If set to 'on', Readline performs filename matching and + completion in a case-insensitive fashion. The default value + is 'off'. + + 'completion-map-case' + If set to 'on', and COMPLETION-IGNORE-CASE is enabled, + Readline treats hyphens ('-') and underscores ('_') as + equivalent when performing case-insensitive filename matching + and completion. The default value is 'off'. + + 'completion-prefix-display-length' + The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of + possible completions that is displayed without modification. + When set to a value greater than zero, common prefixes longer + than this value are replaced with an ellipsis when displaying + possible completions. + + 'completion-query-items' + The number of possible completions that determines when the + user is asked whether the list of possibilities should be + displayed. If the number of possible completions is greater + than or equal to this value, Readline will ask whether or not + the user wishes to view them; otherwise, they are simply + listed. This variable must be set to an integer value greater + than or equal to zero. A zero value means Readline should + never ask; negative values are treated as zero. The default + limit is '100'. + + 'convert-meta' + If set to 'on', Readline will convert characters with the + eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the + eighth bit and prefixing an character, converting them + to a meta-prefixed key sequence. The default value is 'on', + but will be set to 'off' if the locale is one that contains + eight-bit characters. This variable is dependent on the + 'LC_CTYPE' locale category, and may change if the locale is + changed. + + 'disable-completion' + If set to 'On', Readline will inhibit word completion. + Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if + they had been mapped to 'self-insert'. The default is 'off'. + + 'echo-control-characters' + When set to 'on', on operating systems that indicate they + support it, Readline echoes a character corresponding to a + signal generated from the keyboard. The default is 'on'. + + 'editing-mode' + The 'editing-mode' variable controls which default set of key + bindings is used. By default, Readline starts up in Emacs + editing mode, where the keystrokes are most similar to Emacs. + This variable can be set to either 'emacs' or 'vi'. + + 'emacs-mode-string' + If the SHOW-MODE-IN-PROMPT variable is enabled, this string is + displayed immediately before the last line of the primary + prompt when emacs editing mode is active. The value is + expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and + control prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. + Use the '\1' and '\2' escapes to begin and end sequences of + non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal + control sequence into the mode string. The default is '@'. + + 'enable-active-region' + The "point" is the current cursor position, and "mark" refers + to a saved cursor position (*note Commands For Moving::). The + text between the point and mark is referred to as the + "region". When this variable is set to 'On', Readline allows + certain commands to designate the region as "active". When + the region is active, Readline highlights the text in the + region using the value of the 'active-region-start-color', + which defaults to the string that enables the terminal's + standout mode. The active region shows the text inserted by + bracketed-paste and any matching text found by incremental and + non-incremental history searches. The default is 'On'. + + 'enable-bracketed-paste' + When set to 'On', Readline configures the terminal to insert + each paste into the editing buffer as a single string of + characters, instead of treating each character as if it had + been read from the keyboard. This is called putting the + terminal into "bracketed paste mode"; it prevents Readline + from executing any editing commands bound to key sequences + appearing in the pasted text. The default is 'On'. + + 'enable-keypad' + When set to 'on', Readline will try to enable the application + keypad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable + the arrow keys. The default is 'off'. + + 'enable-meta-key' + When set to 'on', Readline will try to enable any meta + modifier key the terminal claims to support when it is called. + On many terminals, the meta key is used to send eight-bit + characters. The default is 'on'. + + 'expand-tilde' + If set to 'on', tilde expansion is performed when Readline + attempts word completion. The default is 'off'. + + 'history-preserve-point' + If set to 'on', the history code attempts to place the point + (the current cursor position) at the same location on each + history line retrieved with 'previous-history' or + 'next-history'. The default is 'off'. + + 'history-size' + Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history + list. If set to zero, any existing history entries are + deleted and no new entries are saved. If set to a value less + than zero, the number of history entries is not limited. By + default, the number of history entries is not limited. If an + attempt is made to set HISTORY-SIZE to a non-numeric value, + the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500. + + 'horizontal-scroll-mode' + This variable can be set to either 'on' or 'off'. Setting it + to 'on' means that the text of the lines being edited will + scroll horizontally on a single screen line when they are + longer than the width of the screen, instead of wrapping onto + a new screen line. This variable is automatically set to 'on' + for terminals of height 1. By default, this variable is set + to 'off'. + + 'input-meta' + If set to 'on', Readline will enable eight-bit input (it will + not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads), + regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The + default value is 'off', but Readline will set it to 'on' if + the locale contains eight-bit characters. The name + 'meta-flag' is a synonym for this variable. This variable is + dependent on the 'LC_CTYPE' locale category, and may change if + the locale is changed. + + 'isearch-terminators' + The string of characters that should terminate an incremental + search without subsequently executing the character as a + command (*note Searching::). If this variable has not been + given a value, the characters and 'C-J' will terminate + an incremental search. + + 'keymap' + Sets Readline's idea of the current keymap for key binding + commands. Built-in 'keymap' names are 'emacs', + 'emacs-standard', 'emacs-meta', 'emacs-ctlx', 'vi', 'vi-move', + 'vi-command', and 'vi-insert'. 'vi' is equivalent to + 'vi-command' ('vi-move' is also a synonym); 'emacs' is + equivalent to 'emacs-standard'. Applications may add + additional names. The default value is 'emacs'. The value of + the 'editing-mode' variable also affects the default keymap. + + 'keyseq-timeout' + Specifies the duration Readline will wait for a character when + reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a + complete key sequence using the input read so far, or can take + additional input to complete a longer key sequence). If no + input is received within the timeout, Readline will use the + shorter but complete key sequence. Readline uses this value + to determine whether or not input is available on the current + input source ('rl_instream' by default). The value is + specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that + Readline will wait one second for additional input. If this + variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a + non-numeric value, Readline will wait until another key is + pressed to decide which key sequence to complete. The default + value is '500'. + + 'mark-directories' + If set to 'on', completed directory names have a slash + appended. The default is 'on'. + + 'mark-modified-lines' + This variable, when set to 'on', causes Readline to display an + asterisk ('*') at the start of history lines which have been + modified. This variable is 'off' by default. + + 'mark-symlinked-directories' + If set to 'on', completed names which are symbolic links to + directories have a slash appended (subject to the value of + 'mark-directories'). The default is 'off'. + + 'match-hidden-files' + This variable, when set to 'on', causes Readline to match + files whose names begin with a '.' (hidden files) when + performing filename completion. If set to 'off', the leading + '.' must be supplied by the user in the filename to be + completed. This variable is 'on' by default. + + 'menu-complete-display-prefix' + If set to 'on', menu completion displays the common prefix of + the list of possible completions (which may be empty) before + cycling through the list. The default is 'off'. + + 'output-meta' + If set to 'on', Readline will display characters with the + eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape + sequence. The default is 'off', but Readline will set it to + 'on' if the locale contains eight-bit characters. This + variable is dependent on the 'LC_CTYPE' locale category, and + may change if the locale is changed. + + 'page-completions' + If set to 'on', Readline uses an internal 'more'-like pager to + display a screenful of possible completions at a time. This + variable is 'on' by default. + + 'print-completions-horizontally' + If set to 'on', Readline will display completions with matches + sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down + the screen. The default is 'off'. + + 'revert-all-at-newline' + If set to 'on', Readline will undo all changes to history + lines before returning when 'accept-line' is executed. By + default, history lines may be modified and retain individual + undo lists across calls to 'readline()'. The default is + 'off'. + + 'show-all-if-ambiguous' + This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. + If set to 'on', words which have more than one possible + completion cause the matches to be listed immediately instead + of ringing the bell. The default value is 'off'. + + 'show-all-if-unmodified' + This alters the default behavior of the completion functions + in a fashion similar to SHOW-ALL-IF-AMBIGUOUS. If set to + 'on', words which have more than one possible completion + without any possible partial completion (the possible + completions don't share a common prefix) cause the matches to + be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell. The + default value is 'off'. + + 'show-mode-in-prompt' + If set to 'on', add a string to the beginning of the prompt + indicating the editing mode: emacs, vi command, or vi + insertion. The mode strings are user-settable (e.g., + EMACS-MODE-STRING). The default value is 'off'. + + 'skip-completed-text' + If set to 'on', this alters the default completion behavior + when inserting a single match into the line. It's only active + when performing completion in the middle of a word. If + enabled, Readline does not insert characters from the + completion that match characters after point in the word being + completed, so portions of the word following the cursor are + not duplicated. For instance, if this is enabled, attempting + completion when the cursor is after the 'e' in 'Makefile' will + result in 'Makefile' rather than 'Makefilefile', assuming + there is a single possible completion. The default value is + 'off'. + + 'vi-cmd-mode-string' + If the SHOW-MODE-IN-PROMPT variable is enabled, this string is + displayed immediately before the last line of the primary + prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command mode. + The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set + of meta- and control prefixes and backslash escape sequences + is available. Use the '\1' and '\2' escapes to begin and end + sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to + embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string. The + default is '(cmd)'. + + 'vi-ins-mode-string' + If the SHOW-MODE-IN-PROMPT variable is enabled, this string is + displayed immediately before the last line of the primary + prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode. + The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set + of meta- and control prefixes and backslash escape sequences + is available. Use the '\1' and '\2' escapes to begin and end + sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to + embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string. The + default is '(ins)'. + + 'visible-stats' + If set to 'on', a character denoting a file's type is appended + to the filename when listing possible completions. The + default is 'off'. + +Key Bindings + The syntax for controlling key bindings in the init file is simple. + First you need to find the name of the command that you want to + change. The following sections contain tables of the command name, + the default keybinding, if any, and a short description of what the + command does. + + Once you know the name of the command, simply place on a line in + the init file the name of the key you wish to bind the command to, + a colon, and then the name of the command. There can be no space + between the key name and the colon - that will be interpreted as + part of the key name. The name of the key can be expressed in + different ways, depending on what you find most comfortable. + + In addition to command names, Readline allows keys to be bound to a + string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a MACRO). + + The 'bind -p' command displays Readline function names and bindings + in a format that can be put directly into an initialization file. + *Note Bash Builtins::. + + KEYNAME: FUNCTION-NAME or MACRO + KEYNAME is the name of a key spelled out in English. For + example: + Control-u: universal-argument + Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word + Control-o: "> output" + + In the example above, 'C-u' is bound to the function + 'universal-argument', 'M-DEL' is bound to the function + 'backward-kill-word', and 'C-o' is bound to run the macro + expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text + '> output' into the line). + + A number of symbolic character names are recognized while + processing this key binding syntax: DEL, ESC, ESCAPE, LFD, + NEWLINE, RET, RETURN, RUBOUT, SPACE, SPC, and TAB. + + "KEYSEQ": FUNCTION-NAME or MACRO + KEYSEQ differs from KEYNAME above in that strings denoting an + entire key sequence can be specified, by placing the key + sequence in double quotes. Some GNU Emacs style key escapes + can be used, as in the following example, but the special + character names are not recognized. + + "\C-u": universal-argument + "\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file + "\e[11~": "Function Key 1" + + In the above example, 'C-u' is again bound to the function + 'universal-argument' (just as it was in the first example), + ''C-x' 'C-r'' is bound to the function 're-read-init-file', + and ' <[> <1> <1> <~>' is bound to insert the text + 'Function Key 1'. + + The following GNU Emacs style escape sequences are available when + specifying key sequences: + + '\C-' + control prefix + '\M-' + meta prefix + '\e' + an escape character + '\\' + backslash + '\"' + <">, a double quotation mark + '\'' + <'>, a single quote or apostrophe + + In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set + of backslash escapes is available: + + '\a' + alert (bell) + '\b' + backspace + '\d' + delete + '\f' + form feed + '\n' + newline + '\r' + carriage return + '\t' + horizontal tab + '\v' + vertical tab + '\NNN' + the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN + (one to three digits) + '\xHH' + the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value + HH (one or two hex digits) + + When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be + used to indicate a macro definition. Unquoted text is assumed to + be a function name. In the macro body, the backslash escapes + described above are expanded. Backslash will quote any other + character in the macro text, including '"' and '''. For example, + the following binding will make ''C-x' \' insert a single '\' into + the line: + "\C-x\\": "\\" + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Conditional Init Constructs, Next: Sample Init File, Prev: Readline Init File Syntax, Up: Readline Init File + +8.3.2 Conditional Init Constructs +--------------------------------- + +Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional +compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings and +variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There are +four parser directives used. + +'$if' + The '$if' construct allows bindings to be made based on the editing + mode, the terminal being used, or the application using Readline. + The text of the test, after any comparison operator, extends to the + end of the line; unless otherwise noted, no characters are required + to isolate it. + + 'mode' + The 'mode=' form of the '$if' directive is used to test + whether Readline is in 'emacs' or 'vi' mode. This may be used + in conjunction with the 'set keymap' command, for instance, to + set bindings in the 'emacs-standard' and 'emacs-ctlx' keymaps + only if Readline is starting out in 'emacs' mode. + + 'term' + The 'term=' form may be used to include terminal-specific key + bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the + terminal's function keys. The word on the right side of the + '=' is tested against both the full name of the terminal and + the portion of the terminal name before the first '-'. This + allows 'sun' to match both 'sun' and 'sun-cmd', for instance. + + 'version' + The 'version' test may be used to perform comparisons against + specific Readline versions. The 'version' expands to the + current Readline version. The set of comparison operators + includes '=' (and '=='), '!=', '<=', '>=', '<', and '>'. The + version number supplied on the right side of the operator + consists of a major version number, an optional decimal point, + and an optional minor version (e.g., '7.1'). If the minor + version is omitted, it is assumed to be '0'. The operator may + be separated from the string 'version' and from the version + number argument by whitespace. The following example sets a + variable if the Readline version being used is 7.0 or newer: + $if version >= 7.0 + set show-mode-in-prompt on + $endif + + 'application' + The APPLICATION construct is used to include + application-specific settings. Each program using the + Readline library sets the APPLICATION NAME, and you can test + for a particular value. This could be used to bind key + sequences to functions useful for a specific program. For + instance, the following command adds a key sequence that + quotes the current or previous word in Bash: + $if Bash + # Quote the current or previous word + "\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\"" + $endif + + 'variable' + The VARIABLE construct provides simple equality tests for + Readline variables and values. The permitted comparison + operators are '=', '==', and '!='. The variable name must be + separated from the comparison operator by whitespace; the + operator may be separated from the value on the right hand + side by whitespace. Both string and boolean variables may be + tested. Boolean variables must be tested against the values + ON and OFF. The following example is equivalent to the + 'mode=emacs' test described above: + $if editing-mode == emacs + set show-mode-in-prompt on + $endif + +'$endif' + This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an '$if' + command. + +'$else' + Commands in this branch of the '$if' directive are executed if the + test fails. + +'$include' + This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads + commands and bindings from that file. For example, the following + directive reads from '/etc/inputrc': + $include /etc/inputrc + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Sample Init File, Prev: Conditional Init Constructs, Up: Readline Init File + +8.3.3 Sample Init File +---------------------- + +Here is an example of an INPUTRC file. This illustrates key binding, +variable assignment, and conditional syntax. + + # This file controls the behaviour of line input editing for + # programs that use the GNU Readline library. Existing + # programs include FTP, Bash, and GDB. + # + # You can re-read the inputrc file with C-x C-r. + # Lines beginning with '#' are comments. + # + # First, include any system-wide bindings and variable + # assignments from /etc/Inputrc + $include /etc/Inputrc + + # + # Set various bindings for emacs mode. + + set editing-mode emacs + + $if mode=emacs + + Meta-Control-h: backward-kill-word Text after the function name is ignored + + # + # Arrow keys in keypad mode + # + #"\M-OD": backward-char + #"\M-OC": forward-char + #"\M-OA": previous-history + #"\M-OB": next-history + # + # Arrow keys in ANSI mode + # + "\M-[D": backward-char + "\M-[C": forward-char + "\M-[A": previous-history + "\M-[B": next-history + # + # Arrow keys in 8 bit keypad mode + # + #"\M-\C-OD": backward-char + #"\M-\C-OC": forward-char + #"\M-\C-OA": previous-history + #"\M-\C-OB": next-history + # + # Arrow keys in 8 bit ANSI mode + # + #"\M-\C-[D": backward-char + #"\M-\C-[C": forward-char + #"\M-\C-[A": previous-history + #"\M-\C-[B": next-history + + C-q: quoted-insert + + $endif + + # An old-style binding. This happens to be the default. + TAB: complete + + # Macros that are convenient for shell interaction + $if Bash + # edit the path + "\C-xp": "PATH=${PATH}\e\C-e\C-a\ef\C-f" + # prepare to type a quoted word -- + # insert open and close double quotes + # and move to just after the open quote + "\C-x\"": "\"\"\C-b" + # insert a backslash (testing backslash escapes + # in sequences and macros) + "\C-x\\": "\\" + # Quote the current or previous word + "\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\"" + # Add a binding to refresh the line, which is unbound + "\C-xr": redraw-current-line + # Edit variable on current line. + "\M-\C-v": "\C-a\C-k$\C-y\M-\C-e\C-a\C-y=" + $endif + + # use a visible bell if one is available + set bell-style visible + + # don't strip characters to 7 bits when reading + set input-meta on + + # allow iso-latin1 characters to be inserted rather + # than converted to prefix-meta sequences + set convert-meta off + + # display characters with the eighth bit set directly + # rather than as meta-prefixed characters + set output-meta on + + # if there are 150 or more possible completions for a word, + # ask whether or not the user wants to see all of them + set completion-query-items 150 + + # For FTP + $if Ftp + "\C-xg": "get \M-?" + "\C-xt": "put \M-?" + "\M-.": yank-last-arg + $endif + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Bindable Readline Commands, Next: Readline vi Mode, Prev: Readline Init File, Up: Command Line Editing + +8.4 Bindable Readline Commands +============================== + +* Menu: + +* Commands For Moving:: Moving about the line. +* Commands For History:: Getting at previous lines. +* Commands For Text:: Commands for changing text. +* Commands For Killing:: Commands for killing and yanking. +* Numeric Arguments:: Specifying numeric arguments, repeat counts. +* Commands For Completion:: Getting Readline to do the typing for you. +* Keyboard Macros:: Saving and re-executing typed characters +* Miscellaneous Commands:: Other miscellaneous commands. + +This section describes Readline commands that may be bound to key +sequences. You can list your key bindings by executing 'bind -P' or, +for a more terse format, suitable for an INPUTRC file, 'bind -p'. +(*Note Bash Builtins::.) Command names without an accompanying key +sequence are unbound by default. + + In the following descriptions, "point" refers to the current cursor +position, and "mark" refers to a cursor position saved by the 'set-mark' +command. The text between the point and mark is referred to as the +"region". + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Commands For Moving, Next: Commands For History, Up: Bindable Readline Commands + +8.4.1 Commands For Moving +------------------------- + +'beginning-of-line (C-a)' + Move to the start of the current line. + +'end-of-line (C-e)' + Move to the end of the line. + +'forward-char (C-f)' + Move forward a character. + +'backward-char (C-b)' + Move back a character. + +'forward-word (M-f)' + Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of + letters and digits. + +'backward-word (M-b)' + Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are + composed of letters and digits. + +'shell-forward-word (M-C-f)' + Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are delimited by + non-quoted shell metacharacters. + +'shell-backward-word (M-C-b)' + Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are + delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. + +'previous-screen-line ()' + Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the + previous physical screen line. This will not have the desired + effect if the current Readline line does not take up more than one + physical line or if point is not greater than the length of the + prompt plus the screen width. + +'next-screen-line ()' + Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the + next physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect + if the current Readline line does not take up more than one + physical line or if the length of the current Readline line is not + greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width. + +'clear-display (M-C-l)' + Clear the screen and, if possible, the terminal's scrollback + buffer, then redraw the current line, leaving the current line at + the top of the screen. + +'clear-screen (C-l)' + Clear the screen, then redraw the current line, leaving the current + line at the top of the screen. + +'redraw-current-line ()' + Refresh the current line. By default, this is unbound. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Commands For History, Next: Commands For Text, Prev: Commands For Moving, Up: Bindable Readline Commands + +8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History +------------------------------------------- + +'accept-line (Newline or Return)' + Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line is + non-empty, add it to the history list according to the setting of + the 'HISTCONTROL' and 'HISTIGNORE' variables. If this line is a + modified history line, then restore the history line to its + original state. + +'previous-history (C-p)' + Move 'back' through the history list, fetching the previous + command. + +'next-history (C-n)' + Move 'forward' through the history list, fetching the next command. + +'beginning-of-history (M-<)' + Move to the first line in the history. + +'end-of-history (M->)' + Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently + being entered. + +'reverse-search-history (C-r)' + Search backward starting at the current line and moving 'up' + through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. + This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the + mark. + +'forward-search-history (C-s)' + Search forward starting at the current line and moving 'down' + through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. + This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the + mark. + +'non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)' + Search backward starting at the current line and moving 'up' + through the history as necessary using a non-incremental search for + a string supplied by the user. The search string may match + anywhere in a history line. + +'non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)' + Search forward starting at the current line and moving 'down' + through the history as necessary using a non-incremental search for + a string supplied by the user. The search string may match + anywhere in a history line. + +'history-search-forward ()' + Search forward through the history for the string of characters + between the start of the current line and the point. The search + string must match at the beginning of a history line. This is a + non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound. + +'history-search-backward ()' + Search backward through the history for the string of characters + between the start of the current line and the point. The search + string must match at the beginning of a history line. This is a + non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound. + +'history-substring-search-forward ()' + Search forward through the history for the string of characters + between the start of the current line and the point. The search + string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a + non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound. + +'history-substring-search-backward ()' + Search backward through the history for the string of characters + between the start of the current line and the point. The search + string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a + non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound. + +'yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)' + Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the + second word on the previous line) at point. With an argument N, + insert the Nth word from the previous command (the words in the + previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument inserts + the Nth word from the end of the previous command. Once the + argument N is computed, the argument is extracted as if the '!N' + history expansion had been specified. + +'yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)' + Insert last argument to the previous command (the last word of the + previous history entry). With a numeric argument, behave exactly + like 'yank-nth-arg'. Successive calls to 'yank-last-arg' move back + through the history list, inserting the last word (or the word + specified by the argument to the first call) of each line in turn. + Any numeric argument supplied to these successive calls determines + the direction to move through the history. A negative argument + switches the direction through the history (back or forward). The + history expansion facilities are used to extract the last argument, + as if the '!$' history expansion had been specified. + +'operate-and-get-next (C-o)' + Accept the current line for return to the calling application as if + a newline had been entered, and fetch the next line relative to the + current line from the history for editing. A numeric argument, if + supplied, specifies the history entry to use instead of the current + line. + +'fetch-history ()' + With a numeric argument, fetch that entry from the history list and + make it the current line. Without an argument, move back to the + first entry in the history list. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Commands For Text, Next: Commands For Killing, Prev: Commands For History, Up: Bindable Readline Commands + +8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text +-------------------------------- + +'end-of-file (usually C-d)' + The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by + 'stty'. If this character is read when there are no characters on + the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, Readline + interprets it as the end of input and returns EOF. + +'delete-char (C-d)' + Delete the character at point. If this function is bound to the + same character as the tty EOF character, as 'C-d' commonly is, see + above for the effects. + +'backward-delete-char (Rubout)' + Delete the character behind the cursor. A numeric argument means + to kill the characters instead of deleting them. + +'forward-backward-delete-char ()' + Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the + end of the line, in which case the character behind the cursor is + deleted. By default, this is not bound to a key. + +'quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)' + Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is how to + insert key sequences like 'C-q', for example. + +'self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...)' + Insert yourself. + +'bracketed-paste-begin ()' + This function is intended to be bound to the "bracketed paste" + escape sequence sent by some terminals, and such a binding is + assigned by default. It allows Readline to insert the pasted text + as a single unit without treating each character as if it had been + read from the keyboard. The characters are inserted as if each one + was bound to 'self-insert' instead of executing any editing + commands. + + Bracketed paste sets the region (the characters between point and + the mark) to the inserted text. It uses the concept of an _active + mark_: when the mark is active, Readline redisplay uses the + terminal's standout mode to denote the region. + +'transpose-chars (C-t)' + Drag the character before the cursor forward over the character at + the cursor, moving the cursor forward as well. If the insertion + point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the last two + characters of the line. Negative arguments have no effect. + +'transpose-words (M-t)' + Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving point + past that word as well. If the insertion point is at the end of + the line, this transposes the last two words on the line. + +'upcase-word (M-u)' + Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative + argument, uppercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor. + +'downcase-word (M-l)' + Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative + argument, lowercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor. + +'capitalize-word (M-c)' + Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative + argument, capitalize the previous word, but do not move the cursor. + +'overwrite-mode ()' + Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argument, + switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive numeric + argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects only + 'emacs' mode; 'vi' mode does overwrite differently. Each call to + 'readline()' starts in insert mode. + + In overwrite mode, characters bound to 'self-insert' replace the + text at point rather than pushing the text to the right. + Characters bound to 'backward-delete-char' replace the character + before point with a space. + + By default, this command is unbound. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Commands For Killing, Next: Numeric Arguments, Prev: Commands For Text, Up: Bindable Readline Commands + +8.4.4 Killing And Yanking +------------------------- + +'kill-line (C-k)' + Kill the text from point to the end of the line. With a negative + numeric argument, kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of + the current line. + +'backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)' + Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line. + With a negative numeric argument, kill forward from the cursor to + the end of the current line. + +'unix-line-discard (C-u)' + Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line. + +'kill-whole-line ()' + Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is. + By default, this is unbound. + +'kill-word (M-d)' + Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between + words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same + as 'forward-word'. + +'backward-kill-word (M-)' + Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as + 'backward-word'. + +'shell-kill-word (M-C-d)' + Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between + words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same + as 'shell-forward-word'. + +'shell-backward-kill-word ()' + Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as + 'shell-backward-word'. + +'shell-transpose-words (M-C-t)' + Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving point + past that word as well. If the insertion point is at the end of + the line, this transposes the last two words on the line. Word + boundaries are the same as 'shell-forward-word' and + 'shell-backward-word'. + +'unix-word-rubout (C-w)' + Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary. + The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. + +'unix-filename-rubout ()' + Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash + character as the word boundaries. The killed text is saved on the + kill-ring. + +'delete-horizontal-space ()' + Delete all spaces and tabs around point. By default, this is + unbound. + +'kill-region ()' + Kill the text in the current region. By default, this command is + unbound. + +'copy-region-as-kill ()' + Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer, so it can be yanked + right away. By default, this command is unbound. + +'copy-backward-word ()' + Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word boundaries + are the same as 'backward-word'. By default, this command is + unbound. + +'copy-forward-word ()' + Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. The word + boundaries are the same as 'forward-word'. By default, this + command is unbound. + +'yank (C-y)' + Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point. + +'yank-pop (M-y)' + Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this + if the prior command is 'yank' or 'yank-pop'. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Numeric Arguments, Next: Commands For Completion, Prev: Commands For Killing, Up: Bindable Readline Commands + +8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments +---------------------------------- + +'digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--)' + Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new + argument. 'M--' starts a negative argument. + +'universal-argument ()' + This is another way to specify an argument. If this command is + followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus + sign, those digits define the argument. If the command is followed + by digits, executing 'universal-argument' again ends the numeric + argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case, if this + command is immediately followed by a character that is neither a + digit nor minus sign, the argument count for the next command is + multiplied by four. The argument count is initially one, so + executing this function the first time makes the argument count + four, a second time makes the argument count sixteen, and so on. + By default, this is not bound to a key. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Commands For Completion, Next: Keyboard Macros, Prev: Numeric Arguments, Up: Bindable Readline Commands + +8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You +----------------------------------- + +'complete ()' + Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. The actual + completion performed is application-specific. Bash attempts + completion treating the text as a variable (if the text begins with + '$'), username (if the text begins with '~'), hostname (if the text + begins with '@'), or command (including aliases and functions) in + turn. If none of these produces a match, filename completion is + attempted. + +'possible-completions (M-?)' + List the possible completions of the text before point. When + displaying completions, Readline sets the number of columns used + for display to the value of 'completion-display-width', the value + of the environment variable 'COLUMNS', or the screen width, in that + order. + +'insert-completions (M-*)' + Insert all completions of the text before point that would have + been generated by 'possible-completions'. + +'menu-complete ()' + Similar to 'complete', but replaces the word to be completed with a + single match from the list of possible completions. Repeated + execution of 'menu-complete' steps through the list of possible + completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the list + of completions, the bell is rung (subject to the setting of + 'bell-style') and the original text is restored. An argument of N + moves N positions forward in the list of matches; a negative + argument may be used to move backward through the list. This + command is intended to be bound to , but is unbound by + default. + +'menu-complete-backward ()' + Identical to 'menu-complete', but moves backward through the list + of possible completions, as if 'menu-complete' had been given a + negative argument. + +'delete-char-or-list ()' + Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or + end of the line (like 'delete-char'). If at the end of the line, + behaves identically to 'possible-completions'. This command is + unbound by default. + +'complete-filename (M-/)' + Attempt filename completion on the text before point. + +'possible-filename-completions (C-x /)' + List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it + as a filename. + +'complete-username (M-~)' + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + username. + +'possible-username-completions (C-x ~)' + List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it + as a username. + +'complete-variable (M-$)' + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a shell + variable. + +'possible-variable-completions (C-x $)' + List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it + as a shell variable. + +'complete-hostname (M-@)' + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + hostname. + +'possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)' + List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it + as a hostname. + +'complete-command (M-!)' + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + command name. Command completion attempts to match the text + against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell builtins, + and finally executable filenames, in that order. + +'possible-command-completions (C-x !)' + List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it + as a command name. + +'dynamic-complete-history (M-)' + Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text + against lines from the history list for possible completion + matches. + +'dabbrev-expand ()' + Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing the + text against lines from the history list for possible completion + matches. + +'complete-into-braces (M-{)' + Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible + completions enclosed within braces so the list is available to the + shell (*note Brace Expansion::). + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Keyboard Macros, Next: Miscellaneous Commands, Prev: Commands For Completion, Up: Bindable Readline Commands + +8.4.7 Keyboard Macros +--------------------- + +'start-kbd-macro (C-x ()' + Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro. + +'end-kbd-macro (C-x ))' + Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro + and save the definition. + +'call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)' + Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the + characters in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard. + +'print-last-kbd-macro ()' + Print the last keyboard macro defined in a format suitable for the + INPUTRC file. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Miscellaneous Commands, Prev: Keyboard Macros, Up: Bindable Readline Commands + +8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands +--------------------------------- + +'re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)' + Read in the contents of the INPUTRC file, and incorporate any + bindings or variable assignments found there. + +'abort (C-g)' + Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell + (subject to the setting of 'bell-style'). + +'do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-X, ...)' + If the metafied character X is upper case, run the command that is + bound to the corresponding metafied lower case character. The + behavior is undefined if X is already lower case. + +'prefix-meta ()' + Metafy the next character typed. This is for keyboards without a + meta key. Typing ' f' is equivalent to typing 'M-f'. + +'undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)' + Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line. + +'revert-line (M-r)' + Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the + 'undo' command enough times to get back to the beginning. + +'tilde-expand (M-&)' + Perform tilde expansion on the current word. + +'set-mark (C-@)' + Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied, the + mark is set to that position. + +'exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)' + Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is set + to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the + mark. + +'character-search (C-])' + A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of + that character. A negative argument searches for previous + occurrences. + +'character-search-backward (M-C-])' + A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence + of that character. A negative argument searches for subsequent + occurrences. + +'skip-csi-sequence ()' + Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as + those defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin + with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. If this + sequence is bound to "\e[", keys producing such sequences will have + no effect unless explicitly bound to a Readline command, instead of + inserting stray characters into the editing buffer. This is + unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[. + +'insert-comment (M-#)' + Without a numeric argument, the value of the 'comment-begin' + variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line. If a + numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if the + characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value of + 'comment-begin', the value is inserted, otherwise the characters in + 'comment-begin' are deleted from the beginning of the line. In + either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed. + The default value of 'comment-begin' causes this command to make + the current line a shell comment. If a numeric argument causes the + comment character to be removed, the line will be executed by the + shell. + +'dump-functions ()' + Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the Readline + output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is + formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an INPUTRC + file. This command is unbound by default. + +'dump-variables ()' + Print all of the settable variables and their values to the + Readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the + output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an + INPUTRC file. This command is unbound by default. + +'dump-macros ()' + Print all of the Readline key sequences bound to macros and the + strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output + is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an INPUTRC + file. This command is unbound by default. + +'spell-correct-word (C-x s)' + Perform spelling correction on the current word, treating it as a + directory or filename, in the same way as the 'cdspell' shell + option. Word boundaries are the same as those used by + 'shell-forward-word'. + +'glob-complete-word (M-g)' + The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname + expansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern is + used to generate a list of matching file names for possible + completions. + +'glob-expand-word (C-x *)' + The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname + expansion, and the list of matching file names is inserted, + replacing the word. If a numeric argument is supplied, a '*' is + appended before pathname expansion. + +'glob-list-expansions (C-x g)' + The list of expansions that would have been generated by + 'glob-expand-word' is displayed, and the line is redrawn. If a + numeric argument is supplied, a '*' is appended before pathname + expansion. + +'display-shell-version (C-x C-v)' + Display version information about the current instance of Bash. + +'shell-expand-line (M-C-e)' + Expand the line as the shell does. This performs alias and history + expansion as well as all of the shell word expansions (*note Shell + Expansions::). + +'history-expand-line (M-^)' + Perform history expansion on the current line. + +'magic-space ()' + Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a space + (*note History Interaction::). + +'alias-expand-line ()' + Perform alias expansion on the current line (*note Aliases::). + +'history-and-alias-expand-line ()' + Perform history and alias expansion on the current line. + +'insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)' + A synonym for 'yank-last-arg'. + +'edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)' + Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the + result as shell commands. Bash attempts to invoke '$VISUAL', + '$EDITOR', and 'emacs' as the editor, in that order. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Readline vi Mode, Next: Programmable Completion, Prev: Bindable Readline Commands, Up: Command Line Editing + +8.5 Readline vi Mode +==================== + +While the Readline library does not have a full set of 'vi' editing +functions, it does contain enough to allow simple editing of the line. +The Readline 'vi' mode behaves as specified in the POSIX standard. + + In order to switch interactively between 'emacs' and 'vi' editing +modes, use the 'set -o emacs' and 'set -o vi' commands (*note The Set +Builtin::). The Readline default is 'emacs' mode. + + When you enter a line in 'vi' mode, you are already placed in +'insertion' mode, as if you had typed an 'i'. Pressing switches +you into 'command' mode, where you can edit the text of the line with +the standard 'vi' movement keys, move to previous history lines with 'k' +and subsequent lines with 'j', and so forth. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Programmable Completion, Next: Programmable Completion Builtins, Prev: Readline vi Mode, Up: Command Line Editing + +8.6 Programmable Completion +=========================== + +When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for which +a completion specification (a COMPSPEC) has been defined using the +'complete' builtin (*note Programmable Completion Builtins::), the +programmable completion facilities are invoked. + + First, the command name is identified. If a compspec has been +defined for that command, the compspec is used to generate the list of +possible completions for the word. If the command word is the empty +string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line), any +compspec defined with the '-E' option to 'complete' is used. If the +command word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is +searched for first. If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an +attempt is made to find a compspec for the portion following the final +slash. If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec +defined with the '-D' option to 'complete' is used as the default. If +there is no default compspec, Bash attempts alias expansion on the +command word as a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec for the +command word from any successful expansion + + Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of +matching words. If a compspec is not found, the default Bash completion +described above (*note Commands For Completion::) is performed. + + First, the actions specified by the compspec are used. Only matches +which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned. When the +'-f' or '-d' option is used for filename or directory name completion, +the shell variable 'FIGNORE' is used to filter the matches. *Note Bash +Variables::, for a description of 'FIGNORE'. + + Any completions specified by a filename expansion pattern to the '-G' +option are generated next. The words generated by the pattern need not +match the word being completed. The 'GLOBIGNORE' shell variable is not +used to filter the matches, but the 'FIGNORE' shell variable is used. + + Next, the string specified as the argument to the '-W' option is +considered. The string is first split using the characters in the 'IFS' +special variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored within the +string, in order to provide a mechanism for the words to contain shell +metacharacters or characters in the value of 'IFS'. Each word is then +expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable +expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as described +above (*note Shell Expansions::). The results are split using the rules +described above (*note Word Splitting::). The results of the expansion +are prefix-matched against the word being completed, and the matching +words become the possible completions. + + After these matches have been generated, any shell function or +command specified with the '-F' and '-C' options is invoked. When the +command or function is invoked, the 'COMP_LINE', 'COMP_POINT', +'COMP_KEY', and 'COMP_TYPE' variables are assigned values as described +above (*note Bash Variables::). If a shell function is being invoked, +the 'COMP_WORDS' and 'COMP_CWORD' variables are also set. When the +function or command is invoked, the first argument ($1) is the name of +the command whose arguments are being completed, the second argument +($2) is the word being completed, and the third argument ($3) is the +word preceding the word being completed on the current command line. No +filtering of the generated completions against the word being completed +is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in generating +the matches. + + Any function specified with '-F' is invoked first. The function may +use any of the shell facilities, including the 'compgen' and 'compopt' +builtins described below (*note Programmable Completion Builtins::), to +generate the matches. It must put the possible completions in the +'COMPREPLY' array variable, one per array element. + + Next, any command specified with the '-C' option is invoked in an +environment equivalent to command substitution. It should print a list +of completions, one per line, to the standard output. Backslash may be +used to escape a newline, if necessary. + + After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter +specified with the '-X' option is applied to the list. The filter is a +pattern as used for pathname expansion; a '&' in the pattern is replaced +with the text of the word being completed. A literal '&' may be escaped +with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match. +Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list. +A leading '!' negates the pattern; in this case any completion not +matching the pattern will be removed. If the 'nocasematch' shell option +(see the description of 'shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is +enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic +characters. + + Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the '-P' and '-S' +options are added to each member of the completion list, and the result +is returned to the Readline completion code as the list of possible +completions. + + If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and +the '-o dirnames' option was supplied to 'complete' when the compspec +was defined, directory name completion is attempted. + + If the '-o plusdirs' option was supplied to 'complete' when the +compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any +matches are added to the results of the other actions. + + By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned +to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. The +default Bash completions are not attempted, and the Readline default of +filename completion is disabled. If the '-o bashdefault' option was +supplied to 'complete' when the compspec was defined, the default Bash +completions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches. If the +'-o default' option was supplied to 'complete' when the compspec was +defined, Readline's default completion will be performed if the compspec +(and, if attempted, the default Bash completions) generate no matches. + + When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired, +the programmable completion functions force Readline to append a slash +to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to +the value of the MARK-DIRECTORIES Readline variable, regardless of the +setting of the MARK-SYMLINKED-DIRECTORIES Readline variable. + + There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is +most useful when used in combination with a default completion specified +with '-D'. It's possible for shell functions executed as completion +handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an +exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and changes the +compspec associated with the command on which completion is being +attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is +executed), programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an +attempt to find a new compspec for that command. This allows a set of +completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather +than being loaded all at once. + + For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each +kept in a file corresponding to the name of the command, the following +default completion function would load completions dynamically: + + _completion_loader() + { + . "/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124 + } + complete -D -F _completion_loader -o bashdefault -o default + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Programmable Completion Builtins, Next: A Programmable Completion Example, Prev: Programmable Completion, Up: Command Line Editing + +8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins +==================================== + +Three builtin commands are available to manipulate the programmable +completion facilities: one to specify how the arguments to a particular +command are to be completed, and two to modify the completion as it is +happening. + +'compgen' + compgen [OPTION] [WORD] + + Generate possible completion matches for WORD according to the + OPTIONs, which may be any option accepted by the 'complete' builtin + with the exception of '-p' and '-r', and write the matches to the + standard output. When using the '-F' or '-C' options, the various + shell variables set by the programmable completion facilities, + while available, will not have useful values. + + The matches will be generated in the same way as if the + programmable completion code had generated them directly from a + completion specification with the same flags. If WORD is + specified, only those completions matching WORD will be displayed. + + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or + no matches were generated. + +'complete' + complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o COMP-OPTION] [-DEI] [-A ACTION] [-G GLOBPAT] + [-W WORDLIST] [-F FUNCTION] [-C COMMAND] [-X FILTERPAT] + [-P PREFIX] [-S SUFFIX] NAME [NAME ...] + complete -pr [-DEI] [NAME ...] + + Specify how arguments to each NAME should be completed. If the + '-p' option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing + completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them to + be reused as input. The '-r' option removes a completion + specification for each NAME, or, if no NAMEs are supplied, all + completion specifications. The '-D' option indicates that other + supplied options and actions should apply to the "default" command + completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for which no + completion has previously been defined. The '-E' option indicates + that other supplied options and actions should apply to "empty" + command completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line. + The '-I' option indicates that other supplied options and actions + should apply to completion on the initial non-assignment word on + the line, or after a command delimiter such as ';' or '|', which is + usually command name completion. If multiple options are supplied, + the '-D' option takes precedence over '-E', and both take + precedence over '-I'. If any of '-D', '-E', or '-I' are supplied, + any other NAME arguments are ignored; these completions only apply + to the case specified by the option. + + The process of applying these completion specifications when word + completion is attempted is described above (*note Programmable + Completion::). + + Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The + arguments to the '-G', '-W', and '-X' options (and, if necessary, + the '-P' and '-S' options) should be quoted to protect them from + expansion before the 'complete' builtin is invoked. + + '-o COMP-OPTION' + The COMP-OPTION controls several aspects of the compspec's + behavior beyond the simple generation of completions. + COMP-OPTION may be one of: + + 'bashdefault' + Perform the rest of the default Bash completions if the + compspec generates no matches. + + 'default' + Use Readline's default filename completion if the + compspec generates no matches. + + 'dirnames' + Perform directory name completion if the compspec + generates no matches. + + 'filenames' + Tell Readline that the compspec generates filenames, so + it can perform any filename-specific processing (like + adding a slash to directory names, quoting special + characters, or suppressing trailing spaces). This option + is intended to be used with shell functions specified + with '-F'. + + 'noquote' + Tell Readline not to quote the completed words if they + are filenames (quoting filenames is the default). + + 'nosort' + Tell Readline not to sort the list of possible + completions alphabetically. + + 'nospace' + Tell Readline not to append a space (the default) to + words completed at the end of the line. + + 'plusdirs' + After any matches defined by the compspec are generated, + directory name completion is attempted and any matches + are added to the results of the other actions. + + '-A ACTION' + The ACTION may be one of the following to generate a list of + possible completions: + + 'alias' + Alias names. May also be specified as '-a'. + + 'arrayvar' + Array variable names. + + 'binding' + Readline key binding names (*note Bindable Readline + Commands::). + + 'builtin' + Names of shell builtin commands. May also be specified + as '-b'. + + 'command' + Command names. May also be specified as '-c'. + + 'directory' + Directory names. May also be specified as '-d'. + + 'disabled' + Names of disabled shell builtins. + + 'enabled' + Names of enabled shell builtins. + + 'export' + Names of exported shell variables. May also be specified + as '-e'. + + 'file' + File names. May also be specified as '-f'. + + 'function' + Names of shell functions. + + 'group' + Group names. May also be specified as '-g'. + + 'helptopic' + Help topics as accepted by the 'help' builtin (*note Bash + Builtins::). + + 'hostname' + Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the + 'HOSTFILE' shell variable (*note Bash Variables::). + + 'job' + Job names, if job control is active. May also be + specified as '-j'. + + 'keyword' + Shell reserved words. May also be specified as '-k'. + + 'running' + Names of running jobs, if job control is active. + + 'service' + Service names. May also be specified as '-s'. + + 'setopt' + Valid arguments for the '-o' option to the 'set' builtin + (*note The Set Builtin::). + + 'shopt' + Shell option names as accepted by the 'shopt' builtin + (*note Bash Builtins::). + + 'signal' + Signal names. + + 'stopped' + Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active. + + 'user' + User names. May also be specified as '-u'. + + 'variable' + Names of all shell variables. May also be specified as + '-v'. + + '-C COMMAND' + COMMAND is executed in a subshell environment, and its output + is used as the possible completions. Arguments are passed as + with the '-F' option. + + '-F FUNCTION' + The shell function FUNCTION is executed in the current shell + environment. When it is executed, $1 is the name of the + command whose arguments are being completed, $2 is the word + being completed, and $3 is the word preceding the word being + completed, as described above (*note Programmable + Completion::). When it finishes, the possible completions are + retrieved from the value of the 'COMPREPLY' array variable. + + '-G GLOBPAT' + The filename expansion pattern GLOBPAT is expanded to generate + the possible completions. + + '-P PREFIX' + PREFIX is added at the beginning of each possible completion + after all other options have been applied. + + '-S SUFFIX' + SUFFIX is appended to each possible completion after all other + options have been applied. + + '-W WORDLIST' + The WORDLIST is split using the characters in the 'IFS' + special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word is + expanded. The possible completions are the members of the + resultant list which match the word being completed. + + '-X FILTERPAT' + FILTERPAT is a pattern as used for filename expansion. It is + applied to the list of possible completions generated by the + preceding options and arguments, and each completion matching + FILTERPAT is removed from the list. A leading '!' in + FILTERPAT negates the pattern; in this case, any completion + not matching FILTERPAT is removed. + + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an + option other than '-p' or '-r' is supplied without a NAME argument, + an attempt is made to remove a completion specification for a NAME + for which no specification exists, or an error occurs adding a + completion specification. + +'compopt' + compopt [-o OPTION] [-DEI] [+o OPTION] [NAME] + Modify completion options for each NAME according to the OPTIONs, + or for the currently-executing completion if no NAMEs are supplied. + If no OPTIONs are given, display the completion options for each + NAME or the current completion. The possible values of OPTION are + those valid for the 'complete' builtin described above. The '-D' + option indicates that other supplied options should apply to the + "default" command completion; that is, completion attempted on a + command for which no completion has previously been defined. The + '-E' option indicates that other supplied options should apply to + "empty" command completion; that is, completion attempted on a + blank line. The '-I' option indicates that other supplied options + should apply to completion on the initial non-assignment word on + the line, or after a command delimiter such as ';' or '|', which is + usually command name completion. + + If multiple options are supplied, the '-D' option takes precedence + over '-E', and both take precedence over '-I' + + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an + attempt is made to modify the options for a NAME for which no + completion specification exists, or an output error occurs. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: A Programmable Completion Example, Prev: Programmable Completion Builtins, Up: Command Line Editing + +8.8 A Programmable Completion Example +===================================== + +The most common way to obtain additional completion functionality beyond +the default actions 'complete' and 'compgen' provide is to use a shell +function and bind it to a particular command using 'complete -F'. + + The following function provides completions for the 'cd' builtin. It +is a reasonably good example of what shell functions must do when used +for completion. This function uses the word passed as '$2' to determine +the directory name to complete. You can also use the 'COMP_WORDS' array +variable; the current word is indexed by the 'COMP_CWORD' variable. + + The function relies on the 'complete' and 'compgen' builtins to do +much of the work, adding only the things that the Bash 'cd' does beyond +accepting basic directory names: tilde expansion (*note Tilde +Expansion::), searching directories in $CDPATH, which is described above +(*note Bourne Shell Builtins::), and basic support for the 'cdable_vars' +shell option (*note The Shopt Builtin::). '_comp_cd' modifies the value +of IFS so that it contains only a newline to accommodate file names +containing spaces and tabs - 'compgen' prints the possible completions +it generates one per line. + + Possible completions go into the COMPREPLY array variable, one +completion per array element. The programmable completion system +retrieves the completions from there when the function returns. + + # A completion function for the cd builtin + # based on the cd completion function from the bash_completion package + _comp_cd() + { + local IFS=$' \t\n' # normalize IFS + local cur _skipdot _cdpath + local i j k + + # Tilde expansion, which also expands tilde to full pathname + case "$2" in + \~*) eval cur="$2" ;; + *) cur=$2 ;; + esac + + # no cdpath or absolute pathname -- straight directory completion + if [[ -z "${CDPATH:-}" ]] || [[ "$cur" == @(./*|../*|/*) ]]; then + # compgen prints paths one per line; could also use while loop + IFS=$'\n' + COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -d -- "$cur") ) + IFS=$' \t\n' + # CDPATH+directories in the current directory if not in CDPATH + else + IFS=$'\n' + _skipdot=false + # preprocess CDPATH to convert null directory names to . + _cdpath=${CDPATH/#:/.:} + _cdpath=${_cdpath//::/:.:} + _cdpath=${_cdpath/%:/:.} + for i in ${_cdpath//:/$'\n'}; do + if [[ $i -ef . ]]; then _skipdot=true; fi + k="${#COMPREPLY[@]}" + for j in $( compgen -d -- "$i/$cur" ); do + COMPREPLY[k++]=${j#$i/} # cut off directory + done + done + $_skipdot || COMPREPLY+=( $(compgen -d -- "$cur") ) + IFS=$' \t\n' + fi + + # variable names if appropriate shell option set and no completions + if shopt -q cdable_vars && [[ ${#COMPREPLY[@]} -eq 0 ]]; then + COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -v -- "$cur") ) + fi + + return 0 + } + + We install the completion function using the '-F' option to +'complete': + + # Tell readline to quote appropriate and append slashes to directories; + # use the bash default completion for other arguments + complete -o filenames -o nospace -o bashdefault -F _comp_cd cd + +Since we'd like Bash and Readline to take care of some of the other +details for us, we use several other options to tell Bash and Readline +what to do. The '-o filenames' option tells Readline that the possible +completions should be treated as filenames, and quoted appropriately. +That option will also cause Readline to append a slash to filenames it +can determine are directories (which is why we might want to extend +'_comp_cd' to append a slash if we're using directories found via +CDPATH: Readline can't tell those completions are directories). The '-o +nospace' option tells Readline to not append a space character to the +directory name, in case we want to append to it. The '-o bashdefault' +option brings in the rest of the "Bash default" completions - possible +completions that Bash adds to the default Readline set. These include +things like command name completion, variable completion for words +beginning with '$' or '${', completions containing pathname expansion +patterns (*note Filename Expansion::), and so on. + + Once installed using 'complete', '_comp_cd' will be called every time +we attempt word completion for a 'cd' command. + + Many more examples - an extensive collection of completions for most +of the common GNU, Unix, and Linux commands - are available as part of +the bash_completion project. This is installed by default on many +GNU/Linux distributions. Originally written by Ian Macdonald, the +project now lives at . There +are ports for other systems such as Solaris and Mac OS X. + + An older version of the bash_completion package is distributed with +bash in the 'examples/complete' subdirectory. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Using History Interactively, Next: Installing Bash, Prev: Command Line Editing, Up: Top + +9 Using History Interactively +***************************** + +This chapter describes how to use the GNU History Library interactively, +from a user's standpoint. It should be considered a user's guide. For +information on using the GNU History Library in other programs, see the +GNU Readline Library Manual. + +* Menu: + +* Bash History Facilities:: How Bash lets you manipulate your command + history. +* Bash History Builtins:: The Bash builtin commands that manipulate + the command history. +* History Interaction:: What it feels like using History as a user. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Bash History Facilities, Next: Bash History Builtins, Up: Using History Interactively + +9.1 Bash History Facilities +=========================== + +When the '-o history' option to the 'set' builtin is enabled (*note The +Set Builtin::), the shell provides access to the "command history", the +list of commands previously typed. The value of the 'HISTSIZE' shell +variable is used as the number of commands to save in a history list. +The text of the last '$HISTSIZE' commands (default 500) is saved. The +shell stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and +variable expansion but after history expansion is performed, subject to +the values of the shell variables 'HISTIGNORE' and 'HISTCONTROL'. + + When the shell starts up, the history is initialized from the file +named by the 'HISTFILE' variable (default '~/.bash_history'). The file +named by the value of 'HISTFILE' is truncated, if necessary, to contain +no more than the number of lines specified by the value of the +'HISTFILESIZE' variable. When a shell with history enabled exits, the +last '$HISTSIZE' lines are copied from the history list to the file +named by '$HISTFILE'. If the 'histappend' shell option is set (*note +Bash Builtins::), the lines are appended to the history file, otherwise +the history file is overwritten. If 'HISTFILE' is unset, or if the +history file is unwritable, the history is not saved. After saving the +history, the history file is truncated to contain no more than +'$HISTFILESIZE' lines. If 'HISTFILESIZE' is unset, or set to null, a +non-numeric value, or a numeric value less than zero, the history file +is not truncated. + + If the 'HISTTIMEFORMAT' is set, the time stamp information associated +with each history entry is written to the history file, marked with the +history comment character. When the history file is read, lines +beginning with the history comment character followed immediately by a +digit are interpreted as timestamps for the following history entry. + + The builtin command 'fc' may be used to list or edit and re-execute a +portion of the history list. The 'history' builtin may be used to +display or modify the history list and manipulate the history file. +When using command-line editing, search commands are available in each +editing mode that provide access to the history list (*note Commands For +History::). + + The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history +list. The 'HISTCONTROL' and 'HISTIGNORE' variables may be set to cause +the shell to save only a subset of the commands entered. The 'cmdhist' +shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each line +of a multi-line command in the same history entry, adding semicolons +where necessary to preserve syntactic correctness. The 'lithist' shell +option causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines +instead of semicolons. The 'shopt' builtin is used to set these +options. *Note The Shopt Builtin::, for a description of 'shopt'. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Bash History Builtins, Next: History Interaction, Prev: Bash History Facilities, Up: Using History Interactively + +9.2 Bash History Builtins +========================= + +Bash provides two builtin commands which manipulate the history list and +history file. + +'fc' + fc [-e ENAME] [-lnr] [FIRST] [LAST] + fc -s [PAT=REP] [COMMAND] + + The first form selects a range of commands from FIRST to LAST from + the history list and displays or edits and re-executes them. Both + FIRST and LAST may be specified as a string (to locate the most + recent command beginning with that string) or as a number (an index + into the history list, where a negative number is used as an offset + from the current command number). + + When listing, a FIRST or LAST of 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is + equivalent to the current command (usually the 'fc' command); + otherwise 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is invalid. + + If LAST is not specified, it is set to FIRST. If FIRST is not + specified, it is set to the previous command for editing and -16 + for listing. If the '-l' flag is given, the commands are listed on + standard output. The '-n' flag suppresses the command numbers when + listing. The '-r' flag reverses the order of the listing. + Otherwise, the editor given by ENAME is invoked on a file + containing those commands. If ENAME is not given, the value of the + following variable expansion is used: '${FCEDIT:-${EDITOR:-vi}}'. + This says to use the value of the 'FCEDIT' variable if set, or the + value of the 'EDITOR' variable if that is set, or 'vi' if neither + is set. When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed + and executed. + + In the second form, COMMAND is re-executed after each instance of + PAT in the selected command is replaced by REP. COMMAND is + interpreted the same as FIRST above. + + A useful alias to use with the 'fc' command is 'r='fc -s'', so that + typing 'r cc' runs the last command beginning with 'cc' and typing + 'r' re-executes the last command (*note Aliases::). + +'history' + history [N] + history -c + history -d OFFSET + history -d START-END + history [-anrw] [FILENAME] + history -ps ARG + + With no options, display the history list with line numbers. Lines + prefixed with a '*' have been modified. An argument of N lists + only the last N lines. If the shell variable 'HISTTIMEFORMAT' is + set and not null, it is used as a format string for STRFTIME to + display the time stamp associated with each displayed history + entry. No intervening blank is printed between the formatted time + stamp and the history line. + + Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: + + '-c' + Clear the history list. This may be combined with the other + options to replace the history list completely. + + '-d OFFSET' + Delete the history entry at position OFFSET. If OFFSET is + positive, it should be specified as it appears when the + history is displayed. If OFFSET is negative, it is + interpreted as relative to one greater than the last history + position, so negative indices count back from the end of the + history, and an index of '-1' refers to the current 'history + -d' command. + + '-d START-END' + Delete the range of history entries between positions START + and END, inclusive. Positive and negative values for START + and END are interpreted as described above. + + '-a' + Append the new history lines to the history file. These are + history lines entered since the beginning of the current Bash + session, but not already appended to the history file. + + '-n' + Append the history lines not already read from the history + file to the current history list. These are lines appended to + the history file since the beginning of the current Bash + session. + + '-r' + Read the history file and append its contents to the history + list. + + '-w' + Write out the current history list to the history file. + + '-p' + Perform history substitution on the ARGs and display the + result on the standard output, without storing the results in + the history list. + + '-s' + The ARGs are added to the end of the history list as a single + entry. + + If a FILENAME argument is supplied when any of the '-w', '-r', + '-a', or '-n' options is used, Bash uses FILENAME as the history + file. If not, then the value of the 'HISTFILE' variable is used. + + The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an + error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an invalid + OFFSET or range is supplied as an argument to '-d', or the history + expansion supplied as an argument to '-p' fails. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: History Interaction, Prev: Bash History Builtins, Up: Using History Interactively + +9.3 History Expansion +===================== + +The History library provides a history expansion feature that is similar +to the history expansion provided by 'csh'. This section describes the +syntax used to manipulate the history information. + + History expansions introduce words from the history list into the +input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to +a previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in +previous commands quickly. + + History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line is +read, before the shell breaks it into words, and is performed on each +line individually. Bash attempts to inform the history expansion +functions about quoting still in effect from previous lines. + + History expansion takes place in two parts. The first is to +determine which line from the history list should be used during +substitution. The second is to select portions of that line for +inclusion into the current one. The line selected from the history is +called the "event", and the portions of that line that are acted upon +are called "words". Various "modifiers" are available to manipulate the +selected words. The line is broken into words in the same fashion that +Bash does, so that several words surrounded by quotes are considered one +word. History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the +history expansion character, which is '!' by default. + + History expansion implements shell-like quoting conventions: a +backslash can be used to remove the special handling for the next +character; single quotes enclose verbatim sequences of characters, and +can be used to inhibit history expansion; and characters enclosed within +double quotes may be subject to history expansion, since backslash can +escape the history expansion character, but single quotes may not, since +they are not treated specially within double quotes. + + When using the shell, only '\' and ''' may be used to escape the +history expansion character, but the history expansion character is also +treated as quoted if it immediately precedes the closing double quote in +a double-quoted string. + + Several shell options settable with the 'shopt' builtin (*note The +Shopt Builtin::) may be used to tailor the behavior of history +expansion. If the 'histverify' shell option is enabled, and Readline is +being used, history substitutions are not immediately passed to the +shell parser. Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the Readline +editing buffer for further modification. If Readline is being used, and +the 'histreedit' shell option is enabled, a failed history expansion +will be reloaded into the Readline editing buffer for correction. The +'-p' option to the 'history' builtin command may be used to see what a +history expansion will do before using it. The '-s' option to the +'history' builtin may be used to add commands to the end of the history +list without actually executing them, so that they are available for +subsequent recall. This is most useful in conjunction with Readline. + + The shell allows control of the various characters used by the +history expansion mechanism with the 'histchars' variable, as explained +above (*note Bash Variables::). The shell uses the history comment +character to mark history timestamps when writing the history file. + +* Menu: + +* Event Designators:: How to specify which history line to use. +* Word Designators:: Specifying which words are of interest. +* Modifiers:: Modifying the results of substitution. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Event Designators, Next: Word Designators, Up: History Interaction + +9.3.1 Event Designators +----------------------- + +An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the +history list. Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to +the current position in the history list. + +'!' + Start a history substitution, except when followed by a space, tab, + the end of the line, '=' or '(' (when the 'extglob' shell option is + enabled using the 'shopt' builtin). + +'!N' + Refer to command line N. + +'!-N' + Refer to the command N lines back. + +'!!' + Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for '!-1'. + +'!STRING' + Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in + the history list starting with STRING. + +'!?STRING[?]' + Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in + the history list containing STRING. The trailing '?' may be + omitted if the STRING is followed immediately by a newline. If + STRING is missing, the string from the most recent search is used; + it is an error if there is no previous search string. + +'^STRING1^STRING2^' + Quick Substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing STRING1 + with STRING2. Equivalent to '!!:s^STRING1^STRING2^'. + +'!#' + The entire command line typed so far. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Word Designators, Next: Modifiers, Prev: Event Designators, Up: History Interaction + +9.3.2 Word Designators +---------------------- + +Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. A ':' +separates the event specification from the word designator. It may be +omitted if the word designator begins with a '^', '$', '*', '-', or '%'. +Words are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first word +being denoted by 0 (zero). Words are inserted into the current line +separated by single spaces. + + For example, + +'!!' + designates the preceding command. When you type this, the + preceding command is repeated in toto. + +'!!:$' + designates the last argument of the preceding command. This may be + shortened to '!$'. + +'!fi:2' + designates the second argument of the most recent command starting + with the letters 'fi'. + + Here are the word designators: + +'0 (zero)' + The '0'th word. For many applications, this is the command word. + +'N' + The Nth word. + +'^' + The first argument; that is, word 1. + +'$' + The last argument. + +'%' + The first word matched by the most recent '?STRING?' search, if the + search string begins with a character that is part of a word. + +'X-Y' + A range of words; '-Y' abbreviates '0-Y'. + +'*' + All of the words, except the '0'th. This is a synonym for '1-$'. + It is not an error to use '*' if there is just one word in the + event; the empty string is returned in that case. + +'X*' + Abbreviates 'X-$' + +'X-' + Abbreviates 'X-$' like 'X*', but omits the last word. If 'x' is + missing, it defaults to 0. + + If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the +previous command is used as the event. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Modifiers, Prev: Word Designators, Up: History Interaction + +9.3.3 Modifiers +--------------- + +After the optional word designator, you can add a sequence of one or +more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a ':'. These modify, +or edit, the word or words selected from the history event. + +'h' + Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head. + +'t' + Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail. + +'r' + Remove a trailing suffix of the form '.SUFFIX', leaving the + basename. + +'e' + Remove all but the trailing suffix. + +'p' + Print the new command but do not execute it. + +'q' + Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions. + +'x' + Quote the substituted words as with 'q', but break into words at + spaces, tabs, and newlines. The 'q' and 'x' modifiers are mutually + exclusive; the last one supplied is used. + +'s/OLD/NEW/' + Substitute NEW for the first occurrence of OLD in the event line. + Any character may be used as the delimiter in place of '/'. The + delimiter may be quoted in OLD and NEW with a single backslash. If + '&' appears in NEW, it is replaced by OLD. A single backslash will + quote the '&'. If OLD is null, it is set to the last OLD + substituted, or, if no previous history substitutions took place, + the last STRING in a !?STRING'[?]' search. If NEW is null, each + matching OLD is deleted. The final delimiter is optional if it is + the last character on the input line. + +'&' + Repeat the previous substitution. + +'g' +'a' + Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. Used in + conjunction with 's', as in 'gs/OLD/NEW/', or with '&'. + +'G' + Apply the following 's' or '&' modifier once to each word in the + event. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Installing Bash, Next: Reporting Bugs, Prev: Using History Interactively, Up: Top + +10 Installing Bash +****************** + +This chapter provides basic instructions for installing Bash on the +various supported platforms. The distribution supports the GNU +operating systems, nearly every version of Unix, and several non-Unix +systems such as BeOS and Interix. Other independent ports exist for +MS-DOS, OS/2, and Windows platforms. + +* Menu: + +* Basic Installation:: Installation instructions. +* Compilers and Options:: How to set special options for various + systems. +* Compiling For Multiple Architectures:: How to compile Bash for more + than one kind of system from + the same source tree. +* Installation Names:: How to set the various paths used by the installation. +* Specifying the System Type:: How to configure Bash for a particular system. +* Sharing Defaults:: How to share default configuration values among GNU + programs. +* Operation Controls:: Options recognized by the configuration program. +* Optional Features:: How to enable and disable optional features when + building Bash. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Basic Installation, Next: Compilers and Options, Up: Installing Bash + +10.1 Basic Installation +======================= + +These are installation instructions for Bash. + + The simplest way to compile Bash is: + + 1. 'cd' to the directory containing the source code and type + './configure' to configure Bash for your system. If you're using + 'csh' on an old version of System V, you might need to type 'sh + ./configure' instead to prevent 'csh' from trying to execute + 'configure' itself. + + Running 'configure' takes some time. While running, it prints + messages telling which features it is checking for. + + 2. Type 'make' to compile Bash and build the 'bashbug' bug reporting + script. + + 3. Optionally, type 'make tests' to run the Bash test suite. + + 4. Type 'make install' to install 'bash' and 'bashbug'. This will + also install the manual pages and Info file, message translation + files, some supplemental documentation, a number of example + loadable builtin commands, and a set of header files for developing + loadable builtins. You may need additional privileges to install + 'bash' to your desired destination, so 'sudo make install' might be + required. More information about controlling the locations where + 'bash' and other files are installed is below (*note Installation + Names::). + + The 'configure' shell script attempts to guess correct values for +various system-dependent variables used during compilation. It uses +those values to create a 'Makefile' in each directory of the package +(the top directory, the 'builtins', 'doc', 'po', and 'support' +directories, each directory under 'lib', and several others). It also +creates a 'config.h' file containing system-dependent definitions. +Finally, it creates a shell script named 'config.status' that you can +run in the future to recreate the current configuration, a file +'config.cache' that saves the results of its tests to speed up +reconfiguring, and a file 'config.log' containing compiler output +(useful mainly for debugging 'configure'). If at some point +'config.cache' contains results you don't want to keep, you may remove +or edit it. + + To find out more about the options and arguments that the 'configure' +script understands, type + + bash-4.2$ ./configure --help + +at the Bash prompt in your Bash source directory. + + If you want to build Bash in a directory separate from the source +directory - to build for multiple architectures, for example - just use +the full path to the configure script. The following commands will +build bash in a directory under '/usr/local/build' from the source code +in '/usr/local/src/bash-4.4': + + mkdir /usr/local/build/bash-4.4 + cd /usr/local/build/bash-4.4 + bash /usr/local/src/bash-4.4/configure + make + + See *note Compiling For Multiple Architectures:: for more information +about building in a directory separate from the source. + + If you need to do unusual things to compile Bash, please try to +figure out how 'configure' could check whether or not to do them, and +mail diffs or instructions to so they can be +considered for the next release. + + The file 'configure.ac' is used to create 'configure' by a program +called Autoconf. You only need 'configure.ac' if you want to change it +or regenerate 'configure' using a newer version of Autoconf. If you do +this, make sure you are using Autoconf version 2.69 or newer. + + You can remove the program binaries and object files from the source +code directory by typing 'make clean'. To also remove the files that +'configure' created (so you can compile Bash for a different kind of +computer), type 'make distclean'. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Compilers and Options, Next: Compiling For Multiple Architectures, Prev: Basic Installation, Up: Installing Bash + +10.2 Compilers and Options +========================== + +Some systems require unusual options for compilation or linking that the +'configure' script does not know about. You can give 'configure' +initial values for variables by setting them in the environment. Using +a Bourne-compatible shell, you can do that on the command line like +this: + + CC=c89 CFLAGS=-O2 LIBS=-lposix ./configure + + On systems that have the 'env' program, you can do it like this: + + env CPPFLAGS=-I/usr/local/include LDFLAGS=-s ./configure + + The configuration process uses GCC to build Bash if it is available. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures, Next: Installation Names, Prev: Compilers and Options, Up: Installing Bash + +10.3 Compiling For Multiple Architectures +========================================= + +You can compile Bash for more than one kind of computer at the same +time, by placing the object files for each architecture in their own +directory. To do this, you must use a version of 'make' that supports +the 'VPATH' variable, such as GNU 'make'. 'cd' to the directory where +you want the object files and executables to go and run the 'configure' +script from the source directory (*note Basic Installation::). You may +need to supply the '--srcdir=PATH' argument to tell 'configure' where +the source files are. 'configure' automatically checks for the source +code in the directory that 'configure' is in and in '..'. + + If you have to use a 'make' that does not support the 'VPATH' +variable, you can compile Bash for one architecture at a time in the +source code directory. After you have installed Bash for one +architecture, use 'make distclean' before reconfiguring for another +architecture. + + Alternatively, if your system supports symbolic links, you can use +the 'support/mkclone' script to create a build tree which has symbolic +links back to each file in the source directory. Here's an example that +creates a build directory in the current directory from a source +directory '/usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0': + + bash /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0/support/mkclone -s /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0 . + +The 'mkclone' script requires Bash, so you must have already built Bash +for at least one architecture before you can create build directories +for other architectures. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Installation Names, Next: Specifying the System Type, Prev: Compiling For Multiple Architectures, Up: Installing Bash + +10.4 Installation Names +======================= + +By default, 'make install' will install into '/usr/local/bin', +'/usr/local/man', etc.; that is, the "installation prefix" defaults to +'/usr/local'. You can specify an installation prefix other than +'/usr/local' by giving 'configure' the option '--prefix=PATH', or by +specifying a value for the 'prefix' 'make' variable when running 'make +install' (e.g., 'make install prefix=PATH'). The 'prefix' variable +provides a default for 'exec_prefix' and other variables used when +installing bash. + + You can specify separate installation prefixes for +architecture-specific files and architecture-independent files. If you +give 'configure' the option '--exec-prefix=PATH', 'make install' will +use PATH as the prefix for installing programs and libraries. +Documentation and other data files will still use the regular prefix. + + If you would like to change the installation locations for a single +run, you can specify these variables as arguments to 'make': 'make +install exec_prefix=/' will install 'bash' and 'bashbug' into '/bin' +instead of the default '/usr/local/bin'. + + If you want to see the files bash will install and where it will +install them without changing anything on your system, specify the +variable 'DESTDIR' as an argument to 'make'. Its value should be the +absolute directory path you'd like to use as the root of your sample +installation tree. For example, + + mkdir /fs1/bash-install + make install DESTDIR=/fs1/bash-install + +will install 'bash' into '/fs1/bash-install/usr/local/bin/bash', the +documentation into directories within +'/fs1/bash-install/usr/local/share', the example loadable builtins into +'/fs1/bash-install/usr/local/lib/bash', and so on. You can use the +usual 'exec_prefix' and 'prefix' variables to alter the directory paths +beneath the value of 'DESTDIR'. + + The GNU Makefile standards provide a more complete description of +these variables and their effects. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Specifying the System Type, Next: Sharing Defaults, Prev: Installation Names, Up: Installing Bash + +10.5 Specifying the System Type +=============================== + +There may be some features 'configure' can not figure out automatically, +but needs to determine by the type of host Bash will run on. Usually +'configure' can figure that out, but if it prints a message saying it +can not guess the host type, give it the '--host=TYPE' option. 'TYPE' +can either be a short name for the system type, such as 'sun4', or a +canonical name with three fields: 'CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM' (e.g., +'i386-unknown-freebsd4.2'). + + See the file 'support/config.sub' for the possible values of each +field. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Sharing Defaults, Next: Operation Controls, Prev: Specifying the System Type, Up: Installing Bash + +10.6 Sharing Defaults +===================== + +If you want to set default values for 'configure' scripts to share, you +can create a site shell script called 'config.site' that gives default +values for variables like 'CC', 'cache_file', and 'prefix'. 'configure' +looks for 'PREFIX/share/config.site' if it exists, then +'PREFIX/etc/config.site' if it exists. Or, you can set the +'CONFIG_SITE' environment variable to the location of the site script. +A warning: the Bash 'configure' looks for a site script, but not all +'configure' scripts do. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Operation Controls, Next: Optional Features, Prev: Sharing Defaults, Up: Installing Bash + +10.7 Operation Controls +======================= + +'configure' recognizes the following options to control how it operates. + +'--cache-file=FILE' + Use and save the results of the tests in FILE instead of + './config.cache'. Set FILE to '/dev/null' to disable caching, for + debugging 'configure'. + +'--help' + Print a summary of the options to 'configure', and exit. + +'--quiet' +'--silent' +'-q' + Do not print messages saying which checks are being made. + +'--srcdir=DIR' + Look for the Bash source code in directory DIR. Usually + 'configure' can determine that directory automatically. + +'--version' + Print the version of Autoconf used to generate the 'configure' + script, and exit. + + 'configure' also accepts some other, not widely used, boilerplate +options. 'configure --help' prints the complete list. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Optional Features, Prev: Operation Controls, Up: Installing Bash + +10.8 Optional Features +====================== + +The Bash 'configure' has a number of '--enable-FEATURE' options, where +FEATURE indicates an optional part of Bash. There are also several +'--with-PACKAGE' options, where PACKAGE is something like 'bash-malloc' +or 'purify'. To turn off the default use of a package, use +'--without-PACKAGE'. To configure Bash without a feature that is +enabled by default, use '--disable-FEATURE'. + + Here is a complete list of the '--enable-' and '--with-' options that +the Bash 'configure' recognizes. + +'--with-afs' + Define if you are using the Andrew File System from Transarc. + +'--with-bash-malloc' + Use the Bash version of 'malloc' in the directory 'lib/malloc'. + This is not the same 'malloc' that appears in GNU libc, but an + older version originally derived from the 4.2 BSD 'malloc'. This + 'malloc' is very fast, but wastes some space on each allocation. + This option is enabled by default. The 'NOTES' file contains a + list of systems for which this should be turned off, and + 'configure' disables this option automatically for a number of + systems. + +'--with-curses' + Use the curses library instead of the termcap library. This should + be supplied if your system has an inadequate or incomplete termcap + database. + +'--with-gnu-malloc' + A synonym for '--with-bash-malloc'. + +'--with-installed-readline[=PREFIX]' + Define this to make Bash link with a locally-installed version of + Readline rather than the version in 'lib/readline'. This works + only with Readline 5.0 and later versions. If PREFIX is 'yes' or + not supplied, 'configure' uses the values of the make variables + 'includedir' and 'libdir', which are subdirectories of 'prefix' by + default, to find the installed version of Readline if it is not in + the standard system include and library directories. If PREFIX is + 'no', Bash links with the version in 'lib/readline'. If PREFIX is + set to any other value, 'configure' treats it as a directory + pathname and looks for the installed version of Readline in + subdirectories of that directory (include files in PREFIX/'include' + and the library in PREFIX/'lib'). + +'--with-libintl-prefix[=PREFIX]' + Define this to make Bash link with a locally-installed version of + the libintl library instead of the version in 'lib/intl'. + +'--with-libiconv-prefix[=PREFIX]' + Define this to make Bash look for libiconv in PREFIX instead of the + standard system locations. There is no version included with Bash. + +'--enable-minimal-config' + This produces a shell with minimal features, close to the + historical Bourne shell. + + There are several '--enable-' options that alter how Bash is +compiled, linked, and installed, rather than changing run-time features. + +'--enable-largefile' + Enable support for large files + (http://www.unix.org/version2/whatsnew/lfs20mar.html) if the + operating system requires special compiler options to build + programs which can access large files. This is enabled by default, + if the operating system provides large file support. + +'--enable-profiling' + This builds a Bash binary that produces profiling information to be + processed by 'gprof' each time it is executed. + +'--enable-separate-helpfiles' + Use external files for the documentation displayed by the 'help' + builtin instead of storing the text internally. + +'--enable-static-link' + This causes Bash to be linked statically, if 'gcc' is being used. + This could be used to build a version to use as root's shell. + + The 'minimal-config' option can be used to disable all of the +following options, but it is processed first, so individual options may +be enabled using 'enable-FEATURE'. + + All of the following options except for 'alt-array-implementation', +'disabled-builtins', 'direxpand-default', 'strict-posix-default', and +'xpg-echo-default' are enabled by default, unless the operating system +does not provide the necessary support. + +'--enable-alias' + Allow alias expansion and include the 'alias' and 'unalias' + builtins (*note Aliases::). + +'--enable-alt-array-implementation' + This builds bash using an alternate implementation of arrays (*note + Arrays::) that provides faster access at the expense of using more + memory (sometimes many times more, depending on how sparse an array + is). + +'--enable-arith-for-command' + Include support for the alternate form of the 'for' command that + behaves like the C language 'for' statement (*note Looping + Constructs::). + +'--enable-array-variables' + Include support for one-dimensional array shell variables (*note + Arrays::). + +'--enable-bang-history' + Include support for 'csh'-like history substitution (*note History + Interaction::). + +'--enable-brace-expansion' + Include 'csh'-like brace expansion ( 'b{a,b}c' ==> 'bac bbc' ). + See *note Brace Expansion::, for a complete description. + +'--enable-casemod-attributes' + Include support for case-modifying attributes in the 'declare' + builtin and assignment statements. Variables with the 'uppercase' + attribute, for example, will have their values converted to + uppercase upon assignment. + +'--enable-casemod-expansion' + Include support for case-modifying word expansions. + +'--enable-command-timing' + Include support for recognizing 'time' as a reserved word and for + displaying timing statistics for the pipeline following 'time' + (*note Pipelines::). This allows pipelines as well as shell + builtins and functions to be timed. + +'--enable-cond-command' + Include support for the '[[' conditional command. (*note + Conditional Constructs::). + +'--enable-cond-regexp' + Include support for matching POSIX regular expressions using the + '=~' binary operator in the '[[' conditional command. (*note + Conditional Constructs::). + +'--enable-coprocesses' + Include support for coprocesses and the 'coproc' reserved word + (*note Pipelines::). + +'--enable-debugger' + Include support for the bash debugger (distributed separately). + +'--enable-dev-fd-stat-broken' + If calling 'stat' on /dev/fd/N returns different results than + calling 'fstat' on file descriptor N, supply this option to enable + a workaround. This has implications for conditional commands that + test file attributes. + +'--enable-direxpand-default' + Cause the 'direxpand' shell option (*note The Shopt Builtin::) to + be enabled by default when the shell starts. It is normally + disabled by default. + +'--enable-directory-stack' + Include support for a 'csh'-like directory stack and the 'pushd', + 'popd', and 'dirs' builtins (*note The Directory Stack::). + +'--enable-disabled-builtins' + Allow builtin commands to be invoked via 'builtin xxx' even after + 'xxx' has been disabled using 'enable -n xxx'. See *note Bash + Builtins::, for details of the 'builtin' and 'enable' builtin + commands. + +'--enable-dparen-arithmetic' + Include support for the '((...))' command (*note Conditional + Constructs::). + +'--enable-extended-glob' + Include support for the extended pattern matching features + described above under *note Pattern Matching::. + +'--enable-extended-glob-default' + Set the default value of the 'extglob' shell option described above + under *note The Shopt Builtin:: to be enabled. + +'--enable-function-import' + Include support for importing function definitions exported by + another instance of the shell from the environment. This option is + enabled by default. + +'--enable-glob-asciirange-default' + Set the default value of the 'globasciiranges' shell option + described above under *note The Shopt Builtin:: to be enabled. + This controls the behavior of character ranges when used in pattern + matching bracket expressions. + +'--enable-help-builtin' + Include the 'help' builtin, which displays help on shell builtins + and variables (*note Bash Builtins::). + +'--enable-history' + Include command history and the 'fc' and 'history' builtin commands + (*note Bash History Facilities::). + +'--enable-job-control' + This enables the job control features (*note Job Control::), if the + operating system supports them. + +'--enable-multibyte' + This enables support for multibyte characters if the operating + system provides the necessary support. + +'--enable-net-redirections' + This enables the special handling of filenames of the form + '/dev/tcp/HOST/PORT' and '/dev/udp/HOST/PORT' when used in + redirections (*note Redirections::). + +'--enable-process-substitution' + This enables process substitution (*note Process Substitution::) if + the operating system provides the necessary support. + +'--enable-progcomp' + Enable the programmable completion facilities (*note Programmable + Completion::). If Readline is not enabled, this option has no + effect. + +'--enable-prompt-string-decoding' + Turn on the interpretation of a number of backslash-escaped + characters in the '$PS0', '$PS1', '$PS2', and '$PS4' prompt + strings. See *note Controlling the Prompt::, for a complete list + of prompt string escape sequences. + +'--enable-readline' + Include support for command-line editing and history with the Bash + version of the Readline library (*note Command Line Editing::). + +'--enable-restricted' + Include support for a "restricted shell". If this is enabled, + Bash, when called as 'rbash', enters a restricted mode. See *note + The Restricted Shell::, for a description of restricted mode. + +'--enable-select' + Include the 'select' compound command, which allows the generation + of simple menus (*note Conditional Constructs::). + +'--enable-single-help-strings' + Store the text displayed by the 'help' builtin as a single string + for each help topic. This aids in translating the text to + different languages. You may need to disable this if your compiler + cannot handle very long string literals. + +'--enable-strict-posix-default' + Make Bash POSIX-conformant by default (*note Bash POSIX Mode::). + +'--enable-translatable-strings' + Enable support for '$"STRING"' translatable strings (*note Locale + Translation::). + +'--enable-usg-echo-default' + A synonym for '--enable-xpg-echo-default'. + +'--enable-xpg-echo-default' + Make the 'echo' builtin expand backslash-escaped characters by + default, without requiring the '-e' option. This sets the default + value of the 'xpg_echo' shell option to 'on', which makes the Bash + 'echo' behave more like the version specified in the Single Unix + Specification, version 3. *Note Bash Builtins::, for a description + of the escape sequences that 'echo' recognizes. + + The file 'config-top.h' contains C Preprocessor '#define' statements +for options which are not settable from 'configure'. Some of these are +not meant to be changed; beware of the consequences if you do. Read the +comments associated with each definition for more information about its +effect. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Reporting Bugs, Next: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell, Prev: Installing Bash, Up: Top + +Appendix A Reporting Bugs +************************* + +Please report all bugs you find in Bash. But first, you should make +sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest version +of Bash. The latest version of Bash is always available for FTP from + and from +. + + Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the +'bashbug' command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are +encouraged to mail that as well! Suggestions and 'philosophical' bug +reports may be mailed to or posted to the Usenet +newsgroup 'gnu.bash.bug'. + + All bug reports should include: + * The version number of Bash. + * The hardware and operating system. + * The compiler used to compile Bash. + * A description of the bug behaviour. + * A short script or 'recipe' which exercises the bug and may be used + to reproduce it. + +'bashbug' inserts the first three items automatically into the template +it provides for filing a bug report. + + Please send all reports concerning this manual to . + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell, Next: GNU Free Documentation License, Prev: Reporting Bugs, Up: Top + +Appendix B Major Differences From The Bourne Shell +************************************************** + +Bash implements essentially the same grammar, parameter and variable +expansion, redirection, and quoting as the Bourne Shell. Bash uses the +POSIX standard as the specification of how these features are to be +implemented. There are some differences between the traditional Bourne +shell and Bash; this section quickly details the differences of +significance. A number of these differences are explained in greater +depth in previous sections. This section uses the version of 'sh' +included in SVR4.2 (the last version of the historical Bourne shell) as +the baseline reference. + + * Bash is POSIX-conformant, even where the POSIX specification + differs from traditional 'sh' behavior (*note Bash POSIX Mode::). + + * Bash has multi-character invocation options (*note Invoking + Bash::). + + * Bash has command-line editing (*note Command Line Editing::) and + the 'bind' builtin. + + * Bash provides a programmable word completion mechanism (*note + Programmable Completion::), and builtin commands 'complete', + 'compgen', and 'compopt', to manipulate it. + + * Bash has command history (*note Bash History Facilities::) and the + 'history' and 'fc' builtins to manipulate it. The Bash history + list maintains timestamp information and uses the value of the + 'HISTTIMEFORMAT' variable to display it. + + * Bash implements 'csh'-like history expansion (*note History + Interaction::). + + * Bash has one-dimensional array variables (*note Arrays::), and the + appropriate variable expansions and assignment syntax to use them. + Several of the Bash builtins take options to act on arrays. Bash + provides a number of built-in array variables. + + * The '$'...'' quoting syntax, which expands ANSI-C backslash-escaped + characters in the text between the single quotes, is supported + (*note ANSI-C Quoting::). + + * Bash supports the '$"..."' quoting syntax to do locale-specific + translation of the characters between the double quotes. The '-D', + '--dump-strings', and '--dump-po-strings' invocation options list + the translatable strings found in a script (*note Locale + Translation::). + + * Bash implements the '!' keyword to negate the return value of a + pipeline (*note Pipelines::). Very useful when an 'if' statement + needs to act only if a test fails. The Bash '-o pipefail' option + to 'set' will cause a pipeline to return a failure status if any + command fails. + + * Bash has the 'time' reserved word and command timing (*note + Pipelines::). The display of the timing statistics may be + controlled with the 'TIMEFORMAT' variable. + + * Bash implements the 'for (( EXPR1 ; EXPR2 ; EXPR3 ))' arithmetic + for command, similar to the C language (*note Looping + Constructs::). + + * Bash includes the 'select' compound command, which allows the + generation of simple menus (*note Conditional Constructs::). + + * Bash includes the '[[' compound command, which makes conditional + testing part of the shell grammar (*note Conditional Constructs::), + including optional regular expression matching. + + * Bash provides optional case-insensitive matching for the 'case' and + '[[' constructs. + + * Bash includes brace expansion (*note Brace Expansion::) and tilde + expansion (*note Tilde Expansion::). + + * Bash implements command aliases and the 'alias' and 'unalias' + builtins (*note Aliases::). + + * Bash provides shell arithmetic, the '((' compound command (*note + Conditional Constructs::), and arithmetic expansion (*note Shell + Arithmetic::). + + * Variables present in the shell's initial environment are + automatically exported to child processes. The Bourne shell does + not normally do this unless the variables are explicitly marked + using the 'export' command. + + * Bash supports the '+=' assignment operator, which appends to the + value of the variable named on the left hand side. + + * Bash includes the POSIX pattern removal '%', '#', '%%' and '##' + expansions to remove leading or trailing substrings from variable + values (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::). + + * The expansion '${#xx}', which returns the length of '${xx}', is + supported (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::). + + * The expansion '${var:'OFFSET'[:'LENGTH']}', which expands to the + substring of 'var''s value of length LENGTH, beginning at OFFSET, + is present (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::). + + * The expansion '${VAR/[/]'PATTERN'[/'REPLACEMENT']}', which matches + PATTERN and replaces it with REPLACEMENT in the value of VAR, is + available (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::). + + * The expansion '${!PREFIX*}' expansion, which expands to the names + of all shell variables whose names begin with PREFIX, is available + (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::). + + * Bash has indirect variable expansion using '${!word}' (*note Shell + Parameter Expansion::). + + * Bash can expand positional parameters beyond '$9' using '${NUM}'. + + * The POSIX '$()' form of command substitution is implemented (*note + Command Substitution::), and preferred to the Bourne shell's '``' + (which is also implemented for backwards compatibility). + + * Bash has process substitution (*note Process Substitution::). + + * Bash automatically assigns variables that provide information about + the current user ('UID', 'EUID', and 'GROUPS'), the current host + ('HOSTTYPE', 'OSTYPE', 'MACHTYPE', and 'HOSTNAME'), and the + instance of Bash that is running ('BASH', 'BASH_VERSION', and + 'BASH_VERSINFO'). *Note Bash Variables::, for details. + + * The 'IFS' variable is used to split only the results of expansion, + not all words (*note Word Splitting::). This closes a longstanding + shell security hole. + + * The filename expansion bracket expression code uses '!' and '^' to + negate the set of characters between the brackets. The Bourne + shell uses only '!'. + + * Bash implements the full set of POSIX filename expansion operators, + including character classes, equivalence classes, and collating + symbols (*note Filename Expansion::). + + * Bash implements extended pattern matching features when the + 'extglob' shell option is enabled (*note Pattern Matching::). + + * It is possible to have a variable and a function with the same + name; 'sh' does not separate the two name spaces. + + * Bash functions are permitted to have local variables using the + 'local' builtin, and thus useful recursive functions may be written + (*note Bash Builtins::). + + * Variable assignments preceding commands affect only that command, + even builtins and functions (*note Environment::). In 'sh', all + variable assignments preceding commands are global unless the + command is executed from the file system. + + * Bash performs filename expansion on filenames specified as operands + to input and output redirection operators (*note Redirections::). + + * Bash contains the '<>' redirection operator, allowing a file to be + opened for both reading and writing, and the '&>' redirection + operator, for directing standard output and standard error to the + same file (*note Redirections::). + + * Bash includes the '<<<' redirection operator, allowing a string to + be used as the standard input to a command. + + * Bash implements the '[n]<&WORD' and '[n]>&WORD' redirection + operators, which move one file descriptor to another. + + * Bash treats a number of filenames specially when they are used in + redirection operators (*note Redirections::). + + * Bash can open network connections to arbitrary machines and + services with the redirection operators (*note Redirections::). + + * The 'noclobber' option is available to avoid overwriting existing + files with output redirection (*note The Set Builtin::). The '>|' + redirection operator may be used to override 'noclobber'. + + * The Bash 'cd' and 'pwd' builtins (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) + each take '-L' and '-P' options to switch between logical and + physical modes. + + * Bash allows a function to override a builtin with the same name, + and provides access to that builtin's functionality within the + function via the 'builtin' and 'command' builtins (*note Bash + Builtins::). + + * The 'command' builtin allows selective disabling of functions when + command lookup is performed (*note Bash Builtins::). + + * Individual builtins may be enabled or disabled using the 'enable' + builtin (*note Bash Builtins::). + + * The Bash 'exec' builtin takes additional options that allow users + to control the contents of the environment passed to the executed + command, and what the zeroth argument to the command is to be + (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). + + * Shell functions may be exported to children via the environment + using 'export -f' (*note Shell Functions::). + + * The Bash 'export', 'readonly', and 'declare' builtins can take a + '-f' option to act on shell functions, a '-p' option to display + variables with various attributes set in a format that can be used + as shell input, a '-n' option to remove various variable + attributes, and 'name=value' arguments to set variable attributes + and values simultaneously. + + * The Bash 'hash' builtin allows a name to be associated with an + arbitrary filename, even when that filename cannot be found by + searching the '$PATH', using 'hash -p' (*note Bourne Shell + Builtins::). + + * Bash includes a 'help' builtin for quick reference to shell + facilities (*note Bash Builtins::). + + * The 'printf' builtin is available to display formatted output + (*note Bash Builtins::). + + * The Bash 'read' builtin (*note Bash Builtins::) will read a line + ending in '\' with the '-r' option, and will use the 'REPLY' + variable as a default if no non-option arguments are supplied. The + Bash 'read' builtin also accepts a prompt string with the '-p' + option and will use Readline to obtain the line when given the '-e' + option. The 'read' builtin also has additional options to control + input: the '-s' option will turn off echoing of input characters as + they are read, the '-t' option will allow 'read' to time out if + input does not arrive within a specified number of seconds, the + '-n' option will allow reading only a specified number of + characters rather than a full line, and the '-d' option will read + until a particular character rather than newline. + + * The 'return' builtin may be used to abort execution of scripts + executed with the '.' or 'source' builtins (*note Bourne Shell + Builtins::). + + * Bash includes the 'shopt' builtin, for finer control of shell + optional capabilities (*note The Shopt Builtin::), and allows these + options to be set and unset at shell invocation (*note Invoking + Bash::). + + * Bash has much more optional behavior controllable with the 'set' + builtin (*note The Set Builtin::). + + * The '-x' ('xtrace') option displays commands other than simple + commands when performing an execution trace (*note The Set + Builtin::). + + * The 'test' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) is slightly + different, as it implements the POSIX algorithm, which specifies + the behavior based on the number of arguments. + + * Bash includes the 'caller' builtin, which displays the context of + any active subroutine call (a shell function or a script executed + with the '.' or 'source' builtins). This supports the Bash + debugger. + + * The 'trap' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) allows a 'DEBUG' + pseudo-signal specification, similar to 'EXIT'. Commands specified + with a 'DEBUG' trap are executed before every simple command, 'for' + command, 'case' command, 'select' command, every arithmetic 'for' + command, and before the first command executes in a shell function. + The 'DEBUG' trap is not inherited by shell functions unless the + function has been given the 'trace' attribute or the 'functrace' + option has been enabled using the 'shopt' builtin. The 'extdebug' + shell option has additional effects on the 'DEBUG' trap. + + The 'trap' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) allows an 'ERR' + pseudo-signal specification, similar to 'EXIT' and 'DEBUG'. + Commands specified with an 'ERR' trap are executed after a simple + command fails, with a few exceptions. The 'ERR' trap is not + inherited by shell functions unless the '-o errtrace' option to the + 'set' builtin is enabled. + + The 'trap' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) allows a + 'RETURN' pseudo-signal specification, similar to 'EXIT' and + 'DEBUG'. Commands specified with a 'RETURN' trap are executed + before execution resumes after a shell function or a shell script + executed with '.' or 'source' returns. The 'RETURN' trap is not + inherited by shell functions unless the function has been given the + 'trace' attribute or the 'functrace' option has been enabled using + the 'shopt' builtin. + + * The Bash 'type' builtin is more extensive and gives more + information about the names it finds (*note Bash Builtins::). + + * The Bash 'umask' builtin permits a '-p' option to cause the output + to be displayed in the form of a 'umask' command that may be reused + as input (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). + + * Bash implements a 'csh'-like directory stack, and provides the + 'pushd', 'popd', and 'dirs' builtins to manipulate it (*note The + Directory Stack::). Bash also makes the directory stack visible as + the value of the 'DIRSTACK' shell variable. + + * Bash interprets special backslash-escaped characters in the prompt + strings when interactive (*note Controlling the Prompt::). + + * The Bash restricted mode is more useful (*note The Restricted + Shell::); the SVR4.2 shell restricted mode is too limited. + + * The 'disown' builtin can remove a job from the internal shell job + table (*note Job Control Builtins::) or suppress the sending of + 'SIGHUP' to a job when the shell exits as the result of a 'SIGHUP'. + + * Bash includes a number of features to support a separate debugger + for shell scripts. + + * The SVR4.2 shell has two privilege-related builtins ('mldmode' and + 'priv') not present in Bash. + + * Bash does not have the 'stop' or 'newgrp' builtins. + + * Bash does not use the 'SHACCT' variable or perform shell + accounting. + + * The SVR4.2 'sh' uses a 'TIMEOUT' variable like Bash uses 'TMOUT'. + +More features unique to Bash may be found in *note Bash Features::. + +B.1 Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell +==================================================== + +Since Bash is a completely new implementation, it does not suffer from +many of the limitations of the SVR4.2 shell. For instance: + + * Bash does not fork a subshell when redirecting into or out of a + shell control structure such as an 'if' or 'while' statement. + + * Bash does not allow unbalanced quotes. The SVR4.2 shell will + silently insert a needed closing quote at 'EOF' under certain + circumstances. This can be the cause of some hard-to-find errors. + + * The SVR4.2 shell uses a baroque memory management scheme based on + trapping 'SIGSEGV'. If the shell is started from a process with + 'SIGSEGV' blocked (e.g., by using the 'system()' C library function + call), it misbehaves badly. + + * In a questionable attempt at security, the SVR4.2 shell, when + invoked without the '-p' option, will alter its real and effective + UID and GID if they are less than some magic threshold value, + commonly 100. This can lead to unexpected results. + + * The SVR4.2 shell does not allow users to trap 'SIGSEGV', 'SIGALRM', + or 'SIGCHLD'. + + * The SVR4.2 shell does not allow the 'IFS', 'MAILCHECK', 'PATH', + 'PS1', or 'PS2' variables to be unset. + + * The SVR4.2 shell treats '^' as the undocumented equivalent of '|'. + + * Bash allows multiple option arguments when it is invoked ('-x -v'); + the SVR4.2 shell allows only one option argument ('-xv'). In fact, + some versions of the shell dump core if the second argument begins + with a '-'. + + * The SVR4.2 shell exits a script if any builtin fails; Bash exits a + script only if one of the POSIX special builtins fails, and only + for certain failures, as enumerated in the POSIX standard. + + * The SVR4.2 shell behaves differently when invoked as 'jsh' (it + turns on job control). + + +File: bashref.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Next: Indexes, Prev: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell, Up: Top + +Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License +***************************************** + + Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 + + Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + + + Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies + of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. + + 0. 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If the + Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may + choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free + Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can + decide which future versions of this License can be used, that + proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently + authorizes you to choose that version for the Document. + + 11. RELICENSING + + "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any + World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also + provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A + public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. + A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the + site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC + site. + + "CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 + license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit + corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, + California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license + published by that same organization. + + "Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or + in part, as part of another Document. + + An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this + License, and if all works that were first published under this + License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently + incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover + texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior + to November 1, 2008. + + The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the + site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, + 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing. + +ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents +==================================================== + +To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of +the License in the document and put the following copyright and license +notices just after the title page: + + Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME. + Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document + under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 + or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; + with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover + Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU + Free Documentation License''. + + If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover +Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this: + + with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with + the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts + being LIST. + + If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other +combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the +situation. + + If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we +recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free +software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit +their use in free software. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Indexes, Prev: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Top + +Appendix D Indexes +****************** + +* Menu: + +* Builtin Index:: Index of Bash builtin commands. +* Reserved Word Index:: Index of Bash reserved words. +* Variable Index:: Quick reference helps you find the + variable you want. +* Function Index:: Index of bindable Readline functions. +* Concept Index:: General index for concepts described in + this manual. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Builtin Index, Next: Reserved Word Index, Up: Indexes + +D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands +=================================== + +[index] +* Menu: + +* .: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 17) +* :: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 11) +* [: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 275) +* alias: Bash Builtins. (line 11) +* bg: Job Control Builtins. + (line 7) +* bind: Bash Builtins. (line 21) +* break: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 37) +* builtin: Bash Builtins. (line 108) +* caller: Bash Builtins. (line 117) +* cd: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 45) +* command: Bash Builtins. (line 134) +* compgen: Programmable Completion Builtins. + (line 12) +* complete: Programmable Completion Builtins. + (line 30) +* compopt: Programmable Completion Builtins. + (line 238) +* continue: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 90) +* declare: Bash Builtins. (line 154) +* dirs: Directory Stack Builtins. + (line 7) +* disown: Job Control Builtins. + (line 104) +* echo: Bash Builtins. (line 257) +* enable: Bash Builtins. (line 306) +* eval: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 99) +* exec: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 107) +* exit: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 125) +* export: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 132) +* fc: Bash History Builtins. + (line 10) +* fg: Job Control Builtins. + (line 17) +* getopts: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 148) +* hash: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 192) +* help: Bash Builtins. (line 342) +* history: Bash History Builtins. + (line 46) +* jobs: Job Control Builtins. + (line 27) +* kill: Job Control Builtins. + (line 58) +* let: Bash Builtins. (line 361) +* local: Bash Builtins. (line 369) +* logout: Bash Builtins. (line 385) +* mapfile: Bash Builtins. (line 390) +* popd: Directory Stack Builtins. + (line 35) +* printf: Bash Builtins. (line 436) +* pushd: Directory Stack Builtins. + (line 69) +* pwd: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 212) +* read: Bash Builtins. (line 488) +* readarray: Bash Builtins. (line 585) +* readonly: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 222) +* return: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 241) +* set: The Set Builtin. (line 11) +* shift: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 262) +* shopt: The Shopt Builtin. (line 9) +* source: Bash Builtins. (line 594) +* suspend: Job Control Builtins. + (line 116) +* test: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 275) +* times: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 360) +* trap: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 366) +* type: Bash Builtins. (line 599) +* typeset: Bash Builtins. (line 631) +* ulimit: Bash Builtins. (line 637) +* umask: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 415) +* unalias: Bash Builtins. (line 743) +* unset: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 433) +* wait: Job Control Builtins. + (line 76) + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Reserved Word Index, Next: Variable Index, Prev: Builtin Index, Up: Indexes + +D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words +================================= + +[index] +* Menu: + +* !: Pipelines. (line 9) +* [[: Conditional Constructs. + (line 126) +* ]]: Conditional Constructs. + (line 126) +* {: Command Grouping. (line 21) +* }: Command Grouping. (line 21) +* case: Conditional Constructs. + (line 28) +* do: Looping Constructs. (line 12) +* done: Looping Constructs. (line 12) +* elif: Conditional Constructs. + (line 7) +* else: Conditional Constructs. + (line 7) +* esac: Conditional Constructs. + (line 28) +* fi: Conditional Constructs. + (line 7) +* for: Looping Constructs. (line 32) +* function: Shell Functions. (line 13) +* if: Conditional Constructs. + (line 7) +* in: Conditional Constructs. + (line 28) +* select: Conditional Constructs. + (line 84) +* then: Conditional Constructs. + (line 7) +* time: Pipelines. (line 9) +* until: Looping Constructs. (line 12) +* while: Looping Constructs. (line 22) + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Variable Index, Next: Function Index, Prev: Reserved Word Index, Up: Indexes + +D.3 Parameter and Variable Index +================================ + +[index] +* Menu: + +* !: Special Parameters. (line 55) +* #: Special Parameters. (line 39) +* $: Special Parameters. (line 51) +* $!: Special Parameters. (line 56) +* $#: Special Parameters. (line 40) +* $$: Special Parameters. (line 52) +* $*: Special Parameters. (line 10) +* $-: Special Parameters. (line 47) +* $0: Special Parameters. (line 61) +* $?: Special Parameters. (line 43) +* $@: Special Parameters. (line 23) +* $_: Bash Variables. (line 14) +* *: Special Parameters. (line 9) +* -: Special Parameters. (line 46) +* 0: Special Parameters. (line 60) +* ?: Special Parameters. (line 42) +* @: Special Parameters. (line 22) +* _: Bash Variables. (line 13) +* active-region-end-color: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 51) +* active-region-start-color: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 38) +* auto_resume: Job Control Variables. + (line 6) +* BASH: Bash Variables. (line 23) +* BASHOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 26) +* BASHPID: Bash Variables. (line 35) +* BASH_ALIASES: Bash Variables. (line 42) +* BASH_ARGC: Bash Variables. (line 51) +* BASH_ARGV: Bash Variables. (line 64) +* BASH_ARGV0: Bash Variables. (line 76) +* BASH_CMDS: Bash Variables. (line 84) +* BASH_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 93) +* BASH_COMPAT: Bash Variables. (line 100) +* BASH_ENV: Bash Variables. (line 116) +* BASH_EXECUTION_STRING: Bash Variables. (line 122) +* BASH_LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 125) +* BASH_LOADABLES_PATH: Bash Variables. (line 133) +* BASH_REMATCH: Bash Variables. (line 137) +* BASH_SOURCE: Bash Variables. (line 145) +* BASH_SUBSHELL: Bash Variables. (line 152) +* BASH_VERSINFO: Bash Variables. (line 158) +* BASH_VERSION: Bash Variables. (line 181) +* BASH_XTRACEFD: Bash Variables. (line 184) +* bell-style: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 64) +* bind-tty-special-chars: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 71) +* blink-matching-paren: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 76) +* CDPATH: Bourne Shell Variables. + (line 9) +* CHILD_MAX: Bash Variables. (line 195) +* colored-completion-prefix: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 81) +* colored-stats: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 91) +* COLUMNS: Bash Variables. (line 202) +* comment-begin: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 97) +* completion-display-width: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 102) +* completion-ignore-case: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 109) +* completion-map-case: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 114) +* completion-prefix-display-length: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 120) +* completion-query-items: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 127) +* COMPREPLY: Bash Variables. (line 254) +* COMP_CWORD: Bash Variables. (line 208) +* COMP_KEY: Bash Variables. (line 237) +* COMP_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 214) +* COMP_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 219) +* COMP_TYPE: Bash Variables. (line 227) +* COMP_WORDBREAKS: Bash Variables. (line 241) +* COMP_WORDS: Bash Variables. (line 247) +* convert-meta: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 138) +* COPROC: Bash Variables. (line 260) +* DIRSTACK: Bash Variables. (line 264) +* disable-completion: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 148) +* echo-control-characters: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 153) +* editing-mode: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 158) +* EMACS: Bash Variables. (line 274) +* emacs-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 164) +* enable-active-region: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 174) +* enable-bracketed-paste: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 187) +* enable-keypad: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 196) +* ENV: Bash Variables. (line 279) +* EPOCHREALTIME: Bash Variables. (line 284) +* EPOCHSECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 292) +* EUID: Bash Variables. (line 299) +* EXECIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 303) +* expand-tilde: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 207) +* FCEDIT: Bash Variables. (line 316) +* FIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 320) +* FUNCNAME: Bash Variables. (line 326) +* FUNCNEST: Bash Variables. (line 343) +* GLOBIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 348) +* GROUPS: Bash Variables. (line 355) +* histchars: Bash Variables. (line 361) +* HISTCMD: Bash Variables. (line 376) +* HISTCONTROL: Bash Variables. (line 382) +* HISTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 398) +* HISTFILESIZE: Bash Variables. (line 402) +* HISTIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 413) +* history-preserve-point: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 211) +* history-size: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 217) +* HISTSIZE: Bash Variables. (line 433) +* HISTTIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 440) +* HOME: Bourne Shell Variables. + (line 13) +* horizontal-scroll-mode: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 226) +* HOSTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 448) +* HOSTNAME: Bash Variables. (line 459) +* HOSTTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 462) +* IFS: Bourne Shell Variables. + (line 18) +* IGNOREEOF: Bash Variables. (line 465) +* input-meta: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 235) +* INPUTRC: Bash Variables. (line 475) +* INSIDE_EMACS: Bash Variables. (line 479) +* isearch-terminators: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 245) +* keymap: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 252) +* LANG: Creating Internationalized Scripts. + (line 51) +* LANG <1>: Bash Variables. (line 485) +* LC_ALL: Bash Variables. (line 489) +* LC_COLLATE: Bash Variables. (line 493) +* LC_CTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 500) +* LC_MESSAGES: Creating Internationalized Scripts. + (line 51) +* LC_MESSAGES <1>: Bash Variables. (line 505) +* LC_NUMERIC: Bash Variables. (line 509) +* LC_TIME: Bash Variables. (line 513) +* LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 517) +* LINES: Bash Variables. (line 522) +* MACHTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 528) +* MAIL: Bourne Shell Variables. + (line 22) +* MAILCHECK: Bash Variables. (line 532) +* MAILPATH: Bourne Shell Variables. + (line 27) +* MAPFILE: Bash Variables. (line 540) +* mark-modified-lines: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 282) +* mark-symlinked-directories: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 287) +* match-hidden-files: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 292) +* menu-complete-display-prefix: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 299) +* meta-flag: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 235) +* OLDPWD: Bash Variables. (line 544) +* OPTARG: Bourne Shell Variables. + (line 34) +* OPTERR: Bash Variables. (line 547) +* OPTIND: Bourne Shell Variables. + (line 38) +* OSTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 551) +* output-meta: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 304) +* page-completions: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 312) +* PATH: Bourne Shell Variables. + (line 42) +* PIPESTATUS: Bash Variables. (line 554) +* POSIXLY_CORRECT: Bash Variables. (line 559) +* PPID: Bash Variables. (line 569) +* PROMPT_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 573) +* PROMPT_DIRTRIM: Bash Variables. (line 579) +* PS0: Bash Variables. (line 585) +* PS1: Bourne Shell Variables. + (line 48) +* PS2: Bourne Shell Variables. + (line 53) +* PS3: Bash Variables. (line 590) +* PS4: Bash Variables. (line 595) +* PWD: Bash Variables. (line 603) +* RANDOM: Bash Variables. (line 606) +* READLINE_ARGUMENT: Bash Variables. (line 612) +* READLINE_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 616) +* READLINE_MARK: Bash Variables. (line 620) +* READLINE_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 626) +* REPLY: Bash Variables. (line 630) +* revert-all-at-newline: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 322) +* SECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 633) +* SHELL: Bash Variables. (line 642) +* SHELLOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 647) +* SHLVL: Bash Variables. (line 656) +* show-all-if-ambiguous: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 329) +* show-all-if-unmodified: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 335) +* show-mode-in-prompt: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 344) +* skip-completed-text: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 350) +* SRANDOM: Bash Variables. (line 661) +* TEXTDOMAIN: Creating Internationalized Scripts. + (line 51) +* TEXTDOMAINDIR: Creating Internationalized Scripts. + (line 51) +* TIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 670) +* TMOUT: Bash Variables. (line 708) +* TMPDIR: Bash Variables. (line 720) +* UID: Bash Variables. (line 724) +* vi-cmd-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 363) +* vi-ins-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 374) +* visible-stats: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 385) + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Function Index, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Variable Index, Up: Indexes + +D.4 Function Index +================== + +[index] +* Menu: + +* abort (C-g): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 10) +* accept-line (Newline or Return): Commands For History. + (line 6) +* alias-expand-line (): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 131) +* backward-char (C-b): Commands For Moving. (line 15) +* backward-delete-char (Rubout): Commands For Text. (line 17) +* backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout): Commands For Killing. + (line 11) +* backward-kill-word (M-): Commands For Killing. + (line 28) +* backward-word (M-b): Commands For Moving. (line 22) +* beginning-of-history (M-<): Commands For History. + (line 20) +* beginning-of-line (C-a): Commands For Moving. (line 6) +* bracketed-paste-begin (): Commands For Text. (line 33) +* call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e): Keyboard Macros. (line 13) +* capitalize-word (M-c): Commands For Text. (line 66) +* character-search (C-]): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 42) +* character-search-backward (M-C-]): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 47) +* clear-display (M-C-l): Commands For Moving. (line 48) +* clear-screen (C-l): Commands For Moving. (line 53) +* complete (): Commands For Completion. + (line 6) +* complete-command (M-!): Commands For Completion. + (line 80) +* complete-filename (M-/): Commands For Completion. + (line 49) +* complete-hostname (M-@): Commands For Completion. + (line 72) +* complete-into-braces (M-{): Commands For Completion. + (line 100) +* complete-username (M-~): Commands For Completion. + (line 56) +* complete-variable (M-$): Commands For Completion. + (line 64) +* copy-backward-word (): Commands For Killing. + (line 69) +* copy-forward-word (): Commands For Killing. + (line 74) +* copy-region-as-kill (): Commands For Killing. + (line 65) +* dabbrev-expand (): Commands For Completion. + (line 95) +* delete-char (C-d): Commands For Text. (line 12) +* delete-char-or-list (): Commands For Completion. + (line 43) +* delete-horizontal-space (): Commands For Killing. + (line 57) +* digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--): Numeric Arguments. (line 6) +* display-shell-version (C-x C-v): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 116) +* do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-X, ...): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 14) +* downcase-word (M-l): Commands For Text. (line 62) +* dump-functions (): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 74) +* dump-macros (): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 86) +* dump-variables (): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 80) +* dynamic-complete-history (M-): Commands For Completion. + (line 90) +* edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 140) +* end-kbd-macro (C-x )): Keyboard Macros. (line 9) +* end-of-file (usually C-d): Commands For Text. (line 6) +* end-of-history (M->): Commands For History. + (line 23) +* end-of-line (C-e): Commands For Moving. (line 9) +* exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 37) +* fetch-history (): Commands For History. + (line 103) +* forward-backward-delete-char (): Commands For Text. (line 21) +* forward-char (C-f): Commands For Moving. (line 12) +* forward-search-history (C-s): Commands For History. + (line 33) +* forward-word (M-f): Commands For Moving. (line 18) +* glob-complete-word (M-g): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 98) +* glob-expand-word (C-x *): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 104) +* glob-list-expansions (C-x g): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 110) +* history-and-alias-expand-line (): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 134) +* history-expand-line (M-^): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 124) +* history-search-backward (): Commands For History. + (line 57) +* history-search-forward (): Commands For History. + (line 51) +* history-substring-search-backward (): Commands For History. + (line 69) +* history-substring-search-forward (): Commands For History. + (line 63) +* insert-comment (M-#): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 61) +* insert-completions (M-*): Commands For Completion. + (line 22) +* insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 137) +* kill-line (C-k): Commands For Killing. + (line 6) +* kill-region (): Commands For Killing. + (line 61) +* kill-whole-line (): Commands For Killing. + (line 19) +* kill-word (M-d): Commands For Killing. + (line 23) +* magic-space (): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 127) +* menu-complete (): Commands For Completion. + (line 26) +* menu-complete-backward (): Commands For Completion. + (line 38) +* next-history (C-n): Commands For History. + (line 17) +* next-screen-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 41) +* non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n): Commands For History. + (line 45) +* non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p): Commands For History. + (line 39) +* operate-and-get-next (C-o): Commands For History. + (line 96) +* overwrite-mode (): Commands For Text. (line 70) +* possible-command-completions (C-x !): Commands For Completion. + (line 86) +* possible-completions (M-?): Commands For Completion. + (line 15) +* possible-filename-completions (C-x /): Commands For Completion. + (line 52) +* possible-hostname-completions (C-x @): Commands For Completion. + (line 76) +* possible-username-completions (C-x ~): Commands For Completion. + (line 60) +* possible-variable-completions (C-x $): Commands For Completion. + (line 68) +* prefix-meta (): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 19) +* previous-history (C-p): Commands For History. + (line 13) +* previous-screen-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 34) +* print-last-kbd-macro (): Keyboard Macros. (line 17) +* quoted-insert (C-q or C-v): Commands For Text. (line 26) +* re-read-init-file (C-x C-r): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 6) +* redraw-current-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 57) +* reverse-search-history (C-r): Commands For History. + (line 27) +* revert-line (M-r): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 26) +* self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...): Commands For Text. (line 30) +* set-mark (C-@): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 33) +* shell-backward-kill-word (): Commands For Killing. + (line 37) +* shell-backward-word (M-C-b): Commands For Moving. (line 30) +* shell-expand-line (M-C-e): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 119) +* shell-forward-word (M-C-f): Commands For Moving. (line 26) +* shell-kill-word (M-C-d): Commands For Killing. + (line 32) +* shell-transpose-words (M-C-t): Commands For Killing. + (line 41) +* skip-csi-sequence (): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 52) +* spell-correct-word (C-x s): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 92) +* start-kbd-macro (C-x (): Keyboard Macros. (line 6) +* tilde-expand (M-&): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 30) +* transpose-chars (C-t): Commands For Text. (line 47) +* transpose-words (M-t): Commands For Text. (line 53) +* undo (C-_ or C-x C-u): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 23) +* universal-argument (): Numeric Arguments. (line 10) +* unix-filename-rubout (): Commands For Killing. + (line 52) +* unix-line-discard (C-u): Commands For Killing. + (line 16) +* unix-word-rubout (C-w): Commands For Killing. + (line 48) +* upcase-word (M-u): Commands For Text. (line 58) +* yank (C-y): Commands For Killing. + (line 79) +* yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_): Commands For History. + (line 84) +* yank-nth-arg (M-C-y): Commands For History. + (line 75) +* yank-pop (M-y): Commands For Killing. + (line 82) + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Concept Index, Prev: Function Index, Up: Indexes + +D.5 Concept Index +================= + +[index] +* Menu: + +* alias expansion: Aliases. (line 6) +* arithmetic evaluation: Shell Arithmetic. (line 6) +* arithmetic expansion: Arithmetic Expansion. + (line 6) +* arithmetic, shell: Shell Arithmetic. (line 6) +* arrays: Arrays. (line 6) +* background: Job Control Basics. (line 6) +* Bash configuration: Basic Installation. (line 6) +* Bash installation: Basic Installation. (line 6) +* Bourne shell: Basic Shell Features. + (line 6) +* brace expansion: Brace Expansion. (line 6) +* builtin: Definitions. (line 17) +* command editing: Readline Bare Essentials. + (line 6) +* command execution: Command Search and Execution. + (line 6) +* command expansion: Simple Command Expansion. + (line 6) +* command history: Bash History Facilities. + (line 6) +* command search: Command Search and Execution. + (line 6) +* command substitution: Command Substitution. + (line 6) +* command timing: Pipelines. (line 9) +* commands, compound: Compound Commands. (line 6) +* commands, conditional: Conditional Constructs. + (line 6) +* commands, grouping: Command Grouping. (line 6) +* commands, lists: Lists. (line 6) +* commands, looping: Looping Constructs. (line 6) +* commands, pipelines: Pipelines. (line 6) +* commands, shell: Shell Commands. (line 6) +* commands, simple: Simple Commands. (line 6) +* comments, shell: Comments. (line 6) +* Compatibility Level: Shell Compatibility Mode. + (line 6) +* Compatibility Mode: Shell Compatibility Mode. + (line 6) +* completion builtins: Programmable Completion Builtins. + (line 6) +* configuration: Basic Installation. (line 6) +* control operator: Definitions. (line 21) +* coprocess: Coprocesses. (line 6) +* directory stack: The Directory Stack. (line 6) +* editing command lines: Readline Bare Essentials. + (line 6) +* environment: Environment. (line 6) +* evaluation, arithmetic: Shell Arithmetic. (line 6) +* event designators: Event Designators. (line 6) +* execution environment: Command Execution Environment. + (line 6) +* exit status: Definitions. (line 26) +* exit status <1>: Exit Status. (line 6) +* expansion: Shell Expansions. (line 6) +* expansion, arithmetic: Arithmetic Expansion. + (line 6) +* expansion, brace: Brace Expansion. (line 6) +* expansion, filename: Filename Expansion. (line 9) +* expansion, parameter: Shell Parameter Expansion. + (line 6) +* expansion, pathname: Filename Expansion. (line 9) +* expansion, tilde: Tilde Expansion. (line 6) +* expressions, arithmetic: Shell Arithmetic. (line 6) +* expressions, conditional: Bash Conditional Expressions. + (line 6) +* field: Definitions. (line 30) +* filename: Definitions. (line 35) +* filename expansion: Filename Expansion. (line 9) +* foreground: Job Control Basics. (line 6) +* functions, shell: Shell Functions. (line 6) +* history builtins: Bash History Builtins. + (line 6) +* history events: Event Designators. (line 8) +* history expansion: History Interaction. (line 6) +* history list: Bash History Facilities. + (line 6) +* History, how to use: A Programmable Completion Example. + (line 113) +* identifier: Definitions. (line 51) +* initialization file, readline: Readline Init File. (line 6) +* installation: Basic Installation. (line 6) +* interaction, readline: Readline Interaction. + (line 6) +* interactive shell: Invoking Bash. (line 131) +* interactive shell <1>: Interactive Shells. (line 6) +* internationalization: Locale Translation. (line 6) +* internationalized scripts: Creating Internationalized Scripts. + (line 3) +* job: Definitions. (line 38) +* job control: Definitions. (line 42) +* job control <1>: Job Control Basics. (line 6) +* kill ring: Readline Killing Commands. + (line 18) +* killing text: Readline Killing Commands. + (line 6) +* localization: Locale Translation. (line 6) +* login shell: Invoking Bash. (line 128) +* matching, pattern: Pattern Matching. (line 6) +* metacharacter: Definitions. (line 46) +* name: Definitions. (line 51) +* native languages: Locale Translation. (line 6) +* notation, readline: Readline Bare Essentials. + (line 6) +* operator, shell: Definitions. (line 57) +* parameter expansion: Shell Parameter Expansion. + (line 6) +* parameters: Shell Parameters. (line 6) +* parameters, positional: Positional Parameters. + (line 6) +* parameters, special: Special Parameters. (line 6) +* pathname expansion: Filename Expansion. (line 9) +* pattern matching: Pattern Matching. (line 6) +* pipeline: Pipelines. (line 6) +* POSIX: Definitions. (line 9) +* POSIX Mode: Bash POSIX Mode. (line 6) +* process group: Definitions. (line 62) +* process group ID: Definitions. (line 66) +* process substitution: Process Substitution. + (line 6) +* programmable completion: Programmable Completion. + (line 6) +* prompting: Controlling the Prompt. + (line 6) +* quoting: Quoting. (line 6) +* quoting, ANSI: ANSI-C Quoting. (line 6) +* Readline, how to use: Job Control Variables. + (line 23) +* redirection: Redirections. (line 6) +* reserved word: Definitions. (line 70) +* reserved words: Reserved Words. (line 6) +* restricted shell: The Restricted Shell. + (line 6) +* return status: Definitions. (line 75) +* shell arithmetic: Shell Arithmetic. (line 6) +* shell function: Shell Functions. (line 6) +* shell script: Shell Scripts. (line 6) +* shell variable: Shell Parameters. (line 6) +* shell, interactive: Interactive Shells. (line 6) +* signal: Definitions. (line 78) +* signal handling: Signals. (line 6) +* special builtin: Definitions. (line 82) +* special builtin <1>: Special Builtins. (line 6) +* startup files: Bash Startup Files. (line 6) +* string translations: Creating Internationalized Scripts. + (line 3) +* suspending jobs: Job Control Basics. (line 6) +* tilde expansion: Tilde Expansion. (line 6) +* token: Definitions. (line 86) +* translation, native languages: Locale Translation. (line 6) +* variable, shell: Shell Parameters. (line 6) +* variables, readline: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 37) +* word: Definitions. (line 90) +* word splitting: Word Splitting. (line 6) +* yanking text: Readline Killing Commands. + (line 6) + + + +Tag Table: +Node: Top899 +Node: Introduction2821 +Node: What is Bash?3037 +Node: What is a shell?4151 +Node: Definitions6689 +Node: Basic Shell Features9640 +Node: Shell Syntax10859 +Node: Shell Operation11885 +Node: Quoting13178 +Node: Escape Character14482 +Node: Single Quotes14967 +Node: Double Quotes15315 +Node: ANSI-C Quoting16593 +Node: Locale Translation17903 +Node: Creating Internationalized Scripts19214 +Node: Comments23331 +Node: Shell Commands23949 +Node: Reserved Words24887 +Node: Simple Commands25643 +Node: Pipelines26297 +Node: Lists29296 +Node: Compound Commands31091 +Node: Looping Constructs32103 +Node: Conditional Constructs34598 +Node: Command Grouping49086 +Node: Coprocesses50564 +Node: GNU Parallel53227 +Node: Shell Functions54144 +Node: Shell Parameters62029 +Node: Positional Parameters66417 +Node: Special Parameters67319 +Node: Shell Expansions70533 +Node: Brace Expansion72660 +Node: Tilde Expansion75394 +Node: Shell Parameter Expansion78015 +Node: Command Substitution96366 +Node: Arithmetic Expansion97721 +Node: Process Substitution98689 +Node: Word Splitting99809 +Node: Filename Expansion101753 +Node: Pattern Matching104502 +Node: Quote Removal109504 +Node: Redirections109799 +Node: Executing Commands119459 +Node: Simple Command Expansion120129 +Node: Command Search and Execution122239 +Node: Command Execution Environment124617 +Node: Environment127652 +Node: Exit Status129315 +Node: Signals131099 +Node: Shell Scripts134548 +Node: Shell Builtin Commands137575 +Node: Bourne Shell Builtins139613 +Node: Bash Builtins161079 +Node: Modifying Shell Behavior191935 +Node: The Set Builtin192280 +Node: The Shopt Builtin202881 +Node: Special Builtins218793 +Node: Shell Variables219772 +Node: Bourne Shell Variables220209 +Node: Bash Variables222313 +Node: Bash Features255128 +Node: Invoking Bash256141 +Node: Bash Startup Files262154 +Node: Interactive Shells267285 +Node: What is an Interactive Shell?267696 +Node: Is this Shell Interactive?268345 +Node: Interactive Shell Behavior269160 +Node: Bash Conditional Expressions272789 +Node: Shell Arithmetic277431 +Node: Aliases280375 +Node: Arrays282988 +Node: The Directory Stack289379 +Node: Directory Stack Builtins290163 +Node: Controlling the Prompt294423 +Node: The Restricted Shell297388 +Node: Bash POSIX Mode299998 +Node: Shell Compatibility Mode311916 +Node: Job Control320483 +Node: Job Control Basics320943 +Node: Job Control Builtins325945 +Node: Job Control Variables331740 +Node: Command Line Editing332896 +Node: Introduction and Notation334567 +Node: Readline Interaction336190 +Node: Readline Bare Essentials337381 +Node: Readline Movement Commands339170 +Node: Readline Killing Commands340130 +Node: Readline Arguments342051 +Node: Searching343095 +Node: Readline Init File345281 +Node: Readline Init File Syntax346542 +Node: Conditional Init Constructs370128 +Node: Sample Init File374324 +Node: Bindable Readline Commands377448 +Node: Commands For Moving378652 +Node: Commands For History380703 +Node: Commands For Text385697 +Node: Commands For Killing389346 +Node: Numeric Arguments392379 +Node: Commands For Completion393518 +Node: Keyboard Macros397709 +Node: Miscellaneous Commands398397 +Node: Readline vi Mode404342 +Node: Programmable Completion405249 +Node: Programmable Completion Builtins413029 +Node: A Programmable Completion Example423781 +Node: Using History Interactively429029 +Node: Bash History Facilities429713 +Node: Bash History Builtins432718 +Node: History Interaction437742 +Node: Event Designators441362 +Node: Word Designators442716 +Node: Modifiers444476 +Node: Installing Bash446284 +Node: Basic Installation447421 +Node: Compilers and Options451143 +Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures451884 +Node: Installation Names453576 +Node: Specifying the System Type455685 +Node: Sharing Defaults456402 +Node: Operation Controls457075 +Node: Optional Features458033 +Node: Reporting Bugs469252 +Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell470527 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License487376 +Node: Indexes512553 +Node: Builtin Index513007 +Node: Reserved Word Index519834 +Node: Variable Index522282 +Node: Function Index539056 +Node: Concept Index552840 + +End Tag Table + + +Local Variables: +coding: utf-8 +End: diff --git a/doc/bashref.pdf b/doc/bashref.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eb8b766 Binary files /dev/null and b/doc/bashref.pdf differ diff --git a/doc/bashref.ps b/doc/bashref.ps new file mode 100644 index 0000000..02ab1d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/bashref.ps @@ -0,0 +1,22641 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-2.0 +%%Creator: dvips(k) 2021.1 Copyright 2021 Radical Eye Software +%%Title: bashref.dvi +%%CreationDate: Mon Sep 19 16:02:49 2022 +%%Pages: 196 +%%PageOrder: Ascend +%%BoundingBox: 0 0 612 792 +%%DocumentFonts: CMBX12 CMR10 CMTT10 CMSL10 CMSY10 CMMI12 CMMI10 CMCSC10 +%%+ CMTI10 CMSLTT10 SFRM1095 CMTT12 CMTT9 CMMI9 CMR9 SFRM1440 +%%DocumentPaperSizes: Letter 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b(p)s(osix)g(mo)s(de,)j(single)e(quotes)g(are)g(considered)f +(sp)s(ecial)h(when)f(expanding)g(the)810 3168 y Fr(w)m(ord)d +Fu(p)s(ortion)c(of)g(a)h(double-quoted)g($)p Fi({)6 b +Fu(.)22 b(.)h(.)11 b Fi(})33 b Fu(parameter)g(expansion)f(and)g(can)h +(b)s(e)810 3278 y(used)40 b(to)i(quote)g(a)f(closing)h(brace)f(or)g +(other)h(sp)s(ecial)f(c)m(haracter)i(\(this)e(is)g(part)g(of)810 +3387 y Fm(posix)36 b Fu(in)m(terpretation)h(221\);)42 +b(in)36 b(later)h(v)m(ersions,)h(single)f(quotes)g(are)g(not)f(sp)s +(ecial)810 3497 y(within)30 b(double-quoted)g(w)m(ord)g(expansions)150 +3656 y Ft(compat43)705 3791 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(the)31 +b(shell)g(do)s(es)g(not)g(prin)m(t)f(a)h(w)m(arning)g(message)h(if)f +(an)g(attempt)h(is)f(made)f(to)i(use)f(a)810 3900 y(quoted)36 +b(comp)s(ound)e(assignmen)m(t)i(as)g(an)g(argumen)m(t)g(to)g(declare)h +(\(e.g.,)i(declare)d(-a)810 4010 y(fo)s(o='\(1)31 b(2\)'\).)42 +b(Later)31 b(v)m(ersions)g(w)m(arn)f(that)h(this)f(usage)h(is)g +(deprecated)705 4144 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(w)m(ord)21 b(expansion)g(errors) +g(are)h(considered)f(non-fatal)h(errors)f(that)h(cause)g(the)f(curren)m +(t)810 4254 y(command)k(to)g(fail,)i(ev)m(en)e(in)g(p)s(osix)f(mo)s(de) +h(\(the)g(default)g(b)s(eha)m(vior)g(is)g(to)g(mak)m(e)h(them)810 +4364 y(fatal)32 b(errors)d(that)i(cause)g(the)g(shell)f(to)i(exit\))705 +4498 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(when)37 b(executing)i(a)g(shell)f(function,)i +(the)f(lo)s(op)f(state)h(\(while/un)m(til/etc.\))68 b(is)38 +b(not)810 4608 y(reset,)c(so)g Ft(break)d Fu(or)i Ft(continue)e +Fu(in)h(that)i(function)f(will)g(break)g(or)g(con)m(tin)m(ue)h(lo)s +(ops)810 4717 y(in)h(the)g(calling)h(con)m(text.)57 b(Bash-4.4)37 +b(and)d(later)i(reset)g(the)f(lo)s(op)g(state)i(to)e(prev)m(en)m(t)810 +4827 y(this)150 4986 y Ft(compat44)705 5121 y Fq(\017)60 +b Fu(the)41 b(shell)g(sets)g(up)e(the)i(v)-5 b(alues)41 +b(used)f(b)m(y)h Ft(BASH_ARGV)d Fu(and)i Ft(BASH_ARGC)e +Fu(so)j(they)810 5230 y(can)26 b(expand)f(to)h(the)g(shell's)g(p)s 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Fu(Bash-5.1)29 +b(c)m(hanged)g(the)f(w)m(a)m(y)g Ft($RANDOM)e Fu(is)i(generated)h(to)f +(in)m(tro)s(duce)g(sligh)m(tly)h(more)810 1250 y(randomness.)39 +b(If)30 b(the)f(shell)h(compatibilit)m(y)i(lev)m(el)f(is)f(set)g(to)h +(50)f(or)g(lo)m(w)m(er,)h(it)f(rev)m(erts)810 1360 y(to)e(the)g(metho)s +(d)f(from)g(bash-5.0)h(and)f(previous)g(v)m(ersions,)i(so)e(seeding)h +(the)g(random)810 1469 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)36 b(generator)j(b)m(y)e +(assigning)h(a)g(v)-5 b(alue)38 b(to)g Ft(RANDOM)e Fu(will)i(pro)s +(duce)e(the)i(same)810 1579 y(sequence)31 b(as)f(in)g(bash-5.0)705 +1714 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(If)22 b(the)g(command)g(hash)f(table)i(is)f +(empt)m(y)-8 b(,)25 b(Bash)d(v)m(ersions)g(prior)g(to)h(bash-5.1)f +(prin)m(ted)810 1823 y(an)29 b(informational)i(message)g(to)f(that)g +(e\013ect,)h(ev)m(en)g(when)d(pro)s(ducing)g(output)h(that)810 +1933 y(can)40 b(b)s(e)g(reused)f(as)h(input.)69 b(Bash-5.1)42 +b(suppresses)c(that)j(message)g(when)e(the)i Ft(-l)810 +2042 y Fu(option)31 b(is)f(supplied.)150 2202 y Ft(compat51)e(\(set)h +(using)g(BASH_COMPAT\))705 2311 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)38 +b Ft(unset)g Fu(builtin)g(will)h(unset)f(the)h(arra)m(y)g +Ft(a)g Fu(giv)m(en)g(an)g(argumen)m(t)g(lik)m(e)h(`)p +Ft(a[@])p Fu('.)810 2421 y(Bash-5.2)32 b(will)f(unset)f(an)g(elemen)m +(t)i(with)e(k)m(ey)i(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')e(\(asso)s(ciativ)m(e)k(arra)m +(ys\))d(or)f(remo)m(v)m(e)810 2531 y(all)h(the)g(elemen)m(ts)h(without) +e(unsetting)g(the)h(arra)m(y)g(\(indexed)f(arra)m(ys\))705 +2665 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(arithmetic)36 b(commands)e(\()h(\(\(...\)\))55 +b(\))f(and)34 b(the)g(expressions)h(in)f(an)g(arithmetic)i(for)810 +2775 y(statemen)m(t)c(can)f(b)s(e)f(expanded)f(more)i(than)f(once)705 +2909 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(expressions)22 b(used)g(as)h(argumen)m(ts)g(to)h +(arithmetic)f(op)s(erators)g(in)g(the)g Ft([[)f Fu(conditional)810 +3019 y(command)30 b(can)h(b)s(e)f(expanded)f(more)i(than)f(once)705 +3153 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(the)35 b(expressions)g(in)g(substring)e +(parameter)j(brace)f(expansion)g(can)g(b)s(e)g(expanded)810 +3263 y(more)c(than)f(once)705 3397 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(the)39 +b(expressions)f(in)g(the)h($\(\()h(...)66 b(\)\))f(w)m(ord)39 +b(expansion)f(can)h(b)s(e)f(expanded)g(more)810 3507 +y(than)30 b(once)705 3641 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(arithmetic)36 +b(expressions)f(used)f(as)h(indexed)f(arra)m(y)i(subscripts)d(can)i(b)s +(e)g(expanded)810 3751 y(more)c(than)f(once)705 3885 +y Fq(\017)60 b Ft(test)29 b(-v)p Fu(,)35 b(when)f(giv)m(en)h(an)g +(argumen)m(t)g(of)f(`)p Ft(A[@])p Fu(',)h(where)f Fr(A)h +Fu(is)f(an)h(existing)g(asso-)810 3995 y(ciativ)m(e)h(arra)m(y)-8 +b(,)37 b(will)d(return)f(true)g(if)h(the)h(arra)m(y)f(has)g(an)m(y)g +(set)g(elemen)m(ts.)53 b(Bash-5.2)810 4105 y(will)31 +b(lo)s(ok)g(for)f(and)g(rep)s(ort)f(on)i(a)f(k)m(ey)i(named)d(`)p +Ft(@)p Fu(')705 4239 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(the)40 b($)p Fi({)p +Fr(parameter)7 b Fu([:]=)p Fr(v)-5 b(alue)5 b Fi(})42 +b Fu(w)m(ord)e(expansion)f(will)i(return)d Fr(v)-5 b(alue)p +Fu(,)43 b(b)s(efore)d(an)m(y)810 4349 y(v)-5 b(ariable-sp)s(eci\014c)34 +b(transformations)f(ha)m(v)m(e)h(b)s(een)e(p)s(erformed)f(\(e.g.,)36 +b(con)m(v)m(erting)e(to)810 4458 y(lo)m(w)m(ercase\).)43 +b(Bash-5.2)32 b(will)f(return)e(the)i(\014nal)f(v)-5 +b(alue)31 b(assigned)f(to)i(the)e(v)-5 b(ariable.)705 +4593 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(P)m(arsing)37 b(command)f(substitutions)g(will)g +(b)s(eha)m(v)m(e)h(as)g(if)f(extended)g(glob)h(\(see)g(Sec-)810 +4702 y(tion)30 b(4.3.2)h([The)f(Shopt)f(Builtin],)h(page)h(71\))f(is)g +(enabled,)g(so)g(that)g(parsing)f(a)h(com-)810 4812 y(mand)38 +b(substitution)g(con)m(taining)i(an)f(extglob)h(pattern)f(\(sa)m(y)-8 +b(,)42 b(as)d(part)g(of)g(a)g(shell)810 4922 y(function\))30 +b(will)h(not)g(fail.)41 b(This)30 b(assumes)g(the)h(in)m(ten)m(t)g(is)g +(to)g(enable)g(extglob)g(b)s(efore)810 5031 y(the)i(command)f(is)g +(executed)h(and)f(w)m(ord)g(expansions)g(are)h(p)s(erformed.)45 +b(It)33 b(will)f(fail)810 5141 y(at)42 b(w)m(ord)f(expansion)h(time)g +(if)f(extglob)i(hasn't)e(b)s(een)g(enabled)h(b)m(y)f(the)h(time)g(the) +810 5250 y(command)30 b(is)h(executed.)p eop end +%%Page: 113 119 +TeXDict begin 113 118 bop 3614 -116 a Fu(113)150 299 +y Fp(7)80 b(Job)54 b(Con)l(trol)150 518 y Fu(This)25 +b(c)m(hapter)i(discusses)f(what)g(job)f(con)m(trol)j(is,)f(ho)m(w)f(it) +h(w)m(orks,)g(and)f(ho)m(w)g(Bash)g(allo)m(ws)h(y)m(ou)g(to)g(access) +150 628 y(its)k(facilities.)150 863 y Fs(7.1)68 b(Job)45 +b(Con)l(trol)h(Basics)150 1022 y Fu(Job)27 b(con)m(trol)i(refers)e(to)h +(the)g(abilit)m(y)h(to)f(selectiv)m(ely)j(stop)c(\(susp)s(end\))f(the)i +(execution)h(of)e(pro)s(cesses)h(and)150 1132 y(con)m(tin)m(ue)38 +b(\(resume\))g(their)f(execution)h(at)g(a)g(later)g(p)s(oin)m(t.)61 +b(A)37 b(user)g(t)m(ypically)i(emplo)m(ys)f(this)f(facilit)m(y)150 +1241 y(via)27 b(an)e(in)m(teractiv)m(e)k(in)m(terface)f(supplied)d +(join)m(tly)h(b)m(y)g(the)h(op)s(erating)f(system)g(k)m(ernel's)h +(terminal)f(driv)m(er)150 1351 y(and)k(Bash.)275 1482 +y(The)23 b(shell)i(asso)s(ciates)h(a)f Fr(job)h Fu(with)e(eac)m(h)i +(pip)s(eline.)38 b(It)25 b(k)m(eeps)f(a)h(table)h(of)e(curren)m(tly)h +(executing)g(jobs,)150 1592 y(whic)m(h)33 b(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(listed)h +(with)f(the)h Ft(jobs)f Fu(command.)50 b(When)33 b(Bash)h(starts)g(a)g +(job)g(async)m(hronously)-8 b(,)34 b(it)150 1701 y(prin)m(ts)c(a)h +(line)f(that)h(lo)s(oks)g(lik)m(e:)390 1833 y Ft([1])47 +b(25647)150 1965 y Fu(indicating)34 b(that)g(this)f(job)g(is)g(job)g(n) +m(um)m(b)s(er)f(1)i(and)f(that)g(the)h(pro)s(cess)f Fm(id)g +Fu(of)g(the)h(last)g(pro)s(cess)f(in)g(the)150 2074 y(pip)s(eline)42 +b(asso)s(ciated)i(with)e(this)g(job)g(is)h(25647.)78 +b(All)43 b(of)g(the)g(pro)s(cesses)f(in)g(a)h(single)g(pip)s(eline)f +(are)150 2184 y(mem)m(b)s(ers)30 b(of)g(the)h(same)f(job.)41 +b(Bash)30 b(uses)g(the)h Fr(job)h Fu(abstraction)f(as)g(the)g(basis)f +(for)g(job)g(con)m(trol.)275 2315 y(T)-8 b(o)23 b(facilitate)j(the)d +(implemen)m(tation)i(of)f(the)f(user)f(in)m(terface)j(to)f(job)f(con)m 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+@copying +This text is a brief description of the features that are present in +the Bash shell (version @value{VERSION}, @value{UPDATED}). + +This is Edition @value{EDITION}, last updated @value{UPDATED}, +of @cite{The GNU Bash Reference Manual}, +for @code{Bash}, Version @value{VERSION}. + +Copyright @copyright{} 1988--2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + +@quotation +Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document +under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or +any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no +Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. +A copy of the license is included in the section entitled +``GNU Free Documentation License''. +@end quotation +@end copying + +@defcodeindex bt +@defcodeindex rw +@set BashFeatures + +@dircategory Basics +@direntry +* Bash: (bash). The GNU Bourne-Again SHell. +@end direntry + +@finalout + +@titlepage +@title Bash Reference Manual +@subtitle Reference Documentation for Bash +@subtitle Edition @value{EDITION}, for @code{Bash} Version @value{VERSION}. +@subtitle @value{UPDATED-MONTH} +@author Chet Ramey, Case Western Reserve University +@author Brian Fox, Free Software Foundation + +@page +@vskip 0pt plus 1filll +@insertcopying + +@end titlepage + +@contents + +@ifnottex +@node Top, Introduction, (dir), (dir) +@top Bash Features + +This text is a brief description of the features that are present in +the Bash shell (version @value{VERSION}, @value{UPDATED}). +The Bash home page is @url{http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/}. + +This is Edition @value{EDITION}, last updated @value{UPDATED}, +of @cite{The GNU Bash Reference Manual}, +for @code{Bash}, Version @value{VERSION}. + +Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some +features that only appear in Bash. Some of the shells that Bash has +borrowed concepts from are the Bourne Shell (@file{sh}), the Korn Shell +(@file{ksh}), and the C-shell (@file{csh} and its successor, +@file{tcsh}). The following menu breaks the features up into +categories, noting which features were inspired by other shells and +which are specific to Bash. + +This manual is meant as a brief introduction to features found in +Bash. The Bash manual page should be used as the definitive +reference on shell behavior. + +@menu +* Introduction:: An introduction to the shell. +* Definitions:: Some definitions used in the rest of this + manual. +* Basic Shell Features:: The shell "building blocks". +* Shell Builtin Commands:: Commands that are a part of the shell. +* Shell Variables:: Variables used or set by Bash. +* Bash Features:: Features found only in Bash. +* Job Control:: What job control is and how Bash allows you + to use it. +* Command Line Editing:: Chapter describing the command line + editing features. +* Using History Interactively:: Command History Expansion +* Installing Bash:: How to build and install Bash on your system. +* Reporting Bugs:: How to report bugs in Bash. +* Major Differences From The Bourne Shell:: A terse list of the differences + between Bash and historical + versions of /bin/sh. +* GNU Free Documentation License:: Copying and sharing this documentation. +* Indexes:: Various indexes for this manual. +@end menu +@end ifnottex + +@node Introduction +@chapter Introduction +@menu +* What is Bash?:: A short description of Bash. +* What is a shell?:: A brief introduction to shells. +@end menu + +@node What is Bash? +@section What is Bash? + +Bash is the shell, or command language interpreter, +for the @sc{gnu} operating system. +The name is an acronym for the @samp{Bourne-Again SHell}, +a pun on Stephen Bourne, the author of the direct ancestor of +the current Unix shell @code{sh}, +which appeared in the Seventh Edition Bell Labs Research version +of Unix. + +Bash is largely compatible with @code{sh} and incorporates useful +features from the Korn shell @code{ksh} and the C shell @code{csh}. +It is intended to be a conformant implementation of the @sc{ieee} +@sc{posix} Shell and Tools portion of the @sc{ieee} @sc{posix} +specification (@sc{ieee} Standard 1003.1). +It offers functional improvements over @code{sh} for both interactive and +programming use. + +While the @sc{gnu} operating system provides other shells, including +a version of @code{csh}, Bash is the default shell. +Like other @sc{gnu} software, Bash is quite portable. It currently runs +on nearly every version of Unix and a few other operating systems @minus{} +independently-supported ports exist for @sc{ms-dos}, @sc{os/2}, +and Windows platforms. + +@node What is a shell? +@section What is a shell? + +At its base, a shell is simply a macro processor that executes +commands. The term macro processor means functionality where text +and symbols are expanded to create larger expressions. + +A Unix shell is both a command interpreter and a programming +language. As a command interpreter, the shell provides the user +interface to the rich set of @sc{gnu} utilities. The programming +language features allow these utilities to be combined. +Files containing commands can be created, and become +commands themselves. These new commands have the same status as +system commands in directories such as @file{/bin}, allowing users +or groups to establish custom environments to automate their common +tasks. + +Shells may be used interactively or non-interactively. In +interactive mode, they accept input typed from the keyboard. +When executing non-interactively, shells execute commands read +from a file. + +A shell allows execution of @sc{gnu} commands, both synchronously and +asynchronously. +The shell waits for synchronous commands to complete before accepting +more input; asynchronous commands continue to execute in parallel +with the shell while it reads and executes additional commands. +The @dfn{redirection} constructs permit +fine-grained control of the input and output of those commands. +Moreover, the shell allows control over the contents of commands' +environments. + +Shells also provide a small set of built-in +commands (@dfn{builtins}) implementing functionality impossible +or inconvenient to obtain via separate utilities. +For example, @code{cd}, @code{break}, @code{continue}, and +@code{exec} cannot be implemented outside of the shell because +they directly manipulate the shell itself. +The @code{history}, @code{getopts}, @code{kill}, or @code{pwd} +builtins, among others, could be implemented in separate utilities, +but they are more convenient to use as builtin commands. +All of the shell builtins are described in +subsequent sections. + +While executing commands is essential, most of the power (and +complexity) of shells is due to their embedded programming +languages. Like any high-level language, the shell provides +variables, flow control constructs, quoting, and functions. + +Shells offer features geared specifically for +interactive use rather than to augment the programming language. +These interactive features include job control, command line +editing, command history and aliases. Each of these features is +described in this manual. + +@node Definitions +@chapter Definitions +These definitions are used throughout the remainder of this manual. + +@table @code + +@item POSIX +@cindex POSIX +A family of open system standards based on Unix. Bash +is primarily concerned with the Shell and Utilities portion of the +@sc{posix} 1003.1 standard. + +@item blank +A space or tab character. + +@item builtin +@cindex builtin +A command that is implemented internally by the shell itself, rather +than by an executable program somewhere in the file system. + +@item control operator +@cindex control operator +A @code{token} that performs a control function. It is a @code{newline} +or one of the following: +@samp{||}, @samp{&&}, @samp{&}, @samp{;}, @samp{;;}, @samp{;&}, @samp{;;&}, +@samp{|}, @samp{|&}, @samp{(}, or @samp{)}. + +@item exit status +@cindex exit status +The value returned by a command to its caller. The value is restricted +to eight bits, so the maximum value is 255. + +@item field +@cindex field +A unit of text that is the result of one of the shell expansions. After +expansion, when executing a command, the resulting fields are used as +the command name and arguments. + +@item filename +@cindex filename +A string of characters used to identify a file. + +@item job +@cindex job +A set of processes comprising a pipeline, and any processes descended +from it, that are all in the same process group. + +@item job control +@cindex job control +A mechanism by which users can selectively stop (suspend) and restart +(resume) execution of processes. + +@item metacharacter +@cindex metacharacter +A character that, when unquoted, separates words. A metacharacter is +a @code{space}, @code{tab}, @code{newline}, or one of the following characters: +@samp{|}, @samp{&}, @samp{;}, @samp{(}, @samp{)}, @samp{<}, or +@samp{>}. + +@item name +@cindex name +@cindex identifier +A @code{word} consisting solely of letters, numbers, and underscores, +and beginning with a letter or underscore. @code{Name}s are used as +shell variable and function names. +Also referred to as an @code{identifier}. + +@item operator +@cindex operator, shell +A @code{control operator} or a @code{redirection operator}. +@xref{Redirections}, for a list of redirection operators. +Operators contain at least one unquoted @code{metacharacter}. + +@item process group +@cindex process group +A collection of related processes each having the same process +group @sc{id}. + +@item process group ID +@cindex process group ID +A unique identifier that represents a @code{process group} +during its lifetime. + +@item reserved word +@cindex reserved word +A @code{word} that has a special meaning to the shell. Most reserved +words introduce shell flow control constructs, such as @code{for} and +@code{while}. + +@item return status +@cindex return status +A synonym for @code{exit status}. + +@item signal +@cindex signal +A mechanism by which a process may be notified by the kernel +of an event occurring in the system. + +@item special builtin +@cindex special builtin +A shell builtin command that has been classified as special by the +@sc{posix} standard. + +@item token +@cindex token +A sequence of characters considered a single unit by the shell. +It is either a @code{word} or an @code{operator}. + +@item word +@cindex word +A sequence of characters treated as a unit by the shell. +Words may not include unquoted @code{metacharacters}. +@end table + +@node Basic Shell Features +@chapter Basic Shell Features +@cindex Bourne shell + +Bash is an acronym for @samp{Bourne-Again SHell}. +The Bourne shell is +the traditional Unix shell originally written by Stephen Bourne. +All of the Bourne shell builtin commands are available in Bash, +The rules for evaluation and quoting are taken from the @sc{posix} +specification for the `standard' Unix shell. + +This chapter briefly summarizes the shell's `building blocks': +commands, control structures, shell functions, shell @i{parameters}, +shell expansions, +@i{redirections}, which are a way to direct input and output from +and to named files, and how the shell executes commands. + +@menu +* Shell Syntax:: What your input means to the shell. +* Shell Commands:: The types of commands you can use. +* Shell Functions:: Grouping commands by name. +* Shell Parameters:: How the shell stores values. +* Shell Expansions:: How Bash expands parameters and the various + expansions available. +* Redirections:: A way to control where input and output go. +* Executing Commands:: What happens when you run a command. +* Shell Scripts:: Executing files of shell commands. +@end menu + +@node Shell Syntax +@section Shell Syntax +@menu +* Shell Operation:: The basic operation of the shell. +* Quoting:: How to remove the special meaning from characters. +* Comments:: How to specify comments. +@end menu + +When the shell reads input, it proceeds through a +sequence of operations. If the input indicates the beginning of a +comment, the shell ignores the comment symbol (@samp{#}), and the rest +of that line. + +Otherwise, roughly speaking, the shell reads its input and +divides the input into words and operators, employing the quoting rules +to select which meanings to assign various words and characters. + +The shell then parses these tokens into commands and other constructs, +removes the special meaning of certain words or characters, expands +others, redirects input and output as needed, executes the specified +command, waits for the command's exit status, and makes that exit status +available for further inspection or processing. + +@node Shell Operation +@subsection Shell Operation + +The following is a brief description of the shell's operation when it +reads and executes a command. Basically, the shell does the +following: + +@enumerate +@item +Reads its input from a file (@pxref{Shell Scripts}), from a string +supplied as an argument to the @option{-c} invocation option +(@pxref{Invoking Bash}), or from the user's terminal. + +@item +Breaks the input into words and operators, obeying the quoting rules +described in @ref{Quoting}. These tokens are separated by +@code{metacharacters}. Alias expansion is performed by this step +(@pxref{Aliases}). + +@item +Parses the tokens into simple and compound commands +(@pxref{Shell Commands}). + +@item +Performs the various shell expansions (@pxref{Shell Expansions}), breaking +the expanded tokens into lists of filenames (@pxref{Filename Expansion}) +and commands and arguments. + +@item +Performs any necessary redirections (@pxref{Redirections}) and removes +the redirection operators and their operands from the argument list. + +@item +Executes the command (@pxref{Executing Commands}). + +@item +Optionally waits for the command to complete and collects its exit +status (@pxref{Exit Status}). + +@end enumerate + +@node Quoting +@subsection Quoting +@cindex quoting +@menu +* Escape Character:: How to remove the special meaning from a single + character. +* Single Quotes:: How to inhibit all interpretation of a sequence + of characters. +* Double Quotes:: How to suppress most of the interpretation of a + sequence of characters. +* ANSI-C Quoting:: How to expand ANSI-C sequences in quoted strings. +* Locale Translation:: How to translate strings into different languages. +@end menu + +Quoting is used to remove the special meaning of certain +characters or words to the shell. Quoting can be used to +disable special treatment for special characters, to prevent +reserved words from being recognized as such, and to prevent +parameter expansion. + +Each of the shell metacharacters (@pxref{Definitions}) +has special meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to +represent itself. +When the command history expansion facilities are being used +(@pxref{History Interaction}), the +@dfn{history expansion} character, usually @samp{!}, must be quoted +to prevent history expansion. @xref{Bash History Facilities}, for +more details concerning history expansion. + +There are three quoting mechanisms: the +@dfn{escape character}, single quotes, and double quotes. + +@node Escape Character +@subsubsection Escape Character +A non-quoted backslash @samp{\} is the Bash escape character. +It preserves the literal value of the next character that follows, +with the exception of @code{newline}. If a @code{\newline} pair +appears, and the backslash itself is not quoted, the @code{\newline} +is treated as a line continuation (that is, it is removed from +the input stream and effectively ignored). + +@node Single Quotes +@subsubsection Single Quotes + +Enclosing characters in single quotes (@samp{'}) preserves the literal value +of each character within the quotes. A single quote may not occur +between single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash. + +@node Double Quotes +@subsubsection Double Quotes + +Enclosing characters in double quotes (@samp{"}) preserves the literal value +of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of +@samp{$}, @samp{`}, @samp{\}, +and, when history expansion is enabled, @samp{!}. +When the shell is in +@sc{posix} mode (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}), +the @samp{!} has no special meaning +within double quotes, even when history expansion is enabled. +The characters @samp{$} and @samp{`} +retain their special meaning within double quotes (@pxref{Shell Expansions}). +The backslash retains its special meaning only when followed by one of +the following characters: +@samp{$}, @samp{`}, @samp{"}, @samp{\}, or @code{newline}. +Within double quotes, backslashes that are followed by one of these +characters are removed. Backslashes preceding characters without a +special meaning are left unmodified. +A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with +a backslash. +If enabled, history expansion will be performed unless an @samp{!} +appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash. +The backslash preceding the @samp{!} is not removed. + +The special parameters @samp{*} and @samp{@@} have special meaning +when in double quotes (@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}). + +@node ANSI-C Quoting +@subsubsection ANSI-C Quoting +@cindex quoting, ANSI + +Character sequences of the form $'@var{string}' are treated as a special +kind of single quotes. +The sequence expands to @var{string}, with backslash-escaped characters +in @var{string} replaced as specified by the ANSI C standard. +Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded as follows: + +@table @code +@item \a +alert (bell) +@item \b +backspace +@item \e +@itemx \E +an escape character (not ANSI C) +@item \f +form feed +@item \n +newline +@item \r +carriage return +@item \t +horizontal tab +@item \v +vertical tab +@item \\ +backslash +@item \' +single quote +@item \" +double quote +@item \? +question mark +@item \@var{nnn} +the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value @var{nnn} +(one to three octal digits) +@item \x@var{HH} +the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value @var{HH} +(one or two hex digits) +@item \u@var{HHHH} +the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value +@var{HHHH} (one to four hex digits) +@item \U@var{HHHHHHHH} +the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value +@var{HHHHHHHH} (one to eight hex digits) +@item \c@var{x} +a control-@var{x} character +@end table + +@noindent +The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not +been present. + +@node Locale Translation +@subsubsection Locale-Specific Translation +@cindex localization +@cindex internationalization +@cindex native languages +@cindex translation, native languages +@menu +* Creating Internationalized Scripts:: How to use translations and different + languages in your scripts. +@end menu + +Prefixing a double-quoted string with a dollar sign (@samp{$}), such +as @verb{|$"hello, world"|}, +will cause the string to be translated according to the current locale. +The @code{gettext} infrastructure performs the lookup and +translation, using the @code{LC_MESSAGES}, @code{TEXTDOMAINDIR}, +and @code{TEXTDOMAIN} shell variables, as explained below. +See the gettext documentation for additional details not covered here. +If the current locale is @code{C} or @code{POSIX}, +if there are no translations available, +of if the string is not translated, +the dollar sign is ignored. +Since this is a form of double quoting, the string remains double-quoted +by default, whether or not it is translated and replaced. +If the @code{noexpand_translation} option is enabled +using the @code{shopt} builtin (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}), +translated strings are single-quoted instead of double-quoted. + +The rest of this section is a brief overview of how you use gettext to +create translations for strings in a shell script named @var{scriptname}. +There are more details in the gettext documentation. + +@node Creating Internationalized Scripts +@cindex internationalized scripts +@cindex string translations +Once you've marked the strings in your script +that you want to translate using $"...", +you create a gettext "template" file using the command + +@example +bash --dump-po-strings @var{scriptname} > @var{domain}.pot +@end example + +@noindent +The @var{domain} is your @dfn{message domain}. +It's just an arbitrary string that's used to identify the files gettext +needs, like a package or script name. +It needs to be unique among all +the message domains on systems where you install the translations, so +gettext knows which translations correspond to your script. +You'll use the template file to create translations for each target language. +The template file conventionally has the suffix @samp{.pot}. + +You copy this template file to a separate file for each target language +you want to support (called "PO" files, which use the suffix @samp{.po}). +PO files use various naming conventions, but +when you are working to translate a template file into a particular +language, you first copy the template file to a file whose name is the +language you want to target, with the @samp{.po} suffix. +For instance, the Spanish translations of your strings would be +in a file named @samp{es.po}, and to get started using a message +domain named "example," you would run + +@example +cp example.pot es.po +@end example + +@noindent +Ultimately, PO files are often named @var{domain}.po and installed in +directories that contain multiple translation files for a particular language. + +Whichever naming convention you choose, you will need to translate the +strings in the PO files into the appropriate languages. +This has to be done manually. + +When you have the translations and PO files complete, you'll use the +gettext tools to produce what are called "MO" files, which are compiled +versions of the PO files the gettext tools use to look up translations +efficiently. +MO files are also called "message catalog" files. +You use the @command{msgfmt} program to do this. +For instance, if you had a file with Spanish translations, you could run + +@example +msgfmt -o es.mo es.po +@end example + +@noindent +to produce the corresponding MO file. + +Once you have the MO files, you decide where to install them and use the +@code{TEXTDOMAINDIR} shell variable to tell the gettext tools where they are. +Make sure to use the same message domain to name the MO files +as you did for the PO files when you install them. + +@vindex LANG +@vindex LC_MESSAGES +@vindex TEXTDOMAIN +@vindex TEXTDOMAINDIR +Your users will use the @env{LANG} or @env{LC_MESSAGES} shell variables to +select the desired language. + +You set the @env{TEXTDOMAIN} variable to the script's message domain. +As above, you use the message domain to name your translation files. + +You, or possibly your users, set the @env{TEXTDOMAINDIR} variable to the +name of a directory where the message catalog files are stored. +If you install the message files into the system's standard message catalog +directory, you don't need to worry about this variable. + +The directory where the message catalog files are stored varies between +systems. +Some use the message catalog selected by the @env{LC_MESSAGES} +shell variable. +Others create the name of the message catalog from the value of the +@env{TEXTDOMAIN} shell variable, possibly adding the @samp{.mo} suffix. +If you use the @env{TEXTDOMAIN} variable, you may need to set the +@env{TEXTDOMAINDIR} variable to the location of the message catalog files, +as above. +It's common to use both variables in this fashion: +@env{$TEXTDOMAINDIR}/@env{$LC_MESSAGES}/LC_MESSAGES/@env{$TEXTDOMAIN}.mo. + +If you used that last convention, and you wanted to store the message +catalog files with Spanish (es) and Esperanto (eo) translations into a +local directory you use for custom translation files, you could run + +@example +TEXTDOMAIN=example +TEXTDOMAINDIR=/usr/local/share/locale + +cp es.mo $@{TEXTDOMAINDIR@}/es/LC_MESSAGES/$@{TEXTDOMAIN@}.mo +cp eo.mo $@{TEXTDOMAINDIR@}/eo/LC_MESSAGES/$@{TEXTDOMAIN@}.mo +@end example + +When all of this is done, and the message catalog files containing the +compiled translations are installed in the correct location, +your users will be able to see translated strings +in any of the supported languages by setting the @env{LANG} or +@env{LC_MESSAGES} environment variables before running your script. + +@node Comments +@subsection Comments +@cindex comments, shell + +In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the +@code{interactive_comments} option to the @code{shopt} +builtin is enabled (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}), +a word beginning with @samp{#} +causes that word and all remaining characters on that line to +be ignored. An interactive shell without the @code{interactive_comments} +option enabled does not allow comments. The @code{interactive_comments} +option is on by default in interactive shells. +@xref{Interactive Shells}, for a description of what makes +a shell interactive. + +@node Shell Commands +@section Shell Commands +@cindex commands, shell + +A simple shell command such as @code{echo a b c} consists of the command +itself followed by arguments, separated by spaces. + +More complex shell commands are composed of simple commands arranged together +in a variety of ways: in a pipeline in which the output of one command +becomes the input of a second, in a loop or conditional construct, or in +some other grouping. + +@menu +* Reserved Words:: Words that have special meaning to the shell. +* Simple Commands:: The most common type of command. +* Pipelines:: Connecting the input and output of several + commands. +* Lists:: How to execute commands sequentially. +* Compound Commands:: Shell commands for control flow. +* Coprocesses:: Two-way communication between commands. +* GNU Parallel:: Running commands in parallel. +@end menu + +@node Reserved Words +@subsection Reserved Words +@cindex reserved words + +Reserved words are words that have special meaning to the shell. +They are used to begin and end the shell's compound commands. + +The following words are recognized as reserved when unquoted and +the first word of a command (see below for exceptions): + +@multitable @columnfractions .1 .1 .1 .1 .12 .1 +@item @code{if} @tab @code{then} @tab @code{elif} +@tab @code{else} @tab @code{fi} @tab @code{time} +@item @code{for} @tab @code{in} @tab @code{until} +@tab @code{while} @tab @code{do} @tab @code{done} +@item @code{case} @tab @code{esac} @tab @code{coproc} +@tab @code{select} @tab @code{function} +@item @code{@{} @tab @code{@}} @tab @code{[[} @tab @code{]]} @tab @code{!} +@end multitable + +@noindent +@code{in} is recognized as a reserved word if it is the third word of a +@code{case} or @code{select} command. +@code{in} and @code{do} are recognized as reserved +words if they are the third word in a @code{for} command. + +@node Simple Commands +@subsection Simple Commands +@cindex commands, simple + +A simple command is the kind of command encountered most often. +It's just a sequence of words separated by @code{blank}s, terminated +by one of the shell's control operators (@pxref{Definitions}). The +first word generally specifies a command to be executed, with the +rest of the words being that command's arguments. + +The return status (@pxref{Exit Status}) of a simple command is +its exit status as provided +by the @sc{posix} 1003.1 @code{waitpid} function, or 128+@var{n} if +the command was terminated by signal @var{n}. + +@node Pipelines +@subsection Pipelines +@cindex pipeline +@cindex commands, pipelines + +A @code{pipeline} is a sequence of one or more commands separated by +one of the control operators @samp{|} or @samp{|&}. + +@rwindex time +@rwindex ! +@cindex command timing +The format for a pipeline is +@example +[time [-p]] [!] @var{command1} [ | or |& @var{command2} ] @dots{} +@end example + +@noindent +The output of each command in the pipeline is connected via a pipe +to the input of the next command. +That is, each command reads the previous command's output. This +connection is performed before any redirections specified by +@var{command1}. + +If @samp{|&} is used, @var{command1}'s standard error, in addition to +its standard output, is connected to +@var{command2}'s standard input through the pipe; +it is shorthand for @code{2>&1 |}. +This implicit redirection of the standard error to the standard output is +performed after any redirections specified by @var{command1}. + +The reserved word @code{time} causes timing statistics +to be printed for the pipeline once it finishes. +The statistics currently consist of elapsed (wall-clock) time and +user and system time consumed by the command's execution. +The @option{-p} option changes the output format to that specified +by @sc{posix}. +When the shell is in @sc{posix} mode (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}), +it does not recognize @code{time} as a reserved word if the next +token begins with a @samp{-}. +The @env{TIMEFORMAT} variable may be set to a format string that +specifies how the timing information should be displayed. +@xref{Bash Variables}, for a description of the available formats. +The use of @code{time} as a reserved word permits the timing of +shell builtins, shell functions, and pipelines. An external +@code{time} command cannot time these easily. + +When the shell is in @sc{posix} mode (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}), @code{time} +may be followed by a newline. In this case, the shell displays the +total user and system time consumed by the shell and its children. +The @env{TIMEFORMAT} variable may be used to specify the format of +the time information. + +If the pipeline is not executed asynchronously (@pxref{Lists}), the +shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to complete. + +Each command in a multi-command pipeline, +where pipes are created, +is executed in its own @dfn{subshell}, which is a +separate process (@pxref{Command Execution Environment}). +If the @code{lastpipe} option is enabled using the @code{shopt} builtin +(@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}), +the last element of a pipeline may be run by the shell process +when job control is not active. + +The exit +status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command in the +pipeline, unless the @code{pipefail} option is enabled +(@pxref{The Set Builtin}). +If @code{pipefail} is enabled, the pipeline's return status is the +value of the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status, +or zero if all commands exit successfully. +If the reserved word @samp{!} precedes the pipeline, the +exit status is the logical negation of the exit status as described +above. +The shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to terminate before +returning a value. + +@node Lists +@subsection Lists of Commands +@cindex commands, lists + +A @code{list} is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one +of the operators @samp{;}, @samp{&}, @samp{&&}, or @samp{||}, +and optionally terminated by one of @samp{;}, @samp{&}, or a +@code{newline}. + +Of these list operators, @samp{&&} and @samp{||} +have equal precedence, followed by @samp{;} and @samp{&}, +which have equal precedence. + +A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a @code{list} +to delimit commands, equivalent to a semicolon. + +If a command is terminated by the control operator @samp{&}, +the shell executes the command asynchronously in a subshell. +This is known as executing the command in the @dfn{background}, +and these are referred to as @dfn{asynchronous} commands. +The shell does not wait for the command to finish, and the return +status is 0 (true). +When job control is not active (@pxref{Job Control}), +the standard input for asynchronous commands, in the absence of any +explicit redirections, is redirected from @code{/dev/null}. + +Commands separated by a @samp{;} are executed sequentially; the shell +waits for each command to terminate in turn. The return status is the +exit status of the last command executed. + +@sc{and} and @sc{or} lists are sequences of one or more pipelines +separated by the control operators @samp{&&} and @samp{||}, +respectively. @sc{and} and @sc{or} lists are executed with left +associativity. + +An @sc{and} list has the form +@example +@var{command1} && @var{command2} +@end example + +@noindent +@var{command2} is executed if, and only if, @var{command1} +returns an exit status of zero (success). + +An @sc{or} list has the form +@example +@var{command1} || @var{command2} +@end example + +@noindent +@var{command2} is executed if, and only if, @var{command1} +returns a non-zero exit status. + +The return status of +@sc{and} and @sc{or} lists is the exit status of the last command +executed in the list. + +@node Compound Commands +@subsection Compound Commands +@cindex commands, compound + +@menu +* Looping Constructs:: Shell commands for iterative action. +* Conditional Constructs:: Shell commands for conditional execution. +* Command Grouping:: Ways to group commands. +@end menu + +Compound commands are the shell programming language constructs. +Each construct begins with a reserved word or control operator and is +terminated by a corresponding reserved word or operator. +Any redirections (@pxref{Redirections}) associated with a compound command +apply to all commands within that compound command unless explicitly overridden. + +In most cases a list of commands in a compound command's description may be +separated from the rest of the command by one or more newlines, and may be +followed by a newline in place of a semicolon. + +Bash provides looping constructs, conditional commands, and mechanisms +to group commands and execute them as a unit. + +@node Looping Constructs +@subsubsection Looping Constructs +@cindex commands, looping + +Bash supports the following looping constructs. + +Note that wherever a @samp{;} appears in the description of a +command's syntax, it may be replaced with one or more newlines. + +@table @code +@item until +@rwindex until +@rwindex do +@rwindex done +The syntax of the @code{until} command is: + +@example +until @var{test-commands}; do @var{consequent-commands}; done +@end example + +Execute @var{consequent-commands} as long as +@var{test-commands} has an exit status which is not zero. +The return status is the exit status of the last command executed +in @var{consequent-commands}, or zero if none was executed. + +@item while +@rwindex while +The syntax of the @code{while} command is: + +@example +while @var{test-commands}; do @var{consequent-commands}; done +@end example + +Execute @var{consequent-commands} as long as +@var{test-commands} has an exit status of zero. +The return status is the exit status of the last command executed +in @var{consequent-commands}, or zero if none was executed. + +@item for +@rwindex for +The syntax of the @code{for} command is: + +@example +for @var{name} [ [in [@var{words} @dots{}] ] ; ] do @var{commands}; done +@end example + +Expand @var{words} (@pxref{Shell Expansions}), and execute @var{commands} +once for each member +in the resultant list, with @var{name} bound to the current member. +If @samp{in @var{words}} is not present, the @code{for} command +executes the @var{commands} once for each positional parameter that is +set, as if @samp{in "$@@"} had been specified +(@pxref{Special Parameters}). + +The return status is the exit status of the last command that executes. +If there are no items in the expansion of @var{words}, no commands are +executed, and the return status is zero. + +An alternate form of the @code{for} command is also supported: + +@example +for (( @var{expr1} ; @var{expr2} ; @var{expr3} )) ; do @var{commands} ; done +@end example + +First, the arithmetic expression @var{expr1} is evaluated according +to the rules described below (@pxref{Shell Arithmetic}). +The arithmetic expression @var{expr2} is then evaluated repeatedly +until it evaluates to zero. +Each time @var{expr2} evaluates to a non-zero value, @var{commands} are +executed and the arithmetic expression @var{expr3} is evaluated. +If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1. +The return value is the exit status of the last command in @var{commands} +that is executed, or false if any of the expressions is invalid. +@end table + +The @code{break} and @code{continue} builtins (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}) +may be used to control loop execution. + +@node Conditional Constructs +@subsubsection Conditional Constructs +@cindex commands, conditional + +@table @code +@item if +@rwindex if +@rwindex then +@rwindex else +@rwindex elif +@rwindex fi +The syntax of the @code{if} command is: + +@example +if @var{test-commands}; then + @var{consequent-commands}; +[elif @var{more-test-commands}; then + @var{more-consequents};] +[else @var{alternate-consequents};] +fi +@end example + +The @var{test-commands} list is executed, and if its return status is zero, +the @var{consequent-commands} list is executed. +If @var{test-commands} returns a non-zero status, each @code{elif} list +is executed in turn, and if its exit status is zero, +the corresponding @var{more-consequents} is executed and the +command completes. +If @samp{else @var{alternate-consequents}} is present, and +the final command in the final @code{if} or @code{elif} clause +has a non-zero exit status, then @var{alternate-consequents} is executed. +The return status is the exit status of the last command executed, or +zero if no condition tested true. + +@item case +@rwindex case +@rwindex in +@rwindex esac +The syntax of the @code{case} command is: + +@example +case @var{word} in + [ [(] @var{pattern} [| @var{pattern}]@dots{}) @var{command-list} ;;]@dots{} +esac +@end example + +@code{case} will selectively execute the @var{command-list} corresponding to +the first @var{pattern} that matches @var{word}. +The match is performed according +to the rules described below in @ref{Pattern Matching}. +If the @code{nocasematch} shell option +(see the description of @code{shopt} in @ref{The Shopt Builtin}) +is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +of alphabetic characters. +The @samp{|} is used to separate multiple patterns, and the @samp{)} +operator terminates a pattern list. +A list of patterns and an associated command-list is known +as a @var{clause}. + +Each clause must be terminated with @samp{;;}, @samp{;&}, or @samp{;;&}. +The @var{word} undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command +substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal +(@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}) +before matching is attempted. +Each @var{pattern} undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, +command substitution, arithmetic expansion, process substitution, and +quote removal. + +There may be an arbitrary number of @code{case} clauses, each terminated +by a @samp{;;}, @samp{;&}, or @samp{;;&}. +The first pattern that matches determines the +command-list that is executed. +It's a common idiom to use @samp{*} as the final pattern to define the +default case, since that pattern will always match. + +Here is an example using @code{case} in a script that could be used to +describe one interesting feature of an animal: + +@example +echo -n "Enter the name of an animal: " +read ANIMAL +echo -n "The $ANIMAL has " +case $ANIMAL in + horse | dog | cat) echo -n "four";; + man | kangaroo ) echo -n "two";; + *) echo -n "an unknown number of";; +esac +echo " legs." +@end example + +@noindent + +If the @samp{;;} operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted after +the first pattern match. +Using @samp{;&} in place of @samp{;;} causes execution to continue with +the @var{command-list} associated with the next clause, if any. +Using @samp{;;&} in place of @samp{;;} causes the shell to test the patterns +in the next clause, if any, and execute any associated @var{command-list} +on a successful match, +continuing the case statement execution as if the pattern list had not matched. + +The return status is zero if no @var{pattern} is matched. Otherwise, the +return status is the exit status of the @var{command-list} executed. + +@item select +@rwindex select + +The @code{select} construct allows the easy generation of menus. +It has almost the same syntax as the @code{for} command: + +@example +select @var{name} [in @var{words} @dots{}]; do @var{commands}; done +@end example + +The list of words following @code{in} is expanded, generating a list +of items, and the set of expanded words is printed on the standard +error output stream, each preceded by a number. If the +@samp{in @var{words}} is omitted, the positional parameters are printed, +as if @samp{in "$@@"} had been specified. +@code{select} then displays the @env{PS3} +prompt and reads a line from the standard input. +If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of the displayed +words, then the value of @var{name} is set to that word. +If the line is empty, the words and prompt are displayed again. +If @code{EOF} is read, the @code{select} command completes and returns 1. +Any other value read causes @var{name} to be set to null. +The line read is saved in the variable @env{REPLY}. + +The @var{commands} are executed after each selection until a +@code{break} command is executed, at which +point the @code{select} command completes. + +Here is an example that allows the user to pick a filename from the +current directory, and displays the name and index of the file +selected. + +@example +select fname in *; +do + echo you picked $fname \($REPLY\) + break; +done +@end example + +@item ((@dots{})) +@example +(( @var{expression} )) +@end example + +The arithmetic @var{expression} is evaluated according to the rules +described below (@pxref{Shell Arithmetic}). +The @var{expression} undergoes the same expansions +as if it were within double quotes, +but double quote characters in @var{expression} are not treated specially +are removed. +If the value of the expression is non-zero, the return status is 0; +otherwise the return status is 1. + + +@item [[@dots{}]] +@rwindex [[ +@rwindex ]] +@example +[[ @var{expression} ]] +@end example + +Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of +the conditional expression @var{expression}. +Expressions are composed of the primaries described below in +@ref{Bash Conditional Expressions}. +The words between the @code{[[} and @code{]]} do not undergo word splitting +and filename expansion. +The shell performs tilde expansion, parameter and +variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process +substitution, and quote removal on those words +(the expansions that would occur if the words were enclosed in double quotes). +Conditional operators such as @samp{-f} must be unquoted to be recognized +as primaries. + +When used with @code{[[}, the @samp{<} and @samp{>} operators sort +lexicographically using the current locale. + +When the @samp{==} and @samp{!=} operators are used, the string to the +right of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according +to the rules described below in @ref{Pattern Matching}, +as if the @code{extglob} shell option were enabled. +The @samp{=} operator is identical to @samp{==}. +If the @code{nocasematch} shell option +(see the description of @code{shopt} in @ref{The Shopt Builtin}) +is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +of alphabetic characters. +The return value is 0 if the string matches (@samp{==}) or does not +match (@samp{!=}) the pattern, and 1 otherwise. + +If you quote any part of the pattern, +using any of the shell's quoting mechanisms, +the quoted portion is matched literally. +This means every character in the quoted portion matches itself, +instead of having any special pattern matching meaning. + +An additional binary operator, @samp{=~}, is available, with the same +precedence as @samp{==} and @samp{!=}. +When you use @samp{=~}, the string to the right of the operator is considered +a @sc{posix} extended regular expression pattern and matched accordingly +(using the @sc{posix} @code{regcomp} and @code{regexec} interfaces +usually described in @i{regex}(3)). +The return value is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1 if it does not. +If the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional +expression returns 2. +If the @code{nocasematch} shell option +(see the description of @code{shopt} in @ref{The Shopt Builtin}) +is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +of alphabetic characters. + +You can quote any part of the pattern +to force the quoted portion to be matched literally +instead of as a regular expression (see above). +If the pattern is stored in a shell variable, quoting the variable +expansion forces the entire pattern to be matched literally. + +The pattern will match if it matches any part of the string. +If you want to force the pattern to match the entire string, +anchor the pattern using the @samp{^} and @samp{$} regular expression +operators. + +For example, the following will match a line +(stored in the shell variable @code{line}) +if there is a sequence of characters anywhere in the value consisting of +any number, including zero, of +characters in the @code{space} character class, +immediately followed by zero or one instances of @samp{a}, +then a @samp{b}: + +@example +[[ $line =~ [[:space:]]*(a)?b ]] +@end example + +@noindent +That means values for @code{line} like +@samp{aab}, @samp{ aaaaaab}, @samp{xaby}, and @samp{ ab} +will all match, +as will a line containing a @samp{b} anywhere in its value. + +If you want to match a character that's special to the regular expression +grammar (@samp{^$|[]()\.*+?}), it has to be quoted to remove its special +meaning. +This means that in the pattern @samp{xxx.txt}, the @samp{.} matches any +character in the string (its usual regular expression meaning), but in the +pattern @samp{"xxx.txt"}, it can only match a literal @samp{.}. + +Likewise, if you want to include a character in your pattern that has a +special meaning to the regular expression grammar, you must make sure it's +not quoted. +If you want to anchor a pattern at the beginning or end of the string, +for instance, you cannot quote the @samp{^} or @samp{$} +characters using any form of shell quoting. + +If you want to match @samp{initial string} at the start of a line, +the following will work: +@example +[[ $line =~ ^"initial string" ]] +@end example +@noindent +but this will not: +@example +[[ $line =~ "^initial string" ]] +@end example +@noindent +because in the second example the @samp{^} is quoted and doesn't have its +usual special meaning. + +It is sometimes difficult to specify a regular expression properly +without using quotes, or to keep track of the quoting used by regular +expressions while paying attention to +shell quoting and the shell's quote removal. +Storing the regular expression in a shell variable is often a useful +way to avoid problems with quoting characters that are special to the +shell. +For example, the following is equivalent to the pattern used above: + +@example +pattern='[[:space:]]*(a)?b' +[[ $line =~ $pattern ]] +@end example + +Shell programmers should take special care with backslashes, since +backslashes are used by both the shell and regular expressions to remove +the special meaning from the following character. +This means that after the shell's word expansions complete +(@pxref{Shell Expansions}), +any backslashes remaining in parts of the pattern +that were originally not quoted can remove the +special meaning of pattern characters. +If any part of the pattern is quoted, the shell does its best to ensure that +the regular expression treats those remaining backslashes as literal, +if they appeared in a quoted portion. + +The following two sets of commands are @emph{not} equivalent: + +@example +pattern='\.' + +[[ . =~ $pattern ]] +[[ . =~ \. ]] + +[[ . =~ "$pattern" ]] +[[ . =~ '\.' ]] +@end example + +@noindent +The first two matches will succeed, but the second two will not, because +in the second two the backslash will be part of the pattern to be matched. +In the first two examples, the pattern passed to the regular expression +parser is @samp{\.}. The backslash removes the special meaning from +@samp{.}, so the literal @samp{.} matches. +In the second two examples, the pattern passed to the regular expression +parser has the backslash quoted (e.g., @samp{\\\.}), which will not match +the string, since it does not contain a backslash. +If the string in the first examples were anything other than @samp{.}, say +@samp{a}, the pattern would not match, because the quoted @samp{.} in the +pattern loses its special meaning of matching any single character. + +Bracket expressions in regular expressions can be sources of errors as well, +since characters that are normally special in regular expressions +lose their special meanings between brackets. +However, you can use bracket expressions to match special pattern characters +without quoting them, so they are sometimes useful for this purpose. + +Though it might seem like a strange way to write it, the following pattern +will match a @samp{.} in the string: + +@example +[[ . =~ [.] ]] +@end example + +The shell performs any word expansions before passing the pattern +to the regular expression functions, +so you can assume that the shell's quoting takes precedence. +As noted above, the regular expression parser will interpret any +unquoted backslashes remaining in the pattern after shell expansion +according to its own rules. +The intention is to avoid making shell programmers quote things twice +as much as possible, so shell quoting should be sufficient to quote +special pattern characters where that's necessary. + +The array variable @code{BASH_REMATCH} records which parts of the string +matched the pattern. +The element of @code{BASH_REMATCH} with index 0 contains the portion of +the string matching the entire regular expression. +Substrings matched by parenthesized subexpressions within the regular +expression are saved in the remaining @code{BASH_REMATCH} indices. +The element of @code{BASH_REMATCH} with index @var{n} is the portion of the +string matching the @var{n}th parenthesized subexpression. + +Bash sets +@code{BASH_REMATCH} +in the global scope; declaring it as a local variable will lead to +unexpected results. + +Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed +in decreasing order of precedence: + +@table @code +@item ( @var{expression} ) +Returns the value of @var{expression}. +This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators. + +@item ! @var{expression} +True if @var{expression} is false. + +@item @var{expression1} && @var{expression2} +True if both @var{expression1} and @var{expression2} are true. + +@item @var{expression1} || @var{expression2} +True if either @var{expression1} or @var{expression2} is true. +@end table + +@noindent +The @code{&&} and @code{||} operators do not evaluate @var{expression2} if the +value of @var{expression1} is sufficient to determine the return +value of the entire conditional expression. +@end table + +@node Command Grouping +@subsubsection Grouping Commands +@cindex commands, grouping + +Bash provides two ways to group a list of commands to be executed +as a unit. When commands are grouped, redirections may be applied +to the entire command list. For example, the output of all the +commands in the list may be redirected to a single stream. + +@table @code +@item () +@example +( @var{list} ) +@end example + +Placing a list of commands between parentheses forces the shell to create +a subshell (@pxref{Command Execution Environment}), and each +of the commands in @var{list} is executed in that subshell environment. +Since the @var{list} is executed in a subshell, variable assignments do not +remain in effect after the subshell completes. + +@item @{@} +@rwindex @{ +@rwindex @} +@example +@{ @var{list}; @} +@end example + +Placing a list of commands between curly braces causes the list to +be executed in the current shell context. No subshell is created. +The semicolon (or newline) following @var{list} is required. +@end table + +In addition to the creation of a subshell, there is a subtle difference +between these two constructs due to historical reasons. The braces +are reserved words, so they must be separated from the @var{list} +by @code{blank}s or other shell metacharacters. +The parentheses are operators, and are +recognized as separate tokens by the shell even if they are not separated +from the @var{list} by whitespace. + +The exit status of both of these constructs is the exit status of +@var{list}. + +@node Coprocesses +@subsection Coprocesses +@cindex coprocess + +A @code{coprocess} is a shell command preceded by the @code{coproc} +reserved word. +A coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command +had been terminated with the @samp{&} control operator, with a two-way pipe +established between the executing shell and the coprocess. + +The syntax for a coprocess is: + +@example +coproc [@var{NAME}] @var{command} [@var{redirections}] +@end example + +@noindent +This creates a coprocess named @var{NAME}. +@var{command} may be either a simple command (@pxref{Simple Commands}) +or a compound command (@pxref{Compound Commands}). +@var{NAME} is a shell variable name. +If @var{NAME} is not supplied, the default name is @code{COPROC}. + +The recommended form to use for a coprocess is + +@example +coproc @var{NAME} @{ @var{command}; @} +@end example + +@noindent +This form is recommended because simple commands result in the coprocess +always being named @code{COPROC}, and it is simpler to use and more complete +than the other compound commands. + +There are other forms of coprocesses: + +@example +coproc @var{NAME} @var{compound-command} +coproc @var{compound-command} +coproc @var{simple-command} +@end example + +@noindent +If @var{command} is a compound command, @var{NAME} is optional. The +word following @code{coproc} determines whether that word is interpreted +as a variable name: it is interpreted as @var{NAME} if it is not a +reserved word that introduces a compound command. +If @var{command} is a simple command, @var{NAME} is not allowed; this +is to avoid confusion between @var{NAME} and the first word of the simple +command. + +When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable +(@pxref{Arrays}) +named @var{NAME} in the context of the executing shell. +The standard output of @var{command} +is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell, +and that file descriptor is assigned to @var{NAME}[0]. +The standard input of @var{command} +is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell, +and that file descriptor is assigned to @var{NAME}[1]. +This pipe is established before any redirections specified by the +command (@pxref{Redirections}). +The file descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell commands +and redirections using standard word expansions. +Other than those created to execute command and process substitutions, +the file descriptors are not available in subshells. + +The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is +available as the value of the variable @env{@var{NAME}_PID}. +The @code{wait} +builtin command may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate. + +Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, +the @code{coproc} command always returns success. +The return status of a coprocess is the exit status of @var{command}. + +@node GNU Parallel +@subsection GNU Parallel + +There are ways to run commands in parallel that are not built into Bash. +GNU Parallel is a tool to do just that. + +GNU Parallel, as its name suggests, can be used to build and run commands +in parallel. You may run the same command with different arguments, whether +they are filenames, usernames, hostnames, or lines read from files. GNU +Parallel provides shorthand references to many of the most common operations +(input lines, various portions of the input line, different ways to specify +the input source, and so on). Parallel can replace @code{xargs} or feed +commands from its input sources to several different instances of Bash. + +For a complete description, refer to the GNU Parallel documentation, which +is available at +@url{https://www.gnu.org/software/parallel/parallel_tutorial.html}. + +@node Shell Functions +@section Shell Functions +@cindex shell function +@cindex functions, shell + +Shell functions are a way to group commands for later execution +using a single name for the group. They are executed just like +a "regular" command. +When the name of a shell function is used as a simple command name, +the list of commands associated with that function name is executed. +Shell functions are executed in the current +shell context; no new process is created to interpret them. + +Functions are declared using this syntax: +@rwindex function +@example +@var{fname} () @var{compound-command} [ @var{redirections} ] +@end example + +or + +@example +function @var{fname} [()] @var{compound-command} [ @var{redirections} ] +@end example + +This defines a shell function named @var{fname}. The reserved +word @code{function} is optional. +If the @code{function} reserved +word is supplied, the parentheses are optional. +The @dfn{body} of the function is the compound command +@var{compound-command} (@pxref{Compound Commands}). +That command is usually a @var{list} enclosed between @{ and @}, but +may be any compound command listed above. +If the @code{function} reserved word is used, but the +parentheses are not supplied, the braces are recommended. +@var{compound-command} is executed whenever @var{fname} is specified as the +name of a simple command. +When the shell is in @sc{posix} mode (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}), +@var{fname} must be a valid shell name and +may not be the same as one of the special builtins +(@pxref{Special Builtins}). +In default mode, a function name can be any unquoted shell word that does +not contain @samp{$}. +Any redirections (@pxref{Redirections}) associated with the shell function +are performed when the function is executed. +A function definition may be deleted using the @option{-f} option to the +@code{unset} builtin (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}). + +The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax error +occurs or a readonly function with the same name already exists. +When executed, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the +last command executed in the body. + +Note that for historical reasons, in the most common usage the curly braces +that surround the body of the function must be separated from the body by +@code{blank}s or newlines. +This is because the braces are reserved words and are only recognized +as such when they are separated from the command list +by whitespace or another shell metacharacter. +Also, when using the braces, the @var{list} must be terminated by a semicolon, +a @samp{&}, or a newline. + +When a function is executed, the arguments to the +function become the positional parameters +during its execution (@pxref{Positional Parameters}). +The special parameter @samp{#} that expands to the number of +positional parameters is updated to reflect the change. +Special parameter @code{0} is unchanged. +The first element of the @env{FUNCNAME} variable is set to the +name of the function while the function is executing. + +All other aspects of the shell execution +environment are identical between a function and its caller +with these exceptions: +the @env{DEBUG} and @env{RETURN} traps +are not inherited unless the function has been given the +@code{trace} attribute using the @code{declare} builtin or +the @code{-o functrace} option has been enabled with +the @code{set} builtin, +(in which case all functions inherit the @env{DEBUG} and @env{RETURN} traps), +and the @env{ERR} trap is not inherited unless the @code{-o errtrace} +shell option has been enabled. +@xref{Bourne Shell Builtins}, for the description of the +@code{trap} builtin. + +The @env{FUNCNEST} variable, if set to a numeric value greater +than 0, defines a maximum function nesting level. Function +invocations that exceed the limit cause the entire command to +abort. + +If the builtin command @code{return} +is executed in a function, the function completes and +execution resumes with the next command after the function +call. +Any command associated with the @code{RETURN} trap is executed +before execution resumes. +When a function completes, the values of the +positional parameters and the special parameter @samp{#} +are restored to the values they had prior to the function's +execution. If a numeric argument is given to @code{return}, +that is the function's return status; otherwise the function's +return status is the exit status of the last command executed +before the @code{return}. + +Variables local to the function may be declared with the +@code{local} builtin (@dfn{local variables}). +Ordinarily, variables and their values +are shared between a function and its caller. +These variables are visible only to +the function and the commands it invokes. This is particularly +important when a shell function calls other functions. + +In the following description, the @dfn{current scope} is a currently- +executing function. +Previous scopes consist of that function's caller and so on, +back to the "global" scope, where the shell is not executing +any shell function. +Consequently, a local variable at the current local scope is a variable +declared using the @code{local} or @code{declare} builtins in the +function that is currently executing. + +Local variables "shadow" variables with the same name declared at +previous scopes. For instance, a local variable declared in a function +hides a global variable of the same name: references and assignments +refer to the local variable, leaving the global variable unmodified. +When the function returns, the global variable is once again visible. + +The shell uses @dfn{dynamic scoping} to control a variable's visibility +within functions. +With dynamic scoping, visible variables and their values +are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused execution +to reach the current function. +The value of a variable that a function sees depends +on its value within its caller, if any, whether that caller is +the "global" scope or another shell function. +This is also the value that a local variable +declaration "shadows", and the value that is restored when the function +returns. + +For example, if a variable @env{var} is declared as local in function +@code{func1}, and @code{func1} calls another function @code{func2}, +references to @env{var} made from within @code{func2} will resolve to the +local variable @env{var} from @code{func1}, shadowing any global variable +named @env{var}. + +The following script demonstrates this behavior. +When executed, the script displays + +@example +In func2, var = func1 local +@end example + +@example +func1() +@{ + local var='func1 local' + func2 +@} + +func2() +@{ + echo "In func2, var = $var" +@} + +var=global +func1 +@end example + +The @code{unset} builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a +variable is local to the current scope, @code{unset} will unset it; +otherwise the unset will refer to the variable found in any calling scope +as described above. +If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it will remain so +(appearing as unset) +until it is reset in that scope or until the function returns. +Once the function returns, any instance of the variable at a previous +scope will become visible. +If the unset acts on a variable at a previous scope, any instance of a +variable with that name that had been shadowed will become visible +(see below how @code{localvar_unset}shell option changes this behavior). + +Function names and definitions may be listed with the +@option{-f} option to the @code{declare} (@code{typeset}) +builtin command (@pxref{Bash Builtins}). +The @option{-F} option to @code{declare} or @code{typeset} +will list the function names only +(and optionally the source file and line number, if the @code{extdebug} +shell option is enabled). +Functions may be exported so that child shell processes +(those created when executing a separate shell invocation) +automatically have them defined with the +@option{-f} option to the @code{export} builtin +(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}). + +Functions may be recursive. +The @code{FUNCNEST} variable may be used to limit the depth of the +function call stack and restrict the number of function invocations. +By default, no limit is placed on the number of recursive calls. + +@node Shell Parameters +@section Shell Parameters +@cindex parameters +@cindex variable, shell +@cindex shell variable + +@menu +* Positional Parameters:: The shell's command-line arguments. +* Special Parameters:: Parameters denoted by special characters. +@end menu + +A @dfn{parameter} is an entity that stores values. +It can be a @code{name}, a number, or one of the special characters +listed below. +A @dfn{variable} is a parameter denoted by a @code{name}. +A variable has a @code{value} and zero or more @code{attributes}. +Attributes are assigned using the @code{declare} builtin command +(see the description of the @code{declare} builtin in @ref{Bash Builtins}). + +A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value. The null string is +a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using +the @code{unset} builtin command. + +A variable may be assigned to by a statement of the form +@example +@var{name}=[@var{value}] +@end example +@noindent +If @var{value} +is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All +@var{value}s undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote +removal (@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}). +If the variable has its @code{integer} +attribute set, then @var{value} +is evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the @code{$((@dots{}))} +expansion is not used (@pxref{Arithmetic Expansion}). +Word splitting and filename expansion are not performed. +Assignment statements may also appear as arguments to the +@code{alias}, +@code{declare}, @code{typeset}, @code{export}, @code{readonly}, +and @code{local} builtin commands (@dfn{declaration} commands). +When in @sc{posix} mode (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}), these builtins may appear +in a command after one or more instances of the @code{command} builtin +and retain these assignment statement properties. + +In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value +to a shell variable or array index (@pxref{Arrays}), the @samp{+=} +operator can be used to +append to or add to the variable's previous value. +This includes arguments to builtin commands such as @code{declare} that +accept assignment statements (declaration commands). +When @samp{+=} is applied to a variable for which the @code{integer} attribute +has been set, @var{value} is evaluated as an arithmetic expression and +added to the variable's current value, which is also evaluated. +When @samp{+=} is applied to an array variable using compound assignment +(@pxref{Arrays}), the +variable's value is not unset (as it is when using @samp{=}), and new +values are appended to the array beginning at one greater than the array's +maximum index (for indexed arrays), or added as additional key-value pairs +in an associative array. +When applied to a string-valued variable, @var{value} is expanded and +appended to the variable's value. + +A variable can be assigned the @code{nameref} attribute using the +@option{-n} option to the @code{declare} or @code{local} builtin commands +(@pxref{Bash Builtins}) +to create a @dfn{nameref}, or a reference to another variable. +This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly. +Whenever the nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has +its attributes modified (other than using or changing the nameref +attribute itself), the +operation is actually performed on the variable specified by the nameref +variable's value. +A nameref is commonly used within shell functions to refer to a variable +whose name is passed as an argument to the function. +For instance, if a variable name is passed to a shell function as its first +argument, running +@example +declare -n ref=$1 +@end example +@noindent +inside the function creates a nameref variable @env{ref} whose value is +the variable name passed as the first argument. +References and assignments to @env{ref}, and changes to its attributes, +are treated as references, assignments, and attribute modifications +to the variable whose name was passed as @code{$1}. + +If the control variable in a @code{for} loop has the nameref attribute, +the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a name reference +will be established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is +executed. +Array variables cannot be given the nameref attribute. +However, nameref variables can reference array variables and subscripted +array variables. +Namerefs can be unset using the @option{-n} option to the @code{unset} builtin +(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}). +Otherwise, if @code{unset} is executed with the name of a nameref variable +as an argument, the variable referenced by the nameref variable will be unset. + +@node Positional Parameters +@subsection Positional Parameters +@cindex parameters, positional + +A @dfn{positional parameter} is a parameter denoted by one or more +digits, other than the single digit @code{0}. Positional parameters are +assigned from the shell's arguments when it is invoked, +and may be reassigned using the @code{set} builtin command. +Positional parameter @code{N} may be referenced as @code{$@{N@}}, or +as @code{$N} when @code{N} consists of a single digit. +Positional parameters may not be assigned to with assignment statements. +The @code{set} and @code{shift} builtins are used to set and +unset them (@pxref{Shell Builtin Commands}). +The positional parameters are +temporarily replaced when a shell function is executed +(@pxref{Shell Functions}). + +When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single +digit is expanded, it must be enclosed in braces. + +@node Special Parameters +@subsection Special Parameters +@cindex parameters, special + +The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may +only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed. + +@vtable @code + +@item * +@vindex $* +($*) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. +When the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional parameter +expands to a separate word. +In contexts where it is performed, those words +are subject to further word splitting and filename expansion. +When the expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a single word +with the value of each parameter separated by the first character of the +@env{IFS} special variable. That is, @code{"$*"} is equivalent +to @code{"$1@var{c}$2@var{c}@dots{}"}, where @var{c} +is the first character of the value of the @code{IFS} +variable. +If @env{IFS} is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces. +If @env{IFS} is null, the parameters are joined without intervening +separators. + +@item @@ +@vindex $@@ +($@@) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. +In contexts where word splitting is performed, this expands each +positional parameter to a separate word; if not within double +quotes, these words are subject to word splitting. +In contexts where word splitting is not performed, +this expands to a single word +with each positional parameter separated by a space. +When the +expansion occurs within double quotes, and word splitting is performed, +each parameter expands to a +separate word. That is, @code{"$@@"} is equivalent to +@code{"$1" "$2" @dots{}}. +If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of +the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original +word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last +part of the original word. +When there are no positional parameters, @code{"$@@"} and +@code{$@@} +expand to nothing (i.e., they are removed). + +@item # +@vindex $# +($#) Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal. + +@item ? +@vindex $? +($?) Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed foreground +pipeline. + +@item - +@vindex $- +($-, a hyphen.) Expands to the current option flags as specified upon +invocation, by the @code{set} +builtin command, or those set by the shell itself +(such as the @option{-i} option). + +@item $ +@vindex $$ +($$) Expands to the process @sc{id} of the shell. In a subshell, it +expands to the process @sc{id} of the invoking shell, not the subshell. + +@item ! +@vindex $! +($!) Expands to the process @sc{id} of the job most recently placed into the +background, whether executed as an asynchronous command or using +the @code{bg} builtin (@pxref{Job Control Builtins}). + +@item 0 +@vindex $0 +($0) Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set at +shell initialization. If Bash is invoked with a file of commands +(@pxref{Shell Scripts}), @code{$0} is set to the name of that file. +If Bash is started with the @option{-c} option (@pxref{Invoking Bash}), +then @code{$0} is set to the first argument after the string to be +executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is set +to the filename used to invoke Bash, as given by argument zero. +@end vtable + +@node Shell Expansions +@section Shell Expansions +@cindex expansion + +Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into +@code{token}s. There are seven kinds of expansion performed: + +@itemize @bullet +@item brace expansion +@item tilde expansion +@item parameter and variable expansion +@item command substitution +@item arithmetic expansion +@item word splitting +@item filename expansion +@end itemize + +@menu +* Brace Expansion:: Expansion of expressions within braces. +* Tilde Expansion:: Expansion of the ~ character. +* Shell Parameter Expansion:: How Bash expands variables to their values. +* Command Substitution:: Using the output of a command as an argument. +* Arithmetic Expansion:: How to use arithmetic in shell expansions. +* Process Substitution:: A way to write and read to and from a + command. +* Word Splitting:: How the results of expansion are split into separate + arguments. +* Filename Expansion:: A shorthand for specifying filenames matching patterns. +* Quote Removal:: How and when quote characters are removed from + words. +@end menu + +The order of expansions is: +brace expansion; +tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, +and command substitution (done in a left-to-right fashion); +word splitting; +and filename expansion. + +On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion +available: @dfn{process substitution}. +This is performed at the +same time as tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and +command substitution. + +After these expansions are performed, quote characters present in the +original word are removed unless they have been quoted themselves +(@dfn{quote removal}). + +Only brace expansion, word splitting, and filename expansion +can increase the number of words of the expansion; other expansions +expand a single word to a single word. +The only exceptions to this are the expansions of +@code{"$@@"} and @code{$*} (@pxref{Special Parameters}), and +@code{"$@{@var{name}[@@]@}"} and @code{$@{@var{name}[*]@}} +(@pxref{Arrays}). + +After all expansions, @code{quote removal} (@pxref{Quote Removal}) +is performed. + +@node Brace Expansion +@subsection Brace Expansion +@cindex brace expansion +@cindex expansion, brace + +Brace expansion is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated. +This mechanism is similar to +@dfn{filename expansion} (@pxref{Filename Expansion}), +but the filenames generated need not exist. +Patterns to be brace expanded take the form of an optional @var{preamble}, +followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence expression +between a pair of braces, +followed by an optional @var{postscript}. +The preamble is prefixed to each string contained within the braces, and +the postscript is then appended to each resulting string, expanding left +to right. + +Brace expansions may be nested. +The results of each expanded string are not sorted; left to right order +is preserved. +For example, +@example +bash$ echo a@{d,c,b@}e +ade ace abe +@end example + +A sequence expression takes the form @code{@{@var{x}..@var{y}[..@var{incr}]@}}, +where @var{x} and @var{y} are either integers or letters, +and @var{incr}, an optional increment, is an integer. +When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each number between +@var{x} and @var{y}, inclusive. +Supplied integers may be prefixed with @samp{0} to force each term to have the +same width. +When either @var{x} or @var{y} begins with a zero, the shell +attempts to force all generated terms to contain the same number of digits, +zero-padding where necessary. +When letters are supplied, the expression expands to each character +lexicographically between @var{x} and @var{y}, inclusive, +using the default C locale. +Note that both @var{x} and @var{y} must be of the same type +(integer or letter). +When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between +each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate. + +Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, +and any characters special to other expansions are preserved +in the result. It is strictly textual. Bash +does not apply any syntactic interpretation to the context of the +expansion or the text between the braces. + +A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening +and closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid +sequence expression. +Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged. + +A @{ or @samp{,} may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its +being considered part of a brace expression. +To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string @samp{$@{} +is not considered eligible for brace expansion, +and inhibits brace expansion until the closing @samp{@}}. + +This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common +prefix of the strings to be generated is longer than in the +above example: +@example +mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/@{old,new,dist,bugs@} +@end example +or +@example +chown root /usr/@{ucb/@{ex,edit@},lib/@{ex?.?*,how_ex@}@} +@end example + +@node Tilde Expansion +@subsection Tilde Expansion +@cindex tilde expansion +@cindex expansion, tilde + +If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character (@samp{~}), all of the +characters up to the first unquoted slash (or all characters, +if there is no unquoted slash) are considered a @dfn{tilde-prefix}. +If none of the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the +characters in the tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a +possible @dfn{login name}. +If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the +value of the @env{HOME} shell variable. +If @env{HOME} is unset, the home directory of the user executing the +shell is substituted instead. +Otherwise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory +associated with the specified login name. + +If the tilde-prefix is @samp{~+}, the value of +the shell variable @env{PWD} replaces the tilde-prefix. +If the tilde-prefix is @samp{~-}, the value of the shell variable +@env{OLDPWD}, if it is set, is substituted. + +If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a +number @var{N}, optionally prefixed by a @samp{+} or a @samp{-}, +the tilde-prefix is replaced with the +corresponding element from the directory stack, as it would be displayed +by the @code{dirs} builtin invoked with the characters following tilde +in the tilde-prefix as an argument (@pxref{The Directory Stack}). +If the tilde-prefix, sans the tilde, consists of a number without a +leading @samp{+} or @samp{-}, @samp{+} is assumed. + +If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the word is +left unchanged. + +Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes immediately +following a @samp{:} or the first @samp{=}. +In these cases, tilde expansion is also performed. +Consequently, one may use filenames with tildes in assignments to +@env{PATH}, @env{MAILPATH}, and @env{CDPATH}, +and the shell assigns the expanded value. + +The following table shows how Bash treats unquoted tilde-prefixes: + +@table @code +@item ~ +The value of @code{$HOME} +@item ~/foo +@file{$HOME/foo} + +@item ~fred/foo +The subdirectory @code{foo} of the home directory of the user +@code{fred} + +@item ~+/foo +@file{$PWD/foo} + +@item ~-/foo +@file{$@{OLDPWD-'~-'@}/foo} + +@item ~@var{N} +The string that would be displayed by @samp{dirs +@var{N}} + +@item ~+@var{N} +The string that would be displayed by @samp{dirs +@var{N}} + +@item ~-@var{N} +The string that would be displayed by @samp{dirs -@var{N}} +@end table + +Bash also performs tilde expansion on words satisfying the conditions of +variable assignments (@pxref{Shell Parameters}) +when they appear as arguments to simple commands. +Bash does not do this, except for the declaration commands listed +above, when in @sc{posix} mode. + +@node Shell Parameter Expansion +@subsection Shell Parameter Expansion +@cindex parameter expansion +@cindex expansion, parameter + +The @samp{$} character introduces parameter expansion, +command substitution, or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name +or symbol to be expanded may be enclosed in braces, which +are optional but serve to protect the variable to be expanded from +characters immediately following it which could be +interpreted as part of the name. + +When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first @samp{@}} +not escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an +embedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter +expansion. + +The basic form of parameter expansion is $@{@var{parameter}@}. +The value of @var{parameter} is substituted. +The @var{parameter} is a shell parameter as described above +(@pxref{Shell Parameters}) or an array reference (@pxref{Arrays}). +The braces are required when @var{parameter} +is a positional parameter with more than one digit, +or when @var{parameter} is followed by a character that is not to be +interpreted as part of its name. + +If the first character of @var{parameter} is an exclamation point (!), +and @var{parameter} is not a nameref, +it introduces a level of indirection. +Bash uses the value formed by expanding the rest of +@var{parameter} as the new @var{parameter}; this is then +expanded and that value is used in the rest of the expansion, rather +than the expansion of the original @var{parameter}. +This is known as @code{indirect expansion}. +The value is subject to tilde expansion, +parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. +If @var{parameter} is a nameref, this expands to the name of the +variable referenced by @var{parameter} instead of performing the +complete indirect expansion. +The exceptions to this are the expansions of $@{!@var{prefix}*@} +and $@{!@var{name}[@@]@} +described below. +The exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to +introduce indirection. + +In each of the cases below, @var{word} is subject to tilde expansion, +parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. + +When not performing substring expansion, using the form described +below (e.g., @samp{:-}), Bash tests for a parameter that is unset or null. +Omitting the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset. +Put another way, if the colon is included, +the operator tests for both @var{parameter}'s existence and that its value +is not null; if the colon is omitted, the operator tests only for existence. + +@table @code + +@item $@{@var{parameter}:@minus{}@var{word}@} +If @var{parameter} is unset or null, the expansion of +@var{word} is substituted. Otherwise, the value of +@var{parameter} is substituted. + +@example +$ v=123 +$ echo $@{v-unset@} +123 +@end example + +@item $@{@var{parameter}:=@var{word}@} +If @var{parameter} +is unset or null, the expansion of @var{word} +is assigned to @var{parameter}. +The value of @var{parameter} is then substituted. +Positional parameters and special parameters may not be assigned to +in this way. + +@example +$ var= +$ : $@{var:=DEFAULT@} +$ echo $var +DEFAULT +@end example + +@item $@{@var{parameter}:?@var{word}@} +If @var{parameter} +is null or unset, the expansion of @var{word} (or a message +to that effect if @var{word} +is not present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if it +is not interactive, exits. Otherwise, the value of @var{parameter} is +substituted. + +@example +$ var= +$ : $@{var:?var is unset or null@} +bash: var: var is unset or null +@end example + +@item $@{@var{parameter}:+@var{word}@} +If @var{parameter} +is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the expansion of +@var{word} is substituted. + +@example +$ var=123 +$ echo $@{var:+var is set and not null@} +var is set and not null +@end example + +@item $@{@var{parameter}:@var{offset}@} +@itemx $@{@var{parameter}:@var{offset}:@var{length}@} +This is referred to as Substring Expansion. +It expands to up to @var{length} characters of the value of @var{parameter} +starting at the character specified by @var{offset}. +If @var{parameter} is @samp{@@} or @samp{*}, an indexed array subscripted by +@samp{@@} or @samp{*}, or an associative array name, the results differ as +described below. +If @var{length} is omitted, it expands to the substring of the value of +@var{parameter} starting at the character specified by @var{offset} +and extending to the end of the value. +@var{length} and @var{offset} are arithmetic expressions +(@pxref{Shell Arithmetic}). + +If @var{offset} evaluates to a number less than zero, the value +is used as an offset in characters +from the end of the value of @var{parameter}. +If @var{length} evaluates to a number less than zero, +it is interpreted as an offset in characters +from the end of the value of @var{parameter} rather than +a number of characters, and the expansion is the characters between +@var{offset} and that result. +Note that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at least +one space to avoid being confused with the @samp{:-} expansion. + +Here are some examples illustrating substring expansion on parameters and +subscripted arrays: + +@verbatim +$ string=01234567890abcdefgh +$ echo ${string:7} +7890abcdefgh +$ echo ${string:7:0} + +$ echo ${string:7:2} +78 +$ echo ${string:7:-2} +7890abcdef +$ echo ${string: -7} +bcdefgh +$ echo ${string: -7:0} + +$ echo ${string: -7:2} +bc +$ echo ${string: -7:-2} +bcdef +$ set -- 01234567890abcdefgh +$ echo ${1:7} +7890abcdefgh +$ echo ${1:7:0} + +$ echo ${1:7:2} +78 +$ echo ${1:7:-2} +7890abcdef +$ echo ${1: -7} +bcdefgh +$ echo ${1: -7:0} + +$ echo ${1: -7:2} +bc +$ echo ${1: -7:-2} +bcdef +$ array[0]=01234567890abcdefgh +$ echo ${array[0]:7} +7890abcdefgh +$ echo ${array[0]:7:0} + +$ echo ${array[0]:7:2} +78 +$ echo ${array[0]:7:-2} +7890abcdef +$ echo ${array[0]: -7} +bcdefgh +$ echo ${array[0]: -7:0} + +$ echo ${array[0]: -7:2} +bc +$ echo ${array[0]: -7:-2} +bcdef +@end verbatim + +If @var{parameter} is @samp{@@} or @samp{*}, the result is @var{length} +positional parameters beginning at @var{offset}. +A negative @var{offset} is taken relative to one greater than the greatest +positional parameter, so an offset of -1 evaluates to the last positional +parameter. +It is an expansion error if @var{length} evaluates to a number less than zero. + +The following examples illustrate substring expansion using positional +parameters: + +@verbatim +$ set -- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h +$ echo ${@:7} +7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h +$ echo ${@:7:0} + +$ echo ${@:7:2} +7 8 +$ echo ${@:7:-2} +bash: -2: substring expression < 0 +$ echo ${@: -7:2} +b c +$ echo ${@:0} +./bash 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h +$ echo ${@:0:2} +./bash 1 +$ echo ${@: -7:0} + +@end verbatim + +If @var{parameter} is an indexed array name subscripted +by @samp{@@} or @samp{*}, the result is the @var{length} +members of the array beginning with @code{$@{@var{parameter}[@var{offset}]@}}. +A negative @var{offset} is taken relative to one greater than the maximum +index of the specified array. +It is an expansion error if @var{length} evaluates to a number less than zero. + +These examples show how you can use substring expansion with indexed +arrays: + +@verbatim +$ array=(0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h) +$ echo ${array[@]:7} +7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h +$ echo ${array[@]:7:2} +7 8 +$ echo ${array[@]: -7:2} +b c +$ echo ${array[@]: -7:-2} +bash: -2: substring expression < 0 +$ echo ${array[@]:0} +0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h +$ echo ${array[@]:0:2} +0 1 +$ echo ${array[@]: -7:0} + +@end verbatim + +Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces undefined +results. + +Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters +are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by default. +If @var{offset} is 0, and the positional parameters are used, @code{$0} is +prefixed to the list. + +@item $@{!@var{prefix}*@} +@itemx $@{!@var{prefix}@@@} +Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with @var{prefix}, +separated by the first character of the @env{IFS} special variable. +When @samp{@@} is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each +variable name expands to a separate word. + +@item $@{!@var{name}[@@]@} +@itemx $@{!@var{name}[*]@} +If @var{name} is an array variable, expands to the list of array indices +(keys) assigned in @var{name}. +If @var{name} is not an array, expands to 0 if @var{name} is set and null +otherwise. +When @samp{@@} is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each +key expands to a separate word. + +@item $@{#@var{parameter}@} +The length in characters of the expanded value of @var{parameter} is +substituted. +If @var{parameter} is @samp{*} or @samp{@@}, the value substituted +is the number of positional parameters. +If @var{parameter} is an array name subscripted by @samp{*} or @samp{@@}, +the value substituted is the number of elements in the array. +If @var{parameter} +is an indexed array name subscripted by a negative number, that number is +interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of +@var{parameter}, so negative indices count back from the end of the +array, and an index of -1 references the last element. + +@item $@{@var{parameter}#@var{word}@} +@itemx $@{@var{parameter}##@var{word}@} +The @var{word} +is expanded to produce a pattern and matched according to the rules +described below (@pxref{Pattern Matching}). If the pattern matches +the beginning of the expanded value of @var{parameter}, +then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of @var{parameter} +with the shortest matching pattern (the @samp{#} case) or the +longest matching pattern (the @samp{##} case) deleted. +If @var{parameter} is @samp{@@} or @samp{*}, +the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional +parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +If @var{parameter} is an array variable subscripted with +@samp{@@} or @samp{*}, +the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the +array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. + +@item $@{@var{parameter}%@var{word}@} +@itemx $@{@var{parameter}%%@var{word}@} +The @var{word} +is expanded to produce a pattern and matched according to the rules +described below (@pxref{Pattern Matching}). +If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the expanded value of +@var{parameter}, then the result of the expansion is the value of +@var{parameter} with the shortest matching pattern (the @samp{%} case) +or the longest matching pattern (the @samp{%%} case) deleted. +If @var{parameter} is @samp{@@} or @samp{*}, +the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional +parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +If @var{parameter} +is an array variable subscripted with @samp{@@} or @samp{*}, +the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the +array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. + +@item $@{@var{parameter}/@var{pattern}/@var{string}@} +@itemx $@{@var{parameter}//@var{pattern}/@var{string}@} +@itemx $@{@var{parameter}/#@var{pattern}/@var{string}@} +@itemx $@{@var{parameter}/%@var{pattern}/@var{string}@} +The @var{pattern} is expanded to produce a pattern just as in +filename expansion. +@var{Parameter} is expanded and the longest match of @var{pattern} +against its value is replaced with @var{string}. +@var{string} undergoes tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, +arithmetic expansion, command and process substitution, and quote removal. +The match is performed according to the rules described below +(@pxref{Pattern Matching}). + +In the first form above, only the first match is replaced. +If there are two slashes separating @var{parameter} and @var{pattern} +(the second form above), all matches of @var{pattern} are +replaced with @var{string}. +If @var{pattern} is preceded by @samp{#} (the third form above), +it must match at the beginning of the expanded value of @var{parameter}. +If @var{pattern} is preceded by @samp{%} (the fourth form above), +it must match at the end of the expanded value of @var{parameter}. +If the expansion of @var{string} is null, +matches of @var{pattern} are deleted. +If @var{string} is null, +matches of @var{pattern} are deleted +and the @samp{/} following @var{pattern} may be omitted. + +If the @code{patsub_replacement} shell option is enabled using @code{shopt}, +any unquoted instances of @samp{&} in @var{string} are replaced with the +matching portion of @var{pattern}. +This is intended to duplicate a common @code{sed} idiom. + +Quoting any part of @var{string} inhibits replacement in the +expansion of the quoted portion, including replacement strings stored +in shell variables. +Backslash will escape @samp{&} in @var{string}; the backslash is removed +in order to permit a literal @samp{&} in the replacement string. +Users should take care if @var{string} is double-quoted to avoid +unwanted interactions between the backslash and double-quoting, since +backslash has special meaning within double quotes. +Pattern substitution performs the check for unquoted @samp{&} after +expanding @var{string}, +so users should ensure to properly quote any occurrences of @samp{&} +they want to be taken literally in the replacement +and ensure any instances of @samp{&} they want to be replaced are unquoted. + +For instance, + +@example +var=abcdef +rep='& ' +echo $@{var/abc/& @} +echo "$@{var/abc/& @}" +echo $@{var/abc/$rep@} +echo "$@{var/abc/$rep@}" +@end example + +@noindent +will display four lines of "abc def", while + +@example +var=abcdef +rep='& ' +echo $@{var/abc/\& @} +echo "$@{var/abc/\& @}" +echo $@{var/abc/"& "@} +echo $@{var/abc/"$rep"@} +@end example + +@noindent +will display four lines of "& def". +Like the pattern removal operators, double quotes surrounding the +replacement string quote the expanded characters, while double quotes +enclosing the entire parameter substitution do not, since +the expansion is performed in a +context that doesn't take any enclosing double quotes into account. + +Since backslash can escape @samp{&}, it can also escape a backslash in +the replacement string. +This means that @samp{\\} will insert a literal +backslash into the replacement, so these two @code{echo} commands + +@example +var=abcdef +rep='\\&xyz' +echo $@{var/abc/\\&xyz@} +echo $@{var/abc/$rep@} +@end example + +@noindent +will both output @samp{\abcxyzdef}. + +It should rarely be necessary to enclose only @var{string} in double +quotes. + +If the @code{nocasematch} shell option +(see the description of @code{shopt} in @ref{The Shopt Builtin}) +is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +of alphabetic characters. +If @var{parameter} is @samp{@@} or @samp{*}, +the substitution operation is applied to each positional +parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +If @var{parameter} +is an array variable subscripted with @samp{@@} or @samp{*}, +the substitution operation is applied to each member of the +array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. + +@item $@{@var{parameter}^@var{pattern}@} +@itemx $@{@var{parameter}^^@var{pattern}@} +@itemx $@{@var{parameter},@var{pattern}@} +@itemx $@{@var{parameter},,@var{pattern}@} +This expansion modifies the case of alphabetic characters in @var{parameter}. +The @var{pattern} is expanded to produce a pattern just as in +filename expansion. +Each character in the expanded value of @var{parameter} is tested against +@var{pattern}, and, if it matches the pattern, its case is converted. +The pattern should not attempt to match more than one character. + +The @samp{^} operator converts lowercase letters matching @var{pattern} +to uppercase; the @samp{,} operator converts matching uppercase letters +to lowercase. +The @samp{^^} and @samp{,,} expansions convert each matched character in the +expanded value; the @samp{^} and @samp{,} expansions match and convert only +the first character in the expanded value. +If @var{pattern} is omitted, it is treated like a @samp{?}, which matches +every character. + +If @var{parameter} is @samp{@@} or @samp{*}, +the case modification operation is applied to each positional +parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +If @var{parameter} +is an array variable subscripted with @samp{@@} or @samp{*}, +the case modification operation is applied to each member of the +array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. + +@item $@{@var{parameter}@@@var{operator}@} +The expansion is either a transformation of the value of @var{parameter} +or information about @var{parameter} itself, depending on the value of +@var{operator}. Each @var{operator} is a single letter: + +@table @code +@item U +The expansion is a string that is the value of @var{parameter} with lowercase +alphabetic characters converted to uppercase. +@item u +The expansion is a string that is the value of @var{parameter} with the first +character converted to uppercase, if it is alphabetic. +@item L +The expansion is a string that is the value of @var{parameter} with uppercase +alphabetic characters converted to lowercase. +@item Q +The expansion is a string that is the value of @var{parameter} quoted in a +format that can be reused as input. +@item E +The expansion is a string that is the value of @var{parameter} with backslash +escape sequences expanded as with the @code{$'@dots{}'} quoting mechanism. +@item P +The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding the value of +@var{parameter} as if it were a prompt string (@pxref{Controlling the Prompt}). +@item A +The expansion is a string in the form of +an assignment statement or @code{declare} command that, if +evaluated, will recreate @var{parameter} with its attributes and value. +@item K +Produces a possibly-quoted version of the value of @var{parameter}, +except that it prints the values of +indexed and associative arrays as a sequence of quoted key-value pairs +(@pxref{Arrays}). +@item a +The expansion is a string consisting of flag values representing +@var{parameter}'s attributes. +@item k +Like the @samp{K} transformation, but expands the keys and values of +indexed and associative arrays to separate words after word splitting. +@end table + +If @var{parameter} is @samp{@@} or @samp{*}, +the operation is applied to each positional +parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +If @var{parameter} +is an array variable subscripted with @samp{@@} or @samp{*}, +the operation is applied to each member of the +array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. + +The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and filename +expansion as described below. +@end table + +@node Command Substitution +@subsection Command Substitution +@cindex command substitution + +Command substitution allows the output of a command to replace +the command itself. +Command substitution occurs when a command is enclosed as follows: +@example +$(@var{command}) +@end example +@noindent +or +@example +`@var{command}` +@end example + +@noindent +Bash performs the expansion by executing @var{command} in a subshell environment +and replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the +command, with any trailing newlines deleted. +Embedded newlines are not deleted, but they may be removed during +word splitting. +The command substitution @code{$(cat @var{file})} can be +replaced by the equivalent but faster @code{$(< @var{file})}. + +When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used, +backslash retains its literal meaning except when followed by +@samp{$}, @samp{`}, or @samp{\}. +The first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the +command substitution. +When using the @code{$(@var{command})} form, all characters between +the parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially. + +Command substitutions may be nested. To nest when using the backquoted +form, escape the inner backquotes with backslashes. + +If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and +filename expansion are not performed on the results. + +@node Arithmetic Expansion +@subsection Arithmetic Expansion +@cindex expansion, arithmetic +@cindex arithmetic expansion + +Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression +and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expansion is: + +@example +$(( @var{expression} )) +@end example + +The @var{expression} undergoes the same expansions +as if it were within double quotes, +but double quote characters in @var{expression} are not treated specially +and are removed. +All tokens in the expression undergo parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, and quote removal. +The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be evaluated. +Arithmetic expansions may be nested. + +The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below +(@pxref{Shell Arithmetic}). +If the expression is invalid, Bash prints a message indicating +failure to the standard error and no substitution occurs. + +@node Process Substitution +@subsection Process Substitution +@cindex process substitution + +Process substitution allows a process's input or output to be +referred to using a filename. +It takes the form of +@example +<(@var{list}) +@end example +@noindent +or +@example +>(@var{list}) +@end example +@noindent +The process @var{list} is run asynchronously, and its input or output +appears as a filename. +This filename is +passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the +expansion. +If the @code{>(@var{list})} form is used, writing to +the file will provide input for @var{list}. If the +@code{<(@var{list})} form is used, the file passed as an +argument should be read to obtain the output of @var{list}. +Note that no space may appear between the @code{<} or @code{>} +and the left parenthesis, otherwise the construct would be interpreted +as a redirection. +Process substitution is supported on systems that support named +pipes (@sc{fifo}s) or the @file{/dev/fd} method of naming open files. + +When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with +parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic +expansion. + +@node Word Splitting +@subsection Word Splitting +@cindex word splitting + +The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitution, +and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes for +word splitting. + +The shell treats each character of @env{$IFS} as a delimiter, and splits +the results of the other expansions into words using these characters +as field terminators. +If @env{IFS} is unset, or its value is exactly @code{}, +the default, then sequences of +@code{ }, @code{}, and @code{} +at the beginning and end of the results of the previous +expansions are ignored, and any sequence of @env{IFS} +characters not at the beginning or end serves to delimit words. +If @env{IFS} has a value other than the default, then sequences of +the whitespace characters @code{space}, @code{tab}, and @code{newline} +are ignored at the beginning and end of the +word, as long as the whitespace character is in the +value of @env{IFS} (an @env{IFS} whitespace character). +Any character in @env{IFS} that is not @env{IFS} +whitespace, along with any adjacent @env{IFS} +whitespace characters, delimits a field. A sequence of @env{IFS} +whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter. +If the value of @env{IFS} is null, no word splitting occurs. + +Explicit null arguments (@code{""} or @code{''}) are retained +and passed to commands as empty strings. +Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of +parameters that have no values, are removed. +If a parameter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a +null argument results and is retained +and passed to a command as an empty string. +When a quoted null argument appears as part of a word whose expansion is +non-null, the null argument is removed. +That is, the word +@code{-d''} becomes @code{-d} after word splitting and +null argument removal. + +Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting +is performed. + +@node Filename Expansion +@subsection Filename Expansion +@menu +* Pattern Matching:: How the shell matches patterns. +@end menu +@cindex expansion, filename +@cindex expansion, pathname +@cindex filename expansion +@cindex pathname expansion + +After word splitting, unless the @option{-f} option has been set +(@pxref{The Set Builtin}), Bash scans each word for the characters +@samp{*}, @samp{?}, and @samp{[}. +If one of these characters appears, and is not quoted, then the word is +regarded as a @var{pattern}, +and replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of +filenames matching the pattern (@pxref{Pattern Matching}). +If no matching filenames are found, +and the shell option @code{nullglob} is disabled, the word is left +unchanged. +If the @code{nullglob} option is set, and no matches are found, the word +is removed. +If the @code{failglob} shell option is set, and no matches are found, +an error message is printed and the command is not executed. +If the shell option @code{nocaseglob} is enabled, the match is performed +without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. + +When a pattern is used for filename expansion, the character @samp{.} +at the start of a filename or immediately following a slash +must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option @code{dotglob} is set. +In order to match the filenames @samp{.} and @samp{..}, +the pattern must begin with @samp{.} (for example, @samp{.?}), +even if @code{dotglob} is set. +If the @code{globskipdots} shell option is enabled, the filenames +@samp{.} and @samp{..} are never matched, even if the pattern begins +with a @samp{.}. +When not matching filenames, the @samp{.} character is not treated specially. + +When matching a filename, the slash character must always be +matched explicitly by a slash in the pattern, but in other matching +contexts it can be matched by a special pattern character as described +below (@pxref{Pattern Matching}). + +See the description of @code{shopt} in @ref{The Shopt Builtin}, +for a description of the @code{nocaseglob}, @code{nullglob}, +@code{globskipdots}, +@code{failglob}, and @code{dotglob} options. + +The @env{GLOBIGNORE} +shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file names matching a +pattern. If @env{GLOBIGNORE} +is set, each matching file name that also matches one of the patterns in +@env{GLOBIGNORE} is removed from the list of matches. +If the @code{nocaseglob} option is set, the matching against the patterns in +@env{GLOBIGNORE} is performed without regard to case. +The filenames +@file{.} and @file{..} +are always ignored when @env{GLOBIGNORE} +is set and not null. +However, setting @env{GLOBIGNORE} to a non-null value has the effect of +enabling the @code{dotglob} +shell option, so all other filenames beginning with a +@samp{.} will match. +To get the old behavior of ignoring filenames beginning with a +@samp{.}, make @samp{.*} one of the patterns in @env{GLOBIGNORE}. +The @code{dotglob} option is disabled when @env{GLOBIGNORE} +is unset. + +@node Pattern Matching +@subsubsection Pattern Matching +@cindex pattern matching +@cindex matching, pattern + +Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern +characters described below, matches itself. +The @sc{nul} character may not occur in a pattern. +A backslash escapes the following character; the +escaping backslash is discarded when matching. +The special pattern characters must be quoted if they are to be matched +literally. + +The special pattern characters have the following meanings: +@table @code +@item * +Matches any string, including the null string. +When the @code{globstar} shell option is enabled, and @samp{*} is used in +a filename expansion context, two adjacent @samp{*}s used as a single +pattern will match all files and zero or more directories and +subdirectories. +If followed by a @samp{/}, two adjacent @samp{*}s will match only +directories and subdirectories. +@item ? +Matches any single character. +@item [@dots{}] +Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of characters +separated by a hyphen denotes a @var{range expression}; +any character that falls between those two characters, inclusive, +using the current locale's collating sequence and character set, +is matched. If the first character following the +@samp{[} is a @samp{!} or a @samp{^} +then any character not enclosed is matched. A @samp{@minus{}} +may be matched by including it as the first or last character +in the set. A @samp{]} may be matched by including it as the first +character in the set. +The sorting order of characters in range expressions, +and the characters included in the range, +are determined by +the current locale and the values of the +@env{LC_COLLATE} and @env{LC_ALL} shell variables, if set. + +For example, in the default C locale, @samp{[a-dx-z]} is equivalent to +@samp{[abcdxyz]}. Many locales sort characters in dictionary order, and in +these locales @samp{[a-dx-z]} is typically not equivalent to @samp{[abcdxyz]}; +it might be equivalent to @samp{[aBbCcDdxYyZz]}, for example. To obtain +the traditional interpretation of ranges in bracket expressions, you can +force the use of the C locale by setting the @env{LC_COLLATE} or +@env{LC_ALL} environment variable to the value @samp{C}, or enable the +@code{globasciiranges} shell option. + +Within @samp{[} and @samp{]}, @dfn{character classes} can be specified +using the syntax +@code{[:}@var{class}@code{:]}, where @var{class} is one of the +following classes defined in the @sc{posix} standard: +@example +alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lower +print punct space upper word xdigit +@end example +@noindent +A character class matches any character belonging to that class. +The @code{word} character class matches letters, digits, and the character +@samp{_}. + +Within @samp{[} and @samp{]}, an @dfn{equivalence class} can be +specified using the syntax @code{[=}@var{c}@code{=]}, which +matches all characters with the same collation weight (as defined +by the current locale) as the character @var{c}. + +Within @samp{[} and @samp{]}, the syntax @code{[.}@var{symbol}@code{.]} +matches the collating symbol @var{symbol}. +@end table + +If the @code{extglob} shell option is enabled using the @code{shopt} +builtin, the shell recognizes several extended pattern matching operators. +In the following description, a @var{pattern-list} is a list of one +or more patterns separated by a @samp{|}. +When matching filenames, the @code{dotglob} shell option determines +the set of filenames that are tested, as described above. +Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the following +sub-patterns: + +@table @code +@item ?(@var{pattern-list}) +Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns. + +@item *(@var{pattern-list}) +Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns. + +@item +(@var{pattern-list}) +Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns. + +@item @@(@var{pattern-list}) +Matches one of the given patterns. + +@item !(@var{pattern-list}) +Matches anything except one of the given patterns. +@end table + +The @code{extglob} option changes the behavior of the parser, since the +parentheses are normally treated as operators with syntactic meaning. +To ensure that extended matching patterns are parsed correctly, make sure +that @code{extglob} is enabled before parsing constructs containing the +patterns, including shell functions and command substitutions. + +When matching filenames, the @code{dotglob} shell option determines +the set of filenames that are tested: +when @code{dotglob} is enabled, the set of filenames includes all files +beginning with @samp{.}, but the filenames +@samp{.} and @samp{..} must be matched by a +pattern or sub-pattern that begins with a dot; +when it is disabled, the set does not +include any filenames beginning with ``.'' unless the pattern +or sub-pattern begins with a @samp{.}. +As above, @samp{.} only has a special meaning when matching filenames. + +Complicated extended pattern matching against long strings is slow, +especially when the patterns contain alternations and the strings +contain multiple matches. +Using separate matches against shorter strings, or using arrays of +strings instead of a single long string, may be faster. + +@node Quote Removal +@subsection Quote Removal + +After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the +characters @samp{\}, @samp{'}, and @samp{"} that did not +result from one of the above expansions are removed. + +@node Redirections +@section Redirections +@cindex redirection + +Before a command is executed, its input and output +may be @dfn{redirected} +using a special notation interpreted by the shell. +@dfn{Redirection} allows commands' file handles to be +duplicated, opened, closed, +made to refer to different files, +and can change the files the command reads from and writes to. +Redirection may also be used to modify file handles in the +current shell execution environment. The following redirection +operators may precede or appear anywhere within a +simple command or may follow a command. +Redirections are processed in the order they appear, from +left to right. + +Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number +may instead be preceded by a word of the form @{@var{varname}@}. +In this case, for each redirection operator except +>&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a file descriptor greater +than 10 and assign it to @{@var{varname}@}. If >&- or <&- is preceded +by @{@var{varname}@}, the value of @var{varname} defines the file +descriptor to close. +If @{@var{varname}@} is supplied, the redirection persists beyond +the scope of the command, allowing the shell programmer to manage +the file descriptor's lifetime manually. +The @code{varredir_close} shell option manages this behavior +(@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}). + +In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is +omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is +@samp{<}, the redirection refers to the standard input (file +descriptor 0). If the first character of the redirection operator +is @samp{>}, the redirection refers to the standard output (file +descriptor 1). + +The word following the redirection operator in the following +descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, +tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic +expansion, quote removal, filename expansion, and word splitting. +If it expands to more than one word, Bash reports an error. + +Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, +the command +@example +ls > @var{dirlist} 2>&1 +@end example +@noindent +directs both standard output (file descriptor 1) and standard error +(file descriptor 2) to the file @var{dirlist}, while the command +@example +ls 2>&1 > @var{dirlist} +@end example +@noindent +directs only the standard output to file @var{dirlist}, +because the standard error was made a copy of the standard output +before the standard output was redirected to @var{dirlist}. + +Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in +redirections, as described in the following table. +If the operating system on which Bash is running provides these +special files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them +internally with the behavior described below. + +@table @code +@item /dev/fd/@var{fd} +If @var{fd} is a valid integer, file descriptor @var{fd} is duplicated. + +@item /dev/stdin +File descriptor 0 is duplicated. + +@item /dev/stdout +File descriptor 1 is duplicated. + +@item /dev/stderr +File descriptor 2 is duplicated. + +@item /dev/tcp/@var{host}/@var{port} +If @var{host} is a valid hostname or Internet address, and @var{port} +is an integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open +the corresponding TCP socket. + +@item /dev/udp/@var{host}/@var{port} +If @var{host} is a valid hostname or Internet address, and @var{port} +is an integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open +the corresponding UDP socket. +@end table + +A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail. + +Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with +care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses +internally. + +@subsection Redirecting Input +Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from +the expansion of @var{word} +to be opened for reading on file descriptor @code{n}, +or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if @code{n} +is not specified. + +The general format for redirecting input is: +@example +[@var{n}]<@var{word} +@end example + +@subsection Redirecting Output +Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from +the expansion of @var{word} +to be opened for writing on file descriptor @var{n}, +or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if @var{n} +is not specified. If the file does not exist it is created; +if it does exist it is truncated to zero size. + +The general format for redirecting output is: +@example +[@var{n}]>[|]@var{word} +@end example + +If the redirection operator is @samp{>}, and the @code{noclobber} +option to the @code{set} builtin has been enabled, the redirection +will fail if the file whose name results from the expansion of +@var{word} exists and is a regular file. +If the redirection operator is @samp{>|}, or the redirection operator is +@samp{>} and the @code{noclobber} option is not enabled, the redirection +is attempted even if the file named by @var{word} exists. + +@subsection Appending Redirected Output +Redirection of output in this fashion +causes the file whose name results from +the expansion of @var{word} +to be opened for appending on file descriptor @var{n}, +or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if @var{n} +is not specified. If the file does not exist it is created. + +The general format for appending output is: +@example +[@var{n}]>>@var{word} +@end example + +@subsection Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error +This construct allows both the +standard output (file descriptor 1) and +the standard error output (file descriptor 2) +to be redirected to the file whose name is the +expansion of @var{word}. + +There are two formats for redirecting standard output and +standard error: +@example +&>@var{word} +@end example +@noindent +and +@example +>&@var{word} +@end example +@noindent +Of the two forms, the first is preferred. +This is semantically equivalent to +@example +>@var{word} 2>&1 +@end example +When using the second form, @var{word} may not expand to a number or +@samp{-}. If it does, other redirection operators apply +(see Duplicating File Descriptors below) for compatibility reasons. + +@subsection Appending Standard Output and Standard Error +This construct allows both the +standard output (file descriptor 1) and +the standard error output (file descriptor 2) +to be appended to the file whose name is the +expansion of @var{word}. + +The format for appending standard output and standard error is: +@example +&>>@var{word} +@end example +@noindent +This is semantically equivalent to +@example +>>@var{word} 2>&1 +@end example +(see Duplicating File Descriptors below). + +@subsection Here Documents +This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the +current source until a line containing only @var{word} +(with no trailing blanks) is seen. All of +the lines read up to that point are then used as the standard +input (or file descriptor @var{n} if @var{n} is specified) for a command. + +The format of here-documents is: +@example +[@var{n}]<<[@minus{}]@var{word} + @var{here-document} +@var{delimiter} +@end example + +No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, +arithmetic expansion, or filename expansion is performed on +@var{word}. If any part of @var{word} is quoted, the +@var{delimiter} is the result of quote removal on @var{word}, +and the lines in the here-document are not expanded. +If @var{word} is unquoted, +all lines of the here-document are subjected to +parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, +the character sequence @code{\newline} is ignored, and @samp{\} +must be used to quote the characters +@samp{\}, @samp{$}, and @samp{`}. + +If the redirection operator is @samp{<<-}, +then all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines and the +line containing @var{delimiter}. +This allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a +natural fashion. + +@subsection Here Strings +A variant of here documents, the format is: +@example +[@var{n}]<<< @var{word} +@end example + +The @var{word} undergoes +tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal. +Filename expansion and word splitting are not performed. +The result is supplied as a single string, +with a newline appended, +to the command on its +standard input (or file descriptor @var{n} if @var{n} is specified). + +@subsection Duplicating File Descriptors +The redirection operator +@example +[@var{n}]<&@var{word} +@end example +@noindent +is used to duplicate input file descriptors. +If @var{word} +expands to one or more digits, the file descriptor denoted by @var{n} +is made to be a copy of that file descriptor. +If the digits in @var{word} do not specify a file descriptor open for +input, a redirection error occurs. +If @var{word} +evaluates to @samp{-}, file descriptor @var{n} is closed. +If @var{n} is not specified, the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used. + +The operator +@example +[@var{n}]>&@var{word} +@end example +@noindent +is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If +@var{n} is not specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. +If the digits in @var{word} do not specify a file descriptor open for +output, a redirection error occurs. +If @var{word} +evaluates to @samp{-}, file descriptor @var{n} is closed. +As a special case, if @var{n} is omitted, and @var{word} does not +expand to one or more digits or @samp{-}, the standard output and standard +error are redirected as described previously. + +@subsection Moving File Descriptors +The redirection operator +@example +[@var{n}]<&@var{digit}- +@end example +@noindent +moves the file descriptor @var{digit} to file descriptor @var{n}, +or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if @var{n} is not specified. +@var{digit} is closed after being duplicated to @var{n}. + +Similarly, the redirection operator +@example +[@var{n}]>&@var{digit}- +@end example +@noindent +moves the file descriptor @var{digit} to file descriptor @var{n}, +or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if @var{n} is not specified. + +@subsection Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing +The redirection operator +@example +[@var{n}]<>@var{word} +@end example +@noindent +causes the file whose name is the expansion of @var{word} +to be opened for both reading and writing on file descriptor +@var{n}, or on file descriptor 0 if @var{n} +is not specified. If the file does not exist, it is created. + +@node Executing Commands +@section Executing Commands + +@menu +* Simple Command Expansion:: How Bash expands simple commands before + executing them. +* Command Search and Execution:: How Bash finds commands and runs them. +* Command Execution Environment:: The environment in which Bash + executes commands that are not + shell builtins. +* Environment:: The environment given to a command. +* Exit Status:: The status returned by commands and how Bash + interprets it. +* Signals:: What happens when Bash or a command it runs + receives a signal. +@end menu + +@node Simple Command Expansion +@subsection Simple Command Expansion +@cindex command expansion + +When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following +expansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right, in +the following order. + +@enumerate +@item +The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments (those +preceding the command name) and redirections are saved for later +processing. + +@item +The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are +expanded (@pxref{Shell Expansions}). +If any words remain after expansion, the first word +is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words are +the arguments. + +@item +Redirections are performed as described above (@pxref{Redirections}). + +@item +The text after the @samp{=} in each variable assignment undergoes tilde +expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, +and quote removal before being assigned to the variable. +@end enumerate + +If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current +shell environment. +In the case of such a command (one that consists only of assignment +statements and redirections), assignment statements are performed before +redirections. +Otherwise, the variables are added to the environment +of the executed command and do not affect the current shell environment. +If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a readonly variable, +an error occurs, and the command exits with a non-zero status. + +If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not +affect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the +command to exit with a non-zero status. + +If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as +described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expansions +contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command is +the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If there +were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status of zero. + +@node Command Search and Execution +@subsection Command Search and Execution +@cindex command execution +@cindex command search + +After a command has been split into words, if it results in a +simple command and an optional list of arguments, the following +actions are taken. + +@enumerate +@item +If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to +locate it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that +function is invoked as described in @ref{Shell Functions}. + +@item +If the name does not match a function, the shell searches for +it in the list of shell builtins. If a match is found, that +builtin is invoked. + +@item +If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, +and contains no slashes, Bash searches each element of +@env{$PATH} for a directory containing an executable file +by that name. Bash uses a hash table to remember the full +pathnames of executable files to avoid multiple @env{PATH} searches +(see the description of @code{hash} in @ref{Bourne Shell Builtins}). +A full search of the directories in @env{$PATH} +is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table. +If the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell +function named @code{command_not_found_handle}. +If that function exists, it is invoked in a separate execution environment +with the original command and +the original command's arguments as its arguments, and the function's +exit status becomes the exit status of that subshell. +If that function is not defined, the shell prints an error +message and returns an exit status of 127. + +@item +If the search is successful, or if the command name contains +one or more slashes, the shell executes the named program in +a separate execution environment. +Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remaining arguments +to the command are set to the arguments supplied, if any. + +@item +If this execution fails because the file is not in executable +format, and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a +@dfn{shell script} and the shell executes it as described in +@ref{Shell Scripts}. + +@item +If the command was not begun asynchronously, the shell waits for +the command to complete and collects its exit status. + +@end enumerate + +@node Command Execution Environment +@subsection Command Execution Environment +@cindex execution environment + +The shell has an @dfn{execution environment}, which consists of the +following: + +@itemize @bullet +@item +open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by +redirections supplied to the @code{exec} builtin + +@item +the current working directory as set by @code{cd}, @code{pushd}, or +@code{popd}, or inherited by the shell at invocation + +@item +the file creation mode mask as set by @code{umask} or inherited from +the shell's parent + +@item +current traps set by @code{trap} + +@item +shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with @code{set} +or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment + +@item +shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell's +parent in the environment + +@item +options enabled at invocation (either by default or with command-line +arguments) or by @code{set} + +@item +options enabled by @code{shopt} (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}) + +@item +shell aliases defined with @code{alias} (@pxref{Aliases}) + +@item +various process @sc{id}s, including those of background jobs +(@pxref{Lists}), the value of @code{$$}, and the value of +@env{$PPID} + +@end itemize + +When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function +is to be executed, it +is invoked in a separate execution environment that consists of +the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inherited +from the shell. + +@itemize @bullet +@item +the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions specified +by redirections to the command + +@item +the current working directory + +@item +the file creation mode mask + +@item +shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables +exported for the command, passed in the environment (@pxref{Environment}) + +@item +traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the +shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored + +@end itemize + +A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the +shell's execution environment. + +A @dfn{subshell} is a copy of the shell process. + +Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, +and asynchronous commands are invoked in a +subshell environment that is a duplicate of the shell environment, +except that traps caught by the shell are reset to the values +that the shell inherited from its parent at invocation. Builtin +commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline are also executed +in a subshell environment. Changes made to the subshell environment +cannot affect the shell's execution environment. + +Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of +the @option{-e} option from the parent shell. When not in @sc{posix} mode, +Bash clears the @option{-e} option in such subshells. + +If a command is followed by a @samp{&} and job control is not active, the +default standard input for the command is the empty file @file{/dev/null}. +Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the calling +shell as modified by redirections. + +@node Environment +@subsection Environment +@cindex environment + +When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings +called the @dfn{environment}. +This is a list of name-value pairs, of the form @code{name=value}. + +Bash provides several ways to manipulate the environment. +On invocation, the shell scans its own environment and +creates a parameter for each name found, automatically marking +it for @code{export} +to child processes. Executed commands inherit the environment. +The @code{export} and @samp{declare -x} +commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and +deleted from the environment. If the value of a parameter +in the environment is modified, the new value becomes part +of the environment, replacing the old. The environment +inherited by any executed command consists of the shell's +initial environment, whose values may be modified in the shell, +less any pairs removed by the @code{unset} and @samp{export -n} +commands, plus any additions via the @code{export} and +@samp{declare -x} commands. + +The environment for any simple command +or function may be augmented temporarily by prefixing it with +parameter assignments, as described in @ref{Shell Parameters}. +These assignment statements affect only the environment seen +by that command. + +If the @option{-k} option is set (@pxref{The Set Builtin}), then all +parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, +not just those that precede the command name. + +When Bash invokes an external command, the variable @samp{$_} +is set to the full pathname of the command and passed to that +command in its environment. + +@node Exit Status +@subsection Exit Status +@cindex exit status + +The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the +@code{waitpid} system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses +fall between 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may +use values above 125 specially. Exit statuses from shell builtins and +compound commands are also limited to this range. Under certain +circumstances, the shell will use special values to indicate specific +failure modes. + +For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a +zero exit status has succeeded. +A non-zero exit status indicates failure. +This seemingly counter-intuitive scheme is used so there +is one well-defined way to indicate success and a variety of +ways to indicate various failure modes. +When a command terminates on a fatal signal whose number is @var{N}, +Bash uses the value 128+@var{N} as the exit status. + +If a command is not found, the child process created to +execute it returns a status of 127. If a command is found +but is not executable, the return status is 126. + +If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection, +the exit status is greater than zero. + +The exit status is used by the Bash conditional commands +(@pxref{Conditional Constructs}) and some of the list +constructs (@pxref{Lists}). + +All of the Bash builtins return an exit status of zero if they succeed +and a non-zero status on failure, so they may be used by the +conditional and list constructs. +All builtins return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, +generally invalid options or missing arguments. + +The exit status of the last command is available in the special +parameter $? (@pxref{Special Parameters}). + +@node Signals +@subsection Signals +@cindex signal handling + +When Bash is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores +@code{SIGTERM} (so that @samp{kill 0} does not kill an interactive shell), +and @code{SIGINT} +is caught and handled (so that the @code{wait} builtin is interruptible). +When Bash receives a @code{SIGINT}, it breaks out of any executing loops. +In all cases, Bash ignores @code{SIGQUIT}. +If job control is in effect (@pxref{Job Control}), Bash +ignores @code{SIGTTIN}, @code{SIGTTOU}, and @code{SIGTSTP}. + +Non-builtin commands started by Bash have signal handlers set to the +values inherited by the shell from its parent. +When job control is not in effect, asynchronous commands +ignore @code{SIGINT} and @code{SIGQUIT} in addition to these inherited +handlers. +Commands run as a result of +command substitution ignore the keyboard-generated job control signals +@code{SIGTTIN}, @code{SIGTTOU}, and @code{SIGTSTP}. + +The shell exits by default upon receipt of a @code{SIGHUP}. +Before exiting, an interactive shell resends the @code{SIGHUP} to +all jobs, running or stopped. +Stopped jobs are sent @code{SIGCONT} to ensure that they receive +the @code{SIGHUP}. +To prevent the shell from sending the @code{SIGHUP} signal to a +particular job, it should be removed +from the jobs table with the @code{disown} +builtin (@pxref{Job Control Builtins}) or marked +to not receive @code{SIGHUP} using @code{disown -h}. + +If the @code{huponexit} shell option has been set with @code{shopt} +(@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}), Bash sends a @code{SIGHUP} to all jobs when +an interactive login shell exits. + +If Bash is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal +for which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until +the command completes. +When Bash is waiting for an asynchronous +command via the @code{wait} builtin, the reception of a signal for +which a trap has been set will cause the @code{wait} builtin to return +immediately with an exit status greater than 128, immediately after +which the trap is executed. + +When job control is not enabled, and Bash is waiting for a foreground +command to complete, the shell receives keyboard-generated signals +such as @code{SIGINT} (usually generated by @samp{^C}) that users +commonly intend to send to that command. +This happens because the shell and the command are in the same process +group as the terminal, and @samp{^C} sends @code{SIGINT} to all processes +in that process group. +See @ref{Job Control}, for a more in-depth discussion of process groups. + +When Bash is running without job control enabled and receives @code{SIGINT} +while waiting for a foreground command, it waits until that foreground +command terminates and then decides what to do about the @code{SIGINT}: + +@enumerate +@item +If the command terminates due to the @code{SIGINT}, Bash concludes +that the user meant to end the entire script, and acts on the +@code{SIGINT} (e.g., by running a @code{SIGINT} trap or exiting itself); + +@item +If the pipeline does not terminate due to @code{SIGINT}, the program +handled the @code{SIGINT} itself and did not treat it as a fatal signal. +In that case, Bash does not treat @code{SIGINT} as a fatal signal, +either, instead assuming that the @code{SIGINT} was used as part of the +program's normal operation (e.g., @command{emacs} uses it to abort editing +commands) or deliberately discarded. However, Bash will run any +trap set on @code{SIGINT}, as it does with any other trapped signal it +receives while it is waiting for the foreground command to +complete, for compatibility. +@end enumerate + +@node Shell Scripts +@section Shell Scripts +@cindex shell script + +A shell script is a text file containing shell commands. When such +a file is used as the first non-option argument when invoking Bash, +and neither the @option{-c} nor @option{-s} option is supplied +(@pxref{Invoking Bash}), +Bash reads and executes commands from the file, then exits. This +mode of operation creates a non-interactive shell. The shell first +searches for the file in the current directory, and looks in the +directories in @env{$PATH} if not found there. + +When Bash runs +a shell script, it sets the special parameter @code{0} to the name +of the file, rather than the name of the shell, and the positional +parameters are set to the remaining arguments, if any are given. +If no additional arguments are supplied, the positional parameters +are unset. + +A shell script may be made executable by using the @code{chmod} command +to turn on the execute bit. When Bash finds such a file while +searching the @env{$PATH} for a command, it creates a +new instance of itself +to execute it. +In other words, executing +@example +filename @var{arguments} +@end example +@noindent +is equivalent to executing +@example +bash filename @var{arguments} +@end example + +@noindent +if @code{filename} is an executable shell script. +This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a +new shell had been invoked to interpret the script, with the +exception that the locations of commands remembered by the parent +(see the description of @code{hash} in @ref{Bourne Shell Builtins}) +are retained by the child. + +Most versions of Unix make this a part of the operating system's command +execution mechanism. If the first line of a script begins with +the two characters @samp{#!}, the remainder of the line specifies +an interpreter for the program and, depending on the operating system, one +or more optional arguments for that interpreter. +Thus, you can specify Bash, @code{awk}, Perl, or some other +interpreter and write the rest of the script file in that language. + +The arguments to the interpreter +consist of one or more optional arguments following the interpreter +name on the first line of the script file, followed by the name of +the script file, followed by the rest of the arguments supplied to the +script. +The details of how the interpreter line is split into an interpreter name +and a set of arguments vary across systems. +Bash will perform this action on operating systems that do not handle it +themselves. +Note that some older versions of Unix limit the interpreter +name and a single argument to a maximum of 32 characters, so it's not +portable to assume that using more than one argument will work. + +Bash scripts often begin with @code{#! /bin/bash} (assuming that +Bash has been installed in @file{/bin}), since this ensures that +Bash will be used to interpret the script, even if it is executed +under another shell. It's a common idiom to use @code{env} to find +@code{bash} even if it's been installed in another directory: +@code{#!/usr/bin/env bash} will find the first occurrence of @code{bash} +in @env{$PATH}. + +@node Shell Builtin Commands +@chapter Shell Builtin Commands + +@menu +* Bourne Shell Builtins:: Builtin commands inherited from the Bourne + Shell. +* Bash Builtins:: Table of builtins specific to Bash. +* Modifying Shell Behavior:: Builtins to modify shell attributes and + optional behavior. +* Special Builtins:: Builtin commands classified specially by + POSIX. +@end menu + +Builtin commands are contained within the shell itself. +When the name of a builtin command is used as the first word of +a simple command (@pxref{Simple Commands}), the shell executes +the command directly, without invoking another program. +Builtin commands are necessary to implement functionality impossible +or inconvenient to obtain with separate utilities. + +This section briefly describes the builtins which Bash inherits from +the Bourne Shell, as well as the builtin commands which are unique +to or have been extended in Bash. + +Several builtin commands are described in other chapters: builtin +commands which provide the Bash interface to the job control +facilities (@pxref{Job Control Builtins}), the directory stack +(@pxref{Directory Stack Builtins}), the command history +(@pxref{Bash History Builtins}), and the programmable completion +facilities (@pxref{Programmable Completion Builtins}). + +Many of the builtins have been extended by @sc{posix} or Bash. + +Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented as accepting +options preceded by @samp{-} accepts @samp{--} +to signify the end of the options. +The @code{:}, @code{true}, @code{false}, and @code{test}/@code{[} +builtins do not accept options and do not treat @samp{--} specially. +The @code{exit}, @code{logout}, @code{return}, +@code{break}, @code{continue}, @code{let}, +and @code{shift} builtins accept and process arguments beginning +with @samp{-} without requiring @samp{--}. +Other builtins that accept arguments but are not specified as accepting +options interpret arguments beginning with @samp{-} as invalid options and +require @samp{--} to prevent this interpretation. + +@node Bourne Shell Builtins +@section Bourne Shell Builtins + +The following shell builtin commands are inherited from the Bourne Shell. +These commands are implemented as specified by the @sc{posix} standard. + +@table @code +@item : @r{(a colon)} +@btindex : +@example +: [@var{arguments}] +@end example + +Do nothing beyond expanding @var{arguments} and performing redirections. +The return status is zero. + +@item . @r{(a period)} +@btindex . +@example +. @var{filename} [@var{arguments}] +@end example + +Read and execute commands from the @var{filename} argument in the +current shell context. If @var{filename} does not contain a slash, +the @env{PATH} variable is used to find @var{filename}, +but @var{filename} does not need to be executable. +When Bash is not in @sc{posix} mode, it searches the current directory +if @var{filename} is not found in @env{$PATH}. +If any @var{arguments} are supplied, they become the positional +parameters when @var{filename} is executed. Otherwise the positional +parameters are unchanged. +If the @option{-T} option is enabled, @code{.} inherits any trap on +@code{DEBUG}; if it is not, any @code{DEBUG} trap string is saved and +restored around the call to @code{.}, and @code{.} unsets the +@code{DEBUG} trap while it executes. +If @option{-T} is not set, and the sourced file changes +the @code{DEBUG} trap, the new value is retained when @code{.} completes. +The return status is the exit status of the last command executed, or +zero if no commands are executed. If @var{filename} is not found, or +cannot be read, the return status is non-zero. +This builtin is equivalent to @code{source}. + +@item break +@btindex break +@example +break [@var{n}] +@end example + +Exit from a @code{for}, @code{while}, @code{until}, or @code{select} loop. +If @var{n} is supplied, the @var{n}th enclosing loop is exited. +@var{n} must be greater than or equal to 1. +The return status is zero unless @var{n} is not greater than or equal to 1. + +@item cd +@btindex cd +@example +cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@@] [@var{directory}] +@end example + +Change the current working directory to @var{directory}. +If @var{directory} is not supplied, the value of the @env{HOME} +shell variable is used. +If the shell variable +@env{CDPATH} exists, it is used as a search path: +each directory name in @env{CDPATH} is searched for +@var{directory}, with alternative directory names in @env{CDPATH} +separated by a colon (@samp{:}). +If @var{directory} begins with a slash, @env{CDPATH} is not used. + +The @option{-P} option means to not follow symbolic links: symbolic links +are resolved while @code{cd} is traversing @var{directory} and before +processing an instance of @samp{..} in @var{directory}. + +By default, or when the @option{-L} option is supplied, symbolic links +in @var{directory} are resolved after @code{cd} processes an instance +of @samp{..} in @var{directory}. + +If @samp{..} appears in @var{directory}, it is processed by removing the +immediately preceding pathname component, back to a slash or the beginning +of @var{directory}. + +If the @option{-e} option is supplied with @option{-P} +and the current working directory cannot be successfully determined +after a successful directory change, @code{cd} will return an unsuccessful +status. + +On systems that support it, the @option{-@@} option presents the extended +attributes associated with a file as a directory. + +If @var{directory} is @samp{-}, it is converted to @env{$OLDPWD} +before the directory change is attempted. + +If a non-empty directory name from @env{CDPATH} is used, or if +@samp{-} is the first argument, and the directory change is +successful, the absolute pathname of the new working directory is +written to the standard output. + +If the directory change is successful, @code{cd} sets the value of the +@env{PWD} environment variable to the new directory name, and sets the +@env{OLDPWD} environment variable to the value of the current working +directory before the change. + +The return status is zero if the directory is successfully changed, +non-zero otherwise. + +@item continue +@btindex continue +@example +continue [@var{n}] +@end example + +Resume the next iteration of an enclosing @code{for}, @code{while}, +@code{until}, or @code{select} loop. +If @var{n} is supplied, the execution of the @var{n}th enclosing loop +is resumed. +@var{n} must be greater than or equal to 1. +The return status is zero unless @var{n} is not greater than or equal to 1. + +@item eval +@btindex eval +@example +eval [@var{arguments}] +@end example + +The arguments are concatenated together into a single command, which is +then read and executed, and its exit status returned as the exit status +of @code{eval}. +If there are no arguments or only empty arguments, the return status is +zero. + +@item exec +@btindex exec +@example +exec [-cl] [-a @var{name}] [@var{command} [@var{arguments}]] +@end example + +If @var{command} +is supplied, it replaces the shell without creating a new process. +If the @option{-l} option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the +beginning of the zeroth argument passed to @var{command}. +This is what the @code{login} program does. +The @option{-c} option causes @var{command} to be executed with an empty +environment. +If @option{-a} is supplied, the shell passes @var{name} as the zeroth +argument to @var{command}. +If @var{command} +cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, +unless the @code{execfail} shell option +is enabled. In that case, it returns failure. +An interactive shell returns failure if the file cannot be executed. +A subshell exits unconditionally if @code{exec} fails. +If no @var{command} is specified, redirections may be used to affect +the current shell environment. If there are no redirection errors, the +return status is zero; otherwise the return status is non-zero. + +@item exit +@btindex exit +@example +exit [@var{n}] +@end example + +Exit the shell, returning a status of @var{n} to the shell's parent. +If @var{n} is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed. +Any trap on @code{EXIT} is executed before the shell terminates. + +@item export +@btindex export +@example +export [-fn] [-p] [@var{name}[=@var{value}]] +@end example + +Mark each @var{name} to be passed to child processes +in the environment. If the @option{-f} option is supplied, the @var{name}s +refer to shell functions; otherwise the names refer to shell variables. +The @option{-n} option means to no longer mark each @var{name} for export. +If no @var{name}s are supplied, or if the @option{-p} option is given, a +list of names of all exported variables is displayed. +The @option{-p} option displays output in a form that may be reused as input. +If a variable name is followed by =@var{value}, the value of +the variable is set to @var{value}. + +The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied, one of +the names is not a valid shell variable name, or @option{-f} is supplied +with a name that is not a shell function. + +@item getopts +@btindex getopts +@example +getopts @var{optstring} @var{name} [@var{arg} @dots{}] +@end example + +@code{getopts} is used by shell scripts to parse positional parameters. +@var{optstring} contains the option characters to be recognized; if a +character is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an +argument, which should be separated from it by whitespace. +The colon (@samp{:}) and question mark (@samp{?}) may not be +used as option characters. +Each time it is invoked, @code{getopts} +places the next option in the shell variable @var{name}, initializing +@var{name} if it does not exist, +and the index of the next argument to be processed into the +variable @env{OPTIND}. +@env{OPTIND} is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a shell script +is invoked. +When an option requires an argument, +@code{getopts} places that argument into the variable @env{OPTARG}. +The shell does not reset @env{OPTIND} automatically; it must be manually +reset between multiple calls to @code{getopts} within the same shell +invocation if a new set of parameters is to be used. + +When the end of options is encountered, @code{getopts} exits with a +return value greater than zero. +@env{OPTIND} is set to the index of the first non-option argument, +and @var{name} is set to @samp{?}. + +@code{getopts} +normally parses the positional parameters, but if more arguments are +supplied as @var{arg} values, @code{getopts} parses those instead. + +@code{getopts} can report errors in two ways. If the first character of +@var{optstring} is a colon, @var{silent} +error reporting is used. In normal operation, diagnostic messages +are printed when invalid options or missing option arguments are +encountered. +If the variable @env{OPTERR} +is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed, even if the first +character of @code{optstring} is not a colon. + +If an invalid option is seen, +@code{getopts} places @samp{?} into @var{name} and, if not silent, +prints an error message and unsets @env{OPTARG}. +If @code{getopts} is silent, the option character found is placed in +@env{OPTARG} and no diagnostic message is printed. + +If a required argument is not found, and @code{getopts} +is not silent, a question mark (@samp{?}) is placed in @var{name}, +@code{OPTARG} is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed. +If @code{getopts} is silent, then a colon (@samp{:}) is placed in +@var{name} and @env{OPTARG} is set to the option character found. + +@item hash +@btindex hash +@example +hash [-r] [-p @var{filename}] [-dt] [@var{name}] +@end example + +Each time @code{hash} is invoked, it remembers the full pathnames of the +commands specified as @var{name} arguments, +so they need not be searched for on subsequent invocations. +The commands are found by searching through the directories listed in +@env{$PATH}. +Any previously-remembered pathname is discarded. +The @option{-p} option inhibits the path search, and @var{filename} is +used as the location of @var{name}. +The @option{-r} option causes the shell to forget all remembered locations. +The @option{-d} option causes the shell to forget the remembered location +of each @var{name}. +If the @option{-t} option is supplied, the full pathname to which each +@var{name} corresponds is printed. If multiple @var{name} arguments are +supplied with @option{-t}, the @var{name} is printed before the hashed +full pathname. +The @option{-l} option causes output to be displayed in a format +that may be reused as input. +If no arguments are given, or if only @option{-l} is supplied, +information about remembered commands is printed. +The return status is zero unless a @var{name} is not found or an invalid +option is supplied. + +@item pwd +@btindex pwd +@example +pwd [-LP] +@end example + +Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. +If the @option{-P} option is supplied, the pathname printed will not +contain symbolic links. +If the @option{-L} option is supplied, the pathname printed may contain +symbolic links. +The return status is zero unless an error is encountered while +determining the name of the current directory or an invalid option +is supplied. + +@item readonly +@btindex readonly +@example +readonly [-aAf] [-p] [@var{name}[=@var{value}]] @dots{} +@end example + +Mark each @var{name} as readonly. +The values of these names may not be changed by subsequent assignment. +If the @option{-f} option is supplied, each @var{name} refers to a shell +function. +The @option{-a} option means each @var{name} refers to an indexed +array variable; the @option{-A} option means each @var{name} refers +to an associative array variable. +If both options are supplied, @option{-A} takes precedence. +If no @var{name} arguments are given, or if the @option{-p} +option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed. +The other options may be used to restrict the output to a subset of +the set of readonly names. +The @option{-p} option causes output to be displayed in a format that +may be reused as input. +If a variable name is followed by =@var{value}, the value of +the variable is set to @var{value}. +The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied, one of +the @var{name} arguments is not a valid shell variable or function name, +or the @option{-f} option is supplied with a name that is not a shell function. + +@item return +@btindex return +@example +return [@var{n}] +@end example + +Cause a shell function to stop executing and return the value @var{n} +to its caller. +If @var{n} is not supplied, the return value is the exit status of the +last command executed in the function. +If @code{return} is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to +determine the status is the last command executed before the trap handler. +If @code{return} is executed during a @code{DEBUG} trap, the last command +used to determine the status is the last command executed by the trap +handler before @code{return} was invoked. +@code{return} may also be used to terminate execution of a script +being executed with the @code{.} (@code{source}) builtin, +returning either @var{n} or +the exit status of the last command executed within the script as the exit +status of the script. +If @var{n} is supplied, the return value is its least significant +8 bits. +Any command associated with the @code{RETURN} trap is executed +before execution resumes after the function or script. +The return status is non-zero if @code{return} is supplied a non-numeric +argument or is used outside a function +and not during the execution of a script by @code{.} or @code{source}. + +@item shift +@btindex shift +@example +shift [@var{n}] +@end example + +Shift the positional parameters to the left by @var{n}. +The positional parameters from @var{n}+1 @dots{} @code{$#} are +renamed to @code{$1} @dots{} @code{$#}-@var{n}. +Parameters represented by the numbers @code{$#} down to @code{$#}-@var{n}+1 +are unset. +@var{n} must be a non-negative number less than or equal to @code{$#}. +If @var{n} is zero or greater than @code{$#}, the positional parameters +are not changed. +If @var{n} is not supplied, it is assumed to be 1. +The return status is zero unless @var{n} is greater than @code{$#} or +less than zero, non-zero otherwise. + +@item test +@itemx [ +@btindex test +@btindex [ +@example +test @var{expr} +@end example + +Evaluate a conditional expression @var{expr} and return a status of 0 +(true) or 1 (false). +Each operator and operand must be a separate argument. +Expressions are composed of the primaries described below in +@ref{Bash Conditional Expressions}. +@code{test} does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore +an argument of @option{--} as signifying the end of options. + +When the @code{[} form is used, the last argument to the command must +be a @code{]}. + +Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed in +decreasing order of precedence. +The evaluation depends on the number of arguments; see below. +Operator precedence is used when there are five or more arguments. + +@table @code +@item ! @var{expr} +True if @var{expr} is false. + +@item ( @var{expr} ) +Returns the value of @var{expr}. +This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators. + +@item @var{expr1} -a @var{expr2} +True if both @var{expr1} and @var{expr2} are true. + +@item @var{expr1} -o @var{expr2} +True if either @var{expr1} or @var{expr2} is true. +@end table + +The @code{test} and @code{[} builtins evaluate conditional +expressions using a set of rules based on the number of arguments. + +@table @asis +@item 0 arguments +The expression is false. + +@item 1 argument +The expression is true if, and only if, the argument is not null. + +@item 2 arguments +If the first argument is @samp{!}, the expression is true if and +only if the second argument is null. +If the first argument is one of the unary conditional operators +(@pxref{Bash Conditional Expressions}), the expression +is true if the unary test is true. +If the first argument is not a valid unary operator, the expression is +false. + +@item 3 arguments +The following conditions are applied in the order listed. + +@enumerate +@item +If the second argument is one of the binary conditional +operators (@pxref{Bash Conditional Expressions}), the +result of the expression is the result of the binary test using the +first and third arguments as operands. +The @samp{-a} and @samp{-o} operators are considered binary operators +when there are three arguments. +@item +If the first argument is @samp{!}, the value is the negation of +the two-argument test using the second and third arguments. +@item +If the first argument is exactly @samp{(} and the third argument is +exactly @samp{)}, the result is the one-argument test of the second +argument. +@item +Otherwise, the expression is false. +@end enumerate + +@item 4 arguments +The following conditions are applied in the order listed. + +@enumerate +@item +If the first argument is @samp{!}, the result is the negation of +the three-argument expression composed of the remaining arguments. +@item +If the first argument is exactly @samp{(} and the fourth argument is +exactly @samp{)}, the result is the two-argument test of the second +and third arguments. +@item +Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated according to +precedence using the rules listed above. +@end enumerate + +@item 5 or more arguments +The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence +using the rules listed above. +@end table + +When used with @code{test} or @samp{[}, the @samp{<} and @samp{>} +operators sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering. + +@item times +@btindex times +@example +times +@end example + +Print out the user and system times used by the shell and its children. +The return status is zero. + +@item trap +@btindex trap +@example +trap [-lp] [@var{arg}] [@var{sigspec} @dots{}] +@end example + +The commands in @var{arg} are to be read and executed when the +shell receives signal @var{sigspec}. If @var{arg} is absent (and +there is a single @var{sigspec}) or +equal to @samp{-}, each specified signal's disposition is reset +to the value it had when the shell was started. +If @var{arg} is the null string, then the signal specified by +each @var{sigspec} is ignored by the shell and commands it invokes. +If @var{arg} is not present and @option{-p} has been supplied, +the shell displays the trap commands associated with each @var{sigspec}. +If no arguments are supplied, or +only @option{-p} is given, @code{trap} prints the list of commands +associated with each signal number in a form that may be reused as +shell input. +The @option{-l} option causes the shell to print a list of signal names +and their corresponding numbers. +Each @var{sigspec} is either a signal name or a signal number. +Signal names are case insensitive and the @code{SIG} prefix is optional. + +If a @var{sigspec} +is @code{0} or @code{EXIT}, @var{arg} is executed when the shell exits. +If a @var{sigspec} is @code{DEBUG}, the command @var{arg} is executed +before every simple command, @code{for} command, @code{case} command, +@code{select} command, every arithmetic @code{for} command, and before +the first command executes in a shell function. +Refer to the description of the @code{extdebug} option to the +@code{shopt} builtin (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}) for details of its +effect on the @code{DEBUG} trap. +If a @var{sigspec} is @code{RETURN}, the command @var{arg} is executed +each time a shell function or a script executed with the @code{.} or +@code{source} builtins finishes executing. + +If a @var{sigspec} is @code{ERR}, the command @var{arg} +is executed whenever +a pipeline (which may consist of a single simple +command), a list, or a compound command returns a +non-zero exit status, +subject to the following conditions. +The @code{ERR} trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the +command list immediately following an @code{until} or @code{while} keyword, +part of the test following the @code{if} or @code{elif} reserved words, +part of a command executed in a @code{&&} or @code{||} list +except the command following the final @code{&&} or @code{||}, +any command in a pipeline but the last, +or if the command's return +status is being inverted using @code{!}. +These are the same conditions obeyed by the @code{errexit} (@option{-e}) +option. + +Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset. +Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their original +values in a subshell or subshell environment when one is created. + +The return status is zero unless a @var{sigspec} does not specify a +valid signal. + +@item umask +@btindex umask +@example +umask [-p] [-S] [@var{mode}] +@end example + +Set the shell process's file creation mask to @var{mode}. If +@var{mode} begins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; +if not, it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar +to that accepted by the @code{chmod} command. If @var{mode} is +omitted, the current value of the mask is printed. If the @option{-S} +option is supplied without a @var{mode} argument, the mask is printed +in a symbolic format. +If the @option{-p} option is supplied, and @var{mode} +is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input. +The return status is zero if the mode is successfully changed or if +no @var{mode} argument is supplied, and non-zero otherwise. + +Note that when the mode is interpreted as an octal number, each number +of the umask is subtracted from @code{7}. Thus, a umask of @code{022} +results in permissions of @code{755}. + +@item unset +@btindex unset +@example +unset [-fnv] [@var{name}] +@end example + +Remove each variable or function @var{name}. +If the @option{-v} option is given, each +@var{name} refers to a shell variable and that variable is removed. +If the @option{-f} option is given, the @var{name}s refer to shell +functions, and the function definition is removed. +If the @option{-n} option is supplied, and @var{name} is a variable with +the @code{nameref} attribute, @var{name} will be unset rather than the +variable it references. +@option{-n} has no effect if the @option{-f} option is supplied. +If no options are supplied, each @var{name} refers to a variable; if +there is no variable by that name, a function with that name, if any, is +unset. +Readonly variables and functions may not be unset. +Some shell variables lose their special behavior if they are unset; such +behavior is noted in the description of the individual variables. +The return status is zero unless a @var{name} is readonly or may not be unset. +@end table + +@node Bash Builtins +@section Bash Builtin Commands + +This section describes builtin commands which are unique to +or have been extended in Bash. +Some of these commands are specified in the @sc{posix} standard. + +@table @code + +@item alias +@btindex alias +@example +alias [-p] [@var{name}[=@var{value}] @dots{}] +@end example + +Without arguments or with the @option{-p} option, @code{alias} prints +the list of aliases on the standard output in a form that allows +them to be reused as input. +If arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each @var{name} +whose @var{value} is given. If no @var{value} is given, the name +and value of the alias is printed. +Aliases are described in @ref{Aliases}. + +@item bind +@btindex bind +@example +bind [-m @var{keymap}] [-lpsvPSVX] +bind [-m @var{keymap}] [-q @var{function}] [-u @var{function}] [-r @var{keyseq}] +bind [-m @var{keymap}] -f @var{filename} +bind [-m @var{keymap}] -x @var{keyseq:shell-command} +bind [-m @var{keymap}] @var{keyseq:function-name} +bind [-m @var{keymap}] @var{keyseq:readline-command} +bind @var{readline-command-line} +@end example + +Display current Readline (@pxref{Command Line Editing}) +key and function bindings, +bind a key sequence to a Readline function or macro, +or set a Readline variable. +Each non-option argument is a command as it would appear in a +Readline initialization file (@pxref{Readline Init File}), +but each binding or command must be passed as a separate argument; e.g., +@samp{"\C-x\C-r":re-read-init-file}. + +Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: + +@table @code +@item -m @var{keymap} +Use @var{keymap} as the keymap to be affected by +the subsequent bindings. Acceptable @var{keymap} +names are +@code{emacs}, +@code{emacs-standard}, +@code{emacs-meta}, +@code{emacs-ctlx}, +@code{vi}, +@code{vi-move}, +@code{vi-command}, and +@code{vi-insert}. +@code{vi} is equivalent to @code{vi-command} (@code{vi-move} is also a +synonym); @code{emacs} is equivalent to @code{emacs-standard}. + +@item -l +List the names of all Readline functions. + +@item -p +Display Readline function names and bindings in such a way that they +can be used as input or in a Readline initialization file. + +@item -P +List current Readline function names and bindings. + +@item -v +Display Readline variable names and values in such a way that they +can be used as input or in a Readline initialization file. + +@item -V +List current Readline variable names and values. + +@item -s +Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output +in such a way that they can be used as input or in a Readline +initialization file. + +@item -S +Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output. + +@item -f @var{filename} +Read key bindings from @var{filename}. + +@item -q @var{function} +Query about which keys invoke the named @var{function}. + +@item -u @var{function} +Unbind all keys bound to the named @var{function}. + +@item -r @var{keyseq} +Remove any current binding for @var{keyseq}. + +@item -x @var{keyseq:shell-command} +Cause @var{shell-command} to be executed whenever @var{keyseq} is +entered. +When @var{shell-command} is executed, the shell sets the +@code{READLINE_LINE} variable to the contents of the Readline line +buffer and the @code{READLINE_POINT} and @code{READLINE_MARK} variables +to the current location of the insertion point and the saved insertion +point (the @var{mark}), respectively. +The shell assigns any numeric argument the user supplied to the +@code{READLINE_ARGUMENT} variable. +If there was no argument, that variable is not set. +If the executed command changes the value of any of @code{READLINE_LINE}, +@code{READLINE_POINT}, or @code{READLINE_MARK}, those new values will be +reflected in the editing state. + +@item -X +List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the associated commands +in a format that can be reused as input. +@end table + +@noindent +The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied or an +error occurs. + +@item builtin +@btindex builtin +@example +builtin [@var{shell-builtin} [@var{args}]] +@end example + +Run a shell builtin, passing it @var{args}, and return its exit status. +This is useful when defining a shell function with the same +name as a shell builtin, retaining the functionality of the builtin within +the function. +The return status is non-zero if @var{shell-builtin} is not a shell +builtin command. + +@item caller +@btindex caller +@example +caller [@var{expr}] +@end example + +Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function or +a script executed with the @code{.} or @code{source} builtins). + +Without @var{expr}, @code{caller} displays the line number and source +filename of the current subroutine call. +If a non-negative integer is supplied as @var{expr}, @code{caller} +displays the line number, subroutine name, and source file corresponding +to that position in the current execution call stack. This extra +information may be used, for example, to print a stack trace. The +current frame is frame 0. + +The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a subroutine +call or @var{expr} does not correspond to a valid position in the +call stack. + +@item command +@btindex command +@example +command [-pVv] @var{command} [@var{arguments} @dots{}] +@end example + +Runs @var{command} with @var{arguments} ignoring any shell function +named @var{command}. +Only shell builtin commands or commands found by searching the +@env{PATH} are executed. +If there is a shell function named @code{ls}, running @samp{command ls} +within the function will execute the external command @code{ls} +instead of calling the function recursively. +The @option{-p} option means to use a default value for @env{PATH} +that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities. +The return status in this case is 127 if @var{command} cannot be +found or an error occurred, and the exit status of @var{command} +otherwise. + +If either the @option{-V} or @option{-v} option is supplied, a +description of @var{command} is printed. The @option{-v} option +causes a single word indicating the command or file name used to +invoke @var{command} to be displayed; the @option{-V} option produces +a more verbose description. In this case, the return status is +zero if @var{command} is found, and non-zero if not. + +@item declare +@btindex declare +@example +declare [-aAfFgiIlnrtux] [-p] [@var{name}[=@var{value}] @dots{}] +@end example + +Declare variables and give them attributes. If no @var{name}s +are given, then display the values of variables instead. + +The @option{-p} option will display the attributes and values of each +@var{name}. +When @option{-p} is used with @var{name} arguments, additional options, +other than @option{-f} and @option{-F}, are ignored. + +When @option{-p} is supplied without @var{name} arguments, @code{declare} +will display the attributes and values of all variables having the +attributes specified by the additional options. +If no other options are supplied with @option{-p}, @code{declare} will +display the attributes and values of all shell variables. The @option{-f} +option will restrict the display to shell functions. + +The @option{-F} option inhibits the display of function definitions; +only the function name and attributes are printed. +If the @code{extdebug} shell option is enabled using @code{shopt} +(@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}), the source file name and line number where +each @var{name} is defined are displayed as well. +@option{-F} implies @option{-f}. + +The @option{-g} option forces variables to be created or modified at +the global scope, even when @code{declare} is executed in a shell function. +It is ignored in all other cases. + +The @option{-I} option causes local variables to inherit the attributes +(except the @code{nameref} attribute) +and value of any existing variable with the same +@var{name} at a surrounding scope. +If there is no existing variable, the local variable is initially unset. + +The following options can be used to restrict output to variables with +the specified attributes or to give variables attributes: + +@table @code +@item -a +Each @var{name} is an indexed array variable (@pxref{Arrays}). + +@item -A +Each @var{name} is an associative array variable (@pxref{Arrays}). + +@item -f +Use function names only. + +@item -i +The variable is to be treated as +an integer; arithmetic evaluation (@pxref{Shell Arithmetic}) is +performed when the variable is assigned a value. + +@item -l +When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case characters are +converted to lower-case. +The upper-case attribute is disabled. + +@item -n +Give each @var{name} the @code{nameref} attribute, making +it a name reference to another variable. +That other variable is defined by the value of @var{name}. +All references, assignments, and attribute modifications +to @var{name}, except for those using or changing the +@option{-n} attribute itself, are performed on the variable referenced by +@var{name}'s value. +The nameref attribute cannot be applied to array variables. + +@item -r +Make @var{name}s readonly. These names cannot then be assigned values +by subsequent assignment statements or unset. + +@item -t +Give each @var{name} the @code{trace} attribute. +Traced functions inherit the @code{DEBUG} and @code{RETURN} traps from +the calling shell. +The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables. + +@item -u +When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case characters are +converted to upper-case. +The lower-case attribute is disabled. + +@item -x +Mark each @var{name} for export to subsequent commands via +the environment. +@end table + +Using @samp{+} instead of @samp{-} turns off the attribute instead, +with the exceptions that @samp{+a} and @samp{+A} +may not be used to destroy array variables and @samp{+r} will not +remove the readonly attribute. +When used in a function, @code{declare} makes each @var{name} local, +as with the @code{local} command, unless the @option{-g} option is used. +If a variable name is followed by =@var{value}, the value of the variable +is set to @var{value}. + +When using @option{-a} or @option{-A} and the compound assignment syntax to +create array variables, additional attributes do not take effect until +subsequent assignments. + +The return status is zero unless an invalid option is encountered, +an attempt is made to define a function using @samp{-f foo=bar}, +an attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable, +an attempt is made to assign a value to an array variable without +using the compound assignment syntax (@pxref{Arrays}), +one of the @var{name}s is not a valid shell variable name, +an attempt is made to turn off readonly status for a readonly variable, +an attempt is made to turn off array status for an array variable, +or an attempt is made to display a non-existent function with @option{-f}. + +@item echo +@btindex echo +@example +echo [-neE] [@var{arg} @dots{}] +@end example + +Output the @var{arg}s, separated by spaces, terminated with a +newline. +The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. +If @option{-n} is specified, the trailing newline is suppressed. +If the @option{-e} option is given, interpretation of the following +backslash-escaped characters is enabled. +The @option{-E} option disables the interpretation of these escape characters, +even on systems where they are interpreted by default. +The @code{xpg_echo} shell option may be used to +dynamically determine whether or not @code{echo} expands these +escape characters by default. +@code{echo} does not interpret @option{--} to mean the end of options. + +@code{echo} interprets the following escape sequences: +@table @code +@item \a +alert (bell) +@item \b +backspace +@item \c +suppress further output +@item \e +@itemx \E +escape +@item \f +form feed +@item \n +new line +@item \r +carriage return +@item \t +horizontal tab +@item \v +vertical tab +@item \\ +backslash +@item \0@var{nnn} +the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value @var{nnn} +(zero to three octal digits) +@item \x@var{HH} +the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value @var{HH} +(one or two hex digits) +@item \u@var{HHHH} +the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value +@var{HHHH} (one to four hex digits) +@item \U@var{HHHHHHHH} +the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value +@var{HHHHHHHH} (one to eight hex digits) +@end table + +@item enable +@btindex enable +@example +enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f @var{filename}] [@var{name} @dots{}] +@end example + +Enable and disable builtin shell commands. +Disabling a builtin allows a disk command which has the same name +as a shell builtin to be executed without specifying a full pathname, +even though the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. +If @option{-n} is used, the @var{name}s become disabled. Otherwise +@var{name}s are enabled. For example, to use the @code{test} binary +found via @env{$PATH} instead of the shell builtin version, type +@samp{enable -n test}. + +If the @option{-p} option is supplied, or no @var{name} arguments appear, +a list of shell builtins is printed. With no other arguments, the list +consists of all enabled shell builtins. +The @option{-a} option means to list +each builtin with an indication of whether or not it is enabled. + +The @option{-f} option means to load the new builtin command @var{name} +from shared object @var{filename}, on systems that support dynamic loading. +Bash will use the value of the @env{BASH_LOADABLES_PATH} variable as a +colon-separated list of directories in which to search for @var{filename}. +The default is system-dependent. +The @option{-d} option will delete a builtin loaded with @option{-f}. + +If there are no options, a list of the shell builtins is displayed. +The @option{-s} option restricts @code{enable} to the @sc{posix} special +builtins. If @option{-s} is used with @option{-f}, the new builtin becomes +a special builtin (@pxref{Special Builtins}). + +If no options are supplied and a @var{name} is not a shell builtin, +@code{enable} will attempt to load @var{name} from a shared object named +@var{name}, as if the command were +@samp{enable -f @var{name} @var{name}}. + +The return status is zero unless a @var{name} is not a shell builtin +or there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object. + +@item help +@btindex help +@example +help [-dms] [@var{pattern}] +@end example + +Display helpful information about builtin commands. +If @var{pattern} is specified, @code{help} gives detailed help +on all commands matching @var{pattern}, otherwise a list of +the builtins is printed. + +Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: + +@table @code +@item -d +Display a short description of each @var{pattern} +@item -m +Display the description of each @var{pattern} in a manpage-like format +@item -s +Display only a short usage synopsis for each @var{pattern} +@end table + +The return status is zero unless no command matches @var{pattern}. + +@item let +@btindex let +@example +let @var{expression} [@var{expression} @dots{}] +@end example + +The @code{let} builtin allows arithmetic to be performed on shell +variables. Each @var{expression} is evaluated according to the +rules given below in @ref{Shell Arithmetic}. If the +last @var{expression} evaluates to 0, @code{let} returns 1; +otherwise 0 is returned. + +@item local +@btindex local +@example +local [@var{option}] @var{name}[=@var{value}] @dots{} +@end example + +For each argument, a local variable named @var{name} is created, +and assigned @var{value}. +The @var{option} can be any of the options accepted by @code{declare}. +@code{local} can only be used within a function; it makes the variable +@var{name} have a visible scope restricted to that function and its +children. +If @var{name} is @samp{-}, the set of shell options is made local to the +function in which @code{local} is invoked: shell options changed using +the @code{set} builtin inside the function are restored to their original +values when the function returns. +The restore is effected as if a series of @code{set} commands were executed +to restore the values that were in place before the function. +The return status is zero unless @code{local} is used outside +a function, an invalid @var{name} is supplied, or @var{name} is a +readonly variable. + +@item logout +@btindex logout +@example +logout [@var{n}] +@end example + +Exit a login shell, returning a status of @var{n} to the shell's +parent. + +@item mapfile +@btindex mapfile +@example +mapfile [-d @var{delim}] [-n @var{count}] [-O @var{origin}] [-s @var{count}] + [-t] [-u @var{fd}] [-C @var{callback}] [-c @var{quantum}] [@var{array}] +@end example + +Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable @var{array}, +or from file descriptor @var{fd} +if the @option{-u} option is supplied. +The variable @code{MAPFILE} is the default @var{array}. +Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: + +@table @code + +@item -d +The first character of @var{delim} is used to terminate each input line, +rather than newline. +If @var{delim} is the empty string, @code{mapfile} will terminate a line +when it reads a NUL character. +@item -n +Copy at most @var{count} lines. If @var{count} is 0, all lines are copied. +@item -O +Begin assigning to @var{array} at index @var{origin}. +The default index is 0. +@item -s +Discard the first @var{count} lines read. +@item -t +Remove a trailing @var{delim} (default newline) from each line read. +@item -u +Read lines from file descriptor @var{fd} instead of the standard input. +@item -C +Evaluate @var{callback} each time @var{quantum} lines are read. +The @option{-c} option specifies @var{quantum}. +@item -c +Specify the number of lines read between each call to @var{callback}. +@end table + +If @option{-C} is specified without @option{-c}, +the default quantum is 5000. +When @var{callback} is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next +array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that element +as additional arguments. +@var{callback} is evaluated after the line is read but before the +array element is assigned. + +If not supplied with an explicit origin, @code{mapfile} will clear @var{array} +before assigning to it. + +@code{mapfile} returns successfully unless an invalid option or option +argument is supplied, @var{array} is invalid or unassignable, or @var{array} +is not an indexed array. + +@item printf +@btindex printf +@example +printf [-v @var{var}] @var{format} [@var{arguments}] +@end example + +Write the formatted @var{arguments} to the standard output under the +control of the @var{format}. +The @option{-v} option causes the output to be assigned to the variable +@var{var} rather than being printed to the standard output. + +The @var{format} is a character string which contains three types of objects: +plain characters, which are simply copied to standard output, character +escape sequences, which are converted and copied to the standard output, and +format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive +@var{argument}. +In addition to the standard @code{printf(1)} formats, @code{printf} +interprets the following extensions: + +@table @code +@item %b +Causes @code{printf} to expand backslash escape sequences in the +corresponding @var{argument} in the same way as @code{echo -e} +(@pxref{Bash Builtins}). +@item %q +Causes @code{printf} to output the +corresponding @var{argument} in a format that can be reused as shell input. +@item %Q +like @code{%q}, but applies any supplied precision to the @var{argument} +before quoting it. +@item %(@var{datefmt})T +Causes @code{printf} to output the date-time string resulting from using +@var{datefmt} as a format string for @code{strftime}(3). +The corresponding @var{argument} is an integer representing the number of +seconds since the epoch. +Two special argument values may be used: -1 represents the current +time, and -2 represents the time the shell was invoked. +If no argument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had been given. +This is an exception to the usual @code{printf} behavior. +@end table + +@noindent +The %b, %q, and %T directives all use the field width and precision +arguments from the format specification and write that many bytes from +(or use that wide a field for) the expanded argument, which usually +contains more characters than the original. + +Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C language constants, +except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and if the leading +character is a single or double quote, the value is the ASCII value of +the following character. + +The @var{format} is reused as necessary to consume all of the @var{arguments}. +If the @var{format} requires more @var{arguments} than are supplied, the +extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or null string, as +appropriate, had been supplied. The return value is zero on success, +non-zero on failure. + +@item read +@btindex read +@example +read [-ers] [-a @var{aname}] [-d @var{delim}] [-i @var{text}] [-n @var{nchars}] + [-N @var{nchars}] [-p @var{prompt}] [-t @var{timeout}] [-u @var{fd}] [@var{name} @dots{}] +@end example + +One line is read from the standard input, or from the file descriptor +@var{fd} supplied as an argument to the @option{-u} option, +split into words as described above in @ref{Word Splitting}, +and the first word +is assigned to the first @var{name}, the second word to the second @var{name}, +and so on. +If there are more words than names, +the remaining words and their intervening delimiters are assigned +to the last @var{name}. +If there are fewer words read from the input stream than names, +the remaining names are assigned empty values. +The characters in the value of the @env{IFS} variable +are used to split the line into words using the same rules the shell +uses for expansion (described above in @ref{Word Splitting}). +The backslash character @samp{\} may be used to remove any special +meaning for the next character read and for line continuation. + +Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: + +@table @code +@item -a @var{aname} +The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array variable +@var{aname}, starting at 0. +All elements are removed from @var{aname} before the assignment. +Other @var{name} arguments are ignored. + +@item -d @var{delim} +The first character of @var{delim} is used to terminate the input line, +rather than newline. +If @var{delim} is the empty string, @code{read} will terminate a line +when it reads a NUL character. + +@item -e +Readline (@pxref{Command Line Editing}) is used to obtain the line. +Readline uses the current (or default, if line editing was not previously +active) editing settings, but uses Readline's default filename completion. + +@item -i @var{text} +If Readline is being used to read the line, @var{text} is placed into +the editing buffer before editing begins. + +@item -n @var{nchars} +@code{read} returns after reading @var{nchars} characters rather than +waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delimiter if fewer +than @var{nchars} characters are read before the delimiter. + +@item -N @var{nchars} +@code{read} returns after reading exactly @var{nchars} characters rather +than waiting for a complete line of input, unless EOF is encountered or +@code{read} times out. +Delimiter characters encountered in the input are +not treated specially and do not cause @code{read} to return until +@var{nchars} characters are read. +The result is not split on the characters in @code{IFS}; the intent is +that the variable is assigned exactly the characters read +(with the exception of backslash; see the @option{-r} option below). + +@item -p @var{prompt} +Display @var{prompt}, without a trailing newline, before attempting +to read any input. +The prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal. + +@item -r +If this option is given, backslash does not act as an escape character. +The backslash is considered to be part of the line. +In particular, a backslash-newline pair may not then be used as a line +continuation. + +@item -s +Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, characters are +not echoed. + +@item -t @var{timeout} +Cause @code{read} to time out and return failure if a complete line of +input (or a specified number of characters) +is not read within @var{timeout} seconds. +@var{timeout} may be a decimal number with a fractional portion following +the decimal point. +This option is only effective if @code{read} is reading input from a +terminal, pipe, or other special file; it has no effect when reading +from regular files. +If @code{read} times out, @code{read} saves any partial input read into +the specified variable @var{name}. +If @var{timeout} is 0, @code{read} returns immediately, without trying to +read any data. +The exit status is 0 if input is available on the specified file descriptor, +or the read will return EOF, +non-zero otherwise. +The exit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded. + +@item -u @var{fd} +Read input from file descriptor @var{fd}. +@end table + +If no @var{name}s are supplied, the line read, +without the ending delimiter but otherwise unmodified, +is assigned to the +variable @env{REPLY}. +The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, @code{read} +times out (in which case the status is greater than 128), +a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a readonly variable) occurs, +or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to @option{-u}. + +@item readarray +@btindex readarray +@example +readarray [-d @var{delim}] [-n @var{count}] [-O @var{origin}] [-s @var{count}] + [-t] [-u @var{fd}] [-C @var{callback}] [-c @var{quantum}] [@var{array}] +@end example + +Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable @var{array}, +or from file descriptor @var{fd} +if the @option{-u} option is supplied. + +A synonym for @code{mapfile}. + +@item source +@btindex source +@example +source @var{filename} +@end example + +A synonym for @code{.} (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}). + +@item type +@btindex type +@example +type [-afptP] [@var{name} @dots{}] +@end example + +For each @var{name}, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a +command name. + +If the @option{-t} option is used, @code{type} prints a single word +which is one of @samp{alias}, @samp{function}, @samp{builtin}, +@samp{file} or @samp{keyword}, +if @var{name} is an alias, shell function, shell builtin, +disk file, or shell reserved word, respectively. +If the @var{name} is not found, then nothing is printed, and +@code{type} returns a failure status. + +If the @option{-p} option is used, @code{type} either returns the name +of the disk file that would be executed, or nothing if @option{-t} +would not return @samp{file}. + +The @option{-P} option forces a path search for each @var{name}, even if +@option{-t} would not return @samp{file}. + +If a command is hashed, @option{-p} and @option{-P} print the hashed value, +which is not necessarily the file that appears first in @code{$PATH}. + +If the @option{-a} option is used, @code{type} returns all of the places +that contain an executable named @var{file}. +This includes aliases and functions, if and only if the @option{-p} option +is not also used. + +If the @option{-f} option is used, @code{type} does not attempt to find +shell functions, as with the @code{command} builtin. + +The return status is zero if all of the @var{name}s are found, non-zero +if any are not found. + +@item typeset +@btindex typeset +@example +typeset [-afFgrxilnrtux] [-p] [@var{name}[=@var{value}] @dots{}] +@end example + +The @code{typeset} command is supplied for compatibility with the Korn +shell. +It is a synonym for the @code{declare} builtin command. + +@item ulimit +@btindex ulimit +@example +ulimit [-HS] -a +ulimit [-HS] [-bcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPRT] [@var{limit}] +@end example + +@code{ulimit} provides control over the resources available to processes +started by the shell, on systems that allow such control. If an +option is given, it is interpreted as follows: + +@table @code +@item -S +Change and report the soft limit associated with a resource. + +@item -H +Change and report the hard limit associated with a resource. + +@item -a +All current limits are reported; no limits are set. + +@item -b +The maximum socket buffer size. + +@item -c +The maximum size of core files created. + +@item -d +The maximum size of a process's data segment. + +@item -e +The maximum scheduling priority ("nice"). + +@item -f +The maximum size of files written by the shell and its children. + +@item -i +The maximum number of pending signals. + +@item -k +The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated. + +@item -l +The maximum size that may be locked into memory. + +@item -m +The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this limit). + +@item -n +The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do not +allow this value to be set). + +@item -p +The pipe buffer size. + +@item -q +The maximum number of bytes in @sc{posix} message queues. + +@item -r +The maximum real-time scheduling priority. + +@item -s +The maximum stack size. + +@item -t +The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds. + +@item -u +The maximum number of processes available to a single user. + +@item -v +The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell, and, on +some systems, to its children. + +@item -x +The maximum number of file locks. + +@item -P +The maximum number of pseudoterminals. + +@item -R +The maximum time a real-time process can run before blocking, in microseconds. + +@item -T +The maximum number of threads. +@end table + +If @var{limit} is given, and the @option{-a} option is not used, +@var{limit} is the new value of the specified resource. +The special @var{limit} values @code{hard}, @code{soft}, and +@code{unlimited} stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit, +and no limit, respectively. +A hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; +a soft limit may be increased up to the value of the hard limit. +Otherwise, the current value of the soft limit for the specified resource +is printed, unless the @option{-H} option is supplied. +When more than one +resource is specified, the limit name and unit, if appropriate, +are printed before the value. +When setting new limits, if neither @option{-H} nor @option{-S} is supplied, +both the hard and soft limits are set. +If no option is given, then @option{-f} is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte +increments, except for +@option{-t}, which is in seconds; +@option{-R}, which is in microseconds; +@option{-p}, which is in units of 512-byte blocks; +@option{-P}, +@option{-T}, +@option{-b}, +@option{-k}, +@option{-n} and @option{-u}, which are unscaled values; +and, when in @sc{posix} Mode (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}), +@option{-c} and @option{-f}, which are in 512-byte increments. + +The return status is zero unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, +or an error occurs while setting a new limit. + +@item unalias +@btindex unalias +@example +unalias [-a] [@var{name} @dots{} ] +@end example + +Remove each @var{name} from the list of aliases. If @option{-a} is +supplied, all aliases are removed. +Aliases are described in @ref{Aliases}. +@end table + +@node Modifying Shell Behavior +@section Modifying Shell Behavior + +@menu +* The Set Builtin:: Change the values of shell attributes and + positional parameters. +* The Shopt Builtin:: Modify shell optional behavior. +@end menu + +@node The Set Builtin +@subsection The Set Builtin + +This builtin is so complicated that it deserves its own section. @code{set} +allows you to change the values of shell options and set the positional +parameters, or to display the names and values of shell variables. + +@table @code +@item set +@btindex set +@example +set [-abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [-o @var{option-name}] [--] [-] [@var{argument} @dots{}] +set [+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [+o @var{option-name}] [--] [-] [@var{argument} @dots{}] +@end example + +If no options or arguments are supplied, @code{set} displays the names +and values of all shell variables and functions, sorted according to the +current locale, in a format that may be reused as input +for setting or resetting the currently-set variables. +Read-only variables cannot be reset. +In @sc{posix} mode, only shell variables are listed. + +When options are supplied, they set or unset shell attributes. +Options, if specified, have the following meanings: + +@table @code +@item -a +Each variable or function that is created or modified is given the +export attribute and marked for export to the environment of +subsequent commands. + +@item -b +Cause the status of terminated background jobs to be reported +immediately, rather than before printing the next primary prompt. + +@item -e +Exit immediately if +a pipeline (@pxref{Pipelines}), which may consist of a single simple command +(@pxref{Simple Commands}), +a list (@pxref{Lists}), +or a compound command (@pxref{Compound Commands}) +returns a non-zero status. +The shell does not exit if the command that fails is part of the +command list immediately following a @code{while} or @code{until} keyword, +part of the test in an @code{if} statement, +part of any command executed in a @code{&&} or @code{||} list except +the command following the final @code{&&} or @code{||}, +any command in a pipeline but the last, +or if the command's return status is being inverted with @code{!}. +If a compound command other than a subshell +returns a non-zero status because a command failed +while @option{-e} was being ignored, the shell does not exit. +A trap on @code{ERR}, if set, is executed before the shell exits. + +This option applies to the shell environment and each subshell environment +separately (@pxref{Command Execution Environment}), and may cause +subshells to exit before executing all the commands in the subshell. + +If a compound command or shell function executes in a context where +@option{-e} is being ignored, +none of the commands executed within the compound command or function body +will be affected by the @option{-e} setting, even if @option{-e} is set +and a command returns a failure status. +If a compound command or shell function sets @option{-e} while executing in +a context where @option{-e} is ignored, that setting will not have any +effect until the compound command or the command containing the function +call completes. + +@item -f +Disable filename expansion (globbing). + +@item -h +Locate and remember (hash) commands as they are looked up for execution. +This option is enabled by default. + +@item -k +All arguments in the form of assignment statements are placed +in the environment for a command, not just those that precede +the command name. + +@item -m +Job control is enabled (@pxref{Job Control}). +All processes run in a separate process group. +When a background job completes, the shell prints a line +containing its exit status. + +@item -n +Read commands but do not execute them. +This may be used to check a script for syntax errors. +This option is ignored by interactive shells. + +@item -o @var{option-name} + +Set the option corresponding to @var{option-name}: + +@table @code +@item allexport +Same as @code{-a}. + +@item braceexpand +Same as @code{-B}. + +@item emacs +Use an @code{emacs}-style line editing interface (@pxref{Command Line Editing}). +This also affects the editing interface used for @code{read -e}. + +@item errexit +Same as @code{-e}. + +@item errtrace +Same as @code{-E}. + +@item functrace +Same as @code{-T}. + +@item hashall +Same as @code{-h}. + +@item histexpand +Same as @code{-H}. + +@item history +Enable command history, as described in @ref{Bash History Facilities}. +This option is on by default in interactive shells. + +@item ignoreeof +An interactive shell will not exit upon reading EOF. + +@item keyword +Same as @code{-k}. + +@item monitor +Same as @code{-m}. + +@item noclobber +Same as @code{-C}. + +@item noexec +Same as @code{-n}. + +@item noglob +Same as @code{-f}. + +@item nolog +Currently ignored. + +@item notify +Same as @code{-b}. + +@item nounset +Same as @code{-u}. + +@item onecmd +Same as @code{-t}. + +@item physical +Same as @code{-P}. + +@item pipefail +If set, the return value of a pipeline is the value of the last +(rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all +commands in the pipeline exit successfully. +This option is disabled by default. + +@item posix +Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation differs +from the @sc{posix} standard to match the standard +(@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}). +This is intended to make Bash behave as a strict superset of that +standard. + +@item privileged +Same as @code{-p}. + +@item verbose +Same as @code{-v}. + +@item vi +Use a @code{vi}-style line editing interface. +This also affects the editing interface used for @code{read -e}. + +@item xtrace +Same as @code{-x}. +@end table + +@item -p +Turn on privileged mode. +In this mode, the @env{$BASH_ENV} and @env{$ENV} files are not +processed, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, +and the @env{SHELLOPTS}, @env{BASHOPTS}, @env{CDPATH} and @env{GLOBIGNORE} +variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored. +If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the +real user (group) id, and the @option{-p} option is not supplied, these actions +are taken and the effective user id is set to the real user id. +If the @option{-p} option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is +not reset. +Turning this option off causes the effective user +and group ids to be set to the real user and group ids. + +@item -r +Enable restricted shell mode. +This option cannot be unset once it has been set. + +@item -t +Exit after reading and executing one command. + +@item -u +Treat unset variables and parameters other than the special parameters +@samp{@@} or @samp{*}, +or array variables subscripted with @samp{@@} or @samp{*}, +as an error when performing parameter expansion. +An error message will be written to the standard error, and a non-interactive +shell will exit. + +@item -v +Print shell input lines as they are read. + +@item -x +Print a trace of simple commands, @code{for} commands, @code{case} +commands, @code{select} commands, and arithmetic @code{for} commands +and their arguments or associated word lists after they are +expanded and before they are executed. The value of the @env{PS4} +variable is expanded and the resultant value is printed before +the command and its expanded arguments. + +@item -B +The shell will perform brace expansion (@pxref{Brace Expansion}). +This option is on by default. + +@item -C +Prevent output redirection using @samp{>}, @samp{>&}, and @samp{<>} +from overwriting existing files. + +@item -E +If set, any trap on @code{ERR} is inherited by shell functions, command +substitutions, and commands executed in a subshell environment. +The @code{ERR} trap is normally not inherited in such cases. + +@item -H +Enable @samp{!} style history substitution (@pxref{History Interaction}). +This option is on by default for interactive shells. + +@item -P +If set, do not resolve symbolic links when performing commands such as +@code{cd} which change the current directory. The physical directory +is used instead. By default, Bash follows +the logical chain of directories when performing commands +which change the current directory. + +For example, if @file{/usr/sys} is a symbolic link to @file{/usr/local/sys} +then: +@example +$ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD +/usr/sys +$ cd ..; pwd +/usr +@end example + +@noindent +If @code{set -P} is on, then: +@example +$ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD +/usr/local/sys +$ cd ..; pwd +/usr/local +@end example + +@item -T +If set, any trap on @code{DEBUG} and @code{RETURN} are inherited by +shell functions, command substitutions, and commands executed +in a subshell environment. +The @code{DEBUG} and @code{RETURN} traps are normally not inherited +in such cases. + +@item -- +If no arguments follow this option, then the positional parameters are +unset. Otherwise, the positional parameters are set to the +@var{arguments}, even if some of them begin with a @samp{-}. + +@item - +Signal the end of options, cause all remaining @var{arguments} +to be assigned to the positional parameters. The @option{-x} +and @option{-v} options are turned off. +If there are no arguments, the positional parameters remain unchanged. +@end table + +Using @samp{+} rather than @samp{-} causes these options to be +turned off. The options can also be used upon invocation of the +shell. The current set of options may be found in @code{$-}. + +The remaining N @var{arguments} are positional parameters and are +assigned, in order, to @code{$1}, @code{$2}, @dots{} @code{$N}. +The special parameter @code{#} is set to N. + +The return status is always zero unless an invalid option is supplied. +@end table + +@node The Shopt Builtin +@subsection The Shopt Builtin + +This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior. + +@table @code + +@item shopt +@btindex shopt +@example +shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [@var{optname} @dots{}] +@end example + +Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behavior. +The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the +@option{-o} option is used, those available with the @option{-o} +option to the @code{set} builtin command (@pxref{The Set Builtin}). +With no options, or with the @option{-p} option, a list of all settable +options is displayed, with an indication of whether or not each is set; +if @var{optname}s are supplied, the output is restricted to those options. +The @option{-p} option causes output to be displayed in a form that +may be reused as input. +Other options have the following meanings: + +@table @code +@item -s +Enable (set) each @var{optname}. + +@item -u +Disable (unset) each @var{optname}. + +@item -q +Suppresses normal output; the return status +indicates whether the @var{optname} is set or unset. +If multiple @var{optname} arguments are given with @option{-q}, +the return status is zero if all @var{optname}s are enabled; +non-zero otherwise. + +@item -o +Restricts the values of +@var{optname} to be those defined for the @option{-o} option to the +@code{set} builtin (@pxref{The Set Builtin}). +@end table + +If either @option{-s} or @option{-u} +is used with no @var{optname} arguments, @code{shopt} shows only +those options which are set or unset, respectively. + +Unless otherwise noted, the @code{shopt} options are disabled (off) +by default. + +The return status when listing options is zero if all @var{optname}s +are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting options, +the return status is zero unless an @var{optname} is not a valid shell +option. + +The list of @code{shopt} options is: +@table @code + +@item assoc_expand_once +If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of associative array +subscripts during arithmetic expression evaluation, while executing +builtins that can perform variable assignments, +and while executing builtins that perform array dereferencing. + +@item autocd +If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is executed as if +it were the argument to the @code{cd} command. +This option is only used by interactive shells. + +@item cdable_vars +If this is set, an argument to the @code{cd} builtin command that +is not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable whose +value is the directory to change to. + +@item cdspell +If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a +@code{cd} command will be corrected. +The errors checked for are transposed characters, +a missing character, and a character too many. +If a correction is found, the corrected path is printed, +and the command proceeds. +This option is only used by interactive shells. + +@item checkhash +If this is set, Bash checks that a command found in the hash +table exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed command no +longer exists, a normal path search is performed. + +@item checkjobs +If set, Bash lists the status of any stopped and running jobs before +exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs are running, this causes +the exit to be deferred until a second exit is attempted without an +intervening command (@pxref{Job Control}). +The shell always postpones exiting if any jobs are stopped. + +@item checkwinsize +If set, Bash checks the window size after each external (non-builtin) +command and, if necessary, updates the values of +@env{LINES} and @env{COLUMNS}. +This option is enabled by default. + +@item cmdhist +If set, Bash +attempts to save all lines of a multiple-line +command in the same history entry. This allows +easy re-editing of multi-line commands. +This option is enabled by default, but only has an effect if command +history is enabled (@pxref{Bash History Facilities}). + +@item compat31 +@itemx compat32 +@itemx compat40 +@itemx compat41 +@itemx compat42 +@itemx compat43 +@itemx compat44 +These control aspects of the shell's compatibility mode +(@pxref{Shell Compatibility Mode}). + +@item complete_fullquote +If set, Bash +quotes all shell metacharacters in filenames and directory names when +performing completion. +If not set, Bash +removes metacharacters such as the dollar sign from the set of +characters that will be quoted in completed filenames +when these metacharacters appear in shell variable references in words to be +completed. +This means that dollar signs in variable names that expand to directories +will not be quoted; +however, any dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted, either. +This is active only when bash is using backslashes to quote completed +filenames. +This variable is set by default, which is the default Bash behavior in +versions through 4.2. + +@item direxpand +If set, Bash +replaces directory names with the results of word expansion when performing +filename completion. This changes the contents of the Readline editing +buffer. +If not set, Bash attempts to preserve what the user typed. + +@item dirspell +If set, Bash +attempts spelling correction on directory names during word completion +if the directory name initially supplied does not exist. + +@item dotglob +If set, Bash includes filenames beginning with a `.' in +the results of filename expansion. +The filenames @samp{.} and @samp{..} must always be matched explicitly, +even if @code{dotglob} is set. + +@item execfail +If this is set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if +it cannot execute the file specified as an argument to the @code{exec} +builtin command. An interactive shell does not exit if @code{exec} +fails. + +@item expand_aliases +If set, aliases are expanded as described below under Aliases, +@ref{Aliases}. +This option is enabled by default for interactive shells. + +@item extdebug +If set at shell invocation, +or in a shell startup file, +arrange to execute the debugger profile +before the shell starts, identical to the @option{--debugger} option. +If set after invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled: + +@enumerate +@item +The @option{-F} option to the @code{declare} builtin (@pxref{Bash Builtins}) +displays the source file name and line number corresponding to each function +name supplied as an argument. + +@item +If the command run by the @code{DEBUG} trap returns a non-zero value, the +next command is skipped and not executed. + +@item +If the command run by the @code{DEBUG} trap returns a value of 2, and the +shell is executing in a subroutine (a shell function or a shell script +executed by the @code{.} or @code{source} builtins), the shell simulates +a call to @code{return}. + +@item +@code{BASH_ARGC} and @code{BASH_ARGV} are updated as described in their +descriptions (@pxref{Bash Variables}). + +@item +Function tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and +subshells invoked with @code{( @var{command} )} inherit the +@code{DEBUG} and @code{RETURN} traps. + +@item +Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and +subshells invoked with @code{( @var{command} )} inherit the +@code{ERR} trap. +@end enumerate + +@item extglob +If set, the extended pattern matching features described above +(@pxref{Pattern Matching}) are enabled. + +@item extquote +If set, @code{$'@var{string}'} and @code{$"@var{string}"} quoting is +performed within @code{$@{@var{parameter}@}} expansions +enclosed in double quotes. This option is enabled by default. + +@item failglob +If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during filename expansion +result in an expansion error. + +@item force_fignore +If set, the suffixes specified by the @env{FIGNORE} shell variable +cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even if +the ignored words are the only possible completions. +@xref{Bash Variables}, for a description of @env{FIGNORE}. +This option is enabled by default. + +@item globasciiranges +If set, range expressions used in pattern matching bracket expressions +(@pxref{Pattern Matching}) +behave as if in the traditional C locale when performing +comparisons. That is, the current locale's collating sequence +is not taken into account, so +@samp{b} will not collate between @samp{A} and @samp{B}, +and upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters will collate together. + +@item globskipdots +If set, filename expansion will never match the filenames +@samp{.} and @samp{..}, +even if the pattern begins with a @samp{.}. +This option is enabled by default. + +@item globstar +If set, the pattern @samp{**} used in a filename expansion context will +match all files and zero or more directories and subdirectories. +If the pattern is followed by a @samp{/}, only directories and +subdirectories match. + +@item gnu_errfmt +If set, shell error messages are written in the standard @sc{gnu} error +message format. + +@item histappend +If set, the history list is appended to the file named by the value +of the @env{HISTFILE} +variable when the shell exits, rather than overwriting the file. + +@item histreedit +If set, and Readline +is being used, a user is given the opportunity to re-edit a +failed history substitution. + +@item histverify +If set, and Readline +is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately +passed to the shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded into +the Readline editing buffer, allowing further modification. + +@item hostcomplete +If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will attempt to perform +hostname completion when a word containing a @samp{@@} is being +completed (@pxref{Commands For Completion}). This option is enabled +by default. + +@item huponexit +If set, Bash will send @code{SIGHUP} to all jobs when an interactive +login shell exits (@pxref{Signals}). + +@item inherit_errexit +If set, command substitution inherits the value of the @code{errexit} option, +instead of unsetting it in the subshell environment. +This option is enabled when @sc{posix} mode is enabled. + +@item interactive_comments +Allow a word beginning with @samp{#} +to cause that word and all remaining characters on that +line to be ignored in an interactive shell. +This option is enabled by default. + +@item lastpipe +If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the last command of +a pipeline not executed in the background in the current shell environment. + +@item lithist +If enabled, and the @code{cmdhist} +option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the history with +embedded newlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible. + +@item localvar_inherit +If set, local variables inherit the value and attributes of a variable of +the same name that exists at a previous scope before any new value is +assigned. The @code{nameref} attribute is not inherited. + +@item localvar_unset +If set, calling @code{unset} on local variables in previous function scopes +marks them so subsequent lookups find them unset until that function +returns. This is identical to the behavior of unsetting local variables +at the current function scope. + +@item login_shell +The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell +(@pxref{Invoking Bash}). +The value may not be changed. + +@item mailwarn +If set, and a file that Bash is checking for mail has been +accessed since the last time it was checked, the message +@code{"The mail in @var{mailfile} has been read"} is displayed. + +@item no_empty_cmd_completion +If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will not attempt to search +the @env{PATH} for possible completions when completion is attempted +on an empty line. + +@item nocaseglob +If set, Bash matches filenames in a case-insensitive fashion when +performing filename expansion. + +@item nocasematch +If set, Bash matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion when +performing matching while executing @code{case} or @code{[[} +conditional commands (@pxref{Conditional Constructs}, +when performing pattern substitution word expansions, +or when filtering possible completions as part of programmable completion. + +@item noexpand_translation +If set, Bash +encloses the translated results of $"..." quoting in single quotes +instead of double quotes. +If the string is not translated, this has no effect. + +@item nullglob +If set, Bash allows filename patterns which match no +files to expand to a null string, rather than themselves. + +@item patsub_replacement +If set, Bash +expands occurrences of @samp{&} in the replacement string of pattern +substitution to the text matched by the pattern, as described +above (@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}). +This option is enabled by default. + +@item progcomp +If set, the programmable completion facilities +(@pxref{Programmable Completion}) are enabled. +This option is enabled by default. + +@item progcomp_alias +If set, and programmable completion is enabled, Bash treats a command +name that doesn't have any completions as a possible alias and attempts +alias expansion. If it has an alias, Bash attempts programmable +completion using the command word resulting from the expanded alias. + +@item promptvars +If set, prompt strings undergo +parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic +expansion, and quote removal after being expanded +as described below (@pxref{Controlling the Prompt}). +This option is enabled by default. + +@item restricted_shell +The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode +(@pxref{The Restricted Shell}). +The value may not be changed. +This is not reset when the startup files are executed, allowing +the startup files to discover whether or not a shell is restricted. + +@item shift_verbose +If this is set, the @code{shift} +builtin prints an error message when the shift count exceeds the +number of positional parameters. + +@item sourcepath +If set, the @code{.} (@code{source}) builtin uses the value of @env{PATH} +to find the directory containing the file supplied as an argument. +This option is enabled by default. + +@item varredir_close +If set, the shell automatically closes file descriptors assigned using the +@code{@{varname@}} redirection syntax (@pxref{Redirections}) instead of +leaving them open when the command completes. + +@item xpg_echo +If set, the @code{echo} builtin expands backslash-escape sequences +by default. + +@end table +@end table + +@node Special Builtins +@section Special Builtins +@cindex special builtin + +For historical reasons, the @sc{posix} standard has classified +several builtin commands as @emph{special}. +When Bash is executing in @sc{posix} mode, the special builtins +differ from other builtin commands in three respects: + +@enumerate +@item +Special builtins are found before shell functions during command lookup. + +@item +If a special builtin returns an error status, a non-interactive shell exits. + +@item +Assignment statements preceding the command stay in effect in the shell +environment after the command completes. +@end enumerate + +When Bash is not executing in @sc{posix} mode, these builtins behave no +differently than the rest of the Bash builtin commands. +The Bash @sc{posix} mode is described in @ref{Bash POSIX Mode}. + +These are the @sc{posix} special builtins: +@example +@w{break : . continue eval exec exit export readonly return set} +@w{shift trap unset} +@end example + +@node Shell Variables +@chapter Shell Variables + +@menu +* Bourne Shell Variables:: Variables which Bash uses in the same way + as the Bourne Shell. +* Bash Variables:: List of variables that exist in Bash. +@end menu + +This chapter describes the shell variables that Bash uses. +Bash automatically assigns default values to a number of variables. + +@node Bourne Shell Variables +@section Bourne Shell Variables + +Bash uses certain shell variables in the same way as the Bourne shell. +In some cases, Bash assigns a default value to the variable. + +@vtable @code + +@item CDPATH +A colon-separated list of directories used as a search path for +the @code{cd} builtin command. + +@item HOME +The current user's home directory; the default for the @code{cd} builtin +command. +The value of this variable is also used by tilde expansion +(@pxref{Tilde Expansion}). + +@item IFS +A list of characters that separate fields; used when the shell splits +words as part of expansion. + +@item MAIL +If this parameter is set to a filename or directory name +and the @env{MAILPATH} variable +is not set, Bash informs the user of the arrival of mail in +the specified file or Maildir-format directory. + +@item MAILPATH +A colon-separated list of filenames which the shell periodically checks +for new mail. +Each list entry can specify the message that is printed when new mail +arrives in the mail file by separating the filename from the message with +a @samp{?}. +When used in the text of the message, @code{$_} expands to the name of +the current mail file. + +@item OPTARG +The value of the last option argument processed by the @code{getopts} builtin. + +@item OPTIND +The index of the last option argument processed by the @code{getopts} builtin. + +@item PATH +A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for +commands. +A zero-length (null) directory name in the value of @code{PATH} indicates the +current directory. +A null directory name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial +or trailing colon. + +@item PS1 +The primary prompt string. The default value is @samp{\s-\v\$ }. +@xref{Controlling the Prompt}, for the complete list of escape +sequences that are expanded before @env{PS1} is displayed. + +@item PS2 +The secondary prompt string. The default value is @samp{> }. +@env{PS2} is expanded in the same way as @env{PS1} before being +displayed. + +@end vtable + +@node Bash Variables +@section Bash Variables + +These variables are set or used by Bash, but other shells +do not normally treat them specially. + +A few variables used by Bash are described in different chapters: +variables for controlling the job control facilities +(@pxref{Job Control Variables}). + +@vtable @code + +@item _ +@vindex $_ +($_, an underscore.) +At shell startup, set to the pathname used to invoke the +shell or shell script being executed as passed in the environment +or argument list. +Subsequently, expands to the last argument to the previous simple +command executed in the foreground, after expansion. +Also set to the full pathname used to invoke each command executed +and placed in the environment exported to that command. +When checking mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file. + +@item BASH +The full pathname used to execute the current instance of Bash. + +@item BASHOPTS +A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in +the list is a valid argument for the @option{-s} option to the +@code{shopt} builtin command (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}). +The options appearing in @env{BASHOPTS} are those reported +as @samp{on} by @samp{shopt}. +If this variable is in the environment when Bash +starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before +reading any startup files. This variable is readonly. + +@item BASHPID +Expands to the process ID of the current Bash process. +This differs from @code{$$} under certain circumstances, such as subshells +that do not require Bash to be re-initialized. +Assignments to @env{BASHPID} have no effect. +If @env{BASHPID} +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. + +@item BASH_ALIASES +An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal +list of aliases as maintained by the @code{alias} builtin. +(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}). +Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; however, +unsetting array elements currently does not cause aliases to be removed +from the alias list. +If @env{BASH_ALIASES} +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. + +@item BASH_ARGC +An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each +frame of the current bash execution call stack. The number of +parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or script executed +with @code{.} or @code{source}) is at the top of the stack. When a +subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed is pushed onto +@code{BASH_ARGC}. +The shell sets @code{BASH_ARGC} only when in extended debugging mode +(see @ref{The Shopt Builtin} +for a description of the @code{extdebug} option to the @code{shopt} +builtin). +Setting @code{extdebug} after the shell has started to execute a script, +or referencing this variable when @code{extdebug} is not set, +may result in inconsistent values. + +@item BASH_ARGV +An array variable containing all of the parameters in the current bash +execution call stack. The final parameter of the last subroutine call +is at the top of the stack; the first parameter of the initial call is +at the bottom. When a subroutine is executed, the parameters supplied +are pushed onto @code{BASH_ARGV}. +The shell sets @code{BASH_ARGV} only when in extended debugging mode +(see @ref{The Shopt Builtin} +for a description of the @code{extdebug} option to the @code{shopt} +builtin). +Setting @code{extdebug} after the shell has started to execute a script, +or referencing this variable when @code{extdebug} is not set, +may result in inconsistent values. + +@item BASH_ARGV0 +When referenced, this variable expands to the name of the shell or shell +script (identical to @code{$0}; @xref{Special Parameters}, +for the description of special parameter 0). +Assignment to @code{BASH_ARGV0} +causes the value assigned to also be assigned to @code{$0}. +If @env{BASH_ARGV0} +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. + +@item BASH_CMDS +An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal +hash table of commands as maintained by the @code{hash} builtin +(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}). +Elements added to this array appear in the hash table; however, +unsetting array elements currently does not cause command names to be removed +from the hash table. +If @env{BASH_CMDS} +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. + +@item BASH_COMMAND +The command currently being executed or about to be executed, unless the +shell is executing a command as the result of a trap, +in which case it is the command executing at the time of the trap. +If @env{BASH_COMMAND} +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. + +@item BASH_COMPAT +The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level. +@xref{Shell Compatibility Mode}, for a description of the various +compatibility levels and their effects. +The value may be a decimal number (e.g., 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) +corresponding to the desired compatibility level. +If @env{BASH_COMPAT} is unset or set to the empty string, the compatibility +level is set to the default for the current version. +If @env{BASH_COMPAT} is set to a value that is not one of the valid +compatibility levels, the shell prints an error message and sets the +compatibility level to the default for the current version. +The valid values correspond to the compatibility levels +described below (@pxref{Shell Compatibility Mode}). +For example, 4.2 and 42 are valid values that correspond +to the @code{compat42} @code{shopt} option +and set the compatibility level to 42. +The current version is also a valid value. + +@item BASH_ENV +If this variable is set when Bash is invoked to execute a shell +script, its value is expanded and used as the name of a startup file +to read before executing the script. @xref{Bash Startup Files}. + +@item BASH_EXECUTION_STRING +The command argument to the @option{-c} invocation option. + +@item BASH_LINENO +An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source files +where each corresponding member of @env{FUNCNAME} was invoked. +@code{$@{BASH_LINENO[$i]@}} is the line number in the source file +(@code{$@{BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]@}}) where +@code{$@{FUNCNAME[$i]@}} was called (or @code{$@{BASH_LINENO[$i-1]@}} if +referenced within another shell function). +Use @code{LINENO} to obtain the current line number. + +@item BASH_LOADABLES_PATH +A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for +dynamically loadable builtins specified by the +@code{enable} command. + +@item BASH_REMATCH +An array variable whose members are assigned by the @samp{=~} binary +operator to the @code{[[} conditional command +(@pxref{Conditional Constructs}). +The element with index 0 is the portion of the string +matching the entire regular expression. +The element with index @var{n} is the portion of the +string matching the @var{n}th parenthesized subexpression. + +@item BASH_SOURCE +An array variable whose members are the source filenames where the +corresponding shell function names in the @code{FUNCNAME} array +variable are defined. +The shell function @code{$@{FUNCNAME[$i]@}} is defined in the file +@code{$@{BASH_SOURCE[$i]@}} and called from @code{$@{BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]@}} + +@item BASH_SUBSHELL +Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell environment when +the shell begins executing in that environment. +The initial value is 0. +If @env{BASH_SUBSHELL} +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. + +@item BASH_VERSINFO +A readonly array variable (@pxref{Arrays}) +whose members hold version information for this instance of Bash. +The values assigned to the array members are as follows: + +@table @code + +@item BASH_VERSINFO[0] +The major version number (the @dfn{release}). + +@item BASH_VERSINFO[1] +The minor version number (the @dfn{version}). + +@item BASH_VERSINFO[2] +The patch level. + +@item BASH_VERSINFO[3] +The build version. + +@item BASH_VERSINFO[4] +The release status (e.g., @code{beta1}). + +@item BASH_VERSINFO[5] +The value of @env{MACHTYPE}. +@end table + +@item BASH_VERSION +The version number of the current instance of Bash. + +@item BASH_XTRACEFD +If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, Bash +will write the trace output generated when @samp{set -x} +is enabled to that file descriptor. +This allows tracing output to be separated from diagnostic and error +messages. +The file descriptor is closed when @code{BASH_XTRACEFD} is unset or assigned +a new value. +Unsetting @code{BASH_XTRACEFD} or assigning it the empty string causes the +trace output to be sent to the standard error. +Note that setting @code{BASH_XTRACEFD} to 2 (the standard error file +descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the standard error +being closed. + +@item CHILD_MAX +Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to remember. +Bash will not allow this value to be decreased below a @sc{posix}-mandated +minimum, and there is a maximum value (currently 8192) that this may +not exceed. +The minimum value is system-dependent. + +@item COLUMNS +Used by the @code{select} command to determine the terminal width +when printing selection lists. +Automatically set if the @code{checkwinsize} option is enabled +(@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}), or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a +@code{SIGWINCH}. + +@item COMP_CWORD +An index into @env{$@{COMP_WORDS@}} of the word containing the current +cursor position. +This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the +programmable completion facilities (@pxref{Programmable Completion}). + +@item COMP_LINE +The current command line. +This variable is available only in shell functions and external +commands invoked by the +programmable completion facilities (@pxref{Programmable Completion}). + +@item COMP_POINT +The index of the current cursor position relative to the beginning of +the current command. +If the current cursor position is at the end of the current command, +the value of this variable is equal to @code{$@{#COMP_LINE@}}. +This variable is available only in shell functions and external +commands invoked by the +programmable completion facilities (@pxref{Programmable Completion}). + +@item COMP_TYPE +Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion attempted +that caused a completion function to be called: +@key{TAB}, for normal completion, +@samp{?}, for listing completions after successive tabs, +@samp{!}, for listing alternatives on partial word completion, +@samp{@@}, to list completions if the word is not unmodified, +or +@samp{%}, for menu completion. +This variable is available only in shell functions and external +commands invoked by the +programmable completion facilities (@pxref{Programmable Completion}). + +@item COMP_KEY +The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the current +completion function. + +@item COMP_WORDBREAKS +The set of characters that the Readline library treats as word +separators when performing word completion. +If @env{COMP_WORDBREAKS} +is unset, it loses its special properties, +even if it is subsequently reset. + +@item COMP_WORDS +An array variable consisting of the individual +words in the current command line. +The line is split into words as Readline would split it, using +@code{COMP_WORDBREAKS} as described above. +This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the +programmable completion facilities (@pxref{Programmable Completion}). + +@item COMPREPLY +An array variable from which Bash reads the possible completions +generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable completion +facility (@pxref{Programmable Completion}). +Each array element contains one possible completion. + +@item COPROC +An array variable created to hold the file descriptors +for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess (@pxref{Coprocesses}). + +@item DIRSTACK +An array variable containing the current contents of the directory stack. +Directories appear in the stack in the order they are displayed by the +@code{dirs} builtin. +Assigning to members of this array variable may be used to modify +directories already in the stack, but the @code{pushd} and @code{popd} +builtins must be used to add and remove directories. +Assignment to this variable will not change the current directory. +If @env{DIRSTACK} +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if +it is subsequently reset. + +@item EMACS +If Bash finds this variable in the environment when the shell +starts with value @samp{t}, it assumes that the shell is running in an +Emacs shell buffer and disables line editing. + +@item ENV +Expanded and executed similarly to @code{BASH_ENV} +(@pxref{Bash Startup Files}) +when an interactive shell is invoked in +@sc{posix} Mode (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}). + +@item EPOCHREALTIME +Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of seconds +since the Unix Epoch as a floating point value with micro-second granularity +(see the documentation for the C library function @code{time} for the +definition of Epoch). +Assignments to @env{EPOCHREALTIME} are ignored. +If @env{EPOCHREALTIME} +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if +it is subsequently reset. + +@item EPOCHSECONDS +Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of seconds +since the Unix Epoch (see the documentation for the C library function +@code{time} for the definition of Epoch). +Assignments to @env{EPOCHSECONDS} are ignored. +If @env{EPOCHSECONDS} +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if +it is subsequently reset. + +@item EUID +The numeric effective user id of the current user. This variable +is readonly. + +@item EXECIGNORE +A colon-separated list of shell patterns (@pxref{Pattern Matching}) +defining the list of filenames to be ignored by command search using +@code{PATH}. +Files whose full pathnames match one of these patterns are not considered +executable files for the purposes of completion and command execution +via @code{PATH} lookup. +This does not affect the behavior of the @code{[}, @code{test}, and @code{[[} +commands. +Full pathnames in the command hash table are not subject to @code{EXECIGNORE}. +Use this variable to ignore shared library files that have the executable +bit set, but are not executable files. +The pattern matching honors the setting of the @code{extglob} shell +option. + +@item FCEDIT +The editor used as a default by the @option{-e} option to the @code{fc} +builtin command. + +@item FIGNORE +A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing +filename completion. +A filename whose suffix matches one of the entries in +@env{FIGNORE} +is excluded from the list of matched filenames. A sample +value is @samp{.o:~} + +@item FUNCNAME +An array variable containing the names of all shell functions +currently in the execution call stack. +The element with index 0 is the name of any currently-executing +shell function. +The bottom-most element (the one with the highest index) +is @code{"main"}. +This variable exists only when a shell function is executing. +Assignments to @env{FUNCNAME} have no effect. +If @env{FUNCNAME} +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if +it is subsequently reset. + +This variable can be used with @code{BASH_LINENO} and @code{BASH_SOURCE}. +Each element of @code{FUNCNAME} has corresponding elements in +@code{BASH_LINENO} and @code{BASH_SOURCE} to describe the call stack. +For instance, @code{$@{FUNCNAME[$i]@}} was called from the file +@code{$@{BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]@}} at line number @code{$@{BASH_LINENO[$i]@}}. +The @code{caller} builtin displays the current call stack using this +information. + +@item FUNCNEST +If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum function +nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this nesting level +will cause the current command to abort. + +@item GLOBIGNORE +A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file names to +be ignored by filename expansion. +If a file name matched by a filename expansion pattern also matches one +of the patterns in @env{GLOBIGNORE}, it is removed from the list +of matches. +The pattern matching honors the setting of the @code{extglob} shell +option. + +@item GROUPS +An array variable containing the list of groups of which the current +user is a member. +Assignments to @env{GROUPS} have no effect. +If @env{GROUPS} +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. + +@item histchars +Up to three characters which control history expansion, quick +substitution, and tokenization (@pxref{History Interaction}). +The first character is the +@dfn{history expansion} character, that is, the character which signifies the +start of a history expansion, normally @samp{!}. The second character is the +character which signifies `quick substitution' when seen as the first +character on a line, normally @samp{^}. The optional third character is the +character which indicates that the remainder of the line is a comment when +found as the first character of a word, usually @samp{#}. The history +comment character causes history substitution to be skipped for the +remaining words on the line. It does not necessarily cause the shell +parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment. + +@item HISTCMD +The history number, or index in the history list, of the current +command. +Assignments to @env{HISTCMD} are ignored. +If @env{HISTCMD} +is unset, it loses its special properties, +even if it is subsequently reset. + +@item HISTCONTROL +A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are saved on +the history list. +If the list of values includes @samp{ignorespace}, lines which begin +with a space character are not saved in the history list. +A value of @samp{ignoredups} causes lines which match the previous +history entry to not be saved. +A value of @samp{ignoreboth} is shorthand for +@samp{ignorespace} and @samp{ignoredups}. +A value of @samp{erasedups} causes all previous lines matching the +current line to be removed from the history list before that line +is saved. +Any value not in the above list is ignored. +If @env{HISTCONTROL} is unset, or does not include a valid value, +all lines read by the shell parser are saved on the history list, +subject to the value of @env{HISTIGNORE}. +The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are +not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of +@env{HISTCONTROL}. + +@item HISTFILE +The name of the file to which the command history is saved. The +default value is @file{~/.bash_history}. + +@item HISTFILESIZE +The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. +When this variable is assigned a value, the history file is truncated, +if necessary, to contain no more than that number of lines +by removing the oldest entries. +The history file is also truncated to this size after +writing it when a shell exits. +If the value is 0, the history file is truncated to zero size. +Non-numeric values and numeric values less than zero inhibit truncation. +The shell sets the default value to the value of @env{HISTSIZE} +after reading any startup files. + +@item HISTIGNORE +A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command +lines should be saved on the history list. Each pattern is +anchored at the beginning of the line and must match the complete +line (no implicit @samp{*} is appended). Each pattern is tested +against the line after the checks specified by @env{HISTCONTROL} +are applied. In addition to the normal shell pattern matching +characters, @samp{&} matches the previous history line. @samp{&} +may be escaped using a backslash; the backslash is removed +before attempting a match. +The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are +not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of +@env{HISTIGNORE}. +The pattern matching honors the setting of the @code{extglob} shell +option. + +@env{HISTIGNORE} subsumes the function of @env{HISTCONTROL}. A +pattern of @samp{&} is identical to @code{ignoredups}, and a +pattern of @samp{[ ]*} is identical to @code{ignorespace}. +Combining these two patterns, separating them with a colon, +provides the functionality of @code{ignoreboth}. + +@item HISTSIZE +The maximum number of commands to remember on the history list. +If the value is 0, commands are not saved in the history list. +Numeric values less than zero result in every command being saved +on the history list (there is no limit). +The shell sets the default value to 500 after reading any startup files. + +@item HISTTIMEFORMAT +If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format string +for @code{strftime} to print the time stamp associated with each history +entry displayed by the @code{history} builtin. +If this variable is set, time stamps are written to the history file so +they may be preserved across shell sessions. +This uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from +other history lines. + +@item HOSTFILE +Contains the name of a file in the same format as @file{/etc/hosts} that +should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname. +The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while the shell +is running; +the next time hostname completion is attempted after the +value is changed, Bash adds the contents of the new file to the +existing list. +If @env{HOSTFILE} is set, but has no value, or does not name a readable file, +Bash attempts to read +@file{/etc/hosts} to obtain the list of possible hostname completions. +When @env{HOSTFILE} is unset, the hostname list is cleared. + +@item HOSTNAME +The name of the current host. + +@item HOSTTYPE +A string describing the machine Bash is running on. + +@item IGNOREEOF +Controls the action of the shell on receipt of an @code{EOF} character +as the sole input. If set, the value denotes the number +of consecutive @code{EOF} characters that can be read as the +first character on an input line +before the shell will exit. If the variable exists but does not +have a numeric value, or has no value, then the default is 10. +If the variable does not exist, then @code{EOF} signifies the end of +input to the shell. This is only in effect for interactive shells. + +@item INPUTRC +The name of the Readline initialization file, overriding the default +of @file{~/.inputrc}. + +@item INSIDE_EMACS +If Bash finds this variable in the environment when the shell +starts, it assumes that the shell is running in an Emacs shell buffer +and may disable line editing depending on the value of @env{TERM}. + +@item LANG +Used to determine the locale category for any category not specifically +selected with a variable starting with @code{LC_}. + +@item LC_ALL +This variable overrides the value of @env{LANG} and any other +@code{LC_} variable specifying a locale category. + +@item LC_COLLATE +This variable determines the collation order used when sorting the +results of filename expansion, and +determines the behavior of range expressions, equivalence classes, +and collating sequences within filename expansion and pattern matching +(@pxref{Filename Expansion}). + +@item LC_CTYPE +This variable determines the interpretation of characters and the +behavior of character classes within filename expansion and pattern +matching (@pxref{Filename Expansion}). + +@item LC_MESSAGES +This variable determines the locale used to translate double-quoted +strings preceded by a @samp{$} (@pxref{Locale Translation}). + +@item LC_NUMERIC +This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting. + +@item LC_TIME +This variable determines the locale category used for data and time +formatting. + +@item LINENO +The line number in the script or shell function currently executing. +If @env{LINENO} +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. + +@item LINES +Used by the @code{select} command to determine the column length +for printing selection lists. +Automatically set if the @code{checkwinsize} option is enabled +(@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}), or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a +@code{SIGWINCH}. + +@item MACHTYPE +A string that fully describes the system type on which Bash +is executing, in the standard @sc{gnu} @var{cpu-company-system} format. + +@item MAILCHECK +How often (in seconds) that the shell should check for mail in the +files specified in the @env{MAILPATH} or @env{MAIL} variables. +The default is 60 seconds. When it is time to check +for mail, the shell does so before displaying the primary prompt. +If this variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number +greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking. + +@item MAPFILE +An array variable created to hold the text read by the +@code{mapfile} builtin when no variable name is supplied. + +@item OLDPWD +The previous working directory as set by the @code{cd} builtin. + +@item OPTERR +If set to the value 1, Bash displays error messages +generated by the @code{getopts} builtin command. + +@item OSTYPE +A string describing the operating system Bash is running on. + +@item PIPESTATUS +An array variable (@pxref{Arrays}) +containing a list of exit status values from the processes +in the most-recently-executed foreground pipeline (which may +contain only a single command). + +@item POSIXLY_CORRECT +If this variable is in the environment when Bash starts, the shell +enters @sc{posix} mode (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}) before reading the +startup files, as if the @option{--posix} invocation option had been supplied. +If it is set while the shell is running, Bash enables @sc{posix} mode, +as if the command +@example +@code{set -o posix} +@end example +@noindent +had been executed. +When the shell enters @sc{posix} mode, it sets this variable if it was +not already set. + +@item PPID +The process @sc{id} of the shell's parent process. This variable +is readonly. + +@item PROMPT_COMMAND +If this variable is set, and is an array, +the value of each set element is interpreted as a command to execute +before printing the primary prompt (@env{$PS1}). +If this is set but not an array variable, +its value is used as a command to execute instead. + +@item PROMPT_DIRTRIM +If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the number of +trailing directory components to retain when expanding the @code{\w} and +@code{\W} prompt string escapes (@pxref{Controlling the Prompt}). +Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis. + +@item PS0 +The value of this parameter is expanded like @env{PS1} +and displayed by interactive shells after reading a command +and before the command is executed. + +@item PS3 +The value of this variable is used as the prompt for the +@code{select} command. If this variable is not set, the +@code{select} command prompts with @samp{#? } + +@item PS4 +The value of this parameter is expanded like @env{PS1} +and the expanded value is the prompt printed before the command line +is echoed when the @option{-x} option is set (@pxref{The Set Builtin}). +The first character of the expanded value is replicated multiple times, +as necessary, to indicate multiple levels of indirection. +The default is @samp{+ }. + +@item PWD +The current working directory as set by the @code{cd} builtin. + +@item RANDOM +Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to a random integer +between 0 and 32767. Assigning a value to this +variable seeds the random number generator. +If @env{RANDOM} +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. + +@item READLINE_ARGUMENT +Any numeric argument given to a Readline command that was defined using +@samp{bind -x} (@pxref{Bash Builtins} +when it was invoked. + +@item READLINE_LINE +The contents of the Readline line buffer, for use +with @samp{bind -x} (@pxref{Bash Builtins}). + +@item READLINE_MARK +The position of the @dfn{mark} (saved insertion point) in the +Readline line buffer, for use +with @samp{bind -x} (@pxref{Bash Builtins}). +The characters between the insertion point and the mark are often +called the @dfn{region}. + +@item READLINE_POINT +The position of the insertion point in the Readline line buffer, for use +with @samp{bind -x} (@pxref{Bash Builtins}). + +@item REPLY +The default variable for the @code{read} builtin. + +@item SECONDS +This variable expands to the number of seconds since the shell was started. +Assignment to this variable resets the count to the value assigned, and the +expanded value becomes the value assigned plus the number of seconds +since the assignment. +The number of seconds at shell invocation and the current time are always +determined by querying the system clock. +If @env{SECONDS} +is unset, it loses its special properties, +even if it is subsequently reset. + +@item SHELL +This environment variable expands to the full pathname to the shell. +If it is not set when the shell starts, +Bash assigns to it the full pathname of the current user's login shell. + +@item SHELLOPTS +A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in +the list is a valid argument for the @option{-o} option to the +@code{set} builtin command (@pxref{The Set Builtin}). +The options appearing in @env{SHELLOPTS} are those reported +as @samp{on} by @samp{set -o}. +If this variable is in the environment when Bash +starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before +reading any startup files. This variable is readonly. + +@item SHLVL +Incremented by one each time a new instance of Bash is started. This is +intended to be a count of how deeply your Bash shells are nested. + +@item SRANDOM +This variable expands to a 32-bit pseudo-random number each time it is +referenced. The random number generator is not linear on systems that +support @file{/dev/urandom} or @code{arc4random}, so each returned number +has no relationship to the numbers preceding it. +The random number generator cannot be seeded, so assignments to this +variable have no effect. +If @env{SRANDOM} +is unset, it loses its special properties, +even if it is subsequently reset. + +@item TIMEFORMAT +The value of this parameter is used as a format string specifying +how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the @code{time} +reserved word should be displayed. +The @samp{%} character introduces an +escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or other +information. +The escape sequences and their meanings are as +follows; the braces denote optional portions. + +@table @code + +@item %% +A literal @samp{%}. + +@item %[@var{p}][l]R +The elapsed time in seconds. + +@item %[@var{p}][l]U +The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode. + +@item %[@var{p}][l]S +The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode. + +@item %P +The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R. +@end table + +The optional @var{p} is a digit specifying the precision, the number of +fractional digits after a decimal point. +A value of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output. +At most three places after the decimal point may be specified; values +of @var{p} greater than 3 are changed to 3. +If @var{p} is not specified, the value 3 is used. + +The optional @code{l} specifies a longer format, including minutes, of +the form @var{MM}m@var{SS}.@var{FF}s. +The value of @var{p} determines whether or not the fraction is included. + +If this variable is not set, Bash acts as if it had the value +@example +@code{$'\nreal\t%3lR\nuser\t%3lU\nsys\t%3lS'} +@end example +If the value is null, no timing information is displayed. +A trailing newline is added when the format string is displayed. + +@item TMOUT +If set to a value greater than zero, @code{TMOUT} is treated as the +default timeout for the @code{read} builtin (@pxref{Bash Builtins}). +The @code{select} command (@pxref{Conditional Constructs}) terminates +if input does not arrive after @code{TMOUT} seconds when input is coming +from a terminal. + +In an interactive shell, the value is interpreted as +the number of seconds to wait for a line of input after issuing +the primary prompt. +Bash +terminates after waiting for that number of seconds if a complete +line of input does not arrive. + +@item TMPDIR +If set, Bash uses its value as the name of a directory in which +Bash creates temporary files for the shell's use. + +@item UID +The numeric real user id of the current user. This variable is readonly. + +@end vtable + +@node Bash Features +@chapter Bash Features + +This chapter describes features unique to Bash. + +@menu +* Invoking Bash:: Command line options that you can give + to Bash. +* Bash Startup Files:: When and how Bash executes scripts. +* Interactive Shells:: What an interactive shell is. +* Bash Conditional Expressions:: Primitives used in composing expressions for + the @code{test} builtin. +* Shell Arithmetic:: Arithmetic on shell variables. +* Aliases:: Substituting one command for another. +* Arrays:: Array Variables. +* The Directory Stack:: History of visited directories. +* Controlling the Prompt:: Customizing the various prompt strings. +* The Restricted Shell:: A more controlled mode of shell execution. +* Bash POSIX Mode:: Making Bash behave more closely to what + the POSIX standard specifies. +* Shell Compatibility Mode:: How Bash supports behavior that was present + in earlier versions and has changed. +@end menu + +@node Invoking Bash +@section Invoking Bash + +@example +bash [long-opt] [-ir] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o @var{option}] + [-O @var{shopt_option}] [@var{argument} @dots{}] +bash [long-opt] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o @var{option}] + [-O @var{shopt_option}] -c @var{string} [@var{argument} @dots{}] +bash [long-opt] -s [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o @var{option}] + [-O @var{shopt_option}] [@var{argument} @dots{}] +@end example + +All of the single-character options used with the @code{set} builtin +(@pxref{The Set Builtin}) can be used as options when the shell is invoked. +In addition, there are several multi-character +options that you can use. These options must appear on the command +line before the single-character options to be recognized. + +@table @code +@item --debugger +Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell +starts. Turns on extended debugging mode (see @ref{The Shopt Builtin} +for a description of the @code{extdebug} option to the @code{shopt} +builtin). + +@item --dump-po-strings +A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by @samp{$} +is printed on the standard output +in the @sc{gnu} @code{gettext} PO (portable object) file format. +Equivalent to @option{-D} except for the output format. + +@item --dump-strings +Equivalent to @option{-D}. + +@item --help +Display a usage message on standard output and exit successfully. + +@item --init-file @var{filename} +@itemx --rcfile @var{filename} +Execute commands from @var{filename} (instead of @file{~/.bashrc}) +in an interactive shell. + +@item --login +Equivalent to @option{-l}. + +@item --noediting +Do not use the @sc{gnu} Readline library (@pxref{Command Line Editing}) +to read command lines when the shell is interactive. + +@item --noprofile +Don't load the system-wide startup file @file{/etc/profile} +or any of the personal initialization files +@file{~/.bash_profile}, @file{~/.bash_login}, or @file{~/.profile} +when Bash is invoked as a login shell. + +@item --norc +Don't read the @file{~/.bashrc} initialization file in an +interactive shell. This is on by default if the shell is +invoked as @code{sh}. + +@item --posix +Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation differs +from the @sc{posix} standard to match the standard. This +is intended to make Bash behave as a strict superset of that +standard. @xref{Bash POSIX Mode}, for a description of the Bash +@sc{posix} mode. + +@item --restricted +Make the shell a restricted shell (@pxref{The Restricted Shell}). + +@item --verbose +Equivalent to @option{-v}. Print shell input lines as they're read. + +@item --version +Show version information for this instance of +Bash on the standard output and exit successfully. +@end table + +There are several single-character options that may be supplied at +invocation which are not available with the @code{set} builtin. + +@table @code +@item -c +Read and execute commands from the first non-option argument +@var{command_string}, then exit. +If there are arguments after the @var{command_string}, +the first argument is assigned to @code{$0} +and any remaining arguments are assigned to the positional parameters. +The assignment to @code{$0} sets the name of the shell, which is used +in warning and error messages. + +@item -i +Force the shell to run interactively. Interactive shells are +described in @ref{Interactive Shells}. + +@item -l +Make this shell act as if it had been directly invoked by login. +When the shell is interactive, this is equivalent to starting a +login shell with @samp{exec -l bash}. +When the shell is not interactive, the login shell startup files will +be executed. +@samp{exec bash -l} or @samp{exec bash --login} +will replace the current shell with a Bash login shell. +@xref{Bash Startup Files}, for a description of the special behavior +of a login shell. + +@item -r +Make the shell a restricted shell (@pxref{The Restricted Shell}). + +@item -s +If this option is present, or if no arguments remain after option +processing, then commands are read from the standard input. +This option allows the positional parameters to be set +when invoking an interactive shell or when reading input +through a pipe. + +@item -D +A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by @samp{$} +is printed on the standard output. +These are the strings that +are subject to language translation when the current locale +is not @code{C} or @code{POSIX} (@pxref{Locale Translation}). +This implies the @option{-n} option; no commands will be executed. + +@item [-+]O [@var{shopt_option}] +@var{shopt_option} is one of the shell options accepted by the +@code{shopt} builtin (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}). +If @var{shopt_option} is present, @option{-O} sets the value of that option; +@option{+O} unsets it. +If @var{shopt_option} is not supplied, the names and values of the shell +options accepted by @code{shopt} are printed on the standard output. +If the invocation option is @option{+O}, the output is displayed in a format +that may be reused as input. + +@item -- +A @code{--} signals the end of options and disables further option +processing. +Any arguments after the @code{--} are treated as filenames and arguments. +@end table + +@cindex login shell +A @emph{login} shell is one whose first character of argument zero is +@samp{-}, or one invoked with the @option{--login} option. + +@cindex interactive shell +An @emph{interactive} shell is one started without non-option arguments, +unless @option{-s} is specified, +without specifying the @option{-c} option, and whose input and output are both +connected to terminals (as determined by @code{isatty(3)}), or one +started with the @option{-i} option. @xref{Interactive Shells}, for more +information. + +If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the +@option{-c} nor the @option{-s} +option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to +be the name of a file containing shell commands (@pxref{Shell Scripts}). +When Bash is invoked in this fashion, @code{$0} +is set to the name of the file, and the positional parameters +are set to the remaining arguments. +Bash reads and executes commands from this file, then exits. +Bash's exit status is the exit status of the last command executed +in the script. If no commands are executed, the exit status is 0. + +@node Bash Startup Files +@section Bash Startup Files +@cindex startup files + +This section describes how Bash executes its startup files. +If any of the files exist but cannot be read, Bash reports an error. +Tildes are expanded in filenames as described above under +Tilde Expansion (@pxref{Tilde Expansion}). + +Interactive shells are described in @ref{Interactive Shells}. + +@subsubheading Invoked as an interactive login shell, or with @option{--login} + +When Bash is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a +non-interactive shell with the @option{--login} option, it first reads and +executes commands from the file @file{/etc/profile}, if that file exists. +After reading that file, it looks for @file{~/.bash_profile}, +@file{~/.bash_login}, and @file{~/.profile}, in that order, and reads +and executes commands from the first one that exists and is readable. +The @option{--noprofile} option may be used when the shell is started to +inhibit this behavior. + +When an interactive login shell exits, +or a non-interactive login shell executes the @code{exit} builtin command, +Bash reads and executes commands from +the file @file{~/.bash_logout}, if it exists. + +@subsubheading Invoked as an interactive non-login shell + +When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, Bash +reads and executes commands from @file{~/.bashrc}, if that file exists. +This may be inhibited by using the @option{--norc} option. +The @option{--rcfile @var{file}} option will force Bash to read and +execute commands from @var{file} instead of @file{~/.bashrc}. + +So, typically, your @file{~/.bash_profile} contains the line +@example +@code{if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then . ~/.bashrc; fi} +@end example +@noindent +after (or before) any login-specific initializations. + +@subsubheading Invoked non-interactively + +When Bash is started non-interactively, to run a shell script, +for example, it looks for the variable @env{BASH_ENV} in the environment, +expands its value if it appears there, and uses the expanded value as +the name of a file to read and execute. Bash behaves as if the +following command were executed: +@example +@code{if [ -n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi} +@end example +@noindent +but the value of the @env{PATH} variable is not used to search for the +filename. + +As noted above, if a non-interactive shell is invoked with the +@option{--login} option, Bash attempts to read and execute commands from the +login shell startup files. + +@subsubheading Invoked with name @code{sh} + +If Bash is invoked with the name @code{sh}, it tries to mimic the +startup behavior of historical versions of @code{sh} as closely as +possible, while conforming to the @sc{posix} standard as well. + +When invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive +shell with the @option{--login} option, it first attempts to read +and execute commands from @file{/etc/profile} and @file{~/.profile}, in +that order. +The @option{--noprofile} option may be used to inhibit this behavior. +When invoked as an interactive shell with the name @code{sh}, Bash +looks for the variable @env{ENV}, expands its value if it is defined, +and uses the expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute. +Since a shell invoked as @code{sh} does not attempt to read and execute +commands from any other startup files, the @option{--rcfile} option has +no effect. +A non-interactive shell invoked with the name @code{sh} does not attempt +to read any other startup files. + +When invoked as @code{sh}, Bash enters @sc{posix} mode after +the startup files are read. + +@subsubheading Invoked in @sc{posix} mode + +When Bash is started in @sc{posix} mode, as with the +@option{--posix} command line option, it follows the @sc{posix} standard +for startup files. +In this mode, interactive shells expand the @env{ENV} variable +and commands are read and executed from the file whose name is the +expanded value. +No other startup files are read. + +@subsubheading Invoked by remote shell daemon + +Bash attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input +connected to a network connection, as when executed by +the historical remote shell daemon, usually @code{rshd}, +or the secure shell daemon @code{sshd}. +If Bash +determines it is being run non-interactively in this fashion, +it reads and executes commands from @file{~/.bashrc}, if that +file exists and is readable. +It will not do this if invoked as @code{sh}. +The @option{--norc} option may be used to inhibit this behavior, and the +@option{--rcfile} option may be used to force another file to be read, but +neither @code{rshd} nor @code{sshd} generally invoke the shell with those +options or allow them to be specified. + +@subsubheading Invoked with unequal effective and real @sc{uid/gid}s + +If Bash is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the +real user (group) id, and the @option{-p} option is not supplied, no startup +files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, +the @env{SHELLOPTS}, @env{BASHOPTS}, @env{CDPATH}, and @env{GLOBIGNORE} +variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored, and the effective +user id is set to the real user id. +If the @option{-p} option is supplied at invocation, the startup behavior is +the same, but the effective user id is not reset. + +@node Interactive Shells +@section Interactive Shells +@cindex interactive shell +@cindex shell, interactive + +@menu +* What is an Interactive Shell?:: What determines whether a shell is Interactive. +* Is this Shell Interactive?:: How to tell if a shell is interactive. +* Interactive Shell Behavior:: What changes in an interactive shell? +@end menu + +@node What is an Interactive Shell? +@subsection What is an Interactive Shell? + +An interactive shell +is one started without non-option arguments +(unless @option{-s} is specified) +and without specifying the @option{-c} option, +whose input and error output are both +connected to terminals (as determined by @code{isatty(3)}), +or one started with the @option{-i} option. + +An interactive shell generally reads from and writes to a user's +terminal. + +The @option{-s} invocation option may be used to set the positional parameters +when an interactive shell is started. + +@node Is this Shell Interactive? +@subsection Is this Shell Interactive? + +To determine within a startup script whether or not Bash is +running interactively, +test the value of the @samp{-} special parameter. +It contains @code{i} when the shell is interactive. For example: + +@example +case "$-" in +*i*) echo This shell is interactive ;; +*) echo This shell is not interactive ;; +esac +@end example + +Alternatively, startup scripts may examine the variable +@env{PS1}; it is unset in non-interactive shells, and set in +interactive shells. Thus: + +@example +if [ -z "$PS1" ]; then + echo This shell is not interactive +else + echo This shell is interactive +fi +@end example + +@node Interactive Shell Behavior +@subsection Interactive Shell Behavior + +When the shell is running interactively, it changes its behavior in +several ways. + +@enumerate +@item +Startup files are read and executed as described in @ref{Bash Startup Files}. + +@item +Job Control (@pxref{Job Control}) is enabled by default. When job +control is in effect, Bash ignores the keyboard-generated job control +signals @code{SIGTTIN}, @code{SIGTTOU}, and @code{SIGTSTP}. + +@item +Bash expands and displays @env{PS1} before reading the first line +of a command, and expands and displays @env{PS2} before reading the +second and subsequent lines of a multi-line command. +Bash expands and displays @env{PS0} after it reads a command but before +executing it. +See @ref{Controlling the Prompt}, for a complete list of prompt +string escape sequences. + +@item +Bash executes the values of the set elements of the @env{PROMPT_COMMAND} +array variable as commands before printing the primary prompt, @env{$PS1} +(@pxref{Bash Variables}). + +@item +Readline (@pxref{Command Line Editing}) is used to read commands from +the user's terminal. + +@item +Bash inspects the value of the @code{ignoreeof} option to @code{set -o} +instead of exiting immediately when it receives an @code{EOF} on its +standard input when reading a command (@pxref{The Set Builtin}). + +@item +Command history (@pxref{Bash History Facilities}) +and history expansion (@pxref{History Interaction}) +are enabled by default. +Bash will save the command history to the file named by @env{$HISTFILE} +when a shell with history enabled exits. + +@item +Alias expansion (@pxref{Aliases}) is performed by default. + +@item +In the absence of any traps, Bash ignores @code{SIGTERM} +(@pxref{Signals}). + +@item +In the absence of any traps, @code{SIGINT} is caught and handled +(@pxref{Signals}). +@code{SIGINT} will interrupt some shell builtins. + +@item +An interactive login shell sends a @code{SIGHUP} to all jobs on exit +if the @code{huponexit} shell option has been enabled (@pxref{Signals}). + +@item +The @option{-n} invocation option is ignored, and @samp{set -n} has +no effect (@pxref{The Set Builtin}). + +@item +Bash will check for mail periodically, depending on the values of the +@env{MAIL}, @env{MAILPATH}, and @env{MAILCHECK} shell variables +(@pxref{Bash Variables}). + +@item +Expansion errors due to references to unbound shell variables after +@samp{set -u} has been enabled will not cause the shell to exit +(@pxref{The Set Builtin}). + +@item +The shell will not exit on expansion errors caused by @var{var} being unset +or null in @code{$@{@var{var}:?@var{word}@}} expansions +(@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}). + +@item +Redirection errors encountered by shell builtins will not cause the +shell to exit. + +@item +When running in @sc{posix} mode, a special builtin returning an error +status will not cause the shell to exit (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}). + +@item +A failed @code{exec} will not cause the shell to exit +(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}). + +@item +Parser syntax errors will not cause the shell to exit. + +@item +If the @code{cdspell} shell option is enabled, the shell will attempt +simple spelling correction for directory arguments to the @code{cd} +builtin (see the description of the @code{cdspell} +option to the @code{shopt} builtin in @ref{The Shopt Builtin}). +The @code{cdspell} option is only effective in interactive shells. + +@item +The shell will check the value of the @env{TMOUT} variable and exit +if a command is not read within the specified number of seconds after +printing @env{$PS1} (@pxref{Bash Variables}). + +@end enumerate + +@node Bash Conditional Expressions +@section Bash Conditional Expressions +@cindex expressions, conditional + +Conditional expressions are used by the @code{[[} compound command +(@pxref{Conditional Constructs}) +and the @code{test} and @code{[} builtin commands +(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}). +The @code{test} +and @code{[} commands determine their behavior based on the number +of arguments; see the descriptions of those commands for any other +command-specific actions. + +Expressions may be unary or binary, +and are formed from the following primaries. +Unary expressions are often used to examine the status of a file. +There are string operators and numeric comparison operators as well. +Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in +expressions. +If the operating system on which Bash is running provides these +special files, Bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them +internally with this behavior: +If the @var{file} argument to one of the primaries is of the form +@file{/dev/fd/@var{N}}, then file descriptor @var{N} is checked. +If the @var{file} argument to one of the primaries is one of +@file{/dev/stdin}, @file{/dev/stdout}, or @file{/dev/stderr}, file +descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, is checked. + +When used with @code{[[}, the @samp{<} and @samp{>} operators sort +lexicographically using the current locale. +The @code{test} command uses ASCII ordering. + +Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow symbolic +links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link itself. + +@table @code +@item -a @var{file} +True if @var{file} exists. + +@item -b @var{file} +True if @var{file} exists and is a block special file. + +@item -c @var{file} +True if @var{file} exists and is a character special file. + +@item -d @var{file} +True if @var{file} exists and is a directory. + +@item -e @var{file} +True if @var{file} exists. + +@item -f @var{file} +True if @var{file} exists and is a regular file. + +@item -g @var{file} +True if @var{file} exists and its set-group-id bit is set. + +@item -h @var{file} +True if @var{file} exists and is a symbolic link. + +@item -k @var{file} +True if @var{file} exists and its "sticky" bit is set. + +@item -p @var{file} +True if @var{file} exists and is a named pipe (FIFO). + +@item -r @var{file} +True if @var{file} exists and is readable. + +@item -s @var{file} +True if @var{file} exists and has a size greater than zero. + +@item -t @var{fd} +True if file descriptor @var{fd} is open and refers to a terminal. + +@item -u @var{file} +True if @var{file} exists and its set-user-id bit is set. + +@item -w @var{file} +True if @var{file} exists and is writable. + +@item -x @var{file} +True if @var{file} exists and is executable. + +@item -G @var{file} +True if @var{file} exists and is owned by the effective group id. + +@item -L @var{file} +True if @var{file} exists and is a symbolic link. + +@item -N @var{file} +True if @var{file} exists and has been modified since it was last read. + +@item -O @var{file} +True if @var{file} exists and is owned by the effective user id. + +@item -S @var{file} +True if @var{file} exists and is a socket. + +@item @var{file1} -ef @var{file2} +True if @var{file1} and @var{file2} refer to the same device and +inode numbers. + +@item @var{file1} -nt @var{file2} +True if @var{file1} is newer (according to modification date) +than @var{file2}, or if @var{file1} exists and @var{file2} does not. + +@item @var{file1} -ot @var{file2} +True if @var{file1} is older than @var{file2}, +or if @var{file2} exists and @var{file1} does not. + +@item -o @var{optname} +True if the shell option @var{optname} is enabled. +The list of options appears in the description of the @option{-o} +option to the @code{set} builtin (@pxref{The Set Builtin}). + +@item -v @var{varname} +True if the shell variable @var{varname} is set (has been assigned a value). + +@item -R @var{varname} +True if the shell variable @var{varname} is set and is a name reference. + +@item -z @var{string} +True if the length of @var{string} is zero. + +@item -n @var{string} +@itemx @var{string} +True if the length of @var{string} is non-zero. + +@item @var{string1} == @var{string2} +@itemx @var{string1} = @var{string2} +True if the strings are equal. +When used with the @code{[[} command, this performs pattern matching as +described above (@pxref{Conditional Constructs}). + +@samp{=} should be used with the @code{test} command for @sc{posix} conformance. + +@item @var{string1} != @var{string2} +True if the strings are not equal. + +@item @var{string1} < @var{string2} +True if @var{string1} sorts before @var{string2} lexicographically. + +@item @var{string1} > @var{string2} +True if @var{string1} sorts after @var{string2} lexicographically. + +@item @var{arg1} OP @var{arg2} +@code{OP} is one of +@samp{-eq}, @samp{-ne}, @samp{-lt}, @samp{-le}, @samp{-gt}, or @samp{-ge}. +These arithmetic binary operators return true if @var{arg1} +is equal to, not equal to, less than, less than or equal to, +greater than, or greater than or equal to @var{arg2}, +respectively. @var{Arg1} and @var{arg2} +may be positive or negative integers. +When used with the @code{[[} command, @var{Arg1} and @var{Arg2} +are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (@pxref{Shell Arithmetic}). +@end table + +@node Shell Arithmetic +@section Shell Arithmetic +@cindex arithmetic, shell +@cindex shell arithmetic +@cindex expressions, arithmetic +@cindex evaluation, arithmetic +@cindex arithmetic evaluation + +The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, as one of +the shell expansions or by using the @code{((} compound command, the +@code{let} builtin, or the @option{-i} option to the @code{declare} builtin. + +Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check for overflow, +though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error. +The operators and their precedence, associativity, and values +are the same as in the C language. +The following list of operators is grouped into levels of +equal-precedence operators. +The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence. + +@table @code + +@item @var{id}++ @var{id}-- +variable post-increment and post-decrement + +@item ++@var{id} --@var{id} +variable pre-increment and pre-decrement + +@item - + +unary minus and plus + +@item ! ~ +logical and bitwise negation + +@item ** +exponentiation + +@item * / % +multiplication, division, remainder + +@item + - +addition, subtraction + +@item << >> +left and right bitwise shifts + +@item <= >= < > +comparison + +@item == != +equality and inequality + +@item & +bitwise AND + +@item ^ +bitwise exclusive OR + +@item | +bitwise OR + +@item && +logical AND + +@item || +logical OR + +@item expr ? expr : expr +conditional operator + +@item = *= /= %= += -= <<= >>= &= ^= |= +assignment + +@item expr1 , expr2 +comma +@end table + +Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is +performed before the expression is evaluated. +Within an expression, shell variables may also be referenced by name +without using the parameter expansion syntax. +A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to 0 when referenced +by name without using the parameter expansion syntax. +The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression +when it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the +@code{integer} attribute using @samp{declare -i} is assigned a value. +A null value evaluates to 0. +A shell variable need not have its @code{integer} attribute turned on +to be used in an expression. + +Integer constants follow the C language definition, without suffixes or +character constants. +Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers. +A leading @samp{0x} or @samp{0X} denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, +numbers take the form [@var{base}@code{#}]@var{n}, where the optional @var{base} +is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic +base, and @var{n} is a number in that base. +If @var{base}@code{#} is omitted, then base 10 is used. +When specifying @var{n}, +if a non-digit is required, +the digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, +the uppercase letters, @samp{@@}, and @samp{_}, in that order. +If @var{base} is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase +letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers between 10 +and 35. + +Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in +parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence +rules above. + +@node Aliases +@section Aliases +@cindex alias expansion + +@dfn{Aliases} allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used +as the first word of a simple command. +The shell maintains a list of aliases that may be set and unset with +the @code{alias} and @code{unalias} builtin commands. + +The first word of each simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see +if it has an alias. +If so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias. +The characters @samp{/}, @samp{$}, @samp{`}, @samp{=} and any of the +shell metacharacters or quoting characters listed above may not appear +in an alias name. +The replacement text may contain any valid +shell input, including shell metacharacters. +The first word of the replacement text is tested for +aliases, but a word that is identical to an alias being expanded +is not expanded a second time. +This means that one may alias @code{ls} to @code{"ls -F"}, +for instance, and Bash does not try to recursively expand the +replacement text. +If the last character of the alias value is a +@code{blank}, then the next command word following the +alias is also checked for alias expansion. + +Aliases are created and listed with the @code{alias} +command, and removed with the @code{unalias} command. + +There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text, +as in @code{csh}. +If arguments are needed, use a shell function +(@pxref{Shell Functions}). + +Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, +unless the @code{expand_aliases} shell option is set using +@code{shopt} (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}). + +The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are +somewhat confusing. Bash +always reads at least one complete line of input, +and all lines that make up a compound command, +before executing any of the commands on that line or the compound command. +Aliases are expanded when a +command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, an +alias definition appearing on the same line as another +command does not take effect until the next line of input is read. +The commands following the alias definition +on that line are not affected by the new alias. +This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed. +Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read, +not when the function is executed, because a function definition +is itself a command. As a consequence, aliases +defined in a function are not available until after that +function is executed. To be safe, always put +alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use @code{alias} +in compound commands. + +For almost every purpose, shell functions are preferred over aliases. + +@node Arrays +@section Arrays +@cindex arrays + +Bash provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables. +Any variable may be used as an indexed array; +the @code{declare} builtin will explicitly declare an array. +There is no maximum +limit on the size of an array, nor any requirement that members +be indexed or assigned contiguously. +Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including arithmetic +expressions (@pxref{Shell Arithmetic})) and are zero-based; +associative arrays use arbitrary strings. +Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers. + +An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to +using the syntax +@example +@var{name}[@var{subscript}]=@var{value} +@end example + +@noindent +The @var{subscript} +is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number. +To explicitly declare an array, use +@example +declare -a @var{name} +@end example +@noindent +The syntax +@example +declare -a @var{name}[@var{subscript}] +@end example +@noindent +is also accepted; the @var{subscript} is ignored. + +@noindent +Associative arrays are created using +@example +declare -A @var{name} +@end example + +Attributes may be +specified for an array variable using the @code{declare} and +@code{readonly} builtins. Each attribute applies to all members of +an array. + +Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form +@example +@var{name}=(@var{value1} @var{value2} @dots{} ) +@end example +@noindent +where each +@var{value} may be of the form @code{[@var{subscript}]=}@var{string}. +Indexed array assignments do not require anything but @var{string}. +When assigning to indexed arrays, if +the optional subscript is supplied, that index is assigned to; +otherwise the index of the element assigned is the last index assigned +to by the statement plus one. Indexing starts at zero. + +Each @var{value} in the list undergoes all the shell expansions +described above (@pxref{Shell Expansions}). + +When assigning to an associative array, the words in a compound assignment +may be either assignment statements, for which the subscript is required, +or a list of words that is interpreted as a sequence of alternating keys +and values: +@var{name}=(@var{key1} @var{value1} @var{key2} @var{value2} @dots{} ). +These are treated identically to +@var{name}=( [@var{key1}]=@var{value1} [@var{key2}]=@var{value2} @dots{} ). +The first word in the list determines how the remaining words +are interpreted; all assignments in a list must be of the same type. +When using key/value pairs, the keys may not be missing or empty; +a final missing value is treated like the empty string. + +This syntax is also accepted by the @code{declare} +builtin. Individual array elements may be assigned to using the +@code{@var{name}[@var{subscript}]=@var{value}} syntax introduced above. + +When assigning to an indexed array, if @var{name} +is subscripted by a negative number, that number is +interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of +@var{name}, so negative indices count back from the end of the +array, and an index of -1 references the last element. + +The @samp{+=} operator will append to an array variable when assigning +using the compound assignment syntax; see @ref{Shell Parameters} above. + +Any element of an array may be referenced using +@code{$@{@var{name}[@var{subscript}]@}}. +The braces are required to avoid +conflicts with the shell's filename expansion operators. If the +@var{subscript} is @samp{@@} or @samp{*}, the word expands to all members +of the array @var{name}. These subscripts differ only when the word +appears within double quotes. +If the word is double-quoted, +@code{$@{@var{name}[*]@}} expands to a single word with +the value of each array member separated by the first character of the +@env{IFS} variable, and @code{$@{@var{name}[@@]@}} expands each element of +@var{name} to a separate word. When there are no array members, +@code{$@{@var{name}[@@]@}} expands to nothing. +If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of +the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original +word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last +part of the original word. +This is analogous to the +expansion of the special parameters @samp{@@} and @samp{*}. +@code{$@{#@var{name}[@var{subscript}]@}} expands to the length of +@code{$@{@var{name}[@var{subscript}]@}}. +If @var{subscript} is @samp{@@} or +@samp{*}, the expansion is the number of elements in the array. +If the @var{subscript} +used to reference an element of an indexed array +evaluates to a number less than zero, it is +interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of the array, +so negative indices count back from the end of the array, +and an index of -1 refers to the last element. + +Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to +referencing with a subscript of 0. +Any reference to a variable using a valid subscript is legal, and +@code{bash} will create an array if necessary. + +An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a +value. The null string is a valid value. + +It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the values. +$@{!@var{name}[@@]@} and $@{!@var{name}[*]@} expand to the indices +assigned in array variable @var{name}. +The treatment when in double quotes is similar to the expansion of the +special parameters @samp{@@} and @samp{*} within double quotes. + +The @code{unset} builtin is used to destroy arrays. +@code{unset @var{name}[@var{subscript}]} +destroys the array element at index @var{subscript}. +Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted as described above. +Unsetting the last element of an array variable does not unset the variable. +@code{unset @var{name}}, where @var{name} is an array, removes the +entire array. +@code{unset @var{name}[@var{subscript}]} behaves differently +depending on the array type when given a +subscript of @samp{*} or @samp{@@}. +When @var{name} is an associative array, it removes the element with key +@samp{*} or @samp{@@}. +If @var{name} is an indexed array, @code{unset} removes all of the elements, +but does not remove the array itself. + +When using a variable name with a subscript as an argument to a command, +such as with @code{unset}, without using the word expansion syntax +described above, the argument is subject to the shell's filename expansion. +If filename expansion is not desired, the argument should be quoted. + +The @code{declare}, @code{local}, and @code{readonly} +builtins each accept a @option{-a} option to specify an indexed +array and a @option{-A} option to specify an associative array. +If both options are supplied, @option{-A} takes precedence. +The @code{read} builtin accepts a @option{-a} +option to assign a list of words read from the standard input +to an array, and can read values from the standard input into +individual array elements. The @code{set} and @code{declare} +builtins display array values in a way that allows them to be +reused as input. + +@node The Directory Stack +@section The Directory Stack +@cindex directory stack + +@menu +* Directory Stack Builtins:: Bash builtin commands to manipulate + the directory stack. +@end menu + +The directory stack is a list of recently-visited directories. The +@code{pushd} builtin adds directories to the stack as it changes +the current directory, and the @code{popd} builtin removes specified +directories from the stack and changes the current directory to +the directory removed. The @code{dirs} builtin displays the contents +of the directory stack. The current directory is always the "top" +of the directory stack. + +The contents of the directory stack are also visible +as the value of the @env{DIRSTACK} shell variable. + +@node Directory Stack Builtins +@subsection Directory Stack Builtins + +@table @code + +@item dirs +@btindex dirs +@example +dirs [-clpv] [+@var{N} | -@var{N}] +@end example + +Display the list of currently remembered directories. Directories +are added to the list with the @code{pushd} command; the +@code{popd} command removes directories from the list. +The current directory is always the first directory in the stack. + +@table @code +@item -c +Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the elements. +@item -l +Produces a listing using full pathnames; +the default listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory. +@item -p +Causes @code{dirs} to print the directory stack with one entry per +line. +@item -v +Causes @code{dirs} to print the directory stack with one entry per +line, prefixing each entry with its index in the stack. +@item +@var{N} +Displays the @var{N}th directory (counting from the left of the +list printed by @code{dirs} when invoked without options), starting +with zero. +@item -@var{N} +Displays the @var{N}th directory (counting from the right of the +list printed by @code{dirs} when invoked without options), starting +with zero. +@end table + +@item popd +@btindex popd +@example +popd [-n] [+@var{N} | -@var{N}] +@end example + +Removes elements from the directory stack. +The elements are numbered from 0 starting at the first directory +listed by @code{dirs}; +that is, @code{popd} is equivalent to @code{popd +0}. + +When no arguments are given, @code{popd} +removes the top directory from the stack and changes to +the new top directory. + +Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings: + +@table @code +@item -n +Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing directories +from the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. +@item +@var{N} +Removes the @var{N}th directory (counting from the left of the +list printed by @code{dirs}), starting with zero, from the stack. +@item -@var{N} +Removes the @var{N}th directory (counting from the right of the +list printed by @code{dirs}), starting with zero, from the stack. +@end table + +If the top element of the directory stack is modified, and +the @option{-n} option was not supplied, @code{popd} uses the @code{cd} +builtin to change to the directory at the top of the stack. +If the @code{cd} fails, @code{popd} returns a non-zero value. + +Otherwise, @code{popd} returns an unsuccessful status if +an invalid option is encountered, the directory stack +is empty, or a non-existent directory stack entry is specified. + +If the @code{popd} command is successful, +Bash runs @code{dirs} to show the final contents of the directory stack, +and the return status is 0. + +@btindex pushd +@item pushd +@example +pushd [-n] [@var{+N} | @var{-N} | @var{dir}] +@end example + +Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates +the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working +directory. +With no arguments, @code{pushd} exchanges the top two elements +of the directory stack. + +Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings: + +@table @code +@item -n +Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating or +adding directories to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. +@item +@var{N} +Brings the @var{N}th directory (counting from the left of the +list printed by @code{dirs}, starting with zero) to the top of +the list by rotating the stack. +@item -@var{N} +Brings the @var{N}th directory (counting from the right of the +list printed by @code{dirs}, starting with zero) to the top of +the list by rotating the stack. +@item @var{dir} +Makes @var{dir} be the top of the stack. +@end table + +After the stack has been modified, if the @option{-n} option was not +supplied, @code{pushd} uses the @code{cd} builtin to change to the +directory at the top of the stack. +If the @code{cd} fails, @code{pushd} returns a non-zero value. + +Otherwise, if no arguments are supplied, @code{pushd} returns 0 unless the +directory stack is empty. +When rotating the directory stack, @code{pushd} returns 0 unless +the directory stack is empty or a non-existent directory stack element +is specified. + +If the @code{pushd} command is successful, +Bash runs @code{dirs} to show the final contents of the directory stack. + +@end table + +@node Controlling the Prompt +@section Controlling the Prompt +@cindex prompting + +Bash examines the value of the array variable @env{PROMPT_COMMAND} just before +printing each primary prompt. +If any elements in @env{PROMPT_COMMAND} are set and non-null, Bash +executes each value, in numeric order, +just as if it had been typed on the command line. + +In addition, the following table describes the special characters which +can appear in the prompt variables @env{PS0}, @env{PS1}, @env{PS2}, and +@env{PS4}: + +@table @code +@item \a +A bell character. +@item \d +The date, in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May 26"). +@item \D@{@var{format}@} +The @var{format} is passed to @code{strftime}(3) and the result is inserted +into the prompt string; an empty @var{format} results in a locale-specific +time representation. The braces are required. +@item \e +An escape character. +@item \h +The hostname, up to the first `.'. +@item \H +The hostname. +@item \j +The number of jobs currently managed by the shell. +@item \l +The basename of the shell's terminal device name. +@item \n +A newline. +@item \r +A carriage return. +@item \s +The name of the shell, the basename of @code{$0} (the portion +following the final slash). +@item \t +The time, in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format. +@item \T +The time, in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format. +@item \@@ +The time, in 12-hour am/pm format. +@item \A +The time, in 24-hour HH:MM format. +@item \u +The username of the current user. +@item \v +The version of Bash (e.g., 2.00) +@item \V +The release of Bash, version + patchlevel (e.g., 2.00.0) +@item \w +The value of the @code{PWD} shell variable (@env{$PWD}), +with @env{$HOME} abbreviated with a tilde +(uses the @env{$PROMPT_DIRTRIM} variable). +@item \W +The basename of @env{$PWD}, with @env{$HOME} abbreviated with a tilde. +@item \! +The history number of this command. +@item \# +The command number of this command. +@item \$ +If the effective uid is 0, @code{#}, otherwise @code{$}. +@item \@var{nnn} +The character whose ASCII code is the octal value @var{nnn}. +@item \\ +A backslash. +@item \[ +Begin a sequence of non-printing characters. This could be used to +embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt. +@item \] +End a sequence of non-printing characters. +@end table + +The command number and the history number are usually different: +the history number of a command is its position in the history +list, which may include commands restored from the history file +(@pxref{Bash History Facilities}), while the command number is +the position in the sequence of commands executed during the current +shell session. + +After the string is decoded, it is expanded via +parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic +expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of the +@code{promptvars} shell option (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}). +This can have unwanted side effects if escaped portions of the string +appear within command substitution or contain characters special to +word expansion. + +@node The Restricted Shell +@section The Restricted Shell +@cindex restricted shell + +If Bash is started with the name @code{rbash}, or the +@option{--restricted} +or +@option{-r} +option is supplied at invocation, the shell becomes restricted. +A restricted shell is used to +set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. +A restricted shell behaves identically to @code{bash} +with the exception that the following are disallowed or not performed: + +@itemize @bullet +@item +Changing directories with the @code{cd} builtin. +@item +Setting or unsetting the values of the @env{SHELL}, @env{PATH}, +@env{HISTFILE}, +@env{ENV}, or @env{BASH_ENV} variables. +@item +Specifying command names containing slashes. +@item +Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the @code{.} +builtin command. +@item +Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the @code{history} +builtin command. +@item +Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the @option{-p} +option to the @code{hash} builtin command. +@item +Importing function definitions from the shell environment at startup. +@item +Parsing the value of @env{SHELLOPTS} from the shell environment at startup. +@item +Redirecting output using the @samp{>}, @samp{>|}, @samp{<>}, @samp{>&}, +@samp{&>}, and @samp{>>} redirection operators. +@item +Using the @code{exec} builtin to replace the shell with another command. +@item +Adding or deleting builtin commands with the +@option{-f} and @option{-d} options to the @code{enable} builtin. +@item +Using the @code{enable} builtin command to enable disabled shell builtins. +@item +Specifying the @option{-p} option to the @code{command} builtin. +@item +Turning off restricted mode with @samp{set +r} or @samp{shopt -u restricted_shell}. +@end itemize + +These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read. + +When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed +(@pxref{Shell Scripts}), @code{rbash} turns off any restrictions in +the shell spawned to execute the script. + +The restricted shell mode is only one component of a useful restricted +environment. It should be accompanied by setting @env{PATH} to a value +that allows execution of only a few verified commands (commands that +allow shell escapes are particularly vulnerable), changing the current +directory to a non-writable directory other than @env{$HOME} after login, +not allowing the restricted shell to execute shell scripts, and cleaning +the environment of variables that cause some commands to modify their +behavior (e.g., @env{VISUAL} or @env{PAGER}). + +Modern systems provide more secure ways to implement a restricted environment, +such as @code{jails}, @code{zones}, or @code{containers}. + + +@node Bash POSIX Mode +@section Bash POSIX Mode +@cindex POSIX Mode + +Starting Bash with the @option{--posix} command-line option or executing +@samp{set -o posix} while Bash is running will cause Bash to conform more +closely to the @sc{posix} standard by changing the behavior to +match that specified by @sc{posix} in areas where the Bash default differs. + +When invoked as @code{sh}, Bash enters @sc{posix} mode after reading the +startup files. + +The following list is what's changed when `@sc{posix} mode' is in effect: + +@enumerate +@item +Bash ensures that the @env{POSIXLY_CORRECT} variable is set. + +@item +When a command in the hash table no longer exists, Bash will re-search +@env{$PATH} to find the new location. This is also available with +@samp{shopt -s checkhash}. + +@item +Bash will not insert a command without the execute bit set into the +command hash table, even if it returns it as a (last-ditch) result +from a @env{$PATH} search. + +@item +The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job +exits with a non-zero status is `Done(status)'. + +@item +The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job +is stopped is `Stopped(@var{signame})', where @var{signame} is, for +example, @code{SIGTSTP}. + +@item +Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells. + +@item +Reserved words appearing in a context where reserved words are recognized +do not undergo alias expansion. + +@item +Alias expansion is performed when initially parsing a command substitution. +The default mode generally defers it, when enabled, until the command +substitution is executed. This means that command substitution will not +expand aliases that are defined after the command substitution is initially +parsed (e.g., as part of a function definition). + +@item +The @sc{posix} @env{PS1} and @env{PS2} expansions of @samp{!} to +the history number and @samp{!!} to @samp{!} are enabled, +and parameter expansion is performed on the values of @env{PS1} and +@env{PS2} regardless of the setting of the @code{promptvars} option. + +@item +The @sc{posix} startup files are executed (@env{$ENV}) rather than +the normal Bash files. + +@item +Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a command +name, rather than on all assignment statements on the line. + +@item +The default history file is @file{~/.sh_history} (this is the +default value of @env{$HISTFILE}). + +@item +Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the word +in the redirection unless the shell is interactive. + +@item +Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in the +redirection. + +@item +Function names must be valid shell @code{name}s. That is, they may not +contain characters other than letters, digits, and underscores, and +may not start with a digit. Declaring a function with an invalid name +causes a fatal syntax error in non-interactive shells. + +@item +Function names may not be the same as one of the @sc{posix} special +builtins. + +@item +@sc{posix} special builtins are found before shell functions +during command lookup. + +@item +When printing shell function definitions (e.g., by @code{type}), Bash does +not print the @code{function} keyword. + +@item +Literal tildes that appear as the first character in elements of +the @env{PATH} variable are not expanded as described above +under @ref{Tilde Expansion}. + +@item +The @code{time} reserved word may be used by itself as a command. When +used in this way, it displays timing statistics for the shell and its +completed children. The @env{TIMEFORMAT} variable controls the format +of the timing information. + +@item +When parsing and expanding a $@{@dots{}@} expansion that appears within +double quotes, single quotes are no longer special and cannot be used to +quote a closing brace or other special character, unless the operator is +one of those defined to perform pattern removal. In this case, they do +not have to appear as matched pairs. + +@item +The parser does not recognize @code{time} as a reserved word if the next +token begins with a @samp{-}. + +@ignore +@item +When parsing @code{$()} command substitutions containing here-documents, +the parser does not allow a here-document to be delimited by the closing +right parenthesis. The newline after the here-document delimiter is required. +@end ignore + +@item +The @samp{!} character does not introduce history expansion within a +double-quoted string, even if the @code{histexpand} option is enabled. + +@item +If a @sc{posix} special builtin returns an error status, a +non-interactive shell exits. The fatal errors are those listed in +the @sc{posix} standard, and include things like passing incorrect options, +redirection errors, variable assignment errors for assignments preceding +the command name, and so on. + +@item +A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable +assignment error occurs when no command name follows the assignment +statements. +A variable assignment error occurs, for example, when trying to assign +a value to a readonly variable. + +@item +A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable +assignment error occurs in an assignment statement preceding a special +builtin, but not with any other simple command. For any other simple +command, the shell aborts execution of that command, and execution continues +at the top level ("the shell shall not perform any further processing of the +command in which the error occurred"). + +@item +A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the iteration +variable in a @code{for} statement or the selection variable in a +@code{select} statement is a readonly variable. + +@item +Non-interactive shells exit if @var{filename} in @code{.} @var{filename} +is not found. + +@item +Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic expansion +results in an invalid expression. + +@item +Non-interactive shells exit if a parameter expansion error occurs. + +@item +Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script read +with the @code{.} or @code{source} builtins, or in a string processed by +the @code{eval} builtin. + +@item +While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to the +@samp{#} and @samp{?} special parameters. + +@item +Expanding the @samp{*} special parameter in a pattern context where the +expansion is double-quoted does not treat the @code{$*} as if it were +double-quoted. + +@item +Assignment statements preceding @sc{posix} special builtins +persist in the shell environment after the builtin completes. + +@item +The @code{command} builtin does not prevent builtins that take assignment +statements as arguments from expanding them as assignment statements; +when not in @sc{posix} mode, assignment builtins lose their assignment +statement expansion properties when preceded by @code{command}. + +@item +The @code{bg} builtin uses the required format to describe each job placed +in the background, which does not include an indication of whether the job +is the current or previous job. + +@item +The output of @samp{kill -l} prints all the signal names on a single line, +separated by spaces, without the @samp{SIG} prefix. + +@item +The @code{kill} builtin does not accept signal names with a @samp{SIG} +prefix. + +@item +The @code{export} and @code{readonly} builtin commands display their +output in the format required by @sc{posix}. + +@item +The @code{trap} builtin displays signal names without the leading +@code{SIG}. + +@item +The @code{trap} builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible +signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original +disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of digits and +is a valid signal number. If users want to reset the handler for a given +signal to the original disposition, they should use @samp{-} as the +first argument. + +@item +@code{trap -p} displays signals whose dispositions are set to SIG_DFL and +those that were ignored when the shell started. + +@item +The @code{.} and @code{source} builtins do not search the current directory +for the filename argument if it is not found by searching @env{PATH}. + +@item +Enabling @sc{posix} mode has the effect of setting the +@code{inherit_errexit} option, so +subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of +the @option{-e} option from the parent shell. +When the @code{inherit_errexit} option is not enabled, +Bash clears the @option{-e} option in such subshells. + +@item +Enabling @sc{posix} mode has the effect of setting the +@code{shift_verbose} option, so numeric arguments to @code{shift} +that exceed the number of positional parameters will result in an +error message. + +@item +When the @code{alias} builtin displays alias definitions, it does not +display them with a leading @samp{alias } unless the @option{-p} option +is supplied. + +@item +When the @code{set} builtin is invoked without options, it does not display +shell function names and definitions. + +@item +When the @code{set} builtin is invoked without options, it displays +variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell metacharacters, +even if the result contains nonprinting characters. + +@item +When the @code{cd} builtin is invoked in logical mode, and the pathname +constructed from @code{$PWD} and the directory name supplied as an argument +does not refer to an existing directory, @code{cd} will fail instead of +falling back to physical mode. + +@item +When the @code{cd} builtin cannot change a directory because the +length of the pathname +constructed from @code{$PWD} and the directory name supplied as an argument +exceeds @code{PATH_MAX} when all symbolic links are expanded, @code{cd} will +fail instead of attempting to use only the supplied directory name. + +@item +The @code{pwd} builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as the +current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file system with the +@option{-P} option. + +@item +When listing the history, the @code{fc} builtin does not include an +indication of whether or not a history entry has been modified. + +@item +The default editor used by @code{fc} is @code{ed}. + +@item +The @code{type} and @code{command} builtins will not report a non-executable +file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute such a +file if it is the only so-named file found in @code{$PATH}. + +@item +The @code{vi} editing mode will invoke the @code{vi} editor directly when +the @samp{v} command is run, instead of checking @code{$VISUAL} and +@code{$EDITOR}. + +@item +When the @code{xpg_echo} option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to interpret +any arguments to @code{echo} as options. Each argument is displayed, after +escape characters are converted. + +@item +The @code{ulimit} builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the @option{-c} +and @option{-f} options. + +@item +The arrival of @code{SIGCHLD} when a trap is set on @code{SIGCHLD} does +not interrupt the @code{wait} builtin and cause it to return immediately. +The trap command is run once for each child that exits. + +@item +The @code{read} builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap +has been set. +If Bash receives a trapped signal while executing @code{read}, the trap +handler executes and @code{read} returns an exit status greater than 128. + +@item +The @code{printf} builtin uses @code{double} (via @code{strtod}) to convert +arguments corresponding to floating point conversion specifiers, instead of +@code{long double} if it's available. The @samp{L} length modifier forces +@code{printf} to use @code{long double} if it's available. + +@item +Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list of such +statuses after the @code{wait} builtin is used to obtain it. + +@end enumerate + +There is other @sc{posix} behavior that Bash does not implement by +default even when in @sc{posix} mode. +Specifically: + +@enumerate + +@item +The @code{fc} builtin checks @code{$EDITOR} as a program to edit history +entries if @code{FCEDIT} is unset, rather than defaulting directly to +@code{ed}. @code{fc} uses @code{ed} if @code{EDITOR} is unset. + +@item +As noted above, Bash requires the @code{xpg_echo} option to be enabled for +the @code{echo} builtin to be fully conformant. + +@end enumerate + +Bash can be configured to be @sc{posix}-conformant by default, by specifying +the @option{--enable-strict-posix-default} to @code{configure} when building +(@pxref{Optional Features}). + +@node Shell Compatibility Mode +@section Shell Compatibility Mode +@cindex Compatibility Level +@cindex Compatibility Mode + +Bash-4.0 introduced the concept of a @dfn{shell compatibility level}, +specified as a set of options to the shopt builtin +(@code{compat31}, +@code{compat32}, +@code{compat40}, +@code{compat41}, +and so on). +There is only one current +compatibility level -- each option is mutually exclusive. +The compatibility level is intended to allow users to select behavior +from previous versions that is incompatible with newer versions +while they migrate scripts to use current features and +behavior. It's intended to be a temporary solution. + +This section does not mention behavior that is standard for a particular +version (e.g., setting @code{compat32} means that quoting the rhs of the regexp +matching operator quotes special regexp characters in the word, which is +default behavior in bash-3.2 and subsequent versions). + +If a user enables, say, @code{compat32}, it may affect the behavior of other +compatibility levels up to and including the current compatibility level. +The idea is that each compatibility level controls behavior that changed +in that version of Bash, +but that behavior may have been present in earlier versions. +For instance, the change to use locale-based comparisons with the @code{[[} +command came in bash-4.1, and earlier versions used ASCII-based comparisons, +so enabling @code{compat32} will enable ASCII-based comparisons as well. +That granularity may not be sufficient for +all uses, and as a result users should employ compatibility levels carefully. +Read the documentation for a particular feature to find out the +current behavior. + +Bash-4.3 introduced a new shell variable: @env{BASH_COMPAT}. +The value assigned +to this variable (a decimal version number like 4.2, or an integer +corresponding to the @code{compat}@var{NN} option, like 42) determines the +compatibility level. + +Starting with bash-4.4, Bash has begun deprecating older compatibility +levels. +Eventually, the options will be removed in favor of @env{BASH_COMPAT}. + +Bash-5.0 is the final version for which there will be an individual shopt +option for the previous version. Users should use @env{BASH_COMPAT} +on bash-5.0 and later versions. + +The following table describes the behavior changes controlled by each +compatibility level setting. +The @code{compat}@var{NN} tag is used as shorthand for setting the +compatibility level +to @var{NN} using one of the following mechanisms. +For versions prior to bash-5.0, the compatibility level may be set using +the corresponding @code{compat}@var{NN} shopt option. +For bash-4.3 and later versions, the @env{BASH_COMPAT} variable is preferred, +and it is required for bash-5.1 and later versions. + +@table @code +@item compat31 +@itemize @bullet +@item +quoting the rhs of the @code{[[} command's regexp matching operator (=~) +has no special effect +@end itemize + +@item compat32 +@itemize @bullet +@item +interrupting a command list such as "a ; b ; c" causes the execution +of the next command in the list (in bash-4.0 and later versions, +the shell acts as if it received the interrupt, so +interrupting one command in a list aborts the execution of the +entire list) +@end itemize + +@item compat40 +@itemize @bullet +@item +the @samp{<} and @samp{>} operators to the @code{[[} command do not +consider the current locale when comparing strings; they use ASCII +ordering. +Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII collation and strcmp(3); +bash-4.1 and later use the current locale's collation sequence and +strcoll(3). +@end itemize + +@item compat41 +@itemize @bullet +@item +in posix mode, @code{time} may be followed by options and still be +recognized as a reserved word (this is @sc{posix} interpretation 267) +@item +in posix mode, the parser requires that an even number of single +quotes occur in the @var{word} portion of a double-quoted $@{@dots{}@} +parameter expansion and treats them specially, so that characters within +the single quotes are considered quoted +(this is @sc{posix} interpretation 221) +@end itemize + +@item compat42 +@itemize @bullet +@item +the replacement string in double-quoted pattern substitution does not +undergo quote removal, as it does in versions after bash-4.2 +@item +in posix mode, single quotes are considered special when expanding +the @var{word} portion of a double-quoted $@{@dots{}@} parameter expansion +and can be used to quote a closing brace or other special character +(this is part of @sc{posix} interpretation 221); +in later versions, single quotes +are not special within double-quoted word expansions +@end itemize + +@item compat43 +@itemize @bullet +@item +the shell does not print a warning message if an attempt is made to +use a quoted compound assignment as an argument to declare +(e.g., declare -a foo='(1 2)'). Later versions warn that this usage is +deprecated +@item +word expansion errors are considered non-fatal errors that cause the +current command to fail, even in posix mode +(the default behavior is to make them fatal errors that cause the shell +to exit) +@item +when executing a shell function, the loop state (while/until/etc.) +is not reset, so @code{break} or @code{continue} in that function will break +or continue loops in the calling context. Bash-4.4 and later reset +the loop state to prevent this +@end itemize + +@item compat44 +@itemize @bullet +@item +the shell sets up the values used by @env{BASH_ARGV} and @env{BASH_ARGC} +so they can expand to the shell's positional parameters even if extended +debugging mode is not enabled +@item +a subshell inherits loops from its parent context, so @code{break} +or @code{continue} will cause the subshell to exit. +Bash-5.0 and later reset the loop state to prevent the exit +@item +variable assignments preceding builtins like @code{export} and @code{readonly} +that set attributes continue to affect variables with the same +name in the calling environment even if the shell is not in posix +mode +@end itemize + +@item compat50 (set using BASH_COMPAT) +@itemize @bullet +@item +Bash-5.1 changed the way @code{$RANDOM} is generated to introduce slightly +more randomness. If the shell compatibility level is set to 50 or +lower, it reverts to the method from bash-5.0 and previous versions, +so seeding the random number generator by assigning a value to +@env{RANDOM} will produce the same sequence as in bash-5.0 +@item +If the command hash table is empty, Bash versions prior to bash-5.1 +printed an informational message to that effect, even when producing +output that can be reused as input. Bash-5.1 suppresses that message +when the @option{-l} option is supplied. +@end itemize + +@item compat51 (set using BASH_COMPAT) +@itemize @bullet +@item +The @code{unset} builtin will unset the array @code{a} given an argument like +@samp{a[@@]}. +Bash-5.2 will unset an element with key @samp{@@} (associative arrays) +or remove all the elements without unsetting the array (indexed arrays) +@item +arithmetic commands ( ((...)) ) and the expressions in an arithmetic for +statement can be expanded more than once +@item +expressions used as arguments to arithmetic operators in the @code{[[} +conditional command can be expanded more than once +@item +the expressions in substring parameter brace expansion can be +expanded more than once +@item +the expressions in the $(( ... )) word expansion can be expanded +more than once +@item +arithmetic expressions used as indexed array subscripts can be +expanded more than once +@item +@code{test -v}, when given an argument of @samp{A[@@]}, where @var{A} is +an existing associative array, will return true if the array has any set +elements. +Bash-5.2 will look for and report on a key named @samp{@@} +@item +the $@{@var{parameter}[:]=@var{value}@} word expansion will return +@var{value}, before any variable-specific transformations have been +performed (e.g., converting to lowercase). +Bash-5.2 will return the final value assigned to the variable. +@item +Parsing command substitutions will behave as if extended glob +(@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}) +is enabled, so that parsing a command substitution containing an extglob +pattern (say, as part of a shell function) will not fail. +This assumes the intent is to enable extglob before the command is executed +and word expansions are performed. +It will fail at word expansion time if extglob hasn't been +enabled by the time the command is executed. +@end itemize +@end table + +@node Job Control +@chapter Job Control + +This chapter discusses what job control is, how it works, and how +Bash allows you to access its facilities. + +@menu +* Job Control Basics:: How job control works. +* Job Control Builtins:: Bash builtin commands used to interact + with job control. +* Job Control Variables:: Variables Bash uses to customize job + control. +@end menu + +@node Job Control Basics +@section Job Control Basics +@cindex job control +@cindex foreground +@cindex background +@cindex suspending jobs + +Job control +refers to the ability to selectively stop (suspend) +the execution of processes and continue (resume) +their execution at a later point. A user typically employs +this facility via an interactive interface supplied jointly +by the operating system kernel's terminal driver and Bash. + +The shell associates a @var{job} with each pipeline. It keeps a +table of currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the +@code{jobs} command. When Bash starts a job +asynchronously, it prints a line that looks +like: +@example +[1] 25647 +@end example +@noindent +indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process @sc{id} +of the last process in the pipeline associated with this job is +25647. All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of +the same job. Bash uses the @var{job} abstraction as the +basis for job control. + +To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job +control, the operating system maintains the notion of a current terminal +process group @sc{id}. Members of this process group (processes whose +process group @sc{id} is equal to the current terminal process group +@sc{id}) receive keyboard-generated signals such as @code{SIGINT}. +These processes are said to be in the foreground. Background +processes are those whose process group @sc{id} differs from the +terminal's; such processes are immune to keyboard-generated +signals. Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, if +the user so specifies with @code{stty tostop}, write to the terminal. +Background processes which attempt to +read from (write to when @code{stty tostop} is in effect) the +terminal are sent a @code{SIGTTIN} (@code{SIGTTOU}) +signal by the kernel's terminal driver, +which, unless caught, suspends the process. + +If the operating system on which Bash is running supports +job control, Bash contains facilities to use it. Typing the +@dfn{suspend} character (typically @samp{^Z}, Control-Z) while a +process is running causes that process to be stopped and returns +control to Bash. Typing the @dfn{delayed suspend} character +(typically @samp{^Y}, Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped +when it attempts to read input from the terminal, and control to +be returned to Bash. The user then manipulates the state of +this job, using the @code{bg} command to continue it in the +background, the @code{fg} command to continue it in the +foreground, or the @code{kill} command to kill it. A @samp{^Z} +takes effect immediately, and has the additional side effect of +causing pending output and typeahead to be discarded. + +There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. The +character @samp{%} introduces a job specification (@dfn{jobspec}). + +Job number @code{n} may be referred to as @samp{%n}. +The symbols @samp{%%} and @samp{%+} refer to the shell's notion of the +current job, which is the last job stopped while it was in the foreground +or started in the background. +A single @samp{%} (with no accompanying job specification) also refers +to the current job. +The previous job may be referenced using @samp{%-}. +If there is only a single job, @samp{%+} and @samp{%-} can both be used +to refer to that job. +In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the @code{jobs} +command), the current job is always flagged with a @samp{+}, and the +previous job with a @samp{-}. + +A job may also be referred to +using a prefix of the name used to start it, or using a substring +that appears in its command line. For example, @samp{%ce} refers +to a stopped job whose command name begins with @samp{ce}. +Using @samp{%?ce}, on the +other hand, refers to any job containing the string @samp{ce} in +its command line. If the prefix or substring matches more than one job, +Bash reports an error. + +Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: +@samp{%1} is a synonym for @samp{fg %1}, bringing job 1 from the +background into the foreground. Similarly, @samp{%1 &} resumes +job 1 in the background, equivalent to @samp{bg %1} + +The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. +Normally, Bash waits until it is about to print a prompt +before reporting changes in a job's status so as to not interrupt +any other output. +If the @option{-b} option to the @code{set} builtin is enabled, +Bash reports such changes immediately (@pxref{The Set Builtin}). +Any trap on @code{SIGCHLD} is executed for each child process +that exits. + +If an attempt to exit Bash is made while jobs are stopped, (or running, if +the @code{checkjobs} option is enabled -- see @ref{The Shopt Builtin}), the +shell prints a warning message, and if the @code{checkjobs} option is +enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses. +The @code{jobs} command may then be used to inspect their status. +If a second attempt to exit is made without an intervening command, +Bash does not print another warning, and any stopped jobs are terminated. + +When the shell is waiting for a job or process using the @code{wait} +builtin, and job control is enabled, @code{wait} will return when the +job changes state. The @option{-f} option causes @code{wait} to wait +until the job or process terminates before returning. + +@node Job Control Builtins +@section Job Control Builtins + +@table @code + +@item bg +@btindex bg +@example +bg [@var{jobspec} @dots{}] +@end example + +Resume each suspended job @var{jobspec} in the background, as if it +had been started with @samp{&}. +If @var{jobspec} is not supplied, the current job is used. +The return status is zero unless it is run when job control is not +enabled, or, when run with job control enabled, any +@var{jobspec} was not found or specifies a job +that was started without job control. + +@item fg +@btindex fg +@example +fg [@var{jobspec}] +@end example + +Resume the job @var{jobspec} in the foreground and make it the current job. +If @var{jobspec} is not supplied, the current job is used. +The return status is that of the command placed into the foreground, +or non-zero if run when job control is disabled or, when run with +job control enabled, @var{jobspec} does not specify a valid job or +@var{jobspec} specifies a job that was started without job control. + +@item jobs +@btindex jobs +@example +jobs [-lnprs] [@var{jobspec}] +jobs -x @var{command} [@var{arguments}] +@end example + +The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the +following meanings: + +@table @code +@item -l +List process @sc{id}s in addition to the normal information. + +@item -n +Display information only about jobs that have changed status since +the user was last notified of their status. + +@item -p +List only the process @sc{id} of the job's process group leader. + +@item -r +Display only running jobs. + +@item -s +Display only stopped jobs. +@end table + +If @var{jobspec} is given, +output is restricted to information about that job. +If @var{jobspec} is not supplied, the status of all jobs is +listed. + +If the @option{-x} option is supplied, @code{jobs} replaces any +@var{jobspec} found in @var{command} or @var{arguments} with the +corresponding process group @sc{id}, and executes @var{command}, +passing it @var{argument}s, returning its exit status. + +@item kill +@btindex kill +@example +kill [-s @var{sigspec}] [-n @var{signum}] [-@var{sigspec}] @var{jobspec} or @var{pid} +kill -l|-L [@var{exit_status}] +@end example + +Send a signal specified by @var{sigspec} or @var{signum} to the process +named by job specification @var{jobspec} or process @sc{id} @var{pid}. +@var{sigspec} is either a case-insensitive signal name such as +@code{SIGINT} (with or without the @code{SIG} prefix) +or a signal number; @var{signum} is a signal number. +If @var{sigspec} and @var{signum} are not present, @code{SIGTERM} is used. +The @option{-l} option lists the signal names. +If any arguments are supplied when @option{-l} is given, the names of the +signals corresponding to the arguments are listed, and the return status +is zero. +@var{exit_status} is a number specifying a signal number or the exit +status of a process terminated by a signal. +The @option{-L} option is equivalent to @option{-l}. +The return status is zero if at least one signal was successfully sent, +or non-zero if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered. + +@item wait +@btindex wait +@example +wait [-fn] [-p @var{varname}] [@var{jobspec} or @var{pid} @dots{}] +@end example + +Wait until the child process specified by each process @sc{id} @var{pid} +or job specification @var{jobspec} exits and return the exit status of the +last command waited for. +If a job spec is given, all processes in the job are waited for. +If no arguments are given, +@code{wait} waits for all running background jobs and +the last-executed process substitution, if its process id is the same as +@var{$!}, +and the return status is zero. +If the @option{-n} option is supplied, @code{wait} waits for a single job +from the list of @var{pid}s or @var{jobspec}s or, if no arguments are +supplied, any job, +to complete and returns its exit status. +If none of the supplied arguments is a child of the shell, or if no arguments +are supplied and the shell has no unwaited-for children, the exit status +is 127. +If the @option{-p} option is supplied, the process or job identifier of the job +for which the exit status is returned is assigned to the variable +@var{varname} named by the option argument. +The variable will be unset initially, before any assignment. +This is useful only when the @option{-n} option is supplied. +Supplying the @option{-f} option, when job control is enabled, +forces @code{wait} to wait for each @var{pid} or @var{jobspec} to +terminate before returning its status, instead of returning when it changes +status. +If neither @var{jobspec} nor @var{pid} specifies an active child process +of the shell, the return status is 127. +If @code{wait} is interrupted by a signal, the return status will be greater +than 128, as described above (@pxref{Signals}). +Otherwise, the return status is the exit status +of the last process or job waited for. + +@item disown +@btindex disown +@example +disown [-ar] [-h] [@var{jobspec} @dots{} | @var{pid} @dots{} ] +@end example + +Without options, remove each @var{jobspec} from the table of +active jobs. +If the @option{-h} option is given, the job is not removed from the table, +but is marked so that @code{SIGHUP} is not sent to the job if the shell +receives a @code{SIGHUP}. +If @var{jobspec} is not present, and neither the @option{-a} nor the +@option{-r} option is supplied, the current job is used. +If no @var{jobspec} is supplied, the @option{-a} option means to remove or +mark all jobs; the @option{-r} option without a @var{jobspec} +argument restricts operation to running jobs. + +@item suspend +@btindex suspend +@example +suspend [-f] +@end example + +Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a +@code{SIGCONT} signal. +A login shell, +or a shell without job control enabled, +cannot be suspended; the @option{-f} +option can be used to override this and force the suspension. +The return status is 0 unless the shell is a login shell +or job control is not enabled +and +@option{-f} +is not supplied. + +@end table + +When job control is not active, the @code{kill} and @code{wait} +builtins do not accept @var{jobspec} arguments. They must be +supplied process @sc{id}s. + +@node Job Control Variables +@section Job Control Variables + +@vtable @code + +@item auto_resume +This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and +job control. If this variable exists then single word simple +commands without redirections are treated as candidates for resumption +of an existing job. There is no ambiguity allowed; if there is +more than one job beginning with the string typed, then +the most recently accessed job will be selected. +The name of a stopped job, in this context, is the command line +used to start it. If this variable is set to the value @samp{exact}, +the string supplied must match the name of a stopped job exactly; +if set to @samp{substring}, +the string supplied needs to match a substring of the name of a +stopped job. The @samp{substring} value provides functionality +analogous to the @samp{%?} job @sc{id} (@pxref{Job Control Basics}). +If set to any other value, the supplied string must +be a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides functionality +analogous to the @samp{%} job @sc{id}. + +@end vtable + +@set readline-appendix +@set history-appendix +@cindex Readline, how to use +@include rluser.texi +@cindex History, how to use +@include hsuser.texi +@clear readline-appendix +@clear history-appendix + +@node Installing Bash +@chapter Installing Bash + +This chapter provides basic instructions for installing Bash on +the various supported platforms. The distribution supports the +@sc{gnu} operating systems, nearly every version of Unix, and several +non-Unix systems such as BeOS and Interix. +Other independent ports exist for +@sc{ms-dos}, @sc{os/2}, and Windows platforms. + +@menu +* Basic Installation:: Installation instructions. +* Compilers and Options:: How to set special options for various + systems. +* Compiling For Multiple Architectures:: How to compile Bash for more + than one kind of system from + the same source tree. +* Installation Names:: How to set the various paths used by the installation. +* Specifying the System Type:: How to configure Bash for a particular system. +* Sharing Defaults:: How to share default configuration values among GNU + programs. +* Operation Controls:: Options recognized by the configuration program. +* Optional Features:: How to enable and disable optional features when + building Bash. +@end menu + +@node Basic Installation +@section Basic Installation +@cindex installation +@cindex configuration +@cindex Bash installation +@cindex Bash configuration + +These are installation instructions for Bash. + +The simplest way to compile Bash is: + +@enumerate +@item +@code{cd} to the directory containing the source code and type +@samp{./configure} to configure Bash for your system. If you're +using @code{csh} on an old version of System V, you might need to +type @samp{sh ./configure} instead to prevent @code{csh} from trying +to execute @code{configure} itself. + +Running @code{configure} takes some time. +While running, it prints messages telling which features it is +checking for. + +@item +Type @samp{make} to compile Bash and build the @code{bashbug} bug +reporting script. + +@item +Optionally, type @samp{make tests} to run the Bash test suite. + +@item +Type @samp{make install} to install @code{bash} and @code{bashbug}. +This will also install the manual pages and Info file, message translation +files, some supplemental documentation, a number of example loadable +builtin commands, and a set of header files for developing loadable +builtins. +You may need additional privileges to install @code{bash} to your +desired destination, so @samp{sudo make install} might be required. +More information about controlling the locations where @code{bash} and +other files are installed is below (@pxref{Installation Names}). + +@end enumerate + +The @code{configure} shell script attempts to guess correct +values for various system-dependent variables used during +compilation. It uses those values to create a @file{Makefile} in +each directory of the package (the top directory, the +@file{builtins}, @file{doc}, @file{po}, and @file{support} directories, +each directory under @file{lib}, and several others). It also creates a +@file{config.h} file containing system-dependent definitions. +Finally, it creates a shell script named @code{config.status} that you +can run in the future to recreate the current configuration, a +file @file{config.cache} that saves the results of its tests to +speed up reconfiguring, and a file @file{config.log} containing +compiler output (useful mainly for debugging @code{configure}). +If at some point +@file{config.cache} contains results you don't want to keep, you +may remove or edit it. + +To find out more about the options and arguments that the +@code{configure} script understands, type + +@example +bash-4.2$ ./configure --help +@end example + +@noindent +at the Bash prompt in your Bash source directory. + +If you want to build Bash in a directory separate from the source +directory -- to build for multiple architectures, for example -- +just use the full path to the configure script. The following commands +will build bash in a directory under @file{/usr/local/build} from +the source code in @file{/usr/local/src/bash-4.4}: + +@example +mkdir /usr/local/build/bash-4.4 +cd /usr/local/build/bash-4.4 +bash /usr/local/src/bash-4.4/configure +make +@end example + +See @ref{Compiling For Multiple Architectures} for more information +about building in a directory separate from the source. + +If you need to do unusual things to compile Bash, please +try to figure out how @code{configure} could check whether or not +to do them, and mail diffs or instructions to +@email{bash-maintainers@@gnu.org} so they can be +considered for the next release. + +The file @file{configure.ac} is used to create @code{configure} +by a program called Autoconf. +You only need @file{configure.ac} if you want to change it or regenerate +@code{configure} using a newer version of Autoconf. +If you do this, make sure you are using Autoconf version 2.69 or +newer. + +You can remove the program binaries and object files from the +source code directory by typing @samp{make clean}. To also remove the +files that @code{configure} created (so you can compile Bash for +a different kind of computer), type @samp{make distclean}. + +@node Compilers and Options +@section Compilers and Options + +Some systems require unusual options for compilation or linking +that the @code{configure} script does not know about. You can +give @code{configure} initial values for variables by setting +them in the environment. Using a Bourne-compatible shell, you +can do that on the command line like this: + +@example +CC=c89 CFLAGS=-O2 LIBS=-lposix ./configure +@end example + +On systems that have the @code{env} program, you can do it like this: + +@example +env CPPFLAGS=-I/usr/local/include LDFLAGS=-s ./configure +@end example + +The configuration process uses GCC to build Bash if it +is available. + +@node Compiling For Multiple Architectures +@section Compiling For Multiple Architectures + +You can compile Bash for more than one kind of computer at the +same time, by placing the object files for each architecture in their +own directory. To do this, you must use a version of @code{make} that +supports the @code{VPATH} variable, such as GNU @code{make}. +@code{cd} to the +directory where you want the object files and executables to go and run +the @code{configure} script from the source directory +(@pxref{Basic Installation}). +You may need to +supply the @option{--srcdir=PATH} argument to tell @code{configure} where the +source files are. @code{configure} automatically checks for the +source code in the directory that @code{configure} is in and in `..'. + +If you have to use a @code{make} that does not support the @code{VPATH} +variable, you can compile Bash for one architecture at a +time in the source code directory. After you have installed +Bash for one architecture, use @samp{make distclean} before +reconfiguring for another architecture. + +Alternatively, if your system supports symbolic links, you can use the +@file{support/mkclone} script to create a build tree which has +symbolic links back to each file in the source directory. Here's an +example that creates a build directory in the current directory from a +source directory @file{/usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0}: + +@example +bash /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0/support/mkclone -s /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0 . +@end example + +@noindent +The @code{mkclone} script requires Bash, so you must have already built +Bash for at least one architecture before you can create build +directories for other architectures. + +@node Installation Names +@section Installation Names + +By default, @samp{make install} will install into +@file{/usr/local/bin}, @file{/usr/local/man}, etc.; +that is, the @dfn{installation prefix} defaults to @file{/usr/local}. +You can specify an installation prefix other than @file{/usr/local} by +giving @code{configure} the option @option{--prefix=@var{PATH}}, +or by specifying a value for the @env{prefix} @samp{make} +variable when running @samp{make install} +(e.g., @samp{make install prefix=@var{PATH}}). +The @env{prefix} variable provides a default for @env{exec_prefix} and +other variables used when installing bash. + +You can specify separate installation prefixes for +architecture-specific files and architecture-independent files. +If you give @code{configure} the option +@option{--exec-prefix=@var{PATH}}, @samp{make install} will use +@var{PATH} as the prefix for installing programs and libraries. +Documentation and other data files will still use the regular prefix. + +If you would like to change the installation locations for a single run, +you can specify these variables as arguments to @code{make}: +@samp{make install exec_prefix=/} will install @code{bash} and +@code{bashbug} into @file{/bin} instead of the default @file{/usr/local/bin}. + +If you want to see the files bash will install and where it will install +them without changing anything on your system, specify the variable +@env{DESTDIR} as an argument to @code{make}. Its value should be the +absolute directory path you'd like to use as the root of your sample +installation tree. For example, + +@example +mkdir /fs1/bash-install +make install DESTDIR=/fs1/bash-install +@end example + +@noindent +will install @code{bash} into @file{/fs1/bash-install/usr/local/bin/bash}, +the documentation into directories within +@file{/fs1/bash-install/usr/local/share}, the example loadable builtins into +@file{/fs1/bash-install/usr/local/lib/bash}, and so on. +You can use the usual @env{exec_prefix} and @env{prefix} variables to alter +the directory paths beneath the value of @env{DESTDIR}. + +The GNU Makefile standards provide a more complete description of these +variables and their effects. + +@node Specifying the System Type +@section Specifying the System Type + +There may be some features @code{configure} can not figure out +automatically, but needs to determine by the type of host Bash +will run on. Usually @code{configure} can figure that +out, but if it prints a message saying it can not guess the host +type, give it the @option{--host=TYPE} option. @samp{TYPE} can +either be a short name for the system type, such as @samp{sun4}, +or a canonical name with three fields: @samp{CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM} +(e.g., @samp{i386-unknown-freebsd4.2}). + +See the file @file{support/config.sub} for the possible +values of each field. + +@node Sharing Defaults +@section Sharing Defaults + +If you want to set default values for @code{configure} scripts to +share, you can create a site shell script called +@code{config.site} that gives default values for variables like +@code{CC}, @code{cache_file}, and @code{prefix}. @code{configure} +looks for @file{PREFIX/share/config.site} if it exists, then +@file{PREFIX/etc/config.site} if it exists. Or, you can set the +@code{CONFIG_SITE} environment variable to the location of the site +script. A warning: the Bash @code{configure} looks for a site script, +but not all @code{configure} scripts do. + +@node Operation Controls +@section Operation Controls + +@code{configure} recognizes the following options to control how it +operates. + +@table @code + +@item --cache-file=@var{file} +Use and save the results of the tests in +@var{file} instead of @file{./config.cache}. Set @var{file} to +@file{/dev/null} to disable caching, for debugging +@code{configure}. + +@item --help +Print a summary of the options to @code{configure}, and exit. + +@item --quiet +@itemx --silent +@itemx -q +Do not print messages saying which checks are being made. + +@item --srcdir=@var{dir} +Look for the Bash source code in directory @var{dir}. Usually +@code{configure} can determine that directory automatically. + +@item --version +Print the version of Autoconf used to generate the @code{configure} +script, and exit. +@end table + +@code{configure} also accepts some other, not widely used, boilerplate +options. @samp{configure --help} prints the complete list. + +@node Optional Features +@section Optional Features + +The Bash @code{configure} has a number of @option{--enable-@var{feature}} +options, where @var{feature} indicates an optional part of Bash. +There are also several @option{--with-@var{package}} options, +where @var{package} is something like @samp{bash-malloc} or @samp{purify}. +To turn off the default use of a package, use +@option{--without-@var{package}}. To configure Bash without a feature +that is enabled by default, use @option{--disable-@var{feature}}. + +Here is a complete list of the @option{--enable-} and +@option{--with-} options that the Bash @code{configure} recognizes. + +@table @code +@item --with-afs +Define if you are using the Andrew File System from Transarc. + +@item --with-bash-malloc +Use the Bash version of +@code{malloc} in the directory @file{lib/malloc}. This is not the same +@code{malloc} that appears in @sc{gnu} libc, but an older version +originally derived from the 4.2 @sc{bsd} @code{malloc}. This @code{malloc} +is very fast, but wastes some space on each allocation. +This option is enabled by default. +The @file{NOTES} file contains a list of systems for +which this should be turned off, and @code{configure} disables this +option automatically for a number of systems. + +@item --with-curses +Use the curses library instead of the termcap library. This should +be supplied if your system has an inadequate or incomplete termcap +database. + +@item --with-gnu-malloc +A synonym for @code{--with-bash-malloc}. + +@item --with-installed-readline[=@var{PREFIX}] +Define this to make Bash link with a locally-installed version of Readline +rather than the version in @file{lib/readline}. This works only with +Readline 5.0 and later versions. If @var{PREFIX} is @code{yes} or not +supplied, @code{configure} uses the values of the make variables +@code{includedir} and @code{libdir}, which are subdirectories of @code{prefix} +by default, to find the installed version of Readline if it is not in +the standard system include and library directories. +If @var{PREFIX} is @code{no}, Bash links with the version in +@file{lib/readline}. +If @var{PREFIX} is set to any other value, @code{configure} treats it as +a directory pathname and looks for +the installed version of Readline in subdirectories of that directory +(include files in @var{PREFIX}/@code{include} and the library in +@var{PREFIX}/@code{lib}). + +@item --with-libintl-prefix[=@var{PREFIX}] +Define this to make Bash link with a locally-installed version of the +libintl library instead of the version in @file{lib/intl}. + +@item --with-libiconv-prefix[=@var{PREFIX}] +Define this to make Bash look for libiconv in @var{PREFIX} instead of the +standard system locations. There is no version included with Bash. + +@item --enable-minimal-config +This produces a shell with minimal features, close to the historical +Bourne shell. +@end table + +There are several @option{--enable-} options that alter how Bash is +compiled, linked, and installed, rather than changing run-time features. + +@table @code +@item --enable-largefile +Enable support for @uref{http://www.unix.org/version2/whatsnew/lfs20mar.html, +large files} if the operating system requires special compiler options +to build programs which can access large files. This is enabled by +default, if the operating system provides large file support. + +@item --enable-profiling +This builds a Bash binary that produces profiling information to be +processed by @code{gprof} each time it is executed. + +@item --enable-separate-helpfiles +Use external files for the documentation displayed by the @code{help} builtin +instead of storing the text internally. + +@item --enable-static-link +This causes Bash to be linked statically, if @code{gcc} is being used. +This could be used to build a version to use as root's shell. + +@end table + +The @samp{minimal-config} option can be used to disable all of +the following options, but it is processed first, so individual +options may be enabled using @samp{enable-@var{feature}}. + +All of the following options except for +@samp{alt-array-implementation}, +@samp{disabled-builtins}, +@samp{direxpand-default}, +@samp{strict-posix-default}, +and +@samp{xpg-echo-default} are +enabled by default, unless the operating system does not provide the +necessary support. + +@table @code +@item --enable-alias +Allow alias expansion and include the @code{alias} and @code{unalias} +builtins (@pxref{Aliases}). + +@item --enable-alt-array-implementation +This builds bash using an alternate implementation of arrays +(@pxref{Arrays}) that provides faster access at the expense of using +more memory (sometimes many times more, depending on how sparse an array is). + +@item --enable-arith-for-command +Include support for the alternate form of the @code{for} command +that behaves like the C language @code{for} statement +(@pxref{Looping Constructs}). + +@item --enable-array-variables +Include support for one-dimensional array shell variables +(@pxref{Arrays}). + +@item --enable-bang-history +Include support for @code{csh}-like history substitution +(@pxref{History Interaction}). + +@item --enable-brace-expansion +Include @code{csh}-like brace expansion +( @code{b@{a,b@}c} @expansion{} @code{bac bbc} ). +See @ref{Brace Expansion}, for a complete description. + +@item --enable-casemod-attributes +Include support for case-modifying attributes in the @code{declare} builtin +and assignment statements. Variables with the @code{uppercase} attribute, +for example, will have their values converted to uppercase upon assignment. + +@item --enable-casemod-expansion +Include support for case-modifying word expansions. + +@item --enable-command-timing +Include support for recognizing @code{time} as a reserved word and for +displaying timing statistics for the pipeline following @code{time} +(@pxref{Pipelines}). +This allows pipelines as well as shell builtins and functions to be timed. + +@item --enable-cond-command +Include support for the @code{[[} conditional command. +(@pxref{Conditional Constructs}). + +@item --enable-cond-regexp +Include support for matching @sc{posix} regular expressions using the +@samp{=~} binary operator in the @code{[[} conditional command. +(@pxref{Conditional Constructs}). + +@item --enable-coprocesses +Include support for coprocesses and the @code{coproc} reserved word +(@pxref{Pipelines}). + +@item --enable-debugger +Include support for the bash debugger (distributed separately). + +@item --enable-dev-fd-stat-broken +If calling @code{stat} on /dev/fd/@var{N} returns different results than +calling @code{fstat} on file descriptor @var{N}, supply this option to +enable a workaround. +This has implications for conditional commands that test file attributes. + +@item --enable-direxpand-default +Cause the @code{direxpand} shell option (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}) +to be enabled by default when the shell starts. +It is normally disabled by default. + +@item --enable-directory-stack +Include support for a @code{csh}-like directory stack and the +@code{pushd}, @code{popd}, and @code{dirs} builtins +(@pxref{The Directory Stack}). + +@item --enable-disabled-builtins +Allow builtin commands to be invoked via @samp{builtin xxx} +even after @code{xxx} has been disabled using @samp{enable -n xxx}. +See @ref{Bash Builtins}, for details of the @code{builtin} and +@code{enable} builtin commands. + +@item --enable-dparen-arithmetic +Include support for the @code{((@dots{}))} command +(@pxref{Conditional Constructs}). + +@item --enable-extended-glob +Include support for the extended pattern matching features described +above under @ref{Pattern Matching}. + +@item --enable-extended-glob-default +Set the default value of the @code{extglob} shell option described +above under @ref{The Shopt Builtin} to be enabled. + +@item --enable-function-import +Include support for importing function definitions exported by another +instance of the shell from the environment. This option is enabled by +default. + +@item --enable-glob-asciirange-default +Set the default value of the @code{globasciiranges} shell option described +above under @ref{The Shopt Builtin} to be enabled. +This controls the behavior of character ranges when used in pattern matching +bracket expressions. + +@item --enable-help-builtin +Include the @code{help} builtin, which displays help on shell builtins and +variables (@pxref{Bash Builtins}). + +@item --enable-history +Include command history and the @code{fc} and @code{history} +builtin commands (@pxref{Bash History Facilities}). + +@item --enable-job-control +This enables the job control features (@pxref{Job Control}), +if the operating system supports them. + +@item --enable-multibyte +This enables support for multibyte characters if the operating +system provides the necessary support. + +@item --enable-net-redirections +This enables the special handling of filenames of the form +@code{/dev/tcp/@var{host}/@var{port}} and +@code{/dev/udp/@var{host}/@var{port}} +when used in redirections (@pxref{Redirections}). + +@item --enable-process-substitution +This enables process substitution (@pxref{Process Substitution}) if +the operating system provides the necessary support. + +@item --enable-progcomp +Enable the programmable completion facilities +(@pxref{Programmable Completion}). +If Readline is not enabled, this option has no effect. + +@item --enable-prompt-string-decoding +Turn on the interpretation of a number of backslash-escaped characters +in the @env{$PS0}, @env{$PS1}, @env{$PS2}, and @env{$PS4} prompt +strings. See @ref{Controlling the Prompt}, for a complete list of prompt +string escape sequences. + +@item --enable-readline +Include support for command-line editing and history with the Bash +version of the Readline library (@pxref{Command Line Editing}). + +@item --enable-restricted +Include support for a @dfn{restricted shell}. If this is enabled, Bash, +when called as @code{rbash}, enters a restricted mode. See +@ref{The Restricted Shell}, for a description of restricted mode. + +@item --enable-select +Include the @code{select} compound command, which allows the generation of +simple menus (@pxref{Conditional Constructs}). + +@item --enable-single-help-strings +Store the text displayed by the @code{help} builtin as a single string for +each help topic. This aids in translating the text to different languages. +You may need to disable this if your compiler cannot handle very long string +literals. + +@item --enable-strict-posix-default +Make Bash @sc{posix}-conformant by default (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}). + +@item --enable-translatable-strings +Enable support for @code{$"@var{string}"} translatable strings +(@pxref{Locale Translation}). + +@item --enable-usg-echo-default +A synonym for @code{--enable-xpg-echo-default}. + +@item --enable-xpg-echo-default +Make the @code{echo} builtin expand backslash-escaped characters by default, +without requiring the @option{-e} option. +This sets the default value of the @code{xpg_echo} shell option to @code{on}, +which makes the Bash @code{echo} behave more like the version specified in +the Single Unix Specification, version 3. +@xref{Bash Builtins}, for a description of the escape sequences that +@code{echo} recognizes. +@end table + +The file @file{config-top.h} contains C Preprocessor +@samp{#define} statements for options which are not settable from +@code{configure}. +Some of these are not meant to be changed; beware of the consequences if +you do. +Read the comments associated with each definition for more +information about its effect. + +@node Reporting Bugs +@appendix Reporting Bugs + +Please report all bugs you find in Bash. +But first, you should +make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest +version of Bash. +The latest version of Bash is always available for FTP from +@uref{ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/} and from +@uref{http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/bash.git/snapshot/bash-master.tar.gz}. + +Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the +@code{bashbug} command to submit a bug report. +If you have a fix, you are encouraged to mail that as well! +Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may be mailed +to @email{bug-bash@@gnu.org} or posted to the Usenet +newsgroup @code{gnu.bash.bug}. + +All bug reports should include: +@itemize @bullet +@item +The version number of Bash. +@item +The hardware and operating system. +@item +The compiler used to compile Bash. +@item +A description of the bug behaviour. +@item +A short script or `recipe' which exercises the bug and may be used +to reproduce it. +@end itemize + +@noindent +@code{bashbug} inserts the first three items automatically into +the template it provides for filing a bug report. + +Please send all reports concerning this manual to +@email{bug-bash@@gnu.org}. + +@node Major Differences From The Bourne Shell +@appendix Major Differences From The Bourne Shell + +Bash implements essentially the same grammar, parameter and +variable expansion, redirection, and quoting as the Bourne Shell. +Bash uses the @sc{posix} standard as the specification of +how these features are to be implemented. There are some +differences between the traditional Bourne shell and Bash; this +section quickly details the differences of significance. A +number of these differences are explained in greater depth in +previous sections. +This section uses the version of @code{sh} included in SVR4.2 (the +last version of the historical Bourne shell) as the baseline reference. + +@itemize @bullet + +@item +Bash is @sc{posix}-conformant, even where the @sc{posix} specification +differs from traditional @code{sh} behavior (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}). + +@item +Bash has multi-character invocation options (@pxref{Invoking Bash}). + +@item +Bash has command-line editing (@pxref{Command Line Editing}) and +the @code{bind} builtin. + +@item +Bash provides a programmable word completion mechanism +(@pxref{Programmable Completion}), and builtin commands +@code{complete}, @code{compgen}, and @code{compopt}, to +manipulate it. + +@item +Bash has command history (@pxref{Bash History Facilities}) and the +@code{history} and @code{fc} builtins to manipulate it. +The Bash history list maintains timestamp information and uses the +value of the @code{HISTTIMEFORMAT} variable to display it. + +@item +Bash implements @code{csh}-like history expansion +(@pxref{History Interaction}). + +@item +Bash has one-dimensional array variables (@pxref{Arrays}), and the +appropriate variable expansions and assignment syntax to use them. +Several of the Bash builtins take options to act on arrays. +Bash provides a number of built-in array variables. + +@item +The @code{$'@dots{}'} quoting syntax, which expands ANSI-C +backslash-escaped characters in the text between the single quotes, +is supported (@pxref{ANSI-C Quoting}). + +@item +Bash supports the @code{$"@dots{}"} quoting syntax to do +locale-specific translation of the characters between the double +quotes. The @option{-D}, @option{--dump-strings}, and @option{--dump-po-strings} +invocation options list the translatable strings found in a script +(@pxref{Locale Translation}). + +@item +Bash implements the @code{!} keyword to negate the return value of +a pipeline (@pxref{Pipelines}). +Very useful when an @code{if} statement needs to act only if a test fails. +The Bash @samp{-o pipefail} option to @code{set} will cause a pipeline to +return a failure status if any command fails. + +@item +Bash has the @code{time} reserved word and command timing (@pxref{Pipelines}). +The display of the timing statistics may be controlled with the +@env{TIMEFORMAT} variable. + +@item +Bash implements the @code{for (( @var{expr1} ; @var{expr2} ; @var{expr3} ))} +arithmetic for command, similar to the C language (@pxref{Looping Constructs}). + +@item +Bash includes the @code{select} compound command, which allows the +generation of simple menus (@pxref{Conditional Constructs}). + +@item +Bash includes the @code{[[} compound command, which makes conditional +testing part of the shell grammar (@pxref{Conditional Constructs}), including +optional regular expression matching. + +@item +Bash provides optional case-insensitive matching for the @code{case} and +@code{[[} constructs. + +@item +Bash includes brace expansion (@pxref{Brace Expansion}) and tilde +expansion (@pxref{Tilde Expansion}). + +@item +Bash implements command aliases and the @code{alias} and @code{unalias} +builtins (@pxref{Aliases}). + +@item +Bash provides shell arithmetic, the @code{((} compound command +(@pxref{Conditional Constructs}), +and arithmetic expansion (@pxref{Shell Arithmetic}). + +@item +Variables present in the shell's initial environment are automatically +exported to child processes. The Bourne shell does not normally do +this unless the variables are explicitly marked using the @code{export} +command. + +@item +Bash supports the @samp{+=} assignment operator, which appends to the value +of the variable named on the left hand side. + +@item +Bash includes the @sc{posix} pattern removal @samp{%}, @samp{#}, @samp{%%} +and @samp{##} expansions to remove leading or trailing substrings from +variable values (@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}). + +@item +The expansion @code{$@{#xx@}}, which returns the length of @code{$@{xx@}}, +is supported (@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}). + +@item +The expansion @code{$@{var:}@var{offset}@code{[:}@var{length}@code{]@}}, +which expands to the substring of @code{var}'s value of length +@var{length}, beginning at @var{offset}, is present +(@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}). + +@item +The expansion +@code{$@{@var{var}/[/]}@var{pattern}@code{[/}@var{replacement}@code{]@}}, +which matches @var{pattern} and replaces it with @var{replacement} in +the value of @var{var}, is available (@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}). + +@item +The expansion @code{$@{!@var{prefix}*@}} expansion, which expands to +the names of all shell variables whose names begin with @var{prefix}, +is available (@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}). + +@item +Bash has indirect variable expansion using @code{$@{!word@}} +(@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}). + +@item +Bash can expand positional parameters beyond @code{$9} using +@code{$@{@var{num}@}}. + +@item +The @sc{posix} @code{$()} form of command substitution +is implemented (@pxref{Command Substitution}), +and preferred to the Bourne shell's @code{``} (which +is also implemented for backwards compatibility). + +@item +Bash has process substitution (@pxref{Process Substitution}). + +@item +Bash automatically assigns variables that provide information about the +current user (@env{UID}, @env{EUID}, and @env{GROUPS}), the current host +(@env{HOSTTYPE}, @env{OSTYPE}, @env{MACHTYPE}, and @env{HOSTNAME}), +and the instance of Bash that is running (@env{BASH}, +@env{BASH_VERSION}, and @env{BASH_VERSINFO}). @xref{Bash Variables}, +for details. + +@item +The @env{IFS} variable is used to split only the results of expansion, +not all words (@pxref{Word Splitting}). +This closes a longstanding shell security hole. + +@item +The filename expansion bracket expression code uses @samp{!} and @samp{^} +to negate the set of characters between the brackets. +The Bourne shell uses only @samp{!}. + +@item +Bash implements the full set of @sc{posix} filename expansion operators, +including character classes, equivalence classes, and +collating symbols (@pxref{Filename Expansion}). + +@item +Bash implements extended pattern matching features when the @code{extglob} +shell option is enabled (@pxref{Pattern Matching}). + +@item +It is possible to have a variable and a function with the same name; +@code{sh} does not separate the two name spaces. + +@item +Bash functions are permitted to have local variables using the +@code{local} builtin, and thus useful recursive functions may be written +(@pxref{Bash Builtins}). + +@item +Variable assignments preceding commands affect only that command, even +builtins and functions (@pxref{Environment}). +In @code{sh}, all variable assignments +preceding commands are global unless the command is executed from the +file system. + +@item +Bash performs filename expansion on filenames specified as operands +to input and output redirection operators (@pxref{Redirections}). + +@item +Bash contains the @samp{<>} redirection operator, allowing a file to be +opened for both reading and writing, and the @samp{&>} redirection +operator, for directing standard output and standard error to the same +file (@pxref{Redirections}). + +@item +Bash includes the @samp{<<<} redirection operator, allowing a string to +be used as the standard input to a command. + +@item +Bash implements the @samp{[n]<&@var{word}} and @samp{[n]>&@var{word}} +redirection operators, which move one file descriptor to another. + +@item +Bash treats a number of filenames specially when they are +used in redirection operators (@pxref{Redirections}). + +@item +Bash can open network connections to arbitrary machines and services +with the redirection operators (@pxref{Redirections}). + +@item +The @code{noclobber} option is available to avoid overwriting existing +files with output redirection (@pxref{The Set Builtin}). +The @samp{>|} redirection operator may be used to override @code{noclobber}. + +@item +The Bash @code{cd} and @code{pwd} builtins (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}) +each take @option{-L} and @option{-P} options to switch between logical and +physical modes. + +@item +Bash allows a function to override a builtin with the same name, and provides +access to that builtin's functionality within the function via the +@code{builtin} and @code{command} builtins (@pxref{Bash Builtins}). + +@item +The @code{command} builtin allows selective disabling of functions +when command lookup is performed (@pxref{Bash Builtins}). + +@item +Individual builtins may be enabled or disabled using the @code{enable} +builtin (@pxref{Bash Builtins}). + +@item +The Bash @code{exec} builtin takes additional options that allow users +to control the contents of the environment passed to the executed +command, and what the zeroth argument to the command is to be +(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}). + +@item +Shell functions may be exported to children via the environment +using @code{export -f} (@pxref{Shell Functions}). + +@item +The Bash @code{export}, @code{readonly}, and @code{declare} builtins can +take a @option{-f} option to act on shell functions, a @option{-p} option to +display variables with various attributes set in a format that can be +used as shell input, a @option{-n} option to remove various variable +attributes, and @samp{name=value} arguments to set variable attributes +and values simultaneously. + +@item +The Bash @code{hash} builtin allows a name to be associated with +an arbitrary filename, even when that filename cannot be found by +searching the @env{$PATH}, using @samp{hash -p} +(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}). + +@item +Bash includes a @code{help} builtin for quick reference to shell +facilities (@pxref{Bash Builtins}). + +@item +The @code{printf} builtin is available to display formatted output +(@pxref{Bash Builtins}). + +@item +The Bash @code{read} builtin (@pxref{Bash Builtins}) +will read a line ending in @samp{\} with +the @option{-r} option, and will use the @env{REPLY} variable as a +default if no non-option arguments are supplied. +The Bash @code{read} builtin +also accepts a prompt string with the @option{-p} option and will use +Readline to obtain the line when given the @option{-e} option. +The @code{read} builtin also has additional options to control input: +the @option{-s} option will turn off echoing of input characters as +they are read, the @option{-t} option will allow @code{read} to time out +if input does not arrive within a specified number of seconds, the +@option{-n} option will allow reading only a specified number of +characters rather than a full line, and the @option{-d} option will read +until a particular character rather than newline. + +@item +The @code{return} builtin may be used to abort execution of scripts +executed with the @code{.} or @code{source} builtins +(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}). + +@item +Bash includes the @code{shopt} builtin, for finer control of shell +optional capabilities (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}), and allows these options +to be set and unset at shell invocation (@pxref{Invoking Bash}). + +@item +Bash has much more optional behavior controllable with the @code{set} +builtin (@pxref{The Set Builtin}). + +@item +The @samp{-x} (@option{xtrace}) option displays commands other than +simple commands when performing an execution trace +(@pxref{The Set Builtin}). + +@item +The @code{test} builtin (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}) +is slightly different, as it implements the @sc{posix} algorithm, +which specifies the behavior based on the number of arguments. + +@item +Bash includes the @code{caller} builtin, which displays the context of +any active subroutine call (a shell function or a script executed with +the @code{.} or @code{source} builtins). This supports the Bash +debugger. + +@item +The @code{trap} builtin (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}) allows a +@code{DEBUG} pseudo-signal specification, similar to @code{EXIT}. +Commands specified with a @code{DEBUG} trap are executed before every +simple command, @code{for} command, @code{case} command, +@code{select} command, every arithmetic @code{for} command, and before +the first command executes in a shell function. +The @code{DEBUG} trap is not inherited by shell functions unless the +function has been given the @code{trace} attribute or the +@code{functrace} option has been enabled using the @code{shopt} builtin. +The @code{extdebug} shell option has additional effects on the +@code{DEBUG} trap. + +The @code{trap} builtin (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}) allows an +@code{ERR} pseudo-signal specification, similar to @code{EXIT} and @code{DEBUG}. +Commands specified with an @code{ERR} trap are executed after a simple +command fails, with a few exceptions. +The @code{ERR} trap is not inherited by shell functions unless the +@code{-o errtrace} option to the @code{set} builtin is enabled. + +The @code{trap} builtin (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}) allows a +@code{RETURN} pseudo-signal specification, similar to +@code{EXIT} and @code{DEBUG}. +Commands specified with a @code{RETURN} trap are executed before +execution resumes after a shell function or a shell script executed with +@code{.} or @code{source} returns. +The @code{RETURN} trap is not inherited by shell functions unless the +function has been given the @code{trace} attribute or the +@code{functrace} option has been enabled using the @code{shopt} builtin. + +@item +The Bash @code{type} builtin is more extensive and gives more information +about the names it finds (@pxref{Bash Builtins}). + +@item +The Bash @code{umask} builtin permits a @option{-p} option to cause +the output to be displayed in the form of a @code{umask} command +that may be reused as input (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}). + +@item +Bash implements a @code{csh}-like directory stack, and provides the +@code{pushd}, @code{popd}, and @code{dirs} builtins to manipulate it +(@pxref{The Directory Stack}). +Bash also makes the directory stack visible as the value of the +@env{DIRSTACK} shell variable. + +@item +Bash interprets special backslash-escaped characters in the prompt +strings when interactive (@pxref{Controlling the Prompt}). + +@item +The Bash restricted mode is more useful (@pxref{The Restricted Shell}); +the SVR4.2 shell restricted mode is too limited. + +@item +The @code{disown} builtin can remove a job from the internal shell +job table (@pxref{Job Control Builtins}) or suppress the sending +of @code{SIGHUP} to a job when the shell exits as the result of a +@code{SIGHUP}. + +@item +Bash includes a number of features to support a separate debugger for +shell scripts. + +@item +The SVR4.2 shell has two privilege-related builtins +(@code{mldmode} and @code{priv}) not present in Bash. + +@item +Bash does not have the @code{stop} or @code{newgrp} builtins. + +@item +Bash does not use the @env{SHACCT} variable or perform shell accounting. + +@item +The SVR4.2 @code{sh} uses a @env{TIMEOUT} variable like Bash uses +@env{TMOUT}. + +@end itemize + +@noindent +More features unique to Bash may be found in @ref{Bash Features}. + + +@appendixsec Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell + +Since Bash is a completely new implementation, it does not suffer from +many of the limitations of the SVR4.2 shell. For instance: + +@itemize @bullet + +@item +Bash does not fork a subshell when redirecting into or out of +a shell control structure such as an @code{if} or @code{while} +statement. + +@item +Bash does not allow unbalanced quotes. The SVR4.2 shell will silently +insert a needed closing quote at @code{EOF} under certain circumstances. +This can be the cause of some hard-to-find errors. + +@item +The SVR4.2 shell uses a baroque memory management scheme based on +trapping @code{SIGSEGV}. If the shell is started from a process with +@code{SIGSEGV} blocked (e.g., by using the @code{system()} C library +function call), it misbehaves badly. + +@item +In a questionable attempt at security, the SVR4.2 shell, +when invoked without the @option{-p} option, will alter its real +and effective @sc{uid} and @sc{gid} if they are less than some +magic threshold value, commonly 100. +This can lead to unexpected results. + +@item +The SVR4.2 shell does not allow users to trap @code{SIGSEGV}, +@code{SIGALRM}, or @code{SIGCHLD}. + +@item +The SVR4.2 shell does not allow the @env{IFS}, @env{MAILCHECK}, +@env{PATH}, @env{PS1}, or @env{PS2} variables to be unset. + +@item +The SVR4.2 shell treats @samp{^} as the undocumented equivalent of +@samp{|}. + +@item +Bash allows multiple option arguments when it is invoked (@code{-x -v}); +the SVR4.2 shell allows only one option argument (@code{-xv}). In +fact, some versions of the shell dump core if the second argument begins +with a @samp{-}. + +@item +The SVR4.2 shell exits a script if any builtin fails; Bash exits +a script only if one of the @sc{posix} special builtins fails, and +only for certain failures, as enumerated in the @sc{posix} standard. + +@item +The SVR4.2 shell behaves differently when invoked as @code{jsh} +(it turns on job control). +@end itemize + +@node GNU Free Documentation License +@appendix GNU Free Documentation License + +@include fdl.texi + +@node Indexes +@appendix Indexes + +@menu +* Builtin Index:: Index of Bash builtin commands. +* Reserved Word Index:: Index of Bash reserved words. +* Variable Index:: Quick reference helps you find the + variable you want. +* Function Index:: Index of bindable Readline functions. +* Concept Index:: General index for concepts described in + this manual. +@end menu + +@node Builtin Index +@appendixsec Index of Shell Builtin Commands +@printindex bt + +@node Reserved Word Index +@appendixsec Index of Shell Reserved Words +@printindex rw + +@node Variable Index +@appendixsec Parameter and Variable Index +@printindex vr + +@node Function Index +@appendixsec Function Index +@printindex fn + +@node Concept Index +@appendixsec Concept Index +@printindex cp + +@bye diff --git a/doc/builtins.0 b/doc/builtins.0 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1a9b3ed --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/builtins.0 @@ -0,0 +1,2083 @@ +BASH_BUILTINS(1) General Commands Manual BASH_BUILTINS(1) + + + +NNAAMMEE + :, ., [, alias, bg, bind, break, builtin, caller, cd, command, compgen, + complete, compopt, continue, declare, dirs, disown, echo, enable, eval, + exec, exit, export, false, fc, fg, getopts, hash, help, history, jobs, + kill, let, local, logout, mapfile, popd, printf, pushd, pwd, read, + readarray, readonly, return, set, shift, shopt, source, suspend, test, + times, trap, true, type, typeset, ulimit, umask, unalias, unset, wait - + bash built-in commands, see bbaasshh(1) + +BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS + Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this section + as accepting options preceded by -- accepts ---- to signify the end of the + options. The ::, ttrruuee, ffaallssee, and tteesstt/[[ builtins do not accept options + and do not treat ---- specially. The eexxiitt, llooggoouutt, rreettuurrnn, bbrreeaakk, ccoonn-- + ttiinnuuee, lleett, and sshhiifftt builtins accept and process arguments beginning + with -- without requiring ----. Other builtins that accept arguments but + are not specified as accepting options interpret arguments beginning + with -- as invalid options and require ---- to prevent this interpreta- + tion. + :: [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] + No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s + and performing any specified redirections. The return status is + zero. + + .. _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] + ssoouurrccee _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] + Read and execute commands from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e in the current shell en- + vironment and return the exit status of the last command exe- + cuted from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e does not contain a slash, + filenames in PPAATTHH are used to find the directory containing + _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e, but _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e does not need to be executable. The file + searched for in PPAATTHH need not be executable. When bbaasshh is not + in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, it searches the current directory if no file is + found in PPAATTHH. If the ssoouurrcceeppaatthh option to the sshhoopptt builtin + command is turned off, the PPAATTHH is not searched. If any _a_r_g_u_- + _m_e_n_t_s are supplied, they become the positional parameters when + _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is executed. Otherwise the positional parameters are + unchanged. If the --TT option is enabled, .. inherits any trap on + DDEEBBUUGG; if it is not, any DDEEBBUUGG trap string is saved and restored + around the call to .., and .. unsets the DDEEBBUUGG trap while it exe- + cutes. If --TT is not set, and the sourced file changes the DDEEBBUUGG + trap, the new value is retained when .. completes. The return + status is the status of the last command exited within the + script (0 if no commands are executed), and false if _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is + not found or cannot be read. + + aalliiaass [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] + AAlliiaass with no arguments or with the --pp option prints the list of + aliases in the form aalliiaass _n_a_m_e=_v_a_l_u_e on standard output. When + arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each _n_a_m_e whose + _v_a_l_u_e is given. A trailing space in _v_a_l_u_e causes the next word + to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded. + For each _n_a_m_e in the argument list for which no _v_a_l_u_e is sup- + plied, the name and value of the alias is printed. AAlliiaass re- + turns true unless a _n_a_m_e is given for which no alias has been + defined. + + bbgg [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c ...] + Resume each suspended job _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the background, as if it + had been started with &&. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, the shell's + notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. bbgg _j_o_b_s_p_e_c returns 0 unless + run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control + enabled, any specified _j_o_b_s_p_e_c was not found or was started + without job control. + + bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] [--llppssvvPPSSVVXX] + bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] [--qq _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n] [--uu _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n] [--rr _k_e_y_s_e_q] + bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] --ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e + bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] --xx _k_e_y_s_e_q:_s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d + bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] _k_e_y_s_e_q:_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e + bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] _k_e_y_s_e_q:_r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d + bbiinndd _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d_-_l_i_n_e + Display current rreeaaddlliinnee key and function bindings, bind a key + sequence to a rreeaaddlliinnee function or macro, or set a rreeaaddlliinnee + variable. Each non-option argument is a command as it would ap- + pear in a rreeaaddlliinnee initialization file such as _._i_n_p_u_t_r_c, but + each binding or command must be passed as a separate argument; + e.g., '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'. Options, if supplied, + have the following meanings: + --mm _k_e_y_m_a_p + Use _k_e_y_m_a_p as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent + bindings. Acceptable _k_e_y_m_a_p names are _e_m_a_c_s_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_- + _d_a_r_d_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_e_t_a_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x_, _v_i_, _v_i_-_m_o_v_e_, _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d, + and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d (_v_i_-_m_o_v_e + is also a synonym); _e_m_a_c_s is equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_- + _d_a_r_d. + --ll List the names of all rreeaaddlliinnee functions. + --pp Display rreeaaddlliinnee function names and bindings in such a + way that they can be re-read. + --PP List current rreeaaddlliinnee function names and bindings. + --ss Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the + strings they output in such a way that they can be re- + read. + --SS Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the + strings they output. + --vv Display rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and values in such a way + that they can be re-read. + --VV List current rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and values. + --ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e + Read key bindings from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. + --qq _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n + Query about which keys invoke the named _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n. + --uu _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n + Unbind all keys bound to the named _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n. + --rr _k_e_y_s_e_q + Remove any current binding for _k_e_y_s_e_q. + --xx _k_e_y_s_e_q::_s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d + Cause _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be executed whenever _k_e_y_s_e_q is en- + tered. When _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed, the shell sets + the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE variable to the contents of the rreeaadd-- + lliinnee line buffer and the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT and RREEAADDLLIINNEE__MMAARRKK + variables to the current location of the insertion point + and the saved insertion point (the mark), respectively. + The shell assigns any numeric argument the user supplied + to the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__AARRGGUUMMEENNTT variable. If there was no argu- + ment, that variable is not set. If the executed command + changes the value of any of RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE, RREEAADD-- + LLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT, or RREEAADDLLIINNEE__MMAARRKK, those new values will be + reflected in the editing state. + --XX List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the + associated commands in a format that can be reused as in- + put. + + The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or + an error occurred. + + bbrreeaakk [_n] + Exit from within a ffoorr, wwhhiillee, uunnttiill, or sseelleecctt loop. If _n is + specified, break _n levels. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater + than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are ex- + ited. The return value is 0 unless _n is not greater than or + equal to 1. + + bbuuiillttiinn _s_h_e_l_l_-_b_u_i_l_t_i_n [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] + Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s, and + return its exit status. This is useful when defining a function + whose name is the same as a shell builtin, retaining the func- + tionality of the builtin within the function. The ccdd builtin is + commonly redefined this way. The return status is false if + _s_h_e_l_l_-_b_u_i_l_t_i_n is not a shell builtin command. + + ccaalllleerr [_e_x_p_r] + Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell func- + tion or a script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins). With- + out _e_x_p_r, ccaalllleerr displays the line number and source filename of + the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is sup- + plied as _e_x_p_r, ccaalllleerr displays the line number, subroutine name, + and source file corresponding to that position in the current + execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for + example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0. + The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a sub- + routine call or _e_x_p_r does not correspond to a valid position in + the call stack. + + ccdd [--LL|[--PP [--ee]] [-@]] [_d_i_r] + Change the current directory to _d_i_r. if _d_i_r is not supplied, + the value of the HHOOMMEE shell variable is the default. The vari- + able CCDDPPAATTHH defines the search path for the directory containing + _d_i_r: each directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is searched for _d_i_r. Alter- + native directory names in CCDDPPAATTHH are separated by a colon (:). + A null directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is the same as the current di- + rectory, i.e., ``..''. If _d_i_r begins with a slash (/), then CCDD-- + PPAATTHH is not used. The --PP option causes ccdd to use the physical + directory structure by resolving symbolic links while traversing + _d_i_r and before processing instances of _._. in _d_i_r (see also the + --PP option to the sseett builtin command); the --LL option forces sym- + bolic links to be followed by resolving the link after process- + ing instances of _._. in _d_i_r. If _._. appears in _d_i_r, it is pro- + cessed by removing the immediately previous pathname component + from _d_i_r, back to a slash or the beginning of _d_i_r. If the --ee + option is supplied with --PP, and the current working directory + cannot be successfully determined after a successful directory + change, ccdd will return an unsuccessful status. On systems that + support it, the --@@ option presents the extended attributes asso- + ciated with a file as a directory. An argument of -- is con- + verted to $$OOLLDDPPWWDD before the directory change is attempted. If + a non-empty directory name from CCDDPPAATTHH is used, or if -- is the + first argument, and the directory change is successful, the ab- + solute pathname of the new working directory is written to the + standard output. If the directory change is successful, ccdd sets + the value of the PPWWDD environment variable to the new directory + name, and sets the OOLLDDPPWWDD environment variable to the value of + the current working directory before the change. The return + value is true if the directory was successfully changed; false + otherwise. + + ccoommmmaanndd [--ppVVvv] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_a_r_g ...] + Run _c_o_m_m_a_n_d with _a_r_g_s suppressing the normal shell function + lookup. Only builtin commands or commands found in the PPAATTHH are + executed. If the --pp option is given, the search for _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is + performed using a default value for PPAATTHH that is guaranteed to + find all of the standard utilities. If either the --VV or --vv op- + tion is supplied, a description of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is printed. The --vv + option causes a single word indicating the command or filename + used to invoke _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be displayed; the --VV option produces a + more verbose description. If the --VV or --vv option is supplied, + the exit status is 0 if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d was found, and 1 if not. If + neither option is supplied and an error occurred or _c_o_m_m_a_n_d can- + not be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit sta- + tus of the ccoommmmaanndd builtin is the exit status of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. + + ccoommppggeenn [_o_p_t_i_o_n] [_w_o_r_d] + Generate possible completion matches for _w_o_r_d according to the + _o_p_t_i_o_ns, which may be any option accepted by the ccoommpplleettee + builtin with the exception of --pp and --rr, and write the matches + to the standard output. When using the --FF or --CC options, the + various shell variables set by the programmable completion fa- + cilities, while available, will not have useful values. + + The matches will be generated in the same way as if the program- + mable completion code had generated them directly from a comple- + tion specification with the same flags. If _w_o_r_d is specified, + only those completions matching _w_o_r_d will be displayed. + + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, + or no matches were generated. + + ccoommpplleettee [--aabbccddeeffggjjkkssuuvv] [--oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n] [--DDEEII] [--AA _a_c_t_i_o_n] [--GG _g_l_o_b_- + _p_a_t] [--WW _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t] + [--FF _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n] [--CC _c_o_m_m_a_n_d] [--XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t] [--PP _p_r_e_f_i_x] [--SS _s_u_f_- + _f_i_x] _n_a_m_e [_n_a_m_e _._._.] + ccoommpplleettee --pprr [--DDEEII] [_n_a_m_e ...] + Specify how arguments to each _n_a_m_e should be completed. If the + --pp option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing + completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them + to be reused as input. The --rr option removes a completion spec- + ification for each _n_a_m_e, or, if no _n_a_m_es are supplied, all com- + pletion specifications. The --DD option indicates that other sup- + plied options and actions should apply to the ``default'' com- + mand completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for + which no completion has previously been defined. The --EE option + indicates that other supplied options and actions should apply + to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion attempted + on a blank line. The --II option indicates that other supplied + options and actions should apply to completion on the initial + non-assignment word on the line, or after a command delimiter + such as ;; or ||, which is usually command name completion. If + multiple options are supplied, the --DD option takes precedence + over --EE, and both take precedence over --II. If any of --DD, --EE, or + --II are supplied, any other _n_a_m_e arguments are ignored; these + completions only apply to the case specified by the option. + + The process of applying these completion specifications when + word completion is attempted is described in _b_a_s_h_(_1_). + + Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The + arguments to the --GG, --WW, and --XX options (and, if necessary, the + --PP and --SS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan- + sion before the ccoommpplleettee builtin is invoked. + --oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n + The _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n controls several aspects of the comp- + spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of comple- + tions. _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n may be one of: + bbaasshhddeeffaauulltt + Perform the rest of the default bbaasshh completions + if the compspec generates no matches. + ddeeffaauulltt Use readline's default filename completion if + the compspec generates no matches. + ddiirrnnaammeess + Perform directory name completion if the comp- + spec generates no matches. + ffiilleennaammeess + Tell readline that the compspec generates file- + names, so it can perform any filename-specific + processing (like adding a slash to directory + names, quoting special characters, or suppress- + ing trailing spaces). Intended to be used with + shell functions. + nnooqquuoottee Tell readline not to quote the completed words + if they are filenames (quoting filenames is the + default). + nnoossoorrtt Tell readline not to sort the list of possible + completions alphabetically. + nnoossppaaccee Tell readline not to append a space (the de- + fault) to words completed at the end of the + line. + pplluussddiirrss + After any matches defined by the compspec are + generated, directory name completion is at- + tempted and any matches are added to the results + of the other actions. + --AA _a_c_t_i_o_n + The _a_c_t_i_o_n may be one of the following to generate a + list of possible completions: + aalliiaass Alias names. May also be specified as --aa. + aarrrraayyvvaarr + Array variable names. + bbiinnddiinngg RReeaaddlliinnee key binding names. + bbuuiillttiinn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be + specified as --bb. + ccoommmmaanndd Command names. May also be specified as --cc. + ddiirreeccttoorryy + Directory names. May also be specified as --dd. + ddiissaabblleedd + Names of disabled shell builtins. + eennaabblleedd Names of enabled shell builtins. + eexxppoorrtt Names of exported shell variables. May also be + specified as --ee. + ffiillee File names. May also be specified as --ff. + ffuunnccttiioonn + Names of shell functions. + ggrroouupp Group names. May also be specified as --gg. + hheellppttooppiicc + Help topics as accepted by the hheellpp builtin. + hhoossttnnaammee + Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by + the HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE shell variable. + jjoobb Job names, if job control is active. May also + be specified as --jj. + kkeeyywwoorrdd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as + --kk. + rruunnnniinngg Names of running jobs, if job control is active. + sseerrvviiccee Service names. May also be specified as --ss. + sseettoopptt Valid arguments for the --oo option to the sseett + builtin. + sshhoopptt Shell option names as accepted by the sshhoopptt + builtin. + ssiiggnnaall Signal names. + ssttooppppeedd Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active. + uusseerr User names. May also be specified as --uu. + vvaarriiaabbllee + Names of all shell variables. May also be spec- + ified as --vv. + --CC _c_o_m_m_a_n_d + _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed in a subshell environment, and its + output is used as the possible completions. Arguments + are passed as with the --FF option. + --FF _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n + The shell function _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n is executed in the current + shell environment. When the function is executed, the + first argument ($$11) is the name of the command whose ar- + guments are being completed, the second argument ($$22) is + the word being completed, and the third argument ($$33) is + the word preceding the word being completed on the cur- + rent command line. When it finishes, the possible com- + pletions are retrieved from the value of the CCOOMMPPRREEPPLLYY + array variable. + --GG _g_l_o_b_p_a_t + The pathname expansion pattern _g_l_o_b_p_a_t is expanded to + generate the possible completions. + --PP _p_r_e_f_i_x + _p_r_e_f_i_x is added at the beginning of each possible com- + pletion after all other options have been applied. + --SS _s_u_f_f_i_x + _s_u_f_f_i_x is appended to each possible completion after all + other options have been applied. + --WW _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t + The _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t is split using the characters in the IIFFSS + special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word + is expanded. Shell quoting is honored within _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t, + in order to provide a mechanism for the words to contain + shell metacharacters or characters in the value of IIFFSS. + The possible completions are the members of the resul- + tant list which match the word being completed. + --XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t + _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is a pattern as used for pathname expansion. + It is applied to the list of possible completions gener- + ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each + completion matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed from the list. + A leading !! in _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t negates the pattern; in this + case, any completion not matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed. + + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, + an option other than --pp or --rr is supplied without a _n_a_m_e argu- + ment, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification + for a _n_a_m_e for which no specification exists, or an error occurs + adding a completion specification. + + ccoommppoopptt [--oo _o_p_t_i_o_n] [--DDEEII] [++oo _o_p_t_i_o_n] [_n_a_m_e] + Modify completion options for each _n_a_m_e according to the _o_p_- + _t_i_o_ns, or for the currently-executing completion if no _n_a_m_es are + supplied. If no _o_p_t_i_o_ns are given, display the completion op- + tions for each _n_a_m_e or the current completion. The possible + values of _o_p_t_i_o_n are those valid for the ccoommpplleettee builtin de- + scribed above. The --DD option indicates that other supplied op- + tions should apply to the ``default'' command completion; that + is, completion attempted on a command for which no completion + has previously been defined. The --EE option indicates that other + supplied options should apply to ``empty'' command completion; + that is, completion attempted on a blank line. The --II option + indicates that other supplied options should apply to completion + on the initial non-assignment word on the line, or after a com- + mand delimiter such as ;; or ||, which is usually command name + completion. + + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, + an attempt is made to modify the options for a _n_a_m_e for which no + completion specification exists, or an output error occurs. + + ccoonnttiinnuuee [_n] + Resume the next iteration of the enclosing ffoorr, wwhhiillee, uunnttiill, or + sseelleecctt loop. If _n is specified, resume at the _nth enclosing + loop. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater than the number of en- + closing loops, the last enclosing loop (the ``top-level'' loop) + is resumed. The return value is 0 unless _n is not greater than + or equal to 1. + + ddeeccllaarree [--aaAAffFFggiiIIllnnrrttuuxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] + ttyyppeesseett [--aaAAffFFggiiIIllnnrrttuuxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] + Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no _n_a_m_es are + given then display the values of variables. The --pp option will + display the attributes and values of each _n_a_m_e. When --pp is used + with _n_a_m_e arguments, additional options, other than --ff and --FF, + are ignored. When --pp is supplied without _n_a_m_e arguments, it + will display the attributes and values of all variables having + the attributes specified by the additional options. If no other + options are supplied with --pp, ddeeccllaarree will display the at- + tributes and values of all shell variables. The --ff option will + restrict the display to shell functions. The --FF option inhibits + the display of function definitions; only the function name and + attributes are printed. If the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option is enabled + using sshhoopptt, the source file name and line number where each + _n_a_m_e is defined are displayed as well. The --FF option implies + --ff. The --gg option forces variables to be created or modified at + the global scope, even when ddeeccllaarree is executed in a shell func- + tion. It is ignored in all other cases. The --II option causes + local variables to inherit the attributes (except the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f + attribute) and value of any existing variable with the same _n_a_m_e + at a surrounding scope. If there is no existing variable, the + local variable is initially unset. The following options can be + used to restrict output to variables with the specified attri- + bute or to give variables attributes: + --aa Each _n_a_m_e is an indexed array variable (see AArrrraayyss in + _b_a_s_h_(_1_)). + --AA Each _n_a_m_e is an associative array variable (see AArrrraayyss in + _b_a_s_h_(_1_)). + --ff Use function names only. + --ii The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evalua- + tion (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN in _b_a_s_h_(_1_)) is performed + when the variable is assigned a value. + --ll When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case + characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case + attribute is disabled. + --nn Give each _n_a_m_e the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute, making it a name + reference to another variable. That other variable is + defined by the value of _n_a_m_e. All references, assign- + ments, and attribute modifications to _n_a_m_e, except those + using or changing the --nn attribute itself, are performed + on the variable referenced by _n_a_m_e's value. The nameref + attribute cannot be applied to array variables. + --rr Make _n_a_m_es readonly. These names cannot then be assigned + values by subsequent assignment statements or unset. + --tt Give each _n_a_m_e the _t_r_a_c_e attribute. Traced functions in- + herit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps from the calling shell. + The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables. + --uu When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case + characters are converted to upper-case. The lower-case + attribute is disabled. + --xx Mark _n_a_m_es for export to subsequent commands via the en- + vironment. + + Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the attribute instead, with + the exceptions that ++aa and ++AA may not be used to destroy array + variables and ++rr will not remove the readonly attribute. When + used in a function, ddeeccllaarree and ttyyppeesseett make each _n_a_m_e local, as + with the llooccaall command, unless the --gg option is supplied. If a + variable name is followed by =_v_a_l_u_e, the value of the variable + is set to _v_a_l_u_e. When using --aa or --AA and the compound assign- + ment syntax to create array variables, additional attributes do + not take effect until subsequent assignments. The return value + is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an attempt is made + to define a function using ``-f foo=bar'', an attempt is made to + assign a value to a readonly variable, an attempt is made to as- + sign a value to an array variable without using the compound as- + signment syntax (see AArrrraayyss in _b_a_s_h_(_1_)), one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not + a valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off + readonly status for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to + turn off array status for an array variable, or an attempt is + made to display a non-existent function with --ff. + + ddiirrss [[--ccllppvv]] [[++_n]] [[--_n]] + Without options, displays the list of currently remembered di- + rectories. The default display is on a single line with direc- + tory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to the + list with the ppuusshhdd command; the ppooppdd command removes entries + from the list. The current directory is always the first direc- + tory in the stack. + --cc Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the en- + tries. + --ll Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default + listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory. + --pp Print the directory stack with one entry per line. + --vv Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre- + fixing each entry with its index in the stack. + ++_n Displays the _nth entry counting from the left of the list + shown by ddiirrss when invoked without options, starting with + zero. + --_n Displays the _nth entry counting from the right of the + list shown by ddiirrss when invoked without options, starting + with zero. + + The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _n + indexes beyond the end of the directory stack. + + ddiissoowwnn [--aarr] [--hh] [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c ... | _p_i_d ... ] + Without options, remove each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c from the table of active + jobs. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, and neither the --aa nor the --rr + option is supplied, the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. If the --hh option + is given, each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not removed from the table, but is + marked so that SSIIGGHHUUPP is not sent to the job if the shell re- + ceives a SSIIGGHHUUPP. If no _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is supplied, the --aa option means + to remove or mark all jobs; the --rr option without a _j_o_b_s_p_e_c ar- + gument restricts operation to running jobs. The return value is + 0 unless a _j_o_b_s_p_e_c does not specify a valid job. + + eecchhoo [--nneeEE] [_a_r_g ...] + Output the _a_r_gs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline. + The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. If --nn is + specified, the trailing newline is suppressed. If the --ee option + is given, interpretation of the following backslash-escaped + characters is enabled. The --EE option disables the interpreta- + tion of these escape characters, even on systems where they are + interpreted by default. The xxppgg__eecchhoo shell option may be used + to dynamically determine whether or not eecchhoo expands these es- + cape characters by default. eecchhoo does not interpret ---- to mean + the end of options. eecchhoo interprets the following escape se- + quences: + \\aa alert (bell) + \\bb backspace + \\cc suppress further output + \\ee + \\EE an escape character + \\ff form feed + \\nn new line + \\rr carriage return + \\tt horizontal tab + \\vv vertical tab + \\\\ backslash + \\00_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value + _n_n_n (zero to three octal digits) + \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal + value _H_H (one or two hex digits) + \\uu_H_H_H_H the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H (one to four hex digits) + \\UU_H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H + the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H (one to eight hex digits) + + eennaabbllee [--aa] [--ddnnppss] [--ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e] [_n_a_m_e ...] + Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin + allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin + to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though + the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. + If --nn is used, each _n_a_m_e is disabled; otherwise, _n_a_m_e_s are en- + abled. For example, to use the tteesstt binary found via the PPAATTHH + instead of the shell builtin version, run ``enable -n test''. + The --ff option means to load the new builtin command _n_a_m_e from + shared object _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e, on systems that support dynamic loading. + Bash will use the value of the BBAASSHH__LLOOAADDAABBLLEESS__PPAATTHH variable as a + colon-separated list of directories in which to search for _f_i_l_e_- + _n_a_m_e. The default is system-dependent. The --dd option will + delete a builtin previously loaded with --ff. If no _n_a_m_e argu- + ments are given, or if the --pp option is supplied, a list of + shell builtins is printed. With no other option arguments, the + list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If --nn is supplied, + only disabled builtins are printed. If --aa is supplied, the list + printed includes all builtins, with an indication of whether or + not each is enabled. If --ss is supplied, the output is re- + stricted to the POSIX _s_p_e_c_i_a_l builtins. If no options are sup- + plied and a _n_a_m_e is not a shell builtin, eennaabbllee will attempt to + load _n_a_m_e from a shared object named _n_a_m_e, as if the command + were ``enable -f _n_a_m_e _n_a_m_e . The return value is 0 unless a + _n_a_m_e is not a shell builtin or there is an error loading a new + builtin from a shared object. + + eevvaall [_a_r_g ...] + The _a_r_gs are read and concatenated together into a single com- + mand. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and + its exit status is returned as the value of eevvaall. If there are + no _a_r_g_s, or only null arguments, eevvaall returns 0. + + eexxeecc [--ccll] [--aa _n_a_m_e] [_c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s]] + If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is specified, it replaces the shell. No new process + is created. The _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s become the arguments to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. If + the --ll option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the begin- + ning of the zeroth argument passed to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. This is what _l_o_- + _g_i_n(1) does. The --cc option causes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be executed with + an empty environment. If --aa is supplied, the shell passes _n_a_m_e + as the zeroth argument to the executed command. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d can- + not be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, + unless the eexxeeccffaaiill shell option is enabled. In that case, it + returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the + file cannot be executed. A subshell exits unconditionally if + eexxeecc fails. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is not specified, any redirections take + effect in the current shell, and the return status is 0. If + there is a redirection error, the return status is 1. + + eexxiitt [_n] + Cause the shell to exit with a status of _n. If _n is omitted, + the exit status is that of the last command executed. A trap on + EEXXIITT is executed before the shell terminates. + + eexxppoorrtt [--ffnn] [_n_a_m_e[=_w_o_r_d]] ... + eexxppoorrtt --pp + The supplied _n_a_m_e_s are marked for automatic export to the envi- + ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the --ff option is + given, the _n_a_m_e_s refer to functions. If no _n_a_m_e_s are given, or + if the --pp option is supplied, a list of names of all exported + variables is printed. The --nn option causes the export property + to be removed from each _n_a_m_e. If a variable name is followed by + =_w_o_r_d, the value of the variable is set to _w_o_r_d. eexxppoorrtt returns + an exit status of 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one + of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, or --ff is sup- + plied with a _n_a_m_e that is not a function. + + ffcc [--ee _e_n_a_m_e] [--llnnrr] [_f_i_r_s_t] [_l_a_s_t] + ffcc --ss [_p_a_t=_r_e_p] [_c_m_d] + The first form selects a range of commands from _f_i_r_s_t to _l_a_s_t + from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes + them. _F_i_r_s_t and _l_a_s_t may be specified as a string (to locate + the last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an + index into the history list, where a negative number is used as + an offset from the current command number). When listing, a + _f_i_r_s_t or _l_a_s_t of 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is equivalent to + the current command (usually the ffcc command); otherwise 0 is + equivalent to -1 and -0 is invalid. If _l_a_s_t is not specified, + it is set to the current command for listing (so that ``fc -l + -10'' prints the last 10 commands) and to _f_i_r_s_t otherwise. If + _f_i_r_s_t is not specified, it is set to the previous command for + editing and -16 for listing. + + The --nn option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The + --rr option reverses the order of the commands. If the --ll option + is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Other- + wise, the editor given by _e_n_a_m_e is invoked on a file containing + those commands. If _e_n_a_m_e is not given, the value of the FFCCEEDDIITT + variable is used, and the value of EEDDIITTOORR if FFCCEEDDIITT is not set. + If neither variable is set, _v_i is used. When editing is com- + plete, the edited commands are echoed and executed. + + In the second form, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is re-executed after each instance + of _p_a_t is replaced by _r_e_p. _C_o_m_m_a_n_d is interpreted the same as + _f_i_r_s_t above. A useful alias to use with this is ``r="fc -s"'', + so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command beginning with + ``cc'' and typing ``r'' re-executes the last command. + + If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an in- + valid option is encountered or _f_i_r_s_t or _l_a_s_t specify history + lines out of range. If the --ee option is supplied, the return + value is the value of the last command executed or failure if an + error occurs with the temporary file of commands. If the second + form is used, the return status is that of the command re-exe- + cuted, unless _c_m_d does not specify a valid history line, in + which case ffcc returns failure. + + ffgg [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c] + Resume _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the foreground, and make it the current job. + If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, the shell's notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b + is used. The return value is that of the command placed into + the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled + or, when run with job control enabled, if _j_o_b_s_p_e_c does not spec- + ify a valid job or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c specifies a job that was started + without job control. + + ggeettooppttss _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g _n_a_m_e [_a_r_g _._._.] + ggeettooppttss is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame- + ters. _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g contains the option characters to be recog- + nized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is ex- + pected to have an argument, which should be separated from it by + white space. The colon and question mark characters may not be + used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, ggeettooppttss + places the next option in the shell variable _n_a_m_e, initializing + _n_a_m_e if it does not exist, and the index of the next argument to + be processed into the variable OOPPTTIINNDD. OOPPTTIINNDD is initialized to + 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an op- + tion requires an argument, ggeettooppttss places that argument into the + variable OOPPTTAARRGG. The shell does not reset OOPPTTIINNDD automatically; + it must be manually reset between multiple calls to ggeettooppttss + within the same shell invocation if a new set of parameters is + to be used. + + When the end of options is encountered, ggeettooppttss exits with a re- + turn value greater than zero. OOPPTTIINNDD is set to the index of the + first non-option argument, and _n_a_m_e is set to ?. + + ggeettooppttss normally parses the positional parameters, but if more + arguments are supplied as _a_r_g values, ggeettooppttss parses those in- + stead. + + ggeettooppttss can report errors in two ways. If the first character + of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is a colon, _s_i_l_e_n_t error reporting is used. In + normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when invalid + options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the + variable OOPPTTEERRRR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis- + played, even if the first character of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is not a colon. + + If an invalid option is seen, ggeettooppttss places ? into _n_a_m_e and, if + not silent, prints an error message and unsets OOPPTTAARRGG. If + ggeettooppttss is silent, the option character found is placed in OOPP-- + TTAARRGG and no diagnostic message is printed. + + If a required argument is not found, and ggeettooppttss is not silent, + a question mark (??) is placed in _n_a_m_e, OOPPTTAARRGG is unset, and a + diagnostic message is printed. If ggeettooppttss is silent, then a + colon (::) is placed in _n_a_m_e and OOPPTTAARRGG is set to the option + character found. + + ggeettooppttss returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is + found. It returns false if the end of options is encountered or + an error occurs. + + hhaasshh [--llrr] [--pp _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e] [--ddtt] [_n_a_m_e] + Each time hhaasshh is invoked, the full pathname of the command _n_a_m_e + is determined by searching the directories in $$PPAATTHH and remem- + bered. Any previously-remembered pathname is discarded. If the + --pp option is supplied, no path search is performed, and _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e + is used as the full filename of the command. The --rr option + causes the shell to forget all remembered locations. The --dd op- + tion causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each + _n_a_m_e. If the --tt option is supplied, the full pathname to which + each _n_a_m_e corresponds is printed. If multiple _n_a_m_e arguments + are supplied with --tt, the _n_a_m_e is printed before the hashed full + pathname. The --ll option causes output to be displayed in a for- + mat that may be reused as input. If no arguments are given, or + if only --ll is supplied, information about remembered commands is + printed. The return status is true unless a _n_a_m_e is not found + or an invalid option is supplied. + + hheellpp [--ddmmss] [_p_a_t_t_e_r_n] + Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n + is specified, hheellpp gives detailed help on all commands matching + _p_a_t_t_e_r_n; otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control + structures is printed. + --dd Display a short description of each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n + --mm Display the description of each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n in a manpage-like + format + --ss Display only a short usage synopsis for each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n + + The return status is 0 unless no command matches _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. + + hhiissttoorryy [[_n]] + hhiissttoorryy --cc + hhiissttoorryy --dd _o_f_f_s_e_t + hhiissttoorryy --dd _s_t_a_r_t-_e_n_d + hhiissttoorryy --aannrrww [_f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e] + hhiissttoorryy --pp _a_r_g [_a_r_g _._._.] + hhiissttoorryy --ss _a_r_g [_a_r_g _._._.] + With no options, display the command history list with line num- + bers. Lines listed with a ** have been modified. An argument of + _n lists only the last _n lines. If the shell variable HHIISSTTTTIIMMEE-- + FFOORRMMAATT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for + _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis- + played history entry. No intervening blank is printed between + the formatted time stamp and the history line. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is + supplied, it is used as the name of the history file; if not, + the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is used. Options, if supplied, have the + following meanings: + --cc Clear the history list by deleting all the entries. + --dd _o_f_f_s_e_t + Delete the history entry at position _o_f_f_s_e_t. If _o_f_f_s_e_t + is negative, it is interpreted as relative to one greater + than the last history position, so negative indices count + back from the end of the history, and an index of -1 + refers to the current hhiissttoorryy --dd command. + --dd _s_t_a_r_t-_e_n_d + Delete the range of history entries between positions + _s_t_a_r_t and _e_n_d, inclusive. Positive and negative values + for _s_t_a_r_t and _e_n_d are interpreted as described above. + --aa Append the ``new'' history lines to the history file. + These are history lines entered since the beginning of + the current bbaasshh session, but not already appended to the + history file. + --nn Read the history lines not already read from the history + file into the current history list. These are lines ap- + pended to the history file since the beginning of the + current bbaasshh session. + --rr Read the contents of the history file and append them to + the current history list. + --ww Write the current history list to the history file, over- + writing the history file's contents. + --pp Perform history substitution on the following _a_r_g_s and + display the result on the standard output. Does not + store the results in the history list. Each _a_r_g must be + quoted to disable normal history expansion. + --ss Store the _a_r_g_s in the history list as a single entry. + The last command in the history list is removed before + the _a_r_g_s are added. + + If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is set, the time stamp informa- + tion associated with each history entry is written to the his- + tory file, marked with the history comment character. When the + history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment + character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as + timestamps for the following history entry. The return value is + 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an error occurs while + reading or writing the history file, an invalid _o_f_f_s_e_t or range + is supplied as an argument to --dd, or the history expansion sup- + plied as an argument to --pp fails. + + jjoobbss [--llnnpprrss] [ _j_o_b_s_p_e_c ... ] + jjoobbss --xx _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [ _a_r_g_s ... ] + The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the fol- + lowing meanings: + --ll List process IDs in addition to the normal information. + --nn Display information only about jobs that have changed + status since the user was last notified of their status. + --pp List only the process ID of the job's process group + leader. + --rr Display only running jobs. + --ss Display only stopped jobs. + + If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is given, output is restricted to information about + that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is + encountered or an invalid _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is supplied. + + If the --xx option is supplied, jjoobbss replaces any _j_o_b_s_p_e_c found in + _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or _a_r_g_s with the corresponding process group ID, and ex- + ecutes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d passing it _a_r_g_s, returning its exit status. + + kkiillll [--ss _s_i_g_s_p_e_c | --nn _s_i_g_n_u_m | --_s_i_g_s_p_e_c] [_p_i_d | _j_o_b_s_p_e_c] ... + kkiillll --ll|--LL [_s_i_g_s_p_e_c | _e_x_i_t___s_t_a_t_u_s] + Send the signal named by _s_i_g_s_p_e_c or _s_i_g_n_u_m to the processes + named by _p_i_d or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c. _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a case-insensitive + signal name such as SSIIGGKKIILLLL (with or without the SSIIGG prefix) or + a signal number; _s_i_g_n_u_m is a signal number. If _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is not + present, then SSIIGGTTEERRMM is assumed. An argument of --ll lists the + signal names. If any arguments are supplied when --ll is given, + the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are + listed, and the return status is 0. The _e_x_i_t___s_t_a_t_u_s argument to + --ll is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit + status of a process terminated by a signal. The --LL option is + equivalent to --ll. kkiillll returns true if at least one signal was + successfully sent, or false if an error occurs or an invalid op- + tion is encountered. + + lleett _a_r_g [_a_r_g ...] + Each _a_r_g is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated (see AARRIITTHH-- + MMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN in _b_a_s_h_(_1_)). If the last _a_r_g evaluates to 0, + lleett returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise. + + llooccaall [_o_p_t_i_o_n] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ... | - ] + For each argument, a local variable named _n_a_m_e is created, and + assigned _v_a_l_u_e. The _o_p_t_i_o_n can be any of the options accepted + by ddeeccllaarree. When llooccaall is used within a function, it causes the + variable _n_a_m_e to have a visible scope restricted to that func- + tion and its children. If _n_a_m_e is -, the set of shell options + is made local to the function in which llooccaall is invoked: shell + options changed using the sseett builtin inside the function are + restored to their original values when the function returns. + The restore is effected as if a series of sseett commands were exe- + cuted to restore the values that were in place before the func- + tion. With no operands, llooccaall writes a list of local variables + to the standard output. It is an error to use llooccaall when not + within a function. The return status is 0 unless llooccaall is used + outside a function, an invalid _n_a_m_e is supplied, or _n_a_m_e is a + readonly variable. + + llooggoouutt Exit a login shell. + + mmaappffiillee [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC + _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k] [--cc _q_u_a_n_t_u_m] [_a_r_r_a_y] + rreeaaddaarrrraayy [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC + _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k] [--cc _q_u_a_n_t_u_m] [_a_r_r_a_y] + Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array vari- + able _a_r_r_a_y, or from file descriptor _f_d if the --uu option is sup- + plied. The variable MMAAPPFFIILLEE is the default _a_r_r_a_y. Options, if + supplied, have the following meanings: + --dd The first character of _d_e_l_i_m is used to terminate each + input line, rather than newline. If _d_e_l_i_m is the empty + string, mmaappffiillee will terminate a line when it reads a NUL + character. + --nn Copy at most _c_o_u_n_t lines. If _c_o_u_n_t is 0, all lines are + copied. + --OO Begin assigning to _a_r_r_a_y at index _o_r_i_g_i_n. The default + index is 0. + --ss Discard the first _c_o_u_n_t lines read. + --tt Remove a trailing _d_e_l_i_m (default newline) from each line + read. + --uu Read lines from file descriptor _f_d instead of the stan- + dard input. + --CC Evaluate _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k each time _q_u_a_n_t_u_m lines are read. The + --cc option specifies _q_u_a_n_t_u_m. + --cc Specify the number of lines read between each call to + _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k. + + If --CC is specified without --cc, the default quantum is 5000. + When _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next + array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that + element as additional arguments. _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k is evaluated after + the line is read but before the array element is assigned. + + If not supplied with an explicit origin, mmaappffiillee will clear _a_r_- + _r_a_y before assigning to it. + + mmaappffiillee returns successfully unless an invalid option or option + argument is supplied, _a_r_r_a_y is invalid or unassignable, or if + _a_r_r_a_y is not an indexed array. + + ppooppdd [-nn] [+_n] [-_n] + Removes entries from the directory stack. The elements are num- + bered from 0 starting at the first directory listed by ddiirrss. + With no arguments, ppooppdd removes the top directory from the + stack, and changes to the new top directory. Arguments, if sup- + plied, have the following meanings: + --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing + directories from the stack, so that only the stack is ma- + nipulated. + ++_n Removes the _nth entry counting from the left of the list + shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero, from the stack. For + example: ``popd +0'' removes the first directory, ``popd + +1'' the second. + --_n Removes the _nth entry counting from the right of the list + shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: ``popd + -0'' removes the last directory, ``popd -1'' the next to + last. + + If the top element of the directory stack is modified, and the + _-_n option was not supplied, ppooppdd uses the ccdd builtin to change + to the directory at the top of the stack. If the ccdd fails, ppooppdd + returns a non-zero value. + + Otherwise, ppooppdd returns false if an invalid option is encoun- + tered, the directory stack is empty, or a non-existent directory + stack entry is specified. + + If the ppooppdd command is successful, bash runs ddiirrss to show the + final contents of the directory stack, and the return status is + 0. + + pprriinnttff [--vv _v_a_r] _f_o_r_m_a_t [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] + Write the formatted _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s to the standard output under the + control of the _f_o_r_m_a_t. The --vv option causes the output to be + assigned to the variable _v_a_r rather than being printed to the + standard output. + + The _f_o_r_m_a_t is a character string which contains three types of + objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard + output, character escape sequences, which are converted and + copied to the standard output, and format specifications, each + of which causes printing of the next successive _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t. In + addition to the standard _p_r_i_n_t_f(1) format specifications, pprriinnttff + interprets the following extensions: + %%bb causes pprriinnttff to expand backslash escape sequences in the + corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t in the same way as eecchhoo --ee. + %%qq causes pprriinnttff to output the corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t in a + format that can be reused as shell input. + %%QQ like %%qq, but applies any supplied precision to the _a_r_g_u_- + _m_e_n_t before quoting it. + %%((_d_a_t_e_f_m_t))TT + causes pprriinnttff to output the date-time string resulting + from using _d_a_t_e_f_m_t as a format string for _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3). + The corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t is an integer representing the + number of seconds since the epoch. Two special argument + values may be used: -1 represents the current time, and + -2 represents the time the shell was invoked. If no ar- + gument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had been + given. This is an exception to the usual pprriinnttff behav- + ior. + + The %b, %q, and %T directives all use the field width and preci- + sion arguments from the format specification and write that many + bytes from (or use that wide a field for) the expanded argument, + which usually contains more characters than the original. + + Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con- + stants, except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and + if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value + is the ASCII value of the following character. + + The _f_o_r_m_a_t is reused as necessary to consume all of the _a_r_g_u_- + _m_e_n_t_s. If the _f_o_r_m_a_t requires more _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s than are supplied, + the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or + null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return + value is zero on success, non-zero on failure. + + ppuusshhdd [--nn] [+_n] [-_n] + ppuusshhdd [--nn] [_d_i_r] + Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates + the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working + directory. With no arguments, ppuusshhdd exchanges the top two ele- + ments of the directory stack. Arguments, if supplied, have the + following meanings: + --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating + or adding directories to the stack, so that only the + stack is manipulated. + ++_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting + from the left of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with + zero) is at the top. + --_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting + from the right of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with + zero) is at the top. + _d_i_r Adds _d_i_r to the directory stack at the top + + After the stack has been modified, if the --nn option was not sup- + plied, ppuusshhdd uses the ccdd builtin to change to the directory at + the top of the stack. If the ccdd fails, ppuusshhdd returns a non-zero + value. + + Otherwise, if no arguments are supplied, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless + the directory stack is empty. When rotating the directory + stack, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty or a + non-existent directory stack element is specified. + + If the ppuusshhdd command is successful, bash runs ddiirrss to show the + final contents of the directory stack. + + ppwwdd [--LLPP] + Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. + The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the --PP option + is supplied or the --oo pphhyyssiiccaall option to the sseett builtin command + is enabled. If the --LL option is used, the pathname printed may + contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error + occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an in- + valid option is supplied. + + rreeaadd [--eerrss] [--aa _a_n_a_m_e] [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--ii _t_e_x_t] [--nn _n_c_h_a_r_s] [--NN _n_c_h_a_r_s] [--pp + _p_r_o_m_p_t] [--tt _t_i_m_e_o_u_t] [--uu _f_d] [_n_a_m_e ...] + One line is read from the standard input, or from the file de- + scriptor _f_d supplied as an argument to the --uu option, split into + words as described in _b_a_s_h_(_1_) under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg, and the + first word is assigned to the first _n_a_m_e, the second word to the + second _n_a_m_e, and so on. If there are more words than names, the + remaining words and their intervening delimiters are assigned to + the last _n_a_m_e. If there are fewer words read from the input + stream than names, the remaining names are assigned empty val- + ues. The characters in IIFFSS are used to split the line into + words using the same rules the shell uses for expansion (de- + scribed in _b_a_s_h_(_1_) under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg). The backslash charac- + ter (\\) may be used to remove any special meaning for the next + character read and for line continuation. Options, if supplied, + have the following meanings: + --aa _a_n_a_m_e + The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array + variable _a_n_a_m_e, starting at 0. _a_n_a_m_e is unset before any + new values are assigned. Other _n_a_m_e arguments are ig- + nored. + --dd _d_e_l_i_m + The first character of _d_e_l_i_m is used to terminate the in- + put line, rather than newline. If _d_e_l_i_m is the empty + string, rreeaadd will terminate a line when it reads a NUL + character. + --ee If the standard input is coming from a terminal, rreeaaddlliinnee + (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE in _b_a_s_h_(_1_)) is used to obtain the line. + Readline uses the current (or default, if line editing + was not previously active) editing settings, but uses + readline's default filename completion. + --ii _t_e_x_t + If rreeaaddlliinnee is being used to read the line, _t_e_x_t is + placed into the editing buffer before editing begins. + --nn _n_c_h_a_r_s + rreeaadd returns after reading _n_c_h_a_r_s characters rather than + waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delim- + iter if fewer than _n_c_h_a_r_s characters are read before the + delimiter. + --NN _n_c_h_a_r_s + rreeaadd returns after reading exactly _n_c_h_a_r_s characters + rather than waiting for a complete line of input, unless + EOF is encountered or rreeaadd times out. Delimiter charac- + ters encountered in the input are not treated specially + and do not cause rreeaadd to return until _n_c_h_a_r_s characters + are read. The result is not split on the characters in + IIFFSS; the intent is that the variable is assigned exactly + the characters read (with the exception of backslash; see + the --rr option below). + --pp _p_r_o_m_p_t + Display _p_r_o_m_p_t on standard error, without a trailing new- + line, before attempting to read any input. The prompt is + displayed only if input is coming from a terminal. + --rr Backslash does not act as an escape character. The back- + slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu- + lar, a backslash-newline pair may not then be used as a + line continuation. + --ss Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, charac- + ters are not echoed. + --tt _t_i_m_e_o_u_t + Cause rreeaadd to time out and return failure if a complete + line of input (or a specified number of characters) is + not read within _t_i_m_e_o_u_t seconds. _t_i_m_e_o_u_t may be a deci- + mal number with a fractional portion following the deci- + mal point. This option is only effective if rreeaadd is + reading input from a terminal, pipe, or other special + file; it has no effect when reading from regular files. + If rreeaadd times out, rreeaadd saves any partial input read into + the specified variable _n_a_m_e. If _t_i_m_e_o_u_t is 0, rreeaadd re- + turns immediately, without trying to read any data. The + exit status is 0 if input is available on the specified + file descriptor, or the read will return EOF, non-zero + otherwise. The exit status is greater than 128 if the + timeout is exceeded. + --uu _f_d Read input from file descriptor _f_d. + + If no _n_a_m_e_s are supplied, the line read, without the ending de- + limiter but otherwise unmodified, is assigned to the variable + RREEPPLLYY. The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is encoun- + tered, rreeaadd times out (in which case the status is greater than + 128), a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a read- + only variable) occurs, or an invalid file descriptor is supplied + as the argument to --uu. + + rreeaaddoonnllyy [--aaAAff] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_w_o_r_d] ...] + The given _n_a_m_e_s are marked readonly; the values of these _n_a_m_e_s + may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the --ff option + is supplied, the functions corresponding to the _n_a_m_e_s are so + marked. The --aa option restricts the variables to indexed ar- + rays; the --AA option restricts the variables to associative ar- + rays. If both options are supplied, --AA takes precedence. If no + _n_a_m_e arguments are given, or if the --pp option is supplied, a + list of all readonly names is printed. The other options may be + used to restrict the output to a subset of the set of readonly + names. The --pp option causes output to be displayed in a format + that may be reused as input. If a variable name is followed by + =_w_o_r_d, the value of the variable is set to _w_o_r_d. The return + status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one of the + _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, or --ff is supplied with + a _n_a_m_e that is not a function. + + rreettuurrnn [_n] + Causes a function to stop executing and return the value speci- + fied by _n to its caller. If _n is omitted, the return status is + that of the last command executed in the function body. If rree-- + ttuurrnn is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to de- + termine the status is the last command executed before the trap + handler. If rreettuurrnn is executed during a DDEEBBUUGG trap, the last + command used to determine the status is the last command exe- + cuted by the trap handler before rreettuurrnn was invoked. If rreettuurrnn + is used outside a function, but during execution of a script by + the .. (ssoouurrccee) command, it causes the shell to stop executing + that script and return either _n or the exit status of the last + command executed within the script as the exit status of the + script. If _n is supplied, the return value is its least signif- + icant 8 bits. The return status is non-zero if rreettuurrnn is sup- + plied a non-numeric argument, or is used outside a function and + not during execution of a script by .. or ssoouurrccee. Any command + associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is executed before execution re- + sumes after the function or script. + + sseett [--aabbeeffhhkkmmnnppttuuvvxxBBCCEEHHPPTT] [--oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e] [----] [--] [_a_r_g ...] + sseett [++aabbeeffhhkkmmnnppttuuvvxxBBCCEEHHPPTT] [++oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e] [----] [--] [_a_r_g ...] + Without options, display the name and value of each shell vari- + able in a format that can be reused as input for setting or re- + setting the currently-set variables. Read-only variables cannot + be reset. In _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, only shell variables are listed. The + output is sorted according to the current locale. When options + are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any argu- + ments remaining after option processing are treated as values + for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to $$11, + $$22, ...... $$_n. Options, if specified, have the following mean- + ings: + --aa Each variable or function that is created or modified is + given the export attribute and marked for export to the + environment of subsequent commands. + --bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi- + ately, rather than before the next primary prompt. This + is effective only when job control is enabled. + --ee Exit immediately if a _p_i_p_e_l_i_n_e (which may consist of a + single _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d), a _l_i_s_t, or a _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d _c_o_m_m_a_n_d + (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR in _b_a_s_h_(_1_)), exits with a non-zero + status. The shell does not exit if the command that + fails is part of the command list immediately following + a wwhhiillee or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test following the + iiff or eelliiff reserved words, part of any command executed + in a &&&& or |||| list except the command following the fi- + nal &&&& or ||||, any command in a pipeline but the last, or + if the command's return value is being inverted with !!. + If a compound command other than a subshell returns a + non-zero status because a command failed while --ee was + being ignored, the shell does not exit. A trap on EERRRR, + if set, is executed before the shell exits. This option + applies to the shell environment and each subshell envi- + ronment separately (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT in + _b_a_s_h_(_1_)), and may cause subshells to exit before execut- + ing all the commands in the subshell. + + If a compound command or shell function executes in a + context where --ee is being ignored, none of the commands + executed within the compound command or function body + will be affected by the --ee setting, even if --ee is set + and a command returns a failure status. If a compound + command or shell function sets --ee while executing in a + context where --ee is ignored, that setting will not have + any effect until the compound command or the command + containing the function call completes. + --ff Disable pathname expansion. + --hh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up + for execution. This is enabled by default. + --kk All arguments in the form of assignment statements are + placed in the environment for a command, not just those + that precede the command name. + --mm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is + on by default for interactive shells on systems that + support it (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL in _b_a_s_h_(_1_)). All processes + run in a separate process group. When a background job + completes, the shell prints a line containing its exit + status. + --nn Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used + to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is ig- + nored by interactive shells. + --oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e + The _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e can be one of the following: + aalllleexxppoorrtt + Same as --aa. + bbrraacceeeexxppaanndd + Same as --BB. + eemmaaccss Use an emacs-style command line editing inter- + face. This is enabled by default when the shell + is interactive, unless the shell is started with + the ----nnooeeddiittiinngg option. This also affects the + editing interface used for rreeaadd --ee. + eerrrreexxiitt Same as --ee. + eerrrrttrraaccee + Same as --EE. + ffuunnccttrraaccee + Same as --TT. + hhaasshhaallll Same as --hh. + hhiisstteexxppaanndd + Same as --HH. + hhiissttoorryy Enable command history, as described in _b_a_s_h_(_1_) + under HHIISSTTOORRYY. This option is on by default in + interactive shells. + iiggnnoorreeeeooff + The effect is as if the shell command ``IG- + NOREEOF=10'' had been executed (see SShheellll VVaarrii-- + aabblleess in _b_a_s_h_(_1_)). + kkeeyywwoorrdd Same as --kk. + mmoonniittoorr Same as --mm. + nnoocclloobbbbeerr + Same as --CC. + nnooeexxeecc Same as --nn. + nnoogglloobb Same as --ff. + nnoolloogg Currently ignored. + nnoottiiffyy Same as --bb. + nnoouunnsseett Same as --uu. + oonneeccmmdd Same as --tt. + pphhyyssiiccaall + Same as --PP. + ppiippeeffaaiill + If set, the return value of a pipeline is the + value of the last (rightmost) command to exit + with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands + in the pipeline exit successfully. This option + is disabled by default. + ppoossiixx Change the behavior of bbaasshh where the default + operation differs from the POSIX standard to + match the standard (_p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e). See SSEEEE AALLSSOO + in _b_a_s_h_(_1_) for a reference to a document that + details how posix mode affects bash's behavior. + pprriivviilleeggeedd + Same as --pp. + vveerrbboossee Same as --vv. + vvii Use a vi-style command line editing interface. + This also affects the editing interface used for + rreeaadd --ee. + xxttrraaccee Same as --xx. + If --oo is supplied with no _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e, the values of the + current options are printed. If ++oo is supplied with no + _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e, a series of sseett commands to recreate the + current option settings is displayed on the standard + output. + --pp Turn on _p_r_i_v_i_l_e_g_e_d mode. In this mode, the $$EENNVV and + $$BBAASSHH__EENNVV files are not processed, shell functions are + not inherited from the environment, and the SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS, + BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS, CCDDPPAATTHH, and GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE variables, if they ap- + pear in the environment, are ignored. If the shell is + started with the effective user (group) id not equal to + the real user (group) id, and the --pp option is not sup- + plied, these actions are taken and the effective user id + is set to the real user id. If the --pp option is sup- + plied at startup, the effective user id is not reset. + Turning this option off causes the effective user and + group ids to be set to the real user and group ids. + --rr Enable restricted shell mode. This option cannot be un- + set once it has been set. + --tt Exit after reading and executing one command. + --uu Treat unset variables and parameters other than the spe- + cial parameters "@" and "*", or array variables sub- + scripted with "@" or "*", as an error when performing + parameter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an + unset variable or parameter, the shell prints an error + message, and, if not interactive, exits with a non-zero + status. + --vv Print shell input lines as they are read. + --xx After expanding each _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, ffoorr command, ccaassee + command, sseelleecctt command, or arithmetic ffoorr command, dis- + play the expanded value of PPSS44, followed by the command + and its expanded arguments or associated word list. + --BB The shell performs brace expansion (see BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn + in _b_a_s_h_(_1_)). This is on by default. + --CC If set, bbaasshh does not overwrite an existing file with + the >>, >>&&, and <<>> redirection operators. This may be + overridden when creating output files by using the redi- + rection operator >>|| instead of >>. + --EE If set, any trap on EERRRR is inherited by shell functions, + command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub- + shell environment. The EERRRR trap is normally not inher- + ited in such cases. + --HH Enable !! style history substitution. This option is on + by default when the shell is interactive. + --PP If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when + executing commands such as ccdd that change the current + working directory. It uses the physical directory + structure instead. By default, bbaasshh follows the logical + chain of directories when performing commands which + change the current directory. + --TT If set, any traps on DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN are inherited by + shell functions, command substitutions, and commands ex- + ecuted in a subshell environment. The DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN + traps are normally not inherited in such cases. + ---- If no arguments follow this option, then the positional + parameters are unset. Otherwise, the positional parame- + ters are set to the _a_r_gs, even if some of them begin + with a --. + -- Signal the end of options, cause all remaining _a_r_gs to + be assigned to the positional parameters. The --xx and --vv + options are turned off. If there are no _a_r_gs, the posi- + tional parameters remain unchanged. + + The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using + + rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The op- + tions can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of the + shell. The current set of options may be found in $$--. The re- + turn status is always true unless an invalid option is encoun- + tered. + + sshhiifftt [_n] + The positional parameters from _n+1 ... are renamed to $$11 ........ + Parameters represented by the numbers $$## down to $$##-_n+1 are un- + set. _n must be a non-negative number less than or equal to $$##. + If _n is 0, no parameters are changed. If _n is not given, it is + assumed to be 1. If _n is greater than $$##, the positional param- + eters are not changed. The return status is greater than zero + if _n is greater than $$## or less than zero; otherwise 0. + + sshhoopptt [--ppqqssuu] [--oo] [_o_p_t_n_a_m_e ...] + Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behav- + ior. The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the + --oo option is used, those available with the --oo option to the sseett + builtin command. With no options, or with the --pp option, a list + of all settable options is displayed, with an indication of + whether or not each is set; if _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s are supplied, the output + is restricted to those options. The --pp option causes output to + be displayed in a form that may be reused as input. Other op- + tions have the following meanings: + --ss Enable (set) each _o_p_t_n_a_m_e. + --uu Disable (unset) each _o_p_t_n_a_m_e. + --qq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status + indicates whether the _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is set or unset. If multi- + ple _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments are given with --qq, the return sta- + tus is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s are enabled; non-zero other- + wise. + --oo Restricts the values of _o_p_t_n_a_m_e to be those defined for + the --oo option to the sseett builtin. + + If either --ss or --uu is used with no _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments, sshhoopptt + shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively. + Unless otherwise noted, the sshhoopptt options are disabled (unset) + by default. + + The return status when listing options is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s + are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting op- + tions, the return status is zero unless an _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is not a + valid shell option. + + The list of sshhoopptt options is: + + aassssoocc__eexxppaanndd__oonnccee + If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of as- + sociative array subscripts during arithmetic expression + evaluation, while executing builtins that can perform + variable assignments, and while executing builtins that + perform array dereferencing. + aauuttooccdd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory + is executed as if it were the argument to the ccdd com- + mand. This option is only used by interactive shells. + ccddaabbllee__vvaarrss + If set, an argument to the ccdd builtin command that is + not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable + whose value is the directory to change to. + ccddssppeellll If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory com- + ponent in a ccdd command will be corrected. The errors + checked for are transposed characters, a missing charac- + ter, and one character too many. If a correction is + found, the corrected filename is printed, and the com- + mand proceeds. This option is only used by interactive + shells. + cchheecckkhhaasshh + If set, bbaasshh checks that a command found in the hash ta- + ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed + command no longer exists, a normal path search is per- + formed. + cchheecckkjjoobbss + If set, bbaasshh lists the status of any stopped and running + jobs before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs + are running, this causes the exit to be deferred until a + second exit is attempted without an intervening command + (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL in _b_a_s_h_(_1_)). The shell always post- + pones exiting if any jobs are stopped. + cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee + If set, bbaasshh checks the window size after each external + (non-builtin) command and, if necessary, updates the + values of LLIINNEESS and CCOOLLUUMMNNSS. This option is enabled by + default. + ccmmddhhiisstt If set, bbaasshh attempts to save all lines of a multiple- + line command in the same history entry. This allows + easy re-editing of multi-line commands. This option is + enabled by default, but only has an effect if command + history is enabled, as described in _b_a_s_h_(_1_) under HHIISS-- + TTOORRYY. + ccoommppaatt3311 + ccoommppaatt3322 + ccoommppaatt4400 + ccoommppaatt4411 + ccoommppaatt4422 + ccoommppaatt4433 + ccoommppaatt4444 + ccoommppaatt5500 + These control aspects of the shell's compatibility mode + (see SSHHEELLLL CCOOMMPPAATTIIBBIILLIITTYY MMOODDEE in _b_a_s_h_(_1_)). + + ccoommpplleettee__ffuullllqquuoottee + If set, bbaasshh quotes all shell metacharacters in file- + names and directory names when performing completion. + If not set, bbaasshh removes metacharacters such as the dol- + lar sign from the set of characters that will be quoted + in completed filenames when these metacharacters appear + in shell variable references in words to be completed. + This means that dollar signs in variable names that ex- + pand to directories will not be quoted; however, any + dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted, + either. This is active only when bash is using back- + slashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is + set by default, which is the default bash behavior in + versions through 4.2. + + ddiirreexxppaanndd + If set, bbaasshh replaces directory names with the results + of word expansion when performing filename completion. + This changes the contents of the readline editing buf- + fer. If not set, bbaasshh attempts to preserve what the + user typed. + + ddiirrssppeellll + If set, bbaasshh attempts spelling correction on directory + names during word completion if the directory name ini- + tially supplied does not exist. + + ddoottgglloobb If set, bbaasshh includes filenames beginning with a `.' in + the results of pathname expansion. The filenames ````..'''' + and ````....'''' must always be matched explicitly, even if + ddoottgglloobb is set. + + eexxeeccffaaiill + If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can- + not execute the file specified as an argument to the + eexxeecc builtin command. An interactive shell does not + exit if eexxeecc fails. + + eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess + If set, aliases are expanded as described in _b_a_s_h_(_1_) un- + der AALLIIAASSEESS. This option is enabled by default for in- + teractive shells. + + eexxttddeebbuugg + If set at shell invocation, or in a shell startup file, + arrange to execute the debugger profile before the shell + starts, identical to the ----ddeebbuuggggeerr option. If set af- + ter invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers + is enabled: + + 11.. The --FF option to the ddeeccllaarree builtin displays the + source file name and line number corresponding to + each function name supplied as an argument. + + 22.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a + non-zero value, the next command is skipped and + not executed. + + 33.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a + value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub- + routine (a shell function or a shell script exe- + cuted by the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins), the shell + simulates a call to rreettuurrnn. + + 44.. BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC and BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV are updated as described + in their descriptions in _b_a_s_h_(_1_)). + + 55.. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu- + tion, shell functions, and subshells invoked with + (( _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps. + + 66.. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, + shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( + _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the EERRRR trap. + + eexxttgglloobb If set, the extended pattern matching features described + in _b_a_s_h_(_1_) under PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn are enabled. + + eexxttqquuoottee + If set, $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' and $$"_s_t_r_i_n_g" quoting is performed + within $${{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r}} expansions enclosed in double + quotes. This option is enabled by default. + + ffaaiillgglloobb + If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during + pathname expansion result in an expansion error. + + ffoorrccee__ffiiggnnoorree + If set, the suffixes specified by the FFIIGGNNOORREE shell + variable cause words to be ignored when performing word + completion even if the ignored words are the only possi- + ble completions. See SSHHEELLLL VVAARRIIAABBLLEESS in _b_a_s_h_(_1_) for a + description of FFIIGGNNOORREE. This option is enabled by de- + fault. + + gglloobbaasscciiiirraannggeess + If set, range expressions used in pattern matching + bracket expressions (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg in _b_a_s_h_(_1_)) + behave as if in the traditional C locale when performing + comparisons. That is, the current locale's collating + sequence is not taken into account, so bb will not col- + late between AA and BB, and upper-case and lower-case + ASCII characters will collate together. + + gglloobbsskkiippddoottss + If set, pathname expansion will never match the file- + names ````..'''' and ````....'''', even if the pattern begins with + a ````..''''. This option is enabled by default. + + gglloobbssttaarr + If set, the pattern **** used in a pathname expansion con- + text will match all files and zero or more directories + and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a //, + only directories and subdirectories match. + + ggnnuu__eerrrrffmmtt + If set, shell error messages are written in the standard + GNU error message format. + + hhiissttaappppeenndd + If set, the history list is appended to the file named + by the value of the HHIISSTTFFIILLEE variable when the shell ex- + its, rather than overwriting the file. + + hhiissttrreeeeddiitt + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, a user is given the + opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution. + + hhiissttvveerriiffyy + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the results of his- + tory substitution are not immediately passed to the + shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded + into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer, allowing further modi- + fication. + + hhoossttccoommpplleettee + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh will attempt to + perform hostname completion when a word containing a @@ + is being completed (see CCoommpplleettiinngg under RREEAADDLLIINNEE in + _b_a_s_h_(_1_)). This is enabled by default. + + hhuuppoonneexxiitt + If set, bbaasshh will send SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs when an inter- + active login shell exits. + + iinnhheerriitt__eerrrreexxiitt + If set, command substitution inherits the value of the + eerrrreexxiitt option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell + environment. This option is enabled when _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e is + enabled. + + iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss + If set, allow a word beginning with ## to cause that word + and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored + in an interactive shell (see CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS in _b_a_s_h_(_1_)). This + option is enabled by default. + + llaassttppiippee + If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs + the last command of a pipeline not executed in the back- + ground in the current shell environment. + + lliitthhiisstt If set, and the ccmmddhhiisstt option is enabled, multi-line + commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines + rather than using semicolon separators where possible. + + llooccaallvvaarr__iinnhheerriitt + If set, local variables inherit the value and attributes + of a variable of the same name that exists at a previous + scope before any new value is assigned. The nameref at- + tribute is not inherited. + + llooccaallvvaarr__uunnsseett + If set, calling uunnsseett on local variables in previous + function scopes marks them so subsequent lookups find + them unset until that function returns. This is identi- + cal to the behavior of unsetting local variables at the + current function scope. + + llooggiinn__sshheellll + The shell sets this option if it is started as a login + shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN in _b_a_s_h_(_1_)). The value may not be + changed. + + mmaaiillwwaarrnn + If set, and a file that bbaasshh is checking for mail has + been accessed since the last time it was checked, the + message ``The mail in _m_a_i_l_f_i_l_e has been read'' is dis- + played. + + nnoo__eemmppttyy__ccmmdd__ccoommpplleettiioonn + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh will not at- + tempt to search the PPAATTHH for possible completions when + completion is attempted on an empty line. + + nnooccaasseegglloobb + If set, bbaasshh matches filenames in a case-insensitive + fashion when performing pathname expansion (see PPaatthhnnaammee + EExxppaannssiioonn in _b_a_s_h_(_1_)). + + nnooccaasseemmaattcchh + If set, bbaasshh matches patterns in a case-insensitive + fashion when performing matching while executing ccaassee or + [[[[ conditional commands, when performing pattern substi- + tution word expansions, or when filtering possible com- + pletions as part of programmable completion. + + nnooeexxppaanndd__ttrraannssllaattiioonn + If set, bbaasshh encloses the translated results of $"..." + quoting in single quotes instead of double quotes. If + the string is not translated, this has no effect. + + nnuullllgglloobb + If set, bbaasshh allows patterns which match no files (see + PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn in _b_a_s_h_(_1_)) to expand to a null + string, rather than themselves. + + ppaattssuubb__rreeppllaacceemmeenntt + If set, bbaasshh expands occurrences of && in the replacement + string of pattern substitution to the text matched by + the pattern, as described under PPaarraammeetteerr EExxppaannssiioonn in + _b_a_s_h_(_1_). This option is enabled by default. + + pprrooggccoommpp + If set, the programmable completion facilities (see PPrroo-- + ggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn in _b_a_s_h_(_1_)) are enabled. This op- + tion is enabled by default. + + pprrooggccoommpp__aalliiaass + If set, and programmable completion is enabled, bbaasshh + treats a command name that doesn't have any completions + as a possible alias and attempts alias expansion. If it + has an alias, bbaasshh attempts programmable completion us- + ing the command word resulting from the expanded alias. + + pprroommppttvvaarrss + If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, com- + mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote re- + moval after being expanded as described in PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG in + _b_a_s_h_(_1_). This option is enabled by default. + + rreessttrriicctteedd__sshheellll + The shell sets this option if it is started in re- + stricted mode (see RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL in _b_a_s_h_(_1_)). The + value may not be changed. This is not reset when the + startup files are executed, allowing the startup files + to discover whether or not a shell is restricted. + + sshhiifftt__vveerrbboossee + If set, the sshhiifftt builtin prints an error message when + the shift count exceeds the number of positional parame- + ters. + + ssoouurrcceeppaatthh + If set, the .. (ssoouurrccee) builtin uses the value of PPAATTHH to + find the directory containing the file supplied as an + argument. This option is enabled by default. + + vvaarrrreeddiirr__cclloossee + If set, the shell automatically closes file descriptors + assigned using the _{_v_a_r_n_a_m_e_} redirection syntax (see RREE-- + DDIIRREECCTTIIOONN in _b_a_s_h_(_1_)) instead of leaving them open when + the command completes. + + xxppgg__eecchhoo + If set, the eecchhoo builtin expands backslash-escape se- + quences by default. + + ssuussppeenndd [--ff] + Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a SSIIGGCCOONNTT + signal. A login shell, or a shell without job control enabled, + cannot be suspended; the --ff option can be used to override this + and force the suspension. The return status is 0 unless the + shell is a login shell or job control is not enabled and --ff is + not supplied. + + tteesstt _e_x_p_r + [[ _e_x_p_r ]] + Return a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on the evalu- + ation of the conditional expression _e_x_p_r. Each operator and op- + erand must be a separate argument. Expressions are composed of + the primaries described in _b_a_s_h_(_1_) under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESS-- + SSIIOONNSS. tteesstt does not accept any options, nor does it accept and + ignore an argument of ---- as signifying the end of options. + + Expressions may be combined using the following operators, + listed in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation de- + pends on the number of arguments; see below. Operator prece- + dence is used when there are five or more arguments. + !! _e_x_p_r True if _e_x_p_r is false. + (( _e_x_p_r )) + Returns the value of _e_x_p_r. This may be used to override + the normal precedence of operators. + _e_x_p_r_1 -aa _e_x_p_r_2 + True if both _e_x_p_r_1 and _e_x_p_r_2 are true. + _e_x_p_r_1 -oo _e_x_p_r_2 + True if either _e_x_p_r_1 or _e_x_p_r_2 is true. + + tteesstt and [[ evaluate conditional expressions using a set of rules + based on the number of arguments. + + 0 arguments + The expression is false. + 1 argument + The expression is true if and only if the argument is not + null. + 2 arguments + If the first argument is !!, the expression is true if and + only if the second argument is null. If the first argu- + ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed in + _b_a_s_h_(_1_) under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the expression is + true if the unary test is true. If the first argument is + not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression is + false. + 3 arguments + The following conditions are applied in the order listed. + If the second argument is one of the binary conditional + operators listed in _b_a_s_h_(_1_) under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESS-- + SSIIOONNSS, the result of the expression is the result of the + binary test using the first and third arguments as oper- + ands. The --aa and --oo operators are considered binary op- + erators when there are three arguments. If the first ar- + gument is !!, the value is the negation of the two-argu- + ment test using the second and third arguments. If the + first argument is exactly (( and the third argument is ex- + actly )), the result is the one-argument test of the sec- + ond argument. Otherwise, the expression is false. + 4 arguments + The following conditions are applied in the order listed. + If the first argument is !!, the result is the negation of + the three-argument expression composed of the remaining + arguments. the two-argument test using the second and + third arguments. If the first argument is exactly (( and + the fourth argument is exactly )), the result is the two- + argument test of the second and third arguments. Other- + wise, the expression is parsed and evaluated according to + precedence using the rules listed above. + 5 or more arguments + The expression is parsed and evaluated according to + precedence using the rules listed above. + + When used with tteesstt or [[, the << and >> operators sort lexico- + graphically using ASCII ordering. + + ttiimmeess Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and + for processes run from the shell. The return status is 0. + + ttrraapp [--llpp] [[_a_r_g] _s_i_g_s_p_e_c ...] + The command _a_r_g is to be read and executed when the shell re- + ceives signal(s) _s_i_g_s_p_e_c. If _a_r_g is absent (and there is a sin- + gle _s_i_g_s_p_e_c) or --, each specified signal is reset to its origi- + nal disposition (the value it had upon entrance to the shell). + If _a_r_g is the null string the signal specified by each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c + is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes. If _a_r_g + is not present and --pp has been supplied, then the trap commands + associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c are displayed. If no arguments are + supplied or if only --pp is given, ttrraapp prints the list of com- + mands associated with each signal. The --ll option causes the + shell to print a list of signal names and their corresponding + numbers. Each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a signal name defined in <_s_i_g_- + _n_a_l_._h>, or a signal number. Signal names are case insensitive + and the SSIIGG prefix is optional. + + If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EEXXIITT (0) the command _a_r_g is executed on exit + from the shell. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is DDEEBBUUGG, the command _a_r_g is exe- + cuted before every _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, _f_o_r command, _c_a_s_e command, + _s_e_l_e_c_t command, every arithmetic _f_o_r command, and before the + first command executes in a shell function (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR in + _b_a_s_h_(_1_)). Refer to the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to + the sshhoopptt builtin for details of its effect on the DDEEBBUUGG trap. + If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is RREETTUURRNN, the command _a_r_g is executed each time a + shell function or a script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee + builtins finishes executing. + + If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EERRRR, the command _a_r_g is executed whenever a + pipeline (which may consist of a single simple command), a list, + or a compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to + the following conditions. The EERRRR trap is not executed if the + failed command is part of the command list immediately following + a wwhhiillee or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test in an _i_f statement, + part of a command executed in a &&&& or |||| list except the command + following the final &&&& or ||||, any command in a pipeline but the + last, or if the command's return value is being inverted using + !!. These are the same conditions obeyed by the eerrrreexxiitt (--ee) op- + tion. + + Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or re- + set. Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to + their original values in a subshell or subshell environment when + one is created. The return status is false if any _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is + invalid; otherwise ttrraapp returns true. + + ttyyppee [--aaffttppPP] _n_a_m_e [_n_a_m_e ...] + With no options, indicate how each _n_a_m_e would be interpreted if + used as a command name. If the --tt option is used, ttyyppee prints a + string which is one of _a_l_i_a_s, _k_e_y_w_o_r_d, _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n, _b_u_i_l_t_i_n, or + _f_i_l_e if _n_a_m_e is an alias, shell reserved word, function, + builtin, or disk file, respectively. If the _n_a_m_e is not found, + then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false is re- + turned. If the --pp option is used, ttyyppee either returns the name + of the disk file that would be executed if _n_a_m_e were specified + as a command name, or nothing if ``type -t name'' would not re- + turn _f_i_l_e. The --PP option forces a PPAATTHH search for each _n_a_m_e, + even if ``type -t name'' would not return _f_i_l_e. If a command is + hashed, --pp and --PP print the hashed value, which is not necessar- + ily the file that appears first in PPAATTHH. If the --aa option is + used, ttyyppee prints all of the places that contain an executable + named _n_a_m_e. This includes aliases and functions, if and only if + the --pp option is not also used. The table of hashed commands is + not consulted when using --aa. The --ff option suppresses shell + function lookup, as with the ccoommmmaanndd builtin. ttyyppee returns true + if all of the arguments are found, false if any are not found. + + uulliimmiitt [--HHSS] --aa + uulliimmiitt [--HHSS] [--bbccddeeffiikkllmmnnppqqrrssttuuvvxxPPRRTT [_l_i_m_i_t]] + Provides control over the resources available to the shell and + to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control. + The --HH and --SS options specify that the hard or soft limit is set + for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased by a + non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up + to the value of the hard limit. If neither --HH nor --SS is speci- + fied, both the soft and hard limits are set. The value of _l_i_m_i_t + can be a number in the unit specified for the resource or one of + the special values hhaarrdd, ssoofftt, or uunnlliimmiitteedd, which stand for the + current hard limit, the current soft limit, and no limit, re- + spectively. If _l_i_m_i_t is omitted, the current value of the soft + limit of the resource is printed, unless the --HH option is given. + When more than one resource is specified, the limit name and + unit, if appropriate, are printed before the value. Other op- + tions are interpreted as follows: + --aa All current limits are reported; no limits are set + --bb The maximum socket buffer size + --cc The maximum size of core files created + --dd The maximum size of a process's data segment + --ee The maximum scheduling priority ("nice") + --ff The maximum size of files written by the shell and its + children + --ii The maximum number of pending signals + --kk The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated + --ll The maximum size that may be locked into memory + --mm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor + this limit) + --nn The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems + do not allow this value to be set) + --pp The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be set) + --qq The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues + --rr The maximum real-time scheduling priority + --ss The maximum stack size + --tt The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds + --uu The maximum number of processes available to a single + user + --vv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the + shell and, on some systems, to its children + --xx The maximum number of file locks + --PP The maximum number of pseudoterminals + --RR The maximum time a real-time process can run before + blocking, in microseconds + --TT The maximum number of threads + + If _l_i_m_i_t is given, and the --aa option is not used, _l_i_m_i_t is the + new value of the specified resource. If no option is given, + then --ff is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except + for --tt, which is in seconds; --RR, which is in microseconds; --pp, + which is in units of 512-byte blocks; --PP, --TT, --bb, --kk, --nn, and + --uu, which are unscaled values; and, when in posix mode, --cc and + --ff, which are in 512-byte increments. The return status is 0 + unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, or an error + occurs while setting a new limit. + + uummaasskk [--pp] [--SS] [_m_o_d_e] + The user file-creation mask is set to _m_o_d_e. If _m_o_d_e begins with + a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is + interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by + _c_h_m_o_d(1). If _m_o_d_e is omitted, the current value of the mask is + printed. The --SS option causes the mask to be printed in sym- + bolic form; the default output is an octal number. If the --pp + option is supplied, and _m_o_d_e is omitted, the output is in a form + that may be reused as input. The return status is 0 if the mode + was successfully changed or if no _m_o_d_e argument was supplied, + and false otherwise. + + uunnaalliiaass [-aa] [_n_a_m_e ...] + Remove each _n_a_m_e from the list of defined aliases. If --aa is + supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value + is true unless a supplied _n_a_m_e is not a defined alias. + + uunnsseett [-ffvv] [-nn] [_n_a_m_e ...] + For each _n_a_m_e, remove the corresponding variable or function. + If the --vv option is given, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell variable, + and that variable is removed. Read-only variables may not be + unset. If --ff is specified, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell func- + tion, and the function definition is removed. If the --nn option + is supplied, and _n_a_m_e is a variable with the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute, + _n_a_m_e will be unset rather than the variable it references. --nn + has no effect if the --ff option is supplied. If no options are + supplied, each _n_a_m_e refers to a variable; if there is no vari- + able by that name, a function with that name, if any, is unset. + Each unset variable or function is removed from the environment + passed to subsequent commands. If any of BBAASSHH__AALLIIAASSEESS, + BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV00, BBAASSHH__CCMMDDSS, BBAASSHH__CCOOMMMMAANNDD, BBAASSHH__SSUUBBSSHHEELLLL, BBAASSHHPPIIDD, + CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS, DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK, EEPPOOCCHHRREEAALLTTIIMMEE, EEPPOOCCHHSSEECCOONNDDSS, FFUUNNCC-- + NNAAMMEE, GGRROOUUPPSS, HHIISSTTCCMMDD, LLIINNEENNOO, RRAANNDDOOMM, SSEECCOONNDDSS, or SSRRAANNDDOOMM are + unset, they lose their special properties, even if they are sub- + sequently reset. The exit status is true unless a _n_a_m_e is read- + only or may not be unset. + + wwaaiitt [--ffnn] [--pp _v_a_r_n_a_m_e] [_i_d _._._.] + Wait for each specified child process and return its termination + status. Each _i_d may be a process ID or a job specification; if + a job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are + waited for. If _i_d is not given, wwaaiitt waits for all running + background jobs and the last-executed process substitution, if + its process id is the same as $$!!, and the return status is zero. + If the --nn option is supplied, wwaaiitt waits for a single job from + the list of _i_ds or, if no _i_ds are supplied, any job, to complete + and returns its exit status. If none of the supplied arguments + is a child of the shell, or if no arguments are supplied and the + shell has no unwaited-for children, the exit status is 127. If + the --pp option is supplied, the process or job identifier of the + job for which the exit status is returned is assigned to the + variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e named by the option argument. The variable + will be unset initially, before any assignment. This is useful + only when the --nn option is supplied. Supplying the --ff option, + when job control is enabled, forces wwaaiitt to wait for _i_d to ter- + minate before returning its status, instead of returning when it + changes status. If _i_d specifies a non-existent process or job, + the return status is 127. If wwaaiitt is interrupted by a signal, + the return status will be greater than 128, as described under + SSIIGGNNAALLSS in _b_a_s_h_(_1_). Otherwise, the return status is the exit + status of the last process or job waited for. + +SSHHEELLLL CCOOMMPPAATTIIBBIILLIITTYY MMOODDEE + Bash-4.0 introduced the concept of a _s_h_e_l_l _c_o_m_p_a_t_i_b_i_l_i_t_y _l_e_v_e_l, speci- + fied as a set of options to the shopt builtin ( ccoommppaatt3311, ccoommppaatt3322, + ccoommppaatt4400, ccoommppaatt4411, and so on). There is only one current compatibil- + ity level -- each option is mutually exclusive. The compatibility + level is intended to allow users to select behavior from previous ver- + sions that is incompatible with newer versions while they migrate + scripts to use current features and behavior. It's intended to be a + temporary solution. + + This section does not mention behavior that is standard for a particu- + lar version (e.g., setting ccoommppaatt3322 means that quoting the rhs of the + regexp matching operator quotes special regexp characters in the word, + which is default behavior in bash-3.2 and subsequent versions). + + If a user enables, say, ccoommppaatt3322, it may affect the behavior of other + compatibility levels up to and including the current compatibility + level. The idea is that each compatibility level controls behavior + that changed in that version of bbaasshh, but that behavior may have been + present in earlier versions. For instance, the change to use locale- + based comparisons with the [[[[ command came in bash-4.1, and earlier + versions used ASCII-based comparisons, so enabling ccoommppaatt3322 will enable + ASCII-based comparisons as well. That granularity may not be suffi- + cient for all uses, and as a result users should employ compatibility + levels carefully. Read the documentation for a particular feature to + find out the current behavior. + + Bash-4.3 introduced a new shell variable: BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT. The value as- + signed to this variable (a decimal version number like 4.2, or an inte- + ger corresponding to the ccoommppaatt_N_N option, like 42) determines the com- + patibility level. + + Starting with bash-4.4, Bash has begun deprecating older compatibility + levels. Eventually, the options will be removed in favor of BBAASSHH__CCOOMM-- + PPAATT. + + Bash-5.0 is the final version for which there will be an individual + shopt option for the previous version. Users should use BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT on + bash-5.0 and later versions. + + The following table describes the behavior changes controlled by each + compatibility level setting. The ccoommppaatt_N_N tag is used as shorthand for + setting the compatibility level to _N_N using one of the following mecha- + nisms. For versions prior to bash-5.0, the compatibility level may be + set using the corresponding ccoommppaatt_N_N shopt option. For bash-4.3 and + later versions, the BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT variable is preferred, and it is re- + quired for bash-5.1 and later versions. + + ccoommppaatt3311 + +o quoting the rhs of the [[[[ command's regexp matching oper- + ator (=~) has no special effect + + ccoommppaatt3322 + +o interrupting a command list such as "a ; b ; c" causes + the execution of the next command in the list (in + bash-4.0 and later versions, the shell acts as if it re- + ceived the interrupt, so interrupting one command in a + list aborts the execution of the entire list) + + ccoommppaatt4400 + +o the << and >> operators to the [[[[ command do not consider + the current locale when comparing strings; they use ASCII + ordering. Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII col- + lation and _s_t_r_c_m_p(3); bash-4.1 and later use the current + locale's collation sequence and _s_t_r_c_o_l_l(3). + + ccoommppaatt4411 + +o in _p_o_s_i_x mode, ttiimmee may be followed by options and still + be recognized as a reserved word (this is POSIX interpre- + tation 267) + +o in _p_o_s_i_x mode, the parser requires that an even number of + single quotes occur in the _w_o_r_d portion of a double- + quoted parameter expansion and treats them specially, so + that characters within the single quotes are considered + quoted (this is POSIX interpretation 221) + + ccoommppaatt4422 + +o the replacement string in double-quoted pattern substitu- + tion does not undergo quote removal, as it does in ver- + sions after bash-4.2 + +o in posix mode, single quotes are considered special when + expanding the _w_o_r_d portion of a double-quoted parameter + expansion and can be used to quote a closing brace or + other special character (this is part of POSIX interpre- + tation 221); in later versions, single quotes are not + special within double-quoted word expansions + + ccoommppaatt4433 + +o the shell does not print a warning message if an attempt + is made to use a quoted compound assignment as an argu- + ment to declare (e.g., declare -a foo='(1 2)'). Later + versions warn that this usage is deprecated + +o word expansion errors are considered non-fatal errors + that cause the current command to fail, even in posix + mode (the default behavior is to make them fatal errors + that cause the shell to exit) + +o when executing a shell function, the loop state + (while/until/etc.) is not reset, so bbrreeaakk or ccoonnttiinnuuee in + that function will break or continue loops in the calling + context. Bash-4.4 and later reset the loop state to pre- + vent this + + ccoommppaatt4444 + +o the shell sets up the values used by BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV and + BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC so they can expand to the shell's positional + parameters even if extended debugging mode is not enabled + +o a subshell inherits loops from its parent context, so + bbrreeaakk or ccoonnttiinnuuee will cause the subshell to exit. + Bash-5.0 and later reset the loop state to prevent the + exit + +o variable assignments preceding builtins like eexxppoorrtt and + rreeaaddoonnllyy that set attributes continue to affect variables + with the same name in the calling environment even if the + shell is not in posix mode + + ccoommppaatt5500 + +o Bash-5.1 changed the way $$RRAANNDDOOMM is generated to intro- + duce slightly more randomness. If the shell compatibility + level is set to 50 or lower, it reverts to the method + from bash-5.0 and previous versions, so seeding the ran- + dom number generator by assigning a value to RRAANNDDOOMM will + produce the same sequence as in bash-5.0 + +o If the command hash table is empty, bash versions prior + to bash-5.1 printed an informational message to that ef- + fect, even when producing output that can be reused as + input. Bash-5.1 suppresses that message when the --ll op- + tion is supplied. + + ccoommppaatt5511 + +o The uunnsseett builtin treats attempts to unset array sub- + scripts @@ and ** differently depending on whether the ar- + ray is indexed or associative, and differently than in + previous versions. + +SSEEEE AALLSSOO + bash(1), sh(1) + + + +GNU Bash 5.2 2021 November 22 BASH_BUILTINS(1) diff --git a/doc/builtins.1 b/doc/builtins.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..43d92a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/builtins.1 @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +.\" This is a hack to force bash builtins into the whatis database +.\" and to get the list of builtins to come up with the man command. +.\" +.\" File Name macro. This used to be `.PN', for Path Name, +.\" but Sun doesn't seem to like that very much. +.\" +.de FN +\fI\|\\$1\|\fP +.. +.TH BASH_BUILTINS 1 "2021 November 22" "GNU Bash 5.2" +.SH NAME +:, ., [, alias, bg, bind, break, builtin, caller, +cd, command, compgen, complete, compopt, +continue, declare, dirs, disown, echo, enable, eval, exec, exit, +export, false, fc, fg, getopts, hash, help, history, jobs, kill, +let, local, logout, mapfile, popd, printf, pushd, pwd, read, +readarray, readonly, return, set, +shift, shopt, source, suspend, test, times, trap, true, type, typeset, +ulimit, umask, unalias, unset, wait \- bash built-in commands, see \fBbash\fR(1) +.SH BASH BUILTIN COMMANDS +.nr zZ 1 +.so bash.1 +.SH SEE ALSO +bash(1), sh(1) diff --git a/doc/builtins.ps b/doc/builtins.ps new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1becc2a --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/builtins.ps @@ -0,0 +1,3435 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-3.0 +%%Creator: groff version 1.22.4 +%%CreationDate: Mon Sep 19 12:02:42 2022 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The)144 703.2 R .519(return v)3.019 F .519 +(alue is 0 unless the shell is not e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .52 +(cuting a subroutine call or).15 F F2 -.2(ex)3.02 G(pr).2 E F0 .52 +(does not corre-)3.02 F(spond to a v)144 715.2 Q +(alid position in the call stack.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2021 No) +136.385 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(mber 22).15 E(2)190.545 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 3 3 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 +(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 +E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(cd)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 +E F1A F0(|[)A F1A F0([)2.5 E F1A F0(]] [\255@]] [)A/F2 +10/Times-Italic@0 SF(dir)A F0(])A .322(Change the current directory to) +144 96 R F2(dir)2.822 E F0 5.322(.i)C(f)-5.322 E F2(dir)2.822 E F0 .321 +(is not supplied, the v)2.822 F .321(alue of the)-.25 F/F3 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(HOME)2.821 E F0 .321(shell v)2.571 F .321(ariable is) +-.25 F .929(the def)144 108 R 3.429(ault. The)-.1 F -.25(va)3.429 G +(riable).25 E F3(CDP)3.429 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .93 +(de\214nes the search path for the directory containing)3.179 F F2(dir) +3.78 E F0 3.43(:e).73 G(ach)-3.43 E .407(directory name in)144 120 R F3 +(CDP)2.907 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .407(is searched for)2.657 F +F2(dir)2.907 E F0 5.407(.A)C(lternati)-5.407 E .707 -.15(ve d)-.25 H +.407(irectory names in).15 F F3(CDP)2.907 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 +.406(are sepa-)2.656 F .799(rated by a colon \(:\).)144 132 R 3.299(An) +5.799 G .799(ull directory name in)-3.299 F F3(CDP)3.299 E -.855(AT) +-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .799(is the same as the current directory)3.049 F +3.3(,i)-.65 G(.e.,)-3.3 E -.74(``)144 144 S F1(.).74 E F0 -.74('')C +5.428(.I).74 G(f)-5.428 E F2(dir)3.278 E F0(be)3.658 E .428 +(gins with a slash \(/\), then)-.15 F F3(CDP)2.928 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H) +.855 E F0 .428(is not used.)2.678 F(The)5.428 E F12.927 E F0 .427 +(option causes)2.927 F F1(cd)2.927 E F0 .427(to use the)2.927 F(ph)144 +156 Q .167 +(ysical directory structure by resolving symbolic links while tra)-.05 F +-.15(ve)-.2 G(rsing).15 E F2(dir)2.668 E F0 .168(and before processing) +2.668 F 1.225(instances of)144 168 R F2(..)3.725 E F0(in)3.725 E F2(dir) +3.725 E F0 1.225(\(see also the)3.725 F F13.725 E F0 1.225 +(option to the)3.725 F F1(set)3.725 E F0 -.2(bu)3.725 G 1.225 +(iltin command\); the).2 F F13.725 E F0 1.225(option forces)3.725 +F .411(symbolic links to be follo)144 180 R .411 +(wed by resolving the link after processing instances of)-.25 F F2(..) +2.911 E F0(in)2.911 E F2(dir)2.911 E F0 5.411(.I)C(f)-5.411 E F2(..) +2.912 E F0(ap-)2.912 E .341(pears in)144 192 R F2(dir)2.841 E F0 2.841 +(,i)C 2.841(ti)-2.841 G 2.841(sp)-2.841 G .341(rocessed by remo)-2.841 F +.341(ving the immediately pre)-.15 F .34(vious pathname component from) +-.25 F F2(dir)2.84 E F0(,)A .175(back to a slash or the be)144 204 R +.175(ginning of)-.15 F F2(dir)2.675 E F0 5.175(.I)C 2.675(ft)-5.175 G +(he)-2.675 E F12.676 E F0 .176(option is supplied with)2.676 F F1 +2.676 E F0 2.676(,a)C .176(nd the current w)-2.676 F(ork-)-.1 E +.341(ing directory cannot be successfully determined after a successful\ + directory change,)144 216 R F1(cd)2.84 E F0 .34(will return)2.84 F .356 +(an unsuccessful status.)144 228 R .356(On systems that support it, the) +5.356 F F12.857 E F0 .357(option presents the e)2.857 F .357 +(xtended attrib)-.15 F(utes)-.2 E .07 +(associated with a \214le as a directory)144 240 R 5.07(.A)-.65 G 2.569 +(na)-5.07 G -.18(rg)-2.569 G .069(ument of).18 F F12.569 E F0 .069 +(is con)2.569 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .069(rted to).15 F F3($OLDPWD)2.569 E F0 +.069(before the direc-)2.319 F .306(tory change is attempted.)144 252 R +.306(If a non-empty directory name from)5.306 F F3(CDP)2.806 E -.855(AT) +-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .306(is used, or if)2.556 F F12.807 E F0 .307 +(is the \214rst)2.807 F(ar)144 264 Q .116(gument, and the directory cha\ +nge is successful, the absolute pathname of the ne)-.18 F 2.615(ww)-.25 +G .115(orking direc-)-2.715 F .15 +(tory is written to the standard output.)144 276 R .15 +(If the directory change is successful,)5.15 F F1(cd)2.65 E F0 .15 +(sets the v)2.65 F .15(alue of the)-.25 F F1(PWD)144 288 Q F0(en)2.958 E +.458(vironment v)-.4 F .458(ariable to the ne)-.25 F 2.958(wd)-.25 G +.458(irectory name, and sets the)-2.958 F F1(OLDPWD)2.957 E F0(en)2.957 +E .457(vironment v)-.4 F(ari-)-.25 E .125(able to the v)144 300 R .125 +(alue of the current w)-.25 F .126(orking directory before the change.) +-.1 F .126(The return v)5.126 F .126(alue is true if the)-.25 F +(directory w)144 312 Q(as successfully changed; f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.) +-.1 E F1(command)108 328.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255pVv)A F0(])A F2(command) +2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Run)144 340.8 Q F2 +(command)2.765 E F0(with)3.335 E F2(ar)2.895 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .065 +(suppressing the normal shell function lookup.)2.835 F .064(Only b)5.064 +F .064(uiltin commands or)-.2 F .501(commands found in the)144 352.8 R +F3 -.666(PA)3.001 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .502(are e)2.751 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +3.002(cuted. If).15 F(the)3.002 E F13.002 E F0 .502(option is gi) +3.002 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .502(n, the search for).15 F F2(command)3.202 E +F0(is)3.772 E .4(performed using a def)144 364.8 R .4(ault v)-.1 F .4 +(alue for)-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)2.9 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .399 +(that is guaranteed to \214nd all of the standard utilities.)2.649 F(If) +5.399 E .174(either the)144 376.8 R F12.674 E F0(or)2.674 E F1 +2.674 E F0 .175(option is supplied, a description of)2.674 F F2 +(command)2.875 E F0 .175(is printed.)3.445 F(The)5.175 E F12.675 E +F0 .175(option causes)2.675 F 3.318(as)144 388.8 S .818(ingle w)-3.318 F +.817(ord indicating the command or \214lename used to in)-.1 F -.2(vo) +-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F2(command)3.617 E F0 .817(to be displayed; the)4.087 +F F1144 400.8 Q F0 .249(option produces a more v)2.749 F .249 +(erbose description.)-.15 F .249(If the)5.249 F F12.749 E F0(or) +2.749 E F12.75 E F0 .25(option is supplied, the e)2.75 F .25 +(xit status)-.15 F 1.005(is 0 if)144 412.8 R F2(command)3.705 E F0 -.1 +(wa)4.275 G 3.505(sf).1 G 1.005(ound, and 1 if not.)-3.505 F 1.004 +(If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or)6.005 F F2 +(command)144.2 424.8 Q F0 1.598(cannot be found, the e)4.868 F 1.599 +(xit status is 127.)-.15 F 1.599(Otherwise, the e)6.599 F 1.599 +(xit status of the)-.15 F F1(command)4.099 E F0 -.2(bu)144 436.8 S +(iltin is the e).2 E(xit status of)-.15 E F2(command)2.7 E F0(.).77 E F1 +(compgen)108 453.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(wor)-2.5 E(d) +-.37 E F0(])A .013(Generate possible completion matches for)144 465.6 R +F2(wor)2.513 E(d)-.37 E F0 .013(according to the)2.513 F F2(option)2.513 +E F0 .013(s, which may be an)B 2.512(yo)-.15 G(ption)-2.512 E .981 +(accepted by the)144 477.6 R F1(complete)3.481 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981 +(iltin with the e).2 F .981(xception of)-.15 F F13.481 E F0(and) +3.481 E F13.481 E F0 3.481(,a)C .982(nd write the matches to the) +-3.481 F .131(standard output.)144 489.6 R .131(When using the)5.131 F +F12.631 E F0(or)2.631 E F12.631 E F0 .131(options, the v) +2.631 F .13(arious shell v)-.25 F .13(ariables set by the program-)-.25 +F(mable completion f)144 501.6 Q(acilities, while a)-.1 E -.25(va)-.2 G +(ilable, will not ha).25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.2 H(seful v).15 E(alues.)-.25 +E .352(The matches will be generated in the same w)144 525.6 R .352 +(ay as if the programmable completion code had gen-)-.1 F .02(erated th\ +em directly from a completion speci\214cation with the same \215ags.)144 +537.6 R(If)5.02 E F2(wor)2.52 E(d)-.37 E F0 .02(is speci\214ed, only) +2.52 F(those completions matching)144 549.6 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 +(will be displayed.)2.5 E(The return v)144 573.6 Q +(alue is true unless an in)-.25 E -.25(va)-.4 G +(lid option is supplied, or no matches were generated.).25 E F1 +(complete)108 590.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255abcdefgjksuv)A F0 2.5(][)C F1 +-2.5 E F2(comp-option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255DEI)-2.5 E F0 2.5 +(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(action)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 +(globpat)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 +(])A([)144 602.4 Q F1A F2(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 +E F2(command)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0 +2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.5(][)C F1 +-2.5 E F2(suf)2.5 E<8c78>-.18 E F0(])A F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 +(name ...)A F0(])A F1(complete \255pr)108 614.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255DEI) +A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .633(Specify ho)144 626.4 R +3.133(wa)-.25 G -.18(rg)-3.133 G .633(uments to each).18 F F2(name)3.133 +E F0 .633(should be completed.)3.133 F .634(If the)5.634 F F13.134 +E F0 .634(option is supplied, or if no)3.134 F .14 +(options are supplied, e)144 638.4 R .139 +(xisting completion speci\214cations are printed in a w)-.15 F .139 +(ay that allo)-.1 F .139(ws them to be)-.25 F .31(reused as input.)144 +650.4 R(The)5.31 E F12.81 E F0 .31(option remo)2.81 F -.15(ve)-.15 +G 2.81(sac).15 G .31(ompletion speci\214cation for each)-2.81 F F2(name) +2.81 E F0 2.81(,o)C 1.11 -.4(r, i)-2.81 H 2.81(fn).4 G(o)-2.81 E F2 +(name)2.81 E F0(s)A 1.208 +(are supplied, all completion speci\214cations.)144 662.4 R(The)6.208 E +F13.708 E F0 1.207(option indicates that other supplied options) +3.707 F .5(and actions should apply to the `)144 674.4 R(`def)-.74 E +(ault')-.1 E 3('c)-.74 G .5 +(ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on)-3 F 3.455(ac)144 +686.4 S .955(ommand for which no completion has pre)-3.455 F .955 +(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)5.955 E F13.455 E F0 .955 +(option indicates that)3.455 F .876 +(other supplied options and actions should apply to `)144 698.4 R +(`empty')-.74 E 3.376('c)-.74 G .876(ommand completion; that is, com-) +-3.376 F .448(pletion attempted on a blank line.)144 710.4 R(The)5.447 E +F12.947 E F0 .447 +(option indicates that other supplied options and actions)2.947 F 1.149 +(should apply to completion on the initial non-assignment w)144 722.4 R +1.15(ord on the line, or after a command)-.1 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q +(2021 No)136.385 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(mber 22).15 E(3)190.545 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 4 4 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 +(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 +E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E .431(delimiter such as)144 84 R/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(;)2.931 E F0(or)2.931 E F1(|)2.931 E F0 2.931(,w)C .431 +(hich is usually command name completion.)-2.931 F .43 +(If multiple options are sup-)5.43 F .707(plied, the)144 96 R F1 +3.207 E F0 .707(option tak)3.207 F .707(es precedence o)-.1 F -.15(ve) +-.15 G(r).15 E F13.208 E F0 3.208(,a)C .708(nd both tak)-3.208 F +3.208(ep)-.1 G .708(recedence o)-3.208 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(r).15 E F1 +3.208 E F0 5.708(.I)C 3.208(fa)-5.708 G 1.008 -.15(ny o)-3.208 H(f).15 E +F13.208 E F0(,)A F1144 108 Q F0 2.604(,o)C(r)-2.604 E F1 +2.604 E F0 .103(are supplied, an)2.603 F 2.603(yo)-.15 G(ther) +-2.603 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.603 E F0(ar)2.603 E .103 +(guments are ignored; these completions only apply to the)-.18 F +(case speci\214ed by the option.)144 120 Q .152 +(The process of applying these completion speci\214cations when w)144 +144 R .153(ord completion is attempted is de-)-.1 F(scribed in)144 156 Q +F2(bash\(1\))2.5 E F0(.)A .556(Other options, if speci\214ed, ha)144 180 +R .856 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .555(he follo).15 F .555(wing meanings.)-.25 F +.555(The ar)5.555 F .555(guments to the)-.18 F F13.055 E F0(,)A F1 +3.055 E F0 3.055(,a)C(nd)-3.055 E F13.055 E F0 .722 +(options \(and, if necessary)144 192 R 3.222(,t)-.65 G(he)-3.222 E F1 +3.222 E F0(and)3.222 E F13.222 E F0 .723 +(options\) should be quoted to protect them from e)3.222 F(xpan-)-.15 E +(sion before the)144 204 Q F1(complete)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(iltin is in).2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E F1144 216 Q F2 +(comp-option)2.5 E F0(The)184 228 Q F2(comp-option)2.791 E F0 .291 +(controls se)2.791 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .291(ral aspects of the compspec') +.15 F 2.791(sb)-.55 G(eha)-2.791 E .291(vior be)-.2 F .291 +(yond the simple)-.15 F(generation of completions.)184 240 Q F2 +(comp-option)5 E F0(may be one of:)2.5 E F1(bashdefault)184 252 Q F0 +.281(Perform the rest of the def)224 264 R(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.781 E F0 +.281(completions if the compspec generates no)2.781 F(matches.)224 276 Q +F1(default)184 288 Q F0 2.876(Use readline')224 288 R 5.376(sd)-.55 G +(ef)-5.376 E 2.875 +(ault \214lename completion if the compspec generates no)-.1 F(matches.) +224 300 Q F1(dir)184 312 Q(names)-.15 E F0(Perform directory name compl\ +etion if the compspec generates no matches.)224 324 Q F1(\214lenames)184 +336 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 348 S .137(ll readline that the compspec generates \ +\214lenames, so it can perform an).7 F 2.637<798c>-.15 G(le-)-2.637 E +.134(name\255speci\214c processing \(lik)224 360 R 2.634(ea)-.1 G .134 +(dding a slash to directory names, quoting spe-)-2.634 F .45 +(cial characters, or suppressing trailing spaces\).)224 372 R .45 +(Intended to be used with shell)5.45 F(functions.)224 384 Q F1(noquote) +184 396 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 396 S .814 +(ll readline not to quote the completed w).7 F .814(ords if the)-.1 F +3.314(ya)-.15 G .814(re \214lenames \(quoting)-3.314 F +(\214lenames is the def)224 408 Q(ault\).)-.1 E F1(nosort)184 420 Q F0 +-.7(Te)224 420 S(ll readline not to sort the list of possible completio\ +ns alphabetically).7 E(.)-.65 E F1(nospace)184 432 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 432 S +.22(ll readline not to append a space \(the def).7 F .22(ault\) to w)-.1 +F .22(ords completed at the end)-.1 F(of the line.)224 444 Q F1 +(plusdirs)184 456 Q F0 1.985(After an)224 456 R 4.485(ym)-.15 G 1.985 +(atches de\214ned by the compspec are generated, directory name)-4.485 F +.583(completion is attempted and an)224 468 R 3.084(ym)-.15 G .584 +(atches are added to the results of the other)-3.084 F(actions.)224 480 +Q F1144 492 Q F2(action)2.5 E F0(The)184 504 Q F2(action)2.5 E F0 +(may be one of the follo)2.5 E +(wing to generate a list of possible completions:)-.25 E F1(alias)184 +516 Q F0(Alias names.)224 516 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1 +2.5 E F0(.)A F1(arrayv)184 528 Q(ar)-.1 E F0(Array v)224 540 Q +(ariable names.)-.25 E F1(binding)184 552 Q(Readline)224 552 Q F0 -.1 +(ke)2.5 G 2.5(yb)-.05 G(inding names.)-2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)184 564 S(iltin) +.2 E F0(Names of shell b)224 564 Q(uiltin commands.)-.2 E +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(command)184 576 +Q F0(Command names.)224 588 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 +E F0(.)A F1(dir)184 600 Q(ectory)-.18 E F0(Directory names.)224 612 Q +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(disabled)184 624 +Q F0(Names of disabled shell b)224 636 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(enabled)184 +648 Q F0(Names of enabled shell b)224 648 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(export)184 +660 Q F0(Names of e)224 660 Q(xported shell v)-.15 E 2.5(ariables. May) +-.25 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(\214le)184 +672 Q F0(File names.)224 672 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1 +2.5 E F0(.)A F1(function)184 684 Q F0(Names of shell functions.)224 696 +Q F1(gr)184 708 Q(oup)-.18 E F0(Group names.)224 708 Q +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 +Q(2021 No)136.385 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(mber 22).15 E(4)190.545 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 5 5 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 +(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 +E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(helptopic)184 84 Q F0 +(Help topics as accepted by the)224 96 Q F1(help)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(iltin.).2 E F1(hostname)184 108 Q F0(Hostnames, as tak)224 120 Q +(en from the \214le speci\214ed by the)-.1 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F0(shell v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(job)184 132 Q F0 +(Job names, if job control is acti)224 132 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 5(.M).15 G +(ay also be speci\214ed as)-5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ke)184 144 S +(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Shell reserv)224 156 Q(ed w)-.15 E 2.5(ords. May) +-.1 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(running)184 +168 Q F0(Names of running jobs, if job control is acti)224 168 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(ser)184 180 Q(vice)-.1 E F0(Service names.)224 180 +Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(setopt)184 192 +Q F0 -1.11(Va)224 192 S(lid ar)1.11 E(guments for the)-.18 E F12.5 +E F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1 +(shopt)184 204 Q F0(Shell option names as accepted by the)224 204 Q F1 +(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(signal)184 216 Q F0 +(Signal names.)224 216 Q F1(stopped)184 228 Q F0 +(Names of stopped jobs, if job control is acti)224 228 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +(.).15 E F1(user)184 240 Q F0(User names.)224 240 Q +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(va)184 252 S +(riable).1 E F0(Names of all shell v)224 252 Q 2.5(ariables. May)-.25 F +(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1144 264 Q/F3 +10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E(command)184 276 Q F0 1.056(is e)3.556 +F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.056(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 1.056 +(vironment, and its output is used as the possible)-.4 F 2.5 +(completions. Ar)184 288 R(guments are passed as with the)-.18 E F1 +2.5 E F0(option.)2.5 E F1144 300 Q F3(function)2.5 E F0 .113 +(The shell function)184 312 R F3(function)2.614 E F0 .114(is e)2.614 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .114(cuted in the current shell en).15 F 2.614 +(vironment. When)-.4 F .114(the func-)2.614 F .817(tion is e)184 324 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G .817(cuted, the \214rst ar).15 F .817(gument \()-.18 F F1 +($1)A F0 3.316(\)i)C 3.316(st)-3.316 G .816 +(he name of the command whose ar)-3.316 F(guments)-.18 E 1.407 +(are being completed, the second ar)184 336 R 1.407(gument \()-.18 F F1 +($2)A F0 3.907(\)i)C 3.907(st)-3.907 G 1.407(he w)-3.907 F 1.407 +(ord being completed, and the)-.1 F .104(third ar)184 348 R .104 +(gument \()-.18 F F1($3)A F0 2.604(\)i)C 2.604(st)-2.604 G .104(he w) +-2.604 F .104(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .103 +(ord being completed on the current com-)-.1 F .101(mand line.)184 360 R +.101(When it \214nishes, the possible completions are retrie)5.101 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.602(df).15 G .102(rom the v)-2.602 F .102(alue of the) +-.25 F F2(COMPREPL)184 372 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E +F1144 384 Q F3(globpat)2.5 E F0 1.008(The pathname e)184 396 R +1.008(xpansion pattern)-.15 F F3(globpat)3.507 E F0 1.007(is e)3.507 F +1.007(xpanded to generate the possible comple-)-.15 F(tions.)184 408 Q +F1144 420 Q F3(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E(pr)184 432 Q(e\214x)-.37 E +F0 .534(is added at the be)3.034 F .534 +(ginning of each possible completion after all other options ha)-.15 F +-.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 444 Q F1144 456 Q F3(suf)2.5 E +<8c78>-.18 E(suf)184 456 Q<8c78>-.18 E F0 +(is appended to each possible completion after all other options ha)2.5 +E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E F1144 468 Q F3(wor)2.5 E +(dlist)-.37 E F0(The)184 480 Q F3(wor)3.64 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 1.14 +(is split using the characters in the)3.64 F F2(IFS)3.64 E F0 1.139 +(special v)3.39 F 1.139(ariable as delimiters, and)-.25 F .98 +(each resultant w)184 492 R .98(ord is e)-.1 F 3.481(xpanded. Shell)-.15 +F .981(quoting is honored within)3.481 F F3(wor)3.481 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 +3.481(,i)C 3.481(no)-3.481 G .981(rder to)-3.481 F(pro)184 504 Q .766 +(vide a mechanism for the w)-.15 F .765 +(ords to contain shell metacharacters or characters in the)-.1 F -.25 +(va)184 516 S 1.964(lue of).25 F F2(IFS)4.464 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.) +A F0 1.964 +(The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which) +6.464 F(match the w)184 528 Q(ord being completed.)-.1 E F1144 540 +Q F3(\214lterpat)2.5 E(\214lterpat)184 552 Q F0 .456 +(is a pattern as used for pathname e)2.956 F 2.956(xpansion. It)-.15 F +.455(is applied to the list of possible)2.956 F 1.596 +(completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 564 R 1.596 +(guments, and each completion)-.18 F(matching)184 576 Q F3(\214lterpat) +3.205 E F0 .705(is remo)3.205 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.205(df).15 G .704 +(rom the list.)-3.205 F 3.204(Al)5.704 G(eading)-3.204 E F1(!)3.204 E F0 +(in)3.204 E F3(\214lterpat)3.204 E F0(ne)3.204 E -.05(ga)-.15 G .704 +(tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 588 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G +(ompletion not matching)-2.5 E F3(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0(is remo)2.5 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .466(The return v)144 604.8 R .466 +(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .466 +(lid option is supplied, an option other than).25 F F12.967 E F0 +(or)2.967 E F12.967 E F0 .467(is sup-)2.967 F 1.362 +(plied without a)144 616.8 R F3(name)3.862 E F0(ar)3.862 E 1.361 +(gument, an attempt is made to remo)-.18 F 1.661 -.15(ve a c)-.15 H +1.361(ompletion speci\214cation for a).15 F F3(name)144 628.8 Q F0 +(for which no speci\214cation e)2.5 E +(xists, or an error occurs adding a completion speci\214cation.)-.15 E +F1(compopt)108 645.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F3(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C +F1(\255DEI)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F3(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C +F3(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .447(Modify completion options for each)144 657.6 +R F3(name)2.947 E F0 .447(according to the)2.947 F F3(option)2.947 E F0 +.447(s, or for the currently-e)B -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E .726 +(completion if no)144 669.6 R F3(name)3.226 E F0 3.226(sa)C .726 +(re supplied.)-3.226 F .725(If no)5.725 F F3(option)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa) +C .725(re gi)-3.225 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .725 +(n, display the completion options for).15 F(each)144 681.6 Q F3(name) +3.223 E F0 .723(or the current completion.)3.223 F .724(The possible v) +5.724 F .724(alues of)-.25 F F3(option)3.224 E F0 .724(are those v)3.224 +F .724(alid for the)-.25 F F1(com-)3.224 E(plete)144 693.6 Q F0 -.2(bu) +2.678 G .178(iltin described abo).2 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.178(.T).15 G(he) +-5.178 E F12.678 E F0 .178 +(option indicates that other supplied options should apply to)2.678 F +1.227(the `)144 705.6 R(`def)-.74 E(ault')-.1 E 3.727('c)-.74 G 1.228(o\ +mmand completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for which \ +no)-3.727 F 2.039(completion has pre)144 717.6 R 2.039 +(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)7.038 E F14.538 E F0 2.038 +(option indicates that other supplied options)4.538 F 1.538 +(should apply to `)144 729.6 R(`empty')-.74 E 4.038('c)-.74 G 1.539 +(ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line.) +-4.038 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2021 No)136.385 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(mber 22) +.15 E(5)190.545 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 6 6 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 +(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 +E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E(The)144 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +3.02 E F0 .52(option indicates that other supplied options should apply\ + to completion on the initial non-)3.02 F .867(assignment w)144 96 R +.868(ord on the line, or after a command delimiter such as)-.1 F F1(;) +3.368 E F0(or)3.368 E F1(|)3.368 E F0 3.368(,w)C .868 +(hich is usually com-)-3.368 F(mand name completion.)144 108 Q .432 +(The return v)144 132 R .431(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va) +-.4 G .431(lid option is supplied, an attempt is made to modify the op-) +.25 F(tions for a)144 144 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.5 E F0 +(for which no completion speci\214cation e)2.5 E +(xists, or an output error occurs.)-.15 E F1(continue)108 160.8 Q F0([) +2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .85(Resume the ne)144 172.8 R .85 +(xt iteration of the enclosing)-.15 F F1 -.25(fo)3.35 G(r).25 E F0(,)A +F1(while)3.351 E F0(,)A F1(until)3.351 E F0 3.351(,o)C(r)-3.351 E F1 +(select)3.351 E F0 3.351(loop. If)3.351 F F2(n)3.711 E F0 .851 +(is speci\214ed, re-)3.591 F .204(sume at the)144 184.8 R F2(n)2.704 E +F0 .204(th enclosing loop.)B F2(n)5.564 E F0 .204(must be)2.944 F/F3 10 +/Symbol SF2.704 E F0 2.703(1. If)2.704 F F2(n)3.063 E F0 .203 +(is greater than the number of enclosing loops,)2.943 F 1.183 +(the last enclosing loop \(the `)144 196.8 R(`top-le)-.74 E -.15(ve)-.25 +G(l').15 E 3.683('l)-.74 G 1.183(oop\) is resumed.)-3.683 F 1.184 +(The return v)6.184 F 1.184(alue is 0 unless)-.25 F F2(n)3.684 E F0 +1.184(is not)3.684 F(greater than or equal to 1.)144 208.8 Q F1(declar) +108 225.6 Q(e)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgiIlnrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1 +-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C +(..])-2.5 E F1(typeset)108 237.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgiIlnrtux)A F0 +2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 +2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E 1.265(Declare v)144 249.6 R 1.265 +(ariables and/or gi)-.25 F 1.565 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 1.265(hem attrib).15 F +3.765(utes. If)-.2 F(no)3.765 E F2(name)3.765 E F0 3.765(sa)C 1.265 +(re gi)-3.765 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.764(nt).15 G 1.264(hen display the v) +-3.764 F 1.264(alues of)-.25 F -.25(va)144 261.6 S 3.46(riables. The).25 +F F13.46 E F0 .96(option will display the attrib)3.46 F .96 +(utes and v)-.2 F .96(alues of each)-.25 F F2(name)3.82 E F0 5.96(.W).18 +G(hen)-5.96 E F13.46 E F0 .96(is used)3.46 F(with)144 273.6 Q F2 +(name)2.775 E F0(ar)2.775 E .275 +(guments, additional options, other than)-.18 F F12.775 E F0(and) +2.775 E F12.775 E F0 2.775(,a)C .274(re ignored.)-2.775 F(When) +5.274 E F12.774 E F0 .274(is supplied)2.774 F(without)144 285.6 Q +F2(name)3.789 E F0(ar)3.789 E 1.289(guments, it will display the attrib) +-.18 F 1.289(utes and v)-.2 F 1.29(alues of all v)-.25 F 1.29 +(ariables ha)-.25 F 1.29(ving the at-)-.2 F(trib)144 297.6 Q .38 +(utes speci\214ed by the additional options.)-.2 F .38 +(If no other options are supplied with)5.38 F F12.88 E F0(,)A F1 +(declar)2.88 E(e)-.18 E F0(will)2.88 E 1.106(display the attrib)144 +309.6 R 1.106(utes and v)-.2 F 1.106(alues of all shell v)-.25 F 3.606 +(ariables. The)-.25 F F13.606 E F0 1.107 +(option will restrict the display to)3.606 F .3(shell functions.)144 +321.6 R(The)5.3 E F12.8 E F0 .299(option inhibits the display of \ +function de\214nitions; only the function name)2.8 F 1.54(and attrib)144 +333.6 R 1.54(utes are printed.)-.2 F 1.54(If the)6.54 F F1(extdeb)4.04 E +(ug)-.2 E F0 1.54(shell option is enabled using)4.04 F F1(shopt)4.04 E +F0 4.04(,t)C 1.54(he source \214le)-4.04 F .648 +(name and line number where each)144 345.6 R F2(name)3.148 E F0 .648 +(is de\214ned are displayed as well.)3.148 F(The)5.648 E F13.148 E +F0 .648(option implies)3.148 F F1144 357.6 Q F0 5.836(.T)C(he) +-5.836 E F13.336 E F0 .836(option forces v)3.336 F .837 +(ariables to be created or modi\214ed at the global scope, e)-.25 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 3.337(nw).15 G(hen)-3.337 E F1(de-)3.337 E(clar)144 369.6 Q +(e)-.18 E F0 .819(is e)3.319 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .819 +(cuted in a shell function.).15 F .818 +(It is ignored in all other cases.)5.818 F(The)5.818 E F13.318 E +F0 .818(option causes local)3.318 F -.25(va)144 381.6 S .693 +(riables to inherit the attrib).25 F .693(utes \(e)-.2 F .693(xcept the) +-.15 F F2(namer)3.194 E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)3.194 E .694(ute\) and v)-.2 +F .694(alue of an)-.25 F 3.194(ye)-.15 G .694(xisting v)-3.344 F +(ariable)-.25 E .82(with the same)144 393.6 R F2(name)3.32 E F0 .82 +(at a surrounding scope.)3.32 F .82(If there is no e)5.82 F .82 +(xisting v)-.15 F .82(ariable, the local v)-.25 F .82(ariable is)-.25 F +.379(initially unset.)144 405.6 R .379(The follo)5.379 F .379 +(wing options can be used to restrict output to v)-.25 F .38 +(ariables with the speci\214ed)-.25 F(attrib)144 417.6 Q(ute or to gi) +-.2 E .3 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(ariables attrib)-.1 E(utes:)-.2 E F1144 +429.6 Q F0(Each)180 429.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an inde)2.5 E -.15(xe) +-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray v)-2.5 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5 E +F0(in)2.5 E F2(bash\(1\))2.5 E F0(\).)A F1144 441.6 Q F0(Each)180 +441.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an associati)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H +(rray v).15 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5 E F0(in)2.5 E F2 +(bash\(1\))2.5 E F0(\).)A F1144 453.6 Q F0 +(Use function names only)180 453.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1144 465.6 Q F0 +.558(The v)180 465.6 R .558(ariable is treated as an inte)-.25 F .558 +(ger; arithmetic e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .558(luation \(see).25 F/F4 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF .557(ARITHMETIC EV)3.058 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION) +180 477.6 Q F0(in)2.25 E F2(bash\(1\))2.5 E F0 2.5(\)i)C 2.5(sp)-2.5 G +(erformed when the v)-2.5 E(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E +F1144 489.6 Q F0 .909(When the v)180 489.6 R .909 +(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909(alue, all upper)-.25 F .909 +(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .91(rted to lo).15 F(wer) +-.25 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 501.6 R(upper)2.5 E(-case attrib)-.2 E +(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1144 513.6 Q F0(Gi)180 513.6 Q 1.62 -.15 +(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F2(name)3.82 E F0(the)3.82 E F2(namer)3.819 E(ef) +-.37 E F0(attrib)3.819 E 1.319 +(ute, making it a name reference to another v)-.2 F(ariable.)-.25 E .477 +(That other v)180 525.6 R .478(ariable is de\214ned by the v)-.25 F .478 +(alue of)-.25 F F2(name)2.978 E F0 5.478(.A)C .478 +(ll references, assignments, and at-)-5.478 F(trib)180 537.6 Q .782 +(ute modi\214cations to)-.2 F F2(name)3.282 E F0 3.282(,e)C .782 +(xcept those using or changing the)-3.432 F F13.281 E F0(attrib) +3.281 E .781(ute itself, are)-.2 F .808(performed on the v)180 549.6 R +.808(ariable referenced by)-.25 F F2(name)3.308 E F0 1.908 -.55('s v)D +3.308(alue. The).3 F .809(nameref attrib)3.309 F .809(ute cannot be)-.2 +F(applied to array v)180 561.6 Q(ariables.)-.25 E F1144 573.6 Q F0 +(Mak)180 573.6 Q(e)-.1 E F2(name)3.655 E F0 3.655(sr)C(eadonly)-3.655 E +6.154(.T)-.65 G 1.154(hese names cannot then be assigned v)-6.154 F +1.154(alues by subsequent as-)-.25 F(signment statements or unset.)180 +585.6 Q F1144 597.6 Q F0(Gi)180 597.6 Q .729 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach) +.15 E F2(name)2.929 E F0(the)2.929 E F2(tr)2.929 E(ace)-.15 E F0(attrib) +2.929 E 2.929(ute. T)-.2 F .429(raced functions inherit the)-.35 F F1 +(DEB)2.929 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.93 E F1(RETURN)2.93 E F0 +(traps from the calling shell.)180 609.6 Q(The trace attrib)5 E +(ute has no special meaning for v)-.2 E(ariables.)-.25 E F1144 +621.6 Q F0 .91(When the v)180 621.6 R .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 +F .909(alue, all lo)-.25 F(wer)-.25 E .909(-case characters are con)-.2 +F -.15(ve)-.4 G .909(rted to upper).15 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 633.6 +R(lo)2.5 E(wer)-.25 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1 +144 645.6 Q F0(Mark)180 645.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(sf)C(or e)-2.5 E +(xport to subsequent commands via the en)-.15 E(vironment.)-.4 E .143 +(Using `+' instead of `\255' turns of)144 662.4 R 2.643(ft)-.25 G .143 +(he attrib)-2.643 F .143(ute instead, with the e)-.2 F .144 +(xceptions that)-.15 F F1(+a)2.644 E F0(and)2.644 E F1(+A)2.644 E F0 +.144(may not)2.644 F .579(be used to destro)144 674.4 R 3.079(ya)-.1 G +.579(rray v)-3.079 F .579(ariables and)-.25 F F1(+r)3.079 E F0 .579 +(will not remo)3.079 F .879 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .579(he readonly attrib).15 +F 3.079(ute. When)-.2 F .578(used in a)3.078 F(function,)144 686.4 Q F1 +(declar)3.543 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)3.543 E F1(typeset)3.543 E F0(mak)3.543 +E 3.543(ee)-.1 G(ach)-3.543 E F2(name)3.543 E F0 1.043 +(local, as with the)3.543 F F1(local)3.544 E F0 1.044 +(command, unless the)3.544 F F13.544 E F0 1.205 +(option is supplied.)144 698.4 R 1.205(If a v)6.205 F 1.205 +(ariable name is follo)-.25 F 1.205(wed by =)-.25 F F2(value)A F0 3.705 +(,t)C 1.205(he v)-3.705 F 1.205(alue of the v)-.25 F 1.205 +(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(value)144 710.4 Q F0 5.217(.W)C .217 +(hen using)-5.217 F F12.717 E F0(or)2.717 E F12.717 E F0 +.217(and the compound assignment syntax to create array v)2.717 F .218 +(ariables, addi-)-.25 F .882(tional attrib)144 722.4 R .882 +(utes do not tak)-.2 F 3.382(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.382 G .882 +(ect until subsequent assignments.).25 F .882(The return v)5.882 F .882 +(alue is 0 unless an)-.25 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2021 No)136.385 E -.15 +(ve)-.15 G(mber 22).15 E(6)190.545 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 7 7 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 +(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 +E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E(in)144 84 Q -.25(va)-.4 G .365(lid option \ +is encountered, an attempt is made to de\214ne a function using).25 F/F1 +10/Courier@0 SF .366(\255f foo=bar)2.866 F F0 2.866(,a)C 2.866(na)-2.866 +G(t-)-2.866 E .549(tempt is made to assign a v)144 96 R .549 +(alue to a readonly v)-.25 F .548 +(ariable, an attempt is made to assign a v)-.25 F .548(alue to an)-.25 F +.391(array v)144 108 R .391 +(ariable without using the compound assignment syntax \(see)-.25 F/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(Arrays)2.892 E F0(in)2.892 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(bash\(1\))2.892 E F0 .392(\), one of the)B F3(names)144 120 Q F0 .359 +(is not a v)2.859 F .359(alid shell v)-.25 F .359 +(ariable name, an attempt is made to turn of)-.25 F 2.859(fr)-.25 G .359 +(eadonly status for a read-)-2.859 F 1.212(only v)144 132 R 1.213 +(ariable, an attempt is made to turn of)-.25 F 3.713(fa)-.25 G 1.213 +(rray status for an array v)-3.713 F 1.213(ariable, or an attempt is) +-.25 F(made to display a non-e)144 144 Q(xistent function with)-.15 E F2 +2.5 E F0(.)A F2(dirs [\255clpv] [+)108 160.8 Q F3(n)A F2 2.5(][)C +-2.5 E F3(n)A F2(])A F0 -.4(Wi)144 172.8 S .329 +(thout options, displays the list of currently remembered directories.) +.4 F .328(The def)5.328 F .328(ault display is on a)-.1 F 1.238 +(single line with directory names separated by spaces.)144 184.8 R 1.238 +(Directories are added to the list with the)6.238 F F2(pushd)144 196.8 Q +F0 .928(command; the)3.428 F F2(popd)3.428 E F0 .928(command remo)3.428 +F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.428(se).15 G .928(ntries from the list.)-3.428 F .928 +(The current directory is al-)5.928 F -.1(wa)144 208.8 S +(ys the \214rst directory in the stack.).1 E F2144 220.8 Q F0 +(Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.)180 220.8 Q +F2144 232.8 Q F0 .881 +(Produces a listing using full pathnames; the def)180 232.8 R .882 +(ault listing format uses a tilde to denote)-.1 F(the home directory)180 +244.8 Q(.)-.65 E F2144 256.8 Q F0 +(Print the directory stack with one entry per line.)180 256.8 Q F2 +144 268.8 Q F0 .273(Print the directory stack with one entry per line, \ +pre\214xing each entry with its inde)180 268.8 R 2.772(xi)-.15 G 2.772 +(nt)-2.772 G(he)-2.772 E(stack.)180 280.8 Q F2(+)144 292.8 Q F3(n)A F0 +1.564(Displays the)180 292.8 R F3(n)4.064 E F0 1.565 +(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.565(wn by)-.25 F F2 +(dirs)4.065 E F0 1.565(when in)4.065 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E +(without options, starting with zero.)180 304.8 Q F2144 316.8 Q F3 +(n)A F0 1.194(Displays the)180 316.8 R F3(n)3.694 E F0 1.194 +(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.194(wn by)-.25 F +F2(dirs)3.694 E F0 1.194(when in)3.694 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E +(without options, starting with zero.)180 328.8 Q .257(The return v)144 +345.6 R .258(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .258 +(lid option is supplied or).25 F F3(n)2.758 E F0(inde)2.758 E -.15(xe) +-.15 G 2.758(sb).15 G -.15(ey)-2.758 G .258(ond the end of the direc-) +.15 F(tory stack.)144 357.6 Q F2(diso)108 374.4 Q(wn)-.1 E F0([)2.5 E F2 +(\255ar)A F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3(jobspec)-2.5 E F0 +(... |)2.5 E F3(pid)2.5 E F0(... ])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 386.4 S .122 +(thout options, remo).4 F .422 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F3(jobspec) +4.362 E F0 .122(from the table of acti)2.932 F .422 -.15(ve j)-.25 H +2.622(obs. If).15 F F3(jobspec)4.362 E F0 .121(is not present, and)2.932 +F .096(neither the)144 398.4 R F22.596 E F0 .096(nor the)2.596 F +F22.596 E F0 .096(option is supplied, the)2.596 F F3(curr)2.596 E +.096(ent job)-.37 F F0 .096(is used.)2.596 F .096(If the)5.096 F F2 +2.596 E F0 .096(option is gi)2.596 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .096(n, each) +.15 F F3(jobspec)145.74 410.4 Q F0 .586(is not remo)3.396 F -.15(ve)-.15 +G 3.086(df).15 G .585(rom the table, b)-3.086 F .585(ut is mark)-.2 F +.585(ed so that)-.1 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGHUP)3.085 E F0 .585 +(is not sent to the job if the)2.835 F .962(shell recei)144 422.4 R -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 3.462(sa).15 G F4(SIGHUP)A/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .962 +(If no)5.462 F F3(jobspec)5.202 E F0 .962(is supplied, the)3.772 F F2 +3.462 E F0 .962(option means to remo)3.462 F 1.262 -.15(ve o)-.15 +H 3.462(rm).15 G .962(ark all)-3.462 F 1.359(jobs; the)144 434.4 R F2 +3.859 E F0 1.359(option without a)3.859 F F3(jobspec)5.599 E F0 +(ar)4.169 E 1.358(gument restricts operation to running jobs.)-.18 F +1.358(The return)6.358 F -.25(va)144 446.4 S(lue is 0 unless a).25 E F3 +(jobspec)4.24 E F0(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job)-.25 E(.)-.4 E +F2(echo)108 463.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255neE)A F0 2.5(][)C F3(ar)-2.5 E(g) +-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E .424(Output the)144 475.2 R F3(ar)2.924 E(g)-.37 E +F0 .424(s, separated by spaces, follo)B .424(wed by a ne)-.25 F 2.924 +(wline. The)-.25 F .424(return status is 0 unless a write)2.924 F .308 +(error occurs.)144 487.2 R(If)5.308 E F22.808 E F0 .308 +(is speci\214ed, the trailing ne)2.808 F .308(wline is suppressed.)-.25 +F .307(If the)5.308 F F22.807 E F0 .307(option is gi)2.807 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G .307(n, inter).15 F(-)-.2 E .197(pretation of the follo)144 +499.2 R .198(wing backslash-escaped characters is enabled.)-.25 F(The) +5.198 E F22.698 E F0 .198(option disables the in-)2.698 F .067 +(terpretation of these escape characters, e)144 511.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G +2.567(no).15 G 2.567(ns)-2.567 G .067(ystems where the)-2.567 F 2.567 +(ya)-.15 G .067(re interpreted by def)-2.567 F 2.567(ault. The)-.1 F F2 +(xpg_echo)144 523.2 Q F0 .601 +(shell option may be used to dynamically determine whether or not)3.101 +F F2(echo)3.102 E F0 -.15(ex)3.102 G .602(pands these).15 F .659 +(escape characters by def)144 535.2 R(ault.)-.1 E F2(echo)5.659 E F0 +.659(does not interpret)3.159 F F23.159 E F0 .659 +(to mean the end of options.)3.159 F F2(echo)5.658 E F0(inter)3.158 E(-) +-.2 E(prets the follo)144 547.2 Q(wing escape sequences:)-.25 E F2(\\a) +144 559.2 Q F0(alert \(bell\))180 559.2 Q F2(\\b)144 571.2 Q F0 +(backspace)180 571.2 Q F2(\\c)144 583.2 Q F0(suppress further output)180 +583.2 Q F2(\\e)144 595.2 Q(\\E)144 607.2 Q F0(an escape character)180 +607.2 Q F2(\\f)144 619.2 Q F0(form feed)180 619.2 Q F2(\\n)144 631.2 Q +F0(ne)180 631.2 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(ine)-2.5 E F2(\\r)144 643.2 Q F0 +(carriage return)180 643.2 Q F2(\\t)144 655.2 Q F0(horizontal tab)180 +655.2 Q F2(\\v)144 667.2 Q F0 -.15(ve)180 667.2 S(rtical tab).15 E F2 +(\\\\)144 679.2 Q F0(backslash)180 679.2 Q F2(\\0)144 691.2 Q F3(nnn)A +F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 691.2 Q(alue is the octal v)-.25 +E(alue)-.25 E F3(nnn)2.5 E F0(\(zero to three octal digits\))2.5 E F2 +(\\x)144 703.2 Q F3(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 703.2 Q +(alue is the he)-.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F3(HH)2.5 E F0 +(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E +(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2021 No)136.385 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(mber 22).15 E(7) +190.545 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 8 8 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 +(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 +E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\\u)144 84 Q/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(HHHH)A F0 1.506 +(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 96 R 1.507 +(alue is the he)-.25 F 1.507(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHH) +4.007 E F0(\(one to four he)180 108 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F1 +(\\U)144 120 Q F2(HHHHHHHH)A F0 .548 +(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 132 R .547 +(alue is the he)-.25 F .547(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHHH-) +3.047 E(HHH)180 144 Q F0(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\)) +-2.5 E F1(enable)108 160.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C F1 +(\255dnps)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0 2.5 +(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .277(Enable and disable b)144 172.8 R +.278(uiltin shell commands.)-.2 F .278(Disabling a b)5.278 F .278 +(uiltin allo)-.2 F .278(ws a disk command which has)-.25 F .834 +(the same name as a shell b)144 184.8 R .834(uiltin to be e)-.2 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .834(cuted without specifying a full pathname, e).15 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 3.333(nt).15 G(hough)-3.333 E .989 +(the shell normally searches for b)144 196.8 R .989 +(uiltins before disk commands.)-.2 F(If)5.989 E F13.489 E F0 .99 +(is used, each)3.49 F F2(name)3.49 E F0 .99(is dis-)3.49 F .649 +(abled; otherwise,)144 208.8 R F2(names)3.148 E F0 .648(are enabled.) +3.148 F -.15(Fo)5.648 G 3.148(re).15 G .648(xample, to use the)-3.298 F +F1(test)3.148 E F0 .648(binary found via the)3.148 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 +SF -.666(PA)3.148 G(TH)-.189 E F0(in-)2.898 E .538(stead of the shell b) +144 220.8 R .538(uiltin v)-.2 F .538(ersion, run)-.15 F/F4 10/Courier@0 +SF .538(enable -n test)3.038 F F0 5.538(.T)C(he)-5.538 E F13.038 E +F0 .539(option means to load the ne)3.038 F(w)-.25 E -.2(bu)144 232.8 S +1.365(iltin command).2 F F2(name)4.225 E F0 1.365(from shared object) +4.045 F F2(\214lename)5.775 E F0 3.865(,o).18 G 3.865(ns)-3.865 G 1.365 +(ystems that support dynamic loading.)-3.865 F .606(Bash will use the v) +144 244.8 R .606(alue of the)-.25 F F1 -.3(BA)3.106 G(SH_LO).3 E(AD)-.4 +E(ABLES_P)-.35 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 -.25(va)3.106 G .606 +(riable as a colon-separated list of).25 F .549 +(directories in which to search for)144 256.8 R F2(\214lename)3.049 E F0 +5.549(.T)C .549(he def)-5.549 F .548(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 F +(The)5.548 E F13.048 E F0 .548(option will)3.048 F .546 +(delete a b)144 268.8 R .546(uiltin pre)-.2 F .546(viously loaded with) +-.25 F F13.046 E F0 5.547(.I)C 3.047(fn)-5.547 G(o)-3.047 E F2 +(name)3.047 E F0(ar)3.047 E .547(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +.547(n, or if the).15 F F13.047 E F0 .547(option is)3.047 F .546 +(supplied, a list of shell b)144 280.8 R .545(uiltins is printed.)-.2 F +-.4(Wi)5.545 G .545(th no other option ar).4 F .545 +(guments, the list consists of all)-.18 F .695(enabled shell b)144 292.8 +R 3.195(uiltins. If)-.2 F F13.195 E F0 .695 +(is supplied, only disabled b)3.195 F .695(uiltins are printed.)-.2 F +(If)5.695 E F13.195 E F0 .695(is supplied, the)3.195 F .262 +(list printed includes all b)144 304.8 R .261 +(uiltins, with an indication of whether or not each is enabled.)-.2 F +(If)5.261 E F12.761 E F0 .261(is sup-)2.761 F .268 +(plied, the output is restricted to the POSIX)144 316.8 R F2(special) +2.768 E F0 -.2(bu)2.768 G 2.768(iltins. If).2 F .269 +(no options are supplied and a)2.768 F F2(name)2.769 E F0 .285 +(is not a shell b)144 328.8 R(uiltin,)-.2 E F1(enable)2.784 E F0 .284 +(will attempt to load)2.784 F F2(name)2.784 E F0 .284 +(from a shared object named)2.784 F F2(name)2.784 E F0 2.784(,a)C 2.784 +(si)-2.784 G 2.784(ft)-2.784 G(he)-2.784 E 1.41(command were)144 340.8 R +F4 1.41(enable \255f)3.91 F F2 1.41(name name)3.91 F F0 6.41(.T)3.91 G +1.41(he return v)-6.41 F 1.41(alue is 0 unless a)-.25 F F2(name)4.27 E +F0 1.41(is not a shell)4.09 F -.2(bu)144 352.8 S +(iltin or there is an error loading a ne).2 E 2.5(wb)-.25 G +(uiltin from a shared object.)-2.7 E F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)108 369.6 T(l).15 +E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(The)144 381.6 Q F2(ar)3.171 +E(g)-.37 E F0 3.171(sa)C .671 +(re read and concatenated together into a single command.)-3.171 F .67 +(This command is then read)5.67 F .478(and e)144 393.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +.478(cuted by the shell, and its e).15 F .478 +(xit status is returned as the v)-.15 F .479(alue of)-.25 F F1 -2.3 -.15 +(ev a)2.979 H(l).15 E F0 5.479(.I)C 2.979(ft)-5.479 G .479(here are no) +-2.979 F F2(ar)3.309 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E(or only null ar)144 405.6 Q +(guments,)-.18 E F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)2.5 H(l).15 E F0(returns 0.)2.5 E F1 +(exec)108 422.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255cl)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 +(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(command)-2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments) +-.37 E F0(]])A(If)144 434.4 Q F2(command)3.006 E F0 .306 +(is speci\214ed, it replaces the shell.)3.576 F .305(No ne)5.305 F 2.805 +(wp)-.25 G .305(rocess is created.)-2.805 F(The)5.305 E F2(ar)3.135 E +(guments)-.37 E F0(become)3.075 E .176(the ar)144 446.4 R .176 +(guments to)-.18 F F2(command)2.676 E F0 5.176(.I)C 2.676(ft)-5.176 G +(he)-2.676 E F12.676 E F0 .176 +(option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the be)2.676 F .177 +(ginning of)-.15 F .48(the zeroth ar)144 458.4 R .48(gument passed to) +-.18 F F2(command)3.18 E F0 5.48(.T).77 G .48(his is what)-5.48 F F2(lo) +3.07 E(gin)-.1 E F0 .48(\(1\) does.).24 F(The)5.48 E F12.98 E F0 +.48(option causes)2.98 F F2(com-)3.18 E(mand)144 470.4 Q F0 .638 +(to be e)3.908 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .638(cuted with an empty en).15 F 3.138 +(vironment. If)-.4 F F13.138 E F0 .638 +(is supplied, the shell passes)3.138 F F2(name)3.499 E F0 .639(as the) +3.319 F 1.078(zeroth ar)144 482.4 R 1.077(gument to the e)-.18 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted command.).15 F(If)6.077 E F2(command)3.777 E F0 +1.077(cannot be e)4.347 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted for some reason, a) +.15 F(non-interacti)144 494.4 Q .876 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .576(hell e).15 F +.576(xits, unless the)-.15 F F1(execfail)3.076 E F0 .577 +(shell option is enabled.)3.077 F .577(In that case, it returns f)5.577 +F(ail-)-.1 E 3.32(ure. An)144 506.4 R(interacti)3.32 E 1.12 -.15(ve s) +-.25 H .82(hell returns f).15 F .82(ailure if the \214le cannot be e)-.1 +F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.32(cuted. A).15 F .82(subshell e)3.32 F .82 +(xits uncondi-)-.15 F .287(tionally if)144 518.4 R F1(exec)2.787 E F0 +-.1(fa)2.787 G 2.787(ils. If).1 F F2(command)2.987 E F0 .287 +(is not speci\214ed, an)3.557 F 2.788(yr)-.15 G .288(edirections tak) +-2.788 F 2.788(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-2.788 G .288(ect in the current shell,) +.25 F(and the return status is 0.)144 530.4 Q +(If there is a redirection error)5 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G +(he return status is 1.)-2.5 E F1(exit)108 547.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0 +(])A .096(Cause the shell to e)144 547.2 R .096(xit with a status of) +-.15 F F2(n)2.596 E F0 5.096(.I)C(f)-5.096 E F2(n)2.955 E F0 .095 +(is omitted, the e)2.835 F .095(xit status is that of the last command) +-.15 F -.15(exe)144 559.2 S 2.5(cuted. A).15 F(trap on)2.5 E F3(EXIT)2.5 +E F0(is e)2.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted before the shell terminates.).15 E +F1(export)108 576 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255fn)A F0 2.5(][).833 G F2(name)-2.5 +E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(]] ...)A F1(export \255p)108 588 Q F0 +.256(The supplied)144 600 R F2(names)3.117 E F0 .257(are mark)3.027 F +.257(ed for automatic e)-.1 F .257(xport to the en)-.15 F .257 +(vironment of subsequently e)-.4 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 2.627 +(commands. If)144 612 R(the)2.627 E F12.627 E F0 .127 +(option is gi)2.627 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .127(n, the).15 F F2(names)2.987 E +F0 .127(refer to functions.)2.897 F .127(If no)5.127 F F2(names)2.987 E +F0 .127(are gi)2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .126(n, or if the).15 F F1 +144 624 Q F0 .048(option is supplied, a list of names of all e)2.547 F +.048(xported v)-.15 F .048(ariables is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.048 E F1 +2.548 E F0 .048(option causes the)2.548 F -.15(ex)144 636 S 1.447 +(port property to be remo).15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.947(df).15 G 1.447 +(rom each)-3.947 F F2(name)3.947 E F0 6.447(.I)C 3.947(fav)-6.447 G +1.447(ariable name is follo)-4.197 F 1.447(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d) +-.37 E F0 3.946(,t)C(he)-3.946 E -.25(va)144 648 S .741(lue of the v).25 +F .741(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)3.241 E(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F1 +(export)5.741 E F0 .742(returns an e)3.242 F .742 +(xit status of 0 unless an in)-.15 F -.25(va)-.4 G .742(lid option is) +.25 F .032(encountered, one of the)144 660 R F2(names)2.532 E F0 .032 +(is not a v)2.532 F .032(alid shell v)-.25 F .032(ariable name, or)-.25 +F F12.531 E F0 .031(is supplied with a)2.531 F F2(name)2.891 E F0 +(that)2.711 E(is not a function.)144 672 Q F1(fc)108 688.8 Q F0([)2.5 E +F1A F2(ename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255lnr)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 +<8c72>-2.5 E(st)-.1 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(last)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(fc \255s)108 +700.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(pat)A F0(=)A F2 -.37(re)C(p).37 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 +(cmd)-2.5 E F0(])A .431 +(The \214rst form selects a range of commands from)144 712.8 R F2<8c72> +4.842 E(st)-.1 E F0(to)3.612 E F2(last)3.022 E F0 .432 +(from the history list and displays or)3.612 F .142(edits and re-e)144 +724.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .142(cutes them.).15 F F2 -.45(Fi)5.141 G -.1(rs) +.45 G(t).1 E F0(and)3.321 E F2(last)2.731 E F0 .141 +(may be speci\214ed as a string \(to locate the last command)3.321 F +(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2021 No)136.385 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(mber 22).15 E(8) +190.545 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 9 9 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 +(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 +E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E(be)144 84 Q .31 +(ginning with that string\) or as a number \(an inde)-.15 F 2.811(xi) +-.15 G .311(nto the history list, where a ne)-2.811 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti) +.05 E .611 -.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E .071(is used as an of)144 96 R +.071(fset from the current command number\).)-.25 F .071 +(When listing, a)5.071 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF<8c72>2.571 E(st)-.1 E +F0(or)2.571 E F1(last)2.571 E F0 .071(of 0 is equi)2.571 F -.25(va)-.25 +G(-).25 E .653(lent to \2551 and \2550 is equi)144 108 R -.25(va)-.25 G +.653(lent to the current command \(usually the).25 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(fc)3.153 E F0 .653(command\); otherwise 0 is)3.153 F(equi)144 120 Q +-.25(va)-.25 G .242(lent to \2551 and \2550 is in).25 F -.25(va)-.4 G +2.742(lid. If).25 F F1(last)2.832 E F0 .242 +(is not speci\214ed, it is set to the current command for list-)3.422 F +.092(ing \(so that)144 132 R/F3 10/Courier@0 SF .092(fc \255l \25510) +2.592 F F0 .093(prints the last 10 commands\) and to)2.592 F F1<8c72> +4.503 E(st)-.1 E F0 2.593(otherwise. If)3.273 F F1<8c72>4.503 E(st)-.1 E +F0 .093(is not speci-)3.273 F(\214ed, it is set to the pre)144 144 Q +(vious command for editing and \25516 for listing.)-.25 E(The)144 168 Q +F22.522 E F0 .022 +(option suppresses the command numbers when listing.)2.522 F(The)5.022 E +F22.522 E F0 .022(option re)2.522 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .022 +(rses the order of).15 F .438(the commands.)144 180 R .438(If the)5.438 +F F22.938 E F0 .438(option is gi)2.938 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .438 +(n, the commands are listed on standard output.).15 F(Otherwise,)5.438 E +.335(the editor gi)144 192 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.835(nb).15 G(y)-2.835 E F1 +(ename)3.025 E F0 .335(is in)3.015 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.835(do) +.1 G 2.835(na\214)-2.835 G .335(le containing those commands.)-2.835 F +(If)5.334 E F1(ename)3.024 E F0 .334(is not gi)3.014 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +(n,).15 E .63(the v)144 204 R .63(alue of the)-.25 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 +SF(FCEDIT)3.13 E F0 -.25(va)2.88 G .631(riable is used, and the v).25 F +.631(alue of)-.25 F F4(EDIT)3.131 E(OR)-.162 E F0(if)2.881 E F4(FCEDIT) +3.131 E F0 .631(is not set.)2.881 F .631(If nei-)5.631 F .006(ther v)144 +216 R .006(ariable is set,)-.25 F F1(vi)4.171 E F0 .005(is used.)4.171 F +.005(When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and e) +5.005 F(x-)-.15 E(ecuted.)144 228 Q .788(In the second form,)144 252 R +F1(command)3.288 E F0 .788(is re-e)3.288 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .788 +(cuted after each instance of).15 F F1(pat)3.288 E F0 .788 +(is replaced by)3.288 F F1 -.37(re)3.289 G(p).37 E F0(.)A F1(Com-)5.789 +E(mand)144 264 Q F0 .172(is interpreted the same as)2.672 F F1<8c72> +2.672 E(st)-.1 E F0(abo)2.672 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.172(.A).15 G .171 +(useful alias to use with this is)-2.5 F F3 .171(r='fc \255s')2.671 F F0 +2.671(,s)C 2.671(ot)-2.671 G(hat)-2.671 E(typing)144 276 Q F3 7.165(rc) +3.665 G(c)-7.165 E F0 1.165(runs the last command be)3.665 F 1.166 +(ginning with)-.15 F F3(cc)3.666 E F0 1.166(and typing)3.666 F F3(r) +3.666 E F0(re-e)3.666 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.166(cutes the last com-).15 F +(mand.)144 288 Q .142(If the \214rst form is used, the return v)144 312 +R .142(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .142 +(lid option is encountered or).25 F F1<8c72>4.552 E(st)-.1 E F0(or)3.322 +E F1(last)2.732 E F0 .454(specify history lines out of range.)144 324 R +.454(If the)5.454 F F22.954 E F0 .454 +(option is supplied, the return v)2.954 F .455(alue is the v)-.25 F .455 +(alue of the)-.25 F .788(last command e)144 336 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .788 +(cuted or f).15 F .787 +(ailure if an error occurs with the temporary \214le of commands.)-.1 F +.787(If the)5.787 F 1.135 +(second form is used, the return status is that of the command re-e)144 +348 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.136(cuted, unless).15 F F1(cmd)3.836 E F0 1.136 +(does not)4.406 F(specify a v)144 360 Q +(alid history line, in which case)-.25 E F2(fc)2.5 E F0(returns f)2.5 E +(ailure.)-.1 E F2(fg)108 376.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(jobspec)A F0(])A(Resume) +144 388.8 Q F1(jobspec)5.654 E F0 1.413(in the fore)4.224 F 1.413 +(ground, and mak)-.15 F 3.913(ei)-.1 G 3.913(tt)-3.913 G 1.413 +(he current job)-3.913 F 6.413(.I)-.4 G(f)-6.413 E F1(jobspec)5.653 E F0 +1.413(is not present, the)4.223 F(shell')144 400.8 Q 3.116(sn)-.55 G +.616(otion of the)-3.116 F F1(curr)3.116 E .616(ent job)-.37 F F0 .617 +(is used.)3.116 F .617(The return v)5.617 F .617 +(alue is that of the command placed into the)-.25 F(fore)144 412.8 Q +.363(ground, or f)-.15 F .363 +(ailure if run when job control is disabled or)-.1 F 2.862(,w)-.4 G .362 +(hen run with job control enabled, if)-2.862 F F1(jobspec)145.74 424.8 Q +F0(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job or)-.25 E F1(jobspec)4.24 E F0 +(speci\214es a job that w)2.81 E(as started without job control.)-.1 E +F2(getopts)108 441.6 Q F1(optstring name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A 2.5 +(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A F2(getopts)144 453.6 Q F0 .793 +(is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.)3.293 F F1 +(optstring)6.023 E F0 .793(contains the option)3.513 F .15 +(characters to be recognized; if a character is follo)144 465.6 R .149 +(wed by a colon, the option is e)-.25 F .149(xpected to ha)-.15 F .449 +-.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E(ar)144 477.6 Q .578 +(gument, which should be separated from it by white space.)-.18 F .579 +(The colon and question mark char)5.579 F(-)-.2 E .636 +(acters may not be used as option characters.)144 489.6 R .636 +(Each time it is in)5.636 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d,).1 E F2(getopts) +3.136 E F0 .636(places the ne)3.136 F .635(xt op-)-.15 F .029 +(tion in the shell v)144 501.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F1(name)2.889 E F0 2.529 +(,i).18 G(nitializing)-2.529 E F1(name)2.889 E F0 .029(if it does not e) +2.709 F .03(xist, and the inde)-.15 F 2.53(xo)-.15 G 2.53(ft)-2.53 G .03 +(he ne)-2.53 F .03(xt ar)-.15 F(gu-)-.18 E .066 +(ment to be processed into the v)144 513.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F4(OPTIND) +2.566 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F4(OPTIND)4.566 E F0 .065 +(is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a)2.315 F .885 +(shell script is in)144 525.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.385(d. When) +.1 F .885(an option requires an ar)3.385 F(gument,)-.18 E F2(getopts) +3.385 E F0 .885(places that ar)3.385 F .885(gument into)-.18 F .567 +(the v)144 537.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F4(OPT)3.067 E(ARG)-.81 E F5(.)A F0 +.566(The shell does not reset)5.067 F F4(OPTIND)3.066 E F0 .566 +(automatically; it must be manually reset)2.816 F .389 +(between multiple calls to)144 549.6 R F2(getopts)2.889 E F0 .389 +(within the same shell in)2.889 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .39(cation if a ne).2 F +2.89(ws)-.25 G .39(et of parameters is to)-2.89 F(be used.)144 561.6 Q +2.044(When the end of options is encountered,)144 585.6 R F2(getopts) +4.543 E F0 -.15(ex)4.543 G 2.043(its with a return v).15 F 2.043 +(alue greater than zero.)-.25 F F4(OPTIND)144 597.6 Q F0 +(is set to the inde)2.25 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G +(he \214rst non-option ar)-2.5 E(gument, and)-.18 E F1(name)2.5 E F0 +(is set to ?.)2.5 E F2(getopts)144 621.6 Q F0 .485 +(normally parses the positional parameters, b)2.985 F .485 +(ut if more ar)-.2 F .485(guments are supplied as)-.18 F F1(ar)3.315 E +(g)-.37 E F0 -.25(va)3.205 G(l-).25 E(ues,)144 633.6 Q F2(getopts)2.5 E +F0(parses those instead.)2.5 E F2(getopts)144 657.6 Q F0 .345 +(can report errors in tw)2.845 F 2.845(ow)-.1 G 2.845(ays. If)-2.945 F +.345(the \214rst character of)2.845 F F1(optstring)3.075 E F0 .345 +(is a colon,)3.065 F F1(silent)3.185 E F0 .345(error re-)3.525 F 1.668 +(porting is used.)144 669.6 R 1.668 +(In normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when in)6.668 F +-.25(va)-.4 G 1.669(lid options or).25 F .394(missing option ar)144 +681.6 R .394(guments are encountered.)-.18 F .394(If the v)5.394 F +(ariable)-.25 E F4(OPTERR)2.894 E F0 .394 +(is set to 0, no error messages)2.644 F(will be displayed, e)144 693.6 Q +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214rst character of)-2.5 E +F1(optstring)2.73 E F0(is not a colon.)2.72 E .666(If an in)144 717.6 R +-.25(va)-.4 G .666(lid option is seen,).25 F F2(getopts)3.166 E F0 .667 +(places ? into)3.167 F F1(name)3.527 E F0 .667 +(and, if not silent, prints an error message)3.347 F .4(and unsets)144 +729.6 R F4(OPT)2.9 E(ARG)-.81 E F5(.)A F0(If)4.899 E F2(getopts)2.899 E +F0 .399(is silent, the option character found is placed in)2.899 F F4 +(OPT)2.899 E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .399(and no)2.649 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q +(2021 No)136.385 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(mber 22).15 E(9)190.545 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 10 10 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 +(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 +E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E(diagnostic message is printed.)144 84 Q +1.241(If a required ar)144 108 R 1.241(gument is not found, and)-.18 F +/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(getopts)3.741 E F0 1.241 +(is not silent, a question mark \()3.741 F F1(?).833 E F0 3.742(\)i).833 +G 3.742(sp)-3.742 G 1.242(laced in)-3.742 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(name)144.36 120 Q F0(,).18 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(OPT)2.714 E(ARG)-.81 +E F0 .213(is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed.)2.463 F(If) +5.213 E F1(getopts)2.713 E F0 .213(is silent, then a colon \()2.713 F F1 +(:).833 E F0(\)).833 E(is placed in)144 132 Q F2(name)2.86 E F0(and)2.68 +E F3(OPT)2.5 E(ARG)-.81 E F0(is set to the option character found.)2.25 +E F1(getopts)144 156 Q F0 .902 +(returns true if an option, speci\214ed or unspeci\214ed, is found.) +3.401 F .902(It returns f)5.902 F .902(alse if the end of)-.1 F +(options is encountered or an error occurs.)144 168 Q F1(hash)108 184.8 +Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lr)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E +F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255dt)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .858 +(Each time)144 196.8 R F1(hash)3.358 E F0 .858(is in)3.358 F -.2(vo)-.4 +G -.1(ke).2 G .858(d, the full pathname of the command).1 F F2(name) +3.718 E F0 .858(is determined by searching)3.538 F .956 +(the directories in)144 208.8 R F1($P)3.456 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 +.956(and remembered.)3.456 F(An)5.956 E 3.456(yp)-.15 G(re)-3.456 E .956 +(viously-remembered pathname is discarded.)-.25 F .243(If the)144 220.8 +R F12.743 E F0 .243 +(option is supplied, no path search is performed, and)2.743 F F2 +(\214lename)4.653 E F0 .242(is used as the full \214lename)2.923 F .615 +(of the command.)144 232.8 R(The)5.615 E F13.115 E F0 .615 +(option causes the shell to for)3.115 F .615 +(get all remembered locations.)-.18 F(The)5.615 E F13.115 E F0 +(op-)3.115 E .294(tion causes the shell to for)144 244.8 R .294 +(get the remembered location of each)-.18 F F2(name)2.793 E F0 5.293(.I) +C 2.793(ft)-5.293 G(he)-2.793 E F12.793 E F0 .293 +(option is supplied,)2.793 F .028(the full pathname to which each)144 +256.8 R F2(name)2.528 E F0 .028(corresponds is printed.)2.528 F .028 +(If multiple)5.028 F F2(name)2.528 E F0(ar)2.528 E .028 +(guments are sup-)-.18 F .176(plied with)144 268.8 R F12.676 E F0 +2.676(,t)C(he)-2.676 E F2(name)2.676 E F0 .175 +(is printed before the hashed full pathname.)2.676 F(The)5.175 E F1 +2.675 E F0 .175(option causes output to)2.675 F .783 +(be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.)144 280.8 R .783 +(If no ar)5.783 F .783(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .783 +(n, or if only).15 F F13.283 E F0(is)3.283 E .807 +(supplied, information about remembered commands is printed.)144 292.8 R +.807(The return status is true unless a)5.807 F F2(name)144.36 304.8 Q +F0(is not found or an in)2.68 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is supplied.) +.25 E F1(help)108 321.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255dms)A F0 2.5(][)C F2 +(pattern)-2.5 E F0(])A .866(Display helpful information about b)144 +333.6 R .867(uiltin commands.)-.2 F(If)5.867 E F2(pattern)4.617 E F0 +.867(is speci\214ed,)3.607 F F1(help)3.367 E F0(gi)3.367 E -.15(ve)-.25 +G 3.367(sd).15 G(etailed)-3.367 E .224(help on all commands matching)144 +345.6 R F2(pattern)3.974 E F0 2.723(;o).24 G .223 +(therwise help for all the b)-2.723 F .223 +(uiltins and shell control struc-)-.2 F(tures is printed.)144 357.6 Q F1 +144 369.6 Q F0(Display a short description of each)180 369.6 Q F2 +(pattern)2.5 E F1144 381.6 Q F0(Display the description of each) +180 381.6 Q F2(pattern)2.5 E F0(in a manpage-lik)2.5 E 2.5(ef)-.1 G +(ormat)-2.5 E F1144 393.6 Q F0 +(Display only a short usage synopsis for each)180 393.6 Q F2(pattern)2.5 +E F0(The return status is 0 unless no command matches)144 410.4 Q F2 +(pattern)3.75 E F0(.).24 E F1(history [)108 427.2 Q F2(n)A F1(])A +(history \255c)108 439.2 Q(history \255d)108 451.2 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset) +-.18 E F1(history \255d)108 463.2 Q F2(start)2.5 E F0A F2(end)A F1 +(history \255anrw)108 475.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\214lename)A F0(])A F1 +(history \255p)108 487.2 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5 +(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(history \255s)108 499.2 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g) +-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.4(Wi)144 +511.2 S .752 +(th no options, display the command history list with line numbers.).4 F +.752(Lines listed with a)5.752 F F1(*)3.252 E F0(ha)3.252 E -.15(ve)-.2 +G .381(been modi\214ed.)144 523.2 R .38(An ar)5.38 F .38(gument of)-.18 +F F2(n)3.24 E F0 .38(lists only the last)3.12 F F2(n)3.24 E F0 2.88 +(lines. If)3.12 F .38(the shell v)2.88 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(HISTTIMEFOR-) +2.88 E(MA)144 535.2 Q(T)-.855 E F0 .264 +(is set and not null, it is used as a format string for)2.514 F F2 +(strftime)2.765 E F0 .265(\(3\) to display the time stamp asso-)B 1.02 +(ciated with each displayed history entry)144 547.2 R 6.019(.N)-.65 G +3.519(oi)-6.019 G(nterv)-3.519 E 1.019 +(ening blank is printed between the formatted)-.15 F .176 +(time stamp and the history line.)144 559.2 R(If)5.176 E F2(\214lename) +2.676 E F0 .176 +(is supplied, it is used as the name of the history \214le; if)2.676 F +(not, the v)144 571.2 Q(alue of)-.25 E F3(HISTFILE)2.5 E F0(is used.) +2.25 E(Options, if supplied, ha)5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 583.2 Q F0 +(Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.)180 583.2 Q F1 +144 595.2 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .39 +(Delete the history entry at position)180 607.2 R F2(of)2.889 E(fset) +-.18 E F0 5.389(.I)C(f)-5.389 E F2(of)2.889 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .389(is ne) +2.889 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.889(,i).15 G 2.889(ti) +-2.889 G 2.889(si)-2.889 G .389(nterpreted as relati)-2.889 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G .598(to one greater than the last history position, so ne)180 +619.2 R -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .899 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .599 +(ndices count back from the end).15 F(of the history)180 631.2 Q 2.5(,a) +-.65 G(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G +(efers to the current)-2.5 E F1(history -d)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1 +144 643.2 Q F2(start)2.5 E F0A F2(end)A F0 1.25 +(Delete the range of history entries between positions)180 655.2 R F2 +(start)3.75 E F0(and)3.75 E F2(end)3.75 E F0 3.75(,i)C(nclusi)-3.75 E +-.15(ve)-.25 G 6.25(.P).15 G(ositi)-6.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(and ne)180 +667.2 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .3 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(alues for)-.1 E F2 +(start)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(end)2.5 E F0 +(are interpreted as described abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1 +144 679.2 Q F0 .564(Append the `)180 679.2 R(`ne)-.74 E(w')-.25 E 3.064 +('h)-.74 G .564(istory lines to the history \214le.)-3.064 F .565 +(These are history lines entered since)5.564 F(the be)180 691.2 Q +(ginning of the current)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(session, b)2.5 E +(ut not already appended to the history \214le.)-.2 E F1144 703.2 +Q F0 .854(Read the history lines not already read from the history \214\ +le into the current history list.)180 703.2 R .772 +(These are lines appended to the history \214le since the be)180 715.2 R +.773(ginning of the current)-.15 F F1(bash)3.273 E F0(ses-)3.273 E +(sion.)180 727.2 Q(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2021 No)136.385 E -.15(ve)-.15 +G(mber 22).15 E(10)185.545 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 11 11 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 +(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 +E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF144 84 Q F0(Rea\ +d the contents of the history \214le and append them to the current his\ +tory list.)180 84 Q F1144 96 Q F0 +(Write the current history list to the history \214le, o)180 96 Q -.15 +(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the history \214le').15 E 2.5(sc)-.55 G(ontents.) +-2.5 E F1144 108 Q F0 .626 +(Perform history substitution on the follo)180 108 R(wing)-.25 E/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)3.125 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .625 +(and display the result on the standard)3.125 F 2.975(output. Does)180 +120 R .475(not store the results in the history list.)2.975 F(Each)5.475 +E F2(ar)2.975 E(g)-.37 E F0 .475(must be quoted to disable)2.975 F +(normal history e)180 132 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1144 144 Q F0 .363 +(Store the)180 144 R F2(ar)3.193 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .363 +(in the history list as a single entry)3.133 F 5.363(.T)-.65 G .362 +(he last command in the history list is)-5.363 F(remo)180 156 Q -.15(ve) +-.15 G 2.5(db).15 G(efore the)-2.5 E F2(ar)2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F0 +(are added.)2.77 E .145(If the)144 172.8 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.645 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.395 G .145 +(riable is set, the time stamp information associated with each history) +.25 F .669(entry is written to the history \214le, mark)144 184.8 R .669 +(ed with the history comment character)-.1 F 5.668(.W)-.55 G .668 +(hen the history)-5.668 F .955(\214le is read, lines be)144 196.8 R .956 +(ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F .956 +(wed immediately by a digit)-.25 F .833 +(are interpreted as timestamps for the follo)144 208.8 R .833 +(wing history entry)-.25 F 5.832(.T)-.65 G .832(he return v)-5.832 F +.832(alue is 0 unless an in-)-.25 F -.25(va)144 220.8 S .168(lid option\ + is encountered, an error occurs while reading or writing the history \ +\214le, an in).25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(of)2.669 E(f-)-.18 E(set) +144 232.8 Q F0 .341(or range is supplied as an ar)2.841 F .341 +(gument to)-.18 F F12.841 E F0 2.841(,o)C 2.84(rt)-2.841 G .34 +(he history e)-2.84 F .34(xpansion supplied as an ar)-.15 F .34 +(gument to)-.18 F F1144 244.8 Q F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(jobs) +108 261.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lnprs)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(jobspec)A F0(... ]) +2.5 E F1(jobs \255x)108 273.6 Q F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E +(gs)-.37 E F0(... ])2.5 E(The \214rst form lists the acti)144 285.6 Q .3 +-.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.5(obs. The).15 F(options ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H +(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 297.6 Q F0 +(List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)180 297.6 Q F1 +144 309.6 Q F0 .193(Display information only about jobs that ha) +180 309.6 R .494 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .194(hanged status since the user w).15 +F .194(as last noti-)-.1 F(\214ed of their status.)180 321.6 Q F1 +144 333.6 Q F0(List only the process ID of the job')180 333.6 Q 2.5(sp) +-.55 G(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1144 345.6 Q F0 +(Display only running jobs.)180 345.6 Q F1144 357.6 Q F0 +(Display only stopped jobs.)180 357.6 Q(If)144 374.4 Q F2(jobspec)4.554 +E F0 .314(is gi)3.124 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .314 +(n, output is restricted to information about that job).15 F 5.313(.T) +-.4 G .313(he return status is 0 unless)-5.313 F(an in)144 386.4 Q -.25 +(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered or an in).25 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 +E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0(is supplied.)2.81 E .394(If the)144 403.2 R F1 +2.894 E F0 .394(option is supplied,)2.894 F F1(jobs)2.894 E F0 +.394(replaces an)2.894 F(y)-.15 E F2(jobspec)4.634 E F0 .394(found in) +3.204 F F2(command)3.094 E F0(or)3.664 E F2(ar)3.224 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .395 +(with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 415.2 Q +-.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(command)2.7 E F0(passing it)3.27 E F2(ar) +2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r).27 G(eturning its e)-2.5 E(xit status.)-.15 +E F1(kill)108 432 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2(sigspec)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1 +2.5 E F2(signum)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F12.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0 2.5 +(][)C F2(pid)-2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F2(jobspec)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)C(..)-2.5 E F1 +(kill \255l)108 444 Q F0(|)A F1A F0([)2.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0(|)2.5 +E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(it_status).2 E F0(])A .017(Send the signal named by) +144 456 R F2(sigspec)2.857 E F0(or)2.827 E F2(signum)2.857 E F0 .017 +(to the processes named by)2.837 F F2(pid)3.767 E F0(or)3.287 E F2 +(jobspec)4.257 E F0(.).31 E F2(sigspec)5.357 E F0(is)2.827 E .318 +(either a case-insensiti)144 468 R .618 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .318 +(ignal name such as).15 F F3(SIGKILL)2.818 E F0 .319 +(\(with or without the)2.569 F F3(SIG)2.819 E F0 .319 +(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.569 F(number;)144 480 Q F2(signum)3.268 E F0 +.427(is a signal number)3.247 F 5.427(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.427 E F2(sigspec) +3.267 E F0 .427(is not present, then)3.237 F F3(SIGTERM)2.927 E F0 .427 +(is assumed.)2.677 F .427(An ar)5.427 F(-)-.2 E .313(gument of)144 492 R +F12.813 E F0 .314(lists the signal names.)2.814 F .314(If an)5.314 +F 2.814(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-2.814 G .314(uments are supplied when).18 F +F12.814 E F0 .314(is gi)2.814 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .314 +(n, the names of).15 F .12(the signals corresponding to the ar)144 504 R +.119(guments are listed, and the return status is 0.)-.18 F(The)5.119 E +F2 -.2(ex)2.619 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)2.619 E(-)-.2 E .799(gument to) +144 516 R F13.299 E F0 .799 +(is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)3.299 F .8 +(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .963(nated by a signal.)144 528 R +(The)5.962 E F13.462 E F0 .962(option is equi)3.462 F -.25(va)-.25 +G .962(lent to).25 F F13.462 E F0(.)A F1(kill)5.962 E F0 .962 +(returns true if at least one signal w)3.462 F(as)-.1 E +(successfully sent, or f)144 540 Q(alse if an error occurs or an in)-.1 +E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.).25 E F1(let)108 556.8 Q F2 +(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Each)144 +568.8 Q F2(ar)5.817 E(g)-.37 E F0 2.987(is an arithmetic e)5.707 F 2.987 +(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 2.987(luated \(see).25 F F3 +2.987(ARITHMETIC EV)5.487 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0 +(in)5.238 E F2(bash\(1\))144 580.8 Q F0 2.5(\). If)B(the last)2.5 E F2 +(ar)2.83 E(g)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)2.72 G(luates to 0,).25 E F1(let)2.5 E +F0(returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.)2.5 E F1(local)108 597.6 Q F0([) +2.5 E F2(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5 +(].)C(.. | \255 ])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 609.6 S 2.542(re).15 G .042(ach ar) +-2.542 F .042(gument, a local v)-.18 F .042(ariable named)-.25 F F2 +(name)2.902 E F0 .042(is created, and assigned)2.722 F F2(value)2.832 E +F0 5.042(.T).18 G(he)-5.042 E F2(option)2.542 E F0 .041(can be)2.541 F +(an)144 621.6 Q 3.152(yo)-.15 G 3.152(ft)-3.152 G .652 +(he options accepted by)-3.152 F F1(declar)3.152 E(e)-.18 E F0 5.652(.W) +C(hen)-5.652 E F1(local)3.152 E F0 .653 +(is used within a function, it causes the v)3.152 F(ari-)-.25 E(able)144 +633.6 Q F2(name)3.282 E F0 .422(to ha)3.102 F .722 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H +.422(isible scope restricted to that function and its children.).15 F +(If)5.421 E F2(name)2.921 E F0 .421(is \255, the set)2.921 F .509 +(of shell options is made local to the function in which)144 645.6 R F1 +(local)3.01 E F0 .51(is in)3.01 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .51 +(d: shell options changed us-).1 F 1.171(ing the)144 657.6 R F1(set) +3.671 E F0 -.2(bu)3.671 G 1.171 +(iltin inside the function are restored to their original v).2 F 1.17 +(alues when the function re-)-.25 F 3.38(turns. The)144 669.6 R .88 +(restore is ef)3.38 F .88(fected as if a series of)-.25 F F1(set)3.381 E +F0 .881(commands were e)3.381 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .881 +(cuted to restore the v).15 F(alues)-.25 E .788 +(that were in place before the function.)144 681.6 R -.4(Wi)5.788 G .788 +(th no operands,).4 F F1(local)3.288 E F0 .787(writes a list of local v) +3.288 F .787(ariables to)-.25 F .654(the standard output.)144 693.6 R +.654(It is an error to use)5.654 F F1(local)3.154 E F0 .654 +(when not within a function.)3.154 F .655(The return status is 0)5.654 F +(unless)144 705.6 Q F1(local)2.5 E F0(is used outside a function, an in) +2.5 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(name)2.86 E F0(is supplied, or)2.68 E +F2(name)2.5 E F0(is a readonly v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 +768 Q(2021 No)136.385 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(mber 22).15 E(11)185.545 E 0 Cg +EP +%%Page: 12 12 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 +(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 +E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(logout)108 84 Q F0 +(Exit a login shell.)144 84 Q F1(map\214le)108 100.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 +A/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(delim)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E +F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1 +-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1 +-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(callbac)2.5 E(k) +-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(arr) +-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0(])A F1 -.18(re)108 112.8 S(adarray).18 E F0([)2.5 E +F1A F2(delim)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 +2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 +(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 +(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][) +C F1-2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 +(])A .159(Read lines from the standard input into the inde)144 124.8 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G 2.659(da).15 G .159(rray v)-2.659 F(ariable)-.25 E F2 +(arr)2.989 E(ay)-.15 E F0 2.659(,o).32 G 2.658(rf)-2.659 G .158 +(rom \214le descriptor)-2.658 F F2(fd)4.628 E F0 1.248(if the)144 136.8 +R F13.748 E F0 1.248(option is supplied.)3.748 F 1.249(The v)6.249 +F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(MAPFILE)3.749 E F0 1.249 +(is the def)3.499 F(ault)-.1 E F2(arr)3.749 E(ay)-.15 E F0 6.249(.O)C +1.249(ptions, if supplied,)-6.249 F(ha)144 148.8 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H +(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 160.8 Q F0 .911 +(The \214rst character of)180 160.8 R F2(delim)3.411 E F0 .911 +(is used to terminate each input line, rather than ne)3.411 F 3.41 +(wline. If)-.25 F F2(delim)180 172.8 Q F0(is the empty string,)2.5 E F1 +(map\214le)2.5 E F0(will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character) +2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1144 184.8 Q F0(Cop)180 184.8 Q 2.5(ya)-.1 G 2.5 +(tm)-2.5 G(ost)-2.5 E F2(count)2.7 E F0 2.5(lines. If)3.18 F F2(count) +2.5 E F0(is 0, all lines are copied.)2.5 E F1144 196.8 Q F0(Be)180 +196.8 Q(gin assigning to)-.15 E F2(arr)2.83 E(ay)-.15 E F0(at inde)2.82 +E(x)-.15 E F2(origin)2.73 E F0 5(.T).24 G(he def)-5 E(ault inde)-.1 E +2.5(xi)-.15 G 2.5(s0)-2.5 G(.)-2.5 E F1144 208.8 Q F0 +(Discard the \214rst)180 208.8 Q F2(count)2.5 E F0(lines read.)2.5 E F1 +144 220.8 Q F0(Remo)180 220.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing).15 +E F2(delim)2.5 E F0(\(def)2.5 E(ault ne)-.1 E +(wline\) from each line read.)-.25 E F1144 232.8 Q F0 +(Read lines from \214le descriptor)180 232.8 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0 +(instead of the standard input.)2.5 E F1144 244.8 Q F0(Ev)180 +244.8 Q(aluate)-.25 E F2(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F0(each time)3.17 E F2 +(quantum)2.5 E F0(lines are read.)2.5 E(The)5 E F12.5 E F0 +(option speci\214es)2.5 E F2(quantum)2.75 E F0(.).32 E F1144 256.8 +Q F0(Specify the number of lines read between each call to)180 256.8 Q +F2(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F0(.).67 E(If)144 273.6 Q F12.967 E F0 +.467(is speci\214ed without)2.967 F F12.967 E F0 2.967(,t)C .467 +(he def)-2.967 F .467(ault quantum is 5000.)-.1 F(When)5.467 E F2 +(callbac)2.967 E(k)-.2 E F0 .467(is e)2.967 F -.25(va)-.25 G .467 +(luated, it is sup-).25 F .262(plied the inde)144 285.6 R 2.762(xo)-.15 +G 2.762(ft)-2.762 G .262(he ne)-2.762 F .261(xt array element to be ass\ +igned and the line to be assigned to that element)-.15 F .274 +(as additional ar)144 297.6 R(guments.)-.18 E F2(callbac)5.274 E(k)-.2 E +F0 .274(is e)2.774 F -.25(va)-.25 G .274 +(luated after the line is read b).25 F .275 +(ut before the array element is)-.2 F(assigned.)144 309.6 Q +(If not supplied with an e)144 326.4 Q(xplicit origin,)-.15 E F1 +(map\214le)2.5 E F0(will clear)2.5 E F2(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 +(before assigning to it.)2.5 E F1(map\214le)144 343.2 Q F0 .797 +(returns successfully unless an in)3.298 F -.25(va)-.4 G .797 +(lid option or option ar).25 F .797(gument is supplied,)-.18 F F2(arr) +3.297 E(ay)-.15 E F0 .797(is in-)3.297 F -.25(va)144 355.2 S +(lid or unassignable, or if).25 E F2(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 +(is not an inde)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E +F1(popd)108 372 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 +2.5(][)C-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A(Remo)144 384 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.091(se) +.15 G .591(ntries from the directory stack.)-3.091 F .592 +(The elements are numbered from 0 starting at the \214rst)5.591 F .665 +(directory listed by)144 396 R F1(dirs)3.165 E F0 5.665(.W)C .665 +(ith no ar)-6.065 F(guments,)-.18 E F1(popd)3.165 E F0(remo)3.165 E -.15 +(ve)-.15 G 3.165(st).15 G .664(he top directory from the stack, and) +-3.165 F(changes to the ne)144 408 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G(op directory)-2.5 E 5 +(.A)-.65 G -.18(rg)-5 G(uments, if supplied, ha).18 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H +(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 420 Q F0 .551 +(Suppresses the normal change of directory when remo)180 420 R .551 +(ving directories from the stack, so)-.15 F +(that only the stack is manipulated.)180 432 Q F1(+)144 444 Q F2(n)A F0 +(Remo)180 444 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.64(st).15 G(he)-2.64 E F2(n)2.64 E F0 +.14(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B .14(wn by)-.25 F +F1(dirs)2.64 E F0 2.64(,s)C .14(tarting with zero,)-2.64 F .779 +(from the stack.)180 456 R -.15(Fo)5.779 G 3.279(re).15 G(xample:)-3.429 +E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .779(popd +0)3.279 F F0(remo)3.279 E -.15(ve)-.15 G +3.279(st).15 G .779(he \214rst directory)-3.279 F(,)-.65 E F4 .78 +(popd +1)3.28 F F0 .78(the sec-)3.28 F(ond.)180 468 Q F1144 480 Q F2 +(n)A F0(Remo)180 480 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.76(st).15 G(he)-3.76 E F2(n)3.76 +E F0 1.259(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.259 +(wn by)-.25 F F1(dirs)3.759 E F0 3.759(,s)C 1.259(tarting with)-3.759 F +2.5(zero. F)180 492 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E F4(popd -0)2.5 E F0 +(remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he last directory)-2.5 E(,)-.65 +E F4(popd -1)2.5 E F0(the ne)2.5 E(xt to last.)-.15 E .093 +(If the top element of the directory stack is modi\214ed, and the)144 +508.8 R F2(-n)2.593 E F0 .094(option w)2.594 F .094(as not supplied,)-.1 +F F1(popd)2.594 E F0(uses)2.594 E(the)144 520.8 Q F1(cd)2.697 E F0 -.2 +(bu)2.697 G .196 +(iltin to change to the directory at the top of the stack.).2 F .196 +(If the)5.196 F F1(cd)2.696 E F0 -.1(fa)2.696 G(ils,).1 E F1(popd)2.696 +E F0 .196(returns a non-)2.696 F(zero v)144 532.8 Q(alue.)-.25 E +(Otherwise,)144 549.6 Q F1(popd)2.67 E F0 .17(returns f)2.67 F .17 +(alse if an in)-.1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .171 +(lid option is encountered, the directory stack is empty).25 F 2.671(,o) +-.65 G 2.671(ra)-2.671 G(non-e)144 561.6 Q +(xistent directory stack entry is speci\214ed.)-.15 E 1.556(If the)144 +578.4 R F1(popd)4.056 E F0 1.556(command is successful, bash runs)4.056 +F F1(dirs)4.056 E F0 1.556(to sho)4.056 F 4.055(wt)-.25 G 1.555 +(he \214nal contents of the directory)-4.055 F +(stack, and the return status is 0.)144 590.4 Q F1(printf)108 607.2 Q F0 +([)2.5 E F1A F2(var)2.5 E F0(])A F2(format)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar) +A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .357(Write the formatted)144 619.2 R F2(ar)2.857 +E(guments)-.37 E F0 .357 +(to the standard output under the control of the)2.857 F F2(format)2.858 +E F0 5.358(.T)C(he)-5.358 E F12.858 E F0(op-)2.858 E .714 +(tion causes the output to be assigned to the v)144 631.2 R(ariable)-.25 +E F2(var)3.214 E F0 .714(rather than being printed to the standard)3.214 +F(output.)144 643.2 Q(The)144 667.2 Q F2(format)3.017 E F0 .517(is a ch\ +aracter string which contains three types of objects: plain characters,\ + which are)3.017 F .704(simply copied to standard output, character esc\ +ape sequences, which are con)144 679.2 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .703 +(rted and copied to).15 F .036(the standard output, and format speci\ +\214cations, each of which causes printing of the ne)144 691.2 R .037 +(xt successi)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F2(ar)144 703.2 Q(gument)-.37 E F0 +5.532(.I)C 3.032(na)-5.532 G .532(ddition to the standard)-3.032 F F2 +(printf)3.032 E F0 .532(\(1\) format speci\214cations,)B F1(printf)3.031 +E F0 .531(interprets the follo)3.031 F(w-)-.25 E(ing e)144 715.2 Q +(xtensions:)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2021 No)136.385 E -.15(ve)-.15 +G(mber 22).15 E(12)185.545 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 13 13 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 +(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 +E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(%b)144 84 Q F0 +(causes)180 84 Q F1(printf)2.595 E F0 .096(to e)2.595 F .096 +(xpand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding)-.15 F/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)2.596 E(gument)-.37 E F0 .096(in the)2.596 F +(same w)180 96 Q(ay as)-.1 E F1(echo \255e)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%q)144 108 Q +F0(causes)180 108 Q F1(printf)2.51 E F0 .01(to output the corresponding) +2.51 F F2(ar)2.51 E(gument)-.37 E F0 .01 +(in a format that can be reused as shell)2.51 F(input.)180 120 Q F1(%Q) +144 132 Q F0(lik)180 132 Q(e)-.1 E F1(%q)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C +(ut applies an)-2.7 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G(upplied precision to the)-2.5 E F2 +(ar)2.5 E(gument)-.37 E F0(before quoting it.)2.5 E F1(%\()144 144 Q F2 +(datefmt)A F1(\)T)A F0(causes)180 156 Q F1(printf)4.403 E F0 1.904 +(to output the date-time string resulting from using)4.403 F F2(datefmt) +4.404 E F0 1.904(as a format)4.404 F .381(string for)180 168 R F2 +(strftime)2.881 E F0 2.881(\(3\). The)B(corresponding)2.881 E F2(ar) +2.881 E(gument)-.37 E F0 .381(is an inte)2.881 F .381 +(ger representing the number)-.15 F .292(of seconds since the epoch.)180 +180 R -1 -.8(Tw o)5.293 H .293(special ar)3.593 F .293(gument v)-.18 F +.293(alues may be used: \2551 represents the)-.25 F .694 +(current time, and \2552 represents the time the shell w)180 192 R .693 +(as in)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.193(d. If).1 F .693(no ar)3.193 +F .693(gument is speci-)-.18 F .21(\214ed, con)180 204 R -.15(ve)-.4 G +.21(rsion beha).15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.71(sa).15 G 2.71(si)-2.71 G 2.71 +<66ad>-2.71 G 2.71(1h)-2.71 G .21(ad been gi)-2.71 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.71 +(n. This).15 F .21(is an e)2.71 F .21(xception to the usual)-.15 F F1 +(printf)2.71 E F0(beha)180 216 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E .902 +(The %b, %q, and %T directi)144 232.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.401(sa).15 G +.901(ll use the \214eld width and precision ar)-3.401 F .901 +(guments from the format)-.18 F .357(speci\214cation and write that man) +144 244.8 R 2.857(yb)-.15 G .358 +(ytes from \(or use that wide a \214eld for\) the e)-2.857 F .358 +(xpanded ar)-.15 F(gument,)-.18 E +(which usually contains more characters than the original.)144 256.8 Q +(Ar)144 273.6 Q .464(guments to non-string format speci\214ers are trea\ +ted as C constants, e)-.18 F .463(xcept that a leading plus or)-.15 F +1.258(minus sign is allo)144 285.6 R 1.259 +(wed, and if the leading character is a single or double quote, the v) +-.25 F 1.259(alue is the)-.25 F(ASCII v)144 297.6 Q(alue of the follo) +-.25 E(wing character)-.25 E(.)-.55 E(The)144 314.4 Q F2(format)2.515 E +F0 .015(is reused as necessary to consume all of the)2.515 F F2(ar)2.515 +E(guments)-.37 E F0 5.015(.I)C 2.514(ft)-5.015 G(he)-2.514 E F2(format) +2.514 E F0 .014(requires more)2.514 F F2(ar)2.514 E(-)-.2 E(guments)144 +326.4 Q F0 .565(than are supplied, the e)3.065 F .566 +(xtra format speci\214cations beha)-.15 F .866 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 3.066(si) +.15 G 3.066(faz)-3.066 G .566(ero v)-3.066 F .566(alue or null string,) +-.25 F(as appropriate, had been supplied.)144 338.4 Q(The return v)5 E +(alue is zero on success, non-zero on f)-.25 E(ailure.)-.1 E F1(pushd) +108 355.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 2.5(][)C +-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A F1(pushd)108 367.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 +2.5(][)C F2(dir)-2.5 E F0(])A .64(Adds a directory to the top of the di\ +rectory stack, or rotates the stack, making the ne)144 379.2 R 3.139(wt) +-.25 G .639(op of the)-3.139 F .088(stack the current w)144 391.2 R .088 +(orking directory)-.1 F 5.088(.W)-.65 G .088(ith no ar)-5.488 F +(guments,)-.18 E F1(pushd)2.589 E F0 -.15(ex)2.589 G .089 +(changes the top tw).15 F 2.589(oe)-.1 G .089(lements of)-2.589 F +(the directory stack.)144 403.2 Q(Ar)5 E(guments, if supplied, ha)-.18 E +.3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 +415.2 Q F0 1.811(Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotatin\ +g or adding directories to the)180 415.2 R +(stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.)180 427.2 Q F1(+)144 +439.2 Q F2(n)A F0 1.267(Rotates the stack so that the)180 439.2 R F2(n) +3.767 E F0 1.268(th directory \(counting from the left of the list sho)B +1.268(wn by)-.25 F F1(dirs)180 451.2 Q F0 2.5(,s)C +(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 E F1144 463.2 Q F2(n)A F0 +.92(Rotates the stack so that the)180 463.2 R F2(n)3.42 E F0 .92 +(th directory \(counting from the right of the list sho)B .92(wn by)-.25 +F F1(dirs)180 475.2 Q F0 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.) +-2.5 E F2(dir)144.35 487.2 Q F0(Adds)180 487.2 Q F2(dir)2.85 E F0 +(to the directory stack at the top)3.23 E .434 +(After the stack has been modi\214ed, if the)144 504 R F12.934 E +F0 .434(option w)2.934 F .435(as not supplied,)-.1 F F1(pushd)2.935 E F0 +.435(uses the)2.935 F F1(cd)2.935 E F0 -.2(bu)2.935 G .435(iltin to).2 F +(change to the directory at the top of the stack.)144 516 Q(If the)5 E +F1(cd)2.5 E F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils,).1 E F1(pushd)2.5 E F0 +(returns a non-zero v)2.5 E(alue.)-.25 E 1.78(Otherwise, if no ar)144 +532.8 R 1.78(guments are supplied,)-.18 F F1(pushd)4.28 E F0 1.78 +(returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty)4.28 F(.)-.65 E .092 +(When rotating the directory stack,)144 544.8 R F1(pushd)2.592 E F0 .093 +(returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty or a non-e)2.592 F(x-) +-.15 E(istent directory stack element is speci\214ed.)144 556.8 Q 1.278 +(If the)144 573.6 R F1(pushd)3.778 E F0 1.278 +(command is successful, bash runs)3.778 F F1(dirs)3.778 E F0 1.277 +(to sho)3.777 F 3.777(wt)-.25 G 1.277 +(he \214nal contents of the directory)-3.777 F(stack.)144 585.6 Q F1 +(pwd)108 602.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255LP)A F0(])A .844 +(Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 614.4 R .845 +(orking directory)-.1 F 5.845(.T)-.65 G .845 +(he pathname printed contains no)-5.845 F .182(symbolic links if the)144 +626.4 R F12.681 E F0 .181(option is supplied or the)2.681 F F1 +.181(\255o ph)2.681 F(ysical)-.15 E F0 .181(option to the)2.681 F F1 +(set)2.681 E F0 -.2(bu)2.681 G .181(iltin command is).2 F 3.263 +(enabled. If)144 638.4 R(the)3.263 E F13.263 E F0 .763 +(option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links.)3.263 +F .764(The return)5.764 F .405(status is 0 unless an error occurs while\ + reading the name of the current directory or an in)144 650.4 R -.25(va) +-.4 G .405(lid op-).25 F(tion is supplied.)144 662.4 Q F1 -.18(re)108 +679.2 S(ad).18 E F0([)3.816 E F1(\255ers)A F0 3.816(][)C F1-3.816 +E F2(aname)3.816 E F0 3.816(][)C F1-3.816 E F2(delim)3.816 E F0 +3.816(][)C F1-3.816 E F2(te)3.816 E(xt)-.2 E F0 3.816(][)C F1 +-3.816 E F2(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.817(][)C F1 +-3.817 E F2(nc)3.817 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.817(][)C F1-3.817 E +F2(pr)3.817 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 3.817(][)C F1-3.817 E F2(timeout) +3.817 E F0 3.817(][)C F1-3.817 E F2(fd)3.817 E F0(])A([)108 691.2 +Q F2(name)A F0(...])2.5 E .516(One line is read from the standard input\ +, or from the \214le descriptor)144 703.2 R F2(fd)3.016 E F0 .516 +(supplied as an ar)3.016 F .516(gument to)-.18 F(the)144 715.2 Q F1 +2.753 E F0 .253(option, split into w)2.753 F .253 +(ords as described in)-.1 F F2(bash\(1\))2.754 E F0(under)2.754 E F1 +-.75(Wo)2.754 G .254(rd Splitting).75 F F0 2.754(,a)C .254 +(nd the \214rst w)-2.754 F .254(ord is)-.1 F 1.425 +(assigned to the \214rst)144 727.2 R F2(name)4.285 E F0 3.925(,t).18 G +1.425(he second w)-3.925 F 1.425(ord to the second)-.1 F F2(name)4.285 E +F0 3.925(,a).18 G 1.425(nd so on.)-3.925 F 1.425(If there are more)6.425 +F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2021 No)136.385 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(mber 22).15 E +(13)185.545 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 14 14 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 +(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 +E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E -.1(wo)144 84 S 1.112 +(rds than names, the remaining w).1 F 1.112(ords and their interv)-.1 F +1.112(ening delimiters are assigned to the last)-.15 F/F1 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)144.36 96 Q F0 5.7(.I).18 G 3.2(ft)-5.7 G .7 +(here are fe)-3.2 F .7(wer w)-.25 F .7 +(ords read from the input stream than names, the remaining names are)-.1 +F .531(assigned empty v)144 108 R 3.031(alues. The)-.25 F .531 +(characters in)3.031 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)3.031 E F0 .532 +(are used to split the line into w)2.781 F .532(ords using the same)-.1 +F 1.326(rules the shell uses for e)144 120 R 1.325 +(xpansion \(described in)-.15 F F1(bash\(1\))3.825 E F0(under)3.825 E/F3 +10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.75(Wo)3.825 G 1.325(rd Splitting).75 F F0 3.825 +(\). The)B(backslash)3.825 E .738(character \()144 132 R F3(\\)A F0 +3.238(\)m)C .739(ay be used to remo)-3.238 F 1.039 -.15(ve a)-.15 H +1.039 -.15(ny s).15 H .739(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F .739 +(xt character read and for line)-.15 F 2.5(continuation. Options,)144 +144 R(if supplied, ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F3144 156 Q F1(aname)2.5 E F0 1.026(The w) +180 168 R 1.026(ords are assigned to sequential indices of the array v) +-.1 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(aname)3.855 E F0 3.525(,s).18 G 1.025 +(tarting at 0.)-3.525 F F1(aname)180.33 180 Q F0(is unset before an)2.68 +E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5 -.25(ew va)-2.5 H(lues are assigned.).25 E(Other)5 E +F1(name)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E F3144 192 Q +F1(delim)2.5 E F0 .28(The \214rst character of)180 204 R F1(delim)2.78 E +F0 .281(is used to terminate the input line, rather than ne)2.78 F 2.781 +(wline. If)-.25 F F1(de-)2.781 E(lim)180 216 Q F0(is the empty string,) +2.5 E F3 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 +(will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F3 +144 228 Q F0 .629 +(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)180 228 R F3 -.18(re) +3.128 G(adline).18 E F0(\(see)3.128 E F2(READLINE)3.128 E F0(in)2.878 E +F1(bash\(1\))3.128 E F0 3.128(\)i)C(s)-3.128 E .048 +(used to obtain the line.)180 240 R .049 +(Readline uses the current \(or def)5.049 F .049 +(ault, if line editing w)-.1 F .049(as not pre)-.1 F(vi-)-.25 E +(ously acti)180 252 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(\)e).15 G(diting settings, b) +-2.5 E(ut uses readline')-.2 E 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ef)-2.5 E +(ault \214lename completion.)-.1 E F3144 264 Q F1(te)2.5 E(xt)-.2 +E F0(If)180 264 Q F3 -.18(re)2.716 G(adline).18 E F0 .216 +(is being used to read the line,)2.716 F F1(te)2.716 E(xt)-.2 E F0 .216 +(is placed into the editing b)2.716 F(uf)-.2 E .215(fer before edit-) +-.25 F(ing be)180 276 Q(gins.)-.15 E F3144 288 Q F1(nc)2.5 E(har) +-.15 E(s)-.1 E F3 -.18(re)180 300 S(ad).18 E F0 .322 +(returns after reading)2.822 F F1(nc)2.823 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .323 +(characters rather than w)2.823 F .323 +(aiting for a complete line of in-)-.1 F(put, b)180 312 Q +(ut honors a delimiter if fe)-.2 E(wer than)-.25 E F1(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 +E(s)-.1 E F0(characters are read before the delimiter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F3 +144 324 Q F1(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F3 -.18(re)180 336 S(ad) +.18 E F0 1.269(returns after reading e)3.77 F(xactly)-.15 E F1(nc)3.769 +E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.269(characters rather than w)3.769 F 1.269 +(aiting for a complete)-.1 F .274 +(line of input, unless EOF is encountered or)180 348 R F3 -.18(re)2.775 +G(ad).18 E F0 .275(times out.)2.775 F .275(Delimiter characters encoun-) +5.275 F 1.003 +(tered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 360 R +F3 -.18(re)3.502 G(ad).18 E F0 1.002(to return until)3.502 F F1(nc)3.502 +E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .608(characters are read.)180 372 R .608 +(The result is not split on the characters in)5.608 F F3(IFS)3.108 E F0 +3.108(;t)C .609(he intent is that the)-3.108 F -.25(va)180 384 S .67 +(riable is assigned e).25 F .669 +(xactly the characters read \(with the e)-.15 F .669 +(xception of backslash; see the)-.15 F F3180 396 Q F0(option belo) +2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F3144 408 Q F1(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 E F0(Display) +180 420 Q F1(pr)3.66 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 1.161(on standard error)3.66 F +3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161(ithout a trailing ne)-3.661 F 1.161 +(wline, before attempting to read)-.25 F(an)180 432 Q 2.5(yi)-.15 G 2.5 +(nput. The)-2.5 F +(prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.)2.5 E F3 +144 444 Q F0 .544(Backslash does not act as an escape character) +180 444 R 5.543(.T)-.55 G .543(he backslash is considered to be part of) +-5.543 F .492(the line.)180 456 R .492(In particular)5.492 F 2.992(,ab) +-.4 G(ackslash-ne)-2.992 E .493 +(wline pair may not then be used as a line continua-)-.25 F(tion.)180 +468 Q F3144 480 Q F0(Silent mode.)180 480 Q +(If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed.)5 E F3 +144 492 Q F1(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 504 Q F3 -.18(re)2.929 G +(ad).18 E F0 .428(to time out and return f)2.929 F .428 +(ailure if a complete line of input \(or a speci\214ed num-)-.1 F .56 +(ber of characters\) is not read within)180 516 R F1(timeout)3.061 E F0 +(seconds.)3.061 E F1(timeout)5.561 E F0 .561(may be a decimal number) +3.061 F(with a fractional portion follo)180 528 Q +(wing the decimal point.)-.25 E(This option is only ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E +.3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(f).15 E F3 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 .506(is readin\ +g input from a terminal, pipe, or other special \214le; it has no ef)180 +540 R .506(fect when reading)-.25 F .59(from re)180 552 R .59 +(gular \214les.)-.15 F(If)5.59 E F3 -.18(re)3.09 G(ad).18 E F0 .589 +(times out,)3.09 F F3 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0(sa)3.089 E -.15(ve)-.2 +G 3.089(sa).15 G .889 -.15(ny p)-3.089 H .589 +(artial input read into the speci\214ed).15 F -.25(va)180 564 S(riable) +.25 E F1(name)2.77 E F0 5.27(.I)C(f)-5.27 E F1(timeout)2.77 E F0 .27 +(is 0,)2.77 F F3 -.18(re)2.77 G(ad).18 E F0 .27(returns immediately)2.77 +F 2.77(,w)-.65 G .27(ithout trying to read an)-2.77 F 2.77(yd)-.15 G +(ata.)-2.77 E .228(The e)180 576 R .228(xit status is 0 if input is a) +-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G .228(ilable on the speci\214ed \214le descriptor) +.25 F 2.728(,o)-.4 G 2.727(rt)-2.728 G .227(he read will re-)-2.727 F +1.224(turn EOF)180 588 R 3.724(,n)-.8 G 1.224(on-zero otherwise.)-3.724 +F 1.224(The e)6.224 F 1.225 +(xit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E +(ceeded.)180 600 Q F3144 612 Q F1(fd)2.5 E F0 +(Read input from \214le descriptor)180 612 Q F1(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .522 +(If no)144 628.8 R F1(names)3.382 E F0 .522 +(are supplied, the line read, without the ending delimiter b)3.292 F +.522(ut otherwise unmodi\214ed, is)-.2 F 1.186(assigned to the v)144 +640.8 R(ariable)-.25 E F2(REPL)3.686 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF +(.)A F0 1.186(The e)5.686 F 1.186 +(xit status is zero, unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)-.15 F F3 -.18 +(re)3.687 G(ad).18 E F0 .961 +(times out \(in which case the status is greater than 128\), a v)144 +652.8 R .96(ariable assignment error \(such as as-)-.25 F .706 +(signing to a readonly v)144 664.8 R .706(ariable\) occurs, or an in) +-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .706(lid \214le descriptor is supplied as the ar) +.25 F .707(gument to)-.18 F F3144 676.8 Q F0(.)A F3 -.18(re)108 +693.6 S(adonly).18 E F0([)2.5 E F3(\255aAf)A F0 2.5(][)C F3-2.5 E +F0 2.5(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 2.5(].)C(..]) +-2.5 E .77(The gi)144 705.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E F1(names)3.27 E F0 +.77(are mark)3.27 F .77(ed readonly; the v)-.1 F .77(alues of these)-.25 +F F1(names)3.63 E F0 .77(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.096 +(quent assignment.)144 717.6 R 1.096(If the)6.096 F F33.596 E F0 +1.097(option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.596 F F1 +(names)3.597 E F0 1.097(are so)3.597 F(mark)144 729.6 Q 4.903(ed. The) +-.1 F F34.903 E F0 2.403(option restricts the v)4.903 F 2.403 +(ariables to inde)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.903(da).15 G 2.403(rrays; the) +-4.903 F F34.903 E F0 2.402(option restricts the)4.903 F +(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2021 No)136.385 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(mber 22).15 E +(14)185.545 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 15 15 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 +(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 +E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E -.25(va)144 84 S .424(riables to associati) +.25 F .724 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 2.924(rrays. If).15 F .425 +(both options are supplied,)2.924 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF2.925 E +F0(tak)2.925 E .425(es precedence.)-.1 F .425(If no)5.425 F/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)3.285 E F0(ar)3.105 E(-)-.2 E 1.275 +(guments are gi)144 96 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.275(n, or if the).15 F F1 +3.775 E F0 1.275 +(option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.)3.775 F +(The)6.275 E .559(other options may be used to restrict the output to a\ + subset of the set of readonly names.)144 108 R(The)5.559 E F1 +3.059 E F0 .201(option causes output to be displayed in a format that m\ +ay be reused as input.)144 120 R .2(If a v)5.2 F .2(ariable name is)-.25 +F(follo)144 132 Q .133(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 2.633(,t)C +.133(he v)-2.633 F .133(alue of the v)-.25 F .133(ariable is set to)-.25 +F F2(wor)2.633 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.133(.T)C .133 +(he return status is 0 unless an in)-5.133 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .26 +(option is encountered, one of the)144 144 R F2(names)3.12 E F0 .26 +(is not a v)3.03 F .26(alid shell v)-.25 F .26(ariable name, or)-.25 F +F12.76 E F0 .26(is supplied with a)2.76 F F2(name)144.36 156 Q F0 +(that is not a function.)2.68 E F1 -.18(re)108 172.8 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 +E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .02(Causes a function to stop e)144 184.8 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G .02(cuting and return the v).15 F .021 +(alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F2(n)2.881 E F0 .021(to its caller)2.761 F +5.021(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.021 E F2(n)2.881 E F0 .021(is omitted,)2.761 F .597 +(the return status is that of the last command e)144 196.8 R -.15(xe) +-.15 G .596(cuted in the function body).15 F 5.596(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.596 E +F1 -.18(re)3.096 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .596(is e)3.096 F -.15(xe)-.15 +G(cuted).15 E .267(by a trap handler)144 208.8 R 2.767(,t)-.4 G .267 +(he last command used to determine the status is the last command e) +-2.767 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .268(cuted be-).15 F .02(fore the trap handler) +144 220.8 R 5.02(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.02 E F1 -.18(re)2.52 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 +E F0 .02(is e)2.52 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .02(cuted during a).15 F F1(DEB)2.52 +E(UG)-.1 E F0 .02(trap, the last command used to deter)2.52 F(-)-.2 E +.885(mine the status is the last command e)144 232.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +.886(cuted by the trap handler before).15 F F1 -.18(re)3.386 G(tur).18 E +(n)-.15 E F0 -.1(wa)3.386 G 3.386(si).1 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-3.386 H -.1(ke) +.4 G 3.386(d. If).1 F F1 -.18(re)144 244.8 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .628 +(is used outside a function, b)3.128 F .628(ut during e)-.2 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G .628(cution of a script by the).15 F F1(.)3.127 E F0(\()5.627 E +F1(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F0 3.127(\)c)C .627(ommand, it)-3.127 F .588 +(causes the shell to stop e)144 256.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .588 +(cuting that script and return either).15 F F2(n)3.448 E F0 .589 +(or the e)3.329 F .589(xit status of the last com-)-.15 F .326(mand e) +144 268.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .326(cuted within the script as the e).15 F +.326(xit status of the script.)-.15 F(If)5.326 E F2(n)2.826 E F0 .325 +(is supplied, the return v)2.826 F .325(alue is)-.25 F .444 +(its least signi\214cant 8 bits.)144 280.8 R .444 +(The return status is non-zero if)5.444 F F1 -.18(re)2.945 G(tur).18 E +(n)-.15 E F0 .445(is supplied a non-numeric ar)2.945 F(gu-)-.18 E .381 +(ment, or is used outside a function and not during e)144 292.8 R -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .381(cution of a script by).15 F F1(.)2.881 E F0(or)3.714 E +F1(sour)2.881 E(ce)-.18 E F0 5.38(.A)C .68 -.15(ny c)-5.38 H(om-).15 E +.749(mand associated with the)144 304.8 R F1(RETURN)3.249 E F0 .749 +(trap is e)3.249 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .749(cuted before e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 +G .75(cution resumes after the function).15 F(or script.)144 316.8 Q F1 +(set)108 333.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1 +-2.5 E F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5 +(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E F1 +(set)108 345.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o) +-2.5 E F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1 +-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 +357.6 S .574(thout options, display the name and v).4 F .574 +(alue of each shell v)-.25 F .573 +(ariable in a format that can be reused)-.25 F .113 +(as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 369.6 R 2.613 +(ariables. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)2.613 G .113 +(riables cannot be reset.).25 F(In)5.113 E F2 1.032(posix mode)144 381.6 +R F0 3.532(,o)C 1.032(nly shell v)-3.532 F 1.032(ariables are listed.) +-.25 F 1.032(The output is sorted according to the current locale.)6.032 +F .58(When options are speci\214ed, the)144 393.6 R 3.081(ys)-.15 G .581 +(et or unset shell attrib)-3.081 F 3.081(utes. An)-.2 F 3.081(ya)-.15 G +-.18(rg)-3.081 G .581(uments remaining after op-).18 F .161 +(tion processing are treated as v)144 405.6 R .161 +(alues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order)-.25 F +2.66(,t)-.4 G(o)-2.66 E F1($1)2.66 E F0(,)A F1($2)144 417.6 Q F0(,)A F1 +2.5(... $)2.5 F F2(n)A F0 5(.O)C(ptions, if speci\214ed, ha)-5 E .3 -.15 +(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 429.6 Q F0 +1.377(Each v)184 429.6 R 1.377 +(ariable or function that is created or modi\214ed is gi)-.25 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G 3.877(nt).15 G 1.377(he e)-3.877 F 1.378(xport attrib)-.15 F +1.378(ute and)-.2 F(mark)184 441.6 Q(ed for e)-.1 E(xport to the en)-.15 +E(vironment of subsequent commands.)-.4 E F1144 453.6 Q F0 .132 +(Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately)184 453.6 R +2.632(,r)-.65 G .131(ather than before the ne)-2.632 F(xt)-.15 E +(primary prompt.)184 465.6 Q(This is ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve o) +-.25 H(nly when job control is enabled.).15 E F1144 477.6 Q F0 +.087(Exit immediately if a)184 477.6 R F2(pipeline)2.587 E F0 .087 +(\(which may consist of a single)2.587 F F2 .088(simple command)2.588 F +F0 .088(\), a)B F2(list)2.588 E F0 2.588(,o)C(r)-2.588 E(a)184 489.6 Q +F2 .86(compound command)3.36 F F0(\(see)3.36 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .86 +(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.36 F F0(in)3.11 E F2(bash\(1\))3.36 E F0 .86(\), e)B +.86(xits with a non-zero sta-)-.15 F 2.852(tus. The)184 501.6 R .352 +(shell does not e)2.852 F .352(xit if the command that f)-.15 F .353 +(ails is part of the command list imme-)-.1 F 1.108(diately follo)184 +513.6 R 1.108(wing a)-.25 F F1(while)3.608 E F0(or)3.608 E F1(until) +3.608 E F0 -.1(ke)3.608 G(yw)-.05 E 1.107(ord, part of the test follo) +-.1 F 1.107(wing the)-.25 F F1(if)3.607 E F0(or)3.607 E F1(elif)3.607 E +F0(re-)3.607 E(serv)184 525.6 Q .279(ed w)-.15 F .279(ords, part of an) +-.1 F 2.779(yc)-.15 G .279(ommand e)-2.779 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .279 +(cuted in a).15 F F1(&&)2.779 E F0(or)2.779 E F1(||)2.78 E F0 .28 +(list e)2.78 F .28(xcept the command fol-)-.15 F(lo)184 537.6 Q .703 +(wing the \214nal)-.25 F F1(&&)3.203 E F0(or)3.203 E F1(||)3.203 E F0 +3.203(,a)C 1.003 -.15(ny c)-3.203 H .703(ommand in a pipeline b).15 F +.703(ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F(s)-.55 E .476(return v)184 +549.6 R .476(alue is being in)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .476(rted with).15 F +F1(!)2.976 E F0 5.476(.I)C 2.976(fac)-5.476 G .476 +(ompound command other than a subshell re-)-2.976 F .418 +(turns a non-zero status because a command f)184 561.6 R .418 +(ailed while)-.1 F F12.918 E F0 -.1(wa)2.918 G 2.918(sb).1 G .417 +(eing ignored, the shell)-2.918 F .472(does not e)184 573.6 R 2.972 +(xit. A)-.15 F .472(trap on)2.972 F F1(ERR)2.972 E F0 2.972(,i)C 2.972 +(fs)-2.972 G .472(et, is e)-2.972 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .473 +(cuted before the shell e).15 F 2.973(xits. This)-.15 F .473(option ap-) +2.973 F 2.114(plies to the shell en)184 585.6 R 2.113 +(vironment and each subshell en)-.4 F 2.113(vironment separately \(see) +-.4 F F3(COM-)4.613 E .675(MAND EXECUTION ENVIR)184 597.6 R(ONMENT)-.27 +E F0(in)2.925 E F2(bash\(1\))3.175 E F0 .675 +(\), and may cause subshells to e)B .676(xit be-)-.15 F(fore e)184 609.6 +Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting all the commands in the subshell.).15 E .999 +(If a compound command or shell function e)184 627.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +.999(cutes in a conte).15 F .998(xt where)-.15 F F13.498 E F0 .998 +(is being ig-)3.498 F .089(nored, none of the commands e)184 639.6 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G .089(cuted within the compound command or function body) +.15 F .503(will be af)184 651.6 R .503(fected by the)-.25 F F1 +3.002 E F0 .502(setting, e)3.002 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.002(ni).15 G(f) +-3.002 E F13.002 E F0 .502(is set and a command returns a f)3.002 +F .502(ailure sta-)-.1 F 4.183(tus. If)184 663.6 R 4.183(ac)4.183 G +1.683(ompound command or shell function sets)-4.183 F F14.184 E F0 +1.684(while e)4.184 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.684(cuting in a conte).15 F(xt) +-.15 E(where)184 675.6 Q F13.154 E F0 .654 +(is ignored, that setting will not ha)3.154 F .953 -.15(ve a)-.2 H .953 +-.15(ny e).15 H -.25(ff).15 G .653(ect until the compound command).25 F +(or the command containing the function call completes.)184 687.6 Q F1 +144 699.6 Q F0(Disable pathname e)184 699.6 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1 +144 711.6 Q F0 .988(Remember the location of commands as the)184 +711.6 R 3.488(ya)-.15 G .988(re look)-3.488 F .988(ed up for e)-.1 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G 3.488(cution. This).15 F .988(is en-)3.488 F +(abled by def)184 723.6 Q(ault.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2021 No) +136.385 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(mber 22).15 E(15)185.545 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 16 16 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 +(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 +E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF144 84 Q F0 .514 +(All ar)184 84 R .514 +(guments in the form of assignment statements are placed in the en)-.18 +F .513(vironment for a)-.4 F +(command, not just those that precede the command name.)184 96 Q F1 +144 108 Q F0 .148(Monitor mode.)184 108 R .148 +(Job control is enabled.)5.148 F .149(This option is on by def)5.148 F +.149(ault for interacti)-.1 F .449 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells).15 E .235 +(on systems that support it \(see)184 120 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .235 +(JOB CONTR)2.735 F(OL)-.27 E F0(in)2.485 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(bash\(1\))2.735 E F0 2.735(\). 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This) +-.1 F .209(also af)2.709 F .209(fects the editing in-)-.25 F(terf)224 +708 Q(ace used for)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F0(.)A +(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2021 No)136.385 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(mber 22).15 E +(16)185.545 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 17 17 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 +(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 +E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(xtrace)184 84 Q F0 +(Same as)224 84 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A(If)184 102 Q F13.052 E F0 +.552(is supplied with no)3.052 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(option\255name) +3.053 E F0 3.053(,t)C .553(he v)-3.053 F .553 +(alues of the current options are printed.)-.25 F(If)5.553 E F1(+o)184 +114 Q F0 1.072(is supplied with no)3.572 F F2(option\255name)3.572 E F0 +3.572(,a)C 1.071(series of)-.001 F F1(set)3.571 E F0 1.071 +(commands to recreate the current)3.571 F +(option settings is displayed on the standard output.)184 126 Q F1 +144 138 Q F0 -.45(Tu)184 138 S 1.071(rn on).45 F F2(privile)4.821 E -.1 +(ge)-.4 G(d).1 E F0 3.572(mode. In)4.341 F 1.072(this mode, the)3.572 F +/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF($ENV)3.572 E F0(and)3.322 E F3($B)3.572 E(ASH_ENV) +-.27 E F0 1.072(\214les are not pro-)3.322 F 1.501 +(cessed, shell functions are not inherited from the en)184 150 R 1.5 +(vironment, and the)-.4 F F3(SHELLOPTS)4 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3 +-.27(BA)184 162 S(SHOPTS).27 E F4(,)A F3(CDP)2.774 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H) +.855 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.774 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.024 E F0 -.25(va)2.774 G +.524(riables, if the).25 F 3.025(ya)-.15 G .525(ppear in the en)-3.025 F +(vironment,)-.4 E .38(are ignored.)184 174 R .38 +(If the shell is started with the ef)5.38 F(fecti)-.25 E .679 -.15(ve u) +-.25 H .379(ser \(group\) id not equal to the real).15 F .461 +(user \(group\) id, and the)184 186 R F12.961 E F0 .461 +(option is not supplied, these actions are tak)2.961 F .462 +(en and the ef)-.1 F(fec-)-.25 E(ti)184 198 Q .695 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .395 +(ser id is set to the real user id.).15 F .395(If the)5.395 F F1 +2.895 E F0 .394(option is supplied at startup, the ef)2.895 F(fecti)-.25 +E -.15(ve)-.25 G .386(user id is not reset.)184 210 R -.45(Tu)5.386 G +.386(rning this option of).45 F 2.886(fc)-.25 G .387(auses the ef)-2.886 +F(fecti)-.25 E .687 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .387(ser and group ids to be).15 F +(set to the real user and group ids.)184 222 Q F1144 234 Q F0 +(Enable restricted shell mode.)184 234 Q +(This option cannot be unset once it has been set.)5 E F1144 246 Q +F0(Exit after reading and e)184 246 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuting one command.).15 E F1144 258 Q F0 -.35(Tr)184 258 S .774 +(eat unset v).35 F .773(ariables and parameters other than the special \ +parameters "@" and "*", or)-.25 F .459(array v)184 270 R .459(ariables \ +subscripted with "@" or "*", as an error when performing parameter e) +-.25 F(x-)-.15 E 2.891(pansion. If)184 282 R -.15(ex)2.891 G .391 +(pansion is attempted on an unset v).15 F .391(ariable or parameter)-.25 +F 2.89(,t)-.4 G .39(he shell prints an)-2.89 F +(error message, and, if not interacti)184 294 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,e) +.15 G(xits with a non-zero status.)-2.65 E F1144 306 Q F0 +(Print shell input lines as the)184 306 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E +F1144 318 Q F0 .315(After e)184 318 R .315(xpanding each)-.15 F F2 +.315(simple command)2.815 F F0(,)A F1 -.25(fo)2.815 G(r).25 E F0 +(command,)2.815 E F1(case)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E F1(select)2.815 E +F0(command,)2.815 E 1.236(or arithmetic)184 330 R F1 -.25(fo)3.736 G(r) +.25 E F0 1.236(command, display the e)3.736 F 1.236(xpanded v)-.15 F +1.236(alue of)-.25 F F3(PS4)3.736 E F4(,)A F0(follo)3.486 E 1.236 +(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184 342 Q(xpanded ar)-.15 E +(guments or associated w)-.18 E(ord list.)-.1 E F1144 354 Q F0 +1.053(The shell performs brace e)184 354 R 1.053(xpansion \(see)-.15 F +F1 1.053(Brace Expansion)3.553 F F0(in)3.553 E F2(bash\(1\))3.553 E F0 +3.553(\). This)B 1.053(is on by)3.553 F(def)184 366 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1 +144 378 Q F0 .214(If set,)184 378 R F1(bash)2.714 E F0 .214 +(does not o)2.714 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .214(rwrite an e).15 F .214 +(xisting \214le with the)-.15 F F1(>)2.714 E F0(,)A F1(>&)2.714 E F0 +2.713(,a)C(nd)-2.713 E F1(<>)2.713 E F0 .213(redirection opera-)2.713 F +3.053(tors. This)184 390 R .553(may be o)3.053 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .553 +(rridden when creating output \214les by using the redirection opera-) +.15 F(tor)184 402 Q F1(>|)2.5 E F0(instead of)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +144 414 Q F0 .104(If set, an)184 414 R 2.604(yt)-.15 G .104 +(rap on)-2.604 F F1(ERR)2.604 E F0 .103 +(is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and com-)2.604 +F .838(mands e)184 426 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .838(cuted in a subshell en).15 +F 3.338(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(ERR)3.338 E F0 .839 +(trap is normally not inherited in)3.339 F(such cases.)184 438 Q F1 +144 450 Q F0(Enable)184 450 Q F1(!)3.032 E F0 .532 +(style history substitution.)5.532 F .531(This option is on by def)5.532 +F .531(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 462 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1144 474 Q F0 .959 +(If set, the shell does not resolv)184 474 R 3.459(es)-.15 G .959 +(ymbolic links when e)-3.459 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .96 +(cuting commands such as).15 F F1(cd)3.46 E F0 1.453 +(that change the current w)184 486 R 1.453(orking directory)-.1 F 6.453 +(.I)-.65 G 3.952(tu)-6.453 G 1.452(ses the ph)-3.952 F 1.452 +(ysical directory structure in-)-.05 F 3.334(stead. By)184 498 R(def) +3.334 E(ault,)-.1 E F1(bash)3.334 E F0(follo)3.334 E .834 +(ws the logical chain of directories when performing com-)-.25 F +(mands which change the current directory)184 510 Q(.)-.65 E F1144 +522 Q F0 .89(If set, an)184 522 R 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F1 +(DEB)3.39 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)3.39 E F1(RETURN)3.39 E F0 .89 +(are inherited by shell functions, command)3.39 F 1.932 +(substitutions, and commands e)184 534 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932 +(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 4.432(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(DEB)4.432 E +(UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 546 Q F0 +(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F1144 558 Q +F0 .401(If no ar)184 558 R .401(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G +.401(his option, then the positional parameters are unset.)-2.901 F +(Otherwise,)5.4 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 570 Q F2 +(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G +(ome of them be)-2.5 E(gin with a)-.15 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1144 +582 Q F0 .796(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)184 582 R +F2(ar)3.297 E(g)-.37 E F0 3.297(st)C 3.297(ob)-3.297 G 3.297(ea)-3.297 G +.797(ssigned to the positional pa-)-3.297 F 3.022(rameters. The)184 594 +R F13.022 E F0(and)3.022 E F13.022 E F0 .522 +(options are turned of)3.022 F 3.022(f. If)-.25 F .522(there are no) +3.022 F F2(ar)3.022 E(g)-.37 E F0 .521(s, the positional pa-)B +(rameters remain unchanged.)184 606 Q .425(The options are of)144 622.8 +R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)-2.925 E .425 +(ault unless otherwise noted.)-.1 F .425 +(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .178 +(to be turned of)144 634.8 R 2.678(f. The)-.25 F .178 +(options can also be speci\214ed as ar)2.678 F .178(guments to an in) +-.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .177(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.177 E .066 +(current set of options may be found in)144 646.8 R F1<24ad>2.566 E F0 +5.066(.T)C .066(he return status is al)-5.066 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .066 +(ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .067(lid option).25 F +(is encountered.)144 658.8 Q F1(shift)108 675.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0 +(])A .429(The positional parameters from)144 687.6 R F2(n)2.929 E F0 +.429(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....)2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.428 G +.428(rameters represented by the num-).15 F(bers)144 699.6 Q F1($#)2.582 +E F0(do)2.582 E .082(wn to)-.25 F F1($#)2.582 E F0A F2(n)A F0 .082 +(+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.442 E F0 .082(must be a non-ne)2.822 F -.05(ga) +-.15 G(ti).05 E .383 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .083(umber less than or equal to) +.15 F F1($#)2.583 E F0 5.083(.I)C(f)-5.083 E F2(n)2.943 E F0 .06 +(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 711.6 R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 +.06(is not gi)2.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .06(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F +(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is greater than)2.8 F F1($#)2.56 E F0 2.56 +(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .143(positional parameters are not changed.)144 723.6 R +.144(The return status is greater than zero if)5.143 F F2(n)3.004 E F0 +.144(is greater than)2.884 F F1($#)2.644 E F0(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q +(2021 No)136.385 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(mber 22).15 E(17)185.545 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 18 18 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 +(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 +E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 84 Q/F1 +10/Times-Bold@0 SF(shopt)108 100.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255pqsu)A F0 2.5(][) +C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(optname)-2.5 E F0 +(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 112.8 S .64(ggle the v).8 F .639 +(alues of settings controlling optional shell beha)-.25 F(vior)-.2 E +5.639(.T)-.55 G .639(he settings can be either those)-5.639 F .374 +(listed belo)144 124.8 R 1.674 -.65(w, o)-.25 H 1.174 -.4(r, i).65 H +2.874(ft).4 G(he)-2.874 E F12.874 E F0 .375 +(option is used, those a)2.875 F -.25(va)-.2 G .375(ilable with the).25 +F F12.875 E F0 .375(option to the)2.875 F F1(set)2.875 E F0 -.2 +(bu)2.875 G .375(iltin com-).2 F 2.566(mand. W)144 136.8 R .066 +(ith no options, or with the)-.4 F F12.566 E F0 .066 +(option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with an in-)2.566 +F .074(dication of whether or not each is set; if)144 148.8 R F2 +(optnames)2.574 E F0 .074 +(are supplied, the output is restricted to those op-)2.574 F 3.105 +(tions. The)144 160.8 R F13.105 E F0 .605(option causes output to\ + be displayed in a form that may be reused as input.)3.105 F(Other)5.605 +E(options ha)144 172.8 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 184.8 Q F0(Enable \(set\) each)180 +184.8 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 196.8 Q F0 +(Disable \(unset\) each)180 196.8 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 +208.8 Q F0 .003(Suppresses normal output \(quiet mode\); the return sta\ +tus indicates whether the)180 208.8 R F2(optname)2.504 E F0(is)2.504 E +.256(set or unset.)180 220.8 R .256(If multiple)5.256 F F2(optname)2.756 +E F0(ar)2.756 E .256(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.756(nw).15 G +(ith)-2.756 E F12.756 E F0 2.755(,t)C .255 +(he return status is zero if)-2.755 F(all)180 232.8 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E +F0(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)2.5 E F1144 244.8 Q F0 +(Restricts the v)180 244.8 Q(alues of)-.25 E F2(optname)2.5 E F0 +(to be those de\214ned for the)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(option to the)2.5 +E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .624(If either)144 261.6 R F1 +3.124 E F0(or)3.124 E F13.124 E F0 .624(is used with no) +3.124 F F2(optname)3.124 E F0(ar)3.124 E(guments,)-.18 E F1(shopt)3.124 +E F0(sho)3.124 E .624(ws only those options which are)-.25 F .984 +(set or unset, respecti)144 273.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.984(.U) +-.65 G .984(nless otherwise noted, the)-5.984 F F1(shopt)3.484 E F0 .983 +(options are disabled \(unset\) by de-)3.483 F -.1(fa)144 285.6 S(ult.) +.1 E 1.544(The return status when listing options is zero if all)144 +302.4 R F2(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.545(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.) +4.045 F .696 +(When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an) +144 314.4 R F2(optname)3.196 E F0 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .695 +(alid shell)-.25 F(option.)144 326.4 Q(The list of)144 343.2 Q F1(shopt) +2.5 E F0(options is:)2.5 E F1(assoc_expand_once)144 361.2 Q F0 1.944 +(If set, the shell suppresses multiple e)184 373.2 R -.25(va)-.25 G +1.945(luation of associati).25 F 2.245 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.945 +(rray subscripts during).15 F .885(arithmetic e)184 385.2 R .885 +(xpression e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .885(luation, while e).25 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G .885(cuting b).15 F .885(uiltins that can perform v)-.2 F .885 +(ariable as-)-.25 F(signments, and while e)184 397.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuting b).15 E(uiltins that perform array dereferencing.)-.2 E F1 +(autocd)144 409.2 Q F0 .199 +(If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is e)184 409.2 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G .2(cuted as if it were the ar).15 F(gu-)-.18 E +(ment to the)184 421.2 Q F1(cd)2.5 E F0 2.5(command. This)2.5 F +(option is only used by interacti)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E +F1(cdable_v)144 433.2 Q(ars)-.1 E F0 .156(If set, an ar)184 445.2 R .156 +(gument to the)-.18 F F1(cd)2.656 E F0 -.2(bu)2.656 G .155 +(iltin command that is not a directory is assumed to be the).2 F +(name of a v)184 457.2 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E +(alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E F1(cdspell)144 469.2 Q F0 +1.055 +(If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a)184 +469.2 R F1(cd)3.555 E F0 1.055(command will be)3.555 F 3.988 +(corrected. The)184 481.2 R 1.488(errors check)3.988 F 1.487 +(ed for are transposed characters, a missing character)-.1 F 3.987(,a) +-.4 G(nd)-3.987 E .77(one character too man)184 493.2 R 4.57 -.65(y. I) +-.15 H 3.27(fac).65 G .77 +(orrection is found, the corrected \214lename is printed, and)-3.27 F +(the command proceeds.)184 505.2 Q +(This option is only used by interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.) +.15 E F1(checkhash)144 517.2 Q F0 .737(If set,)184 529.2 R F1(bash)3.237 +E F0 .736(checks that a command found in the hash table e)3.237 F .736 +(xists before trying to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cute it.)184 +541.2 Q(If a hashed command no longer e)5 E +(xists, a normal path search is performed.)-.15 E F1(checkjobs)144 553.2 +Q F0 .448(If set,)184 565.2 R F1(bash)2.948 E F0 .448 +(lists the status of an)2.948 F 2.949(ys)-.15 G .449 +(topped and running jobs before e)-2.949 F .449(xiting an interacti)-.15 +F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.662(shell. If)184 577.2 R(an)2.662 E 2.661(yj)-.15 G +.161(obs are running, this causes the e)-2.661 F .161 +(xit to be deferred until a second e)-.15 F .161(xit is at-)-.15 F 1.091 +(tempted without an interv)184 589.2 R 1.091(ening command \(see)-.15 F +/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.091(JOB CONTR)3.591 F(OL)-.27 E F0(in)3.341 E F2 +(bash\(1\))3.591 E F0 3.591(\). The)B(shell)3.591 E(al)184 601.2 Q -.1 +(wa)-.1 G(ys postpones e).1 E(xiting if an)-.15 E 2.5(yj)-.15 G +(obs are stopped.)-2.5 E F1(checkwinsize)144 613.2 Q F0 1.09(If set,)184 +625.2 R F1(bash)3.59 E F0 1.09(checks the windo)3.59 F 3.59(ws)-.25 G +1.09(ize after each e)-3.59 F 1.09(xternal \(non-b)-.15 F 1.09 +(uiltin\) command and, if)-.2 F(necessary)184 637.2 Q 3.35(,u)-.65 G .85 +(pdates the v)-3.35 F .85(alues of)-.25 F F3(LINES)3.35 E F0(and)3.1 E +F3(COLUMNS)3.35 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .85 +(This option is enabled by de-)5.35 F -.1(fa)184 649.2 S(ult.).1 E F1 +(cmdhist)144 661.2 Q F0 .173(If set,)184 661.2 R F1(bash)2.673 E F0 .173 +(attempts to sa)2.673 F .473 -.15(ve a)-.2 H .172 +(ll lines of a multiple-line command in the same history en-).15 F(try) +184 673.2 Q 5.596(.T)-.65 G .597(his allo)-5.596 F .597 +(ws easy re-editing of multi-line commands.)-.25 F .597 +(This option is enabled by de-)5.597 F -.1(fa)184 685.2 S .052(ult, b).1 +F .052(ut only has an ef)-.2 F .052 +(fect if command history is enabled, as described in)-.25 F F2 +(bash\(1\))2.552 E F0(under)2.552 E F3(HIST)184 697.2 Q(OR)-.162 E(Y) +-.315 E F4(.)A F0(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2021 No)136.385 E -.15(ve)-.15 G +(mber 22).15 E(18)185.545 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 19 19 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 +(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 +E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(compat31)144 84 Q +(compat32)144 96 Q(compat40)144 108 Q(compat41)144 120 Q(compat42)144 +132 Q(compat43)144 144 Q(compat44)144 156 Q(compat50)144 168 Q F0 .889 +(These control aspects of the shell')184 180 R 3.389(sc)-.55 G .889 +(ompatibility mode \(see)-3.389 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .889(SHELL COMP) +3.389 F -.855(AT)-.666 G(IBILITY).855 E(MODE)184 192 Q F0(in)2.25 E/F3 +10/Times-Italic@0 SF(bash\(1\))2.5 E F0(\).)A F1(complete_fullquote)144 +208.8 Q F0 .654(If set,)184 220.8 R F1(bash)3.153 E F0 .653(quotes all \ +shell metacharacters in \214lenames and directory names when per)3.153 F +(-)-.2 E 1.524(forming completion.)184 232.8 R 1.524(If not set,)6.524 F +F1(bash)4.024 E F0(remo)4.024 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.024(sm).15 G 1.524 +(etacharacters such as the dollar sign)-4.024 F 2.667(from the set of c\ +haracters that will be quoted in completed \214lenames when these)184 +244.8 R .028(metacharacters appear in shell v)184 256.8 R .028 +(ariable references in w)-.25 F .029(ords to be completed.)-.1 F .029 +(This means)5.029 F 1.073(that dollar signs in v)184 268.8 R 1.073 +(ariable names that e)-.25 F 1.073 +(xpand to directories will not be quoted; ho)-.15 F(w-)-.25 E -2.15 -.25 +(ev e)184 280.8 T 1.922 -.4(r, a).25 H 1.422 -.15(ny d).4 H 1.123 +(ollar signs appearing in \214lenames will not be quoted, either).15 F +6.123(.T)-.55 G 1.123(his is acti)-6.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .59 +(only when bash is using backslashes to quote completed \214lenames.)184 +292.8 R .59(This v)5.59 F .59(ariable is set)-.25 F(by def)184 304.8 Q +(ault, which is the def)-.1 E(ault bash beha)-.1 E(vior in v)-.2 E +(ersions through 4.2.)-.15 E F1(dir)144 321.6 Q(expand)-.18 E F0 .486 +(If set,)184 333.6 R F1(bash)2.986 E F0 .486 +(replaces directory names with the results of w)2.986 F .486(ord e)-.1 F +.487(xpansion when perform-)-.15 F .18(ing \214lename completion.)184 +345.6 R .179(This changes the contents of the readline editing b)5.18 F +(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 5.179(.I)-.55 G 2.679(fn)-5.179 G(ot)-2.679 E(set,) +184 357.6 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(attempts to preserv)2.5 E 2.5(ew)-.15 G +(hat the user typed.)-2.5 E F1(dirspell)144 374.4 Q F0 .858(If set,)184 +374.4 R F1(bash)3.358 E F0 .858 +(attempts spelling correction on directory names during w)3.358 F .859 +(ord completion if)-.1 F +(the directory name initially supplied does not e)184 386.4 Q(xist.)-.15 +E F1(dotglob)144 403.2 Q F0 .165(If set,)184 403.2 R F1(bash)2.665 E F0 +.165(includes \214lenames be)2.665 F .165(ginning with a `.)-.15 F 2.665 +('i)-.7 G 2.665(nt)-2.665 G .165(he results of pathname e)-2.665 F +(xpansion.)-.15 E(The \214lenames)184 415.2 Q F1 -.63(``)2.5 G -.55(.') +.63 G(')-.08 E F0(and)5 E F1 -.63(``)2.5 G(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 +(must al)5.63 E -.1(wa)-.1 G(ys be matched e).1 E(xplicitly)-.15 E 2.5 +(,e)-.65 G -.15(ve)-2.75 G 2.5(ni).15 G(f)-2.5 E F1(dotglob)2.5 E F0 +(is set.)2.5 E F1(execfail)144 432 Q F0 .516(If set, a non-interacti)184 +432 R .816 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .516(hell will not e).15 F .516 +(xit if it cannot e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .517 +(cute the \214le speci\214ed as an ar).15 F(-)-.2 E(gument to the)184 +444 Q F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E(An interacti)5 E +.3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hell does not e).15 E(xit if)-.15 E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 +-.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(expand_aliases)144 460.8 Q F0 .743 +(If set, aliases are e)184 472.8 R .743(xpanded as described in)-.15 F +F3(bash\(1\))3.243 E F0(under)3.243 E F2(ALIASES)3.243 E/F4 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .742(This option is en-)5.243 F(abled by def) +184 484.8 Q(ault for interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1 +(extdeb)144 501.6 Q(ug)-.2 E F0 .17(If set at shell in)184 513.6 R -.2 +(vo)-.4 G .17(cation, or in a shell startup \214le, arrange to e).2 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .17(cute the deb).15 F .17(ugger pro\214le)-.2 F 1.082 +(before the shell starts, identical to the)184 525.6 R F1 +3.582 E(ugger)-.2 E F0 3.581(option. If)3.581 F 1.081(set after in)3.581 +F -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.081(cation, be-).2 F(ha)184 537.6 Q +(vior intended for use by deb)-.2 E(uggers is enabled:)-.2 E F1(1.)184 +554.4 Q F0(The)220 554.4 Q F14.25 E F0 1.75(option to the)4.25 F +F1(declar)4.251 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)4.251 G 1.751 +(iltin displays the source \214le name and line).2 F +(number corresponding to each function name supplied as an ar)220 566.4 +Q(gument.)-.18 E F1(2.)184 583.2 Q F0 1.667(If the command run by the) +220 583.2 R F1(DEB)4.167 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.667(trap returns a non-zero v) +4.167 F 1.667(alue, the ne)-.25 F(xt)-.15 E +(command is skipped and not e)220 595.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1 +(3.)184 612 Q F0 .84(If the command run by the)220 612 R F1(DEB)3.34 E +(UG)-.1 E F0 .841(trap returns a v)3.341 F .841 +(alue of 2, and the shell is)-.25 F -.15(exe)220 624 S .488 +(cuting in a subroutine \(a shell function or a shell script e).15 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .488(cuted by the).15 F F1(.)2.988 E F0(or)2.988 E F1 +(sour)220 636 Q(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(iltins\), the shell simulates a call to).2 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(tur).18 E +(n)-.15 E F0(.)A F1(4.)184 652.8 Q F2 -.27(BA)220 652.8 S(SH_ARGC).27 E +F0(and)3.153 E F2 -.27(BA)3.403 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F0 .904 +(are updated as described in their descriptions)3.154 F(in)220 664.8 Q +F3(bash\(1\))2.5 E F0(\).)A F1(5.)184 681.6 Q F0 1.637(Function tracing\ + is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and sub-)220 681.6 R +(shells in)220 693.6 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E +F1(\()2.5 E F3(command)2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0(inherit the)2.5 E F1(DEB)2.5 +E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(RETURN)2.5 E F0(traps.)2.5 E F1(6.)184 710.4 +Q F0 1.082(Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functi\ +ons, and subshells)220 710.4 R(in)220 722.4 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G +2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(\()2.5 E F3(command)2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0 +(inherit the)2.5 E F1(ERR)2.5 E F0(trap.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q +(2021 No)136.385 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(mber 22).15 E(19)185.545 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 20 20 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 +(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 +E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(extglob)144 84 Q F0 +.273(If set, the e)184 84 R .273 +(xtended pattern matching features described in)-.15 F/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(bash\(1\))2.772 E F0(under)2.772 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.772 G +.272(thname Ex-).1 F(pansion)184 96 Q F0(are enabled.)2.5 E F1(extquote) +144 112.8 Q F0 .86(If set,)184 124.8 R F1($)3.36 E F0<08>A F2(string)A +F0 3.36<0861>C(nd)-3.36 E F1($)3.36 E F0(")A F2(string)A F0 3.36("q)C +.86(uoting is performed within)-3.36 F F1(${)3.36 E F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 +E F1(})A F0 -.15(ex)3.36 G .86(pansions en-).15 F +(closed in double quotes.)184 136.8 Q(This option is enabled by def)5 E +(ault.)-.1 E F1(failglob)144 153.6 Q F0 .243(If set, patterns which f) +184 153.6 R .243(ail to match \214lenames during pathname e)-.1 F .243 +(xpansion result in an e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E(pansion error)184 165.6 Q(.) +-.55 E F1 -.25(fo)144 182.4 S -.18(rc).25 G(e_\214gnor).18 E(e)-.18 E F0 +.936(If set, the suf)184 194.4 R<8c78>-.25 E .936(es speci\214ed by the) +-.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FIGNORE)3.436 E F0 .936(shell v)3.186 F .936 +(ariable cause w)-.25 F .937(ords to be ignored)-.1 F .32 +(when performing w)184 206.4 R .32(ord completion e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +2.82(ni).15 G 2.82(ft)-2.82 G .32(he ignored w)-2.82 F .32 +(ords are the only possible com-)-.1 F 3.293(pletions. See)184 218.4 R +F3 .793(SHELL V)3.293 F(ARIABLES)-1.215 E F0(in)3.043 E F2(bash\(1\)) +3.293 E F0 .794(for a description of)3.293 F F3(FIGNORE)3.294 E/F4 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .794(This op-)5.294 F(tion is enabled by def) +184 230.4 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(globasciiranges)144 247.2 Q F0 2.519 +(If set, range e)184 259.2 R 2.519 +(xpressions used in pattern matching brack)-.15 F 2.518(et e)-.1 F 2.518 +(xpressions \(see)-.15 F F3 -.09(Pa)5.018 G(tter).09 E(n)-.135 E +(Matching)184 271.2 Q F0(in)3.115 E F2(bash\(1\))3.365 E F0 3.365(\)b)C +(eha)-3.365 E 1.165 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 3.365(si).15 G 3.365(fi)-3.365 G +3.365(nt)-3.365 G .866(he traditional C locale when performing compar) +-3.365 F(-)-.2 E 2.668(isons. That)184 283.2 R .168 +(is, the current locale')2.668 F 2.668(sc)-.55 G .168 +(ollating sequence is not tak)-2.668 F .168(en into account, so)-.1 F F1 +(b)2.668 E F0(will)2.668 E .562(not collate between)184 295.2 R F1(A) +3.062 E F0(and)3.062 E F1(B)3.062 E F0 3.062(,a)C .562(nd upper)-3.062 F +.562(-case and lo)-.2 F(wer)-.25 E .563 +(-case ASCII characters will col-)-.2 F(late together)184 307.2 Q(.)-.55 +E F1(globskipdots)144 324 Q F0 .285(If set, pathname e)184 336 R .285 +(xpansion will ne)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.785(rm).15 G .285 +(atch the \214lenames)-2.785 F F1 -.63(``)2.785 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E +F0(and)5.285 E F1 -.63(``)2.784 G(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 2.784(,e) +.63 G -.15(ve)-3.034 G 2.784(ni).15 G 2.784(ft)-2.784 G .284(he pat-) +-2.784 F(tern be)184 348 Q(gins with a)-.15 E F1 -.63(``)2.5 G -.55(.') +.63 G(')-.08 E F0 5(.T)C(his option is enabled by def)-5 E(ault.)-.1 E +F1(globstar)144 364.8 Q F0 .518(If set, the pattern)184 364.8 R F1(**) +3.018 E F0 .519(used in a pathname e)3.019 F .519(xpansion conte)-.15 F +.519(xt will match all \214les and zero)-.15 F .432 +(or more directories and subdirectories.)184 376.8 R .431 +(If the pattern is follo)5.432 F .431(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)2.931 E F0 +2.931(,o)C .431(nly directories)-2.931 F(and subdirectories match.)184 +388.8 Q F1(gnu_errfmt)144 405.6 Q F0(If set, shell error messages are w\ +ritten in the standard GNU error message format.)184 417.6 Q F1 +(histappend)144 434.4 Q F0 .676 +(If set, the history list is appended to the \214le named by the v)184 +446.4 R .676(alue of the)-.25 F F3(HISTFILE)3.177 E F0 -.25(va)2.927 G +(ri-).25 E(able when the shell e)184 458.4 Q(xits, rather than o)-.15 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the \214le.).15 E F1(histr)144 475.2 Q(eedit) +-.18 E F0 .576(If set, and)184 487.2 R F1 -.18(re)3.076 G(adline).18 E +F0 .575(is being used, a user is gi)3.076 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.075(nt).15 +G .575(he opportunity to re-edit a f)-3.075 F .575(ailed his-)-.1 F +(tory substitution.)184 499.2 Q F1(histv)144 516 Q(erify)-.1 E F0 .402 +(If set, and)184 528 R F1 -.18(re)2.903 G(adline).18 E F0 .403 +(is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately) +2.903 F .662(passed to the shell parser)184 540 R 5.662(.I)-.55 G .661 +(nstead, the resulting line is loaded into the)-5.662 F F1 -.18(re)3.161 +G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.161 E -.2(bu)184 552 S -.25(ff).2 G(er).25 E +2.5(,a)-.4 G(llo)-2.5 E(wing further modi\214cation.)-.25 E F1 +(hostcomplete)144 568.8 Q F0 1.181(If set, and)184 580.8 R F1 -.18(re) +3.681 G(adline).18 E F0 1.181(is being used,)3.681 F F1(bash)3.682 E F0 +1.182(will attempt to perform hostname completion)3.682 F .503(when a w) +184 592.8 R .503(ord containing a)-.1 F F1(@)3.003 E F0 .503 +(is being completed \(see)3.003 F F1(Completing)3.003 E F0(under)3.003 E +F3(READLINE)3.003 E F0(in)2.752 E F2(bash\(1\))184 604.8 Q F0 2.5 +(\). This)B(is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(huponexit)144 621.6 Q +F0(If set,)184 633.6 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(will send)2.5 E F3(SIGHUP)2.5 E +F0(to all jobs when an interacti)2.25 E .3 -.15(ve l)-.25 H +(ogin shell e).15 E(xits.)-.15 E F1(inherit_err)144 650.4 Q(exit)-.18 E +F0 .219(If set, command substitution inherits the v)184 662.4 R .219 +(alue of the)-.25 F F1(err)2.719 E(exit)-.18 E F0 .22 +(option, instead of unsetting)2.719 F(it in the subshell en)184 674.4 Q +2.5(vironment. This)-.4 F(option is enabled when)2.5 E F2(posix mode)2.5 +E F0(is enabled.)2.5 E F1(interacti)144 691.2 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments) +.1 E F0 .33(If set, allo)184 703.2 R 2.83(waw)-.25 G .33(ord be)-2.93 F +.33(ginning with)-.15 F F1(#)2.83 E F0 .33(to cause that w)2.83 F .33 +(ord and all remaining characters on)-.1 F .39 +(that line to be ignored in an interacti)184 715.2 R .69 -.15(ve s)-.25 +H .39(hell \(see).15 F F3(COMMENTS)2.89 E F0(in)2.64 E F2(bash\(1\))2.89 +E F0 2.89(\). This)B(option)2.89 E(is enabled by def)184 727.2 Q(ault.) +-.1 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2021 No)136.385 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(mber 22).15 +E(20)185.545 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 21 21 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 +(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 +E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(lastpipe)144 84 Q F0 +.066(If set, and job control is not acti)184 84 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.566 +(,t).15 G .066(he shell runs the last command of a pipeline not e)-2.566 +F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E +(cuted in the background in the current shell en)184 96 Q(vironment.)-.4 +E F1(lithist)144 112.8 Q F0 .654(If set, and the)184 112.8 R F1(cmdhist) +3.154 E F0 .654(option is enabled, multi-line commands are sa)3.154 F +-.15(ve)-.2 G 3.155(dt).15 G 3.155(ot)-3.155 G .655(he history)-3.155 F +(with embedded ne)184 124.8 Q +(wlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible.)-.25 E F1 +(localv)144 141.6 Q(ar_inherit)-.1 E F0 .422(If set, local v)184 153.6 R +.422(ariables inherit the v)-.25 F .422(alue and attrib)-.25 F .422 +(utes of a v)-.2 F .422(ariable of the same name that)-.25 F -.15(ex)184 +165.6 S .173(ists at a pre).15 F .173(vious scope before an)-.25 F 2.673 +(yn)-.15 G .673 -.25(ew va)-2.673 H .173(lue is assigned.).25 F .174 +(The nameref attrib)5.174 F .174(ute is not)-.2 F(inherited.)184 177.6 Q +F1(localv)144 194.4 Q(ar_unset)-.1 E F0 .329(If set, calling)184 206.4 R +F1(unset)2.829 E F0 .329(on local v)2.829 F .329(ariables in pre)-.25 F +.328(vious function scopes marks them so subse-)-.25 F .543(quent looku\ +ps \214nd them unset until that function returns. This is identical to \ +the beha)184 218.4 R(v-)-.2 E(ior of unsetting local v)184 230.4 Q +(ariables at the current function scope.)-.25 E F1(login_shell)144 247.2 +Q F0 .693 +(The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell \(see)184 +259.2 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(INV)3.192 E(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F0(in) +2.942 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(bash\(1\))3.192 E F0(\).)A(The v)184 +271.2 Q(alue may not be changed.)-.25 E F1(mailwar)144 288 Q(n)-.15 E F0 +.814(If set, and a \214le that)184 300 R F1(bash)3.314 E F0 .815 +(is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it)3.314 F +-.1(wa)184 312 S 2.5(sc).1 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed, the message `)-.1 E +(`The mail in)-.74 E F3(mail\214le)2.5 E F0(has been read')2.5 E 2.5('i) +-.74 G 2.5(sd)-2.5 G(isplayed.)-2.5 E F1(no_empty_cmd_completion)144 +328.8 Q F0 .325(If set, and)184 340.8 R F1 -.18(re)2.825 G(adline).18 E +F0 .325(is being used,)2.825 F F1(bash)2.824 E F0 .324 +(will not attempt to search the)2.824 F F2 -.666(PA)2.824 G(TH)-.189 E +F0 .324(for possible)2.574 F +(completions when completion is attempted on an empty line.)184 352.8 Q +F1(nocaseglob)144 369.6 Q F0 .436(If set,)184 381.6 R F1(bash)2.936 E F0 +.436(matches \214lenames in a case\255insensiti)2.936 F .737 -.15(ve f) +-.25 H .437(ashion when performing pathname).05 F -.15(ex)184 393.6 S +(pansion \(see).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.5 G(thname Expansion).1 E F0(in)2.5 E +F3(bash\(1\))2.5 E F0(\).)A F1(nocasematch)144 410.4 Q F0 1.194(If set,) +184 422.4 R F1(bash)3.694 E F0 1.194 +(matches patterns in a case\255insensiti)3.694 F 1.493 -.15(ve f)-.25 H +1.193(ashion when performing matching).05 F .551(while e)184 434.4 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(case)3.051 E F0(or)3.051 E F1([[)3.051 E +F0 .551(conditional commands, when performing pattern substitution)3.051 +F -.1(wo)184 446.4 S .623(rd e).1 F .623(xpansions, or when \214ltering\ + possible completions as part of programmable com-)-.15 F(pletion.)184 +458.4 Q F1(noexpand_translation)144 475.2 Q F0 1.117(If set,)184 487.2 R +F1(bash)3.617 E F0 1.117(encloses the translated results of $"..." quot\ +ing in single quotes instead of)3.617 F(double quotes.)184 499.2 Q +(If the string is not translated, this has no ef)5 E(fect.)-.25 E F1 +(nullglob)144 516 Q F0 .319(If set,)184 528 R F1(bash)2.819 E F0(allo) +2.819 E .319(ws patterns which match no \214les \(see)-.25 F F1 -.1(Pa) +2.818 G .318(thname Expansion).1 F F0(in)2.818 E F3(bash\(1\))2.818 E F0 +(\))A(to e)184 540 Q(xpand to a null string, rather than themselv)-.15 E +(es.)-.15 E F1(patsub_r)144 556.8 Q(eplacement)-.18 E F0 .105(If set,) +184 568.8 R F1(bash)2.605 E F0 -.15(ex)2.605 G .105 +(pands occurrences of).15 F F1(&)2.606 E F0 .106 +(in the replacement string of pattern substitution to)2.606 F .989 +(the te)184 580.8 R .988(xt matched by the pattern, as described under) +-.15 F F1 -.1(Pa)3.488 G .988(rameter Expansion).1 F F0(in)3.488 E F3 +(bash\(1\))3.488 E F0(.)A(This option is enabled by def)184 592.8 Q +(ault.)-.1 E F1(pr)144 609.6 Q(ogcomp)-.18 E F0 2.802 +(If set, the programmable completion f)184 621.6 R 2.802 +(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)5.302 E 2.803(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F +F0(in)5.303 E F3(bash\(1\))184 633.6 Q F0 2.5(\)a)C(re enabled.)-2.5 E +(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(pr)144 650.4 Q +(ogcomp_alias)-.18 E F0 2.124 +(If set, and programmable completion is enabled,)184 662.4 R F1(bash) +4.624 E F0 2.124(treats a command name that)4.624 F(doesn')184 674.4 Q +3.288(th)-.18 G -2.25 -.2(av e)-3.288 H(an)3.488 E 3.288(yc)-.15 G .789 +(ompletions as a possible alias and attempts alias e)-3.288 F .789 +(xpansion. If it has)-.15 F 1.473(an alias,)184 686.4 R F1(bash)3.973 E +F0 1.473(attempts programmable completion using the command w)3.973 F +1.473(ord resulting)-.1 F(from the e)184 698.4 Q(xpanded alias.)-.15 E +(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2021 No)136.385 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(mber 22).15 E +(21)185.545 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 22 22 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 +(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 +E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(pr)144 84 Q(omptv) +-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 1.447(If set, prompt strings under)184 96 R 1.448 +(go parameter e)-.18 F 1.448(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic) +-.15 F -.15(ex)184 108 S 1.834(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va) +-.15 G 4.334(la).25 G 1.834(fter being e)-4.334 F 1.834 +(xpanded as described in)-.15 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)4.333 E(OMPTING) +-.27 E F0(in)4.083 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(bash\(1\))184 120 Q F0 5 +(.T)C(his option is enabled by def)-5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)144 136.8 +S(stricted_shell).18 E F0 .329 +(The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode \(see) +184 148.8 R F2 .329(RESTRICTED SHELL)2.829 F F0(in)2.58 E F3(bash\(1\)) +184 160.8 Q F0 2.731(\). The)B -.25(va)2.731 G .231 +(lue may not be changed.).25 F .23 +(This is not reset when the startup \214les are e)5.231 F(x-)-.15 E +(ecuted, allo)184 172.8 Q(wing the startup \214les to disco)-.25 E -.15 +(ve)-.15 G 2.5(rw).15 G(hether or not a shell is restricted.)-2.5 E F1 +(shift_v)144 189.6 Q(erbose)-.1 E F0 .501(If set, the)184 201.6 R F1 +(shift)3.001 E F0 -.2(bu)3.001 G .501 +(iltin prints an error message when the shift count e).2 F .502 +(xceeds the number)-.15 F(of positional parameters.)184 213.6 Q F1(sour) +144 230.4 Q(cepath)-.18 E F0 .771(If set, the)184 242.4 R F1(.)3.271 E +F0(\()3.271 E F1(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F0 3.271(\)b)C .771(uiltin uses the v) +-3.471 F .771(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.666(PA)3.27 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .77 +(to \214nd the directory containing the)3.02 F(\214le supplied as an ar) +184 254.4 Q 2.5(gument. This)-.18 F(option is enabled by def)2.5 E +(ault.)-.1 E F1 -.1(va)144 271.2 S(rr).1 E(edir_close)-.18 E F0 .74(If \ +set, the shell automatically closes \214le descriptors assigned using t\ +he)184 283.2 R F3({varname})3.24 E F0(redi-)3.24 E .908 +(rection syntax \(see)184 295.2 R F2(REDIRECTION)3.408 E F0(in)3.157 E +F3(bash\(1\))3.407 E F0 3.407(\)i)C .907(nstead of lea)-3.407 F .907 +(ving them open when the)-.2 F(command completes.)184 307.2 Q F1 +(xpg_echo)144 324 Q F0(If set, the)184 336 Q F1(echo)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 +G(iltin e).2 E(xpands backslash-escape sequences by def)-.15 E(ault.)-.1 +E F1(suspend)108 352.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0(])A .909(Suspend the e) +144 364.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .909(cution of this shell until it recei).15 +F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.41(sa).15 G F2(SIGCONT)A F0 3.41(signal. A)3.16 F .91 +(login shell, or a shell)3.41 F .753 +(without job control enabled, cannot be suspended; the)144 376.8 R F1 +3.253 E F0 .752(option can be used to o)3.252 F -.15(ve)-.15 G +.752(rride this and).15 F .107(force the suspension.)144 388.8 R .107(T\ +he return status is 0 unless the shell is a login shell or job control \ +is not en-)5.107 F(abled and)144 400.8 Q F12.5 E F0 +(is not supplied.)2.5 E F1(test)108 417.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1 +([)108 429.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(])2.5 E F0 .878 +(Return a status of 0 \(true\) or 1 \(f)144 429.6 R .877 +(alse\) depending on the e)-.1 F -.25(va)-.25 G .877 +(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F3 -.2(ex)144 441.6 +S(pr).2 E F0 5.53(.E).73 G .53 +(ach operator and operand must be a separate ar)-5.53 F 3.03 +(gument. Expressions)-.18 F .53(are composed of the)3.03 F 1.232 +(primaries described in)144 453.6 R F3(bash\(1\))3.732 E F0(under)3.731 +E F2(CONDITION)3.731 E 1.231(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF +(.)A F1(test)5.731 E F0 1.231(does not accept an)3.731 F(y)-.15 E +(options, nor does it accept and ignore an ar)144 465.6 Q(gument of)-.18 +E F12.5 E F0(as signifying the end of options.)2.5 E .785 +(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 483.6 R .786 +(wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F 3.412 +(dence. The)144 495.6 R -.25(eva)3.412 G .912 +(luation depends on the number of ar).25 F .911(guments; see belo)-.18 F +4.711 -.65(w. O)-.25 H .911(perator precedence is).65 F +(used when there are \214v)144 507.6 Q 2.5(eo)-.15 G 2.5(rm)-2.5 G +(ore ar)-2.5 E(guments.)-.18 E F1(!)144 519.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E +F0 -.35(Tr)180 519.6 S(ue if).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0(is f)3.23 +E(alse.)-.1 E F1(\()144 531.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(\))2.5 E F0 +.26(Returns the v)180 531.6 R .26(alue of)-.25 F F3 -.2(ex)2.76 G(pr).2 +E F0 5.26(.T)C .26(his may be used to o)-5.26 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .26 +(rride the normal precedence of opera-).15 F(tors.)180 543.6 Q F3 -.2 +(ex)144 555.6 S(pr1).2 E F02.5 E F1(a)A F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 +-.35(Tr)180 567.6 S(ue if both).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(and)2.5 +E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(are true.)2.52 E F3 -.2(ex)144 579.6 S +(pr1).2 E F02.5 E F1(o)A F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 +591.6 S(ue if either).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(or)2.5 E F3 -.2 +(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(is true.)2.52 E F1(test)144 608.4 Q F0(and)2.5 E +F1([)2.5 E F0 -.25(eva)2.5 G(luate conditional e).25 E +(xpressions using a set of rules based on the number of ar)-.15 E +(guments.)-.18 E 2.5(0a)144 626.4 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E(The e) +180 638.4 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(1a)144 650.4 S -.18 +(rg)-2.5 G(ument).18 E(The e)180 662.4 Q +(xpression is true if and only if the ar)-.15 E(gument is not null.)-.18 +E 2.5(2a)144 674.4 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .37(If the \214rst ar) +180 686.4 R .37(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)2.87 E F0 2.87(,t)C .37(he e)-2.87 +F .37(xpression is true if and only if the second ar)-.15 F .37 +(gument is null.)-.18 F 1.682(If the \214rst ar)180 698.4 R 1.683 +(gument is one of the unary conditional operators listed in)-.18 F F3 +(bash\(1\))4.183 E F0(under)4.183 E F2(CONDITION)180 710.4 Q .122 +(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F F4(,)A F0 .122(the e)2.372 F .122 +(xpression is true if the unary test is true.)-.15 F .121 +(If the \214rst)5.121 F(ar)180 722.4 Q(gument is not a v)-.18 E +(alid unary conditional operator)-.25 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G(he e)-2.5 E +(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2021 No)136.385 +E -.15(ve)-.15 G(mber 22).15 E(22)185.545 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 23 23 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 +(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 +E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E 2.5(3a)144 84 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E +.236(The follo)180 96 R .236 +(wing conditions are applied in the order listed.)-.25 F .236 +(If the second ar)5.236 F .236(gument is one of)-.18 F .546 +(the binary conditional operators listed in)180 108 R/F1 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(bash\(1\))3.046 E F0(under)3.046 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 +SF(CONDITION)3.046 E .546(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,) +A F0 .887(the result of the e)180 120 R .888(xpression is the result of\ + the binary test using the \214rst and third ar)-.15 F(gu-)-.18 E .434 +(ments as operands.)180 132 R(The)5.434 E/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +2.934 E F0(and)2.934 E F42.934 E F0 .434 +(operators are considered binary operators when there)2.934 F .645 +(are three ar)180 144 R 3.145(guments. If)-.18 F .645(the \214rst ar) +3.145 F .646(gument is)-.18 F F4(!)3.146 E F0 3.146(,t)C .646(he v) +-3.146 F .646(alue is the ne)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .646(tion of the tw) +.05 F(o-ar)-.1 E(gu-)-.18 E .452 +(ment test using the second and third ar)180 156 R 2.951(guments. If) +-.18 F .451(the \214rst ar)2.951 F .451(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E +F4(\()2.951 E F0 .451(and the)2.951 F 1.164(third ar)180 168 R 1.164 +(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F4(\))3.664 E F0 3.664(,t)C 1.164 +(he result is the one-ar)-3.664 F 1.165(gument test of the second ar) +-.18 F(gument.)-.18 E(Otherwise, the e)180 180 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E +(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(4a)144 192 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .43(The follo) +180 204 R .43(wing conditions are applied in the order listed.)-.25 F +.429(If the \214rst ar)5.429 F .429(gument is)-.18 F F4(!)2.929 E F0 +2.929(,t)C .429(he re-)-2.929 F 1.314(sult is the ne)180 216 R -.05(ga) +-.15 G 1.314(tion of the three-ar).05 F 1.314(gument e)-.18 F 1.314 +(xpression composed of the remaining ar)-.15 F(gu-)-.18 E 2.745 +(ments. the)180 228 R(tw)2.745 E(o-ar)-.1 E .245 +(gument test using the second and third ar)-.18 F 2.744(guments. If)-.18 +F .244(the \214rst ar)2.744 F(gument)-.18 E .309(is e)180 240 R(xactly) +-.15 E F4(\()2.809 E F0 .309(and the fourth ar)2.809 F .309(gument is e) +-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F4(\))2.809 E F0 2.809(,t)C .31 +(he result is the tw)-2.809 F(o-ar)-.1 E .31(gument test of the)-.18 F +.184(second and third ar)180 252 R 2.684(guments. Otherwise,)-.18 F .184 +(the e)2.684 F .183(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .183 +(luated according).25 F(to precedence using the rules listed abo)180 264 +Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E 2.5(5o)144 276 S 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar)-2.5 E +(guments)-.18 E 1.635(The e)180 288 R 1.635(xpression is parsed and e) +-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.635 +(luated according to precedence using the rules listed).25 F(abo)180 300 +Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(When used with)144 318 Q F4(test)2.5 E F0(or) +2.5 E F4([)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he)-2.5 E F4(<)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F4(>)2.5 +E F0(operators sort le)2.5 E(xicographically using ASCII ordering.)-.15 +E F4(times)108 334.8 Q F0 1.229(Print the accumulated user and system t\ +imes for the shell and for processes run from the shell.)144 334.8 R +(The return status is 0.)144 346.8 Q F4(trap)108 363.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F4 +(\255lp)A F0 2.5(][)C([)-2.5 E F1(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(])A F1(sigspec)2.5 E +F0(...])2.5 E .682(The command)144 375.6 R F1(ar)3.512 E(g)-.37 E F0 +.682(is to be read and e)3.402 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .682 +(cuted when the shell recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.183(ss).15 G +(ignal\(s\))-3.183 E F1(sigspec)3.523 E F0 5.683(.I).31 G(f)-5.683 E F1 +(ar)3.513 E(g)-.37 E F0(is)3.403 E .609(absent \(and there is a single) +144 387.6 R F1(sigspec)3.108 E F0 3.108(\)o)C(r)-3.108 E F43.108 E +F0 3.108(,e)C .608 +(ach speci\214ed signal is reset to its original disposition)-3.108 F +.658(\(the v)144 399.6 R .658(alue it had upon entrance to the shell\).) +-.25 F(If)5.658 E F1(ar)3.488 E(g)-.37 E F0 .659 +(is the null string the signal speci\214ed by each)3.378 F F1(sigspec) +144.34 411.6 Q F0 .581 +(is ignored by the shell and by the commands it in)3.391 F -.2(vo)-.4 G +-.1(ke).2 G 3.08(s. If).1 F F1(ar)3.41 E(g)-.37 E F0 .58 +(is not present and)3.3 F F43.08 E F0(has)3.08 E 1.214 +(been supplied, then the trap commands associated with each)144 423.6 R +F1(sigspec)4.054 E F0 1.215(are displayed.)4.024 F 1.215(If no ar)6.215 +F(gu-)-.18 E .86(ments are supplied or if only)144 435.6 R F43.36 +E F0 .86(is gi)3.36 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n,).15 E F4(trap)3.36 E F0 .86 +(prints the list of commands associated with each)3.36 F 2.83 +(signal. The)144 447.6 R F42.83 E F0 .33(option causes the shell \ +to print a list of signal names and their corresponding num-)2.83 F +4.311(bers. Each)144 459.6 R F1(sigspec)4.651 E F0 1.811 +(is either a signal name de\214ned in <)4.621 F F1(signal.h)A F0 1.81 +(>, or a signal number)B 6.81(.S)-.55 G(ignal)-6.81 E +(names are case insensiti)144 471.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(nd the).15 E +F2(SIG)2.5 E F0(pre\214x is optional.)2.25 E .666(If a)144 489.6 R F1 +(sigspec)3.506 E F0(is)3.476 E F2(EXIT)3.166 E F0 .666 +(\(0\) the command)2.916 F F1(ar)3.496 E(g)-.37 E F0 .666(is e)3.386 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .666(cuted on e).15 F .667(xit from the shell.)-.15 F +.667(If a)5.667 F F1(sigspec)3.507 E F0(is)3.477 E F2(DE-)3.167 E -.09 +(BU)144 501.6 S(G).09 E F3(,)A F0 .484(the command)2.734 F F1(ar)3.314 E +(g)-.37 E F0 .484(is e)3.204 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .484(cuted before e).15 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E F1 .483(simple command)2.984 F F0(,)A F1(for) +2.983 E F0(command,)2.983 E F1(case)2.983 E F0(command,)2.983 E F1 +(select)144 513.6 Q F0 .562(command, e)3.062 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .563 +(ry arithmetic).15 F F1(for)3.063 E F0 .563 +(command, and before the \214rst command e)3.063 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .563 +(cutes in a shell).15 F .442(function \(see)144 525.6 R F2 .442 +(SHELL GRAMMAR)2.942 F F0(in)2.692 E F1(bash\(1\))2.942 E F0 2.941 +(\). Refer)B .441(to the description of the)2.941 F F4(extdeb)2.941 E +(ug)-.2 E F0 .441(option to)2.941 F(the)144 537.6 Q F4(shopt)3.2 E F0 +-.2(bu)3.2 G .7(iltin for details of its ef).2 F .7(fect on the)-.25 F +F4(DEB)3.2 E(UG)-.1 E F0 3.2(trap. If)3.2 F(a)3.2 E F1(sigspec)3.54 E F0 +(is)3.51 E F2(RETURN)3.2 E F3(,)A F0 .701(the com-)2.951 F(mand)144 +549.6 Q F1(ar)3.474 E(g)-.37 E F0 .644(is e)3.364 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .643 +(cuted each time a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.643(cuted with the).15 F F4(.)3.143 E F0(or)3.143 E F4(sour)3.143 E(ce) +-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.143 G(iltins).2 E(\214nishes e)144 561.6 Q -.15(xe) +-.15 G(cuting.).15 E .96(If a)144 579.6 R F1(sigspec)3.8 E F0(is)3.77 E +F2(ERR)3.46 E F3(,)A F0 .96(the command)3.21 F F1(ar)3.791 E(g)-.37 E F0 +.961(is e)3.681 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .961(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +3.461(rap).15 G .961(ipeline \(which may consist of a)-3.461 F .185(sin\ +gle simple command\), a list, or a compound command returns a non\255ze\ +ro e)144 591.6 R .184(xit status, subject to)-.15 F .451(the follo)144 +603.6 R .451(wing conditions.)-.25 F(The)5.451 E F2(ERR)2.951 E F0 .451 +(trap is not e)2.701 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .451(cuted if the f).15 F .452 +(ailed command is part of the com-)-.1 F .388 +(mand list immediately follo)144 615.6 R .388(wing a)-.25 F F4(while) +2.888 E F0(or)2.888 E F4(until)2.888 E F0 -.1(ke)2.888 G(yw)-.05 E .388 +(ord, part of the test in an)-.1 F F1(if)2.897 E F0 .387 +(statement, part)4.847 F .777(of a command e)144 627.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +.778(cuted in a).15 F F4(&&)3.278 E F0(or)3.278 E F4(||)3.278 E F0 .778 +(list e)3.278 F .778(xcept the command follo)-.15 F .778 +(wing the \214nal)-.25 F F4(&&)3.278 E F0(or)3.278 E F4(||)3.278 E F0 +3.278(,a)C -.15(ny)-3.278 G 1.28(command in a pipeline b)144 639.6 R +1.28(ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F 3.78(sr)-.55 G 1.28(eturn v) +-3.78 F 1.28(alue is being in)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.28(rted using).15 F +F4(!)3.78 E F0(.)A(These are the same conditions obe)144 651.6 Q +(yed by the)-.15 E F4(err)2.5 E(exit)-.18 E F0(\()2.5 E F4A F0 2.5 +(\)o)C(ption.)-2.5 E .132 +(Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.)144 +669.6 R -.35(Tr)5.133 G .133(apped signals that are not be-).35 F .117 +(ing ignored are reset to their original v)144 681.6 R .117 +(alues in a subshell or subshell en)-.25 F .117 +(vironment when one is cre-)-.4 F 2.5(ated. The)144 693.6 R +(return status is f)2.5 E(alse if an)-.1 E(y)-.15 E F1(sigspec)2.84 E F0 +(is in)2.81 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid; otherwise).25 E F4(trap)2.5 E F0 +(returns true.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2021 No)136.385 E -.15(ve) +-.15 G(mber 22).15 E(23)185.545 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 24 24 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 +(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 +E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(type)108 84 Q F0([) +2.5 E F1(\255aftpP)A F0(])A/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 +E F2(name)A F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 96 S .173 +(th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.673(we)-.25 G(ach)-2.673 E F2(name) +3.033 E F0 -.1(wo)2.853 G .174 +(uld be interpreted if used as a command name.).1 F .174(If the)5.174 F +F1144 108 Q F0 .715(option is used,)3.215 F F1(type)3.215 E F0 +.715(prints a string which is one of)3.215 F F2(alias)3.545 E F0(,).27 E +F2 -.1(ke)3.215 G(ywor)-.2 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E F2(function)5.185 E F0 +(,).24 E F2 -.2(bu)3.215 G(iltin).2 E F0 3.215(,o).24 G(r)-3.215 E F2 +(\214le)5.125 E F0(if)3.395 E F2(name)144.36 120 Q F0 .086 +(is an alias, shell reserv)2.766 F .086(ed w)-.15 F .086 +(ord, function, b)-.1 F .087(uiltin, or disk \214le, respecti)-.2 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.087(.I)-.65 G 2.587(ft)-5.087 G(he)-2.587 E F2 +(name)2.947 E F0 .087(is not)2.767 F .119 +(found, then nothing is printed, and an e)144 132 R .118 +(xit status of f)-.15 F .118(alse is returned.)-.1 F .118(If the)5.118 F +F12.618 E F0 .118(option is used,)2.618 F F1(type)2.618 E F0 .855 +(either returns the name of the disk \214le that w)144 144 R .855 +(ould be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .855(cuted if).15 F F2(name)3.715 E F0 +.855(were speci\214ed as a com-)3.535 F .529(mand name, or nothing if) +144 156 R/F3 10/Courier@0 SF .528(type -t name)3.028 F F0 -.1(wo)3.028 G +.528(uld not return).1 F F2(\214le)4.938 E F0 5.528(.T).18 G(he)-5.528 E +F13.028 E F0 .528(option forces a)3.028 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +-.666(PA)3.028 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .006(search for each)144 168 R F2(name) +2.506 E F0 2.506(,e)C -.15(ve)-2.756 G 2.506(ni).15 G(f)-2.506 E F3 .007 +(type -t name)2.506 F F0 -.1(wo)2.507 G .007(uld not return).1 F F2 +(\214le)4.417 E F0 5.007(.I).18 G 2.507(fac)-5.007 G .007 +(ommand is hashed,)-2.507 F F12.507 E F0(and)144 180 Q F1 +3.231 E F0 .731(print the hashed v)3.231 F .73 +(alue, which is not necessarily the \214le that appears \214rst in)-.25 +F F4 -.666(PA)3.23 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .73(If the) +5.23 F F1144 192 Q F0 .823(option is used,)3.323 F F1(type)3.323 E +F0 .824(prints all of the places that contain an e)3.323 F -.15(xe)-.15 +G .824(cutable named).15 F F2(name)3.684 E F0 5.824(.T).18 G .824 +(his in-)-5.824 F 1.176 +(cludes aliases and functions, if and only if the)144 204 R F1 +3.676 E F0 1.176(option is not also used.)3.676 F 1.176 +(The table of hashed)6.176 F 1.223(commands is not consulted when using) +144 216 R F13.723 E F0 6.223(.T)C(he)-6.223 E F13.723 E F0 +1.223(option suppresses shell function lookup, as)3.723 F .326(with the) +144 228 R F1(command)2.826 E F0 -.2(bu)2.826 G(iltin.).2 E F1(type)5.326 +E F0 .326(returns true if all of the ar)2.826 F .325 +(guments are found, f)-.18 F .325(alse if an)-.1 F 2.825(ya)-.15 G .325 +(re not)-2.825 F(found.)144 240 Q F1(ulimit)108 256.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 +(\255HS)A F0(])A F12.5 E(ulimit)108 268.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255HS)A +F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255bcde\214klmnpqrstuvxPR)-2.5 E(T)-.4 E F0([)2.5 E F2 +(limit)A F0(]])A(Pro)144 280.8 Q .243(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve) +-.15 G 2.743(rt).15 G .243(he resources a)-2.743 F -.25(va)-.2 G .244 +(ilable to the shell and to processes started by it, on systems).25 F +.944(that allo)144 292.8 R 3.444(ws)-.25 G .944(uch control.)-3.444 F +(The)5.944 E F13.444 E F0(and)3.444 E F13.444 E F0 .943 +(options specify that the hard or soft limit is set for the)3.444 F(gi) +144 304.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.708(nr).15 G 2.708(esource. A)-2.708 F .208 +(hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a so\ +ft limit may)2.708 F .426(be increased up to the v)144 316.8 R .426 +(alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .425(If neither)5.426 F F12.925 E +F0(nor)2.925 E F12.925 E F0 .425 +(is speci\214ed, both the soft and)2.925 F .139(hard limits are set.)144 +328.8 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F2(limit)2.729 E F0 .139 +(can be a number in the unit speci\214ed for the resource or one)3.319 F +.742(of the special v)144 340.8 R(alues)-.25 E F1(hard)3.242 E F0(,)A F1 +(soft)3.241 E F0 3.241(,o)C(r)-3.241 E F1(unlimited)3.241 E F0 3.241(,w) +C .741(hich stand for the current hard limit, the current)-3.241 F .023 +(soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 352.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E +5.023(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.023 E F2(limit)2.613 E F0 .023 +(is omitted, the current v)3.203 F .023 +(alue of the soft limit of the re-)-.25 F .985 +(source is printed, unless the)144 364.8 R F13.485 E F0 .984 +(option is gi)3.485 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.484(n. When).15 F .984 +(more than one resource is speci\214ed, the)3.484 F .7 +(limit name and unit, if appropriate, are printed before the v)144 376.8 +R 3.2(alue. Other)-.25 F .7(options are interpreted as)3.2 F(follo)144 +388.8 Q(ws:)-.25 E F1144 400.8 Q F0 +(All current limits are reported; no limits are set)180 400.8 Q F1 +144 412.8 Q F0(The maximum sock)180 412.8 Q(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E +(fer size)-.25 E F1144 424.8 Q F0 +(The maximum size of core \214les created)180 424.8 Q F1144 436.8 +Q F0(The maximum size of a process')180 436.8 Q 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ata se) +-2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F1144 448.8 Q F0 +(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))180 448.8 Q F1144 +460.8 Q F0 +(The maximum size of \214les written by the shell and its children)180 +460.8 Q F1144 472.8 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals)180 +472.8 Q F1144 484.8 Q F0 +(The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated)180 484.8 Q F1 +144 496.8 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)180 496.8 Q +(ed into memory)-.1 E F1144 508.8 Q F0 +(The maximum resident set size \(man)180 508.8 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G +(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F1144 520.8 Q F0 .791(Th\ +e maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do not allo) +180 520.8 R 3.29(wt)-.25 G .79(his v)-3.29 F .79(alue to)-.25 F +(be set\))180 532.8 Q F1144 544.8 Q F0 +(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))180 544.8 Q F1 +144 556.8 Q F0 +(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues)180 556.8 Q F1 +144 568.8 Q F0(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)180 568.8 +Q F1144 580.8 Q F0(The maximum stack size)180 580.8 Q F1144 +592.8 Q F0(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)180 592.8 Q F1 +144 604.8 Q F0(The maximum number of processes a)180 604.8 Q -.25 +(va)-.2 G(ilable to a single user).25 E F1144 616.8 Q F0 .47 +(The maximum amount of virtual memory a)180 616.8 R -.25(va)-.2 G .47 +(ilable to the shell and, on some systems, to).25 F(its children)180 +628.8 Q F1144 640.8 Q F0(The maximum number of \214le locks)180 +640.8 Q F1144 652.8 Q F0(The maximum number of pseudoterminals)180 +652.8 Q F1144 664.8 Q F0(The maximum time a real-time process can\ + run before blocking, in microseconds)180 664.8 Q F1144 676.8 Q F0 +(The maximum number of threads)180 676.8 Q(If)144 693.6 Q F2(limit)3.058 +E F0 .468(is gi)3.648 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .468(n, and the).15 F F1 +2.968 E F0 .468(option is not used,)2.968 F F2(limit)2.968 E F0 .468 +(is the ne)2.968 F 2.968(wv)-.25 G .468 +(alue of the speci\214ed resource.)-3.218 F(If)5.468 E .044 +(no option is gi)144 705.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .044(n, then).15 F F1 +2.544 E F0 .045(is assumed.)2.545 F -1.11(Va)5.045 G .045 +(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .045(xcept for)-.15 F F1 +2.545 E F0 2.545(,w)C .045(hich is)-2.545 F .67(in seconds;)144 +717.6 R F13.17 E F0 3.17(,w)C .67(hich is in microseconds;)-3.17 F +F13.17 E F0 3.17(,w)C .67(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks;) +-3.17 F F13.17 E F0(,)A F13.17 E F0(,)A F13.17 E F0(,) +A F1144 729.6 Q F0(,)A F13.736 E F0 3.736(,a)C(nd)-3.736 E +F13.736 E F0 3.736(,w)C 1.236(hich are unscaled v)-3.736 F 1.236 +(alues; and, when in posix mode,)-.25 F F13.736 E F0(and)3.736 E +F13.736 E F0 3.736(,w)C 1.237(hich are in)-3.736 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 +768 Q(2021 No)136.385 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(mber 22).15 E(24)185.545 E 0 Cg +EP +%%Page: 25 25 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 +(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 +E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E .239(512-byte increments.)144 84 R .238 +(The return status is 0 unless an in)5.239 F -.25(va)-.4 G .238 +(lid option or ar).25 F .238(gument is supplied, or an)-.18 F +(error occurs while setting a ne)144 96 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(imit.)-2.5 E/F1 +10/Times-Bold@0 SF(umask)108 112.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C F1 +-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(mode)-2.5 E F0(])A .18 +(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 124.8 R F2(mode)3.06 E F0 +5.18(.I).18 G(f)-5.18 E F2(mode)3.06 E F0(be)2.86 E .18 +(gins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal)-.15 F .066(number; o\ +therwise it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that acce\ +pted by)144 136.8 R F2 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144 +148.8 Q F2(mode)3.262 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.062 F .382 +(alue of the mask is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.382 E F12.882 E F0 .382 +(option causes the mask to be)2.882 F .547 +(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 160.8 R .547 +(ault output is an octal number)-.1 F 5.547(.I)-.55 G 3.047(ft)-5.547 G +(he)-3.047 E F13.047 E F0 .547(option is supplied, and)3.047 F F2 +(mode)144.38 172.8 Q F0 .551 +(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.231 +F .552(The return status is 0 if the)5.552 F(mode w)144 184.8 Q +(as successfully changed or if no)-.1 E F2(mode)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E +(gument w)-.18 E(as supplied, and f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F1 +(unalias)108 201.6 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0 +(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 213.6 Q 1.058 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(name) +3.258 E F0 .758(from the list of de\214ned aliases.)3.258 F(If)5.758 E +F13.258 E F0 .757(is supplied, all alias de\214nitions are re-) +3.258 F(mo)144 225.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E +(alue is true unless a supplied)-.25 E F2(name)2.86 E F0 +(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F1(unset)108 242.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1 +(fv)A F0 2.5(][)C-2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...]) +2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 254.4 S 3.803(re).15 G(ach)-3.803 E F2(name)4.163 E F0 +3.803(,r).18 G(emo)-3.803 E 1.603 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 1.303 +(he corresponding v).15 F 1.303(ariable or function.)-.25 F 1.303 +(If the)6.303 F F13.804 E F0 1.304(option is gi)3.804 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G 1.304(n, each).15 F F2(name)144.36 266.4 Q F0 .465 +(refers to a shell v)3.145 F .464(ariable, and that v)-.25 F .464 +(ariable is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.964(d. Read-only).15 F -.25(va) +2.964 G .464(riables may not be un-).25 F 2.768(set. 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It +complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft +license designed for free software. + +We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free +software, because free software needs free documentation: a free +program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the +software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; +it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or +whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License +principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference. + +@item +APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS + +This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that +contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be +distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a +world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that +work under the conditions stated herein. The ``Document'', below, +refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a +licensee, and is addressed as ``you''. You accept the license if you +copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission +under copyright law. + +A ``Modified Version'' of the Document means any work containing the +Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with +modifications and/or translated into another language. + +A ``Secondary Section'' is a named appendix or a front-matter section +of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the +publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall +subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall +directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in +part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain +any mathematics.) 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A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU + Free Documentation License''. +@end group +@end smallexample + +If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, +replace the ``with@dots{}Texts.'' line with this: + +@smallexample +@group + with the Invariant Sections being @var{list their titles}, with + the Front-Cover Texts being @var{list}, and with the Back-Cover Texts + being @var{list}. +@end group +@end smallexample + +If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other +combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the +situation. + +If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we +recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of +free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, +to permit their use in free software. + +@c Local Variables: +@c ispell-local-pdict: "ispell-dict" +@c End: + diff --git a/doc/fdl.txt b/doc/fdl.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2f7e03c --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/fdl.txt @@ -0,0 +1,451 @@ + + GNU Free Documentation License + Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 + + + Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + + Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies + of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. + +0. PREAMBLE + +The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other +functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to +assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, +with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. +Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way +to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible +for modifications made by others. + +This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative +works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It +complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft +license designed for free software. + +We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free +software, because free software needs free documentation: a free +program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the +software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; +it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or +whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License +principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference. + + +1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS + +This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that +contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be +distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a +world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that +work under the conditions stated herein. The "Document", below, +refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a +licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you +copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission +under copyright law. + +A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the +Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with +modifications and/or translated into another language. + +A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of +the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the +publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall +subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall +directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in +part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain +any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical +connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, +commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding +them. + +The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles +are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice +that says that the Document is released under this License. If a +section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not +allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero +Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant +Sections then there are none. + +The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, +as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that +the Document is released under this License. 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A restricted shell is used + to set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. It + behaves identically to bbaasshh with the exception that the following are + disallowed or not performed: + + +o changing directories with ccdd + + +o setting or unsetting the values of SSHHEELLLL, PPAATTHH, HHIISSTTFFIILLEE, EENNVV, + or BBAASSHH__EENNVV + + +o specifying command names containing // + + +o specifying a filename containing a // as an argument to the .. + builtin command + + +o specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the + hhiissttoorryy builtin command + + +o specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the + --pp option to the hhaasshh builtin command + + +o importing function definitions from the shell environment at + startup + + +o parsing the value of SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS from the shell environment at + startup + + +o redirecting output using the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirect- + ion operators + + +o using the eexxeecc builtin command to replace the shell with another + command + + +o adding or deleting builtin commands with the --ff and --dd options + to the eennaabbllee builtin command + + +o using the eennaabbllee builtin command to enable disabled shell + builtins + + +o specifying the --pp option to the ccoommmmaanndd builtin command + + +o turning off restricted mode with sseett ++rr or sshhoopptt --uu rree-- + ssttrriicctteedd__sshheellll. + + These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read. + + When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed, rrbbaasshh + turns off any restrictions in the shell spawned to execute the script. + +SSEEEE AALLSSOO + bash(1) + + + +Bash-5.2 2021 November 22 RBASH(1) diff --git a/doc/rbash.1 b/doc/rbash.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..39309b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/rbash.1 @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +.TH RBASH 1 "2021 November 22" "Bash-5.2" +.SH NAME +rbash \- restricted bash, see \fBbash\fR(1) +.SH RESTRICTED SHELL +.nr zY 1 +.so bash.1 +.SH SEE ALSO +bash(1) diff --git a/doc/rbash.ps b/doc/rbash.ps new file mode 100644 index 0000000..06fe883 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See the GNU +% General Public License for more details. +% +% You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License +% along with this program. If not, see . +% +% As a special exception, when this file is read by TeX when processing +% a Texinfo source document, you may use the result without +% restriction. This Exception is an additional permission under section 7 +% of the GNU General Public License, version 3 ("GPLv3"). +% +% Please try the latest version of texinfo.tex before submitting bug +% reports; you can get the latest version from: +% http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/texinfo/ (the Texinfo release area), or +% http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/texinfo/ (same, via a mirror), or +% http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ (the Texinfo home page) +% The texinfo.tex in any given distribution could well be out +% of date, so if that's what you're using, please check. +% +% Send bug reports to bug-texinfo@gnu.org. Please include including a +% complete document in each bug report with which we can reproduce the +% problem. Patches are, of course, greatly appreciated. +% +% To process a Texinfo manual with TeX, it's most reliable to use the +% texi2dvi shell script that comes with the distribution. For a simple +% manual foo.texi, however, you can get away with this: +% tex foo.texi +% texindex foo.?? +% tex foo.texi +% tex foo.texi +% dvips foo.dvi -o # or whatever; this makes foo.ps. +% The extra TeX runs get the cross-reference information correct. +% Sometimes one run after texindex suffices, and sometimes you need more +% than two; texi2dvi does it as many times as necessary. +% +% It is possible to adapt texinfo.tex for other languages, to some +% extent. You can get the existing language-specific files from the +% full Texinfo distribution. +% +% The GNU Texinfo home page is http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo. + + +\message{Loading texinfo [version \texinfoversion]:} + +% If in a .fmt file, print the version number +% and turn on active characters that we couldn't do earlier because +% they might have appeared in the input file name. +\everyjob{\message{[Texinfo version \texinfoversion]}% + \catcode`+=\active \catcode`\_=\active} + +\chardef\other=12 + +% We never want plain's \outer definition of \+ in Texinfo. +% For @tex, we can use \tabalign. +\let\+ = \relax + +% Save some plain tex macros whose names we will redefine. +\let\ptexb=\b +\let\ptexbullet=\bullet +\let\ptexc=\c +\let\ptexcomma=\, +\let\ptexdot=\. +\let\ptexdots=\dots +\let\ptexend=\end +\let\ptexequiv=\equiv +\let\ptexexclam=\! +\let\ptexfootnote=\footnote +\let\ptexgtr=> +\let\ptexhat=^ +\let\ptexi=\i +\let\ptexindent=\indent +\let\ptexinsert=\insert +\let\ptexlbrace=\{ +\let\ptexless=< +\let\ptexnewwrite\newwrite +\let\ptexnoindent=\noindent +\let\ptexplus=+ +\let\ptexraggedright=\raggedright +\let\ptexrbrace=\} +\let\ptexslash=\/ +\let\ptexsp=\sp +\let\ptexstar=\* +\let\ptexsup=\sup +\let\ptext=\t +\let\ptextop=\top +{\catcode`\'=\active \global\let\ptexquoteright'}% active in plain's math mode + +% If this character appears in an error message or help string, it +% starts a new line in the output. +\newlinechar = `^^J + +% Use TeX 3.0's \inputlineno to get the line number, for better error +% messages, but if we're using an old version of TeX, don't do anything. +% +\ifx\inputlineno\thisisundefined + \let\linenumber = \empty % Pre-3.0. +\else + \def\linenumber{l.\the\inputlineno:\space} +\fi + +% Set up fixed words for English if not already set. +\ifx\putwordAppendix\undefined \gdef\putwordAppendix{Appendix}\fi +\ifx\putwordChapter\undefined \gdef\putwordChapter{Chapter}\fi +\ifx\putworderror\undefined \gdef\putworderror{error}\fi +\ifx\putwordfile\undefined \gdef\putwordfile{file}\fi +\ifx\putwordin\undefined \gdef\putwordin{in}\fi +\ifx\putwordIndexIsEmpty\undefined \gdef\putwordIndexIsEmpty{(Index is empty)}\fi +\ifx\putwordIndexNonexistent\undefined \gdef\putwordIndexNonexistent{(Index is nonexistent)}\fi +\ifx\putwordInfo\undefined \gdef\putwordInfo{Info}\fi +\ifx\putwordInstanceVariableof\undefined \gdef\putwordInstanceVariableof{Instance Variable of}\fi +\ifx\putwordMethodon\undefined \gdef\putwordMethodon{Method on}\fi +\ifx\putwordNoTitle\undefined \gdef\putwordNoTitle{No Title}\fi +\ifx\putwordof\undefined \gdef\putwordof{of}\fi +\ifx\putwordon\undefined \gdef\putwordon{on}\fi +\ifx\putwordpage\undefined \gdef\putwordpage{page}\fi +\ifx\putwordsection\undefined \gdef\putwordsection{section}\fi +\ifx\putwordSection\undefined \gdef\putwordSection{Section}\fi +\ifx\putwordsee\undefined \gdef\putwordsee{see}\fi +\ifx\putwordSee\undefined \gdef\putwordSee{See}\fi +\ifx\putwordShortTOC\undefined \gdef\putwordShortTOC{Short Contents}\fi +\ifx\putwordTOC\undefined \gdef\putwordTOC{Table of Contents}\fi +% +\ifx\putwordMJan\undefined \gdef\putwordMJan{January}\fi +\ifx\putwordMFeb\undefined \gdef\putwordMFeb{February}\fi +\ifx\putwordMMar\undefined \gdef\putwordMMar{March}\fi +\ifx\putwordMApr\undefined \gdef\putwordMApr{April}\fi +\ifx\putwordMMay\undefined \gdef\putwordMMay{May}\fi +\ifx\putwordMJun\undefined \gdef\putwordMJun{June}\fi +\ifx\putwordMJul\undefined \gdef\putwordMJul{July}\fi +\ifx\putwordMAug\undefined \gdef\putwordMAug{August}\fi +\ifx\putwordMSep\undefined \gdef\putwordMSep{September}\fi +\ifx\putwordMOct\undefined \gdef\putwordMOct{October}\fi +\ifx\putwordMNov\undefined \gdef\putwordMNov{November}\fi +\ifx\putwordMDec\undefined \gdef\putwordMDec{December}\fi +% +\ifx\putwordDefmac\undefined \gdef\putwordDefmac{Macro}\fi +\ifx\putwordDefspec\undefined \gdef\putwordDefspec{Special Form}\fi +\ifx\putwordDefvar\undefined \gdef\putwordDefvar{Variable}\fi +\ifx\putwordDefopt\undefined \gdef\putwordDefopt{User Option}\fi +\ifx\putwordDeffunc\undefined \gdef\putwordDeffunc{Function}\fi + +% Since the category of space is not known, we have to be careful. +\chardef\spacecat = 10 +\def\spaceisspace{\catcode`\ =\spacecat} + +% sometimes characters are active, so we need control sequences. +\chardef\ampChar = `\& +\chardef\colonChar = `\: +\chardef\commaChar = `\, +\chardef\dashChar = `\- +\chardef\dotChar = `\. +\chardef\exclamChar= `\! +\chardef\hashChar = `\# +\chardef\lquoteChar= `\` +\chardef\questChar = `\? +\chardef\rquoteChar= `\' +\chardef\semiChar = `\; +\chardef\slashChar = `\/ +\chardef\underChar = `\_ + +% Ignore a token. +% +\def\gobble#1{} + +% The following is used inside several \edef's. +\def\makecsname#1{\expandafter\noexpand\csname#1\endcsname} + +% Hyphenation fixes. +\hyphenation{ + Flor-i-da Ghost-script Ghost-view Mac-OS Post-Script + ap-pen-dix bit-map bit-maps + data-base data-bases eshell fall-ing half-way long-est man-u-script + man-u-scripts mini-buf-fer mini-buf-fers over-view par-a-digm + par-a-digms rath-er rec-tan-gu-lar ro-bot-ics se-vere-ly set-up spa-ces + spell-ing spell-ings + stand-alone strong-est time-stamp time-stamps which-ever white-space + wide-spread wrap-around +} + +% Sometimes it is convenient to have everything in the transcript file +% and nothing on the terminal. We don't just call \tracingall here, +% since that produces some useless output on the terminal. We also make +% some effort to order the tracing commands to reduce output in the log +% file; cf. trace.sty in LaTeX. +% +\def\gloggingall{\begingroup \globaldefs = 1 \loggingall \endgroup}% +\def\loggingall{% + \tracingstats2 + \tracingpages1 + \tracinglostchars2 % 2 gives us more in etex + \tracingparagraphs1 + \tracingoutput1 + \tracingmacros2 + \tracingrestores1 + \showboxbreadth\maxdimen \showboxdepth\maxdimen + \ifx\eTeXversion\thisisundefined\else % etex gives us more logging + \tracingscantokens1 + \tracingifs1 + \tracinggroups1 + \tracingnesting2 + \tracingassigns1 + \fi + \tracingcommands3 % 3 gives us more in etex + \errorcontextlines16 +}% + +% @errormsg{MSG}. Do the index-like expansions on MSG, but if things +% aren't perfect, it's not the end of the world, being an error message, +% after all. +% +\def\errormsg{\begingroup \indexnofonts \doerrormsg} +\def\doerrormsg#1{\errmessage{#1}} + +% add check for \lastpenalty to plain's definitions. If the last thing +% we did was a \nobreak, we don't want to insert more space. +% +\def\smallbreak{\ifnum\lastpenalty<10000\par\ifdim\lastskip<\smallskipamount + \removelastskip\penalty-50\smallskip\fi\fi} +\def\medbreak{\ifnum\lastpenalty<10000\par\ifdim\lastskip<\medskipamount + \removelastskip\penalty-100\medskip\fi\fi} +\def\bigbreak{\ifnum\lastpenalty<10000\par\ifdim\lastskip<\bigskipamount + \removelastskip\penalty-200\bigskip\fi\fi} + +% Output routine +% + +% For a final copy, take out the rectangles +% that mark overfull boxes (in case you have decided +% that the text looks ok even though it passes the margin). +% +\def\finalout{\overfullrule=0pt } + +% Do @cropmarks to get crop marks. +% +\newif\ifcropmarks +\let\cropmarks = \cropmarkstrue +% +% Dimensions to add cropmarks at corners. +% Added by P. A. MacKay, 12 Nov. 1986 +% +\newdimen\outerhsize \newdimen\outervsize % set by the paper size routines +\newdimen\cornerlong \cornerlong=1pc +\newdimen\cornerthick \cornerthick=.3pt +\newdimen\topandbottommargin \topandbottommargin=.75in + +% Output a mark which sets \thischapter, \thissection and \thiscolor. +% We dump everything together because we only have one kind of mark. +% This works because we only use \botmark / \topmark, not \firstmark. +% +% A mark contains a subexpression of the \ifcase ... \fi construct. +% \get*marks macros below extract the needed part using \ifcase. +% +% Another complication is to let the user choose whether \thischapter +% (\thissection) refers to the chapter (section) in effect at the top +% of a page, or that at the bottom of a page. The solution is +% described on page 260 of The TeXbook. It involves outputting two +% marks for the sectioning macros, one before the section break, and +% one after. I won't pretend I can describe this better than DEK... +% +\def\domark{% + \toks0=\expandafter{\lastchapterdefs}% + \toks2=\expandafter{\lastsectiondefs}% + \toks4=\expandafter{\prevchapterdefs}% + \toks6=\expandafter{\prevsectiondefs}% + \toks8=\expandafter{\lastcolordefs}% + \mark{% + \the\toks0 \the\toks2 % 0: top marks (\last...) + \noexpand\or \the\toks4 \the\toks6 % 1: bottom marks (default, \prev...) + \noexpand\else \the\toks8 % 2: color marks + }% +} + +% \gettopheadingmarks, \getbottomheadingmarks - extract needed part of mark. +% +% \topmark doesn't work for the very first chapter (after the title +% page or the contents), so we use \firstmark there -- this gets us +% the mark with the chapter defs, unless the user sneaks in, e.g., +% @setcolor (or @url, or @link, etc.) between @contents and the very +% first @chapter. +\def\gettopheadingmarks{% + \ifcase0\topmark\fi + \ifx\thischapter\empty \ifcase0\firstmark\fi \fi +} +\def\getbottomheadingmarks{\ifcase1\botmark\fi} +\def\getcolormarks{\ifcase2\topmark\fi} + +% Avoid "undefined control sequence" errors. +\def\lastchapterdefs{} +\def\lastsectiondefs{} +\def\lastsection{} +\def\prevchapterdefs{} +\def\prevsectiondefs{} +\def\lastcolordefs{} + +% Margin to add to right of even pages, to left of odd pages. +\newdimen\bindingoffset +\newdimen\normaloffset +\newdimen\pagewidth \newdimen\pageheight + +% Main output routine. +% +\chardef\PAGE = 255 +\output = {\onepageout{\pagecontents\PAGE}} + +\newbox\headlinebox +\newbox\footlinebox + +% \onepageout takes a vbox as an argument. +% \shipout a vbox for a single page, adding an optional header, footer, +% cropmarks, and footnote. This also causes index entries for this page +% to be written to the auxiliary files. +% +\def\onepageout#1{% + \ifcropmarks \hoffset=0pt \else \hoffset=\normaloffset \fi + % + \ifodd\pageno \advance\hoffset by \bindingoffset + \else \advance\hoffset by -\bindingoffset\fi + % + % Common context changes for both heading and footing. + % Do this outside of the \shipout so @code etc. will be expanded in + % the headline as they should be, not taken literally (outputting ''code). + \def\commmonheadfootline{\let\hsize=\pagewidth \texinfochars} + % + % Retrieve the information for the headings from the marks in the page, + % and call Plain TeX's \makeheadline and \makefootline, which use the + % values in \headline and \footline. + % + % This is used to check if we are on the first page of a chapter. + \ifcase0\topmark\fi + \ifx\thischapter\empty + % See comment for \gettopheadingmarks + \ifcase0\firstmark\fi + \let\curchaptername\thischaptername + \ifcase1\firstmark\fi + \let\prevchaptername\thischaptername + \else + \let\curchaptername\thischaptername + \ifcase1\topmark\fi + \let\prevchaptername\thischaptername + \fi + % + \ifodd\pageno \getoddheadingmarks \else \getevenheadingmarks \fi + \ifodd\pageno \getoddfootingmarks \else \getevenfootingmarks \fi + % + \ifx\curchaptername\prevchaptername + \let\thischapterheading\thischapter + \else + % \thischapterheading is the same as \thischapter except it is blank + % for the first page of a chapter. This is to prevent the chapter name + % being shown twice. + \def\thischapterheading{}% + \fi + % + \global\setbox\headlinebox = \vbox{\commmonheadfootline \makeheadline}% + \global\setbox\footlinebox = \vbox{\commmonheadfootline \makefootline}% + % + {% + % Set context for writing to auxiliary files like index files. + % Have to do this stuff outside the \shipout because we want it to + % take effect in \write's, yet the group defined by the \vbox ends + % before the \shipout runs. + % + \indexdummies % don't expand commands in the output. + \normalturnoffactive % \ in index entries must not stay \, e.g., if + % the page break happens to be in the middle of an example. + % We don't want .vr (or whatever) entries like this: + % \entry{{\indexbackslash }acronym}{32}{\code {\acronym}} + % "\acronym" won't work when it's read back in; + % it needs to be + % {\code {{\backslashcurfont }acronym} + \shipout\vbox{% + % Do this early so pdf references go to the beginning of the page. + \ifpdfmakepagedest \pdfdest name{\the\pageno} xyz\fi + % + \ifcropmarks \vbox to \outervsize\bgroup + \hsize = \outerhsize + \vskip-\topandbottommargin + \vtop to0pt{% + \line{\ewtop\hfil\ewtop}% + \nointerlineskip + \line{% + \vbox{\moveleft\cornerthick\nstop}% + \hfill + \vbox{\moveright\cornerthick\nstop}% + }% + \vss}% + \vskip\topandbottommargin + \line\bgroup + \hfil % center the page within the outer (page) hsize. + \ifodd\pageno\hskip\bindingoffset\fi + \vbox\bgroup + \fi + % + \unvbox\headlinebox + \pagebody{#1}% + \ifdim\ht\footlinebox > 0pt + % Only leave this space if the footline is nonempty. + % (We lessened \vsize for it in \oddfootingyyy.) + % The \baselineskip=24pt in plain's \makefootline has no effect. + \vskip 24pt + \unvbox\footlinebox + \fi + % + \ifcropmarks + \egroup % end of \vbox\bgroup + \hfil\egroup % end of (centering) \line\bgroup + \vskip\topandbottommargin plus1fill minus1fill + \boxmaxdepth = \cornerthick + \vbox to0pt{\vss + \line{% + \vbox{\moveleft\cornerthick\nsbot}% + \hfill + \vbox{\moveright\cornerthick\nsbot}% + }% + \nointerlineskip + \line{\ewbot\hfil\ewbot}% + }% + \egroup % \vbox from first cropmarks clause + \fi + }% end of \shipout\vbox + }% end of group with \indexdummies + \advancepageno + \ifnum\outputpenalty>-20000 \else\dosupereject\fi +} + +\newinsert\margin \dimen\margin=\maxdimen + +% Main part of page, including any footnotes +\def\pagebody#1{\vbox to\pageheight{\boxmaxdepth=\maxdepth #1}} +{\catcode`\@ =11 +\gdef\pagecontents#1{\ifvoid\topins\else\unvbox\topins\fi +% marginal hacks, juha@viisa.uucp (Juha Takala) +\ifvoid\margin\else % marginal info is present + \rlap{\kern\hsize\vbox to\z@{\kern1pt\box\margin \vss}}\fi +\dimen@=\dp#1\relax \unvbox#1\relax +\ifvoid\footins\else\vskip\skip\footins\footnoterule \unvbox\footins\fi +\ifr@ggedbottom \kern-\dimen@ \vfil \fi} +} + +% Here are the rules for the cropmarks. Note that they are +% offset so that the space between them is truly \outerhsize or \outervsize +% (P. A. MacKay, 12 November, 1986) +% +\def\ewtop{\vrule height\cornerthick depth0pt width\cornerlong} +\def\nstop{\vbox + {\hrule height\cornerthick depth\cornerlong width\cornerthick}} +\def\ewbot{\vrule height0pt depth\cornerthick width\cornerlong} +\def\nsbot{\vbox + {\hrule height\cornerlong depth\cornerthick width\cornerthick}} + + +% Argument parsing + +% Parse an argument, then pass it to #1. The argument is the rest of +% the input line (except we remove a trailing comment). #1 should be a +% macro which expects an ordinary undelimited TeX argument. +% For example, \def\foo{\parsearg\fooxxx}. +% +\def\parsearg{\parseargusing{}} +\def\parseargusing#1#2{% + \def\argtorun{#2}% + \begingroup + \obeylines + \spaceisspace + #1% + \parseargline\empty% Insert the \empty token, see \finishparsearg below. +} + +{\obeylines % + \gdef\parseargline#1^^M{% + \endgroup % End of the group started in \parsearg. + \argremovecomment #1\comment\ArgTerm% + }% +} + +% First remove any @comment, then any @c comment. Also remove a @texinfoc +% comment (see \scanmacro for details). Pass the result on to \argcheckspaces. +\def\argremovecomment#1\comment#2\ArgTerm{\argremovec #1\c\ArgTerm} +\def\argremovec#1\c#2\ArgTerm{\argremovetexinfoc #1\texinfoc\ArgTerm} +\def\argremovetexinfoc#1\texinfoc#2\ArgTerm{\argcheckspaces#1\^^M\ArgTerm} + +% Each occurrence of `\^^M' or `\^^M' is replaced by a single space. +% +% \argremovec might leave us with trailing space, e.g., +% @end itemize @c foo +% This space token undergoes the same procedure and is eventually removed +% by \finishparsearg. +% +\def\argcheckspaces#1\^^M{\argcheckspacesX#1\^^M \^^M} +\def\argcheckspacesX#1 \^^M{\argcheckspacesY#1\^^M} +\def\argcheckspacesY#1\^^M#2\^^M#3\ArgTerm{% + \def\temp{#3}% + \ifx\temp\empty + % Do not use \next, perhaps the caller of \parsearg uses it; reuse \temp: + \let\temp\finishparsearg + \else + \let\temp\argcheckspaces + \fi + % Put the space token in: + \temp#1 #3\ArgTerm +} + +% If a _delimited_ argument is enclosed in braces, they get stripped; so +% to get _exactly_ the rest of the line, we had to prevent such situation. +% We prepended an \empty token at the very beginning and we expand it now, +% just before passing the control to \argtorun. +% (Similarly, we have to think about #3 of \argcheckspacesY above: it is +% either the null string, or it ends with \^^M---thus there is no danger +% that a pair of braces would be stripped. +% +% But first, we have to remove the trailing space token. +% +\def\finishparsearg#1 \ArgTerm{\expandafter\argtorun\expandafter{#1}} + + +% \parseargdef - define a command taking an argument on the line +% +% \parseargdef\foo{...} +% is roughly equivalent to +% \def\foo{\parsearg\Xfoo} +% \def\Xfoo#1{...} +\def\parseargdef#1{% + \expandafter \doparseargdef \csname\string#1\endcsname #1% +} +\def\doparseargdef#1#2{% + \def#2{\parsearg#1}% + \def#1##1% +} + +% Several utility definitions with active space: +{ + \obeyspaces + \gdef\obeyedspace{ } + + % Make each space character in the input produce a normal interword + % space in the output. Don't allow a line break at this space, as this + % is used only in environments like @example, where each line of input + % should produce a line of output anyway. + % + \gdef\sepspaces{\obeyspaces\let =\tie} + + % If an index command is used in an @example environment, any spaces + % therein should become regular spaces in the raw index file, not the + % expansion of \tie (\leavevmode \penalty \@M \ ). + \gdef\unsepspaces{\let =\space} +} + + +\def\flushcr{\ifx\par\lisppar \def\next##1{}\else \let\next=\relax \fi \next} + +% Define the framework for environments in texinfo.tex. It's used like this: +% +% \envdef\foo{...} +% \def\Efoo{...} +% +% It's the responsibility of \envdef to insert \begingroup before the +% actual body; @end closes the group after calling \Efoo. \envdef also +% defines \thisenv, so the current environment is known; @end checks +% whether the environment name matches. The \checkenv macro can also be +% used to check whether the current environment is the one expected. +% +% Non-false conditionals (@iftex, @ifset) don't fit into this, so they +% are not treated as environments; they don't open a group. (The +% implementation of @end takes care not to call \endgroup in this +% special case.) + + +% At run-time, environments start with this: +\def\startenvironment#1{\begingroup\def\thisenv{#1}} +% initialize +\let\thisenv\empty + +% ... but they get defined via ``\envdef\foo{...}'': +\long\def\envdef#1#2{\def#1{\startenvironment#1#2}} +\def\envparseargdef#1#2{\parseargdef#1{\startenvironment#1#2}} + +% Check whether we're in the right environment: +\def\checkenv#1{% + \def\temp{#1}% + \ifx\thisenv\temp + \else + \badenverr + \fi +} + +% Environment mismatch, #1 expected: +\def\badenverr{% + \errhelp = \EMsimple + \errmessage{This command can appear only \inenvironment\temp, + not \inenvironment\thisenv}% +} +\def\inenvironment#1{% + \ifx#1\empty + outside of any environment% + \else + in environment \expandafter\string#1% + \fi +} + +% @end foo executes the definition of \Efoo. +% But first, it executes a specialized version of \checkenv +% +\parseargdef\end{% + \if 1\csname iscond.#1\endcsname + \else + % The general wording of \badenverr may not be ideal. + \expandafter\checkenv\csname#1\endcsname + \csname E#1\endcsname + \endgroup + \fi +} + +\newhelp\EMsimple{Press RETURN to continue.} + + +% Be sure we're in horizontal mode when doing a tie, since we make space +% equivalent to this in @example-like environments. Otherwise, a space +% at the beginning of a line will start with \penalty -- and +% since \penalty is valid in vertical mode, we'd end up putting the +% penalty on the vertical list instead of in the new paragraph. +{\catcode`@ = 11 + % Avoid using \@M directly, because that causes trouble + % if the definition is written into an index file. + \global\let\tiepenalty = \@M + \gdef\tie{\leavevmode\penalty\tiepenalty\ } +} + +% @: forces normal size whitespace following. +\def\:{\spacefactor=1000 } + +% @* forces a line break. +\def\*{\unskip\hfil\break\hbox{}\ignorespaces} + +% @/ allows a line break. +\let\/=\allowbreak + +% @. is an end-of-sentence period. +\def\.{.\spacefactor=\endofsentencespacefactor\space} + +% @! is an end-of-sentence bang. +\def\!{!\spacefactor=\endofsentencespacefactor\space} + +% @? is an end-of-sentence query. +\def\?{?\spacefactor=\endofsentencespacefactor\space} + +% @frenchspacing on|off says whether to put extra space after punctuation. +% +\def\onword{on} +\def\offword{off} +% +\parseargdef\frenchspacing{% + \def\temp{#1}% + \ifx\temp\onword \plainfrenchspacing + \else\ifx\temp\offword \plainnonfrenchspacing + \else + \errhelp = \EMsimple + \errmessage{Unknown @frenchspacing option `\temp', must be on|off}% + \fi\fi +} + +% @w prevents a word break. Without the \leavevmode, @w at the +% beginning of a paragraph, when TeX is still in vertical mode, would +% produce a whole line of output instead of starting the paragraph. +\def\w#1{\leavevmode\hbox{#1}} + +% @group ... @end group forces ... to be all on one page, by enclosing +% it in a TeX vbox. We use \vtop instead of \vbox to construct the box +% to keep its height that of a normal line. According to the rules for +% \topskip (p.114 of the TeXbook), the glue inserted is +% max (\topskip - \ht (first item), 0). If that height is large, +% therefore, no glue is inserted, and the space between the headline and +% the text is small, which looks bad. +% +% Another complication is that the group might be very large. This can +% cause the glue on the previous page to be unduly stretched, because it +% does not have much material. In this case, it's better to add an +% explicit \vfill so that the extra space is at the bottom. The +% threshold for doing this is if the group is more than \vfilllimit +% percent of a page (\vfilllimit can be changed inside of @tex). +% +\newbox\groupbox +\def\vfilllimit{0.7} +% +\envdef\group{% + \ifnum\catcode`\^^M=\active \else + \errhelp = \groupinvalidhelp + \errmessage{@group invalid in context where filling is enabled}% + \fi + \startsavinginserts + % + \setbox\groupbox = \vtop\bgroup + % Do @comment since we are called inside an environment such as + % @example, where each end-of-line in the input causes an + % end-of-line in the output. We don't want the end-of-line after + % the `@group' to put extra space in the output. Since @group + % should appear on a line by itself (according to the Texinfo + % manual), we don't worry about eating any user text. + \comment +} +% +% The \vtop produces a box with normal height and large depth; thus, TeX puts +% \baselineskip glue before it, and (when the next line of text is done) +% \lineskip glue after it. Thus, space below is not quite equal to space +% above. But it's pretty close. +\def\Egroup{% + % To get correct interline space between the last line of the group + % and the first line afterwards, we have to propagate \prevdepth. + \endgraf % Not \par, as it may have been set to \lisppar. + \global\dimen1 = \prevdepth + \egroup % End the \vtop. + \addgroupbox + \prevdepth = \dimen1 + \checkinserts +} + +\def\addgroupbox{ + % \dimen0 is the vertical size of the group's box. + \dimen0 = \ht\groupbox \advance\dimen0 by \dp\groupbox + % \dimen2 is how much space is left on the page (more or less). + \dimen2 = \pageheight \advance\dimen2 by -\pagetotal + % if the group doesn't fit on the current page, and it's a big big + % group, force a page break. + \ifdim \dimen0 > \dimen2 + \ifdim \pagetotal < \vfilllimit\pageheight + \page + \fi + \fi + \box\groupbox +} + +% +% TeX puts in an \escapechar (i.e., `@') at the beginning of the help +% message, so this ends up printing `@group can only ...'. +% +\newhelp\groupinvalidhelp{% +group can only be used in environments such as @example,^^J% +where each line of input produces a line of output.} + +% @need space-in-mils +% forces a page break if there is not space-in-mils remaining. + +\newdimen\mil \mil=0.001in + +\parseargdef\need{% + % Ensure vertical mode, so we don't make a big box in the middle of a + % paragraph. + \par + % + % If the @need value is less than one line space, it's useless. + \dimen0 = #1\mil + \dimen2 = \ht\strutbox + \advance\dimen2 by \dp\strutbox + \ifdim\dimen0 > \dimen2 + % + % Do a \strut just to make the height of this box be normal, so the + % normal leading is inserted relative to the preceding line. + % And a page break here is fine. + \vtop to #1\mil{\strut\vfil}% + % + % TeX does not even consider page breaks if a penalty added to the + % main vertical list is 10000 or more. But in order to see if the + % empty box we just added fits on the page, we must make it consider + % page breaks. On the other hand, we don't want to actually break the + % page after the empty box. So we use a penalty of 9999. + % + % There is an extremely small chance that TeX will actually break the + % page at this \penalty, if there are no other feasible breakpoints in + % sight. (If the user is using lots of big @group commands, which + % almost-but-not-quite fill up a page, TeX will have a hard time doing + % good page breaking, for example.) However, I could not construct an + % example where a page broke at this \penalty; if it happens in a real + % document, then we can reconsider our strategy. + \penalty9999 + % + % Back up by the size of the box, whether we did a page break or not. + \kern -#1\mil + % + % Do not allow a page break right after this kern. + \nobreak + \fi +} + +% @br forces paragraph break (and is undocumented). + +\let\br = \par + +% @page forces the start of a new page. +% +\def\page{\par\vfill\supereject} + +% @exdent text.... +% outputs text on separate line in roman font, starting at standard page margin + +% This records the amount of indent in the innermost environment. +% That's how much \exdent should take out. +\newskip\exdentamount + +% This defn is used inside fill environments such as @defun. +\parseargdef\exdent{\hfil\break\hbox{\kern -\exdentamount{\rm#1}}\hfil\break} + +% This defn is used inside nofill environments such as @example. +\parseargdef\nofillexdent{{\advance \leftskip by -\exdentamount + \leftline{\hskip\leftskip{\rm#1}}}} + +% @inmargin{WHICH}{TEXT} puts TEXT in the WHICH margin next to the current +% paragraph. For more general purposes, use the \margin insertion +% class. WHICH is `l' or `r'. Not documented, written for gawk manual. +% +\newskip\inmarginspacing \inmarginspacing=1cm +\def\strutdepth{\dp\strutbox} +% +\def\doinmargin#1#2{\strut\vadjust{% + \nobreak + \kern-\strutdepth + \vtop to \strutdepth{% + \baselineskip=\strutdepth + \vss + % if you have multiple lines of stuff to put here, you'll need to + % make the vbox yourself of the appropriate size. + \ifx#1l% + \llap{\ignorespaces #2\hskip\inmarginspacing}% + \else + \rlap{\hskip\hsize \hskip\inmarginspacing \ignorespaces #2}% + \fi + \null + }% +}} +\def\inleftmargin{\doinmargin l} +\def\inrightmargin{\doinmargin r} +% +% @inmargin{TEXT [, RIGHT-TEXT]} +% (if RIGHT-TEXT is given, use TEXT for left page, RIGHT-TEXT for right; +% else use TEXT for both). +% +\def\inmargin#1{\parseinmargin #1,,\finish} +\def\parseinmargin#1,#2,#3\finish{% not perfect, but better than nothing. + \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}% + \ifdim\wd0 > 0pt + \def\lefttext{#1}% have both texts + \def\righttext{#2}% + \else + \def\lefttext{#1}% have only one text + \def\righttext{#1}% + \fi + % + \ifodd\pageno + \def\temp{\inrightmargin\righttext}% odd page -> outside is right margin + \else + \def\temp{\inleftmargin\lefttext}% + \fi + \temp +} + +% @| inserts a changebar to the left of the current line. It should +% surround any changed text. This approach does *not* work if the +% change spans more than two lines of output. To handle that, we would +% have adopt a much more difficult approach (putting marks into the main +% vertical list for the beginning and end of each change). This command +% is not documented, not supported, and doesn't work. +% +\def\|{% + % \vadjust can only be used in horizontal mode. + \leavevmode + % + % Append this vertical mode material after the current line in the output. + \vadjust{% + % We want to insert a rule with the height and depth of the current + % leading; that is exactly what \strutbox is supposed to record. + \vskip-\baselineskip + % + % \vadjust-items are inserted at the left edge of the type. So + % the \llap here moves out into the left-hand margin. + \llap{% + % + % For a thicker or thinner bar, change the `1pt'. + \vrule height\baselineskip width1pt + % + % This is the space between the bar and the text. + \hskip 12pt + }% + }% +} + +% @include FILE -- \input text of FILE. +% +\def\include{\parseargusing\filenamecatcodes\includezzz} +\def\includezzz#1{% + \pushthisfilestack + \def\thisfile{#1}% + {% + \makevalueexpandable % we want to expand any @value in FILE. + \turnoffactive % and allow special characters in the expansion + \indexnofonts % Allow `@@' and other weird things in file names. + \wlog{texinfo.tex: doing @include of #1^^J}% + \edef\temp{\noexpand\input #1 }% + % + % This trickery is to read FILE outside of a group, in case it makes + % definitions, etc. + \expandafter + }\temp + \popthisfilestack +} +\def\filenamecatcodes{% + \catcode`\\=\other + \catcode`~=\other + \catcode`^=\other + \catcode`_=\other + \catcode`|=\other + \catcode`<=\other + \catcode`>=\other + \catcode`+=\other + \catcode`-=\other + \catcode`\`=\other + \catcode`\'=\other +} + +\def\pushthisfilestack{% + \expandafter\pushthisfilestackX\popthisfilestack\StackTerm +} +\def\pushthisfilestackX{% + \expandafter\pushthisfilestackY\thisfile\StackTerm +} +\def\pushthisfilestackY #1\StackTerm #2\StackTerm {% + \gdef\popthisfilestack{\gdef\thisfile{#1}\gdef\popthisfilestack{#2}}% +} + +\def\popthisfilestack{\errthisfilestackempty} +\def\errthisfilestackempty{\errmessage{Internal error: + the stack of filenames is empty.}} +% +\def\thisfile{} + +% @center line +% outputs that line, centered. +% +\parseargdef\center{% + \ifhmode + \let\centersub\centerH + \else + \let\centersub\centerV + \fi + \centersub{\hfil \ignorespaces#1\unskip \hfil}% + \let\centersub\relax % don't let the definition persist, just in case +} +\def\centerH#1{{% + \hfil\break + \advance\hsize by -\leftskip + \advance\hsize by -\rightskip + \line{#1}% + \break +}} +% +\newcount\centerpenalty +\def\centerV#1{% + % The idea here is the same as in \startdefun, \cartouche, etc.: if + % @center is the first thing after a section heading, we need to wipe + % out the negative parskip inserted by \sectionheading, but still + % prevent a page break here. + \centerpenalty = \lastpenalty + \ifnum\centerpenalty>10000 \vskip\parskip \fi + \ifnum\centerpenalty>9999 \penalty\centerpenalty \fi + \line{\kern\leftskip #1\kern\rightskip}% +} + +% @sp n outputs n lines of vertical space +% +\parseargdef\sp{\vskip #1\baselineskip} + +% @comment ...line which is ignored... +% @c is the same as @comment +% @ignore ... @end ignore is another way to write a comment +% +\def\comment{\begingroup \catcode`\^^M=\active% +\catcode`\@=\other \catcode`\{=\other \catcode`\}=\other\commentxxx}% + +{\catcode`\^^M=\active% +\gdef\commentxxx#1^^M{\endgroup% +\futurelet\nexttoken\commentxxxx}% +\gdef\commentxxxx{\ifx\nexttoken\aftermacro\expandafter\comment\fi}% +} + +\def\c{\begingroup \catcode`\^^M=\active% +\catcode`\@=\other \catcode`\{=\other \catcode`\}=\other% +\cxxx} +{\catcode`\^^M=\active \gdef\cxxx#1^^M{\endgroup}} +% See comment in \scanmacro about why the definitions of @c and @comment differ + +% @paragraphindent NCHARS +% We'll use ems for NCHARS, close enough. +% NCHARS can also be the word `asis' or `none'. +% We cannot feasibly implement @paragraphindent asis, though. +% +\def\asisword{asis} % no translation, these are keywords +\def\noneword{none} +% +\parseargdef\paragraphindent{% + \def\temp{#1}% + \ifx\temp\asisword + \else + \ifx\temp\noneword + \defaultparindent = 0pt + \else + \defaultparindent = #1em + \fi + \fi + \parindent = \defaultparindent +} + +% @exampleindent NCHARS +% We'll use ems for NCHARS like @paragraphindent. +% It seems @exampleindent asis isn't necessary, but +% I preserve it to make it similar to @paragraphindent. +\parseargdef\exampleindent{% + \def\temp{#1}% + \ifx\temp\asisword + \else + \ifx\temp\noneword + \lispnarrowing = 0pt + \else + \lispnarrowing = #1em + \fi + \fi +} + +% @firstparagraphindent WORD +% If WORD is `none', then suppress indentation of the first paragraph +% after a section heading. If WORD is `insert', then do indent at such +% paragraphs. +% +% The paragraph indentation is suppressed or not by calling +% \suppressfirstparagraphindent, which the sectioning commands do. +% We switch the definition of this back and forth according to WORD. +% By default, we suppress indentation. +% +\def\suppressfirstparagraphindent{\dosuppressfirstparagraphindent} +\def\insertword{insert} +% +\parseargdef\firstparagraphindent{% + \def\temp{#1}% + \ifx\temp\noneword + \let\suppressfirstparagraphindent = \dosuppressfirstparagraphindent + \else\ifx\temp\insertword + \let\suppressfirstparagraphindent = \relax + \else + \errhelp = \EMsimple + \errmessage{Unknown @firstparagraphindent option `\temp'}% + \fi\fi +} + +% Here is how we actually suppress indentation. Redefine \everypar to +% \kern backwards by \parindent, and then reset itself to empty. +% +% We also make \indent itself not actually do anything until the next +% paragraph. +% +\gdef\dosuppressfirstparagraphindent{% + \gdef\indent {\restorefirstparagraphindent \indent}% + \gdef\noindent{\restorefirstparagraphindent \noindent}% + \global\everypar = {\kern -\parindent \restorefirstparagraphindent}% +} +% +\gdef\restorefirstparagraphindent{% + \global\let\indent = \ptexindent + \global\let\noindent = \ptexnoindent + \global\everypar = {}% +} + + +% @refill is a no-op. +\let\refill=\relax + +% @setfilename INFO-FILENAME - ignored +\let\setfilename=\comment + +% @bye. +\outer\def\bye{\pagealignmacro\tracingstats=1\ptexend} + + +\message{pdf,} +% adobe `portable' document format +\newcount\tempnum +\newcount\lnkcount +\newtoks\filename +\newcount\filenamelength +\newcount\pgn +\newtoks\toksA +\newtoks\toksB +\newtoks\toksC +\newtoks\toksD +\newbox\boxA +\newbox\boxB +\newcount\countA +\newif\ifpdf +\newif\ifpdfmakepagedest + +% when pdftex is run in dvi mode, \pdfoutput is defined (so \pdfoutput=1 +% can be set). So we test for \relax and 0 as well as being undefined. +\ifx\pdfoutput\thisisundefined +\else + \ifx\pdfoutput\relax + \else + \ifcase\pdfoutput + \else + \pdftrue + \fi + \fi +\fi + +% PDF uses PostScript string constants for the names of xref targets, +% for display in the outlines, and in other places. Thus, we have to +% double any backslashes. Otherwise, a name like "\node" will be +% interpreted as a newline (\n), followed by o, d, e. Not good. +% +% See http://www.ntg.nl/pipermail/ntg-pdftex/2004-July/000654.html and +% related messages. The final outcome is that it is up to the TeX user +% to double the backslashes and otherwise make the string valid, so +% that's what we do. pdftex 1.30.0 (ca.2005) introduced a primitive to +% do this reliably, so we use it. + +% #1 is a control sequence in which to do the replacements, +% which we \xdef. +\def\txiescapepdf#1{% + \ifx\pdfescapestring\thisisundefined + % No primitive available; should we give a warning or log? + % Many times it won't matter. + \else + % The expandable \pdfescapestring primitive escapes parentheses, + % backslashes, and other special chars. + \xdef#1{\pdfescapestring{#1}}% + \fi +} + +\newhelp\nopdfimagehelp{Texinfo supports .png, .jpg, .jpeg, and .pdf images +with PDF output, and none of those formats could be found. (.eps cannot +be supported due to the design of the PDF format; use regular TeX (DVI +output) for that.)} + +\ifpdf + % + % Color manipulation macros using ideas from pdfcolor.tex, + % except using rgb instead of cmyk; the latter is said to render as a + % very dark gray on-screen and a very dark halftone in print, instead + % of actual black. The dark red here is dark enough to print on paper as + % nearly black, but still distinguishable for online viewing. We use + % black by default, though. + \def\rgbDarkRed{0.50 0.09 0.12} + \def\rgbBlack{0 0 0} + % + % k sets the color for filling (usual text, etc.); + % K sets the color for stroking (thin rules, e.g., normal _'s). + \def\pdfsetcolor#1{\pdfliteral{#1 rg #1 RG}} + % + % Set color, and create a mark which defines \thiscolor accordingly, + % so that \makeheadline knows which color to restore. + \def\setcolor#1{% + \xdef\lastcolordefs{\gdef\noexpand\thiscolor{#1}}% + \domark + \pdfsetcolor{#1}% + } + % + \def\maincolor{\rgbBlack} + \pdfsetcolor{\maincolor} + \edef\thiscolor{\maincolor} + \def\lastcolordefs{} + % + \def\makefootline{% + \baselineskip24pt + \line{\pdfsetcolor{\maincolor}\the\footline}% + } + % + \def\makeheadline{% + \vbox to 0pt{% + \vskip-22.5pt + \line{% + \vbox to8.5pt{}% + % Extract \thiscolor definition from the marks. + \getcolormarks + % Typeset the headline with \maincolor, then restore the color. + \pdfsetcolor{\maincolor}\the\headline\pdfsetcolor{\thiscolor}% + }% + \vss + }% + \nointerlineskip + } + % + % + \pdfcatalog{/PageMode /UseOutlines} + % + % #1 is image name, #2 width (might be empty/whitespace), #3 height (ditto). + \def\dopdfimage#1#2#3{% + \def\pdfimagewidth{#2}\setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}% + \def\pdfimageheight{#3}\setbox2 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #3}% + % + % pdftex (and the PDF format) support .pdf, .png, .jpg (among + % others). Let's try in that order, PDF first since if + % someone has a scalable image, presumably better to use that than a + % bitmap. + \let\pdfimgext=\empty + \begingroup + \openin 1 #1.pdf \ifeof 1 + \openin 1 #1.PDF \ifeof 1 + \openin 1 #1.png \ifeof 1 + \openin 1 #1.jpg \ifeof 1 + \openin 1 #1.jpeg \ifeof 1 + \openin 1 #1.JPG \ifeof 1 + \errhelp = \nopdfimagehelp + \errmessage{Could not find image file #1 for pdf}% + \else \gdef\pdfimgext{JPG}% + \fi + \else \gdef\pdfimgext{jpeg}% + \fi + \else \gdef\pdfimgext{jpg}% + \fi + \else \gdef\pdfimgext{png}% + \fi + \else \gdef\pdfimgext{PDF}% + \fi + \else \gdef\pdfimgext{pdf}% + \fi + \closein 1 + \endgroup + % + % without \immediate, ancient pdftex seg faults when the same image is + % included twice. (Version 3.14159-pre-1.0-unofficial-20010704.) + \ifnum\pdftexversion < 14 + \immediate\pdfimage + \else + \immediate\pdfximage + \fi + \ifdim \wd0 >0pt width \pdfimagewidth \fi + \ifdim \wd2 >0pt height \pdfimageheight \fi + \ifnum\pdftexversion<13 + #1.\pdfimgext + \else + {#1.\pdfimgext}% + \fi + \ifnum\pdftexversion < 14 \else + \pdfrefximage \pdflastximage + \fi} + % + \def\pdfmkdest#1{{% + % We have to set dummies so commands such as @code, and characters + % such as \, aren't expanded when present in a section title. + \indexnofonts + \turnoffactive + \makevalueexpandable + \def\pdfdestname{#1}% + \txiescapepdf\pdfdestname + \safewhatsit{\pdfdest name{\pdfdestname} xyz}% + }} + % + % used to mark target names; must be expandable. + \def\pdfmkpgn#1{#1} + % + % by default, use black for everything. + \def\urlcolor{\rgbBlack} + \def\linkcolor{\rgbBlack} + \def\endlink{\setcolor{\maincolor}\pdfendlink} + % + % Adding outlines to PDF; macros for calculating structure of outlines + % come from Petr Olsak + \def\expnumber#1{\expandafter\ifx\csname#1\endcsname\relax 0% + \else \csname#1\endcsname \fi} + \def\advancenumber#1{\tempnum=\expnumber{#1}\relax + \advance\tempnum by 1 + \expandafter\xdef\csname#1\endcsname{\the\tempnum}} + % + % #1 is the section text, which is what will be displayed in the + % outline by the pdf viewer. #2 is the pdf expression for the number + % of subentries (or empty, for subsubsections). #3 is the node text, + % which might be empty if this toc entry had no corresponding node. + % #4 is the page number + % + \def\dopdfoutline#1#2#3#4{% + % Generate a link to the node text if that exists; else, use the + % page number. We could generate a destination for the section + % text in the case where a section has no node, but it doesn't + % seem worth the trouble, since most documents are normally structured. + \edef\pdfoutlinedest{#3}% + \ifx\pdfoutlinedest\empty + \def\pdfoutlinedest{#4}% + \else + \txiescapepdf\pdfoutlinedest + \fi + % + % Also escape PDF chars in the display string. + \edef\pdfoutlinetext{#1}% + \txiescapepdf\pdfoutlinetext + % + \pdfoutline goto name{\pdfmkpgn{\pdfoutlinedest}}#2{\pdfoutlinetext}% + } + % + \def\pdfmakeoutlines{% + \begingroup + % Read toc silently, to get counts of subentries for \pdfoutline. + \def\partentry##1##2##3##4{}% ignore parts in the outlines + \def\numchapentry##1##2##3##4{% + \def\thischapnum{##2}% + \def\thissecnum{0}% + \def\thissubsecnum{0}% + }% + \def\numsecentry##1##2##3##4{% + \advancenumber{chap\thischapnum}% + \def\thissecnum{##2}% + \def\thissubsecnum{0}% + }% + \def\numsubsecentry##1##2##3##4{% + \advancenumber{sec\thissecnum}% + \def\thissubsecnum{##2}% + }% + \def\numsubsubsecentry##1##2##3##4{% + \advancenumber{subsec\thissubsecnum}% + }% + \def\thischapnum{0}% + \def\thissecnum{0}% + \def\thissubsecnum{0}% + % + % use \def rather than \let here because we redefine \chapentry et + % al. a second time, below. + \def\appentry{\numchapentry}% + \def\appsecentry{\numsecentry}% + \def\appsubsecentry{\numsubsecentry}% + \def\appsubsubsecentry{\numsubsubsecentry}% + \def\unnchapentry{\numchapentry}% + \def\unnsecentry{\numsecentry}% + \def\unnsubsecentry{\numsubsecentry}% + \def\unnsubsubsecentry{\numsubsubsecentry}% + \readdatafile{toc}% + % + % Read toc second time, this time actually producing the outlines. + % The `-' means take the \expnumber as the absolute number of + % subentries, which we calculated on our first read of the .toc above. + % + % We use the node names as the destinations. + \def\numchapentry##1##2##3##4{% + \dopdfoutline{##1}{count-\expnumber{chap##2}}{##3}{##4}}% + \def\numsecentry##1##2##3##4{% + \dopdfoutline{##1}{count-\expnumber{sec##2}}{##3}{##4}}% + \def\numsubsecentry##1##2##3##4{% + \dopdfoutline{##1}{count-\expnumber{subsec##2}}{##3}{##4}}% + \def\numsubsubsecentry##1##2##3##4{% count is always zero + \dopdfoutline{##1}{}{##3}{##4}}% + % + % PDF outlines are displayed using system fonts, instead of + % document fonts. Therefore we cannot use special characters, + % since the encoding is unknown. For example, the eogonek from + % Latin 2 (0xea) gets translated to a | character. Info from + % Staszek Wawrykiewicz, 19 Jan 2004 04:09:24 +0100. + % + % TODO this right, we have to translate 8-bit characters to + % their "best" equivalent, based on the @documentencoding. Too + % much work for too little return. Just use the ASCII equivalents + % we use for the index sort strings. + % + \indexnofonts + \setupdatafile + % We can have normal brace characters in the PDF outlines, unlike + % Texinfo index files. So set that up. + \def\{{\lbracecharliteral}% + \def\}{\rbracecharliteral}% + \catcode`\\=\active \otherbackslash + \input \tocreadfilename + \endgroup + } + {\catcode`[=1 \catcode`]=2 + \catcode`{=\other \catcode`}=\other + \gdef\lbracecharliteral[{]% + \gdef\rbracecharliteral[}]% + ] + % + \def\skipspaces#1{\def\PP{#1}\def\D{|}% + \ifx\PP\D\let\nextsp\relax + \else\let\nextsp\skipspaces + \addtokens{\filename}{\PP}% + \advance\filenamelength by 1 + \fi + \nextsp} + \def\getfilename#1{% + \filenamelength=0 + % If we don't expand the argument now, \skipspaces will get + % snagged on things like "@value{foo}". + \edef\temp{#1}% + \expandafter\skipspaces\temp|\relax + } + \ifnum\pdftexversion < 14 + \let \startlink \pdfannotlink + \else + \let \startlink \pdfstartlink + \fi + % make a live url in pdf output. + \def\pdfurl#1{% + \begingroup + % it seems we really need yet another set of dummies; have not + % tried to figure out what each command should do in the context + % of @url. for now, just make @/ a no-op, that's the only one + % people have actually reported a problem with. + % + \normalturnoffactive + \def\@{@}% + \let\/=\empty + \makevalueexpandable + % do we want to go so far as to use \indexnofonts instead of just + % special-casing \var here? + \def\var##1{##1}% + % + \leavevmode\setcolor{\urlcolor}% + \startlink attr{/Border [0 0 0]}% + user{/Subtype /Link /A << /S /URI /URI (#1) >>}% + \endgroup} + \def\pdfgettoks#1.{\setbox\boxA=\hbox{\toksA={#1.}\toksB={}\maketoks}} + \def\addtokens#1#2{\edef\addtoks{\noexpand#1={\the#1#2}}\addtoks} + \def\adn#1{\addtokens{\toksC}{#1}\global\countA=1\let\next=\maketoks} + \def\poptoks#1#2|ENDTOKS|{\let\first=#1\toksD={#1}\toksA={#2}} + \def\maketoks{% + \expandafter\poptoks\the\toksA|ENDTOKS|\relax + \ifx\first0\adn0 + \else\ifx\first1\adn1 \else\ifx\first2\adn2 \else\ifx\first3\adn3 + \else\ifx\first4\adn4 \else\ifx\first5\adn5 \else\ifx\first6\adn6 + \else\ifx\first7\adn7 \else\ifx\first8\adn8 \else\ifx\first9\adn9 + \else + \ifnum0=\countA\else\makelink\fi + \ifx\first.\let\next=\done\else + \let\next=\maketoks + \addtokens{\toksB}{\the\toksD} + \ifx\first,\addtokens{\toksB}{\space}\fi + \fi + \fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi + \next} + \def\makelink{\addtokens{\toksB}% + {\noexpand\pdflink{\the\toksC}}\toksC={}\global\countA=0} + \def\pdflink#1{% + \startlink attr{/Border [0 0 0]} goto name{\pdfmkpgn{#1}} + \setcolor{\linkcolor}#1\endlink} + \def\done{\edef\st{\global\noexpand\toksA={\the\toksB}}\st} +\else + % non-pdf mode + \let\pdfmkdest = \gobble + \let\pdfurl = \gobble + \let\endlink = \relax + \let\setcolor = \gobble + \let\pdfsetcolor = \gobble + \let\pdfmakeoutlines = \relax +\fi % \ifx\pdfoutput + + +\message{fonts,} + +% Change the current font style to #1, remembering it in \curfontstyle. +% For now, we do not accumulate font styles: @b{@i{foo}} prints foo in +% italics, not bold italics. +% +\def\setfontstyle#1{% + \def\curfontstyle{#1}% not as a control sequence, because we are \edef'd. + \csname ten#1\endcsname % change the current font +} + +% Select #1 fonts with the current style. +% +\def\selectfonts#1{\csname #1fonts\endcsname \csname\curfontstyle\endcsname} + +\def\rm{\fam=0 \setfontstyle{rm}} +\def\it{\fam=\itfam \setfontstyle{it}} +\def\sl{\fam=\slfam \setfontstyle{sl}} +\def\bf{\fam=\bffam \setfontstyle{bf}}\def\bfstylename{bf} +\def\tt{\fam=\ttfam \setfontstyle{tt}} + +% Unfortunately, we have to override this for titles and the like, since +% in those cases "rm" is bold. Sigh. +\def\rmisbold{\rm\def\curfontstyle{bf}} + +% Texinfo sort of supports the sans serif font style, which plain TeX does not. +% So we set up a \sf. +\newfam\sffam +\def\sf{\fam=\sffam \setfontstyle{sf}} +\let\li = \sf % Sometimes we call it \li, not \sf. + +% We don't need math for this font style. +\def\ttsl{\setfontstyle{ttsl}} + + +% Set the baselineskip to #1, and the lineskip and strut size +% correspondingly. There is no deep meaning behind these magic numbers +% used as factors; they just match (closely enough) what Knuth defined. +% +\def\lineskipfactor{.08333} +\def\strutheightpercent{.70833} +\def\strutdepthpercent {.29167} +% +% can get a sort of poor man's double spacing by redefining this. +\def\baselinefactor{1} +% +\newdimen\textleading +\def\setleading#1{% + \dimen0 = #1\relax + \normalbaselineskip = \baselinefactor\dimen0 + \normallineskip = \lineskipfactor\normalbaselineskip + \normalbaselines + \setbox\strutbox =\hbox{% + \vrule width0pt height\strutheightpercent\baselineskip + depth \strutdepthpercent \baselineskip + }% +} + +% PDF CMaps. See also LaTeX's t1.cmap. +% +% do nothing with this by default. +\expandafter\let\csname cmapOT1\endcsname\gobble +\expandafter\let\csname cmapOT1IT\endcsname\gobble +\expandafter\let\csname cmapOT1TT\endcsname\gobble + +% if we are producing pdf, and we have \pdffontattr, then define cmaps. +% (\pdffontattr was introduced many years ago, but people still run +% older pdftex's; it's easy to conditionalize, so we do.) +\ifpdf \ifx\pdffontattr\thisisundefined \else + \begingroup + \catcode`\^^M=\active \def^^M{^^J}% Output line endings as the ^^J char. + \catcode`\%=12 \immediate\pdfobj stream {%!PS-Adobe-3.0 Resource-CMap +%%DocumentNeededResources: ProcSet (CIDInit) +%%IncludeResource: ProcSet (CIDInit) +%%BeginResource: CMap (TeX-OT1-0) +%%Title: (TeX-OT1-0 TeX OT1 0) +%%Version: 1.000 +%%EndComments +/CIDInit /ProcSet findresource begin +12 dict begin +begincmap +/CIDSystemInfo +<< /Registry (TeX) +/Ordering (OT1) +/Supplement 0 +>> def +/CMapName /TeX-OT1-0 def +/CMapType 2 def +1 begincodespacerange +<00> <7F> +endcodespacerange +8 beginbfrange +<00> <01> <0393> +<09> <0A> <03A8> +<23> <26> <0023> +<28> <3B> <0028> +<3F> <5B> <003F> +<5D> <5E> <005D> +<61> <7A> <0061> +<7B> <7C> <2013> +endbfrange +40 beginbfchar +<02> <0398> +<03> <039B> +<04> <039E> +<05> <03A0> +<06> <03A3> +<07> <03D2> +<08> <03A6> +<0B> <00660066> +<0C> <00660069> +<0D> <0066006C> +<0E> <006600660069> +<0F> <00660066006C> +<10> <0131> +<11> <0237> +<12> <0060> +<13> <00B4> +<14> <02C7> +<15> <02D8> +<16> <00AF> +<17> <02DA> +<18> <00B8> +<19> <00DF> +<1A> <00E6> +<1B> <0153> +<1C> <00F8> +<1D> <00C6> +<1E> <0152> +<1F> <00D8> +<21> <0021> +<22> <201D> +<27> <2019> +<3C> <00A1> +<3D> <003D> +<3E> <00BF> +<5C> <201C> +<5F> <02D9> +<60> <2018> +<7D> <02DD> +<7E> <007E> +<7F> <00A8> +endbfchar +endcmap +CMapName currentdict /CMap defineresource pop +end +end +%%EndResource +%%EOF + }\endgroup + \expandafter\edef\csname cmapOT1\endcsname#1{% + \pdffontattr#1{/ToUnicode \the\pdflastobj\space 0 R}% + }% +% +% \cmapOT1IT + \begingroup + \catcode`\^^M=\active \def^^M{^^J}% Output line endings as the ^^J char. + \catcode`\%=12 \immediate\pdfobj stream {%!PS-Adobe-3.0 Resource-CMap +%%DocumentNeededResources: ProcSet (CIDInit) +%%IncludeResource: ProcSet (CIDInit) +%%BeginResource: CMap (TeX-OT1IT-0) +%%Title: (TeX-OT1IT-0 TeX OT1IT 0) +%%Version: 1.000 +%%EndComments +/CIDInit /ProcSet findresource begin +12 dict begin +begincmap +/CIDSystemInfo +<< /Registry (TeX) +/Ordering (OT1IT) +/Supplement 0 +>> def +/CMapName /TeX-OT1IT-0 def +/CMapType 2 def +1 begincodespacerange +<00> <7F> +endcodespacerange +8 beginbfrange +<00> <01> <0393> +<09> <0A> <03A8> +<25> <26> <0025> +<28> <3B> <0028> +<3F> <5B> <003F> +<5D> <5E> <005D> +<61> <7A> <0061> +<7B> <7C> <2013> +endbfrange +42 beginbfchar +<02> <0398> +<03> <039B> +<04> <039E> +<05> <03A0> +<06> <03A3> +<07> <03D2> +<08> <03A6> +<0B> <00660066> +<0C> <00660069> +<0D> <0066006C> +<0E> <006600660069> +<0F> <00660066006C> +<10> <0131> +<11> <0237> +<12> <0060> +<13> <00B4> +<14> <02C7> +<15> <02D8> +<16> <00AF> +<17> <02DA> +<18> <00B8> +<19> <00DF> +<1A> <00E6> +<1B> <0153> +<1C> <00F8> +<1D> <00C6> +<1E> <0152> +<1F> <00D8> +<21> <0021> +<22> <201D> +<23> <0023> +<24> <00A3> +<27> <2019> +<3C> <00A1> +<3D> <003D> +<3E> <00BF> +<5C> <201C> +<5F> <02D9> +<60> <2018> +<7D> <02DD> +<7E> <007E> +<7F> <00A8> +endbfchar +endcmap +CMapName currentdict /CMap defineresource pop +end +end +%%EndResource +%%EOF + }\endgroup + \expandafter\edef\csname cmapOT1IT\endcsname#1{% + \pdffontattr#1{/ToUnicode \the\pdflastobj\space 0 R}% + }% +% +% \cmapOT1TT + \begingroup + \catcode`\^^M=\active \def^^M{^^J}% Output line endings as the ^^J char. + \catcode`\%=12 \immediate\pdfobj stream {%!PS-Adobe-3.0 Resource-CMap +%%DocumentNeededResources: ProcSet (CIDInit) +%%IncludeResource: ProcSet (CIDInit) +%%BeginResource: CMap (TeX-OT1TT-0) +%%Title: (TeX-OT1TT-0 TeX OT1TT 0) +%%Version: 1.000 +%%EndComments +/CIDInit /ProcSet findresource begin +12 dict begin +begincmap +/CIDSystemInfo +<< /Registry (TeX) +/Ordering (OT1TT) +/Supplement 0 +>> def +/CMapName /TeX-OT1TT-0 def +/CMapType 2 def +1 begincodespacerange +<00> <7F> +endcodespacerange +5 beginbfrange +<00> <01> <0393> +<09> <0A> <03A8> +<21> <26> <0021> +<28> <5F> <0028> +<61> <7E> <0061> +endbfrange +32 beginbfchar +<02> <0398> +<03> <039B> +<04> <039E> +<05> <03A0> +<06> <03A3> +<07> <03D2> +<08> <03A6> +<0B> <2191> +<0C> <2193> +<0D> <0027> +<0E> <00A1> +<0F> <00BF> +<10> <0131> +<11> <0237> +<12> <0060> +<13> <00B4> +<14> <02C7> +<15> <02D8> +<16> <00AF> +<17> <02DA> +<18> <00B8> +<19> <00DF> +<1A> <00E6> +<1B> <0153> +<1C> <00F8> +<1D> <00C6> +<1E> <0152> +<1F> <00D8> +<20> <2423> +<27> <2019> +<60> <2018> +<7F> <00A8> +endbfchar +endcmap +CMapName currentdict /CMap defineresource pop +end +end +%%EndResource +%%EOF + }\endgroup + \expandafter\edef\csname cmapOT1TT\endcsname#1{% + \pdffontattr#1{/ToUnicode \the\pdflastobj\space 0 R}% + }% +\fi\fi + + +% Set the font macro #1 to the font named \fontprefix#2. +% #3 is the font's design size, #4 is a scale factor, #5 is the CMap +% encoding (only OT1, OT1IT and OT1TT are allowed, or empty to omit). +% Example: +% #1 = \textrm +% #2 = \rmshape +% #3 = 10 +% #4 = \mainmagstep +% #5 = OT1 +% +\def\setfont#1#2#3#4#5{% + \font#1=\fontprefix#2#3 scaled #4 + \csname cmap#5\endcsname#1% +} +% This is what gets called when #5 of \setfont is empty. +\let\cmap\gobble +% +% (end of cmaps) + +% Use cm as the default font prefix. +% To specify the font prefix, you must define \fontprefix +% before you read in texinfo.tex. +\ifx\fontprefix\thisisundefined +\def\fontprefix{cm} +\fi +% Support font families that don't use the same naming scheme as CM. +\def\rmshape{r} +\def\rmbshape{bx} % where the normal face is bold +\def\bfshape{b} +\def\bxshape{bx} +\def\ttshape{tt} +\def\ttbshape{tt} +\def\ttslshape{sltt} +\def\itshape{ti} +\def\itbshape{bxti} +\def\slshape{sl} +\def\slbshape{bxsl} +\def\sfshape{ss} +\def\sfbshape{ss} +\def\scshape{csc} +\def\scbshape{csc} + +% Definitions for a main text size of 11pt. (The default in Texinfo.) +% +\def\definetextfontsizexi{% +% Text fonts (11.2pt, magstep1). +\def\textnominalsize{11pt} +\edef\mainmagstep{\magstephalf} +\setfont\textrm\rmshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1} +\setfont\texttt\ttshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1TT} +\setfont\textbf\bfshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1} +\setfont\textit\itshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1IT} +\setfont\textsl\slshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1} +\setfont\textsf\sfshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1} +\setfont\textsc\scshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1} +\setfont\textttsl\ttslshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1TT} +\font\texti=cmmi10 scaled \mainmagstep +\font\textsy=cmsy10 scaled \mainmagstep +\def\textecsize{1095} + +% A few fonts for @defun names and args. +\setfont\defbf\bfshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1} +\setfont\deftt\ttshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1TT} +\setfont\defsl\slshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1TT} +\setfont\defttsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1TT} +\def\df{\let\tentt=\deftt \let\tenbf = \defbf +\let\tenttsl=\defttsl \let\tensl=\defsl \bf} + +% Fonts for indices, footnotes, small examples (9pt). +\def\smallnominalsize{9pt} +\setfont\smallrm\rmshape{9}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\smalltt\ttshape{9}{1000}{OT1TT} +\setfont\smallbf\bfshape{10}{900}{OT1} +\setfont\smallit\itshape{9}{1000}{OT1IT} +\setfont\smallsl\slshape{9}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\smallsf\sfshape{9}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\smallsc\scshape{10}{900}{OT1} +\setfont\smallttsl\ttslshape{10}{900}{OT1TT} +\font\smalli=cmmi9 +\font\smallsy=cmsy9 +\def\smallecsize{0900} + +% Fonts for small examples (8pt). +\def\smallernominalsize{8pt} +\setfont\smallerrm\rmshape{8}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\smallertt\ttshape{8}{1000}{OT1TT} +\setfont\smallerbf\bfshape{10}{800}{OT1} +\setfont\smallerit\itshape{8}{1000}{OT1IT} +\setfont\smallersl\slshape{8}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\smallersf\sfshape{8}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\smallersc\scshape{10}{800}{OT1} +\setfont\smallerttsl\ttslshape{10}{800}{OT1TT} +\font\smalleri=cmmi8 +\font\smallersy=cmsy8 +\def\smallerecsize{0800} + +% Fonts for title page (20.4pt): +\def\titlenominalsize{20pt} +\setfont\titlerm\rmbshape{12}{\magstep3}{OT1} +\setfont\titleit\itbshape{10}{\magstep4}{OT1IT} +\setfont\titlesl\slbshape{10}{\magstep4}{OT1} +\setfont\titlett\ttbshape{12}{\magstep3}{OT1TT} +\setfont\titlettsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstep4}{OT1TT} +\setfont\titlesf\sfbshape{17}{\magstep1}{OT1} +\let\titlebf=\titlerm +\setfont\titlesc\scbshape{10}{\magstep4}{OT1} +\font\titlei=cmmi12 scaled \magstep3 +\font\titlesy=cmsy10 scaled \magstep4 +\def\titleecsize{2074} + +% Chapter (and unnumbered) fonts (17.28pt). +\def\chapnominalsize{17pt} +\setfont\chaprm\rmbshape{12}{\magstep2}{OT1} +\setfont\chapit\itbshape{10}{\magstep3}{OT1IT} +\setfont\chapsl\slbshape{10}{\magstep3}{OT1} +\setfont\chaptt\ttbshape{12}{\magstep2}{OT1TT} +\setfont\chapttsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstep3}{OT1TT} +\setfont\chapsf\sfbshape{17}{1000}{OT1} +\let\chapbf=\chaprm +\setfont\chapsc\scbshape{10}{\magstep3}{OT1} +\font\chapi=cmmi12 scaled \magstep2 +\font\chapsy=cmsy10 scaled \magstep3 +\def\chapecsize{1728} + +% Section fonts (14.4pt). +\def\secnominalsize{14pt} +\setfont\secrm\rmbshape{12}{\magstep1}{OT1} +\setfont\secrmnotbold\rmshape{12}{\magstep1}{OT1} +\setfont\secit\itbshape{10}{\magstep2}{OT1IT} +\setfont\secsl\slbshape{10}{\magstep2}{OT1} +\setfont\sectt\ttbshape{12}{\magstep1}{OT1TT} +\setfont\secttsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstep2}{OT1TT} +\setfont\secsf\sfbshape{12}{\magstep1}{OT1} +\let\secbf\secrm +\setfont\secsc\scbshape{10}{\magstep2}{OT1} +\font\seci=cmmi12 scaled \magstep1 +\font\secsy=cmsy10 scaled \magstep2 +\def\sececsize{1440} + +% Subsection fonts (13.15pt). +\def\ssecnominalsize{13pt} +\setfont\ssecrm\rmbshape{12}{\magstephalf}{OT1} +\setfont\ssecit\itbshape{10}{1315}{OT1IT} +\setfont\ssecsl\slbshape{10}{1315}{OT1} +\setfont\ssectt\ttbshape{12}{\magstephalf}{OT1TT} +\setfont\ssecttsl\ttslshape{10}{1315}{OT1TT} +\setfont\ssecsf\sfbshape{12}{\magstephalf}{OT1} +\let\ssecbf\ssecrm +\setfont\ssecsc\scbshape{10}{1315}{OT1} +\font\sseci=cmmi12 scaled \magstephalf +\font\ssecsy=cmsy10 scaled 1315 +\def\ssececsize{1200} + +% Reduced fonts for @acro in text (10pt). +\def\reducednominalsize{10pt} +\setfont\reducedrm\rmshape{10}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\reducedtt\ttshape{10}{1000}{OT1TT} +\setfont\reducedbf\bfshape{10}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\reducedit\itshape{10}{1000}{OT1IT} +\setfont\reducedsl\slshape{10}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\reducedsf\sfshape{10}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\reducedsc\scshape{10}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\reducedttsl\ttslshape{10}{1000}{OT1TT} +\font\reducedi=cmmi10 +\font\reducedsy=cmsy10 +\def\reducedecsize{1000} + +\textleading = 13.2pt % line spacing for 11pt CM +\textfonts % reset the current fonts +\rm +} % end of 11pt text font size definitions, \definetextfontsizexi + + +% Definitions to make the main text be 10pt Computer Modern, with +% section, chapter, etc., sizes following suit. This is for the GNU +% Press printing of the Emacs 22 manual. Maybe other manuals in the +% future. Used with @smallbook, which sets the leading to 12pt. +% +\def\definetextfontsizex{% +% Text fonts (10pt). +\def\textnominalsize{10pt} +\edef\mainmagstep{1000} +\setfont\textrm\rmshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1} +\setfont\texttt\ttshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1TT} +\setfont\textbf\bfshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1} +\setfont\textit\itshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1IT} +\setfont\textsl\slshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1} +\setfont\textsf\sfshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1} +\setfont\textsc\scshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1} +\setfont\textttsl\ttslshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1TT} +\font\texti=cmmi10 scaled \mainmagstep +\font\textsy=cmsy10 scaled \mainmagstep +\def\textecsize{1000} + +% A few fonts for @defun names and args. +\setfont\defbf\bfshape{10}{\magstephalf}{OT1} +\setfont\deftt\ttshape{10}{\magstephalf}{OT1TT} +\setfont\defsl\slshape{10}{\magstephalf}{OT1TT} +\setfont\defttsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstephalf}{OT1TT} +\def\df{\let\tentt=\deftt \let\tenbf = \defbf +\let\tensl=\defsl \let\tenttsl=\defttsl \bf} + +% Fonts for indices, footnotes, small examples (9pt). +\def\smallnominalsize{9pt} +\setfont\smallrm\rmshape{9}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\smalltt\ttshape{9}{1000}{OT1TT} +\setfont\smallbf\bfshape{10}{900}{OT1} +\setfont\smallit\itshape{9}{1000}{OT1IT} +\setfont\smallsl\slshape{9}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\smallsf\sfshape{9}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\smallsc\scshape{10}{900}{OT1} +\setfont\smallttsl\ttslshape{10}{900}{OT1TT} +\font\smalli=cmmi9 +\font\smallsy=cmsy9 +\def\smallecsize{0900} + +% Fonts for small examples (8pt). +\def\smallernominalsize{8pt} +\setfont\smallerrm\rmshape{8}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\smallertt\ttshape{8}{1000}{OT1TT} +\setfont\smallerbf\bfshape{10}{800}{OT1} +\setfont\smallerit\itshape{8}{1000}{OT1IT} +\setfont\smallersl\slshape{8}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\smallersf\sfshape{8}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\smallersc\scshape{10}{800}{OT1} +\setfont\smallerttsl\ttslshape{10}{800}{OT1TT} +\font\smalleri=cmmi8 +\font\smallersy=cmsy8 +\def\smallerecsize{0800} + +% Fonts for title page (20.4pt): +\def\titlenominalsize{20pt} +\setfont\titlerm\rmbshape{12}{\magstep3}{OT1} +\setfont\titleit\itbshape{10}{\magstep4}{OT1IT} +\setfont\titlesl\slbshape{10}{\magstep4}{OT1} +\setfont\titlett\ttbshape{12}{\magstep3}{OT1TT} +\setfont\titlettsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstep4}{OT1TT} +\setfont\titlesf\sfbshape{17}{\magstep1}{OT1} +\let\titlebf=\titlerm +\setfont\titlesc\scbshape{10}{\magstep4}{OT1} +\font\titlei=cmmi12 scaled \magstep3 +\font\titlesy=cmsy10 scaled \magstep4 +\def\titleecsize{2074} + +% Chapter fonts (14.4pt). +\def\chapnominalsize{14pt} +\setfont\chaprm\rmbshape{12}{\magstep1}{OT1} +\setfont\chapit\itbshape{10}{\magstep2}{OT1IT} +\setfont\chapsl\slbshape{10}{\magstep2}{OT1} +\setfont\chaptt\ttbshape{12}{\magstep1}{OT1TT} +\setfont\chapttsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstep2}{OT1TT} +\setfont\chapsf\sfbshape{12}{\magstep1}{OT1} +\let\chapbf\chaprm +\setfont\chapsc\scbshape{10}{\magstep2}{OT1} +\font\chapi=cmmi12 scaled \magstep1 +\font\chapsy=cmsy10 scaled \magstep2 +\def\chapecsize{1440} + +% Section fonts (12pt). +\def\secnominalsize{12pt} +\setfont\secrm\rmbshape{12}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\secit\itbshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1IT} +\setfont\secsl\slbshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1} +\setfont\sectt\ttbshape{12}{1000}{OT1TT} +\setfont\secttsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1TT} +\setfont\secsf\sfbshape{12}{1000}{OT1} +\let\secbf\secrm +\setfont\secsc\scbshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1} +\font\seci=cmmi12 +\font\secsy=cmsy10 scaled \magstep1 +\def\sececsize{1200} + +% Subsection fonts (10pt). +\def\ssecnominalsize{10pt} +\setfont\ssecrm\rmbshape{10}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\ssecit\itbshape{10}{1000}{OT1IT} +\setfont\ssecsl\slbshape{10}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\ssectt\ttbshape{10}{1000}{OT1TT} +\setfont\ssecttsl\ttslshape{10}{1000}{OT1TT} +\setfont\ssecsf\sfbshape{10}{1000}{OT1} +\let\ssecbf\ssecrm +\setfont\ssecsc\scbshape{10}{1000}{OT1} +\font\sseci=cmmi10 +\font\ssecsy=cmsy10 +\def\ssececsize{1000} + +% Reduced fonts for @acro in text (9pt). +\def\reducednominalsize{9pt} +\setfont\reducedrm\rmshape{9}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\reducedtt\ttshape{9}{1000}{OT1TT} +\setfont\reducedbf\bfshape{10}{900}{OT1} +\setfont\reducedit\itshape{9}{1000}{OT1IT} +\setfont\reducedsl\slshape{9}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\reducedsf\sfshape{9}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\reducedsc\scshape{10}{900}{OT1} +\setfont\reducedttsl\ttslshape{10}{900}{OT1TT} +\font\reducedi=cmmi9 +\font\reducedsy=cmsy9 +\def\reducedecsize{0900} + +\divide\parskip by 2 % reduce space between paragraphs +\textleading = 12pt % line spacing for 10pt CM +\textfonts % reset the current fonts +\rm +} % end of 10pt text font size definitions, \definetextfontsizex + + +% We provide the user-level command +% @fonttextsize 10 +% (or 11) to redefine the text font size. pt is assumed. +% +\def\xiword{11} +\def\xword{10} +\def\xwordpt{10pt} +% +\parseargdef\fonttextsize{% + \def\textsizearg{#1}% + %\wlog{doing @fonttextsize \textsizearg}% + % + % Set \globaldefs so that documents can use this inside @tex, since + % makeinfo 4.8 does not support it, but we need it nonetheless. + % + \begingroup \globaldefs=1 + \ifx\textsizearg\xword \definetextfontsizex + \else \ifx\textsizearg\xiword \definetextfontsizexi + \else + \errhelp=\EMsimple + \errmessage{@fonttextsize only supports `10' or `11', not `\textsizearg'} + \fi\fi + \endgroup +} + +% In order for the font changes to affect most math symbols and letters, +% we have to define the \textfont of the standard families. We don't +% bother to reset \scriptfont and \scriptscriptfont; awaiting user need. +% +\def\resetmathfonts{% + \textfont0=\tenrm \textfont1=\teni \textfont2=\tensy + \textfont\itfam=\tenit \textfont\slfam=\tensl \textfont\bffam=\tenbf + \textfont\ttfam=\tentt \textfont\sffam=\tensf +} + +% The font-changing commands redefine the meanings of \tenSTYLE, instead +% of just \STYLE. We do this because \STYLE needs to also set the +% current \fam for math mode. Our \STYLE (e.g., \rm) commands hardwire +% \tenSTYLE to set the current font. +% +% Each font-changing command also sets the names \lsize (one size lower) +% and \lllsize (three sizes lower). These relative commands are used +% in, e.g., the LaTeX logo and acronyms. +% +% This all needs generalizing, badly. +% +\def\textfonts{% + \let\tenrm=\textrm \let\tenit=\textit \let\tensl=\textsl + \let\tenbf=\textbf \let\tentt=\texttt \let\smallcaps=\textsc + \let\tensf=\textsf \let\teni=\texti \let\tensy=\textsy + \let\tenttsl=\textttsl + \def\curfontsize{text}% + \def\lsize{reduced}\def\lllsize{smaller}% + \resetmathfonts \setleading{\textleading}} +\def\titlefonts{% + \let\tenrm=\titlerm \let\tenit=\titleit \let\tensl=\titlesl + \let\tenbf=\titlebf \let\tentt=\titlett \let\smallcaps=\titlesc + \let\tensf=\titlesf \let\teni=\titlei \let\tensy=\titlesy + \let\tenttsl=\titlettsl + \def\curfontsize{title}% + \def\lsize{chap}\def\lllsize{subsec}% + \resetmathfonts \setleading{27pt}} +\def\titlefont#1{{\titlefonts\rmisbold #1}} +\def\chapfonts{% + \let\tenrm=\chaprm \let\tenit=\chapit \let\tensl=\chapsl + \let\tenbf=\chapbf \let\tentt=\chaptt \let\smallcaps=\chapsc + \let\tensf=\chapsf \let\teni=\chapi \let\tensy=\chapsy + \let\tenttsl=\chapttsl + \def\curfontsize{chap}% + \def\lsize{sec}\def\lllsize{text}% + \resetmathfonts \setleading{19pt}} +\def\secfonts{% + \let\tenrm=\secrm \let\tenit=\secit \let\tensl=\secsl + \let\tenbf=\secbf \let\tentt=\sectt \let\smallcaps=\secsc + \let\tensf=\secsf \let\teni=\seci \let\tensy=\secsy + \let\tenttsl=\secttsl + \def\curfontsize{sec}% + \def\lsize{subsec}\def\lllsize{reduced}% + \resetmathfonts \setleading{17pt}} +\def\subsecfonts{% + \let\tenrm=\ssecrm \let\tenit=\ssecit \let\tensl=\ssecsl + \let\tenbf=\ssecbf \let\tentt=\ssectt \let\smallcaps=\ssecsc + \let\tensf=\ssecsf \let\teni=\sseci \let\tensy=\ssecsy + \let\tenttsl=\ssecttsl + \def\curfontsize{ssec}% + \def\lsize{text}\def\lllsize{small}% + \resetmathfonts \setleading{15pt}} +\let\subsubsecfonts = \subsecfonts +\def\reducedfonts{% + \let\tenrm=\reducedrm \let\tenit=\reducedit \let\tensl=\reducedsl + \let\tenbf=\reducedbf \let\tentt=\reducedtt \let\reducedcaps=\reducedsc + \let\tensf=\reducedsf \let\teni=\reducedi \let\tensy=\reducedsy + \let\tenttsl=\reducedttsl + \def\curfontsize{reduced}% + \def\lsize{small}\def\lllsize{smaller}% + \resetmathfonts \setleading{10.5pt}} +\def\smallfonts{% + \let\tenrm=\smallrm \let\tenit=\smallit \let\tensl=\smallsl + \let\tenbf=\smallbf \let\tentt=\smalltt \let\smallcaps=\smallsc + \let\tensf=\smallsf \let\teni=\smalli \let\tensy=\smallsy + \let\tenttsl=\smallttsl + \def\curfontsize{small}% + \def\lsize{smaller}\def\lllsize{smaller}% + \resetmathfonts \setleading{10.5pt}} +\def\smallerfonts{% + \let\tenrm=\smallerrm \let\tenit=\smallerit \let\tensl=\smallersl + \let\tenbf=\smallerbf \let\tentt=\smallertt \let\smallcaps=\smallersc + \let\tensf=\smallersf \let\teni=\smalleri \let\tensy=\smallersy + \let\tenttsl=\smallerttsl + \def\curfontsize{smaller}% + \def\lsize{smaller}\def\lllsize{smaller}% + \resetmathfonts \setleading{9.5pt}} + +% Fonts for short table of contents. +\setfont\shortcontrm\rmshape{12}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\shortcontbf\bfshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1} % no cmb12 +\setfont\shortcontsl\slshape{12}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\shortconttt\ttshape{12}{1000}{OT1TT} + +% Define these just so they can be easily changed for other fonts. +\def\angleleft{$\langle$} +\def\angleright{$\rangle$} + +% Set the fonts to use with the @small... environments. +\let\smallexamplefonts = \smallfonts + +% About \smallexamplefonts. If we use \smallfonts (9pt), @smallexample +% can fit this many characters: +% 8.5x11=86 smallbook=72 a4=90 a5=69 +% If we use \scriptfonts (8pt), then we can fit this many characters: +% 8.5x11=90+ smallbook=80 a4=90+ a5=77 +% For me, subjectively, the few extra characters that fit aren't worth +% the additional smallness of 8pt. So I'm making the default 9pt. +% +% By the way, for comparison, here's what fits with @example (10pt): +% 8.5x11=71 smallbook=60 a4=75 a5=58 +% --karl, 24jan03. + +% Set up the default fonts, so we can use them for creating boxes. +% +\definetextfontsizexi + + +\message{markup,} + +% Check if we are currently using a typewriter font. Since all the +% Computer Modern typewriter fonts have zero interword stretch (and +% shrink), and it is reasonable to expect all typewriter fonts to have +% this property, we can check that font parameter. +% +\def\ifmonospace{\ifdim\fontdimen3\font=0pt } + +% Markup style infrastructure. \defmarkupstylesetup\INITMACRO will +% define and register \INITMACRO to be called on markup style changes. +% \INITMACRO can check \currentmarkupstyle for the innermost +% style and the set of \ifmarkupSTYLE switches for all styles +% currently in effect. +\newif\ifmarkupvar +\newif\ifmarkupsamp +\newif\ifmarkupkey +%\newif\ifmarkupfile % @file == @samp. +%\newif\ifmarkupoption % @option == @samp. +\newif\ifmarkupcode +\newif\ifmarkupkbd +%\newif\ifmarkupenv % @env == @code. +%\newif\ifmarkupcommand % @command == @code. +\newif\ifmarkuptex % @tex (and part of @math, for now). +\newif\ifmarkupexample +\newif\ifmarkupverb +\newif\ifmarkupverbatim + +\let\currentmarkupstyle\empty + +\def\setupmarkupstyle#1{% + \csname markup#1true\endcsname + \def\currentmarkupstyle{#1}% + \markupstylesetup +} + +\let\markupstylesetup\empty + +\def\defmarkupstylesetup#1{% + \expandafter\def\expandafter\markupstylesetup + \expandafter{\markupstylesetup #1}% + \def#1% +} + +% Markup style setup for left and right quotes. +\defmarkupstylesetup\markupsetuplq{% + \expandafter\let\expandafter \temp + \csname markupsetuplq\currentmarkupstyle\endcsname + \ifx\temp\relax \markupsetuplqdefault \else \temp \fi +} + +\defmarkupstylesetup\markupsetuprq{% + \expandafter\let\expandafter \temp + \csname markupsetuprq\currentmarkupstyle\endcsname + \ifx\temp\relax \markupsetuprqdefault \else \temp \fi +} + +{ +\catcode`\'=\active +\catcode`\`=\active + +\gdef\markupsetuplqdefault{\let`\lq} +\gdef\markupsetuprqdefault{\let'\rq} + +\gdef\markupsetcodequoteleft{\let`\codequoteleft} +\gdef\markupsetcodequoteright{\let'\codequoteright} +} + +\let\markupsetuplqcode \markupsetcodequoteleft +\let\markupsetuprqcode \markupsetcodequoteright +% +\let\markupsetuplqexample \markupsetcodequoteleft +\let\markupsetuprqexample \markupsetcodequoteright +% +\let\markupsetuplqkbd \markupsetcodequoteleft +\let\markupsetuprqkbd \markupsetcodequoteright +% +\let\markupsetuplqsamp \markupsetcodequoteleft +\let\markupsetuprqsamp \markupsetcodequoteright +% +\let\markupsetuplqverb \markupsetcodequoteleft +\let\markupsetuprqverb \markupsetcodequoteright +% +\let\markupsetuplqverbatim \markupsetcodequoteleft +\let\markupsetuprqverbatim \markupsetcodequoteright + +% Allow an option to not use regular directed right quote/apostrophe +% (char 0x27), but instead the undirected quote from cmtt (char 0x0d). +% The undirected quote is ugly, so don't make it the default, but it +% works for pasting with more pdf viewers (at least evince), the +% lilypond developers report. xpdf does work with the regular 0x27. +% +\def\codequoteright{% + \expandafter\ifx\csname SETtxicodequoteundirected\endcsname\relax + \expandafter\ifx\csname SETcodequoteundirected\endcsname\relax + '% + \else \char'15 \fi + \else \char'15 \fi +} +% +% and a similar option for the left quote char vs. a grave accent. +% Modern fonts display ASCII 0x60 as a grave accent, so some people like +% the code environments to do likewise. +% +\def\codequoteleft{% + \expandafter\ifx\csname SETtxicodequotebacktick\endcsname\relax + \expandafter\ifx\csname SETcodequotebacktick\endcsname\relax + % [Knuth] pp. 380,381,391 + % \relax disables Spanish ligatures ?` and !` of \tt font. + \relax`% + \else \char'22 \fi + \else \char'22 \fi +} + +% Commands to set the quote options. +% +\parseargdef\codequoteundirected{% + \def\temp{#1}% + \ifx\temp\onword + \expandafter\let\csname SETtxicodequoteundirected\endcsname + = t% + \else\ifx\temp\offword + \expandafter\let\csname SETtxicodequoteundirected\endcsname + = \relax + \else + \errhelp = \EMsimple + \errmessage{Unknown @codequoteundirected value `\temp', must be on|off}% + \fi\fi +} +% +\parseargdef\codequotebacktick{% + \def\temp{#1}% + \ifx\temp\onword + \expandafter\let\csname SETtxicodequotebacktick\endcsname + = t% + \else\ifx\temp\offword + \expandafter\let\csname SETtxicodequotebacktick\endcsname + = \relax + \else + \errhelp = \EMsimple + \errmessage{Unknown @codequotebacktick value `\temp', must be on|off}% + \fi\fi +} + +% [Knuth] pp. 380,381,391, disable Spanish ligatures ?` and !` of \tt font. +\def\noligaturesquoteleft{\relax\lq} + +% Count depth in font-changes, for error checks +\newcount\fontdepth \fontdepth=0 + +% Font commands. + +% #1 is the font command (\sl or \it), #2 is the text to slant. +% If we are in a monospaced environment, however, 1) always use \ttsl, +% and 2) do not add an italic correction. +\def\dosmartslant#1#2{% + \ifusingtt + {{\ttsl #2}\let\next=\relax}% + {\def\next{{#1#2}\futurelet\next\smartitaliccorrection}}% + \next +} +\def\smartslanted{\dosmartslant\sl} +\def\smartitalic{\dosmartslant\it} + +% Output an italic correction unless \next (presumed to be the following +% character) is such as not to need one. +\def\smartitaliccorrection{% + \ifx\next,% + \else\ifx\next-% + \else\ifx\next.% + \else\ifx\next\.% + \else\ifx\next\comma% + \else\ptexslash + \fi\fi\fi\fi\fi + \aftersmartic +} + +% Unconditional use \ttsl, and no ic. @var is set to this for defuns. +\def\ttslanted#1{{\ttsl #1}} + +% @cite is like \smartslanted except unconditionally use \sl. We never want +% ttsl for book titles, do we? +\def\cite#1{{\sl #1}\futurelet\next\smartitaliccorrection} + +\def\aftersmartic{} +\def\var#1{% + \let\saveaftersmartic = \aftersmartic + \def\aftersmartic{\null\let\aftersmartic=\saveaftersmartic}% + \smartslanted{#1}% +} + +\let\i=\smartitalic +\let\slanted=\smartslanted +\let\dfn=\smartslanted +\let\emph=\smartitalic + +% Explicit font changes: @r, @sc, undocumented @ii. +\def\r#1{{\rm #1}} % roman font +\def\sc#1{{\smallcaps#1}} % smallcaps font +\def\ii#1{{\it #1}} % italic font + +% @b, explicit bold. Also @strong. +\def\b#1{{\bf #1}} +\let\strong=\b + +% @sansserif, explicit sans. +\def\sansserif#1{{\sf #1}} + +% We can't just use \exhyphenpenalty, because that only has effect at +% the end of a paragraph. Restore normal hyphenation at the end of the +% group within which \nohyphenation is presumably called. +% +\def\nohyphenation{\hyphenchar\font = -1 \aftergroup\restorehyphenation} +\def\restorehyphenation{\hyphenchar\font = `- } + +% Set sfcode to normal for the chars that usually have another value. +% Can't use plain's \frenchspacing because it uses the `\x notation, and +% sometimes \x has an active definition that messes things up. +% +\catcode`@=11 + \def\plainfrenchspacing{% + \sfcode\dotChar =\@m \sfcode\questChar=\@m \sfcode\exclamChar=\@m + \sfcode\colonChar=\@m \sfcode\semiChar =\@m \sfcode\commaChar =\@m + \def\endofsentencespacefactor{1000}% for @. and friends + } + \def\plainnonfrenchspacing{% + \sfcode`\.3000\sfcode`\?3000\sfcode`\!3000 + \sfcode`\:2000\sfcode`\;1500\sfcode`\,1250 + \def\endofsentencespacefactor{3000}% for @. and friends + } +\catcode`@=\other +\def\endofsentencespacefactor{3000}% default + +% @t, explicit typewriter. +\def\t#1{% + {\tt \rawbackslash \plainfrenchspacing #1}% + \null +} + +% @samp. +\def\samp#1{{\setupmarkupstyle{samp}\lq\tclose{#1}\rq\null}} + +% @indicateurl is \samp, that is, with quotes. +\let\indicateurl=\samp + +% @code (and similar) prints in typewriter, but with spaces the same +% size as normal in the surrounding text, without hyphenation, etc. +% This is a subroutine for that. +\def\tclose#1{% + {% + % Change normal interword space to be same as for the current font. + \spaceskip = \fontdimen2\font + % + % Switch to typewriter. + \tt + % + % But `\ ' produces the large typewriter interword space. + \def\ {{\spaceskip = 0pt{} }}% + % + % Turn off hyphenation. + \nohyphenation + % + \rawbackslash + \plainfrenchspacing + #1% + }% + \null % reset spacefactor to 1000 +} + +% We *must* turn on hyphenation at `-' and `_' in @code. +% (But see \codedashfinish below.) +% Otherwise, it is too hard to avoid overfull hboxes +% in the Emacs manual, the Library manual, etc. +% +% Unfortunately, TeX uses one parameter (\hyphenchar) to control +% both hyphenation at - and hyphenation within words. +% We must therefore turn them both off (\tclose does that) +% and arrange explicitly to hyphenate at a dash. -- rms. +{ + \catcode`\-=\active \catcode`\_=\active + \catcode`\'=\active \catcode`\`=\active + \global\let'=\rq \global\let`=\lq % default definitions + % + \global\def\code{\begingroup + \setupmarkupstyle{code}% + % The following should really be moved into \setupmarkupstyle handlers. + \catcode\dashChar=\active \catcode\underChar=\active + \ifallowcodebreaks + \let-\codedash + \let_\codeunder + \else + \let-\normaldash + \let_\realunder + \fi + % Given -foo (with a single dash), we do not want to allow a break + % after the hyphen. + \global\let\codedashprev=\codedash + % + \codex + } + % + \gdef\codedash{\futurelet\next\codedashfinish} + \gdef\codedashfinish{% + \normaldash % always output the dash character itself. + % + % Now, output a discretionary to allow a line break, unless + % (a) the next character is a -, or + % (b) the preceding character is a -. + % E.g., given --posix, we do not want to allow a break after either -. + % Given --foo-bar, we do want to allow a break between the - and the b. + \ifx\next\codedash \else + \ifx\codedashprev\codedash + \else \discretionary{}{}{}\fi + \fi + % we need the space after the = for the case when \next itself is a + % space token; it would get swallowed otherwise. As in @code{- a}. + \global\let\codedashprev= \next + } +} +\def\normaldash{-} +% +\def\codex #1{\tclose{#1}\endgroup} + +\def\codeunder{% + % this is all so @math{@code{var_name}+1} can work. In math mode, _ + % is "active" (mathcode"8000) and \normalunderscore (or \char95, etc.) + % will therefore expand the active definition of _, which is us + % (inside @code that is), therefore an endless loop. + \ifusingtt{\ifmmode + \mathchar"075F % class 0=ordinary, family 7=ttfam, pos 0x5F=_. + \else\normalunderscore \fi + \discretionary{}{}{}}% + {\_}% +} + +% An additional complication: the above will allow breaks after, e.g., +% each of the four underscores in __typeof__. This is bad. +% @allowcodebreaks provides a document-level way to turn breaking at - +% and _ on and off. +% +\newif\ifallowcodebreaks \allowcodebreakstrue + +\def\keywordtrue{true} +\def\keywordfalse{false} + +\parseargdef\allowcodebreaks{% + \def\txiarg{#1}% + \ifx\txiarg\keywordtrue + \allowcodebreakstrue + \else\ifx\txiarg\keywordfalse + \allowcodebreaksfalse + \else + \errhelp = \EMsimple + \errmessage{Unknown @allowcodebreaks option `\txiarg', must be true|false}% + \fi\fi +} + +% For @command, @env, @file, @option quotes seem unnecessary, +% so use \code rather than \samp. +\let\command=\code +\let\env=\code +\let\file=\code +\let\option=\code + +% @uref (abbreviation for `urlref') aka @url takes an optional +% (comma-separated) second argument specifying the text to display and +% an optional third arg as text to display instead of (rather than in +% addition to) the url itself. First (mandatory) arg is the url. + +% TeX-only option to allow changing PDF output to show only the second +% arg (if given), and not the url (which is then just the link target). +\newif\ifurefurlonlylink + +% The main macro is \urefbreak, which allows breaking at expected +% places within the url. (There used to be another version, which +% didn't support automatic breaking.) +\def\urefbreak{\begingroup \urefcatcodes \dourefbreak} +\let\uref=\urefbreak +% +\def\dourefbreak#1{\urefbreakfinish #1,,,\finish} +\def\urefbreakfinish#1,#2,#3,#4\finish{% doesn't work in @example + \unsepspaces + \pdfurl{#1}% + \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #3}% + \ifdim\wd0 > 0pt + \unhbox0 % third arg given, show only that + \else + \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}% look for second arg + \ifdim\wd0 > 0pt + \ifpdf + \ifurefurlonlylink + % PDF plus option to not display url, show just arg + \unhbox0 + \else + % PDF, normally display both arg and url for consistency, + % visibility, if the pdf is eventually used to print, etc. + \unhbox0\ (\urefcode{#1})% + \fi + \else + \unhbox0\ (\urefcode{#1})% DVI, always show arg and url + \fi + \else + \urefcode{#1}% only url given, so show it + \fi + \fi + \endlink +\endgroup} + +% Allow line breaks around only a few characters (only). +\def\urefcatcodes{% + \catcode\ampChar=\active \catcode\dotChar=\active + \catcode\hashChar=\active \catcode\questChar=\active + \catcode\slashChar=\active +} +{ + \urefcatcodes + % + \global\def\urefcode{\begingroup + \setupmarkupstyle{code}% + \urefcatcodes + \let&\urefcodeamp + \let.\urefcodedot + \let#\urefcodehash + \let?\urefcodequest + \let/\urefcodeslash + \codex + } + % + % By default, they are just regular characters. + \global\def&{\normalamp} + \global\def.{\normaldot} + \global\def#{\normalhash} + \global\def?{\normalquest} + \global\def/{\normalslash} +} + +% we put a little stretch before and after the breakable chars, to help +% line breaking of long url's. The unequal skips make look better in +% cmtt at least, especially for dots. +\def\urefprestretchamount{.13em} +\def\urefpoststretchamount{.1em} +\def\urefprestretch{\urefprebreak \hskip0pt plus\urefprestretchamount\relax} +\def\urefpoststretch{\urefpostbreak \hskip0pt plus\urefprestretchamount\relax} +% +\def\urefcodeamp{\urefprestretch \&\urefpoststretch} +\def\urefcodedot{\urefprestretch .\urefpoststretch} +\def\urefcodehash{\urefprestretch \#\urefpoststretch} +\def\urefcodequest{\urefprestretch ?\urefpoststretch} +\def\urefcodeslash{\futurelet\next\urefcodeslashfinish} +{ + \catcode`\/=\active + \global\def\urefcodeslashfinish{% + \urefprestretch \slashChar + % Allow line break only after the final / in a sequence of + % slashes, to avoid line break between the slashes in http://. + \ifx\next/\else \urefpoststretch \fi + } +} + +% One more complication: by default we'll break after the special +% characters, but some people like to break before the special chars, so +% allow that. Also allow no breaking at all, for manual control. +% +\parseargdef\urefbreakstyle{% + \def\txiarg{#1}% + \ifx\txiarg\wordnone + \def\urefprebreak{\nobreak}\def\urefpostbreak{\nobreak} + \else\ifx\txiarg\wordbefore + \def\urefprebreak{\allowbreak}\def\urefpostbreak{\nobreak} + \else\ifx\txiarg\wordafter + \def\urefprebreak{\nobreak}\def\urefpostbreak{\allowbreak} + \else + \errhelp = \EMsimple + \errmessage{Unknown @urefbreakstyle setting `\txiarg'}% + \fi\fi\fi +} +\def\wordafter{after} +\def\wordbefore{before} +\def\wordnone{none} + +\urefbreakstyle after + +% @url synonym for @uref, since that's how everyone uses it. +% +\let\url=\uref + +% rms does not like angle brackets --karl, 17may97. +% So now @email is just like @uref, unless we are pdf. +% +%\def\email#1{\angleleft{\tt #1}\angleright} +\ifpdf + \def\email#1{\doemail#1,,\finish} + \def\doemail#1,#2,#3\finish{\begingroup + \unsepspaces + \pdfurl{mailto:#1}% + \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}% + \ifdim\wd0>0pt\unhbox0\else\code{#1}\fi + \endlink + \endgroup} +\else + \let\email=\uref +\fi + +% @kbdinputstyle -- arg is `distinct' (@kbd uses slanted tty font always), +% `example' (@kbd uses ttsl only inside of @example and friends), +% or `code' (@kbd uses normal tty font always). +\parseargdef\kbdinputstyle{% + \def\txiarg{#1}% + \ifx\txiarg\worddistinct + \gdef\kbdexamplefont{\ttsl}\gdef\kbdfont{\ttsl}% + \else\ifx\txiarg\wordexample + \gdef\kbdexamplefont{\ttsl}\gdef\kbdfont{\tt}% + \else\ifx\txiarg\wordcode + \gdef\kbdexamplefont{\tt}\gdef\kbdfont{\tt}% + \else + \errhelp = \EMsimple + \errmessage{Unknown @kbdinputstyle setting `\txiarg'}% + \fi\fi\fi +} +\def\worddistinct{distinct} +\def\wordexample{example} +\def\wordcode{code} + +% Default is `distinct'. +\kbdinputstyle distinct + +% @kbd is like @code, except that if the argument is just one @key command, +% then @kbd has no effect. +\def\kbd#1{{\def\look{#1}\expandafter\kbdsub\look??\par}} + +\def\xkey{\key} +\def\kbdsub#1#2#3\par{% + \def\one{#1}\def\three{#3}\def\threex{??}% + \ifx\one\xkey\ifx\threex\three \key{#2}% + \else{\tclose{\kbdfont\setupmarkupstyle{kbd}\look}}\fi + \else{\tclose{\kbdfont\setupmarkupstyle{kbd}\look}}\fi +} + +% definition of @key that produces a lozenge. Doesn't adjust to text size. +%\setfont\keyrm\rmshape{8}{1000}{OT1} +%\font\keysy=cmsy9 +%\def\key#1{{\keyrm\textfont2=\keysy \leavevmode\hbox{% +% \raise0.4pt\hbox{\angleleft}\kern-.08em\vtop{% +% \vbox{\hrule\kern-0.4pt +% \hbox{\raise0.4pt\hbox{\vphantom{\angleleft}}#1}}% +% \kern-0.4pt\hrule}% +% \kern-.06em\raise0.4pt\hbox{\angleright}}}} + +% definition of @key with no lozenge. If the current font is already +% monospace, don't change it; that way, we respect @kbdinputstyle. But +% if it isn't monospace, then use \tt. +% +\def\key#1{{\setupmarkupstyle{key}% + \nohyphenation + \ifmonospace\else\tt\fi + #1}\null} + +% @clicksequence{File @click{} Open ...} +\def\clicksequence#1{\begingroup #1\endgroup} + +% @clickstyle @arrow (by default) +\parseargdef\clickstyle{\def\click{#1}} +\def\click{\arrow} + +% Typeset a dimension, e.g., `in' or `pt'. The only reason for the +% argument is to make the input look right: @dmn{pt} instead of @dmn{}pt. +% +\def\dmn#1{\thinspace #1} + +% @acronym for "FBI", "NATO", and the like. +% We print this one point size smaller, since it's intended for +% all-uppercase. +% +\def\acronym#1{\doacronym #1,,\finish} +\def\doacronym#1,#2,#3\finish{% + {\selectfonts\lsize #1}% + \def\temp{#2}% + \ifx\temp\empty \else + \space ({\unsepspaces \ignorespaces \temp \unskip})% + \fi + \null % reset \spacefactor=1000 +} + +% @abbr for "Comput. J." and the like. +% No font change, but don't do end-of-sentence spacing. +% +\def\abbr#1{\doabbr #1,,\finish} +\def\doabbr#1,#2,#3\finish{% + {\plainfrenchspacing #1}% + \def\temp{#2}% + \ifx\temp\empty \else + \space ({\unsepspaces \ignorespaces \temp \unskip})% + \fi + \null % reset \spacefactor=1000 +} + +% @asis just yields its argument. Used with @table, for example. +% +\def\asis#1{#1} + +% @math outputs its argument in math mode. +% +% One complication: _ usually means subscripts, but it could also mean +% an actual _ character, as in @math{@var{some_variable} + 1}. So make +% _ active, and distinguish by seeing if the current family is \slfam, +% which is what @var uses. +{ + \catcode`\_ = \active + \gdef\mathunderscore{% + \catcode`\_=\active + \def_{\ifnum\fam=\slfam \_\else\sb\fi}% + } +} +% Another complication: we want \\ (and @\) to output a math (or tt) \. +% FYI, plain.tex uses \\ as a temporary control sequence (for no +% particular reason), but this is not advertised and we don't care. +% +% The \mathchar is class=0=ordinary, family=7=ttfam, position=5C=\. +\def\mathbackslash{\ifnum\fam=\ttfam \mathchar"075C \else\backslash \fi} +% +\def\math{% + \tex + \mathunderscore + \let\\ = \mathbackslash + \mathactive + % make the texinfo accent commands work in math mode + \let\"=\ddot + \let\'=\acute + \let\==\bar + \let\^=\hat + \let\`=\grave + \let\u=\breve + \let\v=\check + \let\~=\tilde + \let\dotaccent=\dot + % have to provide another name for sup operator + \let\mathopsup=\sup + $\finishmath +} +\def\finishmath#1{#1$\endgroup} % Close the group opened by \tex. + +% Some active characters (such as <) are spaced differently in math. +% We have to reset their definitions in case the @math was an argument +% to a command which sets the catcodes (such as @item or @section). +% +{ + \catcode`^ = \active + \catcode`< = \active + \catcode`> = \active + \catcode`+ = \active + \catcode`' = \active + \gdef\mathactive{% + \let^ = \ptexhat + \let< = \ptexless + \let> = \ptexgtr + \let+ = \ptexplus + \let' = \ptexquoteright + } +} + +% for @sub and @sup, if in math mode, just do a normal sub/superscript. +% If in text, use math to place as sub/superscript, but switch +% into text mode, with smaller fonts. This is a different font than the +% one used for real math sub/superscripts (8pt vs. 7pt), but let's not +% fix it (significant additions to font machinery) until someone notices. +% +\def\sub{\ifmmode \expandafter\sb \else \expandafter\finishsub\fi} +\def\finishsub#1{$\sb{\hbox{\selectfonts\lllsize #1}}$}% +% +\def\sup{\ifmmode \expandafter\ptexsp \else \expandafter\finishsup\fi} +\def\finishsup#1{$\ptexsp{\hbox{\selectfonts\lllsize #1}}$}% + +% @inlinefmt{FMTNAME,PROCESSED-TEXT} and @inlineraw{FMTNAME,RAW-TEXT}. +% Ignore unless FMTNAME == tex; then it is like @iftex and @tex, +% except specified as a normal braced arg, so no newlines to worry about. +% +\def\outfmtnametex{tex} +% +\long\def\inlinefmt#1{\doinlinefmt #1,\finish} +\long\def\doinlinefmt#1,#2,\finish{% + \def\inlinefmtname{#1}% + \ifx\inlinefmtname\outfmtnametex \ignorespaces #2\fi +} +% +% @inlinefmtifelse{FMTNAME,THEN-TEXT,ELSE-TEXT} expands THEN-TEXT if +% FMTNAME is tex, else ELSE-TEXT. +\long\def\inlinefmtifelse#1{\doinlinefmtifelse #1,,,\finish} +\long\def\doinlinefmtifelse#1,#2,#3,#4,\finish{% + \def\inlinefmtname{#1}% + \ifx\inlinefmtname\outfmtnametex \ignorespaces #2\else \ignorespaces #3\fi +} +% +% For raw, must switch into @tex before parsing the argument, to avoid +% setting catcodes prematurely. Doing it this way means that, for +% example, @inlineraw{html, foo{bar} gets a parse error instead of being +% ignored. But this isn't important because if people want a literal +% *right* brace they would have to use a command anyway, so they may as +% well use a command to get a left brace too. We could re-use the +% delimiter character idea from \verb, but it seems like overkill. +% +\long\def\inlineraw{\tex \doinlineraw} +\long\def\doinlineraw#1{\doinlinerawtwo #1,\finish} +\def\doinlinerawtwo#1,#2,\finish{% + \def\inlinerawname{#1}% + \ifx\inlinerawname\outfmtnametex \ignorespaces #2\fi + \endgroup % close group opened by \tex. +} + +% @inlineifset{VAR, TEXT} expands TEXT if VAR is @set. +% +\long\def\inlineifset#1{\doinlineifset #1,\finish} +\long\def\doinlineifset#1,#2,\finish{% + \def\inlinevarname{#1}% + \expandafter\ifx\csname SET\inlinevarname\endcsname\relax + \else\ignorespaces#2\fi +} + +% @inlineifclear{VAR, TEXT} expands TEXT if VAR is not @set. +% +\long\def\inlineifclear#1{\doinlineifclear #1,\finish} +\long\def\doinlineifclear#1,#2,\finish{% + \def\inlinevarname{#1}% + \expandafter\ifx\csname SET\inlinevarname\endcsname\relax \ignorespaces#2\fi +} + + +\message{glyphs,} +% and logos. + +% @@ prints an @, as does @atchar{}. +\def\@{\char64 } +\let\atchar=\@ + +% @{ @} @lbracechar{} @rbracechar{} all generate brace characters. +% Unless we're in typewriter, use \ecfont because the CM text fonts do +% not have braces, and we don't want to switch into math. +\def\mylbrace{{\ifmonospace\else\ecfont\fi \char123}} +\def\myrbrace{{\ifmonospace\else\ecfont\fi \char125}} +\let\{=\mylbrace \let\lbracechar=\{ +\let\}=\myrbrace \let\rbracechar=\} +\begingroup + % Definitions to produce \{ and \} commands for indices, + % and @{ and @} for the aux/toc files. + \catcode`\{ = \other \catcode`\} = \other + \catcode`\[ = 1 \catcode`\] = 2 + \catcode`\! = 0 \catcode`\\ = \other + !gdef!lbracecmd[\{]% + !gdef!rbracecmd[\}]% + !gdef!lbraceatcmd[@{]% + !gdef!rbraceatcmd[@}]% +!endgroup + +% @comma{} to avoid , parsing problems. +\let\comma = , + +% Accents: @, @dotaccent @ringaccent @ubaraccent @udotaccent +% Others are defined by plain TeX: @` @' @" @^ @~ @= @u @v @H. +\let\, = \ptexc +\let\dotaccent = \ptexdot +\def\ringaccent#1{{\accent23 #1}} +\let\tieaccent = \ptext +\let\ubaraccent = \ptexb +\let\udotaccent = \d + +% Other special characters: @questiondown @exclamdown @ordf @ordm +% Plain TeX defines: @AA @AE @O @OE @L (plus lowercase versions) @ss. +\def\questiondown{?`} +\def\exclamdown{!`} +\def\ordf{\leavevmode\raise1ex\hbox{\selectfonts\lllsize \underbar{a}}} +\def\ordm{\leavevmode\raise1ex\hbox{\selectfonts\lllsize \underbar{o}}} + +% Dotless i and dotless j, used for accents. +\def\imacro{i} +\def\jmacro{j} +\def\dotless#1{% + \def\temp{#1}% + \ifx\temp\imacro \ifmmode\imath \else\ptexi \fi + \else\ifx\temp\jmacro \ifmmode\jmath \else\j \fi + \else \errmessage{@dotless can be used only with i or j}% + \fi\fi +} + +% The \TeX{} logo, as in plain, but resetting the spacing so that a +% period following counts as ending a sentence. (Idea found in latex.) +% +\edef\TeX{\TeX \spacefactor=1000 } + +% @LaTeX{} logo. Not quite the same results as the definition in +% latex.ltx, since we use a different font for the raised A; it's most +% convenient for us to use an explicitly smaller font, rather than using +% the \scriptstyle font (since we don't reset \scriptstyle and +% \scriptscriptstyle). +% +\def\LaTeX{% + L\kern-.36em + {\setbox0=\hbox{T}% + \vbox to \ht0{\hbox{% + \ifx\textnominalsize\xwordpt + % for 10pt running text, \lllsize (8pt) is too small for the A in LaTeX. + % Revert to plain's \scriptsize, which is 7pt. + \count255=\the\fam $\fam\count255 \scriptstyle A$% + \else + % For 11pt, we can use our lllsize. + \selectfonts\lllsize A% + \fi + }% + \vss + }}% + \kern-.15em + \TeX +} + +% Some math mode symbols. Define \ensuremath to switch into math mode +% unless we are already there. Expansion tricks may not be needed here, +% but safer, and can't hurt. +\def\ensuremath{\ifmmode \expandafter\asis \else\expandafter\ensuredmath \fi} +\def\ensuredmath#1{$\relax#1$} +% +\def\bullet{\ensuremath\ptexbullet} +\def\geq{\ensuremath\ge} +\def\leq{\ensuremath\le} +\def\minus{\ensuremath-} + +% @dots{} outputs an ellipsis using the current font. +% We do .5em per period so that it has the same spacing in the cm +% typewriter fonts as three actual period characters; on the other hand, +% in other typewriter fonts three periods are wider than 1.5em. So do +% whichever is larger. +% +\def\dots{% + \leavevmode + \setbox0=\hbox{...}% get width of three periods + \ifdim\wd0 > 1.5em + \dimen0 = \wd0 + \else + \dimen0 = 1.5em + \fi + \hbox to \dimen0{% + \hskip 0pt plus.25fil + .\hskip 0pt plus1fil + .\hskip 0pt plus1fil + .\hskip 0pt plus.5fil + }% +} + +% @enddots{} is an end-of-sentence ellipsis. +% +\def\enddots{% + \dots + \spacefactor=\endofsentencespacefactor +} + +% @point{}, @result{}, @expansion{}, @print{}, @equiv{}. +% +% Since these characters are used in examples, they should be an even number of +% \tt widths. Each \tt character is 1en, so two makes it 1em. +% +\def\point{$\star$} +\def\arrow{\leavevmode\raise.05ex\hbox to 1em{\hfil$\rightarrow$\hfil}} +\def\result{\leavevmode\raise.05ex\hbox to 1em{\hfil$\Rightarrow$\hfil}} +\def\expansion{\leavevmode\hbox to 1em{\hfil$\mapsto$\hfil}} +\def\print{\leavevmode\lower.1ex\hbox to 1em{\hfil$\dashv$\hfil}} +\def\equiv{\leavevmode\hbox to 1em{\hfil$\ptexequiv$\hfil}} + +% The @error{} command. +% Adapted from the TeXbook's \boxit. +% +\newbox\errorbox +% +{\tentt \global\dimen0 = 3em}% Width of the box. +\dimen2 = .55pt % Thickness of rules +% The text. (`r' is open on the right, `e' somewhat less so on the left.) +\setbox0 = \hbox{\kern-.75pt \reducedsf \putworderror\kern-1.5pt} +% +\setbox\errorbox=\hbox to \dimen0{\hfil + \hsize = \dimen0 \advance\hsize by -5.8pt % Space to left+right. + \advance\hsize by -2\dimen2 % Rules. + \vbox{% + \hrule height\dimen2 + \hbox{\vrule width\dimen2 \kern3pt % Space to left of text. + \vtop{\kern2.4pt \box0 \kern2.4pt}% Space above/below. + \kern3pt\vrule width\dimen2}% Space to right. + \hrule height\dimen2} + \hfil} +% +\def\error{\leavevmode\lower.7ex\copy\errorbox} + +% @pounds{} is a sterling sign, which Knuth put in the CM italic font. +% +\def\pounds{{\it\$}} + +% @euro{} comes from a separate font, depending on the current style. +% We use the free feym* fonts from the eurosym package by Henrik +% Theiling, which support regular, slanted, bold and bold slanted (and +% "outlined" (blackboard board, sort of) versions, which we don't need). +% It is available from http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/eurosym. +% +% Although only regular is the truly official Euro symbol, we ignore +% that. The Euro is designed to be slightly taller than the regular +% font height. +% +% feymr - regular +% feymo - slanted +% feybr - bold +% feybo - bold slanted +% +% There is no good (free) typewriter version, to my knowledge. +% A feymr10 euro is ~7.3pt wide, while a normal cmtt10 char is ~5.25pt wide. +% Hmm. +% +% Also doesn't work in math. Do we need to do math with euro symbols? +% Hope not. +% +% +\def\euro{{\eurofont e}} +\def\eurofont{% + % We set the font at each command, rather than predefining it in + % \textfonts and the other font-switching commands, so that + % installations which never need the symbol don't have to have the + % font installed. + % + % There is only one designed size (nominal 10pt), so we always scale + % that to the current nominal size. + % + % By the way, simply using "at 1em" works for cmr10 and the like, but + % does not work for cmbx10 and other extended/shrunken fonts. + % + \def\eurosize{\csname\curfontsize nominalsize\endcsname}% + % + \ifx\curfontstyle\bfstylename + % bold: + \font\thiseurofont = \ifusingit{feybo10}{feybr10} at \eurosize + \else + % regular: + \font\thiseurofont = \ifusingit{feymo10}{feymr10} at \eurosize + \fi + \thiseurofont +} + +% Glyphs from the EC fonts. We don't use \let for the aliases, because +% sometimes we redefine the original macro, and the alias should reflect +% the redefinition. +% +% Use LaTeX names for the Icelandic letters. +\def\DH{{\ecfont \char"D0}} % Eth +\def\dh{{\ecfont \char"F0}} % eth +\def\TH{{\ecfont \char"DE}} % Thorn +\def\th{{\ecfont \char"FE}} % thorn +% +\def\guillemetleft{{\ecfont \char"13}} +\def\guillemotleft{\guillemetleft} +\def\guillemetright{{\ecfont \char"14}} +\def\guillemotright{\guillemetright} +\def\guilsinglleft{{\ecfont \char"0E}} +\def\guilsinglright{{\ecfont \char"0F}} +\def\quotedblbase{{\ecfont \char"12}} +\def\quotesinglbase{{\ecfont \char"0D}} +% +% This positioning is not perfect (see the ogonek LaTeX package), but +% we have the precomposed glyphs for the most common cases. We put the +% tests to use those glyphs in the single \ogonek macro so we have fewer +% dummy definitions to worry about for index entries, etc. +% +% ogonek is also used with other letters in Lithuanian (IOU), but using +% the precomposed glyphs for those is not so easy since they aren't in +% the same EC font. +\def\ogonek#1{{% + \def\temp{#1}% + \ifx\temp\macrocharA\Aogonek + \else\ifx\temp\macrochara\aogonek + \else\ifx\temp\macrocharE\Eogonek + \else\ifx\temp\macrochare\eogonek + \else + \ecfont \setbox0=\hbox{#1}% + \ifdim\ht0=1ex\accent"0C #1% + \else\ooalign{\unhbox0\crcr\hidewidth\char"0C \hidewidth}% + \fi + \fi\fi\fi\fi + }% +} +\def\Aogonek{{\ecfont \char"81}}\def\macrocharA{A} +\def\aogonek{{\ecfont \char"A1}}\def\macrochara{a} +\def\Eogonek{{\ecfont \char"86}}\def\macrocharE{E} +\def\eogonek{{\ecfont \char"A6}}\def\macrochare{e} +% +% Use the European Computer Modern fonts (cm-super in outline format) +% for non-CM glyphs. That is ec* for regular text and tc* for the text +% companion symbols (LaTeX TS1 encoding). Both are part of the ec +% package and follow the same conventions. +% +\def\ecfont{\etcfont{e}} +\def\tcfont{\etcfont{t}} +% +\def\etcfont#1{% + % We can't distinguish serif/sans and italic/slanted, but this + % is used for crude hacks anyway (like adding French and German + % quotes to documents typeset with CM, where we lose kerning), so + % hopefully nobody will notice/care. + \edef\ecsize{\csname\curfontsize ecsize\endcsname}% + \edef\nominalsize{\csname\curfontsize nominalsize\endcsname}% + \ifmonospace + % typewriter: + \font\thisecfont = #1ctt\ecsize \space at \nominalsize + \else + \ifx\curfontstyle\bfstylename + % bold: + \font\thisecfont = #1cb\ifusingit{i}{x}\ecsize \space at \nominalsize + \else + % regular: + \font\thisecfont = #1c\ifusingit{ti}{rm}\ecsize \space at \nominalsize + \fi + \fi + \thisecfont +} + +% @registeredsymbol - R in a circle. The font for the R should really +% be smaller yet, but lllsize is the best we can do for now. +% Adapted from the plain.tex definition of \copyright. +% +\def\registeredsymbol{% + $^{{\ooalign{\hfil\raise.07ex\hbox{\selectfonts\lllsize R}% + \hfil\crcr\Orb}}% + }$% +} + +% @textdegree - the normal degrees sign. +% +\def\textdegree{$^\circ$} + +% Laurent Siebenmann reports \Orb undefined with: +% Textures 1.7.7 (preloaded format=plain 93.10.14) (68K) 16 APR 2004 02:38 +% so we'll define it if necessary. +% +\ifx\Orb\thisisundefined +\def\Orb{\mathhexbox20D} +\fi + +% Quotes. +\chardef\quotedblleft="5C +\chardef\quotedblright=`\" +\chardef\quoteleft=`\` +\chardef\quoteright=`\' + + +\message{page headings,} + +\newskip\titlepagetopglue \titlepagetopglue = 1.5in +\newskip\titlepagebottomglue \titlepagebottomglue = 2pc + +% First the title page. Must do @settitle before @titlepage. +\newif\ifseenauthor +\newif\iffinishedtitlepage + +% Do an implicit @contents or @shortcontents after @end titlepage if the +% user says @setcontentsaftertitlepage or @setshortcontentsaftertitlepage. +% +\newif\ifsetcontentsaftertitlepage + \let\setcontentsaftertitlepage = \setcontentsaftertitlepagetrue +\newif\ifsetshortcontentsaftertitlepage + \let\setshortcontentsaftertitlepage = \setshortcontentsaftertitlepagetrue + +\parseargdef\shorttitlepage{% + \begingroup \hbox{}\vskip 1.5in \chaprm \centerline{#1}% + \endgroup\page\hbox{}\page} + +\envdef\titlepage{% + % Open one extra group, as we want to close it in the middle of \Etitlepage. + \begingroup + \parindent=0pt \textfonts + % Leave some space at the very top of the page. + \vglue\titlepagetopglue + % No rule at page bottom unless we print one at the top with @title. + \finishedtitlepagetrue + % + % Most title ``pages'' are actually two pages long, with space + % at the top of the second. We don't want the ragged left on the second. + \let\oldpage = \page + \def\page{% + \iffinishedtitlepage\else + \finishtitlepage + \fi + \let\page = \oldpage + \page + \null + }% +} + +\def\Etitlepage{% + \iffinishedtitlepage\else + \finishtitlepage + \fi + % It is important to do the page break before ending the group, + % because the headline and footline are only empty inside the group. + % If we use the new definition of \page, we always get a blank page + % after the title page, which we certainly don't want. + \oldpage + \endgroup + % + % Need this before the \...aftertitlepage checks so that if they are + % in effect the toc pages will come out with page numbers. + \HEADINGSon + % + % If they want short, they certainly want long too. + \ifsetshortcontentsaftertitlepage + \shortcontents + \contents + \global\let\shortcontents = \relax + \global\let\contents = \relax + \fi + % + \ifsetcontentsaftertitlepage + \contents + \global\let\contents = \relax + \global\let\shortcontents = \relax + \fi +} + +\def\finishtitlepage{% + \vskip4pt \hrule height 2pt width \hsize + \vskip\titlepagebottomglue + \finishedtitlepagetrue +} + +% Settings used for typesetting titles: no hyphenation, no indentation, +% don't worry much about spacing, ragged right. This should be used +% inside a \vbox, and fonts need to be set appropriately first. Because +% it is always used for titles, nothing else, we call \rmisbold. \par +% should be specified before the end of the \vbox, since a vbox is a group. +% +\def\raggedtitlesettings{% + \rmisbold + \hyphenpenalty=10000 + \parindent=0pt + \tolerance=5000 + \ptexraggedright +} + +% Macros to be used within @titlepage: + +\let\subtitlerm=\tenrm +\def\subtitlefont{\subtitlerm \normalbaselineskip = 13pt \normalbaselines} + +\parseargdef\title{% + \checkenv\titlepage + \vbox{\titlefonts \raggedtitlesettings #1\par}% + % print a rule at the page bottom also. + \finishedtitlepagefalse + \vskip4pt \hrule height 4pt width \hsize \vskip4pt +} + +\parseargdef\subtitle{% + \checkenv\titlepage + {\subtitlefont \rightline{#1}}% +} + +% @author should come last, but may come many times. +% It can also be used inside @quotation. +% +\parseargdef\author{% + \def\temp{\quotation}% + \ifx\thisenv\temp + \def\quotationauthor{#1}% printed in \Equotation. + \else + \checkenv\titlepage + \ifseenauthor\else \vskip 0pt plus 1filll \seenauthortrue \fi + {\secfonts\rmisbold \leftline{#1}}% + \fi +} + + +% Set up page headings and footings. + +\let\thispage=\folio + +\newtoks\evenheadline % headline on even pages +\newtoks\oddheadline % headline on odd pages +\newtoks\evenfootline % footline on even pages +\newtoks\oddfootline % footline on odd pages + +% Now make \makeheadline and \makefootline in Plain TeX use those variables +\headline={{\textfonts\rm \ifodd\pageno \the\oddheadline + \else \the\evenheadline \fi}} +\footline={{\textfonts\rm \ifodd\pageno \the\oddfootline + \else \the\evenfootline \fi}\HEADINGShook} +\let\HEADINGShook=\relax + +% Commands to set those variables. +% For example, this is what @headings on does +% @evenheading @thistitle|@thispage|@thischapter +% @oddheading @thischapter|@thispage|@thistitle +% @evenfooting @thisfile|| +% @oddfooting ||@thisfile + + +\def\evenheading{\parsearg\evenheadingxxx} +\def\evenheadingxxx #1{\evenheadingyyy #1\|\|\|\|\finish} +\def\evenheadingyyy #1\|#2\|#3\|#4\finish{% +\global\evenheadline={\rlap{\centerline{#2}}\line{#1\hfil#3}}} + +\def\oddheading{\parsearg\oddheadingxxx} +\def\oddheadingxxx #1{\oddheadingyyy #1\|\|\|\|\finish} +\def\oddheadingyyy #1\|#2\|#3\|#4\finish{% +\global\oddheadline={\rlap{\centerline{#2}}\line{#1\hfil#3}}} + +\parseargdef\everyheading{\oddheadingxxx{#1}\evenheadingxxx{#1}}% + +\def\evenfooting{\parsearg\evenfootingxxx} +\def\evenfootingxxx #1{\evenfootingyyy #1\|\|\|\|\finish} +\def\evenfootingyyy #1\|#2\|#3\|#4\finish{% +\global\evenfootline={\rlap{\centerline{#2}}\line{#1\hfil#3}}} + +\def\oddfooting{\parsearg\oddfootingxxx} +\def\oddfootingxxx #1{\oddfootingyyy #1\|\|\|\|\finish} +\def\oddfootingyyy #1\|#2\|#3\|#4\finish{% + \global\oddfootline = {\rlap{\centerline{#2}}\line{#1\hfil#3}}% + % + % Leave some space for the footline. Hopefully ok to assume + % @evenfooting will not be used by itself. + \global\advance\pageheight by -12pt + \global\advance\vsize by -12pt +} + +\parseargdef\everyfooting{\oddfootingxxx{#1}\evenfootingxxx{#1}} + +% @evenheadingmarks top \thischapter <- chapter at the top of a page +% @evenheadingmarks bottom \thischapter <- chapter at the bottom of a page +% +% The same set of arguments for: +% +% @oddheadingmarks +% @evenfootingmarks +% @oddfootingmarks +% @everyheadingmarks +% @everyfootingmarks + +% These define \getoddheadingmarks, \getevenheadingmarks, +% \getoddfootingmarks, and \getevenfootingmarks, each to one of +% \gettopheadingmarks, \getbottomheadingmarks. +% +\def\evenheadingmarks{\headingmarks{even}{heading}} +\def\oddheadingmarks{\headingmarks{odd}{heading}} +\def\evenfootingmarks{\headingmarks{even}{footing}} +\def\oddfootingmarks{\headingmarks{odd}{footing}} +\def\everyheadingmarks#1 {\headingmarks{even}{heading}{#1} + \headingmarks{odd}{heading}{#1} } +\def\everyfootingmarks#1 {\headingmarks{even}{footing}{#1} + \headingmarks{odd}{footing}{#1} } +% #1 = even/odd, #2 = heading/footing, #3 = top/bottom. +\def\headingmarks#1#2#3 {% + \expandafter\let\expandafter\temp \csname get#3headingmarks\endcsname + \global\expandafter\let\csname get#1#2marks\endcsname \temp +} + +\everyheadingmarks bottom +\everyfootingmarks bottom + +% @headings double turns headings on for double-sided printing. +% @headings single turns headings on for single-sided printing. +% @headings off turns them off. +% @headings on same as @headings double, retained for compatibility. +% @headings after turns on double-sided headings after this page. +% @headings doubleafter turns on double-sided headings after this page. +% @headings singleafter turns on single-sided headings after this page. +% By default, they are off at the start of a document, +% and turned `on' after @end titlepage. + +\def\headings #1 {\csname HEADINGS#1\endcsname} + +\def\headingsoff{% non-global headings elimination + \evenheadline={\hfil}\evenfootline={\hfil}% + \oddheadline={\hfil}\oddfootline={\hfil}% +} + +\def\HEADINGSoff{{\globaldefs=1 \headingsoff}} % global setting +\HEADINGSoff % it's the default + +% When we turn headings on, set the page number to 1. +% For double-sided printing, put current file name in lower left corner, +% chapter name on inside top of right hand pages, document +% title on inside top of left hand pages, and page numbers on outside top +% edge of all pages. +\def\HEADINGSdouble{% +\global\pageno=1 +\global\evenfootline={\hfil} +\global\oddfootline={\hfil} +\global\evenheadline={\line{\folio\hfil\thistitle}} +\global\oddheadline={\line{\thischapterheading\hfil\folio}} +\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chapoddpage +} +\let\contentsalignmacro = \chappager + +% For single-sided printing, chapter title goes across top left of page, +% page number on top right. +\def\HEADINGSsingle{% +\global\pageno=1 +\global\evenfootline={\hfil} +\global\oddfootline={\hfil} +\global\evenheadline={\line{\thischapterheading\hfil\folio}} +\global\oddheadline={\line{\thischapterheading\hfil\folio}} +\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chappager +} +\def\HEADINGSon{\HEADINGSdouble} + +\def\HEADINGSafter{\let\HEADINGShook=\HEADINGSdoublex} +\let\HEADINGSdoubleafter=\HEADINGSafter +\def\HEADINGSdoublex{% +\global\evenfootline={\hfil} +\global\oddfootline={\hfil} +\global\evenheadline={\line{\folio\hfil\thistitle}} +\global\oddheadline={\line{\thischapterheading\hfil\folio}} +\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chapoddpage +} + +\def\HEADINGSsingleafter{\let\HEADINGShook=\HEADINGSsinglex} +\def\HEADINGSsinglex{% +\global\evenfootline={\hfil} +\global\oddfootline={\hfil} +\global\evenheadline={\line{\thischapterheading\hfil\folio}} +\global\oddheadline={\line{\thischapterheading\hfil\folio}} +\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chappager +} + +% Subroutines used in generating headings +% This produces Day Month Year style of output. +% Only define if not already defined, in case a txi-??.tex file has set +% up a different format (e.g., txi-cs.tex does this). +\ifx\today\thisisundefined +\def\today{% + \number\day\space + \ifcase\month + \or\putwordMJan\or\putwordMFeb\or\putwordMMar\or\putwordMApr + \or\putwordMMay\or\putwordMJun\or\putwordMJul\or\putwordMAug + \or\putwordMSep\or\putwordMOct\or\putwordMNov\or\putwordMDec + \fi + \space\number\year} +\fi + +% @settitle line... specifies the title of the document, for headings. +% It generates no output of its own. +\def\thistitle{\putwordNoTitle} +\def\settitle{\parsearg{\gdef\thistitle}} + + +\message{tables,} +% Tables -- @table, @ftable, @vtable, @item(x). + +% default indentation of table text +\newdimen\tableindent \tableindent=.8in +% default indentation of @itemize and @enumerate text +\newdimen\itemindent \itemindent=.3in +% margin between end of table item and start of table text. +\newdimen\itemmargin \itemmargin=.1in + +% used internally for \itemindent minus \itemmargin +\newdimen\itemmax + +% Note @table, @ftable, and @vtable define @item, @itemx, etc., with +% these defs. +% They also define \itemindex +% to index the item name in whatever manner is desired (perhaps none). + +\newif\ifitemxneedsnegativevskip + +\def\itemxpar{\par\ifitemxneedsnegativevskip\nobreak\vskip-\parskip\nobreak\fi} + +\def\internalBitem{\smallbreak \parsearg\itemzzz} +\def\internalBitemx{\itemxpar \parsearg\itemzzz} + +\def\itemzzz #1{\begingroup % + \advance\hsize by -\rightskip + \advance\hsize by -\tableindent + \setbox0=\hbox{\itemindicate{#1}}% + \itemindex{#1}% + \nobreak % This prevents a break before @itemx. + % + % If the item text does not fit in the space we have, put it on a line + % by itself, and do not allow a page break either before or after that + % line. We do not start a paragraph here because then if the next + % command is, e.g., @kindex, the whatsit would get put into the + % horizontal list on a line by itself, resulting in extra blank space. + \ifdim \wd0>\itemmax + % + % Make this a paragraph so we get the \parskip glue and wrapping, + % but leave it ragged-right. + \begingroup + \advance\leftskip by-\tableindent + \advance\hsize by\tableindent + \advance\rightskip by0pt plus1fil\relax + \leavevmode\unhbox0\par + \endgroup + % + % We're going to be starting a paragraph, but we don't want the + % \parskip glue -- logically it's part of the @item we just started. + \nobreak \vskip-\parskip + % + % Stop a page break at the \parskip glue coming up. However, if + % what follows is an environment such as @example, there will be no + % \parskip glue; then the negative vskip we just inserted would + % cause the example and the item to crash together. So we use this + % bizarre value of 10001 as a signal to \aboveenvbreak to insert + % \parskip glue after all. Section titles are handled this way also. + % + \penalty 10001 + \endgroup + \itemxneedsnegativevskipfalse + \else + % The item text fits into the space. Start a paragraph, so that the + % following text (if any) will end up on the same line. + \noindent + % Do this with kerns and \unhbox so that if there is a footnote in + % the item text, it can migrate to the main vertical list and + % eventually be printed. + \nobreak\kern-\tableindent + \dimen0 = \itemmax \advance\dimen0 by \itemmargin \advance\dimen0 by -\wd0 + \unhbox0 + \nobreak\kern\dimen0 + \endgroup + \itemxneedsnegativevskiptrue + \fi +} + +\def\item{\errmessage{@item while not in a list environment}} +\def\itemx{\errmessage{@itemx while not in a list environment}} + +% @table, @ftable, @vtable. +\envdef\table{% + \let\itemindex\gobble + \tablecheck{table}% +} +\envdef\ftable{% + \def\itemindex ##1{\doind {fn}{\code{##1}}}% + \tablecheck{ftable}% +} +\envdef\vtable{% + \def\itemindex ##1{\doind {vr}{\code{##1}}}% + \tablecheck{vtable}% +} +\def\tablecheck#1{% + \ifnum \the\catcode`\^^M=\active + \endgroup + \errmessage{This command won't work in this context; perhaps the problem is + that we are \inenvironment\thisenv}% + \def\next{\doignore{#1}}% + \else + \let\next\tablex + \fi + \next +} +\def\tablex#1{% + \def\itemindicate{#1}% + \parsearg\tabley +} +\def\tabley#1{% + {% + \makevalueexpandable + \edef\temp{\noexpand\tablez #1\space\space\space}% + \expandafter + }\temp \endtablez +} +\def\tablez #1 #2 #3 #4\endtablez{% + \aboveenvbreak + \ifnum 0#1>0 \advance \leftskip by #1\mil \fi + \ifnum 0#2>0 \tableindent=#2\mil \fi + \ifnum 0#3>0 \advance \rightskip by #3\mil \fi + \itemmax=\tableindent + \advance \itemmax by -\itemmargin + \advance \leftskip by \tableindent + \exdentamount=\tableindent + \parindent = 0pt + \parskip = \smallskipamount + \ifdim \parskip=0pt \parskip=2pt \fi + \let\item = \internalBitem + \let\itemx = \internalBitemx +} +\def\Etable{\endgraf\afterenvbreak} +\let\Eftable\Etable +\let\Evtable\Etable +\let\Eitemize\Etable +\let\Eenumerate\Etable + +% This is the counter used by @enumerate, which is really @itemize + +\newcount \itemno + +\envdef\itemize{\parsearg\doitemize} + +\def\doitemize#1{% + \aboveenvbreak + \itemmax=\itemindent + \advance\itemmax by -\itemmargin + \advance\leftskip by \itemindent + \exdentamount=\itemindent + \parindent=0pt + \parskip=\smallskipamount + \ifdim\parskip=0pt \parskip=2pt \fi + % + % Try typesetting the item mark so that if the document erroneously says + % something like @itemize @samp (intending @table), there's an error + % right away at the @itemize. It's not the best error message in the + % world, but it's better than leaving it to the @item. This means if + % the user wants an empty mark, they have to say @w{} not just @w. + \def\itemcontents{#1}% + \setbox0 = \hbox{\itemcontents}% + % + % @itemize with no arg is equivalent to @itemize @bullet. + \ifx\itemcontents\empty\def\itemcontents{\bullet}\fi + % + \let\item=\itemizeitem +} + +% Definition of @item while inside @itemize and @enumerate. +% +\def\itemizeitem{% + \advance\itemno by 1 % for enumerations + {\let\par=\endgraf \smallbreak}% reasonable place to break + {% + % If the document has an @itemize directly after a section title, a + % \nobreak will be last on the list, and \sectionheading will have + % done a \vskip-\parskip. In that case, we don't want to zero + % parskip, or the item text will crash with the heading. On the + % other hand, when there is normal text preceding the item (as there + % usually is), we do want to zero parskip, or there would be too much + % space. In that case, we won't have a \nobreak before. At least + % that's the theory. + \ifnum\lastpenalty<10000 \parskip=0in \fi + \noindent + \hbox to 0pt{\hss \itemcontents \kern\itemmargin}% + % + \ifinner\else + \vadjust{\penalty 1200}% not good to break after first line of item. + \fi + % We can be in inner vertical mode in a footnote, although an + % @itemize looks awful there. + }% + \flushcr +} + +% \splitoff TOKENS\endmark defines \first to be the first token in +% TOKENS, and \rest to be the remainder. +% +\def\splitoff#1#2\endmark{\def\first{#1}\def\rest{#2}}% + +% Allow an optional argument of an uppercase letter, lowercase letter, +% or number, to specify the first label in the enumerated list. No +% argument is the same as `1'. +% +\envparseargdef\enumerate{\enumeratey #1 \endenumeratey} +\def\enumeratey #1 #2\endenumeratey{% + % If we were given no argument, pretend we were given `1'. + \def\thearg{#1}% + \ifx\thearg\empty \def\thearg{1}\fi + % + % Detect if the argument is a single token. If so, it might be a + % letter. Otherwise, the only valid thing it can be is a number. + % (We will always have one token, because of the test we just made. + % This is a good thing, since \splitoff doesn't work given nothing at + % all -- the first parameter is undelimited.) + \expandafter\splitoff\thearg\endmark + \ifx\rest\empty + % Only one token in the argument. It could still be anything. + % A ``lowercase letter'' is one whose \lccode is nonzero. + % An ``uppercase letter'' is one whose \lccode is both nonzero, and + % not equal to itself. + % Otherwise, we assume it's a number. + % + % We need the \relax at the end of the \ifnum lines to stop TeX from + % continuing to look for a . + % + \ifnum\lccode\expandafter`\thearg=0\relax + \numericenumerate % a number (we hope) + \else + % It's a letter. + \ifnum\lccode\expandafter`\thearg=\expandafter`\thearg\relax + \lowercaseenumerate % lowercase letter + \else + \uppercaseenumerate % uppercase letter + \fi + \fi + \else + % Multiple tokens in the argument. We hope it's a number. + \numericenumerate + \fi +} + +% An @enumerate whose labels are integers. The starting integer is +% given in \thearg. +% +\def\numericenumerate{% + \itemno = \thearg + \startenumeration{\the\itemno}% +} + +% The starting (lowercase) letter is in \thearg. +\def\lowercaseenumerate{% + \itemno = \expandafter`\thearg + \startenumeration{% + % Be sure we're not beyond the end of the alphabet. + \ifnum\itemno=0 + \errmessage{No more lowercase letters in @enumerate; get a bigger + alphabet}% + \fi + \char\lccode\itemno + }% +} + +% The starting (uppercase) letter is in \thearg. +\def\uppercaseenumerate{% + \itemno = \expandafter`\thearg + \startenumeration{% + % Be sure we're not beyond the end of the alphabet. + \ifnum\itemno=0 + \errmessage{No more uppercase letters in @enumerate; get a bigger + alphabet} + \fi + \char\uccode\itemno + }% +} + +% Call \doitemize, adding a period to the first argument and supplying the +% common last two arguments. Also subtract one from the initial value in +% \itemno, since @item increments \itemno. +% +\def\startenumeration#1{% + \advance\itemno by -1 + \doitemize{#1.}\flushcr +} + +% @alphaenumerate and @capsenumerate are abbreviations for giving an arg +% to @enumerate. +% +\def\alphaenumerate{\enumerate{a}} +\def\capsenumerate{\enumerate{A}} +\def\Ealphaenumerate{\Eenumerate} +\def\Ecapsenumerate{\Eenumerate} + + +% @multitable macros +% Amy Hendrickson, 8/18/94, 3/6/96 +% +% @multitable ... @end multitable will make as many columns as desired. +% Contents of each column will wrap at width given in preamble. Width +% can be specified either with sample text given in a template line, +% or in percent of \hsize, the current width of text on page. + +% Table can continue over pages but will only break between lines. + +% To make preamble: +% +% Either define widths of columns in terms of percent of \hsize: +% @multitable @columnfractions .25 .3 .45 +% @item ... +% +% Numbers following @columnfractions are the percent of the total +% current hsize to be used for each column. You may use as many +% columns as desired. + + +% Or use a template: +% @multitable {Column 1 template} {Column 2 template} {Column 3 template} +% @item ... +% using the widest term desired in each column. + +% Each new table line starts with @item, each subsequent new column +% starts with @tab. Empty columns may be produced by supplying @tab's +% with nothing between them for as many times as empty columns are needed, +% ie, @tab@tab@tab will produce two empty columns. + +% @item, @tab do not need to be on their own lines, but it will not hurt +% if they are. + +% Sample multitable: + +% @multitable {Column 1 template} {Column 2 template} {Column 3 template} +% @item first col stuff @tab second col stuff @tab third col +% @item +% first col stuff +% @tab +% second col stuff +% @tab +% third col +% @item first col stuff @tab second col stuff +% @tab Many paragraphs of text may be used in any column. +% +% They will wrap at the width determined by the template. +% @item@tab@tab This will be in third column. +% @end multitable + +% Default dimensions may be reset by user. +% @multitableparskip is vertical space between paragraphs in table. +% @multitableparindent is paragraph indent in table. +% @multitablecolmargin is horizontal space to be left between columns. +% @multitablelinespace is space to leave between table items, baseline +% to baseline. +% 0pt means it depends on current normal line spacing. +% +\newskip\multitableparskip +\newskip\multitableparindent +\newdimen\multitablecolspace +\newskip\multitablelinespace +\multitableparskip=0pt +\multitableparindent=6pt +\multitablecolspace=12pt +\multitablelinespace=0pt + +% Macros used to set up halign preamble: +% +\let\endsetuptable\relax +\def\xendsetuptable{\endsetuptable} +\let\columnfractions\relax +\def\xcolumnfractions{\columnfractions} +\newif\ifsetpercent + +% #1 is the @columnfraction, usually a decimal number like .5, but might +% be just 1. We just use it, whatever it is. +% +\def\pickupwholefraction#1 {% + \global\advance\colcount by 1 + \expandafter\xdef\csname col\the\colcount\endcsname{#1\hsize}% + \setuptable +} + +\newcount\colcount +\def\setuptable#1{% + \def\firstarg{#1}% + \ifx\firstarg\xendsetuptable + \let\go = \relax + \else + \ifx\firstarg\xcolumnfractions + \global\setpercenttrue + \else + \ifsetpercent + \let\go\pickupwholefraction + \else + \global\advance\colcount by 1 + \setbox0=\hbox{#1\unskip\space}% Add a normal word space as a + % separator; typically that is always in the input, anyway. + \expandafter\xdef\csname col\the\colcount\endcsname{\the\wd0}% + \fi + \fi + \ifx\go\pickupwholefraction + % Put the argument back for the \pickupwholefraction call, so + % we'll always have a period there to be parsed. + \def\go{\pickupwholefraction#1}% + \else + \let\go = \setuptable + \fi% + \fi + \go +} + +% multitable-only commands. +% +% @headitem starts a heading row, which we typeset in bold. Assignments +% have to be global since we are inside the implicit group of an +% alignment entry. \everycr below resets \everytab so we don't have to +% undo it ourselves. +\def\headitemfont{\b}% for people to use in the template row; not changeable +\def\headitem{% + \checkenv\multitable + \crcr + \gdef\headitemcrhook{\nobreak}% attempt to avoid page break after headings + \global\everytab={\bf}% can't use \headitemfont since the parsing differs + \the\everytab % for the first item +}% +% +% default for tables with no headings. +\let\headitemcrhook=\relax +% +% A \tab used to include \hskip1sp. But then the space in a template +% line is not enough. That is bad. So let's go back to just `&' until +% we again encounter the problem the 1sp was intended to solve. +% --karl, nathan@acm.org, 20apr99. +\def\tab{\checkenv\multitable &\the\everytab}% + +% @multitable ... @end multitable definitions: +% +\newtoks\everytab % insert after every tab. +% +\envdef\multitable{% + \vskip\parskip + \startsavinginserts + % + % @item within a multitable starts a normal row. + % We use \def instead of \let so that if one of the multitable entries + % contains an @itemize, we don't choke on the \item (seen as \crcr aka + % \endtemplate) expanding \doitemize. + \def\item{\crcr}% + % + \tolerance=9500 + \hbadness=9500 + \setmultitablespacing + \parskip=\multitableparskip + \parindent=\multitableparindent + \overfullrule=0pt + \global\colcount=0 + % + \everycr = {% + \noalign{% + \global\everytab={}% Reset from possible headitem. + \global\colcount=0 % Reset the column counter. + % + % Check for saved footnotes, etc.: + \checkinserts + % + % Perhaps a \nobreak, then reset: + \headitemcrhook + \global\let\headitemcrhook=\relax + }% + }% + % + \parsearg\domultitable +} +\def\domultitable#1{% + % To parse everything between @multitable and @item: + \setuptable#1 \endsetuptable + % + % This preamble sets up a generic column definition, which will + % be used as many times as user calls for columns. + % \vtop will set a single line and will also let text wrap and + % continue for many paragraphs if desired. + \halign\bgroup &% + \global\advance\colcount by 1 + \multistrut + \vtop{% + % Use the current \colcount to find the correct column width: + \hsize=\expandafter\csname col\the\colcount\endcsname + % + % In order to keep entries from bumping into each other + % we will add a \leftskip of \multitablecolspace to all columns after + % the first one. + % + % If a template has been used, we will add \multitablecolspace + % to the width of each template entry. + % + % If the user has set preamble in terms of percent of \hsize we will + % use that dimension as the width of the column, and the \leftskip + % will keep entries from bumping into each other. Table will start at + % left margin and final column will justify at right margin. + % + % Make sure we don't inherit \rightskip from the outer environment. + \rightskip=0pt + \ifnum\colcount=1 + % The first column will be indented with the surrounding text. + \advance\hsize by\leftskip + \else + \ifsetpercent \else + % If user has not set preamble in terms of percent of \hsize + % we will advance \hsize by \multitablecolspace. + \advance\hsize by \multitablecolspace + \fi + % In either case we will make \leftskip=\multitablecolspace: + \leftskip=\multitablecolspace + \fi + % Ignoring space at the beginning and end avoids an occasional spurious + % blank line, when TeX decides to break the line at the space before the + % box from the multistrut, so the strut ends up on a line by itself. + % For example: + % @multitable @columnfractions .11 .89 + % @item @code{#} + % @tab Legal holiday which is valid in major parts of the whole country. + % Is automatically provided with highlighting sequences respectively + % marking characters. + \noindent\ignorespaces##\unskip\multistrut + }\cr +} +\def\Emultitable{% + \crcr + \egroup % end the \halign + \global\setpercentfalse +} + +\def\setmultitablespacing{% + \def\multistrut{\strut}% just use the standard line spacing + % + % Compute \multitablelinespace (if not defined by user) for use in + % \multitableparskip calculation. We used define \multistrut based on + % this, but (ironically) that caused the spacing to be off. + % See bug-texinfo report from Werner Lemberg, 31 Oct 2004 12:52:20 +0100. +\ifdim\multitablelinespace=0pt +\setbox0=\vbox{X}\global\multitablelinespace=\the\baselineskip +\global\advance\multitablelinespace by-\ht0 +\fi +% Test to see if parskip is larger than space between lines of +% table. If not, do nothing. +% If so, set to same dimension as multitablelinespace. +\ifdim\multitableparskip>\multitablelinespace +\global\multitableparskip=\multitablelinespace +\global\advance\multitableparskip-7pt % to keep parskip somewhat smaller + % than skip between lines in the table. +\fi% +\ifdim\multitableparskip=0pt +\global\multitableparskip=\multitablelinespace +\global\advance\multitableparskip-7pt % to keep parskip somewhat smaller + % than skip between lines in the table. +\fi} + + +\message{conditionals,} + +% @iftex, @ifnotdocbook, @ifnothtml, @ifnotinfo, @ifnotplaintext, +% @ifnotxml always succeed. They currently do nothing; we don't +% attempt to check whether the conditionals are properly nested. But we +% have to remember that they are conditionals, so that @end doesn't +% attempt to close an environment group. +% +\def\makecond#1{% + \expandafter\let\csname #1\endcsname = \relax + \expandafter\let\csname iscond.#1\endcsname = 1 +} +\makecond{iftex} +\makecond{ifnotdocbook} +\makecond{ifnothtml} +\makecond{ifnotinfo} +\makecond{ifnotplaintext} +\makecond{ifnotxml} + +% Ignore @ignore, @ifhtml, @ifinfo, and the like. +% +\def\direntry{\doignore{direntry}} +\def\documentdescription{\doignore{documentdescription}} +\def\docbook{\doignore{docbook}} +\def\html{\doignore{html}} +\def\ifdocbook{\doignore{ifdocbook}} +\def\ifhtml{\doignore{ifhtml}} +\def\ifinfo{\doignore{ifinfo}} +\def\ifnottex{\doignore{ifnottex}} +\def\ifplaintext{\doignore{ifplaintext}} +\def\ifxml{\doignore{ifxml}} +\def\ignore{\doignore{ignore}} +\def\menu{\doignore{menu}} +\def\xml{\doignore{xml}} + +% Ignore text until a line `@end #1', keeping track of nested conditionals. +% +% A count to remember the depth of nesting. +\newcount\doignorecount + +\def\doignore#1{\begingroup + % Scan in ``verbatim'' mode: + \obeylines + \catcode`\@ = \other + \catcode`\{ = \other + \catcode`\} = \other + % + % Make sure that spaces turn into tokens that match what \doignoretext wants. + \spaceisspace + % + % Count number of #1's that we've seen. + \doignorecount = 0 + % + % Swallow text until we reach the matching `@end #1'. + \dodoignore{#1}% +} + +{ \catcode`_=11 % We want to use \_STOP_ which cannot appear in texinfo source. + \obeylines % + % + \gdef\dodoignore#1{% + % #1 contains the command name as a string, e.g., `ifinfo'. + % + % Define a command to find the next `@end #1'. + \long\def\doignoretext##1^^M@end #1{% + \doignoretextyyy##1^^M@#1\_STOP_}% + % + % And this command to find another #1 command, at the beginning of a + % line. (Otherwise, we would consider a line `@c @ifset', for + % example, to count as an @ifset for nesting.) + \long\def\doignoretextyyy##1^^M@#1##2\_STOP_{\doignoreyyy{##2}\_STOP_}% + % + % And now expand that command. + \doignoretext ^^M% + }% +} + +\def\doignoreyyy#1{% + \def\temp{#1}% + \ifx\temp\empty % Nothing found. + \let\next\doignoretextzzz + \else % Found a nested condition, ... + \advance\doignorecount by 1 + \let\next\doignoretextyyy % ..., look for another. + % If we're here, #1 ends with ^^M\ifinfo (for example). + \fi + \next #1% the token \_STOP_ is present just after this macro. +} + +% We have to swallow the remaining "\_STOP_". +% +\def\doignoretextzzz#1{% + \ifnum\doignorecount = 0 % We have just found the outermost @end. + \let\next\enddoignore + \else % Still inside a nested condition. + \advance\doignorecount by -1 + \let\next\doignoretext % Look for the next @end. + \fi + \next +} + +% Finish off ignored text. +{ \obeylines% + % Ignore anything after the last `@end #1'; this matters in verbatim + % environments, where otherwise the newline after an ignored conditional + % would result in a blank line in the output. + \gdef\enddoignore#1^^M{\endgroup\ignorespaces}% +} + + +% @set VAR sets the variable VAR to an empty value. +% @set VAR REST-OF-LINE sets VAR to the value REST-OF-LINE. +% +% Since we want to separate VAR from REST-OF-LINE (which might be +% empty), we can't just use \parsearg; we have to insert a space of our +% own to delimit the rest of the line, and then take it out again if we +% didn't need it. +% We rely on the fact that \parsearg sets \catcode`\ =10. +% +\parseargdef\set{\setyyy#1 \endsetyyy} +\def\setyyy#1 #2\endsetyyy{% + {% + \makevalueexpandable + \def\temp{#2}% + \edef\next{\gdef\makecsname{SET#1}}% + \ifx\temp\empty + \next{}% + \else + \setzzz#2\endsetzzz + \fi + }% +} +% Remove the trailing space \setxxx inserted. +\def\setzzz#1 \endsetzzz{\next{#1}} + +% @clear VAR clears (i.e., unsets) the variable VAR. +% +\parseargdef\clear{% + {% + \makevalueexpandable + \global\expandafter\let\csname SET#1\endcsname=\relax + }% +} + +% @value{foo} gets the text saved in variable foo. +\def\value{\begingroup\makevalueexpandable\valuexxx} +\def\valuexxx#1{\expandablevalue{#1}\endgroup} +{ + \catcode`\-=\active \catcode`\_=\active + % + \gdef\makevalueexpandable{% + \let\value = \expandablevalue + % We don't want these characters active, ... + \catcode`\-=\other \catcode`\_=\other + % ..., but we might end up with active ones in the argument if + % we're called from @code, as @code{@value{foo-bar_}}, though. + % So \let them to their normal equivalents. + \let-\normaldash \let_\normalunderscore + } +} + +% We have this subroutine so that we can handle at least some @value's +% properly in indexes (we call \makevalueexpandable in \indexdummies). +% The command has to be fully expandable (if the variable is set), since +% the result winds up in the index file. This means that if the +% variable's value contains other Texinfo commands, it's almost certain +% it will fail (although perhaps we could fix that with sufficient work +% to do a one-level expansion on the result, instead of complete). +% +% Unfortunately, this has the consequence that when _ is in the *value* +% of an @set, it does not print properly in the roman fonts (get the cmr +% dot accent at position 126 instead). No fix comes to mind, and it's +% been this way since 2003 or earlier, so just ignore it. +% +\def\expandablevalue#1{% + \expandafter\ifx\csname SET#1\endcsname\relax + {[No value for ``#1'']}% + \message{Variable `#1', used in @value, is not set.}% + \else + \csname SET#1\endcsname + \fi +} + +% @ifset VAR ... @end ifset reads the `...' iff VAR has been defined +% with @set. +% +% To get the special treatment we need for `@end ifset,' we call +% \makecond and then redefine. +% +\makecond{ifset} +\def\ifset{\parsearg{\doifset{\let\next=\ifsetfail}}} +\def\doifset#1#2{% + {% + \makevalueexpandable + \let\next=\empty + \expandafter\ifx\csname SET#2\endcsname\relax + #1% If not set, redefine \next. + \fi + \expandafter + }\next +} +\def\ifsetfail{\doignore{ifset}} + +% @ifclear VAR ... @end executes the `...' iff VAR has never been +% defined with @set, or has been undefined with @clear. +% +% The `\else' inside the `\doifset' parameter is a trick to reuse the +% above code: if the variable is not set, do nothing, if it is set, +% then redefine \next to \ifclearfail. +% +\makecond{ifclear} +\def\ifclear{\parsearg{\doifset{\else \let\next=\ifclearfail}}} +\def\ifclearfail{\doignore{ifclear}} + +% @ifcommandisdefined CMD ... @end executes the `...' if CMD (written +% without the @) is in fact defined. We can only feasibly check at the +% TeX level, so something like `mathcode' is going to considered +% defined even though it is not a Texinfo command. +% +\makecond{ifcommanddefined} +\def\ifcommanddefined{\parsearg{\doifcmddefined{\let\next=\ifcmddefinedfail}}} +% +\def\doifcmddefined#1#2{{% + \makevalueexpandable + \let\next=\empty + \expandafter\ifx\csname #2\endcsname\relax + #1% If not defined, \let\next as above. + \fi + \expandafter + }\next +} +\def\ifcmddefinedfail{\doignore{ifcommanddefined}} + +% @ifcommandnotdefined CMD ... handled similar to @ifclear above. +\makecond{ifcommandnotdefined} +\def\ifcommandnotdefined{% + \parsearg{\doifcmddefined{\else \let\next=\ifcmdnotdefinedfail}}} +\def\ifcmdnotdefinedfail{\doignore{ifcommandnotdefined}} + +% Set the `txicommandconditionals' variable, so documents have a way to +% test if the @ifcommand...defined conditionals are available. +\set txicommandconditionals + +% @dircategory CATEGORY -- specify a category of the dir file +% which this file should belong to. Ignore this in TeX. +\let\dircategory=\comment + +% @defininfoenclose. +\let\definfoenclose=\comment + + +\message{indexing,} +% Index generation facilities + +% Define \newwrite to be identical to plain tex's \newwrite +% except not \outer, so it can be used within macros and \if's. +\edef\newwrite{\makecsname{ptexnewwrite}} + +% \newindex {foo} defines an index named IX. +% It automatically defines \IXindex such that +% \IXindex ...rest of line... puts an entry in the index IX. +% It also defines \IXindfile to be the number of the output channel for +% the file that accumulates this index. The file's extension is IX. +% The name of an index should be no more than 2 characters long +% for the sake of vms. +% +\def\newindex#1{% + \expandafter\chardef\csname#1indfile\endcsname=0 + \expandafter\xdef\csname#1index\endcsname{% % Define @#1index + \noexpand\doindex{#1}} +} + +% @defindex foo == \newindex{foo} +% +\def\defindex{\parsearg\newindex} + +% Define @defcodeindex, like @defindex except put all entries in @code. +% +\def\defcodeindex{\parsearg\newcodeindex} +% +\def\newcodeindex#1{% + \expandafter\chardef\csname#1indfile\endcsname=0 + \expandafter\xdef\csname#1index\endcsname{% + \noexpand\docodeindex{#1}}% +} + +% The default indices: +\newindex{cp}% concepts, +\newcodeindex{fn}% functions, +\newcodeindex{vr}% variables, +\newcodeindex{tp}% types, +\newcodeindex{ky}% keys +\newcodeindex{pg}% and programs. + + +% @synindex foo bar makes index foo feed into index bar. +% Do this instead of @defindex foo if you don't want it as a separate index. +% +% @syncodeindex foo bar similar, but put all entries made for index foo +% inside @code. +% +\def\synindex#1 #2 {\dosynindex\doindex{#1}{#2}} +\def\syncodeindex#1 #2 {\dosynindex\docodeindex{#1}{#2}} + +% #1 is \doindex or \docodeindex, #2 the index getting redefined (foo), +% #3 the target index (bar). +\def\dosynindex#1#2#3{% + % Only do \closeout if we haven't already done it, else we'll end up + % closing the target index. + \expandafter \ifx\csname donesynindex#2\endcsname \relax + % The \closeout helps reduce unnecessary open files; the limit on the + % Acorn RISC OS is a mere 16 files. + \expandafter\closeout\csname#2indfile\endcsname + \expandafter\let\csname donesynindex#2\endcsname = 1 + \fi + % redefine \fooindfile: + \expandafter\let\expandafter\temp\expandafter=\csname#3indfile\endcsname + \expandafter\let\csname#2indfile\endcsname=\temp + % redefine \fooindex: + \expandafter\xdef\csname#2index\endcsname{\noexpand#1{#3}}% +} + +% Define \doindex, the driver for all index macros. +% Argument #1 is generated by the calling \fooindex macro, +% and it the two-letter name of the index. + +\def\doindex#1{\edef\indexname{#1}\parsearg\doindexxxx} +\def\doindexxxx #1{\doind{\indexname}{#1}} + +% like the previous two, but they put @code around the argument. +\def\docodeindex#1{\edef\indexname{#1}\parsearg\docodeindexxxx} +\def\docodeindexxxx #1{\doind{\indexname}{\code{#1}}} + +% Used when writing an index entry out to an index file, to prevent +% expansion of Texinfo commands that can appear in an index entry. +% +\def\indexdummies{% + \escapechar = `\\ % use backslash in output files. + \def\@{@}% change to @@ when we switch to @ as escape char in index files. + \def\ {\realbackslash\space }% + % + % Need these unexpandable (because we define \tt as a dummy) + % definitions when @{ or @} appear in index entry text. Also, more + % complicated, when \tex is in effect and \{ is a \delimiter again. + % We can't use \lbracecmd and \rbracecmd because texindex assumes + % braces and backslashes are used only as delimiters. Perhaps we + % should use @lbracechar and @rbracechar? + \def\{{{\tt\char123}}% + \def\}{{\tt\char125}}% + % + % Do the redefinitions. + \commondummies +} + +% For the aux and toc files, @ is the escape character. So we want to +% redefine everything using @ as the escape character (instead of +% \realbackslash, still used for index files). When everything uses @, +% this will be simpler. +% +\def\atdummies{% + \def\@{@@}% + \def\ {@ }% + \let\{ = \lbraceatcmd + \let\} = \rbraceatcmd + % + % Do the redefinitions. + \commondummies + \otherbackslash +} + +% Called from \indexdummies and \atdummies. +% +\def\commondummies{% + % \definedummyword defines \#1 as \string\#1\space, thus effectively + % preventing its expansion. This is used only for control words, + % not control letters, because the \space would be incorrect for + % control characters, but is needed to separate the control word + % from whatever follows. + % + % For control letters, we have \definedummyletter, which omits the + % space. + % + % These can be used both for control words that take an argument and + % those that do not. If it is followed by {arg} in the input, then + % that will dutifully get written to the index (or wherever). + % + \def\definedummyword ##1{\def##1{\string##1\space}}% + \def\definedummyletter##1{\def##1{\string##1}}% + \let\definedummyaccent\definedummyletter + % + \commondummiesnofonts + % + \definedummyletter\_% + \definedummyletter\-% + % + % Non-English letters. + \definedummyword\AA + \definedummyword\AE + \definedummyword\DH + \definedummyword\L + \definedummyword\O + \definedummyword\OE + \definedummyword\TH + \definedummyword\aa + \definedummyword\ae + \definedummyword\dh + \definedummyword\exclamdown + \definedummyword\l + \definedummyword\o + \definedummyword\oe + \definedummyword\ordf + \definedummyword\ordm + \definedummyword\questiondown + \definedummyword\ss + \definedummyword\th + % + % Although these internal commands shouldn't show up, sometimes they do. + \definedummyword\bf + \definedummyword\gtr + \definedummyword\hat + \definedummyword\less + \definedummyword\sf + \definedummyword\sl + \definedummyword\tclose + \definedummyword\tt + % + \definedummyword\LaTeX + \definedummyword\TeX + % + % Assorted special characters. + \definedummyword\arrow + \definedummyword\bullet + \definedummyword\comma + \definedummyword\copyright + \definedummyword\registeredsymbol + \definedummyword\dots + \definedummyword\enddots + \definedummyword\entrybreak + \definedummyword\equiv + \definedummyword\error + \definedummyword\euro + \definedummyword\expansion + \definedummyword\geq + \definedummyword\guillemetleft + \definedummyword\guillemetright + \definedummyword\guilsinglleft + \definedummyword\guilsinglright + \definedummyword\lbracechar + \definedummyword\leq + \definedummyword\mathopsup + \definedummyword\minus + \definedummyword\ogonek + \definedummyword\pounds + \definedummyword\point + \definedummyword\print + \definedummyword\quotedblbase + \definedummyword\quotedblleft + \definedummyword\quotedblright + \definedummyword\quoteleft + \definedummyword\quoteright + \definedummyword\quotesinglbase + \definedummyword\rbracechar + \definedummyword\result + \definedummyword\sub + \definedummyword\sup + \definedummyword\textdegree + % + % We want to disable all macros so that they are not expanded by \write. + \macrolist + % + \normalturnoffactive + % + % Handle some cases of @value -- where it does not contain any + % (non-fully-expandable) commands. + \makevalueexpandable +} + +% \commondummiesnofonts: common to \commondummies and \indexnofonts. +% Define \definedumyletter, \definedummyaccent and \definedummyword before +% using. +% +\def\commondummiesnofonts{% + % Control letters and accents. + \definedummyletter\!% + \definedummyaccent\"% + \definedummyaccent\'% + \definedummyletter\*% + \definedummyaccent\,% + \definedummyletter\.% + \definedummyletter\/% + \definedummyletter\:% + \definedummyaccent\=% + \definedummyletter\?% + \definedummyaccent\^% + \definedummyaccent\`% + \definedummyaccent\~% + \definedummyword\u + \definedummyword\v + \definedummyword\H + \definedummyword\dotaccent + \definedummyword\ogonek + \definedummyword\ringaccent + \definedummyword\tieaccent + \definedummyword\ubaraccent + \definedummyword\udotaccent + \definedummyword\dotless + % + % Texinfo font commands. + \definedummyword\b + \definedummyword\i + \definedummyword\r + \definedummyword\sansserif + \definedummyword\sc + \definedummyword\slanted + \definedummyword\t + % + % Commands that take arguments. + \definedummyword\abbr + \definedummyword\acronym + \definedummyword\anchor + \definedummyword\cite + \definedummyword\code + \definedummyword\command + \definedummyword\dfn + \definedummyword\dmn + \definedummyword\email + \definedummyword\emph + \definedummyword\env + \definedummyword\file + \definedummyword\image + \definedummyword\indicateurl + \definedummyword\inforef + \definedummyword\kbd + \definedummyword\key + \definedummyword\math + \definedummyword\option + \definedummyword\pxref + \definedummyword\ref + \definedummyword\samp + \definedummyword\strong + \definedummyword\tie + \definedummyword\U + \definedummyword\uref + \definedummyword\url + \definedummyword\var + \definedummyword\verb + \definedummyword\w + \definedummyword\xref +} + +% For testing: output @{ and @} in index sort strings as \{ and \}. +\newif\ifusebracesinindexes + +\let\indexlbrace\relax +\let\indexrbrace\relax + +{\catcode`\@=0 +\catcode`\\=13 + @gdef@backslashdisappear{@def\{}} +} + +{ +\catcode`\<=13 +\catcode`\-=13 +\catcode`\`=13 + \gdef\indexnonalnumdisappear{% + \expandafter\ifx\csname SETtxiindexlquoteignore\endcsname\relax\else + % @set txiindexlquoteignore makes us ignore left quotes in the sort term. + % (Introduced for FSFS 2nd ed.) + \let`=\empty + \fi + % + \expandafter\ifx\csname SETtxiindexbackslashignore\endcsname\relax\else + \backslashdisappear + \fi + % + \expandafter\ifx\csname SETtxiindexhyphenignore\endcsname\relax\else + \def-{}% + \fi + \expandafter\ifx\csname SETtxiindexlessthanignore\endcsname\relax\else + \def<{}% + \fi + \expandafter\ifx\csname SETtxiindexatsignignore\endcsname\relax\else + \def\@{}% + \fi + } + + \gdef\indexnonalnumreappear{% + \useindexbackslash + \let-\normaldash + \let<\normalless + \def\@{@}% + } +} + + +% \indexnofonts is used when outputting the strings to sort the index +% by, and when constructing control sequence names. It eliminates all +% control sequences and just writes whatever the best ASCII sort string +% would be for a given command (usually its argument). +% +\def\indexnofonts{% + % Accent commands should become @asis. + \def\definedummyaccent##1{\let##1\asis}% + % We can just ignore other control letters. + \def\definedummyletter##1{\let##1\empty}% + % All control words become @asis by default; overrides below. + \let\definedummyword\definedummyaccent + \commondummiesnofonts + % + % Don't no-op \tt, since it isn't a user-level command + % and is used in the definitions of the active chars like <, >, |, etc. + % Likewise with the other plain tex font commands. + %\let\tt=\asis + % + \def\ { }% + \def\@{@}% + \def\_{\normalunderscore}% + \def\-{}% @- shouldn't affect sorting + % + \def\lbracechar{{\indexlbrace}}% + \def\rbracechar{{\indexrbrace}}% + \let\{=\lbracechar + \let\}=\rbracechar + % + % + % Non-English letters. + \def\AA{AA}% + \def\AE{AE}% + \def\DH{DZZ}% + \def\L{L}% + \def\OE{OE}% + \def\O{O}% + \def\TH{TH}% + \def\aa{aa}% + \def\ae{ae}% + \def\dh{dzz}% + \def\exclamdown{!}% + \def\l{l}% + \def\oe{oe}% + \def\ordf{a}% + \def\ordm{o}% + \def\o{o}% + \def\questiondown{?}% + \def\ss{ss}% + \def\th{th}% + % + \def\LaTeX{LaTeX}% + \def\TeX{TeX}% + % + % Assorted special characters. + % (The following {} will end up in the sort string, but that's ok.) + \def\arrow{->}% + \def\bullet{bullet}% + \def\comma{,}% + \def\copyright{copyright}% + \def\dots{...}% + \def\enddots{...}% + \def\equiv{==}% + \def\error{error}% + \def\euro{euro}% + \def\expansion{==>}% + \def\geq{>=}% + \def\guillemetleft{<<}% + \def\guillemetright{>>}% + \def\guilsinglleft{<}% + \def\guilsinglright{>}% + \def\leq{<=}% + \def\minus{-}% + \def\point{.}% + \def\pounds{pounds}% + \def\print{-|}% + \def\quotedblbase{"}% + \def\quotedblleft{"}% + \def\quotedblright{"}% + \def\quoteleft{`}% + \def\quoteright{'}% + \def\quotesinglbase{,}% + \def\registeredsymbol{R}% + \def\result{=>}% + \def\textdegree{o}% + % + % We need to get rid of all macros, leaving only the arguments (if present). + % Of course this is not nearly correct, but it is the best we can do for now. + % makeinfo does not expand macros in the argument to @deffn, which ends up + % writing an index entry, and texindex isn't prepared for an index sort entry + % that starts with \. + % + % Since macro invocations are followed by braces, we can just redefine them + % to take a single TeX argument. The case of a macro invocation that + % goes to end-of-line is not handled. + % + \macrolist +} + + +\let\SETmarginindex=\relax % put index entries in margin (undocumented)? + +% Most index entries go through here, but \dosubind is the general case. +% #1 is the index name, #2 is the entry text. +\def\doind#1#2{\dosubind{#1}{#2}{}} + +% There is also \dosubind {index}{topic}{subtopic} +% which makes an entry in a two-level index such as the operation index. +% TODO: Two-level index? Operation index? + +% Workhorse for all indexes. +% #1 is name of index, #2 is stuff to put there, #3 is subentry -- +% empty if called from \doind, as we usually are (the main exception +% is with most defuns, which call us directly). +% +\def\dosubind#1#2#3{% + \iflinks + {% + \requireopenindexfile{#1}% + % Store the main index entry text (including the third arg). + \toks0 = {#2}% + % If third arg is present, precede it with a space. + \def\thirdarg{#3}% + \ifx\thirdarg\empty \else + \toks0 = \expandafter{\the\toks0 \space #3}% + \fi + % + \edef\writeto{\csname#1indfile\endcsname}% + % + \safewhatsit\dosubindwrite + }% + \fi +} + +% Check if an index file has been opened, and if not, open it. +\def\requireopenindexfile#1{% +\ifnum\csname #1indfile\endcsname=0 + \expandafter\newwrite \csname#1indfile\endcsname + \edef\suffix{#1}% + % A .fls suffix would conflict with the file extension for the output + % of -recorder, so use .f1s instead. + \ifx\suffix\indexisfl\def\suffix{f1}\fi + % Open the file + \immediate\openout\csname#1indfile\endcsname \jobname.\suffix + % Using \immediate here prevents an object entering into the current box, + % which could confound checks such as those in \safewhatsit for preceding + % skips. +\fi} +\def\indexisfl{fl} + +% Output \ as {\indexbackslash}, because \ is an escape character in +% the index files. +\let\indexbackslash=\relax +{\catcode`\@=0 \catcode`\\=\active + @gdef@useindexbackslash{@def\{{@indexbackslash}}} +} + +% Definition for writing index entry text. +\def\sortas#1{\ignorespaces}% + +% Definition for writing index entry sort key. Should occur at the at +% the beginning of the index entry, like +% @cindex @sortas{september} \september +% The \ignorespaces takes care of following space, but there's no way +% to remove space before it. +{ +\catcode`\-=13 +\gdef\indexwritesortas{% + \begingroup + \indexnonalnumreappear + \indexwritesortasxxx} +\gdef\indexwritesortasxxx#1{% + \xdef\indexsortkey{#1}\endgroup} +} + + +% Write the entry in \toks0 to the index file. +% +\def\dosubindwrite{% + % Put the index entry in the margin if desired. + \ifx\SETmarginindex\relax\else + \insert\margin{\hbox{\vrule height8pt depth3pt width0pt \the\toks0}}% + \fi + % + % Remember, we are within a group. + \indexdummies % Must do this here, since \bf, etc expand at this stage + \useindexbackslash % \indexbackslash isn't defined now so it will be output + % as is; and it will print as backslash. + % Get the string to sort by, by processing the index entry with all + % font commands turned off. + {\indexnofonts + \indexnonalnumdisappear + \xdef\indexsortkey{}% + \let\sortas=\indexwritesortas + \edef\temp{\the\toks0}% + \setbox\dummybox = \hbox{\temp}% Make sure to execute any \sortas + \ifx\indexsortkey\empty + \xdef\indexsortkey{\temp}% + \ifx\indexsortkey\empty\xdef\indexsortkey{ }\fi + \fi + }% + % + % Set up the complete index entry, with both the sort key and + % the original text, including any font commands. We write + % three arguments to \entry to the .?? file (four in the + % subentry case), texindex reduces to two when writing the .??s + % sorted result. + \edef\temp{% + \write\writeto{% + \string\entry{\indexsortkey}{\noexpand\folio}{\the\toks0}}% + }% + \temp +} +\newbox\dummybox % used above + +% Take care of unwanted page breaks/skips around a whatsit: +% +% If a skip is the last thing on the list now, preserve it +% by backing up by \lastskip, doing the \write, then inserting +% the skip again. Otherwise, the whatsit generated by the +% \write or \pdfdest will make \lastskip zero. The result is that +% sequences like this: +% @end defun +% @tindex whatever +% @defun ... +% will have extra space inserted, because the \medbreak in the +% start of the @defun won't see the skip inserted by the @end of +% the previous defun. +% +% But don't do any of this if we're not in vertical mode. We +% don't want to do a \vskip and prematurely end a paragraph. +% +% Avoid page breaks due to these extra skips, too. +% +% But wait, there is a catch there: +% We'll have to check whether \lastskip is zero skip. \ifdim is not +% sufficient for this purpose, as it ignores stretch and shrink parts +% of the skip. The only way seems to be to check the textual +% representation of the skip. +% +% The following is almost like \def\zeroskipmacro{0.0pt} except that +% the ``p'' and ``t'' characters have catcode \other, not 11 (letter). +% +\edef\zeroskipmacro{\expandafter\the\csname z@skip\endcsname} +% +\newskip\whatsitskip +\newcount\whatsitpenalty +% +% ..., ready, GO: +% +\def\safewhatsit#1{\ifhmode + #1% + \else + % \lastskip and \lastpenalty cannot both be nonzero simultaneously. + \whatsitskip = \lastskip + \edef\lastskipmacro{\the\lastskip}% + \whatsitpenalty = \lastpenalty + % + % If \lastskip is nonzero, that means the last item was a + % skip. And since a skip is discardable, that means this + % -\whatsitskip glue we're inserting is preceded by a + % non-discardable item, therefore it is not a potential + % breakpoint, therefore no \nobreak needed. + \ifx\lastskipmacro\zeroskipmacro + \else + \vskip-\whatsitskip + \fi + % + #1% + % + \ifx\lastskipmacro\zeroskipmacro + % If \lastskip was zero, perhaps the last item was a penalty, and + % perhaps it was >=10000, e.g., a \nobreak. In that case, we want + % to re-insert the same penalty (values >10000 are used for various + % signals); since we just inserted a non-discardable item, any + % following glue (such as a \parskip) would be a breakpoint. For example: + % @deffn deffn-whatever + % @vindex index-whatever + % Description. + % would allow a break between the index-whatever whatsit + % and the "Description." paragraph. + \ifnum\whatsitpenalty>9999 \penalty\whatsitpenalty \fi + \else + % On the other hand, if we had a nonzero \lastskip, + % this make-up glue would be preceded by a non-discardable item + % (the whatsit from the \write), so we must insert a \nobreak. + \nobreak\vskip\whatsitskip + \fi +\fi} + +% The index entry written in the file actually looks like +% \entry {sortstring}{page}{topic} +% or +% \entry {sortstring}{page}{topic}{subtopic} +% The texindex program reads in these files and writes files +% containing these kinds of lines: +% \initial {c} +% before the first topic whose initial is c +% \entry {topic}{pagelist} +% for a topic that is used without subtopics +% \primary {topic} +% for the beginning of a topic that is used with subtopics +% \secondary {subtopic}{pagelist} +% for each subtopic. + +% Define the user-accessible indexing commands +% @findex, @vindex, @kindex, @cindex. + +\def\findex {\fnindex} +\def\kindex {\kyindex} +\def\cindex {\cpindex} +\def\vindex {\vrindex} +\def\tindex {\tpindex} +\def\pindex {\pgindex} + +\def\cindexsub {\begingroup\obeylines\cindexsub} +{\obeylines % +\gdef\cindexsub "#1" #2^^M{\endgroup % +\dosubind{cp}{#2}{#1}}} + +% Define the macros used in formatting output of the sorted index material. + +% @printindex causes a particular index (the ??s file) to get printed. +% It does not print any chapter heading (usually an @unnumbered). +% +\parseargdef\printindex{\begingroup + \dobreak \chapheadingskip{10000}% + % + \smallfonts \rm + \tolerance = 9500 + \plainfrenchspacing + \everypar = {}% don't want the \kern\-parindent from indentation suppression. + % + % See if the index file exists and is nonempty. + % Change catcode of @ here so that if the index file contains + % \initial {@} + % as its first line, TeX doesn't complain about mismatched braces + % (because it thinks @} is a control sequence). + \catcode`\@ = 11 + % See comment in \requireopenindexfile. + \def\indexname{#1}\ifx\indexname\indexisfl\def\indexname{f1}\fi + \openin 1 \jobname.\indexname s + \ifeof 1 + % \enddoublecolumns gets confused if there is no text in the index, + % and it loses the chapter title and the aux file entries for the + % index. The easiest way to prevent this problem is to make sure + % there is some text. + \putwordIndexNonexistent + \else + \catcode`\\ = 0 + \escapechar = `\\ + % + % If the index file exists but is empty, then \openin leaves \ifeof + % false. We have to make TeX try to read something from the file, so + % it can discover if there is anything in it. + \read 1 to \thisline + \ifeof 1 + \putwordIndexIsEmpty + \else + % Index files are almost Texinfo source, but we use \ as the escape + % character. It would be better to use @, but that's too big a change + % to make right now. + \def\indexbackslash{\ttbackslash}% + \let\indexlbrace\{ % Likewise, set these sequences for braces + \let\indexrbrace\} % used in the sort key. + \begindoublecolumns + \let\entryorphanpenalty=\indexorphanpenalty + % + % Read input from the index file line by line. + \loopdo + \ifeof1 + \let\firsttoken\relax + \else + \read 1 to \nextline + \edef\act{\gdef\noexpand\firsttoken{\getfirsttoken\nextline}}% + \act + \fi + \thisline + % + \ifeof1\else + \let\thisline\nextline + \repeat + %% + \enddoublecolumns + \fi + \fi + \closein 1 +\endgroup} + +\def\getfirsttoken#1{\expandafter\getfirsttokenx#1\endfirsttoken} +\long\def\getfirsttokenx#1#2\endfirsttoken{\noexpand#1} + +\def\loopdo#1\repeat{\def\body{#1}\loopdoxxx} +\def\loopdoxxx{\let\next=\relax\body\let\next=\loopdoxxx\fi\next} + +% These macros are used by the sorted index file itself. +% Change them to control the appearance of the index. + +{\catcode`\/=13 \catcode`\-=13 \catcode`\^=13 \catcode`\~=13 \catcode`\_=13 +\catcode`\|=13 \catcode`\<=13 \catcode`\>=13 \catcode`\+=13 \catcode`\"=13 +\catcode`\$=3 +\gdef\initialglyphs{% + % Some changes for non-alphabetic characters. Using the glyphs from the + % math fonts looks more consistent than the typewriter font used elsewhere + % for these characters. + \def\indexbackslash{\math{\backslash}}% + \let\\=\indexbackslash + % + % Can't get bold backslash so don't use bold forward slash + \catcode`\/=13 + \def/{{\secrmnotbold \normalslash}}% + \def-{{\normaldash\normaldash}}% en dash `--' + \def^{{\chapbf \normalcaret}}% + \def~{{\chapbf \normaltilde}}% + \def\_{% + \leavevmode \kern.07em \vbox{\hrule width.3em height.1ex}\kern .07em }% + \def|{$\vert$}% + \def<{$\less$}% + \def>{$\gtr$}% + \def+{$\normalplus$}% +}} + +\def\initial{% + \bgroup + \initialglyphs + \initialx +} + +\def\initialx#1{% + % Remove any glue we may have, we'll be inserting our own. + \removelastskip + % + % We like breaks before the index initials, so insert a bonus. + % The glue before the bonus allows a little bit of space at the + % bottom of a column to reduce an increase in inter-line spacing. + \nobreak + \vskip 0pt plus 5\baselineskip + \penalty -300 + \vskip 0pt plus -5\baselineskip + % + % Typeset the initial. Making this add up to a whole number of + % baselineskips increases the chance of the dots lining up from column + % to column. It still won't often be perfect, because of the stretch + % we need before each entry, but it's better. + % + % No shrink because it confuses \balancecolumns. + \vskip 1.67\baselineskip plus 1\baselineskip + \leftline{\secfonts \kern-0.05em \secbf #1}% + % \secfonts is inside the argument of \leftline so that the change of + % \baselineskip will not affect any glue inserted before the vbox that + % \leftline creates. + % Do our best not to break after the initial. + \nobreak + \vskip .33\baselineskip plus .1\baselineskip + \egroup % \initialglyphs +} + +\newdimen\entryrightmargin +\entryrightmargin=0pt + +% \entry typesets a paragraph consisting of the text (#1), dot leaders, and +% then page number (#2) flushed to the right margin. It is used for index +% and table of contents entries. The paragraph is indented by \leftskip. +% +\def\entry{% + \begingroup + % + % Start a new paragraph if necessary, so our assignments below can't + % affect previous text. + \par + % + % No extra space above this paragraph. + \parskip = 0in + % + % When reading the text of entry, convert explicit line breaks + % from @* into spaces. The user might give these in long section + % titles, for instance. + \def\*{\unskip\space\ignorespaces}% + \def\entrybreak{\hfil\break}% An undocumented command + % + % A bit of stretch before each entry for the benefit of balancing + % columns. + \vskip 0pt plus0.5pt + % + % Swallow the left brace of the text (first parameter): + \afterassignment\doentry + \let\temp = +} +\def\entrybreak{\unskip\space\ignorespaces}% +\def\doentry{% + % Save the text of the entry + \global\setbox\boxA=\hbox\bgroup + \bgroup % Instead of the swallowed brace. + \noindent + \aftergroup\finishentry + % And now comes the text of the entry. + % Not absorbing as a macro argument reduces the chance of problems + % with catcodes occurring. +} +{\catcode`\@=11 +\gdef\finishentry#1{% + \egroup % end box A + \dimen@ = \wd\boxA % Length of text of entry + \global\setbox\boxA=\hbox\bgroup\unhbox\boxA + % #1 is the page number. + % + % Get the width of the page numbers, and only use + % leaders if they are present. + \global\setbox\boxB = \hbox{#1}% + \ifdim\wd\boxB = 0pt + \null\nobreak\hfill\ % + \else + % + \null\nobreak\indexdotfill % Have leaders before the page number. + % + \ifpdf + \pdfgettoks#1.% + \hskip\skip\thinshrinkable\the\toksA + \else + \hskip\skip\thinshrinkable #1% + \fi + \fi + \egroup % end \boxA + \ifdim\wd\boxB = 0pt + \global\setbox\entryindexbox=\box\boxA + \else + \global\setbox\entryindexbox=\vbox\bgroup\noindent + % We want the text of the entries to be aligned to the left, and the + % page numbers to be aligned to the right. + % + \advance\leftskip by 0pt plus 1fil + \advance\leftskip by 0pt plus -1fill + \rightskip = 0pt plus -1fil + \advance\rightskip by 0pt plus 1fill + % Cause last line, which could consist of page numbers on their own + % if the list of page numbers is long, to be aligned to the right. + \parfillskip=0pt plus -1fill + % + \hangindent=1em + % + \advance\rightskip by \entryrightmargin + % Determine how far we can stretch into the margin. + % This allows, e.g., "Appendix H GNU Free Documentation License" to + % fit on one line in @letterpaper format. + \ifdim\entryrightmargin>2.1em + \dimen@i=2.1em + \else + \dimen@i=0em + \fi + \advance \parfillskip by 0pt minus 1\dimen@i + % + \dimen@ii = \hsize + \advance\dimen@ii by -1\leftskip + \advance\dimen@ii by -1\entryrightmargin + \advance\dimen@ii by 1\dimen@i + \let\maybestrut=\relax + \ifdim\wd\boxA > \dimen@ii % If the entry doesn't fit in one line + \let\maybestrut=\strut + \ifdim\dimen@ > 0.8\dimen@ii % due to long index text + \dimen@ = 0.7\dimen@ % Try to split the text roughly evenly + \dimen@ii = \hsize + \advance \dimen@ii by -1em + \ifnum\dimen@>\dimen@ii + % If the entry is too long, use the whole line + \dimen@ = \dimen@ii + \fi + \advance\leftskip by 0pt plus 1fill % ragged right + \advance \dimen@ by 1\rightskip + \parshape = 2 0pt \dimen@ 1em \dimen@ii + % Ideally we'd add a finite glue at the end of the first line only, but + % TeX doesn't seem to provide a way to do such a thing. + \fi\fi + \maybestrut % Add a strut on the first and last lines + \unhbox\boxA + \maybestrut + % + % Do not prefer a separate line ending with a hyphen to fewer lines. + \finalhyphendemerits = 0 + % + % Word spacing - no stretch + \spaceskip=\fontdimen2\font minus \fontdimen4\font + % + \linepenalty=1000 % Discourage line breaks. + \hyphenpenalty=5000 % Discourage hyphenation. + % + \par % format the paragraph + \egroup % The \vbox + \fi + \endgroup + % delay text of entry until after penalty + \bgroup\aftergroup\insertindexentrybox + \entryorphanpenalty +}} + +\newskip\thinshrinkable +\skip\thinshrinkable=.15em minus .15em + +\newbox\entryindexbox +\def\insertindexentrybox{% +\lineskip=0pt % This comes into effect when the \vbox has a large + % height due to the paragraph in it having several + % lines. +\box\entryindexbox} + +% Default is no penalty +\let\entryorphanpenalty\egroup + +% Used from \printindex. \firsttoken should be the first token +% after the \entry. If it's not another \entry, we are at the last +% line of a group of index entries, so insert a penalty to discourage +% orphaned index entries. +\long\def\indexorphanpenalty{% + \def\isentry{\entry}% + \ifx\firsttoken\isentry + \else + \unskip\penalty 9000 + % The \unskip here stops breaking before the glue. It relies on the + % \vskip above being there, otherwise there is an error + % "You can't use `\unskip' in vertical mode". There has to be glue + % in the current vertical list that hasn't been added to the + % "current page". See Chapter 24 of the TeXbook. This contradicts + % Section 8.3.7 in "TeX by Topic," though. + \fi + \egroup % now comes the box added with \aftergroup +} + +% Like plain.tex's \dotfill, except uses up at least 1 em. +% The filll stretch here overpowers both the fil and fill stretch to push +% the page number to the right. +\def\indexdotfill{\cleaders + \hbox{$\mathsurround=0pt \mkern1.5mu.\mkern1.5mu$}\hskip 1em plus 1filll} + + +\def\primary #1{\line{#1\hfil}} + +\newskip\secondaryindent \secondaryindent=0.5cm +\def\secondary#1#2{{% + \parfillskip=0in + \parskip=0in + \hangindent=1in + \hangafter=1 + \noindent\hskip\secondaryindent\hbox{#1}\indexdotfill + \ifpdf + \pdfgettoks#2.\ \the\toksA % The page number ends the paragraph. + \else + #2 + \fi + \par +}} + +% Define two-column mode, which we use to typeset indexes. +% Adapted from the TeXbook, page 416, which is to say, +% the manmac.tex format used to print the TeXbook itself. +\catcode`\@=11 + +\newbox\partialpage +\newdimen\doublecolumnhsize +\newdimen\doublecolumntopgap +\doublecolumntopgap = 0pt + +\newtoks\savedtopmark % Used in \begindoublecolumns +\newtoks\savedfirstmark + +\def\begindoublecolumns{\begingroup % ended by \enddoublecolumns + % Grab any single-column material above us. + \output = {% + % + % Here is a possibility not foreseen in manmac: if we accumulate a + % whole lot of material, we might end up calling this \output + % routine twice in a row (see the doublecol-lose test, which is + % essentially a couple of indexes with @setchapternewpage off). In + % that case we just ship out what is in \partialpage with the normal + % output routine. Generally, \partialpage will be empty when this + % runs and this will be a no-op. See the indexspread.tex test case. + \ifvoid\partialpage \else + \onepageout{\pagecontents\partialpage}% + \fi + % + \global\setbox\partialpage = \vbox{% + % Unvbox the main output page. + \unvbox\PAGE + \kern-\topskip \kern\baselineskip + }% + % Save \topmark and \firstmark + \global\savedtopmark=\expandafter{\topmark}% + \global\savedfirstmark=\expandafter{\firstmark}% + }% + \eject % run that output routine to set \partialpage + % + % We recover the two marks that the last output routine saved in order + % to propagate the information in marks added around a chapter heading, + % which could be otherwise be lost by the time the final page is output. + % + \mark{\the\savedtopmark}% Only mark in page passed to following \output. + \output = {% + \setbox0=\box\PAGE % clear box 255 + }abc\eject + % + \mark{\the\savedfirstmark}% + % + % Use the double-column output routine for subsequent pages. + \output = {\doublecolumnout}% + % + % Change the page size parameters. We could do this once outside this + % routine, in each of @smallbook, @afourpaper, and the default 8.5x11 + % format, but then we repeat the same computation. Repeating a couple + % of assignments once per index is clearly meaningless for the + % execution time, so we may as well do it in one place. + % + % First we halve the line length, less a little for the gutter between + % the columns. We compute the gutter based on the line length, so it + % changes automatically with the paper format. The magic constant + % below is chosen so that the gutter has the same value (well, +-<1pt) + % as it did when we hard-coded it. + % + % We put the result in a separate register, \doublecolumhsize, so we + % can restore it in \pagesofar, after \hsize itself has (potentially) + % been clobbered. + % + \doublecolumnhsize = \hsize + \advance\doublecolumnhsize by -.04154\hsize + \divide\doublecolumnhsize by 2 + \hsize = \doublecolumnhsize + % + % Double the \vsize as well. (We don't need a separate register here, + % since nobody clobbers \vsize.) + \global\doublecolumntopgap = \topskip + \global\advance\doublecolumntopgap by -1\baselineskip + \global\advance\vsize by -1\doublecolumntopgap + \vsize = 2\vsize + \topskip=0pt +} + +% The double-column output routine for all double-column pages except +% the last, which is done by \balancecolumns. +% +\def\doublecolumnout{% + \splittopskip=\topskip \splitmaxdepth=\maxdepth + % Get the available space for the double columns -- the normal + % (undoubled) page height minus any material left over from the + % previous page. + \dimen@ = \vsize + \divide\dimen@ by 2 + \advance\dimen@ by -\ht\partialpage + % + % box0 will be the left-hand column, box2 the right. + \setbox0=\vsplit255 to\dimen@ \setbox2=\vsplit255 to\dimen@ + \onepageout\pagesofar + \unvbox255 + \penalty\outputpenalty +} +% +% Re-output the contents of the output page -- any previous material, +% followed by the two boxes we just split, in box0 and box2. +\def\pagesofar{% + \unvbox\partialpage + % + \hsize = \doublecolumnhsize + \wd0=\hsize \wd2=\hsize + \vbox{% + \vskip\doublecolumntopgap + \hbox to\pagewidth{\box0\hfil\box2}}% +} + + +% Finished with with double columns. +\def\enddoublecolumns{% + % The following penalty ensures that the page builder is exercised + % _before_ we change the output routine. This is necessary in the + % following situation: + % + % The last section of the index consists only of a single entry. + % Before this section, \pagetotal is less than \pagegoal, so no + % break occurs before the last section starts. However, the last + % section, consisting of \initial and the single \entry, does not + % fit on the page and has to be broken off. Without the following + % penalty the page builder will not be exercised until \eject + % below, and by that time we'll already have changed the output + % routine to the \balancecolumns version, so the next-to-last + % double-column page will be processed with \balancecolumns, which + % is wrong: The two columns will go to the main vertical list, with + % the broken-off section in the recent contributions. As soon as + % the output routine finishes, TeX starts reconsidering the page + % break. The two columns and the broken-off section both fit on the + % page, because the two columns now take up only half of the page + % goal. When TeX sees \eject from below which follows the final + % section, it invokes the new output routine that we've set after + % \balancecolumns below; \onepageout will try to fit the two columns + % and the final section into the vbox of \pageheight (see + % \pagebody), causing an overfull box. + % + % Note that glue won't work here, because glue does not exercise the + % page builder, unlike penalties (see The TeXbook, pp. 280-281). + \penalty0 + % + \output = {% + % Split the last of the double-column material. Leave it on the + % current page, no automatic page break. + \balancecolumns + % + % If we end up splitting too much material for the current page, + % though, there will be another page break right after this \output + % invocation ends. Having called \balancecolumns once, we do not + % want to call it again. Therefore, reset \output to its normal + % definition right away. (We hope \balancecolumns will never be + % called on to balance too much material, but if it is, this makes + % the output somewhat more palatable.) + \global\output = {\onepageout{\pagecontents\PAGE}}% + }% + \eject + \endgroup % started in \begindoublecolumns + % + % \pagegoal was set to the doubled \vsize above, since we restarted + % the current page. We're now back to normal single-column + % typesetting, so reset \pagegoal to the normal \vsize (after the + % \endgroup where \vsize got restored). + \pagegoal = \vsize +} +% +% Only called for the last of the double column material. \doublecolumnout +% does the others. +\def\balancecolumns{% + \setbox0 = \vbox{\unvbox255}% like \box255 but more efficient, see p.120. + \dimen@ = \ht0 + \advance\dimen@ by \topskip + \advance\dimen@ by-\baselineskip + \ifdim\dimen@<14\baselineskip + % Don't split a short final column in two. + \setbox2=\vbox{}% + \else + \divide\dimen@ by 2 % target to split to + \dimen@ii = \dimen@ + \splittopskip = \topskip + % Loop until the second column is no higher than the first + {% + \vbadness = 10000 + \loop + \global\setbox3 = \copy0 + \global\setbox1 = \vsplit3 to \dimen@ + % Remove glue from bottom of first column to + % make sure it is higher than the second. + \global\setbox1 = \vbox{\unvbox1\unpenalty\unskip}% + \ifdim\ht3>\ht1 + \global\advance\dimen@ by 1pt + \repeat + }% + \multiply\dimen@ii by 4 + \divide\dimen@ii by 5 + \ifdim\ht3<\dimen@ii + % Column heights are too different, so don't make their bottoms + % flush with each other. The glue at the end of the second column + % allows a second column to stretch, reducing the difference in + % height between the two. + \setbox0=\vbox to\dimen@{\unvbox1\vfill}% + \setbox2=\vbox to\dimen@{\unvbox3\vskip 0pt plus 0.3\ht0}% + \else + \setbox0=\vbox to\dimen@{\unvbox1}% + \setbox2=\vbox to\dimen@{\unvbox3}% + \fi + \fi + % + \pagesofar +} +\catcode`\@ = \other + + +\message{sectioning,} +% Chapters, sections, etc. + +% Let's start with @part. +\outer\parseargdef\part{\partzzz{#1}} +\def\partzzz#1{% + \chapoddpage + \null + \vskip.3\vsize % move it down on the page a bit + \begingroup + \noindent \titlefonts\rmisbold #1\par % the text + \let\lastnode=\empty % no node to associate with + \writetocentry{part}{#1}{}% but put it in the toc + \headingsoff % no headline or footline on the part page + % This outputs a mark at the end of the page that clears \thischapter + % and \thissection, as is done in \startcontents. + \let\pchapsepmacro\relax + \chapmacro{}{Yomitfromtoc}{}% + \chapoddpage + \endgroup +} + +% \unnumberedno is an oxymoron. But we count the unnumbered +% sections so that we can refer to them unambiguously in the pdf +% outlines by their "section number". We avoid collisions with chapter +% numbers by starting them at 10000. (If a document ever has 10000 +% chapters, we're in trouble anyway, I'm sure.) +\newcount\unnumberedno \unnumberedno = 10000 +\newcount\chapno +\newcount\secno \secno=0 +\newcount\subsecno \subsecno=0 +\newcount\subsubsecno \subsubsecno=0 + +% This counter is funny since it counts through charcodes of letters A, B, ... +\newcount\appendixno \appendixno = `\@ +% +% \def\appendixletter{\char\the\appendixno} +% We do the following ugly conditional instead of the above simple +% construct for the sake of pdftex, which needs the actual +% letter in the expansion, not just typeset. +% +\def\appendixletter{% + \ifnum\appendixno=`A A% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`B B% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`C C% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`D D% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`E E% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`F F% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`G G% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`H H% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`I I% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`J J% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`K K% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`L L% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`M M% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`N N% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`O O% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`P P% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`Q Q% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`R R% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`S S% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`T T% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`U U% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`V V% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`W W% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`X X% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`Y Y% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`Z Z% + % The \the is necessary, despite appearances, because \appendixletter is + % expanded while writing the .toc file. \char\appendixno is not + % expandable, thus it is written literally, thus all appendixes come out + % with the same letter (or @) in the toc without it. + \else\char\the\appendixno + \fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi + \fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi} + +% Each @chapter defines these (using marks) as the number+name, number +% and name of the chapter. Page headings and footings can use +% these. @section does likewise. +\def\thischapter{} +\def\thischapternum{} +\def\thischaptername{} +\def\thissection{} +\def\thissectionnum{} +\def\thissectionname{} + +\newcount\absseclevel % used to calculate proper heading level +\newcount\secbase\secbase=0 % @raisesections/@lowersections modify this count + +% @raisesections: treat @section as chapter, @subsection as section, etc. +\def\raisesections{\global\advance\secbase by -1} +\let\up=\raisesections % original BFox name + +% @lowersections: treat @chapter as section, @section as subsection, etc. +\def\lowersections{\global\advance\secbase by 1} +\let\down=\lowersections % original BFox name + +% we only have subsub. +\chardef\maxseclevel = 3 +% +% A numbered section within an unnumbered changes to unnumbered too. +% To achieve this, remember the "biggest" unnum. sec. we are currently in: +\chardef\unnlevel = \maxseclevel +% +% Trace whether the current chapter is an appendix or not: +% \chapheadtype is "N" or "A", unnumbered chapters are ignored. +\def\chapheadtype{N} + +% Choose a heading macro +% #1 is heading type +% #2 is heading level +% #3 is text for heading +\def\genhead#1#2#3{% + % Compute the abs. sec. level: + \absseclevel=#2 + \advance\absseclevel by \secbase + % Make sure \absseclevel doesn't fall outside the range: + \ifnum \absseclevel < 0 + \absseclevel = 0 + \else + \ifnum \absseclevel > 3 + \absseclevel = 3 + \fi + \fi + % The heading type: + \def\headtype{#1}% + \if \headtype U% + \ifnum \absseclevel < \unnlevel + \chardef\unnlevel = \absseclevel + \fi + \else + % Check for appendix sections: + \ifnum \absseclevel = 0 + \edef\chapheadtype{\headtype}% + \else + \if \headtype A\if \chapheadtype N% + \errmessage{@appendix... within a non-appendix chapter}% + \fi\fi + \fi + % Check for numbered within unnumbered: + \ifnum \absseclevel > \unnlevel + \def\headtype{U}% + \else + \chardef\unnlevel = 3 + \fi + \fi + % Now print the heading: + \if \headtype U% + \ifcase\absseclevel + \unnumberedzzz{#3}% + \or \unnumberedseczzz{#3}% + \or \unnumberedsubseczzz{#3}% + \or \unnumberedsubsubseczzz{#3}% + \fi + \else + \if \headtype A% + \ifcase\absseclevel + \appendixzzz{#3}% + \or \appendixsectionzzz{#3}% + \or \appendixsubseczzz{#3}% + \or \appendixsubsubseczzz{#3}% + \fi + \else + \ifcase\absseclevel + \chapterzzz{#3}% + \or \seczzz{#3}% + \or \numberedsubseczzz{#3}% + \or \numberedsubsubseczzz{#3}% + \fi + \fi + \fi + \suppressfirstparagraphindent +} + +% an interface: +\def\numhead{\genhead N} +\def\apphead{\genhead A} +\def\unnmhead{\genhead U} + +% @chapter, @appendix, @unnumbered. Increment top-level counter, reset +% all lower-level sectioning counters to zero. +% +% Also set \chaplevelprefix, which we prepend to @float sequence numbers +% (e.g., figures), q.v. By default (before any chapter), that is empty. +\let\chaplevelprefix = \empty +% +\outer\parseargdef\chapter{\numhead0{#1}} % normally numhead0 calls chapterzzz +\def\chapterzzz#1{% + % section resetting is \global in case the chapter is in a group, such + % as an @include file. + \global\secno=0 \global\subsecno=0 \global\subsubsecno=0 + \global\advance\chapno by 1 + % + % Used for \float. + \gdef\chaplevelprefix{\the\chapno.}% + \resetallfloatnos + % + % \putwordChapter can contain complex things in translations. + \toks0=\expandafter{\putwordChapter}% + \message{\the\toks0 \space \the\chapno}% + % + % Write the actual heading. + \chapmacro{#1}{Ynumbered}{\the\chapno}% + % + % So @section and the like are numbered underneath this chapter. + \global\let\section = \numberedsec + \global\let\subsection = \numberedsubsec + \global\let\subsubsection = \numberedsubsubsec +} + +\outer\parseargdef\appendix{\apphead0{#1}} % normally calls appendixzzz +% +\def\appendixzzz#1{% + \global\secno=0 \global\subsecno=0 \global\subsubsecno=0 + \global\advance\appendixno by 1 + \gdef\chaplevelprefix{\appendixletter.}% + \resetallfloatnos + % + % \putwordAppendix can contain complex things in translations. + \toks0=\expandafter{\putwordAppendix}% + \message{\the\toks0 \space \appendixletter}% + % + \chapmacro{#1}{Yappendix}{\appendixletter}% + % + \global\let\section = \appendixsec + \global\let\subsection = \appendixsubsec + \global\let\subsubsection = \appendixsubsubsec +} + +% normally unnmhead0 calls unnumberedzzz: +\outer\parseargdef\unnumbered{\unnmhead0{#1}} +\def\unnumberedzzz#1{% + \global\secno=0 \global\subsecno=0 \global\subsubsecno=0 + \global\advance\unnumberedno by 1 + % + % Since an unnumbered has no number, no prefix for figures. + \global\let\chaplevelprefix = \empty + \resetallfloatnos + % + % This used to be simply \message{#1}, but TeX fully expands the + % argument to \message. Therefore, if #1 contained @-commands, TeX + % expanded them. For example, in `@unnumbered The @cite{Book}', TeX + % expanded @cite (which turns out to cause errors because \cite is meant + % to be executed, not expanded). + % + % Anyway, we don't want the fully-expanded definition of @cite to appear + % as a result of the \message, we just want `@cite' itself. We use + % \the to achieve this: TeX expands \the only once, + % simply yielding the contents of . (We also do this for + % the toc entries.) + \toks0 = {#1}% + \message{(\the\toks0)}% + % + \chapmacro{#1}{Ynothing}{\the\unnumberedno}% + % + \global\let\section = \unnumberedsec + \global\let\subsection = \unnumberedsubsec + \global\let\subsubsection = \unnumberedsubsubsec +} + +% @centerchap is like @unnumbered, but the heading is centered. +\outer\parseargdef\centerchap{% + \let\centerparametersmaybe = \centerparameters + \unnmhead0{#1}% + \let\centerparametersmaybe = \relax +} + +% @top is like @unnumbered. +\let\top\unnumbered + +% Sections. +% +\outer\parseargdef\numberedsec{\numhead1{#1}} % normally calls seczzz +\def\seczzz#1{% + \global\subsecno=0 \global\subsubsecno=0 \global\advance\secno by 1 + \sectionheading{#1}{sec}{Ynumbered}{\the\chapno.\the\secno}% +} + +% normally calls appendixsectionzzz: +\outer\parseargdef\appendixsection{\apphead1{#1}} +\def\appendixsectionzzz#1{% + \global\subsecno=0 \global\subsubsecno=0 \global\advance\secno by 1 + \sectionheading{#1}{sec}{Yappendix}{\appendixletter.\the\secno}% +} +\let\appendixsec\appendixsection + +% normally calls unnumberedseczzz: +\outer\parseargdef\unnumberedsec{\unnmhead1{#1}} +\def\unnumberedseczzz#1{% + \global\subsecno=0 \global\subsubsecno=0 \global\advance\secno by 1 + \sectionheading{#1}{sec}{Ynothing}{\the\unnumberedno.\the\secno}% +} + +% Subsections. +% +% normally calls numberedsubseczzz: +\outer\parseargdef\numberedsubsec{\numhead2{#1}} +\def\numberedsubseczzz#1{% + \global\subsubsecno=0 \global\advance\subsecno by 1 + \sectionheading{#1}{subsec}{Ynumbered}{\the\chapno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno}% +} + +% normally calls appendixsubseczzz: +\outer\parseargdef\appendixsubsec{\apphead2{#1}} +\def\appendixsubseczzz#1{% + \global\subsubsecno=0 \global\advance\subsecno by 1 + \sectionheading{#1}{subsec}{Yappendix}% + {\appendixletter.\the\secno.\the\subsecno}% +} + +% normally calls unnumberedsubseczzz: +\outer\parseargdef\unnumberedsubsec{\unnmhead2{#1}} +\def\unnumberedsubseczzz#1{% + \global\subsubsecno=0 \global\advance\subsecno by 1 + \sectionheading{#1}{subsec}{Ynothing}% + {\the\unnumberedno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno}% +} + +% Subsubsections. +% +% normally numberedsubsubseczzz: +\outer\parseargdef\numberedsubsubsec{\numhead3{#1}} +\def\numberedsubsubseczzz#1{% + \global\advance\subsubsecno by 1 + \sectionheading{#1}{subsubsec}{Ynumbered}% + {\the\chapno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno.\the\subsubsecno}% +} + +% normally appendixsubsubseczzz: +\outer\parseargdef\appendixsubsubsec{\apphead3{#1}} +\def\appendixsubsubseczzz#1{% + \global\advance\subsubsecno by 1 + \sectionheading{#1}{subsubsec}{Yappendix}% + {\appendixletter.\the\secno.\the\subsecno.\the\subsubsecno}% +} + +% normally unnumberedsubsubseczzz: +\outer\parseargdef\unnumberedsubsubsec{\unnmhead3{#1}} +\def\unnumberedsubsubseczzz#1{% + \global\advance\subsubsecno by 1 + \sectionheading{#1}{subsubsec}{Ynothing}% + {\the\unnumberedno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno.\the\subsubsecno}% +} + +% These macros control what the section commands do, according +% to what kind of chapter we are in (ordinary, appendix, or unnumbered). +% Define them by default for a numbered chapter. +\let\section = \numberedsec +\let\subsection = \numberedsubsec +\let\subsubsection = \numberedsubsubsec + +% Define @majorheading, @heading and @subheading + +\def\majorheading{% + {\advance\chapheadingskip by 10pt \chapbreak }% + \parsearg\chapheadingzzz +} + +\def\chapheading{\chapbreak \parsearg\chapheadingzzz} +\def\chapheadingzzz#1{% + \vbox{\chapfonts \raggedtitlesettings #1\par}% + \nobreak\bigskip \nobreak + \suppressfirstparagraphindent +} + +% @heading, @subheading, @subsubheading. +\parseargdef\heading{\sectionheading{#1}{sec}{Yomitfromtoc}{} + \suppressfirstparagraphindent} +\parseargdef\subheading{\sectionheading{#1}{subsec}{Yomitfromtoc}{} + \suppressfirstparagraphindent} +\parseargdef\subsubheading{\sectionheading{#1}{subsubsec}{Yomitfromtoc}{} + \suppressfirstparagraphindent} + +% These macros generate a chapter, section, etc. heading only +% (including whitespace, linebreaking, etc. around it), +% given all the information in convenient, parsed form. + +% Args are the skip and penalty (usually negative) +\def\dobreak#1#2{\par\ifdim\lastskip<#1\removelastskip\penalty#2\vskip#1\fi} + +% Parameter controlling skip before chapter headings (if needed) +\newskip\chapheadingskip + +% Define plain chapter starts, and page on/off switching for it. +\def\chapbreak{\dobreak \chapheadingskip {-4000}} + +% Start a new page +\def\chappager{\par\vfill\supereject} + +% \chapoddpage - start on an odd page for a new chapter +% Because \domark is called before \chapoddpage, the filler page will +% get the headings for the next chapter, which is wrong. But we don't +% care -- we just disable all headings on the filler page. +\def\chapoddpage{% + \chappager + \ifodd\pageno \else + \begingroup + \headingsoff + \null + \chappager + \endgroup + \fi +} + +\def\setchapternewpage #1 {\csname CHAPPAG#1\endcsname} + +\def\CHAPPAGoff{% +\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chappager +\global\let\pchapsepmacro=\chapbreak +\global\let\pagealignmacro=\chappager} + +\def\CHAPPAGon{% +\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chappager +\global\let\pchapsepmacro=\chappager +\global\let\pagealignmacro=\chappager +\global\def\HEADINGSon{\HEADINGSsingle}} + +\def\CHAPPAGodd{% +\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chapoddpage +\global\let\pchapsepmacro=\chapoddpage +\global\let\pagealignmacro=\chapoddpage +\global\def\HEADINGSon{\HEADINGSdouble}} + +\CHAPPAGon + +% \chapmacro - Chapter opening. +% +% #1 is the text, #2 is the section type (Ynumbered, Ynothing, +% Yappendix, Yomitfromtoc), #3 the chapter number. +% Not used for @heading series. +% +% To test against our argument. +\def\Ynothingkeyword{Ynothing} +\def\Yappendixkeyword{Yappendix} +\def\Yomitfromtockeyword{Yomitfromtoc} +% +\def\chapmacro#1#2#3{% + \checkenv{}% chapters, etc., should not start inside an environment. + % + % Insert the first mark before the heading break (see notes for \domark). + \let\prevchapterdefs=\lastchapterdefs + \let\prevsectiondefs=\lastsectiondefs + \gdef\lastsectiondefs{\gdef\thissectionname{}\gdef\thissectionnum{}% + \gdef\thissection{}}% + % + \def\temptype{#2}% + \ifx\temptype\Ynothingkeyword + \gdef\lastchapterdefs{\gdef\thischaptername{#1}\gdef\thischapternum{}% + \gdef\thischapter{\thischaptername}}% + \else\ifx\temptype\Yomitfromtockeyword + \gdef\lastchapterdefs{\gdef\thischaptername{#1}\gdef\thischapternum{}% + \gdef\thischapter{}}% + \else\ifx\temptype\Yappendixkeyword + \toks0={#1}% + \xdef\lastchapterdefs{% + \gdef\noexpand\thischaptername{\the\toks0}% + \gdef\noexpand\thischapternum{\appendixletter}% + % \noexpand\putwordAppendix avoids expanding indigestible + % commands in some of the translations. + \gdef\noexpand\thischapter{\noexpand\putwordAppendix{} + \noexpand\thischapternum: + \noexpand\thischaptername}% + }% + \else + \toks0={#1}% + \xdef\lastchapterdefs{% + \gdef\noexpand\thischaptername{\the\toks0}% + \gdef\noexpand\thischapternum{\the\chapno}% + % \noexpand\putwordChapter avoids expanding indigestible + % commands in some of the translations. + \gdef\noexpand\thischapter{\noexpand\putwordChapter{} + \noexpand\thischapternum: + \noexpand\thischaptername}% + }% + \fi\fi\fi + % + % Output the mark. Pass it through \safewhatsit, to take care of + % the preceding space. + \safewhatsit\domark + % + % Insert the chapter heading break. + \pchapsepmacro + % + % Now the second mark, after the heading break. No break points + % between here and the heading. + \let\prevchapterdefs=\lastchapterdefs + \let\prevsectiondefs=\lastsectiondefs + \domark + % + {% + \chapfonts \rmisbold + \let\footnote=\errfootnoteheading % give better error message + % + % Have to define \lastsection before calling \donoderef, because the + % xref code eventually uses it. On the other hand, it has to be called + % after \pchapsepmacro, or the headline will change too soon. + \gdef\lastsection{#1}% + % + % Only insert the separating space if we have a chapter/appendix + % number, and don't print the unnumbered ``number''. + \ifx\temptype\Ynothingkeyword + \setbox0 = \hbox{}% + \def\toctype{unnchap}% + \else\ifx\temptype\Yomitfromtockeyword + \setbox0 = \hbox{}% contents like unnumbered, but no toc entry + \def\toctype{omit}% + \else\ifx\temptype\Yappendixkeyword + \setbox0 = \hbox{\putwordAppendix{} #3\enspace}% + \def\toctype{app}% + \else + \setbox0 = \hbox{#3\enspace}% + \def\toctype{numchap}% + \fi\fi\fi + % + % Write the toc entry for this chapter. Must come before the + % \donoderef, because we include the current node name in the toc + % entry, and \donoderef resets it to empty. + \writetocentry{\toctype}{#1}{#3}% + % + % For pdftex, we have to write out the node definition (aka, make + % the pdfdest) after any page break, but before the actual text has + % been typeset. If the destination for the pdf outline is after the + % text, then jumping from the outline may wind up with the text not + % being visible, for instance under high magnification. + \donoderef{#2}% + % + % Typeset the actual heading. + \nobreak % Avoid page breaks at the interline glue. + \vbox{\raggedtitlesettings \hangindent=\wd0 \centerparametersmaybe + \unhbox0 #1\par}% + }% + \nobreak\bigskip % no page break after a chapter title + \nobreak +} + +% @centerchap -- centered and unnumbered. +\let\centerparametersmaybe = \relax +\def\centerparameters{% + \advance\rightskip by 3\rightskip + \leftskip = \rightskip + \parfillskip = 0pt +} + + +% I don't think this chapter style is supported any more, so I'm not +% updating it with the new noderef stuff. We'll see. --karl, 11aug03. +% +\def\setchapterstyle #1 {\csname CHAPF#1\endcsname} +% +\def\unnchfopen #1{% + \chapoddpage + \vbox{\chapfonts \raggedtitlesettings #1\par}% + \nobreak\bigskip\nobreak +} +\def\chfopen #1#2{\chapoddpage {\chapfonts +\vbox to 3in{\vfil \hbox to\hsize{\hfil #2} \hbox to\hsize{\hfil #1} \vfil}}% +\par\penalty 5000 % +} +\def\centerchfopen #1{% + \chapoddpage + \vbox{\chapfonts \raggedtitlesettings \hfill #1\hfill}% + \nobreak\bigskip \nobreak +} +\def\CHAPFopen{% + \global\let\chapmacro=\chfopen + \global\let\centerchapmacro=\centerchfopen} + + +% Section titles. These macros combine the section number parts and +% call the generic \sectionheading to do the printing. +% +\newskip\secheadingskip +\def\secheadingbreak{\dobreak \secheadingskip{-1000}} + +% Subsection titles. +\newskip\subsecheadingskip +\def\subsecheadingbreak{\dobreak \subsecheadingskip{-500}} + +% Subsubsection titles. +\def\subsubsecheadingskip{\subsecheadingskip} +\def\subsubsecheadingbreak{\subsecheadingbreak} + + +% Print any size, any type, section title. +% +% #1 is the text of the title, +% #2 is the section level (sec/subsec/subsubsec), +% #3 is the section type (Ynumbered, Ynothing, Yappendix, Yomitfromtoc), +% #4 is the section number. +% +\def\seckeyword{sec} +% +\def\sectionheading#1#2#3#4{% + {% + \def\sectionlevel{#2}% + \def\temptype{#3}% + % + % It is ok for the @heading series commands to appear inside an + % environment (it's been historically allowed, though the logic is + % dubious), but not the others. + \ifx\temptype\Yomitfromtockeyword\else + \checkenv{}% non-@*heading should not be in an environment. + \fi + \let\footnote=\errfootnoteheading + % + % Switch to the right set of fonts. + \csname #2fonts\endcsname \rmisbold + % + % Insert first mark before the heading break (see notes for \domark). + \let\prevsectiondefs=\lastsectiondefs + \ifx\temptype\Ynothingkeyword + \ifx\sectionlevel\seckeyword + \gdef\lastsectiondefs{\gdef\thissectionname{#1}\gdef\thissectionnum{}% + \gdef\thissection{\thissectionname}}% + \fi + \else\ifx\temptype\Yomitfromtockeyword + % Don't redefine \thissection. + \else\ifx\temptype\Yappendixkeyword + \ifx\sectionlevel\seckeyword + \toks0={#1}% + \xdef\lastsectiondefs{% + \gdef\noexpand\thissectionname{\the\toks0}% + \gdef\noexpand\thissectionnum{#4}% + % \noexpand\putwordSection avoids expanding indigestible + % commands in some of the translations. + \gdef\noexpand\thissection{\noexpand\putwordSection{} + \noexpand\thissectionnum: + \noexpand\thissectionname}% + }% + \fi + \else + \ifx\sectionlevel\seckeyword + \toks0={#1}% + \xdef\lastsectiondefs{% + \gdef\noexpand\thissectionname{\the\toks0}% + \gdef\noexpand\thissectionnum{#4}% + % \noexpand\putwordSection avoids expanding indigestible + % commands in some of the translations. + \gdef\noexpand\thissection{\noexpand\putwordSection{} + \noexpand\thissectionnum: + \noexpand\thissectionname}% + }% + \fi + \fi\fi\fi + % + % Go into vertical mode. Usually we'll already be there, but we + % don't want the following whatsit to end up in a preceding paragraph + % if the document didn't happen to have a blank line. + \par + % + % Output the mark. Pass it through \safewhatsit, to take care of + % the preceding space. + \safewhatsit\domark + % + % Insert space above the heading. + \csname #2headingbreak\endcsname + % + % Now the second mark, after the heading break. No break points + % between here and the heading. + \global\let\prevsectiondefs=\lastsectiondefs + \domark + % + % Only insert the space after the number if we have a section number. + \ifx\temptype\Ynothingkeyword + \setbox0 = \hbox{}% + \def\toctype{unn}% + \gdef\lastsection{#1}% + \else\ifx\temptype\Yomitfromtockeyword + % for @headings -- no section number, don't include in toc, + % and don't redefine \lastsection. + \setbox0 = \hbox{}% + \def\toctype{omit}% + \let\sectionlevel=\empty + \else\ifx\temptype\Yappendixkeyword + \setbox0 = \hbox{#4\enspace}% + \def\toctype{app}% + \gdef\lastsection{#1}% + \else + \setbox0 = \hbox{#4\enspace}% + \def\toctype{num}% + \gdef\lastsection{#1}% + \fi\fi\fi + % + % Write the toc entry (before \donoderef). See comments in \chapmacro. + \writetocentry{\toctype\sectionlevel}{#1}{#4}% + % + % Write the node reference (= pdf destination for pdftex). + % Again, see comments in \chapmacro. + \donoderef{#3}% + % + % Interline glue will be inserted when the vbox is completed. + % That glue will be a valid breakpoint for the page, since it'll be + % preceded by a whatsit (usually from the \donoderef, or from the + % \writetocentry if there was no node). We don't want to allow that + % break, since then the whatsits could end up on page n while the + % section is on page n+1, thus toc/etc. are wrong. Debian bug 276000. + \nobreak + % + % Output the actual section heading. + \vbox{\hyphenpenalty=10000 \tolerance=5000 \parindent=0pt \ptexraggedright + \hangindent=\wd0 % zero if no section number + \unhbox0 #1}% + }% + % Add extra space after the heading -- half of whatever came above it. + % Don't allow stretch, though. + \kern .5 \csname #2headingskip\endcsname + % + % Do not let the kern be a potential breakpoint, as it would be if it + % was followed by glue. + \nobreak + % + % We'll almost certainly start a paragraph next, so don't let that + % glue accumulate. (Not a breakpoint because it's preceded by a + % discardable item.) However, when a paragraph is not started next + % (\startdefun, \cartouche, \center, etc.), this needs to be wiped out + % or the negative glue will cause weirdly wrong output, typically + % obscuring the section heading with something else. + \vskip-\parskip + % + % This is so the last item on the main vertical list is a known + % \penalty > 10000, so \startdefun, etc., can recognize the situation + % and do the needful. + \penalty 10001 +} + + +\message{toc,} +% Table of contents. +\newwrite\tocfile + +% Write an entry to the toc file, opening it if necessary. +% Called from @chapter, etc. +% +% Example usage: \writetocentry{sec}{Section Name}{\the\chapno.\the\secno} +% We append the current node name (if any) and page number as additional +% arguments for the \{chap,sec,...}entry macros which will eventually +% read this. The node name is used in the pdf outlines as the +% destination to jump to. +% +% We open the .toc file for writing here instead of at @setfilename (or +% any other fixed time) so that @contents can be anywhere in the document. +% But if #1 is `omit', then we don't do anything. This is used for the +% table of contents chapter openings themselves. +% +\newif\iftocfileopened +\def\omitkeyword{omit}% +% +\def\writetocentry#1#2#3{% + \edef\writetoctype{#1}% + \ifx\writetoctype\omitkeyword \else + \iftocfileopened\else + \immediate\openout\tocfile = \jobname.toc + \global\tocfileopenedtrue + \fi + % + \iflinks + {\atdummies + \edef\temp{% + \write\tocfile{@#1entry{#2}{#3}{\lastnode}{\noexpand\folio}}}% + \temp + }% + \fi + \fi + % + % Tell \shipout to create a pdf destination on each page, if we're + % writing pdf. These are used in the table of contents. We can't + % just write one on every page because the title pages are numbered + % 1 and 2 (the page numbers aren't printed), and so are the first + % two pages of the document. Thus, we'd have two destinations named + % `1', and two named `2'. + \ifpdf \global\pdfmakepagedesttrue \fi +} + + +% These characters do not print properly in the Computer Modern roman +% fonts, so we must take special care. This is more or less redundant +% with the Texinfo input format setup at the end of this file. +% +\def\activecatcodes{% + \catcode`\"=\active + \catcode`\$=\active + \catcode`\<=\active + \catcode`\>=\active + \catcode`\\=\active + \catcode`\^=\active + \catcode`\_=\active + \catcode`\|=\active + \catcode`\~=\active +} + + +% Read the toc file, which is essentially Texinfo input. +\def\readtocfile{% + \setupdatafile + \activecatcodes + \input \tocreadfilename +} + +\newskip\contentsrightmargin \contentsrightmargin=1in +\newcount\savepageno +\newcount\lastnegativepageno \lastnegativepageno = -1 + +% Prepare to read what we've written to \tocfile. +% +\def\startcontents#1{% + % If @setchapternewpage on, and @headings double, the contents should + % start on an odd page, unlike chapters. Thus, we maintain + % \contentsalignmacro in parallel with \pagealignmacro. + % From: Torbjorn Granlund + \contentsalignmacro + \immediate\closeout\tocfile + % + % Don't need to put `Contents' or `Short Contents' in the headline. + % It is abundantly clear what they are. + \chapmacro{#1}{Yomitfromtoc}{}% + % + \savepageno = \pageno + \begingroup % Set up to handle contents files properly. + \raggedbottom % Worry more about breakpoints than the bottom. + \entryrightmargin=\contentsrightmargin % Don't use the full line length. + % + % Roman numerals for page numbers. + \ifnum \pageno>0 \global\pageno = \lastnegativepageno \fi +} + +% redefined for the two-volume lispref. We always output on +% \jobname.toc even if this is redefined. +% +\def\tocreadfilename{\jobname.toc} + +% Normal (long) toc. +% +\def\contents{% + \startcontents{\putwordTOC}% + \openin 1 \tocreadfilename\space + \ifeof 1 \else + \readtocfile + \fi + \vfill \eject + \contentsalignmacro % in case @setchapternewpage odd is in effect + \ifeof 1 \else + \pdfmakeoutlines + \fi + \closein 1 + \endgroup + \lastnegativepageno = \pageno + \global\pageno = \savepageno +} + +% And just the chapters. +\def\summarycontents{% + \startcontents{\putwordShortTOC}% + % + \let\partentry = \shortpartentry + \let\numchapentry = \shortchapentry + \let\appentry = \shortchapentry + \let\unnchapentry = \shortunnchapentry + % We want a true roman here for the page numbers. + \secfonts + \let\rm=\shortcontrm \let\bf=\shortcontbf + \let\sl=\shortcontsl \let\tt=\shortconttt + \rm + \hyphenpenalty = 10000 + \advance\baselineskip by 1pt % Open it up a little. + \def\numsecentry##1##2##3##4{} + \let\appsecentry = \numsecentry + \let\unnsecentry = \numsecentry + \let\numsubsecentry = \numsecentry + \let\appsubsecentry = \numsecentry + \let\unnsubsecentry = \numsecentry + \let\numsubsubsecentry = \numsecentry + \let\appsubsubsecentry = \numsecentry + \let\unnsubsubsecentry = \numsecentry + \openin 1 \tocreadfilename\space + \ifeof 1 \else + \readtocfile + \fi + \closein 1 + \vfill \eject + \contentsalignmacro % in case @setchapternewpage odd is in effect + \endgroup + \lastnegativepageno = \pageno + \global\pageno = \savepageno +} +\let\shortcontents = \summarycontents + +% Typeset the label for a chapter or appendix for the short contents. +% The arg is, e.g., `A' for an appendix, or `3' for a chapter. +% +\def\shortchaplabel#1{% + % This space should be enough, since a single number is .5em, and the + % widest letter (M) is 1em, at least in the Computer Modern fonts. + % But use \hss just in case. + % (This space doesn't include the extra space that gets added after + % the label; that gets put in by \shortchapentry above.) + % + % We'd like to right-justify chapter numbers, but that looks strange + % with appendix letters. And right-justifying numbers and + % left-justifying letters looks strange when there is less than 10 + % chapters. Have to read the whole toc once to know how many chapters + % there are before deciding ... + \hbox to 1em{#1\hss}% +} + +% These macros generate individual entries in the table of contents. +% The first argument is the chapter or section name. +% The last argument is the page number. +% The arguments in between are the chapter number, section number, ... + +% Parts, in the main contents. Replace the part number, which doesn't +% exist, with an empty box. Let's hope all the numbers have the same width. +% Also ignore the page number, which is conventionally not printed. +\def\numeralbox{\setbox0=\hbox{8}\hbox to \wd0{\hfil}} +\def\partentry#1#2#3#4{\dochapentry{\numeralbox\labelspace#1}{}} +% +% Parts, in the short toc. +\def\shortpartentry#1#2#3#4{% + \penalty-300 + \vskip.5\baselineskip plus.15\baselineskip minus.1\baselineskip + \shortchapentry{{\bf #1}}{\numeralbox}{}{}% +} + +% Chapters, in the main contents. +\def\numchapentry#1#2#3#4{\dochapentry{#2\labelspace#1}{#4}} + +% Chapters, in the short toc. +% See comments in \dochapentry re vbox and related settings. +\def\shortchapentry#1#2#3#4{% + \tocentry{\shortchaplabel{#2}\labelspace #1}{\doshortpageno\bgroup#4\egroup}% +} + +% Appendices, in the main contents. +% Need the word Appendix, and a fixed-size box. +% +\def\appendixbox#1{% + % We use M since it's probably the widest letter. + \setbox0 = \hbox{\putwordAppendix{} M}% + \hbox to \wd0{\putwordAppendix{} #1\hss}} +% +\def\appentry#1#2#3#4{\dochapentry{\appendixbox{#2}\hskip.7em#1}{#4}} + +% Unnumbered chapters. +\def\unnchapentry#1#2#3#4{\dochapentry{#1}{#4}} +\def\shortunnchapentry#1#2#3#4{\tocentry{#1}{\doshortpageno\bgroup#4\egroup}} + +% Sections. +\def\numsecentry#1#2#3#4{\dosecentry{#2\labelspace#1}{#4}} +\let\appsecentry=\numsecentry +\def\unnsecentry#1#2#3#4{\dosecentry{#1}{#4}} + +% Subsections. +\def\numsubsecentry#1#2#3#4{\dosubsecentry{#2\labelspace#1}{#4}} +\let\appsubsecentry=\numsubsecentry +\def\unnsubsecentry#1#2#3#4{\dosubsecentry{#1}{#4}} + +% And subsubsections. +\def\numsubsubsecentry#1#2#3#4{\dosubsubsecentry{#2\labelspace#1}{#4}} +\let\appsubsubsecentry=\numsubsubsecentry +\def\unnsubsubsecentry#1#2#3#4{\dosubsubsecentry{#1}{#4}} + +% This parameter controls the indentation of the various levels. +% Same as \defaultparindent. +\newdimen\tocindent \tocindent = 15pt + +% Now for the actual typesetting. In all these, #1 is the text and #2 is the +% page number. +% +% If the toc has to be broken over pages, we want it to be at chapters +% if at all possible; hence the \penalty. +\def\dochapentry#1#2{% + \penalty-300 \vskip1\baselineskip plus.33\baselineskip minus.25\baselineskip + \begingroup + % Move the page numbers slightly to the right + \advance\entryrightmargin by -0.05em + \chapentryfonts + \tocentry{#1}{\dopageno\bgroup#2\egroup}% + \endgroup + \nobreak\vskip .25\baselineskip plus.1\baselineskip +} + +\def\dosecentry#1#2{\begingroup + \secentryfonts \leftskip=\tocindent + \tocentry{#1}{\dopageno\bgroup#2\egroup}% +\endgroup} + +\def\dosubsecentry#1#2{\begingroup + \subsecentryfonts \leftskip=2\tocindent + \tocentry{#1}{\dopageno\bgroup#2\egroup}% +\endgroup} + +\def\dosubsubsecentry#1#2{\begingroup + \subsubsecentryfonts \leftskip=3\tocindent + \tocentry{#1}{\dopageno\bgroup#2\egroup}% +\endgroup} + +% We use the same \entry macro as for the index entries. +\let\tocentry = \entry + +% Space between chapter (or whatever) number and the title. +\def\labelspace{\hskip1em \relax} + +\def\dopageno#1{{\rm #1}} +\def\doshortpageno#1{{\rm #1}} + +\def\chapentryfonts{\secfonts \rm} +\def\secentryfonts{\textfonts} +\def\subsecentryfonts{\textfonts} +\def\subsubsecentryfonts{\textfonts} + + +\message{environments,} +% @foo ... @end foo. + +% @tex ... @end tex escapes into raw TeX temporarily. +% One exception: @ is still an escape character, so that @end tex works. +% But \@ or @@ will get a plain @ character. + +\envdef\tex{% + \setupmarkupstyle{tex}% + \catcode `\\=0 \catcode `\{=1 \catcode `\}=2 + \catcode `\$=3 \catcode `\&=4 \catcode `\#=6 + \catcode `\^=7 \catcode `\_=8 \catcode `\~=\active \let~=\tie + \catcode `\%=14 + \catcode `\+=\other + \catcode `\"=\other + \catcode `\|=\other + \catcode `\<=\other + \catcode `\>=\other + \catcode `\`=\other + \catcode `\'=\other + \escapechar=`\\ + % + % ' is active in math mode (mathcode"8000). So reset it, and all our + % other math active characters (just in case), to plain's definitions. + \mathactive + % + % Inverse of the list at the beginning of the file. + \let\b=\ptexb + \let\bullet=\ptexbullet + \let\c=\ptexc + \let\,=\ptexcomma + \let\.=\ptexdot + \let\dots=\ptexdots + \let\equiv=\ptexequiv + \let\!=\ptexexclam + \let\i=\ptexi + \let\indent=\ptexindent + \let\noindent=\ptexnoindent + \let\{=\ptexlbrace + \let\+=\tabalign + \let\}=\ptexrbrace + \let\/=\ptexslash + \let\sp=\ptexsp + \let\*=\ptexstar + %\let\sup=\ptexsup % do not redefine, we want @sup to work in math mode + \let\t=\ptext + \expandafter \let\csname top\endcsname=\ptextop % we've made it outer + \let\frenchspacing=\plainfrenchspacing + % + \def\endldots{\mathinner{\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots}}% + \def\enddots{\relax\ifmmode\endldots\else$\mathsurround=0pt \endldots\,$\fi}% + \def\@{@}% +} +% There is no need to define \Etex. + +% Define @lisp ... @end lisp. +% @lisp environment forms a group so it can rebind things, +% including the definition of @end lisp (which normally is erroneous). + +% Amount to narrow the margins by for @lisp. +\newskip\lispnarrowing \lispnarrowing=0.4in + +% This is the definition that ^^M gets inside @lisp, @example, and other +% such environments. \null is better than a space, since it doesn't +% have any width. +\def\lisppar{\null\endgraf} + +% This space is always present above and below environments. +\newskip\envskipamount \envskipamount = 0pt + +% Make spacing and below environment symmetrical. We use \parskip here +% to help in doing that, since in @example-like environments \parskip +% is reset to zero; thus the \afterenvbreak inserts no space -- but the +% start of the next paragraph will insert \parskip. +% +\def\aboveenvbreak{{% + % =10000 instead of <10000 because of a special case in \itemzzz and + % \sectionheading, q.v. + \ifnum \lastpenalty=10000 \else + \advance\envskipamount by \parskip + \endgraf + \ifdim\lastskip<\envskipamount + \removelastskip + \ifnum\lastpenalty<10000 + % Penalize breaking before the environment, because preceding text + % often leads into it. + \penalty100 + \fi + \vskip\envskipamount + \fi + \fi +}} + +\def\afterenvbreak{{% + % =10000 instead of <10000 because of a special case in \itemzzz and + % \sectionheading, q.v. + \ifnum \lastpenalty=10000 \else + \advance\envskipamount by \parskip + \endgraf + \ifdim\lastskip<\envskipamount + \removelastskip + % it's not a good place to break if the last penalty was \nobreak + % or better ... + \ifnum\lastpenalty<10000 \penalty-50 \fi + \vskip\envskipamount + \fi + \fi +}} + +% \nonarrowing is a flag. If "set", @lisp etc don't narrow margins; it will +% also clear it, so that its embedded environments do the narrowing again. +\let\nonarrowing=\relax + +% @cartouche ... @end cartouche: draw rectangle w/rounded corners around +% environment contents. +\font\circle=lcircle10 +\newdimen\circthick +\newdimen\cartouter\newdimen\cartinner +\newskip\normbskip\newskip\normpskip\newskip\normlskip +\circthick=\fontdimen8\circle +% +\def\ctl{{\circle\char'013\hskip -6pt}}% 6pt from pl file: 1/2charwidth +\def\ctr{{\hskip 6pt\circle\char'010}} +\def\cbl{{\circle\char'012\hskip -6pt}} +\def\cbr{{\hskip 6pt\circle\char'011}} +\def\carttop{\hbox to \cartouter{\hskip\lskip + \ctl\leaders\hrule height\circthick\hfil\ctr + \hskip\rskip}} +\def\cartbot{\hbox to \cartouter{\hskip\lskip + \cbl\leaders\hrule height\circthick\hfil\cbr + \hskip\rskip}} +% +\newskip\lskip\newskip\rskip + +\envdef\cartouche{% + \ifhmode\par\fi % can't be in the midst of a paragraph. + \startsavinginserts + \lskip=\leftskip \rskip=\rightskip + \leftskip=0pt\rightskip=0pt % we want these *outside*. + \cartinner=\hsize \advance\cartinner by-\lskip + \advance\cartinner by-\rskip + \cartouter=\hsize + \advance\cartouter by 18.4pt % allow for 3pt kerns on either + % side, and for 6pt waste from + % each corner char, and rule thickness + \normbskip=\baselineskip \normpskip=\parskip \normlskip=\lineskip + % + % If this cartouche directly follows a sectioning command, we need the + % \parskip glue (backspaced over by default) or the cartouche can + % collide with the section heading. + \ifnum\lastpenalty>10000 \vskip\parskip \penalty\lastpenalty \fi + % + \setbox\groupbox=\vbox\bgroup + \baselineskip=0pt\parskip=0pt\lineskip=0pt + \carttop + \hbox\bgroup + \hskip\lskip + \vrule\kern3pt + \vbox\bgroup + \kern3pt + \hsize=\cartinner + \baselineskip=\normbskip + \lineskip=\normlskip + \parskip=\normpskip + \vskip -\parskip + \comment % For explanation, see the end of def\group. +} +\def\Ecartouche{% + \ifhmode\par\fi + \kern3pt + \egroup + \kern3pt\vrule + \hskip\rskip + \egroup + \cartbot + \egroup + \addgroupbox + \checkinserts +} + + +% This macro is called at the beginning of all the @example variants, +% inside a group. +\newdimen\nonfillparindent +\def\nonfillstart{% + \aboveenvbreak + \ifdim\hfuzz < 12pt \hfuzz = 12pt \fi % Don't be fussy + \sepspaces % Make spaces be word-separators rather than space tokens. + \let\par = \lisppar % don't ignore blank lines + \obeylines % each line of input is a line of output + \parskip = 0pt + % Turn off paragraph indentation but redefine \indent to emulate + % the normal \indent. + \nonfillparindent=\parindent + \parindent = 0pt + \let\indent\nonfillindent + % + \emergencystretch = 0pt % don't try to avoid overfull boxes + \ifx\nonarrowing\relax + \advance \leftskip by \lispnarrowing + \exdentamount=\lispnarrowing + \else + \let\nonarrowing = \relax + \fi + \let\exdent=\nofillexdent +} + +\begingroup +\obeyspaces +% We want to swallow spaces (but not other tokens) after the fake +% @indent in our nonfill-environments, where spaces are normally +% active and set to @tie, resulting in them not being ignored after +% @indent. +\gdef\nonfillindent{\futurelet\temp\nonfillindentcheck}% +\gdef\nonfillindentcheck{% +\ifx\temp % +\expandafter\nonfillindentgobble% +\else% +\leavevmode\nonfillindentbox% +\fi% +}% +\endgroup +\def\nonfillindentgobble#1{\nonfillindent} +\def\nonfillindentbox{\hbox to \nonfillparindent{\hss}} + +% If you want all examples etc. small: @set dispenvsize small. +% If you want even small examples the full size: @set dispenvsize nosmall. +% This affects the following displayed environments: +% @example, @display, @format, @lisp +% +\def\smallword{small} +\def\nosmallword{nosmall} +\let\SETdispenvsize\relax +\def\setnormaldispenv{% + \ifx\SETdispenvsize\smallword + % end paragraph for sake of leading, in case document has no blank + % line. This is redundant with what happens in \aboveenvbreak, but + % we need to do it before changing the fonts, and it's inconvenient + % to change the fonts afterward. + \ifnum \lastpenalty=10000 \else \endgraf \fi + \smallexamplefonts \rm + \fi +} +\def\setsmalldispenv{% + \ifx\SETdispenvsize\nosmallword + \else + \ifnum \lastpenalty=10000 \else \endgraf \fi + \smallexamplefonts \rm + \fi +} + +% We often define two environments, @foo and @smallfoo. +% Let's do it in one command. #1 is the env name, #2 the definition. +\def\makedispenvdef#1#2{% + \expandafter\envdef\csname#1\endcsname {\setnormaldispenv #2}% + \expandafter\envdef\csname small#1\endcsname {\setsmalldispenv #2}% + \expandafter\let\csname E#1\endcsname \afterenvbreak + \expandafter\let\csname Esmall#1\endcsname \afterenvbreak +} + +% Define two environment synonyms (#1 and #2) for an environment. +\def\maketwodispenvdef#1#2#3{% + \makedispenvdef{#1}{#3}% + \makedispenvdef{#2}{#3}% +} +% +% @lisp: indented, narrowed, typewriter font; +% @example: same as @lisp. +% +% @smallexample and @smalllisp: use smaller fonts. +% Originally contributed by Pavel@xerox. +% +\maketwodispenvdef{lisp}{example}{% + \nonfillstart + \tt\setupmarkupstyle{example}% + \let\kbdfont = \kbdexamplefont % Allow @kbd to do something special. + \gobble % eat return +} +% @display/@smalldisplay: same as @lisp except keep current font. +% +\makedispenvdef{display}{% + \nonfillstart + \gobble +} + +% @format/@smallformat: same as @display except don't narrow margins. +% +\makedispenvdef{format}{% + \let\nonarrowing = t% + \nonfillstart + \gobble +} + +% @flushleft: same as @format, but doesn't obey \SETdispenvsize. +\envdef\flushleft{% + \let\nonarrowing = t% + \nonfillstart + \gobble +} +\let\Eflushleft = \afterenvbreak + +% @flushright. +% +\envdef\flushright{% + \let\nonarrowing = t% + \nonfillstart + \advance\leftskip by 0pt plus 1fill\relax + \gobble +} +\let\Eflushright = \afterenvbreak + + +% @raggedright does more-or-less normal line breaking but no right +% justification. From plain.tex. Don't stretch around special +% characters in urls in this environment, since the stretch at the right +% should be enough. +\envdef\raggedright{% + \rightskip0pt plus2.4em \spaceskip.3333em \xspaceskip.5em\relax + \def\urefprestretchamount{0pt}% + \def\urefpoststretchamount{0pt}% +} +\let\Eraggedright\par + +\envdef\raggedleft{% + \parindent=0pt \leftskip0pt plus2em + \spaceskip.3333em \xspaceskip.5em \parfillskip=0pt + \hbadness=10000 % Last line will usually be underfull, so turn off + % badness reporting. +} +\let\Eraggedleft\par + +\envdef\raggedcenter{% + \parindent=0pt \rightskip0pt plus1em \leftskip0pt plus1em + \spaceskip.3333em \xspaceskip.5em \parfillskip=0pt + \hbadness=10000 % Last line will usually be underfull, so turn off + % badness reporting. +} +\let\Eraggedcenter\par + + +% @quotation does normal linebreaking (hence we can't use \nonfillstart) +% and narrows the margins. We keep \parskip nonzero in general, since +% we're doing normal filling. So, when using \aboveenvbreak and +% \afterenvbreak, temporarily make \parskip 0. +% +\makedispenvdef{quotation}{\quotationstart} +% +\def\quotationstart{% + \indentedblockstart % same as \indentedblock, but increase right margin too. + \ifx\nonarrowing\relax + \advance\rightskip by \lispnarrowing + \fi + \parsearg\quotationlabel +} + +% We have retained a nonzero parskip for the environment, since we're +% doing normal filling. +% +\def\Equotation{% + \par + \ifx\quotationauthor\thisisundefined\else + % indent a bit. + \leftline{\kern 2\leftskip \sl ---\quotationauthor}% + \fi + {\parskip=0pt \afterenvbreak}% +} +\def\Esmallquotation{\Equotation} + +% If we're given an argument, typeset it in bold with a colon after. +\def\quotationlabel#1{% + \def\temp{#1}% + \ifx\temp\empty \else + {\bf #1: }% + \fi +} + +% @indentedblock is like @quotation, but indents only on the left and +% has no optional argument. +% +\makedispenvdef{indentedblock}{\indentedblockstart} +% +\def\indentedblockstart{% + {\parskip=0pt \aboveenvbreak}% because \aboveenvbreak inserts \parskip + \parindent=0pt + % + % @cartouche defines \nonarrowing to inhibit narrowing at next level down. + \ifx\nonarrowing\relax + \advance\leftskip by \lispnarrowing + \exdentamount = \lispnarrowing + \else + \let\nonarrowing = \relax + \fi +} + +% Keep a nonzero parskip for the environment, since we're doing normal filling. +% +\def\Eindentedblock{% + \par + {\parskip=0pt \afterenvbreak}% +} +\def\Esmallindentedblock{\Eindentedblock} + + +% LaTeX-like @verbatim...@end verbatim and @verb{...} +% If we want to allow any as delimiter, +% we need the curly braces so that makeinfo sees the @verb command, eg: +% `@verbx...x' would look like the '@verbx' command. --janneke@gnu.org +% +% [Knuth]: Donald Ervin Knuth, 1996. The TeXbook. +% +% [Knuth] p.344; only we need to do the other characters Texinfo sets +% active too. Otherwise, they get lost as the first character on a +% verbatim line. +\def\dospecials{% + \do\ \do\\\do\{\do\}\do\$\do\&% + \do\#\do\^\do\^^K\do\_\do\^^A\do\%\do\~% + \do\<\do\>\do\|\do\@\do+\do\"% + % Don't do the quotes -- if we do, @set txicodequoteundirected and + % @set txicodequotebacktick will not have effect on @verb and + % @verbatim, and ?` and !` ligatures won't get disabled. + %\do\`\do\'% +} +% +% [Knuth] p. 380 +\def\uncatcodespecials{% + \def\do##1{\catcode`##1=\other}\dospecials} +% +% Setup for the @verb command. +% +% Eight spaces for a tab +\begingroup + \catcode`\^^I=\active + \gdef\tabeightspaces{\catcode`\^^I=\active\def^^I{\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ }} +\endgroup +% +\def\setupverb{% + \tt % easiest (and conventionally used) font for verbatim + \def\par{\leavevmode\endgraf}% + \setupmarkupstyle{verb}% + \tabeightspaces + % Respect line breaks, + % print special symbols as themselves, and + % make each space count + % must do in this order: + \obeylines \uncatcodespecials \sepspaces +} + +% Setup for the @verbatim environment +% +% Real tab expansion. +\newdimen\tabw \setbox0=\hbox{\tt\space} \tabw=8\wd0 % tab amount +% +% We typeset each line of the verbatim in an \hbox, so we can handle +% tabs. The \global is in case the verbatim line starts with an accent, +% or some other command that starts with a begin-group. Otherwise, the +% entire \verbbox would disappear at the corresponding end-group, before +% it is typeset. Meanwhile, we can't have nested verbatim commands +% (can we?), so the \global won't be overwriting itself. +\newbox\verbbox +\def\starttabbox{\global\setbox\verbbox=\hbox\bgroup} +% +\begingroup + \catcode`\^^I=\active + \gdef\tabexpand{% + \catcode`\^^I=\active + \def^^I{\leavevmode\egroup + \dimen\verbbox=\wd\verbbox % the width so far, or since the previous tab + \divide\dimen\verbbox by\tabw + \multiply\dimen\verbbox by\tabw % compute previous multiple of \tabw + \advance\dimen\verbbox by\tabw % advance to next multiple of \tabw + \wd\verbbox=\dimen\verbbox \box\verbbox \starttabbox + }% + } +\endgroup + +% start the verbatim environment. +\def\setupverbatim{% + \let\nonarrowing = t% + \nonfillstart + \tt % easiest (and conventionally used) font for verbatim + % The \leavevmode here is for blank lines. Otherwise, we would + % never \starttabox and the \egroup would end verbatim mode. + \def\par{\leavevmode\egroup\box\verbbox\endgraf}% + \tabexpand + \setupmarkupstyle{verbatim}% + % Respect line breaks, + % print special symbols as themselves, and + % make each space count. + % Must do in this order: + \obeylines \uncatcodespecials \sepspaces + \everypar{\starttabbox}% +} + +% Do the @verb magic: verbatim text is quoted by unique +% delimiter characters. Before first delimiter expect a +% right brace, after last delimiter expect closing brace: +% +% \def\doverb'{'#1'}'{#1} +% +% [Knuth] p. 382; only eat outer {} +\begingroup + \catcode`[=1\catcode`]=2\catcode`\{=\other\catcode`\}=\other + \gdef\doverb{#1[\def\next##1#1}[##1\endgroup]\next] +\endgroup +% +\def\verb{\begingroup\setupverb\doverb} +% +% +% Do the @verbatim magic: define the macro \doverbatim so that +% the (first) argument ends when '@end verbatim' is reached, ie: +% +% \def\doverbatim#1@end verbatim{#1} +% +% For Texinfo it's a lot easier than for LaTeX, +% because texinfo's \verbatim doesn't stop at '\end{verbatim}': +% we need not redefine '\', '{' and '}'. +% +% Inspired by LaTeX's verbatim command set [latex.ltx] +% +\begingroup + \catcode`\ =\active + \obeylines % + % ignore everything up to the first ^^M, that's the newline at the end + % of the @verbatim input line itself. Otherwise we get an extra blank + % line in the output. + \xdef\doverbatim#1^^M#2@end verbatim{#2\noexpand\end\gobble verbatim}% + % We really want {...\end verbatim} in the body of the macro, but + % without the active space; thus we have to use \xdef and \gobble. +\endgroup +% +\envdef\verbatim{% + \setupverbatim\doverbatim +} +\let\Everbatim = \afterenvbreak + + +% @verbatiminclude FILE - insert text of file in verbatim environment. +% +\def\verbatiminclude{\parseargusing\filenamecatcodes\doverbatiminclude} +% +\def\doverbatiminclude#1{% + {% + \makevalueexpandable + \setupverbatim + \indexnofonts % Allow `@@' and other weird things in file names. + \wlog{texinfo.tex: doing @verbatiminclude of #1^^J}% + \input #1 + \afterenvbreak + }% +} + +% @copying ... @end copying. +% Save the text away for @insertcopying later. +% +% We save the uninterpreted tokens, rather than creating a box. +% Saving the text in a box would be much easier, but then all the +% typesetting commands (@smallbook, font changes, etc.) have to be done +% beforehand -- and a) we want @copying to be done first in the source +% file; b) letting users define the frontmatter in as flexible order as +% possible is desirable. +% +\def\copying{\checkenv{}\begingroup\scanargctxt\docopying} +\def\docopying#1@end copying{\endgroup\def\copyingtext{#1}} +% +\def\insertcopying{% + \begingroup + \parindent = 0pt % paragraph indentation looks wrong on title page + \scanexp\copyingtext + \endgroup +} + + +\message{defuns,} +% @defun etc. + +\newskip\defbodyindent \defbodyindent=.4in +\newskip\defargsindent \defargsindent=50pt +\newskip\deflastargmargin \deflastargmargin=18pt +\newcount\defunpenalty + +% Start the processing of @deffn: +\def\startdefun{% + \ifnum\lastpenalty<10000 + \medbreak + \defunpenalty=10003 % Will keep this @deffn together with the + % following @def command, see below. + \else + % If there are two @def commands in a row, we'll have a \nobreak, + % which is there to keep the function description together with its + % header. But if there's nothing but headers, we need to allow a + % break somewhere. Check specifically for penalty 10002, inserted + % by \printdefunline, instead of 10000, since the sectioning + % commands also insert a nobreak penalty, and we don't want to allow + % a break between a section heading and a defun. + % + % As a further refinement, we avoid "club" headers by signalling + % with penalty of 10003 after the very first @deffn in the + % sequence (see above), and penalty of 10002 after any following + % @def command. + \ifnum\lastpenalty=10002 \penalty2000 \else \defunpenalty=10002 \fi + % + % Similarly, after a section heading, do not allow a break. + % But do insert the glue. + \medskip % preceded by discardable penalty, so not a breakpoint + \fi + % + \parindent=0in + \advance\leftskip by \defbodyindent + \exdentamount=\defbodyindent +} + +\def\dodefunx#1{% + % First, check whether we are in the right environment: + \checkenv#1% + % + % As above, allow line break if we have multiple x headers in a row. + % It's not a great place, though. + \ifnum\lastpenalty=10002 \penalty3000 \else \defunpenalty=10002 \fi + % + % And now, it's time to reuse the body of the original defun: + \expandafter\gobbledefun#1% +} +\def\gobbledefun#1\startdefun{} + +% \printdefunline \deffnheader{text} +% +\def\printdefunline#1#2{% + \begingroup + % call \deffnheader: + #1#2 \endheader + % common ending: + \interlinepenalty = 10000 + \advance\rightskip by 0pt plus 1fil\relax + \endgraf + \nobreak\vskip -\parskip + \penalty\defunpenalty % signal to \startdefun and \dodefunx + % Some of the @defun-type tags do not enable magic parentheses, + % rendering the following check redundant. But we don't optimize. + \checkparencounts + \endgroup +} + +\def\Edefun{\endgraf\medbreak} + +% \makedefun{deffn} creates \deffn, \deffnx and \Edeffn; +% the only thing remaining is to define \deffnheader. +% +\def\makedefun#1{% + \expandafter\let\csname E#1\endcsname = \Edefun + \edef\temp{\noexpand\domakedefun + \makecsname{#1}\makecsname{#1x}\makecsname{#1header}}% + \temp +} + +% \domakedefun \deffn \deffnx \deffnheader { (defn. of \deffnheader) } +% +% Define \deffn and \deffnx, without parameters. +% \deffnheader has to be defined explicitly. +% +\def\domakedefun#1#2#3{% + \envdef#1{% + \startdefun + \doingtypefnfalse % distinguish typed functions from all else + \parseargusing\activeparens{\printdefunline#3}% + }% + \def#2{\dodefunx#1}% + \def#3% +} + +\newif\ifdoingtypefn % doing typed function? +\newif\ifrettypeownline % typeset return type on its own line? + +% @deftypefnnewline on|off says whether the return type of typed functions +% are printed on their own line. This affects @deftypefn, @deftypefun, +% @deftypeop, and @deftypemethod. +% +\parseargdef\deftypefnnewline{% + \def\temp{#1}% + \ifx\temp\onword + \expandafter\let\csname SETtxideftypefnnl\endcsname + = \empty + \else\ifx\temp\offword + \expandafter\let\csname SETtxideftypefnnl\endcsname + = \relax + \else + \errhelp = \EMsimple + \errmessage{Unknown @txideftypefnnl value `\temp', + must be on|off}% + \fi\fi +} + +% Untyped functions: + +% @deffn category name args +\makedefun{deffn}{\deffngeneral{}} + +% @deffn category class name args +\makedefun{defop}#1 {\defopon{#1\ \putwordon}} + +% \defopon {category on}class name args +\def\defopon#1#2 {\deffngeneral{\putwordon\ \code{#2}}{#1\ \code{#2}} } + +% \deffngeneral {subind}category name args +% +\def\deffngeneral#1#2 #3 #4\endheader{% + % Remember that \dosubind{fn}{foo}{} is equivalent to \doind{fn}{foo}. + \dosubind{fn}{\code{#3}}{#1}% + \defname{#2}{}{#3}\magicamp\defunargs{#4\unskip}% +} + +% Typed functions: + +% @deftypefn category type name args +\makedefun{deftypefn}{\deftypefngeneral{}} + +% @deftypeop category class type name args +\makedefun{deftypeop}#1 {\deftypeopon{#1\ \putwordon}} + +% \deftypeopon {category on}class type name args +\def\deftypeopon#1#2 {\deftypefngeneral{\putwordon\ \code{#2}}{#1\ \code{#2}} } + +% \deftypefngeneral {subind}category type name args +% +\def\deftypefngeneral#1#2 #3 #4 #5\endheader{% + \dosubind{fn}{\code{#4}}{#1}% + \doingtypefntrue + \defname{#2}{#3}{#4}\defunargs{#5\unskip}% +} + +% Typed variables: + +% @deftypevr category type var args +\makedefun{deftypevr}{\deftypecvgeneral{}} + +% @deftypecv category class type var args +\makedefun{deftypecv}#1 {\deftypecvof{#1\ \putwordof}} + +% \deftypecvof {category of}class type var args +\def\deftypecvof#1#2 {\deftypecvgeneral{\putwordof\ \code{#2}}{#1\ \code{#2}} } + +% \deftypecvgeneral {subind}category type var args +% +\def\deftypecvgeneral#1#2 #3 #4 #5\endheader{% + \dosubind{vr}{\code{#4}}{#1}% + \defname{#2}{#3}{#4}\defunargs{#5\unskip}% +} + +% Untyped variables: + +% @defvr category var args +\makedefun{defvr}#1 {\deftypevrheader{#1} {} } + +% @defcv category class var args +\makedefun{defcv}#1 {\defcvof{#1\ \putwordof}} + +% \defcvof {category of}class var args +\def\defcvof#1#2 {\deftypecvof{#1}#2 {} } + +% Types: + +% @deftp category name args +\makedefun{deftp}#1 #2 #3\endheader{% + \doind{tp}{\code{#2}}% + \defname{#1}{}{#2}\defunargs{#3\unskip}% +} + +% Remaining @defun-like shortcuts: +\makedefun{defun}{\deffnheader{\putwordDeffunc} } +\makedefun{defmac}{\deffnheader{\putwordDefmac} } +\makedefun{defspec}{\deffnheader{\putwordDefspec} } +\makedefun{deftypefun}{\deftypefnheader{\putwordDeffunc} } +\makedefun{defvar}{\defvrheader{\putwordDefvar} } +\makedefun{defopt}{\defvrheader{\putwordDefopt} } +\makedefun{deftypevar}{\deftypevrheader{\putwordDefvar} } +\makedefun{defmethod}{\defopon\putwordMethodon} +\makedefun{deftypemethod}{\deftypeopon\putwordMethodon} +\makedefun{defivar}{\defcvof\putwordInstanceVariableof} +\makedefun{deftypeivar}{\deftypecvof\putwordInstanceVariableof} + +% \defname, which formats the name of the @def (not the args). +% #1 is the category, such as "Function". +% #2 is the return type, if any. +% #3 is the function name. +% +% We are followed by (but not passed) the arguments, if any. +% +\def\defname#1#2#3{% + \par + % Get the values of \leftskip and \rightskip as they were outside the @def... + \advance\leftskip by -\defbodyindent + % + % Determine if we are typesetting the return type of a typed function + % on a line by itself. + \rettypeownlinefalse + \ifdoingtypefn % doing a typed function specifically? + % then check user option for putting return type on its own line: + \expandafter\ifx\csname SETtxideftypefnnl\endcsname\relax \else + \rettypeownlinetrue + \fi + \fi + % + % How we'll format the category name. Putting it in brackets helps + % distinguish it from the body text that may end up on the next line + % just below it. + \def\temp{#1}% + \setbox0=\hbox{\kern\deflastargmargin \ifx\temp\empty\else [\rm\temp]\fi} + % + % Figure out line sizes for the paragraph shape. We'll always have at + % least two. + \tempnum = 2 + % + % The first line needs space for \box0; but if \rightskip is nonzero, + % we need only space for the part of \box0 which exceeds it: + \dimen0=\hsize \advance\dimen0 by -\wd0 \advance\dimen0 by \rightskip + % + % If doing a return type on its own line, we'll have another line. + \ifrettypeownline + \advance\tempnum by 1 + \def\maybeshapeline{0in \hsize}% + \else + \def\maybeshapeline{}% + \fi + % + % The continuations: + \dimen2=\hsize \advance\dimen2 by -\defargsindent + % + % The final paragraph shape: + \parshape \tempnum 0in \dimen0 \maybeshapeline \defargsindent \dimen2 + % + % Put the category name at the right margin. + \noindent + \hbox to 0pt{% + \hfil\box0 \kern-\hsize + % \hsize has to be shortened this way: + \kern\leftskip + % Intentionally do not respect \rightskip, since we need the space. + }% + % + % Allow all lines to be underfull without complaint: + \tolerance=10000 \hbadness=10000 + \exdentamount=\defbodyindent + {% + % defun fonts. We use typewriter by default (used to be bold) because: + % . we're printing identifiers, they should be in tt in principle. + % . in languages with many accents, such as Czech or French, it's + % common to leave accents off identifiers. The result looks ok in + % tt, but exceedingly strange in rm. + % . we don't want -- and --- to be treated as ligatures. + % . this still does not fix the ?` and !` ligatures, but so far no + % one has made identifiers using them :). + \df \tt + \def\temp{#2}% text of the return type + \ifx\temp\empty\else + \tclose{\temp}% typeset the return type + \ifrettypeownline + % put return type on its own line; prohibit line break following: + \hfil\vadjust{\nobreak}\break + \else + \space % type on same line, so just followed by a space + \fi + \fi % no return type + #3% output function name + }% + {\rm\enskip}% hskip 0.5 em of \tenrm + % + \boldbrax + % arguments will be output next, if any. +} + +% Print arguments in slanted roman (not ttsl), inconsistently with using +% tt for the name. This is because literal text is sometimes needed in +% the argument list (groff manual), and ttsl and tt are not very +% distinguishable. Prevent hyphenation at `-' chars. +% +\def\defunargs#1{% + % use sl by default (not ttsl), + % tt for the names. + \df \sl \hyphenchar\font=0 + % + % On the other hand, if an argument has two dashes (for instance), we + % want a way to get ttsl. We used to recommend @var for that, so + % leave the code in, but it's strange for @var to lead to typewriter. + % Nowadays we recommend @code, since the difference between a ttsl hyphen + % and a tt hyphen is pretty tiny. @code also disables ?` !`. + \def\var##1{{\setupmarkupstyle{var}\ttslanted{##1}}}% + #1% + \sl\hyphenchar\font=45 +} + +% We want ()&[] to print specially on the defun line. +% +\def\activeparens{% + \catcode`\(=\active \catcode`\)=\active + \catcode`\[=\active \catcode`\]=\active + \catcode`\&=\active +} + +% Make control sequences which act like normal parenthesis chars. +\let\lparen = ( \let\rparen = ) + +% Be sure that we always have a definition for `(', etc. For example, +% if the fn name has parens in it, \boldbrax will not be in effect yet, +% so TeX would otherwise complain about undefined control sequence. +{ + \activeparens + \global\let(=\lparen \global\let)=\rparen + \global\let[=\lbrack \global\let]=\rbrack + \global\let& = \& + + \gdef\boldbrax{\let(=\opnr\let)=\clnr\let[=\lbrb\let]=\rbrb} + \gdef\magicamp{\let&=\amprm} +} + +\newcount\parencount + +% If we encounter &foo, then turn on ()-hacking afterwards +\newif\ifampseen +\def\amprm#1 {\ampseentrue{\bf\ }} + +\def\parenfont{% + \ifampseen + % At the first level, print parens in roman, + % otherwise use the default font. + \ifnum \parencount=1 \rm \fi + \else + % The \sf parens (in \boldbrax) actually are a little bolder than + % the contained text. This is especially needed for [ and ] . + \sf + \fi +} +\def\infirstlevel#1{% + \ifampseen + \ifnum\parencount=1 + #1% + \fi + \fi +} +\def\bfafterword#1 {#1 \bf} + +\def\opnr{% + \global\advance\parencount by 1 + {\parenfont(}% + \infirstlevel \bfafterword +} +\def\clnr{% + {\parenfont)}% + \infirstlevel \sl + \global\advance\parencount by -1 +} + +\newcount\brackcount +\def\lbrb{% + \global\advance\brackcount by 1 + {\bf[}% +} +\def\rbrb{% + {\bf]}% + \global\advance\brackcount by -1 +} + +\def\checkparencounts{% + \ifnum\parencount=0 \else \badparencount \fi + \ifnum\brackcount=0 \else \badbrackcount \fi +} +% these should not use \errmessage; the glibc manual, at least, actually +% has such constructs (when documenting function pointers). +\def\badparencount{% + \message{Warning: unbalanced parentheses in @def...}% + \global\parencount=0 +} +\def\badbrackcount{% + \message{Warning: unbalanced square brackets in @def...}% + \global\brackcount=0 +} + + +\message{macros,} +% @macro. + +% To do this right we need a feature of e-TeX, \scantokens, +% which we arrange to emulate with a temporary file in ordinary TeX. +\ifx\eTeXversion\thisisundefined + \newwrite\macscribble + \def\scantokens#1{% + \toks0={#1}% + \immediate\openout\macscribble=\jobname.tmp + \immediate\write\macscribble{\the\toks0}% + \immediate\closeout\macscribble + \input \jobname.tmp + } +\fi + +\let\aftermacroxxx\relax +\def\aftermacro{\aftermacroxxx} + +% alias because \c means cedilla in @tex or @math +\let\texinfoc=\c + +% Used at the time of macro expansion. +% Argument is macro body with arguments substituted +\def\scanmacro#1{% + \newlinechar`\^^M + \def\xprocessmacroarg{\eatspaces}% + % + % Process the macro body under the current catcode regime. + \scantokens{#1\texinfoc}\aftermacro% + % + % The \c is to remove the \newlinechar added by \scantokens, and + % can be noticed by \parsearg. + % The \aftermacro allows a \comment at the end of the macro definition + % to duplicate itself past the final \newlinechar added by \scantokens: + % this is used in the definition of \group to comment out a newline. We + % don't do the same for \c to support Texinfo files with macros that ended + % with a @c, which should no longer be necessary. + % We avoid surrounding the call to \scantokens with \bgroup and \egroup + % to allow macros to open or close groups themselves. +} + +\def\scanexp#1{% + \bgroup + % Undo catcode changes of \startcontents and \printindex + % When called from @insertcopying or (short)caption, we need active + % backslash to get it printed correctly. + % FIXME: This may not be needed. + %\catcode`\@=0 \catcode`\\=\active \escapechar=`\@ + \edef\temp{\noexpand\scanmacro{#1}}% + \temp + \egroup +} + +\newcount\paramno % Count of parameters +\newtoks\macname % Macro name +\newif\ifrecursive % Is it recursive? + +% List of all defined macros in the form +% \definedummyword\macro1\definedummyword\macro2... +% Currently is also contains all @aliases; the list can be split +% if there is a need. +\def\macrolist{} + +% Add the macro to \macrolist +\def\addtomacrolist#1{\expandafter \addtomacrolistxxx \csname#1\endcsname} +\def\addtomacrolistxxx#1{% + \toks0 = \expandafter{\macrolist\definedummyword#1}% + \xdef\macrolist{\the\toks0}% +} + +% Utility routines. +% This does \let #1 = #2, with \csnames; that is, +% \let \csname#1\endcsname = \csname#2\endcsname +% (except of course we have to play expansion games). +% +\def\cslet#1#2{% + \expandafter\let + \csname#1\expandafter\endcsname + \csname#2\endcsname +} + +% Trim leading and trailing spaces off a string. +% Concepts from aro-bend problem 15 (see CTAN). +{\catcode`\@=11 +\gdef\eatspaces #1{\expandafter\trim@\expandafter{#1 }} +\gdef\trim@ #1{\trim@@ @#1 @ #1 @ @@} +\gdef\trim@@ #1@ #2@ #3@@{\trim@@@\empty #2 @} +\def\unbrace#1{#1} +\unbrace{\gdef\trim@@@ #1 } #2@{#1} +} + +% Trim a single trailing ^^M off a string. +{\catcode`\^^M=\other \catcode`\Q=3% +\gdef\eatcr #1{\eatcra #1Q^^MQ}% +\gdef\eatcra#1^^MQ{\eatcrb#1Q}% +\gdef\eatcrb#1Q#2Q{#1}% +} + +% Macro bodies are absorbed as an argument in a context where +% all characters are catcode 10, 11 or 12, except \ which is active +% (as in normal texinfo). It is necessary to change the definition of \ +% to recognize macro arguments; this is the job of \mbodybackslash. +% +% Non-ASCII encodings make 8-bit characters active, so un-activate +% them to avoid their expansion. Must do this non-globally, to +% confine the change to the current group. +% +% It's necessary to have hard CRs when the macro is executed. This is +% done by making ^^M (\endlinechar) catcode 12 when reading the macro +% body, and then making it the \newlinechar in \scanmacro. +% +\def\scanctxt{% used as subroutine + \catcode`\"=\other + \catcode`\+=\other + \catcode`\<=\other + \catcode`\>=\other + \catcode`\^=\other + \catcode`\_=\other + \catcode`\|=\other + \catcode`\~=\other + \ifx\declaredencoding\ascii \else \setnonasciicharscatcodenonglobal\other \fi +} + +\def\scanargctxt{% used for copying and captions, not macros. + \scanctxt + \catcode`\@=\other + \catcode`\\=\other + \catcode`\^^M=\other +} + +\def\macrobodyctxt{% used for @macro definitions + \scanctxt + \catcode`\ =\other + \catcode`\@=\other + \catcode`\{=\other + \catcode`\}=\other + \catcode`\^^M=\other + \usembodybackslash +} + +% Used when scanning braced macro arguments. Note, however, that catcode +% changes here are ineffectual if the macro invocation was nested inside +% an argument to another Texinfo command. +\def\macroargctxt{% + \scanctxt + \catcode`\ =\active + \catcode`\^^M=\other + \catcode`\\=\active +} + +\def\macrolineargctxt{% used for whole-line arguments without braces + \scanctxt + \catcode`\{=\other + \catcode`\}=\other +} + +% \mbodybackslash is the definition of \ in @macro bodies. +% It maps \foo\ => \csname macarg.foo\endcsname => #N +% where N is the macro parameter number. +% We define \csname macarg.\endcsname to be \realbackslash, so +% \\ in macro replacement text gets you a backslash. +% +{\catcode`@=0 @catcode`@\=@active + @gdef@usembodybackslash{@let\=@mbodybackslash} + @gdef@mbodybackslash#1\{@csname macarg.#1@endcsname} +} +\expandafter\def\csname macarg.\endcsname{\realbackslash} + +\def\margbackslash#1{\char`\#1 } + +\def\macro{\recursivefalse\parsearg\macroxxx} +\def\rmacro{\recursivetrue\parsearg\macroxxx} + +\def\macroxxx#1{% + \getargs{#1}% now \macname is the macname and \argl the arglist + \ifx\argl\empty % no arguments + \paramno=0\relax + \else + \expandafter\parsemargdef \argl;% + \if\paramno>256\relax + \ifx\eTeXversion\thisisundefined + \errhelp = \EMsimple + \errmessage{You need eTeX to compile a file with macros with more than 256 arguments} + \fi + \fi + \fi + \if1\csname ismacro.\the\macname\endcsname + \message{Warning: redefining \the\macname}% + \else + \expandafter\ifx\csname \the\macname\endcsname \relax + \else \errmessage{Macro name \the\macname\space already defined}\fi + \global\cslet{macsave.\the\macname}{\the\macname}% + \global\expandafter\let\csname ismacro.\the\macname\endcsname=1% + \addtomacrolist{\the\macname}% + \fi + \begingroup \macrobodyctxt + \ifrecursive \expandafter\parsermacbody + \else \expandafter\parsemacbody + \fi} + +\parseargdef\unmacro{% + \if1\csname ismacro.#1\endcsname + \global\cslet{#1}{macsave.#1}% + \global\expandafter\let \csname ismacro.#1\endcsname=0% + % Remove the macro name from \macrolist: + \begingroup + \expandafter\let\csname#1\endcsname \relax + \let\definedummyword\unmacrodo + \xdef\macrolist{\macrolist}% + \endgroup + \else + \errmessage{Macro #1 not defined}% + \fi +} + +% Called by \do from \dounmacro on each macro. The idea is to omit any +% macro definitions that have been changed to \relax. +% +\def\unmacrodo#1{% + \ifx #1\relax + % remove this + \else + \noexpand\definedummyword \noexpand#1% + \fi +} + +% \getargs -- Parse the arguments to a @macro line. Set \macname to +% the name of the macro, and \argl to the braced argument list. +\def\getargs#1{\getargsxxx#1{}} +\def\getargsxxx#1#{\getmacname #1 \relax\getmacargs} +\def\getmacname#1 #2\relax{\macname={#1}} +\def\getmacargs#1{\def\argl{#1}} +% This made use of the feature that if the last token of a +% is #, then the preceding argument is delimited by +% an opening brace, and that opening brace is not consumed. + +% Parse the optional {params} list to @macro or @rmacro. +% Set \paramno to the number of arguments, +% and \paramlist to a parameter text for the macro (e.g. #1,#2,#3 for a +% three-param macro.) Define \macarg.BLAH for each BLAH in the params +% list to some hook where the argument is to be expanded. If there are +% less than 10 arguments that hook is to be replaced by ##N where N +% is the position in that list, that is to say the macro arguments are to be +% defined `a la TeX in the macro body. +% +% That gets used by \mbodybackslash (above). +% +% If there are 10 or more arguments, a different technique is used: see +% \parsemmanyargdef. +% +\def\parsemargdef#1;{% + \paramno=0\def\paramlist{}% + \let\hash\relax + % \hash is redefined to `#' later to get it into definitions + \let\processmacroarg\relax + \parsemargdefxxx#1,;,% + \ifnum\paramno<10\relax\else + \paramno0\relax + \parsemmanyargdef@@#1,;,% 10 or more arguments + \fi +} +\def\parsemargdefxxx#1,{% + \if#1;\let\next=\relax + \else \let\next=\parsemargdefxxx + \advance\paramno by 1 + \expandafter\edef\csname macarg.\eatspaces{#1}\endcsname + {\processmacroarg{\hash\the\paramno}}% + \edef\paramlist{\paramlist\hash\the\paramno,}% + \fi\next} + +% \parsemacbody, \parsermacbody +% +% Read recursive and nonrecursive macro bodies. (They're different since +% rec and nonrec macros end differently.) +% +% We are in \macrobodyctxt, and the \xdef causes backslashshes in the macro +% body to be transformed. +% Set \macrobody to the body of the macro, and call \defmacro. +% +{\catcode`\ =\other\long\gdef\parsemacbody#1@end macro{% +\xdef\macrobody{\eatcr{#1}}\endgroup\defmacro}}% +{\catcode`\ =\other\long\gdef\parsermacbody#1@end rmacro{% +\xdef\macrobody{\eatcr{#1}}\endgroup\defmacro}}% + +% Make @ a letter, so that we can make private-to-Texinfo macro names. +\edef\texiatcatcode{\the\catcode`\@} +\catcode `@=11\relax + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Code for > 10 arguments only %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +% If there are 10 or more arguments, a different technique is used, where the +% hook remains in the body, and when macro is to be expanded the body is +% processed again to replace the arguments. +% +% In that case, the hook is \the\toks N-1, and we simply set \toks N-1 to the +% argument N value and then \edef the body (nothing else will expand because of +% the catcode regime under which the body was input). +% +% If you compile with TeX (not eTeX), and you have macros with 10 or more +% arguments, no macro can have more than 256 arguments (else error). +% +% In case that there are 10 or more arguments we parse again the arguments +% list to set new definitions for the \macarg.BLAH macros corresponding to +% each BLAH argument. It was anyhow needed to parse already once this list +% in order to count the arguments, and as macros with at most 9 arguments +% are by far more frequent than macro with 10 or more arguments, defining +% twice the \macarg.BLAH macros does not cost too much processing power. +\def\parsemmanyargdef@@#1,{% + \if#1;\let\next=\relax + \else + \let\next=\parsemmanyargdef@@ + \edef\tempb{\eatspaces{#1}}% + \expandafter\def\expandafter\tempa + \expandafter{\csname macarg.\tempb\endcsname}% + % Note that we need some extra \noexpand\noexpand, this is because we + % don't want \the to be expanded in the \parsermacbody as it uses an + % \xdef . + \expandafter\edef\tempa + {\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\the\toks\the\paramno}% + \advance\paramno by 1\relax + \fi\next} + + +\let\endargs@\relax +\let\nil@\relax +\def\nilm@{\nil@}% +\long\def\nillm@{\nil@}% + +% This macro is expanded during the Texinfo macro expansion, not during its +% definition. It gets all the arguments' values and assigns them to macros +% macarg.ARGNAME +% +% #1 is the macro name +% #2 is the list of argument names +% #3 is the list of argument values +\def\getargvals@#1#2#3{% + \def\macargdeflist@{}% + \def\saveparamlist@{#2}% Need to keep a copy for parameter expansion. + \def\paramlist{#2,\nil@}% + \def\macroname{#1}% + \begingroup + \macroargctxt + \def\argvaluelist{#3,\nil@}% + \def\@tempa{#3}% + \ifx\@tempa\empty + \setemptyargvalues@ + \else + \getargvals@@ + \fi +} +\def\getargvals@@{% + \ifx\paramlist\nilm@ + % Some sanity check needed here that \argvaluelist is also empty. + \ifx\argvaluelist\nillm@ + \else + \errhelp = \EMsimple + \errmessage{Too many arguments in macro `\macroname'!}% + \fi + \let\next\macargexpandinbody@ + \else + \ifx\argvaluelist\nillm@ + % No more arguments values passed to macro. Set remaining named-arg + % macros to empty. + \let\next\setemptyargvalues@ + \else + % pop current arg name into \@tempb + \def\@tempa##1{\pop@{\@tempb}{\paramlist}##1\endargs@}% + \expandafter\@tempa\expandafter{\paramlist}% + % pop current argument value into \@tempc + \def\@tempa##1{\longpop@{\@tempc}{\argvaluelist}##1\endargs@}% + \expandafter\@tempa\expandafter{\argvaluelist}% + % Here \@tempb is the current arg name and \@tempc is the current arg value. + % First place the new argument macro definition into \@tempd + \expandafter\macname\expandafter{\@tempc}% + \expandafter\let\csname macarg.\@tempb\endcsname\relax + \expandafter\def\expandafter\@tempe\expandafter{% + \csname macarg.\@tempb\endcsname}% + \edef\@tempd{\long\def\@tempe{\the\macname}}% + \push@\@tempd\macargdeflist@ + \let\next\getargvals@@ + \fi + \fi + \next +} + +\def\push@#1#2{% + \expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\def + \expandafter\expandafter\expandafter#2% + \expandafter\expandafter\expandafter{% + \expandafter#1#2}% +} + +% Replace arguments by their values in the macro body, and place the result +% in macro \@tempa. +% +\def\macvalstoargs@{% + % To do this we use the property that token registers that are \the'ed + % within an \edef expand only once. So we are going to place all argument + % values into respective token registers. + % + % First we save the token context, and initialize argument numbering. + \begingroup + \paramno0\relax + % Then, for each argument number #N, we place the corresponding argument + % value into a new token list register \toks#N + \expandafter\putargsintokens@\saveparamlist@,;,% + % Then, we expand the body so that argument are replaced by their + % values. The trick for values not to be expanded themselves is that they + % are within tokens and that tokens expand only once in an \edef . + \edef\@tempc{\csname mac.\macroname .body\endcsname}% + % Now we restore the token stack pointer to free the token list registers + % which we have used, but we make sure that expanded body is saved after + % group. + \expandafter + \endgroup + \expandafter\def\expandafter\@tempa\expandafter{\@tempc}% + } + +% Define the named-macro outside of this group and then close this group. +% +\def\macargexpandinbody@{% + \expandafter + \endgroup + \macargdeflist@ + % First the replace in body the macro arguments by their values, the result + % is in \@tempa . + \macvalstoargs@ + % Then we point at the \norecurse or \gobble (for recursive) macro value + % with \@tempb . + \expandafter\let\expandafter\@tempb\csname mac.\macroname .recurse\endcsname + % Depending on whether it is recursive or not, we need some tailing + % \egroup . + \ifx\@tempb\gobble + \let\@tempc\relax + \else + \let\@tempc\egroup + \fi + % And now we do the real job: + \edef\@tempd{\noexpand\@tempb{\macroname}\noexpand\scanmacro{\@tempa}\@tempc}% + \@tempd +} + +\def\putargsintokens@#1,{% + \if#1;\let\next\relax + \else + \let\next\putargsintokens@ + % First we allocate the new token list register, and give it a temporary + % alias \@tempb . + \toksdef\@tempb\the\paramno + % Then we place the argument value into that token list register. + \expandafter\let\expandafter\@tempa\csname macarg.#1\endcsname + \expandafter\@tempb\expandafter{\@tempa}% + \advance\paramno by 1\relax + \fi + \next +} + +% Trailing missing arguments are set to empty. +% +\def\setemptyargvalues@{% + \ifx\paramlist\nilm@ + \let\next\macargexpandinbody@ + \else + \expandafter\setemptyargvaluesparser@\paramlist\endargs@ + \let\next\setemptyargvalues@ + \fi + \next +} + +\def\setemptyargvaluesparser@#1,#2\endargs@{% + \expandafter\def\expandafter\@tempa\expandafter{% + \expandafter\def\csname macarg.#1\endcsname{}}% + \push@\@tempa\macargdeflist@ + \def\paramlist{#2}% +} + +% #1 is the element target macro +% #2 is the list macro +% #3,#4\endargs@ is the list value +\def\pop@#1#2#3,#4\endargs@{% + \def#1{#3}% + \def#2{#4}% +} +\long\def\longpop@#1#2#3,#4\endargs@{% + \long\def#1{#3}% + \long\def#2{#4}% +} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%% End of code for > 10 arguments %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + + +% Remove following spaces at the expansion stage. +% This works because spaces are discarded before each argument when TeX is +% getting the arguments for a macro. +% This must not be immediately followed by a }. +\long\def\gobblespaces#1{#1} + +% This defines a Texinfo @macro or @rmacro, called by \parsemacbody. +% \macrobody has the body of the macro in it, with placeholders for +% its parameters, looking like "\processmacroarg{\hash 1}". +% \paramno is the number of parameters +% \paramlist is a TeX parameter text, e.g. "#1,#2,#3," +% There are eight cases: recursive and nonrecursive macros of zero, one, +% up to nine, and many arguments. +% \xdef is used so that macro definitions will survive the file +% they're defined in: @include reads the file inside a group. +% +\def\defmacro{% + \let\hash=##% convert placeholders to macro parameter chars + \ifnum\paramno=1 + \def\processmacroarg{\gobblespaces}% + % This removes the pair of braces around the argument. We don't + % use \eatspaces, because this can cause ends of lines to be lost + % when the argument to \eatspaces is read, leading to line-based + % commands like "@itemize" not being read correctly. + \else + \def\processmacroarg{\xprocessmacroarg}% + \let\xprocessmacroarg\relax + \fi + \ifrecursive %%%%%%%%%%%%%% Recursive %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + \ifcase\paramno + % 0 + \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{% + \noexpand\scanmacro{\macrobody}}% + \or % 1 + \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{% + \bgroup + \noexpand\braceorline + \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname @@@\endcsname}% + \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname @@@\endcsname##1{% + \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname @@@@\endcsname{% + \noexpand\gobblespaces##1\empty}% + % The \empty is for \gobblespaces in case #1 is empty + }% + \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname @@@@\endcsname##1{% + \egroup\noexpand\scanmacro{\macrobody}}% + \else + \ifnum\paramno<10\relax % at most 9 + % See non-recursive section below for comments + \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{% + \bgroup + \noexpand\expandafter + \noexpand\macroargctxt + \noexpand\expandafter + \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname @@\endcsname}% + \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname @@\endcsname##1{% + \noexpand\passargtomacro + \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname @@@\endcsname{##1,}}% + \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname @@@\endcsname##1{% + \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname @@@@\endcsname ##1}% + \expandafter\expandafter + \expandafter\xdef + \expandafter\expandafter + \csname\the\macname @@@@\endcsname\paramlist{% + \egroup\noexpand\scanmacro{\macrobody}}% + \else % 10 or more + \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{% + \noexpand\getargvals@{\the\macname}{\argl}% + }% + \global\expandafter\let\csname mac.\the\macname .body\endcsname\macrobody + \global\expandafter\let\csname mac.\the\macname .recurse\endcsname\gobble + \fi + \fi + \else %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Non-recursive %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + \ifcase\paramno + % 0 + \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{% + \noexpand\scanmacro{\macrobody}}% + \or % 1 + \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{% + \bgroup + \noexpand\braceorline + \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname @@@\endcsname}% + \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname @@@\endcsname##1{% + \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname @@@@\endcsname{% + \noexpand\gobblespaces##1\empty}% + % The \empty is for \gobblespaces in case #1 is empty + }% + \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname @@@@\endcsname##1{% + \egroup + \noexpand\scanmacro{\macrobody}% + }% + \else % at most 9 + \ifnum\paramno<10\relax + % @MACNAME sets the context for reading the macro argument + % @MACNAME@@ gets the argument, processes backslashes and appends a + % comma. + % @MACNAME@@@ removes braces surrounding the argument list. + % @MACNAME@@@@ scans the macro body with arguments substituted. + \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{% + \bgroup + \noexpand\expandafter % This \expandafter skip any spaces after the + \noexpand\macroargctxt % macro before we change the catcode of space. + \noexpand\expandafter + \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname @@\endcsname}% + \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname @@\endcsname##1{% + \noexpand\passargtomacro + \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname @@@\endcsname{##1,}}% + \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname @@@\endcsname##1{% + \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname @@@@\endcsname ##1}% + \expandafter\expandafter + \expandafter\xdef + \expandafter\expandafter + \csname\the\macname @@@@\endcsname\paramlist{% + \egroup\noexpand\scanmacro{\macrobody}}% + \else % 10 or more: + \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{% + \noexpand\getargvals@{\the\macname}{\argl}% + }% + \global\expandafter\let\csname mac.\the\macname .body\endcsname\macrobody + \global\expandafter\let\csname mac.\the\macname .recurse\endcsname\norecurse + \fi + \fi + \fi} + +\catcode `\@\texiatcatcode\relax % end private-to-Texinfo catcodes + +\def\norecurse#1{\bgroup\cslet{#1}{macsave.#1}} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +{\catcode`\@=0 \catcode`\\=13 % We need to manipulate \ so use @ as escape +@catcode`@_=11 % private names +@catcode`@!=11 % used as argument separator + +% \passargtomacro#1#2 - +% Call #1 with a list of tokens #2, with any doubled backslashes in #2 +% compressed to one. +% +% This implementation works by expansion, and not execution (so we cannot use +% \def or similar). This reduces the risk of this failing in contexts where +% complete expansion is done with no execution (for example, in writing out to +% an auxiliary file for an index entry). +% +% State is kept in the input stream: the argument passed to +% @look_ahead, @gobble_and_check_finish and @add_segment is +% +% THE_MACRO ARG_RESULT ! {PENDING_BS} NEXT_TOKEN (... rest of input) +% +% where: +% THE_MACRO - name of the macro we want to call +% ARG_RESULT - argument list we build to pass to that macro +% PENDING_BS - either a backslash or nothing +% NEXT_TOKEN - used to look ahead in the input stream to see what's coming next + +@gdef@passargtomacro#1#2{% + @add_segment #1!{}@relax#2\@_finish\% +} +@gdef@_finish{@_finishx} @global@let@_finishx@relax + +% #1 - THE_MACRO ARG_RESULT +% #2 - PENDING_BS +% #3 - NEXT_TOKEN +% #4 used to look ahead +% +% If the next token is not a backslash, process the rest of the argument; +% otherwise, remove the next token. +@gdef@look_ahead#1!#2#3#4{% + @ifx#4\% + @expandafter@gobble_and_check_finish + @else + @expandafter@add_segment + @fi#1!{#2}#4#4% +} + +% #1 - THE_MACRO ARG_RESULT +% #2 - PENDING_BS +% #3 - NEXT_TOKEN +% #4 should be a backslash, which is gobbled. +% #5 looks ahead +% +% Double backslash found. Add a single backslash, and look ahead. +@gdef@gobble_and_check_finish#1!#2#3#4#5{% + @add_segment#1\!{}#5#5% +} + +@gdef@is_fi{@fi} + +% #1 - THE_MACRO ARG_RESULT +% #2 - PENDING_BS +% #3 - NEXT_TOKEN +% #4 is input stream until next backslash +% +% Input stream is either at the start of the argument, or just after a +% backslash sequence, either a lone backslash, or a doubled backslash. +% NEXT_TOKEN contains the first token in the input stream: if it is \finish, +% finish; otherwise, append to ARG_RESULT the segment of the argument up until +% the next backslash. PENDING_BACKSLASH contains a backslash to represent +% a backslash just before the start of the input stream that has not been +% added to ARG_RESULT. +@gdef@add_segment#1!#2#3#4\{% +@ifx#3@_finish + @call_the_macro#1!% +@else + % append the pending backslash to the result, followed by the next segment + @expandafter@is_fi@look_ahead#1#2#4!{\}@fi + % this @fi is discarded by @look_ahead. + % we can't get rid of it with \expandafter because we don't know how + % long #4 is. +} + +% #1 - THE_MACRO +% #2 - ARG_RESULT +% #3 discards the res of the conditional in @add_segment, and @is_fi ends the +% conditional. +@gdef@call_the_macro#1#2!#3@fi{@is_fi #1{#2}} + +} +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +% \braceorline MAC is used for a one-argument macro MAC. It checks +% whether the next non-whitespace character is a {. It sets the context +% for reading the argument (slightly different in the two cases). Then, +% to read the argument, in the whole-line case, it then calls the regular +% \parsearg MAC; in the lbrace case, it calls \passargtomacro MAC. +% +\def\braceorline#1{\let\macnamexxx=#1\futurelet\nchar\braceorlinexxx} +\def\braceorlinexxx{% + \ifx\nchar\bgroup + \macroargctxt + \expandafter\passargtomacro + \else + \macrolineargctxt\expandafter\parsearg + \fi \macnamexxx} + + +% @alias. +% We need some trickery to remove the optional spaces around the equal +% sign. Make them active and then expand them all to nothing. +% +\def\alias{\parseargusing\obeyspaces\aliasxxx} +\def\aliasxxx #1{\aliasyyy#1\relax} +\def\aliasyyy #1=#2\relax{% + {% + \expandafter\let\obeyedspace=\empty + \addtomacrolist{#1}% + \xdef\next{\global\let\makecsname{#1}=\makecsname{#2}}% + }% + \next +} + + +\message{cross references,} + +\newwrite\auxfile +\newif\ifhavexrefs % True if xref values are known. +\newif\ifwarnedxrefs % True if we warned once that they aren't known. + +% @inforef is relatively simple. +\def\inforef #1{\inforefzzz #1,,,,**} +\def\inforefzzz #1,#2,#3,#4**{% + \putwordSee{} \putwordInfo{} \putwordfile{} \file{\ignorespaces #3{}}, + node \samp{\ignorespaces#1{}}} + +% @node's only job in TeX is to define \lastnode, which is used in +% cross-references. The @node line might or might not have commas, and +% might or might not have spaces before the first comma, like: +% @node foo , bar , ... +% We don't want such trailing spaces in the node name. +% +\parseargdef\node{\checkenv{}\donode #1 ,\finishnodeparse} +% +% also remove a trailing comma, in case of something like this: +% @node Help-Cross, , , Cross-refs +\def\donode#1 ,#2\finishnodeparse{\dodonode #1,\finishnodeparse} +\def\dodonode#1,#2\finishnodeparse{\gdef\lastnode{#1}} + +\let\nwnode=\node +\let\lastnode=\empty + +% Write a cross-reference definition for the current node. #1 is the +% type (Ynumbered, Yappendix, Ynothing). +% +\def\donoderef#1{% + \ifx\lastnode\empty\else + \setref{\lastnode}{#1}% + \global\let\lastnode=\empty + \fi +} + +% @anchor{NAME} -- define xref target at arbitrary point. +% +\newcount\savesfregister +% +\def\savesf{\relax \ifhmode \savesfregister=\spacefactor \fi} +\def\restoresf{\relax \ifhmode \spacefactor=\savesfregister \fi} +\def\anchor#1{\savesf \setref{#1}{Ynothing}\restoresf \ignorespaces} + +% \setref{NAME}{SNT} defines a cross-reference point NAME (a node or an +% anchor), which consists of three parts: +% 1) NAME-title - the current sectioning name taken from \lastsection, +% or the anchor name. +% 2) NAME-snt - section number and type, passed as the SNT arg, or +% empty for anchors. +% 3) NAME-pg - the page number. +% +% This is called from \donoderef, \anchor, and \dofloat. In the case of +% floats, there is an additional part, which is not written here: +% 4) NAME-lof - the text as it should appear in a @listoffloats. +% +\def\setref#1#2{% + \pdfmkdest{#1}% + \iflinks + {% + \requireauxfile + \atdummies % preserve commands, but don't expand them + \edef\writexrdef##1##2{% + \write\auxfile{@xrdef{#1-% #1 of \setref, expanded by the \edef + ##1}{##2}}% these are parameters of \writexrdef + }% + \toks0 = \expandafter{\lastsection}% + \immediate \writexrdef{title}{\the\toks0 }% + \immediate \writexrdef{snt}{\csname #2\endcsname}% \Ynumbered etc. + \safewhatsit{\writexrdef{pg}{\folio}}% will be written later, at \shipout + }% + \fi +} + +% @xrefautosectiontitle on|off says whether @section(ing) names are used +% automatically in xrefs, if the third arg is not explicitly specified. +% This was provided as a "secret" @set xref-automatic-section-title +% variable, now it's official. +% +\parseargdef\xrefautomaticsectiontitle{% + \def\temp{#1}% + \ifx\temp\onword + \expandafter\let\csname SETxref-automatic-section-title\endcsname + = \empty + \else\ifx\temp\offword + \expandafter\let\csname SETxref-automatic-section-title\endcsname + = \relax + \else + \errhelp = \EMsimple + \errmessage{Unknown @xrefautomaticsectiontitle value `\temp', + must be on|off}% + \fi\fi +} + +% +% @xref, @pxref, and @ref generate cross-references. For \xrefX, #1 is +% the node name, #2 the name of the Info cross-reference, #3 the printed +% node name, #4 the name of the Info file, #5 the name of the printed +% manual. All but the node name can be omitted. +% +\def\pxref{\putwordsee{} \xrefXX} +\def\xref{\putwordSee{} \xrefXX} +\def\ref{\xrefXX} + +\def\xrefXX#1{\def\xrefXXarg{#1}\futurelet\tokenafterxref\xrefXXX} +\def\xrefXXX{\expandafter\xrefX\expandafter[\xrefXXarg,,,,,,,]} +% +\newbox\toprefbox +\newbox\printedrefnamebox +\newbox\infofilenamebox +\newbox\printedmanualbox +% +\def\xrefX[#1,#2,#3,#4,#5,#6]{\begingroup + \unsepspaces + % + % Get args without leading/trailing spaces. + \def\printedrefname{\ignorespaces #3}% + \setbox\printedrefnamebox = \hbox{\printedrefname\unskip}% + % + \def\infofilename{\ignorespaces #4}% + \setbox\infofilenamebox = \hbox{\infofilename\unskip}% + % + \def\printedmanual{\ignorespaces #5}% + \setbox\printedmanualbox = \hbox{\printedmanual\unskip}% + % + % If the printed reference name (arg #3) was not explicitly given in + % the @xref, figure out what we want to use. + \ifdim \wd\printedrefnamebox = 0pt + % No printed node name was explicitly given. + \expandafter\ifx\csname SETxref-automatic-section-title\endcsname \relax + % Not auto section-title: use node name inside the square brackets. + \def\printedrefname{\ignorespaces #1}% + \else + % Auto section-title: use chapter/section title inside + % the square brackets if we have it. + \ifdim \wd\printedmanualbox > 0pt + % It is in another manual, so we don't have it; use node name. + \def\printedrefname{\ignorespaces #1}% + \else + \ifhavexrefs + % We (should) know the real title if we have the xref values. + \def\printedrefname{\refx{#1-title}{}}% + \else + % Otherwise just copy the Info node name. + \def\printedrefname{\ignorespaces #1}% + \fi% + \fi + \fi + \fi + % + % Make link in pdf output. + \ifpdf + {\indexnofonts + \turnoffactive + \makevalueexpandable + % This expands tokens, so do it after making catcode changes, so _ + % etc. don't get their TeX definitions. This ignores all spaces in + % #4, including (wrongly) those in the middle of the filename. + \getfilename{#4}% + % + % This (wrongly) does not take account of leading or trailing + % spaces in #1, which should be ignored. + \edef\pdfxrefdest{#1}% + \ifx\pdfxrefdest\empty + \def\pdfxrefdest{Top}% no empty targets + \else + \txiescapepdf\pdfxrefdest % escape PDF special chars + \fi + % + \leavevmode + \startlink attr{/Border [0 0 0]}% + \ifnum\filenamelength>0 + goto file{\the\filename.pdf} name{\pdfxrefdest}% + \else + goto name{\pdfmkpgn{\pdfxrefdest}}% + \fi + }% + \setcolor{\linkcolor}% + \fi + % + % Float references are printed completely differently: "Figure 1.2" + % instead of "[somenode], p.3". We distinguish them by the + % LABEL-title being set to a magic string. + {% + % Have to otherify everything special to allow the \csname to + % include an _ in the xref name, etc. + \indexnofonts + \turnoffactive + \expandafter\global\expandafter\let\expandafter\Xthisreftitle + \csname XR#1-title\endcsname + }% + \iffloat\Xthisreftitle + % If the user specified the print name (third arg) to the ref, + % print it instead of our usual "Figure 1.2". + \ifdim\wd\printedrefnamebox = 0pt + \refx{#1-snt}{}% + \else + \printedrefname + \fi + % + % If the user also gave the printed manual name (fifth arg), append + % "in MANUALNAME". + \ifdim \wd\printedmanualbox > 0pt + \space \putwordin{} \cite{\printedmanual}% + \fi + \else + % node/anchor (non-float) references. + % + % If we use \unhbox to print the node names, TeX does not insert + % empty discretionaries after hyphens, which means that it will not + % find a line break at a hyphen in a node names. Since some manuals + % are best written with fairly long node names, containing hyphens, + % this is a loss. Therefore, we give the text of the node name + % again, so it is as if TeX is seeing it for the first time. + % + \ifdim \wd\printedmanualbox > 0pt + % Cross-manual reference with a printed manual name. + % + \crossmanualxref{\cite{\printedmanual\unskip}}% + % + \else\ifdim \wd\infofilenamebox > 0pt + % Cross-manual reference with only an info filename (arg 4), no + % printed manual name (arg 5). This is essentially the same as + % the case above; we output the filename, since we have nothing else. + % + \crossmanualxref{\code{\infofilename\unskip}}% + % + \else + % Reference within this manual. + % + % _ (for example) has to be the character _ for the purposes of the + % control sequence corresponding to the node, but it has to expand + % into the usual \leavevmode...\vrule stuff for purposes of + % printing. So we \turnoffactive for the \refx-snt, back on for the + % printing, back off for the \refx-pg. + {\turnoffactive + % Only output a following space if the -snt ref is nonempty; for + % @unnumbered and @anchor, it won't be. + \setbox2 = \hbox{\ignorespaces \refx{#1-snt}{}}% + \ifdim \wd2 > 0pt \refx{#1-snt}\space\fi + }% + % output the `[mynode]' via the macro below so it can be overridden. + \xrefprintnodename\printedrefname + % + % But we always want a comma and a space: + ,\space + % + % output the `page 3'. + \turnoffactive \putwordpage\tie\refx{#1-pg}{}% + \ifx,\tokenafterxref + \else\ifx.\tokenafterxref + \else\ifx;\tokenafterxref + \else\ifx)\tokenafterxref + \else,% add a , if xref not followed by punctuation + \fi\fi\fi\fi + \fi\fi + \fi + \endlink +\endgroup} + +% Output a cross-manual xref to #1. Used just above (twice). +% +% Only include the text "Section ``foo'' in" if the foo is neither +% missing or Top. Thus, @xref{,,,foo,The Foo Manual} outputs simply +% "see The Foo Manual", the idea being to refer to the whole manual. +% +% But, this being TeX, we can't easily compare our node name against the +% string "Top" while ignoring the possible spaces before and after in +% the input. By adding the arbitrary 7sp below, we make it much less +% likely that a real node name would have the same width as "Top" (e.g., +% in a monospaced font). Hopefully it will never happen in practice. +% +% For the same basic reason, we retypeset the "Top" at every +% reference, since the current font is indeterminate. +% +\def\crossmanualxref#1{% + \setbox\toprefbox = \hbox{Top\kern7sp}% + \setbox2 = \hbox{\ignorespaces \printedrefname \unskip \kern7sp}% + \ifdim \wd2 > 7sp % nonempty? + \ifdim \wd2 = \wd\toprefbox \else % same as Top? + \putwordSection{} ``\printedrefname'' \putwordin{}\space + \fi + \fi + #1% +} + +% This macro is called from \xrefX for the `[nodename]' part of xref +% output. It's a separate macro only so it can be changed more easily, +% since square brackets don't work well in some documents. Particularly +% one that Bob is working on :). +% +\def\xrefprintnodename#1{[#1]} + +% Things referred to by \setref. +% +\def\Ynothing{} +\def\Yomitfromtoc{} +\def\Ynumbered{% + \ifnum\secno=0 + \putwordChapter@tie \the\chapno + \else \ifnum\subsecno=0 + \putwordSection@tie \the\chapno.\the\secno + \else \ifnum\subsubsecno=0 + \putwordSection@tie \the\chapno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno + \else + \putwordSection@tie \the\chapno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno.\the\subsubsecno + \fi\fi\fi +} +\def\Yappendix{% + \ifnum\secno=0 + \putwordAppendix@tie @char\the\appendixno{}% + \else \ifnum\subsecno=0 + \putwordSection@tie @char\the\appendixno.\the\secno + \else \ifnum\subsubsecno=0 + \putwordSection@tie @char\the\appendixno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno + \else + \putwordSection@tie + @char\the\appendixno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno.\the\subsubsecno + \fi\fi\fi +} + +% Define \refx{NAME}{SUFFIX} to reference a cross-reference string named NAME. +% If its value is nonempty, SUFFIX is output afterward. +% +\def\refx#1#2{% + \requireauxfile + {% + \indexnofonts + \otherbackslash + \expandafter\global\expandafter\let\expandafter\thisrefX + \csname XR#1\endcsname + }% + \ifx\thisrefX\relax + % If not defined, say something at least. + \angleleft un\-de\-fined\angleright + \iflinks + \ifhavexrefs + {\toks0 = {#1}% avoid expansion of possibly-complex value + \message{\linenumber Undefined cross reference `\the\toks0'.}}% + \else + \ifwarnedxrefs\else + \global\warnedxrefstrue + \message{Cross reference values unknown; you must run TeX again.}% + \fi + \fi + \fi + \else + % It's defined, so just use it. + \thisrefX + \fi + #2% Output the suffix in any case. +} + +% This is the macro invoked by entries in the aux file. Usually it's +% just a \def (we prepend XR to the control sequence name to avoid +% collisions). But if this is a float type, we have more work to do. +% +\def\xrdef#1#2{% + {% The node name might contain 8-bit characters, which in our current + % implementation are changed to commands like @'e. Don't let these + % mess up the control sequence name. + \indexnofonts + \turnoffactive + \xdef\safexrefname{#1}% + }% + % + \expandafter\gdef\csname XR\safexrefname\endcsname{#2}% remember this xref + % + % Was that xref control sequence that we just defined for a float? + \expandafter\iffloat\csname XR\safexrefname\endcsname + % it was a float, and we have the (safe) float type in \iffloattype. + \expandafter\let\expandafter\floatlist + \csname floatlist\iffloattype\endcsname + % + % Is this the first time we've seen this float type? + \expandafter\ifx\floatlist\relax + \toks0 = {\do}% yes, so just \do + \else + % had it before, so preserve previous elements in list. + \toks0 = \expandafter{\floatlist\do}% + \fi + % + % Remember this xref in the control sequence \floatlistFLOATTYPE, + % for later use in \listoffloats. + \expandafter\xdef\csname floatlist\iffloattype\endcsname{\the\toks0 + {\safexrefname}}% + \fi +} + +% If working on a large document in chapters, it is convenient to +% be able to disable indexing, cross-referencing, and contents, for test runs. +% This is done with @novalidate at the beginning of the file. +% +\newif\iflinks \linkstrue % by default we want the aux files. +\let\novalidate = \linksfalse + +% Used when writing to the aux file, or when using data from it. +\def\requireauxfile{% + \iflinks + \tryauxfile + % Open the new aux file. TeX will close it automatically at exit. + \immediate\openout\auxfile=\jobname.aux + \fi + \global\let\requireauxfile=\relax % Only do this once. +} + +% Read the last existing aux file, if any. No error if none exists. +% +\def\tryauxfile{% + \openin 1 \jobname.aux + \ifeof 1 \else + \readdatafile{aux}% + \global\havexrefstrue + \fi + \closein 1 +} + +\def\setupdatafile{% + \catcode`\^^@=\other + \catcode`\^^A=\other + \catcode`\^^B=\other + \catcode`\^^C=\other + \catcode`\^^D=\other + \catcode`\^^E=\other + \catcode`\^^F=\other + \catcode`\^^G=\other + \catcode`\^^H=\other + \catcode`\^^K=\other + \catcode`\^^L=\other + \catcode`\^^N=\other + \catcode`\^^P=\other + \catcode`\^^Q=\other + \catcode`\^^R=\other + \catcode`\^^S=\other + \catcode`\^^T=\other + \catcode`\^^U=\other + \catcode`\^^V=\other + \catcode`\^^W=\other + \catcode`\^^X=\other + \catcode`\^^Z=\other + \catcode`\^^[=\other + \catcode`\^^\=\other + \catcode`\^^]=\other + \catcode`\^^^=\other + \catcode`\^^_=\other + % It was suggested to set the catcode of ^ to 7, which would allow ^^e4 etc. + % in xref tags, i.e., node names. But since ^^e4 notation isn't + % supported in the main text, it doesn't seem desirable. Furthermore, + % that is not enough: for node names that actually contain a ^ + % character, we would end up writing a line like this: 'xrdef {'hat + % b-title}{'hat b} and \xrdef does a \csname...\endcsname on the first + % argument, and \hat is not an expandable control sequence. It could + % all be worked out, but why? Either we support ^^ or we don't. + % + % The other change necessary for this was to define \auxhat: + % \def\auxhat{\def^{'hat }}% extra space so ok if followed by letter + % and then to call \auxhat in \setq. + % + \catcode`\^=\other + % + % Special characters. Should be turned off anyway, but... + \catcode`\~=\other + \catcode`\[=\other + \catcode`\]=\other + \catcode`\"=\other + \catcode`\_=\other + \catcode`\|=\other + \catcode`\<=\other + \catcode`\>=\other + \catcode`\$=\other + \catcode`\#=\other + \catcode`\&=\other + \catcode`\%=\other + \catcode`+=\other % avoid \+ for paranoia even though we've turned it off + % + % This is to support \ in node names and titles, since the \ + % characters end up in a \csname. It's easier than + % leaving it active and making its active definition an actual \ + % character. What I don't understand is why it works in the *value* + % of the xrdef. Seems like it should be a catcode12 \, and that + % should not typeset properly. But it works, so I'm moving on for + % now. --karl, 15jan04. + \catcode`\\=\other + % + % Make the characters 128-255 be printing characters. + {\setnonasciicharscatcodenonglobal\other}% + % + % @ is our escape character in .aux files, and we need braces. + \catcode`\{=1 + \catcode`\}=2 + \catcode`\@=0 +} + +\def\readdatafile#1{% +\begingroup + \setupdatafile + \input\jobname.#1 +\endgroup} + + +\message{insertions,} +% including footnotes. + +\newcount \footnoteno + +% The trailing space in the following definition for supereject is +% vital for proper filling; pages come out unaligned when you do a +% pagealignmacro call if that space before the closing brace is +% removed. (Generally, numeric constants should always be followed by a +% space to prevent strange expansion errors.) +\def\supereject{\par\penalty -20000\footnoteno =0 } + +% @footnotestyle is meaningful for Info output only. +\let\footnotestyle=\comment + +{\catcode `\@=11 +% +% Auto-number footnotes. Otherwise like plain. +\gdef\footnote{% + \global\advance\footnoteno by \@ne + \edef\thisfootno{$^{\the\footnoteno}$}% + % + % In case the footnote comes at the end of a sentence, preserve the + % extra spacing after we do the footnote number. + \let\@sf\empty + \ifhmode\edef\@sf{\spacefactor\the\spacefactor}\ptexslash\fi + % + % Remove inadvertent blank space before typesetting the footnote number. + \unskip + \thisfootno\@sf + \dofootnote +}% + +% Don't bother with the trickery in plain.tex to not require the +% footnote text as a parameter. Our footnotes don't need to be so general. +% +% Oh yes, they do; otherwise, @ifset (and anything else that uses +% \parseargline) fails inside footnotes because the tokens are fixed when +% the footnote is read. --karl, 16nov96. +% +\gdef\dofootnote{% + \insert\footins\bgroup + % + % Nested footnotes are not supported in TeX, that would take a lot + % more work. (\startsavinginserts does not suffice.) + \let\footnote=\errfootnotenest + % + % We want to typeset this text as a normal paragraph, even if the + % footnote reference occurs in (for example) a display environment. + % So reset some parameters. + \hsize=\pagewidth + \interlinepenalty\interfootnotelinepenalty + \splittopskip\ht\strutbox % top baseline for broken footnotes + \splitmaxdepth\dp\strutbox + \floatingpenalty\@MM + \leftskip\z@skip + \rightskip\z@skip + \spaceskip\z@skip + \xspaceskip\z@skip + \parindent\defaultparindent + % + \smallfonts \rm + % + % Because we use hanging indentation in footnotes, a @noindent appears + % to exdent this text, so make it be a no-op. makeinfo does not use + % hanging indentation so @noindent can still be needed within footnote + % text after an @example or the like (not that this is good style). + \let\noindent = \relax + % + % Hang the footnote text off the number. Use \everypar in case the + % footnote extends for more than one paragraph. + \everypar = {\hang}% + \textindent{\thisfootno}% + % + % Don't crash into the line above the footnote text. Since this + % expands into a box, it must come within the paragraph, lest it + % provide a place where TeX can split the footnote. + \footstrut + % + % Invoke rest of plain TeX footnote routine. + \futurelet\next\fo@t +} +}%end \catcode `\@=11 + +\def\errfootnotenest{% + \errhelp=\EMsimple + \errmessage{Nested footnotes not supported in texinfo.tex, + even though they work in makeinfo; sorry} +} + +\def\errfootnoteheading{% + \errhelp=\EMsimple + \errmessage{Footnotes in chapters, sections, etc., are not supported} +} + +% In case a @footnote appears in a vbox, save the footnote text and create +% the real \insert just after the vbox finished. Otherwise, the insertion +% would be lost. +% Similarly, if a @footnote appears inside an alignment, save the footnote +% text to a box and make the \insert when a row of the table is finished. +% And the same can be done for other insert classes. --kasal, 16nov03. +% +% Replace the \insert primitive by a cheating macro. +% Deeper inside, just make sure that the saved insertions are not spilled +% out prematurely. +% +\def\startsavinginserts{% + \ifx \insert\ptexinsert + \let\insert\saveinsert + \else + \let\checkinserts\relax + \fi +} + +% This \insert replacement works for both \insert\footins{foo} and +% \insert\footins\bgroup foo\egroup, but it doesn't work for \insert27{foo}. +% +\def\saveinsert#1{% + \edef\next{\noexpand\savetobox \makeSAVEname#1}% + \afterassignment\next + % swallow the left brace + \let\temp = +} +\def\makeSAVEname#1{\makecsname{SAVE\expandafter\gobble\string#1}} +\def\savetobox#1{\global\setbox#1 = \vbox\bgroup \unvbox#1} + +\def\checksaveins#1{\ifvoid#1\else \placesaveins#1\fi} + +\def\placesaveins#1{% + \ptexinsert \csname\expandafter\gobblesave\string#1\endcsname + {\box#1}% +} + +% eat @SAVE -- beware, all of them have catcode \other: +{ + \def\dospecials{\do S\do A\do V\do E} \uncatcodespecials % ;-) + \gdef\gobblesave @SAVE{} +} + +% initialization: +\def\newsaveins #1{% + \edef\next{\noexpand\newsaveinsX \makeSAVEname#1}% + \next +} +\def\newsaveinsX #1{% + \csname newbox\endcsname #1% + \expandafter\def\expandafter\checkinserts\expandafter{\checkinserts + \checksaveins #1}% +} + +% initialize: +\let\checkinserts\empty +\newsaveins\footins +\newsaveins\margin + + +% @image. We use the macros from epsf.tex to support this. +% If epsf.tex is not installed and @image is used, we complain. +% +% Check for and read epsf.tex up front. If we read it only at @image +% time, we might be inside a group, and then its definitions would get +% undone and the next image would fail. +\openin 1 = epsf.tex +\ifeof 1 \else + % Do not bother showing banner with epsf.tex v2.7k (available in + % doc/epsf.tex and on ctan). + \def\epsfannounce{\toks0 = }% + \input epsf.tex +\fi +\closein 1 +% +% We will only complain once about lack of epsf.tex. +\newif\ifwarnednoepsf +\newhelp\noepsfhelp{epsf.tex must be installed for images to + work. It is also included in the Texinfo distribution, or you can get + it from ftp://tug.org/tex/epsf.tex.} +% +\def\image#1{% + \ifx\epsfbox\thisisundefined + \ifwarnednoepsf \else + \errhelp = \noepsfhelp + \errmessage{epsf.tex not found, images will be ignored}% + \global\warnednoepsftrue + \fi + \else + \imagexxx #1,,,,,\finish + \fi +} +% +% Arguments to @image: +% #1 is (mandatory) image filename; we tack on .eps extension. +% #2 is (optional) width, #3 is (optional) height. +% #4 is (ignored optional) html alt text. +% #5 is (ignored optional) extension. +% #6 is just the usual extra ignored arg for parsing stuff. +\newif\ifimagevmode +\def\imagexxx#1,#2,#3,#4,#5,#6\finish{\begingroup + \catcode`\^^M = 5 % in case we're inside an example + \normalturnoffactive % allow _ et al. in names + \def\xprocessmacroarg{\eatspaces}% in case we are being used via a macro + % If the image is by itself, center it. + \ifvmode + \imagevmodetrue + \else \ifx\centersub\centerV + % for @center @image, we need a vbox so we can have our vertical space + \imagevmodetrue + \vbox\bgroup % vbox has better behavior than vtop herev + \fi\fi + % + \ifimagevmode + \nobreak\medskip + % Usually we'll have text after the image which will insert + % \parskip glue, so insert it here too to equalize the space + % above and below. + \nobreak\vskip\parskip + \nobreak + \fi + % + % Leave vertical mode so that indentation from an enclosing + % environment such as @quotation is respected. + % However, if we're at the top level, we don't want the + % normal paragraph indentation. + % On the other hand, if we are in the case of @center @image, we don't + % want to start a paragraph, which will create a hsize-width box and + % eradicate the centering. + \ifx\centersub\centerV\else \noindent \fi + % + % Output the image. + \ifpdf + \dopdfimage{#1}{#2}{#3}% + \else + % \epsfbox itself resets \epsf?size at each figure. + \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}\ifdim\wd0 > 0pt \epsfxsize=#2\relax \fi + \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #3}\ifdim\wd0 > 0pt \epsfysize=#3\relax \fi + \epsfbox{#1.eps}% + \fi + % + \ifimagevmode + \medskip % space after a standalone image + \fi + \ifx\centersub\centerV \egroup \fi +\endgroup} + + +% @float FLOATTYPE,LABEL,LOC ... @end float for displayed figures, tables, +% etc. We don't actually implement floating yet, we always include the +% float "here". But it seemed the best name for the future. +% +\envparseargdef\float{\eatcommaspace\eatcommaspace\dofloat#1, , ,\finish} + +% There may be a space before second and/or third parameter; delete it. +\def\eatcommaspace#1, {#1,} + +% #1 is the optional FLOATTYPE, the text label for this float, typically +% "Figure", "Table", "Example", etc. Can't contain commas. If omitted, +% this float will not be numbered and cannot be referred to. +% +% #2 is the optional xref label. Also must be present for the float to +% be referable. +% +% #3 is the optional positioning argument; for now, it is ignored. It +% will somehow specify the positions allowed to float to (here, top, bottom). +% +% We keep a separate counter for each FLOATTYPE, which we reset at each +% chapter-level command. +\let\resetallfloatnos=\empty +% +\def\dofloat#1,#2,#3,#4\finish{% + \let\thiscaption=\empty + \let\thisshortcaption=\empty + % + % don't lose footnotes inside @float. + % + % BEWARE: when the floats start float, we have to issue warning whenever an + % insert appears inside a float which could possibly float. --kasal, 26may04 + % + \startsavinginserts + % + % We can't be used inside a paragraph. + \par + % + \vtop\bgroup + \def\floattype{#1}% + \def\floatlabel{#2}% + \def\floatloc{#3}% we do nothing with this yet. + % + \ifx\floattype\empty + \let\safefloattype=\empty + \else + {% + % the floattype might have accents or other special characters, + % but we need to use it in a control sequence name. + \indexnofonts + \turnoffactive + \xdef\safefloattype{\floattype}% + }% + \fi + % + % If label is given but no type, we handle that as the empty type. + \ifx\floatlabel\empty \else + % We want each FLOATTYPE to be numbered separately (Figure 1, + % Table 1, Figure 2, ...). (And if no label, no number.) + % + \expandafter\getfloatno\csname\safefloattype floatno\endcsname + \global\advance\floatno by 1 + % + {% + % This magic value for \lastsection is output by \setref as the + % XREFLABEL-title value. \xrefX uses it to distinguish float + % labels (which have a completely different output format) from + % node and anchor labels. And \xrdef uses it to construct the + % lists of floats. + % + \edef\lastsection{\floatmagic=\safefloattype}% + \setref{\floatlabel}{Yfloat}% + }% + \fi + % + % start with \parskip glue, I guess. + \vskip\parskip + % + % Don't suppress indentation if a float happens to start a section. + \restorefirstparagraphindent +} + +% we have these possibilities: +% @float Foo,lbl & @caption{Cap}: Foo 1.1: Cap +% @float Foo,lbl & no caption: Foo 1.1 +% @float Foo & @caption{Cap}: Foo: Cap +% @float Foo & no caption: Foo +% @float ,lbl & Caption{Cap}: 1.1: Cap +% @float ,lbl & no caption: 1.1 +% @float & @caption{Cap}: Cap +% @float & no caption: +% +\def\Efloat{% + \let\floatident = \empty + % + % In all cases, if we have a float type, it comes first. + \ifx\floattype\empty \else \def\floatident{\floattype}\fi + % + % If we have an xref label, the number comes next. + \ifx\floatlabel\empty \else + \ifx\floattype\empty \else % if also had float type, need tie first. + \appendtomacro\floatident{\tie}% + \fi + % the number. + \appendtomacro\floatident{\chaplevelprefix\the\floatno}% + \fi + % + % Start the printed caption with what we've constructed in + % \floatident, but keep it separate; we need \floatident again. + \let\captionline = \floatident + % + \ifx\thiscaption\empty \else + \ifx\floatident\empty \else + \appendtomacro\captionline{: }% had ident, so need a colon between + \fi + % + % caption text. + \appendtomacro\captionline{\scanexp\thiscaption}% + \fi + % + % If we have anything to print, print it, with space before. + % Eventually this needs to become an \insert. + \ifx\captionline\empty \else + \vskip.5\parskip + \captionline + % + % Space below caption. + \vskip\parskip + \fi + % + % If have an xref label, write the list of floats info. Do this + % after the caption, to avoid chance of it being a breakpoint. + \ifx\floatlabel\empty \else + % Write the text that goes in the lof to the aux file as + % \floatlabel-lof. Besides \floatident, we include the short + % caption if specified, else the full caption if specified, else nothing. + {% + \requireauxfile + \atdummies + % + % since we read the caption text in the macro world, where ^^M + % is turned into a normal character, we have to scan it back, so + % we don't write the literal three characters "^^M" into the aux file. + \scanexp{% + \xdef\noexpand\gtemp{% + \ifx\thisshortcaption\empty + \thiscaption + \else + \thisshortcaption + \fi + }% + }% + \immediate\write\auxfile{@xrdef{\floatlabel-lof}{\floatident + \ifx\gtemp\empty \else : \gtemp \fi}}% + }% + \fi + \egroup % end of \vtop + % + % place the captured inserts + % + % BEWARE: when the floats start floating, we have to issue warning + % whenever an insert appears inside a float which could possibly + % float. --kasal, 26may04 + % + \checkinserts +} + +% Append the tokens #2 to the definition of macro #1, not expanding either. +% +\def\appendtomacro#1#2{% + \expandafter\def\expandafter#1\expandafter{#1#2}% +} + +% @caption, @shortcaption +% +\def\caption{\docaption\thiscaption} +\def\shortcaption{\docaption\thisshortcaption} +\def\docaption{\checkenv\float \bgroup\scanargctxt\defcaption} +\def\defcaption#1#2{\egroup \def#1{#2}} + +% The parameter is the control sequence identifying the counter we are +% going to use. Create it if it doesn't exist and assign it to \floatno. +\def\getfloatno#1{% + \ifx#1\relax + % Haven't seen this figure type before. + \csname newcount\endcsname #1% + % + % Remember to reset this floatno at the next chap. + \expandafter\gdef\expandafter\resetallfloatnos + \expandafter{\resetallfloatnos #1=0 }% + \fi + \let\floatno#1% +} + +% \setref calls this to get the XREFLABEL-snt value. We want an @xref +% to the FLOATLABEL to expand to "Figure 3.1". We call \setref when we +% first read the @float command. +% +\def\Yfloat{\floattype@tie \chaplevelprefix\the\floatno}% + +% Magic string used for the XREFLABEL-title value, so \xrefX can +% distinguish floats from other xref types. +\def\floatmagic{!!float!!} + +% #1 is the control sequence we are passed; we expand into a conditional +% which is true if #1 represents a float ref. That is, the magic +% \lastsection value which we \setref above. +% +\def\iffloat#1{\expandafter\doiffloat#1==\finish} +% +% #1 is (maybe) the \floatmagic string. If so, #2 will be the +% (safe) float type for this float. We set \iffloattype to #2. +% +\def\doiffloat#1=#2=#3\finish{% + \def\temp{#1}% + \def\iffloattype{#2}% + \ifx\temp\floatmagic +} + +% @listoffloats FLOATTYPE - print a list of floats like a table of contents. +% +\parseargdef\listoffloats{% + \def\floattype{#1}% floattype + {% + % the floattype might have accents or other special characters, + % but we need to use it in a control sequence name. + \indexnofonts + \turnoffactive + \xdef\safefloattype{\floattype}% + }% + % + % \xrdef saves the floats as a \do-list in \floatlistSAFEFLOATTYPE. + \expandafter\ifx\csname floatlist\safefloattype\endcsname \relax + \ifhavexrefs + % if the user said @listoffloats foo but never @float foo. + \message{\linenumber No `\safefloattype' floats to list.}% + \fi + \else + \begingroup + \leftskip=\tocindent % indent these entries like a toc + \let\do=\listoffloatsdo + \csname floatlist\safefloattype\endcsname + \endgroup + \fi +} + +% This is called on each entry in a list of floats. We're passed the +% xref label, in the form LABEL-title, which is how we save it in the +% aux file. We strip off the -title and look up \XRLABEL-lof, which +% has the text we're supposed to typeset here. +% +% Figures without xref labels will not be included in the list (since +% they won't appear in the aux file). +% +\def\listoffloatsdo#1{\listoffloatsdoentry#1\finish} +\def\listoffloatsdoentry#1-title\finish{{% + % Can't fully expand XR#1-lof because it can contain anything. Just + % pass the control sequence. On the other hand, XR#1-pg is just the + % page number, and we want to fully expand that so we can get a link + % in pdf output. + \toksA = \expandafter{\csname XR#1-lof\endcsname}% + % + % use the same \entry macro we use to generate the TOC and index. + \edef\writeentry{\noexpand\entry{\the\toksA}{\csname XR#1-pg\endcsname}}% + \writeentry +}} + + +\message{localization,} + +% For single-language documents, @documentlanguage is usually given very +% early, just after @documentencoding. Single argument is the language +% (de) or locale (de_DE) abbreviation. +% +{ + \catcode`\_ = \active + \globaldefs=1 +\parseargdef\documentlanguage{% + \tex % read txi-??.tex file in plain TeX. + % Read the file by the name they passed if it exists. + \let_ = \normalunderscore % normal _ character for filename test + \openin 1 txi-#1.tex + \ifeof 1 + \documentlanguagetrywithoutunderscore #1_\finish + \else + \globaldefs = 1 % everything in the txi-LL files needs to persist + \input txi-#1.tex + \fi + \closein 1 + \endgroup % end raw TeX +} +% +% If they passed de_DE, and txi-de_DE.tex doesn't exist, +% try txi-de.tex. +% +\gdef\documentlanguagetrywithoutunderscore#1_#2\finish{% + \openin 1 txi-#1.tex + \ifeof 1 + \errhelp = \nolanghelp + \errmessage{Cannot read language file txi-#1.tex}% + \else + \globaldefs = 1 % everything in the txi-LL files needs to persist + \input txi-#1.tex + \fi + \closein 1 +} +}% end of special _ catcode +% +\newhelp\nolanghelp{The given language definition file cannot be found or +is empty. Maybe you need to install it? Putting it in the current +directory should work if nowhere else does.} + +% This macro is called from txi-??.tex files; the first argument is the +% \language name to set (without the "\lang@" prefix), the second and +% third args are \{left,right}hyphenmin. +% +% The language names to pass are determined when the format is built. +% See the etex.log file created at that time, e.g., +% /usr/local/texlive/2008/texmf-var/web2c/pdftex/etex.log. +% +% With TeX Live 2008, etex now includes hyphenation patterns for all +% available languages. This means we can support hyphenation in +% Texinfo, at least to some extent. (This still doesn't solve the +% accented characters problem.) +% +\catcode`@=11 +\def\txisetlanguage#1#2#3{% + % do not set the language if the name is undefined in the current TeX. + \expandafter\ifx\csname lang@#1\endcsname \relax + \message{no patterns for #1}% + \else + \global\language = \csname lang@#1\endcsname + \fi + % but there is no harm in adjusting the hyphenmin values regardless. + \global\lefthyphenmin = #2\relax + \global\righthyphenmin = #3\relax +} + +% Helpers for encodings. +% Set the catcode of characters 128 through 255 to the specified number. +% +\def\setnonasciicharscatcode#1{% + \count255=128 + \loop\ifnum\count255<256 + \global\catcode\count255=#1\relax + \advance\count255 by 1 + \repeat +} + +\def\setnonasciicharscatcodenonglobal#1{% + \count255=128 + \loop\ifnum\count255<256 + \catcode\count255=#1\relax + \advance\count255 by 1 + \repeat +} + +% @documentencoding sets the definition of non-ASCII characters +% according to the specified encoding. +% +\def\documentencoding{\parseargusing\filenamecatcodes\documentencodingzzz} +\def\documentencodingzzz#1{% + % Encoding being declared for the document. + \def\declaredencoding{\csname #1.enc\endcsname}% + % + % Supported encodings: names converted to tokens in order to be able + % to compare them with \ifx. + \def\ascii{\csname US-ASCII.enc\endcsname}% + \def\latnine{\csname ISO-8859-15.enc\endcsname}% + \def\latone{\csname ISO-8859-1.enc\endcsname}% + \def\lattwo{\csname ISO-8859-2.enc\endcsname}% + \def\utfeight{\csname UTF-8.enc\endcsname}% + % + \ifx \declaredencoding \ascii + \asciichardefs + % + \else \ifx \declaredencoding \lattwo + \setnonasciicharscatcode\active + \lattwochardefs + % + \else \ifx \declaredencoding \latone + \setnonasciicharscatcode\active + \latonechardefs + % + \else \ifx \declaredencoding \latnine + \setnonasciicharscatcode\active + \latninechardefs + % + \else \ifx \declaredencoding \utfeight + \setnonasciicharscatcode\active + % since we already invoked \utfeightchardefs at the top level + % (below), do not re-invoke it, then our check for duplicated + % definitions triggers. Making non-ascii chars active is enough. + % + \else + \message{Ignoring unknown document encoding: #1.}% + % + \fi % utfeight + \fi % latnine + \fi % latone + \fi % lattwo + \fi % ascii +} + +% emacs-page +% A message to be logged when using a character that isn't available +% the default font encoding (OT1). +% +\def\missingcharmsg#1{\message{Character missing, sorry: #1.}} + +% Take account of \c (plain) vs. \, (Texinfo) difference. +\def\cedilla#1{\ifx\c\ptexc\c{#1}\else\,{#1}\fi} + +% First, make active non-ASCII characters in order for them to be +% correctly categorized when TeX reads the replacement text of +% macros containing the character definitions. +\setnonasciicharscatcode\active +% +% Latin1 (ISO-8859-1) character definitions. +\def\latonechardefs{% + \gdef^^a0{\tie} + \gdef^^a1{\exclamdown} + \gdef^^a2{{\tcfont \char162}} % cent + \gdef^^a3{\pounds} + \gdef^^a4{{\tcfont \char164}} % currency + \gdef^^a5{{\tcfont \char165}} % yen + \gdef^^a6{{\tcfont \char166}} % broken bar + \gdef^^a7{\S} + \gdef^^a8{\"{}} + \gdef^^a9{\copyright} + \gdef^^aa{\ordf} + \gdef^^ab{\guillemetleft} + \gdef^^ac{\ensuremath\lnot} + \gdef^^ad{\-} + \gdef^^ae{\registeredsymbol} + \gdef^^af{\={}} + % + \gdef^^b0{\textdegree} + \gdef^^b1{$\pm$} + \gdef^^b2{$^2$} + \gdef^^b3{$^3$} + \gdef^^b4{\'{}} + \gdef^^b5{$\mu$} + \gdef^^b6{\P} + \gdef^^b7{\ensuremath\cdot} + \gdef^^b8{\cedilla\ } + \gdef^^b9{$^1$} + \gdef^^ba{\ordm} + \gdef^^bb{\guillemetright} + \gdef^^bc{$1\over4$} + \gdef^^bd{$1\over2$} + \gdef^^be{$3\over4$} + \gdef^^bf{\questiondown} + % + \gdef^^c0{\`A} + \gdef^^c1{\'A} + \gdef^^c2{\^A} + \gdef^^c3{\~A} + \gdef^^c4{\"A} + \gdef^^c5{\ringaccent A} + \gdef^^c6{\AE} + \gdef^^c7{\cedilla C} + \gdef^^c8{\`E} + \gdef^^c9{\'E} + \gdef^^ca{\^E} + \gdef^^cb{\"E} + \gdef^^cc{\`I} + \gdef^^cd{\'I} + \gdef^^ce{\^I} + \gdef^^cf{\"I} + % + \gdef^^d0{\DH} + \gdef^^d1{\~N} + \gdef^^d2{\`O} + \gdef^^d3{\'O} + \gdef^^d4{\^O} + \gdef^^d5{\~O} + \gdef^^d6{\"O} + \gdef^^d7{$\times$} + \gdef^^d8{\O} + \gdef^^d9{\`U} + \gdef^^da{\'U} + \gdef^^db{\^U} + \gdef^^dc{\"U} + \gdef^^dd{\'Y} + \gdef^^de{\TH} + \gdef^^df{\ss} + % + \gdef^^e0{\`a} + \gdef^^e1{\'a} + \gdef^^e2{\^a} + \gdef^^e3{\~a} + \gdef^^e4{\"a} + \gdef^^e5{\ringaccent a} + \gdef^^e6{\ae} + \gdef^^e7{\cedilla c} + \gdef^^e8{\`e} + \gdef^^e9{\'e} + \gdef^^ea{\^e} + \gdef^^eb{\"e} + \gdef^^ec{\`{\dotless i}} + \gdef^^ed{\'{\dotless i}} + \gdef^^ee{\^{\dotless i}} + \gdef^^ef{\"{\dotless i}} + % + \gdef^^f0{\dh} + \gdef^^f1{\~n} + \gdef^^f2{\`o} + \gdef^^f3{\'o} + \gdef^^f4{\^o} + \gdef^^f5{\~o} + \gdef^^f6{\"o} + \gdef^^f7{$\div$} + \gdef^^f8{\o} + \gdef^^f9{\`u} + \gdef^^fa{\'u} + \gdef^^fb{\^u} + \gdef^^fc{\"u} + \gdef^^fd{\'y} + \gdef^^fe{\th} + \gdef^^ff{\"y} +} + +% Latin9 (ISO-8859-15) encoding character definitions. +\def\latninechardefs{% + % Encoding is almost identical to Latin1. + \latonechardefs + % + \gdef^^a4{\euro} + \gdef^^a6{\v S} + \gdef^^a8{\v s} + \gdef^^b4{\v Z} + \gdef^^b8{\v z} + \gdef^^bc{\OE} + \gdef^^bd{\oe} + \gdef^^be{\"Y} +} + +% Latin2 (ISO-8859-2) character definitions. +\def\lattwochardefs{% + \gdef^^a0{\tie} + \gdef^^a1{\ogonek{A}} + \gdef^^a2{\u{}} + \gdef^^a3{\L} + \gdef^^a4{\missingcharmsg{CURRENCY SIGN}} + \gdef^^a5{\v L} + \gdef^^a6{\'S} + \gdef^^a7{\S} + \gdef^^a8{\"{}} + \gdef^^a9{\v S} + \gdef^^aa{\cedilla S} + \gdef^^ab{\v T} + \gdef^^ac{\'Z} + \gdef^^ad{\-} + \gdef^^ae{\v Z} + \gdef^^af{\dotaccent Z} + % + \gdef^^b0{\textdegree} + \gdef^^b1{\ogonek{a}} + \gdef^^b2{\ogonek{ }} + \gdef^^b3{\l} + \gdef^^b4{\'{}} + \gdef^^b5{\v l} + \gdef^^b6{\'s} + \gdef^^b7{\v{}} + \gdef^^b8{\cedilla\ } + \gdef^^b9{\v s} + \gdef^^ba{\cedilla s} + \gdef^^bb{\v t} + \gdef^^bc{\'z} + \gdef^^bd{\H{}} + \gdef^^be{\v z} + \gdef^^bf{\dotaccent z} + % + \gdef^^c0{\'R} + \gdef^^c1{\'A} + \gdef^^c2{\^A} + \gdef^^c3{\u A} + \gdef^^c4{\"A} + \gdef^^c5{\'L} + \gdef^^c6{\'C} + \gdef^^c7{\cedilla C} + \gdef^^c8{\v C} + \gdef^^c9{\'E} + \gdef^^ca{\ogonek{E}} + \gdef^^cb{\"E} + \gdef^^cc{\v E} + \gdef^^cd{\'I} + \gdef^^ce{\^I} + \gdef^^cf{\v D} + % + \gdef^^d0{\DH} + \gdef^^d1{\'N} + \gdef^^d2{\v N} + \gdef^^d3{\'O} + \gdef^^d4{\^O} + \gdef^^d5{\H O} + \gdef^^d6{\"O} + \gdef^^d7{$\times$} + \gdef^^d8{\v R} + \gdef^^d9{\ringaccent U} + \gdef^^da{\'U} + \gdef^^db{\H U} + \gdef^^dc{\"U} + \gdef^^dd{\'Y} + \gdef^^de{\cedilla T} + \gdef^^df{\ss} + % + \gdef^^e0{\'r} + \gdef^^e1{\'a} + \gdef^^e2{\^a} + \gdef^^e3{\u a} + \gdef^^e4{\"a} + \gdef^^e5{\'l} + \gdef^^e6{\'c} + \gdef^^e7{\cedilla c} + \gdef^^e8{\v c} + \gdef^^e9{\'e} + \gdef^^ea{\ogonek{e}} + \gdef^^eb{\"e} + \gdef^^ec{\v e} + \gdef^^ed{\'{\dotless{i}}} + \gdef^^ee{\^{\dotless{i}}} + \gdef^^ef{\v d} + % + \gdef^^f0{\dh} + \gdef^^f1{\'n} + \gdef^^f2{\v n} + \gdef^^f3{\'o} + \gdef^^f4{\^o} + \gdef^^f5{\H o} + \gdef^^f6{\"o} + \gdef^^f7{$\div$} + \gdef^^f8{\v r} + \gdef^^f9{\ringaccent u} + \gdef^^fa{\'u} + \gdef^^fb{\H u} + \gdef^^fc{\"u} + \gdef^^fd{\'y} + \gdef^^fe{\cedilla t} + \gdef^^ff{\dotaccent{}} +} + +% UTF-8 character definitions. +% +% This code to support UTF-8 is based on LaTeX's utf8.def, with some +% changes for Texinfo conventions. It is included here under the GPL by +% permission from Frank Mittelbach and the LaTeX team. +% +\newcount\countUTFx +\newcount\countUTFy +\newcount\countUTFz + +\gdef\UTFviiiTwoOctets#1#2{\expandafter + \UTFviiiDefined\csname u8:#1\string #2\endcsname} +% +\gdef\UTFviiiThreeOctets#1#2#3{\expandafter + \UTFviiiDefined\csname u8:#1\string #2\string #3\endcsname} +% +\gdef\UTFviiiFourOctets#1#2#3#4{\expandafter + \UTFviiiDefined\csname u8:#1\string #2\string #3\string #4\endcsname} + +\gdef\UTFviiiDefined#1{% + \ifx #1\relax + \message{\linenumber Unicode char \string #1 not defined for Texinfo}% + \else + \expandafter #1% + \fi +} + +\begingroup + \catcode`\~13 + \catcode`\"12 + + \def\UTFviiiLoop{% + \global\catcode\countUTFx\active + \uccode`\~\countUTFx + \uppercase\expandafter{\UTFviiiTmp}% + \advance\countUTFx by 1 + \ifnum\countUTFx < \countUTFy + \expandafter\UTFviiiLoop + \fi} + + \countUTFx = "C2 + \countUTFy = "E0 + \def\UTFviiiTmp{% + \xdef~{\noexpand\UTFviiiTwoOctets\string~}} + \UTFviiiLoop + + \countUTFx = "E0 + \countUTFy = "F0 + \def\UTFviiiTmp{% + \xdef~{\noexpand\UTFviiiThreeOctets\string~}} + \UTFviiiLoop + + \countUTFx = "F0 + \countUTFy = "F4 + \def\UTFviiiTmp{% + \xdef~{\noexpand\UTFviiiFourOctets\string~}} + \UTFviiiLoop +\endgroup + +\def\globallet{\global\let} % save some \expandafter's below + +% @U{xxxx} to produce U+xxxx, if we support it. +\def\U#1{% + \expandafter\ifx\csname uni:#1\endcsname \relax + \errhelp = \EMsimple + \errmessage{Unicode character U+#1 not supported, sorry}% + \else + \csname uni:#1\endcsname + \fi +} + +\begingroup + \catcode`\"=12 + \catcode`\<=12 + \catcode`\.=12 + \catcode`\,=12 + \catcode`\;=12 + \catcode`\!=12 + \catcode`\~=13 + \gdef\DeclareUnicodeCharacter#1#2{% + \countUTFz = "#1\relax + %\wlog{\space\space defining Unicode char U+#1 (decimal \the\countUTFz)}% + \begingroup + \parseXMLCharref + \def\UTFviiiTwoOctets##1##2{% + \csname u8:##1\string ##2\endcsname}% + \def\UTFviiiThreeOctets##1##2##3{% + \csname u8:##1\string ##2\string ##3\endcsname}% + \def\UTFviiiFourOctets##1##2##3##4{% + \csname u8:##1\string ##2\string ##3\string ##4\endcsname}% + \expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter + \expandafter\expandafter\expandafter + \gdef\UTFviiiTmp{#2}% + % + \expandafter\ifx\csname uni:#1\endcsname \relax \else + \message{Internal error, already defined: #1}% + \fi + % + % define an additional control sequence for this code point. + \expandafter\globallet\csname uni:#1\endcsname \UTFviiiTmp + \endgroup} + + \gdef\parseXMLCharref{% + \ifnum\countUTFz < "A0\relax + \errhelp = \EMsimple + \errmessage{Cannot define Unicode char value < 00A0}% + \else\ifnum\countUTFz < "800\relax + \parseUTFviiiA,% + \parseUTFviiiB C\UTFviiiTwoOctets.,% + \else\ifnum\countUTFz < "10000\relax + \parseUTFviiiA;% + \parseUTFviiiA,% + \parseUTFviiiB E\UTFviiiThreeOctets.{,;}% + \else + \parseUTFviiiA;% + \parseUTFviiiA,% + \parseUTFviiiA!% + \parseUTFviiiB F\UTFviiiFourOctets.{!,;}% + \fi\fi\fi + } + + \gdef\parseUTFviiiA#1{% + \countUTFx = \countUTFz + \divide\countUTFz by 64 + \countUTFy = \countUTFz + \multiply\countUTFz by 64 + \advance\countUTFx by -\countUTFz + \advance\countUTFx by 128 + \uccode `#1\countUTFx + \countUTFz = \countUTFy} + + \gdef\parseUTFviiiB#1#2#3#4{% + \advance\countUTFz by "#10\relax + \uccode `#3\countUTFz + \uppercase{\gdef\UTFviiiTmp{#2#3#4}}} +\endgroup + +% https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_(Unicode)#Basic_M +% U+0000..U+007F = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Latin_(Unicode_block) +% U+0080..U+00FF = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin-1_Supplement_(Unicode_block) +% U+0100..U+017F = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Extended-A +% U+0180..U+024F = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Extended-B +% +% Many of our renditions are less than wonderful, and all the missing +% characters are available somewhere. Loading the necessary fonts +% awaits user request. We can't truly support Unicode without +% reimplementing everything that's been done in LaTeX for many years, +% plus probably using luatex or xetex, and who knows what else. +% We won't be doing that here in this simple file. But we can try to at +% least make most of the characters not bomb out. +% +\def\utfeightchardefs{% + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A0}{\tie} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A1}{\exclamdown} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A2}{{\tcfont \char162}}% 0242=cent + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A3}{\pounds} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A4}{{\tcfont \char164}}% 0244=currency + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A5}{{\tcfont \char165}}% 0245=yen + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A6}{{\tcfont \char166}}% 0246=brokenbar + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A7}{\S} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A8}{\"{ }} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A9}{\copyright} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00AA}{\ordf} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00AB}{\guillemetleft} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00AC}{\ensuremath\lnot} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00AD}{\-} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00AE}{\registeredsymbol} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00AF}{\={ }} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00B0}{\ringaccent{ }} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00B1}{\ensuremath\pm} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00B2}{$^2$} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00B3}{$^3$} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00B4}{\'{ }} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00B5}{$\mu$} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00B6}{\P} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00B7}{\ensuremath\cdot} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00B8}{\cedilla{ }} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00B9}{$^1$} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00BA}{\ordm} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00BB}{\guillemetright} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00BC}{$1\over4$} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00BD}{$1\over2$} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00BE}{$3\over4$} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00BF}{\questiondown} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C0}{\`A} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C1}{\'A} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C2}{\^A} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C3}{\~A} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C4}{\"A} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C5}{\AA} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C6}{\AE} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C7}{\cedilla{C}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C8}{\`E} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C9}{\'E} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00CA}{\^E} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00CB}{\"E} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00CC}{\`I} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00CD}{\'I} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00CE}{\^I} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00CF}{\"I} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D0}{\DH} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D1}{\~N} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D2}{\`O} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D3}{\'O} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D4}{\^O} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D5}{\~O} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D6}{\"O} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D7}{\ensuremath\times} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D8}{\O} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D9}{\`U} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00DA}{\'U} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00DB}{\^U} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00DC}{\"U} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00DD}{\'Y} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00DE}{\TH} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00DF}{\ss} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E0}{\`a} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E1}{\'a} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E2}{\^a} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E3}{\~a} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E4}{\"a} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E5}{\aa} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E6}{\ae} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E7}{\cedilla{c}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E8}{\`e} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E9}{\'e} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00EA}{\^e} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00EB}{\"e} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00EC}{\`{\dotless{i}}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00ED}{\'{\dotless{i}}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00EE}{\^{\dotless{i}}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00EF}{\"{\dotless{i}}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F0}{\dh} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F1}{\~n} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F2}{\`o} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F3}{\'o} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F4}{\^o} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F5}{\~o} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F6}{\"o} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F7}{\ensuremath\div} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F8}{\o} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F9}{\`u} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00FA}{\'u} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00FB}{\^u} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00FC}{\"u} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00FD}{\'y} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00FE}{\th} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00FF}{\"y} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0100}{\=A} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0101}{\=a} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0102}{\u{A}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0103}{\u{a}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0104}{\ogonek{A}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0105}{\ogonek{a}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0106}{\'C} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0107}{\'c} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0108}{\^C} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0109}{\^c} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{010A}{\dotaccent{C}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{010B}{\dotaccent{c}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{010C}{\v{C}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{010D}{\v{c}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{010E}{\v{D}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{010F}{d'} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0110}{\DH} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0111}{\dh} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0112}{\=E} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0113}{\=e} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0114}{\u{E}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0115}{\u{e}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0116}{\dotaccent{E}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0117}{\dotaccent{e}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0118}{\ogonek{E}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0119}{\ogonek{e}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{011A}{\v{E}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{011B}{\v{e}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{011C}{\^G} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{011D}{\^g} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{011E}{\u{G}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{011F}{\u{g}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0120}{\dotaccent{G}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0121}{\dotaccent{g}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0122}{\cedilla{G}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0123}{\cedilla{g}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0124}{\^H} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0125}{\^h} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0126}{\missingcharmsg{H WITH STROKE}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0127}{\missingcharmsg{h WITH STROKE}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0128}{\~I} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0129}{\~{\dotless{i}}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{012A}{\=I} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{012B}{\={\dotless{i}}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{012C}{\u{I}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{012D}{\u{\dotless{i}}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{012E}{\ogonek{I}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{012F}{\ogonek{i}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0130}{\dotaccent{I}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0131}{\dotless{i}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0132}{IJ} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0133}{ij} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0134}{\^J} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0135}{\^{\dotless{j}}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0136}{\cedilla{K}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0137}{\cedilla{k}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0138}{\ensuremath\kappa} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0139}{\'L} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{013A}{\'l} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{013B}{\cedilla{L}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{013C}{\cedilla{l}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{013D}{L'}% should kern + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{013E}{l'}% should kern + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{013F}{L\U{00B7}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0140}{l\U{00B7}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0141}{\L} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0142}{\l} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0143}{\'N} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0144}{\'n} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0145}{\cedilla{N}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0146}{\cedilla{n}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0147}{\v{N}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0148}{\v{n}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0149}{'n} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{014A}{\missingcharmsg{ENG}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{014B}{\missingcharmsg{eng}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{014C}{\=O} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{014D}{\=o} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{014E}{\u{O}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{014F}{\u{o}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0150}{\H{O}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0151}{\H{o}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0152}{\OE} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0153}{\oe} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0154}{\'R} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0155}{\'r} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0156}{\cedilla{R}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0157}{\cedilla{r}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0158}{\v{R}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0159}{\v{r}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{015A}{\'S} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{015B}{\'s} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{015C}{\^S} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{015D}{\^s} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{015E}{\cedilla{S}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{015F}{\cedilla{s}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0160}{\v{S}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0161}{\v{s}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0162}{\cedilla{T}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0163}{\cedilla{t}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0164}{\v{T}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0165}{\v{t}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0166}{\missingcharmsg{H WITH STROKE}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0167}{\missingcharmsg{h WITH STROKE}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0168}{\~U} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0169}{\~u} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{016A}{\=U} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{016B}{\=u} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{016C}{\u{U}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{016D}{\u{u}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{016E}{\ringaccent{U}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{016F}{\ringaccent{u}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0170}{\H{U}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0171}{\H{u}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0172}{\ogonek{U}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0173}{\ogonek{u}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0174}{\^W} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0175}{\^w} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0176}{\^Y} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0177}{\^y} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0178}{\"Y} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0179}{\'Z} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{017A}{\'z} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{017B}{\dotaccent{Z}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{017C}{\dotaccent{z}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{017D}{\v{Z}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{017E}{\v{z}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{017F}{\missingcharmsg{LONG S}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01C4}{D\v{Z}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01C5}{D\v{z}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01C6}{d\v{z}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01C7}{LJ} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01C8}{Lj} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01C9}{lj} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01CA}{NJ} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01CB}{Nj} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01CC}{nj} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01CD}{\v{A}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01CE}{\v{a}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01CF}{\v{I}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01D0}{\v{\dotless{i}}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01D1}{\v{O}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01D2}{\v{o}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01D3}{\v{U}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01D4}{\v{u}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01E2}{\={\AE}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01E3}{\={\ae}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01E6}{\v{G}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01E7}{\v{g}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01E8}{\v{K}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01E9}{\v{k}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01F0}{\v{\dotless{j}}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01F1}{DZ} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01F2}{Dz} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01F3}{dz} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01F4}{\'G} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01F5}{\'g} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01F8}{\`N} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01F9}{\`n} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01FC}{\'{\AE}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01FD}{\'{\ae}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01FE}{\'{\O}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01FF}{\'{\o}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{021E}{\v{H}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{021F}{\v{h}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0226}{\dotaccent{A}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0227}{\dotaccent{a}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0228}{\cedilla{E}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0229}{\cedilla{e}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{022E}{\dotaccent{O}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{022F}{\dotaccent{o}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0232}{\=Y} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0233}{\=y} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0237}{\dotless{j}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{02DB}{\ogonek{ }} + + % Greek letters upper case + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0391}{{\it A}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0392}{{\it B}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0393}{\ensuremath{\mit\Gamma}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0394}{\ensuremath{\mit\Delta}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0395}{{\it E}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0396}{{\it Z}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0397}{{\it H}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0398}{\ensuremath{\mit\Theta}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0399}{{\it I}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{039A}{{\it K}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{039B}{\ensuremath{\mit\Lambda}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{039C}{{\it M}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{039D}{{\it N}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{039E}{\ensuremath{\mit\Xi}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{039F}{{\it O}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03A0}{\ensuremath{\mit\Pi}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03A1}{{\it P}} + %\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03A2}{} % none - corresponds to final sigma + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03A3}{\ensuremath{\mit\Sigma}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03A4}{{\it T}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03A5}{\ensuremath{\mit\Upsilon}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03A6}{\ensuremath{\mit\Phi}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03A7}{{\it X}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03A8}{\ensuremath{\mit\Psi}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03A9}{\ensuremath{\mit\Omega}} + + % Vowels with accents + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0390}{\ensuremath{\ddot{\acute\iota}}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03AC}{\ensuremath{\acute\alpha}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03AD}{\ensuremath{\acute\epsilon}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03AE}{\ensuremath{\acute\eta}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03AF}{\ensuremath{\acute\iota}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03B0}{\ensuremath{\acute{\ddot\upsilon}}} + + % Standalone accent + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0384}{\ensuremath{\acute{\ }}} + + % Greek letters lower case + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03B1}{\ensuremath\alpha} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03B2}{\ensuremath\beta} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03B3}{\ensuremath\gamma} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03B4}{\ensuremath\delta} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03B5}{\ensuremath\epsilon} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03B6}{\ensuremath\zeta} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03B7}{\ensuremath\eta} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03B8}{\ensuremath\theta} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03B9}{\ensuremath\iota} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03BA}{\ensuremath\kappa} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03BB}{\ensuremath\lambda} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03BC}{\ensuremath\mu} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03BD}{\ensuremath\nu} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03BE}{\ensuremath\xi} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03BF}{{\it o}} % omicron + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03C0}{\ensuremath\pi} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03C1}{\ensuremath\rho} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03C2}{\ensuremath\varsigma} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03C3}{\ensuremath\sigma} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03C4}{\ensuremath\tau} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03C5}{\ensuremath\upsilon} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03C6}{\ensuremath\phi} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03C7}{\ensuremath\chi} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03C8}{\ensuremath\psi} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03C9}{\ensuremath\omega} + + % More Greek vowels with accents + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03CA}{\ensuremath{\ddot\iota}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03CB}{\ensuremath{\ddot\upsilon}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03CC}{\ensuremath{\acute o}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03CD}{\ensuremath{\acute\upsilon}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03CE}{\ensuremath{\acute\omega}} + + % Variant Greek letters + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03D1}{\ensuremath\vartheta} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03D6}{\ensuremath\varpi} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03F1}{\ensuremath\varrho} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E02}{\dotaccent{B}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E03}{\dotaccent{b}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E04}{\udotaccent{B}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E05}{\udotaccent{b}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E06}{\ubaraccent{B}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E07}{\ubaraccent{b}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E0A}{\dotaccent{D}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E0B}{\dotaccent{d}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E0C}{\udotaccent{D}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E0D}{\udotaccent{d}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E0E}{\ubaraccent{D}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E0F}{\ubaraccent{d}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E1E}{\dotaccent{F}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E1F}{\dotaccent{f}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E20}{\=G} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E21}{\=g} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E22}{\dotaccent{H}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E23}{\dotaccent{h}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E24}{\udotaccent{H}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E25}{\udotaccent{h}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E26}{\"H} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E27}{\"h} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E30}{\'K} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E31}{\'k} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E32}{\udotaccent{K}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E33}{\udotaccent{k}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E34}{\ubaraccent{K}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E35}{\ubaraccent{k}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E36}{\udotaccent{L}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E37}{\udotaccent{l}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E3A}{\ubaraccent{L}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E3B}{\ubaraccent{l}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E3E}{\'M} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E3F}{\'m} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E40}{\dotaccent{M}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E41}{\dotaccent{m}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E42}{\udotaccent{M}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E43}{\udotaccent{m}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E44}{\dotaccent{N}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E45}{\dotaccent{n}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E46}{\udotaccent{N}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E47}{\udotaccent{n}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E48}{\ubaraccent{N}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E49}{\ubaraccent{n}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E54}{\'P} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E55}{\'p} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E56}{\dotaccent{P}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E57}{\dotaccent{p}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E58}{\dotaccent{R}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E59}{\dotaccent{r}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E5A}{\udotaccent{R}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E5B}{\udotaccent{r}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E5E}{\ubaraccent{R}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E5F}{\ubaraccent{r}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E60}{\dotaccent{S}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E61}{\dotaccent{s}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E62}{\udotaccent{S}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E63}{\udotaccent{s}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E6A}{\dotaccent{T}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E6B}{\dotaccent{t}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E6C}{\udotaccent{T}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E6D}{\udotaccent{t}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E6E}{\ubaraccent{T}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E6F}{\ubaraccent{t}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E7C}{\~V} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E7D}{\~v} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E7E}{\udotaccent{V}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E7F}{\udotaccent{v}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E80}{\`W} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E81}{\`w} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E82}{\'W} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E83}{\'w} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E84}{\"W} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E85}{\"w} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E86}{\dotaccent{W}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E87}{\dotaccent{w}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E88}{\udotaccent{W}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E89}{\udotaccent{w}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E8A}{\dotaccent{X}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E8B}{\dotaccent{x}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E8C}{\"X} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E8D}{\"x} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E8E}{\dotaccent{Y}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E8F}{\dotaccent{y}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E90}{\^Z} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E91}{\^z} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E92}{\udotaccent{Z}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E93}{\udotaccent{z}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E94}{\ubaraccent{Z}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E95}{\ubaraccent{z}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E96}{\ubaraccent{h}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E97}{\"t} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E98}{\ringaccent{w}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E99}{\ringaccent{y}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EA0}{\udotaccent{A}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EA1}{\udotaccent{a}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EB8}{\udotaccent{E}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EB9}{\udotaccent{e}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EBC}{\~E} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EBD}{\~e} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1ECA}{\udotaccent{I}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1ECB}{\udotaccent{i}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1ECC}{\udotaccent{O}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1ECD}{\udotaccent{o}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EE4}{\udotaccent{U}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EE5}{\udotaccent{u}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EF2}{\`Y} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EF3}{\`y} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EF4}{\udotaccent{Y}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EF8}{\~Y} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EF9}{\~y} + + % Punctuation + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2013}{--} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2014}{---} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2018}{\quoteleft} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2019}{\quoteright} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{201A}{\quotesinglbase} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{201C}{\quotedblleft} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{201D}{\quotedblright} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{201E}{\quotedblbase} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2020}{\ensuremath\dagger} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2021}{\ensuremath\ddagger} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2022}{\bullet} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{202F}{\thinspace} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2026}{\dots} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2039}{\guilsinglleft} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{203A}{\guilsinglright} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{20AC}{\euro} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2192}{\expansion} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21D2}{\result} + + % Mathematical symbols + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2200}{\ensuremath\forall} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2203}{\ensuremath\exists} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2208}{\ensuremath\in} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2212}{\minus} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2217}{\ast} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{221E}{\ensuremath\infty} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2225}{\ensuremath\parallel} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2227}{\ensuremath\wedge} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2229}{\ensuremath\cap} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2261}{\equiv} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2264}{\ensuremath\leq} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2265}{\ensuremath\geq} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2282}{\ensuremath\subset} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2287}{\ensuremath\supseteq} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2016}{\ensuremath\Vert} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2032}{\ensuremath\prime} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{210F}{\ensuremath\hbar} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2111}{\ensuremath\Im} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2113}{\ensuremath\ell} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2118}{\ensuremath\wp} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{211C}{\ensuremath\Re} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2127}{\ensuremath\mho} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2135}{\ensuremath\aleph} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2190}{\ensuremath\leftarrow} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2191}{\ensuremath\uparrow} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2193}{\ensuremath\downarrow} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2194}{\ensuremath\leftrightarrow} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2195}{\ensuremath\updownarrow} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2196}{\ensuremath\nwarrow} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2197}{\ensuremath\nearrow} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2198}{\ensuremath\searrow} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2199}{\ensuremath\swarrow} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21A6}{\ensuremath\mapsto} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21A9}{\ensuremath\hookleftarrow} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21AA}{\ensuremath\hookrightarrow} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21BC}{\ensuremath\leftharpoonup} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21BD}{\ensuremath\leftharpoondown} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21BE}{\ensuremath\upharpoonright} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21C0}{\ensuremath\rightharpoonup} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21C1}{\ensuremath\rightharpoondown} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21CC}{\ensuremath\rightleftharpoons} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21D0}{\ensuremath\Leftarrow} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21D1}{\ensuremath\Uparrow} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21D3}{\ensuremath\Downarrow} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21D4}{\ensuremath\Leftrightarrow} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21D5}{\ensuremath\Updownarrow} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21DD}{\ensuremath\leadsto} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2201}{\ensuremath\complement} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2202}{\ensuremath\partial} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2205}{\ensuremath\emptyset} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2207}{\ensuremath\nabla} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2209}{\ensuremath\notin} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{220B}{\ensuremath\owns} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{220F}{\ensuremath\prod} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2210}{\ensuremath\coprod} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2211}{\ensuremath\sum} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2213}{\ensuremath\mp} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2218}{\ensuremath\circ} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{221A}{\ensuremath\surd} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{221D}{\ensuremath\propto} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2220}{\ensuremath\angle} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2223}{\ensuremath\mid} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2228}{\ensuremath\vee} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{222A}{\ensuremath\cup} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{222B}{\ensuremath\smallint} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{222E}{\ensuremath\oint} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{223C}{\ensuremath\sim} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2240}{\ensuremath\wr} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2243}{\ensuremath\simeq} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2245}{\ensuremath\cong} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2248}{\ensuremath\approx} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{224D}{\ensuremath\asymp} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2250}{\ensuremath\doteq} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2260}{\ensuremath\neq} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{226A}{\ensuremath\ll} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{226B}{\ensuremath\gg} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{227A}{\ensuremath\prec} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{227B}{\ensuremath\succ} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2283}{\ensuremath\supset} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2286}{\ensuremath\subseteq} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{228E}{\ensuremath\uplus} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{228F}{\ensuremath\sqsubset} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2290}{\ensuremath\sqsupset} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2291}{\ensuremath\sqsubseteq} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2292}{\ensuremath\sqsupseteq} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2293}{\ensuremath\sqcap} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2294}{\ensuremath\sqcup} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2295}{\ensuremath\oplus} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2296}{\ensuremath\ominus} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2297}{\ensuremath\otimes} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2298}{\ensuremath\oslash} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2299}{\ensuremath\odot} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{22A2}{\ensuremath\vdash} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{22A3}{\ensuremath\dashv} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{22A4}{\ensuremath\ptextop} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{22A5}{\ensuremath\bot} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{22A8}{\ensuremath\models} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{22B4}{\ensuremath\unlhd} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{22B5}{\ensuremath\unrhd} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{22C0}{\ensuremath\bigwedge} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{22C1}{\ensuremath\bigvee} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{22C2}{\ensuremath\bigcap} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{22C3}{\ensuremath\bigcup} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{22C4}{\ensuremath\diamond} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{22C5}{\ensuremath\cdot} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{22C6}{\ensuremath\star} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{22C8}{\ensuremath\bowtie} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2308}{\ensuremath\lceil} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2309}{\ensuremath\rceil} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{230A}{\ensuremath\lfloor} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{230B}{\ensuremath\rfloor} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2322}{\ensuremath\frown} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2323}{\ensuremath\smile} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{25A1}{\ensuremath\Box} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{25B3}{\ensuremath\triangle} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{25B7}{\ensuremath\triangleright} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{25BD}{\ensuremath\bigtriangledown} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{25C1}{\ensuremath\triangleleft} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{25C7}{\ensuremath\Diamond} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2660}{\ensuremath\spadesuit} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2661}{\ensuremath\heartsuit} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2662}{\ensuremath\diamondsuit} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2663}{\ensuremath\clubsuit} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{266D}{\ensuremath\flat} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{266E}{\ensuremath\natural} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{266F}{\ensuremath\sharp} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{26AA}{\ensuremath\bigcirc} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{27B9}{\ensuremath\rangle} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{27C2}{\ensuremath\perp} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{27E8}{\ensuremath\langle} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{27F5}{\ensuremath\longleftarrow} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{27F6}{\ensuremath\longrightarrow} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{27F7}{\ensuremath\longleftrightarrow} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{27FC}{\ensuremath\longmapsto} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{29F5}{\ensuremath\setminus} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2A00}{\ensuremath\bigodot} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2A01}{\ensuremath\bigoplus} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2A02}{\ensuremath\bigotimes} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2A04}{\ensuremath\biguplus} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2A06}{\ensuremath\bigsqcup} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2A1D}{\ensuremath\Join} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2A3F}{\ensuremath\amalg} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2AAF}{\ensuremath\preceq} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2AB0}{\ensuremath\succeq} + + \global\mathchardef\checkmark="1370 % actually the square root sign + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2713}{\ensuremath\checkmark} +}% end of \utfeightchardefs + +% US-ASCII character definitions. +\def\asciichardefs{% nothing need be done + \relax +} + +% Latin1 (ISO-8859-1) character definitions. +\def\nonasciistringdefs{% + \setnonasciicharscatcode\active + \def\defstringchar##1{\def##1{\string##1}}% + % + \defstringchar^^80\defstringchar^^81\defstringchar^^82\defstringchar^^83% + \defstringchar^^84\defstringchar^^85\defstringchar^^86\defstringchar^^87% + \defstringchar^^88\defstringchar^^89\defstringchar^^8a\defstringchar^^8b% + \defstringchar^^8c\defstringchar^^8d\defstringchar^^8e\defstringchar^^8f% + % + \defstringchar^^90\defstringchar^^91\defstringchar^^92\defstringchar^^93% + \defstringchar^^94\defstringchar^^95\defstringchar^^96\defstringchar^^97% + \defstringchar^^98\defstringchar^^99\defstringchar^^9a\defstringchar^^9b% + \defstringchar^^9c\defstringchar^^9d\defstringchar^^9e\defstringchar^^9f% + % + \defstringchar^^a0\defstringchar^^a1\defstringchar^^a2\defstringchar^^a3% + \defstringchar^^a4\defstringchar^^a5\defstringchar^^a6\defstringchar^^a7% + \defstringchar^^a8\defstringchar^^a9\defstringchar^^aa\defstringchar^^ab% + \defstringchar^^ac\defstringchar^^ad\defstringchar^^ae\defstringchar^^af% + % + \defstringchar^^b0\defstringchar^^b1\defstringchar^^b2\defstringchar^^b3% + \defstringchar^^b4\defstringchar^^b5\defstringchar^^b6\defstringchar^^b7% + \defstringchar^^b8\defstringchar^^b9\defstringchar^^ba\defstringchar^^bb% + \defstringchar^^bc\defstringchar^^bd\defstringchar^^be\defstringchar^^bf% + % + \defstringchar^^c0\defstringchar^^c1\defstringchar^^c2\defstringchar^^c3% + \defstringchar^^c4\defstringchar^^c5\defstringchar^^c6\defstringchar^^c7% + \defstringchar^^c8\defstringchar^^c9\defstringchar^^ca\defstringchar^^cb% + \defstringchar^^cc\defstringchar^^cd\defstringchar^^ce\defstringchar^^cf% + % + \defstringchar^^d0\defstringchar^^d1\defstringchar^^d2\defstringchar^^d3% + \defstringchar^^d4\defstringchar^^d5\defstringchar^^d6\defstringchar^^d7% + \defstringchar^^d8\defstringchar^^d9\defstringchar^^da\defstringchar^^db% + \defstringchar^^dc\defstringchar^^dd\defstringchar^^de\defstringchar^^df% + % + \defstringchar^^e0\defstringchar^^e1\defstringchar^^e2\defstringchar^^e3% + \defstringchar^^e4\defstringchar^^e5\defstringchar^^e6\defstringchar^^e7% + \defstringchar^^e8\defstringchar^^e9\defstringchar^^ea\defstringchar^^eb% + \defstringchar^^ec\defstringchar^^ed\defstringchar^^ee\defstringchar^^ef% + % + \defstringchar^^f0\defstringchar^^f1\defstringchar^^f2\defstringchar^^f3% + \defstringchar^^f4\defstringchar^^f5\defstringchar^^f6\defstringchar^^f7% + \defstringchar^^f8\defstringchar^^f9\defstringchar^^fa\defstringchar^^fb% + \defstringchar^^fc\defstringchar^^fd\defstringchar^^fe\defstringchar^^ff% +} + + +% define all the unicode characters we know about, for the sake of @U. +\utfeightchardefs + + +% Make non-ASCII characters printable again for compatibility with +% existing Texinfo documents that may use them, even without declaring a +% document encoding. +% +\setnonasciicharscatcode \other + + +\message{formatting,} + +\newdimen\defaultparindent \defaultparindent = 15pt + +\chapheadingskip = 15pt plus 4pt minus 2pt +\secheadingskip = 12pt plus 3pt minus 2pt +\subsecheadingskip = 9pt plus 2pt minus 2pt + +% Prevent underfull vbox error messages. +\vbadness = 10000 + +% Don't be very finicky about underfull hboxes, either. +\hbadness = 6666 + +% Following George Bush, get rid of widows and orphans. +\widowpenalty=10000 +\clubpenalty=10000 + +% Use TeX 3.0's \emergencystretch to help line breaking, but if we're +% using an old version of TeX, don't do anything. We want the amount of +% stretch added to depend on the line length, hence the dependence on +% \hsize. We call this whenever the paper size is set. +% +\def\setemergencystretch{% + \ifx\emergencystretch\thisisundefined + % Allow us to assign to \emergencystretch anyway. + \def\emergencystretch{\dimen0}% + \else + \emergencystretch = .15\hsize + \fi +} + +% Parameters in order: 1) textheight; 2) textwidth; +% 3) voffset; 4) hoffset; 5) binding offset; 6) topskip; +% 7) physical page height; 8) physical page width. +% +% We also call \setleading{\textleading}, so the caller should define +% \textleading. The caller should also set \parskip. +% +\def\internalpagesizes#1#2#3#4#5#6#7#8{% + \voffset = #3\relax + \topskip = #6\relax + \splittopskip = \topskip + % + \vsize = #1\relax + \advance\vsize by \topskip + \outervsize = \vsize + \advance\outervsize by 2\topandbottommargin + \pageheight = \vsize + % + \hsize = #2\relax + \outerhsize = \hsize + \advance\outerhsize by 0.5in + \pagewidth = \hsize + % + \normaloffset = #4\relax + \bindingoffset = #5\relax + % + \ifpdf + \pdfpageheight #7\relax + \pdfpagewidth #8\relax + % if we don't reset these, they will remain at "1 true in" of + % whatever layout pdftex was dumped with. + \pdfhorigin = 1 true in + \pdfvorigin = 1 true in + \fi + % + \setleading{\textleading} + % + \parindent = \defaultparindent + \setemergencystretch +} + +% @letterpaper (the default). +\def\letterpaper{{\globaldefs = 1 + \parskip = 3pt plus 2pt minus 1pt + \textleading = 13.2pt + % + % If page is nothing but text, make it come out even. + \internalpagesizes{607.2pt}{6in}% that's 46 lines + {\voffset}{.25in}% + {\bindingoffset}{36pt}% + {11in}{8.5in}% +}} + +% Use @smallbook to reset parameters for 7x9.25 trim size. +\def\smallbook{{\globaldefs = 1 + \parskip = 2pt plus 1pt + \textleading = 12pt + % + \internalpagesizes{7.5in}{5in}% + {-.2in}{0in}% + {\bindingoffset}{16pt}% + {9.25in}{7in}% + % + \lispnarrowing = 0.3in + \tolerance = 700 + \hfuzz = 1pt + \contentsrightmargin = 0pt + \defbodyindent = .5cm +}} + +% Use @smallerbook to reset parameters for 6x9 trim size. +% (Just testing, parameters still in flux.) +\def\smallerbook{{\globaldefs = 1 + \parskip = 1.5pt plus 1pt + \textleading = 12pt + % + \internalpagesizes{7.4in}{4.8in}% + {-.2in}{-.4in}% + {0pt}{14pt}% + {9in}{6in}% + % + \lispnarrowing = 0.25in + \tolerance = 700 + \hfuzz = 1pt + \contentsrightmargin = 0pt + \defbodyindent = .4cm +}} + +% Use @afourpaper to print on European A4 paper. +\def\afourpaper{{\globaldefs = 1 + \parskip = 3pt plus 2pt minus 1pt + \textleading = 13.2pt + % + % Double-side printing via postscript on Laserjet 4050 + % prints double-sided nicely when \bindingoffset=10mm and \hoffset=-6mm. + % To change the settings for a different printer or situation, adjust + % \normaloffset until the front-side and back-side texts align. Then + % do the same for \bindingoffset. You can set these for testing in + % your texinfo source file like this: + % @tex + % \global\normaloffset = -6mm + % \global\bindingoffset = 10mm + % @end tex + \internalpagesizes{673.2pt}{160mm}% that's 51 lines + {\voffset}{\hoffset}% + {\bindingoffset}{44pt}% + {297mm}{210mm}% + % + \tolerance = 700 + \hfuzz = 1pt + \contentsrightmargin = 0pt + \defbodyindent = 5mm +}} + +% Use @afivepaper to print on European A5 paper. +% From romildo@urano.iceb.ufop.br, 2 July 2000. +% He also recommends making @example and @lisp be small. +\def\afivepaper{{\globaldefs = 1 + \parskip = 2pt plus 1pt minus 0.1pt + \textleading = 12.5pt + % + \internalpagesizes{160mm}{120mm}% + {\voffset}{\hoffset}% + {\bindingoffset}{8pt}% + {210mm}{148mm}% + % + \lispnarrowing = 0.2in + \tolerance = 800 + \hfuzz = 1.2pt + \contentsrightmargin = 0pt + \defbodyindent = 2mm + \tableindent = 12mm +}} + +% A specific text layout, 24x15cm overall, intended for A4 paper. +\def\afourlatex{{\globaldefs = 1 + \afourpaper + \internalpagesizes{237mm}{150mm}% + {\voffset}{4.6mm}% + {\bindingoffset}{7mm}% + {297mm}{210mm}% + % + % Must explicitly reset to 0 because we call \afourpaper. + \globaldefs = 0 +}} + +% Use @afourwide to print on A4 paper in landscape format. +\def\afourwide{{\globaldefs = 1 + \afourpaper + \internalpagesizes{241mm}{165mm}% + {\voffset}{-2.95mm}% + {\bindingoffset}{7mm}% + {297mm}{210mm}% + \globaldefs = 0 +}} + +% @pagesizes TEXTHEIGHT[,TEXTWIDTH] +% Perhaps we should allow setting the margins, \topskip, \parskip, +% and/or leading, also. Or perhaps we should compute them somehow. +% +\parseargdef\pagesizes{\pagesizesyyy #1,,\finish} +\def\pagesizesyyy#1,#2,#3\finish{{% + \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}\ifdim\wd0 > 0pt \hsize=#2\relax \fi + \globaldefs = 1 + % + \parskip = 3pt plus 2pt minus 1pt + \setleading{\textleading}% + % + \dimen0 = #1\relax + \advance\dimen0 by \voffset + % + \dimen2 = \hsize + \advance\dimen2 by \normaloffset + % + \internalpagesizes{#1}{\hsize}% + {\voffset}{\normaloffset}% + {\bindingoffset}{44pt}% + {\dimen0}{\dimen2}% +}} + +% Set default to letter. +% +\letterpaper + + +\message{and turning on texinfo input format.} + +\def^^L{\par} % remove \outer, so ^L can appear in an @comment + +% DEL is a comment character, in case @c does not suffice. +\catcode`\^^? = 14 + +% Define macros to output various characters with catcode for normal text. +\catcode`\"=\other \def\normaldoublequote{"} +\catcode`\$=\other \def\normaldollar{$}%$ font-lock fix +\catcode`\+=\other \def\normalplus{+} +\catcode`\<=\other \def\normalless{<} +\catcode`\>=\other \def\normalgreater{>} +\catcode`\^=\other \def\normalcaret{^} +\catcode`\_=\other \def\normalunderscore{_} +\catcode`\|=\other \def\normalverticalbar{|} +\catcode`\~=\other \def\normaltilde{~} + +% This macro is used to make a character print one way in \tt +% (where it can probably be output as-is), and another way in other fonts, +% where something hairier probably needs to be done. +% +% #1 is what to print if we are indeed using \tt; #2 is what to print +% otherwise. Since all the Computer Modern typewriter fonts have zero +% interword stretch (and shrink), and it is reasonable to expect all +% typewriter fonts to have this, we can check that font parameter. +% +\def\ifusingtt#1#2{\ifdim \fontdimen3\font=0pt #1\else #2\fi} + +% Same as above, but check for italic font. Actually this also catches +% non-italic slanted fonts since it is impossible to distinguish them from +% italic fonts. But since this is only used by $ and it uses \sl anyway +% this is not a problem. +\def\ifusingit#1#2{\ifdim \fontdimen1\font>0pt #1\else #2\fi} + +% Turn off all special characters except @ +% (and those which the user can use as if they were ordinary). +% Most of these we simply print from the \tt font, but for some, we can +% use math or other variants that look better in normal text. + +\catcode`\"=\active +\def\activedoublequote{{\tt\char34}} +\let"=\activedoublequote +\catcode`\~=\active \def\activetilde{{\tt\char126}} \let~ = \activetilde +\chardef\hatchar=`\^ +\catcode`\^=\active \def\activehat{{\tt \hatchar}} \let^ = \activehat + +\catcode`\_=\active +\def_{\ifusingtt\normalunderscore\_} +\let\realunder=_ +% Subroutine for the previous macro. +\def\_{\leavevmode \kern.07em \vbox{\hrule width.3em height.1ex}\kern .07em } + +\catcode`\|=\active +\def|{{\tt\char124}} + +\chardef \less=`\< +\catcode`\<=\active \def\activeless{{\tt \less}}\let< = \activeless +\chardef \gtr=`\> +\catcode`\>=\active \def\activegtr{{\tt \gtr}}\let> = \activegtr +\catcode`\+=\active \def+{{\tt \char 43}} +\catcode`\$=\active \def${\ifusingit{{\sl\$}}\normaldollar}%$ font-lock fix +\catcode`\-=\active \let-=\normaldash + + +% used for headline/footline in the output routine, in case the page +% breaks in the middle of an @tex block. +\def\texinfochars{% + \let< = \activeless + \let> = \activegtr + \let~ = \activetilde + \let^ = \activehat + \markupsetuplqdefault \markupsetuprqdefault + \let\b = \strong + \let\i = \smartitalic + % in principle, all other definitions in \tex have to be undone too. +} + +% Used sometimes to turn off (effectively) the active characters even after +% parsing them. +\def\turnoffactive{% + \normalturnoffactive + \otherbackslash +} + +\catcode`\@=0 + +% \backslashcurfont outputs one backslash character in current font, +% as in \char`\\. +\global\chardef\backslashcurfont=`\\ +\global\let\rawbackslashxx=\backslashcurfont % let existing .??s files work + +% \realbackslash is an actual character `\' with catcode other, and +% \doublebackslash is two of them (for the pdf outlines). +{\catcode`\\=\other @gdef@realbackslash{\} @gdef@doublebackslash{\\}} + +% In Texinfo, backslash is an active character; it prints the backslash +% in fixed width font. +\catcode`\\=\active % @ for escape char from now on. + +% Print a typewriter backslash. For math mode, we can't simply use +% \backslashcurfont: the story here is that in math mode, the \char +% of \backslashcurfont ends up printing the roman \ from the math symbol +% font (because \char in math mode uses the \mathcode, and plain.tex +% sets \mathcode`\\="026E). Hence we use an explicit \mathchar, +% which is the decimal equivalent of "715c (class 7, e.g., use \fam; +% ignored family value; char position "5C). We can't use " for the +% usual hex value because it has already been made active. + +@def@ttbackslash{{@tt @ifmmode @mathchar29020 @else @backslashcurfont @fi}} +@let@backslashchar = @ttbackslash % @backslashchar{} is for user documents. + +% \rawbackslash defines an active \ to do \backslashcurfont. +% \otherbackslash defines an active \ to be a literal `\' character with +% catcode other. We switch back and forth between these. +@gdef@rawbackslash{@let\=@backslashcurfont} +@gdef@otherbackslash{@let\=@realbackslash} + +% Same as @turnoffactive except outputs \ as {\tt\char`\\} instead of +% the literal character `\'. +% +{@catcode`- = @active + @gdef@normalturnoffactive{% + @nonasciistringdefs + @let-=@normaldash + @let"=@normaldoublequote + @let$=@normaldollar %$ font-lock fix + @let+=@normalplus + @let<=@normalless + @let>=@normalgreater + @let^=@normalcaret + @let_=@normalunderscore + @let|=@normalverticalbar + @let~=@normaltilde + @let\=@ttbackslash + @markupsetuplqdefault + @markupsetuprqdefault + @unsepspaces + } +} + +% If a .fmt file is being used, characters that might appear in a file +% name cannot be active until we have parsed the command line. +% So turn them off again, and have @fixbackslash turn them back on. +@catcode`+=@other @catcode`@_=@other + +% \enablebackslashhack - allow file to begin `\input texinfo' +% +% If a .fmt file is being used, we don't want the `\input texinfo' to show up. +% That is what \eatinput is for; after that, the `\' should revert to printing +% a backslash. +% If the file did not have a `\input texinfo', then it is turned off after +% the first line; otherwise the first `\' in the file would cause an error. +% This is used on the very last line of this file, texinfo.tex. +% We also use @c to call @fixbackslash, in case ends of lines are hidden. +{ +@catcode`@^=7 +@catcode`@^^M=13@gdef@enablebackslashhack{% + @global@let\ = @eatinput% + @catcode`@^^M=13% + @def@c{@fixbackslash@c}% + @def ^^M{@let^^M@secondlinenl}% + @gdef @secondlinenl{@let^^M@thirdlinenl}% + @gdef @thirdlinenl{@fixbackslash}% +}} + +{@catcode`@^=7 @catcode`@^^M=13% +@gdef@eatinput input texinfo#1^^M{@fixbackslash}} + +@gdef@fixbackslash{% + @ifx\@eatinput @let\ = @ttbackslash @fi + @catcode13=5 % regular end of line + @let@c=@texinfoc + % Also turn back on active characters that might appear in the input + % file name, in case not using a pre-dumped format. + @catcode`+=@active + @catcode`@_=@active + % + % If texinfo.cnf is present on the system, read it. + % Useful for site-wide @afourpaper, etc. This macro, @fixbackslash, gets + % called at the beginning of every Texinfo file. Not opening texinfo.cnf + % directly in this file, texinfo.tex, makes it possible to make a format + % file for Texinfo. + % + @openin 1 texinfo.cnf + @ifeof 1 @else @input texinfo.cnf @fi + @closein 1 +} + + +% Say @foo, not \foo, in error messages. +@escapechar = `@@ + +% These (along with & and #) are made active for url-breaking, so need +% active definitions as the normal characters. +@def@normaldot{.} +@def@normalquest{?} +@def@normalslash{/} + +% These look ok in all fonts, so just make them not special. +% @hashchar{} gets its own user-level command, because of #line. +@catcode`@& = @other @def@normalamp{&} +@catcode`@# = @other @def@normalhash{#} +@catcode`@% = @other @def@normalpercent{%} + +@let @hashchar = @normalhash + +@c Finally, make ` and ' active, so that txicodequoteundirected and +@c txicodequotebacktick work right in, e.g., @w{@code{`foo'}}. If we +@c don't make ` and ' active, @code will not get them as active chars. +@c Do this last of all since we use ` in the previous @catcode assignments. +@catcode`@'=@active +@catcode`@`=@active +@markupsetuplqdefault +@markupsetuprqdefault + +@c Local variables: +@c eval: (add-hook 'write-file-hooks 'time-stamp) +@c page-delimiter: "^\\\\message\\|emacs-page" +@c time-stamp-start: "def\\\\texinfoversion{" +@c time-stamp-format: "%:y-%02m-%02d.%02H" +@c time-stamp-end: "}" +@c End: + +@c vim:sw=2: + +@ignore + arch-tag: e1b36e32-c96e-4135-a41a-0b2efa2ea115 +@end ignore +@enablebackslashhack diff --git a/doc/version.texi b/doc/version.texi new file mode 100644 index 0000000..175aa07 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/version.texi @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +@ignore +Copyright (C) 1988-2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +@end ignore + +@set LASTCHANGE Mon Sep 19 11:13:51 EDT 2022 + +@set EDITION 5.2 +@set VERSION 5.2 + +@set UPDATED 19 September 2022 +@set UPDATED-MONTH September 2022 -- cgit v1.2.3