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528 Q .032(The follo)108 544.8 R .032(wing paragraphs describe ho)-.25 F
(w)-.25 E F1(bash)2.532 E F0 -.15(exe)2.532 G .032
(cutes its startup \214les.).15 F .032(If an)5.032 F 2.532(yo)-.15 G
2.532(ft)-2.532 G .032(he \214les e)-2.532 F .033(xist b)-.15 F .033
(ut cannot be)-.2 F(read,)108 556.8 Q F1(bash)2.6 E F0 .1
(reports an error)2.6 F 5.1(.T)-.55 G .1(ildes are e)-5.45 F .099
(xpanded in \214lenames as described belo)-.15 F 2.599(wu)-.25 G(nder)
-2.599 E F1 -.18(Ti)2.599 G .099(lde Expansion).18 F F0(in)2.599 E(the)
108 568.8 Q F3(EXP)2.5 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(section.)2.25 E(When)108
585.6 Q F1(bash)2.895 E F0 .395(is in)2.895 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G
2.895(da).1 G 2.895(sa)-2.895 G 2.895(ni)-2.895 G(nteracti)-2.895 E .695
-.15(ve l)-.25 H .396(ogin shell, or as a non-interacti).15 F .696 -.15
(ve s)-.25 H .396(hell with the).15 F F1(\255\255login)2.896 E F0 .396
(option, it)2.896 F 1.334(\214rst reads and e)108 597.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
1.334(cutes commands from the \214le).15 F F2(/etc/pr)3.834 E(o\214le)
-.45 E F0 3.834(,i)C 3.833(ft)-3.834 G 1.333(hat \214le e)-3.833 F 3.833
(xists. After)-.15 F 1.333(reading that \214le, it)3.833 F .248
(looks for)108 609.6 R F2(~/.bash_pr)2.748 E(o\214le)-.45 E F0(,)A F2
(~/.bash_lo)2.748 E(gin)-.1 E F0 2.748(,a)C(nd)-2.748 E F2(~/.pr)2.748 E
(o\214le)-.45 E F0 2.748(,i)C 2.749(nt)-2.748 G .249(hat order)-2.749 F
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(cutes commands from).15 F .076(the \214rst one that e)108 621.6 R .076
(xists and is readable.)-.15 F(The)5.076 E F1(\255\255nopr)2.576 E
(o\214le)-.18 E F0 .076
(option may be used when the shell is started to in-)2.576 F
(hibit this beha)108 633.6 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E 1.104
(When an interacti)108 650.4 R 1.404 -.15(ve l)-.25 H 1.104
(ogin shell e).15 F 1.104(xits, or a non-interacti)-.15 F 1.404 -.15
(ve l)-.25 H 1.104(ogin shell e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.104(cutes the).15
F F1(exit)3.604 E F0 -.2(bu)3.604 G 1.104(iltin command,).2 F F1(bash)
108 662.4 Q F0(reads and e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cutes commands from the \214le).15 E F2(~/.bash_lo)2.5 E(gout)-.1 E F0
2.5(,i)C 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(te)-2.5 G(xists.)-2.65 E 1.698
(When an interacti)108 679.2 R 1.998 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.698
(hell that is not a login shell is started,).15 F F1(bash)4.197 E F0
1.697(reads and e)4.197 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.697(cutes commands from).15 F
F2(~/.bashr)108 691.2 Q(c)-.37 E F0 2.535(,i)C 2.535(ft)-2.535 G .035
(hat \214le e)-2.535 F 2.535(xists. This)-.15 F .036
(may be inhibited by using the)2.535 F F1<adad6e6f72>2.536 E(c)-.18 E F0
2.536(option. The)2.536 F F1<adad72>2.536 E(c\214le)-.18 E F2(\214le)
2.536 E F0 .036(option will)2.536 F(force)108 703.2 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0
(to read and e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute commands from).15 E F2(\214le)
2.5 E F0(instead of)2.5 E F2(~/.bashr)2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(.)A(When)108 720
Q F1(bash)5.306 E F0 2.806(is started non-interacti)5.306 F -.15(ve)-.25
G(ly).15 E 5.306(,t)-.65 G 5.306(or)-5.306 G 2.806
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F(ariable)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(2)
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SF -.27(BA)108 84 S(SH_ENV).27 E F0 1.01(in the en)3.26 F 1.01
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(xe)-.15 G(cute.).15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Bash)5 E F0(beha)2.5 E -.15
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(TH)-.189 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G
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F2(bash)3.417 E F0 .917(is in)3.417 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.417(dw)
.1 G .917(ith the name)-3.417 F F2(sh)3.417 E F0 3.417(,i)C 3.417(tt)
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(vior of historical v)-.2 F .917(ersions of)-.15 F F2(sh)3.417 E F0(as)
3.417 E .145
(closely as possible, while conforming to the POSIX standard as well.)
108 160.8 R .145(When in)5.145 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.645(da).1 G
2.645(sa)-2.645 G 2.645(ni)-2.645 G(nteracti)-2.645 E .445 -.15(ve l)
-.25 H(ogin).15 E 1.264(shell, or a non-interacti)108 172.8 R 1.564 -.15
(ve s)-.25 H 1.264(hell with the).15 F F2(\255\255login)3.764 E F0 1.264
(option, it \214rst attempts to read and e)3.764 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.263
(cute commands).15 F(from)108 184.8 Q/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(/etc/pr)
4.173 E(o\214le)-.45 E F0(and)3.203 E F4(~/.pr)2.523 E(o\214le)-.45 E F0
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(option may be used to inhibit this beha)3.024 F(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E
.418(When in)108 196.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.918(da).1 G 2.918
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.418(hell with the name).15 F F2(sh)2.918 E F0(,)A F2(bash)2.918 E F0
.418(looks for the v)2.918 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(ENV)2.918 E/F5 9
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-.25 E .171(if it is de\214ned, and uses the e)108 208.8 R .171
(xpanded v)-.15 F .171(alue as the name of a \214le to read and e)-.25 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G 2.671(cute. Since).15 F 2.671(as)2.671 G .171(hell in)
-2.671 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E(as)108 220.8 Q F2(sh)3.081 E F0
.581(does not attempt to read and e)3.081 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .581
(cute commands from an).15 F 3.08(yo)-.15 G .58
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.58(option has)3.08 F .182(no ef)108 232.8 R 2.682(fect. A)-.25 F
(non-interacti)2.682 E .482 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .182(hell in).15 F -.2(vo)
-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.682(dw).1 G .182(ith the name)-2.682 F F2(sh)2.682 E
F0 .182(does not attempt to read an)2.682 F 2.683(yo)-.15 G .183
(ther startup \214les.)-2.683 F(When in)108 244.8 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke)
.2 G 2.5(da).1 G(s)-2.5 E F2(sh)2.5 E F0(,)A F2(bash)2.5 E F0(enters)2.5
E F4(posix)3.75 E F0(mode after the startup \214les are read.)3.03 E
(When)108 261.6 Q F2(bash)2.727 E F0 .226(is started in)2.727 F F4
(posix)3.976 E F0 .226(mode, as with the)3.256 F F2(\255\255posix)2.726
E F0 .226(command line option, it follo)2.726 F .226(ws the POSIX stan-)
-.25 F .341(dard for startup \214les.)108 273.6 R .341
(In this mode, interacti)5.341 F .641 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .341(hells e).15
F .341(xpand the)-.15 F F1(ENV)2.841 E F0 -.25(va)2.591 G .342
(riable and commands are read and).25 F -.15(exe)108 285.6 S
(cuted from the \214le whose name is the e).15 E(xpanded v)-.15 E 2.5
(alue. No)-.25 F(other startup \214les are read.)2.5 E F2(Bash)108 302.4
Q F0 .224(attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard \
input connected to a netw)2.724 F .223(ork connection,)-.1 F .521
(as when e)108 314.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .521
(cuted by the historical remote shell daemon, usually).15 F F4 -.1(rs)
3.021 G(hd).1 E F0 3.021(,o)C 3.021(rt)-3.021 G .521
(he secure shell daemon)-3.021 F F4(sshd)3.022 E F0 5.522(.I)C(f)-5.522
E F2(bash)108 326.4 Q F0 1.523(determines it is being run non-interacti)
4.023 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.523(ly in this f).15 F 1.522
(ashion, it reads and e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.522(cutes commands from)
.15 F F4(~/.bashr)108 338.4 Q(c)-.37 E F0 2.847(,i)C 2.847(ft)-2.847 G
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(It will not do this if in)5.347 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.848(da).1
G(s)-2.848 E F2(sh)2.848 E F0 5.348(.T)C(he)-5.348 E F2<adad6e6f72>2.848
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108 350.4 R(vior)-.2 E 3.11(,a)-.4 G .61(nd the)-3.11 F F2<adad72>3.11 E
(c\214le)-.18 E F0 .609
(option may be used to force another \214le to be read, b)3.11 F .609
(ut nei-)-.2 F(ther)108 362.4 Q F4 -.1(rs)2.5 G(hd).1 E F0(nor)2.5 E F4
(sshd)2.5 E F0(generally in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .2 -.1(ke t).2 H
(he shell with those options or allo).1 E 2.5(wt)-.25 G
(hem to be speci\214ed.)-2.5 E .433(If the shell is started with the ef)
108 379.2 R(fecti)-.25 E .733 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .433
(ser \(group\) id not equal to the real user \(group\) id, and the).15 F
F2<ad70>2.934 E F0(op-)2.934 E 1.124(tion is not supplied, no startup \
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391.2 R 1.124(vironment, the)-.4 F F1(SHELLOPTS)108 403.2 Q F5(,)A F1
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E 1.205 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .904(ser id is set to the real user id.).15 F
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3.404 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .904(cation, the).2 F(startup beha)108 427.2 Q
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-.25 H(ser id is not reset.).15 E/F6 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(DEFINITIONS)
72 444 Q F0(The follo)108 456 Q
(wing de\214nitions are used throughout the rest of this document.)-.25
E F2(blank)108 468 Q F0 2.5(As)144 468 S(pace or tab)-2.5 E(.)-.4 E F2
-.1(wo)108 480 S(rd).1 E F0 2.5(As)144 480 S
(equence of characters considered as a single unit by the shell.)-2.5 E
(Also kno)5 E(wn as a)-.25 E F2(tok)2.5 E(en)-.1 E F0(.)A F2(name)108
492 Q F0(A)144 492 Q F4(wor)3.005 E(d)-.37 E F0 .165
(consisting only of alphanumeric characters and underscores, and be)
3.435 F .166(ginning with an alpha-)-.15 F
(betic character or an underscore.)144 504 Q(Also referred to as an)5 E
F2(identi\214er)2.5 E F0(.)A F2(metacharacter)108 516 Q F0 2.5(Ac)144
528 S(haracter that, when unquoted, separates w)-2.5 E 2.5(ords. One)-.1
F(of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E F2 5(|&;\(\)<>s)144 540 S 2.5
(pace tab newline)-5 F(contr)108 552 Q(ol operator)-.18 E F0(A)144 564 Q
F4(tok)2.5 E(en)-.1 E F0(that performs a control function.)2.5 E
(It is one of the follo)5 E(wing symbols:)-.25 E F2 2.5
(|| & && ; ;; ;& ;;& \( \) | |&)144 576 R(<newline>)10 E F6(RESER)72
592.8 Q(VED W)-.602 E(ORDS)-.11 E F4 .307(Reserved wor)108 604.8 R(ds)
-.37 E F0 .307(are w)2.807 F .307(ords that ha)-.1 F .607 -.15(ve a s)
-.2 H .306(pecial meaning to the shell.).15 F .306(The follo)5.306 F
.306(wing w)-.25 F .306(ords are recognized as)-.1 F(reserv)108 616.8 Q
.313(ed when unquoted and either the \214rst w)-.15 F .314
(ord of a command \(see)-.1 F F1 .314(SHELL GRAMMAR)2.814 F F0(belo)
2.564 E .314(w\), the third)-.25 F -.1(wo)108 628.8 S .644(rd of a).1 F
F2(case)3.144 E F0(or)3.144 E F2(select)3.143 E F0 .643(command \(only)
3.143 F F2(in)3.143 E F0 .643(is v)3.143 F .643(alid\), or the third w)
-.25 F .643(ord of a)-.1 F F2 -.25(fo)3.143 G(r).25 E F0 .643
(command \(only)3.143 F F2(in)3.143 E F0(and)3.143 E F2(do)3.143 E F0
(are v)108 640.8 Q(alid\):)-.25 E F2 11.295(!c)144 657.6 S 8.795
(ase copr)-11.295 F 8.795(oc do done elif else esac \214 f)-.18 F 8.795
(or function if in select then)-.25 F 7.5(until while { } time [[ ]])144
669.6 R F6(SHELL GRAMMAR)72 686.4 Q F0
(This section describes the syntax of the v)108 698.4 Q
(arious forms of shell commands.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q
(2022 September 19)135.955 E(3)190.115 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(Simple Commands)87 84 Q F0(A)108 96 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .389
(simple command)2.889 F F0 .389(is a sequence of optional v)2.889 F .388
(ariable assignments follo)-.25 F .388(wed by)-.25 F F1(blank)2.888 E F0
.388(-separated w)B .388(ords and)-.1 F .815
(redirections, and terminated by a)108 108 R F2(contr)3.315 E .815
(ol oper)-.45 F(ator)-.15 E F0 5.815(.T)C .815(he \214rst w)-5.815 F
.816(ord speci\214es the command to be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15
E(and is passed as ar)108 120 Q(gument zero.)-.18 E(The remaining w)5 E
(ords are passed as ar)-.1 E(guments to the in)-.18 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1
(ke).2 G 2.5(dc).1 G(ommand.)-2.5 E(The return v)108 136.8 Q(alue of a)
-.25 E F2(simple command)2.5 E F0(is its e)2.5 E(xit status, or 128+)
-.15 E F2(n)A F0(if the command is terminated by signal)3.333 E F2(n)
2.86 E F0(.).24 E F1(Pipelines)87 153.6 Q F0(A)108 165.6 Q F2(pipeline)
2.996 E F0 .496(is a sequence of one or more commands separated by one \
of the control operators)2.996 F F1(|)2.996 E F0(or)2.996 E F1(|&)2.996
E F0 5.496(.T)C(he)-5.496 E(format for a pipeline is:)108 177.6 Q([)144
194.4 Q F1(time)A F0([)2.5 E F1<ad70>A F0(]] [ ! ])A F2(command1)2.5 E
F0 2.5([[)2.5 G F1(|)-2.5 E/F3 10/Symbol SF<ef>A F1(|&)A F0(])A F2
(command2)2.5 E F0(... ])2.5 E .799(The standard output of)108 211.2 R
F2(command1)3.499 E F0 .799
(is connected via a pipe to the standard input of)3.299 F F2(command2)
3.5 E F0 5.8(.T).02 G .8(his con-)-5.8 F .215
(nection is performed before an)108 223.2 R 2.715(yr)-.15 G .214
(edirections speci\214ed by the)-2.715 F F2(command1)2.914 E F0(\(see)A
/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)2.714 E F0(belo)2.464 E 2.714(w\). If)
-.25 F F1(|&)2.714 E F0 .126(is used,)108 235.2 R F2(command1)2.626 E F0
1.226 -.55('s s)D .126(tandard error).55 F 2.626(,i)-.4 G 2.626(na)
-2.626 G .126(ddition to its standard output, is connected to)-2.626 F
F2(command2)2.626 E F0 1.226 -.55('s s)D(tandard).55 E .028
(input through the pipe; it is shorthand for)108 247.2 R F1 .028(2>&1 |)
2.528 F F0 5.028(.T)C .028
(his implicit redirection of the standard error to the stan-)-5.028 F
(dard output is performed after an)108 259.2 Q 2.5(yr)-.15 G
(edirections speci\214ed by)-2.5 E F2(command1)2.5 E F0(.)A .48
(The return status of a pipeline is the e)108 276 R .48
(xit status of the last command, unless the)-.15 F F1(pipefail)2.98 E F0
.48(option is enabled.)2.98 F(If)108 288 Q F1(pipefail)2.687 E F0 .187
(is enabled, the pipeline')2.687 F 2.687(sr)-.55 G .186
(eturn status is the v)-2.687 F .186
(alue of the last \(rightmost\) command to e)-.25 F .186(xit with a)-.15
F .61(non-zero status, or zero if all commands e)108 300 R .611
(xit successfully)-.15 F 5.611(.I)-.65 G 3.111(ft)-5.611 G .611
(he reserv)-3.111 F .611(ed w)-.15 F(ord)-.1 E F1(!)3.111 E F0 .611
(precedes a pipeline, the)5.611 F -.15(ex)108 312 S .55
(it status of that pipeline is the logical ne).15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .55
(tion of the e).05 F .55(xit status as described abo)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15
G 5.55(.T).15 G .55(he shell w)-5.55 F .55(aits for)-.1 F
(all commands in the pipeline to terminate before returning a v)108 324
Q(alue.)-.25 E .298(If the)108 340.8 R F1(time)2.799 E F0(reserv)2.799 E
.299(ed w)-.15 F .299(ord precedes a pipeline, the elapsed as well as u\
ser and system time consumed by its)-.1 F -.15(exe)108 352.8 S .14
(cution are reported when the pipeline terminates.).15 F(The)5.139 E F1
<ad70>2.639 E F0 .139(option changes the output format to that spec-)
2.639 F .302(i\214ed by POSIX.)108 364.8 R .303(When the shell is in)
5.302 F F2 .303(posix mode)2.803 F F0 2.803(,i)C 2.803(td)-2.803 G .303
(oes not recognize)-2.803 F F1(time)2.803 E F0 .303(as a reserv)2.803 F
.303(ed w)-.15 F .303(ord if the ne)-.1 F(xt)-.15 E(tok)108 376.8 Q .736
(en be)-.1 F .736(gins with a `-'.)-.15 F(The)5.736 E F4(TIMEFORMA)3.236
E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.986 G .736
(riable may be set to a format string that speci\214es ho).25 F 3.235
(wt)-.25 G(he)-3.235 E .879
(timing information should be displayed; see the description of)108
388.8 R F4(TIMEFORMA)3.38 E(T)-.855 E F0(under)3.13 E F1 .88(Shell V)
3.38 F(ariables)-.92 E F0(be-)3.38 E(lo)108 400.8 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G .162
(When the shell is in)108 417.6 R F2 .162(posix mode)2.662 F F0(,)A F1
(time)2.662 E F0 .162(may be follo)2.662 F .161(wed by a ne)-.25 F 2.661
(wline. In)-.25 F .161(this case, the shell displays the to-)2.661 F
.243(tal user and system time consumed by the shell and its children.)
108 429.6 R(The)5.243 E F4(TIMEFORMA)2.743 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.493
G .243(riable may be used).25 F
(to specify the format of the time information.)108 441.6 Q .304(Each c\
ommand in a multi-command pipeline, where pipes are created, is e)108
458.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .303(cuted in a).15 F F2(subshell)2.803 E F0
2.803(,w)C .303(hich is a)-2.803 F .207(separate process.)108 470.4 R
(See)5.207 E F4 .208(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)2.708 F(ONMENT)-.27 E F0
.208(for a description of subshells and a sub-)2.458 F .927(shell en)108
482.4 R 3.427(vironment. If)-.4 F(the)3.427 E F1(lastpipe)3.427 E F0
.927(option is enabled using the)3.427 F F1(shopt)3.427 E F0 -.2(bu)
3.427 G .927(iltin \(see the description of).2 F F1(shopt)3.426 E F0
(belo)108 494.4 Q(w\), the last element of a pipeline may be run by the\
 shell process when job control is not acti)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15
E F1(Lists)87 511.2 Q F0(A)108 523.2 Q F2(list)2.849 E F0 .349(is a seq\
uence of one or more pipelines separated by one of the operators)2.849 F
F1(;)2.85 E F0(,)A F1(&)2.85 E F0(,)A F1(&&)2.85 E F0 2.85(,o)C(r)-2.85
E F1(||)2.85 E F0 2.85(,a)C .35(nd option-)-2.85 F
(ally terminated by one of)108 535.2 Q F1(;)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(&)2.5 E F0
2.5(,o)C(r)-2.5 E F1(<newline>)2.5 E F0(.)A .961
(Of these list operators,)108 552 R F1(&&)3.461 E F0(and)3.461 E F1(||)
3.461 E F0(ha)3.461 E 1.261 -.15(ve e)-.2 H .961(qual precedence, follo)
.15 F .96(wed by)-.25 F F1(;)3.46 E F0(and)3.46 E F1(&)3.46 E F0 3.46
(,w)C .96(hich ha)-3.46 F 1.26 -.15(ve e)-.2 H .96(qual prece-).15 F
(dence.)108 564 Q 2.5(As)108 580.8 S(equence of one or more ne)-2.5 E
(wlines may appear in a)-.25 E F2(list)2.5 E F0
(instead of a semicolon to delimit commands.)2.5 E .029
(If a command is terminated by the control operator)108 597.6 R F1(&)
2.529 E F0 2.529(,t)C .029(he shell e)-2.529 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .029
(cutes the command in the).15 F F2(bac)2.529 E(kgr)-.2 E(ound)-.45 E F0
(in)2.529 E 2.678(as)108 609.6 S 2.678(ubshell. The)-2.678 F .178
(shell does not w)2.678 F .178
(ait for the command to \214nish, and the return status is 0.)-.1 F .178
(These are referred)5.178 F .778(to as)108 621.6 R F2(async)3.278 E(hr)
-.15 E(onous)-.45 E F0 3.278(commands. Commands)3.278 F .779
(separated by a)3.278 F F1(;)3.279 E F0 .779(are e)3.279 F -.15(xe)-.15
G .779(cuted sequentially; the shell w).15 F .779(aits for)-.1 F
(each command to terminate in turn.)108 633.6 Q
(The return status is the e)5 E(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E
-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E .172(AND and OR lists are sequences of one \
or more pipelines separated by the)108 650.4 R F1(&&)2.671 E F0(and)
2.671 E F1(||)2.671 E F0 .171(control operators, re-)2.671 F(specti)108
662.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5(.A)-.65 G(ND and OR lists are e)-5 E
-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted with left associati).15 E(vity)-.25 E 5(.A)-.65 G
2.5(nA)-5 G(ND list has the form)-2.5 E F2(command1)144 679.2 Q F1(&&)
2.5 E F2(command2)2.5 E(command2)108.2 696 Q F0(is e)2.52 E -.15(xe)-.15
G(cuted if, and only if,).15 E F2(command1)2.7 E F0(returns an e)2.5 E
(xit status of zero \(success\).)-.15 E(An OR list has the form)108
712.8 Q F2(command1)144 729.6 Q F1(||)2.5 E F2(command2)2.5 E F0
(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(4)190.115 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(command2)108.2 84 Q F0 .434(is e)2.954 F -.15(xe)-.15
G .434(cuted if, and only if,).15 F F1(command1)3.135 E F0 .435
(returns a non-zero e)2.935 F .435(xit status.)-.15 F .435
(The return status of AND)5.435 F(and OR lists is the e)108 96 Q
(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuted in the list.).15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Compound Commands)87
112.8 Q F0(A)108 124.8 Q F1 1.054(compound command)3.554 F F0 1.054
(is one of the follo)3.554 F 3.553(wing. In)-.25 F 1.053(most cases a)
3.553 F F1(list)3.553 E F0 1.053(in a command')3.553 F 3.553(sd)-.55 G
1.053(escription may be)-3.553 F 1.026
(separated from the rest of the command by one or more ne)108 136.8 R
1.026(wlines, and may be follo)-.25 F 1.027(wed by a ne)-.25 F 1.027
(wline in)-.25 F(place of a semicolon.)108 148.8 Q(\()108 165.6 Q F1
(list)A F0(\))A F1(list)144 165.6 Q F0 .215(is e)2.715 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
.215(cuted in a subshell \(see).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .215
(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)2.715 F(ONMENT)-.27 E F0(belo)2.465 E 2.714(wf)
-.25 G .214(or a descrip-)-2.714 F .209(tion of a subshell en)144 177.6
R 2.709(vironment\). V)-.4 F .209(ariable assignments and b)-1.11 F .209
(uiltin commands that af)-.2 F .21(fect the shell')-.25 F(s)-.55 E(en)
144 189.6 Q 1.069(vironment do not remain in ef)-.4 F 1.069
(fect after the command completes.)-.25 F 1.068
(The return status is the e)6.069 F(xit)-.15 E(status of)144 201.6 Q F1
(list)2.5 E F0(.)A({)108 218.4 Q F1(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;})C F1(list)144
218.4 Q F0 .401(is simply e)2.901 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .401
(cuted in the current shell en).15 F(vironment.)-.4 E F1(list)5.401 E F0
.402(must be terminated with a ne)2.901 F .402(wline or)-.25 F 3.215
(semicolon. This)144 230.4 R .715(is kno)3.215 F .715(wn as a)-.25 F F1
(gr)3.215 E .715(oup command)-.45 F F0 5.715(.T)C .715
(he return status is the e)-5.715 F .714(xit status of)-.15 F F1(list)
3.214 E F0 5.714(.N)C(ote)-5.714 E .219(that unlik)144 242.4 R 2.719(et)
-.1 G .219(he metacharacters)-2.719 F F2(\()2.719 E F0(and)2.719 E F2
(\))2.719 E F0(,)A F2({)2.719 E F0(and)2.719 E F2(})2.719 E F0(are)2.719
E F1 -.37(re)2.72 G .22(served wor).37 F(ds)-.37 E F0 .22
(and must occur where a reserv)2.72 F(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)144 254.4 S .257
(rd is permitted to be recognized.).1 F .257(Since the)5.257 F 2.757(yd)
-.15 G 2.756(on)-2.757 G .256(ot cause a w)-2.756 F .256(ord break, the)
-.1 F 2.756(ym)-.15 G .256(ust be separated)-2.756 F(from)144 266.4 Q F1
(list)2.5 E F0(by whitespace or another shell metacharacter)2.5 E(.)-.55
E(\(\()108 283.2 Q F1 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(\)\))A(The)144
295.2 Q F1 -.2(ex)2.551 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 .051(is e)2.551 F
-.25(va)-.25 G .051(luated according to the rules described belo).25 F
2.552(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.552 E F3 .052(ARITHMETIC EV)2.552 F(ALU)-1.215 E
(A-)-.54 E(TION)144 307.2 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .411(If the v)
4.911 F .411(alue of the e)-.25 F .411(xpression is non-zero, the retur\
n status is 0; otherwise the return status)-.15 F .186(is 1.)144 319.2 R
(The)5.186 E F1 -.2(ex)2.686 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(under)2.686 E
.186(goes the same e)-.18 F .186
(xpansions as if it were within double quotes, b)-.15 F .187(ut double)
-.2 F(quote characters in)144 331.2 Q F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)
-.37 E F0(are not treated specially and are remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G
(d.).15 E F2([[)108 348 Q F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F2(]])
2.5 E F0 .003(Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the e)144 360 R
-.25(va)-.25 G .003(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E
F1 -.2(ex)2.503 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 5.003(.E)C(x-)-5.003 E .758
(pressions are composed of the primaries described belo)144 372 R 3.259
(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.259 E F3(CONDITION)3.259 E .759(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F
F4(.)A F0 .065(The w)144 384 R .065(ords between the)-.1 F F2([[)2.565 E
F0(and)2.565 E F2(]])2.565 E F0 .065(do not under)2.565 F .065(go w)-.18
F .065(ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F 2.565(xpansion. The)-.15 F
(shell)2.565 E .483(performs tilde e)144 396 R .483
(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .483(ariable e)-.25 F .483
(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F .483(xpansion, command sub-)-.15 F .201
(stitution, process substitution, and quote remo)144 408 R -.25(va)-.15
G 2.701(lo).25 G 2.701(nt)-2.701 G .201(hose w)-2.701 F .201
(ords \(the e)-.1 F .2(xpansions that w)-.15 F .2(ould occur)-.1 F .382
(if the w)144 420 R .382(ords were enclosed in double quotes\).)-.1 F
.382(Conditional operators such as)5.382 F F2<ad66>2.882 E F0 .382
(must be unquoted)2.882 F(to be recognized as primaries.)144 432 Q
(When used with)144 450 Q F2([[)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he)-2.5 E F2(<)2.5 E
F0(and)2.5 E F2(>)2.5 E F0(operators sort le)2.5 E
(xicographically using the current locale.)-.15 E .503(When the)144 468
R F2(==)3.003 E F0(and)3.002 E F2(!=)3.002 E F0 .502(operators are used\
, the string to the right of the operator is considered a pat-)3.002 F
.81(tern and matched according to the rules described belo)144 480 R
3.31(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.31 E F2 -.1(Pa)3.31 G(tter).1 E 3.31(nM)-.15 G
(atching)-3.31 E F0 3.31(,a)C 3.31(si)-3.31 G 3.31(ft)-3.31 G(he)-3.31 E
F2(ext-)3.31 E(glob)144 492 Q F0 .313(shell option were enabled.)2.814 F
(The)5.313 E F2(=)2.813 E F0 .313(operator is equi)2.813 F -.25(va)-.25
G .313(lent to).25 F F2(==)2.813 E F0 5.313(.I)C 2.813(ft)-5.313 G(he)
-2.813 E F2(nocasematch)2.813 E F0 .313(shell op-)2.813 F .029
(tion is enabled, the match is performed without re)144 504 R -.05(ga)
-.15 G .03(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F .03(The re-)
5.03 F .259(turn v)144 516 R .259(alue is 0 if the string matches \()
-.25 F F2(==)A F0 2.759(\)o)C 2.759(rd)-2.759 G .259(oes not match \()
-2.759 F F2(!=)A F0 2.759(\)t)C .259(he pattern, and 1 otherwise.)-2.759
F(An)5.258 E(y)-.15 E(part of the pattern may be quoted to force the qu\
oted portion to be matched as a string.)144 528 Q .243
(An additional binary operator)144 546 R(,)-.4 E F2(=~)2.743 E F0 2.743
(,i)C 2.743(sa)-2.743 G -.25(va)-2.943 G .243
(ilable, with the same precedence as).25 F F2(==)2.743 E F0(and)2.743 E
F2(!=)2.743 E F0 5.243(.W)C .243(hen it is)-5.243 F .182
(used, the string to the right of the operator is considered a POSIX e)
144 558 R .182(xtended re)-.15 F .181(gular e)-.15 F .181(xpression and)
-.15 F 2.623(matched accordingly \(using the POSIX)144 570 R F1 -.37(re)
5.124 G(gcomp)-.03 E F0(and)5.124 E F1 -.37(re)5.124 G -.1(ge)-.03 G
(xec)-.1 E F0(interf)5.124 E 2.624(aces usually described in)-.1 F F1
-.37(re)144 582 S -.1(ge)-.03 G(x)-.1 E F0 3.272(\(3\)\). The)B .772
(return v)3.272 F .772
(alue is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1 otherwise.)-.25 F
.771(If the re)5.771 F(gular)-.15 E -.15(ex)144 594 S .508
(pression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional e).15 F
(xpression')-.15 E 3.008(sr)-.55 G .509(eturn v)-3.008 F .509
(alue is 2.)-.25 F .509(If the)5.509 F F2(nocase-)3.009 E(match)144 606
Q F0 1.307(shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)
3.807 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 1.306(rd to the case of alphabetic).05 F 2.599
(characters. If)144 618 R(an)2.599 E 2.599(yp)-.15 G .099
(art of the pattern is quoted, the quoted portion is matched literally)
-2.599 F 5.1(.T)-.65 G .1(his means)-5.1 F -2.15 -.25(ev e)144 630 T
.032(ry character in the quoted portion matches itself, instead of ha)
.25 F .031(ving an)-.2 F 2.531(ys)-.15 G .031(pecial pattern matching)
-2.531 F 3.041(meaning. If)144 642 R .542
(the pattern is stored in a shell v)3.041 F .542(ariable, quoting the v)
-.25 F .542(ariable e)-.25 F .542(xpansion forces the en-)-.15 F 1.825
(tire pattern to be matched literally)144 654 R 6.825(.T)-.65 G 1.825
(reat brack)-7.175 F 1.825(et e)-.1 F 1.825(xpressions in re)-.15 F
1.825(gular e)-.15 F 1.825(xpressions carefully)-.15 F(,)-.65 E(since n\
ormal quoting and pattern characters lose their meanings between brack)
144 666 Q(ets.)-.1 E .838(The pattern will match if it matches an)144
684 R 3.338(yp)-.15 G .838(art of the string.)-3.338 F .839
(Anchor the pattern using the)5.839 F F2(^)3.339 E F0(and)3.339 E F2($)
3.339 E F0(re)144 696 Q .847(gular e)-.15 F .846
(xpression operators to force it to match the entire string.)-.15 F .846
(The array v)5.846 F(ariable)-.25 E F3 -.27(BA)3.346 G(SH_RE-).27 E(MA)
144 708 Q(TCH)-.855 E F0 .321
(records which parts of the string matched the pattern.)2.571 F .322
(The element of)5.322 F F3 -.27(BA)2.822 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E F0
.583(with inde)144 720 R 3.083(x0)-.15 G .582
(contains the portion of the string matching the entire re)-.001 F .582
(gular e)-.15 F 3.082(xpression. Substrings)-.15 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .249
(matched by parenthesized sube)144 84 R .249(xpressions within the re)
-.15 F .249(gular e)-.15 F .249(xpression are sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G
2.749(di).15 G 2.75(nt)-2.749 G .25(he remaining)-2.75 F/F1 9
/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA)144 96 S(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E F0 1.13
(indices. The element of)3.38 F F1 -.27(BA)3.63 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)
-.855 E F0 1.13(with inde)3.38 F(x)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.63
E F0 1.13(is the portion of the)3.63 F 1.125(string matching the)144 108
R F2(n)3.625 E F0 1.125(th parenthesized sube)B 3.625(xpression. Bash)
-.15 F(sets)3.626 E F1 -.27(BA)3.626 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E F0
1.126(in the global)3.376 F(scope; declaring it as a local v)144 120 Q
(ariable will lead to une)-.25 E(xpected results.)-.15 E .786
(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 138 R .785
(wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F(dence:)144
150 Q/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\()144 168 Q F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)
-.37 E F3(\))2.5 E F0 .522(Returns the v)180 180 R .522(alue of)-.25 F
F2 -.2(ex)3.022 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 5.522(.T)C .522
(his may be used to o)-5.522 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .522
(rride the normal precedence of).15 F(operators.)180 192 Q F3(!)144 204
Q F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 216 S(ue if).35 E
F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(is f)2.74 E(alse.)-.1 E F2 -.2
(ex)144 228 S(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F3(&&)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E
(ession2)-.37 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 240 S(ue if both).35 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G
(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F0(and)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)
-.37 E F0(are true.)2.52 E F2 -.2(ex)144 252 S(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F3
(||)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 264 S
(ue if either).35 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F0(or)2.5 E
F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0(is true.)2.52 E(The)144 280.8
Q F3(&&)2.676 E F0(and)2.676 E F3(||)2.676 E F0 .175(operators do not e)
2.676 F -.25(va)-.25 G(luate).25 E F2 -.2(ex)2.675 G(pr).2 E(ession2)
-.37 E F0 .175(if the v)2.675 F .175(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.2(ex)2.675 G
(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F0 .175(is suf)2.675 F .175(\214cient to de-)
-.25 F(termine the return v)144 292.8 Q
(alue of the entire conditional e)-.25 E(xpression.)-.15 E F3 -.25(fo)
108 309.6 S(r).25 E F2(name)2.5 E F0 2.5([[)2.5 G F3(in)A F0([)2.5 E F2
(wor)2.5 E 2.5(d.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0 2.5(]];])2.5 G F3(do)A F2(list)2.5
E F0(;)2.5 E F3(done)2.5 E F0 .423(The list of w)144 321.6 R .423
(ords follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F3(in)2.923 E F0 .423(is e)2.923 F .423
(xpanded, generating a list of items.)-.15 F .424(The v)5.424 F(ariable)
-.25 E F2(name)2.924 E F0 .424(is set to)2.924 F .653
(each element of this list in turn, and)144 333.6 R F2(list)3.153 E F0
.653(is e)3.153 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .653(cuted each time.).15 F .653
(If the)5.653 F F3(in)3.153 E F2(wor)3.153 E(d)-.37 E F0 .653
(is omitted, the)3.153 F F3 -.25(fo)3.153 G(r).25 E F0 .648(command e)
144 345.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(list)3.148 E F0 .648
(once for each positional parameter that is set \(see)3.148 F F1 -.666
(PA)3.149 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.899 E(w\).)-.25 E .154
(The return status is the e)144 357.6 R .153
(xit status of the last command that e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.653
(cutes. If).15 F .153(the e)2.653 F .153(xpansion of the items)-.15 F
(follo)144 369.6 Q(wing)-.25 E F3(in)2.5 E F0
(results in an empty list, no commands are e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuted, and the return status is 0.).15 E F3 -.25(fo)108 386.4 S(r).25 E
F0(\(\()2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(;)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2
E F0(;)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr3).2 E F0(\)\) ;)2.5 E F3(do)2.5 E F2
(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F3(done)2.5 E F0 1.235(First, the arithmetic e)
144 398.4 R(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.735 G(pr1).2 E F0 1.235(is e)
3.735 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.236
(luated according to the rules described belo).25 F 3.736(wu)-.25 G
(nder)-3.736 E F1 .562(ARITHMETIC EV)144 410.4 R(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)
-.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .562(The arithmetic e)
5.062 F(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.062 G(pr2).2 E F0 .561(is then e)
3.061 F -.25(va)-.25 G .561(luated repeatedly until).25 F .591(it e)144
422.4 R -.25(va)-.25 G .591(luates to zero.).25 F .592(Each time)5.591 F
F2 -.2(ex)3.092 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.25(eva)3.092 G .592
(luates to a non-zero v).25 F(alue,)-.25 E F2(list)3.092 E F0 .592(is e)
3.092 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .592(cuted and the arith-).15 F .229(metic e)144
434.4 R(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)2.729 G(pr3).2 E F0 .229(is e)2.729 F
-.25(va)-.25 G 2.729(luated. If).25 F(an)2.729 E 2.729(ye)-.15 G .229
(xpression is omitted, it beha)-2.879 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.729(sa).15 G
2.729(si)-2.729 G 2.729(fi)-2.729 G 2.728(te)-2.729 G -.25(va)-2.978 G
.228(luates to 1.).25 F .227(The return v)144 446.4 R .227
(alue is the e)-.25 F .227(xit status of the last command in)-.15 F F2
(list)2.728 E F0 .228(that is e)2.728 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .228(cuted, or f)
.15 F .228(alse if an)-.1 F 2.728(yo)-.15 G 2.728(ft)-2.728 G(he)-2.728
E -.15(ex)144 458.4 S(pressions is in).15 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid.).25 E F3
(select)108 475.2 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F3(in)2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)
-.37 E F0 2.5(];)2.5 G F3(do)A F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F3(done)2.5 E F0
1.358(The list of w)144 487.2 R 1.358(ords follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F3
(in)3.858 E F0 1.358(is e)3.858 F 1.357
(xpanded, generating a list of items, and the set of e)-.15 F(xpanded)
-.15 E -.1(wo)144 499.2 S .601(rds is printed on the standard error).1 F
3.101(,e)-.4 G .601(ach preceded by a number)-3.101 F 5.601(.I)-.55 G
3.101(ft)-5.601 G(he)-3.101 E F3(in)3.101 E F2(wor)3.101 E(d)-.37 E F0
.602(is omitted, the)3.101 F .188
(positional parameters are printed \(see)144 511.2 R F1 -.666(PA)2.688 G
(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.438 E(w\).)-.25 E F3(select)5.188 E F0 .188
(then displays the)2.688 F F1(PS3)2.687 E F0(prompt)2.437 E .46
(and reads a line from the standard input.)144 523.2 R .461
(If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of)5.46 F .141
(the displayed w)144 535.2 R .141(ords, then the v)-.1 F .141(alue of)
-.25 F F2(name)3.001 E F0 .141(is set to that w)2.821 F 2.641(ord. If)
-.1 F .141(the line is empty)2.641 F 2.641(,t)-.65 G .141(he w)-2.641 F
.141(ords and)-.1 F 1.048(prompt are displayed ag)144 547.2 R 3.548
(ain. If)-.05 F 1.048(EOF is read, the)3.548 F F3(select)3.548 E F0
1.048(command completes and returns 1.)3.548 F(An)6.048 E(y)-.15 E .32
(other v)144 559.2 R .32(alue read causes)-.25 F F2(name)3.18 E F0 .32
(to be set to null.)3 F .32(The line read is sa)5.32 F -.15(ve)-.2 G
2.82(di).15 G 2.82(nt)-2.82 G .319(he v)-2.82 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(REPL)
2.819 E(Y)-.828 E F4(.)A F0(The)4.819 E F2(list)144.09 571.2 Q F0 .055
(is e)3.235 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .056(cuted after each selection until a).15
F F3(br)2.556 E(eak)-.18 E F0 .056(command is e)2.556 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
2.556(cuted. The).15 F -.15(ex)2.556 G .056(it status of).15 F F3
(select)2.556 E F0(is)2.556 E(the e)144 583.2 Q
(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E
F2(list)2.59 E F0 2.5(,o).68 G 2.5(rz)-2.5 G(ero if no commands were e)
-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F3(case)108 600 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37
E F3(in)2.5 E F0 2.5([[)2.5 G(\(])-2.5 E F2(pattern)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F3
(|)2.5 E F2(pattern)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)2.5 G(.. \))-2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0
(;; ] ...)2.5 E F3(esac)2.5 E F0(A)144 612 Q F3(case)3.265 E F0 .764
(command \214rst e)3.265 F(xpands)-.15 E F2(wor)3.264 E(d)-.37 E F0
3.264(,a)C .764(nd tries to match it ag)-3.264 F .764(ainst each)-.05 F
F2(pattern)3.264 E F0 .764(in turn, using the)3.264 F .883
(matching rules described under)144 624 R F3 -.1(Pa)3.384 G(tter).1 E
3.384(nM)-.15 G(atching)-3.384 E F0(belo)3.384 E 4.684 -.65(w. T)-.25 H
(he).65 E F2(wor)3.384 E(d)-.37 E F0 .884(is e)3.384 F .884
(xpanded using tilde e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E .95(pansion, parameter and v)144
636 R .95(ariable e)-.25 F .95(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F .95
(xpansion, command substitution, process)-.15 F .18
(substitution and quote remo)144 648 R -.25(va)-.15 G 2.681(l. Each).25
F F2(pattern)2.681 E F0 -.15(ex)2.681 G .181(amined is e).15 F .181
(xpanded using tilde e)-.15 F .181(xpansion, param-)-.15 F .103
(eter and v)144 660 R .103(ariable e)-.25 F .103(xpansion, arithmetic e)
-.15 F .103(xpansion, command substitution, process substitution, and)
-.15 F .138(quote remo)144 672 R -.25(va)-.15 G 2.638(l. If).25 F(the)
2.638 E F3(nocasematch)2.638 E F0 .139
(shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)2.638 F -.05
(ga)-.15 G(rd).05 E .209(to the case of alphabetic characters.)144 684 R
.209(When a match is found, the corresponding)5.209 F F2(list)2.708 E F0
.208(is e)2.708 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.708(cuted. If).15 F(the)144 696 Q F3
(;;)3.349 E F0 .849(operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempt\
ed after the \214rst pattern match.)3.349 F(Using)5.85 E F3(;&)144 708 Q
F0 .254(in place of)2.754 F F3(;;)2.754 E F0 .254(causes e)2.754 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G .254(cution to continue with the).15 F F2(list)2.754 E F0
.254(associated with the ne)2.754 F .253(xt set of patterns.)-.15 F
(Using)144 720 Q F3(;;&)3.378 E F0 .878(in place of)3.378 F F3(;;)3.378
E F0 .878(causes the shell to test the ne)3.378 F .878
(xt pattern list in the statement, if an)-.15 F 2.178 -.65(y, a)-.15 H
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.15(exe)144 84 S
.159(cute an).15 F 2.659(ya)-.15 G(ssociated)-2.659 E/F1 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(list)2.659 E F0 .159
(on a successful match, continuing the case statement e)2.659 F -.15(xe)
-.15 G .158(cution as if the).15 F .182(pattern list had not matched.)
144 96 R .183(The e)5.183 F .183
(xit status is zero if no pattern matches.)-.15 F .183
(Otherwise, it is the e)5.183 F(xit)-.15 E(status of the last command e)
144 108 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E F1(list)2.5 E F0(.)A/F2 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF(if)108 124.8 Q F1(list)2.5 E F0(;)A F2(then)2.5 E F1
(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;[)C F2(elif)A F1(list)2.5 E F0(;)A F2(then)2.5 E F1
(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;].)C(.. [)-2.5 E F2(else)2.5 E F1(list)2.5 E F0 2.5
(;])C F2<8c>A F0(The)144 136.8 Q F2(if)2.978 E F1(list)3.068 E F0 .478
(is e)3.658 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.978(cuted. If).15 F .478(its e)2.978 F
.478(xit status is zero, the)-.15 F F2(then)2.978 E F1(list)2.978 E F0
.478(is e)2.978 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.978(cuted. Otherwise,).15 F(each)
2.978 E F2(elif)2.977 E F1(list)2.977 E F0 1.087(is e)144 148.8 R -.15
(xe)-.15 G 1.087(cuted in turn, and if its e).15 F 1.087
(xit status is zero, the corresponding)-.15 F F2(then)3.587 E F1(list)
3.587 E F0 1.088(is e)3.588 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.088(cuted and the).15 F
.104(command completes.)144 160.8 R .103(Otherwise, the)5.104 F F2(else)
2.603 E F1(list)2.603 E F0 .103(is e)2.603 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .103
(cuted, if present.).15 F .103(The e)5.103 F .103(xit status is the e)
-.15 F .103(xit sta-)-.15 F(tus of the last command e)144 172.8 Q -.15
(xe)-.15 G(cuted, or zero if no condition tested true.).15 E F2(while)
108 189.6 Q F1(list-1)2.5 E F0(;)A F2(do)2.5 E F1(list-2)2.5 E F0(;)A F2
(done)2.5 E(until)108 201.6 Q F1(list-1)2.5 E F0(;)A F2(do)2.5 E F1
(list-2)2.5 E F0(;)A F2(done)2.5 E F0(The)144 213.6 Q F2(while)3.45 E F0
.95(command continuously e)3.45 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .95(cutes the list).15
F F1(list-2)3.45 E F0 .95(as long as the last command in the list)3.45 F
F1(list-1)144 225.6 Q F0 .205(returns an e)2.705 F .205
(xit status of zero.)-.15 F(The)5.205 E F2(until)2.705 E F0 .205
(command is identical to the)2.705 F F2(while)2.705 E F0 .205
(command, e)2.705 F(xcept)-.15 E .599(that the test is ne)144 237.6 R
-.05(ga)-.15 G(ted:).05 E F1(list-2)3.189 E F0 .599(is e)3.119 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G .6(cuted as long as the last command in).15 F F1(list-1)3.19
E F0 .6(returns a non-zero)3.1 F -.15(ex)144 249.6 S .205(it status.).15
F .205(The e)5.205 F .205(xit status of the)-.15 F F2(while)2.705 E F0
(and)2.705 E F2(until)2.704 E F0 .204(commands is the e)2.704 F .204
(xit status of the last command)-.15 F -.15(exe)144 261.6 S(cuted in).15
E F1(list-2)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(rz)-2.5 G(ero if none w)-2.5 E(as e)
-.1 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F2(Copr)87 278.4 Q(ocesses)-.18 E F0
(A)108 290.4 Q F1(copr)3.712 E(ocess)-.45 E F0 1.212
(is a shell command preceded by the)3.712 F F2(copr)3.713 E(oc)-.18 E F0
(reserv)3.713 E 1.213(ed w)-.15 F 3.713(ord. A)-.1 F 1.213
(coprocess is e)3.713 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.213(cuted asyn-).15 F .575(chr\
onously in a subshell, as if the command had been terminated with the)
108 302.4 R F2(&)3.074 E F0 .574(control operator)3.074 F 3.074(,w)-.4 G
.574(ith a tw)-3.074 F(o-)-.1 E -.1(wa)108 314.4 S 2.5(yp).1 G
(ipe established between the e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuting shell and the coprocess.).15 E(The syntax for a coprocess is:)
108 331.2 Q F2(copr)144 348 Q(oc)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F1 -.27(NA)C(ME).27 E
F0(])A F1(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1 -.37(re)C(dir).37 E(ections)-.37 E
F0(])A .598(This creates a coprocess named)108 364.8 R F1 -.27(NA)3.099
G(ME).27 E F0(.)A F1(command)5.599 E F0 .599
(may be either a simple command or a compound com-)3.099 F 1.4
(mand \(see abo)108 376.8 R -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1 -.27(NA)6.4 G
(ME).27 E F0 1.4(is a shell v)3.9 F 1.4(ariable name.)-.25 F(If)6.4 E F1
-.27(NA)3.9 G(ME).27 E F0 1.4(is not supplied, the def)3.9 F 1.4
(ault name is)-.1 F F2(CO-)3.9 E(PR)108 388.8 Q(OC)-.3 E F0(.)A
(The recommended form to use for a coprocess is)108 405.6 Q F2(copr)144
422.4 Q(oc)-.18 E F1 -.27(NA)2.5 G(ME).27 E F0({)2.5 E F1(command)2.5 E
F0([)2.5 E F1 -.37(re)C(dir).37 E(ections)-.37 E F0(]; })A 1.313(This f\
orm is recommended because simple commands result in the coprocess al)
108 439.2 R -.1(wa)-.1 G 1.313(ys being named).1 F F2(CO-)3.813 E(PR)108
451.2 Q(OC)-.3 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd it is simpler to use and more complete \
than the other compound commands.)-2.5 E(If)108 468 Q F1(command)3.062 E
F0 .562(is a compound command,)3.062 F F1 -.27(NA)3.062 G(ME).27 E F0
.561(is optional. The w)3.061 F .561(ord follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F2
(copr)3.061 E(oc)-.18 E F0 .561(determines whether)3.061 F .338(that w)
108 480 R .338(ord is interpreted as a v)-.1 F .338
(ariable name: it is interpreted as)-.25 F F1 -.27(NA)2.839 G(ME).27 E
F0 .339(if it is not a reserv)2.839 F .339(ed w)-.15 F .339
(ord that intro-)-.1 F 1.122(duces a compound command.)108 492 R(If)
6.121 E F1(command)3.621 E F0 1.121(is a simple command,)3.621 F F1 -.27
(NA)3.621 G(ME).27 E F0 1.121(is not allo)3.621 F 1.121
(wed; this is to a)-.25 F -.2(vo)-.2 G(id).2 E(confusion between)108 504
Q F1 -.27(NA)2.5 G(ME).27 E F0(and the \214rst w)2.5 E
(ord of the simple command.)-.1 E .09(When the coprocess is e)108 520.8
R -.15(xe)-.15 G .09(cuted, the shell creates an array v).15 F .09
(ariable \(see)-.25 F F2(Arrays)2.59 E F0(belo)2.59 E .09(w\) named)-.25
F F1 -.27(NA)2.59 G(ME).27 E F0 .09(in the)2.59 F(conte)108 532.8 Q .303
(xt of the e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .303(cuting shell.).15 F .302
(The standard output of)5.302 F F1(command)3.002 E F0 .302
(is connected via a pipe to a \214le descriptor)3.572 F .587(in the e)
108 544.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .587
(cuting shell, and that \214le descriptor is assigned to).15 F F1 -.27
(NA)3.087 G(ME).27 E F0 3.087([0]. The)B .587(standard input of)3.087 F
F1(command)3.287 E F0(is)3.858 E 2.029
(connected via a pipe to a \214le descriptor in the e)108 556.8 R -.15
(xe)-.15 G 2.029
(cuting shell, and that \214le descriptor is assigned to).15 F F1 -.27
(NA)108 568.8 S(ME).27 E F0 2.879([1]. This)B .379
(pipe is established before an)2.879 F 2.879(yr)-.15 G .379
(edirections speci\214ed by the command \(see)-2.879 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0
SF(REDIRECTION)2.879 E F0(belo)108 580.8 Q 3.426(w\). The)-.25 F .926
(\214le descriptors can be utilized as ar)3.426 F .925
(guments to shell commands and redirections using stan-)-.18 F .286
(dard w)108 592.8 R .286(ord e)-.1 F 2.786(xpansions. Other)-.15 F .286
(than those created to e)2.786 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .286
(cute command and process substitutions, the \214le de-).15 F
(scriptors are not a)108 604.8 Q -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable in subshells.).25
E 1.676(The process ID of the shell spa)108 621.6 R 1.676(wned to e)-.15
F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.676(cute the coprocess is a).15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.676
(ilable as the v).25 F 1.676(alue of the v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F1 -.27
(NA)108 633.6 S(ME).27 E F0 2.5(_PID. The)B F2(wait)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5
G(iltin command may be used to w).2 E
(ait for the coprocess to terminate.)-.1 E .336
(Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the)108
650.4 R F2(copr)2.836 E(oc)-.18 E F0 .336(command al)2.836 F -.1(wa)-.1
G .336(ys returns success.).1 F
(The return status of a coprocess is the e)108 662.4 Q(xit status of)
-.15 E F1(command)2.5 E F0(.)A F2(Shell Function De\214nitions)87 679.2
Q F0 2.698(As)108 691.2 S .198
(hell function is an object that is called lik)-2.698 F 2.698(eas)-.1 G
.198(imple command and e)-2.698 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .197
(cutes a compound command with).15 F 2.5(an)108 703.2 S .5 -.25(ew s)
-2.5 H(et of positional parameters.).25 E
(Shell functions are declared as follo)5 E(ws:)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72
768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(7)190.115 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(fname)108 84 Q F0(\(\))2.5 E F1(compound\255command)
2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1 -.37(re)C(dir).37 E(ection)-.37 E F0(])A/F2 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF(function)108 96 Q F1(fname)2.5 E F0([\(\)])2.5 E F1
(compound\255command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1 -.37(re)C(dir).37 E(ection)-.37
E F0(])A .216(This de\214nes a function named)144 108 R F1(fname)2.716 E
F0 5.217(.T)C .217(he reserv)-5.217 F .217(ed w)-.15 F(ord)-.1 E F2
(function)2.717 E F0 .217(is optional.)2.717 F .217(If the)5.217 F F2
(function)2.717 E F0(re-)2.717 E(serv)144 120 Q .68(ed w)-.15 F .68
(ord is supplied, the parentheses are optional.)-.1 F(The)5.68 E F1
(body)3.18 E F0 .68(of the function is the compound)3.18 F(command)144
132 Q F1(compound\255command)2.784 E F0(\(see)3.354 E F2 .084
(Compound Commands)2.584 F F0(abo)2.584 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.584(\). That)
.15 F .084(command is usually a)2.584 F F1(list)144 144 Q F0 .044
(of commands between { and }, b)2.544 F .044(ut may be an)-.2 F 2.544
(yc)-.15 G .044(ommand listed under)-2.544 F F2 .044(Compound Commands)
2.544 F F0(abo)144 156 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.531(.I).15 G 3.031(ft)-5.531 G
(he)-3.031 E F2(function)3.032 E F0(reserv)3.032 E .532(ed w)-.15 F .532
(ord is used, b)-.1 F .532
(ut the parentheses are not supplied, the braces are)-.2 F(recommended.)
144 168 Q F1(compound\255command)6.254 E F0 1.254(is e)3.754 F -.15(xe)
-.15 G 1.254(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E F1(fname)3.753 E
F0 1.253(is speci\214ed as the name of a)3.753 F 1.252(simple command.)
144 180 R 1.252(When in)6.252 F F1 1.252(posix mode)3.752 F F0(,)A F1
(fname)3.752 E F0 1.252(must be a v)3.752 F 1.252(alid shell)-.25 F F1
(name)3.753 E F0 1.253(and may not be the)3.753 F .089
(name of one of the POSIX)144 192 R F1 .089(special b)2.589 F(uiltins)
-.2 E F0 5.089(.I)C 2.589(nd)-5.089 G(ef)-2.589 E .089
(ault mode, a function name can be an)-.1 F 2.588(yu)-.15 G(nquoted)
-2.588 E .164(shell w)144 204 R .164(ord that does not contain)-.1 F F2
($)2.665 E F0 5.165(.A)C .465 -.15(ny r)-5.165 H .165(edirections \(see)
.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)2.665 E F0(belo)2.415 E .165
(w\) speci\214ed when a)-.25 F .061
(function is de\214ned are performed when the function is e)144 216 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G 2.561(cuted. The).15 F -.15(ex)2.56 G .06
(it status of a function de\214-).15 F .579(nition is zero unless a syn\
tax error occurs or a readonly function with the same name already e)144
228 R(x-)-.15 E 2.593(ists. When)144 240 R -.15(exe)2.593 G .093
(cuted, the e).15 F .093(xit status of a function is the e)-.15 F .093
(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .092(cuted in)
.15 F(the body)144 252 Q 5(.\()-.65 G(See)-5 E F3(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0
(belo)2.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G(\)).65 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMMENTS)
72 268.8 Q F0 .982(In a non-interacti)108 280.8 R 1.282 -.15(ve s)-.25 H
.982(hell, or an interacti).15 F 1.282 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .982
(hell in which the).15 F F2(interacti)3.482 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1
E F0 .982(option to the)3.482 F F2(shopt)3.482 E F0 -.2(bu)108 292.8 S
.952(iltin is enabled \(see).2 F F3 .952(SHELL B)3.452 F(UIL)-.09 E .952
(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.202 E .952(w\), a w)-.25 F .952(ord be)
-.1 F .952(ginning with)-.15 F F2(#)3.451 E F0 .951(causes that w)3.451
F(ord)-.1 E .604
(and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored.)108 304.8 R
.605(An interacti)5.605 F .905 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .605(hell without the)
.15 F F2(interacti)3.105 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_com-).1 E(ments)108 316.8 Q F0
.34(option enabled does not allo)2.84 F 2.84(wc)-.25 G 2.84
(omments. The)-2.84 F F2(interacti)2.84 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E F0
.34(option is on by def)2.84 F .34(ault in in-)-.1 F(teracti)108 328.8 Q
.3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F4 -.11(QU)72 345.6 S -.438(OT).11 G
(ING).438 E F1(Quoting)108 357.6 Q F0 .477(is used to remo)2.977 F .777
-.15(ve t)-.15 H .477(he special meaning of certain characters or w).15
F .477(ords to the shell.)-.1 F .478(Quoting can be)5.478 F .185
(used to disable special treatment for special characters, to pre)108
369.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .185(nt reserv).15 F .184(ed w)-.15 F .184
(ords from being recognized as)-.1 F(such, and to pre)108 381.6 Q -.15
(ve)-.25 G(nt parameter e).15 E(xpansion.)-.15 E .288(Each of the)108
398.4 R F1(metac)2.788 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .288
(listed abo)2.788 F .588 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(DEFINITIONS)
2.788 E F0 .288(has special meaning to the shell and must be)2.538 F
(quoted if it is to represent itself.)108 410.4 Q 1.345
(When the command history e)108 427.2 R 1.344(xpansion f)-.15 F 1.344
(acilities are being used \(see)-.1 F F3(HIST)3.844 E(OR)-.162 E 3.594
(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.594 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.594 E 1.344(w\), the)
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E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt history e).15 E(xpansion.)-.15 E
(There are three quoting mechanisms: the)108 456 Q F1(escape c)2.69 E
(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 2.5(,s).73 G
(ingle quotes, and double quotes.)-2.5 E 2.962(An)108 472.8 S .463
(on-quoted backslash \()-2.962 F F2(\\)A F0 2.963(\)i)C 2.963(st)-2.963
G(he)-2.963 E F1 .463(escape c)3.153 F(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 5.463
(.I).73 G 2.963(tp)-5.463 G(reserv)-2.963 E .463(es the literal v)-.15 F
.463(alue of the ne)-.25 F .463(xt character that)-.15 F(follo)108 484.8
Q 1.554(ws, with the e)-.25 F 1.553(xception of <ne)-.15 F 4.053
(wline>. If)-.25 F(a)4.053 E F2(\\)4.053 E F0(<ne)A 1.553
(wline> pair appears, and the backslash is not itself)-.25 F .347
(quoted, the)108 496.8 R F2(\\)2.847 E F0(<ne)A .347
(wline> is treated as a line continuation \(that is, it is remo)-.25 F
-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.848(df).15 G .348(rom the input stream and ef-)-2.848 F
(fecti)108 508.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly ignored\).).15 E .295
(Enclosing characters in single quotes preserv)108 525.6 R .295
(es the literal v)-.15 F .295(alue of each character within the quotes.)
-.25 F 2.795(As)5.295 G(in-)-2.795 E
(gle quote may not occur between single quotes, e)108 537.6 Q -.15(ve)
-.25 G 2.5(nw).15 G(hen preceded by a backslash.)-2.5 E .033
(Enclosing characters in double quotes preserv)108 554.4 R .034
(es the literal v)-.15 F .034
(alue of all characters within the quotes, with the)-.25 F -.15(ex)108
566.4 S .108(ception of).15 F F2($)2.608 E F0(,)A F2<92>2.608 E F0(,)A
F2(\\)2.608 E F0 2.608(,a)C .107(nd, when history e)-2.608 F .107
(xpansion is enabled,)-.15 F F2(!)2.607 E F0 5.107(.W)C .107
(hen the shell is in)-5.107 F F1 .107(posix mode)2.607 F F0 2.607(,t)C
(he)-2.607 E F2(!)2.607 E F0 .107(has no)2.607 F .46
(special meaning within double quotes, e)108 578.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.96
(nw).15 G .46(hen history e)-2.96 F .46(xpansion is enabled.)-.15 F .46
(The characters)5.46 F F2($)2.96 E F0(and)2.96 E F2<92>2.96 E F0(re-)
2.96 E .563(tain their special meaning within double quotes.)108 590.4 R
.562(The backslash retains its special meaning only when fol-)5.563 F
(lo)108 602.4 Q .601(wed by one of the follo)-.25 F .602
(wing characters:)-.25 F F2($)3.102 E F0(,)A F2<92>3.102 E F0(,)A F2(")
3.935 E F0(,).833 E F2(\\)3.102 E F0 3.102(,o)C(r)-3.102 E F2(<newline>)
3.102 E F0 5.602(.A)C .602(double quote may be quoted within)-2.5 F .131
(double quotes by preceding it with a backslash.)108 614.4 R .131
(If enabled, history e)5.131 F .13(xpansion will be performed unless an)
-.15 F F2(!)2.63 E F0
(appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash.)108 626.4 Q
(The backslash preceding the)5 E F2(!)2.5 E F0(is not remo)5 E -.15(ve)
-.15 G(d.).15 E(The special parameters)108 643.2 Q F2(*)2.5 E F0(and)2.5
E F2(@)2.5 E F0(ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.2 H
(pecial meaning when in double quotes \(see).15 E F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G
(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E .148
(Character sequences of the form)108 660 R F2($)2.649 E F0<08>A F1
(string)A F0 2.649<0861>C .149(re treated as a special v)-2.649 F .149
(ariant of single quotes.)-.25 F .149(The sequence e)5.149 F(x-)-.15 E
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(ith backslash-escaped characters in)-3.028 F F1(string)3.027 E F0 .527
(replaced as speci\214ed by the ANSI C standard.)3.027 F
(Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded as follo)108 684 Q
(ws:)-.25 E F2(\\a)144 696 Q F0(alert \(bell\))180 696 Q F2(\\b)144 708
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SF(\\e)144 84 Q(\\E)144 96 Q F0(an escape character)180 96 Q F1(\\f)144
108 Q F0(form feed)180 108 Q F1(\\n)144 120 Q F0(ne)180 120 Q 2.5(wl)
-.25 G(ine)-2.5 E F1(\\r)144 132 Q F0(carriage return)180 132 Q F1(\\t)
144 144 Q F0(horizontal tab)180 144 Q F1(\\v)144 156 Q F0 -.15(ve)180
156 S(rtical tab).15 E F1(\\\\)144 168 Q F0(backslash)180 168 Q F1<5c08>
144 180 Q F0(single quote)180 180 Q F1(\\")144 192 Q F0(double quote)180
192 Q F1(\\?)144 204 Q F0(question mark)180 204 Q F1(\\)144 216 Q/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(nnn)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 216 Q
(alue is the octal v)-.25 E(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0
(\(one to three octal digits\))2.5 E F1(\\x)144 228 Q F2(HH)A F0
(the eight-bit character whose v)180 228 Q(alue is the he)-.25 E
(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)
-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F1(\\u)144 240 Q F2(HHHH)A F0
1.506(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 252 R 1.507
(alue is the he)-.25 F 1.507(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHH)
4.007 E F0(\(one to four he)180 264 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F1
(\\U)144 276 Q F2(HHHHHHHH)A F0 .548
(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 288 R .547
(alue is the he)-.25 F .547(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHHH-)
3.047 E(HHH)180 300 Q F0(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))
-2.5 E F1(\\c)144 312 Q F2(x)A F0 2.5(ac)180 312 S(ontrol-)-2.5 E F2(x)A
F0(character)2.5 E(The e)108 328.8 Q(xpanded result is single-quoted, a\
s if the dollar sign had not been present.)-.15 E 2.64(Ad)108 345.6 S
.14(ouble-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign \()-2.64 F F1($)A F0
(")A F2(string)A F0 .14
("\) will cause the string to be translated according)B .785
(to the current locale.)108 357.6 R(The)5.785 E F2 -.1(ge)3.284 G(tte).1
E(xt)-.2 E F0 .784
(infrastructure performs the lookup and translation, using the)3.284 F
F1(LC_MES-)3.284 E(SA)108 369.6 Q(GES)-.55 E F0(,)A F1(TEXTDOMAINDIR)
2.76 E F0 2.76(,a)C(nd)-2.76 E F1(TEXTDOMAIN)2.76 E F0 .261(shell v)
2.761 F 2.761(ariables. If)-.25 F .261(the current locale is)2.761 F F1
(C)2.761 E F0(or)2.761 E F1(POSIX)2.761 E F0(,)A .792
(if there are no translations a)108 381.6 R -.25(va)-.2 G .791(ilable, \
or if the string is not translated, the dollar sign is ignored.).25 F
.791(This is a)5.791 F .534
(form of double quoting, so the string remains double-quoted by def)108
393.6 R .535(ault, whether or not it is translated and)-.1 F 2.798
(replaced. If)108 405.6 R(the)2.798 E F1(noexpand_translation)2.797 E F0
.297(option is enabled using the)2.797 F F1(shopt)2.797 E F0 -.2(bu)
2.797 G .297(iltin, translated strings are sin-).2 F 2.044
(gle-quoted instead of double-quoted.)108 417.6 R 2.044
(See the description of)7.044 F F1(shopt)4.545 E F0(belo)4.545 E 4.545
(wu)-.25 G(nder)-4.545 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL)4.545 E/F4 9
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429.6 Q F4(.)A/F5 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF -.81(PA)72 446.4 S(RAMETERS).81
E F0(A)108 458.4 Q F2(par)4.575 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .825
(is an entity that stores v)4.055 F 3.325(alues. It)-.25 F .825
(can be a)3.325 F F2(name)3.684 E F0 3.324(,an).18 G(umber)-3.324 E
3.324(,o)-.4 G 3.324(ro)-3.324 G .824(ne of the special characters)
-3.324 F .801(listed belo)108 470.4 R 3.301(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.301 E F1
.801(Special P)3.301 F(arameters)-.1 E F0 5.802(.A)C F2(variable)-2.21 E
F0 .802(is a parameter denoted by a)3.482 F F2(name)3.662 E F0 5.802(.A)
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.369(and zero or more)2.869 F F2(attrib)2.869 E(utes)-.2 E F0 5.369(.A)C
(ttrib)-5.369 E .369(utes are assigned using the)-.2 F F1(declar)2.868 E
(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.868 G .368(iltin command \(see).2 F F1(declar)
2.868 E(e)-.18 E F0(belo)108 494.4 Q 2.5(wi)-.25 G(n)-2.5 E F3(SHELL B)
2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F4(\).)A F0 2.754(Ap)108 511.2 S
.254(arameter is set if it has been assigned a v)-2.754 F 2.754
(alue. The)-.25 F .254(null string is a v)2.754 F .255(alid v)-.25 F
2.755(alue. Once)-.25 F 2.755(av)2.755 G .255(ariable is set, it)-3.005
F(may be unset only by using the)108 523.2 Q F1(unset)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)
2.5 G(iltin command \(see).2 E F3(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)
-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E(A)108 540 Q F2(variable)2.79 E F0
(may be assigned to by a statement of the form)2.68 E F2(name)144 556.8
Q F0(=[)A F2(value)A F0(])A(If)108 573.6 Q F2(value)3.023 E F0 .233
(is not gi)2.913 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .233(n, the v).15 F .232
(ariable is assigned the null string.)-.25 F(All)5.232 E F2(values)3.022
E F0(under)3.002 E .232(go tilde e)-.18 F .232(xpansion, parameter)-.15
F .515(and v)108 585.6 R .515(ariable e)-.25 F .515
(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F .515
(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.015(l\().25 G(see)
-3.015 E F3(EXP)3.015 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)108 597.6 Q 2.699
(w\). If)-.25 F .199(the v)2.699 F .199(ariable has its)-.25 F F1
(integer)2.698 E F0(attrib)2.698 E .198(ute set, then)-.2 F F2(value)
2.988 E F0 .198(is e)2.878 F -.25(va)-.25 G .198
(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F .198(xpression e)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
(n).15 E .745(if the $\(\(...\)\) e)108 609.6 R .745
(xpansion is not used \(see)-.15 F F1 .745(Arithmetic Expansion)3.245 F
F0(belo)3.245 E 3.246(w\). W)-.25 F .746(ord splitting and pathname e)
-.8 F(x-)-.15 E 1.364(pansion are not performed.)108 621.6 R 1.364
(Assignment statements may also appear as ar)6.364 F 1.363
(guments to the)-.18 F F1(alias)3.863 E F0(,)A F1(declar)3.863 E(e)-.18
E F0(,)A F1(typeset)108 633.6 Q F0(,)A F1(export)3.964 E F0(,)A F1 -.18
(re)3.964 G(adonly).18 E F0 3.964(,a)C(nd)-3.964 E F1(local)3.964 E F0
-.2(bu)3.964 G 1.464(iltin commands \().2 F F2(declar)A(ation)-.15 E F0
3.964(commands\). When)3.964 F(in)3.964 E F2 1.465(posix mode)3.965 F F0
(,)A 1.142(these b)108 645.6 R 1.142
(uiltins may appear in a command after one or more instances of the)-.2
F F1(command)3.641 E F0 -.2(bu)3.641 G 1.141(iltin and retain).2 F
(these assignment statement properties.)108 657.6 Q .376(In the conte)
108 674.4 R .376(xt where an assignment statement is assigning a v)-.15
F .376(alue to a shell v)-.25 F .377(ariable or array inde)-.25 F .377
(x, the +=)-.15 F 1.631
(operator can be used to append to or add to the v)108 686.4 R(ariable')
-.25 E 4.13(sp)-.55 G(re)-4.13 E 1.63(vious v)-.25 F 4.13(alue. This)
-.25 F 1.63(includes ar)4.13 F 1.63(guments to)-.18 F -.2(bu)108 698.4 S
.163(iltin commands such as).2 F F1(declar)2.664 E(e)-.18 E F0 .164
(that accept assignment statements \()2.664 F F2(declar)A(ation)-.15 E
F0 2.664(commands\). When)2.664 F .164(+= is)2.664 F .132
(applied to a v)108 710.4 R .132(ariable for which the)-.25 F F1
(integer)2.632 E F0(attrib)2.632 E .132(ute has been set,)-.2 F F2
(value)2.632 E F0 .131(is e)2.631 F -.25(va)-.25 G .131
(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F(xpres-)-.15 E 1.226
(sion and added to the v)108 722.4 R(ariable')-.25 E 3.726(sc)-.55 G
1.227(urrent v)-3.726 F 1.227(alue, which is also e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25
G 3.727(luated. When).25 F 1.227(+= is applied to an array)3.727 F
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2.615(sv)-.55 G .114(alue is not unset \(as it is when us-)-2.865 F .387
(ing =\), and ne)108 96 R 2.887(wv)-.25 G .388
(alues are appended to the array be)-3.137 F .388
(ginning at one greater than the array')-.15 F 2.888(sm)-.55 G .388
(aximum inde)-2.888 F(x)-.15 E 1.597(\(for inde)108 108 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
4.097(da).15 G 1.596(rrays\) or added as additional k)-4.097 F -.15(ey)
-.1 G<ad76>.15 E 1.596(alue pairs in an associati)-.25 F 1.896 -.15
(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E 6.596(.W)-.65 G 1.596(hen applied to a)-6.596 F
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(ariable can be assigned the)-3.632 F F2(namer)3.382 E(ef)-.37 E F0
(attrib)3.382 E .882(ute using the)-.2 F F1<ad6e>3.382 E F0 .882
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(local)3.383 E F0 -.2(bu)3.383 G .883(iltin com-).2 F .316
(mands \(see the descriptions of)108 148.8 R F1(declar)2.816 E(e)-.18 E
F0(and)2.816 E F1(local)2.816 E F0(belo)2.816 E .316(w\) to create a)
-.25 F F2(namer)2.815 E(ef)-.37 E F0 2.815(,o)C 2.815(rar)-2.815 G .315
(eference to another v)-2.815 F(ari-)-.25 E 2.918(able. This)108 160.8 R
(allo)2.918 E .418(ws v)-.25 F .418
(ariables to be manipulated indirectly)-.25 F 5.419(.W)-.65 G(hene)
-5.419 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.919(rt).15 G .419(he nameref v)-2.919 F .419
(ariable is referenced, as-)-.25 F .133
(signed to, unset, or has its attrib)108 172.8 R .132
(utes modi\214ed \(other than using or changing the)-.2 F F2(namer)2.632
E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)2.632 E .132(ute itself\), the)-.2 F 1.356
(operation is actually performed on the v)108 184.8 R 1.357
(ariable speci\214ed by the nameref v)-.25 F(ariable')-.25 E 3.857(sv)
-.55 G 3.857(alue. A)-4.107 F 1.357(nameref is)3.857 F .972
(commonly used within shell functions to refer to a v)108 196.8 R .971
(ariable whose name is passed as an ar)-.25 F .971(gument to the)-.18 F
2.5(function. F)108 208.8 R(or instance, if a v)-.15 E
(ariable name is passed to a shell function as its \214rst ar)-.25 E
(gument, running)-.18 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(declare -n ref=$1)144 226.8 Q
F0 .302(inside the function creates a nameref v)108 244.8 R(ariable)-.25
E F1 -.18(re)2.803 G(f).18 E F0 .303(whose v)2.803 F .303(alue is the v)
-.25 F .303(ariable name passed as the \214rst ar)-.25 F(gu-)-.18 E
3.592(ment. References)108 256.8 R 1.092(and assignments to)3.592 F F1
-.18(re)3.592 G(f).18 E F0 3.592(,a)C 1.092(nd changes to its attrib)
-3.592 F 1.092(utes, are treated as references, assign-)-.2 F .143
(ments, and attrib)108 268.8 R .144(ute modi\214cations to the v)-.2 F
.144(ariable whose name w)-.25 F .144(as passed as)-.1 F F1($1)2.644 E
F0 5.144(.I)C 2.644(ft)-5.144 G .144(he control v)-2.644 F .144
(ariable in a)-.25 F F1 -.25(fo)108 280.8 S(r).25 E F0 .868
(loop has the nameref attrib)3.368 F .868(ute, the list of w)-.2 F .867
(ords can be a list of shell v)-.1 F .867
(ariables, and a name reference)-.25 F .509
(will be established for each w)108 292.8 R .509
(ord in the list, in turn, when the loop is e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.009
(cuted. Array).15 F -.25(va)3.009 G .509(riables cannot be).25 F(gi)108
304.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.032(nt).15 G(he)-3.032 E F1(namer)3.032 E(ef)
-.18 E F0(attrib)3.032 E 3.032(ute. Ho)-.2 F(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
1.332 -.4(r, n).15 H .532(ameref v).4 F .531
(ariables can reference array v)-.25 F .531(ariables and subscripted ar)
-.25 F(-)-.2 E .533(ray v)108 316.8 R 3.033(ariables. Namerefs)-.25 F
.533(can be unset using the)3.033 F F1<ad6e>3.033 E F0 .533
(option to the)3.033 F F1(unset)3.033 E F0 -.2(bu)3.034 G 3.034
(iltin. Otherwise,).2 F(if)3.034 E F1(unset)3.034 E F0 .534(is e)3.034 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E .443(cuted with the name of a nameref v)108 328.8
R .442(ariable as an ar)-.25 F .442(gument, the v)-.18 F .442
(ariable referenced by the nameref v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E
(will be unset.)108 340.8 Q F1 -.2(Po)87 357.6 S(sitional P).2 E
(arameters)-.1 E F0(A)108 369.6 Q F2 .705(positional par)4.455 F(ameter)
-.15 E F0 .706(is a parameter denoted by one or more digits, other than\
 the single digit 0.)3.935 F(Posi-)5.706 E .445
(tional parameters are assigned from the shell')108 381.6 R 2.944(sa)
-.55 G -.18(rg)-2.944 G .444(uments when it is in).18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1
(ke).2 G .444(d, and may be reassigned using).1 F(the)108 393.6 Q F1
(set)3.333 E F0 -.2(bu)3.333 G .833(iltin command.).2 F .834(Positional\
 parameters may not be assigned to with assignment statements.)5.833 F
(The)5.834 E(positional parameters are temporarily replaced when a shel\
l function is e)108 405.6 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted \(see).15 E/F4 9
/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.404(When \
a positional parameter consisting of more than a single digit is e)108
422.4 R 1.403(xpanded, it must be enclosed in)-.15 F(braces \(see)108
434.4 Q F4(EXP)2.5 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1
(Special P)87 451.2 Q(arameters)-.1 E F0 1.674(The shell treats se)108
463.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.674(ral parameters specially).15 F 6.675(.T)
-.65 G 1.675(hese parameters may only be referenced; assignment to)
-6.675 F(them is not allo)108 475.2 Q(wed.)-.25 E F1(*)108 487.2 Q F0
.224(Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)144 487.2
R .223(When the e)5.224 F .223(xpansion is not within double)-.15 F .662
(quotes, each positional parameter e)144 499.2 R .662
(xpands to a separate w)-.15 F 3.162(ord. In)-.1 F(conte)3.162 E .662
(xts where it is performed,)-.15 F 1.082(those w)144 511.2 R 1.082
(ords are subject to further w)-.1 F 1.081(ord splitting and pathname e)
-.1 F 3.581(xpansion. When)-.15 F 1.081(the e)3.581 F(xpansion)-.15 E
.914(occurs within double quotes, it e)144 523.2 R .914
(xpands to a single w)-.15 F .915(ord with the v)-.1 F .915
(alue of each parameter sepa-)-.25 F .891
(rated by the \214rst character of the)144 535.2 R F4(IFS)3.39 E F0 .89
(special v)3.14 F 3.39(ariable. That)-.25 F .89(is, ")3.39 F F1($*)A F0
3.39("i)C 3.39(se)-3.39 G(qui)-3.39 E -.25(va)-.25 G .89(lent to ").25 F
F1($1)A F2(c)A F1($2)A F2(c)A F1(...)A F0(",)A(where)144 547.2 Q F2(c)
3.532 E F0 .832(is the \214rst character of the v)3.642 F .832
(alue of the)-.25 F F4(IFS)3.332 E F0 -.25(va)3.082 G 3.332(riable. If)
.25 F F4(IFS)3.332 E F0 .833(is unset, the parameters are)3.082 F
(separated by spaces.)144 559.2 Q(If)5 E F4(IFS)2.5 E F0
(is null, the parameters are joined without interv)2.25 E
(ening separators.)-.15 E F1(@)108 571.2 Q F0 .722
(Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)144 571.2 R
.722(In conte)5.722 F .722(xts where w)-.15 F .722(ord splitting is per)
-.1 F(-)-.2 E 1.165(formed, this e)144 583.2 R 1.165
(xpands each positional parameter to a separate w)-.15 F 1.165
(ord; if not within double quotes,)-.1 F .655(these w)144 595.2 R .655
(ords are subject to w)-.1 F .655(ord splitting.)-.1 F .655(In conte)
5.655 F .655(xts where w)-.15 F .654
(ord splitting is not performed, this)-.1 F -.15(ex)144 607.2 S .748
(pands to a single w).15 F .748
(ord with each positional parameter separated by a space.)-.1 F .748
(When the e)5.748 F(xpan-)-.15 E 1.091
(sion occurs within double quotes, each parameter e)144 619.2 R 1.091
(xpands to a separate w)-.15 F 3.59(ord. That)-.1 F 1.09(is, ")3.59 F F1
($@)A F0 3.59("i)C(s)-3.59 E(equi)144 631.2 Q -.25(va)-.25 G .412
(lent to ").25 F F1($1)A F0 2.912("")C F1($2)-2.912 E F0 2.912(".)C
2.912(.. If)-2.912 F .413(the double-quoted e)2.913 F .413
(xpansion occurs within a w)-.15 F .413(ord, the e)-.1 F .413
(xpansion of)-.15 F .38(the \214rst parameter is joined with the be)144
643.2 R .379(ginning part of the original w)-.15 F .379(ord, and the e)
-.1 F .379(xpansion of the)-.15 F .771
(last parameter is joined with the last part of the original w)144 655.2
R 3.271(ord. When)-.1 F .772(there are no positional pa-)3.271 F
(rameters, ")144 667.2 Q F1($@)A F0 2.5("a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1($@)2.5 E F0
-.15(ex)2.5 G(pand to nothing \(i.e., the).15 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re remo)
-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d\).).15 E F1(#)108 679.2 Q F0
(Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.)144 679.2 Q
F1(?)108 691.2 Q F0(Expands to the e)144 691.2 Q
(xit status of the most recently e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted fore).15
E(ground pipeline.)-.15 E F1<ad>108 703.2 Q F0 .882
(Expands to the current option \215ags as speci\214ed upon in)144 703.2
R -.2(vo)-.4 G .881(cation, by the).2 F F1(set)3.381 E F0 -.2(bu)3.381 G
.881(iltin command, or).2 F(those set by the shell itself \(such as the)
144 715.2 Q F1<ad69>2.5 E F0(option\).)2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q
(2022 September 19)135.955 E(10)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF($)108 84 Q F0 .839
(Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a subshell, it e)144 84 R
.839(xpands to the process ID of the current)-.15 F
(shell, not the subshell.)144 96 Q F1(!)108 108 Q F0 .499(Expands to th\
e process ID of the job most recently placed into the background, wheth\
er e)144 108 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E
(as an asynchronous command or using the)144 120 Q F1(bg)2.5 E F0 -.2
(bu)2.5 G(iltin \(see).2 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(JOB CONTR)2.5 E(OL)-.27
E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(0)108 132 Q F0 .886
(Expands to the name of the shell or shell script.)144 132 R .886
(This is set at shell initialization.)5.886 F(If)5.887 E F1(bash)3.387 E
F0 .887(is in-)3.387 F -.2(vo)144 144 S -.1(ke).2 G 2.668(dw).1 G .168
(ith a \214le of commands,)-2.668 F F1($0)2.668 E F0 .167
(is set to the name of that \214le.)2.667 F(If)5.167 E F1(bash)2.667 E
F0 .167(is started with the)2.667 F F1<ad63>2.667 E F0(op-)2.667 E .895
(tion, then)144 156 R F1($0)3.395 E F0 .895(is set to the \214rst ar)
3.395 F .895(gument after the string to be e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .896
(cuted, if one is present.).15 F(Other)5.896 E(-)-.2 E
(wise, it is set to the \214lename used to in)144 168 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1
(ke).2 G F1(bash)2.6 E F0 2.5(,a)C 2.5(sg)-2.5 G -2.15 -.25(iv e)-2.5 H
2.5(nb).25 G 2.5(ya)-2.5 G -.18(rg)-2.5 G(ument zero.).18 E F1(Shell V)
87 184.8 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0(The follo)108 196.8 Q(wing v)-.25 E
(ariables are set by the shell:)-.25 E F1(_)108 213.6 Q F0 1.526
(At shell startup, set to the pathname used to in)144 213.6 R -.2(vo)-.4
G 1.725 -.1(ke t).2 H 1.525(he shell or shell script being e).1 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G 1.525(cuted as).15 F .173(passed in the en)144 225.6 R .173
(vironment or ar)-.4 F .173(gument list.)-.18 F(Subsequently)5.173 E
2.673(,e)-.65 G .173(xpands to the last ar)-2.823 F .174
(gument to the pre-)-.18 F .337(vious simple command e)144 237.6 R -.15
(xe)-.15 G .337(cuted in the fore).15 F .336(ground, after e)-.15 F
2.836(xpansion. Also)-.15 F .336(set to the full pathname)2.836 F .365
(used to in)144 249.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G .565 -.1(ke e).2 H .365
(ach command e).1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .366(cuted and placed in the en).15 F
.366(vironment e)-.4 F .366(xported to that command.)-.15 F(When checki\
ng mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail \214le currently bei\
ng check)144 261.6 Q(ed.)-.1 E F1 -.3(BA)108 273.6 S(SH).3 E F0
(Expands to the full \214lename used to in)144 273.6 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G .2
-.1(ke t).2 H(his instance of).1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.3(BA)108
285.6 S(SHOPTS).3 E F0 2.549(Ac)144 297.6 S .049
(olon-separated list of enabled shell options.)-2.549 F .049(Each w)
5.049 F .049(ord in the list is a v)-.1 F .049(alid ar)-.25 F .049
(gument for the)-.18 F F1<ad73>2.548 E F0 .115(option to the)144 309.6 R
F1(shopt)2.616 E F0 -.2(bu)2.616 G .116(iltin command \(see).2 F F2 .116
(SHELL B)2.616 F(UIL)-.09 E .116(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.366 E
2.616(w\). The)-.25 F .116(options ap-)2.616 F 1.067(pearing in)144
321.6 R F2 -.27(BA)3.567 G(SHOPTS).27 E F0 1.067(are those reported as)
3.317 F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(on)3.797 E F0(by)3.807 E F1(shopt)3.567
E F0 6.066(.I)C 3.566(ft)-6.066 G 1.066(his v)-3.566 F 1.066
(ariable is in the en)-.25 F(vironment)-.4 E(when)144 333.6 Q F1(bash)
3.141 E F0 .642(starts up, each shell option in the list will be enable\
d before reading an)3.141 F 3.142(ys)-.15 G .642(tartup \214les.)-3.142
F(This v)144 345.6 Q(ariable is read-only)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F1 -.3(BA)108
357.6 S(SHPID).3 E F0 .188(Expands to the process ID of the current)144
369.6 R F1(bash)2.688 E F0 2.687(process. This)2.687 F(dif)2.687 E .187
(fers from)-.25 F F1($$)2.687 E F0 .187(under certain circum-)2.687 F
.548(stances, such as subshells that do not require)144 381.6 R F1(bash)
3.048 E F0 .548(to be re-initialized.)3.048 F .549(Assignments to)5.549
F F2 -.27(BA)3.049 G(SHPID).27 E F0(ha)144 393.6 Q .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H
2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G 2.5(ect. If).25 F F1 -.3(BA)2.5 G(SHPID).3 E
F0(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)
-2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 405.6 S(SH_ALIASES).3 E F0 1.195(An associati)144
417.6 R 1.495 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.195(rray v).15 F 1.195(ariable whose m\
embers correspond to the internal list of aliases as main-)-.25 F .16
(tained by the)144 429.6 R F1(alias)2.66 E F0 -.2(bu)2.66 G 2.66
(iltin. Elements).2 F .16
(added to this array appear in the alias list; ho)2.66 F(we)-.25 E -.15
(ve)-.25 G .96 -.4(r, u).15 H(nsetting).4 E 4.503
(array elements currently does not cause aliases to be remo)144 441.6 R
-.15(ve)-.15 G 7.003(df).15 G 4.503(rom the alias list.)-7.003 F(If)
9.502 E F1 -.3(BA)144 453.6 S(SH_ALIASES).3 E F0
(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)
-2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 465.6 S(SH_ARGC).3 E F0 .934(An array v)144 477.6 R
.934(ariable whose v)-.25 F .934
(alues are the number of parameters in each frame of the current)-.25 F
F1(bash)3.435 E F0 -.15(exe)144 489.6 S .535(cution call stack.).15 F
.535(The number of parameters to the current subroutine \(shell functio\
n or script)5.535 F -.15(exe)144 501.6 S .141(cuted with).15 F F1(.)
2.641 E F0(or)2.641 E F1(sour)2.641 E(ce)-.18 E F0 2.641(\)i)C 2.641(sa)
-2.641 G 2.641(tt)-2.641 G .142(he top of the stack.)-2.641 F .142
(When a subroutine is e)5.142 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .142
(cuted, the number of).15 F 1.265(parameters passed is pushed onto)144
513.6 R F2 -.27(BA)3.765 G(SH_ARGC).27 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0
1.265(The shell sets)5.765 F F2 -.27(BA)3.765 G(SH_ARGC).27 E F0 1.265
(only when in e)3.515 F(x-)-.15 E .947(tended deb)144 525.6 R .947
(ugging mode \(see the description of the)-.2 F F1(extdeb)3.447 E(ug)-.2
E F0 .947(option to the)3.447 F F1(shopt)3.447 E F0 -.2(bu)3.448 G .948
(iltin belo).2 F(w\).)-.25 E(Setting)144 537.6 Q F1(extdeb)3.363 E(ug)
-.2 E F0 .863(after the shell has started to e)3.363 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
.862(cute a script, or referencing this v).15 F .862(ariable when)-.25 F
F1(extdeb)144 549.6 Q(ug)-.2 E F0
(is not set, may result in inconsistent v)2.5 E(alues.)-.25 E F1 -.3(BA)
108 561.6 S(SH_ARGV).3 E F0 .206(An array v)144 573.6 R .206
(ariable containing all of the parameters in the current)-.25 F F1(bash)
2.706 E F0 -.15(exe)2.706 G .207(cution call stack.).15 F .207
(The \214-)5.207 F .567(nal parameter of the last subroutine call is at\
 the top of the stack; the \214rst parameter of the initial)144 585.6 R
1.424(call is at the bottom.)144 597.6 R 1.424(When a subroutine is e)
6.424 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.424
(cuted, the parameters supplied are pushed onto).15 F F2 -.27(BA)144
609.6 S(SH_ARGV).27 E F4(.)A F0 .854(The shell sets)5.354 F F2 -.27(BA)
3.354 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F0 .853(only when in e)3.104 F .853(xtended deb)
-.15 F .853(ugging mode \(see the de-)-.2 F .475(scription of the)144
621.6 R F1(extdeb)2.975 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .475(option to the)2.975 F F1
(shopt)2.975 E F0 -.2(bu)2.975 G .475(iltin belo).2 F 2.975
(w\). Setting)-.25 F F1(extdeb)2.976 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .476
(after the shell has)2.976 F .45(started to e)144 633.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
.45(cute a script, or referencing this v).15 F .45(ariable when)-.25 F
F1(extdeb)2.95 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .45(is not set, may result in in-)2.95 F
(consistent v)144 645.6 Q(alues.)-.25 E F1 -.3(BA)108 657.6 S(SH_ARGV0)
.3 E F0 .25(When referenced, this v)144 669.6 R .25(ariable e)-.25 F
.251(xpands to the name of the shell or shell script \(identical to)-.15
F F1($0)2.751 E F0 2.751(;s)C(ee)-2.751 E .041
(the description of special parameter 0 abo)144 681.6 R -.15(ve)-.15 G
2.541(\). Assignment).15 F(to)2.541 E F1 -.3(BA)2.541 G(SH_ARGV0).3 E F0
.04(causes the v)2.541 F .04(alue as-)-.25 F .216
(signed to also be assigned to)144 693.6 R F1($0)2.716 E F0 5.216(.I)C
(f)-5.216 E F1 -.3(BA)2.716 G(SH_ARGV0).3 E F0 .216
(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.716 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
2.716(ni).15 G(f)-2.716 E(it is subsequently reset.)144 705.6 Q
(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(11)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF -.3(BA)108 84 S(SH_CMDS).3 E F0 .668(An associati)144 96 R .968 -.15
(ve a)-.25 H .668(rray v).15 F .668(ariable whose members correspond to\
 the internal hash table of commands)-.25 F .195(as maintained by the)
144 108 R F1(hash)2.695 E F0 -.2(bu)2.695 G 2.695(iltin. Elements).2 F
.196(added to this array appear in the hash table; ho)2.696 F(we)-.25 E
-.15(ve)-.25 G -.4(r,).15 G .852(unsetting array elements currently doe\
s not cause command names to be remo)144 120 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.352(df)
.15 G .852(rom the hash)-3.352 F 2.5(table. If)144 132 R F1 -.3(BA)2.5 G
(SH_CMDS).3 E F0(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.5 E -.15
(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G
(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 144 S(SH_COMMAND).3 E F0 1.242
(The command currently being e)144 156 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.243
(cuted or about to be e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.243
(cuted, unless the shell is e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.243(cuting a).15 F
.263(command as the result of a trap, in which case it is the command e)
144 168 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .262(cuting at the time of the trap.).15 F(If)
144 180 Q F1 -.3(BA)2.5 G(SH_COMMAND).3 E F0
(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)
-2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 192 S(SH_EXECUTION_STRING).3 E F0(The command ar)
144 204 Q(gument to the)-.18 E F1<ad63>2.5 E F0(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G
(cation option.).2 E F1 -.3(BA)108 216 S(SH_LINENO).3 E F0 .692
(An array v)144 228 R .692(ariable whose members are the line numbers i\
n source \214les where each corresponding)-.25 F .97(member of)144 240 R
/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCN)3.47 E(AME)-.18 E F0 -.1(wa)3.22 G 3.47(si)
.1 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-3.47 H -.1(ke).4 G(d.).1 E F1(${B)5.969 E
(ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF($i)A F1(]})A F0 .969
(is the line number in the source)3.469 F 14.671(\214le \()144 252 R F1
(${B)A(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F3($i+1)A F1(]})A F0 17.171(\)w)C(here)-17.171
E F1(${FUNCN)17.172 E(AME[)-.2 E F3($i)A F1(]})A F0 -.1(wa)17.172 G
17.172(sc).1 G 14.672(alled \(or)-17.172 F F1(${B)144 264 Q(ASH_LINENO[)
-.3 E F3($i-1)A F1(]})A F0 .115
(if referenced within another shell function\).)2.615 F(Use)5.115 E F2
(LINENO)2.615 E F0 .115(to obtain the)2.365 F(current line number)144
276 Q(.)-.55 E F1 -.3(BA)108 288 S(SH_LO).3 E(AD)-.4 E(ABLES_P)-.35 E
-.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 4.07(Ac)144 300 S 1.57(olon-separated list of\
 directories in which the shell looks for dynamically loadable b)-4.07 F
(uiltins)-.2 E(speci\214ed by the)144 312 Q F1(enable)2.5 E F0(command.)
2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 324 S(SH_REMA).3 E(TCH)-.95 E F0 .006(An array v)144
336 R .006(ariable whose members are assigned by the)-.25 F F1(=~)2.506
E F0 .005(binary operator to the)2.506 F F1([[)2.505 E F0 .005
(conditional com-)2.505 F 2.506(mand. The)144 348 R .007
(element with inde)2.506 F 2.507(x0i)-.15 G 2.507(st)-2.507 G .007
(he portion of the string matching the entire re)-2.507 F .007(gular e)
-.15 F(xpression.)-.15 E .998(The element with inde)144 360 R(x)-.15 E
F3(n)3.498 E F0 .997(is the portion of the string matching the)3.498 F
F3(n)3.497 E F0 .997(th parenthesized sube)B(xpres-)-.15 E(sion.)144 372
Q F1 -.3(BA)108 384 S(SH_SOURCE).3 E F0 .125(An array v)144 396 R .125(\
ariable whose members are the source \214lenames where the correspondin\
g shell function)-.25 F .781(names in the)144 408 R F2(FUNCN)3.28 E(AME)
-.18 E F0 .78(array v)3.03 F .78(ariable are de\214ned.)-.25 F .78
(The shell function)5.78 F F1(${FUNCN)3.28 E(AME[)-.2 E F3($i)A F1(]})A
F0(is)3.28 E(de\214ned in the \214le)144 420 Q F1(${B)2.5 E(ASH_SOURCE[)
-.3 E F3($i)A F1(]})A F0(and called from)2.5 E F1(${B)2.5 E(ASH_SOURCE[)
-.3 E F3($i+1)A F1(]})A F0(.)A F1 -.3(BA)108 432 S(SH_SUBSHELL).3 E F0
.296(Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell en)144 444 R
.296(vironment when the shell be)-.4 F .297(gins e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuting).15 E 1.277(in that en)144 456 R 3.777(vironment. The)-.4 F
1.277(initial v)3.777 F 1.277(alue is 0.)-.25 F(If)6.277 E F1 -.3(BA)
3.777 G(SH_SUBSHELL).3 E F0 1.276(is unset, it loses its special)3.777 F
(properties, e)144 468 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5
(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 480 S
(SH_VERSINFO).3 E F0 2.644(Ar)144 492 S .144(eadonly array v)-2.644 F
.144(ariable whose members hold v)-.25 F .144
(ersion information for this instance of)-.15 F F1(bash)2.645 E F0 5.145
(.T)C(he)-5.145 E -.25(va)144 504 S
(lues assigned to the array members are as follo).25 E(ws:)-.25 E F1 -.3
(BA)144 522 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(0)A F1(])A F0(The major v)264 522 Q
(ersion number \(the)-.15 E F3 -.37(re)2.5 G(lease).37 E F0(\).)A F1 -.3
(BA)144 534 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(1)A F1(])A F0(The minor v)264 534 Q
(ersion number \(the)-.15 E F3(ver)2.5 E(sion)-.1 E F0(\).)A F1 -.3(BA)
144 546 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(2)A F1(])A F0(The patch le)264 546 Q -.15
(ve)-.25 G(l.).15 E F1 -.3(BA)144 558 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(3)A F1(])A
F0(The b)264 558 Q(uild v)-.2 E(ersion.)-.15 E F1 -.3(BA)144 570 S
(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(4)A F1(])A F0(The release status \(e.g.,)264 570 Q
F3(beta1)2.5 E F0(\).)A F1 -.3(BA)144 582 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(5)A F1
(])A F0(The v)264 582 Q(alue of)-.25 E F2(MA)2.5 E(CHTYPE)-.495 E/F4 9
/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 -.3(BA)108 594 S(SH_VERSION).3 E F0
(Expands to a string describing the v)144 606 Q
(ersion of this instance of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(COMP_CW)108
618 Q(ORD)-.1 E F0 .397(An inde)144 630 R 2.897(xi)-.15 G(nto)-2.897 E
F1(${COMP_W)2.896 E(ORDS})-.1 E F0 .396(of the w)2.896 F .396
(ord containing the current cursor position.)-.1 F .396(This v)5.396 F
(ari-)-.25 E 1.18(able is a)144 642 R -.25(va)-.2 G 1.181
(ilable only in shell functions in).25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.681
(db).1 G 3.681(yt)-3.681 G 1.181(he programmable completion f)-3.681 F
1.181(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)144 654 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E
F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_KEY)108 666 Q F0(The k)144 678 Q .3
-.15(ey \()-.1 H(or \214nal k).15 E .3 -.15(ey o)-.1 H 2.5(fak).15 G .3
-.15(ey s)-2.6 H(equence\) used to in).15 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .2 -.1(ke t).2
H(he current completion function.).1 E F1(COMP_LINE)108 690 Q F0 1.208
(The current command line.)144 702 R 1.208(This v)6.208 F 1.208
(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.208
(ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F 1.207(xternal com-)-.15 F
1.037(mands in)144 714 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.537(db).1 G 3.537
(yt)-3.537 G 1.037(he programmable completion f)-3.537 F 1.037
(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)3.537 E 1.037(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F
F0(be-)3.537 E(lo)144 726 Q(w\).)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q
(2022 September 19)135.955 E(12)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(COMP_POINT)108 84 Q F0 .667(The inde)144 96 R 3.167(xo)-.15 G 3.167
(ft)-3.167 G .666(he current cursor position relati)-3.167 F .966 -.15
(ve t)-.25 H 3.166(ot).15 G .666(he be)-3.166 F .666
(ginning of the current command.)-.15 F .666(If the)5.666 F .534
(current cursor position is at the end of the current command, the v)144
108 R .535(alue of this v)-.25 F .535(ariable is equal to)-.25 F F1
(${#COMP_LINE})144 120 Q F0 5.705(.T)C .705(his v)-5.705 F .704
(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G .704
(ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F .704(xternal commands in-)
-.15 F -.2(vo)144 132 S -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(db).1 G 2.5(yt)-2.5 G
(he programmable completion f)-2.5 E(acilities \(see)-.1 E F1(Pr)2.5 E
(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_TYPE)108
144 Q F0 .041(Set to an inte)144 156 R .041(ger v)-.15 F .041(alue corr\
esponding to the type of completion attempted that caused a completion)
-.25 F .338(function to be called:)144 168 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.5
(TA)2.837 G(B).5 E F0 2.837(,f)C .337(or normal completion,)-2.837 F F2
(?)2.837 E F0 2.837(,f)C .337(or listing completions after successi)
-2.837 F .637 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(abs,).15 E F2(!)144 180 Q F0 3.067(,f)C
.567(or listing alternati)-3.067 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.067(so).15 G 3.067
(np)-3.067 G .567(artial w)-3.067 F .567(ord completion,)-.1 F F2(@)
3.067 E F0 3.067(,t)C 3.067(ol)-3.067 G .567(ist completions if the w)
-3.067 F .567(ord is not un-)-.1 F .418(modi\214ed, or)144 192 R F2(%)
2.918 E F0 2.918(,f)C .418(or menu completion.)-2.918 F .417(This v)
5.417 F .417(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G .417
(ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F(xter)-.15 E(-)-.2 E .704
(nal commands in)144 204 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.204(db).1 G 3.204
(yt)-3.204 G .704(he programmable completion f)-3.204 F .704
(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)3.204 E .704(ogrammable Comple-)-.18 F
(tion)144 216 Q F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_W)108 228 Q(ORDBREAKS)
-.1 E F0 1.336(The set of characters that the)144 240 R F1 -.18(re)3.836
G(adline).18 E F0 1.336(library treats as w)3.836 F 1.335
(ord separators when performing w)-.1 F(ord)-.1 E 3.125(completion. If)
144 252 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMP_W)3.125 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F0 .626
(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.875 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
3.126(ni).15 G 3.126(fi)-3.126 G 3.126(ti)-3.126 G 3.126(ss)-3.126 G
(ubse-)-3.126 E(quently reset.)144 264 Q F1(COMP_W)108 276 Q(ORDS)-.1 E
F0 .654(An array v)144 288 R .654(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)3.154 E
F0(belo)3.154 E .654(w\) consisting of the indi)-.25 F .653(vidual w)
-.25 F .653(ords in the current command)-.1 F 3.191(line. The)144 300 R
.692(line is split into w)3.192 F .692(ords as)-.1 F F1 -.18(re)3.192 G
(adline).18 E F0 -.1(wo)3.192 G .692(uld split it, using).1 F F3(COMP_W)
3.192 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F0 .692(as de-)2.942 F 1.558(scribed abo)144
312 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 6.558(.T).15 G 1.558(his v)-6.558 F 1.558
(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.558
(ilable only in shell functions in).25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 4.057
(db).1 G 4.057(yt)-4.057 G 1.557(he programmable)-4.057 F(completion f)
144 324 Q(acilities \(see)-.1 E F1(Pr)2.5 E(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E
F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COPR)108 336 Q(OC)-.3 E F0 .168(An array v)
144 348 R .168(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)2.668 E F0(belo)2.669 E
.169
(w\) created to hold the \214le descriptors for output from and input)
-.25 F(to an unnamed coprocess \(see)144 360 Q F1(Copr)2.5 E(ocesses)
-.18 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(DIRST)108 372 Q -.55(AC)
-.9 G(K).55 E F0 .79(An array v)144 384 R .79(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1
(Arrays)3.29 E F0(belo)3.289 E .789
(w\) containing the current contents of the directory stack.)-.25 F(Di-)
5.789 E .099(rectories appear in the stack in the order the)144 396 R
2.599(ya)-.15 G .099(re displayed by the)-2.599 F F1(dirs)2.599 E F0 -.2
(bu)2.599 G 2.599(iltin. Assigning).2 F .099(to mem-)2.599 F .84
(bers of this array v)144 408 R .84
(ariable may be used to modify directories already in the stack, b)-.25
F .84(ut the)-.2 F F1(pushd)3.34 E F0(and)144 420 Q F1(popd)3.45 E F0
-.2(bu)3.45 G .951(iltins must be used to add and remo).2 F 1.251 -.15
(ve d)-.15 H 3.451(irectories. Assignment).15 F .951(to this v)3.451 F
.951(ariable will)-.25 F .379(not change the current directory)144 432 R
5.379(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.379 E F3(DIRST)2.879 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F0
.378(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.629 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
2.878(ni).15 G 2.878(fi)-2.878 G 2.878(ti)-2.878 G(s)-2.878 E
(subsequently reset.)144 444 Q F1(EPOCHREAL)108 456 Q(TIME)-.92 E F0
.337(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)144 468 R .338
(xpands to the number of seconds since the Unix Epoch)-.15 F(\(see)144
480 Q F2(time)2.917 E F0 .417(\(3\)\) as a \215oating point v)B .416
(alue with micro-second granularity)-.25 F 5.416(.A)-.65 G .416
(ssignments to)-5.416 F F3(EPOCHRE-)2.916 E(AL)144 492 Q(TIME)-.828 E F0
1.09(are ignored.)3.34 F(If)6.09 E F3(EPOCHREAL)3.59 E(TIME)-.828 E F0
1.09(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)3.34 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
3.591(ni).15 G 3.591(fi)-3.591 G 3.591(ti)-3.591 G(s)-3.591 E
(subsequently reset.)144 504 Q F1(EPOCHSECONDS)108 516 Q F0 .338
(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)144 528 R .337
(xpands to the number of seconds since the Unix Epoch)-.15 F(\(see)144
540 Q F2(time)4.041 E F0 4.041(\(3\)\). Assignments)B(to)4.041 E F3
(EPOCHSECONDS)4.041 E F0 1.542(are ignored.)3.792 F(If)6.542 E F3
(EPOCHSECONDS)4.042 E F0 1.542(is unset, it)3.792 F
(loses its special properties, e)144 552 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G
2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1
(EUID)108 564 Q F0 1.104(Expands to the ef)144 564 R(fecti)-.25 E 1.403
-.15(ve u)-.25 H 1.103(ser ID of the current user).15 F 3.603(,i)-.4 G
1.103(nitialized at shell startup.)-3.603 F 1.103(This v)6.103 F 1.103
(ariable is)-.25 F(readonly)144 576 Q(.)-.65 E F1(FUNCN)108 588 Q(AME)
-.2 E F0 .478(An array v)144 600 R .479
(ariable containing the names of all shell functions currently in the e)
-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .479(cution call stack.).15 F .277
(The element with inde)144 612 R 2.777(x0i)-.15 G 2.777(st)-2.777 G .276
(he name of an)-2.777 F 2.776(yc)-.15 G(urrently-e)-2.776 E -.15(xe)-.15
G .276(cuting shell function.).15 F .276(The bottom-most)5.276 F .384
(element \(the one with the highest inde)144 624 R .384(x\) is)-.15 F/F4
10/Courier@0 SF("main")2.884 E F0 5.384(.T)C .384(his v)-5.384 F .385
(ariable e)-.25 F .385(xists only when a shell func-)-.15 F .076
(tion is e)144 636 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.576(cuting. Assignments).15 F(to)
2.576 E F3(FUNCN)2.576 E(AME)-.18 E F0(ha)2.326 E .376 -.15(ve n)-.2 H
2.576(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.576 G 2.576(ect. If).25 F F3(FUNCN)2.575 E
(AME)-.18 E F0 .075(is unset, it loses its)2.325 F
(special properties, e)144 648 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5
G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E .11(This v)144
666 R .111(ariable can be used with)-.25 F F1 -.3(BA)2.611 G(SH_LINENO)
.3 E F0(and)2.611 E F1 -.3(BA)2.611 G(SH_SOURCE).3 E F0 5.111(.E)C .111
(ach element of)-5.111 F F1(FUNC-)2.611 E -.2(NA)144 678 S(ME).2 E F0
1.404(has corresponding elements in)3.904 F F1 -.3(BA)3.904 G(SH_LINENO)
.3 E F0(and)3.904 E F1 -.3(BA)3.904 G(SH_SOURCE).3 E F0 1.404
(to describe the)3.904 F .012(call stack.)144 690 R -.15(Fo)5.012 G
2.512(ri).15 G(nstance,)-2.512 E F1(${FUNCN)2.512 E(AME[)-.2 E F2($i)A
F1(]})A F0 -.1(wa)2.512 G 2.512(sc).1 G .012(alled from the \214le)
-2.512 F F1(${B)2.512 E(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F2($i+1)A F1(]})A F0 1.184
(at line number)144 702 R F1(${B)3.684 E(ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E F2($i)A F1
(]})A F0 6.184(.T)C(he)-6.184 E F1(caller)3.683 E F0 -.2(bu)3.683 G
1.183(iltin displays the current call stack using).2 F
(this information.)144 714 Q(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)
135.955 E(13)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(GR)108 84 Q(OUPS)-.3 E F0 1.228(An array v)144 96 R 1.228(ariable co\
ntaining the list of groups of which the current user is a member)-.25 F
6.229(.A)-.55 G(ssign-)-6.229 E .572(ments to)144 108 R/F2 9
/Times-Bold@0 SF(GR)3.072 E(OUPS)-.27 E F0(ha)2.822 E .872 -.15(ve n)-.2
H 3.072(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-3.072 G 3.072(ect. If).25 F F2(GR)3.072 E
(OUPS)-.27 E F0 .572(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.822
F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.072(ni).15 G 3.071(fi)-3.072 G 3.071(ti)-3.071 G(s)
-3.071 E(subsequently reset.)144 120 Q F1(HISTCMD)108 132 Q F0 2.81
(The history number)144 144 R 5.31(,o)-.4 G 5.31(ri)-5.31 G(nde)-5.31 E
5.311(xi)-.15 G 5.311(nt)-5.311 G 2.811
(he history list, of the current command.)-5.311 F 2.811(Assignments to)
7.811 F F2(HISTCMD)144 156 Q F0 1.135(are ignored.)3.385 F(If)6.135 E F2
(HISTCMD)3.635 E F0 1.135(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)
3.385 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.634(ni).15 G 3.634(fi)-3.634 G 3.634(ti)-3.634
G 3.634(ss)-3.634 G(ubse-)-3.634 E(quently reset.)144 168 Q F1(HOSTN)108
180 Q(AME)-.2 E F0(Automatically set to the name of the current host.)
144 192 Q F1(HOSTTYPE)108 204 Q F0 .222(Automatically set to a string t\
hat uniquely describes the type of machine on which)144 216 R F1(bash)
2.723 E F0 .223(is e)2.723 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E 2.5(ing. The)144
228 R(def)2.5 E(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(LINENO)108 240 Q F0
1.408(Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a d\
ecimal number representing the)144 252 R .078(current sequential line n\
umber \(starting with 1\) within a script or function.)144 264 R .079
(When not in a script or)5.078 F .307(function, the v)144 276 R .307
(alue substituted is not guaranteed to be meaningful.)-.25 F(If)5.306 E
F2(LINENO)2.806 E F0 .306(is unset, it loses its)2.556 F
(special properties, e)144 288 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5
G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(MA)108 300 Q
(CHTYPE)-.55 E F0 .898(Automatically set to a string that fully describ\
es the system type on which)144 312 R F1(bash)3.398 E F0 .899(is e)3.398
F -.15(xe)-.15 G .899(cuting, in).15 F(the standard GNU)144 324 Q/F3 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(cpu-company-system)2.5 E F0 2.5(format. The)2.5 F
(def)2.5 E(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(MAPFILE)108 336 Q F0 .294
(An array v)144 348 R .294(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)2.794 E F0
(belo)2.794 E .294(w\) created to hold the te)-.25 F .293
(xt read by the)-.15 F F1(map\214le)2.793 E F0 -.2(bu)2.793 G .293
(iltin when no).2 F -.25(va)144 360 S(riable name is supplied.).25 E F1
(OLDPWD)108 372 Q F0(The pre)144 384 Q(vious w)-.25 E
(orking directory as set by the)-.1 E F1(cd)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1
(OPT)108 396 Q(ARG)-.9 E F0 1.626(The v)144 408 R 1.627
(alue of the last option ar)-.25 F 1.627(gument processed by the)-.18 F
F1(getopts)4.127 E F0 -.2(bu)4.127 G 1.627(iltin command \(see).2 F F2
(SHELL)4.127 E -.09(BU)144 420 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)
2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(OPTIND)108 432 Q F0 1.652(The inde)144 444 R 4.152
(xo)-.15 G 4.152(ft)-4.152 G 1.652(he ne)-4.152 F 1.652(xt ar)-.15 F
1.652(gument to be processed by the)-.18 F F1(getopts)4.151 E F0 -.2(bu)
4.151 G 1.651(iltin command \(see).2 F F2(SHELL)4.151 E -.09(BU)144 456
S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(OSTYPE)108
468 Q F0 .329(Automatically set to a string that describes the operatin\
g system on which)144 480 R F1(bash)2.83 E F0 .33(is e)2.83 F -.15(xe)
-.15 G 2.83(cuting. The).15 F(def)144 492 Q(ault is system-dependent.)
-.1 E F1(PIPEST)108 504 Q -.95(AT)-.9 G(US).95 E F0 .61(An array v)144
516 R .61(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)3.11 E F0(belo)3.11 E .61
(w\) containing a list of e)-.25 F .61(xit status v)-.15 F .61
(alues from the processes in)-.25 F(the most-recently-e)144 528 Q -.15
(xe)-.15 G(cuted fore).15 E
(ground pipeline \(which may contain only a single command\).)-.15 E F1
(PPID)108 540 Q F0(The process ID of the shell')144 540 Q 2.5(sp)-.55 G
2.5(arent. This)-2.5 F -.25(va)2.5 G(riable is readonly).25 E(.)-.65 E
F1(PWD)108 552 Q F0(The current w)144 552 Q
(orking directory as set by the)-.1 E F1(cd)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1
(RANDOM)108 564 Q F0 .417(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)
144 576 R .417(xpands to a random inte)-.15 F .417
(ger between 0 and 32767.)-.15 F(As-)5.417 E .551(signing a v)144 588 R
.551(alue to)-.25 F F2(RANDOM)3.051 E F0 .551
(initializes \(seeds\) the sequence of random numbers.)2.801 F(If)5.55 E
F2(RANDOM)3.05 E F0(is)2.8 E(unset, it loses its special properties, e)
144 600 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5
(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(READLINE_ARGUMENT)108 612 Q F0
(An)144 624 Q 4.694(yn)-.15 G 2.194(umeric ar)-4.694 F 2.194(gument gi)
-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.694(nt).15 G 4.694(oar)-4.694 G 2.194
(eadline command that w)-4.694 F 2.194(as de\214ned using)-.1 F/F4 10
/Courier@0 SF 2.195(bind -x)4.695 F F0(\(see)4.695 E F2(SHELL B)144 636
Q(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\) when it w)-.25 E
(as in)-.1 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E F1(READLINE_LINE)108 648 Q
F0 1.547(The contents of the)144 660 R F1 -.18(re)4.047 G(adline).18 E
F0 1.547(line b)4.047 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 4.047(,f)-.4 G 1.547
(or use with)-4.047 F F4 1.547(bind -x)4.047 F F0(\(see)4.047 E F2 1.546
(SHELL B)4.047 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.546(TIN COM-)-.828 F(MANDS)144 672 Q F0
(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(READLINE_MARK)108 684 Q F0 .106
(The position of the mark \(sa)144 696 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.606(di).15 G
.106(nsertion point\) in the)-2.606 F F1 -.18(re)2.607 G(adline).18 E F0
.107(line b)2.607 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 2.607(,f)-.4 G .107(or use with)
-2.607 F F4 .107(bind -x)2.607 F F0(\(see)144 708 Q F2 1.017(SHELL B)
3.517 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.017(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.267 E 3.516
(w\). The)-.25 F 1.016(characters between the insertion point and the)
3.516 F(mark are often called the)144 720 Q F3 -.37(re)2.5 G(gion)-.03 E
F0(.)A(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(14)185.115 E 0
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(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(READLINE_POINT)108 84 Q F0 .313
(The position of the insertion point in the)144 96 R F1 -.18(re)2.813 G
(adline).18 E F0 .313(line b)2.813 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 2.813(,f)-.4 G
.313(or use with)-2.813 F/F2 10/Courier@0 SF .314(bind -x)2.814 F F0
(\(see)2.814 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL)2.814 E -.09(BU)144 108 S(IL)
.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(REPL)108 120 Q
(Y)-.92 E F0(Set to the line of input read by the)144 132 Q F1 -.18(re)
2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command when no ar).2 E
(guments are supplied.)-.18 E F1(SECONDS)108 144 Q F0 .178
(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)144 156 R .177
(xpands to the number of seconds since shell in)-.15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G
(cation.).2 E .712(If a v)144 168 R .712(alue is assigned to)-.25 F F3
(SECONDS)3.212 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 .712(the v)2.962 F .712
(alue returned upon subsequent references is the number)-.25 F .628
(of seconds since the assignment plus the v)144 180 R .627
(alue assigned.)-.25 F .627(The number of seconds at shell in)5.627 F
-.2(vo)-.4 G(ca-).2 E .111(tion and the current time are al)144 192 R
-.1(wa)-.1 G .111(ys determined by querying the system clock.).1 F(If)
5.112 E F3(SECONDS)2.612 E F0 .112(is un-)2.362 F
(set, it loses its special properties, e)144 204 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)
-2.5 E F1(SHELLOPTS)108 216 Q F0 3.263(Ac)144 228 S .763
(olon-separated list of enabled shell options.)-3.263 F .763(Each w)
5.763 F .763(ord in the list is a v)-.1 F .763(alid ar)-.25 F .763
(gument for the)-.18 F F1<ad6f>144 240 Q F0 1.173(option to the)3.673 F
F1(set)3.673 E F0 -.2(bu)3.673 G 1.173(iltin command \(see).2 F F3 1.174
(SHELL B)3.674 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.174(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.424 E
3.674(w\). The)-.25 F(options)3.674 E .02(appearing in)144 252 R F3
(SHELLOPTS)2.52 E F0 .019(are those reported as)2.27 F/F5 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(on)2.749 E F0(by)2.759 E F1 .019(set \255o)2.519 F F0
5.019(.I)C 2.519(ft)-5.019 G .019(his v)-2.519 F .019
(ariable is in the en)-.25 F(vironment)-.4 E(when)144 264 Q F1(bash)
3.141 E F0 .642(starts up, each shell option in the list will be enable\
d before reading an)3.141 F 3.142(ys)-.15 G .642(tartup \214les.)-3.142
F(This v)144 276 Q(ariable is read-only)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F1(SHL)108 288 Q
(VL)-.92 E F0(Incremented by one each time an instance of)144 300 Q F1
(bash)2.5 E F0(is started.)2.5 E F1(SRANDOM)108 312 Q F0 .761(This v)144
324 R .761(ariable e)-.25 F .761(xpands to a 32-bit pseudo-random numbe\
r each time it is referenced. The random)-.15 F .564
(number generator is not linear on systems that support)144 336 R F2
(/dev/urandom)3.065 E F0(or)3.065 E F5(ar)3.065 E(c4r)-.37 E(andom)-.15
E F0 3.065(,s)C 3.065(oe)-3.065 G(ach)-3.065 E .788
(returned number has no relationship to the numbers preceding it.)144
348 R .787(The random number generator)5.787 F .087
(cannot be seeded, so assignments to this v)144 360 R .087(ariable ha)
-.25 F .387 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.587(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.587 G 2.588
(ect. If).25 F F3(SRANDOM)2.588 E F0 .088(is unset, it loses its)2.338 F
(special properties, e)144 372 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5
G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(UID)108 384 Q
F0(Expands to the user ID of the current user)144 384 Q 2.5(,i)-.4 G
(nitialized at shell startup.)-2.5 E(This v)5 E(ariable is readonly)-.25
E(.)-.65 E .994(The follo)108 400.8 R .994(wing v)-.25 F .994
(ariables are used by the shell.)-.25 F .994(In some cases,)5.994 F F1
(bash)3.494 E F0 .994(assigns a def)3.494 F .994(ault v)-.1 F .993
(alue to a v)-.25 F(ariable;)-.25 E(these cases are noted belo)108 412.8
Q -.65(w.)-.25 G F1 -.3(BA)108 429.6 S(SH_COMP).3 E -.95(AT)-.74 G F0
.502(The v)144 441.6 R .502(alue is used to set the shell')-.25 F 3.002
(sc)-.55 G .502(ompatibility le)-3.002 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.002(l. See).15
F F3 .503(SHELL COMP)3.002 F -.855(AT)-.666 G .503(IBILITY MODE).855 F
F0(be-)2.753 E(lo)144 453.6 Q 2.663(wf)-.25 G .163
(or a description of the v)-2.663 F .162(arious compatibility le)-.25 F
-.15(ve)-.25 G .162(ls and their ef).15 F 2.662(fects. The)-.25 F -.25
(va)2.662 G .162(lue may be a dec-).25 F .33
(imal number \(e.g., 4.2\) or an inte)144 465.6 R .33
(ger \(e.g., 42\) corresponding to the desired compatibility le)-.15 F
-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.83(l. If).15 F F1 -.3(BA)144 477.6 S(SH_COMP).3 E -.95
(AT)-.74 G F0 .861
(is unset or set to the empty string, the compatibility le)4.311 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G 3.36(li).15 G 3.36(ss)-3.36 G .86(et to the def)-3.36 F(ault)
-.1 E .39(for the current v)144 489.6 R 2.89(ersion. If)-.15 F F1 -.3
(BA)2.89 G(SH_COMP).3 E -.95(AT)-.74 G F0 .39(is set to a v)3.84 F .39
(alue that is not one of the v)-.25 F .39(alid compati-)-.25 F .278
(bility le)144 501.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .278
(ls, the shell prints an error message and sets the compatibility le).15
F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.777(lt).15 G 2.777(ot)-2.777 G .277(he def)-2.777 F
.277(ault for the)-.1 F 1.4(current v)144 513.6 R 3.9(ersion. The)-.15 F
-.25(va)3.901 G 1.401(lid v).25 F 1.401
(alues correspond to the compatibility le)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.401
(ls described belo).15 F 3.901(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.901 E F3 .154
(SHELL COMP)144 525.6 R -.855(AT)-.666 G .154(IBILITY MODE).855 F F4(.)A
F0 -.15(Fo)4.654 G 2.654(re).15 G .154(xample, 4.2 and 42 are v)-2.804 F
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(compat42 shopt)144 537.6 R F0 .774(option and set the compatibility le)
3.273 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.274(lt).15 G 3.274(o4)-3.274 G 3.274(2. The)
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E -.25(va)144 549.6 S(lue.).25 E F1 -.3(BA)108 561.6 S(SH_ENV).3 E F0
.506(If this parameter is set when)144 573.6 R F1(bash)3.006 E F0 .506
(is e)3.006 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .505(cuting a shell script, its v).15 F
.505(alue is interpreted as a \214lename)-.25 F .39
(containing commands to initialize the shell, as in)144 585.6 R F5
(~/.bashr)2.39 E(c)-.37 E F0 5.39(.T).31 G .39(he v)-5.39 F .391
(alue of)-.25 F F3 -.27(BA)2.891 G(SH_ENV).27 E F0 .391(is subjected)
2.641 F .525(to parameter e)144 597.6 R .525
(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F .525
(xpansion before being interpreted)-.15 F(as a \214lename.)144 609.6 Q
F3 -.666(PA)5 G(TH)-.189 E F0
(is not used to search for the resultant \214lename.)2.25 E F1 -.3(BA)
108 621.6 S(SH_XTRA).3 E(CEFD)-.55 E F0 .48(If set to an inte)144 633.6
R .48(ger corresponding to a v)-.15 F .481(alid \214le descriptor)-.25 F
(,)-.4 E F1(bash)2.981 E F0 .481(will write the trace output gener)2.981
F(-)-.2 E 3.114(ated when)144 645.6 R F2 3.114(set -x)5.614 F F0 3.114
(is enabled to that \214le descriptor)5.614 F 8.114(.T)-.55 G 3.114
(he \214le descriptor is closed when)-8.114 F F3 -.27(BA)144 657.6 S
(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F0 .138(is unset or assigned a ne)2.388 F
2.638(wv)-.25 G 2.638(alue. Unsetting)-2.888 F F3 -.27(BA)2.638 G
(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F0 .138(or assigning it)2.388 F 2.531(the e\
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669.6 R 7.53(.N)-.55 G 2.53(ote that setting)-7.53 F F3 -.27(BA)144
681.6 S(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F0 .74(to 2 \(the standard error \
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(standard error being closed.)144 693.6 Q F1(CDP)108 705.6 Q -.95(AT)
-.74 G(H).95 E F0 1.248(The search path for the)144 717.6 R F1(cd)3.748
E F0 3.748(command. This)3.748 F 1.247
(is a colon-separated list of directories in which the)3.748 F 3.795
(shell looks for destination directories speci\214ed by the)144 729.6 R
F1(cd)6.295 E F0 6.296(command. A)6.296 F 3.796(sample v)6.296 F 3.796
(alue is)-.25 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(15)
185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Courier@0 SF
(".:~:/usr")144 84 Q F0(.)A/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(CHILD_MAX)108 96 Q F0
.997(Set the number of e)144 108 R .997(xited child status v)-.15 F .997
(alues for the shell to remember)-.25 F 5.997(.B)-.55 G .997
(ash will not allo)-5.997 F 3.497(wt)-.25 G(his)-3.497 E -.25(va)144 120
S 1.077(lue to be decreased belo).25 F 3.577(waP)-.25 G 1.077
(OSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum v)-3.577 F 1.078
(alue \(cur)-.25 F(-)-.2 E(rently 8192\) that this may not e)144 132 Q
2.5(xceed. The)-.15 F(minimum v)2.5 E(alue is system-dependent.)-.25 E
F2(COLUMNS)108 144 Q F0 .829(Used by the)144 156 R F2(select)3.329 E F0
.828(compound command to determine the terminal width when printing sel\
ection)3.329 F 3.466(lists. Automatically)144 168 R .966(set if the)
3.466 F F2(checkwinsize)3.466 E F0 .966
(option is enabled or in an interacti)3.466 F 1.266 -.15(ve s)-.25 H
.966(hell upon re-).15 F(ceipt of a)144 180 Q/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
(SIGWINCH)2.5 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F2(COMPREPL)108 192 Q(Y)-.92 E
F0 .848(An array v)144 204 R .848(ariable from which)-.25 F F2(bash)
3.348 E F0 .848
(reads the possible completions generated by a shell function)3.348 F
(in)144 216 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.785(db).1 G 2.785(yt)-2.785 G
.285(he programmable completion f)-2.785 F .285(acility \(see)-.1 F F2
(Pr)2.785 E .285(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F0(belo)2.785 E 2.785
(w\). Each)-.25 F(array element contains one possible completion.)144
228 Q F2(EMA)108 240 Q(CS)-.55 E F0(If)144 252 Q F2(bash)2.536 E F0 .036
(\214nds this v)2.536 F .036(ariable in the en)-.25 F .036
(vironment when the shell starts with v)-.4 F(alue)-.25 E F1(t)2.535 E
F0 2.535(,i)C 2.535(ta)-2.535 G .035(ssumes that the)-2.535 F
(shell is running in an Emacs shell b)144 264 Q(uf)-.2 E
(fer and disables line editing.)-.25 E F2(ENV)108 276 Q F0 .67
(Expanded and e)144 276 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .67(cuted similarly to).15 F F3
-.27(BA)3.17 G(SH_ENV).27 E F0(\(see)2.92 E F2(INV)3.17 E(OCA)-.45 E
(TION)-.95 E F0(abo)3.171 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.171(\)w).15 G .671
(hen an interacti)-3.171 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(shell is in)144 288 Q -.2(vo)
-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(di).1 G(n)-2.5 E/F5 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
(posix mode)2.5 E F0(.)A F2(EXECIGNORE)108 300 Q F0 2.717(Ac)144 312 S
.217(olon-separated list of shell patterns \(see)-2.717 F F2 -.1(Pa)
2.717 G(tter).1 E 2.717(nM)-.15 G(atching)-2.717 E F0 2.717(\)d)C .216
(e\214ning the list of \214lenames to be)-2.717 F .116
(ignored by command search using)144 324 R F2 -.74(PA)2.616 G(TH)-.21 E
F0 5.116(.F)C .117
(iles whose full pathnames match one of these patterns)-5.116 F 1.433
(are not considered e)144 336 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.432
(cutable \214les for the purposes of completion and command e).15 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G 1.432(cution via).15 F F2 -.74(PA)144 348 S(TH)-.21 E F0
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2.908(,a)C(nd)-2.908 E F2([[)2.908 E F0 2.909(commands. Full)2.908 F
(pathnames)2.909 E .364(in the command hash table are not subject to)144
360 R F2(EXECIGNORE)2.864 E F0 5.364(.U)C .364(se this v)-5.364 F .364
(ariable to ignore shared)-.25 F 1.37(library \214les that ha)144 372 R
1.67 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.37(he e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.37
(cutable bit set, b).15 F 1.37(ut are not e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.37
(cutable \214les.).15 F 1.37(The pattern matching)6.37 F
(honors the setting of the)144 384 Q F2(extglob)2.5 E F0(shell option.)
2.5 E F2(FCEDIT)108 396 Q F0(The def)144 408 Q(ault editor for the)-.1 E
F2(fc)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E F2(FIGNORE)108 420 Q F0
2.599(Ac)144 432 S .098(olon-separated list of suf)-2.599 F<8c78>-.25 E
.098(es to ignore when performing \214lename completion \(see)-.15 F F3
(READLINE)2.598 E F0(belo)144 444 Q 2.704(w\). A)-.25 F .204
(\214lename whose suf)2.704 F .205(\214x matches one of the entries in)
-.25 F F3(FIGNORE)2.705 E F0 .205(is e)2.455 F .205
(xcluded from the list)-.15 F(of matched \214lenames.)144 456 Q 2.5(As)5
G(ample v)-2.5 E(alue is)-.25 E F1(".o:~")2.5 E F0(.)A F2(FUNCNEST)108
468 Q F0 .231(If set to a numeric v)144 480 R .231
(alue greater than 0, de\214nes a maximum function nesting le)-.25 F
-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.73(l. Function).15 F(in)2.73 E -.2(vo)-.4 G(-).2 E
(cations that e)144 492 Q(xceed this nesting le)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
2.5(lw).15 G(ill cause the current command to abort.)-2.5 E F2
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e)-2.923 F(xpan-)-.15 E 2.948(sion. If)144 528 R 2.948<618c>2.948 G .448
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(xpansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in)-.15 F F3
(GLOBIGNORE)144 540 Q F4(,)A F0(it is remo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(df)
.15 G(rom the list of matches.)-2.5 E F2(HISTCONTR)108 552 Q(OL)-.3 E F0
2.653(Ac)144 564 S .153(olon-separated list of v)-2.653 F .153
(alues controlling ho)-.25 F 2.653(wc)-.25 G .153(ommands are sa)-2.653
F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.653(do).15 G 2.653(nt)-2.653 G .153(he history list.)
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(character are not sa)2.99 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.99(di).15 G 2.99(nt)-2.99 G
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(alue of)-3.307 F F5(ignor)3.067 E(edups)-.37 E F0 .557
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(Av)144 600 S .426(alue of)-3.176 F F5(ignor)2.936 E(eboth)-.37 E F0
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(all pre)144 612 R .698
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(ist is ignored.).15 F(If)5.263 E F3(HISTCONTR)2.763 E(OL)-.27 E F0 .263
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(fu)-5 G(nset, the command history is not sa)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5
(dw).15 G(hen a shell e)-2.5 E(xits.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q
(2022 September 19)135.955 E(16)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
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SF(HISTFILESIZE)108 84 Q F0 1.623
(The maximum number of lines contained in the history \214le.)144 96 R
1.622(When this v)6.623 F 1.622(ariable is assigned a)-.25 F -.25(va)144
108 S .124(lue, the history \214le is truncated, if necessary).25 F
2.624(,t)-.65 G 2.624(oc)-2.624 G .125
(ontain no more than that number of lines by re-)-2.624 F(mo)144 120 Q
.066(ving the oldest entries.)-.15 F .065(The history \214le is also tr\
uncated to this size after writing it when a shell)5.066 F -.15(ex)144
132 S 2.927(its. If).15 F .427(the v)2.927 F .428
(alue is 0, the history \214le is truncated to zero size.)-.25 F .428
(Non-numeric v)5.428 F .428(alues and numeric)-.25 F -.25(va)144 144 S
.152(lues less than zero inhibit truncation.).25 F .152
(The shell sets the def)5.152 F .152(ault v)-.1 F .152(alue to the v)
-.25 F .151(alue of)-.25 F F1(HISTSIZE)2.651 E F0(after reading an)144
156 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(tartup \214les.)-2.5 E F1(HISTIGNORE)108 168 Q F0
2.657(Ac)144 180 S .157(olon-separated list of patterns used to decide \
which command lines should be sa)-2.657 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.658(do).15 G
2.658(nt)-2.658 G .158(he his-)-2.658 F .708(tory list.)144 192 R .708
(Each pattern is anchored at the be)5.708 F .707
(ginning of the line and must match the complete line)-.15 F .625
(\(no implicit `)144 204 R F1(*)A F0 3.125('i)C 3.125(sa)-3.125 G 3.125
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(ainst the line after the checks speci\214ed by)-.05 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0
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(In addition to the normal shell pattern matching characters, `)6.793 F
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(ay be escaped using a backslash; the backslash is re-)-3.94 F(mo)144
240 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.95(db).15 G 1.45(efore attempting a match.)-3.95
F 1.45(The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound)6.45 F
1.269(command are not tested, and are added to the history re)144 252 R
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(HISTIGNORE)3.77 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0
(The pattern matching honors the setting of the)144 264 Q F1(extglob)2.5
E F0(shell option.)2.5 E F1(HISTSIZE)108 276 Q F0 1.387
(The number of commands to remember in the command history \(see)144 288
R F2(HIST)3.887 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0(belo)3.637 E 3.887(w\). If)
-.25 F(the)3.887 E -.25(va)144 300 S .412(lue is 0, commands are not sa)
.25 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.913(di).15 G 2.913(nt)-2.913 G .413
(he history list.)-2.913 F .413(Numeric v)5.413 F .413
(alues less than zero result in e)-.25 F(v-)-.25 E .344
(ery command being sa)144 312 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.844(do).15 G 2.844(nt)
-2.844 G .343(he history list \(there is no limit\).)-2.844 F .343
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(500 after reading an)144 324 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(tartup \214les.)-2.5 E F1
(HISTTIMEFORMA)108 336 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .951(If this v)144 348 R .951
(ariable is set and not null, its v)-.25 F .952
(alue is used as a format string for)-.25 F/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
(strftime)3.452 E F0 .952(\(3\) to print the)B .673
(time stamp associated with each history entry displayed by the)144 360
R F1(history)3.173 E F0 -.2(bu)3.172 G 3.172(iltin. If).2 F .672(this v)
3.172 F .672(ariable is)-.25 F .144
(set, time stamps are written to the history \214le so the)144 372 R
2.644(ym)-.15 G .144(ay be preserv)-2.644 F .144
(ed across shell sessions.)-.15 F(This)5.145 E(uses the history comment\
 character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.)144 384 Q
F1(HOME)108 396 Q F0 1.27
(The home directory of the current user; the def)144 408 R 1.27(ault ar)
-.1 F 1.27(gument for the)-.18 F F1(cd)3.77 E F0 -.2(bu)3.77 G 1.27
(iltin command.).2 F(The)6.27 E -.25(va)144 420 S(lue of this v).25 E
(ariable is also used when performing tilde e)-.25 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F1
(HOSTFILE)108 432 Q F0 1.015
(Contains the name of a \214le in the same format as)144 444 R F4
(/etc/hosts)5.181 E F0 1.015(that should be read when the shell)5.181 F
.551(needs to complete a hostname.)144 456 R .551
(The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while)5.551 F
1.058(the shell is running; the ne)144 468 R 1.059
(xt time hostname completion is attempted after the v)-.15 F 1.059
(alue is changed,)-.25 F F1(bash)144 480 Q F0 .138
(adds the contents of the ne)2.639 F 2.638<778c>-.25 G .138(le to the e)
-2.638 F .138(xisting list.)-.15 F(If)5.138 E F2(HOSTFILE)2.638 E F0
.138(is set, b)2.388 F .138(ut has no v)-.2 F .138(alue, or)-.25 F .517
(does not name a readable \214le,)144 492 R F1(bash)3.017 E F0 .517
(attempts to read)3.017 F F4(/etc/hosts)4.684 E F0 .518
(to obtain the list of possible host-)4.684 F(name completions.)144 504
Q(When)5 E F2(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F0(is unset, the hostname list is cleared.)
2.25 E F1(IFS)108 516 Q F0(The)144 516 Q F4 .556(Internal F)3.636 F .556
(ield Separ)-.45 F(ator)-.15 E F0 .556(that is used for w)3.786 F .556
(ord splitting after e)-.1 F .555(xpansion and to split lines into)-.15
F -.1(wo)144 528 S(rds with the).1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2
(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E(The def)5 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is `)-.25 E
(`<space><tab><ne)-.74 E(wline>')-.25 E('.)-.74 E F1(IGNOREEOF)108 540 Q
F0 .503(Controls the action of an interacti)144 552 R .803 -.15(ve s)
-.25 H .503(hell on receipt of an).15 F F2(EOF)3.003 E F0 .503
(character as the sole input.)2.753 F .504(If set,)5.504 F .426(the v)
144 564 R .426(alue is the number of consecuti)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F2
(EOF)3.076 E F0 .426
(characters which must be typed as the \214rst characters)2.676 F .302
(on an input line before)144 576 R F1(bash)2.802 E F0 -.15(ex)2.802 G
2.802(its. If).15 F .302(the v)2.802 F .302(ariable e)-.25 F .302
(xists b)-.15 F .302(ut does not ha)-.2 F .602 -.15(ve a n)-.2 H .302
(umeric v).15 F .303(alue, or has)-.25 F(no v)144 588 Q(alue, the def)
-.25 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is 10.)-.25 E(If it does not e)5 E(xist,)-.15 E
F2(EOF)2.5 E F0(signi\214es the end of input to the shell.)2.25 E F1
(INPUTRC)108 600 Q F0 .261(The \214lename for the)144 612 R F1 -.18(re)
2.761 G(adline).18 E F0 .261(startup \214le, o)2.761 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
.26(rriding the def).15 F .26(ault of)-.1 F F4(~/.inputr)4.426 E(c)-.37
E F0(\(see)4.426 E F2(READLINE)2.76 E F0(be-)2.51 E(lo)144 624 Q(w\).)
-.25 E F1(INSIDE_EMA)108 636 Q(CS)-.55 E F0 .033(If this v)144 648 R
.033(ariable appears in the en)-.25 F .033
(vironment when the shell starts,)-.4 F F1(bash)2.534 E F0 .034
(assumes that it is running in-)2.534 F(side an Emacs shell b)144 660 Q
(uf)-.2 E(fer and may disable line editing, depending on the v)-.25 E
(alue of)-.25 E F1(TERM)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(LANG)108 672 Q F0 1.24
(Used to determine the locale cate)144 672 R 1.239(gory for an)-.15 F
3.739(yc)-.15 G(ate)-3.739 E 1.239
(gory not speci\214cally selected with a v)-.15 F(ariable)-.25 E
(starting with)144 684 Q F1(LC_)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(LC_ALL)108 696 Q F0 .973
(This v)144 708 R .973(ariable o)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .973
(rrides the v).15 F .973(alue of)-.25 F F2(LANG)3.473 E F0 .973(and an)
3.223 F 3.473(yo)-.15 G(ther)-3.473 E F1(LC_)3.473 E F0 -.25(va)3.473 G
.974(riable specifying a locale cate-).25 F(gory)144 720 Q(.)-.65 E
(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(17)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(LC_COLLA)108 84 Q(TE)-.95 E F0 .412(This v)144 96 R .412(ariable det\
ermines the collation order used when sorting the results of pathname e)
-.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E 1.464(and determines the beha)144 108 R 1.464
(vior of range e)-.2 F 1.465(xpressions, equi)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G
1.465(lence classes, and collating sequences).25 F(within pathname e)144
120 Q(xpansion and pattern matching.)-.15 E F1(LC_CTYPE)108 132 Q F0
1.936(This v)144 144 R 1.936
(ariable determines the interpretation of characters and the beha)-.25 F
1.935(vior of character classes)-.2 F(within pathname e)144 156 Q
(xpansion and pattern matching.)-.15 E F1(LC_MESSA)108 168 Q(GES)-.55 E
F0(This v)144 180 Q(ariable determines the locale used to translate dou\
ble-quoted strings preceded by a)-.25 E F1($)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(LC_NUMERIC)
108 192 Q F0(This v)144 204 Q(ariable determines the locale cate)-.25 E
(gory used for number formatting.)-.15 E F1(LC_TIME)108 216 Q F0(This v)
144 228 Q(ariable determines the locale cate)-.25 E
(gory used for data and time formatting.)-.15 E F1(LINES)108 240 Q F0
.054(Used by the)144 240 R F1(select)2.554 E F0 .054(compound command t\
o determine the column length for printing selection lists.)2.554 F .265
(Automatically set if the)144 252 R F1(checkwinsize)2.765 E F0 .264
(option is enabled or in an interacti)2.765 F .564 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .264
(hell upon receipt of a).15 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGWINCH)144 264 Q/F3
9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(MAIL)108 276 Q F0 .421
(If this parameter is set to a \214le or directory name and the)144 276
R F2(MAILP)2.922 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 -.25(va)2.672 G .422
(riable is not set,).25 F F1(bash)2.922 E F0(in-)2.922 E
(forms the user of the arri)144 288 Q -.25(va)-.25 G 2.5(lo).25 G 2.5
(fm)-2.5 G(ail in the speci\214ed \214le or Maildir)-2.5 E
(-format directory)-.2 E(.)-.65 E F1(MAILCHECK)108 300 Q F0 .099
(Speci\214es ho)144 312 R 2.599(wo)-.25 G .099(ften \(in seconds\))
-2.599 F F1(bash)2.598 E F0 .098(checks for mail.)2.598 F .098(The def)
5.098 F .098(ault is 60 seconds.)-.1 F .098(When it is time)5.098 F .223
(to check for mail, the shell does so before displaying the primary pro\
mpt.)144 324 R .224(If this v)5.224 F .224(ariable is unset,)-.25 F
(or set to a v)144 336 Q(alue that is not a number greater than or equa\
l to zero, the shell disables mail checking.)-.25 E F1(MAILP)108 348 Q
-.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 2.99(Ac)144 360 S .49
(olon-separated list of \214lenames to be check)-2.99 F .49
(ed for mail.)-.1 F .49(The message to be printed when mail)5.49 F(arri)
144 372 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.62(si).15 G 2.62(nap)-2.62 G .12(articular \
\214le may be speci\214ed by separating the \214lename from the message\
 with a `?'.)-2.62 F(When used in the te)144 384 Q(xt of the message,)
-.15 E F1($_)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G
(pands to the name of the current mail\214le.).15 E(Example:)5 E F1
(MAILP)144 396 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0(=\010/v)A(ar/mail/bfox?"Y)
-.25 E(ou ha)-1.1 E .3 -.15(ve m)-.2 H
(ail":~/shell\255mail?"$_ has mail!"\010).15 E F1(Bash)144 408 Q F0 .015
(can be con\214gured to supply a def)2.515 F .015(ault v)-.1 F .015
(alue for this v)-.25 F .015(ariable \(there is no v)-.25 F .015
(alue by def)-.25 F .015(ault\), b)-.1 F(ut)-.2 E(the location of the u\
ser mail \214les that it uses is system dependent \(e.g., /v)144 420 Q
(ar/mail/)-.25 E F1($USER)A F0(\).)A F1(OPTERR)108 432 Q F0 .389
(If set to the v)144 444 R .389(alue 1,)-.25 F F1(bash)2.889 E F0 .389
(displays error messages generated by the)2.889 F F1(getopts)2.89 E F0
-.2(bu)2.89 G .39(iltin command \(see).2 F F2 .36(SHELL B)144 456 R(UIL)
-.09 E .36(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.61 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(OPTERR)
5.36 E F0 .359(is initialized to 1 each time the shell is in)2.61 F -.2
(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E(or a shell script is e)144 468 Q -.15(xe)
-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1 -.74(PA)108 480 S(TH)-.21 E F0 .587
(The search path for commands.)144 480 R .588
(It is a colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks)
5.587 F .472(for commands \(see)144 492 R F2 .472(COMMAND EXECUTION)
2.972 F F0(belo)2.722 E 2.972(w\). A)-.25 F .471
(zero-length \(null\) directory name in the)2.972 F -.25(va)144 504 S
.535(lue of).25 F F2 -.666(PA)3.035 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .535
(indicates the current directory)2.785 F 5.535(.A)-.65 G .535
(null directory name may appear as tw)-2.5 F 3.036(oa)-.1 G(djacent)
-3.036 E .868(colons, or as an initial or trailing colon.)144 516 R .868
(The def)5.868 F .867(ault path is system-dependent, and is set by the)
-.1 F(administrator who installs)144 528 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 5(.A)C
(common v)-2.5 E(alue is)-.25 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF
(/usr/local/bin:/usr/lo-)2.5 E(cal/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin)
144 540 Q F0(.)A F1(POSIXL)108 552 Q(Y_CORRECT)-.92 E F0 .472(If this v)
144 564 R .472(ariable is in the en)-.25 F .471(vironment when)-.4 F F1
(bash)2.971 E F0 .471(starts, the shell enters)2.971 F/F5 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF .471(posix mode)2.971 F F0 .471(before reading)2.971
F .011(the startup \214les, as if the)144 576 R F1(\255\255posix)2.511 E
F0(in)2.511 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .011(cation option had been supplied.).2 F
.011(If it is set while the shell is)5.011 F(running,)144 588 Q F1(bash)
4.498 E F0(enables)4.498 E F5 1.997(posix mode)4.497 F F0 4.497(,a)C
4.497(si)-4.497 G 4.497(ft)-4.497 G 1.997(he command)-4.497 F F4 1.997
(set -o posix)4.497 F F0 1.997(had been e)4.497 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.)
.15 E(When the shell enters)144 600 Q F5(posix mode)2.5 E F0 2.5(,i)C
2.5(ts)-2.5 G(ets this v)-2.5 E(ariable if it w)-.25 E
(as not already set.)-.1 E F1(PR)108 612 Q(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F0 .155
(If this v)144 624 R .155(ariable is set, and is an array)-.25 F 2.655
(,t)-.65 G .155(he v)-2.655 F .155(alue of each set element is e)-.25 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G .155(cuted as a command prior).15 F .407
(to issuing each primary prompt.)144 636 R .407(If this is set b)5.407 F
.407(ut not an array v)-.2 F .407(ariable, its v)-.25 F .407
(alue is used as a com-)-.25 F(mand to e)144 648 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cute instead.).15 E F1(PR)108 660 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.3 E(TRIM)-.4 E F0 .676
(If set to a number greater than zero, the v)144 672 R .676
(alue is used as the number of trailing directory compo-)-.25 F .923
(nents to retain when e)144 684 R .923(xpanding the)-.15 F F1(\\w)3.423
E F0(and)3.423 E F1(\\W)3.423 E F0 .923(prompt string escapes \(see)
3.423 F F2(PR)3.423 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)3.173 E(w\).)-.25 E
(Characters remo)144 696 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G
(re replaced with an ellipsis.)-2.5 E F1(PS0)108 708 Q F0 1.174(The v)
144 708 R 1.174(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F 1.174(xpanded \(see)
-.15 F F2(PR)3.674 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)3.424 E 1.174
(w\) and displayed by interacti)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
(shells after reading a command and before the command is e)144 720 Q
-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)
135.955 E(18)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(PS1)108 84 Q F0 .065(The v)144 84 R .065(alue of this parameter is e)
-.25 F .065(xpanded \(see)-.15 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)2.565 E
(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)2.315 E .065(w\) and used as the primary prompt)
-.25 F 2.5(string. The)144 96 R(def)2.5 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is `)-.25 E
(`)-.74 E F1(\\s\255\\v\\$)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(PS2)108 108 Q
F0 .117(The v)144 108 R .117(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .117
(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1)2.617 E F0 .118
(and used as the secondary prompt string.)2.368 F(The)5.118 E(def)144
120 Q(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(>)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(PS3)
108 132 Q F0 1.116(The v)144 132 R 1.115
(alue of this parameter is used as the prompt for the)-.25 F F1(select)
3.615 E F0 1.115(command \(see)3.615 F F2 1.115(SHELL GRAM-)3.615 F(MAR)
144 144 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(PS4)108 156 Q F0 .1
(The v)144 156 R .1(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .1
(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1)2.6 E F0 .101(and the v)2.35 F .101
(alue is printed before each command)-.25 F F1(bash)144 168 Q F0 .335
(displays during an e)2.835 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .335(cution trace.).15 F
.335(The \214rst character of the e)5.335 F .335(xpanded v)-.15 F .335
(alue of)-.25 F F2(PS4)2.834 E F0 .334(is repli-)2.584 F
(cated multiple times, as necessary)144 180 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G 2.5(oi)-2.5
G(ndicate multiple le)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ls of indirection.).15 E
(The def)5 E(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(+)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1
(SHELL)108 192 Q F0 .542(This v)144 204 R .542(ariable e)-.25 F .542
(xpands to the full pathname to the shell.)-.15 F .543
(If it is not set when the shell starts,)5.543 F F1(bash)3.043 E F0
(assigns to it the full pathname of the current user')144 216 Q 2.5(sl)
-.55 G(ogin shell.)-2.5 E F1(TIMEFORMA)108 228 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .827(The v)
144 240 R .826
(alue of this parameter is used as a format string specifying ho)-.25 F
3.326(wt)-.25 G .826(he timing information for)-3.326 F .648
(pipelines pre\214x)144 252 R .648(ed with the)-.15 F F1(time)3.148 E F0
(reserv)3.148 E .648(ed w)-.15 F .649(ord should be displayed.)-.1 F
(The)5.649 E F1(%)3.149 E F0 .649(character introduces)3.149 F .712
(an escape sequence that is e)144 264 R .711(xpanded to a time v)-.15 F
.711(alue or other information.)-.25 F .711(The escape sequences)5.711 F
(and their meanings are as follo)144 276 Q
(ws; the braces denote optional portions.)-.25 E F1(%%)144 294 Q F0 2.5
(Al)194 294 S(iteral)-2.5 E F1(%)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%[)144 306 Q/F3 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(p)A F1(][l]R)A F0(The elapsed time in seconds.)194
306 Q F1(%[)144 318 Q F3(p)A F1(][l]U)A F0
(The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.)194 318 Q F1(%[)144 330 Q
F3(p)A F1(][l]S)A F0(The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.)194
330 Q F1(%P)144 342 Q F0
(The CPU percentage, computed as \(%U + %S\) / %R.)194 342 Q .87
(The optional)144 358.8 R F3(p)3.37 E F0 .87(is a digit specifying the)
3.37 F F3(pr)3.37 E(ecision)-.37 E F0 3.37(,t)C .87
(he number of fractional digits after a decimal)-3.37 F 2.526(point. A)
144 370.8 R -.25(va)2.526 G .025
(lue of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.).25 F .025
(At most three places after the)5.025 F .537
(decimal point may be speci\214ed; v)144 382.8 R .537(alues of)-.25 F F3
(p)3.037 E F0 .537(greater than 3 are changed to 3.)3.037 F(If)5.538 E
F3(p)3.038 E F0 .538(is not speci\214ed,)3.038 F(the v)144 394.8 Q
(alue 3 is used.)-.25 E .668(The optional)144 411.6 R F1(l)3.168 E F0
.668(speci\214es a longer format, including minutes, of the form)3.168 F
F3(MM)3.168 E F0(m)A F3(SS)A F0(.)A F3(FF)A F0 3.167(s. The)B -.25(va)
3.167 G(lue).25 E(of)144 423.6 Q F3(p)2.5 E F0
(determines whether or not the fraction is included.)2.5 E 13.364
(If this v)144 440.4 R 13.364(ariable is not set,)-.25 F F1(bash)15.865
E F0 13.365(acts as if it had the v)15.865 F(alue)-.25 E F1($\010\\nr)
144 452.4 Q(eal\\t%3lR\\nuser\\t%3lU\\nsys\\t%3lS\010)-.18 E F0 7.113
(.I)C 4.613(ft)-7.113 G 2.113(he v)-4.613 F 2.113
(alue is null, no timing information is dis-)-.25 F 2.5(played. A)144
464.4 R(trailing ne)2.5 E
(wline is added when the format string is displayed.)-.25 E F1(TMOUT)108
476.4 Q F0 .941(If set to a v)144 488.4 R .941(alue greater than zero,)
-.25 F F2(TMOUT)3.441 E F0 .941(is treated as the def)3.191 F .941
(ault timeout for the)-.1 F F1 -.18(re)3.441 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.441
G(iltin.).2 E(The)144 500.4 Q F1(select)2.811 E F0 .311
(command terminates if input does not arri)2.811 F .61 -.15(ve a)-.25 H
(fter).15 E F2(TMOUT)2.81 E F0 .31(seconds when input is com-)2.56 F
.885(ing from a terminal.)144 512.4 R .885(In an interacti)5.885 F 1.185
-.15(ve s)-.25 H .885(hell, the v).15 F .886
(alue is interpreted as the number of seconds to)-.25 F -.1(wa)144 524.4
S 1.05(it for a line of input after issuing the primary prompt.).1 F F1
(Bash)6.05 E F0 1.05(terminates after w)3.55 F 1.05(aiting for that)-.1
F(number of seconds if a complete line of input does not arri)144 536.4
Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(TMPDIR)108 548.4 Q F0 .39(If set,)144 560.4
R F1(bash)2.89 E F0 .39(uses its v)2.89 F .39
(alue as the name of a directory in which)-.25 F F1(bash)2.891 E F0 .391
(creates temporary \214les for the)2.891 F(shell')144 572.4 Q 2.5(su)
-.55 G(se.)-2.5 E F1(auto_r)108 584.4 Q(esume)-.18 E F0 .531(This v)144
596.4 R .531(ariable controls ho)-.25 F 3.031(wt)-.25 G .531
(he shell interacts with the user and job control.)-3.031 F .53
(If this v)5.53 F .53(ariable is set,)-.25 F .538(single w)144 608.4 R
.538(ord simple commands without redirections are treated as candidates\
 for resumption of an)-.1 F -.15(ex)144 620.4 S .367(isting stopped job)
.15 F 5.367(.T)-.4 G .366(here is no ambiguity allo)-5.367 F .366
(wed; if there is more than one job be)-.25 F .366(ginning with)-.15 F
1.124(the string typed, the job most recently accessed is selected.)144
632.4 R(The)6.125 E F3(name)3.985 E F0 1.125(of a stopped job, in this)
3.805 F(conte)144 644.4 Q 1.133
(xt, is the command line used to start it.)-.15 F 1.133(If set to the v)
6.133 F(alue)-.25 E F3 -.2(ex)3.633 G(act).2 E F0 3.632(,t).68 G 1.132
(he string supplied must)-3.632 F .605
(match the name of a stopped job e)144 656.4 R .606(xactly; if set to)
-.15 F F3(substring)3.446 E F0 3.106(,t).22 G .606
(he string supplied needs to match a)-3.106 F .885
(substring of the name of a stopped job)144 668.4 R 5.884(.T)-.4 G(he)
-5.884 E F3(substring)3.724 E F0 -.25(va)3.604 G .884(lue pro).25 F .884
(vides functionality analogous to)-.15 F(the)144 680.4 Q F1(%?)3.333 E
F0 .833(job identi\214er \(see)5.833 F F2 .834(JOB CONTR)3.334 F(OL)-.27
E F0(belo)3.084 E 3.334(w\). If)-.25 F .834(set to an)3.334 F 3.334(yo)
-.15 G .834(ther v)-3.334 F .834(alue, the supplied string)-.25 F .316
(must be a pre\214x of a stopped job')144 692.4 R 2.816(sn)-.55 G .316
(ame; this pro)-2.816 F .315(vides functionality analogous to the)-.15 F
F1(%)2.815 E F3(string)A F0(job)2.815 E(identi\214er)144 704.4 Q(.)-.55
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(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(histchars)108 84 Q F0 .545(The tw)144 96 R 3.045(oo)-.1 G 3.045(rt)
-3.045 G .545(hree characters which control history e)-3.045 F .546
(xpansion and tok)-.15 F .546(enization \(see)-.1 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
(HIST)3.046 E(OR)-.162 E 2.796(YE)-.315 G(X-)-2.796 E -.666(PA)144 108 S
(NSION).666 E F0(belo)2.988 E 3.238(w\). The)-.25 F .738
(\214rst character is the)3.238 F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .737
(history e)3.237 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(character)3.237 E 3.237(,t)-.4 G
.737(he character which sig-)-3.237 F .76(nals the start of a history e)
144 120 R .761(xpansion, normally `)-.15 F F1(!)A F0 3.261('. The)B .761
(second character is the)3.261 F F3(quic)3.261 E 3.261(ks)-.2 G
(ubstitution)-3.261 E F0(character)144 132 Q 3.477(,w)-.4 G .977
(hich is used as shorthand for re-running the pre)-3.477 F .976
(vious command entered, substituting)-.25 F .13
(one string for another in the command.)144 144 R .131(The def)5.13 F
.131(ault is `)-.1 F F1(^)A F0 2.631('. The)B .131
(optional third character is the char)2.631 F(-)-.2 E .276(acter which \
indicates that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as the\
 \214rst character)144 156 R .459(of a w)144 168 R .459(ord, normally `)
-.1 F F1(#)A F0 2.959('. The)B .459
(history comment character causes history substitution to be skipped)
2.959 F .467(for the remaining w)144 180 R .467(ords on the line.)-.1 F
.466(It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest)
5.467 F(of the line as a comment.)144 192 Q F1(Arrays)87 208.8 Q(Bash)
108 220.8 Q F0(pro)3.39 E .89(vides one-dimensional inde)-.15 F -.15(xe)
-.15 G 3.39(da).15 G .891(nd associati)-3.39 F 1.191 -.15(ve a)-.25 H
.891(rray v).15 F 3.391(ariables. An)-.25 F 3.391(yv)-.15 G .891
(ariable may be used as an)-3.641 F(inde)108 232.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
2.574(da).15 G .074(rray; the)-2.574 F F1(declar)2.574 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2
(bu)2.574 G .074(iltin will e).2 F .073(xplicitly declare an array)-.15
F 5.073(.T)-.65 G .073(here is no maximum limit on the size of)-5.073 F
.328(an array)108 244.8 R 2.828(,n)-.65 G .328(or an)-2.828 F 2.828(yr)
-.15 G .329(equirement that members be inde)-2.828 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
2.829(do).15 G 2.829(ra)-2.829 G .329(ssigned contiguously)-2.829 F
5.329(.I)-.65 G(nde)-5.329 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.829(da).15 G .329
(rrays are refer)-2.829 F(-)-.2 E 1.595(enced using inte)108 256.8 R
1.595(gers \(including arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.595
(xpressions\) and are zero-based; associati)-.15 F 1.895 -.15(ve a)-.25
H 1.595(rrays are refer).15 F(-)-.2 E(enced using arbitrary strings.)108
268.8 Q(Unless otherwise noted, inde)5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G
(rray indices must be non-ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .3 -.15
(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E(gers.)-.15 E 2.462(An inde)108 285.6 R -.15(xe)
-.15 G 4.962(da).15 G 2.462(rray is created automatically if an)-4.962 F
4.963(yv)-.15 G 2.463(ariable is assigned to using the syntax)-5.213 F
F3(name)4.963 E F0([)A F3(sub-)A(script)108 297.6 Q F0(]=)A F3(value)A
F0 5.507(.T)C(he)-5.507 E F3(subscript)3.347 E F0 .507
(is treated as an arithmetic e)3.687 F .507(xpression that must e)-.15 F
-.25(va)-.25 G .507(luate to a number).25 F 5.506(.T)-.55 G 3.006(oe)
-6.306 G(x-)-3.156 E 1.192(plicitly declare an inde)108 309.6 R -.15(xe)
-.15 G 3.692(da).15 G(rray)-3.692 E 3.692(,u)-.65 G(se)-3.692 E F1
(declar)3.692 E 3.693<65ad>-.18 G(a)-3.693 E F3(name)3.693 E F0(\(see)
3.693 E F2 1.193(SHELL B)3.693 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.193(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F
F0(belo)3.443 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(de-)6.193 E(clar)108 321.6 Q 2.5<65ad>
-.18 G(a)-2.5 E F3(name)2.5 E F1([)A F3(subscript)A F1(])A F0
(is also accepted; the)2.5 E F3(subscript)2.5 E F0(is ignored.)2.5 E
(Associati)108 338.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rrays are created using).15 E
F1(declar)2.5 E 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(A)-2.5 E F3(name)2.5 E F0(.)A(Attrib)108
355.2 Q .941(utes may be speci\214ed for an array v)-.2 F .941
(ariable using the)-.25 F F1(declar)3.441 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)3.44 E F1
-.18(re)3.44 G(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.44 G 3.44(iltins. Each).2 F
(attrib)3.44 E(ute)-.2 E(applies to all members of an array)108 367.2 Q
(.)-.65 E 1.647
(Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form)108 384 R
F3(name)4.147 E F0(=)A F1(\()A F0 -.25(va)C(lue).25 E F3(1)A F0 1.647
(... v)4.147 F(alue)-.25 E F3(n)A F1(\))A F0 4.148(,w)C 1.648(here each)
-4.148 F F3(value)108 396 Q F0 .212(may be of the form [)2.712 F F3
(subscript)A F0(]=)A F3(string)A F0 5.211(.I)C(nde)-5.211 E -.15(xe)-.15
G 2.711(da).15 G .211(rray assignments do not require an)-2.711 F .211
(ything b)-.15 F(ut)-.2 E F3(string)2.711 E F0(.)A(Each)108 408 Q F3
(value)2.529 E F0 .029(in the list is e)2.529 F .029
(xpanded using all the shell e)-.15 F .029(xpansions described belo)-.15
F 2.529(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.529 E F2(EXP)2.529 E(ANSION)-.666 E/F4 9
/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(When)4.53 E .996(assigning to inde)108 420 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G 3.496(da).15 G .996(rrays, if the optional brack)-3.496 F
.996(ets and subscript are supplied, that inde)-.1 F 3.495(xi)-.15 G
3.495(sa)-3.495 G .995(ssigned to;)-3.495 F .416(otherwise the inde)108
432 R 2.916(xo)-.15 G 2.916(ft)-2.916 G .417
(he element assigned is the last inde)-2.916 F 2.917(xa)-.15 G .417
(ssigned to by the statement plus one.)-2.917 F(Inde)5.417 E(x-)-.15 E
(ing starts at zero.)108 444 Q 1.288(When assigning to an associati)108
460.8 R 1.588 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E 3.788(,t)-.65 G 1.288(he w)
-3.788 F 1.288(ords in a compound assignment may be either assignment)
-.1 F .608
(statements, for which the subscript is required, or a list of w)108
472.8 R .608(ords that is interpreted as a sequence of alter)-.1 F(-)-.2
E 1.957(nating k)108 484.8 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 4.457(sa).15 G 1.957(nd v)
-4.457 F(alues:)-.25 E F3(name)4.457 E F0(=)A F1(\()A F3 -.1(ke)4.457 G
1.957(y1 value1 k)-.2 F -.3(ey)-.1 G 4.457(2v).3 G(alue2)-4.457 E F0
(...)4.457 E F1(\))A F0 6.957(.T)C 1.956
(hese are treated identically to)-6.957 F F3(name)4.456 E F0(=)A F1(\()A
F0([)108 496.8 Q F3 -.1(ke)C(y1)-.2 E F0(]=)A F3(value1)A F0([)3.132 E
F3 -.1(ke)C(y2)-.2 E F0(]=)A F3(value2)A F0(...)3.132 E F1(\))A F0 5.632
(.T)C .632(he \214rst w)-5.632 F .633(ord in the list determines ho)-.1
F 3.133(wt)-.25 G .633(he remaining w)-3.133 F .633(ords are inter)-.1 F
(-)-.2 E .154
(preted; all assignments in a list must be of the same type.)108 508.8 R
.153(When using k)5.153 F -.15(ey)-.1 G(/v).15 E .153(alue pairs, the k)
-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.653(sm).15 G .153(ay not be)-2.653 F
(missing or empty; a \214nal missing v)108 520.8 Q(alue is treated lik)
-.25 E 2.5(et)-.1 G(he empty string.)-2.5 E .239
(This syntax is also accepted by the)108 537.6 R F1(declar)2.739 E(e)
-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.739 G 2.739(iltin. Indi).2 F .24
(vidual array elements may be assigned to using the)-.25 F F3(name)108
549.6 Q F0([)A F3(subscript)A F0(]=)A F3(value)A F0 1.917
(syntax introduced abo)4.417 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 6.917(.W).15 G 1.917
(hen assigning to an inde)-6.917 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.417(da).15 G(rray)
-4.417 E 4.417(,i)-.65 G(f)-4.417 E F3(name)4.777 E F0 1.916(is sub-)
4.597 F .115(scripted by a ne)108 561.6 R -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .415
-.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E 2.615(,t)-.4 G .115
(hat number is interpreted as relati)-2.615 F .415 -.15(ve t)-.25 H
2.615(oo).15 G .116(ne greater than the maximum inde)-2.615 F(x)-.15 E
(of)108 573.6 Q F3(name)2.677 E F0 2.677(,s)C 2.677(on)-2.677 G -2.25
-.15(eg a)-2.677 H(ti).15 E .477 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .177
(ndices count back from the end of the array).15 F 2.677(,a)-.65 G .177
(nd an inde)-2.677 F 2.676(xo)-.15 G 2.676<66ad>-2.676 G 2.676(1r)-2.676
G .176(eferences the last el-)-2.676 F(ement.)108 585.6 Q .716
(The += operator will append to an array v)108 602.4 R .717
(ariable when assigning using the compound assignment syntax;)-.25 F
(see)108 614.4 Q F2 -.666(PA)2.5 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(abo)2.25 E -.15
(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(An)108 631.2 Q 3.576(ye)-.15 G 1.076
(lement of an array may be referenced using ${)-3.576 F F3(name)A F0([)A
F3(subscript)A F0 3.575(]}. The)B 1.075(braces are required to a)3.575 F
-.2(vo)-.2 G(id).2 E 1.541(con\215icts with pathname e)108 643.2 R 4.041
(xpansion. If)-.15 F F3(subscript)4.041 E F0(is)4.041 E F1(@)4.041 E F0
(or)4.041 E F1(*)4.041 E F0 4.041(,t)C 1.541(he w)-4.041 F 1.541(ord e)
-.1 F 1.541(xpands to all members of)-.15 F F3(name)4.042 E F0(.)A 1.057
(These subscripts dif)108 655.2 R 1.057(fer only when the w)-.25 F 1.057
(ord appears within double quotes.)-.1 F 1.056(If the w)6.056 F 1.056
(ord is double-quoted,)-.1 F(${)108 667.2 Q F3(name)A F0 .52([*]} e)B
.52(xpands to a single w)-.15 F .52(ord with the v)-.1 F .521
(alue of each array member separated by the \214rst character)-.25 F
1.375(of the)108 679.2 R F2(IFS)3.875 E F0 1.375(special v)3.625 F 1.375
(ariable, and ${)-.25 F F3(name)A F0 1.375([@]} e)B 1.375
(xpands each element of)-.15 F F3(name)3.875 E F0 1.374(to a separate w)
3.875 F 3.874(ord. When)-.1 F 2.027(there are no array members, ${)108
691.2 R F3(name)A F0 2.028([@]} e)B 2.028(xpands to nothing.)-.15 F
2.028(If the double-quoted e)7.028 F 2.028(xpansion occurs)-.15 F .759
(within a w)108 703.2 R .759(ord, the e)-.1 F .759
(xpansion of the \214rst parameter is joined with the be)-.15 F .759
(ginning part of the original w)-.15 F(ord,)-.1 E .515(and the e)108
715.2 R .516(xpansion of the last parameter is joined with the last par\
t of the original w)-.15 F 3.016(ord. This)-.1 F .516(is analogous)3.016
F .228(to the e)108 727.2 R .228(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15
F F1(*)2.728 E F0(and)2.728 E F1(@)2.728 E F0(\(see)2.728 E F1 .228
(Special P)2.728 F(arameters)-.1 E F0(abo)2.727 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.727
(\). ${#).15 F F3(name)A F0([)A F3(subscript)A F0(]})A(GNU Bash 5.2)72
768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(20)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.15(ex)108 84 S
.886(pands to the length of ${).15 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)A F0
([)A F1(subscript)A F0 3.386(]}. If)B F1(subscript)3.386 E F0(is)3.386 E
/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(*)3.386 E F0(or)3.386 E F2(@)3.386 E F0 3.386(,t)
C .886(he e)-3.386 F .886(xpansion is the number of ele-)-.15 F .295
(ments in the array)108 96 R 5.295(.I)-.65 G 2.795(ft)-5.295 G(he)-2.795
E F1(subscript)3.135 E F0 .295(used to reference an element of an inde)
3.475 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.794(da).15 G .294(rray e)-2.794 F -.25(va)-.25
G .294(luates to a number).25 F .628
(less than zero, it is interpreted as relati)108 108 R .928 -.15(ve t)
-.25 H 3.128(oo).15 G .629(ne greater than the maximum inde)-3.128 F
3.129(xo)-.15 G 3.129(ft)-3.129 G .629(he array)-3.129 F 3.129(,s)-.65 G
3.129(on)-3.129 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.129 H(ti).15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(indices count back from the end of the array)108 120 Q 2.5(,a)-.65 G
(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G
(eferences the last element.)-2.5 E .595(Referencing an array v)108
136.8 R .595(ariable without a subscript is equi)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G
.595(lent to referencing the array with a subscript of).25 F 2.5(0. An)
108 148.8 R 2.5(yr)-.15 G(eference to a v)-2.5 E(ariable using a v)-.25
E(alid subscript is le)-.25 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(l, and).05 E F2(bash)2.5 E
F0(will create an array if necessary)2.5 E(.)-.65 E(An array v)108 165.6
Q(ariable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a v)-.25 E
2.5(alue. The)-.25 F(null string is a v)2.5 E(alid v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E
.417(It is possible to obtain the k)108 182.4 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.918(s\()
.15 G .418(indices\) of an array as well as the v)-2.918 F 2.918
(alues. ${)-.25 F F2(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(@)A F0 .418(]} and ${)B F2
(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(*)A F0(]})A -.15(ex)108 194.4 S .75
(pand to the indices assigned in array v).15 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(name)
3.249 E F0 5.749(.T)C .749
(he treatment when in double quotes is similar to)-5.749 F(the e)108
206.4 Q(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15 E F1(@)2.5 E F0(and)2.5
E F1(*)2.5 E F0(within double quotes.)2.5 E(The)108 223.2 Q F2(unset)
2.766 E F0 -.2(bu)2.766 G .267(iltin is used to destro).2 F 2.767(ya)-.1
G(rrays.)-2.767 E F2(unset)5.267 E F1(name)2.767 E F0([)A F1(subscript)A
F0 2.767(]d)C(estro)-2.767 E .267(ys the array element at inde)-.1 F(x)
-.15 E F1(sub-)2.767 E(script)108 235.2 Q F0 2.858(,f)C .358
(or both inde)-2.858 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.858(da).15 G .358(nd associati)
-2.858 F .658 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 2.858(rrays. Ne).15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti)
.05 E .658 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .358(ubscripts to inde).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
2.858(da).15 G .358(rrays are interpreted as de-)-2.858 F 1.204
(scribed abo)108 247.2 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 6.204(.U).15 G 1.204
(nsetting the last element of an array v)-6.204 F 1.205
(ariable does not unset the v)-.25 F(ariable.)-.25 E F2(unset)6.205 E F1
(name)3.705 E F0(,)A(where)108 259.2 Q F1(name)3.413 E F0 .913
(is an array)3.413 F 3.413(,r)-.65 G(emo)-3.413 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.413
(st).15 G .912(he entire array)-3.413 F(.)-.65 E F2(unset)5.912 E F1
(name)3.412 E F0([)A F1(subscript)A F0 .912(], where)B F1(subscript)
3.412 E F0(is)3.412 E F2(*)3.412 E F0(or)3.412 E F2(@)3.412 E F0 3.412
(,b)C(e-)-3.412 E(ha)108 271.2 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.125(sd).15 G(if)-3.125
E .625(ferently depending on whether)-.25 F F1(name)3.125 E F0 .626
(is an inde)3.125 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.126(do).15 G 3.126(ra)-3.126 G
(ssociati)-3.126 E .926 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E 5.626(.I)-.65 G(f)
-5.626 E F1(name)3.126 E F0 .626(is an associati)3.126 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
(array)108 283.2 Q 3.067(,t)-.65 G .567
(his unsets the element with subscript)-3.067 F F2(*)3.067 E F0(or)3.067
E F2(@)3.067 E F0 5.567(.I)C(f)-5.567 E F1(name)3.067 E F0 .567
(is an inde)3.067 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.067(da).15 G(rray)-3.067 E 3.067
(,u)-.65 G .567(nset remo)-3.067 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.067(sa).15 G .567
(ll of the)-3.067 F(elements b)108 295.2 Q(ut does not remo)-.2 E .3
-.15(ve t)-.15 H(he array itself.).15 E .028(When using a v)108 312 R
.028(ariable name with a subscript as an ar)-.25 F .029
(gument to a command, such as with)-.18 F F2(unset)2.529 E F0 2.529(,w)C
.029(ithout us-)-2.529 F .938(ing the w)108 324 R .938(ord e)-.1 F .938
(xpansion syntax described abo)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.437(,t).15 G .937
(he ar)-3.437 F .937(gument is subject to pathname e)-.18 F 3.437
(xpansion. If)-.15 F(path-)3.437 E(name e)108 336 Q
(xpansion is not desired, the ar)-.15 E(gument should be quoted.)-.18 E
(The)108 352.8 Q F2(declar)2.683 E(e)-.18 E F0(,)A F2(local)2.683 E F0
2.683(,a)C(nd)-2.683 E F2 -.18(re)2.683 G(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.683 G
.184(iltins each accept a).2 F F2<ad61>2.684 E F0 .184
(option to specify an inde)2.684 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.684(da).15 G .184
(rray and a)-2.684 F F2<ad41>2.684 E F0(op-)2.684 E .042
(tion to specify an associati)108 364.8 R .341 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15
E 5.041(.I)-.65 G 2.541(fb)-5.041 G .041(oth options are supplied,)
-2.541 F F2<ad41>2.541 E F0(tak)2.541 E .041(es precedence.)-.1 F(The)
5.041 E F2 -.18(re)2.541 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.541 G .041(iltin ac-).2
F .863(cepts a)108 376.8 R F2<ad61>3.363 E F0 .864
(option to assign a list of w)3.363 F .864
(ords read from the standard input to an array)-.1 F 5.864(.T)-.65 G(he)
-5.864 E F2(set)3.364 E F0(and)3.364 E F2(declar)3.364 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2
(bu)108 388.8 S(iltins display array v).2 E(alues in a w)-.25 E
(ay that allo)-.1 E(ws them to be reused as assignments.)-.25 E/F3 10.95
/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXP)72 405.6 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .76(Expansion is perfo\
rmed on the command line after it has been split into w)108 417.6 R 3.26
(ords. There)-.1 F .76(are se)3.26 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.26(nk).15 G .76
(inds of)-3.26 F -.15(ex)108 429.6 S .2(pansion performed:).15 F F1(br)
2.971 E .201(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1 .201(tilde e)
2.831 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1(par)3.951 E .201
(ameter and variable e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1 .201
(command sub-)2.901 F(stitution)108 441.6 Q F0(,).24 E F1(arithmetic e)
2.83 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1(wor)2.84 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)
-2.5 E F0 2.5(,a).22 G(nd)-2.5 E F1(pathname e)3.75 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0
(.).24 E .419(The order of e)108 458.4 R .419(xpansions is: brace e)-.15
F .418(xpansion; tilde e)-.15 F .418(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F
.418(ariable e)-.25 F .418(xpansion, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 470.4
S .195(pansion, and command substitution \(done in a left-to-right f).15
F .196(ashion\); w)-.1 F .196(ord splitting; and pathname e)-.1 F(xpan-)
-.15 E(sion.)108 482.4 Q .257
(On systems that can support it, there is an additional e)108 499.2 R
.257(xpansion a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F1(pr)2.757 E .257
(ocess substitution)-.45 F F0 5.257(.T)C .256(his is per)-5.257 F(-)-.2
E(formed at the same time as tilde, parameter)108 511.2 Q 2.5(,v)-.4 G
(ariable, and arithmetic e)-2.75 E(xpansion and command substitution.)
-.15 E .002(After these e)108 528 R .003
(xpansions are performed, quote characters present in the original w)
-.15 F .003(ord are remo)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.503(du).15 G .003
(nless the)-2.503 F(y)-.15 E(ha)108 540 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H
(een quoted themselv).15 E(es \()-.15 E F1(quote r)A(emo)-.37 E(val)-.1
E F0(\).)A .172(Only brace e)108 556.8 R .172(xpansion, w)-.15 F .171
(ord splitting, and pathname e)-.1 F .171
(xpansion can increase the number of w)-.15 F .171(ords of the e)-.1 F
(x-)-.15 E .776(pansion; other e)108 568.8 R .776(xpansions e)-.15 F
.776(xpand a single w)-.15 F .776(ord to a single w)-.1 F 3.276
(ord. The)-.1 F .776(only e)3.276 F .776(xceptions to this are the e)
-.15 F(x-)-.15 E .696(pansions of ")108 580.8 R F2($@)A F0 3.196("a)C
.696(nd ")-3.196 F F2(${)A F1(name)A F2([@]})A F0 .696
(", and, in most cases,)B F2($*)3.196 E F0(and)3.196 E F2(${)3.196 E F1
(name)A F2([*]})A F0 .695(as e)3.196 F .695(xplained abo)-.15 F .995
-.15(ve \()-.15 H(see).15 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.195 G(-).666
E(RAMETERS)108 592.8 Q/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F2(Brace Expansion)87
609.6 Q F1(Br)108.58 621.6 Q .606(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 .606
(is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated.)3.346 F
.606(This mechanism is similar)5.606 F(to)108 633.6 Q F1 .415
(pathname e)2.915 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 2.915(,b)C .415
(ut the \214lenames generated need not e)-3.115 F 2.915(xist. P)-.15 F
.415(atterns to be brace e)-.15 F .415(xpanded tak)-.15 F 2.915(et)-.1 G
(he)-2.915 E .073(form of an optional)108 645.6 R F1(pr)3.823 E(eamble)
-.37 E F0 2.573(,f).18 G(ollo)-2.573 E .073
(wed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence e)-.25
F(xpres-)-.15 E .49(sion between a pair of braces, follo)108 657.6 R
.489(wed by an optional)-.25 F F1(postscript)4.239 E F0 5.489(.T).68 G
.489(he preamble is pre\214x)-5.489 F .489(ed to each string)-.15 F .659
(contained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended to ea\
ch resulting string, e)108 669.6 R .659(xpanding left to)-.15 F(right.)
108 681.6 Q .719(Brace e)108 698.4 R .719(xpansions may be nested.)-.15
F .719(The results of each e)5.719 F .719
(xpanded string are not sorted; left to right order is)-.15 F(preserv)
108 710.4 Q 2.5(ed. F)-.15 F(or e)-.15 E(xample, a)-.15 E F2({)A F0
(d,c,b)A F2(})A F0 2.5(ee)C(xpands into `ade ace abe'.)-2.65 E 3.148(As)
108 727.2 S .648(equence e)-3.148 F .648(xpression tak)-.15 F .649
(es the form)-.1 F F2({)3.149 E F1(x)A F2(..)A F1(y)A F2([..)A F1(incr)A
F2(]})A F0 3.149(,w)C(here)-3.149 E F1(x)3.149 E F0(and)3.149 E F1(y)
3.149 E F0 .649(are either inte)3.149 F .649
(gers or single letters, and)-.15 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q
(2022 September 19)135.955 E(21)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(incr)108 84 Q F0 2.615(,a)C 2.615(no)-2.615 G .115
(ptional increment, is an inte)-2.615 F(ger)-.15 E 5.115(.W)-.55 G .115
(hen inte)-5.115 F .115(gers are supplied, the e)-.15 F .115
(xpression e)-.15 F .115(xpands to each num-)-.15 F 1.013(ber between)
108 96 R F1(x)3.513 E F0(and)3.513 E F1(y)3.513 E F0 3.513(,i)C(nclusi)
-3.513 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 6.013(.S).15 G 1.013(upplied inte)-6.013 F 1.013
(gers may be pre\214x)-.15 F 1.013(ed with)-.15 F F1(0)3.513 E F0 1.013
(to force each term to ha)3.513 F 1.314 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he).15 E .015
(same width.)108 108 R .015(When either)5.015 F F1(x)2.515 E F0(or)2.515
E F1(y)2.515 E F0(be)2.515 E .014(gins with a zero, the shell attempts \
to force all generated terms to contain)-.15 F 1.13
(the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary)108 120 R 6.131
(.W)-.65 G 1.131(hen letters are supplied, the e)-6.131 F 1.131
(xpression e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E .485(pands to each character le)108 132 R
.485(xicographically between)-.15 F F1(x)2.985 E F0(and)2.984 E F1(y)
2.984 E F0 2.984(,i)C(nclusi)-2.984 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.984(,u).15 G .484
(sing the def)-2.984 F .484(ault C locale.)-.1 F .484(Note that)5.484 F
(both)108 144 Q F1(x)2.966 E F0(and)2.966 E F1(y)2.966 E F0 .467
(must be of the same type \(inte)2.966 F .467(ger or letter\).)-.15 F
.467(When the increment is supplied, it is used as the)5.467 F(dif)108
156 Q(ference between each term.)-.25 E(The def)5 E
(ault increment is 1 or \2551 as appropriate.)-.1 E .582(Brace e)108
172.8 R .582(xpansion is performed before an)-.15 F 3.082(yo)-.15 G .581
(ther e)-3.082 F .581(xpansions, and an)-.15 F 3.081(yc)-.15 G .581
(haracters special to other e)-3.081 F(xpansions)-.15 E .015
(are preserv)108 184.8 R .015(ed in the result.)-.15 F .015
(It is strictly te)5.015 F(xtual.)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Bash)
5.016 E F0 .016(does not apply an)2.516 F 2.516(ys)-.15 G .016
(yntactic interpretation to the con-)-2.516 F(te)108 196.8 Q
(xt of the e)-.15 E(xpansion or the te)-.15 E(xt between the braces.)
-.15 E 2.502(Ac)108 213.6 S .002(orrectly-formed brace e)-2.502 F .001(\
xpansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at least\
 one un-)-.15 F .457(quoted comma or a v)108 225.6 R .458
(alid sequence e)-.25 F 2.958(xpression. An)-.15 F 2.958(yi)-.15 G .458
(ncorrectly formed brace e)-2.958 F .458(xpansion is left unchanged.)
-.15 F(A)108 237.6 Q F2({)2.522 E F0(or)2.522 E F2(,)2.522 E F0 .022
(may be quoted with a backslash to pre)2.522 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .021
(nt its being considered part of a brace e).15 F 2.521(xpression. T)-.15
F 2.521(oa)-.8 G -.2(vo)-2.721 G(id).2 E .172
(con\215icts with parameter e)108 249.6 R .172(xpansion, the string)-.15
F F2(${)2.672 E F0 .172(is not considered eligible for brace e)2.672 F
.172(xpansion, and inhibits)-.15 F(brace e)108 261.6 Q
(xpansion until the closing)-.15 E F2(})2.5 E F0(.)A 1.476(This constru\
ct is typically used as shorthand when the common pre\214x of the strin\
gs to be generated is)108 278.4 R(longer than in the abo)108 290.4 Q .3
-.15(ve ex)-.15 H(ample:).15 E(mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,ne)144
307.2 Q -.65(w,)-.25 G(dist,b).65 E(ugs})-.2 E(or)108 319.2 Q(cho)144
331.2 Q(wn root /usr/{ucb/{e)-.25 E(x,edit},lib/{e)-.15 E(x?.?*,ho)-.15
E(w_e)-.25 E(x}})-.15 E .618(Brace e)108 348 R .618
(xpansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical v)-.15 F
.618(ersions of)-.15 F F2(sh)3.118 E F0(.)A F2(sh)5.618 E F0 .618
(does not treat open-)3.118 F .248
(ing or closing braces specially when the)108 360 R 2.748(ya)-.15 G .247
(ppear as part of a w)-2.748 F .247(ord, and preserv)-.1 F .247
(es them in the output.)-.15 F F2(Bash)5.247 E F0(remo)108 372 Q -.15
(ve)-.15 G 3.53(sb).15 G 1.03(races from w)-3.53 F 1.03
(ords as a consequence of brace e)-.1 F 3.53(xpansion. F)-.15 F 1.03
(or e)-.15 F 1.03(xample, a w)-.15 F 1.03(ord entered to)-.1 F F2(sh)
3.53 E F0(as)3.53 E F1(\214le{1,2})108 384 Q F0 .515
(appears identically in the output.)3.015 F .515(The same w)5.515 F .515
(ord is output as)-.1 F F1 .514(\214le1 \214le2)4.925 F F0 .514(after e)
3.034 F .514(xpansion by)-.15 F F2(bash)3.014 E F0(.)A .436
(If strict compatibility with)108 396 R F2(sh)2.936 E F0 .436
(is desired, start)2.936 F F2(bash)2.936 E F0 .436(with the)2.936 F F2
(+B)2.936 E F0 .436(option or disable brace e)2.936 F .437
(xpansion with the)-.15 F F2(+B)108 408 Q F0(option to the)2.5 E F2(set)
2.5 E F0(command \(see)2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09
E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F2 -.18(Ti)87 424.8 S
(lde Expansion).18 E F0 1.087(If a w)108 436.8 R 1.087(ord be)-.1 F
1.087(gins with an unquoted tilde character \(`)-.15 F F2(~)A F0 1.086
('\), all of the characters preceding the \214rst unquoted)B .185(slash\
 \(or all characters, if there is no unquoted slash\) are considered a)
108 448.8 R F1(tilde-pr)2.685 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.185(.I)C 2.685(fn)
-5.185 G .185(one of the characters)-2.685 F .726(in the tilde-pre\214x\
 are quoted, the characters in the tilde-pre\214x follo)108 460.8 R .725
(wing the tilde are treated as a possible)-.25 F F1(lo)108 472.8 Q .522
(gin name)-.1 F F0 5.522(.I)C 3.022(ft)-5.522 G .522
(his login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the v)
-3.022 F .523(alue of the shell parameter)-.25 F F3(HOME)108 484.8 Q/F4
9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.787 E F3(HOME)2.787 E F0 .287
(is unset, the home directory of the user e)2.537 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .286
(cuting the shell is substituted instead.).15 F(Other)5.286 E(-)-.2 E(w\
ise, the tilde-pre\214x is replaced with the home directory associated \
with the speci\214ed login name.)108 496.8 Q .092
(If the tilde-pre\214x is a `~+', the v)108 513.6 R .092
(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(PWD)2.592 E F0 .092
(replaces the tilde-pre\214x.)2.342 F .093(If the tilde-pre\214x is)
5.093 F 3.404(a`)108 525.6 S .904(~\255', the v)-3.404 F .904
(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(OLDPWD)3.404 E F4(,)A F0
.904(if it is set, is substituted.)3.154 F .903(If the characters follo)
5.903 F .903(wing the)-.25 F .879
(tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number)108 537.6 R F1(N)3.379
E F0 3.379(,o)C .879(ptionally pre\214x)-3.379 F .88
(ed by a `+' or a `\255', the tilde-pre\214x is re-)-.15 F .138(placed \
with the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it w)108
549.6 R .138(ould be displayed by the)-.1 F F2(dirs)2.638 E F0 -.2(bu)
2.638 G(iltin).2 E(in)108 561.6 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.838(dw).1 G
.338(ith the tilde-pre\214x as an ar)-2.838 F 2.838(gument. If)-.18 F
.338(the characters follo)2.838 F .338
(wing the tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist)-.25 F
(of a number without a leading `+' or `\255', `+' is assumed.)108 573.6
Q(If the login name is in)108 590.4 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid, or the tilde e)
.25 E(xpansion f)-.15 E(ails, the w)-.1 E(ord is unchanged.)-.1 E .167
(Each v)108 607.2 R .167(ariable assignment is check)-.25 F .167
(ed for unquoted tilde-pre\214x)-.1 F .167(es immediately follo)-.15 F
.167(wing a)-.25 F F2(:)2.667 E F0 .167(or the \214rst)2.667 F F2(=)
2.666 E F0 5.166(.I)C(n)-5.166 E .467(these cases, tilde e)108 619.2 R
.467(xpansion is also performed.)-.15 F(Consequently)5.467 E 2.967(,o)
-.65 G .468(ne may use \214lenames with tildes in assign-)-2.967 F
(ments to)108 631.2 Q F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F4(,)A F3(MAILP)2.25
E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F3(CDP)2.5 E -.855(AT)
-.666 G(H).855 E F4(,)A F0(and the shell assigns the e)2.25 E(xpanded v)
-.15 E(alue.)-.25 E .024(Bash also performs tilde e)108 648 R .024
(xpansion on w)-.15 F .023(ords satisfying the conditions of v)-.1 F
.023(ariable assignments \(as described)-.25 F(abo)108 660 Q .769 -.15
(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3 -.666(PA)2.969 G(RAMETERS).666 E F4(\))A F0
.469(when the)2.719 F 2.969(ya)-.15 G .469(ppear as ar)-2.969 F .469
(guments to simple commands.)-.18 F .47(Bash does not do this,)5.469 F
-.15(ex)108 672 S(cept for the).15 E F1(declar)2.5 E(ation)-.15 E F0
(commands listed abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(,w).15 G(hen in)-2.5 E F1
(posix mode)2.5 E F0(.)A F2 -.1(Pa)87 688.8 S(rameter Expansion).1 E F0
.2(The `)108 700.8 R F2($)A F0 2.7('c)C .199
(haracter introduces parameter e)-2.7 F .199
(xpansion, command substitution, or arithmetic e)-.15 F 2.699
(xpansion. The)-.15 F(pa-)2.699 E .314(rameter name or symbol to be e)
108 712.8 R .314
(xpanded may be enclosed in braces, which are optional b)-.15 F .314
(ut serv)-.2 F 2.814(et)-.15 G 2.814(op)-2.814 G(rotect)-2.814 E .415
(the v)108 724.8 R .415(ariable to be e)-.25 F .415
(xpanded from characters immediately follo)-.15 F .414
(wing it which could be interpreted as part of)-.25 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72
768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(22)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(the name.)108 84 Q
1.189(When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the \214rst `)
108 100.8 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(})A F0 3.69('n)C 1.19
(ot escaped by a backslash or within a)-3.69 F .822
(quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic e)108 112.8 R .821
(xpansion, command substitution, or parameter e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E
(pansion.)108 124.8 Q(${)108 141.6 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)A
(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A .106(The v)144 153.6 R .106(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)
2.606 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .106(is substituted.)2.606 F .106
(The braces are required when)5.106 F F2(par)3.856 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
.106(is a positional pa-)3.336 F .111
(rameter with more than one digit, or when)144 165.6 R F2(par)3.861 E
(ameter)-.15 E F0 .111(is follo)3.341 F .11
(wed by a character which is not to be)-.25 F .208
(interpreted as part of its name.)144 177.6 R(The)5.208 E F2(par)2.708 E
(ameter)-.15 E F0 .208(is a shell parameter as described abo)2.708 F
-.15(ve)-.15 G F1 -.74(PA)2.858 G(RAME-).74 E(TERS)144 189.6 Q F0 2.5
(\)o)C 2.5(ra)-2.5 G 2.5(na)-2.5 G(rray reference \()-2.5 E F1(Arrays)A
F0(\).)A .347(If the \214rst character of)108 206.4 R F2(par)2.846 E
(ameter)-.15 E F0 .346(is an e)2.846 F .346(xclamation point \()-.15 F
F1(!)A F0 .346(\), and)B F2(par)2.846 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .346(is not a)
2.846 F F2(namer)2.846 E(ef)-.37 E F0 2.846(,i)C 2.846(ti)-2.846 G
(ntroduces)-2.846 E 2.906(al)108 218.4 S -2.15 -.25(ev e)-2.906 H 2.906
(lo).25 G 2.906(fi)-2.906 G(ndirection.)-2.906 E F1(Bash)5.406 E F0 .406
(uses the v)2.906 F .406(alue formed by e)-.25 F .406
(xpanding the rest of)-.15 F F2(par)2.906 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .406
(as the ne)2.906 F(w)-.25 E F2(par)2.907 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)108 230.4 Q
F0 2.579(;t)C .079(his is then e)-2.579 F .079(xpanded and that v)-.15 F
.079(alue is used in the rest of the e)-.25 F .078
(xpansion, rather than the e)-.15 F .078(xpansion of the)-.15 F
(original)108 242.4 Q F2(par)2.542 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.042(.T)C .042
(his is kno)-5.042 F .042(wn as)-.25 F F2(indir)2.543 E .043(ect e)-.37
F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 5.043(.T)C .043(he v)-5.043 F .043
(alue is subject to tilde e)-.25 F .043(xpansion, parameter)-.15 F -.15
(ex)108 254.4 S .249(pansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e).15
F 2.749(xpansion. If)-.15 F F2(par)2.749 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .248
(is a nameref, this e)2.749 F .248(xpands to the)-.15 F 1.51
(name of the parameter referenced by)108 266.4 R F2(par)4.01 E(ameter)
-.15 E F0 1.51(instead of performing the complete indirect e)4.01 F
(xpansion.)-.15 E .388(The e)108 278.4 R .387
(xceptions to this are the e)-.15 F .387(xpansions of ${)-.15 F F1(!)A
F2(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F1(*)A F0 2.887(}a)C .387(nd ${)-2.887 F F1(!)A F2
(name)A F0([)A F2(@)A F0 .387(]} described belo)B 4.187 -.65(w. T)-.25 H
.387(he e).65 F(xclama-)-.15 E(tion point must immediately follo)108
290.4 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G(he left brace in order to introduce indirection.)
-2.5 E .334(In each of the cases belo)108 307.2 R -.65(w,)-.25 G F2(wor)
3.484 E(d)-.37 E F0 .334(is subject to tilde e)2.834 F .334
(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F .334(xpansion, command substitution,)-.15
F(and arithmetic e)108 319.2 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E .067
(When not performing substring e)108 336 R .067
(xpansion, using the forms documented belo)-.15 F 2.567(w\()-.25 G
(e.g.,)-2.567 E F1(:-)2.567 E F0(\),)A F1(bash)2.567 E F0 .066
(tests for a pa-)2.567 F(rameter that is unset or null.)108 348 Q(Omitt\
ing the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset.)5 E
(${)108 364.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1<3aad>A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})
A F1 .722(Use Default V)144 376.8 R(alues)-.92 E F0 5.722(.I)C(f)-5.722
E F2(par)4.472 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .723(is unset or null, the e)3.952 F
.723(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.563 E(d)-.37 E F0 .723(is substituted.)
3.993 F(Other)5.723 E(-)-.2 E(wise, the v)144 388.8 Q(alue of)-.25 E F2
(par)3.75 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is substituted.)3.23 E(${)108 400.8 Q F2
(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1 .812
(Assign Default V)144 412.8 R(alues)-.92 E F0 5.812(.I)C(f)-5.812 E F2
(par)4.562 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .812(is unset or null, the e)4.042 F .812
(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.652 E(d)-.37 E F0 .812(is assigned to)4.082
F F2(pa-)4.561 E -.15(ra)144 424.8 S(meter).15 E F0 5.741(.T).73 G .741
(he v)-5.741 F .741(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)4.491 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .742
(is then substituted.)3.972 F .742
(Positional parameters and special parame-)5.742 F
(ters may not be assigned to in this w)144 436.8 Q(ay)-.1 E(.)-.65 E(${)
108 448.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:?)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1
.535(Display Err)144 460.8 R .535(or if Null or Unset)-.18 F F0 5.535
(.I)C(f)-5.535 E F2(par)4.285 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .535
(is null or unset, the e)3.765 F .535(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.035 E
(d)-.37 E F0 .535(\(or a mes-)3.035 F .012(sage to that ef)144 472.8 R
.012(fect if)-.25 F F2(wor)2.852 E(d)-.37 E F0 .013(is not present\) is\
 written to the standard error and the shell, if it is not in-)3.282 F
(teracti)144 484.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,e).15 G 2.5(xits. Otherwise,)
-2.65 F(the v)2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F2(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
(is substituted.)2.5 E(${)108 496.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:+)A F2
(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1 .745(Use Alter)144 508.8 R .745(nate V)-.15 F
(alue)-.92 E F0 5.745(.I)C(f)-5.745 E F2(par)4.495 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
.745(is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the e)3.975 F
(xpan-)-.15 E(sion of)144 520.8 Q F2(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0
(is substituted.)3.27 E(${)108 532.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:)A F2
(of)A(fset)-.18 E F0(})A(${)108 544.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:)A F2
(of)A(fset)-.18 E F1(:)A F2(length)A F0(})A F1 .002(Substring Expansion)
144 556.8 R F0 5.002(.E)C .002(xpands to up to)-5.002 F F2(length)2.502
E F0 .002(characters of the v)2.502 F .002(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)2.502 E
(ameter)-.15 E F0 .002(starting at the)2.502 F .004
(character speci\214ed by)144 568.8 R F2(of)2.504 E(fset)-.18 E F0 5.003
(.I)C(f)-5.003 E F2(par)2.503 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)2.503 E F1(@)2.503 E
F0(or)2.503 E F1(*)2.503 E F0 2.503(,a)C 2.503(ni)-2.503 G(nde)-2.503 E
-.15(xe)-.15 G 2.503(da).15 G .003(rray subscripted by)-2.503 F F1(@)
2.503 E F0(or)2.503 E F1(*)2.503 E F0 2.503(,o)C 2.503(ra)-2.503 G(n)
-2.503 E(associati)144 580.8 Q 1.022 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .722
(rray name, the results dif).15 F .722(fer as described belo)-.25 F
4.522 -.65(w. I)-.25 H(f).65 E F2(length)3.222 E F0 .722(is omitted, e)
3.222 F .722(xpands to the)-.15 F .043(substring of the v)144 592.8 R
.043(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)2.543 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .042
(starting at the character speci\214ed by)2.543 F F2(of)2.542 E(fset)
-.18 E F0 .042(and e)2.542 F .042(xtending to the)-.15 F .846
(end of the v)144 604.8 R(alue.)-.25 E F2(length)5.846 E F0(and)3.346 E
F2(of)3.346 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .846(are arithmetic e)3.346 F .847
(xpressions \(see)-.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .847(ARITHMETIC EV)3.347 F
(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(belo)144 616.8 Q(w\).)-.25 E
(If)144 640.8 Q F2(of)3.029 E(fset)-.18 E F0 -.25(eva)3.029 G .529
(luates to a number less than zero, the v).25 F .529
(alue is used as an of)-.25 F .529(fset in characters from the)-.25 F
.045(end of the v)144 652.8 R .045(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)2.546 E(ameter)
-.15 E F0 5.046(.I)C(f)-5.046 E F2(length)2.546 E F0 -.25(eva)2.546 G
.046(luates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as an).25 F
(of)144 664.8 Q .203(fset in characters from the end of the v)-.25 F
.202(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)2.702 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .202
(rather than a number of characters, and)2.702 F .557(the e)144 676.8 R
.557(xpansion is the characters between)-.15 F F2(of)3.057 E(fset)-.18 E
F0 .557(and that result.)3.057 F .558(Note that a ne)5.558 F -.05(ga)
-.15 G(ti).05 E .858 -.15(ve o)-.25 H -.25(ff).15 G .558(set must be).25
F(separated from the colon by at least one space to a)144 688.8 Q -.2
(vo)-.2 G(id being confused with the).2 E F1(:-)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G
(pansion.).15 E(If)144 712.8 Q F2(par)3.284 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.284
E F1(@)3.284 E F0(or)3.284 E F1(*)3.284 E F0 3.284(,t)C .784
(he result is)-3.284 F F2(length)3.284 E F0 .784
(positional parameters be)3.284 F .783(ginning at)-.15 F F2(of)3.283 E
(fset)-.18 E F0 5.783(.A)C(ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)
-.25 G F2(of)144 724.8 Q(fset)-.18 E F0 1.551(is tak)4.051 F 1.551
(en relati)-.1 F 1.851 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 4.051(oo).15 G 1.551
(ne greater than the greatest positional parameter)-4.051 F 4.051(,s)-.4
G 4.052(oa)-4.051 G 4.052(no)-4.052 G -.25(ff)-4.052 G 1.552
(set of \2551).25 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.25(eva)144 84 S
.555(luates to the last positional parameter).25 F 5.555(.I)-.55 G 3.055
(ti)-5.555 G 3.055(sa)-3.055 G 3.055(ne)-3.055 G .555(xpansion error if)
-3.205 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(length)3.055 E F0 -.25(eva)3.055 G .555
(luates to a number).25 F(less than zero.)144 96 Q(If)144 120 Q F1(par)
3.013 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .514(is an inde)3.013 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.014
(da).15 G .514(rray name subscripted by @ or *, the result is the)-3.014
F F1(length)3.014 E F0 .514(members of)3.014 F 1.082(the array be)144
132 R 1.082(ginning with ${)-.15 F F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0([)A F1(of)A
(fset)-.18 E F0 3.582(]}. A)B(ne)3.582 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15
(ve)-.25 G F1(of)3.732 E(fset)-.18 E F0 1.081(is tak)3.581 F 1.081
(en relati)-.1 F 1.381 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.581(oo).15 G 1.081(ne greater)
-3.581 F 1.079(than the maximum inde)144 144 R 3.579(xo)-.15 G 3.579(ft)
-3.579 G 1.079(he speci\214ed array)-3.579 F 6.079(.I)-.65 G 3.579(ti)
-6.079 G 3.579(sa)-3.579 G 3.58(ne)-3.579 G 1.08(xpansion error if)-3.73
F F1(length)3.58 E F0 -.25(eva)3.58 G 1.08(luates to a).25 F
(number less than zero.)144 156 Q(Substring e)144 180 Q
(xpansion applied to an associati)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H
(rray produces unde\214ned results.).15 E .821(Substring inde)144 204 R
.821(xing is zero-based unless the positional parameters are used, in w\
hich case the in-)-.15 F(de)144 216 Q .159(xing starts at 1 by def)-.15
F 2.659(ault. If)-.1 F F1(of)2.659 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .159
(is 0, and the positional parameters are used,)2.659 F/F2 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF($0)2.659 E F0 .159(is pre\214x)2.659 F .159(ed to)-.15
F(the list.)144 228 Q(${)108 244.8 Q F2(!)A F1(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2(*)A
F0(})A(${)108 256.8 Q F2(!)A F1(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2(@)A F0(})A F2 .085
(Names matching pr)144 268.8 R(e\214x)-.18 E F0 5.085(.E)C .084
(xpands to the names of v)-5.085 F .084(ariables whose names be)-.25 F
.084(gin with)-.15 F F1(pr)2.584 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.584(,s)C(epa-)
-2.584 E .257(rated by the \214rst character of the)144 280.8 R/F3 9
/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)2.757 E F0 .257(special v)2.507 F 2.757
(ariable. When)-.25 F F1(@)2.758 E F0 .258(is used and the e)2.758 F
.258(xpansion appears)-.15 F(within double quotes, each v)144 292.8 Q
(ariable name e)-.25 E(xpands to a separate w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108
309.6 Q F2(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(@)A F0(]})A(${)108 321.6 Q F2(!)A F1
(name)A F0([)A F1(*)A F0(]})A F2 1.137(List of array k)144 333.6 R(eys)
-.1 E F0 6.136(.I)C(f)-6.136 E F1(name)3.636 E F0 1.136(is an array v)
3.636 F 1.136(ariable, e)-.25 F 1.136
(xpands to the list of array indices \(k)-.15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 1.136
(s\) as-).15 F .397(signed in)144 345.6 R F1(name)2.897 E F0 5.397(.I)C
(f)-5.397 E F1(name)2.897 E F0 .397(is not an array)2.897 F 2.897(,e)
-.65 G .397(xpands to 0 if)-3.047 F F1(name)2.897 E F0 .397
(is set and null otherwise.)2.897 F(When)5.397 E F1(@)2.897 E F0
(is used and the e)144 357.6 Q
(xpansion appears within double quotes, each k)-.15 E .3 -.15(ey ex)-.1
H(pands to a separate w).15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108 374.4 Q F2(#)A F1(par)A
(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 386.4 S .471(rameter length).1 F F0
5.471(.T)C .471(he length in characters of the v)-5.471 F .471(alue of)
-.25 F F1(par)2.971 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .47(is substituted.)2.97 F(If)
5.47 E F1(par)4.22 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)144 398.4 Q F0(is)3.626 E F2(*)
2.896 E F0(or)2.896 E F2(@)2.896 E F0 2.896(,t)C .396(he v)-2.896 F .397
(alue substituted is the number of positional parameters.)-.25 F(If)
5.397 E F1(par)4.147 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .397(is an ar)3.627 F(-)-.2 E
.781(ray name subscripted by)144 410.4 R F2(*)3.281 E F0(or)3.281 E F2
(@)3.281 E F0 3.281(,t)C .781(he v)-3.281 F .78
(alue substituted is the number of elements in the array)-.25 F 5.78(.I)
-.65 G(f)-5.78 E F1(par)145.25 422.4 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 .455(is an inde)
3.685 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.955(da).15 G .456
(rray name subscripted by a ne)-2.955 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .756
-.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E 2.956(,t)-.4 G .456
(hat number is interpreted)-2.956 F .973(as relati)144 434.4 R 1.273
-.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.473(oo).15 G .973(ne greater than the maximum inde)
-3.473 F 3.473(xo)-.15 G(f)-3.473 E F1(par)3.473 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
3.472(,s)C 3.472(on)-3.472 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.472 H(ti).15 E 1.272
-.15(ve i)-.25 H .972(ndices count back).15 F(from the end of the array)
144 446.4 Q 2.5(,a)-.65 G(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5
G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G(eferences the last element.)-2.5 E(${)108 463.2 Q F1
(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(#)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)108 475.2 Q F1
(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(##)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2(Remo)144 487.2
Q 1.396 -.1(ve m)-.1 H 1.196(atching pr).1 F 1.196(e\214x patter)-.18 F
(n)-.15 E F0 6.196(.T)C(he)-6.196 E F1(wor)4.036 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.196
(is e)4.466 F 1.196(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in path-)-.15 F
.544(name e)144 499.2 R .544(xpansion, and matched ag)-.15 F .544
(ainst the e)-.05 F .544(xpanded v)-.15 F .544(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)
4.294 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .543(using the rules described)3.774 F(under)
144 511.2 Q F2 -.1(Pa)3.132 G(tter).1 E 3.132(nM)-.15 G(atching)-3.132 E
F0(belo)3.132 E 4.432 -.65(w. I)-.25 H 3.132(ft).65 G .632
(he pattern matches the be)-3.132 F .632(ginning of the v)-.15 F .633
(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)4.383 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(,).73 E 1.152
(then the result of the e)144 523.2 R 1.151(xpansion is the e)-.15 F
1.151(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.151(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)4.901 E(ameter)-.15 E
F0 1.151(with the shortest matching)4.381 F .183(pattern \(the `)144
535.2 R(`)-.74 E F2(#)A F0 1.663 -.74('' c)D .184
(ase\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `).74 F(`)-.74 E F2(##)A F0
1.664 -.74('' c)D .184(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If)5.184 E F1(par)3.934 E
(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.414 E F2(@)2.684 E F0(or)144 547.2 Q F2(*)3.019 E
F0 3.019(,t)C .518(he pattern remo)-3.019 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.018(lo).25
G .518
(peration is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e)
-3.018 F(xpan-)-.15 E .303(sion is the resultant list.)144 559.2 R(If)
5.303 E F1(par)4.053 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .303(is an array v)3.533 F .303
(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.804 E F0(or)2.804 E F2(*)2.804 E
F0 2.804(,t)C .304(he pattern re-)-2.804 F(mo)144 571.2 Q -.25(va)-.15 G
2.988(lo).25 G .487
(peration is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)
-2.988 F .487(xpansion is the resultant)-.15 F(list.)144 583.2 Q(${)108
600 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(%)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)108 612
Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(%%)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2(Remo)144
624 Q .346 -.1(ve m)-.1 H .146(atching suf\214x patter).1 F(n)-.15 E F0
5.146(.T)C(he)-5.146 E F1(wor)2.646 E(d)-.37 E F0 .147(is e)2.647 F .147
(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname)-.15 F -.15(ex)144 636
S .459(pansion, and matched ag).15 F .459(ainst the e)-.05 F .459
(xpanded v)-.15 F .458(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)4.208 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
.458(using the rules described under)3.688 F F2 -.1(Pa)144 648 S(tter).1
E 3.314(nM)-.15 G(atching)-3.314 E F0(belo)3.314 E 4.614 -.65(w. I)-.25
H 3.314(ft).65 G .814(he pattern matches a trailing portion of the e)
-3.314 F .814(xpanded v)-.15 F .814(alue of)-.25 F F1(pa-)4.564 E -.15
(ra)144 660 S(meter).15 E F0 3.817(,t).73 G 1.317
(hen the result of the e)-3.817 F 1.317(xpansion is the e)-.15 F 1.317
(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.316(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)5.066 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
1.316(with the shortest)4.546 F 1.084(matching pattern \(the `)144 672 R
(`)-.74 E F2(%)A F0 2.564 -.74('' c)D 1.084
(ase\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `).74 F(`)-.74 E F2(%%)A F0
2.565 -.74('' c)D 1.085(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If)6.085 E F1(par)145.25
684 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.39 E F2(@)2.66 E F0(or)2.66 E F2(*)2.66 E F0
2.66(,t)C .16(he pattern remo)-2.66 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.659(lo).25 G .159
(peration is applied to each positional parameter in turn,)-2.659 F .509
(and the e)144 696 R .509(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If)
5.509 E F1(par)4.259 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .51(is an array v)3.739 F .51
(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)3.01 E F0(or)3.01 E F2(*)3.01 E F0
(,)A .423(the pattern remo)144 708 R -.25(va)-.15 G 2.923(lo).25 G .422
(peration is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)
-2.923 F .422(xpansion is)-.15 F(the resultant list.)144 720 Q
(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(24)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(${)108 84 Q/F1 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)A(ameter)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(/)A F1
(pattern)A F2(/)A F1(string)A F0(})A(${)108 96 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E
F2(//)A F1(pattern)A F2(/)A F1(string)A F0(})A(${)108 108 Q F1(par)A
(ameter)-.15 E F2(/#)A F1(pattern)A F2(/)A F1(string)A F0(})A(${)108 120
Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(/%)A F1(pattern)A F2(/)A F1(string)A F0(})A
F2 -.1(Pa)144 132 S(tter).1 E 3.606(ns)-.15 G(ubstitution)-3.606 E F0
6.106(.T)C(he)-6.106 E F1(pattern)3.606 E F0 1.106(is e)3.606 F 1.107
(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F(xpan-)-.15 E
(sion.)144 144 Q F1 -.8(Pa)6.034 G -.15(ra).8 G(meter).15 E F0 1.034
(is e)3.534 F 1.033(xpanded and the longest match of)-.15 F F1(pattern)
3.533 E F0(ag)3.533 E 1.033(ainst its v)-.05 F 1.033
(alue is replaced with)-.25 F F1(string)144 156 Q F0(.)A F1(string)5.499
E F0(under)2.999 E .499(goes tilde e)-.18 F .499
(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .499(ariable e)-.25 F .499
(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F(xpansion,)-.15 E 1.137
(command and process substitution, and quote remo)144 168 R -.25(va)-.15
G 3.637(l. The).25 F 1.137(match is performed using the rules)3.637 F
.075(described under)144 180 R F2 -.1(Pa)2.575 G(tter).1 E 2.575(nM)-.15
G(atching)-2.575 E F0(belo)2.575 E 3.875 -.65(w. I)-.25 H 2.575(nt).65 G
.075(he \214rst form abo)-2.575 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.575(,o).15 G .076
(nly the \214rst match is replaced.)-2.575 F .48(If there are tw)144 192
R 2.98(os)-.1 G .48(lashes separating)-2.98 F F1(par)2.98 E(ameter)-.15
E F0(and)2.98 E F1(pattern)2.98 E F0 .48(\(the second form abo)2.98 F
-.15(ve)-.15 G .48(\), all matches of).15 F F1(pattern)144 204 Q F0 .374
(are replaced with)2.874 F F1(string)2.874 E F0 5.374(.I)C(f)-5.374 E F1
(pattern)2.874 E F0 .374(is preceded by)2.874 F F2(#)2.874 E F0 .374
(\(the third form abo)2.874 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .375(\), it must match).15
F .089(at the be)144 216 R .089(ginning of the e)-.15 F .088(xpanded v)
-.15 F .088(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.588 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.088(.I)C(f)
-5.088 E F1(pattern)2.588 E F0 .088(is preceded by)2.588 F F2(%)2.588 E
F0 .088(\(the fourth form)2.588 F(abo)144 228 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G .315
(\), it must match at the end of the e).15 F .315(xpanded v)-.15 F .315
(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.815 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.315(.I)C 2.815(ft)
-5.315 G .315(he e)-2.815 F .315(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(string)2.815 E F0
(is)2.815 E .399(null, matches of)144 240 R F1(pattern)2.899 E F0 .399
(are deleted.)2.899 F(If)5.399 E F1(string)2.898 E F0 .398
(is null, matches of)2.898 F F1(pattern)2.898 E F0 .398
(are deleted and the)2.898 F F2(/)2.898 E F0(fol-)2.898 E(lo)144 252 Q
(wing)-.25 E F1(pattern)2.5 E F0(may be omitted.)2.5 E .95(If the)144
276 R F2(patsub_r)3.45 E(eplacement)-.18 E F0 .95
(shell option is enabled using)3.45 F F2(shopt)3.45 E F0 3.45(,a)C 1.25
-.15(ny u)-3.45 H .95(nquoted instances of).15 F F2(&)3.45 E F0(in)3.45
E F1(string)144 288 Q F0(are replaced with the matching portion of)2.5 E
F1(pattern)2.5 E F0(.)A .75(Quoting an)144 312 R 3.25(yp)-.15 G .75
(art of)-3.25 F F1(string)3.25 E F0 .749(inhibits replacement in the e)
3.249 F .749(xpansion of the quoted portion, including)-.15 F .767
(replacement strings stored in shell v)144 324 R 3.267
(ariables. Backslash)-.25 F .767(will escape)3.267 F F2(&)3.267 E F0(in)
3.267 E F1(string)3.267 E F0 3.267(;t)C .768(he backslash is)-3.267 F
(remo)144 336 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.669(di).15 G 2.669(no)-2.669 G .169
(rder to permit a literal)-2.669 F F2(&)2.669 E F0 .169
(in the replacement string.)2.669 F .169
(Backslash can also be used to es-)5.169 F 1.428(cape a backslash;)144
348 R F2(\\\\)3.928 E F0 1.428
(results in a literal backslash in the replacement.)3.928 F 1.428
(Users should tak)6.428 F 3.929(ec)-.1 G 1.429(are if)-3.929 F F1
(string)144 360 Q F0 .292(is double-quoted to a)2.792 F -.2(vo)-.2 G
.292(id unw).2 F .292
(anted interactions between the backslash and double-quoting,)-.1 F .053
(since backslash has special meaning within double quotes.)144 372 R
-.15(Pa)5.053 G .054(ttern substitution performs the check).15 F .07
(for unquoted)144 384 R F2(&)2.57 E F0 .07(after e)2.57 F(xpanding)-.15
E F1(string)2.569 E F0 2.569(;s)C .069(hell programmers should quote an)
-2.569 F 2.569(yo)-.15 G .069(ccurrences of)-2.569 F F2(&)2.569 E F0
(the)2.569 E(y)-.15 E -.1(wa)144 396 S 1.112(nt to be tak).1 F 1.112
(en literally in the replacement and ensure an)-.1 F 3.612(yi)-.15 G
1.112(nstances of)-3.612 F F2(&)3.612 E F0(the)3.612 E 3.613(yw)-.15 G
1.113(ant to be re-)-3.713 F(placed are unquoted.)144 408 Q .687(If the)
144 432 R F2(nocasematch)3.187 E F0 .687
(shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)3.187 F -.05
(ga)-.15 G .687(rd to the case of).05 F .736(alphabetic characters.)144
444 R(If)5.736 E F1(par)4.486 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.966 E F2(@)3.236 E
F0(or)3.236 E F2(*)3.236 E F0 3.236(,t)C .736
(he substitution operation is applied to each posi-)-3.236 F .655
(tional parameter in turn, and the e)144 456 R .654
(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If)5.654 E F1(par)4.404 E
(ameter)-.15 E F0 .654(is an array v)3.884 F(ariable)-.25 E .347
(subscripted with)144 468 R F2(@)2.847 E F0(or)2.847 E F2(*)2.847 E F0
2.847(,t)C .348(he substitution operation is applied to each member of \
the array in turn,)-2.847 F(and the e)144 480 Q
(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 496.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter)
-.15 E F2(^)A F1(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 508.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E
F2(^^)A F1(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 520.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(,)A
F1(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 532.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(,,)A F1
(pattern)A F0(})A F2 .438(Case modi\214cation)144 544.8 R F0 5.438(.T)C
.438(his e)-5.438 F .437
(xpansion modi\214es the case of alphabetic characters in)-.15 F F1(par)
2.937 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.437(.T)C(he)-5.437 E F1(pattern)144 556.8 Q
F0 .373(is e)2.873 F .374
(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F 2.874
(xpansion. Each)-.15 F .374(character in the e)2.874 F(x-)-.15 E .514
(panded v)144 568.8 R .514(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.014 E(ameter)-.15 E
F0 .514(is tested ag)3.014 F(ainst)-.05 E F1(pattern)3.014 E F0 3.014
(,a)C .513(nd, if it matches the pattern, its case is con-)-3.014 F -.15
(ve)144 580.8 S 2.822(rted. The).15 F .323
(pattern should not attempt to match more than one character)2.822 F
5.323(.T)-.55 G(he)-5.323 E F2(^)2.823 E F0 .323(operator con)2.823 F
-.15(ve)-.4 G(rts).15 E(lo)144 592.8 Q .181(wercase letters matching)
-.25 F F1(pattern)2.681 E F0 .181(to uppercase; the)2.681 F F2(,)2.681 E
F0 .181(operator con)2.681 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .18
(rts matching uppercase letters).15 F .085(to lo)144 604.8 R 2.585
(wercase. The)-.25 F F2(^^)2.585 E F0(and)2.585 E F2(,,)2.585 E F0 -.15
(ex)2.585 G .085(pansions con).15 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .085
(rt each matched character in the e).15 F .085(xpanded v)-.15 F .085
(alue; the)-.25 F F2(^)2.585 E F0(and)144 616.8 Q F2(,)3.591 E F0 -.15
(ex)3.591 G 1.091(pansions match and con).15 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.091
(rt only the \214rst character in the e).15 F 1.09(xpanded v)-.15 F 3.59
(alue. If)-.25 F F1(pattern)3.59 E F0(is)3.59 E 1.12
(omitted, it is treated lik)144 628.8 R 3.62(ea)-.1 G F2(?)A F0 3.62(,w)
C 1.12(hich matches e)-3.62 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.121(ry character).15 F
6.121(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.121 E F1(par)4.871 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)4.351 E F2
(@)3.621 E F0(or)3.621 E F2(*)3.621 E F0 3.621(,t)C 1.121(he case)-3.621
F .339(modi\214cation operation is applied to each positional parameter\
 in turn, and the e)144 640.8 R .339(xpansion is the re-)-.15 F .249
(sultant list.)144 652.8 R(If)5.249 E F1(par)3.999 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
.249(is an array v)3.479 F .249(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)
2.749 E F0(or)2.75 E F2(*)2.75 E F0 2.75(,t)C .25
(he case modi\214cation oper)-2.75 F(-)-.2 E
(ation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144
664.8 Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 681.6 Q F1(par)A
(ameter)-.15 E F2(@)A F1(oper)A(ator)-.15 E F0(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 693.6 S
.86(rameter transf).1 F(ormation)-.25 E F0 5.86(.T)C .86(he e)-5.86 F
.86(xpansion is either a transformation of the v)-.15 F .86(alue of)-.25
F F1(par)3.36 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .153(or information about)144 705.6 R
F1(par)2.653 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .153(itself, depending on the v)2.653 F
.153(alue of)-.25 F F1(oper)2.653 E(ator)-.15 E F0 5.154(.E)C(ach)-5.154
E F1(oper)2.654 E(ator)-.15 E F0 .154(is a sin-)2.654 F(gle letter:)144
717.6 Q(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(25)185.115 E 0
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(U)144 84 Q F0 .143(The e)180 84 R .142
(xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F .142(alue of)-.25 F/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)2.642 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .142(with lo)2.642 F
.142(wercase alphabetic charac-)-.25 F(ters con)180 96 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G
(rted to uppercase.).15 E F1(u)144 108 Q F0 .429(The e)180 108 R .429
(xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F .429(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)
2.929 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .43(with the \214rst character con)2.93 F -.15
(ve)-.4 G(rted).15 E(to uppercase, if it is alphabetic.)180 120 Q F1(L)
144 132 Q F0 .125(The e)180 132 R .124
(xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F .124(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)
2.624 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .124(with uppercase alphabetic charac-)2.624 F
(ters con)180 144 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G(rted to lo).15 E(wercase.)-.25 E F1(Q)
144 156 Q F0 1.064(The e)180 156 R 1.064
(xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F 1.065(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)
3.565 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.065(quoted in a format that can be)3.565 F
(reused as input.)180 168 Q F1(E)144 180 Q F0 .441(The e)180 180 R .441
(xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F .441(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)
2.941 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .44(with backslash escape sequences)2.94 F -.15
(ex)180 192 S(panded as with the).15 E F1($\010...\010)2.5 E F0
(quoting mechanism.)2.5 E F1(P)144 204 Q F0 1.072(The e)180 204 R 1.073
(xpansion is a string that is the result of e)-.15 F 1.073
(xpanding the v)-.15 F 1.073(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)3.573 E(ameter)-.15 E
F0 1.073(as if it)3.573 F(were a prompt string \(see)180 216 Q F1(PR)2.5
E(OMPTING)-.3 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(A)144 228 Q F0 1.138(The e)
180 228 R 1.138
(xpansion is a string in the form of an assignment statement or)-.15 F
F1(declar)3.637 E(e)-.18 E F0(command)3.637 E(that, if e)180 240 Q -.25
(va)-.25 G(luated, will recreate).25 E F2(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
(with its attrib)2.5 E(utes and v)-.2 E(alue.)-.25 E F1(K)144 252 Q F0
1.339(Produces a possibly-quoted v)180 252 R 1.339(ersion of the v)-.15
F 1.339(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)3.839 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 3.839(,e)C 1.34
(xcept that it prints the)-3.989 F -.25(va)180 264 S .258(lues of inde)
.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.757(da).15 G .257(nd associati)-2.757 F .557 -.15
(ve a)-.25 H .257(rrays as a sequence of quoted k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G
(-v).15 E .257(alue pairs \(see)-.25 F F1(Ar)2.757 E(-)-.37 E(rays)180
276 Q F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(a)144 288 Q F0(The e)180
288 Q(xpansion is a string consisting of \215ag v)-.15 E
(alues representing)-.25 E F2(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.1 -.55('s a)D
(ttrib).55 E(utes.)-.2 E F1(k)144 300 Q F0(Lik)180 300 Q 2.657(et)-.1 G
.157(he K transformation, b)-2.657 F .157(ut e)-.2 F .157(xpands the k)
-.15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.657(sa).15 G .157(nd v)-2.657 F .157
(alues of inde)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.657(da).15 G .158(nd associati)
-2.657 F .458 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.2(r-).15 G(rays to separate w)180 312 Q
(ords after w)-.1 E(ord splitting.)-.1 E(If)144 328.8 Q F2(par)4.403 E
(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.883 E F1(@)3.153 E F0(or)3.153 E F1(*)3.153 E F0
3.153(,t)C .653(he operation is applied to each positional parameter in\
 turn, and the e)-3.153 F(x-)-.15 E .403(pansion is the resultant list.)
144 340.8 R(If)5.403 E F2(par)4.153 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .403
(is an array v)3.633 F .403(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F1(@)2.903 E
F0(or)2.903 E F1(*)2.903 E F0 2.903(,t)C .403(he opera-)-2.903 F
(tion is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144
352.8 Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E .708(The result of the e)
144 376.8 R .708(xpansion is subject to w)-.15 F .708
(ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F .708(xpansion as described be-)-.15
F(lo)144 388.8 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G F1(Command Substitution)87 405.6 Q F2
1.697(Command substitution)108 417.6 R F0(allo)4.197 E 1.697
(ws the output of a command to replace the command name.)-.25 F 1.698
(There are tw)6.698 F(o)-.1 E(forms:)108 429.6 Q F1($\()144 446.4 Q F2
(command)A F1(\))1.666 E F0(or)108 458.4 Q F1<92>144 470.4 Q F2(command)
A F1<92>A(Bash)108 487.2 Q F0 .089(performs the e)2.589 F .089
(xpansion by e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F2(command)2.589 E F0
.088(in a subshell en)2.589 F .088(vironment and replacing the command)
-.4 F .41(substitution with the standard output of the command, with an)
108 499.2 R 2.91(yt)-.15 G .41(railing ne)-2.91 F .41(wlines deleted.)
-.25 F .41(Embedded ne)5.41 F(w-)-.25 E .192(lines are not deleted, b)
108 511.2 R .192(ut the)-.2 F 2.692(ym)-.15 G .192(ay be remo)-2.692 F
-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.692(dd).15 G .192(uring w)-2.692 F .192(ord splitting.)
-.1 F .192(The command substitution)5.192 F F1($\(cat)2.691 E F2(\214le)
2.691 E F1(\))A F0(can be replaced by the equi)108 523.2 Q -.25(va)-.25
G(lent b).25 E(ut f)-.2 E(aster)-.1 E F1($\(<)2.5 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F1
(\))A F0(.)A 1.724(When the old-style backquote form of substitution is\
 used, backslash retains its literal meaning e)108 540 R(xcept)-.15 E
.315(when follo)108 552 R .315(wed by)-.25 F F1($)2.815 E F0(,)A F1<92>
2.815 E F0 2.815(,o)C(r)-2.815 E F1(\\)2.815 E F0 5.315(.T)C .314(he \
\214rst backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command su\
b-)-5.315 F 3.886(stitution. When)108 564 R 1.386(using the $\()3.886 F
F2(command).833 E F0 3.886(\)f)1.666 G 1.387
(orm, all characters between the parentheses mak)-3.886 F 3.887(eu)-.1 G
3.887(pt)-3.887 G 1.387(he com-)-3.887 F
(mand; none are treated specially)108 576 Q(.)-.65 E .894
(Command substitutions may be nested.)108 592.8 R 2.494 -.8(To n)5.894 H
.894(est when using the backquoted form, escape the inner back-).8 F
(quotes with backslashes.)108 604.8 Q .422
(If the substitution appears within double quotes, w)108 621.6 R .422
(ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F .423(xpansion are not performed)-.15
F(on the results.)108 633.6 Q F1(Arithmetic Expansion)87 650.4 Q F0
1.035(Arithmetic e)108 662.4 R 1.035(xpansion allo)-.15 F 1.035
(ws the e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.034(luation of an arithmetic e).25 F
1.034(xpression and the substitution of the result.)-.15 F
(The format for arithmetic e)108 674.4 Q(xpansion is:)-.15 E F1($\(\()
144 691.2 Q F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(\)\))A F0(The)108 708 Q
F2 -.2(ex)2.735 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(under)2.975 E .235
(goes the same e)-.18 F .236
(xpansions as if it were within double quotes, b)-.15 F .236
(ut double quote charac-)-.2 F 2.8(ters in)108 720 R F2 -.2(ex)5.3 G(pr)
.2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 2.799(are not treated specially and are remo)5.3 F
-.15(ve)-.15 G 5.299(d. All).15 F(tok)5.299 E 2.799(ens in the e)-.1 F
2.799(xpression under)-.15 F(go)-.18 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q
(2022 September 19)135.955 E(26)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .919
(parameter and v)108 84 R .919(ariable e)-.25 F .919
(xpansion, command substitution, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G
3.419(l. The).25 F .92(result is treated as the)3.419 F(arithmetic e)108
96 Q(xpression to be e)-.15 E -.25(va)-.25 G 2.5(luated. Arithmetic).25
F -.15(ex)2.5 G(pansions may be nested.).15 E 1.379(The e)108 112.8 R
-.25(va)-.25 G 1.378
(luation is performed according to the rules listed belo).25 F 3.878(wu)
-.25 G(nder)-3.878 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.378(ARITHMETIC EV)3.878 F
(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0
(If)5.878 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)108 124.8 S(pr).2 E(ession)
-.37 E F0(is in)2.74 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid,).25 E/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
(bash)2.5 E F0(prints a message indicating f)2.5 E
(ailure and no substitution occurs.)-.1 E F4(Pr)87 141.6 Q
(ocess Substitution)-.18 E F3(Pr)108 153.6 Q .405(ocess substitution)
-.45 F F0(allo)2.905 E .405(ws a process')-.25 F 2.905(si)-.55 G .405
(nput or output to be referred to using a \214lename.)-2.905 F .405
(It tak)5.405 F .405(es the form)-.1 F(of)108 165.6 Q F4(<\()3.251 E F3
(list)A F4(\)).833 E F0(or)3.251 E F4(>\()3.251 E F3(list)A F4(\)).833 E
F0 5.751(.T)C .751(he process)-5.751 F F3(list)3.251 E F0 .751
(is run asynchronously)3.251 F 3.251(,a)-.65 G .751
(nd its input or output appears as a \214lename.)-3.251 F .147
(This \214lename is passed as an ar)108 177.6 R .148
(gument to the current command as the result of the e)-.18 F 2.648
(xpansion. If)-.15 F(the)2.648 E F4(>\()2.648 E F3(list)A F4(\)).833 E
F0 .56(form is used, writing to the \214le will pro)108 189.6 R .56
(vide input for)-.15 F F3(list)3.059 E F0 5.559(.I)C 3.059(ft)-5.559 G
(he)-3.059 E F4(<\()3.059 E F3(list)A F4(\)).833 E F0 .559
(form is used, the \214le passed as an)3.059 F(ar)108 201.6 Q .308
(gument should be read to obtain the output of)-.18 F F3(list)2.808 E F0
5.308(.P)C .309(rocess substitution is supported on systems that sup-)
-5.308 F(port named pipes \()108 213.6 Q F3(FIFOs)A F0 2.5(\)o)C 2.5(rt)
-2.5 G(he)-2.5 E F4(/de)2.5 E(v/fd)-.15 E F0
(method of naming open \214les.)2.5 E .897(When a)108 230.4 R -.25(va)
-.2 G .896(ilable, process substitution is performed simultaneously wit\
h parameter and v).25 F .896(ariable e)-.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E
(command substitution, and arithmetic e)108 242.4 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F4
-.75(Wo)87 259.2 S(rd Splitting).75 E F0 1.142
(The shell scans the results of parameter e)108 271.2 R 1.143
(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.143
(xpansion that)-.15 F(did not occur within double quotes for)108 283.2 Q
F3(wor)2.84 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5 E F0(.).22 E .063
(The shell treats each character of)108 300 R F1(IFS)2.563 E F0 .063
(as a delimiter)2.313 F 2.563(,a)-.4 G .063
(nd splits the results of the other e)-2.563 F .063(xpansions into w)
-.15 F(ords)-.1 E .207(using these characters as \214eld terminators.)
108 312 R(If)5.207 E F1(IFS)2.707 E F0 .207(is unset, or its v)2.457 F
.207(alue is e)-.25 F(xactly)-.15 E F4(<space><tab><newline>)2.708 E F0
(,)A .837(the def)108 324 R .837(ault, then sequences of)-.1 F F4
(<space>)3.337 E F0(,)A F4(<tab>)3.337 E F0 3.337(,a)C(nd)-3.337 E F4
(<newline>)3.337 E F0 .836(at the be)3.336 F .836
(ginning and end of the results of)-.15 F .345(the pre)108 336 R .345
(vious e)-.25 F .345(xpansions are ignored, and an)-.15 F 2.845(ys)-.15
G .345(equence of)-2.845 F F1(IFS)2.845 E F0 .345
(characters not at the be)2.595 F .345(ginning or end serv)-.15 F(es)
-.15 E 1.237(to delimit w)108 348 R 3.737(ords. If)-.1 F F1(IFS)3.737 E
F0 1.236(has a v)3.486 F 1.236(alue other than the def)-.25 F 1.236
(ault, then sequences of the whitespace characters)-.1 F F4(space)108
360 Q F0(,)A F4(tab)2.506 E F0 2.506(,a)C(nd)-2.506 E F4(newline)2.506 E
F0 .006(are ignored at the be)2.506 F .006(ginning and end of the w)-.15
F .007(ord, as long as the whitespace charac-)-.1 F .921
(ter is in the v)108 372 R .92(alue of)-.25 F F1(IFS)3.42 E F0(\(an)3.17
E F1(IFS)3.42 E F0 .92(whitespace character\).)3.17 F(An)5.92 E 3.42(yc)
-.15 G .92(haracter in)-3.42 F F1(IFS)3.42 E F0 .92(that is not)3.17 F
F1(IFS)3.42 E F0(whitespace,)3.17 E .428(along with an)108 384 R 2.928
(ya)-.15 G(djacent)-2.928 E F1(IFS)2.928 E F0 .428
(whitespace characters, delimits a \214eld.)2.678 F 2.928(As)5.428 G
.428(equence of)-2.928 F F1(IFS)2.928 E F0 .429(whitespace charac-)2.679
F(ters is also treated as a delimiter)108 396 Q 5(.I)-.55 G 2.5(ft)-5 G
(he v)-2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F1(IFS)2.5 E F0(is null, no w)2.25 E
(ord splitting occurs.)-.1 E .783(Explicit null ar)108 412.8 R .783
(guments \()-.18 F F4 .833("").833 G F0(or)2.449 E F4 .833<0808>4.115 G
F0 3.282(\)a)C .782
(re retained and passed to commands as empty strings.)-3.282 F .782
(Unquoted im-)5.782 F .178(plicit null ar)108 424.8 R .179
(guments, resulting from the e)-.18 F .179
(xpansion of parameters that ha)-.15 F .479 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.679(ov).15
G .179(alues, are remo)-2.929 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.679(d. If).15 F 2.679
(ap)2.679 G(a-)-2.679 E .319(rameter with no v)108 436.8 R .319
(alue is e)-.25 F .319(xpanded within double quotes, a null ar)-.15 F
.319(gument results and is retained and passed)-.18 F
(to a command as an empty string.)108 448.8 Q(When a quoted null ar)5 E
.001(gument appears as part of a w)-.18 F .001(ord whose e)-.1 F
(xpansion)-.15 E .984(is non-null, the null ar)108 460.8 R .984
(gument is remo)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.483(d. That).15 F .983
(is, the w)3.483 F(ord)-.1 E/F5 10/Courier@0 SF -5.167<ad64082008>3.483
F F0(becomes)3.483 E F5<ad64>3.483 E F0 .983(after w)3.483 F .983
(ord splitting and)-.1 F(null ar)108 472.8 Q(gument remo)-.18 E -.25(va)
-.15 G(l.).25 E(Note that if no e)108 489.6 Q
(xpansion occurs, no splitting is performed.)-.15 E F4 -.1(Pa)87 506.4 S
(thname Expansion).1 E F0 .37(After w)108 518.4 R .37
(ord splitting, unless the)-.1 F F4<ad66>2.87 E F0 .37
(option has been set,)2.87 F F4(bash)2.87 E F0 .371(scans each w)2.871 F
.371(ord for the characters)-.1 F F4(*)2.871 E F0(,)A F4(?)2.871 E F0
2.871(,a)C(nd)-2.871 E F4([)2.871 E F0(.)A .634
(If one of these characters appears, and is not quoted, then the w)108
530.4 R .634(ord is re)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .633(rded as a).05 F F3
(pattern)4.383 E F0 3.133(,a).24 G .633(nd replaced)-3.133 F 1.34(with \
an alphabetically sorted list of \214lenames matching the pattern \(see)
108 542.4 R F1 -.09(Pa)3.84 G(tter).09 E 3.59(nM)-.135 G(atching)-3.59 E
F0(belo)3.59 E 3.84(w\). If)-.25 F(no)3.84 E .534
(matching \214lenames are found, and the shell option)108 554.4 R F4
(nullglob)3.034 E F0 .534(is not enabled, the w)3.034 F .534
(ord is left unchanged.)-.1 F(If)5.534 E(the)108 566.4 Q F4(nullglob)
3.284 E F0 .785(option is set, and no matches are found, the w)3.284 F
.785(ord is remo)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.285(d. If).15 F(the)3.285 E F4
(failglob)3.285 E F0 .785(shell option is)3.285 F .754(set, and no matc\
hes are found, an error message is printed and the command is not e)108
578.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.254(cuted. If).15 F .754(the shell)3.254 F
(option)108 590.4 Q F4(nocaseglob)3.263 E F0 .763
(is enabled, the match is performed without re)3.263 F -.05(ga)-.15 G
.764(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F .039
(When a pattern is used for pathname e)108 602.4 R .039
(xpansion, the character)-.15 F F4 -.63(``)2.539 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08
E F0 .039(at the start of a name or immediately fol-)5.039 F(lo)108
614.4 Q .19(wing a slash must be matched e)-.25 F(xplicitly)-.15 E 2.69
(,u)-.65 G .19(nless the shell option)-2.69 F F4(dotglob)2.691 E F0 .191
(is set.)2.691 F .191(In order to match the \214le-)5.191 F(names)108
626.4 Q F4 -.63(``)3.645 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0(and)6.145 E F4 -.63
(``)3.645 G(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 3.645(,t).63 G 1.145
(he pattern must be)-3.645 F 1.145(gin with `)-.15 F(`.)-.74 E 2.625
-.74('' \()-.7 H 1.145(for e).74 F 1.145(xample, `)-.15 F(`.?')-.74 E
1.145('\), e)-.74 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.645(ni).15 G(f)-3.645 E F4(dotglob)
3.644 E F0 1.144(is set.)3.644 F 1.144(If the)6.144 F F4(globskipdots)
108 638.4 Q F0 .153(shell option is enabled, the \214lenames)2.653 F F4
-.63(``)2.653 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0(and)5.153 E F4 -.63(``)2.654 G
(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 .154(are ne)5.784 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.654(rm)
.15 G .154(atched, e)-2.654 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.654(ni).15 G 2.654(ft)
-2.654 G .154(he pattern be-)-2.654 F .12(gins with a)108 650.4 R F4
-.63(``)2.62 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 5.12(.W)C .12
(hen not matching pathnames, the)-5.12 F F4 -.63(``)2.62 G -.55(.').63 G
(')-.08 E F0 .12(character is not treated specially)5.12 F 5.12(.W)-.65
G .12(hen matching)-5.12 F 3.54(ap)108 662.4 S 1.04
(athname, the slash character must al)-3.54 F -.1(wa)-.1 G 1.04
(ys be matched e).1 F 1.041(xplicitly by a slash in the pattern, b)-.15
F 1.041(ut in other)-.2 F .132(matching conte)108 674.4 R .132
(xts it can be matched by a special pattern character as described belo)
-.15 F 2.631(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.631 E F1 -.09(Pa)2.631 G(tter).09 E 2.381
(nM)-.135 G(atch-)-2.381 E(ing)108 686.4 Q F2(.)A F0 .605
(See the description of)5.105 F F4(shopt)3.105 E F0(belo)3.105 E 3.106
(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.106 E F1 .606(SHELL B)3.106 F(UIL)-.09 E .606
(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 .606(for a description of the)2.856 F F4(no-)
3.106 E(caseglob)108 698.4 Q F0(,)A F4(nullglob)2.5 E F0(,)A F4
(globskipdots)2.5 E F0(,)A F4(failglob)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F4
(dotglob)2.5 E F0(shell options.)2.5 E(The)108 715.2 Q F1(GLOBIGNORE)
2.562 E F0 .062(shell v)2.312 F .061
(ariable may be used to restrict the set of \214le names matching a)-.25
F F3(pattern)3.811 E F0 5.061(.I).24 G(f)-5.061 E F1(GLO-)2.561 E
(BIGNORE)108 727.2 Q F0 2.015(is set, each matching \214le name that al\
so matches one of the patterns in)4.264 F F1(GLOBIGNORE)4.515 E F0(is)
4.265 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(27)185.115 E 0
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(remo)108 84 Q -.15
(ve)-.15 G 3.915(df).15 G 1.415(rom the list of matches.)-3.915 F 1.415
(If the)6.415 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(nocaseglob)3.915 E F0 1.415
(option is set, the matching ag)3.915 F 1.414(ainst the patterns in)-.05
F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(GLOBIGNORE)108 96 Q F0 .146
(is performed without re)2.396 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .146(rd to case.).05 F
.146(The \214lenames)5.146 F F1 -.63(``)2.646 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E
F0(and)5.147 E F1 -.63(``)2.647 G(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 .147
(are al)5.777 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .147(ys ignored when).1 F F2(GLOBIGNORE)108
108 Q F0 .827(is set and not null.)3.077 F(Ho)5.827 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)
-.25 G 1.627 -.4(r, s).15 H(etting).4 E F2(GLOBIGNORE)3.327 E F0 .827
(to a non-null v)3.077 F .827(alue has the ef)-.25 F .827(fect of)-.25 F
.682(enabling the)108 120 R F1(dotglob)3.182 E F0 .682
(shell option, so all other \214lenames be)3.182 F .682(ginning with a)
-.15 F F1 -.63(``)3.182 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 .682(will match.)
5.682 F 2.283 -.8(To g)5.683 H .683(et the old).8 F(beha)108 132 Q 1.185
(vior of ignoring \214lenames be)-.2 F 1.185(ginning with a)-.15 F F1
-.63(``)3.684 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 3.684(,m)C(ak)-3.684 E(e)-.1 E
F1 -.63(``)3.684 G(.*').63 E(')-.63 E F0 1.184(one of the patterns in)
6.184 F F2(GLOBIGNORE)3.684 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(The)108 144 Q
F1(dotglob)3.131 E F0 .631(option is disabled when)3.131 F F2
(GLOBIGNORE)3.132 E F0 .632(is unset.)2.882 F .632
(The pattern matching honors the setting of)5.632 F(the)108 156 Q F1
(extglob)2.5 E F0(shell option.)2.5 E F1 -.1(Pa)108 172.8 S(tter).1 E
2.5(nM)-.15 G(atching)-2.5 E F0(An)108 189.6 Q 3.138(yc)-.15 G .638(har\
acter that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern charact\
ers described belo)-3.138 F 1.938 -.65(w, m)-.25 H(atches).65 E 2.721
(itself. The)108 201.6 R .221(NUL character may not occur in a pattern.)
2.721 F 2.721(Ab)5.221 G .221(ackslash escapes the follo)-2.721 F .222
(wing character; the es-)-.25 F .418
(caping backslash is discarded when matching.)108 213.6 R .418
(The special pattern characters must be quoted if the)5.418 F 2.918(ya)
-.15 G .418(re to)-2.918 F(be matched literally)108 225.6 Q(.)-.65 E
(The special pattern characters ha)108 242.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H
(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1(*)144 259.2 Q F0 .376
(Matches an)180 259.2 R 2.876(ys)-.15 G .376
(tring, including the null string.)-2.876 F .376(When the)5.376 F F1
(globstar)2.876 E F0 .377(shell option is enabled,)2.876 F(and)180 271.2
Q F1(*)3.275 E F0 .775(is used in a pathname e)3.275 F .775
(xpansion conte)-.15 F .775(xt, tw)-.15 F 3.275(oa)-.1 G(djacent)-3.275
E F1(*)3.275 E F0 3.275(su)C .775(sed as a single pattern)-3.275 F 1.058
(will match all \214les and zero or more directories and subdirectories\
.)180 283.2 R 1.058(If follo)6.058 F 1.058(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)3.558 E
F0(,)A(tw)180 295.2 Q 2.5(oa)-.1 G(djacent)-2.5 E F1(*)2.5 E F0 2.5(sw)C
(ill match only directories and subdirectories.)-2.5 E F1(?)144 307.2 Q
F0(Matches an)180 307.2 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(ingle character)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E
F1([...])144 319.2 Q F0 .579(Matches an)180 319.2 R 3.079(yo)-.15 G .579
(ne of the enclosed characters.)-3.079 F 3.079(Ap)5.579 G .578
(air of characters separated by a h)-3.079 F(yphen)-.05 E .684
(denotes a)180 331.2 R/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.15(ra)3.184 G(ng).15 E
3.184(ee)-.1 G(xpr)-3.384 E(ession)-.37 E F0 3.184(;a)C .984 -.15(ny c)
-3.184 H .684(haracter that f).15 F .684(alls between those tw)-.1 F
3.185(oc)-.1 G .685(haracters, inclu-)-3.185 F(si)180 343.2 Q -.15(ve)
-.25 G 3.713(,u).15 G 1.213(sing the current locale')-3.713 F 3.712(sc)
-.55 G 1.212(ollating sequence and character set, is matched.)-3.712 F
1.212(If the)6.212 F 1.123(\214rst character follo)180 355.2 R 1.123
(wing the)-.25 F F1([)3.623 E F0 1.123(is a)3.623 F F1(!)3.623 E F0
1.124(or a)6.123 F F1(^)3.624 E F0 1.124(then an)3.624 F 3.624(yc)-.15 G
1.124(haracter not enclosed is matched.)-3.624 F 1.045
(The sorting order of characters in range e)180 367.2 R 1.044
(xpressions, and the characters included in the)-.15 F 2.34
(range, are determined by the current locale and the v)180 379.2 R 2.341
(alues of the)-.25 F F2(LC_COLLA)4.841 E(TE)-.855 E F0(or)4.591 E F2
(LC_ALL)180 391.2 Q F0 1.079(shell v)3.329 F 1.079(ariables, if set.)
-.25 F 2.679 -.8(To o)6.079 H 1.079
(btain the traditional interpretation of range e).8 F(xpres-)-.15 E .392
(sions, where)180 403.2 R F1([a\255d])2.892 E F0 .392(is equi)2.892 F
-.25(va)-.25 G .392(lent to).25 F F1([abcd])2.893 E F0 2.893(,s)C .393
(et v)-2.893 F .393(alue of the)-.25 F F1(LC_ALL)2.893 E F0 .393
(shell v)2.893 F .393(ariable to)-.25 F F1(C)2.893 E F0(,)A .9
(or enable the)180 415.2 R F1(globasciiranges)3.4 E F0 .9(shell option.)
3.4 F(A)5.899 E F1<ad>3.399 E F0 .899
(may be matched by including it as the)3.399 F .405
(\214rst or last character in the set.)180 427.2 R(A)5.405 E F1(])2.905
E F0 .405(may be matched by including it as the \214rst character)2.905
F(in the set.)180 439.2 Q -.4(Wi)180 457.2 S(thin).4 E F1([)3.071 E F0
(and)3.071 E F1(])3.071 E F0(,)A F4 -.15(ch)3.071 G(ar).15 E .571
(acter classes)-.15 F F0 .571(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)3.071
F F1([:)3.07 E F4(class)A F1(:])A F0 3.07(,w)C(here)-3.07 E F4(class)
3.07 E F0(is one of the follo)180 469.2 Q
(wing classes de\214ned in the POSIX standard:)-.25 E F1 5.889
(alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lo)180 481.2 R 5.889
(wer print punct space up-)-.1 F 5(per w)180 493.2 R 5(ord xdigit)-.1 F
F0 4.29(Ac)180 505.2 S 1.789(haracter class matches an)-4.29 F 4.289(yc)
-.15 G 1.789(haracter belonging to that class.)-4.289 F(The)6.789 E F1
-.1(wo)4.289 G(rd).1 E F0(character)4.289 E
(class matches letters, digits, and the character _.)180 517.2 Q -.4(Wi)
180 535.2 S(thin).4 E F1([)4.536 E F0(and)4.536 E F1(])4.536 E F0 4.536
(,a)C(n)-4.536 E F4 2.036(equivalence class)4.536 F F0 2.037
(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)4.536 F F1([=)4.537 E F4(c)A F1(=])
A F0 4.537(,w)C(hich)-4.537 E .125(matches all characters with the same\
 collation weight \(as de\214ned by the current locale\) as)180 547.2 R
(the character)180 559.2 Q F4(c)2.5 E F0(.)A -.4(Wi)180 577.2 S(thin).4
E F1([)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(])2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he syntax)-2.5 E F1([.)
2.5 E F4(symbol)A F1(.])A F0(matches the collating symbol)2.5 E F4
(symbol)2.5 E F0(.)A .539(If the)108 594 R F1(extglob)3.039 E F0 .539
(shell option is enabled using the)3.039 F F1(shopt)3.039 E F0 -.2(bu)
3.039 G .54(iltin, the shell recognizes se).2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .54
(ral e).15 F .54(xtended pattern)-.15 F .038(matching operators.)108 606
R .038(In the follo)5.038 F .038(wing description, a)-.25 F F4
(pattern-list)2.538 E F0 .037
(is a list of one or more patterns separated by)2.538 F(a)108 618 Q F1
(|)2.5 E F0 5(.C)C
(omposite patterns may be formed using one or more of the follo)-5 E
(wing sub-patterns:)-.25 E F1(?\()144 642 Q F4(pattern-list).833 E F1
(\)).833 E F0(Matches zero or one occurrence of the gi)180 654 Q -.15
(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(*\()144 666 Q F4(pattern-list)
.833 E F1(\)).833 E F0(Matches zero or more occurrences of the gi)180
678 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(+\()144 690 Q F4
(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0
(Matches one or more occurrences of the gi)180 702 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(@\()144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E
F0(Matches one of the gi)180 96 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)
-2.5 E F1(!\()144 108 Q F2(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0
(Matches an)180 120 Q(ything e)-.15 E(xcept one of the gi)-.15 E -.15
(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E(The)108 136.8 Q F1(extglob)A F0
.477(option changes the beha)2.977 F .477(vior of the parser)-.2 F 2.977
(,s)-.4 G .478(ince the parentheses are normally treated as opera-)
-2.977 F .105(tors with syntactic meaning.)108 148.8 R 1.705 -.8(To e)
5.105 H .105(nsure that e).8 F .105
(xtended matching patterns are parsed correctly)-.15 F 2.604(,m)-.65 G
(ak)-2.604 E 2.604(es)-.1 G .104(ure that)-2.604 F F1(extglob)108 160.8
Q F0 1.355(is enabled before parsing constructs containing the patterns\
, including shell functions and com-)3.854 F(mand substitutions.)108
172.8 Q .988(When matching \214lenames, the)108 189.6 R F1(dotglob)3.488
E F0 .988
(shell option determines the set of \214lenames that are tested: when)
3.488 F F1(dotglob)108 201.6 Q F0 1.391
(is enabled, the set of \214lenames includes all \214les be)3.891 F
1.392(ginning with `)-.15 F(`.)-.74 E -.74('')-.7 G 3.892(,b).74 G 1.392
(ut `)-4.092 F(`.)-.74 E 2.872 -.74('' a)-.7 H 1.392(nd `).74 F(`..)-.74
E 2.872 -.74('' m)-.7 H 1.392(ust be).74 F .298
(matched by a pattern or sub-pattern that be)108 213.6 R .298
(gins with a dot; when it is disabled, the set does not include an)-.15
F(y)-.15 E .327(\214lenames be)108 225.6 R .327(ginning with `)-.15 F
(`.)-.74 E 1.807 -.74('' u)-.7 H .327
(nless the pattern or sub-pattern be).74 F .327(gins with a `)-.15 F(`.)
-.74 E -.74('')-.7 G 5.327(.A).74 G 2.827(sa)-5.327 G(bo)-2.827 E -.15
(ve)-.15 G 2.828(,`).15 G(`.)-3.568 E 1.808 -.74('' o)-.7 H .328
(nly has a).74 F(special meaning when matching \214lenames.)108 237.6 Q
.969(Complicated e)108 254.4 R .969(xtended pattern matching ag)-.15 F
.969(ainst long strings is slo)-.05 F 2.268 -.65(w, e)-.25 H .968
(specially when the patterns contain).65 F .09
(alternations and the strings contain multiple matches.)108 266.4 R .091
(Using separate matches ag)5.091 F .091(ainst shorter strings, or us-)
-.05 F(ing arrays of strings instead of a single long string, may be f)
108 278.4 Q(aster)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F1(Quote Remo)87 295.2 Q -.1(va)-.1 G
(l).1 E F0 1.113(After the preceding e)108 307.2 R 1.113
(xpansions, all unquoted occurrences of the characters)-.15 F F1(\\)
3.613 E F0(,)A F1<08>3.612 E F0 3.612(,a)C(nd)-3.612 E F1(")4.445 E F0
1.112(that did not result)4.445 F(from one of the abo)108 319.2 Q .3
-.15(ve ex)-.15 H(pansions are remo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E/F3
10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)72 336 Q F0 .545
(Before a command is e)108 348 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .545
(cuted, its input and output may be).15 F F2 -.37(re)3.045 G(dir).37 E
(ected)-.37 E F0 .545(using a special notation interpreted)3.815 F .429
(by the shell.)108 360 R F2(Redir)5.428 E(ection)-.37 E F0(allo)2.928 E
.428(ws commands' \214le handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made\
 to refer to)-.25 F(dif)108 372 Q 1.019(ferent \214les, and can change \
the \214les the command reads from and writes to.)-.25 F 1.02
(Redirection may also be)6.02 F .215
(used to modify \214le handles in the current shell e)108 384 R -.15(xe)
-.15 G .215(cution en).15 F 2.715(vironment. The)-.4 F(follo)2.715 E
.215(wing redirection operators)-.25 F .862(may precede or appear an)108
396 R .862(ywhere within a)-.15 F F2 .862(simple command)3.702 F F0 .862
(or may follo)4.132 F 3.362(wa)-.25 G F2(command).2 E F0 5.862(.R).77 G
.862(edirections are)-5.862 F(processed in the order the)108 408 Q 2.5
(ya)-.15 G(ppear)-2.5 E 2.5(,f)-.4 G(rom left to right.)-2.5 E .771(Eac\
h redirection that may be preceded by a \214le descriptor number may in\
stead be preceded by a w)108 424.8 R .771(ord of)-.1 F .292(the form {)
108 436.8 R F2(varname)A F0 2.793(}. In)B .293
(this case, for each redirection operator e)2.793 F .293
(xcept >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate)-.15 F 3.18<618c>108 448.8 S
.679(le descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assign it to)-3.18 F
F2(varname)3.179 E F0 5.679(.I)C 3.179(f>)-5.679 G .679
(&- or <&- is preceded by {)-3.179 F F2(var)A(-)-.2 E(name)108 460.8 Q
F0 .599(}, the v)B .599(alue of)-.25 F F2(varname)3.099 E F0 .599
(de\214nes the \214le descriptor to close.)3.099 F .6(If {)5.6 F F2
(varname)A F0 3.1(}i)C 3.1(ss)-3.1 G .6(upplied, the redirection)-3.1 F
.794(persists be)108 472.8 R .794(yond the scope of the command, allo)
-.15 F .793(wing the shell programmer to manage the \214le descriptor')
-.25 F(s)-.55 E(lifetime manually)108 484.8 Q 5(.T)-.65 G(he)-5 E F1 -.1
(va)2.5 G(rr).1 E(edir_close)-.18 E F0(shell option manages this beha)
2.5 E(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E .283(In the follo)108 501.6 R .284(wing descr\
iptions, if the \214le descriptor number is omitted, and the \214rst ch\
aracter of the redirect-)-.25 F .513(ion operator is)108 513.6 R F1(<)
3.012 E F0 3.012(,t)C .512
(he redirection refers to the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\).)
-3.012 F .512(If the \214rst character of the)5.512 F
(redirection operator is)108 525.6 Q F1(>)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C
(he redirection refers to the standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\).)
-2.5 E .824(The w)108 542.4 R .824(ord follo)-.1 F .824
(wing the redirection operator in the follo)-.25 F .825
(wing descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is sub-)-.25 F .463
(jected to brace e)108 554.4 R .463(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .462
(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .462(ariable e)-.25 F .462
(xpansion, command substitution, arith-)-.15 F .866(metic e)108 566.4 R
.866(xpansion, quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G .866(l, pathname e).25 F
.867(xpansion, and w)-.15 F .867(ord splitting.)-.1 F .867(If it e)5.867
F .867(xpands to more than one)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 578.4 S(rd,).1 E F1
(bash)2.5 E F0(reports an error)2.5 E(.)-.55 E
(Note that the order of redirections is signi\214cant.)108 595.2 Q -.15
(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G(xample, the command)-2.65 E(ls)144 612 Q F1(>)2.5 E
F0(dirlist 2)2.5 E F1(>&)A F0(1)A
(directs both standard output and standard error to the \214le)108 628.8
Q F2(dirlist)2.85 E F0 2.5(,w).68 G(hile the command)-2.5 E(ls 2)144
645.6 Q F1(>&)A F0(1)A F1(>)2.5 E F0(dirlist)2.5 E .505
(directs only the standard output to \214le)108 662.4 R F2(dirlist)3.355
E F0 3.005(,b).68 G .505(ecause the standard error w)-3.005 F .505
(as duplicated from the standard)-.1 F
(output before the standard output w)108 674.4 Q(as redirected to)-.1 E
F2(dirlist)2.85 E F0(.).68 E F1(Bash)108 691.2 Q F0 .598(handles se)
3.098 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .598(ral \214lenames specially when the).15 F
3.099(ya)-.15 G .599(re used in redirections, as described in the follo)
-3.099 F(wing)-.25 E 3.478(table. If)108 703.2 R .978
(the operating system on which)3.478 F F1(bash)3.478 E F0 .978
(is running pro)3.478 F .977
(vides these special \214les, bash will use them;)-.15 F
(otherwise it will emulate them internally with the beha)108 715.2 Q
(vior described belo)-.2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q
(2022 September 19)135.955 E(29)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(/de)144 84 Q(v/fd/)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(fd)A F0(If)180 96 Q
F2(fd)2.5 E F0(is a v)2.5 E(alid inte)-.25 E(ger)-.15 E 2.5<2c8c>-.4 G
(le descriptor)-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0(is duplicated.)2.5 E F1(/de)144 108
Q(v/stdin)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 0 is duplicated.)180 120 Q F1(/de)
144 132 Q(v/stdout)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 1 is duplicated.)180 144 Q
F1(/de)144 156 Q(v/stderr)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 2 is duplicated.)180
168 Q F1(/de)144 180 Q(v/tcp/)-.15 E F2(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If)
180 192 Q F2(host)2.996 E F0 .496(is a v)2.996 F .496
(alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F2(port)2.997 E F0 .497
(is an inte)2.997 F .497(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E
(vice name,)180 204 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0
(attempts to open the corresponding TCP sock)2.5 E(et.)-.1 E F1(/de)144
216 Q(v/udp/)-.15 E F2(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If)180 228 Q F2(host)
2.997 E F0 .497(is a v)2.997 F .497
(alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F2(port)2.996 E F0 .496
(is an inte)2.996 F .496(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E
(vice name,)180 240 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0
(attempts to open the corresponding UDP sock)2.5 E(et.)-.1 E 2.5(Af)108
256.8 S(ailure to open or create a \214le causes the redirection to f)
-2.6 E(ail.)-.1 E .045(Redirections using \214le descriptors greater th\
an 9 should be used with care, as the)108 273.6 R 2.546(ym)-.15 G .046
(ay con\215ict with \214le de-)-2.546 F
(scriptors the shell uses internally)108 285.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1(Redir)87
302.4 Q(ecting Input)-.18 E F0 .391
(Redirection of input causes the \214le whose name results from the e)
108 314.4 R .391(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.231 E(d)-.37 E F0 .391
(to be opened for read-)3.661 F(ing on \214le descriptor)108 326.4 Q F2
(n)2.86 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(rt)-2.5 G
(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-2.5 E F2(n)2.86 E F0
(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E
(The general format for redirecting input is:)108 343.2 Q([)144 360 Q F2
(n)A F0(])A F1(<)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 376.8 Q(ecting Output)
-.18 E F0 .174
(Redirection of output causes the \214le whose name results from the e)
108 388.8 R .175(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.015 E(d)-.37 E F0 .175
(to be opened for writ-)3.445 F .084(ing on \214le descriptor)108 400.8
R F2(n)2.944 E F0 2.583(,o).24 G 2.583(rt)-2.583 G .083
(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.583 F F2(n)2.943 E F0
.083(is not speci\214ed.)2.823 F .083(If the \214le does not e)5.083 F
(x-)-.15 E(ist it is created; if it does e)108 412.8 Q
(xist it is truncated to zero size.)-.15 E
(The general format for redirecting output is:)108 429.6 Q([)144 446.4 Q
F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .154
(If the redirection operator is)108 463.2 R F1(>)2.654 E F0 2.654(,a)C
.154(nd the)-2.654 F F1(noclob)2.654 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .154(option to the)
2.654 F F1(set)2.655 E F0 -.2(bu)2.655 G .155
(iltin has been enabled, the redirection).2 F .658(will f)108 475.2 R
.658(ail if the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .658
(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.158 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.158 G .657
(ists and is a re).15 F .657(gular \214le.)-.15 F .657(If the redi-)
5.657 F .408(rection operator is)108 487.2 R F1(>|)2.909 E F0 2.909(,o)C
2.909(rt)-2.909 G .409(he redirection operator is)-2.909 F F1(>)2.909 E
F0 .409(and the)2.909 F F1(noclob)2.909 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .409
(option to the)2.909 F F1(set)2.909 E F0 -.2(bu)2.909 G .409
(iltin command).2 F(is not enabled, the redirection is attempted e)108
499.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214le named by)
-2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1 -.25(Ap)87
516 S(pending Redir).25 E(ected Output)-.18 E F0 .642
(Redirection of output in this f)108 528 R .642
(ashion causes the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .641
(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.481 E(d)-.37 E F0 .641(to be)3.911 F .454
(opened for appending on \214le descriptor)108 540 R F2(n)3.315 E F0
2.955(,o).24 G 2.955(rt)-2.955 G .455
(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.955 F F2(n)3.315 E F0
.455(is not speci\214ed.)3.195 F(If)5.455 E(the \214le does not e)108
552 Q(xist it is created.)-.15 E
(The general format for appending output is:)108 568.8 Q([)144 585.6 Q
F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 602.4 Q
(ecting Standard Output and Standard Err)-.18 E(or)-.18 E F0 .249
(This construct allo)108 614.4 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\
\214le descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-)
-.25 F(tor 2\) to be redirected to the \214le whose name is the e)108
626.4 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F2(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E
(There are tw)108 643.2 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G
(ormats for redirecting standard output and standard error:)-2.5 E F1
(&>)144 660 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(and)108 672 Q F1(>&)144 684 Q F2(wor)
A(d)-.37 E F0(Of the tw)108 700.8 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G
(orms, the \214rst is preferred.)-2.5 E(This is semantically equi)5 E
-.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(>)144 717.6 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5
E F1(>&)A F0(1)A(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(30)
185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .114
(When using the second form,)108 84 R/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(wor)2.614
E(d)-.37 E F0 .114(may not e)2.614 F .114(xpand to a number or)-.15 F/F2
10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad>2.614 E F0 5.114(.I)C 2.614(fi)-5.114 G 2.615(td)
-2.614 G .115(oes, other redirection operators)-2.615 F(apply \(see)108
96 Q F2(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E
(w\) for compatibility reasons.)-.25 E F2 -.25(Ap)87 112.8 S
(pending Standard Output and Standard Err).25 E(or)-.18 E F0 .249
(This construct allo)108 124.8 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\
\214le descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-)
-.25 F(tor 2\) to be appended to the \214le whose name is the e)108
136.8 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F1(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E
(The format for appending standard output and standard error is:)108
153.6 Q F2(&>>)144 170.4 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0
(This is semantically equi)108 187.2 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2
(>>)144 204 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 E F2(>&)A F0(1)A(\(see)108
220.8 Q F2(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E
F2(Her)87 237.6 Q 2.5(eD)-.18 G(ocuments)-2.5 E F0 .33(This type of red\
irection instructs the shell to read input from the current source unti\
l a line containing only)108 249.6 R F1(delimiter)108.35 261.6 Q F0 .615
(\(with no trailing blanks\) is seen.)3.845 F .615
(All of the lines read up to that point are then used as the stan-)5.615
F(dard input \(or \214le descriptor)108 273.6 Q F1(n)2.5 E F0(if)2.5 E
F1(n)2.5 E F0(is speci\214ed\) for a command.)2.5 E
(The format of here-documents is:)108 290.4 Q([)144 307.2 Q F1(n)A F0(])
A F2(<<)A F0([)A F2<ad>A F0(])A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E(her)164 319.2 Q
(e-document)-.37 E(delimiter)144 331.2 Q F0 .301(No parameter and v)108
348 R .302(ariable e)-.25 F .302
(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F .302
(xpansion, or pathname e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.15 E .381(is performed on)108
360 R F1(wor)3.221 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.381(.I).77 G 2.881(fa)-5.381 G .681
-.15(ny p)-2.881 H .381(art of).15 F F1(wor)3.221 E(d)-.37 E F0 .381
(is quoted, the)3.651 F F1(delimiter)3.231 E F0 .381
(is the result of quote remo)3.611 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.881(lo).25 G(n)
-2.881 E F1(wor)3.221 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E .773
(and the lines in the here-document are not e)108 372 R 3.274
(xpanded. If)-.15 F F1(wor)3.274 E(d)-.37 E F0 .774
(is unquoted, all lines of the here-document)3.274 F 1.195
(are subjected to parameter e)108 384 R 1.194
(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.194
(xpansion, the character se-)-.15 F(quence)108 396 Q F2(\\<newline>)2.5
E F0(is ignored, and)2.5 E F2(\\)2.5 E F0
(must be used to quote the characters)2.5 E F2(\\)2.5 E F0(,)A F2($)2.5
E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F2<92>2.5 E F0(.)A .601
(If the redirection operator is)108 412.8 R F2(<<\255)3.101 E F0 3.101
(,t)C .601(hen all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines\
 and the line)-3.101 F(containing)108 424.8 Q F1(delimiter)2.85 E F0 5
(.T).73 G(his allo)-5 E
(ws here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural f)
-.25 E(ashion.)-.1 E F2(Her)87 441.6 Q 2.5(eS)-.18 G(trings)-2.5 E F0
2.5(Av)108 453.6 S(ariant of here documents, the format is:)-2.75 E([)
144 470.4 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(<<<)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(The)108 487.2 Q
F1(wor)3.292 E(d)-.37 E F0(under)3.292 E .792(goes tilde e)-.18 F .792
(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .792(ariable e)-.25 F .791
(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 499.2 S
1.187(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.687(l. P).25 F
1.187(athname e)-.15 F 1.187(xpansion and w)-.15 F 1.187
(ord splitting are not performed.)-.1 F 1.188(The result is)6.187 F .375
(supplied as a single string, with a ne)108 511.2 R .374(wline appended\
, to the command on its standard input \(or \214le descrip-)-.25 F(tor)
108 523.2 Q F1(n)2.5 E F0(if)2.5 E F1(n)2.5 E F0(is speci\214ed\).)2.5 E
F2(Duplicating File Descriptors)87 540 Q F0(The redirection operator)108
552 Q([)144 568.8 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(<&)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .126
(is used to duplicate input \214le descriptors.)108 585.6 R(If)5.127 E
F1(wor)2.967 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.397 G .127
(pands to one or more digits, the \214le descriptor denoted).15 F(by)108
597.6 Q F1(n)3.318 E F0 .458(is made to be a cop)3.198 F 2.958(yo)-.1 G
2.958(ft)-2.958 G .457(hat \214le descriptor)-2.958 F 5.457(.I)-.55 G
2.957(ft)-5.457 G .457(he digits in)-2.957 F F1(wor)3.297 E(d)-.37 E F0
.457(do not specify a \214le descriptor open)3.727 F .149
(for input, a redirection error occurs.)108 609.6 R(If)5.149 E F1(wor)
2.989 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.419 G .149(luates to).25 F F2<ad>2.649 E
F0 2.65<2c8c>C .15(le descriptor)-2.65 F F1(n)3.01 E F0 .15(is closed.)
2.89 F(If)5.15 E F1(n)3.01 E F0 .15(is not speci\214ed,)2.89 F
(the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) is used.)108 621.6 Q
(The operator)108 638.4 Q([)144 655.2 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(>&)A F1(wor)A
(d)-.37 E F0 .444
(is used similarly to duplicate output \214le descriptors.)108 672 R(If)
5.444 E F1(n)3.304 E F0 .443
(is not speci\214ed, the standard output \(\214le descrip-)3.183 F .565
(tor 1\) is used.)108 684 R .565(If the digits in)5.565 F F1(wor)3.406 E
(d)-.37 E F0 .566(do not specify a \214le descriptor open for output, a\
 redirection error oc-)3.836 F 3.204(curs. If)108 696 R F1(wor)3.544 E
(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.974 G .704(luates to).25 F F2<ad>3.204 E F0
3.204<2c8c>C .704(le descriptor)-3.204 F F1(n)3.563 E F0 .703
(is closed.)3.443 F .703(As a special case, if)5.703 F F1(n)3.203 E F0
.703(is omitted, and)3.203 F F1(wor)3.203 E(d)-.37 E F0(does)3.203 E
.965(not e)108 708 R .965(xpand to one or more digits or)-.15 F F2<ad>
3.465 E F0 3.466(,t)C .966
(he standard output and standard error are redirected as described)
-3.466 F(pre)108 720 Q(viously)-.25 E(.)-.65 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q
(2022 September 19)135.955 E(31)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(Mo)87 84 Q(ving File Descriptors)-.1 E F0(The redirection operator)
108 96 Q([)144 112.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A F2
(digit)A F1<ad>A F0(mo)108 129.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.018(st).15 G .518
(he \214le descriptor)-3.018 F F2(digit)3.018 E F0 .518
(to \214le descriptor)3.018 F F2(n)3.378 E F0 3.018(,o).24 G 3.018(rt)
-3.018 G .517(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-3.018 F F2
(n)3.017 E F0 .517(is not speci-)3.017 F(\214ed.)108 141.6 Q F2(digit)5
E F0(is closed after being duplicated to)2.5 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(.)A
(Similarly)108 158.4 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he redirection operator)-2.5 E([)
144 175.2 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(digit)A F1<ad>A F0(mo)108 192 Q
-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.767(st).15 G .267(he \214le descriptor)-2.767 F F2
(digit)2.767 E F0 .267(to \214le descriptor)2.767 F F2(n)3.127 E F0
2.767(,o).24 G 2.767(rt)-2.767 G .268
(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.767 F F2(n)2.768 E F0
.268(is not speci-)2.768 F(\214ed.)108 204 Q F1
(Opening File Descriptors f)87 220.8 Q(or Reading and Writing)-.25 E F0
(The redirection operator)108 232.8 Q([)144 249.6 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<>)
A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .518(causes the \214le whose name is the e)108
266.4 R .518(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.358 E(d)-.37 E F0 .518
(to be opened for both reading and writing on \214le de-)3.788 F
(scriptor)108 278.4 Q F2(n)2.86 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(ro)-2.5 G 2.5
<6e8c>-2.5 G(le descriptor 0 if)-2.5 E F2(n)2.86 E F0
(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E(If the \214le does not e)5 E
(xist, it is created.)-.15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)72 295.2 Q
F2(Aliases)108 307.2 Q F0(allo)3.173 E 3.173(was)-.25 G .674
(tring to be substituted for a w)-3.173 F .674
(ord when it is used as the \214rst w)-.1 F .674
(ord of a simple command.)-.1 F .394(The shell maintains a list of alia\
ses that may be set and unset with the)108 319.2 R F1(alias)2.893 E F0
(and)2.893 E F1(unalias)2.893 E F0 -.2(bu)2.893 G .393(iltin commands).2
F(\(see)108 331.2 Q/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.979(SHELL B)4.479 F(UIL)-.09
E 1.979(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)4.229 E 4.48(w\). The)-.25 F 1.98
(\214rst w)4.48 F 1.98(ord of each simple command, if unquoted, is)-.1 F
(check)108 343.2 Q .473(ed to see if it has an alias.)-.1 F .473
(If so, that w)5.473 F .472(ord is replaced by the te)-.1 F .472
(xt of the alias.)-.15 F .472(The characters)5.472 F F1(/)2.972 E F0(,)A
F1($)2.972 E F0(,)A F1<92>2.972 E F0(,)A(and)108 355.2 Q F1(=)3.611 E F0
1.111(and an)3.611 F 3.611(yo)-.15 G 3.611(ft)-3.611 G 1.111(he shell)
-3.611 F F2(metac)3.612 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.112
(or quoting characters listed abo)3.612 F 1.412 -.15(ve m)-.15 H 1.112
(ay not appear in an alias).15 F 3.62(name. The)108 367.2 R 1.12
(replacement te)3.62 F 1.119(xt may contain an)-.15 F 3.619(yv)-.15 G
1.119(alid shell input, including shell metacharacters.)-3.869 F 1.119
(The \214rst)6.119 F -.1(wo)108 379.2 S .513(rd of the replacement te).1
F .513(xt is tested for aliases, b)-.15 F .513(ut a w)-.2 F .514
(ord that is identical to an alias being e)-.1 F .514(xpanded is)-.15 F
.296(not e)108 391.2 R .296(xpanded a second time.)-.15 F .296
(This means that one may alias)5.296 F F1(ls)2.796 E F0(to)2.796 E F1
.296(ls \255F)2.796 F F0 2.796(,f)C .295(or instance, and)-2.796 F F1
(bash)2.795 E F0 .295(does not try)2.795 F .528(to recursi)108 403.2 R
-.15(ve)-.25 G .528(ly e).15 F .528(xpand the replacement te)-.15 F
3.028(xt. If)-.15 F .528(the last character of the alias v)3.028 F .529
(alue is a)-.25 F F2(blank)3.299 E F0 3.029(,t).67 G .529(hen the ne)
-3.029 F(xt)-.15 E(command w)108 415.2 Q(ord follo)-.1 E
(wing the alias is also check)-.25 E(ed for alias e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15
E(Aliases are created and listed with the)108 432 Q F1(alias)2.5 E F0
(command, and remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith the)-2.5 E F1
(unalias)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E .742
(There is no mechanism for using ar)108 448.8 R .741
(guments in the replacement te)-.18 F 3.241(xt. If)-.15 F(ar)3.241 E
.741(guments are needed, use a shell)-.18 F(function \(see)108 460.8 Q
F4(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E .282(Aliases are not e)108
477.6 R .282(xpanded when the shell is not interacti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25
G 2.782(,u).15 G .282(nless the)-2.782 F F1(expand_aliases)2.783 E F0
.283(shell option is set us-)2.783 F(ing)108 489.6 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0
(\(see the description of)2.5 E F1(shopt)2.5 E F0(under)2.5 E F4
(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25
E .436
(The rules concerning the de\214nition and use of aliases are some)108
506.4 R .435(what confusing.)-.25 F F1(Bash)5.435 E F0(al)2.935 E -.1
(wa)-.1 G .435(ys reads at least).1 F .67
(one complete line of input, and all lines that mak)108 518.4 R 3.17(eu)
-.1 G 3.17(pac)-3.17 G .67(ompound command, before e)-3.17 F -.15(xe)
-.15 G .67(cuting an).15 F 3.17(yo)-.15 G 3.17(ft)-3.17 G(he)-3.17 E
1.059(commands on that line or the compound command.)108 530.4 R 1.059
(Aliases are e)6.059 F 1.058(xpanded when a command is read, not)-.15 F
.074(when it is e)108 542.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.574(cuted. Therefore,).15
F .075(an alias de\214nition appearing on the same line as another comm\
and does not)2.574 F(tak)108 554.4 Q 2.838(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-2.838 G
.338(ect until the ne).25 F .338(xt line of input is read.)-.15 F .337
(The commands follo)5.337 F .337
(wing the alias de\214nition on that line are)-.25 F .551(not af)108
566.4 R .551(fected by the ne)-.25 F 3.051(wa)-.25 G 3.051(lias. This)
-3.051 F(beha)3.051 E .551(vior is also an issue when functions are e)
-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.051(cuted. Aliases).15 F .552(are e)3.052 F(x-)
-.15 E .426(panded when a function de\214nition is read, not when the f\
unction is e)108 578.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .425
(cuted, because a function de\214nition).15 F .403(is itself a command.)
108 590.4 R .403
(As a consequence, aliases de\214ned in a function are not a)5.403 F
-.25(va)-.2 G .404(ilable until after that func-).25 F .862(tion is e)
108 602.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.362(cuted. T).15 F 3.362(ob)-.8 G 3.362(es)
-3.362 G .862(afe, al)-3.362 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .862
(ys put alias de\214nitions on a separate line, and do not use).1 F F1
(alias)3.362 E F0 .862(in com-)3.362 F(pound commands.)108 614.4 Q -.15
(Fo)108 631.2 S 2.5(ra).15 G(lmost e)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(ry purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions.).15 E F3
(FUNCTIONS)72 648 Q F0 3.467(As)108 660 S .967
(hell function, de\214ned as described abo)-3.467 F 1.267 -.15(ve u)-.15
H(nder).15 E F4 .967(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.467 F/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0
.968(stores a series of commands for)3.217 F 1.002(later e)108 672 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G 3.502(cution. When).15 F 1.002(the name of a shell funct\
ion is used as a simple command name, the list of com-)3.502 F .315
(mands associated with that function name is e)108 684 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
2.816(cuted. Functions).15 F .316(are e)2.816 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .316
(cuted in the conte).15 F .316(xt of the current)-.15 F .036
(shell; no ne)108 696 R 2.536(wp)-.25 G .036
(rocess is created to interpret them \(contrast this with the e)-2.536 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G .036(cution of a shell script\).).15 F .035(When a)5.035
F .639(function is e)108 708 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .639(cuted, the ar).15 F
.639
(guments to the function become the positional parameters during its e)
-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution.).15 E 1.659(The special parameter)108 720
R F1(#)4.159 E F0 1.659(is updated to re\215ect the change.)4.159 F
1.659(Special parameter)6.659 F F1(0)4.159 E F0 1.658(is unchanged.)
4.158 F 1.658(The \214rst)6.658 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(element of the)108
84 Q/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCN)2.5 E(AME)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G
(riable is set to the name of the function while the function is e).25 E
-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting.).15 E 1.25(All other aspects of the shell e)108
100.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.25(cution en).15 F 1.25
(vironment are identical between a function and its caller with)-.4 F
1.215(these e)108 112.8 R 1.215(xceptions: the)-.15 F F1(DEB)3.715 E(UG)
-.09 E F0(and)3.465 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(RETURN)3.715 E F0 1.215
(traps \(see the description of the)3.715 F F2(trap)3.714 E F0 -.2(bu)
3.714 G 1.214(iltin under).2 F F1(SHELL)3.714 E -.09(BU)108 124.8 S(IL)
.09 E .478(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.728 E .479
(w\) are not inherited unless the function has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)
-.25 G 2.979(nt).15 G(he)-2.979 E F2(trace)2.979 E F0(attrib)2.979 E
.479(ute \(see)-.2 F .421(the description of the)108 136.8 R F1(declar)
2.92 E(e)-.162 E F0 -.2(bu)2.67 G .42(iltin belo).2 F .42(w\) or the)
-.25 F F2 .42(\255o functrace)2.92 F F0 .42
(shell option has been enabled with the)2.92 F F2(set)2.92 E F0 -.2(bu)
108 148.8 S .071(iltin \(in which case all functions inherit the).2 F F2
(DEB)2.572 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.572 E F2(RETURN)2.572 E F0 .072
(traps\), and the)2.572 F F1(ERR)2.572 E F0 .072(trap is not inher)2.322
F(-)-.2 E(ited unless the)108 160.8 Q F2(\255o errtrace)2.5 E F0
(shell option has been enabled.)2.5 E -1.11(Va)108 177.6 S .368
(riables local to the function may be declared with the)1.11 F F2(local)
2.868 E F0 -.2(bu)2.868 G .368(iltin command \().2 F/F3 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF .368(local variables)B F0 2.868(\). Ordinar)B(-)-.2 E
(ily)108 189.6 Q 2.88(,v)-.65 G .38(ariables and their v)-3.13 F .38
(alues are shared between the function and its caller)-.25 F 5.38(.I)
-.55 G 2.88(fav)-5.38 G .38(ariable is declared)-3.13 F F2(local)2.88 E
F0(,)A(the v)108 201.6 Q(ariable')-.25 E 2.5(sv)-.55 G(isible scope is \
restricted to that function and its children \(including the functions \
it calls\).)-2.5 E .727(In the follo)108 218.4 R .727
(wing description, the)-.25 F F3(curr)3.227 E .727(ent scope)-.37 F F0
.726(is a currently- e)3.226 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .726(cuting function.).15
F(Pre)5.726 E .726(vious scopes consist)-.25 F 1.003(of that function')
108 230.4 R 3.503(sc)-.55 G 1.004
(aller and so on, back to the "global" scope, where the shell is not e)
-3.503 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.004(cuting an).15 F 3.504(ys)-.15 G(hell)
-3.504 E 3.41(function. Consequently)108 242.4 R 3.41(,al)-.65 G .91
(ocal v)-3.41 F .909(ariable at the current scope is a v)-.25 F .909
(ariable declared using the)-.25 F F2(local)3.409 E F0(or)3.409 E F2
(de-)3.409 E(clar)108 254.4 Q(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G
(iltins in the function that is currently e).2 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting.)
.15 E .635(Local v)108 271.2 R .635(ariables "shado)-.25 F .635(w" v)
-.25 F .635(ariables with the same name declared at pre)-.25 F .636
(vious scopes.)-.25 F -.15(Fo)5.636 G 3.136(ri).15 G .636
(nstance, a local)-3.136 F -.25(va)108 283.2 S .581
(riable declared in a function hides a global v).25 F .58
(ariable of the same name: references and assignments refer)-.25 F .182
(to the local v)108 295.2 R .182(ariable, lea)-.25 F .183
(ving the global v)-.2 F .183(ariable unmodi\214ed.)-.25 F .183
(When the function returns, the global v)5.183 F(ariable)-.25 E
(is once ag)108 307.2 Q(ain visible.)-.05 E .727(The shell uses)108 324
R F3 .727(dynamic scoping)3.227 F F0 .726(to control a v)3.227 F
(ariable')-.25 E 3.226(sv)-.55 G .726(isibility within functions.)-3.226
F -.4(Wi)5.726 G .726(th dynamic scoping,).4 F .007(visible v)108 336 R
.007(ariables and their v)-.25 F .007
(alues are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused e)-.25
F -.15(xe)-.15 G .008(cution to reach).15 F .814(the current function.)
108 348 R .813(The v)5.814 F .813(alue of a v)-.25 F .813
(ariable that a function sees depends on its v)-.25 F .813
(alue within its caller)-.25 F 3.313(,i)-.4 G(f)-3.313 E(an)108 360 Q
2.116 -.65(y, w)-.15 H .816
(hether that caller is the "global" scope or another shell function.).65
F .817(This is also the v)5.816 F .817(alue that a local)-.25 F -.25(va)
108 372 S(riable declaration "shado).25 E(ws", and the v)-.25 E
(alue that is restored when the function returns.)-.25 E -.15(Fo)108
388.8 S 2.724(re).15 G .224(xample, if a v)-2.874 F(ariable)-.25 E F3
(var)2.724 E F0 .223(is declared as local in function)2.724 F F3(func1)
2.723 E F0 2.723(,a)C(nd)-2.723 E F3(func1)2.723 E F0 .223
(calls another function)2.723 F F3(func2)2.723 E F0(,)A .463
(references to)108 400.8 R F3(var)2.963 E F0 .463(made from within)2.963
F F3(func2)2.963 E F0 .463(will resolv)2.963 F 2.964(et)-.15 G 2.964(ot)
-2.964 G .464(he local v)-2.964 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(var)2.964 E F0(from)
2.964 E F3(func1)2.964 E F0 2.964(,s)C(hado)-2.964 E .464(wing an)-.25 F
(y)-.15 E(global v)108 412.8 Q(ariable named)-.25 E F3(var)2.5 E F0(.)A
(The)108 429.6 Q F2(unset)2.983 E F0 -.2(bu)2.983 G .483
(iltin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a v).2 F .482
(ariable is local to the current scope,)-.25 F F2(unset)2.982 E F0 .19
(will unset it; otherwise the unset will refer to the v)108 441.6 R .19
(ariable found in an)-.25 F 2.69(yc)-.15 G .19
(alling scope as described abo)-2.69 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.19(.I).15 G(f)
-5.19 E 3.325(av)108 453.6 S .824(ariable at the current local scope is\
 unset, it will remain so \(appearing as unset\) until it is reset in t\
hat)-3.575 F 1.141(scope or until the function returns.)108 465.6 R
1.141(Once the function returns, an)6.141 F 3.641(yi)-.15 G 1.141
(nstance of the v)-3.641 F 1.142(ariable at a pre)-.25 F(vious)-.25 E
.977(scope will become visible.)108 477.6 R .976
(If the unset acts on a v)5.977 F .976(ariable at a pre)-.25 F .976
(vious scope, an)-.25 F 3.476(yi)-.15 G .976(nstance of a v)-3.476 F
(ariable)-.25 E .007(with that name that had been shado)108 489.6 R .008
(wed will become visible \(see belo)-.25 F 2.508(wh)-.25 G .508 -.25
(ow t)-2.508 H(he).25 E F2(localv)2.508 E(ar_unset)-.1 E F0 .008
(shell option)2.508 F(changes this beha)108 501.6 Q(vior\).)-.2 E(The)
108 518.4 Q F2(FUNCNEST)3.529 E F0 -.25(va)3.529 G 1.028
(riable, if set to a numeric v).25 F 1.028
(alue greater than 0, de\214nes a maximum function nesting)-.25 F(le)108
530.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(l. Function).15 F(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G
(cations that e).2 E(xceed the limit cause the entire command to abort.)
-.15 E .043(If the b)108 547.2 R .043(uiltin command)-.2 F F2 -.18(re)
2.543 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .043(is e)2.543 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .043
(cuted in a function, the function completes and e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
.044(cution resumes with).15 F 1.012(the ne)108 559.2 R 1.012
(xt command after the function call.)-.15 F(An)6.011 E 3.511(yc)-.15 G
1.011(ommand associated with the)-3.511 F F2(RETURN)3.511 E F0 1.011
(trap is e)3.511 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .213(before e)108 571.2 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G .213(cution resumes.).15 F .213
(When a function completes, the v)5.213 F .214
(alues of the positional parameters and the spe-)-.25 F(cial parameter)
108 583.2 Q F2(#)2.5 E F0(are restored to the v)2.5 E(alues the)-.25 E
2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad prior to the function')-2.5 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe)
-2.65 G(cution.).15 E 1.359
(Function names and de\214nitions may be listed with the)108 600 R F2
<ad66>3.858 E F0 1.358(option to the)3.858 F F2(declar)3.858 E(e)-.18 E
F0(or)3.858 E F2(typeset)3.858 E F0 -.2(bu)3.858 G 1.358(iltin com-).2 F
3.39(mands. The)108 612 R F2<ad46>3.39 E F0 .89(option to)3.39 F F2
(declar)3.39 E(e)-.18 E F0(or)3.39 E F2(typeset)3.39 E F0 .89
(will list the function names only \(and optionally the source)3.39 F
.047(\214le and line number)108 624 R 2.546(,i)-.4 G 2.546(ft)-2.546 G
(he)-2.546 E F2(extdeb)2.546 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .046
(shell option is enabled\).)2.546 F .046(Functions may be e)5.046 F .046
(xported so that child shell)-.15 F .492
(processes \(those created when e)108 636 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .492
(cuting a separate shell in).15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .492
(cation\) automatically ha).2 F .793 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .493
(hem de\214ned with).15 F(the)108 648 Q F2<ad66>3.201 E F0 .701
(option to the)3.201 F F2(export)3.201 E F0 -.2(bu)3.201 G 3.201
(iltin. A).2 F .7(function de\214nition may be deleted using the)3.201 F
F2<ad66>3.2 E F0 .7(option to the)3.2 F F2(unset)3.2 E F0 -.2(bu)108 660
S(iltin.).2 E .371(Functions may be recursi)108 676.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G
5.371(.T).15 G(he)-5.371 E F2(FUNCNEST)2.871 E F0 -.25(va)2.871 G .371
(riable may be used to limit the depth of the function call).25 F .323
(stack and restrict the number of function in)108 688.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G
2.822(cations. By).2 F(def)2.822 E .322
(ault, no limit is imposed on the number of re-)-.1 F(cursi)108 700.8 Q
.3 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(alls.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10.95
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(ION)1.04 E F0 1.088(The shell allo)108 96 R 1.088(ws arithmetic e)-.25
F 1.089(xpressions to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.089
(luated, under certain circumstances \(see the).25 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(let)3.589 E F0(and)3.589 E F2(de-)3.589 E(clar)108 108 Q(e)-.18 E F0
-.2(bu)3.453 G .953(iltin commands, the).2 F F2(\(\()3.453 E F0 .952
(compound command, and)3.452 F F2 .952(Arithmetic Expansion)3.452 F F0
3.452(\). Ev)B .952(aluation is done in)-.25 F<8c78>108 120 Q 1.057
(ed-width inte)-.15 F 1.057(gers with no check for o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15
G(r\215o).15 E 2.357 -.65(w, t)-.25 H 1.057(hough di).65 F 1.057
(vision by 0 is trapped and \215agged as an error)-.25 F(.)-.55 E .829
(The operators and their precedence, associati)108 132 R(vity)-.25 E
3.329(,a)-.65 G .829(nd v)-3.329 F .829
(alues are the same as in the C language.)-.25 F .828(The fol-)5.828 F
(lo)108 144 Q .439(wing list of operators is grouped into le)-.25 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G .439(ls of equal-precedence operators.).15 F .44(The le)5.44
F -.15(ve)-.25 G .44(ls are listed in order).15 F
(of decreasing precedence.)108 156 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(id)108
172.8 Q F2(++)A F3(id)2.5 E F2<adad>A F0 -.25(va)144 184.8 S
(riable post-increment and post-decrement).25 E F2 2.5<ad2b>108 196.8 S
F0(unary minus and plus)144 196.8 Q F2(++)108 208.8 Q F3(id)A F2<adad>
2.5 E F3(id)A F0 -.25(va)144 220.8 S
(riable pre-increment and pre-decrement).25 E F2 2.5(!~)108 232.8 S F0
(logical and bitwise ne)144 232.8 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(tion).05 E F2(**)108
244.8 Q F0 -.15(ex)144 244.8 S(ponentiation).15 E F2 2.5(*/%)108 256.8 S
F0(multiplication, di)144 256.8 Q(vision, remainder)-.25 E F2 2.5<2bad>
108 268.8 S F0(addition, subtraction)144 268.8 Q F2(<< >>)108 280.8 Q F0
(left and right bitwise shifts)144 280.8 Q F2(<= >= < >)108 292.8 Q F0
(comparison)144 304.8 Q F2(== !=)108 316.8 Q F0(equality and inequality)
144 316.8 Q F2(&)108 328.8 Q F0(bitwise AND)144 328.8 Q F2(^)108 340.8 Q
F0(bitwise e)144 340.8 Q(xclusi)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve O)-.25 H(R).15 E F2(|)
108 352.8 Q F0(bitwise OR)144 352.8 Q F2(&&)108 364.8 Q F0(logical AND)
144 364.8 Q F2(||)108 376.8 Q F0(logical OR)144 376.8 Q F3 -.2(ex)108
388.8 S(pr).2 E F2(?)A F3 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F2(:)A F3 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F0
(conditional operator)144 400.8 Q F2 2.5(=*)108 412.8 S 2.5(=/)-2.5 G
2.5(=%)-2.5 G 2.5(=+)-2.5 G 2.5<3dad>-2.5 G 2.5(=<)-2.5 G
(<= >>= &= ^= |=)-2.5 E F0(assignment)144 424.8 Q F3 -.2(ex)108 436.8 S
(pr1).2 E F2(,)2.5 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(comma)144 448.8 Q .68
(Shell v)108 465.6 R .68(ariables are allo)-.25 F .68
(wed as operands; parameter e)-.25 F .68
(xpansion is performed before the e)-.15 F .68(xpression is e)-.15 F
-.25(va)-.25 G(lu-).25 E 3.507(ated. W)108 477.6 R 1.007(ithin an e)-.4
F 1.007(xpression, shell v)-.15 F 1.007
(ariables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter)
-.25 F -.15(ex)108 489.6 S .165(pansion syntax.).15 F 2.665(As)5.165 G
.165(hell v)-2.665 F .165(ariable that is null or unset e)-.25 F -.25
(va)-.25 G .165(luates to 0 when referenced by name without us-).25 F
.42(ing the parameter e)108 501.6 R .42(xpansion syntax.)-.15 F .42
(The v)5.42 F .421(alue of a v)-.25 F .421(ariable is e)-.25 F -.25(va)
-.25 G .421(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F .421(xpression when)-.15 F
.154(it is referenced, or when a v)108 513.6 R .154
(ariable which has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.654(nt).15 G(he)
-2.654 E F3(inte)2.654 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib)2.654 E .153
(ute using)-.2 F F2(declar)2.653 E 2.653<65ad>-.18 G(i)-2.653 E F0 .153
(is assigned a)2.653 F -.25(va)108 525.6 S 2.857(lue. A).25 F .357
(null v)2.857 F .357(alue e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .357(luates to 0.).25
F 2.857(As)5.357 G .357(hell v)-2.857 F .357(ariable need not ha)-.25 F
.657 -.15(ve i)-.2 H(ts).15 E F3(inte)2.857 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0
(attrib)2.857 E .357(ute turned on to be used)-.2 F(in an e)108 537.6 Q
(xpression.)-.15 E(Inte)108 554.4 Q .518(ger constants follo)-.15 F
3.018(wt)-.25 G .518(he C language de\214nition, without suf)-3.018 F
<8c78>-.25 E .517(es or character constants.)-.15 F .517(Constants with)
5.517 F 3.282(al)108 566.4 S .782
(eading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.)-3.282 F 3.283(Al)5.782 G
.783(eading 0x or 0X denotes he)-3.283 F 3.283(xadecimal. Otherwise,)
-.15 F(num-)3.283 E .816(bers tak)108 578.4 R 3.316(et)-.1 G .816
(he form [)-3.316 F F3(base#)A F0 .815(]n, where the optional)B F3(base)
3.315 E F0 .815(is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing)3.315
F .349(the arithmetic base, and)108 590.4 R F3(n)2.849 E F0 .349
(is a number in that base.)2.849 F(If)5.35 E F3(base#)2.85 E F0 .35
(is omitted, then base 10 is used.)2.85 F .35(When speci-)5.35 F(fying)
108 602.4 Q F3(n)2.975 E F0 2.975(,i)C 2.975(fan)-2.975 G .474(on-digit\
 is required, the digits greater than 9 are represented by the lo)-2.975
F .474(wercase letters, the up-)-.25 F .518
(percase letters, @, and _, in that order)108 614.4 R 5.518(.I)-.55 G(f)
-5.518 E F3(base)3.018 E F0 .518(is less than or equal to 36, lo)3.018 F
.518(wercase and uppercase letters)-.25 F
(may be used interchangeably to represent numbers between 10 and 35.)108
626.4 Q .235(Operators are e)108 643.2 R -.25(va)-.25 G .235
(luated in order of precedence.).25 F(Sub-e)5.234 E .234
(xpressions in parentheses are e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .234
(luated \214rst and may).25 F -.15(ove)108 655.2 S
(rride the precedence rules abo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1
(CONDITION)72 672 Q(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.219 E F0 .255(Conditional e)108 684
R .255(xpressions are used by the)-.15 F F2([[)2.755 E F0 .255
(compound command and the)2.755 F F2(test)2.755 E F0(and)2.755 E F2([)
2.756 E F0 -.2(bu)2.756 G .256(iltin commands to test).2 F .134
(\214le attrib)108 696 R .134
(utes and perform string and arithmetic comparisons.)-.2 F(The)5.133 E
F2(test)2.633 E F0(and)2.633 E F2([)2.633 E F0 .133
(commands determine their be-)2.633 F(ha)108 708 Q .197
(vior based on the number of ar)-.2 F .198
(guments; see the descriptions of those commands for an)-.18 F 2.698(yo)
-.15 G .198(ther command-)-2.698 F(speci\214c actions.)108 720 Q
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(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .235
(Expressions are formed from the follo)108 84 R .234
(wing unary or binary primaries.)-.25 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Bash)5.234
E F0 .234(handles se)2.734 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .234(ral \214lenames spe-)
.15 F .424(cially when the)108 96 R 2.924(ya)-.15 G .424(re used in e)
-2.924 F 2.925(xpressions. If)-.15 F .425(the operating system on which)
2.925 F F1(bash)2.925 E F0 .425(is running pro)2.925 F .425(vides these)
-.15 F .345(special \214les, bash will use them; otherwise it will emul\
ate them internally with this beha)108 108 R .344(vior: If an)-.2 F(y)
-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214le)2.844 E F0(ar)2.844 E(-)-.2 E .805
(gument to one of the primaries is of the form)108 120 R F2(/de)3.305 E
(v/fd/n)-.15 E F0 3.306(,t)C .806(hen \214le descriptor)-3.306 F F2(n)
3.306 E F0 .806(is check)3.306 F 3.306(ed. If)-.1 F(the)3.306 E F2
(\214le)3.306 E F0(ar)3.306 E(gu-)-.18 E .03
(ment to one of the primaries is one of)108 132 R F2(/de)2.53 E(v/stdin)
-.15 E F0(,)A F2(/de)2.529 E(v/stdout)-.15 E F0 2.529(,o)C(r)-2.529 E F2
(/de)2.529 E(v/stderr)-.15 E F0 2.529<2c8c>C .029
(le descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respec-)-2.529 F(ti)108 144 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
(ly).15 E 2.5(,i)-.65 G 2.5(sc)-2.5 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed.)-.1 E .721
(Unless otherwise speci\214ed, primaries that operate on \214les follo)
108 160.8 R 3.221(ws)-.25 G .722(ymbolic links and operate on the tar)
-3.221 F(get)-.18 E(of the link, rather than the link itself.)108 172.8
Q 1.096(When used with)108 190.8 R F1([[)3.596 E F0 3.596(,t)C(he)-3.596
E F1(<)3.596 E F0(and)3.595 E F1(>)3.595 E F0 1.095(operators sort le)
3.595 F 1.095(xicographically using the current locale.)-.15 F(The)6.095
E F1(test)3.595 E F0(com-)3.595 E(mand sorts using ASCII ordering.)108
202.8 Q F1<ad61>108 226.8 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 226.8 S
(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1<ad62>108
238.8 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 238.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5
E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a block special \214le.).15 E F1<ad63>108
250.8 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 250.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5
E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a character special \214le.).15 E F1
<ad64>108 262.8 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 262.8 S(ue if).35 E F2
(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a directory).15 E(.)-.65 E F1
<ad65>108 274.8 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 274.8 S(ue if).35 E F2
(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1<ad66>108 286.8 Q F2
(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 286.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15
(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a re).15 E(gular \214le.)-.15 E F1<ad67>108 298.8
Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 298.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0
-.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is set-group-id.).15 E F1<ad68>108 310.8 Q F2
(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 310.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15
(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F1<ad6b>108 322.8 Q F2
(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 322.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15
(ex)2.5 G(ists and its `).15 E(`stick)-.74 E(y')-.15 E 2.5('b)-.74 G
(it is set.)-2.5 E F1<ad70>108 334.8 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144
334.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G
(ists and is a named pipe \(FIFO\).).15 E F1<ad72>108 346.8 Q F2(\214le)
2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 346.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5
G(ists and is readable.).15 E F1<ad73>108 358.8 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0
-.35(Tr)144 358.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G
(ists and has a size greater than zero.).15 E F1<ad74>108 370.8 Q F2(fd)
2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 370.8 S(ue if \214le descriptor).35 E F2(fd)4.47 E
F0(is open and refers to a terminal.)3.27 E F1<ad75>108 382.8 Q F2
(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 382.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15
(ex)2.5 G(ists and its set-user).15 E(-id bit is set.)-.2 E F1<ad77>108
394.8 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 394.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5
E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is writable.).15 E F1<ad78>108 406.8 Q F2
(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 406.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15
(ex)2.5 G(ists and is e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutable.).15 E F1<ad47>108
418.8 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 418.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5
E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E(fecti)-.25
E .3 -.15(ve g)-.25 H(roup id.).15 E F1<ad4c>108 430.8 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E
F0 -.35(Tr)144 430.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G
(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F1<ad4e>108 442.8 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E
F0 -.35(Tr)144 442.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G
(ists and has been modi\214ed since it w).15 E(as last read.)-.1 E F1
<ad4f>108 454.8 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 454.8 S(ue if).35 E F2
(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E
(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.25 H(ser id.).15 E F1<ad53>108 466.8 Q F2
(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 466.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15
(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a sock).15 E(et.)-.1 E F2(\214le1)108 478.8 Q F1
(\255ef)2.5 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 490.8 S(ue if).35 E F2
(\214le1)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0(refer to the same de)2.5
E(vice and inode numbers.)-.25 E F2(\214le1)108 502.8 Q F0<ad>2.5 E F1
(nt)A F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 514.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le1)2.5
E F0(is ne)2.5 E(wer \(according to modi\214cation date\) than)-.25 E F2
(\214le2)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 G(f)-2.5 E F2(\214le1)2.5 E F0
-.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and).15 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0(does not.)2.5 E F2
(\214le1)108 526.8 Q F0<ad>2.5 E F1(ot)A F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144
538.8 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le1)2.5 E F0(is older than)2.5 E F2(\214le2)
2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 G(f)-2.5 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5
G(ists and).15 E F2(\214le1)2.5 E F0(does not.)2.5 E F1<ad6f>108 550.8 Q
F2(optname)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 562.8 S .262(ue if the shell option).35
F F2(optname)2.992 E F0 .262(is enabled.)2.942 F .262
(See the list of options under the description of the)5.262 F F1<ad6f>
2.763 E F0(option to the)144 574.8 Q F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G
(iltin belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F1<ad76>108 586.8 Q F2(varname)2.5 E F0
-.35(Tr)144 598.8 S(ue if the shell v).35 E(ariable)-.25 E F2(varname)
2.79 E F0(is set \(has been assigned a v)2.68 E(alue\).)-.25 E F1<ad52>
108 610.8 Q F2(varname)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 622.8 S(ue if the shell v)
.35 E(ariable)-.25 E F2(varname)2.79 E F0
(is set and is a name reference.)2.68 E F1<ad7a>108 634.8 Q F2(string)
2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 646.8 S(ue if the length of).35 E F2(string)2.5 E
F0(is zero.)2.5 E F2(string)108 658.8 Q F1<ad6e>108 670.8 Q F2(string)
2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 682.8 S(ue if the length of).35 E F2(string)2.84 E
F0(is non-zero.)2.72 E F2(string1)108 699.6 Q F1(==)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5
E F0(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(35)185.115 E 0 Cg
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(string1)108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(=)2.5 E F1
(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 96 S .862(ue if the strings are equal.).35
F F2(=)5.861 E F0 .861(should be used with the)3.361 F F2(test)3.361 E
F0 .861(command for POSIX conformance.)3.361 F .446(When used with the)
144 108 R F2([[)2.946 E F0 .446
(command, this performs pattern matching as described abo)2.946 F .747
-.15(ve \()-.15 H F2(Compound).15 E(Commands)144 120 Q F0(\).)A F1
(string1)108 136.8 Q F2(!=)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 148.8 S
(ue if the strings are not equal.).35 E F1(string1)108 165.6 Q F2(<)2.5
E F1(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 177.6 S(ue if).35 E F1(string1)2.5 E
F0(sorts before)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E F0(le)2.5 E(xicographically)-.15
E(.)-.65 E F1(string1)108 194.4 Q F2(>)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35
(Tr)144 206.4 S(ue if).35 E F1(string1)2.5 E F0(sorts after)2.5 E F1
(string2)2.5 E F0(le)2.5 E(xicographically)-.15 E(.)-.65 E F1(ar)108.33
223.2 Q(g1)-.37 E F2(OP)2.5 E F1(ar)2.5 E(g2)-.37 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
(OP)144 235.2 Q F0 .385(is one of)2.635 F F2(\255eq)2.885 E F0(,)A F2
(\255ne)2.885 E F0(,)A F2(\255lt)2.885 E F0(,)A F2(\255le)2.885 E F0(,)A
F2(\255gt)2.885 E F0 2.885(,o)C(r)-2.885 E F2(\255ge)2.885 E F0 5.385
(.T)C .385(hese arithmetic binary operators return true if)-5.385 F F1
(ar)2.884 E(g1)-.37 E F0 .845(is equal to, not equal to, less than, les\
s than or equal to, greater than, or greater than or equal to)144 247.2
R F1(ar)144 259.2 Q(g2)-.37 E F0 3.59(,r)C(especti)-3.59 E -.15(ve)-.25
G(ly).15 E(.)-.65 E F1(Ar)7.1 E(g1)-.37 E F0(and)3.59 E F1(ar)3.92 E(g2)
-.37 E F0 1.089(may be positi)3.61 F 1.389 -.15(ve o)-.25 H 3.589(rn).15
G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.589 H(ti).15 E 1.389 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E
3.589(gers. When)-.15 F 1.089(used with the)3.589 F F2([[)3.589 E F0
(command,)144 271.2 Q F1(Ar)4.447 E(g1)-.37 E F0(and)3.437 E F1(Ar)4.447
E(g2)-.37 E F0 .937(are e)3.457 F -.25(va)-.25 G .937
(luated as arithmetic e).25 F .937(xpressions \(see)-.15 F F3 .937
(ARITHMETIC EV)3.437 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)144 283.2 Q F0(abo)
2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF
(SIMPLE COMMAND EXP)72 300 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .614
(When a simple command is e)108 312 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .614
(cuted, the shell performs the follo).15 F .613(wing e)-.25 F .613
(xpansions, assignments, and redi-)-.15 F
(rections, from left to right, in the follo)108 324 Q(wing order)-.25 E
(.)-.55 E(1.)108 340.8 Q 1.848(The w)144 340.8 R 1.848
(ords that the parser has mark)-.1 F 1.848(ed as v)-.1 F 1.849
(ariable assignments \(those preceding the command)-.25 F
(name\) and redirections are sa)144 352.8 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(df).15 G
(or later processing.)-2.5 E(2.)108 369.6 Q .18(The w)144 369.6 R .18
(ords that are not v)-.1 F .179
(ariable assignments or redirections are e)-.25 F 2.679(xpanded. If)-.15
F(an)2.679 E 2.679(yw)-.15 G .179(ords remain af-)-2.779 F .346(ter e)
144 381.6 R .346(xpansion, the \214rst w)-.15 F .346(ord is tak)-.1 F
.347(en to be the name of the command and the remaining w)-.1 F .347
(ords are)-.1 F(the ar)144 393.6 Q(guments.)-.18 E(3.)108 410.4 Q
(Redirections are performed as described abo)144 410.4 Q .3 -.15(ve u)
-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(REDIRECTION)2.5 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(4.)
108 427.2 Q .717(The te)144 427.2 R .717(xt after the)-.15 F F2(=)3.217
E F0 .717(in each v)3.217 F .717(ariable assignment under)-.25 F .717
(goes tilde e)-.18 F .717(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F(xpansion,)-.15 E
.339(command substitution, arithmetic e)144 439.2 R .339
(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.839(lb).25 G .339
(efore being assigned to the v)-2.839 F(ari-)-.25 E(able.)144 451.2 Q
.587(If no command name results, the v)108 468 R .586
(ariable assignments af)-.25 F .586(fect the current shell en)-.25 F
3.086(vironment. In)-.4 F .586(the case of)3.086 F .371(such a command \
\(one that consists only of assignment statements and redirections\), a\
ssignment statements)108 480 R .835(are performed before redirections.)
108 492 R .835(Otherwise, the v)5.835 F .835
(ariables are added to the en)-.25 F .835(vironment of the e)-.4 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .838(command and do not af)108 504 R .838
(fect the current shell en)-.25 F 3.338(vironment. If)-.4 F(an)3.338 E
3.338(yo)-.15 G 3.338(ft)-3.338 G .839
(he assignments attempts to assign a)-3.338 F -.25(va)108 516 S
(lue to a readonly v).25 E(ariable, an error occurs, and the command e)
-.25 E(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 E .15
(If no command name results, redirections are performed, b)108 532.8 R
.149(ut do not af)-.2 F .149(fect the current shell en)-.25 F 2.649
(vironment. A)-.4 F(redirection error causes the command to e)108 544.8
Q(xit with a non-zero status.)-.15 E 1.064
(If there is a command name left after e)108 561.6 R 1.064(xpansion, e)
-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.064(cution proceeds as described belo).15 F
4.864 -.65(w. O)-.25 H 1.064(therwise, the).65 F .069(command e)108
573.6 R 2.569(xits. If)-.15 F .069(one of the e)2.569 F .069
(xpansions contained a command substitution, the e)-.15 F .068
(xit status of the command)-.15 F .466(is the e)108 585.6 R .466
(xit status of the last command substitution performed.)-.15 F .467
(If there were no command substitutions, the)5.466 F(command e)108 597.6
Q(xits with a status of zero.)-.15 E F4(COMMAND EXECUTION)72 614.4 Q F0
.547(After a command has been split into w)108 626.4 R .546
(ords, if it results in a simple command and an optional list of ar)-.1
F(gu-)-.18 E(ments, the follo)108 638.4 Q(wing actions are tak)-.25 E
(en.)-.1 E .379(If the command name contains no slashes, the shell atte\
mpts to locate it.)108 655.2 R .379(If there e)5.379 F .379
(xists a shell function by)-.15 F .246(that name, that function is in)
108 667.2 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.746(da).1 G 2.746(sd)-2.746 G
.246(escribed abo)-2.746 F .546 -.15(ve i)-.15 H(n).15 E F3(FUNCTIONS)
2.746 E F5(.)A F0 .246(If the name does not match a func-)4.746 F
(tion, the shell searches for it in the list of shell b)108 679.2 Q 2.5
(uiltins. If)-.2 F 2.5(am)2.5 G(atch is found, that b)-2.5 E
(uiltin is in)-.2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .309
(If the name is neither a shell function nor a b)108 696 R .31
(uiltin, and contains no slashes,)-.2 F F2(bash)2.81 E F0 .31
(searches each element of)2.81 F(the)108 708 Q F3 -.666(PA)3.163 G(TH)
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(uses a hash table to remember)3.162 F 1.914(the full pathnames of e)108
720 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.915(cutable \214les \(see).15 F F2(hash)4.415 E
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .72
(search of the directories in)108 84 R/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)
3.22 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .719
(is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table.)2.97 F
.719(If the)5.719 F .956(search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for\
 a de\214ned shell function named)108 96 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
(command_not_f)3.456 E(ound_han-)-.25 E(dle)108 108 Q F0 6.006(.I)C
3.506(ft)-6.006 G 1.006(hat function e)-3.506 F 1.006(xists, it is in)
-.15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.506(di).1 G 3.506(nas)-3.506 G 1.005
(eparate e)-3.506 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.005(cution en).15 F 1.005
(vironment with the original command)-.4 F .255
(and the original command')108 120 R 2.755(sa)-.55 G -.18(rg)-2.755 G
.255(uments as its ar).18 F .256(guments, and the function')-.18 F 2.756
(se)-.55 G .256(xit status becomes the e)-2.906 F .256(xit sta-)-.15 F
.263(tus of that subshell.)108 132 R .263(If that function is not de\
\214ned, the shell prints an error message and returns an e)5.263 F .263
(xit sta-)-.15 F(tus of 127.)108 144 Q 1.089(If the search is successfu\
l, or if the command name contains one or more slashes, the shell e)108
160.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.09(cutes the).15 F .198
(named program in a separate e)108 172.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .198
(cution en).15 F 2.698(vironment. Ar)-.4 F .198
(gument 0 is set to the name gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .197
(n, and the remain-).15 F(ing ar)108 184.8 Q
(guments to the command are set to the ar)-.18 E(guments gi)-.18 E -.15
(ve)-.25 G(n, if an).15 E -.65(y.)-.15 G 1.048(If this e)108 201.6 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G 1.048(cution f).15 F 1.048
(ails because the \214le is not in e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.049
(cutable format, and the \214le is not a directory).15 F 3.549(,i)-.65 G
3.549(ti)-3.549 G 3.549(sa)-3.549 G(s-)-3.549 E .143(sumed to be a)108
213.6 R/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .143(shell script)2.643 F F0 2.643
(,a\214)C .143(le containing shell commands, and the shell creates a ne)
-2.643 F 2.643(wi)-.25 G .143(nstance of itself to)-2.643 F -.15(exe)108
225.6 S .136(cute it.).15 F .136
(This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the ef)5.136 F .137
(fect is as if a ne)-.25 F 2.637(ws)-.25 G .137(hell had been in)-2.637
F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.637(dt).1 G 2.637(oh)-2.637 G(andle)-2.637
E .866(the script, with the e)108 237.6 R .866
(xception that the locations of commands remembered by the parent \(see)
-.15 F F2(hash)3.365 E F0(belo)3.365 E(w)-.25 E(under)108 249.6 Q F1
(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\))
A F0(are retained by the child.)2.25 E .347
(If the program is a \214le be)108 266.4 R .347(ginning with)-.15 F F2
(#!)2.847 E F0 2.847(,t)C .348(he remainder of the \214rst line speci\
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(cutable).15 E .206(format themselv)108 290.4 R 2.706(es. The)-.15 F(ar)
2.706 E .206(guments to the interpreter consist of a single optional ar)
-.18 F .206(gument follo)-.18 F .206(wing the in-)-.25 F .268
(terpreter name on the \214rst line of the program, follo)108 302.4 R
.267(wed by the name of the program, follo)-.25 F .267(wed by the com-)
-.25 F(mand ar)108 314.4 Q(guments, if an)-.18 E -.65(y.)-.15 G/F5 10.95
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(The shell has an)108 343.2 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(ecution en).2 E(vir)-.4 E
(onment)-.45 E F0 2.5(,w)C(hich consists of the follo)-2.5 E(wing:)-.25
E<83>108 360 Q 1.405(open \214les inherited by the shell at in)144 360 R
-.2(vo)-.4 G 1.406
(cation, as modi\214ed by redirections supplied to the).2 F F2(exec)
3.906 E F0 -.2(bu)144 372 S(iltin).2 E<83>108 388.8 Q(the current w)144
388.8 Q(orking directory as set by)-.1 E F2(cd)2.5 E F0(,)A F2(pushd)2.5
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405.6 Q(the \214le creation mode mask as set by)144 405.6 Q F2(umask)2.5
E F0(or inherited from the shell')2.5 E 2.5(sp)-.55 G(arent)-2.5 E<83>
108 422.4 Q(current traps set by)144 422.4 Q F2(trap)2.5 E F0<83>108
439.2 Q .257(shell parameters that are set by v)144 439.2 R .256
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2.5 E F0<83>108 501.6 Q(options enabled by)144 501.6 Q F2(shopt)2.5 E F0
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F0<83>108 535.2 Q -.25(va)144 535.2 S
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638.4 Q<83>108 655.2 Q .857(shell v)144 655.2 R .857
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(2022 September 19)135.955 E(37)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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(Under)5.507 E(certain circumstances, the shell will use special v)108
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(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(38)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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(ser typically emplo)-2.665 F .165(ys this f)-.1 F .165
(acility via an interacti)-.1 F .465 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nterf).15 E .165
(ace sup-)-.1 F(plied jointly by the operating system k)108 535.2 Q
(ernel')-.1 E 2.5(st)-.55 G(erminal dri)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ra).15
G(nd)-2.5 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A .785(The shell associates a)108 552 R
F5(job)5.025 E F0 .785(with each pipeline.)3.515 F .784(It k)5.785 F
.784(eeps a table of currently e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .784
(cuting jobs, which may be).15 F .324(listed with the)108 564 R F1(jobs)
2.824 E F0 2.824(command. When)2.824 F F1(bash)2.825 E F0 .325
(starts a job asynchronously \(in the)2.825 F F5(bac)3.095 E(kgr)-.2 E
(ound)-.45 E F0 .325(\), it prints a line).77 F(that looks lik)108 576 Q
(e:)-.1 E([1] 25647)144 592.8 Q .241(indicating that this job is job nu\
mber 1 and that the process ID of the last process in the pipeline asso\
ciated)108 609.6 R .732(with this job is 25647.)108 621.6 R .733
(All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job)
5.732 F(.)-.4 E F1(Bash)5.733 E F0(uses)3.233 E(the)108 633.6 Q F5(job)
4.24 E F0(abstraction as the basis for job control.)2.73 E 1.982 -.8
(To f)108 650.4 T .382(acilitate the implementation of the user interf)
.7 F .382(ace to job control, the operating system maintains the no-)-.1
F 1.537(tion of a)108 662.4 R F5(curr)4.037 E 1.537(ent terminal pr)-.37
F 1.537(ocess gr)-.45 F 1.537(oup ID)-.45 F F0 6.537(.M)C 1.538
(embers of this process group \(processes whose process)-6.537 F .023
(group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID\) recei)108
674.4 R .323 -.15(ve k)-.25 H -.15(ey).05 G .023
(board-generated signals such as).15 F F2(SIG-)2.522 E(INT)108 686.4 Q
F3(.)A F0 1.215(These processes are said to be in the)5.715 F F5(for)
5.685 E -.4(eg)-.37 G -.45(ro).4 G(und).45 E F0(.).77 E F5(Bac)6.795 E
(kgr)-.2 E(ound)-.45 E F0 1.216(processes are those whose process)4.485
F .146(group ID dif)108 698.4 R .146(fers from the terminal')-.25 F .146
(s; such processes are immune to k)-.55 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .145
(board-generated signals.).15 F .145(Only fore-)5.145 F .16
(ground processes are allo)108 710.4 R .16(wed to read from or)-.25 F
2.66(,i)-.4 G 2.66(ft)-2.66 G .16(he user so speci\214es with)-2.66 F/F6
10/Courier@0 SF .16(stty tostop)2.66 F F0 2.66(,w)C .16(rite to the ter)
-2.66 F(-)-.2 E 3.052(minal. Background)108 722.4 R .551
(processes which attempt to read from \(write to when)3.052 F F6 .551
(stty tostop)3.051 F F0 .551(is in ef)3.051 F .551(fect\) the)-.25 F
(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(39)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .717
(terminal are sent a)108 84 R/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .717(SIGTTIN \(SIGTT)
3.217 F(OU\))-.162 E F0 .718(signal by the k)2.967 F(ernel')-.1 E 3.218
(st)-.55 G .718(erminal dri)-3.218 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.518 -.4(r, w).15 H
.718(hich, unless caught, sus-).4 F(pends the process.)108 96 Q 1.088
(If the operating system on which)108 112.8 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
(bash)3.588 E F0 1.088(is running supports job control,)3.588 F F2(bash)
3.587 E F0 1.087(contains f)3.587 F 1.087(acilities to use it.)-.1 F -.8
(Ty)108 124.8 S .301(ping the).8 F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(suspend)3.141
E F0 .301(character \(typically)3.571 F F2(^Z)2.801 E F0 2.801(,C)C .301
(ontrol-Z\) while a process is running causes that process to be)-2.801
F 2.143(stopped and returns control to)108 136.8 R F2(bash)4.642 E F0
7.142(.T)C 2.142(yping the)-7.942 F F3 2.142(delayed suspend)4.992 F F0
2.142(character \(typically)5.412 F F2(^Y)4.642 E F0 4.642(,C)C
(ontrol-Y\))-4.642 E .021(causes the process to be stopped when it atte\
mpts to read input from the terminal, and control to be returned)108
148.8 R(to)108 160.8 Q F2(bash)3.392 E F0 5.892(.T)C .892
(he user may then manipulate the state of this job, using the)-5.892 F
F2(bg)3.392 E F0 .892(command to continue it in the)3.392 F .17
(background, the)108 172.8 R F2(fg)2.67 E F0 .17
(command to continue it in the fore)2.67 F .17(ground, or the)-.15 F F2
(kill)2.67 E F0 .17(command to kill it.)2.67 F(A)5.17 E F2(^Z)2.67 E F0
(tak)2.67 E .17(es ef-)-.1 F 1.419(fect immediately)108 184.8 R 3.919
(,a)-.65 G 1.418(nd has the additional side ef)-3.919 F 1.418
(fect of causing pending output and typeahead to be dis-)-.25 F(carded.)
108 196.8 Q .777(There are a number of w)108 213.6 R .777
(ays to refer to a job in the shell.)-.1 F .777(The character)5.777 F F2
(%)3.277 E F0 .777(introduces a job speci\214cation)3.277 F(\()108 225.6
Q F3(jobspec)A F0 3.458(\). Job)B(number)3.458 E F3(n)3.818 E F0 .957
(may be referred to as)3.697 F F2(%n)3.457 E F0 5.957(.A)C .957
(job may also be referred to using a pre\214x of the)-2.5 F .59(name us\
ed to start it, or using a substring that appears in its command line.)
108 237.6 R -.15(Fo)5.59 G 3.09(re).15 G(xample,)-3.24 E F2(%ce)3.09 E
F0 .59(refers to a)3.09 F .385(stopped job whose command name be)108
249.6 R .385(gins with)-.15 F F2(ce)2.885 E F0 5.385(.I)C 2.885(fap)
-5.385 G .385(re\214x matches more than one job,)-2.885 F F2(bash)2.885
E F0 .385(reports an)2.885 F(error)108 261.6 Q 5.194(.U)-.55 G(sing)
-5.194 E F2(%?ce)2.694 E F0 2.694(,o)C 2.694(nt)-2.694 G .194
(he other hand, refers to an)-2.694 F 2.694(yj)-.15 G .194
(ob containing the string)-2.694 F F2(ce)2.694 E F0 .194
(in its command line.)2.694 F .194(If the)5.194 F .306
(substring matches more than one job,)108 273.6 R F2(bash)2.806 E F0
.306(reports an error)2.806 F 5.306(.T)-.55 G .306(he symbols)-5.306 F
F2(%%)2.806 E F0(and)2.806 E F2(%+)2.806 E F0 .306(refer to the shell')
2.806 F(s)-.55 E .132(notion of the)108 285.6 R F3(curr)2.832 E .133
(ent job)-.37 F F0 2.633(,w).23 G .133
(hich is the last job stopped while it w)-2.633 F .133(as in the fore)
-.1 F .133(ground or started in the back-)-.15 F 2.576(ground. The)108
297.6 R F3(pr)3.826 E -.15(ev)-.37 G .076(ious job).15 F F0 .076
(may be referenced using)2.806 F F2<25ad>2.576 E F0 5.076(.I)C 2.576(ft)
-5.076 G .075(here is only a single job,)-2.576 F F2(%+)2.575 E F0(and)
2.575 E F2<25ad>2.575 E F0 .075(can both)2.575 F .317
(be used to refer to that job)108 309.6 R 5.317(.I)-.4 G 2.817(no)-5.317
G .317(utput pertaining to jobs \(e.g., the output of the)-2.817 F F2
(jobs)2.817 E F0 .317(command\), the current)2.817 F .033(job is al)108
321.6 R -.1(wa)-.1 G .033(ys \215agged with a).1 F F2(+)2.533 E F0 2.533
(,a)C .033(nd the pre)-2.533 F .033(vious job with a)-.25 F F2<ad>2.533
E F0 5.033(.A)C .033(single % \(with no accompan)-2.5 F .032
(ying job speci-)-.15 F(\214cation\) also refers to the current job)108
333.6 Q(.)-.4 E .443
(Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the fore)108 350.4 R
(ground:)-.15 E F2(%1)2.944 E F0 .444(is a synon)2.944 F .444(ym for)
-.15 F F2 -.63(``)2.944 G .444(fg %1').63 F(')-.63 E F0 2.944(,b)C
(ringing)-2.944 E 1.473(job 1 from the background into the fore)108
362.4 R 3.973(ground. Similarly)-.15 F(,)-.65 E F2 -.63(``)3.972 G 1.472
(%1 &').63 F(')-.63 E F0 1.472(resumes job 1 in the background,)3.972 F
(equi)108 374.4 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2 -.63(``)2.5 G(bg %1')
.63 E(')-.63 E F0(.)A .13(The shell learns immediately whene)108 391.2 R
-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.63(raj).15 G .13(ob changes state.)-2.63 F(Normally)
5.131 E(,)-.65 E F2(bash)2.631 E F0 -.1(wa)2.631 G .131
(its until it is about to print a).1 F .158
(prompt before reporting changes in a job')108 403.2 R 2.658(ss)-.55 G
.158(tatus so as to not interrupt an)-2.658 F 2.657(yo)-.15 G .157
(ther output.)-2.657 F .157(If the)5.157 F F2<ad62>2.657 E F0 .157
(option to)2.657 F(the)108 415.2 Q F2(set)2.647 E F0 -.2(bu)2.647 G .147
(iltin command is enabled,).2 F F2(bash)2.647 E F0 .148
(reports such changes immediately)2.648 F 5.148(.A)-.65 G .448 -.15
(ny t)-5.148 H .148(rap on).15 F F1(SIGCHLD)2.648 E F0 .148(is e)2.398 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cuted for each child that e)108 427.2 Q(xits.)
-.15 E .033(If an attempt to e)108 444 R(xit)-.15 E F2(bash)2.533 E F0
.033(is made while jobs are stopped \(or)2.533 F 2.532(,i)-.4 G 2.532
(ft)-2.532 G(he)-2.532 E F2(checkjobs)2.532 E F0 .032
(shell option has been enabled)2.532 F 1.002(using the)108 456 R F2
(shopt)3.502 E F0 -.2(bu)3.502 G 1.002
(iltin, running\), the shell prints a w).2 F 1.002
(arning message, and, if the)-.1 F F2(checkjobs)3.503 E F0 1.003
(option is en-)3.503 F .956(abled, lists the jobs and their statuses.)
108 468 R(The)5.955 E F2(jobs)3.455 E F0 .955
(command may then be used to inspect their status.)3.455 F .955(If a)
5.955 F .603(second attempt to e)108 480 R .604
(xit is made without an interv)-.15 F .604
(ening command, the shell does not print another w)-.15 F(arning,)-.1 E
(and an)108 492 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(topped jobs are terminated.)-2.5 E .645
(When the shell is w)108 508.8 R .645
(aiting for a job or process using the)-.1 F F2(wait)3.144 E F0 -.2(bu)
3.144 G .644(iltin, and job control is enabled,).2 F F2(wait)3.144 E F0
(will)3.144 E .282(return when the job changes state. The)108 520.8 R F2
<ad66>2.782 E F0 .282(option causes)2.782 F F2(wait)2.782 E F0 .282
(to w)2.782 F .282(ait until the job or process terminates be-)-.1 F
(fore returning.)108 532.8 Q/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)72 549.6 Q
(OMPTING)-.329 E F0 .645(When e)108 561.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .645
(cuting interacti).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E(,)-.65 E F2(bash)3.145 E
F0 .645(displays the primary prompt)3.145 F F1(PS1)3.145 E F0 .645
(when it is ready to read a command,)2.895 F .427
(and the secondary prompt)108 573.6 R F1(PS2)2.927 E F0 .427
(when it needs more input to complete a command.)2.677 F F2(Bash)5.428 E
F0(displays)2.928 E F1(PS0)2.928 E F0(after)2.678 E .038
(it reads a command b)108 585.6 R .038(ut before e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
.038(cuting it.).15 F F2(Bash)5.038 E F0(displays)2.537 E F1(PS4)2.537 E
F0 .037(as described abo)2.287 F .337 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .037
(efore tracing each com-).15 F 1.121(mand when the)108 597.6 R F2<ad78>
3.621 E F0 1.122(option is enabled.)3.621 F F2(Bash)6.122 E F0(allo)
3.622 E 1.122(ws these prompt strings to be customized by inserting a)
-.25 F(number of backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded \
as follo)108 609.6 Q(ws:)-.25 E F2(\\a)144 621.6 Q F0
(an ASCII bell character \(07\))180 621.6 Q F2(\\d)144 633.6 Q F0
(the date in "W)180 633.6 Q(eekday Month Date" format \(e.g., "T)-.8 E
(ue May 26"\))-.45 E F2(\\D{)144 645.6 Q F3(format)A F2(})A F0(the)180
657.6 Q F3(format)3.927 E F0 1.427(is passed to)3.927 F F3(strftime)
3.927 E F0 1.427
(\(3\) and the result is inserted into the prompt string; an)B(empty)180
669.6 Q F3(format)2.5 E F0
(results in a locale-speci\214c time representation.)2.5 E
(The braces are required)5 E F2(\\e)144 681.6 Q F0
(an ASCII escape character \(033\))180 681.6 Q F2(\\h)144 693.6 Q F0
(the hostname up to the \214rst `.)180 693.6 Q(')-.7 E F2(\\H)144 705.6
Q F0(the hostname)180 705.6 Q F2(\\j)144 717.6 Q F0
(the number of jobs currently managed by the shell)180 717.6 Q
(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(40)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(\\l)144 84 Q F0(the basename of the shell')180 84 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G
(erminal de)-2.5 E(vice name)-.25 E F1(\\n)144 96 Q F0(ne)180 96 Q
(wline)-.25 E F1(\\r)144 108 Q F0(carriage return)180 108 Q F1(\\s)144
120 Q F0(the name of the shell, the basename of)180 120 Q F1($0)2.5 E F0
(\(the portion follo)2.5 E(wing the \214nal slash\))-.25 E F1(\\t)144
132 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format)180 132 Q F1(\\T)
144 144 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format)180 144 Q F1
(\\@)144 156 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour am/pm format)180 156 Q F1
(\\A)144 168 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format)180 168 Q F1
(\\u)144 180 Q F0(the username of the current user)180 180 Q F1(\\v)144
192 Q F0(the v)180 192 Q(ersion of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0
(\(e.g., 2.00\))2.5 E F1(\\V)144 204 Q F0(the release of)180 204 Q F1
(bash)2.5 E F0 2.5(,v)C(ersion + patch le)-2.65 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
(l\().15 G(e.g., 2.00.0\))-2.5 E F1(\\w)144 216 Q F0 .119(the v)180 216
R .119(alue of the)-.25 F F1(PWD)2.619 E F0 .119(shell v)2.619 F .119
(ariable \()-.25 F F1($PWD)A F0 .119(\), with)B/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
($HOME)2.619 E F0(abbre)2.369 E .119(viated with a tilde \(uses)-.25 F
(the v)180 228 Q(alue of the)-.25 E F2(PR)2.5 E(OMPT_DIR)-.27 E(TRIM)
-.36 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable\)).25 E F1(\\W)144 240 Q F0
(the basename of)180 240 Q F1($PWD)2.5 E F0 2.5(,w)C(ith)-2.5 E F2
($HOME)2.5 E F0(abbre)2.25 E(viated with a tilde)-.25 E F1(\\!)144 252 Q
F0(the history number of this command)180 252 Q F1(\\#)144 264 Q F0
(the command number of this command)180 264 Q F1(\\$)144 276 Q F0
(if the ef)180 276 Q(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve U)-.25 H(ID is 0, a).15 E
F1(#)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(therwise a)-2.5 E F1($)2.5 E(\\)144 288 Q/F3 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(nnn)A F0
(the character corresponding to the octal number)180 288 Q F3(nnn)2.5 E
F1(\\\\)144 300 Q F0 2.5(ab)180 300 S(ackslash)-2.5 E F1(\\[)144 312 Q
F0(be)180 312 Q 1.257(gin a sequence of non-printing characters, which \
could be used to embed a terminal)-.15 F
(control sequence into the prompt)180 324 Q F1(\\])144 336 Q F0
(end a sequence of non-printing characters)180 336 Q .119
(The command number and the history number are usually dif)108 352.8 R
.12(ferent: the history number of a command is its)-.25 F .547(position\
 in the history list, which may include commands restored from the hist\
ory \214le \(see)108 364.8 R F2(HIST)3.046 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0
(be-)2.796 E(lo)108 376.8 Q .354(w\), while the command number is the p\
osition in the sequence of commands e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .355
(cuted during the current).15 F .823(shell session.)108 388.8 R .822
(After the string is decoded, it is e)5.823 F .822
(xpanded via parameter e)-.15 F .822(xpansion, command substitution,)
-.15 F .682(arithmetic e)108 400.8 R .682(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15
F -.25(va)-.15 G .682(l, subject to the v).25 F .683(alue of the)-.25 F
F1(pr)3.183 E(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 .683(shell option \(see the de-)
3.183 F 1.198(scription of the)108 412.8 R F1(shopt)3.698 E F0 1.198
(command under)3.698 F F2 1.197(SHELL B)3.697 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.197
(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.447 E 3.697(w\). This)-.25 F 1.197
(can ha)3.697 F 1.497 -.15(ve u)-.2 H(nw).15 E(anted)-.1 E .322(side ef)
108 424.8 R .322(fects if escaped portions of the string appear within \
command substitution or contain characters spe-)-.25 F(cial to w)108
436.8 Q(ord e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE)
72 453.6 Q F0 .151
(This is the library that handles reading input when using an interacti)
108 465.6 R .45 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .15(hell, unless the).15 F F1
(\255\255noediting)2.65 E F0(option)2.65 E .384(is gi)108 477.6 R -.15
(ve)-.25 G 2.884(na).15 G 2.884(ts)-2.884 G .384(hell in)-2.884 F -.2
(vo)-.4 G 2.884(cation. Line).2 F .384
(editing is also used when using the)2.884 F F1<ad65>2.885 E F0 .385
(option to the)2.885 F F1 -.18(re)2.885 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.885 G
2.885(iltin. By).2 F(de-)2.885 E -.1(fa)108 489.6 S 1.407
(ult, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs.).1 F
3.906(Av)6.406 G 1.406(i-style line editing interf)-3.906 F 1.406
(ace is also)-.1 F -.2(av)108 501.6 S 3.35(ailable. Line)-.05 F .85
(editing can be enabled at an)3.35 F 3.35(yt)-.15 G .85(ime using the)
-3.35 F F1 .85(\255o emacs)3.35 F F0(or)3.35 E F1 .85(\255o vi)3.35 F F0
.85(options to the)3.35 F F1(set)3.35 E F0 -.2(bu)3.35 G(iltin).2 E
(\(see)108 513.6 Q F2 .763(SHELL B)3.263 F(UIL)-.09 E .763(TIN COMMANDS)
-.828 F F0(belo)3.013 E 3.263(w\). T)-.25 F 3.263(ot)-.8 G .763(urn of)
-3.263 F 3.263(fl)-.25 G .763
(ine editing after the shell is running, use the)-3.263 F F1(+o)3.262 E
(emacs)108 525.6 Q F0(or)2.5 E F1(+o vi)2.5 E F0(options to the)2.5 E F1
(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(Readline Notation)87 542.4 Q
F0 .463(In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote k)
108 554.4 R -.15(ey)-.1 G(strok).15 E 2.963(es. Control)-.1 F -.1(ke)
2.963 G .463(ys are denoted by C\255)-.05 F F3 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0(,)A
1.153(e.g., C\255n means Control\255N.)108 566.4 R(Similarly)6.153 E(,)
-.65 E F3(meta)4.033 E F0 -.1(ke)3.913 G 1.153(ys are denoted by M\255)
-.05 F F3 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0 3.652(,s)C 3.652(oM)-3.652 G 1.152
(\255x means Meta\255X.)-3.652 F(\(On)6.152 E -.1(ke)108 578.4 S .83
(yboards without a)-.05 F F3(meta)3.71 E F0 -.1(ke)3.59 G 2.13 -.65
(y, M)-.05 H<ad>.65 E F3(x)A F0 .83(means ESC)3.33 F F3(x)3.33 E F0 3.33
(,i)C .831(.e., press the Escape k)-3.33 F 1.131 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .831
(hen the).15 F F3(x)4.101 E F0 -.1(ke)3.861 G 4.631 -.65(y. T)-.05 H
.831(his mak).65 F(es)-.1 E .6(ESC the)108 590.4 R F3 .6(meta pr)3.1 F
(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.6(.T)C .6(he combination M\255C\255)-5.6 F F3(x)A F0
.599(means ESC\255Control\255)3.099 F F3(x)A F0 3.099(,o)C 3.099(rp)
-3.099 G .599(ress the Escape k)-3.099 F .899 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .599
(hen hold).15 F(the Control k)108 602.4 Q .3 -.15(ey w)-.1 H
(hile pressing the).15 E F3(x)3.27 E F0 -.1(ke)3.03 G -.65(y.)-.05 G(\))
.65 E .595(Readline commands may be gi)108 619.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.096
(nn).15 G(umeric)-3.096 E F3(ar)3.426 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.096(,w).27 G
.596(hich normally act as a repeat count.)-3.096 F(Sometimes,)5.596 E
(ho)108 631.2 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.419 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.119(ti)
.4 G 3.119(st)-3.119 G .619(he sign of the ar)-3.119 F .619
(gument that is signi\214cant.)-.18 F -.15(Pa)5.619 G .619(ssing a ne)
.15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .919 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .619
(ument to a command that).18 F 1.018(acts in the forw)108 643.2 R 1.018
(ard direction \(e.g.,)-.1 F F1(kill\255line)3.518 E F0 3.518(\)c)C
1.018(auses that command to act in a backw)-3.518 F 1.019
(ard direction.)-.1 F(Com-)6.019 E(mands whose beha)108 655.2 Q
(vior with ar)-.2 E(guments de)-.18 E(viates from this are noted belo)
-.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G .812(When a command is described as)108 672 R F3
(killing)3.311 E F0(te)3.311 E .811(xt, the te)-.15 F .811
(xt deleted is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.311(df).15 G .811
(or possible future retrie)-3.311 F -.25(va)-.25 G 3.311(l\().25 G F3
(yank-)-3.311 E(ing)108 684 Q F0 2.529(\). The)B .029(killed te)2.529 F
.029(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.529(di).15 G 2.529(na)-2.529 G F3
.029(kill ring)B F0 5.029(.C)C(onsecuti)-5.029 E .329 -.15(ve k)-.25 H
.029(ills cause the te).15 F .029(xt to be accumulated into one unit,)
-.15 F .567(which can be yank)108 696 R .567(ed all at once.)-.1 F .567
(Commands which do not kill te)5.567 F .567
(xt separate the chunks of te)-.15 F .567(xt on the kill)-.15 F(ring.)
108 708 Q(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(41)185.115 E
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
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SF(Readline Initialization)87 84 Q F0 .091(Readline is customized by pu\
tting commands in an initialization \214le \(the)108 96 R/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr)2.591 E(c)-.37 E F0 2.591(\214le\). The)2.591
F .092(name of this \214le)2.591 F .573(is tak)108 108 R .573
(en from the v)-.1 F .573(alue of the)-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
(INPUTRC)3.073 E F0 -.25(va)2.823 G 3.073(riable. If).25 F .573(that v)
3.073 F .573(ariable is unset, the def)-.25 F .573(ault is)-.1 F F2
(~/.inputr)2.573 E(c)-.37 E F0 5.572(.I).31 G 3.072(ft)-5.572 G(hat)
-3.072 E 3.061(\214le does)108 120 R .561(not e)3.061 F .562
(xist or cannot be read, the ultimate def)-.15 F .562(ault is)-.1 F F2
(/etc/inputr)4.212 E(c)-.37 E F0 5.562(.W).31 G .562
(hen a program which uses the)-5.562 F .175(readline library starts up,\
 the initialization \214le is read, and the k)108 132 R .474 -.15(ey b)
-.1 H .174(indings and v).15 F .174(ariables are set.)-.25 F .174
(There are)5.174 F .238(only a fe)108 144 R 2.738(wb)-.25 G .238
(asic constructs allo)-2.738 F .239
(wed in the readline initialization \214le.)-.25 F .239
(Blank lines are ignored.)5.239 F .239(Lines be)5.239 F(gin-)-.15 E .554
(ning with a)108 156 R F1(#)3.054 E F0 .554(are comments.)3.054 F .554
(Lines be)5.554 F .554(ginning with a)-.15 F F1($)3.054 E F0 .554
(indicate conditional constructs.)3.054 F .553(Other lines denote)5.553
F -.1(ke)108 168 S 2.5(yb)-.05 G(indings and v)-2.5 E(ariable settings.)
-.25 E .986(The def)108 184.8 R .986(ault k)-.1 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .987
(-bindings may be changed with an).15 F F2(inputr)3.497 E(c)-.37 E F0
3.487(\214le. Other)3.797 F .987(programs that use this library may)
3.487 F(add their o)108 196.8 Q(wn commands and bindings.)-.25 E -.15
(Fo)108 213.6 S 2.5(re).15 G(xample, placing)-2.65 E
(M\255Control\255u: uni)144 230.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E
(gument)-.18 E(or)108 242.4 Q(C\255Meta\255u: uni)144 254.4 Q -.15(ve)
-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(into the)108 266.4 Q F2(inputr)
2.51 E(c)-.37 E F0 -.1(wo)2.81 G(uld mak).1 E 2.5(eM)-.1 G(\255C\255u e)
-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute the readline command).15 E F2(univer)2.58 E
(sal\255ar)-.1 E(gument)-.37 E F0(.).68 E 1.011(The follo)108 283.2 R
1.011(wing symbolic character names are recognized:)-.25 F F2 -.4(RU)
3.511 G(BOUT).4 E F0(,)1.27 E F2(DEL)4.091 E F0(,).53 E F2(ESC)4.021 E
F0(,).72 E F2(LFD)4.091 E F0(,).28 E F2(NEWLINE)4.21 E F0(,).73 E F2
(RET)4.14 E F0(,)1.27 E F2(RETURN)108.63 295.2 Q F0(,)1.1 E F2(SPC)2.83
E F0(,).72 E F2(SP)2.83 E -.3(AC)-.9 G(E).3 E F0 2.5(,a).73 G(nd)-2.5 E
F2 -.5(TA)2.5 G(B).5 E F0(.).27 E .209
(In addition to command names, readline allo)108 312 R .209(ws k)-.25 F
-.15(ey)-.1 G 2.709(st).15 G 2.709(ob)-2.709 G 2.709(eb)-2.709 G .209
(ound to a string that is inserted when the k)-2.709 F .509 -.15(ey i)
-.1 H(s).15 E(pressed \(a)108 324 Q F2(macr)2.5 E(o)-.45 E F0(\).)A F1
(Readline K)87 340.8 Q(ey Bindings)-.25 E F0 .366
(The syntax for controlling k)108 352.8 R .666 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .366
(indings in the).15 F F2(inputr)2.876 E(c)-.37 E F0 .366
(\214le is simple.)3.176 F .366(All that is required is the name of the)
5.366 F .263(command or the te)108 364.8 R .264(xt of a macro and a k)
-.15 F .564 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .264(equence to which it should be bound.)
.15 F .264(The name may be speci-)5.264 F .139(\214ed in one of tw)108
376.8 R 2.638(ow)-.1 G .138(ays: as a symbolic k)-2.738 F .438 -.15
(ey n)-.1 H .138(ame, possibly with).15 F F2(Meta\255)2.638 E F0(or)
2.638 E F2(Contr)2.638 E(ol\255)-.45 E F0(pre\214x)2.638 E .138
(es, or as a k)-.15 F .438 -.15(ey s)-.1 H(e-).15 E(quence.)108 388.8 Q
.16(When using the form)108 405.6 R F1 -.1(ke)2.66 G(yname).1 E F0(:)A
F2(function\255name).833 E F0(or)2.66 E F2(macr)2.66 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A
F2 -.1(ke)2.66 G(yname)-.2 E F0 .161(is the name of a k)2.84 F .461 -.15
(ey s)-.1 H .161(pelled out in Eng-).15 F 2.5(lish. F)108 417.6 R(or e)
-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E(Control-u: uni)144 441.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(Meta-Rubout: backw)144 453.6 Q
(ard-kill-w)-.1 E(ord)-.1 E(Control-o: "> output")144 465.6 Q .699
(In the abo)108 482.4 R .998 -.15(ve ex)-.15 H(ample,).15 E F2(C\255u)
3.038 E F0 .698(is bound to the function)3.448 F F1(uni)3.198 E -.1(ve)
-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(,)A F2(M\255DEL)3.878 E F0 .698
(is bound to the func-)3.728 F(tion)108 494.4 Q F1
(backward\255kill\255w)2.758 E(ord)-.1 E F0 2.758(,a)C(nd)-2.758 E F2
(C\255o)2.598 E F0 .258(is bound to run the macro e)2.938 F .259
(xpressed on the right hand side \(that is, to)-.15 F(insert the te)108
506.4 Q(xt)-.15 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF 6(>o)2.5 G(utput)-6 E F0
(into the line\).)2.5 E .056(In the second form,)108 523.2 R F1("k)2.556
E(eyseq")-.1 E F0(:)A F2(function\255name).833 E F0(or)2.556 E F2(macr)
2.556 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A F1 -.1(ke)2.556 G(yseq).1 E F0(dif)2.555 E .055
(fers from)-.25 F F1 -.1(ke)2.555 G(yname).1 E F0(abo)2.555 E .355 -.15
(ve i)-.15 H 2.555(nt).15 G .055(hat strings)-2.555 F 1.284
(denoting an entire k)108 535.2 R 1.584 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.284(equence m\
ay be speci\214ed by placing the sequence within double quotes.).15 F
(Some)6.284 E .386(GNU Emacs style k)108 547.2 R .686 -.15(ey e)-.1 H
.385(scapes can be used, as in the follo).15 F .385(wing e)-.25 F .385
(xample, b)-.15 F .385(ut the symbolic character names)-.2 F
(are not recognized.)108 559.2 Q("\\C\255u": uni)144 583.2 Q -.15(ve)
-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E
("\\C\255x\\C\255r": re\255read\255init\255\214le)144 595.2 Q
("\\e[11~": "Function K)144 607.2 Q .3 -.15(ey 1)-.25 H(").15 E .314
(In this e)108 624 R(xample,)-.15 E F2(C\255u)2.654 E F0 .314(is ag)
3.064 F .315(ain bound to the function)-.05 F F1(uni)2.815 E -.1(ve)-.1
G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(.)A F2 .315(C\255x C\255r)5.155 F F0
.315(is bound to the func-)3.545 F(tion)108 636 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G<ad72>
.18 E(ead\255init\255\214le)-.18 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F2(ESC [ 1 1 ~)
3.01 E F0(is bound to insert the te)3.94 E(xt)-.15 E F4(Function Key 1)
2.5 E F0(.)A(The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is)108
652.8 Q F1<5c43ad>144 664.8 Q F0(control pre\214x)180 664.8 Q F1<5c4dad>
144 676.8 Q F0(meta pre\214x)180 676.8 Q F1(\\e)144 688.8 Q F0
(an escape character)180 688.8 Q F1(\\\\)144 700.8 Q F0(backslash)180
700.8 Q F1(\\")144 712.8 Q F0(literal ")180 712.8 Q(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF<5c08>144 84 Q F0(literal \010)180 84 Q(In addition to the GNU Emacs \
style escape sequences, a second set of backslash escapes is a)108 100.8
Q -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F1(\\a)144 112.8 Q F0(alert \(bell\))180
112.8 Q F1(\\b)144 124.8 Q F0(backspace)180 124.8 Q F1(\\d)144 136.8 Q
F0(delete)180 136.8 Q F1(\\f)144 148.8 Q F0(form feed)180 148.8 Q F1
(\\n)144 160.8 Q F0(ne)180 160.8 Q(wline)-.25 E F1(\\r)144 172.8 Q F0
(carriage return)180 172.8 Q F1(\\t)144 184.8 Q F0(horizontal tab)180
184.8 Q F1(\\v)144 196.8 Q F0 -.15(ve)180 196.8 S(rtical tab).15 E F1
(\\)144 208.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(nnn)A F0
(the eight-bit character whose v)180 208.8 Q(alue is the octal v)-.25 E
(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0(\(one to three digits\))2.5 E F1(\\x)144
220.8 Q F2(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 220.8 Q
(alue is the he)-.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0
(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E 1.142
(When entering the te)108 237.6 R 1.141(xt of a macro, single or double\
 quotes must be used to indicate a macro de\214nition.)-.15 F .089
(Unquoted te)108 249.6 R .089(xt is assumed to be a function name.)-.15
F .09(In the macro body)5.089 F 2.59(,t)-.65 G .09
(he backslash escapes described abo)-2.59 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(are e)108
261.6 Q 2.5(xpanded. Backslash)-.15 F(will quote an)2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G
(ther character in the macro te)-2.5 E(xt, including " and \010.)-.15 E
F1(Bash)108 278.4 Q F0(allo)2.93 E .43(ws the current readline k)-.25 F
.73 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .429(indings to be displayed or modi\214ed with the)
.15 F F1(bind)2.929 E F0 -.2(bu)2.929 G .429(iltin command.).2 F .045
(The editing mode may be switched during interacti)108 290.4 R .345 -.15
(ve u)-.25 H .046(se by using the).15 F F1<ad6f>2.546 E F0 .046
(option to the)2.546 F F1(set)2.546 E F0 -.2(bu)2.546 G .046
(iltin command).2 F(\(see)108 302.4 Q/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E
(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1
(Readline V)87 319.2 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0 .044(Readline has v)108 331.2
R .043(ariables that can be used to further customize its beha)-.25 F
(vior)-.2 E 5.043(.A)-.55 G -.25(va)-2.5 G .043
(riable may be set in the).25 F F2(inpu-)2.553 E(tr)108 343.2 Q(c)-.37 E
F0(\214le with a statement of the form)2.81 E F1(set)144 360 Q F2
(variable\255name value)2.5 E F0(or using the)108 372 Q F1(bind)2.5 E F0
-.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command \(see).2 E F3(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E
(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E .79
(Except where noted, readline v)108 388.8 R .79(ariables can tak)-.25 F
3.29(et)-.1 G .79(he v)-3.29 F(alues)-.25 E F1(On)3.29 E F0(or)3.29 E F1
(Off)3.29 E F0 .79(\(without re)3.29 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .79(rd to case\).)
.05 F(Unrecog-)5.79 E .449(nized v)108 400.8 R .448
(ariable names are ignored.)-.25 F .448(When a v)5.448 F .448(ariable v)
-.25 F .448(alue is read, empty or null v)-.25 F .448
(alues, "on" \(case-insensi-)-.25 F(ti)108 412.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .467
(\), and "1" are equi).15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F1(On)
2.968 E F0 5.468(.A)C .468(ll other v)-5.468 F .468(alues are equi)-.25
F -.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F1(Off)2.968 E F0 5.468(.T)C .468
(he v)-5.468 F .468(ariables and their def)-.25 F(ault)-.1 E -.25(va)108
424.8 S(lues are:).25 E F1(acti)108 441.6 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G<ad72>.1 E
(egion\255start\255color)-.18 E F0 2.73(As)144 453.6 S .23(tring v)-2.73
F .23(ariable that controls the te)-.25 F .229
(xt color and background when displaying the te)-.15 F .229
(xt in the acti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(re)144 465.6 Q 1.526
(gion \(see the description of)-.15 F F1(enable\255acti)4.026 E -.1(ve)
-.1 G<ad72>.1 E(egion)-.18 E F0(belo)4.026 E 4.026(w\). This)-.25 F
1.526(string must not tak)4.026 F 4.027(eu)-.1 G 4.027(pa)-4.027 G -.15
(ny)-4.027 G(ph)144 477.6 Q .284
(ysical character positions on the display)-.05 F 2.784(,s)-.65 G 2.784
(oi)-2.784 G 2.784(ts)-2.784 G .283
(hould consist only of terminal escape sequences.)-2.784 F .45
(It is output to the terminal before displaying the te)144 489.6 R .45
(xt in the acti)-.15 F .75 -.15(ve r)-.25 H -.15(eg).15 G 2.95
(ion. This).15 F -.25(va)2.95 G .45(riable is reset to).25 F .379
(the def)144 501.6 R .379(ault v)-.1 F .379(alue whene)-.25 F -.15(ve)
-.25 G 2.879(rt).15 G .379(he terminal type changes.)-2.879 F .379
(The def)5.379 F .379(ault v)-.1 F .378
(alue is the string that puts the)-.25 F .654
(terminal in standout mode, as obtained from the terminal')144 513.6 R
3.155(st)-.55 G .655(erminfo description.)-3.155 F 3.155(As)5.655 G .655
(ample v)-3.155 F(alue)-.25 E(might be)144 525.6 Q/F4 10/Courier@0 SF
("\\e[01;33m")2.5 E F0(.)A F1(acti)108 537.6 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G<ad72>.1 E
(egion\255end\255color)-.18 E F0 3.909(As)144 549.6 S 1.409(tring v)
-3.909 F 1.408(ariable that "undoes" the ef)-.25 F 1.408(fects of)-.25 F
F1(acti)3.908 E -.1(ve)-.1 G<ad72>.1 E(egion\255start\255color)-.18 E F0
1.408(and restores "normal")3.908 F .216
(terminal display appearance after displaying te)144 561.6 R .216
(xt in the acti)-.15 F .516 -.15(ve r)-.25 H -.15(eg).15 G 2.716
(ion. This).15 F .216(string must not tak)2.716 F 2.716(eu)-.1 G(p)
-2.716 E(an)144 573.6 Q 3.738(yp)-.15 G -.05(hy)-3.738 G 1.238
(sical character positions on the display).05 F 3.737(,s)-.65 G 3.737
(oi)-3.737 G 3.737(ts)-3.737 G 1.237
(hould consist only of terminal escape se-)-3.737 F 2.927(quences. It)
144 585.6 R .427(is output to the terminal after displaying the te)2.927
F .428(xt in the acti)-.15 F .728 -.15(ve r)-.25 H -.15(eg).15 G 2.928
(ion. This).15 F -.25(va)2.928 G .428(riable is).25 F .519
(reset to the def)144 597.6 R .518(ault v)-.1 F .518(alue whene)-.25 F
-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.018(rt).15 G .518(he terminal type changes.)-3.018 F
.518(The def)5.518 F .518(ault v)-.1 F .518(alue is the string that)-.25
F .251(restores the terminal from standout mode, as obtained from the t\
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(A)5.252 E(sample v)144 621.6 Q(alue might be)-.25 E F4("\\e[0m")2.5 E
F0(.)A F1(bell\255style \(audible\))108 633.6 Q F0 .011
(Controls what happens when readline w)144 645.6 R .011
(ants to ring the terminal bell.)-.1 F .01(If set to)5.01 F F1(none)2.51
E F0 2.51(,r)C .01(eadline ne)-2.51 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E .94
(rings the bell.)144 657.6 R .94(If set to)5.94 F F1(visible)3.44 E F0
3.44(,r)C .94(eadline uses a visible bell if one is a)-3.44 F -.25(va)
-.2 G 3.44(ilable. If).25 F .94(set to)3.44 F F1(audible)3.44 E F0(,)A
(readline attempts to ring the terminal')144 669.6 Q 2.5(sb)-.55 G(ell.)
-2.5 E F1(bind\255tty\255special\255chars \(On\))108 681.6 Q F0 .056
(If set to)144 693.6 R F1(On)2.556 E F0 2.556(,r)C .056(eadline attempt\
s to bind the control characters treated specially by the k)-2.556 F
(ernel')-.1 E 2.555(st)-.55 G(ermi-)-2.555 E(nal dri)144 705.6 Q -.15
(ve)-.25 G 2.5(rt).15 G 2.5(ot)-2.5 G(heir readline equi)-2.5 E -.25(va)
-.25 G(lents.).25 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(blink\255matching\255par)108 84 Q(en \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .21(If set to)
144 96 R F1(On)2.71 E F0 2.71(,r)C .21(eadline attempts to brie\215y mo)
-2.71 F .51 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .21
(he cursor to an opening parenthesis when a closing).15 F
(parenthesis is inserted.)144 108 Q F1(color)108 120 Q
(ed\255completion\255pr)-.18 E(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .515(If set to)
144 132 R F1(On)3.015 E F0 3.015(,w)C .515(hen listing completions, rea\
dline displays the common pre\214x of the set of possible)-3.015 F 2.935
(completions using a dif)144 144 R 2.935(ferent color)-.25 F 7.936(.T)
-.55 G 2.936(he color de\214nitions are tak)-7.936 F 2.936
(en from the v)-.1 F 2.936(alue of the)-.25 F F1(LS_COLORS)144 156 Q F0
(en)3.077 E .577(vironment v)-.4 F 3.077(ariable. If)-.25 F .577
(there is a color de\214nition in)3.077 F F1($LS_COLORS)3.077 E F0 .577
(for the cus-)3.077 F .134(tom suf)144 168 R .135(\214x "readline-color\
ed-completion-pre\214x", readline uses this color for the common pre\
\214x in-)-.25 F(stead of its def)144 180 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(color)108 192
Q(ed\255stats \(Off\))-.18 E F0 1.58(If set to)144 204 R F1(On)4.08 E F0
4.08(,r)C 1.579(eadline displays possible completions using dif)-4.08 F
1.579(ferent colors to indicate their \214le)-.25 F 2.5(type. The)144
216 R(color de\214nitions are tak)2.5 E(en from the v)-.1 E(alue of the)
-.25 E F1(LS_COLORS)2.5 E F0(en)2.5 E(vironment v)-.4 E(ariable.)-.25 E
F1(comment\255begin \(`)108 228 Q(`#')-.63 E('\))-.63 E F0 .884
(The string that is inserted when the readline)144 240 R F1
(insert\255comment)3.385 E F0 .885(command is e)3.385 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
3.385(cuted. This).15 F(com-)3.385 E(mand is bound to)144 252 Q F1
(M\255#)2.5 E F0(in emacs mode and to)2.5 E F1(#)2.5 E F0
(in vi command mode.)2.5 E F1(completion\255display\255width \(\2551\))
108 264 Q F0 1.453(The number of screen columns used to display possibl\
e matches when performing completion.)144 276 R .193(The v)144 288 R
.193(alue is ignored if it is less than 0 or greater than the terminal \
screen width.)-.25 F 2.694(Av)5.194 G .194(alue of 0 will)-2.944 F
(cause matches to be displayed one per line.)144 300 Q(The def)5 E
(ault v)-.1 E(alue is \2551.)-.25 E F1(completion\255ignor)108 312 Q
(e\255case \(Off\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 324 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,r)C
(eadline performs \214lename matching and completion in a case\255insen\
siti)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.25 H(ashion.).05 E F1
(completion\255map\255case \(Off\))108 336 Q F0 .094(If set to)144 348 R
F1(On)2.593 E F0 2.593(,a)C(nd)-2.593 E F1(completion\255ignor)2.593 E
(e\255case)-.18 E F0 .093(is enabled, readline treats h)2.593 F .093
(yphens \()-.05 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF<ad>A F0 2.593(\)a)C .093
(nd underscores)-2.593 F(\()144 360 Q F2(_)A F0 2.5(\)a)C 2.5(se)-2.5 G
(qui)-2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent when performing case\255insensiti).25 E
.3 -.15(ve \214)-.25 H(lename matching and completion.).15 E F1
(completion\255pr)108 372 Q(e\214x\255display\255length \(0\))-.18 E F0
.829(The length in characters of the common pre\214x of a list of possi\
ble completions that is displayed)144 384 R 1.275
(without modi\214cation.)144 396 R 1.275(When set to a v)6.275 F 1.274
(alue greater than zero, common pre\214x)-.25 F 1.274
(es longer than this)-.15 F -.25(va)144 408 S(lue are replaced with an \
ellipsis when displaying possible completions.).25 E F1
(completion\255query\255items \(100\))108 420 Q F0 .529
(This determines when the user is queried about vie)144 432 R .53
(wing the number of possible completions gen-)-.25 F .561(erated by the)
144 444 R F1(possible\255completions)3.061 E F0 3.061(command. It)3.061
F .561(may be set to an)3.061 F 3.06(yi)-.15 G(nte)-3.06 E .56(ger v)
-.15 F .56(alue greater than or)-.25 F .782(equal to zero.)144 456 R
.783(If the number of possible completions is greater than or equal to \
the v)5.782 F .783(alue of this)-.25 F -.25(va)144 468 S .368
(riable, readline will ask whether or not the user wishes to vie).25 F
2.867(wt)-.25 G .367(hem; otherwise the)-2.867 F 2.867(ya)-.15 G .367
(re simply)-2.867 F .672(listed on the terminal.)144 480 R 3.172(Az)
5.672 G .673(ero v)-3.172 F .673(alue means readline should ne)-.25 F
-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.173(ra).15 G .673(sk; ne)-3.173 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05
E .973 -.15(ve v)-.25 H .673(alues are treated)-.1 F(as zero.)144 492 Q
F1(con)108 504 Q -.1(ve)-.4 G(rt\255meta \(On\)).1 E F0 .613(If set to)
144 516 R F1(On)3.113 E F0 3.113(,r)C .613(eadline will con)-3.113 F
-.15(ve)-.4 G .613(rt characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII k)
.15 F .912 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .612(equence by).15 F .541
(stripping the eighth bit and pre\214xing an escape character \(in ef)
144 528 R .541(fect, using escape as the)-.25 F F2 .542(meta pr)3.042 F
(e-)-.37 E<8c78>144 540 Q F0 3.751(\). The)B(def)3.751 E 1.251(ault is)
-.1 F F2(On)3.751 E F0 3.751(,b)C 1.251(ut readline will set it to)
-3.951 F F2(Of)3.75 E(f)-.18 E F0 1.25
(if the locale contains eight-bit characters.)3.75 F 1.141(This v)144
552 R 1.141(ariable is dependent on the)-.25 F F1(LC_CTYPE)3.641 E F0
1.141(locale cate)3.641 F(gory)-.15 E 3.641(,a)-.65 G 1.142
(nd may change if the locale is)-3.641 F(changed.)144 564 Q F1
(disable\255completion \(Off\))108 576 Q F0 .038(If set to)144 588 R F1
(On)2.538 E F0 2.538(,r)C .038(eadline will inhibit w)-2.538 F .038
(ord completion.)-.1 F .038
(Completion characters will be inserted into the)5.038 F(line as if the)
144 600 Q 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad been mapped to)-2.5 E F1(self-insert)2.5 E F0
(.)A F1(echo\255contr)108 612 Q(ol\255characters \(On\))-.18 E F0 1.21
(When set to)144 624 R F1(On)3.71 E F0 3.71(,o)C 3.71(no)-3.71 G 1.211
(perating systems that indicate the)-3.71 F 3.711(ys)-.15 G 1.211
(upport it, readline echoes a character)-3.711 F
(corresponding to a signal generated from the k)144 636 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G
(board.).15 E F1(editing\255mode \(emacs\))108 648 Q F0 .142
(Controls whether readline be)144 660 R .141(gins with a set of k)-.15 F
.441 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .141(indings similar to).15 F F2(Emacs)2.641 E F0
(or)2.641 E F2(vi)2.641 E F0(.)A F1(editing\255mode)5.141 E F0
(can be set to either)144 672 Q F1(emacs)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(vi)2.5 E
F0(.)A F1(emacs\255mode\255string \(@\))108 684 Q F0 .517(If the)144 696
R F2(show\255mode\255in\255pr)3.017 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 -.25(va)3.017 G
.518(riable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the)
.25 F .622
(last line of the primary prompt when emacs editing mode is acti)144 708
R -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.622(.T).15 G .622(he v)-5.622 F .621(alue is e)-.25 F
.621(xpanded lik)-.15 F 3.121(ea)-.1 G -.1(ke)144 720 S 3.339(yb)-.05 G
.839(inding, so the standard set of meta- and control pre\214x)-3.339 F
.84(es and backslash escape sequences is)-.15 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q
(2022 September 19)135.955 E(44)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.2(av)144 84 S
2.798(ailable. Use)-.05 F .298(the \\1 and \\2 escapes to be)2.798 F
.298(gin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which)-.15 F
(can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.)
144 96 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(enable\255acti)108 108 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G
<ad72>.1 E(egion \(On\))-.18 E F0(The)144 120 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
(point)3.245 E F0 .746(is the current cursor position, and)3.245 F F2
(mark)3.246 E F0 .746(refers to a sa)3.246 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.246(dc).15
G .746(ursor position.)-3.246 F .746(The te)5.746 F .746(xt be-)-.15 F
.344(tween the point and mark is referred to as the)144 132 R F2 -.37
(re)2.844 G(gion)-.03 E F0 5.344(.W)C .344(hen this v)-5.344 F .344
(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(On)2.844 E F0 2.844(,r)C .344(eadline al-)
-2.844 F(lo)144 144 Q .098(ws certain commands to designate the re)-.25
F .098(gion as)-.15 F F2(active)2.598 E F0 5.098(.W)C .098(hen the re)
-5.098 F .098(gion is acti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.598(,r).15 G .098
(eadline high-)-2.598 F .971(lights the te)144 156 R .971(xt in the re)
-.15 F .971(gion using the v)-.15 F .971(alue of the)-.25 F F1(acti)3.47
E -.1(ve)-.1 G<ad72>.1 E(egion\255start\255color)-.18 E F0 3.47(,w)C .97
(hich def)-3.47 F .97(aults to)-.1 F .484
(the string that enables the terminal')144 168 R 2.985(ss)-.55 G .485
(tandout mode.)-2.985 F .485(The acti)5.485 F .785 -.15(ve r)-.25 H -.15
(eg).15 G .485(ion sho).15 F .485(ws the te)-.25 F .485(xt inserted by)
-.15 F(brack)144 180 Q(eted-paste and an)-.1 E 2.5(ym)-.15 G(atching te)
-2.5 E(xt found by incremental and non-incremental history searches.)
-.15 E F1(enable\255brack)108 192 Q(eted\255paste \(On\))-.1 E F0 .841
(When set to)144 204 R F1(On)3.341 E F0 3.341(,r)C .841(eadline con\214\
gures the terminal to insert each paste into the editing b)-3.341 F(uf)
-.2 E .84(fer as a)-.25 F .799(single string of characters, instead of \
treating each character as if it had been read from the k)144 216 R -.15
(ey)-.1 G(-).15 E 3.159(board. This)144 228 R(pre)3.159 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
.659(nts readline from e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .659(cuting an).15 F 3.158
(ye)-.15 G .658(diting commands bound to k)-3.158 F .958 -.15(ey s)-.1 H
.658(equences ap-).15 F(pearing in the pasted te)144 240 Q(xt.)-.15 E F1
(enable\255k)108 252 Q(eypad \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .892(When set to)144 264 R
F1(On)3.393 E F0 3.393(,r)C .893
(eadline will try to enable the application k)-3.393 F -.15(ey)-.1 G
.893(pad when it is called.).15 F .893(Some sys-)5.893 F
(tems need this to enable the arro)144 276 Q 2.5(wk)-.25 G -.15(ey)-2.6
G(s.).15 E F1(enable\255meta\255k)108 288 Q(ey \(On\))-.1 E F0 .64
(When set to)144 300 R F1(On)3.14 E F0 3.14(,r)C .64
(eadline will try to enable an)-3.14 F 3.14(ym)-.15 G .64
(eta modi\214er k)-3.14 F .94 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .64
(he terminal claims to support).15 F(when it is called.)144 312 Q
(On man)5 E 2.5(yt)-.15 G(erminals, the meta k)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ey i)-.1 H
2.5(su).15 G(sed to send eight-bit characters.)-2.5 E F1
(expand\255tilde \(Off\))108 324 Q F0(If set to)144 336 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0
2.5(,t)C(ilde e)-2.5 E(xpansion is performed when readline attempts w)
-.15 E(ord completion.)-.1 E F1(history\255pr)108 348 Q(eser)-.18 E -.1
(ve)-.1 G(\255point \(Off\)).1 E F0 .552(If set to)144 360 R F1(On)3.052
E F0 3.052(,t)C .552(he history code attempts to place point at the sam\
e location on each history line re-)-3.052 F(trie)144 372 Q -.15(ve)-.25
G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(pr)2.5 E -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious-history).15 E
F0(or)2.5 E F1(next-history)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(history\255size \(unset\))
108 384 Q F0 .949(Set the maximum number of history entries sa)144 396 R
-.15(ve)-.2 G 3.448(di).15 G 3.448(nt)-3.448 G .948(he history list.)
-3.448 F .948(If set to zero, an)5.948 F 3.448(ye)-.15 G(xisting)-3.598
E .482(history entries are deleted and no ne)144 408 R 2.982(we)-.25 G
.483(ntries are sa)-2.982 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.983(d. If).15 F .483
(set to a v)2.983 F .483(alue less than zero, the num-)-.25 F .278
(ber of history entries is not limited.)144 420 R .277(By def)5.278 F
.277(ault, the number of history entries is set to the v)-.1 F .277
(alue of)-.25 F(the)144 432 Q F1(HISTSIZE)3.41 E F0 .91(shell v)3.41 F
3.41(ariable. If)-.25 F .911(an attempt is made to set)3.41 F F2
(history\255size)3.411 E F0 .911(to a non-numeric v)3.411 F(alue,)-.25 E
(the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500.)144 444 Q F1
(horizontal\255scr)108 456 Q(oll\255mode \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .449
(When set to)144 468 R F1(On)2.949 E F0 2.949(,m)C(ak)-2.949 E .448
(es readline use a single line for display)-.1 F 2.948(,s)-.65 G .448
(crolling the input horizontally on a)-2.948 F 1.194(single screen line\
 when it becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a\
 ne)144 480 R(w)-.25 E 2.5(line. This)144 492 R
(setting is automatically enabled for terminals of height 1.)2.5 E F1
(input\255meta \(Off\))108 504 Q F0 1.062(If set to)144 516 R F1(On)
3.562 E F0 3.562(,r)C 1.061(eadline will enable eight-bit input \(that \
is, it will not strip the eighth bit from the)-3.562 F .335
(characters it reads\), re)144 528 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .335
(rdless of what the terminal claims it can support.).05 F .336(The name)
5.336 F F1(meta\255\215ag)2.836 E F0(is)2.836 E 2.865(as)144 540 S(ynon)
-2.865 E .365(ym for this v)-.15 F 2.864(ariable. The)-.25 F(def)2.864 E
.364(ault is)-.1 F F2(Of)2.864 E(f)-.18 E F0 2.864(,b)C .364
(ut readline will set it to)-3.064 F F2(On)2.864 E F0 .364
(if the locale contains)2.864 F 1.866(eight-bit characters.)144 552 R
1.866(This v)6.866 F 1.867(ariable is dependent on the)-.25 F F1
(LC_CTYPE)4.367 E F0 1.867(locale cate)4.367 F(gory)-.15 E 4.367(,a)-.65
G 1.867(nd may)-4.367 F(change if the locale is changed.)144 564 Q F1
(isear)108 576 Q(ch\255terminators \(`)-.18 E(`C\255[C\255J')-.63 E('\))
-.63 E F0 .439(The string of characters that should terminate an increm\
ental search without subsequently e)144 588 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E
.934(ing the character as a command.)144 600 R .935(If this v)5.935 F
.935(ariable has not been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.435(nav).15 G .935
(alue, the characters)-3.685 F F2(ESC)3.435 E F0(and)144 612 Q F2
(C\255J)2.5 E F0(will terminate an incremental search.)2.5 E F1 -.1(ke)
108 624 S(ymap \(emacs\)).1 E F0 2.021(Set the current readline k)144
636 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 4.521(map. The).15 F 2.021(set of v)4.521 F 2.021
(alid k)-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.021(map names is).15 F F2 2.02
(emacs, emacs\255standar)4.52 F(d,)-.37 E .041
(emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255command)144 648 R F0 2.542(,a)C
(nd)-2.542 E F2(vi\255insert)2.832 E F0(.).68 E F2(vi)5.042 E F0 .042
(is equi)2.542 F -.25(va)-.25 G .042(lent to).25 F F2(vi\255command)
2.542 E F0(;)A F2(emacs)2.542 E F0 .449(is equi)144 660 R -.25(va)-.25 G
.449(lent to).25 F F2(emacs\255standar)2.949 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.449(.T)C
.449(he def)-5.449 F .449(ault v)-.1 F .449(alue is)-.25 F F2(emacs)
3.139 E F0 2.948(;t).27 G .448(he v)-2.948 F .448(alue of)-.25 F F1
(editing\255mode)2.948 E F0 .448(also af-)2.948 F(fects the def)144 672
Q(ault k)-.1 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(map.).15 E F1 -.1(ke)108 684 S
(yseq\255timeout \(500\)).1 E F0 .367(Speci\214es the duration)144 696 R
F2 -.37(re)2.867 G(adline).37 E F0 .367(will w)2.867 F .367
(ait for a character when reading an ambiguous k)-.1 F .668 -.15(ey s)
-.1 H(equence).15 E .525(\(one that can form a complete k)144 708 R .825
-.15(ey s)-.1 H .524(equence using the input read so f).15 F(ar)-.1 E
3.024(,o)-.4 G 3.024(rc)-3.024 G .524(an tak)-3.024 F 3.024(ea)-.1 G
.524(dditional in-)-3.024 F .806(put to complete a longer k)144 720 R
1.106 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 3.306(equence\). If).15 F .806(no input is recei)
3.306 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.306(dw).15 G .807(ithin the timeout,)-3.306 F
F2 -.37(re)3.307 G(adline).37 E F0(will)3.307 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q
(2022 September 19)135.955 E(45)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .907
(use the shorter b)144 84 R .907(ut complete k)-.2 F 1.207 -.15(ey s)-.1
H 3.407(equence. The).15 F -.25(va)3.407 G .907
(lue is speci\214ed in milliseconds, so a v).25 F .906(alue of)-.25 F
.05(1000 means that)144 96 R/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.37(re)2.55 G
(adline).37 E F0 .05(will w)2.55 F .05
(ait one second for additional input.)-.1 F .05(If this v)5.05 F .05
(ariable is set to a v)-.25 F(alue)-.25 E .051
(less than or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric v)144 108 R(alue,)-.25
E F1 -.37(re)2.551 G(adline).37 E F0 .051(will w)2.551 F .051
(ait until another k)-.1 F .351 -.15(ey i)-.1 H 2.551(sp).15 G(ressed)
-2.551 E(to decide which k)144 120 Q .3 -.15(ey s)-.1 H
(equence to complete.).15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(mark\255dir)108 132 Q
(ectories \(On\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 144 Q F2(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,c)C
(ompleted directory names ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a s)-.2 H(lash appended.)
.15 E F2(mark\255modi\214ed\255lines \(Off\))108 156 Q F0(If set to)144
168 Q F2(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,h)C(istory lines that ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve b)
-.2 H(een modi\214ed are displayed with a preceding asterisk \().15 E F2
(*)A F0(\).)A F2(mark\255symlink)108 180 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E
(ectories \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .175(If set to)144 192 R F2(On)2.675 E F0
2.675(,c)C .175
(ompleted names which are symbolic links to directories ha)-2.675 F .475
-.15(ve a s)-.2 H .175(lash appended \(sub-).15 F(ject to the v)144 204
Q(alue of)-.25 E F2(mark\255dir)2.5 E(ectories)-.18 E F0(\).)A F2
(match\255hidden\255\214les \(On\))108 216 Q F0 .193(This v)144 228 R
.193(ariable, when set to)-.25 F F2(On)2.693 E F0 2.693(,c)C .192
(auses readline to match \214les whose names be)-2.693 F .192
(gin with a `.)-.15 F 2.692('\()-.7 G(hidden)-2.692 E .456
(\214les\) when performing \214lename completion.)144 240 R .456
(If set to)5.456 F F2(Off)2.956 E F0 2.956(,t)C .456(he leading `.)
-2.956 F 2.956('m)-.7 G .457(ust be supplied by the)-2.956 F
(user in the \214lename to be completed.)144 252 Q F2
(menu\255complete\255display\255pr)108 264 Q(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F0
1.586(If set to)144 276 R F2(On)4.086 E F0 4.086(,m)C 1.585(enu complet\
ion displays the common pre\214x of the list of possible completions)
-4.086 F(\(which may be empty\) before c)144 288 Q
(ycling through the list.)-.15 E F2(output\255meta \(Off\))108 300 Q F0
.506(If set to)144 312 R F2(On)3.006 E F0 3.006(,r)C .507(eadline will \
display characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a me\
ta-)-3.006 F(pre\214x)144 324 Q .885(ed escape sequence.)-.15 F .884
(The def)5.884 F .884(ault is)-.1 F F1(Of)3.384 E(f)-.18 E F0 3.384(,b)C
.884(ut readline will set it to)-3.584 F F1(On)3.384 E F0 .884
(if the locale contains)3.384 F 1.866(eight-bit characters.)144 336 R
1.866(This v)6.866 F 1.867(ariable is dependent on the)-.25 F F2
(LC_CTYPE)4.367 E F0 1.867(locale cate)4.367 F(gory)-.15 E 4.367(,a)-.65
G 1.867(nd may)-4.367 F(change if the locale is changed.)144 348 Q F2
(page\255completions \(On\))108 360 Q F0 .809(If set to)144 372 R F2(On)
3.308 E F0 3.308(,r)C .808(eadline uses an internal)-3.308 F F1(mor)
3.308 E(e)-.37 E F0(-lik)A 3.308(ep)-.1 G .808
(ager to display a screenful of possible comple-)-3.308 F
(tions at a time.)144 384 Q F2
(print\255completions\255horizontally \(Off\))108 396 Q F0 .227
(If set to)144 408 R F2(On)2.727 E F0 2.727(,r)C .227(eadline will disp\
lay completions with matches sorted horizontally in alphabetical or)
-2.727 F(-)-.2 E(der)144 420 Q 2.5(,r)-.4 G(ather than do)-2.5 E
(wn the screen.)-.25 E F2 -2.29 -.18(re v)108 432 T
(ert\255all\255at\255newline \(Off\)).08 E F0 .699(If set to)144 444 R
F2(On)3.199 E F0 3.199(,r)C .699
(eadline will undo all changes to history lines before returning when)
-3.199 F F2(accept\255line)3.198 E F0(is)3.198 E -.15(exe)144 456 S
2.686(cuted. By).15 F(def)2.686 E .186
(ault, history lines may be modi\214ed and retain indi)-.1 F .186
(vidual undo lists across calls to)-.25 F F2 -.18(re)144 468 S(adline)
.18 E F0(.)A F2(sho)108 480 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous \(Off\))-.1 E
F0 .304(This alters the def)144 492 R .304(ault beha)-.1 F .304
(vior of the completion functions.)-.2 F .304(If set to)5.304 F F2(On)
2.804 E F0 2.803(,w)C .303(ords which ha)-2.903 F .603 -.15(ve m)-.2 H
(ore).15 E 1.264(than one possible completion cause the matches to be l\
isted immediately instead of ringing the)144 504 R(bell.)144 516 Q F2
(sho)108 528 Q(w\255all\255if\255unmodi\214ed \(Off\))-.1 E F0 5.346
(This alters the def)144 540 R 5.346(ault beha)-.1 F 5.345
(vior of the completion functions in a f)-.2 F 5.345(ashion similar to)
-.1 F F2(sho)144 552 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous)-.1 E F0 6.69(.I)C
4.19(fs)-6.69 G 1.691(et to)-4.19 F F2(On)4.191 E F0 4.191(,w)C 1.691
(ords which ha)-4.291 F 1.991 -.15(ve m)-.2 H 1.691
(ore than one possible completion).15 F 1.04(without an)144 564 R 3.54
(yp)-.15 G 1.039
(ossible partial completion \(the possible completions don')-3.54 F
3.539(ts)-.18 G 1.039(hare a common pre\214x\))-3.539 F(cause the match\
es to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.)144 576 Q F2
(sho)108 588 Q(w\255mode\255in\255pr)-.1 E(ompt \(Off\))-.18 E F0 1.021
(If set to)144 600 R F2(On)3.521 E F0 3.521(,a)C 1.022
(dd a string to the be)-3.521 F 1.022
(ginning of the prompt indicating the editing mode: emacs, vi)-.15 F
(command, or vi insertion.)144 612 Q(The mode strings are user)5 E
(-settable \(e.g.,)-.2 E F1(emacs\255mode\255string)2.5 E F0(\).)A F2
(skip\255completed\255text \(Off\))108 624 Q F0 .095(If set to)144 636 R
F2(On)2.595 E F0 2.595(,t)C .095(his alters the def)-2.595 F .095
(ault completion beha)-.1 F .094
(vior when inserting a single match into the line.)-.2 F(It')144 648 Q
2.545(so)-.55 G .045(nly acti)-2.545 F .345 -.15(ve w)-.25 H .046
(hen performing completion in the middle of a w).15 F 2.546(ord. If)-.1
F .046(enabled, readline does not)2.546 F 1.394(insert characters from \
the completion that match characters after point in the w)144 660 R
1.394(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, so portions of the w)144 672 Q
(ord follo)-.1 E(wing the cursor are not duplicated.)-.25 E F2
(vi\255cmd\255mode\255string \(\(cmd\)\))108 684 Q F0 .517(If the)144
696 R F1(show\255mode\255in\255pr)3.017 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 -.25(va)3.017 G
.518(riable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the)
.25 F .475(last line of the primary prompt when vi editing mode is acti)
144 708 R .775 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .475(nd in command mode.).15 F .475
(The v)5.475 F(alue)-.25 E 1.235(is e)144 720 R 1.235(xpanded lik)-.15 F
3.735(eak)-.1 G 1.535 -.15(ey b)-3.835 H 1.236
(inding, so the standard set of meta- and control pre\214x).15 F 1.236
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
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(escape sequences is a)144 84 R -.25(va)-.2 G 2.815(ilable. Use).25 F
.314(the \\1 and \\2 escapes to be)2.815 F .314
(gin and end sequences of non-print-)-.15 F(ing characters, which can b\
e used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.)144 96
Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(vi\255ins\255mode\255string \(\(ins\)\))108 108
Q F0 .517(If the)144 120 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
(show\255mode\255in\255pr)3.017 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 -.25(va)3.017 G .518
(riable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the).25
F .186(last line of the primary prompt when vi editing mode is acti)144
132 R .486 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .186(nd in insertion mode.).15 F .186(The v)
5.186 F .186(alue is)-.25 F -.15(ex)144 144 S .923(panded lik).15 F
3.423(eak)-.1 G 1.223 -.15(ey b)-3.523 H .924
(inding, so the standard set of meta- and control pre\214x).15 F .924
(es and backslash es-)-.15 F .245(cape sequences is a)144 156 R -.25(va)
-.2 G 2.745(ilable. Use).25 F .244(the \\1 and \\2 escapes to be)2.745 F
.244(gin and end sequences of non-printing)-.15 F(characters, which can\
 be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.)144
168 Q F1(visible\255stats \(Off\))108 180 Q F0 .846(If set to)144 192 R
F1(On)3.346 E F0 3.346(,ac)C .846(haracter denoting a \214le')-3.346 F
3.346(st)-.55 G .846(ype as reported by)-3.346 F F2(stat)3.346 E F0 .846
(\(2\) is appended to the \214lename)B
(when listing possible completions.)144 204 Q F1
(Readline Conditional Constructs)87 220.8 Q F0 .05
(Readline implements a f)108 232.8 R .05(acility similar in spirit to t\
he conditional compilation features of the C preprocessor)-.1 F .096
(which allo)108 244.8 R .096(ws k)-.25 F .396 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .096
(indings and v).15 F .096
(ariable settings to be performed as the result of tests.)-.25 F .097
(There are four parser)5.096 F(directi)108 256.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
(su).15 G(sed.)-2.5 E F1($if)108 273.6 Q F0(The)144 273.6 Q F1($if)2.963
E F0 .463(construct allo)2.963 F .462(ws bindings to be made based on t\
he editing mode, the terminal being used,)-.25 F
(or the application using readline.)144 285.6 Q(The te)5 E
(xt of the test, after an)-.15 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(omparison operator)-2.5 E
(,)-.4 E -.15(ex)146.5 297.6 S(tends to the end of the line; unless oth\
erwise noted, no characters are required to isolate it.).15 E F1(mode)
144 314.4 Q F0(The)180 314.4 Q F1(mode=)3.711 E F0 1.211(form of the)
3.711 F F1($if)3.711 E F0(directi)3.711 E 1.511 -.15(ve i)-.25 H 3.711
(su).15 G 1.211(sed to test whether readline is in emacs or vi)-3.711 F
3.065(mode. This)180 326.4 R .565(may be used in conjunction with the)
3.065 F F1 .565(set k)3.065 F(eymap)-.1 E F0 .565
(command, for instance, to)3.065 F .735(set bindings in the)180 338.4 R
F2(emacs\255standar)3.235 E(d)-.37 E F0(and)3.235 E F2(emacs\255ctlx)
3.235 E F0 -.1(ke)3.235 G .735(ymaps only if readline is starting)-.05 F
(out in emacs mode.)180 350.4 Q F1(term)144 367.2 Q F0(The)180 367.2 Q
F1(term=)3.197 E F0 .696
(form may be used to include terminal-speci\214c k)3.197 F .996 -.15
(ey b)-.1 H .696(indings, perhaps to bind).15 F .654(the k)180 379.2 R
.954 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .654(equences output by the terminal').15 F 3.154
(sf)-.55 G .654(unction k)-3.154 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 3.154(s. The).15 F -.1
(wo)3.154 G .654(rd on the right side of).1 F(the)180 391.2 Q F1(=)3.232
E F0 .732(is tested ag)3.232 F .732(ainst both the full name of the ter\
minal and the portion of the terminal)-.05 F(name before the \214rst)180
403.2 Q F1<ad>2.5 E F0 5(.T)C(his allo)-5 E(ws)-.25 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0
(to match both)2.74 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0(and)2.74 E F2(sun\255cmd)2.84 E
F0 2.5(,f).77 G(or instance.)-2.5 E F1 -.1(ve)144 420 S(rsion).1 E F0
(The)180 432 Q F1 -.1(ve)3.108 G(rsion).1 E F0 .608
(test may be used to perform comparisons ag)3.108 F .609
(ainst speci\214c readline v)-.05 F(ersions.)-.15 E(The)180 444 Q F1 -.1
(ve)2.772 G(rsion).1 E F0 -.15(ex)2.772 G .272
(pands to the current readline v).15 F 2.771(ersion. The)-.15 F .271
(set of comparison operators in-)2.771 F(cludes)180 456 Q F1(=)3.063 E
F0 3.063(,\()C(and)-3.063 E F1(==)3.063 E F0(\),)A F1(!=)3.063 E F0(,)A
F1(<=)3.063 E F0(,)A F1(>=)3.063 E F0(,)A F1(<)3.063 E F0 3.063(,a)C(nd)
-3.063 E F1(>)3.064 E F0 5.564(.T)C .564(he v)-5.564 F .564
(ersion number supplied on the right side)-.15 F .318
(of the operator consists of a major v)180 468 R .318(ersion number)-.15
F 2.818(,a)-.4 G 2.818(no)-2.818 G .318
(ptional decimal point, and an op-)-2.818 F .1(tional minor v)180 480 R
.1(ersion \(e.g.,)-.15 F F1(7.1)2.6 E F0 .1(\). If the minor v)B .101
(ersion is omitted, it is assumed to be)-.15 F F1(0)2.601 E F0 5.101(.T)
C(he)-5.101 E .06(operator may be separated from the string)180 492 R F1
-.1(ve)2.56 G(rsion).1 E F0 .06(and from the v)2.56 F .06
(ersion number ar)-.15 F(gument)-.18 E(by whitespace.)180 504 Q F1
(application)144 520.8 Q F0(The)180 532.8 Q F1(application)3.003 E F0
.503(construct is used to include application-speci\214c settings.)3.003
F .503(Each program)5.503 F .114(using the readline library sets the)180
544.8 R F2 .114(application name)2.614 F F0 2.614(,a)C .114
(nd an initialization \214le can test for a)-2.614 F .5(particular v)180
556.8 R 3(alue. This)-.25 F .501(could be used to bind k)3 F .801 -.15
(ey s)-.1 H .501(equences to functions useful for a spe-).15 F .397
(ci\214c program.)180 568.8 R -.15(Fo)5.397 G 2.896(ri).15 G .396
(nstance, the follo)-2.896 F .396(wing command adds a k)-.25 F .696 -.15
(ey s)-.1 H .396(equence that quotes the).15 F(current or pre)180 580.8
Q(vious w)-.25 E(ord in)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(:)A F1($if)180 604.8 Q F0
(Bash)2.5 E 2.5(#Q)180 616.8 S(uote the current or pre)-2.5 E(vious w)
-.25 E(ord)-.1 E("\\C\255xq": "\\eb\\"\\ef\\"")180 628.8 Q F1($endif)180
640.8 Q F2(variable)144 657.6 Q F0(The)180 669.6 Q F2(variable)3.776 E
F0 1.276(construct pro)3.776 F 1.276
(vides simple equality tests for readline v)-.15 F 1.277(ariables and v)
-.25 F(alues.)-.25 E .08(The permitted comparison operators are)180
681.6 R F2(=)2.579 E F0(,)A F2(==)2.579 E F0 2.579(,a)C(nd)-2.579 E F2
(!=)2.579 E F0 5.079(.T)C .079(he v)-5.079 F .079
(ariable name must be sepa-)-.25 F .98(rated from the comparison operat\
or by whitespace; the operator may be separated from)180 693.6 R .13
(the v)180 705.6 R .13(alue on the right hand side by whitespace.)-.25 F
.129(Both string and boolean v)5.129 F .129(ariables may be)-.25 F
(tested. Boolean v)180 717.6 Q(ariables must be tested ag)-.25 E
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
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SF($endif)108 84 Q F0(This command, as seen in the pre)144 84 Q(vious e)
-.25 E(xample, terminates an)-.15 E F1($if)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1
($else)108 100.8 Q F0(Commands in this branch of the)144 100.8 Q F1($if)
2.5 E F0(directi)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(re e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuted if the test f).15 E(ails.)-.1 E F1($include)108 117.6 Q F0 .356
(This directi)144 129.6 R .656 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(ak).15 E .356
(es a single \214lename as an ar)-.1 F .357
(gument and reads commands and bindings from that)-.18 F 2.5(\214le. F)
144 141.6 R(or e)-.15 E(xample, the follo)-.15 E(wing directi)-.25 E .3
-.15(ve w)-.25 H(ould read).05 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(/etc/inputr)2.5
E(c)-.37 E F0(:)A F1($include)144 165.6 Q F2(/etc/inputr)5.833 E(c)-.37
E F1(Sear)87 182.4 Q(ching)-.18 E F0 .835(Readline pro)108 194.4 R .835
(vides commands for searching through the command history \(see)-.15 F
/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.334 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0(belo)3.084 E
.834(w\) for lines)-.25 F(containing a speci\214ed string.)108 206.4 Q
(There are tw)5 E 2.5(os)-.1 G(earch modes:)-2.5 E F2(incr)2.51 E
(emental)-.37 E F0(and)3.01 E F2(non-incr)2.86 E(emental)-.37 E F0(.).51
E .697(Incremental searches be)108 223.2 R .697
(gin before the user has \214nished typing the search string.)-.15 F
.698(As each character of the)5.698 F .113
(search string is typed, readline displays the ne)108 235.2 R .112
(xt entry from the history matching the string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1
E 5.112(.A)-.55 G(n)-5.112 E .542
(incremental search requires only as man)108 247.2 R 3.042(yc)-.15 G
.542(haracters as needed to \214nd the desired history entry)-3.042 F
5.542(.T)-.65 G .542(he char)-5.542 F(-)-.2 E .224
(acters present in the v)108 259.2 R .224(alue of the)-.25 F F1(isear)
2.724 E(ch-terminators)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)2.724 G .224
(riable are used to terminate an incremental search.).25 F .66
(If that v)108 271.2 R .66(ariable has not been assigned a v)-.25 F .66
(alue the Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incre-)-.25
F .097(mental search.)108 283.2 R .096(Control-G will abort an incremen\
tal search and restore the original line.)5.097 F .096
(When the search is)5.096 F(terminated, the history entry containing th\
e search string becomes the current line.)108 295.2 Q 2.938 -.8(To \214)
108 312 T 1.339(nd other matching entries in the history list, type Con\
trol-S or Control-R as appropriate.).8 F 1.339(This will)6.339 F .675
(search backw)108 324 R .675(ard or forw)-.1 F .675
(ard in the history for the ne)-.1 F .674
(xt entry matching the search string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1 E 5.674
(.A)-.55 G -.15(ny)-5.674 G .174(other k)108 336 R .474 -.15(ey s)-.1 H
.174
(equence bound to a readline command will terminate the search and e).15
F -.15(xe)-.15 G .175(cute that command.).15 F -.15(Fo)5.175 G(r).15 E
.541(instance, a)108 348 R F2(ne)3.041 E(wline)-.15 E F0 .541
(will terminate the search and accept the line, thereby e)3.041 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G .54(cuting the command from the).15 F(history list.)108 360 Q
.653(Readline remembers the last incremental search string.)108 376.8 R
.653(If tw)5.653 F 3.153(oC)-.1 G .653(ontrol-Rs are typed without an)
-3.153 F 3.153(yi)-.15 G(nterv)-3.153 E(en-)-.15 E
(ing characters de\214ning a ne)108 388.8 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G
(earch string, an)-2.5 E 2.5(yr)-.15 G(emembered search string is used.)
-2.5 E .567(Non-incremental searches read the entire search string befo\
re starting to search for matching history lines.)108 405.6 R(The searc\
h string may be typed by the user or be part of the contents of the cur\
rent line.)108 417.6 Q F1(Readline Command Names)87 434.4 Q F0 1.391
(The follo)108 446.4 R 1.391
(wing is a list of the names of the commands and the def)-.25 F 1.391
(ault k)-.1 F 1.691 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.391(equences to which the).15 F
3.892(ya)-.15 G(re)-3.892 E 2.622(bound. Command)108 458.4 R .122
(names without an accompan)2.622 F .122(ying k)-.15 F .421 -.15(ey s)-.1
H .121(equence are unbound by def).15 F 2.621(ault. In)-.1 F .121
(the follo)2.621 F(wing)-.25 E(descriptions,)108 470.4 Q F2(point)3.41 E
F0 .91(refers to the current cursor position, and)3.41 F F2(mark)3.411 E
F0 .911(refers to a cursor position sa)3.411 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.411(db)
.15 G 3.411(yt)-3.411 G(he)-3.411 E F1(set\255mark)108 482.4 Q F0 2.5
(command. The)2.5 F(te)2.5 E
(xt between the point and mark is referred to as the)-.15 E F2 -.37(re)
2.5 G(gion)-.03 E F0(.)A F1(Commands f)87 499.2 Q(or Mo)-.25 E(ving)-.1
E(beginning\255of\255line \(C\255a\))108 511.2 Q F0(Mo)144 523.2 Q .3
-.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he start of the current line.)-2.5 E F1
(end\255of\255line \(C\255e\))108 535.2 Q F0(Mo)144 547.2 Q .3 -.15
(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the line.)-2.5 E F1 -.25(fo)108
559.2 S(rward\255char \(C\255f\)).25 E F0(Mo)144 571.2 Q .3 -.15(ve f)
-.15 H(orw).15 E(ard a character)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F1
(backward\255char \(C\255b\))108 583.2 Q F0(Mo)144 595.2 Q .3 -.15(ve b)
-.15 H(ack a character).15 E(.)-.55 E F1 -.25(fo)108 607.2 S(rward\255w)
.25 E(ord \(M\255f\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 619.2 Q .823 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw)
.15 E .523(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .523(xt w)-.15 F 3.023(ord. W)
-.1 F .522(ords are composed of alphanumeric characters \(let-)-.8 F
(ters and digits\).)144 631.2 Q F1(backward\255w)108 643.2 Q
(ord \(M\255b\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 655.2 Q 1.71 -.15(ve b)-.15 H 1.41
(ack to the start of the current or pre).15 F 1.41(vious w)-.25 F 3.91
(ord. W)-.1 F 1.41(ords are composed of alphanumeric)-.8 F
(characters \(letters and digits\).)144 667.2 Q F1(shell\255f)108 679.2
Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Mo)144 691.2 Q .784 -.15(ve f)-.15 H
(orw).15 E .484(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .484(xt w)-.15 F 2.984
(ord. W)-.1 F .484(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharac-)
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SF(shell\255backward\255w)108 84 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Mo)144 96 Q .908 -.15
(ve b)-.15 H .609(ack to the start of the current or pre).15 F .609
(vious w)-.25 F 3.109(ord. W)-.1 F .609
(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell)-.8 F(metacharacters.)144 108 Q
F1(pr)108 120 Q -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious\255scr).15 E(een\255line)-.18 E F0
.891(Attempt to mo)144 132 R 1.191 -.15(ve p)-.15 H .891
(oint to the same ph).15 F .891(ysical screen column on the pre)-.05 F
.89(vious ph)-.25 F .89(ysical screen line.)-.05 F 1.055
(This will not ha)144 144 R 1.355 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.055(he desired ef)
.15 F 1.056(fect if the current readline line does not tak)-.25 F 3.556
(eu)-.1 G 3.556(pm)-3.556 G 1.056(ore than one)-3.556 F(ph)144 156 Q(ys\
ical line or if point is not greater than the length of the prompt plus\
 the screen width.)-.05 E F1(next\255scr)108 168 Q(een\255line)-.18 E F0
.638(Attempt to mo)144 180 R .938 -.15(ve p)-.15 H .638
(oint to the same ph).15 F .637(ysical screen column on the ne)-.05 F
.637(xt ph)-.15 F .637(ysical screen line. This)-.05 F .194(will not ha)
144 192 R .494 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .194(he desired ef).15 F .194
(fect if the current readline line does not tak)-.25 F 2.695(eu)-.1 G
2.695(pm)-2.695 G .195(ore than one ph)-2.695 F(ysical)-.05 E .164(line\
 or if the length of the current readline line is not greater than the \
length of the prompt plus the)144 204 R(screen width.)144 216 Q F1
(clear\255display \(M\255C\255l\))108 228 Q F0 1.498
(Clear the screen and, if possible, the terminal')144 240 R 3.999(ss)
-.55 G 1.499(crollback b)-3.999 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 3.999(,t)-.4 G
1.499(hen redra)-3.999 F 3.999(wt)-.15 G 1.499(he current line,)-3.999 F
(lea)144 252 Q(ving the current line at the top of the screen.)-.2 E F1
(clear\255scr)108 264 Q(een \(C\255l\))-.18 E F0 1.36
(Clear the screen, then redra)144 276 R 3.86(wt)-.15 G 1.36
(he current line, lea)-3.86 F 1.36
(ving the current line at the top of the screen.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)144 288 S
(th an ar).4 E
(gument, refresh the current line without clearing the screen.)-.18 E F1
-.18(re)108 300 S(draw\255curr).18 E(ent\255line)-.18 E F0
(Refresh the current line.)144 312 Q F1(Commands f)87 328.8 Q
(or Manipulating the History)-.25 E(accept\255line \(Newline, Retur)108
340.8 Q(n\))-.15 E F0 .158(Accept the line re)144 352.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 G
.158(rdless of where the cursor is.).05 F .158
(If this line is non-empty)5.158 F 2.659(,a)-.65 G .159
(dd it to the history list)-2.659 F .699(according to the state of the)
144 364.8 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTCONTR)3.199 E(OL)-.27 E F0 -.25(va)
2.949 G 3.199(riable. If).25 F .699
(the line is a modi\214ed history line, then)3.199 F
(restore the history line to its original state.)144 376.8 Q F1(pr)108
388.8 Q -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious\255history \(C\255p\)).15 E F0
(Fetch the pre)144 400.8 Q(vious command from the history list, mo)-.25
E(ving back in the list.)-.15 E F1(next\255history \(C\255n\))108 412.8
Q F0(Fetch the ne)144 424.8 Q(xt command from the history list, mo)-.15
E(ving forw)-.15 E(ard in the list.)-.1 E F1
(beginning\255of\255history \(M\255<\))108 436.8 Q F0(Mo)144 448.8 Q .3
-.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he \214rst line in the history)-2.5 E(.)
-.65 E F1(end\255of\255history \(M\255>\))108 460.8 Q F0(Mo)144 472.8 Q
.3 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the input history)-2.5 E 2.5
(,i)-.65 G(.e., the line currently being entered.)-2.5 E F1
(operate\255and\255get\255next \(C\255o\))108 484.8 Q F0 .947
(Accept the current line for e)144 496.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .948
(cution and fetch the ne).15 F .948(xt line relati)-.15 F 1.248 -.15
(ve t)-.25 H 3.448(ot).15 G .948(he current line from the)-3.448 F .73
(history for editing.)144 508.8 R 3.23(An)5.73 G .73(umeric ar)-3.23 F
.729
(gument, if supplied, speci\214es the history entry to use instead of)
-.18 F(the current line.)144 520.8 Q F1(fetch\255history)108 532.8 Q F0
-.4(Wi)144 544.8 S .256(th a numeric ar).4 F .256
(gument, fetch that entry from the history list and mak)-.18 F 2.757(ei)
-.1 G 2.757(tt)-2.757 G .257(he current line.)-2.757 F -.4(Wi)5.257 G
(th-).4 E(out an ar)144 556.8 Q(gument, mo)-.18 E .3 -.15(ve b)-.15 H
(ack to the \214rst entry in the history list.).15 E F1 -2.29 -.18(re v)
108 568.8 T(erse\255sear).08 E(ch\255history \(C\255r\))-.18 E F0 1.471
(Search backw)144 580.8 R 1.471(ard starting at the current line and mo)
-.1 F 1.47(ving `up' through the history as necessary)-.15 F(.)-.65 E
(This is an incremental search.)144 592.8 Q F1 -.25(fo)108 604.8 S
(rward\255sear).25 E(ch\255history \(C\255s\))-.18 E F0 1.131
(Search forw)144 616.8 R 1.131(ard starting at the current line and mo)
-.1 F 1.132(ving `do)-.15 F 1.132(wn' through the history as necessary)
-.25 F(.)-.65 E(This is an incremental search.)144 628.8 Q F1
(non\255incr)108 640.8 Q(emental\255r)-.18 E -2.3 -.15(ev e)-.18 H
(rse\255sear).15 E(ch\255history \(M\255p\))-.18 E F0 .165(Search backw)
144 652.8 R .164(ard through the history starting at the current line u\
sing a non-incremental search for)-.1 F 2.5(as)144 664.8 S
(tring supplied by the user)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1(non\255incr)108 676.8 Q
(emental\255f)-.18 E(orward\255sear)-.25 E(ch\255history \(M\255n\))-.18
E F0 1.353(Search forw)144 688.8 R 1.354(ard through the history using \
a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the)-.1 F(user)144
700.8 Q(.)-.55 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(49)
185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(history\255sear)108 84 Q(ch\255f)-.18 E(orward)-.25 E F0 .249
(Search forw)144 96 R .249(ard through the history for the string of ch\
aracters between the start of the current line)-.1 F(and the point.)144
108 Q(This is a non-incremental search.)5 E F1(history\255sear)108 120 Q
(ch\255backward)-.18 E F0 .95(Search backw)144 132 R .951(ard through t\
he history for the string of characters between the start of the curren\
t)-.1 F(line and the point.)144 144 Q(This is a non-incremental search.)
5 E F1(history\255substring\255sear)108 156 Q(ch\255backward)-.18 E F0
.951(Search backw)144 168 R .951(ard through the history for the string\
 of characters between the start of the current)-.1 F .007
(line and the current cursor position \(the)144 180 R/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(point)2.507 E F0 2.507(\). The)B .007
(search string may match an)2.507 F .007(ywhere in a history)-.15 F 2.5
(line. This)144 192 R(is a non-incremental search.)2.5 E F1
(history\255substring\255sear)108 204 Q(ch\255f)-.18 E(orward)-.25 E F0
.249(Search forw)144 216 R .249(ard through the history for the string \
of characters between the start of the current line)-.1 F .318
(and the point.)144 228 R .319(The search string may match an)5.318 F
.319(ywhere in a history line.)-.15 F .319(This is a non-incremental)
5.319 F(search.)144 240 Q F1(yank\255nth\255ar)108 252 Q 2.5(g\()-.1 G
<4dad43ad7929>-2.5 E F0 .622(Insert the \214rst ar)144 264 R .622
(gument to the pre)-.18 F .622(vious command \(usually the second w)-.25
F .622(ord on the pre)-.1 F .622(vious line\))-.25 F .772(at point.)144
276 R -.4(Wi)5.773 G .773(th an ar).4 F(gument)-.18 E F2(n)3.633 E F0
3.273(,i).24 G .773(nsert the)-3.273 F F2(n)3.273 E F0 .773(th w)B .773
(ord from the pre)-.1 F .773(vious command \(the w)-.25 F .773
(ords in the)-.1 F(pre)144 288 Q .292(vious command be)-.25 F .292
(gin with w)-.15 F .291(ord 0\).)-.1 F 2.791(An)5.291 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)
-2.791 H(ti).15 E .591 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .291
(ument inserts the).18 F F2(n)2.791 E F0 .291(th w)B .291
(ord from the end of)-.1 F .281(the pre)144 300 R .281(vious command.)
-.25 F .281(Once the ar)5.281 F(gument)-.18 E F2(n)2.781 E F0 .281
(is computed, the ar)2.781 F .281(gument is e)-.18 F .282
(xtracted as if the "!)-.15 F F2(n)A F0(")A(history e)144 312 Q
(xpansion had been speci\214ed.)-.15 E F1(yank\255last\255ar)108 324 Q
2.5(g\()-.1 G -1.667(M\255. ,)-2.5 F -1.667(M\255_ \))2.5 F F0 1.308
(Insert the last ar)144 336 R 1.308(gument to the pre)-.18 F 1.307
(vious command \(the last w)-.25 F 1.307(ord of the pre)-.1 F 1.307
(vious history entry\).)-.25 F -.4(Wi)144 348 S .203(th a numeric ar).4
F .203(gument, beha)-.18 F .504 -.15(ve ex)-.2 H .204(actly lik).15 F(e)
-.1 E F1(yank\255nth\255ar)2.704 E(g)-.1 E F0 5.204(.S)C(uccessi)-5.204
E .504 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .204(alls to).15 F F1(yank\255last\255ar)2.704 E
(g)-.1 E F0(mo)144 360 Q .807 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .507
(ack through the history list, inserting the last w).15 F .507
(ord \(or the w)-.1 F .507(ord speci\214ed by the ar)-.1 F(gument)-.18 E
.416(to the \214rst call\) of each line in turn.)144 372 R(An)5.416 E
2.916(yn)-.15 G .416(umeric ar)-2.916 F .416
(gument supplied to these successi)-.18 F .716 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .416
(alls de-).15 F 1.218(termines the direction to mo)144 384 R 1.518 -.15
(ve t)-.15 H 1.218(hrough the history).15 F 6.218(.A)-.65 G(ne)-2.5 E
-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.517 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.217
(ument switches the direction).18 F .494
(through the history \(back or forw)144 396 R 2.994(ard\). The)-.1 F
.494(history e)2.994 F .494(xpansion f)-.15 F .494
(acilities are used to e)-.1 F .494(xtract the last)-.15 F -.1(wo)144
408 S(rd, as if the "!$" history e).1 E(xpansion had been speci\214ed.)
-.15 E F1(shell\255expand\255line \(M\255C\255e\))108 420 Q F0 .623
(Expand the line as the shell does.)144 432 R .622
(This performs alias and history e)5.622 F .622
(xpansion as well as all of the)-.15 F(shell w)144 444 Q(ord e)-.1 E 2.5
(xpansions. See)-.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)2.5 E(OR)-.162 E 2.25
(YE)-.315 G(XP)-2.25 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)2.25 E 2.5(wf)-.25 G
(or a description of history e)-2.5 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F1
(history\255expand\255line \(M\255^\))108 456 Q F0 .938
(Perform history e)144 468 R .939(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F
(See)5.939 E F3(HIST)3.439 E(OR)-.162 E 3.189(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.189 E
(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.189 E 3.439(wf)-.25 G .939(or a descrip-)
-3.439 F(tion of history e)144 480 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(magic\255space)
108 492 Q F0 .438(Perform history e)144 504 R .438
(xpansion on the current line and insert a space.)-.15 F(See)5.437 E F3
(HIST)2.937 E(OR)-.162 E 2.687(YE)-.315 G(XP)-2.687 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0
(be-)2.687 E(lo)144 516 Q 2.5(wf)-.25 G(or a description of history e)
-2.5 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(alias\255expand\255line)108 528 Q F0 .394
(Perform alias e)144 540 R .394(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F
(See)5.395 E F3(ALIASES)2.895 E F0(abo)2.645 E .695 -.15(ve f)-.15 H
.395(or a description of alias e).15 F(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)144 552 Q F1
(history\255and\255alias\255expand\255line)108 564 Q F0
(Perform history and alias e)144 576 Q(xpansion on the current line.)
-.15 E F1(insert\255last\255ar)108 588 Q(gument \(M\255.)-.1 E 2.5(,M)
.833 G -1.667(\255_ \))-2.5 F F0 2.5(As)144 600 S(ynon)-2.5 E(ym for)
-.15 E F1(yank\255last\255ar)2.5 E(g)-.1 E F0(.)A F1
(edit\255and\255execute\255command \(C\255x C\255e\))108 612 Q F0(In)144
624 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G .347 -.1(ke a).2 H 2.647(ne).1 G .146
(ditor on the current command line, and e)-2.647 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .146
(cute the result as shell commands.).15 F F1(Bash)5.146 E F0(at-)2.646 E
(tempts to in)144 636 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F3($VISU)2.6 E(AL)-.54
E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3($EDIT)2.25 E(OR)-.162 E F4(,)A F0(and)
2.25 E F2(emacs)2.5 E F0(as the editor)2.5 E 2.5(,i)-.4 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G
(hat order)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1(Commands f)87 652.8 Q(or Changing T)-.25 E
(ext)-.92 E F2(end\255of\255\214le)108 664.8 Q F1(\(usually C\255d\))2.5
E F0 .798(The character indicating end-of-\214le as set, for e)144 676.8
R .799(xample, by)-.15 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF(stty)3.299 E F0 5.799(.I)C
3.299(ft)-5.799 G .799(his character is read when)-3.299 F .167
(there are no characters on the line, and point is at the be)144 688.8 R
.167(ginning of the line, readline interprets it as)-.15 F
(the end of input and returns)144 700.8 Q F3(EOF)2.5 E F4(.)A F0
(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(50)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(delete\255char \(C\255d\))108 84 Q F0 .441
(Delete the character at point.)144 96 R .442
(If this function is bound to the same character as the tty)5.441 F F1
(EOF)2.942 E F0(char)2.942 E(-)-.2 E(acter)144 108 Q 2.5(,a)-.4 G(s)-2.5
E F1(C\255d)2.5 E F0(commonly is, see abo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.15 H
(or the ef).15 E(fects.)-.25 E F1(backward\255delete\255char \(Rubout\))
108 120 Q F0 .553(Delete the character behind the cursor)144 132 R 5.553
(.W)-.55 G .553(hen gi)-5.553 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.053(nan).15 G .553
(umeric ar)-3.053 F .552(gument, sa)-.18 F .852 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .552
(he deleted te).15 F .552(xt on)-.15 F(the kill ring.)144 144 Q F1 -.25
(fo)108 156 S(rward\255backward\255delete\255char).25 E F0 .473
(Delete the character under the cursor)144 168 R 2.973(,u)-.4 G .474
(nless the cursor is at the end of the line, in which case the)-2.973 F
(character behind the cursor is deleted.)144 180 Q F1
(quoted\255insert \(C\255q, C\255v\))108 192 Q F0 .779(Add the ne)144
204 R .779(xt character typed to the line v)-.15 F 3.279(erbatim. This)
-.15 F .779(is ho)3.279 F 3.279(wt)-.25 G 3.279(oi)-3.279 G .779
(nsert characters lik)-3.279 F(e)-.1 E F1(C\255q)3.278 E F0 3.278(,f)C
(or)-3.278 E -.15(ex)144 216 S(ample.).15 E F1(tab\255insert \(C\255v T)
108 228 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0(Insert a tab character)144 240 Q(.)-.55 E F1
(self\255insert \(a, b, A, 1, !, ...\))108 252 Q F0
(Insert the character typed.)144 264 Q F1(transpose\255chars \(C\255t\))
108 276 Q F0 .321(Drag the character before point forw)144 288 R .321
(ard o)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.821(rt).15 G .321
(he character at point, mo)-2.821 F .322(ving point forw)-.15 F .322
(ard as well.)-.1 F .372
(If point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the tw)144 300
R 2.872(oc)-.1 G .372(haracters before point.)-2.872 F(Ne)5.372 E -.05
(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .672 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.2(r-).15 G(guments ha)144
312 Q .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G(ect.).25 E F1
(transpose\255w)108 324 Q(ords \(M\255t\))-.1 E F0 .023(Drag the w)144
336 R .023(ord before point past the w)-.1 F .023(ord after point, mo)
-.1 F .023(ving point o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.524(rt).15 G .024(hat w)
-2.524 F .024(ord as well.)-.1 F .024(If point)5.024 F
(is at the end of the line, this transposes the last tw)144 348 Q 2.5
(ow)-.1 G(ords on the line.)-2.6 E F1(upcase\255w)108 360 Q
(ord \(M\255u\))-.1 E F0 1.699(Uppercase the current \(or follo)144 372
R 1.698(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.198(ord. W)-.1 F 1.698(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)
-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.998 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.698
(ument, uppercase the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 384 S(rd, b).1 E
(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(do)108 396 Q
(wncase\255w)-.1 E(ord \(M\255l\))-.1 E F0(Lo)144 408 Q 1.647
(wercase the current \(or follo)-.25 F 1.647(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.147
(ord. W)-.1 F 1.648(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.948 -.15
(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.648(ument, lo).18 F 1.648(wercase the pre)
-.25 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 420 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3
-.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(capitalize\255w)108 432 Q
(ord \(M\255c\))-.1 E F0 1.975(Capitalize the current \(or follo)144 444
R 1.974(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.474(ord. W)-.1 F 1.974(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)
-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.274 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.974
(ument, capitalize the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 456 S(rd, b).1
E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1 -.1(ove)108 468
S(rwrite\255mode).1 E F0 -.8(To)144 480 S .437(ggle o).8 F -.15(ve)-.15
G .437(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4(Wi)5.437 G .437(th an e).4 F .437
(xplicit positi)-.15 F .738 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .438(umeric ar).15 F .438
(gument, switches to o)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .438(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4
(Wi)144 492 S .781(th an e).4 F .781(xplicit non-positi)-.15 F 1.081
-.15(ve n)-.25 H .781(umeric ar).15 F .781
(gument, switches to insert mode.)-.18 F .78(This command af)5.781 F
(fects)-.25 E(only)144 504 Q F1(emacs)4.394 E F0(mode;)4.394 E F1(vi)
4.394 E F0 1.894(mode does o)4.394 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.894(rwrite dif).15
F(ferently)-.25 E 6.894(.E)-.65 G 1.894(ach call to)-6.894 F/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF -.37(re)4.395 G(adline\(\)).37 E F0 1.895
(starts in insert)4.395 F 3.969(mode. In)144 516 R -.15(ove)3.969 G
1.469(rwrite mode, characters bound to).15 F F1(self\255insert)3.969 E
F0 1.468(replace the te)3.969 F 1.468(xt at point rather than)-.15 F
.957(pushing the te)144 528 R .957(xt to the right.)-.15 F .958
(Characters bound to)5.957 F F1(backward\255delete\255char)3.458 E F0
.958(replace the character)3.458 F(before point with a space.)144 540 Q
(By def)5 E(ault, this command is unbound.)-.1 E F1(Killing and Y)87
556.8 Q(anking)-.85 E(kill\255line \(C\255k\))108 568.8 Q F0
(Kill the te)144 580.8 Q(xt from point to the end of the line.)-.15 E F1
(backward\255kill\255line \(C\255x Rubout\))108 592.8 Q F0(Kill backw)
144 604.8 Q(ard to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E F1
(unix\255line\255discard \(C\255u\))108 616.8 Q F0(Kill backw)144 628.8
Q(ard from point to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E
(The killed te)5 E(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt)
-2.5 G(he kill-ring.)-2.5 E F1(kill\255whole\255line)108 640.8 Q F0
(Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.)144
652.8 Q F1(kill\255w)108 664.8 Q(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0 .729
(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 676.8 R .728
(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .728(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .728
(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 688.8 S
(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1 -.25(fo)2.5 G
(rward\255w).25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(backward\255kill\255w)108 700.8 Q
(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0(Kill the w)144 712.8 Q(ord behind point.)
-.1 E -.8(Wo)5 G(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1
(backward\255w)2.5 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(shell\255kill\255w)108 84 Q(ord)-.1 E F0 .728
(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 96 R .729
(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .729(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .729
(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 108 S
(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1(shell\255f)2.5 E
(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255backward\255kill\255w)
108 120 Q(ord)-.1 E F0 3.025(Kill the w)144 132 R 3.025
(ord behind point.)-.1 F -.8(Wo)8.025 G 3.025
(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 F F1(shell\255back-)
5.525 E(ward\255w)144 144 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(unix\255w)108 156 Q
(ord\255rubout \(C\255w\))-.1 E F0 .364(Kill the w)144 168 R .364
(ord behind point, using white space as a w)-.1 F .365(ord boundary)-.1
F 5.365(.T)-.65 G .365(he killed te)-5.365 F .365(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15
(ve)-.2 G 2.865(do).15 G 2.865(nt)-2.865 G(he)-2.865 E(kill-ring.)144
180 Q F1(unix\255\214lename\255rubout)108 192 Q F0 .167(Kill the w)144
204 R .166
(ord behind point, using white space and the slash character as the w)
-.1 F .166(ord boundaries.)-.1 F(The)5.166 E(killed te)144 216 Q
(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(he kill-ring.)
-2.5 E F1(delete\255horizontal\255space \(M\255\\\))108 228 Q F0
(Delete all spaces and tabs around point.)144 240 Q F1(kill\255r)108 252
Q(egion)-.18 E F0(Kill the te)144 264 Q(xt in the current re)-.15 E
(gion.)-.15 E F1(copy\255r)108 276 Q(egion\255as\255kill)-.18 E F0(Cop)
144 288 Q 2.5(yt)-.1 G(he te)-2.5 E(xt in the re)-.15 E
(gion to the kill b)-.15 E(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E(.)-.55 E F1
(copy\255backward\255w)108 300 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 312 Q 4.8(yt)-.1 G
2.3(he w)-4.8 F 2.3(ord before point to the kill b)-.1 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)
-.25 E 7.301(.T)-.55 G 2.301(he w)-7.301 F 2.301
(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1(back-)4.801 E(ward\255w)144 324
Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(copy\255f)108 336 Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E
F0(Cop)144 348 Q 4.508(yt)-.1 G 2.008(he w)-4.508 F 2.008(ord follo)-.1
F 2.008(wing point to the kill b)-.25 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 7.007(.T)
-.55 G 2.007(he w)-7.007 F 2.007(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1
-.25(fo)4.507 G -.37(r-).25 G(ward\255w)144 360 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1
(yank \(C\255y\))108 372 Q F0 -1(Ya)144 384 S
(nk the top of the kill ring into the b)1 E(uf)-.2 E(fer at point.)-.25
E F1(yank\255pop \(M\255y\))108 396 Q F0
(Rotate the kill ring, and yank the ne)144 408 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5
(op. Only)-2.5 F -.1(wo)2.5 G(rks follo).1 E(wing)-.25 E F1(yank)2.5 E
F0(or)2.5 E F1(yank\255pop)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Numeric Ar)87 424.8 Q
(guments)-.1 E(digit\255ar)108 436.8 Q
(gument \(M\2550, M\2551, ..., M\255\255\))-.1 E F0 .367
(Add this digit to the ar)144 448.8 R .367
(gument already accumulating, or start a ne)-.18 F 2.867(wa)-.25 G -.18
(rg)-2.867 G 2.867(ument. M\255\255).18 F .367(starts a ne)2.867 F -.05
(ga)-.15 G(-).05 E(ti)144 460.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G
(ument.).18 E F1(uni)108 472.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1
E F0 .779(This is another w)144 484.8 R .779(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F
3.279(gument. If)-.18 F .779(this command is follo)3.279 F .778
(wed by one or more digits,)-.25 F 1.376
(optionally with a leading minus sign, those digits de\214ne the ar)144
496.8 R 3.876(gument. If)-.18 F 1.376(the command is fol-)3.876 F(lo)144
508.8 Q 1.17(wed by digits, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(uni)
3.67 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(ag)3.67 E 1.17
(ain ends the numeric ar)-.05 F 1.17(gument, b)-.18 F 1.17(ut is other)
-.2 F(-)-.2 E .898(wise ignored.)144 520.8 R .898
(As a special case, if this command is immediately follo)5.898 F .898
(wed by a character that is)-.25 F 1.23
(neither a digit nor minus sign, the ar)144 532.8 R 1.23
(gument count for the ne)-.18 F 1.23(xt command is multiplied by four)
-.15 F(.)-.55 E .822(The ar)144 544.8 R .822
(gument count is initially one, so e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .823
(cuting this function the \214rst time mak).15 F .823(es the ar)-.1 F
(gument)-.18 E(count four)144 556.8 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G(econd time mak)-2.5
E(es the ar)-.1 E(gument count sixteen, and so on.)-.18 E F1(Completing)
87 573.6 Q(complete \(T)108 585.6 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 1.137
(Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 597.6 R 1.137
(xt before point.)-.15 F F1(Bash)6.137 E F0 1.137
(attempts completion treating the)3.637 F(te)144 609.6 Q .532(xt as a v)
-.15 F .532(ariable \(if the te)-.25 F .532(xt be)-.15 F .533(gins with)
-.15 F F1($)3.033 E F0 .533(\), username \(if the te)B .533(xt be)-.15 F
.533(gins with)-.15 F F1(~)3.033 E F0 .533(\), hostname \(if the)B(te)
144 621.6 Q .702(xt be)-.15 F .702(gins with)-.15 F F1(@)3.202 E F0 .701
(\), or command \(including aliases and functions\) in turn.)B .701
(If none of these pro-)5.701 F
(duces a match, \214lename completion is attempted.)144 633.6 Q F1
(possible\255completions \(M\255?\))108 645.6 Q F0
(List the possible completions of the te)144 657.6 Q(xt before point.)
-.15 E F1(insert\255completions \(M\255*\))108 669.6 Q F0 .783
(Insert all completions of the te)144 681.6 R .783
(xt before point that w)-.15 F .783(ould ha)-.1 F 1.083 -.15(ve b)-.2 H
.783(een generated by).15 F F1(possible\255com-)3.283 E(pletions)144
693.6 Q F0(.)A F1(menu\255complete)108 705.6 Q F0 .929(Similar to)144
717.6 R F1(complete)3.429 E F0 3.429(,b)C .929(ut replaces the w)-3.629
F .929(ord to be completed with a single match from the list of)-.1 F
1.193(possible completions.)144 729.6 R 1.193(Repeated e)6.193 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G 1.193(cution of).15 F F1(menu\255complete)3.694 E F0 1.194
(steps through the list of possible)3.694 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .829
(completions, inserting each match in turn.)144 84 R .828
(At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung)5.828 F .727
(\(subject to the setting of)144 96 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
(bell\255style)3.227 E F0 3.227(\)a)C .727(nd the original te)-3.227 F
.727(xt is restored.)-.15 F .727(An ar)5.727 F .727(gument of)-.18 F/F2
10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.227 E F0(mo)3.227 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(s).15 E F2
(n)3.228 E F0 1.73(positions forw)144 108 R 1.73
(ard in the list of matches; a ne)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.03
-.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.73(ument may be used to mo).18 F 2.03
-.15(ve b)-.15 H(ackw).15 E(ard)-.1 E(through the list.)144 120 Q
(This command is intended to be bound to)5 E F1 -.9(TA)2.5 G(B).9 E F0
2.5(,b)C(ut is unbound by def)-2.7 E(ault.)-.1 E F1
(menu\255complete\255backward)108 132 Q F0 .82(Identical to)144 144 R F1
(menu\255complete)3.32 E F0 3.32(,b)C .82(ut mo)-3.52 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
3.32(sb).15 G(ackw)-3.32 E .82
(ard through the list of possible completions, as if)-.1 F F1
(menu\255complete)144 156 Q F0(had been gi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(nan)
.15 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-2.5 H(ti).15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G
2.5(ument. This).18 F(command is unbound by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1
(delete\255char\255or\255list)108 168 Q F0 .234
(Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the be)144 180 R .234
(ginning or end of the line \(lik)-.15 F(e)-.1 E F1(delete\255char)2.734
E F0(\).)A .425(If at the end of the line, beha)144 192 R -.15(ve)-.2 G
2.925(si).15 G .425(dentically to)-2.925 F F1(possible\255completions)
2.925 E F0 5.425(.T)C .425(his command is unbound)-5.425 F(by def)144
204 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(complete\255\214lename \(M\255/\))108 216 Q F0
(Attempt \214lename completion on the te)144 228 Q(xt before point.)-.15
E F1(possible\255\214lename\255completions \(C\255x /\))108 240 Q F0
(List the possible completions of the te)144 252 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a \214lename.)-.15 E F1
(complete\255user)108 264 Q(name \(M\255~\))-.15 E F0
(Attempt completion on the te)144 276 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(possible\255user)
108 288 Q(name\255completions \(C\255x ~\))-.15 E F0
(List the possible completions of the te)144 300 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(complete\255v)108
312 Q(ariable \(M\255$\))-.1 E F0(Attempt completion on the te)144 324 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1
(possible\255v)108 336 Q(ariable\255completions \(C\255x $\))-.1 E F0
(List the possible completions of the te)144 348 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1
(complete\255hostname \(M\255@\))108 360 Q F0
(Attempt completion on the te)144 372 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1
(possible\255hostname\255completions \(C\255x @\))108 384 Q F0
(List the possible completions of the te)144 396 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1
(complete\255command \(M\255!\))108 408 Q F0 .581
(Attempt completion on the te)144 420 R .581
(xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 F .58
(Command comple-)5.58 F .715(tion attempts to match the te)144 432 R
.715(xt ag)-.15 F .715(ainst aliases, reserv)-.05 F .715(ed w)-.15 F
.715(ords, shell functions, shell b)-.1 F .715(uiltins, and)-.2 F
(\214nally e)144 444 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cutable \214lenames, in that order).15 E(.)-.55 E F1
(possible\255command\255completions \(C\255x !\))108 456 Q F0
(List the possible completions of the te)144 468 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 E F1
(dynamic\255complete\255history \(M\255T)108 480 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 .425
(Attempt completion on the te)144 492 R .425
(xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .425(xt ag)-.15 F .424
(ainst lines from the history list)-.05 F
(for possible completion matches.)144 504 Q F1(dab)108 516 Q(br)-.1 E
-.15(ev)-.18 G(\255expand).15 E F0 .61
(Attempt menu completion on the te)144 528 R .611
(xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .611(xt ag)-.15 F .611
(ainst lines from the his-)-.05 F
(tory list for possible completion matches.)144 540 Q F1
(complete\255into\255braces \(M\255{\))108 552 Q F0 .4(Perform \214lena\
me completion and insert the list of possible completions enclosed with\
in braces so)144 564 R(the list is a)144 576 Q -.25(va)-.2 G
(ilable to the shell \(see).25 E F1(Brace Expansion)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1 -.25(Ke)87 592.8 S(yboard Macr).25 E(os)-.18
E(start\255kbd\255macr)108 604.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x \()-2.5 E(\))
.833 E F0(Be)144 616.8 Q(gin sa)-.15 E
(ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G
(board macro.).15 E F1(end\255kbd\255macr)108 628.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G
(C\255x \))-2.5 E(\)).833 E F0(Stop sa)144 640.8 Q
(ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G
(board macro and store the de\214nition.).15 E F1
(call\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 652.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x e\))-2.5
E F0(Re-e)144 664.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G .999(cute the last k).15 F -.15(ey)
-.1 G .999(board macro de\214ned, by making the characters in the macro\
 appear as if).15 F(typed at the k)144 676.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(board.).15
E F1(print\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 688.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(\))-2.5 E
F0(Print the last k)144 700.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G
(board macro de\214ned in a format suitable for the).15 E F2(inputr)2.5
E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)
135.955 E(53)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(Miscellaneous)87 84 Q -.18(re)108 96 S<ad72>.18 E
(ead\255init\255\214le \(C\255x C\255r\))-.18 E F0 1.777
(Read in the contents of the)144 108 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr)
4.277 E(c)-.37 E F0 1.776(\214le, and incorporate an)4.276 F 4.276(yb)
-.15 G 1.776(indings or v)-4.276 F 1.776(ariable assignments)-.25 F
(found there.)144 120 Q F1(abort \(C\255g\))108 132 Q F0 3.248
(Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal')144 144 R
5.749(sb)-.55 G 3.249(ell \(subject to the setting of)-5.749 F F1
(bell\255style)144 156 Q F0(\).)A F1(do\255lo)108 168 Q(wer)-.1 E
(case\255v)-.18 E(ersion \(M\255A, M\255B, M\255)-.1 E F2(x)A F1 2.5(,.)
C(..\))-2.5 E F0 1.739(If the meta\214ed character)144 180 R F2(x)4.239
E F0 1.739
(is uppercase, run the command that is bound to the corresponding)4.239
F(meta\214ed lo)144 192 Q(wercase character)-.25 E 5(.T)-.55 G(he beha)
-5 E(vior is unde\214ned if)-.2 E F2(x)2.5 E F0(is already lo)2.5 E
(wercase.)-.25 E F1(pr)108 204 Q(e\214x\255meta \(ESC\))-.18 E F0
(Metafy the ne)144 216 Q(xt character typed.)-.15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
(ESC)5 E F1(f)2.25 E F0(is equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1
(Meta\255f)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(undo \(C\255_, C\255x C\255u\))108 228 Q F0
(Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.)144 240 Q F1
-2.29 -.18(re v)108 252 T(ert\255line \(M\255r\)).08 E F0 .23
(Undo all changes made to this line.)144 264 R .231(This is lik)5.23 F
2.731(ee)-.1 G -.15(xe)-2.881 G .231(cuting the).15 F F1(undo)2.731 E F0
.231(command enough times to re-)2.731 F
(turn the line to its initial state.)144 276 Q F1
(tilde\255expand \(M\255&\))108 288 Q F0(Perform tilde e)144 300 Q
(xpansion on the current w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E F1
(set\255mark \(C\255@, M\255<space>\))108 312 Q F0
(Set the mark to the point.)144 324 Q(If a numeric ar)5 E
(gument is supplied, the mark is set to that position.)-.18 E F1
(exchange\255point\255and\255mark \(C\255x C\255x\))108 336 Q F0(Sw)144
348 Q .283(ap the point with the mark.)-.1 F .283
(The current cursor position is set to the sa)5.283 F -.15(ve)-.2 G
2.782(dp).15 G .282(osition, and the old)-2.782 F(cursor position is sa)
144 360 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(da).15 G 2.5(st)-2.5 G(he mark.)-2.5 E F1
(character\255sear)108 372 Q(ch \(C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.111(Ac)144 384 S
.611(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.111 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.112(dt)
.15 G 3.112(ot)-3.112 G .612(he ne)-3.112 F .612
(xt occurrence of that character)-.15 F 5.612(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05
(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .912 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G(u-).18 E
(ment searches for pre)144 396 Q(vious occurrences.)-.25 E F1
(character\255sear)108 408 Q(ch\255backward \(M\255C\255]\))-.18 E F0
2.695(Ac)144 420 S .194(haracter is read and point is mo)-2.695 F -.15
(ve)-.15 G 2.694(dt).15 G 2.694(ot)-2.694 G .194(he pre)-2.694 F .194
(vious occurrence of that character)-.25 F 5.194(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E
-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .494 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.2(r-).15 G
(gument searches for subsequent occurrences.)144 432 Q F1
(skip\255csi\255sequence)108 444 Q F0 1.826
(Read enough characters to consume a multi-k)144 456 R 2.126 -.15(ey s)
-.1 H 1.827(equence such as those de\214ned for k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G
4.327(sl).15 G(ik)-4.327 E(e)-.1 E .791(Home and End.)144 468 R .791
(Such sequences be)5.791 F .791
(gin with a Control Sequence Indicator \(CSI\), usually ESC\255[.)-.15 F
.331(If this sequence is bound to "\\[", k)144 480 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.831
(sp).15 G .331(roducing such sequences will ha)-2.831 F .632 -.15(ve n)
-.2 H 2.832(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.832 G .332(ect unless e).25 F(xplic-)
-.15 E .026(itly bound to a readline command, instead of inserting stra\
y characters into the editing b)144 492 R(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 5.026(.T)
-.55 G(his)-5.026 E(is unbound by def)144 504 Q(ault, b)-.1 E
(ut usually bound to ESC\255[.)-.2 E F1(insert\255comment \(M\255#\))108
516 Q F0 -.4(Wi)144 528 S .48(thout a numeric ar).4 F .48(gument, the v)
-.18 F .481(alue of the readline)-.25 F F1(comment\255begin)2.981 E F0
-.25(va)2.981 G .481(riable is inserted at the).25 F(be)144 540 Q .245
(ginning of the current line.)-.15 F .245(If a numeric ar)5.245 F .244
(gument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if)-.18 F .321
(the characters at the be)144 552 R .321
(ginning of the line do not match the v)-.15 F .321(alue of)-.25 F F1
(comment\255begin)2.821 E F0 2.822(,t)C .322(he v)-2.822 F .322(alue is)
-.25 F .832(inserted, otherwise the characters in)144 564 R F1
(comment\255begin)3.332 E F0 .831(are deleted from the be)3.332 F .831
(ginning of the line.)-.15 F 1.468
(In either case, the line is accepted as if a ne)144 576 R 1.468
(wline had been typed.)-.25 F 1.469(The def)6.469 F 1.469(ault v)-.1 F
1.469(alue of)-.25 F F1(com-)3.969 E(ment\255begin)144 588 Q F0 .84
(causes this command to mak)3.34 F 3.339(et)-.1 G .839
(he current line a shell comment.)-3.339 F .839(If a numeric ar)5.839 F
(gu-)-.18 E(ment causes the comment character to be remo)144 600 Q -.15
(ve)-.15 G(d, the line will be e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuted by the shell.).15 E F1(spell\255corr)108 612 Q(ect\255w)-.18 E
(ord \(C\255x s\))-.1 E F0 .42
(Perform spelling correction on the current w)144 624 R .421
(ord, treating it as a directory or \214lename, in the same)-.1 F -.1
(wa)144 636 S 4.718(ya).1 G 4.718(st)-4.718 G(he)-4.718 E F1(cdspell)
4.718 E F0 2.218(shell option.)4.718 F -.8(Wo)7.217 G 2.217
(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 F F1(shell\255f)4.717 E
(or)-.25 E(-)-.37 E(ward\255w)144 648 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1
(glob\255complete\255w)108 660 Q(ord \(M\255g\))-.1 E F0 .791(The w)144
672 R .791(ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F
.792(xpansion, with an asterisk implicitly)-.15 F 2.5(appended. This)144
684 R(pattern is used to generate a list of matching \214lenames for po\
ssible completions.)2.5 E F1(glob\255expand\255w)108 696 Q
(ord \(C\255x *\))-.1 E F0 .176(The w)144 708 R .176
(ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .176
(xpansion, and the list of matching \214le-)-.15 F .516
(names is inserted, replacing the w)144 720 R 3.016(ord. If)-.1 F 3.016
(an)3.016 G .516(umeric ar)-3.016 F .516
(gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended)-.18 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(before pathname e)
144 84 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
(glob\255list\255expansions \(C\255x g\))108 96 Q F0 .923(The list of e)
144 108 R .923(xpansions that w)-.15 F .923(ould ha)-.1 F 1.223 -.15
(ve b)-.2 H .923(een generated by).15 F F1(glob\255expand\255w)3.423 E
(ord)-.1 E F0 .923(is displayed, and)3.423 F .872(the line is redra)144
120 R 3.372(wn. If)-.15 F 3.372(an)3.372 G .872(umeric ar)-3.372 F .872
(gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname)-.18 F -.15
(ex)144 132 S(pansion.).15 E F1(dump\255functions)108 144 Q F0 .627
(Print all of the functions and their k)144 156 R .927 -.15(ey b)-.1 H
.626(indings to the readline output stream.).15 F .626(If a numeric ar)
5.626 F(gu-)-.18 E
(ment is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)144 168 Q
(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr)
2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255v)108 180 Q(ariables)-.1 E F0
.762(Print all of the settable readline v)144 192 R .762
(ariables and their v)-.25 F .763(alues to the readline output stream.)
-.25 F .763(If a nu-)5.763 F .109(meric ar)144 204 R .109
(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .108
(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(in-)2.608 E(putr)144 216 Q
(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255macr)108 228 Q(os)-.18 E F0 .592
(Print all of the readline k)144 240 R .892 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .592
(equences bound to macros and the strings the).15 F 3.093(yo)-.15 G
3.093(utput. If)-3.093 F 3.093(an)3.093 G(umeric)-3.093 E(ar)144 252 Q
.528(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .528
(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)3.027 E(c)-.37 E F0
(\214le.)144 264 Q F1(display\255shell\255v)108 276 Q
(ersion \(C\255x C\255v\))-.1 E F0(Display v)144 288 Q
(ersion information about the current instance of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E
F0(.)A F1(Pr)87 304.8 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0 .146(When w)108
316.8 R .147(ord completion is attempted for an ar)-.1 F .147
(gument to a command for which a completion speci\214cation \(a)-.18 F
F2(compspec)108 328.8 Q F0 3.829(\)h)C 1.329
(as been de\214ned using the)-3.829 F F1(complete)3.829 E F0 -.2(bu)
3.829 G 1.329(iltin \(see).2 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.329(SHELL B)3.829
F(UIL)-.09 E 1.329(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.579 E 1.328(w\), the)
-.25 F(programmable completion f)108 340.8 Q(acilities are in)-.1 E -.2
(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .497
(First, the command name is identi\214ed.)108 357.6 R .497
(If the command w)5.497 F .498
(ord is the empty string \(completion attempted at)-.1 F .234(the be)108
369.6 R .233(ginning of an empty line\), an)-.15 F 2.733(yc)-.15 G .233
(ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.733 F F1<ad45>2.733 E F0 .233(option to)
2.733 F F1(complete)2.733 E F0 .233(is used.)2.733 F .233(If a comp-)
5.233 F .481(spec has been de\214ned for that command, the compspec is \
used to generate the list of possible completions)108 381.6 R .823
(for the w)108 393.6 R 3.323(ord. If)-.1 F .823(the command w)3.323 F
.822(ord is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is search\
ed for)-.1 F 2.866(\214rst. If)108 405.6 R .367(no compspec is found fo\
r the full pathname, an attempt is made to \214nd a compspec for the po\
rtion)2.866 F(follo)108 417.6 Q .299(wing the \214nal slash.)-.25 F .298
(If those searches do not result in a compspec, an)5.299 F 2.798(yc)-.15
G .298(ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.798 F F1<ad44>2.798 E F0 .056
(option to)108 429.6 R F1(complete)2.556 E F0 .056(is used as the def)
2.556 F 2.556(ault. If)-.1 F .056(there is no def)2.556 F .056
(ault compspec,)-.1 F F1(bash)2.556 E F0 .056(attempts alias e)2.556 F
.057(xpansion on)-.15 F .333(the command w)108 441.6 R .332(ord as a \
\214nal resort, and attempts to \214nd a compspec for the command w)-.1
F .332(ord from an)-.1 F 2.832(ys)-.15 G(uc-)-2.832 E(cessful e)108
453.6 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E .817(Once a compspec has been found, it is use\
d to generate the list of matching w)108 470.4 R 3.317(ords. If)-.1 F
3.317(ac)3.317 G .817(ompspec is not)-3.317 F(found, the def)108 482.4 Q
(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(completion as described abo)2.5 E .3 -.15
(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(Completing)2.5 E F0(is performed.)2.5 E .464
(First, the actions speci\214ed by the compspec are used.)108 499.2 R
.463(Only matches which are pre\214x)5.464 F .463(ed by the w)-.15 F
.463(ord being)-.1 F .595(completed are returned.)108 511.2 R .595
(When the)5.595 F F1<ad66>3.095 E F0(or)3.095 E F1<ad64>3.095 E F0 .596
(option is used for \214lename or directory name completion, the)3.095 F
(shell v)108 523.2 Q(ariable)-.25 E F3(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0
(is used to \214lter the matches.)2.25 E(An)108 540 Q 4.084(yc)-.15 G
1.584(ompletions speci\214ed by a pathname e)-4.084 F 1.584
(xpansion pattern to the)-.15 F F1<ad47>4.084 E F0 1.584
(option are generated ne)4.084 F 4.084(xt. The)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 552 S
.554(rds generated by the pattern need not match the w).1 F .555
(ord being completed.)-.1 F(The)5.555 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.055 E F0 .555
(shell v)2.805 F(ari-)-.25 E
(able is not used to \214lter the matches, b)108 564 Q(ut the)-.2 E F3
(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable is used.).25 E(Ne)108 580.8 Q
.321(xt, the string speci\214ed as the ar)-.15 F .321(gument to the)-.18
F F1<ad57>2.821 E F0 .32(option is considered.)2.821 F .32
(The string is \214rst split using the)5.32 F .412(characters in the)108
592.8 R F3(IFS)2.912 E F0 .412(special v)2.662 F .412
(ariable as delimiters.)-.25 F .412(Shell quoting is honored.)5.412 F
.413(Each w)5.412 F .413(ord is then e)-.1 F(xpanded)-.15 E .092
(using brace e)108 604.8 R .092(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .092
(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .092(ariable e)-.25 F .091
(xpansion, command substitution, and arith-)-.15 F 1.396(metic e)108
616.8 R 1.396(xpansion, as described abo)-.15 F 1.696 -.15(ve u)-.15 H
(nder).15 E F3(EXP)3.896 E(ANSION)-.666 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0
1.396(The results are split using the rules described)5.896 F(abo)108
628.8 Q .51 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75(Wo)2.71 G .21
(rd Splitting).75 F F0 5.21(.T)C .209(he results of the e)-5.21 F .209
(xpansion are pre\214x-matched ag)-.15 F .209(ainst the w)-.05 F .209
(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, and the matching w)108 640.8 Q
(ords become the possible completions.)-.1 E .233
(After these matches ha)108 657.6 R .533 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .233
(een generated, an).15 F 2.733(ys)-.15 G .234
(hell function or command speci\214ed with the)-2.733 F F1<ad46>2.734 E
F0(and)2.734 E F1<ad43>2.734 E F0(op-)2.734 E 4.209(tions is in)108
669.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 6.709(d. When).1 F 4.208
(the command or function is in)6.709 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 4.208
(d, the).1 F F3(COMP_LINE)6.708 E F4(,)A F3(COMP_POINT)6.458 E F4(,)A F3
(COMP_KEY)108 681.6 Q F4(,)A F0(and)2.407 E F3(COMP_TYPE)2.657 E F0 -.25
(va)2.407 G .157(riables are assigned v).25 F .157
(alues as described abo)-.25 F .457 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 .158
(Shell V)2.658 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 5.158(.I)C(f)-5.158 E 3.486(as)108
693.6 S .986(hell function is being in)-3.486 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G
.986(d, the).1 F F3(COMP_W)3.486 E(ORDS)-.09 E F0(and)3.236 E F3
(COMP_CW)3.486 E(ORD)-.09 E F0 -.25(va)3.236 G .986
(riables are also set.).25 F(When)5.985 E .346
(the function or command is in)108 705.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .346
(d, the \214rst ar).1 F .346(gument \()-.18 F F1($1)A F0 2.847(\)i)C
2.847(st)-2.847 G .347(he name of the command whose ar)-2.847 F(guments)
-.18 E .264(are being completed, the second ar)108 717.6 R .264
(gument \()-.18 F F1($2)A F0 2.764(\)i)C 2.764(st)-2.764 G .264(he w)
-2.764 F .263(ord being completed, and the third ar)-.1 F .263
(gument \()-.18 F F1($3)A F0 2.763(\)i)C(s)-2.763 E .628(the w)108 729.6
R .628(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .629
(ord being completed on the current command line.)-.1 F .629
(No \214ltering of the generated)5.629 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q
(2022 September 19)135.955 E(55)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .715
(completions ag)108 84 R .715(ainst the w)-.05 F .714(ord being complet\
ed is performed; the function or command has complete free-)-.1 F
(dom in generating the matches.)108 96 Q(An)108 112.8 Q 2.937(yf)-.15 G
.437(unction speci\214ed with)-2.937 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad46>2.937
E F0 .437(is in)2.937 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.937<648c>.1 G 2.937
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2.937(ft)-2.937 G .437(he shell f)-2.937 F .438(acilities, including)-.1
F(the)108 124.8 Q F1(compgen)2.957 E F0 -.2(bu)2.957 G .457
(iltin described belo).2 F 1.756 -.65(w, t)-.25 H 2.956(og).65 G .456
(enerate the matches.)-2.956 F .456
(It must put the possible completions in the)5.456 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0
SF(COMPREPL)108 136.8 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E
(ariable, one per array element.)-.25 E(Ne)108 153.6 Q .08(xt, an)-.15 F
2.58(yc)-.15 G .08(ommand speci\214ed with the)-2.58 F F1<ad43>2.58 E F0
.081(option is in)2.581 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.581(di).1 G 2.581
(na)-2.581 G 2.581(ne)-2.581 G -.4(nv)-2.581 G .081(ironment equi).4 F
-.25(va)-.25 G .081(lent to command sub-).25 F 2.859(stitution. It)108
165.6 R .359(should print a list of completions, one per line, to the s\
tandard output.)2.859 F .358(Backslash may be used)5.359 F
(to escape a ne)108 177.6 Q(wline, if necessary)-.25 E(.)-.65 E .376
(After all of the possible completions are generated, an)108 194.4 R
2.877<798c>-.15 G .377(lter speci\214ed with the)-2.877 F F1<ad58>2.877
E F0 .377(option is applied to the)2.877 F 3.182(list. The)108 206.4 R
.682(\214lter is a pattern as used for pathname e)3.182 F .681
(xpansion; a)-.15 F F1(&)3.181 E F0 .681
(in the pattern is replaced with the te)3.181 F .681(xt of)-.15 F .522
(the w)108 218.4 R .522(ord being completed.)-.1 F 3.022(Al)5.522 G
(iteral)-3.022 E F1(&)3.022 E F0 .523
(may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash is remo)3.022 F -.15(ve)
-.15 G 3.023(db).15 G(efore)-3.023 E .85(attempting a match.)108 230.4 R
(An)5.85 E 3.35(yc)-.15 G .849
(ompletion that matches the pattern will be remo)-3.35 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
3.349(df).15 G .849(rom the list.)-3.349 F 3.349(Al)5.849 G(eading)
-3.349 E F1(!)3.349 E F0(ne)108 242.4 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G .764
(tes the pattern; in this case an).05 F 3.264(yc)-.15 G .764
(ompletion not matching the pattern will be remo)-3.264 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
3.264(d. If).15 F(the)3.265 E F1(nocase-)3.265 E(match)108 254.4 Q F0
(shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)2.5 E -.05
(ga)-.15 G(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 E(Finally)108
271.2 Q 3.087(,a)-.65 G .887 -.15(ny p)-3.087 H .587(re\214x and suf).15
F .587(\214x speci\214ed with the)-.25 F F1<ad50>3.087 E F0(and)3.087 E
F1<ad53>3.087 E F0 .587(options are added to each member of the com-)
3.087 F(pletion list, and the result is returned to the readline comple\
tion code as the list of possible completions.)108 283.2 Q .246
(If the pre)108 300 R .247(viously-applied actions do not generate an)
-.25 F 2.747(ym)-.15 G .247(atches, and the)-2.747 F F1 .247(\255o dir)
2.747 F(names)-.15 E F0 .247(option w)2.747 F .247(as supplied to)-.1 F
F1(complete)108 312 Q F0(when the compspec w)2.5 E
(as de\214ned, directory name completion is attempted.)-.1 E .462
(If the)108 328.8 R F1 .462(\255o plusdirs)2.962 F F0 .462(option w)
2.962 F .462(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)2.962 E F0 .462
(when the compspec w)2.962 F .462(as de\214ned, directory name com-)-.1
F(pletion is attempted and an)108 340.8 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G
(atches are added to the results of the other actions.)-2.5 E .559
(By def)108 357.6 R .559(ault, if a compspec is found, whate)-.1 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G 3.059(ri).15 G 3.059(tg)-3.059 G .56
(enerates is returned to the completion code as the full set)-3.059 F
.632(of possible completions.)108 369.6 R .632(The def)5.632 F(ault)-.1
E F1(bash)3.132 E F0 .631
(completions are not attempted, and the readline def)3.131 F .631
(ault of \214le-)-.1 F .558(name completion is disabled.)108 381.6 R
.558(If the)5.558 F F1 .559(\255o bashdefault)3.059 F F0 .559(option w)
3.059 F .559(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)3.059 E F0 .559
(when the compspec)3.059 F -.1(wa)108 393.6 S 3.172(sd).1 G .672
(e\214ned, the)-3.172 F F1(bash)3.172 E F0(def)3.172 E .671
(ault completions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches.)
-.1 F .671(If the)5.671 F F1<ad6f>3.171 E(default)108 405.6 Q F0 1.207
(option w)3.706 F 1.207(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)3.707 E F0
1.207(when the compspec w)3.707 F 1.207(as de\214ned, readline')-.1 F
3.707(sd)-.55 G(ef)-3.707 E 1.207(ault completion)-.1 F
(will be performed if the compspec \(and, if attempted, the def)108
417.6 Q(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(completions\) generate no matches.)
2.5 E .245(When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is \
desired, the programmable completion func-)108 434.4 R .632(tions force\
 readline to append a slash to completed names which are symbolic links\
 to directories, subject)108 446.4 R 2.762(to the v)108 458.4 R 2.762
(alue of the)-.25 F F1(mark\255dir)5.262 E(ectories)-.18 E F0 2.761
(readline v)5.262 F 2.761(ariable, re)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 2.761
(rdless of the setting of the).05 F F1(mark-sym-)5.261 E(link)108 470.4
Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E(ectories)-.18 E F0(readline v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E
.19(There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.)108
487.2 R .191(This is most useful when used in combina-)5.191 F 1.172
(tion with a def)108 499.2 R 1.172(ault completion speci\214ed with)-.1
F F1 1.172(complete \255D)3.672 F F0 6.172(.I)C(t')-6.172 E 3.672(sp)
-.55 G 1.172(ossible for shell functions e)-3.672 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.172
(cuted as).15 F .93(completion handlers to indicate that completion sho\
uld be retried by returning an e)108 511.2 R .93(xit status of 124.)-.15
F .93(If a)5.93 F .1(shell function returns 124, and changes the compsp\
ec associated with the command on which completion is)108 523.2 R .665
(being attempted \(supplied as the \214rst ar)108 535.2 R .666
(gument when the function is e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .666
(cuted\), programmable completion).15 F .084(restarts from the be)108
547.2 R .084(ginning, with an attempt to \214nd a ne)-.15 F 2.584(wc)
-.25 G .084(ompspec for that command.)-2.584 F .083(This allo)5.083 F
.083(ws a set of)-.25 F(completions to be b)108 559.2 Q(uilt dynamicall\
y as completion is attempted, rather than being loaded all at once.)-.2
E -.15(Fo)108 576 S 2.636(ri).15 G .137
(nstance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each k)-2.636 F
.137(ept in a \214le corresponding to the name of)-.1 F
(the command, the follo)108 588 Q(wing def)-.25 E
(ault completion function w)-.1 E(ould load completions dynamically:)-.1
E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(_completion_loader\(\))108 604.8 Q({)108 616.8 Q 6
(.")144 628.8 S
(/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124)-6 E(})108
640.8 Q(complete -D -F _completion_loader -o bashdefault -o default)108
652.8 Q/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)72 681.6 Q(OR)-.197 E(Y)-.383 E F0
.372(When the)108 693.6 R F1 .372(\255o history)2.872 F F0 .372
(option to the)2.872 F F1(set)2.872 E F0 -.2(bu)2.872 G .372
(iltin is enabled, the shell pro).2 F .371(vides access to the)-.15 F/F5
10/Times-Italic@0 SF .371(command history)2.871 F F0(,)A .304
(the list of commands pre)108 705.6 R .304(viously typed.)-.25 F .304
(The v)5.304 F .304(alue of the)-.25 F F2(HISTSIZE)2.804 E F0 -.25(va)
2.554 G .305(riable is used as the number of com-).25 F .43(mands to sa)
108 717.6 R .73 -.15(ve i)-.2 H 2.93(nah).15 G .43(istory list.)-2.93 F
.43(The te)5.43 F .429(xt of the last)-.15 F F2(HISTSIZE)2.929 E F0 .429
(commands \(def)2.679 F .429(ault 500\) is sa)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.929
(d. The).15 F(shell)2.929 E .287
(stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and v)108
729.6 R .287(ariable e)-.25 F .287(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F2(EXP)2.787 E
(ANSION)-.666 E F0(abo)2.537 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72
768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(56)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.2(bu)108 84 S
4.066(ta).2 G 1.565(fter history e)-4.066 F 1.565
(xpansion is performed, subject to the v)-.15 F 1.565
(alues of the shell v)-.25 F(ariables)-.25 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
(HISTIGNORE)4.065 E F0(and)3.815 E F1(HISTCONTR)108 96 Q(OL)-.27 E/F2 9
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(On startup, the history is initialized from the \214le named by the v)
108 112.8 R(ariable)-.25 E F1(HISTFILE)2.583 E F0(\(def)2.333 E(ault)-.1
E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(~/.bash_history)2.583 E F0(\).)A .315
(The \214le named by the v)108 124.8 R .315(alue of)-.25 F F1(HISTFILE)
2.815 E F0 .315(is truncated, if necessary)2.565 F 2.815(,t)-.65 G 2.815
(oc)-2.815 G .315(ontain no more than the number of)-2.815 F .658
(lines speci\214ed by the v)108 136.8 R .658(alue of)-.25 F F1
(HISTFILESIZE)3.158 E F2(.)A F0(If)5.158 E/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
(HISTFILESIZE)3.158 E F0 .659(is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric)
3.158 F -.25(va)108 148.8 S .142(lue, or a numeric v).25 F .142
(alue less than zero, the history \214le is not truncated.)-.25 F .142
(When the history \214le is read, lines)5.142 F(be)108 160.8 Q 1.604
(ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F 1.604
(wed immediately by a digit are interpreted as time-)-.25 F .151
(stamps for the follo)108 172.8 R .151(wing history line.)-.25 F .151
(These timestamps are optionally displayed depending on the v)5.151 F
.15(alue of)-.25 F(the)108 184.8 Q F1(HISTTIMEFORMA)3.558 E(T)-.855 E F0
-.25(va)3.309 G 3.559(riable. When).25 F 3.559(as)3.559 G 1.059
(hell with history enabled e)-3.559 F 1.059(xits, the last)-.15 F F1
($HISTSIZE)3.559 E F0 1.059(lines are)3.309 F .159
(copied from the history list to)108 196.8 R F1($HISTFILE)2.659 E F2(.)A
F0 .159(If the)4.659 F F4(histappend)2.658 E F0 .158
(shell option is enabled \(see the description of)2.658 F F4(shopt)108
208.8 Q F0(under)2.581 E F1 .081(SHELL B)2.581 F(UIL)-.09 E .081
(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.332 E .082
(w\), the lines are appended to the history \214le, otherwise the)-.25 F
.197(history \214le is o)108 220.8 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.697(rwritten. If)
.15 F F1(HISTFILE)2.697 E F0 .196(is unset, or if the history \214le is\
 unwritable, the history is not sa)2.447 F -.15(ve)-.2 G(d.).15 E .583
(If the)108 232.8 R F1(HISTTIMEFORMA)3.083 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.834
G .584
(riable is set, time stamps are written to the history \214le, mark).25
F .584(ed with the his-)-.1 F 1.148(tory comment character)108 244.8 R
3.648(,s)-.4 G 3.648(ot)-3.648 G(he)-3.648 E 3.648(ym)-.15 G 1.147
(ay be preserv)-3.648 F 1.147(ed across shell sessions.)-.15 F 1.147
(This uses the history comment)6.147 F 1.376
(character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.)108 256.8
R 1.377(After sa)6.377 F 1.377(ving the history)-.2 F 3.877(,t)-.65 G
1.377(he history \214le is)-3.877 F .757
(truncated to contain no more than)108 268.8 R F1(HISTFILESIZE)3.257 E
F0 3.257(lines. If)3.007 F F1(HISTFILESIZE)3.257 E F0 .757
(is unset, or set to null, a non-)3.007 F(numeric v)108 280.8 Q
(alue, or a numeric v)-.25 E
(alue less than zero, the history \214le is not truncated.)-.25 E .298
(The b)108 297.6 R .298(uiltin command)-.2 F F4(fc)2.798 E F0(\(see)
2.798 E F1 .298(SHELL B)2.798 F(UIL)-.09 E .298(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0
(belo)2.549 E .299(w\) may be used to list or edit and re-e)-.25 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E .472(cute a portion of the history list.)108 309.6 R
(The)5.472 E F4(history)2.972 E F0 -.2(bu)2.972 G .471
(iltin may be used to display or modify the history list and).2 F .001
(manipulate the history \214le.)108 321.6 R .001
(When using command-line editing, search commands are a)5.001 F -.25(va)
-.2 G .002(ilable in each edit-).25 F(ing mode that pro)108 333.6 Q
(vide access to the history list.)-.15 E 1.486(The shell allo)108 350.4
R 1.486(ws control o)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.986(rw).15 G 1.486
(hich commands are sa)-3.986 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.986(do).15 G 3.986(nt)
-3.986 G 1.486(he history list.)-3.986 F(The)6.485 E F1(HISTCONTR)3.985
E(OL)-.27 E F0(and)3.735 E F1(HISTIGNORE)108 362.4 Q F0 -.25(va)2.707 G
.457(riables may be set to cause the shell to sa).25 F .758 -.15(ve o)
-.2 H .458(nly a subset of the commands entered.).15 F(The)5.458 E F4
(cmdhist)108 374.4 Q F0 .75
(shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to sa)3.25 F 1.05
-.15(ve e)-.2 H .75(ach line of a multi-line command in).15 F 1.077
(the same history entry)108 386.4 R 3.577(,a)-.65 G 1.077
(dding semicolons where necessary to preserv)-3.577 F 3.577(es)-.15 G
1.077(yntactic correctness.)-3.577 F(The)6.077 E F4(lithist)3.577 E F0
.374(shell option causes the shell to sa)108 398.4 R .674 -.15(ve t)-.2
H .374(he command with embedded ne).15 F .373
(wlines instead of semicolons.)-.25 F .373(See the)5.373 F .318
(description of the)108 410.4 R F4(shopt)2.818 E F0 -.2(bu)2.818 G .318
(iltin belo).2 F 2.818(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.818 E F1 .318(SHELL B)2.818 F
(UIL)-.09 E .318(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 .319
(for information on setting and)2.568 F(unsetting shell options.)108
422.4 Q/F5 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)72 439.2 Q(OR)-.197 E 2.738(YE)
-.383 G(XP)-2.738 E(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .611
(The shell supports a history e)108 451.2 R .611
(xpansion feature that is similar to the history e)-.15 F .61
(xpansion in)-.15 F F4(csh)3.11 E F0 5.61(.T)C .61(his section)-5.61 F
.87(describes what syntax features are a)108 463.2 R -.25(va)-.2 G 3.371
(ilable. This).25 F .871(feature is enabled by def)3.371 F .871
(ault for interacti)-.1 F 1.171 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .871(hells, and).15 F
.95(can be disabled using the)108 475.2 R F4(+H)3.449 E F0 .949
(option to the)3.449 F F4(set)3.449 E F0 -.2(bu)3.449 G .949
(iltin command \(see).2 F F1 .949(SHELL B)3.449 F(UIL)-.09 E .949
(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(be-)3.199 E(lo)108 487.2 Q 2.5
(w\). Non-interacti)-.25 F .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H
(hells do not perform history e).15 E(xpansion by def)-.15 E(ault.)-.1 E
1.305(History e)108 504 R 1.305(xpansions introduce w)-.15 F 1.306(ords\
 from the history list into the input stream, making it easy to repeat)
-.1 F .21(commands, insert the ar)108 516 R .21(guments to a pre)-.18 F
.209(vious command into the current input line, or \214x errors in pre)
-.25 F(vious)-.25 E(commands quickly)108 528 Q(.)-.65 E 1.163(History e)
108 544.8 R 1.163(xpansion is performed immediately after a complete li\
ne is read, before the shell breaks it into)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 556.8 S
.252(rds, and is performed on each line indi).1 F .251
(vidually without taking quoting on pre)-.25 F .251
(vious lines into account.)-.25 F(It)5.251 E(tak)108 568.8 Q .145
(es place in tw)-.1 F 2.645(op)-.1 G 2.646(arts. The)-2.645 F .146(\214\
rst is to determine which line from the history list to use during subs\
titution.)2.646 F .766(The second is to select portions of that line fo\
r inclusion into the current one.)108 580.8 R .766
(The line selected from the)5.766 F .253(history is the)108 592.8 R F3
-.15(ev)2.753 G(ent).15 E F0 2.753(,a)C .253
(nd the portions of that line that are acted upon are)-2.753 F F3(wor)
2.753 E(ds)-.37 E F0 5.253(.V)C(arious)-6.363 E F3(modi\214er)2.754 E(s)
-.1 E F0 .254(are a)2.754 F -.25(va)-.2 G(il-).25 E .539
(able to manipulate the selected w)108 604.8 R 3.039(ords. The)-.1 F
.538(line is brok)3.038 F .538(en into w)-.1 F .538(ords in the same f)
-.1 F .538(ashion as when reading)-.1 F .572(input, so that se)108 616.8
R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ral).15 E F3(metac)3.072 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0
.572(-separated w)B .572(ords surrounded by quotes are considered one w)
-.1 F 3.073(ord. His-)-.1 F .356(tory e)108 628.8 R .355
(xpansions are introduced by the appearance of the history e)-.15 F .355
(xpansion character)-.15 F 2.855(,w)-.4 G .355(hich is)-2.855 F F4(!)
3.688 E F0 .355(by def)3.688 F(ault.)-.1 E .79(Only backslash \()108
640.8 R F4(\\).833 E F0 3.29(\)a).833 G .79
(nd single quotes can quote the history e)-3.29 F .79
(xpansion character)-.15 F 3.291(,b)-.4 G .791(ut the history e)-3.491 F
(xpansion)-.15 E .789(character is also treated as quoted if it immedia\
tely precedes the closing double quote in a double-quoted)108 652.8 R
(string.)108 664.8 Q(Se)108 681.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .03
(ral characters inhibit history e).15 F .03
(xpansion if found immediately follo)-.15 F .03(wing the history e)-.25
F .03(xpansion character)-.15 F(,)-.4 E -2.15 -.25(ev e)108 693.6 T
3.163(ni).25 G 3.163(fi)-3.163 G 3.162(ti)-3.163 G 3.162(su)-3.162 G
.662(nquoted: space, tab, ne)-3.162 F .662(wline, carriage return, and)
-.25 F F4(=)3.162 E F0 5.662(.I)C 3.162(ft)-5.662 G(he)-3.162 E F4
(extglob)3.162 E F0 .662(shell option is enabled,)3.162 F F4(\()3.162 E
F0(will also inhibit e)108 705.6 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E(Se)108 722.4 Q -.15
(ve)-.25 G .109(ral shell options settable with the).15 F F4(shopt)2.609
E F0 -.2(bu)2.609 G .11(iltin may be used to tailor the beha).2 F .11
(vior of history e)-.2 F(xpansion.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q
(2022 September 19)135.955 E(57)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .232(If the)108 84
R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(histv)2.732 E(erify)-.1 E F0 .231
(shell option is enabled \(see the description of the)2.731 F F1(shopt)
2.731 E F0 -.2(bu)2.731 G .231(iltin belo).2 F .231(w\), and)-.25 F F1
-.18(re)2.731 G(adline).18 E F0 .231(is be-)2.731 F .449(ing used, hist\
ory substitutions are not immediately passed to the shell parser)108 96
R 5.449(.I)-.55 G .449(nstead, the e)-5.449 F .449(xpanded line is)-.15
F 2.228(reloaded into the)108 108 R F1 -.18(re)4.728 G(adline).18 E F0
2.228(editing b)4.728 F(uf)-.2 E 2.228(fer for further modi\214cation.)
-.25 F(If)7.228 E F1 -.18(re)4.728 G(adline).18 E F0 2.228
(is being used, and the)4.728 F F1(histr)108 120 Q(eedit)-.18 E F0 1.202
(shell option is enabled, a f)3.702 F 1.202
(ailed history substitution will be reloaded into the)-.1 F F1 -.18(re)
3.702 G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.702 E -.2(bu)108 132 S -.25(ff).2 G
.304(er for correction.).25 F(The)5.304 E F1<ad70>2.804 E F0 .304
(option to the)2.804 F F1(history)2.804 E F0 -.2(bu)2.804 G .303
(iltin command may be used to see what a history e).2 F(x-)-.15 E .52
(pansion will do before using it.)108 144 R(The)5.52 E F1<ad73>3.02 E F0
.52(option to the)3.02 F F1(history)3.02 E F0 -.2(bu)3.02 G .52
(iltin may be used to add commands to the).2 F
(end of the history list without actually e)108 156 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuting them, so that the).15 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re a)-2.5 E -.25(va)-.2 G
(ilable for subsequent recall.).25 E 1.109(The shell allo)108 172.8 R
1.108(ws control of the v)-.25 F 1.108
(arious characters used by the history e)-.25 F 1.108
(xpansion mechanism \(see the de-)-.15 F .162(scription of)108 184.8 R
F1(histchars)2.662 E F0(abo)2.662 E .462 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1
.163(Shell V)2.662 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 2.663(\). The)B .163
(shell uses the history comment character to mark)2.663 F
(history timestamps when writing the history \214le.)108 196.8 Q F1(Ev)
87 213.6 Q(ent Designators)-.1 E F0 .205(An e)108 225.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G
.204(nt designator is a reference to a command line entry in the histor\
y list.).15 F .204(Unless the reference is abso-)5.204 F(lute, e)108
237.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nts are relati).15 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.5(ot)
.15 G(he current position in the history list.)-2.5 E F1(!)108 254.4 Q
F0 1.607(Start a history substitution, e)144 254.4 R 1.607
(xcept when follo)-.15 F 1.607(wed by a)-.25 F F1(blank)4.107 E F0 4.107
(,n)C -.25(ew)-4.107 G 1.608(line, carriage return, = or \().25 F
(\(when the)144 266.4 Q F1(extglob)2.5 E F0
(shell option is enabled using the)2.5 E F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G
(iltin\).).2 E F1(!)108 278.4 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0
(Refer to command line)144 278.4 Q F2(n)2.86 E F0(.).24 E F1<21ad>108
290.4 Q F2(n)A F0(Refer to the current command minus)144 290.4 Q F2(n)
2.86 E F0(.).24 E F1(!!)108 302.4 Q F0(Refer to the pre)144 302.4 Q
(vious command.)-.25 E(This is a synon)5 E(ym for `!\2551'.)-.15 E F1(!)
108 314.4 Q F2(string)A F0 .865(Refer to the most recent command preced\
ing the current position in the history list starting with)144 314.4 R
F2(string)144.34 326.4 Q F0(.).22 E F1(!?)108 338.4 Q F2(string)A F1
([?])A F0 1.503(Refer to the most recent command preceding the current \
position in the history list containing)144 350.4 R F2(string)144.34
362.4 Q F0 5.497(.T).22 G .497(he trailing)-5.497 F F1(?)2.997 E F0 .497
(may be omitted if)2.997 F F2(string)3.337 E F0 .496(is follo)3.216 F
.496(wed immediately by a ne)-.25 F 2.996(wline. If)-.25 F F2(string)
2.996 E F0(is)2.996 E .39(missing, the string from the most recent sear\
ch is used; it is an error if there is no pre)144 374.4 R .391
(vious search)-.25 F(string.)144 386.4 Q/F3 12/Times-Bold@0 SF(^)108
403.4 Q F2(string1)-5 I F3(^)5 I F2(string2)-5 I F3(^)5 I F0 .753
(Quick substitution.)144 410.4 R .753(Repeat the pre)5.753 F .753
(vious command, replacing)-.25 F F2(string1)3.593 E F0(with)3.253 E F2
(string2)3.592 E F0 5.752(.E).02 G(qui)-5.752 E -.25(va)-.25 G .752
(lent to).25 F -.74(``)144 422.4 S(!!:s).74 E/F4 12/Times-Roman@0 SF(^)5
I F2(string1)-5 I F4(^)5 I F2(string2)-5 I F4(^)5 I F0 1.48 -.74('' \()
-5 L(see).74 E F1(Modi\214ers)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(!#)108
434.4 Q F0(The entire command line typed so f)144 434.4 Q(ar)-.1 E(.)
-.55 E F1 -.75(Wo)87 451.2 S(rd Designators).75 E F0 -.8(Wo)108 463.2 S
1.313(rd designators are used to select desired w).8 F 1.314
(ords from the e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.814(nt. A).15 F F1(:)3.814 E F0
1.314(separates the e)3.814 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.314(nt speci\214cation)
.15 F .53(from the w)108 475.2 R .529(ord designator)-.1 F 5.529(.I)-.55
G 3.029(tm)-5.529 G .529(ay be omitted if the w)-3.029 F .529
(ord designator be)-.1 F .529(gins with a)-.15 F F1(^)3.029 E F0(,)A F1
($)3.029 E F0(,)A F1(*)3.029 E F0(,)A F1<ad>3.029 E F0 3.029(,o)C(r)
-3.029 E F1(%)3.029 E F0 5.529(.W)C(ords)-6.329 E .515
(are numbered from the be)108 487.2 R .516
(ginning of the line, with the \214rst w)-.15 F .516
(ord being denoted by 0 \(zero\).)-.1 F -.8(Wo)5.516 G .516(rds are in-)
.8 F(serted into the current line separated by single spaces.)108 499.2
Q F1 2.5(0\()108 516 S(zer)-2.5 E(o\))-.18 E F0(The zeroth w)144 528 Q
2.5(ord. F)-.1 F(or the shell, this is the command w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E
F2(n)108.36 540 Q F0(The)144 540 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(th w)A(ord.)-.1 E F1(^)
108 552 Q F0(The \214rst ar)144 552 Q 2.5(gument. That)-.18 F(is, w)2.5
E(ord 1.)-.1 E F1($)108 564 Q F0 .064(The last w)144 564 R 2.564
(ord. This)-.1 F .064(is usually the last ar)2.564 F .064(gument, b)-.18
F .064(ut will e)-.2 F .064(xpand to the zeroth w)-.15 F .063
(ord if there is only)-.1 F(one w)144 576 Q(ord in the line.)-.1 E F1(%)
108 588 Q F0 1.419(The \214rst w)144 588 R 1.419
(ord matched by the most recent `?)-.1 F F2(string)A F0 1.42
(?' search, if the search string be)B 1.42(gins with a)-.15 F
(character that is part of a w)144 600 Q(ord.)-.1 E F2(x)108.77 612 Q F1
<ad>A F2(y)A F0 2.5(Ar)144 612 S(ange of w)-2.5 E(ords; `\255)-.1 E F2
(y)A F0 2.5('a)C(bbre)-2.5 E(viates `0\255)-.25 E F2(y)A F0('.)A F1(*)
108 624 Q F0 .316(All of the w)144 624 R .316(ords b)-.1 F .316
(ut the zeroth.)-.2 F .315(This is a synon)5.315 F .315(ym for `)-.15 F
F2(1\255$)A F0 2.815('. It)B .315(is not an error to use)2.815 F F1(*)
2.815 E F0 .315(if there is)2.815 F(just one w)144 636 Q(ord in the e)
-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt; the empty string is returned in that case.).15
E F1(x*)108 648 Q F0(Abbre)144 648 Q(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0(.)
A F1<78ad>108 660 Q F0(Abbre)144 660 Q(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0
(lik)2.5 E(e)-.1 E F1(x*)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut omits the last w)-2.7 E
2.5(ord. If)-.1 F F1(x)2.5 E F0(is missing, it def)2.5 E(aults to 0.)-.1
E(If a w)108 676.8 Q(ord designator is supplied without an e)-.1 E -.15
(ve)-.25 G(nt speci\214cation, the pre).15 E
(vious command is used as the e)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt.).15 E F1
(Modi\214ers)87 693.6 Q F0 .183(After the optional w)108 705.6 R .183
(ord designator)-.1 F 2.683(,t)-.4 G .184
(here may appear a sequence of one or more of the follo)-2.683 F .184
(wing modi\214ers,)-.25 F(each preceded by a `:'.)108 717.6 Q
(These modify)5 E 2.5(,o)-.65 G 2.5(re)-2.5 G(dit, the w)-2.5 E
(ord or w)-.1 E(ords selected from the history e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(nt.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(58)185.115
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(h)108 84 Q F0(Remo)144 84 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H
(railing \214lename component, lea).15 E(ving only the head.)-.2 E F1(t)
108 96 Q F0(Remo)144 96 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H
(ll leading \214lename components, lea).15 E(ving the tail.)-.2 E F1(r)
108 108 Q F0(Remo)144 108 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing suf).15 E
(\214x of the form)-.25 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(.xxx)2.5 E F0 2.5(,l)C
(ea)-2.5 E(ving the basename.)-.2 E F1(e)108 120 Q F0(Remo)144 120 Q .3
-.15(ve a)-.15 H(ll b).15 E(ut the trailing suf)-.2 E(\214x.)-.25 E F1
(p)108 132 Q F0(Print the ne)144 132 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommand b)-2.5 E
(ut do not e)-.2 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute it.).15 E F1(q)108 144 Q F0
(Quote the substituted w)144 144 Q
(ords, escaping further substitutions.)-.1 E F1(x)108 156 Q F0 .386
(Quote the substituted w)144 156 R .386(ords as with)-.1 F F1(q)2.886 E
F0 2.886(,b)C .386(ut break into w)-3.086 F .385(ords at)-.1 F F1
(blanks)2.885 E F0 .385(and ne)2.885 F 2.885(wlines. The)-.25 F F1(q)
2.885 E F0(and)2.885 E F1(x)2.885 E F0(modi\214ers are mutually e)144
168 Q(xclusi)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(;t).15 G
(he last one supplied is used.)-2.5 E F1(s/)108 180 Q F2(old)A F1(/)A F2
(ne)A(w)-.15 E F1(/)A F0(Substitute)144 192 Q F2(ne)3.328 E(w)-.15 E F0
.469(for the \214rst occurrence of)3.278 F F2(old)3.199 E F0 .469
(in the e)3.739 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .469(nt line.).15 F(An)5.469 E 2.969
(yc)-.15 G .469(haracter may be used as the)-2.969 F .954
(delimiter in place of /.)144 204 R .953
(The \214nal delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)
5.953 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .953(nt line.).15 F .131
(The delimiter may be quoted in)144 216 R F2(old)2.861 E F0(and)3.401 E
F2(ne)2.991 E(w)-.15 E F0 .131(with a single backslash.)2.941 F .131
(If & appears in)5.131 F F2(ne)2.991 E(w)-.15 E F0 2.631(,i).31 G 2.631
(ti)-2.631 G 2.631(sr)-2.631 G(e-)-2.631 E .62(placed by)144 228 R F2
(old)3.349 E F0 5.619(.A).77 G .619(single backslash will quote the &.)
-2.5 F(If)5.619 E F2(old)3.349 E F0 .619(is null, it is set to the last)
3.889 F F2(old)3.349 E F0(substi-)3.889 E .486(tuted, or)144 240 R 2.986
(,i)-.4 G 2.986(fn)-2.986 G 2.986(op)-2.986 G(re)-2.986 E .486
(vious history substitutions took place, the last)-.25 F F2(string)3.326
E F0 .487(in a)3.206 F F1(!?)2.987 E F2(string)A F1([?])A F0 2.987
(search. If)5.487 F F2(ne)144.36 252 Q(w)-.15 E F0
(is null, each matching)2.81 E F2(old)2.73 E F0(is deleted.)3.27 E F1(&)
108 264 Q F0(Repeat the pre)144 264 Q(vious substitution.)-.25 E F1(g)
108 276 Q F0 .398(Cause changes to be applied o)144 276 R -.15(ve)-.15 G
2.898(rt).15 G .398(he entire e)-2.898 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .398(nt line.)
.15 F .397(This is used in conjunction with `)5.398 F F1(:s)A F0 2.897
('\()C(e.g.,)-2.897 E(`)144 288 Q F1(:gs/)A F2(old)A F1(/)A F2(ne)A(w)
-.15 E F1(/)A F0 .35('\) or `)B F1(:&)A F0 2.85('. If)B .35(used with `)
2.85 F F1(:s)A F0 .35(', an)B 2.85(yd)-.15 G .351
(elimiter can be used in place of /, and the \214nal de-)-2.85 F
(limiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)144 300 Q -.15
(ve)-.25 G(nt line.).15 E(An)5 E F1(a)2.5 E F0(may be used as a synon)
2.5 E(ym for)-.15 E F1(g)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(G)108 312 Q F0(Apply the follo)
144 312 Q(wing `)-.25 E F1(s)A F0 2.5('o)C 2.5(r`)-2.5 G F1(&)-2.5 E F0
2.5('m)C(odi\214er once to each w)-2.5 E(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25
G(nt line.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)72 328.8 Q(UIL)-.11 E
(TIN COMMANDS)-1.007 E F0 .063(Unless otherwise noted, each b)108 340.8
R .062(uiltin command documented in this section as accepting options p\
receded by)-.2 F F1<ad>108 352.8 Q F0(accepts)3.077 E F1<adad>3.077 E F0
.577(to signify the end of the options.)3.077 F(The)5.577 E F1(:)3.077 E
F0(,)A F1(true)3.077 E F0(,)A F1(false)3.077 E F0 3.077(,a)C(nd)-3.077 E
F1(test)3.077 E F0(/)A F1([)A F0 -.2(bu)3.077 G .577
(iltins do not accept options).2 F .462(and do not treat)108 364.8 R F1
<adad>2.961 E F0(specially)2.961 E 5.461(.T)-.65 G(he)-5.461 E F1(exit)
2.961 E F0(,)A F1(logout)2.961 E F0(,)A F1 -.18(re)2.961 G(tur).18 E(n)
-.15 E F0(,)A F1(br)2.961 E(eak)-.18 E F0(,)A F1(continue)2.961 E F0(,)A
F1(let)2.961 E F0 2.961(,a)C(nd)-2.961 E F1(shift)2.961 E F0 -.2(bu)
2.961 G .461(iltins accept and).2 F .26(process ar)108 376.8 R .26
(guments be)-.18 F .26(ginning with)-.15 F F1<ad>2.76 E F0 .261
(without requiring)2.76 F F1<adad>2.761 E F0 5.261(.O)C .261(ther b)
-5.261 F .261(uiltins that accept ar)-.2 F .261(guments b)-.18 F .261
(ut are not)-.2 F 1.154(speci\214ed as accepting options interpret ar)
108 388.8 R 1.154(guments be)-.18 F 1.154(ginning with)-.15 F F1<ad>
3.654 E F0 1.154(as in)3.654 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.154
(lid options and require).25 F F1<adad>3.654 E F0(to)3.654 E(pre)108
400.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt this interpretation.).15 E F1(:)108 418.8 Q F0
([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .451(No ef)144 430.8 R .451
(fect; the command does nothing be)-.25 F .452(yond e)-.15 F(xpanding)
-.15 E F2(ar)3.282 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .452(and performing an)3.222 F
2.952(ys)-.15 G(peci\214ed)-2.952 E 2.5(redirections. The)144 442.8 R
(return status is zero.)2.5 E F1(.)110.5 459.6 Q F2(\214lename)6.666 E
F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A F1(sour)108 471.6 Q(ce)-.18 E
F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A 1.02
(Read and e)144 483.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.02(cute commands from).15 F F2
(\214lename)5.43 E F0 1.02(in the current shell en)3.7 F 1.02
(vironment and return the e)-.4 F(xit)-.15 E 1.33
(status of the last command e)144 495.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.331
(cuted from).15 F F2(\214lename)5.741 E F0 6.331(.I).18 G(f)-6.331 E F2
(\214lename)5.741 E F0 1.331(does not contain a slash, \214le-)4.011 F
.023(names in)144 507.6 R/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.523 G(TH)-.189
E F0 .022(are used to \214nd the directory containing)2.273 F F2
(\214lename)4.432 E F0 2.522(,b).18 G(ut)-2.722 E F2(\214lename)2.522 E
F0 .022(does not need to be)2.522 F -.15(exe)144 519.6 S 3.86
(cutable. The).15 F 1.36(\214le searched for in)3.86 F F4 -.666(PA)3.86
G(TH)-.189 E F0 1.361(need not be e)3.61 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.861
(cutable. When).15 F F1(bash)3.861 E F0 1.361(is not in)3.861 F F2
(posix)3.861 E(mode)144 531.6 Q F0 2.772(,i)C 2.772(ts)-2.772 G .272
(earches the current directory if no \214le is found in)-2.772 F F4
-.666(PA)2.771 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .271(If the)
4.771 F F1(sour)2.771 E(cepath)-.18 E F0 .271(option to the)2.771 F F1
(shopt)144 543.6 Q F0 -.2(bu)3.659 G 1.159(iltin command is turned of).2
F 1.159(f, the)-.25 F F4 -.666(PA)3.659 G(TH)-.189 E F0 1.159
(is not searched.)3.409 F 1.16(If an)6.159 F(y)-.15 E F2(ar)3.66 E
(guments)-.37 E F0 1.16(are supplied,)3.66 F(the)144 555.6 Q 3.692(yb)
-.15 G 1.192(ecome the positional parameters when)-3.692 F F2
(\214lename)3.692 E F0 1.192(is e)3.692 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.691
(cuted. Otherwise).15 F 1.191(the positional pa-)3.691 F .82
(rameters are unchanged.)144 567.6 R .82(If the)5.82 F F1<ad54>3.32 E F0
.82(option is enabled,)3.32 F F1(.)3.32 E F0 .82(inherits an)3.32 F 3.32
(yt)-.15 G .82(rap on)-3.32 F F1(DEB)3.32 E(UG)-.1 E F0 3.32(;i)C 3.32
(fi)-3.32 G 3.32(ti)-3.32 G 3.32(sn)-3.32 G(ot,)-3.32 E(an)144 579.6 Q
(y)-.15 E F1(DEB)3.323 E(UG)-.1 E F0 .823(trap string is sa)3.323 F -.15
(ve)-.2 G 3.322(da).15 G .822(nd restored around the call to)-3.322 F F1
(.)3.322 E F0 3.322(,a)C(nd)-3.322 E F1(.)3.322 E F0 .822(unsets the)
3.322 F F1(DEB)3.322 E(UG)-.1 E F0(trap)3.322 E .226(while it e)144
591.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.726(cutes. If).15 F F1<ad54>2.727 E F0 .227
(is not set, and the sourced \214le changes the)2.727 F F1(DEB)2.727 E
(UG)-.1 E F0 .227(trap, the ne)2.727 F 2.727(wv)-.25 G .227(alue is)
-2.977 F .891(retained when)144 603.6 R F1(.)3.391 E F0 3.391
(completes. The)3.391 F .891
(return status is the status of the last command e)3.391 F .89
(xited within the)-.15 F(script \(0 if no commands are e)144 615.6 Q
-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted\), and f).15 E(alse if)-.1 E F2(\214lename)4.41 E
F0(is not found or cannot be read.)2.68 E F1(alias)108 632.4 Q F0([)2.5
E F1<ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C
(..])-2.5 E F1(Alias)144 644.4 Q F0 2.724(with no ar)5.224 F 2.724
(guments or with the)-.18 F F1<ad70>5.224 E F0 2.724
(option prints the list of aliases in the form)5.224 F F1(alias)5.225 E
F2(name)144 656.4 Q F0(=)A F2(value)A F0 .58(on standard output.)3.08 F
.58(When ar)5.58 F .58
(guments are supplied, an alias is de\214ned for each)-.18 F F2(name)
3.08 E F0(whose)144 668.4 Q F2(value)2.508 E F0 .009(is gi)2.508 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G 2.509(n. A).15 F .009(trailing space in)2.509 F F2(value)
2.509 E F0 .009(causes the ne)2.509 F .009(xt w)-.15 F .009
(ord to be check)-.1 F .009(ed for alias substi-)-.1 F .579
(tution when the alias is e)144 680.4 R 3.079(xpanded. F)-.15 F .579
(or each)-.15 F F2(name)3.079 E F0 .579(in the ar)3.079 F .579
(gument list for which no)-.18 F F2(value)3.079 E F0 .578(is sup-)3.078
F 1.313(plied, the name and v)144 692.4 R 1.314
(alue of the alias is printed.)-.25 F F1(Alias)6.314 E F0 1.314
(returns true unless a)3.814 F F2(name)3.814 E F0 1.314(is gi)3.814 F
-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.814(nf).15 G(or)-3.814 E
(which no alias has been de\214ned.)144 704.4 Q(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
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SF(bg)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(jobspec)A F0(...])2.5
E .745(Resume each suspended job)144 96 R F2(jobspec)3.245 E F0 .745
(in the background, as if it had been started with)3.245 F F1(&)3.244 E
F0 5.744(.I)C(f)-5.744 E F2(job-)4.984 E(spec)144 108 Q F0 .671
(is not present, the shell')3.481 F 3.171(sn)-.55 G .672(otion of the)
-3.171 F F2(curr)3.172 E .672(ent job)-.37 F F0 .672(is used.)3.172 F F1
(bg)5.672 E F2(jobspec)4.912 E F0 .672(returns 0 unless run)3.482 F .419
(when job control is disabled or)144 120 R 2.919(,w)-.4 G .419
(hen run with job control enabled, an)-2.919 F 2.918(ys)-.15 G
(peci\214ed)-2.918 E F2(jobspec)2.918 E F0 -.1(wa)2.918 G 2.918(sn).1 G
(ot)-2.918 E(found or w)144 132 Q(as started without job control.)-.1 E
F1(bind)108 148.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0
2.5(][)C F1(\255lpsvPSVX)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(bind)108 160.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1
<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad71>-2.5 E F2
(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad75>-2.5 E F2(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C
F1<ad72>-2.5 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(])A F1(bind)108 172.8 Q F0
([)2.5 E F1<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F1<ad66>2.5 E F2
(\214lename)2.5 E F1(bind)108 184.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke)2.5
G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F1<ad78>2.5 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F2
(shell\255command)A F1(bind)108 196.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke)
2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F2
(function\255name)A F1(bind)108 208.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke)
2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F2 -.37(re)C
(adline\255command).37 E F1(bind)108 220.8 Q F2 -.37(re)2.5 G
(adline-command-line).37 E F0 .238(Display current)144 232.8 R F1 -.18
(re)2.738 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)2.738 G 2.738(ya)-.05 G .239
(nd function bindings, bind a k)-2.738 F .539 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .239
(equence to a).15 F F1 -.18(re)2.739 G(adline).18 E F0 .239(function or)
2.739 F .04(macro, or set a)144 244.8 R F1 -.18(re)2.54 G(adline).18 E
F0 -.25(va)2.54 G 2.54(riable. Each).25 F .039(non-option ar)2.54 F .039
(gument is a command as it w)-.18 F .039(ould appear in a)-.1 F F1 -.18
(re)144 256.8 S(adline).18 E F0 .182(initialization \214le such as)2.681
F F2(.inputr)2.912 E(c)-.37 E F0 2.682(,b).31 G .182
(ut each binding or command must be passed as a sep-)-2.882 F 1.907
(arate ar)144 268.8 R 1.907
(gument; e.g., '"\\C\255x\\C\255r": re\255read\255init\255\214le'.)-.18
F 1.907(Options, if supplied, ha)6.907 F 2.207 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.907
(he follo).15 F(wing)-.25 E(meanings:)144 280.8 Q F1<ad6d>144 292.8 Q F2
-.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(Use)180 304.8 Q F2 -.1(ke)5.158 G(ymap)-.2 E
F0 2.658(as the k)5.348 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.658(map to be af).15 F 2.659
(fected by the subsequent bindings.)-.25 F(Acceptable)7.659 E F2 -.1(ke)
180 316.8 S(ymap)-.2 E F0 3.193(names are)5.883 F F2 3.193
(emacs, emacs\255standar)5.693 F 3.192
(d, emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255mo)-.37 F(ve)-.1 E(,)-.1 E
(vi\255command)180 328.8 Q F0 4.089(,a)C(nd)-4.089 E F2(vi\255insert)
4.379 E F0(.).68 E F2(vi)6.589 E F0 1.589(is equi)4.089 F -.25(va)-.25 G
1.589(lent to).25 F F2(vi\255command)4.089 E F0(\()4.089 E F2(vi\255mo)A
(ve)-.1 E F0 1.59(is also a syn-)4.089 F(on)180 340.8 Q(ym\);)-.15 E F2
(emacs)2.5 E F0(is equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2
(emacs\255standar)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F1<ad6c>144 352.8 Q F0
(List the names of all)180 352.8 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0
(functions.)2.5 E F1<ad70>144 364.8 Q F0(Display)180 364.8 Q F1 -.18(re)
2.5 G(adline).18 E F0(function names and bindings in such a w)2.5 E
(ay that the)-.1 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F1<ad50>144 376.8
Q F0(List current)180 376.8 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0
(function names and bindings.)2.5 E F1<ad73>144 388.8 Q F0(Display)180
388.8 Q F1 -.18(re)3.655 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)3.655 G 3.655(ys)-.05
G 1.155(equences bound to macros and the strings the)-3.655 F 3.655(yo)
-.15 G 1.155(utput in such a)-3.655 F -.1(wa)180 400.8 S 2.5(yt).1 G
(hat the)-2.5 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F1<ad53>144 412.8 Q
F0(Display)180 412.8 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G 2.5
(ys)-.05 G(equences bound to macros and the strings the)-2.5 E 2.5(yo)
-.15 G(utput.)-2.5 E F1<ad76>144 424.8 Q F0(Display)180 424.8 Q F1 -.18
(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable names and v).25 E
(alues in such a w)-.25 E(ay that the)-.1 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G
(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F1<ad56>144 436.8 Q F0(List current)180 436.8 Q
F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable names and v).25 E
(alues.)-.25 E F1<ad66>144 448.8 Q F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0(Read k)180
460.8 Q .3 -.15(ey b)-.1 H(indings from).15 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0(.)A
F1<ad71>144 472.8 Q F2(function)2.5 E F0(Query about which k)180 484.8 Q
-.15(ey)-.1 G 2.5(si).15 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-2.5 H .2 -.1(ke t).4 H
(he named).1 E F2(function)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad75>144 496.8 Q F2(function)
2.5 E F0(Unbind all k)180 508.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.5(sb).15 G
(ound to the named)-2.5 E F2(function)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad72>144 520.8 Q
F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(Remo)180 532.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .3
-.15(ny c).15 H(urrent binding for).15 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0
(.)A F1<ad78>144 544.8 Q F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F1(:)A F2
(shell\255command)A F0(Cause)180 556.8 Q F2(shell\255command)4.325 E F0
1.825(to be e)4.325 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.825(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)
-.25 G(r).15 E F2 -.1(ke)4.325 G(yseq)-.2 E F0 1.825(is entered.)4.325 F
(When)6.825 E F2(shell\255com-)4.325 E(mand)180 568.8 Q F0 1.765(is e)
4.265 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.765(cuted, the shell sets the).15 F/F3 9
/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE_LINE)4.265 E F0 -.25(va)4.015 G 1.765
(riable to the contents of the).25 F F1 -.18(re)180 580.8 S(adline).18 E
F0 .375(line b)2.874 F(uf)-.2 E .375(fer and the)-.25 F F3
(READLINE_POINT)2.875 E F0(and)2.625 E F3(READLINE_MARK)2.875 E F0 -.25
(va)2.625 G .375(riables to the).25 F 1.186
(current location of the insertion point and the sa)180 592.8 R -.15(ve)
-.2 G 3.685(di).15 G 1.185(nsertion point \(the mark\), respec-)-3.685 F
(ti)180 604.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.377(.T)-.65 G .377
(he shell assigns an)-5.377 F 2.877(yn)-.15 G .377(umeric ar)-2.877 F
.377(gument the user supplied to the)-.18 F F3(READLINE_AR-)2.878 E
(GUMENT)180 616.8 Q F0 -.25(va)3.605 G 3.855(riable. If).25 F 1.355
(there w)3.855 F 1.354(as no ar)-.1 F 1.354(gument, that v)-.18 F 1.354
(ariable is not set.)-.25 F 1.354(If the e)6.354 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted)
.15 E .343(command changes the v)180 628.8 R .343(alue of an)-.25 F
2.843(yo)-.15 G(f)-2.843 E F3(READLINE_LINE)2.844 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0
SF(,)A F3(READLINE_POINT)2.594 E F4(,)A F0(or)2.594 E F3(READ-)2.844 E
(LINE_MARK)180 640.8 Q F4(,)A F0(those ne)2.25 E 2.5(wv)-.25 G
(alues will be re\215ected in the editing state.)-2.75 E F1<ad58>144
652.8 Q F0 .83(List all k)180 652.8 R 1.13 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .829
(equences bound to shell commands and the associated commands in a for)
.15 F(-)-.2 E(mat that can be reused as input.)180 664.8 Q(The return v)
144 681.6 Q(alue is 0 unless an unrecognized option is gi)-.25 E -.15
(ve)-.25 G 2.5(no).15 G 2.5(ra)-2.5 G 2.5(ne)-2.5 G(rror occurred.)-2.5
E F1(br)108 698.4 Q(eak)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .054
(Exit from within a)144 710.4 R F1 -.25(fo)2.554 G(r).25 E F0(,)A F1
(while)2.554 E F0(,)A F1(until)2.555 E F0 2.555(,o)C(r)-2.555 E F1
(select)2.555 E F0 2.555(loop. If)2.555 F F2(n)2.555 E F0 .055
(is speci\214ed, break)2.555 F F2(n)2.555 E F0(le)2.555 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(ls.).15 E F2(n)5.415 E F0 .055(must be)2.795 F/F5 10/Symbol SF<b3>2.555
E F0(1.)2.555 E(If)144 722.4 Q F2(n)3.075 E F0 .215(is greater than the\
 number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are e)2.955 F 2.714
(xited. The)-.15 F .214(return v)2.714 F(alue)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
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Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)2.5 E F0(is not greater than or equal to 1.)
2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.2(bu)108 100.8 S(iltin).2 E F1(shell\255b)
2.5 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A(Ex)144 112.8
Q .77(ecute the speci\214ed shell b)-.15 F .77(uiltin, passing it)-.2 F
F1(ar)3.601 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.271(,a).27 G .771(nd return its e)
-3.271 F .771(xit status.)-.15 F .771(This is useful)5.771 F .616
(when de\214ning a function whose name is the same as a shell b)144
124.8 R .615(uiltin, retaining the functionality of)-.2 F .57(the b)144
136.8 R .57(uiltin within the function.)-.2 F(The)5.57 E F2(cd)3.07 E F0
-.2(bu)3.07 G .57(iltin is commonly rede\214ned this w).2 F(ay)-.1 E
5.57(.T)-.65 G .57(he return status)-5.57 F(is f)144 148.8 Q(alse if)-.1
E F1(shell\255b)2.84 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0(is not a shell b)2.74 E
(uiltin command.)-.2 E F2(caller)108 165.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)C(pr)
.2 E F0(])A .254(Returns the conte)144 177.6 R .254(xt of an)-.15 F
2.754(ya)-.15 G(cti)-2.754 E .554 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .254
(ubroutine call \(a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
.254(cuted with the).15 F F2(.)2.753 E F0(or)2.753 E F2(sour)144 189.6 Q
(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.824 G 2.824(iltins\). W).2 F(ithout)-.4 E F1 -.2
(ex)2.824 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F2(caller)2.824 E F0 .324
(displays the line number and source \214lename of the current)2.824 F
.254(subroutine call.)144 201.6 R .254(If a non-ne)5.254 F -.05(ga)-.15
G(ti).05 E .554 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E .253(ger is supplied as)-.15
F F1 -.2(ex)2.753 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F2(caller)2.753 E F0 .253
(displays the line number)2.753 F 2.753(,s)-.4 G(ub-)-2.753 E 1.327(rou\
tine name, and source \214le corresponding to that position in the curr\
ent e)144 213.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.328(cution call stack.).15 F .001
(This e)144 225.6 R .001(xtra information may be used, for e)-.15 F .001
(xample, to print a stack trace.)-.15 F(The current frame is frame)5 E
3.019(0. The)144 237.6 R .519(return v)3.019 F .519
(alue is 0 unless the shell is not e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .52
(cuting a subroutine call or).15 F F1 -.2(ex)3.02 G(pr).2 E F0 .52
(does not corre-)3.02 F(spond to a v)144 249.6 Q
(alid position in the call stack.)-.25 E F2(cd)108 266.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2
<ad4c>A F0(|[)A F2<ad50>A F0([)2.5 E F2<ad65>A F0(]] [\255@]] [)A F1
(dir)A F0(])A .322(Change the current directory to)144 278.4 R F1(dir)
2.822 E F0 5.322(.i)C(f)-5.322 E F1(dir)2.822 E F0 .321
(is not supplied, the v)2.822 F .321(alue of the)-.25 F/F3 9
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(de\214nes the search path for the directory containing)3.179 F F1(dir)
3.78 E F0 3.43(:e).73 G(ach)-3.43 E .407(directory name in)144 302.4 R
F3(CDP)2.907 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .407(is searched for)2.657 F
F1(dir)2.907 E F0 5.407(.A)C(lternati)-5.407 E .707 -.15(ve d)-.25 H
.407(irectory names in).15 F F3(CDP)2.907 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0
.406(are sepa-)2.656 F .799(rated by a colon \(:\).)144 314.4 R 3.299
(An)5.799 G .799(ull directory name in)-3.299 F F3(CDP)3.299 E -.855(AT)
-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .799(is the same as the current directory)3.049 F
3.3(,i)-.65 G(.e.,)-3.3 E -.74(``)144 326.4 S F2(.).74 E F0 -.74('')C
5.428(.I).74 G(f)-5.428 E F1(dir)3.278 E F0(be)3.658 E .428
(gins with a slash \(/\), then)-.15 F F3(CDP)2.928 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H)
.855 E F0 .428(is not used.)2.678 F(The)5.428 E F2<ad50>2.927 E F0 .427
(option causes)2.927 F F2(cd)2.927 E F0 .427(to use the)2.927 F(ph)144
338.4 Q .167
(ysical directory structure by resolving symbolic links while tra)-.05 F
-.15(ve)-.2 G(rsing).15 E F1(dir)2.668 E F0 .168(and before processing)
2.668 F 1.225(instances of)144 350.4 R F1(..)3.725 E F0(in)3.725 E F1
(dir)3.725 E F0 1.225(\(see also the)3.725 F F2<ad50>3.725 E F0 1.225
(option to the)3.725 F F2(set)3.725 E F0 -.2(bu)3.725 G 1.225
(iltin command\); the).2 F F2<ad4c>3.725 E F0 1.225(option forces)3.725
F .411(symbolic links to be follo)144 362.4 R .411
(wed by resolving the link after processing instances of)-.25 F F1(..)
2.911 E F0(in)2.911 E F1(dir)2.911 E F0 5.411(.I)C(f)-5.411 E F1(..)
2.912 E F0(ap-)2.912 E .341(pears in)144 374.4 R F1(dir)2.841 E F0 2.841
(,i)C 2.841(ti)-2.841 G 2.841(sp)-2.841 G .341(rocessed by remo)-2.841 F
.341(ving the immediately pre)-.15 F .34(vious pathname component from)
-.25 F F1(dir)2.84 E F0(,)A .175(back to a slash or the be)144 386.4 R
.175(ginning of)-.15 F F1(dir)2.675 E F0 5.175(.I)C 2.675(ft)-5.175 G
(he)-2.675 E F2<ad65>2.676 E F0 .176(option is supplied with)2.676 F F2
<ad50>2.676 E F0 2.676(,a)C .176(nd the current w)-2.676 F(ork-)-.1 E
.341(ing directory cannot be successfully determined after a successful\
 directory change,)144 398.4 R F2(cd)2.84 E F0 .34(will return)2.84 F
.356(an unsuccessful status.)144 410.4 R .356
(On systems that support it, the)5.356 F F2<ad40>2.857 E F0 .357
(option presents the e)2.857 F .357(xtended attrib)-.15 F(utes)-.2 E .07
(associated with a \214le as a directory)144 422.4 R 5.07(.A)-.65 G
2.569(na)-5.07 G -.18(rg)-2.569 G .069(ument of).18 F F2<ad>2.569 E F0
.069(is con)2.569 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .069(rted to).15 F F3($OLDPWD)2.569 E
F0 .069(before the direc-)2.319 F .306(tory change is attempted.)144
434.4 R .306(If a non-empty directory name from)5.306 F F3(CDP)2.806 E
-.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .306(is used, or if)2.556 F F2<ad>2.807 E
F0 .307(is the \214rst)2.807 F(ar)144 446.4 Q .116(gument, and the dire\
ctory change is successful, the absolute pathname of the ne)-.18 F 2.615
(ww)-.25 G .115(orking direc-)-2.715 F .15
(tory is written to the standard output.)144 458.4 R .15
(If the directory change is successful,)5.15 F F2(cd)2.65 E F0 .15
(sets the v)2.65 F .15(alue of the)-.25 F F2(PWD)144 470.4 Q F0(en)2.958
E .458(vironment v)-.4 F .458(ariable to the ne)-.25 F 2.958(wd)-.25 G
.458(irectory name, and sets the)-2.958 F F2(OLDPWD)2.957 E F0(en)2.957
E .457(vironment v)-.4 F(ari-)-.25 E .125(able to the v)144 482.4 R .125
(alue of the current w)-.25 F .126(orking directory before the change.)
-.1 F .126(The return v)5.126 F .126(alue is true if the)-.25 F
(directory w)144 494.4 Q(as successfully changed; f)-.1 E
(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F2(command)108 511.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255pVv)A F0
(])A F1(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Run)144
523.2 Q F1(command)2.765 E F0(with)3.335 E F1(ar)2.895 E(gs)-.37 E F0
.065(suppressing the normal shell function lookup.)2.835 F .064(Only b)
5.064 F .064(uiltin commands or)-.2 F .501(commands found in the)144
535.2 R F3 -.666(PA)3.001 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .502(are e)2.751 F -.15(xe)
-.15 G 3.002(cuted. If).15 F(the)3.002 E F2<ad70>3.002 E F0 .502
(option is gi)3.002 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .502(n, the search for).15 F F1
(command)3.202 E F0(is)3.772 E .4(performed using a def)144 547.2 R .4
(ault v)-.1 F .4(alue for)-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)2.9 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .399
(that is guaranteed to \214nd all of the standard utilities.)2.649 F(If)
5.399 E .174(either the)144 559.2 R F2<ad56>2.674 E F0(or)2.674 E F2
<ad76>2.674 E F0 .175(option is supplied, a description of)2.674 F F1
(command)2.875 E F0 .175(is printed.)3.445 F(The)5.175 E F2<ad76>2.675 E
F0 .175(option causes)2.675 F 3.318(as)144 571.2 S .818(ingle w)-3.318 F
.817(ord indicating the command or \214lename used to in)-.1 F -.2(vo)
-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F1(command)3.617 E F0 .817(to be displayed; the)4.087
F F2<ad56>144 583.2 Q F0 .249(option produces a more v)2.749 F .249
(erbose description.)-.15 F .249(If the)5.249 F F2<ad56>2.749 E F0(or)
2.749 E F2<ad76>2.75 E F0 .25(option is supplied, the e)2.75 F .25
(xit status)-.15 F 1.005(is 0 if)144 595.2 R F1(command)3.705 E F0 -.1
(wa)4.275 G 3.505(sf).1 G 1.005(ound, and 1 if not.)-3.505 F 1.004
(If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or)6.005 F F1
(command)144.2 607.2 Q F0 1.598(cannot be found, the e)4.868 F 1.599
(xit status is 127.)-.15 F 1.599(Otherwise, the e)6.599 F 1.599
(xit status of the)-.15 F F2(command)4.099 E F0 -.2(bu)144 619.2 S
(iltin is the e).2 E(xit status of)-.15 E F1(command)2.7 E F0(.).77 E F2
(compgen)108 636 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(wor)-2.5 E(d)
-.37 E F0(])A .013(Generate possible completion matches for)144 648 R F1
(wor)2.513 E(d)-.37 E F0 .013(according to the)2.513 F F1(option)2.513 E
F0 .013(s, which may be an)B 2.512(yo)-.15 G(ption)-2.512 E .981
(accepted by the)144 660 R F2(complete)3.481 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981
(iltin with the e).2 F .981(xception of)-.15 F F2<ad70>3.481 E F0(and)
3.481 E F2<ad72>3.481 E F0 3.481(,a)C .982(nd write the matches to the)
-3.481 F .131(standard output.)144 672 R .131(When using the)5.131 F F2
<ad46>2.631 E F0(or)2.631 E F2<ad43>2.631 E F0 .131(options, the v)2.631
F .13(arious shell v)-.25 F .13(ariables set by the program-)-.25 F
(mable completion f)144 684 Q(acilities, while a)-.1 E -.25(va)-.2 G
(ilable, will not ha).25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.2 H(seful v).15 E(alues.)-.25
E .352(The matches will be generated in the same w)144 708 R .352
(ay as if the programmable completion code had gen-)-.1 F .02(erated th\
em directly from a completion speci\214cation with the same \215ags.)144
720 R(If)5.02 E F1(wor)2.52 E(d)-.37 E F0 .02(is speci\214ed, only)2.52
F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(61)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E
(those completions matching)144 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(wor)2.5 E
(d)-.37 E F0(will be displayed.)2.5 E(The return v)144 108 Q
(alue is true unless an in)-.25 E -.25(va)-.4 G
(lid option is supplied, or no matches were generated.).25 E/F2 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF(complete)108 124.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255abcdefgjksuv)A
F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad6f>-2.5 E F1(comp-option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(\255DEI)
-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad41>-2.5 E F1(action)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad47>
-2.5 E F1(globpat)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad57>-2.5 E F1(wor)2.5 E(dlist)
-.37 E F0(])A([)144 136.8 Q F2<ad46>A F1(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2
<ad43>-2.5 E F1(command)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad58>-2.5 E F1(\214lterpat)
2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad50>-2.5 E F1(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.5(][)C
F2<ad53>-2.5 E F1(suf)2.5 E<8c78>-.18 E F0(])A F1(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E
F1(name ...)A F0(])A F2(complete \255pr)108 148.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2
(\255DEI)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .633(Specify ho)144
160.8 R 3.133(wa)-.25 G -.18(rg)-3.133 G .633(uments to each).18 F F1
(name)3.133 E F0 .633(should be completed.)3.133 F .634(If the)5.634 F
F2<ad70>3.134 E F0 .634(option is supplied, or if no)3.134 F .14
(options are supplied, e)144 172.8 R .139
(xisting completion speci\214cations are printed in a w)-.15 F .139
(ay that allo)-.1 F .139(ws them to be)-.25 F .31(reused as input.)144
184.8 R(The)5.31 E F2<ad72>2.81 E F0 .31(option remo)2.81 F -.15(ve)-.15
G 2.81(sac).15 G .31(ompletion speci\214cation for each)-2.81 F F1(name)
2.81 E F0 2.81(,o)C 1.11 -.4(r, i)-2.81 H 2.81(fn).4 G(o)-2.81 E F1
(name)2.81 E F0(s)A 1.208
(are supplied, all completion speci\214cations.)144 196.8 R(The)6.208 E
F2<ad44>3.708 E F0 1.207(option indicates that other supplied options)
3.707 F .5(and actions should apply to the `)144 208.8 R(`def)-.74 E
(ault')-.1 E 3('c)-.74 G .5
(ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on)-3 F 3.455(ac)144
220.8 S .955(ommand for which no completion has pre)-3.455 F .955
(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)5.955 E F2<ad45>3.455 E F0 .955
(option indicates that)3.455 F .876
(other supplied options and actions should apply to `)144 232.8 R
(`empty')-.74 E 3.376('c)-.74 G .876(ommand completion; that is, com-)
-3.376 F .448(pletion attempted on a blank line.)144 244.8 R(The)5.447 E
F2<ad49>2.947 E F0 .447
(option indicates that other supplied options and actions)2.947 F .123
(should apply to completion on the initial non-assignment w)144 256.8 R
.123(ord on the line, or after a command de-)-.1 F 1.021
(limiter such as)144 268.8 R F2(;)3.521 E F0(or)3.521 E F2(|)3.521 E F0
3.521(,w)C 1.021(hich is usually command name completion.)-3.521 F 1.02
(If multiple options are sup-)6.02 F .707(plied, the)144 280.8 R F2
<ad44>3.207 E F0 .707(option tak)3.207 F .707(es precedence o)-.1 F -.15
(ve)-.15 G(r).15 E F2<ad45>3.208 E F0 3.208(,a)C .708(nd both tak)-3.208
F 3.208(ep)-.1 G .708(recedence o)-3.208 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(r).15 E F2
<ad49>3.208 E F0 5.708(.I)C 3.208(fa)-5.708 G 1.008 -.15(ny o)-3.208 H
(f).15 E F2<ad44>3.208 E F0(,)A F2<ad45>144 292.8 Q F0 2.604(,o)C(r)
-2.604 E F2<ad49>2.604 E F0 .103(are supplied, an)2.603 F 2.603(yo)-.15
G(ther)-2.603 E F1(name)2.603 E F0(ar)2.603 E .103
(guments are ignored; these completions only apply to the)-.18 F
(case speci\214ed by the option.)144 304.8 Q .152
(The process of applying these completion speci\214cations when w)144
328.8 R .153(ord completion is attempted is de-)-.1 F(scribed abo)144
340.8 Q .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(Pr)2.5 E
(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0(.)A .556
(Other options, if speci\214ed, ha)144 364.8 R .856 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .555
(he follo).15 F .555(wing meanings.)-.25 F .555(The ar)5.555 F .555
(guments to the)-.18 F F2<ad47>3.055 E F0(,)A F2<ad57>3.055 E F0 3.055
(,a)C(nd)-3.055 E F2<ad58>3.055 E F0 .722(options \(and, if necessary)
144 376.8 R 3.222(,t)-.65 G(he)-3.222 E F2<ad50>3.222 E F0(and)3.222 E
F2<ad53>3.222 E F0 .723
(options\) should be quoted to protect them from e)3.222 F(xpan-)-.15 E
(sion before the)144 388.8 Q F2(complete)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G
(iltin is in).2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E F2<ad6f>144 400.8 Q
F1(comp-option)2.5 E F0(The)184 412.8 Q F1(comp-option)2.791 E F0 .291
(controls se)2.791 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .291(ral aspects of the compspec')
.15 F 2.791(sb)-.55 G(eha)-2.791 E .291(vior be)-.2 F .291
(yond the simple)-.15 F(generation of completions.)184 424.8 Q F1
(comp-option)5 E F0(may be one of:)2.5 E F2(bashdefault)184 436.8 Q F0
.281(Perform the rest of the def)224 448.8 R(ault)-.1 E F2(bash)2.781 E
F0 .281(completions if the compspec generates no)2.781 F(matches.)224
460.8 Q F2(default)184 472.8 Q F0 2.876(Use readline')224 472.8 R 5.376
(sd)-.55 G(ef)-5.376 E 2.875
(ault \214lename completion if the compspec generates no)-.1 F(matches.)
224 484.8 Q F2(dir)184 496.8 Q(names)-.15 E F0(Perform directory name c\
ompletion if the compspec generates no matches.)224 508.8 Q F2
(\214lenames)184 520.8 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 532.8 S .137(ll readline that th\
e compspec generates \214lenames, so it can perform an).7 F 2.637<798c>
-.15 G(le-)-2.637 E .134(name\255speci\214c processing \(lik)224 544.8 R
2.634(ea)-.1 G .134(dding a slash to directory names, quoting spe-)
-2.634 F .45(cial characters, or suppressing trailing spaces\).)224
556.8 R .45(Intended to be used with shell)5.45 F(functions.)224 568.8 Q
F2(noquote)184 580.8 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 580.8 S .814
(ll readline not to quote the completed w).7 F .814(ords if the)-.1 F
3.314(ya)-.15 G .814(re \214lenames \(quoting)-3.314 F
(\214lenames is the def)224 592.8 Q(ault\).)-.1 E F2(nosort)184 604.8 Q
F0 -.7(Te)224 604.8 S(ll readline not to sort the list of possible comp\
letions alphabetically).7 E(.)-.65 E F2(nospace)184 616.8 Q F0 -.7(Te)
224 616.8 S .22(ll readline not to append a space \(the def).7 F .22
(ault\) to w)-.1 F .22(ords completed at the end)-.1 F(of the line.)224
628.8 Q F2(plusdirs)184 640.8 Q F0 1.985(After an)224 640.8 R 4.485(ym)
-.15 G 1.985
(atches de\214ned by the compspec are generated, directory name)-4.485 F
.583(completion is attempted and an)224 652.8 R 3.084(ym)-.15 G .584
(atches are added to the results of the other)-3.084 F(actions.)224
664.8 Q F2<ad41>144 676.8 Q F1(action)2.5 E F0(The)184 688.8 Q F1
(action)2.5 E F0(may be one of the follo)2.5 E
(wing to generate a list of possible completions:)-.25 E F2(alias)184
700.8 Q F0(Alias names.)224 700.8 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F2
<ad61>2.5 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(62)
185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(arrayv)184 84 Q(ar)-.1 E F0(Array v)224 96 Q(ariable names.)-.25 E F1
(binding)184 108 Q(Readline)224 108 Q F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G 2.5(yb)-.05 G
(inding names.)-2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)184 120 S(iltin).2 E F0
(Names of shell b)224 120 Q(uiltin commands.)-.2 E
(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad62>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(command)184 132
Q F0(Command names.)224 144 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad63>2.5
E F0(.)A F1(dir)184 156 Q(ectory)-.18 E F0(Directory names.)224 168 Q
(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad64>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(disabled)184 180
Q F0(Names of disabled shell b)224 192 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(enabled)184
204 Q F0(Names of enabled shell b)224 204 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(export)184
216 Q F0(Names of e)224 216 Q(xported shell v)-.15 E 2.5(ariables. May)
-.25 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F1<ad65>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(\214le)184
228 Q F0(File names.)224 228 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad66>
2.5 E F0(.)A F1(function)184 240 Q F0(Names of shell functions.)224 252
Q F1(gr)184 264 Q(oup)-.18 E F0(Group names.)224 264 Q
(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad67>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(helptopic)184
276 Q F0(Help topics as accepted by the)224 288 Q F1(help)2.5 E F0 -.2
(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(hostname)184 300 Q F0(Hostnames, as tak)224 312
Q(en from the \214le speci\214ed by the)-.1 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F0(shell v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(job)184 324 Q F0
(Job names, if job control is acti)224 324 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 5(.M).15 G
(ay also be speci\214ed as)-5 E F1<ad6a>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ke)184 336 S
(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Shell reserv)224 348 Q(ed w)-.15 E 2.5(ords. May)
-.1 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F1<ad6b>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(running)184
360 Q F0(Names of running jobs, if job control is acti)224 360 Q -.15
(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(ser)184 372 Q(vice)-.1 E F0(Service names.)224 372
Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad73>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(setopt)184 384
Q F0 -1.11(Va)224 384 S(lid ar)1.11 E(guments for the)-.18 E F1<ad6f>2.5
E F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1
(shopt)184 396 Q F0(Shell option names as accepted by the)224 396 Q F1
(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(signal)184 408 Q F0
(Signal names.)224 408 Q F1(stopped)184 420 Q F0
(Names of stopped jobs, if job control is acti)224 420 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
(.).15 E F1(user)184 432 Q F0(User names.)224 432 Q
(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(va)184 444 S
(riable).1 E F0(Names of all shell v)224 444 Q 2.5(ariables. May)-.25 F
(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F1<ad76>2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad43>144 456 Q/F3
10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E(command)184 468 Q F0 1.056(is e)3.556
F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.056(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 1.056
(vironment, and its output is used as the possible)-.4 F 2.5
(completions. Ar)184 480 R(guments are passed as with the)-.18 E F1
<ad46>2.5 E F0(option.)2.5 E F1<ad46>144 492 Q F3(function)2.5 E F0 .113
(The shell function)184 504 R F3(function)2.614 E F0 .114(is e)2.614 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G .114(cuted in the current shell en).15 F 2.614
(vironment. When)-.4 F .114(the func-)2.614 F .817(tion is e)184 516 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G .817(cuted, the \214rst ar).15 F .817(gument \()-.18 F F1
($1)A F0 3.316(\)i)C 3.316(st)-3.316 G .816
(he name of the command whose ar)-3.316 F(guments)-.18 E 1.407
(are being completed, the second ar)184 528 R 1.407(gument \()-.18 F F1
($2)A F0 3.907(\)i)C 3.907(st)-3.907 G 1.407(he w)-3.907 F 1.407
(ord being completed, and the)-.1 F .104(third ar)184 540 R .104
(gument \()-.18 F F1($3)A F0 2.604(\)i)C 2.604(st)-2.604 G .104(he w)
-2.604 F .104(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .103
(ord being completed on the current com-)-.1 F .101(mand line.)184 552 R
.101(When it \214nishes, the possible completions are retrie)5.101 F
-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.602(df).15 G .102(rom the v)-2.602 F .102(alue of the)
-.25 F F2(COMPREPL)184 564 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E
F1<ad47>144 576 Q F3(globpat)2.5 E F0 1.008(The pathname e)184 588 R
1.008(xpansion pattern)-.15 F F3(globpat)3.507 E F0 1.007(is e)3.507 F
1.007(xpanded to generate the possible comple-)-.15 F(tions.)184 600 Q
F1<ad50>144 612 Q F3(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E(pr)184 624 Q(e\214x)-.37 E
F0 .534(is added at the be)3.034 F .534
(ginning of each possible completion after all other options ha)-.15 F
-.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 636 Q F1<ad53>144 648 Q F3(suf)2.5 E
<8c78>-.18 E(suf)184 648 Q<8c78>-.18 E F0
(is appended to each possible completion after all other options ha)2.5
E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E F1<ad57>144 660 Q F3(wor)2.5 E
(dlist)-.37 E F0(The)184 672 Q F3(wor)3.64 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 1.14
(is split using the characters in the)3.64 F F2(IFS)3.64 E F0 1.139
(special v)3.39 F 1.139(ariable as delimiters, and)-.25 F .98
(each resultant w)184 684 R .98(ord is e)-.1 F 3.481(xpanded. Shell)-.15
F .981(quoting is honored within)3.481 F F3(wor)3.481 E(dlist)-.37 E F0
3.481(,i)C 3.481(no)-3.481 G .981(rder to)-3.481 F(pro)184 696 Q .766
(vide a mechanism for the w)-.15 F .765
(ords to contain shell metacharacters or characters in the)-.1 F -.25
(va)184 708 S 1.964(lue of).25 F F2(IFS)4.464 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)
A F0 1.964
(The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which)
6.464 F(match the w)184 720 Q(ord being completed.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF<ad58>144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214lterpat)2.5 E(\214lterpat)
184 96 Q F0 .456(is a pattern as used for pathname e)2.956 F 2.956
(xpansion. It)-.15 F .455(is applied to the list of possible)2.956 F
1.596(completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 108 R
1.596(guments, and each completion)-.18 F(matching)184 120 Q F2
(\214lterpat)3.205 E F0 .705(is remo)3.205 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.205(df).15
G .704(rom the list.)-3.205 F 3.204(Al)5.704 G(eading)-3.204 E F1(!)
3.204 E F0(in)3.204 E F2(\214lterpat)3.204 E F0(ne)3.204 E -.05(ga)-.15
G .704(tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 132 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G
(ompletion not matching)-2.5 E F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0(is remo)2.5 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .466(The return v)144 148.8 R .466
(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .466
(lid option is supplied, an option other than).25 F F1<ad70>2.967 E F0
(or)2.967 E F1<ad72>2.967 E F0 .467(is sup-)2.967 F 1.362
(plied without a)144 160.8 R F2(name)3.862 E F0(ar)3.862 E 1.361
(gument, an attempt is made to remo)-.18 F 1.661 -.15(ve a c)-.15 H
1.361(ompletion speci\214cation for a).15 F F2(name)144 172.8 Q F0
(for which no speci\214cation e)2.5 E
(xists, or an error occurs adding a completion speci\214cation.)-.15 E
F1(compopt)108 189.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6f>A F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C
F1(\255DEI)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C
F2(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .447(Modify completion options for each)144 201.6
R F2(name)2.947 E F0 .447(according to the)2.947 F F2(option)2.947 E F0
.447(s, or for the currently-e)B -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E .726
(completion if no)144 213.6 R F2(name)3.226 E F0 3.226(sa)C .726
(re supplied.)-3.226 F .725(If no)5.725 F F2(option)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa)
C .725(re gi)-3.225 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .725
(n, display the completion options for).15 F(each)144 225.6 Q F2(name)
3.223 E F0 .723(or the current completion.)3.223 F .724(The possible v)
5.724 F .724(alues of)-.25 F F2(option)3.224 E F0 .724(are those v)3.224
F .724(alid for the)-.25 F F1(com-)3.224 E(plete)144 237.6 Q F0 -.2(bu)
2.678 G .178(iltin described abo).2 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.178(.T).15 G(he)
-5.178 E F1<ad44>2.678 E F0 .178
(option indicates that other supplied options should apply to)2.678 F
1.227(the `)144 249.6 R(`def)-.74 E(ault')-.1 E 3.727('c)-.74 G 1.228(o\
mmand completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for which \
no)-3.727 F 2.039(completion has pre)144 261.6 R 2.039
(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)7.038 E F1<ad45>4.538 E F0 2.038
(option indicates that other supplied options)4.538 F 1.538
(should apply to `)144 273.6 R(`empty')-.74 E 4.038('c)-.74 G 1.539
(ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line.)
-4.038 F(The)144 285.6 Q F1<ad49>3.02 E F0 .52(option indicates that ot\
her supplied options should apply to completion on the initial non-)3.02
F .867(assignment w)144 297.6 R .868
(ord on the line, or after a command delimiter such as)-.1 F F1(;)3.368
E F0(or)3.368 E F1(|)3.368 E F0 3.368(,w)C .868(hich is usually com-)
-3.368 F(mand name completion.)144 309.6 Q .432(The return v)144 333.6 R
.431(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .431
(lid option is supplied, an attempt is made to modify the op-).25 F
(tions for a)144 345.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0
(for which no completion speci\214cation e)2.5 E
(xists, or an output error occurs.)-.15 E F1(continue)108 362.4 Q F0([)
2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .85(Resume the ne)144 374.4 R .85
(xt iteration of the enclosing)-.15 F F1 -.25(fo)3.35 G(r).25 E F0(,)A
F1(while)3.351 E F0(,)A F1(until)3.351 E F0 3.351(,o)C(r)-3.351 E F1
(select)3.351 E F0 3.351(loop. If)3.351 F F2(n)3.711 E F0 .851
(is speci\214ed, re-)3.591 F .204(sume at the)144 386.4 R F2(n)2.704 E
F0 .204(th enclosing loop.)B F2(n)5.564 E F0 .204(must be)2.944 F/F3 10
/Symbol SF<b3>2.704 E F0 2.703(1. If)2.704 F F2(n)3.063 E F0 .203
(is greater than the number of enclosing loops,)2.943 F 1.183
(the last enclosing loop \(the `)144 398.4 R(`top-le)-.74 E -.15(ve)-.25
G(l').15 E 3.683('l)-.74 G 1.183(oop\) is resumed.)-3.683 F 1.184
(The return v)6.184 F 1.184(alue is 0 unless)-.25 F F2(n)3.684 E F0
1.184(is not)3.684 F(greater than or equal to 1.)144 410.4 Q F1(declar)
108 427.2 Q(e)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgiIlnrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1
<ad70>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C
(..])-2.5 E F1(typeset)108 439.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgiIlnrtux)A F0
2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0
2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E 1.265(Declare v)144 451.2 R 1.265
(ariables and/or gi)-.25 F 1.565 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 1.265(hem attrib).15 F
3.765(utes. If)-.2 F(no)3.765 E F2(name)3.765 E F0 3.765(sa)C 1.265
(re gi)-3.765 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.764(nt).15 G 1.264(hen display the v)
-3.764 F 1.264(alues of)-.25 F -.25(va)144 463.2 S 3.46(riables. The).25
F F1<ad70>3.46 E F0 .96(option will display the attrib)3.46 F .96
(utes and v)-.2 F .96(alues of each)-.25 F F2(name)3.82 E F0 5.96(.W).18
G(hen)-5.96 E F1<ad70>3.46 E F0 .96(is used)3.46 F(with)144 475.2 Q F2
(name)2.775 E F0(ar)2.775 E .275
(guments, additional options, other than)-.18 F F1<ad66>2.775 E F0(and)
2.775 E F1<ad46>2.775 E F0 2.775(,a)C .274(re ignored.)-2.775 F(When)
5.274 E F1<ad70>2.774 E F0 .274(is supplied)2.774 F(without)144 487.2 Q
F2(name)3.789 E F0(ar)3.789 E 1.289(guments, it will display the attrib)
-.18 F 1.289(utes and v)-.2 F 1.29(alues of all v)-.25 F 1.29
(ariables ha)-.25 F 1.29(ving the at-)-.2 F(trib)144 499.2 Q .38
(utes speci\214ed by the additional options.)-.2 F .38
(If no other options are supplied with)5.38 F F1<ad70>2.88 E F0(,)A F1
(declar)2.88 E(e)-.18 E F0(will)2.88 E 1.106(display the attrib)144
511.2 R 1.106(utes and v)-.2 F 1.106(alues of all shell v)-.25 F 3.606
(ariables. The)-.25 F F1<ad66>3.606 E F0 1.107
(option will restrict the display to)3.606 F .3(shell functions.)144
523.2 R(The)5.3 E F1<ad46>2.8 E F0 .299(option inhibits the display of \
function de\214nitions; only the function name)2.8 F 1.54(and attrib)144
535.2 R 1.54(utes are printed.)-.2 F 1.54(If the)6.54 F F1(extdeb)4.04 E
(ug)-.2 E F0 1.54(shell option is enabled using)4.04 F F1(shopt)4.04 E
F0 4.04(,t)C 1.54(he source \214le)-4.04 F .648
(name and line number where each)144 547.2 R F2(name)3.148 E F0 .648
(is de\214ned are displayed as well.)3.148 F(The)5.648 E F1<ad46>3.148 E
F0 .648(option implies)3.148 F F1<ad66>144 559.2 Q F0 5.836(.T)C(he)
-5.836 E F1<ad67>3.336 E F0 .836(option forces v)3.336 F .837
(ariables to be created or modi\214ed at the global scope, e)-.25 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G 3.337(nw).15 G(hen)-3.337 E F1(de-)3.337 E(clar)144 571.2 Q
(e)-.18 E F0 .819(is e)3.319 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .819
(cuted in a shell function.).15 F .818
(It is ignored in all other cases.)5.818 F(The)5.818 E F1<ad49>3.318 E
F0 .818(option causes local)3.318 F -.25(va)144 583.2 S .693
(riables to inherit the attrib).25 F .693(utes \(e)-.2 F .693(xcept the)
-.15 F F2(namer)3.194 E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)3.194 E .694(ute\) and v)-.2
F .694(alue of an)-.25 F 3.194(ye)-.15 G .694(xisting v)-3.344 F
(ariable)-.25 E .82(with the same)144 595.2 R F2(name)3.32 E F0 .82
(at a surrounding scope.)3.32 F .82(If there is no e)5.82 F .82
(xisting v)-.15 F .82(ariable, the local v)-.25 F .82(ariable is)-.25 F
.379(initially unset.)144 607.2 R .379(The follo)5.379 F .379
(wing options can be used to restrict output to v)-.25 F .38
(ariables with the speci\214ed)-.25 F(attrib)144 619.2 Q(ute or to gi)
-.2 E .3 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(ariables attrib)-.1 E(utes:)-.2 E F1<ad61>144
631.2 Q F0(Each)180 631.2 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an inde)2.5 E -.15(xe)
-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray v)-2.5 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5 E
F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1<ad41>144 643.2 Q F0(Each)180
643.2 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an associati)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H
(rray v).15 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)
-.15 G(\).).15 E F1<ad66>144 655.2 Q F0(Use function names only)180
655.2 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad69>144 667.2 Q F0 .558(The v)180 667.2 R .558
(ariable is treated as an inte)-.25 F .558(ger; arithmetic e)-.15 F -.25
(va)-.25 G .558(luation \(see).25 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .557
(ARITHMETIC EV)3.058 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)180 679.2 Q F0(abo)
2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\)i).15 G 2.5(sp)-2.5 G(erformed when the v)
-2.5 E(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E F1<ad6c>144 691.2 Q
F0 .909(When the v)180 691.2 R .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909
(alue, all upper)-.25 F .909(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4
G .91(rted to lo).15 F(wer)-.25 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 703.2 R
(upper)2.5 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1<ad6e>144 715.2
Q F0(Gi)180 715.2 Q 1.62 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F2(name)3.82 E F0
(the)3.82 E F2(namer)3.819 E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)3.819 E 1.319
(ute, making it a name reference to another v)-.2 F(ariable.)-.25 E
1.518(That other v)180 727.2 R 1.518(ariable is de\214ned by the v)-.25
F 1.519(alue of)-.25 F F2(name)4.019 E F0 6.519(.A)C 1.519
(ll references, assignments, and)-6.519 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q
(2022 September 19)135.955 E(64)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(attrib)180 84 Q
.227(ute modi\214cations to)-.2 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.726 E
F0 2.726(,e)C .226(xcept those using or changing the)-2.876 F/F2 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad6e>2.726 E F0(attrib)2.726 E .226(ute itself, are)-.2
F .808(performed on the v)180 96 R .808(ariable referenced by)-.25 F F1
(name)3.308 E F0 1.908 -.55('s v)D 3.308(alue. The).3 F .809
(nameref attrib)3.309 F .809(ute cannot be)-.2 F(applied to array v)180
108 Q(ariables.)-.25 E F2<ad72>144 120 Q F0(Mak)180 120 Q(e)-.1 E F1
(name)3.655 E F0 3.655(sr)C(eadonly)-3.655 E 6.154(.T)-.65 G 1.154
(hese names cannot then be assigned v)-6.154 F 1.154
(alues by subsequent as-)-.25 F(signment statements or unset.)180 132 Q
F2<ad74>144 144 Q F0(Gi)180 144 Q .729 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F1
(name)2.929 E F0(the)2.929 E F1(tr)2.929 E(ace)-.15 E F0(attrib)2.929 E
2.929(ute. T)-.2 F .429(raced functions inherit the)-.35 F F2(DEB)2.929
E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.93 E F2(RETURN)2.93 E F0
(traps from the calling shell.)180 156 Q(The trace attrib)5 E
(ute has no special meaning for v)-.2 E(ariables.)-.25 E F2<ad75>144 168
Q F0 .91(When the v)180 168 R .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909
(alue, all lo)-.25 F(wer)-.25 E .909(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15
(ve)-.4 G .909(rted to upper).15 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 180 R(lo)
2.5 E(wer)-.25 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F2<ad78>144
192 Q F0(Mark)180 192 Q F1(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(sf)C(or e)-2.5 E
(xport to subsequent commands via the en)-.15 E(vironment.)-.4 E .143
(Using `+' instead of `\255' turns of)144 208.8 R 2.643(ft)-.25 G .143
(he attrib)-2.643 F .143(ute instead, with the e)-.2 F .144
(xceptions that)-.15 F F2(+a)2.644 E F0(and)2.644 E F2(+A)2.644 E F0
.144(may not)2.644 F .579(be used to destro)144 220.8 R 3.079(ya)-.1 G
.579(rray v)-3.079 F .579(ariables and)-.25 F F2(+r)3.079 E F0 .579
(will not remo)3.079 F .879 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .579(he readonly attrib).15
F 3.079(ute. When)-.2 F .578(used in a)3.078 F(function,)144 232.8 Q F2
(declar)3.543 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)3.543 E F2(typeset)3.543 E F0(mak)3.543
E 3.543(ee)-.1 G(ach)-3.543 E F1(name)3.543 E F0 1.043
(local, as with the)3.543 F F2(local)3.544 E F0 1.044
(command, unless the)3.544 F F2<ad67>3.544 E F0 1.205
(option is supplied.)144 244.8 R 1.205(If a v)6.205 F 1.205
(ariable name is follo)-.25 F 1.205(wed by =)-.25 F F1(value)A F0 3.705
(,t)C 1.205(he v)-3.705 F 1.205(alue of the v)-.25 F 1.205
(ariable is set to)-.25 F F1(value)144 256.8 Q F0 5.217(.W)C .217
(hen using)-5.217 F F2<ad61>2.717 E F0(or)2.717 E F2<ad41>2.717 E F0
.217(and the compound assignment syntax to create array v)2.717 F .218
(ariables, addi-)-.25 F .882(tional attrib)144 268.8 R .882
(utes do not tak)-.2 F 3.382(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.382 G .882
(ect until subsequent assignments.).25 F .882(The return v)5.882 F .882
(alue is 0 unless an)-.25 F(in)144 280.8 Q -.25(va)-.4 G .365(lid optio\
n is encountered, an attempt is made to de\214ne a function using).25 F
/F3 10/Courier@0 SF .366(\255f foo=bar)2.866 F F0 2.866(,a)C 2.866(na)
-2.866 G(t-)-2.866 E .549(tempt is made to assign a v)144 292.8 R .549
(alue to a readonly v)-.25 F .548
(ariable, an attempt is made to assign a v)-.25 F .548(alue to an)-.25 F
1.748(array v)144 304.8 R 1.748
(ariable without using the compound assignment syntax \(see)-.25 F F2
(Arrays)4.249 E F0(abo)4.249 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.749(\), one of the).15 F
F1(names)144 316.8 Q F0 .359(is not a v)2.859 F .359(alid shell v)-.25 F
.359(ariable name, an attempt is made to turn of)-.25 F 2.859(fr)-.25 G
.359(eadonly status for a read-)-2.859 F 1.212(only v)144 328.8 R 1.213
(ariable, an attempt is made to turn of)-.25 F 3.713(fa)-.25 G 1.213
(rray status for an array v)-3.713 F 1.213(ariable, or an attempt is)
-.25 F(made to display a non-e)144 340.8 Q(xistent function with)-.15 E
F2<ad66>2.5 E F0(.)A F2(dirs [\255clpv] [+)108 357.6 Q F1(n)A F2 2.5(][)
C<ad>-2.5 E F1(n)A F2(])A F0 -.4(Wi)144 369.6 S .329
(thout options, displays the list of currently remembered directories.)
.4 F .328(The def)5.328 F .328(ault display is on a)-.1 F 1.238
(single line with directory names separated by spaces.)144 381.6 R 1.238
(Directories are added to the list with the)6.238 F F2(pushd)144 393.6 Q
F0 .928(command; the)3.428 F F2(popd)3.428 E F0 .928(command remo)3.428
F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.428(se).15 G .928(ntries from the list.)-3.428 F .928
(The current directory is al-)5.928 F -.1(wa)144 405.6 S
(ys the \214rst directory in the stack.).1 E F2<ad63>144 417.6 Q F0
(Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.)180 417.6 Q
F2<ad6c>144 429.6 Q F0 .881
(Produces a listing using full pathnames; the def)180 429.6 R .882
(ault listing format uses a tilde to denote)-.1 F(the home directory)180
441.6 Q(.)-.65 E F2<ad70>144 453.6 Q F0
(Print the directory stack with one entry per line.)180 453.6 Q F2<ad76>
144 465.6 Q F0 .273(Print the directory stack with one entry per line, \
pre\214xing each entry with its inde)180 465.6 R 2.772(xi)-.15 G 2.772
(nt)-2.772 G(he)-2.772 E(stack.)180 477.6 Q F2(+)144 489.6 Q F1(n)A F0
1.564(Displays the)180 489.6 R F1(n)4.064 E F0 1.565
(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.565(wn by)-.25 F F2
(dirs)4.065 E F0 1.565(when in)4.065 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E
(without options, starting with zero.)180 501.6 Q F2<ad>144 513.6 Q F1
(n)A F0 1.194(Displays the)180 513.6 R F1(n)3.694 E F0 1.194
(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.194(wn by)-.25 F
F2(dirs)3.694 E F0 1.194(when in)3.694 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E
(without options, starting with zero.)180 525.6 Q .257(The return v)144
542.4 R .258(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .258
(lid option is supplied or).25 F F1(n)2.758 E F0(inde)2.758 E -.15(xe)
-.15 G 2.758(sb).15 G -.15(ey)-2.758 G .258(ond the end of the direc-)
.15 F(tory stack.)144 554.4 Q F2(diso)108 571.2 Q(wn)-.1 E F0([)2.5 E F2
(\255ar)A F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad68>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(jobspec)-2.5 E F0
(... |)2.5 E F1(pid)2.5 E F0(... ])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 583.2 S .122
(thout options, remo).4 F .422 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F1(jobspec)
4.362 E F0 .122(from the table of acti)2.932 F .422 -.15(ve j)-.25 H
2.622(obs. If).15 F F1(jobspec)4.362 E F0 .121(is not present, and)2.932
F .096(neither the)144 595.2 R F2<ad61>2.596 E F0 .096(nor the)2.596 F
F2<ad72>2.596 E F0 .096(option is supplied, the)2.596 F F1(curr)2.596 E
.096(ent job)-.37 F F0 .096(is used.)2.596 F .096(If the)5.096 F F2
<ad68>2.596 E F0 .096(option is gi)2.596 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .096(n, each)
.15 F F1(jobspec)145.74 607.2 Q F0 .586(is not remo)3.396 F -.15(ve)-.15
G 3.086(df).15 G .585(rom the table, b)-3.086 F .585(ut is mark)-.2 F
.585(ed so that)-.1 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGHUP)3.085 E F0 .585
(is not sent to the job if the)2.835 F .962(shell recei)144 619.2 R -.15
(ve)-.25 G 3.462(sa).15 G F4(SIGHUP)A/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .962
(If no)5.462 F F1(jobspec)5.202 E F0 .962(is supplied, the)3.772 F F2
<ad61>3.462 E F0 .962(option means to remo)3.462 F 1.262 -.15(ve o)-.15
H 3.462(rm).15 G .962(ark all)-3.462 F 1.359(jobs; the)144 631.2 R F2
<ad72>3.859 E F0 1.359(option without a)3.859 F F1(jobspec)5.599 E F0
(ar)4.169 E 1.358(gument restricts operation to running jobs.)-.18 F
1.358(The return)6.358 F -.25(va)144 643.2 S(lue is 0 unless a).25 E F1
(jobspec)4.24 E F0(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job)-.25 E(.)-.4 E
F2(echo)108 660 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255neE)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(ar)-2.5 E(g)
-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E .424(Output the)144 672 R F1(ar)2.924 E(g)-.37 E F0
.424(s, separated by spaces, follo)B .424(wed by a ne)-.25 F 2.924
(wline. The)-.25 F .424(return status is 0 unless a write)2.924 F .308
(error occurs.)144 684 R(If)5.308 E F2<ad6e>2.808 E F0 .308
(is speci\214ed, the trailing ne)2.808 F .308(wline is suppressed.)-.25
F .307(If the)5.308 F F2<ad65>2.807 E F0 .307(option is gi)2.807 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G .307(n, inter).15 F(-)-.2 E .197(pretation of the follo)144
696 R .198(wing backslash-escaped characters is enabled.)-.25 F(The)
5.198 E F2<ad45>2.698 E F0 .198(option disables the in-)2.698 F .067
(terpretation of these escape characters, e)144 708 R -.15(ve)-.25 G
2.567(no).15 G 2.567(ns)-2.567 G .067(ystems where the)-2.567 F 2.567
(ya)-.15 G .067(re interpreted by def)-2.567 F 2.567(ault. The)-.1 F F2
(xpg_echo)144 720 Q F0 .601
(shell option may be used to dynamically determine whether or not)3.101
F F2(echo)3.102 E F0 -.15(ex)3.102 G .602(pands these).15 F
(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(65)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .659
(escape characters by def)144 84 R(ault.)-.1 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
(echo)5.659 E F0 .659(does not interpret)3.159 F F1<adad>3.159 E F0 .659
(to mean the end of options.)3.159 F F1(echo)5.658 E F0(inter)3.158 E(-)
-.2 E(prets the follo)144 96 Q(wing escape sequences:)-.25 E F1(\\a)144
108 Q F0(alert \(bell\))180 108 Q F1(\\b)144 120 Q F0(backspace)180 120
Q F1(\\c)144 132 Q F0(suppress further output)180 132 Q F1(\\e)144 144 Q
(\\E)144 156 Q F0(an escape character)180 156 Q F1(\\f)144 168 Q F0
(form feed)180 168 Q F1(\\n)144 180 Q F0(ne)180 180 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(ine)
-2.5 E F1(\\r)144 192 Q F0(carriage return)180 192 Q F1(\\t)144 204 Q F0
(horizontal tab)180 204 Q F1(\\v)144 216 Q F0 -.15(ve)180 216 S
(rtical tab).15 E F1(\\\\)144 228 Q F0(backslash)180 228 Q F1(\\0)144
240 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(nnn)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)
180 240 Q(alue is the octal v)-.25 E(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0
(\(zero to three octal digits\))2.5 E F1(\\x)144 252 Q F2(HH)A F0
(the eight-bit character whose v)180 252 Q(alue is the he)-.25 E
(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)
-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F1(\\u)144 264 Q F2(HHHH)A F0
1.506(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 276 R 1.507
(alue is the he)-.25 F 1.507(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHH)
4.007 E F0(\(one to four he)180 288 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F1
(\\U)144 300 Q F2(HHHHHHHH)A F0 .548
(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 312 R .547
(alue is the he)-.25 F .547(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHHH-)
3.047 E(HHH)180 324 Q F0(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))
-2.5 E F1(enable)108 340.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad61>A F0 2.5(][)C F1
(\255dnps)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad66>-2.5 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0 2.5
(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .277(Enable and disable b)144 352.8 R
.278(uiltin shell commands.)-.2 F .278(Disabling a b)5.278 F .278
(uiltin allo)-.2 F .278(ws a disk command which has)-.25 F .834
(the same name as a shell b)144 364.8 R .834(uiltin to be e)-.2 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G .834(cuted without specifying a full pathname, e).15 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G 3.333(nt).15 G(hough)-3.333 E .989
(the shell normally searches for b)144 376.8 R .989
(uiltins before disk commands.)-.2 F(If)5.989 E F1<ad6e>3.489 E F0 .99
(is used, each)3.49 F F2(name)3.49 E F0 .99(is dis-)3.49 F .649
(abled; otherwise,)144 388.8 R F2(names)3.148 E F0 .648(are enabled.)
3.148 F -.15(Fo)5.648 G 3.148(re).15 G .648(xample, to use the)-3.298 F
F1(test)3.148 E F0 .648(binary found via the)3.148 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0
SF -.666(PA)3.148 G(TH)-.189 E F0(in-)2.898 E .538(stead of the shell b)
144 400.8 R .538(uiltin v)-.2 F .538(ersion, run)-.15 F/F4 10/Courier@0
SF .538(enable -n test)3.038 F F0 5.538(.T)C(he)-5.538 E F1<ad66>3.038 E
F0 .539(option means to load the ne)3.038 F(w)-.25 E -.2(bu)144 412.8 S
1.365(iltin command).2 F F2(name)4.225 E F0 1.365(from shared object)
4.045 F F2(\214lename)5.775 E F0 3.865(,o).18 G 3.865(ns)-3.865 G 1.365
(ystems that support dynamic loading.)-3.865 F .606(Bash will use the v)
144 424.8 R .606(alue of the)-.25 F F1 -.3(BA)3.106 G(SH_LO).3 E(AD)-.4
E(ABLES_P)-.35 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 -.25(va)3.106 G .606
(riable as a colon-separated list of).25 F .549
(directories in which to search for)144 436.8 R F2(\214lename)3.049 E F0
5.549(.T)C .549(he def)-5.549 F .548(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 F
(The)5.548 E F1<ad64>3.048 E F0 .548(option will)3.048 F .546
(delete a b)144 448.8 R .546(uiltin pre)-.2 F .546(viously loaded with)
-.25 F F1<ad66>3.046 E F0 5.547(.I)C 3.047(fn)-5.547 G(o)-3.047 E F2
(name)3.047 E F0(ar)3.047 E .547(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
.547(n, or if the).15 F F1<ad70>3.047 E F0 .547(option is)3.047 F .546
(supplied, a list of shell b)144 460.8 R .545(uiltins is printed.)-.2 F
-.4(Wi)5.545 G .545(th no other option ar).4 F .545
(guments, the list consists of all)-.18 F .695(enabled shell b)144 472.8
R 3.195(uiltins. If)-.2 F F1<ad6e>3.195 E F0 .695
(is supplied, only disabled b)3.195 F .695(uiltins are printed.)-.2 F
(If)5.695 E F1<ad61>3.195 E F0 .695(is supplied, the)3.195 F .262
(list printed includes all b)144 484.8 R .261
(uiltins, with an indication of whether or not each is enabled.)-.2 F
(If)5.261 E F1<ad73>2.761 E F0 .261(is sup-)2.761 F .268
(plied, the output is restricted to the POSIX)144 496.8 R F2(special)
2.768 E F0 -.2(bu)2.768 G 2.768(iltins. If).2 F .269
(no options are supplied and a)2.768 F F2(name)2.769 E F0 .285
(is not a shell b)144 508.8 R(uiltin,)-.2 E F1(enable)2.784 E F0 .284
(will attempt to load)2.784 F F2(name)2.784 E F0 .284
(from a shared object named)2.784 F F2(name)2.784 E F0 2.784(,a)C 2.784
(si)-2.784 G 2.784(ft)-2.784 G(he)-2.784 E 1.41(command were)144 520.8 R
F4 1.41(enable \255f)3.91 F F2 1.41(name name)3.91 F F0 6.41(.T)3.91 G
1.41(he return v)-6.41 F 1.41(alue is 0 unless a)-.25 F F2(name)4.27 E
F0 1.41(is not a shell)4.09 F -.2(bu)144 532.8 S
(iltin or there is an error loading a ne).2 E 2.5(wb)-.25 G
(uiltin from a shared object.)-2.7 E F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)108 549.6 T(l).15
E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(The)144 561.6 Q F2(ar)3.171
E(g)-.37 E F0 3.171(sa)C .671
(re read and concatenated together into a single command.)-3.171 F .67
(This command is then read)5.67 F .478(and e)144 573.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
.478(cuted by the shell, and its e).15 F .478
(xit status is returned as the v)-.15 F .479(alue of)-.25 F F1 -2.3 -.15
(ev a)2.979 H(l).15 E F0 5.479(.I)C 2.979(ft)-5.479 G .479(here are no)
-2.979 F F2(ar)3.309 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E(or only null ar)144 585.6 Q
(guments,)-.18 E F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)2.5 H(l).15 E F0(returns 0.)2.5 E F1
(exec)108 602.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255cl)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad61>-2.5 E F2
(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(command)-2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)
-.37 E F0(]])A(If)144 614.4 Q F2(command)3.006 E F0 .306
(is speci\214ed, it replaces the shell.)3.576 F .305(No ne)5.305 F 2.805
(wp)-.25 G .305(rocess is created.)-2.805 F(The)5.305 E F2(ar)3.135 E
(guments)-.37 E F0(become)3.075 E .176(the ar)144 626.4 R .176
(guments to)-.18 F F2(command)2.676 E F0 5.176(.I)C 2.676(ft)-5.176 G
(he)-2.676 E F1<ad6c>2.676 E F0 .176
(option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the be)2.676 F .177
(ginning of)-.15 F .48(the zeroth ar)144 638.4 R .48(gument passed to)
-.18 F F2(command)3.18 E F0 5.48(.T).77 G .48(his is what)-5.48 F F2(lo)
3.07 E(gin)-.1 E F0 .48(\(1\) does.).24 F(The)5.48 E F1<ad63>2.98 E F0
.48(option causes)2.98 F F2(com-)3.18 E(mand)144 650.4 Q F0 .638
(to be e)3.908 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .638(cuted with an empty en).15 F 3.138
(vironment. If)-.4 F F1<ad61>3.138 E F0 .638
(is supplied, the shell passes)3.138 F F2(name)3.499 E F0 .639(as the)
3.319 F 1.078(zeroth ar)144 662.4 R 1.077(gument to the e)-.18 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted command.).15 F(If)6.077 E F2(command)3.777 E F0
1.077(cannot be e)4.347 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted for some reason, a)
.15 F(non-interacti)144 674.4 Q .876 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .576(hell e).15 F
.576(xits, unless the)-.15 F F1(execfail)3.076 E F0 .577
(shell option is enabled.)3.077 F .577(In that case, it returns f)5.577
F(ail-)-.1 E 3.32(ure. An)144 686.4 R(interacti)3.32 E 1.12 -.15(ve s)
-.25 H .82(hell returns f).15 F .82(ailure if the \214le cannot be e)-.1
F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.32(cuted. A).15 F .82(subshell e)3.32 F .82
(xits uncondi-)-.15 F .287(tionally if)144 698.4 R F1(exec)2.787 E F0
-.1(fa)2.787 G 2.787(ils. If).1 F F2(command)2.987 E F0 .287
(is not speci\214ed, an)3.557 F 2.788(yr)-.15 G .288(edirections tak)
-2.788 F 2.788(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-2.788 G .288(ect in the current shell,)
.25 F(and the return status is 0.)144 710.4 Q
(If there is a redirection error)5 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G
(he return status is 1.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)
135.955 E(66)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(exit)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(])A .096
(Cause the shell to e)144 84 R .096(xit with a status of)-.15 F F2(n)
2.596 E F0 5.096(.I)C(f)-5.096 E F2(n)2.955 E F0 .095(is omitted, the e)
2.835 F .095(xit status is that of the last command)-.15 F -.15(exe)144
96 S 2.5(cuted. A).15 F(trap on)2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXIT)2.5 E F0
(is e)2.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted before the shell terminates.).15 E F1
(export)108 112.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255fn)A F0 2.5(][).833 G F2(name)-2.5
E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(]] ...)A F1(export \255p)108 124.8 Q F0
.256(The supplied)144 136.8 R F2(names)3.117 E F0 .257(are mark)3.027 F
.257(ed for automatic e)-.1 F .257(xport to the en)-.15 F .257
(vironment of subsequently e)-.4 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 2.627
(commands. If)144 148.8 R(the)2.627 E F1<ad66>2.627 E F0 .127
(option is gi)2.627 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .127(n, the).15 F F2(names)2.987 E
F0 .127(refer to functions.)2.897 F .127(If no)5.127 F F2(names)2.987 E
F0 .127(are gi)2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .126(n, or if the).15 F F1<ad70>
144 160.8 Q F0 .048(option is supplied, a list of names of all e)2.547 F
.048(xported v)-.15 F .048(ariables is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.048 E F1
<ad6e>2.548 E F0 .048(option causes the)2.548 F -.15(ex)144 172.8 S
1.447(port property to be remo).15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.947(df).15 G 1.447
(rom each)-3.947 F F2(name)3.947 E F0 6.447(.I)C 3.947(fav)-6.447 G
1.447(ariable name is follo)-4.197 F 1.447(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d)
-.37 E F0 3.946(,t)C(he)-3.946 E -.25(va)144 184.8 S .741(lue of the v)
.25 F .741(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)3.241 E(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F1
(export)5.741 E F0 .742(returns an e)3.242 F .742
(xit status of 0 unless an in)-.15 F -.25(va)-.4 G .742(lid option is)
.25 F .032(encountered, one of the)144 196.8 R F2(names)2.532 E F0 .032
(is not a v)2.532 F .032(alid shell v)-.25 F .032(ariable name, or)-.25
F F1<ad66>2.531 E F0 .031(is supplied with a)2.531 F F2(name)2.891 E F0
(that)2.711 E(is not a function.)144 208.8 Q F1(fc)108 225.6 Q F0([)2.5
E F1<ad65>A F2(ename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255lnr)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2
<8c72>-2.5 E(st)-.1 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(last)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(fc \255s)108
237.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(pat)A F0(=)A F2 -.37(re)C(p).37 E F0 2.5(][)C F2
(cmd)-2.5 E F0(])A .431
(The \214rst form selects a range of commands from)144 249.6 R F2<8c72>
4.842 E(st)-.1 E F0(to)3.612 E F2(last)3.022 E F0 .432
(from the history list and displays or)3.612 F .142(edits and re-e)144
261.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .142(cutes them.).15 F F2 -.45(Fi)5.141 G -.1(rs)
.45 G(t).1 E F0(and)3.321 E F2(last)2.731 E F0 .141
(may be speci\214ed as a string \(to locate the last command)3.321 F(be)
144 273.6 Q .31(ginning with that string\) or as a number \(an inde)-.15
F 2.811(xi)-.15 G .311(nto the history list, where a ne)-2.811 F -.05
(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .611 -.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E .071
(is used as an of)144 285.6 R .071
(fset from the current command number\).)-.25 F .071(When listing, a)
5.071 F F2<8c72>2.571 E(st)-.1 E F0(or)2.571 E F2(last)2.571 E F0 .071
(of 0 is equi)2.571 F -.25(va)-.25 G(-).25 E .653
(lent to \2551 and \2550 is equi)144 297.6 R -.25(va)-.25 G .653
(lent to the current command \(usually the).25 F F1(fc)3.153 E F0 .653
(command\); otherwise 0 is)3.153 F(equi)144 309.6 Q -.25(va)-.25 G .242
(lent to \2551 and \2550 is in).25 F -.25(va)-.4 G 2.742(lid. If).25 F
F2(last)2.832 E F0 .242
(is not speci\214ed, it is set to the current command for list-)3.422 F
.092(ing \(so that)144 321.6 R/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .092(fc \255l \25510)
2.592 F F0 .093(prints the last 10 commands\) and to)2.592 F F2<8c72>
4.503 E(st)-.1 E F0 2.593(otherwise. If)3.273 F F2<8c72>4.503 E(st)-.1 E
F0 .093(is not speci-)3.273 F(\214ed, it is set to the pre)144 333.6 Q
(vious command for editing and \25516 for listing.)-.25 E(The)144 357.6
Q F1<ad6e>2.522 E F0 .022
(option suppresses the command numbers when listing.)2.522 F(The)5.022 E
F1<ad72>2.522 E F0 .022(option re)2.522 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .022
(rses the order of).15 F .438(the commands.)144 369.6 R .438(If the)
5.438 F F1<ad6c>2.938 E F0 .438(option is gi)2.938 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .438
(n, the commands are listed on standard output.).15 F(Otherwise,)5.438 E
.335(the editor gi)144 381.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.835(nb).15 G(y)-2.835 E
F2(ename)3.025 E F0 .335(is in)3.015 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.835
(do).1 G 2.835(na\214)-2.835 G .335(le containing those commands.)-2.835
F(If)5.334 E F2(ename)3.024 E F0 .334(is not gi)3.014 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
(n,).15 E .63(the v)144 393.6 R .63(alue of the)-.25 F F3(FCEDIT)3.13 E
F0 -.25(va)2.88 G .631(riable is used, and the v).25 F .631(alue of)-.25
F F3(EDIT)3.131 E(OR)-.162 E F0(if)2.881 E F3(FCEDIT)3.131 E F0 .631
(is not set.)2.881 F .631(If nei-)5.631 F .006(ther v)144 405.6 R .006
(ariable is set,)-.25 F F2(vi)4.171 E F0 .005(is used.)4.171 F .005
(When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and e)5.005 F
(x-)-.15 E(ecuted.)144 417.6 Q .788(In the second form,)144 441.6 R F2
(command)3.288 E F0 .788(is re-e)3.288 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .788
(cuted after each instance of).15 F F2(pat)3.288 E F0 .788
(is replaced by)3.288 F F2 -.37(re)3.289 G(p).37 E F0(.)A F2(Com-)5.789
E(mand)144 453.6 Q F0 .172(is interpreted the same as)2.672 F F2<8c72>
2.672 E(st)-.1 E F0(abo)2.672 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.172(.A).15 G .171
(useful alias to use with this is)-2.5 F F4 .171(r='fc \255s')2.671 F F0
2.671(,s)C 2.671(ot)-2.671 G(hat)-2.671 E(typing)144 465.6 Q F4 7.165
(rc)3.665 G(c)-7.165 E F0 1.165(runs the last command be)3.665 F 1.166
(ginning with)-.15 F F4(cc)3.666 E F0 1.166(and typing)3.666 F F4(r)
3.666 E F0(re-e)3.666 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.166(cutes the last com-).15 F
(mand.)144 477.6 Q .142(If the \214rst form is used, the return v)144
501.6 R .142(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .142
(lid option is encountered or).25 F F2<8c72>4.552 E(st)-.1 E F0(or)3.322
E F2(last)2.732 E F0 .454(specify history lines out of range.)144 513.6
R .454(If the)5.454 F F1<ad65>2.954 E F0 .454
(option is supplied, the return v)2.954 F .455(alue is the v)-.25 F .455
(alue of the)-.25 F .788(last command e)144 525.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .788
(cuted or f).15 F .787
(ailure if an error occurs with the temporary \214le of commands.)-.1 F
.787(If the)5.787 F 1.135
(second form is used, the return status is that of the command re-e)144
537.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.136(cuted, unless).15 F F2(cmd)3.836 E F0 1.136
(does not)4.406 F(specify a v)144 549.6 Q
(alid history line, in which case)-.25 E F1(fc)2.5 E F0(returns f)2.5 E
(ailure.)-.1 E F1(fg)108 566.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(jobspec)A F0(])A(Resume)
144 578.4 Q F2(jobspec)5.654 E F0 1.413(in the fore)4.224 F 1.413
(ground, and mak)-.15 F 3.913(ei)-.1 G 3.913(tt)-3.913 G 1.413
(he current job)-3.913 F 6.413(.I)-.4 G(f)-6.413 E F2(jobspec)5.653 E F0
1.413(is not present, the)4.223 F(shell')144 590.4 Q 3.116(sn)-.55 G
.616(otion of the)-3.116 F F2(curr)3.116 E .616(ent job)-.37 F F0 .617
(is used.)3.116 F .617(The return v)5.617 F .617
(alue is that of the command placed into the)-.25 F(fore)144 602.4 Q
.363(ground, or f)-.15 F .363
(ailure if run when job control is disabled or)-.1 F 2.862(,w)-.4 G .362
(hen run with job control enabled, if)-2.862 F F2(jobspec)145.74 614.4 Q
F0(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job or)-.25 E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0
(speci\214es a job that w)2.81 E(as started without job control.)-.1 E
F1(getopts)108 631.2 Q F2(optstring name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5
(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(getopts)144 643.2 Q F0 .793
(is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.)3.293 F F2
(optstring)6.023 E F0 .793(contains the option)3.513 F .15
(characters to be recognized; if a character is follo)144 655.2 R .149
(wed by a colon, the option is e)-.25 F .149(xpected to ha)-.15 F .449
-.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E(ar)144 667.2 Q .578
(gument, which should be separated from it by white space.)-.18 F .579
(The colon and question mark char)5.579 F(-)-.2 E .636
(acters may not be used as option characters.)144 679.2 R .636
(Each time it is in)5.636 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d,).1 E F1(getopts)
3.136 E F0 .636(places the ne)3.136 F .635(xt op-)-.15 F .029
(tion in the shell v)144 691.2 R(ariable)-.25 E F2(name)2.889 E F0 2.529
(,i).18 G(nitializing)-2.529 E F2(name)2.889 E F0 .029(if it does not e)
2.709 F .03(xist, and the inde)-.15 F 2.53(xo)-.15 G 2.53(ft)-2.53 G .03
(he ne)-2.53 F .03(xt ar)-.15 F(gu-)-.18 E .066
(ment to be processed into the v)144 703.2 R(ariable)-.25 E F3(OPTIND)
2.566 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F3(OPTIND)4.566 E F0 .065
(is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a)2.315 F .885
(shell script is in)144 715.2 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.385(d. When)
.1 F .885(an option requires an ar)3.385 F(gument,)-.18 E F1(getopts)
3.385 E F0 .885(places that ar)3.385 F .885(gument into)-.18 F .567
(the v)144 727.2 R(ariable)-.25 E F3(OPT)3.067 E(ARG)-.81 E F5(.)A F0
.566(The shell does not reset)5.067 F F3(OPTIND)3.066 E F0 .566
(automatically; it must be manually reset)2.816 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .389
(between multiple calls to)144 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(getopts)2.889
E F0 .389(within the same shell in)2.889 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .39
(cation if a ne).2 F 2.89(ws)-.25 G .39(et of parameters is to)-2.89 F
(be used.)144 96 Q 2.044(When the end of options is encountered,)144 120
R F1(getopts)4.543 E F0 -.15(ex)4.543 G 2.043(its with a return v).15 F
2.043(alue greater than zero.)-.25 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(OPTIND)144 132
Q F0(is set to the inde)2.25 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G
(he \214rst non-option ar)-2.5 E(gument, and)-.18 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0
SF(name)2.5 E F0(is set to ?.)2.5 E F1(getopts)144 156 Q F0 .485
(normally parses the positional parameters, b)2.985 F .485
(ut if more ar)-.2 F .485(guments are supplied as)-.18 F F3(ar)3.315 E
(g)-.37 E F0 -.25(va)3.205 G(l-).25 E(ues,)144 168 Q F1(getopts)2.5 E F0
(parses those instead.)2.5 E F1(getopts)144 192 Q F0 .345
(can report errors in tw)2.845 F 2.845(ow)-.1 G 2.845(ays. If)-2.945 F
.345(the \214rst character of)2.845 F F3(optstring)3.075 E F0 .345
(is a colon,)3.065 F F3(silent)3.185 E F0 .345(error re-)3.525 F 1.668
(porting is used.)144 204 R 1.668
(In normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when in)6.668 F
-.25(va)-.4 G 1.669(lid options or).25 F .394(missing option ar)144 216
R .394(guments are encountered.)-.18 F .394(If the v)5.394 F(ariable)
-.25 E F2(OPTERR)2.894 E F0 .394(is set to 0, no error messages)2.644 F
(will be displayed, e)144 228 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5
G(he \214rst character of)-2.5 E F3(optstring)2.73 E F0(is not a colon.)
2.72 E .666(If an in)144 252 R -.25(va)-.4 G .666(lid option is seen,)
.25 F F1(getopts)3.166 E F0 .667(places ? into)3.167 F F3(name)3.527 E
F0 .667(and, if not silent, prints an error message)3.347 F .4
(and unsets)144 264 R F2(OPT)2.9 E(ARG)-.81 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A
F0(If)4.899 E F1(getopts)2.899 E F0 .399
(is silent, the option character found is placed in)2.899 F F2(OPT)2.899
E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .399(and no)2.649 F(diagnostic message is printed.)144
276 Q 1.241(If a required ar)144 300 R 1.241(gument is not found, and)
-.18 F F1(getopts)3.741 E F0 1.241(is not silent, a question mark \()
3.741 F F1(?).833 E F0 3.742(\)i).833 G 3.742(sp)-3.742 G 1.242
(laced in)-3.742 F F3(name)144.36 312 Q F0(,).18 E F2(OPT)2.714 E(ARG)
-.81 E F0 .213(is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed.)2.463 F
(If)5.213 E F1(getopts)2.713 E F0 .213(is silent, then a colon \()2.713
F F1(:).833 E F0(\)).833 E(is placed in)144 324 Q F3(name)2.86 E F0(and)
2.68 E F2(OPT)2.5 E(ARG)-.81 E F0(is set to the option character found.)
2.25 E F1(getopts)144 348 Q F0 .902
(returns true if an option, speci\214ed or unspeci\214ed, is found.)
3.401 F .902(It returns f)5.902 F .902(alse if the end of)-.1 F
(options is encountered or an error occurs.)144 360 Q F1(hash)108 376.8
Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lr)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E F3(\214lename)2.5 E
F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255dt)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .858
(Each time)144 388.8 R F1(hash)3.358 E F0 .858(is in)3.358 F -.2(vo)-.4
G -.1(ke).2 G .858(d, the full pathname of the command).1 F F3(name)
3.718 E F0 .858(is determined by searching)3.538 F .956
(the directories in)144 400.8 R F1($P)3.456 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0
.956(and remembered.)3.456 F(An)5.956 E 3.456(yp)-.15 G(re)-3.456 E .956
(viously-remembered pathname is discarded.)-.25 F .243(If the)144 412.8
R F1<ad70>2.743 E F0 .243
(option is supplied, no path search is performed, and)2.743 F F3
(\214lename)4.653 E F0 .242(is used as the full \214lename)2.923 F .615
(of the command.)144 424.8 R(The)5.615 E F1<ad72>3.115 E F0 .615
(option causes the shell to for)3.115 F .615
(get all remembered locations.)-.18 F(The)5.615 E F1<ad64>3.115 E F0
(op-)3.115 E .294(tion causes the shell to for)144 436.8 R .294
(get the remembered location of each)-.18 F F3(name)2.793 E F0 5.293(.I)
C 2.793(ft)-5.293 G(he)-2.793 E F1<ad74>2.793 E F0 .293
(option is supplied,)2.793 F .028(the full pathname to which each)144
448.8 R F3(name)2.528 E F0 .028(corresponds is printed.)2.528 F .028
(If multiple)5.028 F F3(name)2.528 E F0(ar)2.528 E .028
(guments are sup-)-.18 F .176(plied with)144 460.8 R F1<ad74>2.676 E F0
2.676(,t)C(he)-2.676 E F3(name)2.676 E F0 .175
(is printed before the hashed full pathname.)2.676 F(The)5.175 E F1
<ad6c>2.675 E F0 .175(option causes output to)2.675 F .783
(be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.)144 472.8 R .783
(If no ar)5.783 F .783(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .783
(n, or if only).15 F F1<ad6c>3.283 E F0(is)3.283 E .807
(supplied, information about remembered commands is printed.)144 484.8 R
.807(The return status is true unless a)5.807 F F3(name)144.36 496.8 Q
F0(is not found or an in)2.68 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is supplied.)
.25 E F1(help)108 513.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255dms)A F0 2.5(][)C F3
(pattern)-2.5 E F0(])A .866(Display helpful information about b)144
525.6 R .867(uiltin commands.)-.2 F(If)5.867 E F3(pattern)4.617 E F0
.867(is speci\214ed,)3.607 F F1(help)3.367 E F0(gi)3.367 E -.15(ve)-.25
G 3.367(sd).15 G(etailed)-3.367 E .224(help on all commands matching)144
537.6 R F3(pattern)3.974 E F0 2.723(;o).24 G .223
(therwise help for all the b)-2.723 F .223
(uiltins and shell control struc-)-.2 F(tures is printed.)144 549.6 Q F1
<ad64>144 561.6 Q F0(Display a short description of each)180 561.6 Q F3
(pattern)2.5 E F1<ad6d>144 573.6 Q F0(Display the description of each)
180 573.6 Q F3(pattern)2.5 E F0(in a manpage-lik)2.5 E 2.5(ef)-.1 G
(ormat)-2.5 E F1<ad73>144 585.6 Q F0
(Display only a short usage synopsis for each)180 585.6 Q F3(pattern)2.5
E F0(The return status is 0 unless no command matches)144 602.4 Q F3
(pattern)3.75 E F0(.).24 E F1(history [)108 619.2 Q F3(n)A F1(])A
(history \255c)108 631.2 Q(history \255d)108 643.2 Q F3(of)2.5 E(fset)
-.18 E F1(history \255d)108 655.2 Q F3(start)2.5 E F0<ad>A F3(end)A F1
(history \255anrw)108 667.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F3(\214lename)A F0(])A F1
(history \255p)108 679.2 Q F3(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F3(ar)A 2.5
(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(history \255s)108 691.2 Q F3(ar)2.5 E(g)
-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F3(ar)A 2.5(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.4(Wi)144
703.2 S .752
(th no options, display the command history list with line numbers.).4 F
.752(Lines listed with a)5.752 F F1(*)3.252 E F0(ha)3.252 E -.15(ve)-.2
G .381(been modi\214ed.)144 715.2 R .38(An ar)5.38 F .38(gument of)-.18
F F3(n)3.24 E F0 .38(lists only the last)3.12 F F3(n)3.24 E F0 2.88
(lines. If)3.12 F .38(the shell v)2.88 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(HISTTIMEFOR-)
2.88 E(MA)144 727.2 Q(T)-.855 E F0 1.491
(is set and not null, it is used as a format string for)3.741 F F3
(strftime)3.992 E F0 1.492(\(3\) to display the time stamp)B
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .379
(associated with each displayed history entry)144 84 R 5.379(.N)-.65 G
2.878(oi)-5.379 G(nterv)-2.878 E .378
(ening blank is printed between the format-)-.15 F .814
(ted time stamp and the history line.)144 96 R(If)5.814 E/F1 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214lename)3.314 E F0 .814
(is supplied, it is used as the name of the history)3.314 F
(\214le; if not, the v)144 108 Q(alue of)-.25 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
(HISTFILE)2.5 E F0(is used.)2.25 E(Options, if supplied, ha)5 E .3 -.15
(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
<ad63>144 120 Q F0(Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.)
180 120 Q F3<ad64>144 132 Q F1(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .39
(Delete the history entry at position)180 144 R F1(of)2.889 E(fset)-.18
E F0 5.389(.I)C(f)-5.389 E F1(of)2.889 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .389(is ne)2.889
F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.889(,i).15 G 2.889(ti)-2.889
G 2.889(si)-2.889 G .389(nterpreted as relati)-2.889 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
.598(to one greater than the last history position, so ne)180 156 R -.05
(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .899 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .599
(ndices count back from the end).15 F(of the history)180 168 Q 2.5(,a)
-.65 G(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G
(efers to the current)-2.5 E F3(history -d)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F3
<ad64>144 180 Q F1(start)2.5 E F0<ad>A F1(end)A F0 1.25
(Delete the range of history entries between positions)180 192 R F1
(start)3.75 E F0(and)3.75 E F1(end)3.75 E F0 3.75(,i)C(nclusi)-3.75 E
-.15(ve)-.25 G 6.25(.P).15 G(ositi)-6.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(and ne)180 204
Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .3 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(alues for)-.1 E F1(start)
2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(end)2.5 E F0(are interpreted as described abo)2.5
E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F3<ad61>144 216 Q F0 .564(Append the `)180 216
R(`ne)-.74 E(w')-.25 E 3.064('h)-.74 G .564
(istory lines to the history \214le.)-3.064 F .565
(These are history lines entered since)5.564 F(the be)180 228 Q
(ginning of the current)-.15 E F3(bash)2.5 E F0(session, b)2.5 E
(ut not already appended to the history \214le.)-.2 E F3<ad6e>144 240 Q
F0 .854(Read the history lines not already read from the history \214le\
 into the current history list.)180 240 R .772
(These are lines appended to the history \214le since the be)180 252 R
.773(ginning of the current)-.15 F F3(bash)3.273 E F0(ses-)3.273 E
(sion.)180 264 Q F3<ad72>144 276 Q F0(Read the contents of the history \
\214le and append them to the current history list.)180 276 Q F3<ad77>
144 288 Q F0(Write the current history list to the history \214le, o)180
288 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the history \214le').15 E 2.5(sc)-.55 G
(ontents.)-2.5 E F3<ad70>144 300 Q F0 .626
(Perform history substitution on the follo)180 300 R(wing)-.25 E F1(ar)
3.125 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .625(and display the result on the standard)3.125 F
2.975(output. Does)180 312 R .475
(not store the results in the history list.)2.975 F(Each)5.475 E F1(ar)
2.975 E(g)-.37 E F0 .475(must be quoted to disable)2.975 F
(normal history e)180 324 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F3<ad73>144 336 Q F0 .363
(Store the)180 336 R F1(ar)3.193 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .363
(in the history list as a single entry)3.133 F 5.363(.T)-.65 G .362
(he last command in the history list is)-5.363 F(remo)180 348 Q -.15(ve)
-.15 G 2.5(db).15 G(efore the)-2.5 E F1(ar)2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F0
(are added.)2.77 E .145(If the)144 364.8 R F2(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.645 E(T)
-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.395 G .145
(riable is set, the time stamp information associated with each history)
.25 F .669(entry is written to the history \214le, mark)144 376.8 R .669
(ed with the history comment character)-.1 F 5.668(.W)-.55 G .668
(hen the history)-5.668 F .955(\214le is read, lines be)144 388.8 R .956
(ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F .956
(wed immediately by a digit)-.25 F .833
(are interpreted as timestamps for the follo)144 400.8 R .833
(wing history entry)-.25 F 5.832(.T)-.65 G .832(he return v)-5.832 F
.832(alue is 0 unless an in-)-.25 F -.25(va)144 412.8 S .168(lid option\
 is encountered, an error occurs while reading or writing the history \
\214le, an in).25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F1(of)2.669 E(f-)-.18 E(set)
144 424.8 Q F0 .341(or range is supplied as an ar)2.841 F .341
(gument to)-.18 F F3<ad64>2.841 E F0 2.841(,o)C 2.84(rt)-2.841 G .34
(he history e)-2.84 F .34(xpansion supplied as an ar)-.15 F .34
(gument to)-.18 F F3<ad70>144 436.8 Q F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F3(jobs)
108 453.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F3(\255lnprs)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(jobspec)A F0(... ])
2.5 E F3(jobs \255x)108 465.6 Q F1(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)2.5 E
(gs)-.37 E F0(... ])2.5 E(The \214rst form lists the acti)144 477.6 Q .3
-.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.5(obs. The).15 F(options ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H
(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F3<ad6c>144 489.6 Q F0
(List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)180 489.6 Q F3
<ad6e>144 501.6 Q F0 .193(Display information only about jobs that ha)
180 501.6 R .494 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .194(hanged status since the user w).15
F .194(as last noti-)-.1 F(\214ed of their status.)180 513.6 Q F3<ad70>
144 525.6 Q F0(List only the process ID of the job')180 525.6 Q 2.5(sp)
-.55 G(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F3<ad72>144 537.6 Q F0
(Display only running jobs.)180 537.6 Q F3<ad73>144 549.6 Q F0
(Display only stopped jobs.)180 549.6 Q(If)144 566.4 Q F1(jobspec)4.554
E F0 .314(is gi)3.124 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .314
(n, output is restricted to information about that job).15 F 5.313(.T)
-.4 G .313(he return status is 0 unless)-5.313 F(an in)144 578.4 Q -.25
(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered or an in).25 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25
E F1(jobspec)4.24 E F0(is supplied.)2.81 E .394(If the)144 595.2 R F3
<ad78>2.894 E F0 .394(option is supplied,)2.894 F F3(jobs)2.894 E F0
.394(replaces an)2.894 F(y)-.15 E F1(jobspec)4.634 E F0 .394(found in)
3.204 F F1(command)3.094 E F0(or)3.664 E F1(ar)3.224 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .395
(with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 607.2 Q
-.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F1(command)2.7 E F0(passing it)3.27 E F1(ar)
2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r).27 G(eturning its e)-2.5 E(xit status.)-.15
E F3(kill)108 624 Q F0([)2.5 E F3<ad73>A F1(sigspec)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F3
<ad6e>2.5 E F1(signum)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F3<ad>2.5 E F1(sigspec)A F0 2.5
(][)C F1(pid)-2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1(jobspec)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)C(..)-2.5 E F3
(kill \255l)108 636 Q F0(|)A F3<ad4c>A F0([)2.5 E F1(sigspec)A F0(|)2.5
E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(it_status).2 E F0(])A .017(Send the signal named by)
144 648 R F1(sigspec)2.857 E F0(or)2.827 E F1(signum)2.857 E F0 .017
(to the processes named by)2.837 F F1(pid)3.767 E F0(or)3.287 E F1
(jobspec)4.257 E F0(.).31 E F1(sigspec)5.357 E F0(is)2.827 E .318
(either a case-insensiti)144 660 R .618 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .318
(ignal name such as).15 F F2(SIGKILL)2.818 E F0 .319
(\(with or without the)2.569 F F2(SIG)2.819 E F0 .319
(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.569 F(number;)144 672 Q F1(signum)3.268 E F0
.427(is a signal number)3.247 F 5.427(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.427 E F1(sigspec)
3.267 E F0 .427(is not present, then)3.237 F F2(SIGTERM)2.927 E F0 .427
(is assumed.)2.677 F .427(An ar)5.427 F(-)-.2 E .313(gument of)144 684 R
F3<ad6c>2.813 E F0 .314(lists the signal names.)2.814 F .314(If an)5.314
F 2.814(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-2.814 G .314(uments are supplied when).18 F
F3<ad6c>2.814 E F0 .314(is gi)2.814 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .314
(n, the names of).15 F .12(the signals corresponding to the ar)144 696 R
.119(guments are listed, and the return status is 0.)-.18 F(The)5.119 E
F1 -.2(ex)2.619 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)2.619 E(-)-.2 E .799(gument to)
144 708 R F3<ad6c>3.299 E F0 .799
(is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)3.299 F .8
(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .963(nated by a signal.)144 720 R
(The)5.962 E F3<ad4c>3.462 E F0 .962(option is equi)3.462 F -.25(va)-.25
G .962(lent to).25 F F3<ad6c>3.462 E F0(.)A F3(kill)5.962 E F0 .962
(returns true if at least one signal w)3.462 F(as)-.1 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72
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(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E
(successfully sent, or f)144 84 Q(alse if an error occurs or an in)-.1 E
-.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.).25 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
(let)108 100.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2
(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Each)144 112.8 Q F2(ar)3.026 E(g)-.37 E F0
.196(is an arithmetic e)2.916 F .197(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)
-.25 G .197(luated \(see).25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .197(ARITHMETIC EV)
2.697 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(abo)2.447 E -.15(ve)
-.15 G 2.697(\). If).15 F(the last)144 124.8 Q F2(ar)2.83 E(g)-.37 E F0
-.25(eva)2.72 G(luates to 0,).25 E F1(let)2.5 E F0
(returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.)2.5 E F1(local)108 141.6 Q F0([)2.5
E F2(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C
(.. | \255 ])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 153.6 S 2.542(re).15 G .042(ach ar)
-2.542 F .042(gument, a local v)-.18 F .042(ariable named)-.25 F F2
(name)2.902 E F0 .042(is created, and assigned)2.722 F F2(value)2.832 E
F0 5.042(.T).18 G(he)-5.042 E F2(option)2.542 E F0 .041(can be)2.541 F
(an)144 165.6 Q 3.152(yo)-.15 G 3.152(ft)-3.152 G .652
(he options accepted by)-3.152 F F1(declar)3.152 E(e)-.18 E F0 5.652(.W)
C(hen)-5.652 E F1(local)3.152 E F0 .653
(is used within a function, it causes the v)3.152 F(ari-)-.25 E(able)144
177.6 Q F2(name)3.282 E F0 .422(to ha)3.102 F .722 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H
.422(isible scope restricted to that function and its children.).15 F
(If)5.421 E F2(name)2.921 E F0 .421(is \255, the set)2.921 F .509
(of shell options is made local to the function in which)144 189.6 R F1
(local)3.01 E F0 .51(is in)3.01 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .51
(d: shell options changed us-).1 F 1.171(ing the)144 201.6 R F1(set)
3.671 E F0 -.2(bu)3.671 G 1.171
(iltin inside the function are restored to their original v).2 F 1.17
(alues when the function re-)-.25 F 3.38(turns. The)144 213.6 R .88
(restore is ef)3.38 F .88(fected as if a series of)-.25 F F1(set)3.381 E
F0 .881(commands were e)3.381 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .881
(cuted to restore the v).15 F(alues)-.25 E .788
(that were in place before the function.)144 225.6 R -.4(Wi)5.788 G .788
(th no operands,).4 F F1(local)3.288 E F0 .787(writes a list of local v)
3.288 F .787(ariables to)-.25 F .654(the standard output.)144 237.6 R
.654(It is an error to use)5.654 F F1(local)3.154 E F0 .654
(when not within a function.)3.154 F .655(The return status is 0)5.654 F
(unless)144 249.6 Q F1(local)2.5 E F0(is used outside a function, an in)
2.5 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(name)2.86 E F0(is supplied, or)2.68 E
F2(name)2.5 E F0(is a readonly v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(logout)108
266.4 Q F0(Exit a login shell.)144 266.4 Q F1(map\214le)108 283.2 Q F0
([)2.5 E F1<ad64>A F2(delim)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6e>-2.5 E F2(count)
2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad4f>-2.5 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad73>
-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad74>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad75>
-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad43>-2.5 E F2(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E
F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad63>-2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(arr)-2.5 E
(ay)-.15 E F0(])A F1 -.18(re)108 295.2 S(adarray).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1
<ad64>A F2(delim)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6e>-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5
(][)C F1<ad4f>-2.5 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad73>-2.5 E F2
(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad74>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad75>-2.5 E F2
(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad43>-2.5 E F2(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)
C F1<ad63>-2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0
(])A .159(Read lines from the standard input into the inde)144 307.2 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G 2.659(da).15 G .159(rray v)-2.659 F(ariable)-.25 E F2
(arr)2.989 E(ay)-.15 E F0 2.659(,o).32 G 2.658(rf)-2.659 G .158
(rom \214le descriptor)-2.658 F F2(fd)4.628 E F0 1.248(if the)144 319.2
R F1<ad75>3.748 E F0 1.248(option is supplied.)3.748 F 1.249(The v)6.249
F(ariable)-.25 E F3(MAPFILE)3.749 E F0 1.249(is the def)3.499 F(ault)-.1
E F2(arr)3.749 E(ay)-.15 E F0 6.249(.O)C 1.249(ptions, if supplied,)
-6.249 F(ha)144 331.2 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E
(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad64>144 343.2 Q F0 .911
(The \214rst character of)180 343.2 R F2(delim)3.411 E F0 .911
(is used to terminate each input line, rather than ne)3.411 F 3.41
(wline. If)-.25 F F2(delim)180 355.2 Q F0(is the empty string,)2.5 E F1
(map\214le)2.5 E F0(will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character)
2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1<ad6e>144 367.2 Q F0(Cop)180 367.2 Q 2.5(ya)-.1 G 2.5
(tm)-2.5 G(ost)-2.5 E F2(count)2.7 E F0 2.5(lines. If)3.18 F F2(count)
2.5 E F0(is 0, all lines are copied.)2.5 E F1<ad4f>144 379.2 Q F0(Be)180
379.2 Q(gin assigning to)-.15 E F2(arr)2.83 E(ay)-.15 E F0(at inde)2.82
E(x)-.15 E F2(origin)2.73 E F0 5(.T).24 G(he def)-5 E(ault inde)-.1 E
2.5(xi)-.15 G 2.5(s0)-2.5 G(.)-2.5 E F1<ad73>144 391.2 Q F0
(Discard the \214rst)180 391.2 Q F2(count)2.5 E F0(lines read.)2.5 E F1
<ad74>144 403.2 Q F0(Remo)180 403.2 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing).15
E F2(delim)2.5 E F0(\(def)2.5 E(ault ne)-.1 E
(wline\) from each line read.)-.25 E F1<ad75>144 415.2 Q F0
(Read lines from \214le descriptor)180 415.2 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0
(instead of the standard input.)2.5 E F1<ad43>144 427.2 Q F0(Ev)180
427.2 Q(aluate)-.25 E F2(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F0(each time)3.17 E F2
(quantum)2.5 E F0(lines are read.)2.5 E(The)5 E F1<ad63>2.5 E F0
(option speci\214es)2.5 E F2(quantum)2.75 E F0(.).32 E F1<ad63>144 439.2
Q F0(Specify the number of lines read between each call to)180 439.2 Q
F2(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F0(.).67 E(If)144 456 Q F1<ad43>2.967 E F0 .467
(is speci\214ed without)2.967 F F1<ad63>2.967 E F0 2.967(,t)C .467
(he def)-2.967 F .467(ault quantum is 5000.)-.1 F(When)5.467 E F2
(callbac)2.967 E(k)-.2 E F0 .467(is e)2.967 F -.25(va)-.25 G .467
(luated, it is sup-).25 F .262(plied the inde)144 468 R 2.762(xo)-.15 G
2.762(ft)-2.762 G .262(he ne)-2.762 F .261(xt array element to be assig\
ned and the line to be assigned to that element)-.15 F .274
(as additional ar)144 480 R(guments.)-.18 E F2(callbac)5.274 E(k)-.2 E
F0 .274(is e)2.774 F -.25(va)-.25 G .274
(luated after the line is read b).25 F .275
(ut before the array element is)-.2 F(assigned.)144 492 Q
(If not supplied with an e)144 508.8 Q(xplicit origin,)-.15 E F1
(map\214le)2.5 E F0(will clear)2.5 E F2(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0
(before assigning to it.)2.5 E F1(map\214le)144 525.6 Q F0 .797
(returns successfully unless an in)3.298 F -.25(va)-.4 G .797
(lid option or option ar).25 F .797(gument is supplied,)-.18 F F2(arr)
3.297 E(ay)-.15 E F0 .797(is in-)3.297 F -.25(va)144 537.6 S
(lid or unassignable, or if).25 E F2(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0
(is not an inde)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E
F1(popd)108 554.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0
2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A(Remo)144 566.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.091
(se).15 G .591(ntries from the directory stack.)-3.091 F .592
(The elements are numbered from 0 starting at the \214rst)5.591 F .665
(directory listed by)144 578.4 R F1(dirs)3.165 E F0 5.665(.W)C .665
(ith no ar)-6.065 F(guments,)-.18 E F1(popd)3.165 E F0(remo)3.165 E -.15
(ve)-.15 G 3.165(st).15 G .664(he top directory from the stack, and)
-3.165 F(changes to the ne)144 590.4 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G(op directory)-2.5 E
5(.A)-.65 G -.18(rg)-5 G(uments, if supplied, ha).18 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2
H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad6e>144 602.4 Q F0 .551
(Suppresses the normal change of directory when remo)180 602.4 R .551
(ving directories from the stack, so)-.15 F
(that only the stack is manipulated.)180 614.4 Q F1(+)144 626.4 Q F2(n)A
F0(Remo)180 626.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.64(st).15 G(he)-2.64 E F2(n)2.64 E
F0 .14(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B .14(wn by)-.25
F F1(dirs)2.64 E F0 2.64(,s)C .14(tarting with zero,)-2.64 F .779
(from the stack.)180 638.4 R -.15(Fo)5.779 G 3.279(re).15 G(xample:)
-3.429 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .779(popd +0)3.279 F F0(remo)3.279 E -.15
(ve)-.15 G 3.279(st).15 G .779(he \214rst directory)-3.279 F(,)-.65 E F4
.78(popd +1)3.28 F F0 .78(the sec-)3.28 F(ond.)180 650.4 Q F1<ad>144
662.4 Q F2(n)A F0(Remo)180 662.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.76(st).15 G(he)-3.76
E F2(n)3.76 E F0 1.259(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)
B 1.259(wn by)-.25 F F1(dirs)3.759 E F0 3.759(,s)C 1.259(tarting with)
-3.759 F 2.5(zero. F)180 674.4 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E F4(popd -0)
2.5 E F0(remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he last directory)-2.5 E
(,)-.65 E F4(popd -1)2.5 E F0(the ne)2.5 E(xt to last.)-.15 E .093
(If the top element of the directory stack is modi\214ed, and the)144
691.2 R F2(-n)2.593 E F0 .094(option w)2.594 F .094(as not supplied,)-.1
F F1(popd)2.594 E F0(uses)2.594 E(the)144 703.2 Q F1(cd)2.697 E F0 -.2
(bu)2.697 G .196
(iltin to change to the directory at the top of the stack.).2 F .196
(If the)5.196 F F1(cd)2.696 E F0 -.1(fa)2.696 G(ils,).1 E F1(popd)2.696
E F0 .196(returns a non-)2.696 F(zero v)144 715.2 Q(alue.)-.25 E
(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(70)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(Otherwise,)144 84
Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(popd)2.67 E F0 .17(returns f)2.67 F .17
(alse if an in)-.1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .171
(lid option is encountered, the directory stack is empty).25 F 2.671(,o)
-.65 G 2.671(ra)-2.671 G(non-e)144 96 Q
(xistent directory stack entry is speci\214ed.)-.15 E 1.556(If the)144
112.8 R F1(popd)4.056 E F0 1.556(command is successful, bash runs)4.056
F F1(dirs)4.056 E F0 1.556(to sho)4.056 F 4.055(wt)-.25 G 1.555
(he \214nal contents of the directory)-4.055 F
(stack, and the return status is 0.)144 124.8 Q F1(printf)108 141.6 Q F0
([)2.5 E F1<ad76>A/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(var)2.5 E F0(])A F2(format)
2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .357(Write the formatted)
144 153.6 R F2(ar)2.857 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .357
(to the standard output under the control of the)2.857 F F2(format)2.858
E F0 5.358(.T)C(he)-5.358 E F1<ad76>2.858 E F0(op-)2.858 E .714
(tion causes the output to be assigned to the v)144 165.6 R(ariable)-.25
E F2(var)3.214 E F0 .714(rather than being printed to the standard)3.214
F(output.)144 177.6 Q(The)144 201.6 Q F2(format)3.017 E F0 .517(is a ch\
aracter string which contains three types of objects: plain characters,\
 which are)3.017 F .704(simply copied to standard output, character esc\
ape sequences, which are con)144 213.6 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .703
(rted and copied to).15 F .036(the standard output, and format speci\
\214cations, each of which causes printing of the ne)144 225.6 R .037
(xt successi)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F2(ar)144 237.6 Q(gument)-.37 E F0
5.532(.I)C 3.032(na)-5.532 G .532(ddition to the standard)-3.032 F F2
(printf)3.032 E F0 .532(\(1\) format speci\214cations,)B F1(printf)3.031
E F0 .531(interprets the follo)3.031 F(w-)-.25 E(ing e)144 249.6 Q
(xtensions:)-.15 E F1(%b)144 261.6 Q F0(causes)180 261.6 Q F1(printf)
2.595 E F0 .096(to e)2.595 F .096
(xpand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding)-.15 F F2(ar)
2.596 E(gument)-.37 E F0 .096(in the)2.596 F(same w)180 273.6 Q(ay as)
-.1 E F1(echo \255e)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%q)144 285.6 Q F0(causes)180 285.6 Q
F1(printf)2.51 E F0 .01(to output the corresponding)2.51 F F2(ar)2.51 E
(gument)-.37 E F0 .01(in a format that can be reused as shell)2.51 F
(input.)180 297.6 Q F1(%Q)144 309.6 Q F0(lik)180 309.6 Q(e)-.1 E F1(%q)
2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut applies an)-2.7 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G
(upplied precision to the)-2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E(gument)-.37 E F0
(before quoting it.)2.5 E F1(%\()144 321.6 Q F2(datefmt)A F1(\)T)A F0
(causes)180 333.6 Q F1(printf)4.403 E F0 1.904
(to output the date-time string resulting from using)4.403 F F2(datefmt)
4.404 E F0 1.904(as a format)4.404 F .381(string for)180 345.6 R F2
(strftime)2.881 E F0 2.881(\(3\). The)B(corresponding)2.881 E F2(ar)
2.881 E(gument)-.37 E F0 .381(is an inte)2.881 F .381
(ger representing the number)-.15 F .292(of seconds since the epoch.)180
357.6 R -1 -.8(Tw o)5.293 H .293(special ar)3.593 F .293(gument v)-.18 F
.293(alues may be used: \2551 represents the)-.25 F .694
(current time, and \2552 represents the time the shell w)180 369.6 R
.693(as in)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.193(d. If).1 F .693(no ar)
3.193 F .693(gument is speci-)-.18 F .21(\214ed, con)180 381.6 R -.15
(ve)-.4 G .21(rsion beha).15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.71(sa).15 G 2.71(si)-2.71
G 2.71<66ad>-2.71 G 2.71(1h)-2.71 G .21(ad been gi)-2.71 F -.15(ve)-.25
G 2.71(n. This).15 F .21(is an e)2.71 F .21(xception to the usual)-.15 F
F1(printf)2.71 E F0(beha)180 393.6 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E .902
(The %b, %q, and %T directi)144 410.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.401(sa).15 G
.901(ll use the \214eld width and precision ar)-3.401 F .901
(guments from the format)-.18 F .357(speci\214cation and write that man)
144 422.4 R 2.857(yb)-.15 G .358
(ytes from \(or use that wide a \214eld for\) the e)-2.857 F .358
(xpanded ar)-.15 F(gument,)-.18 E
(which usually contains more characters than the original.)144 434.4 Q
(Ar)144 451.2 Q .464(guments to non-string format speci\214ers are trea\
ted as C constants, e)-.18 F .463(xcept that a leading plus or)-.15 F
1.258(minus sign is allo)144 463.2 R 1.259
(wed, and if the leading character is a single or double quote, the v)
-.25 F 1.259(alue is the)-.25 F(ASCII v)144 475.2 Q(alue of the follo)
-.25 E(wing character)-.25 E(.)-.55 E(The)144 492 Q F2(format)2.515 E F0
.015(is reused as necessary to consume all of the)2.515 F F2(ar)2.515 E
(guments)-.37 E F0 5.015(.I)C 2.514(ft)-5.015 G(he)-2.514 E F2(format)
2.514 E F0 .014(requires more)2.514 F F2(ar)2.514 E(-)-.2 E(guments)144
504 Q F0 .565(than are supplied, the e)3.065 F .566
(xtra format speci\214cations beha)-.15 F .866 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 3.066(si)
.15 G 3.066(faz)-3.066 G .566(ero v)-3.066 F .566(alue or null string,)
-.25 F(as appropriate, had been supplied.)144 516 Q(The return v)5 E
(alue is zero on success, non-zero on f)-.25 E(ailure.)-.1 E F1(pushd)
108 532.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6e>A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 2.5(][)C
<ad>-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A F1(pushd)108 544.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6e>A F0
2.5(][)C F2(dir)-2.5 E F0(])A .64(Adds a directory to the top of the di\
rectory stack, or rotates the stack, making the ne)144 556.8 R 3.139(wt)
-.25 G .639(op of the)-3.139 F .088(stack the current w)144 568.8 R .088
(orking directory)-.1 F 5.088(.W)-.65 G .088(ith no ar)-5.488 F
(guments,)-.18 E F1(pushd)2.589 E F0 -.15(ex)2.589 G .089
(changes the top tw).15 F 2.589(oe)-.1 G .089(lements of)-2.589 F
(the directory stack.)144 580.8 Q(Ar)5 E(guments, if supplied, ha)-.18 E
.3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad6e>144
592.8 Q F0 1.811(Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotatin\
g or adding directories to the)180 592.8 R
(stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.)180 604.8 Q F1(+)144
616.8 Q F2(n)A F0 1.267(Rotates the stack so that the)180 616.8 R F2(n)
3.767 E F0 1.268(th directory \(counting from the left of the list sho)B
1.268(wn by)-.25 F F1(dirs)180 628.8 Q F0 2.5(,s)C
(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 E F1<ad>144 640.8 Q F2(n)A F0
.92(Rotates the stack so that the)180 640.8 R F2(n)3.42 E F0 .92
(th directory \(counting from the right of the list sho)B .92(wn by)-.25
F F1(dirs)180 652.8 Q F0 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)
-2.5 E F2(dir)144.35 664.8 Q F0(Adds)180 664.8 Q F2(dir)2.85 E F0
(to the directory stack at the top)3.23 E .434
(After the stack has been modi\214ed, if the)144 681.6 R F1<ad6e>2.934 E
F0 .434(option w)2.934 F .435(as not supplied,)-.1 F F1(pushd)2.935 E F0
.435(uses the)2.935 F F1(cd)2.935 E F0 -.2(bu)2.935 G .435(iltin to).2 F
(change to the directory at the top of the stack.)144 693.6 Q(If the)5 E
F1(cd)2.5 E F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils,).1 E F1(pushd)2.5 E F0
(returns a non-zero v)2.5 E(alue.)-.25 E 1.78(Otherwise, if no ar)144
710.4 R 1.78(guments are supplied,)-.18 F F1(pushd)4.28 E F0 1.78
(returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty)4.28 F(.)-.65 E .881
(When rotating the directory stack,)144 722.4 R F1(pushd)3.381 E F0 .881
(returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty or a non-)3.381 F
(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(71)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.15(ex)144 84 S
(istent directory stack element is speci\214ed.).15 E 1.278(If the)144
100.8 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(pushd)3.778 E F0 1.278
(command is successful, bash runs)3.778 F F1(dirs)3.778 E F0 1.277
(to sho)3.777 F 3.777(wt)-.25 G 1.277
(he \214nal contents of the directory)-3.777 F(stack.)144 112.8 Q F1
(pwd)108 129.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255LP)A F0(])A .844
(Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 141.6 R .845
(orking directory)-.1 F 5.845(.T)-.65 G .845
(he pathname printed contains no)-5.845 F .182(symbolic links if the)144
153.6 R F1<ad50>2.681 E F0 .181(option is supplied or the)2.681 F F1
.181(\255o ph)2.681 F(ysical)-.15 E F0 .181(option to the)2.681 F F1
(set)2.681 E F0 -.2(bu)2.681 G .181(iltin command is).2 F 3.263
(enabled. If)144 165.6 R(the)3.263 E F1<ad4c>3.263 E F0 .763
(option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links.)3.263
F .764(The return)5.764 F .405(status is 0 unless an error occurs while\
 reading the name of the current directory or an in)144 177.6 R -.25(va)
-.4 G .405(lid op-).25 F(tion is supplied.)144 189.6 Q F1 -.18(re)108
206.4 S(ad).18 E F0([)3.816 E F1(\255ers)A F0 3.816(][)C F1<ad61>-3.816
E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(aname)3.816 E F0 3.816(][)C F1<ad64>-3.816 E
F2(delim)3.816 E F0 3.816(][)C F1<ad69>-3.816 E F2(te)3.816 E(xt)-.2 E
F0 3.816(][)C F1<ad6e>-3.816 E F2(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.817
(][)C F1<ad4e>-3.817 E F2(nc)3.817 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.817(][)C F1
<ad70>-3.817 E F2(pr)3.817 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 3.817(][)C F1<ad74>-3.817 E
F2(timeout)3.817 E F0 3.817(][)C F1<ad75>-3.817 E F2(fd)3.817 E F0(])A
([)108 218.4 Q F2(name)A F0(...])2.5 E .516(One line is read from the s\
tandard input, or from the \214le descriptor)144 230.4 R F2(fd)3.016 E
F0 .516(supplied as an ar)3.016 F .516(gument to)-.18 F(the)144 242.4 Q
F1<ad75>2.935 E F0 .435(option, split into w)2.935 F .435
(ords as described abo)-.1 F .735 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75
(Wo)2.935 G .435(rd Splitting).75 F F0 2.935(,a)C .436(nd the \214rst w)
-2.935 F .436(ord is as-)-.1 F .376(signed to the \214rst)144 254.4 R F2
(name)3.236 E F0 2.876(,t).18 G .376(he second w)-2.876 F .376
(ord to the second)-.1 F F2(name)3.236 E F0 2.876(,a).18 G .376
(nd so on.)-2.876 F .375(If there are more w)5.376 F(ords)-.1 E .236
(than names, the remaining w)144 266.4 R .237(ords and their interv)-.1
F .237(ening delimiters are assigned to the last)-.15 F F2(name)3.097 E
F0 5.237(.I).18 G(f)-5.237 E .875(there are fe)144 278.4 R .875(wer w)
-.25 F .875(ords read from the input stream than names, the remaining n\
ames are assigned)-.1 F .517(empty v)144 290.4 R 3.017(alues. The)-.25 F
.517(characters in)3.017 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)3.017 E F0 .518
(are used to split the line into w)2.767 F .518
(ords using the same rules the)-.1 F .027(shell uses for e)144 302.4 R
.026(xpansion \(described abo)-.15 F .326 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1
-.75(Wo)2.526 G .026(rd Splitting).75 F F0 2.526(\). The)B .026
(backslash character \()2.526 F F1(\\)A F0 2.526(\)m)C(ay)-2.526 E .488
(be used to remo)144 314.4 R .788 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .788 -.15(ny s).15 H
.488(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F .488
(xt character read and for line continuation.)-.15 F(Op-)5.489 E
(tions, if supplied, ha)144 326.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E
(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 338.4 Q F2(aname)2.5 E F0 1.026
(The w)180 350.4 R 1.026
(ords are assigned to sequential indices of the array v)-.1 F(ariable)
-.25 E F2(aname)3.855 E F0 3.525(,s).18 G 1.025(tarting at 0.)-3.525 F
F2(aname)180.33 362.4 Q F0(is unset before an)2.68 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5
-.25(ew va)-2.5 H(lues are assigned.).25 E(Other)5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0
(ar)2.5 E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E F1<ad64>144 374.4 Q F2(delim)2.5 E
F0 .28(The \214rst character of)180 386.4 R F2(delim)2.78 E F0 .281
(is used to terminate the input line, rather than ne)2.78 F 2.781
(wline. If)-.25 F F2(de-)2.781 E(lim)180 398.4 Q F0
(is the empty string,)2.5 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0
(will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1
<ad65>144 410.4 Q F0 .373
(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)180 410.4 R F1 -.18
(re)2.873 G(adline).18 E F0(\(see)2.873 E F3(READLINE)2.872 E F0(abo)
2.622 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.872(\)i).15 G 2.872(su)-2.872 G(sed)-2.872 E
.218(to obtain the line.)180 422.4 R .218
(Readline uses the current \(or def)5.218 F .218
(ault, if line editing w)-.1 F .218(as not pre)-.1 F(viously)-.25 E
(acti)180 434.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(\)e).15 G(diting settings, b)-2.5 E
(ut uses readline')-.2 E 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ef)-2.5 E
(ault \214lename completion.)-.1 E F1<ad69>144 446.4 Q F2(te)2.5 E(xt)
-.2 E F0(If)180 446.4 Q F1 -.18(re)2.716 G(adline).18 E F0 .216
(is being used to read the line,)2.716 F F2(te)2.716 E(xt)-.2 E F0 .216
(is placed into the editing b)2.716 F(uf)-.2 E .215(fer before edit-)
-.25 F(ing be)180 458.4 Q(gins.)-.15 E F1<ad6e>144 470.4 Q F2(nc)2.5 E
(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 482.4 S(ad).18 E F0 .322
(returns after reading)2.822 F F2(nc)2.823 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .323
(characters rather than w)2.823 F .323
(aiting for a complete line of in-)-.1 F(put, b)180 494.4 Q
(ut honors a delimiter if fe)-.2 E(wer than)-.25 E F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15
E(s)-.1 E F0(characters are read before the delimiter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1
<ad4e>144 506.4 Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 518.4 S
(ad).18 E F0 1.269(returns after reading e)3.77 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(nc)
3.769 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.269(characters rather than w)3.769 F
1.269(aiting for a complete)-.1 F .274
(line of input, unless EOF is encountered or)180 530.4 R F1 -.18(re)
2.775 G(ad).18 E F0 .275(times out.)2.775 F .275
(Delimiter characters encoun-)5.275 F 1.003
(tered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 542.4
R F1 -.18(re)3.502 G(ad).18 E F0 1.002(to return until)3.502 F F2(nc)
3.502 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .608(characters are read.)180 554.4 R .608
(The result is not split on the characters in)5.608 F F1(IFS)3.108 E F0
3.108(;t)C .609(he intent is that the)-3.108 F -.25(va)180 566.4 S .67
(riable is assigned e).25 F .669
(xactly the characters read \(with the e)-.15 F .669
(xception of backslash; see the)-.15 F F1<ad72>180 578.4 Q F0
(option belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1<ad70>144 590.4 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45
E F0(Display)180 602.4 Q F2(pr)3.66 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 1.161
(on standard error)3.66 F 3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161(ithout a trailing ne)
-3.661 F 1.161(wline, before attempting to read)-.25 F(an)180 614.4 Q
2.5(yi)-.15 G 2.5(nput. The)-2.5 F
(prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.)2.5 E F1
<ad72>144 626.4 Q F0 .544(Backslash does not act as an escape character)
180 626.4 R 5.543(.T)-.55 G .543
(he backslash is considered to be part of)-5.543 F .492(the line.)180
638.4 R .492(In particular)5.492 F 2.992(,ab)-.4 G(ackslash-ne)-2.992 E
.493(wline pair may not then be used as a line continua-)-.25 F(tion.)
180 650.4 Q F1<ad73>144 662.4 Q F0(Silent mode.)180 662.4 Q
(If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed.)5 E F1
<ad74>144 674.4 Q F2(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 686.4 Q F1 -.18(re)2.929
G(ad).18 E F0 .428(to time out and return f)2.929 F .428
(ailure if a complete line of input \(or a speci\214ed num-)-.1 F .56
(ber of characters\) is not read within)180 698.4 R F2(timeout)3.061 E
F0(seconds.)3.061 E F2(timeout)5.561 E F0 .561(may be a decimal number)
3.061 F(with a fractional portion follo)180 710.4 Q
(wing the decimal point.)-.25 E(This option is only ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E
.3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(f).15 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 .506(is readin\
g input from a terminal, pipe, or other special \214le; it has no ef)180
722.4 R .506(fect when reading)-.25 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q
(2022 September 19)135.955 E(72)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .59(from re)180 84
R .59(gular \214les.)-.15 F(If)5.59 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.18(re)3.09
G(ad).18 E F0 .589(times out,)3.09 F F1 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0(sa)
3.089 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.089(sa).15 G .889 -.15(ny p)-3.089 H .589
(artial input read into the speci\214ed).15 F -.25(va)180 96 S(riable)
.25 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.77 E F0 5.27(.I)C(f)-5.27 E F2
(timeout)2.77 E F0 .27(is 0,)2.77 F F1 -.18(re)2.77 G(ad).18 E F0 .27
(returns immediately)2.77 F 2.77(,w)-.65 G .27(ithout trying to read an)
-2.77 F 2.77(yd)-.15 G(ata.)-2.77 E .228(The e)180 108 R .228
(xit status is 0 if input is a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G .228
(ilable on the speci\214ed \214le descriptor).25 F 2.728(,o)-.4 G 2.727
(rt)-2.728 G .227(he read will re-)-2.727 F 1.224(turn EOF)180 120 R
3.724(,n)-.8 G 1.224(on-zero otherwise.)-3.724 F 1.224(The e)6.224 F
1.225(xit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is e)-.15 F(x-)-.15
E(ceeded.)180 132 Q F1<ad75>144 144 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0
(Read input from \214le descriptor)180 144 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .522
(If no)144 160.8 R F2(names)3.382 E F0 .522
(are supplied, the line read, without the ending delimiter b)3.292 F
.522(ut otherwise unmodi\214ed, is)-.2 F 1.186(assigned to the v)144
172.8 R(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REPL)3.686 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9
/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 1.186(The e)5.686 F 1.186
(xit status is zero, unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)-.15 F F1 -.18
(re)3.687 G(ad).18 E F0 .961
(times out \(in which case the status is greater than 128\), a v)144
184.8 R .96(ariable assignment error \(such as as-)-.25 F .706
(signing to a readonly v)144 196.8 R .706(ariable\) occurs, or an in)
-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .706(lid \214le descriptor is supplied as the ar)
.25 F .707(gument to)-.18 F F1<ad75>144 208.8 Q F0(.)A F1 -.18(re)108
225.6 S(adonly).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAf)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E
F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 2.5(].)C(..])
-2.5 E .77(The gi)144 237.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E F2(names)3.27 E F0
.77(are mark)3.27 F .77(ed readonly; the v)-.1 F .77(alues of these)-.25
F F2(names)3.63 E F0 .77(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.096
(quent assignment.)144 249.6 R 1.096(If the)6.096 F F1<ad66>3.596 E F0
1.097(option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.596 F F2
(names)3.597 E F0 1.097(are so)3.597 F(mark)144 261.6 Q 3.334(ed. The)
-.1 F F1<ad61>3.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F .834
(ariables to inde)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.334(da).15 G .834(rrays; the)
-3.334 F F1<ad41>3.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F(ari-)
-.25 E .776(ables to associati)144 273.6 R 1.076 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.276
(rrays. If).15 F .777(both options are supplied,)3.276 F F1<ad41>3.277 E
F0(tak)3.277 E .777(es precedence.)-.1 F .777(If no)5.777 F F2(name)
3.637 E F0(ar)3.457 E(gu-)-.18 E .522(ments are gi)144 285.6 R -.15(ve)
-.25 G .521(n, or if the).15 F F1<ad70>3.021 E F0 .521
(option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.)3.021 F
.521(The other)5.521 F .295(options may be used to restrict the output \
to a subset of the set of readonly names.)144 297.6 R(The)5.296 E F1
<ad70>2.796 E F0(option)2.796 E .786
(causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.)
144 309.6 R .786(If a v)5.786 F .785(ariable name is fol-)-.25 F(lo)144
321.6 Q .717(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 3.218(,t)C .718(he v)
-3.218 F .718(alue of the v)-.25 F .718(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)
3.218 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.718(.T)C .718(he return status is 0 unless an in)
-5.718 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .26(option is encountered, one of the)
144 333.6 R F2(names)3.12 E F0 .26(is not a v)3.03 F .26(alid shell v)
-.25 F .26(ariable name, or)-.25 F F1<ad66>2.76 E F0 .26
(is supplied with a)2.76 F F2(name)144.36 345.6 Q F0
(that is not a function.)2.68 E F1 -.18(re)108 362.4 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15
E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .02(Causes a function to stop e)144 374.4 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G .02(cuting and return the v).15 F .021
(alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F2(n)2.881 E F0 .021(to its caller)2.761 F
5.021(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.021 E F2(n)2.881 E F0 .021(is omitted,)2.761 F .597
(the return status is that of the last command e)144 386.4 R -.15(xe)
-.15 G .596(cuted in the function body).15 F 5.596(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.596 E
F1 -.18(re)3.096 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .596(is e)3.096 F -.15(xe)-.15
G(cuted).15 E .267(by a trap handler)144 398.4 R 2.767(,t)-.4 G .267
(he last command used to determine the status is the last command e)
-2.767 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .268(cuted be-).15 F .02(fore the trap handler)
144 410.4 R 5.02(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.02 E F1 -.18(re)2.52 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15
E F0 .02(is e)2.52 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .02(cuted during a).15 F F1(DEB)2.52
E(UG)-.1 E F0 .02(trap, the last command used to deter)2.52 F(-)-.2 E
.885(mine the status is the last command e)144 422.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
.886(cuted by the trap handler before).15 F F1 -.18(re)3.386 G(tur).18 E
(n)-.15 E F0 -.1(wa)3.386 G 3.386(si).1 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-3.386 H -.1(ke)
.4 G 3.386(d. If).1 F F1 -.18(re)144 434.4 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .628
(is used outside a function, b)3.128 F .628(ut during e)-.2 F -.15(xe)
-.15 G .628(cution of a script by the).15 F F1(.)3.127 E F0(\()5.627 E
F1(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F0 3.127(\)c)C .627(ommand, it)-3.127 F .588
(causes the shell to stop e)144 446.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .588
(cuting that script and return either).15 F F2(n)3.448 E F0 .589
(or the e)3.329 F .589(xit status of the last com-)-.15 F .326(mand e)
144 458.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .326(cuted within the script as the e).15 F
.326(xit status of the script.)-.15 F(If)5.326 E F2(n)2.826 E F0 .325
(is supplied, the return v)2.826 F .325(alue is)-.25 F .444
(its least signi\214cant 8 bits.)144 470.4 R .444
(The return status is non-zero if)5.444 F F1 -.18(re)2.945 G(tur).18 E
(n)-.15 E F0 .445(is supplied a non-numeric ar)2.945 F(gu-)-.18 E .381
(ment, or is used outside a function and not during e)144 482.4 R -.15
(xe)-.15 G .381(cution of a script by).15 F F1(.)2.881 E F0(or)3.714 E
F1(sour)2.881 E(ce)-.18 E F0 5.38(.A)C .68 -.15(ny c)-5.38 H(om-).15 E
.749(mand associated with the)144 494.4 R F1(RETURN)3.249 E F0 .749
(trap is e)3.249 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .749(cuted before e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15
G .75(cution resumes after the function).15 F(or script.)144 506.4 Q F1
(set)108 523.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1
<ad6f>-2.5 E F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<adad>-2.5 E F0 2.5
(][)C F1<ad>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E F1
(set)108 535.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o)
-2.5 E F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<adad>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1
<ad>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144
547.2 S .574(thout options, display the name and v).4 F .574
(alue of each shell v)-.25 F .573
(ariable in a format that can be reused)-.25 F .113
(as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 559.2 R 2.613
(ariables. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)2.613 G .113
(riables cannot be reset.).25 F(In)5.113 E F2 1.032(posix mode)144 571.2
R F0 3.532(,o)C 1.032(nly shell v)-3.532 F 1.032(ariables are listed.)
-.25 F 1.032(The output is sorted according to the current locale.)6.032
F .58(When options are speci\214ed, the)144 583.2 R 3.081(ys)-.15 G .581
(et or unset shell attrib)-3.081 F 3.081(utes. An)-.2 F 3.081(ya)-.15 G
-.18(rg)-3.081 G .581(uments remaining after op-).18 F .161
(tion processing are treated as v)144 595.2 R .161
(alues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order)-.25 F
2.66(,t)-.4 G(o)-2.66 E F1($1)2.66 E F0(,)A F1($2)144 607.2 Q F0(,)A F1
2.5(... $)2.5 F F2(n)A F0 5(.O)C(ptions, if speci\214ed, ha)-5 E .3 -.15
(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 619.2 Q F0
1.377(Each v)184 619.2 R 1.377
(ariable or function that is created or modi\214ed is gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)
-.25 G 3.877(nt).15 G 1.377(he e)-3.877 F 1.378(xport attrib)-.15 F
1.378(ute and)-.2 F(mark)184 631.2 Q(ed for e)-.1 E(xport to the en)-.15
E(vironment of subsequent commands.)-.4 E F1<ad62>144 643.2 Q F0 .132
(Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately)184 643.2 R
2.632(,r)-.65 G .131(ather than before the ne)-2.632 F(xt)-.15 E
(primary prompt.)184 655.2 Q(This is ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve o)
-.25 H(nly when job control is enabled.).15 E F1<ad65>144 667.2 Q F0
.087(Exit immediately if a)184 667.2 R F2(pipeline)2.587 E F0 .087
(\(which may consist of a single)2.587 F F2 .088(simple command)2.588 F
F0 .088(\), a)B F2(list)2.588 E F0 2.588(,o)C(r)-2.588 E(a)184 679.2 Q
F2 1.521(compound command)4.021 F F0(\(see)4.021 E F3 1.521
(SHELL GRAMMAR)4.021 F F0(abo)3.771 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.521(\), e).15 F
1.521(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 F .079(The shell does not e)184
691.2 R .079(xit if the command that f)-.15 F .08
(ails is part of the command list immediately)-.1 F(follo)184 703.2 Q
1.655(wing a)-.25 F F1(while)4.155 E F0(or)4.155 E F1(until)4.155 E F0
-.1(ke)4.155 G(yw)-.05 E 1.655(ord, part of the test follo)-.1 F 1.654
(wing the)-.25 F F1(if)4.154 E F0(or)4.154 E F1(elif)4.154 E F0(reserv)
4.154 E(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)184 715.2 S .581(rds, part of an).1 F 3.081(yc)
-.15 G .581(ommand e)-3.081 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .581(cuted in a).15 F F1
(&&)3.081 E F0(or)3.081 E F1(||)3.081 E F0 .582(list e)3.082 F .582
(xcept the command follo)-.15 F(wing)-.25 E .918(the \214nal)184 727.2 R
F1(&&)3.418 E F0(or)3.418 E F1(||)3.418 E F0 3.418(,a)C 1.218 -.15(ny c)
-3.418 H .918(ommand in a pipeline b).15 F .917
(ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F 3.417(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.417 E
(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(73)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.25(va)184 84 S
.66(lue is being in).25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .66(rted with).15 F/F1 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF(!)3.16 E F0 5.661(.I)C 3.161(fac)-5.661 G .661
(ompound command other than a subshell returns a)-3.161 F 1.113
(non-zero status because a command f)184 96 R 1.112(ailed while)-.1 F F1
<ad65>3.612 E F0 -.1(wa)3.612 G 3.612(sb).1 G 1.112
(eing ignored, the shell does)-3.612 F .177(not e)184 108 R 2.677
(xit. A)-.15 F .177(trap on)2.677 F F1(ERR)2.677 E F0 2.677(,i)C 2.678
(fs)-2.677 G .178(et, is e)-2.678 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .178
(cuted before the shell e).15 F 2.678(xits. This)-.15 F .178
(option applies to)2.678 F .618(the shell en)184 120 R .617
(vironment and each subshell en)-.4 F .617(vironment separately \(see)
-.4 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .617(COMMAND EXE-)3.117 F .642(CUTION ENVIR)
184 132 R(ONMENT)-.27 E F0(abo)2.893 E -.15(ve)-.15 G .643
(\), and may cause subshells to e).15 F .643(xit before e)-.15 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G .643(cuting all).15 F(the commands in the subshell.)184 144 Q
.999(If a compound command or shell function e)184 162 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
.999(cutes in a conte).15 F .998(xt where)-.15 F F1<ad65>3.498 E F0 .998
(is being ig-)3.498 F .089(nored, none of the commands e)184 174 R -.15
(xe)-.15 G .089(cuted within the compound command or function body).15 F
.503(will be af)184 186 R .503(fected by the)-.25 F F1<ad65>3.002 E F0
.502(setting, e)3.002 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.002(ni).15 G(f)-3.002 E F1
<ad65>3.002 E F0 .502(is set and a command returns a f)3.002 F .502
(ailure sta-)-.1 F 4.183(tus. If)184 198 R 4.183(ac)4.183 G 1.683
(ompound command or shell function sets)-4.183 F F1<ad65>4.184 E F0
1.684(while e)4.184 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.684(cuting in a conte).15 F(xt)
-.15 E(where)184 210 Q F1<ad65>3.154 E F0 .654
(is ignored, that setting will not ha)3.154 F .953 -.15(ve a)-.2 H .953
-.15(ny e).15 H -.25(ff).15 G .653(ect until the compound command).25 F
(or the command containing the function call completes.)184 222 Q F1
<ad66>144 234 Q F0(Disable pathname e)184 234 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1
<ad68>144 246 Q F0 .988(Remember the location of commands as the)184 246
R 3.488(ya)-.15 G .988(re look)-3.488 F .988(ed up for e)-.1 F -.15(xe)
-.15 G 3.488(cution. This).15 F .988(is en-)3.488 F(abled by def)184 258
Q(ault.)-.1 E F1<ad6b>144 270 Q F0 .514(All ar)184 270 R .514
(guments in the form of assignment statements are placed in the en)-.18
F .513(vironment for a)-.4 F
(command, not just those that precede the command name.)184 282 Q F1
<ad6d>144 294 Q F0 .148(Monitor mode.)184 294 R .148
(Job control is enabled.)5.148 F .149(This option is on by def)5.148 F
.149(ault for interacti)-.1 F .449 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells).15 E .651
(on systems that support it \(see)184 306 R F2 .651(JOB CONTR)3.151 F
(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)2.901 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.151(\). All).15 F .65
(processes run in a separate)3.151 F .678(process group.)184 318 R .679
(When a background job completes, the shell prints a line containing it\
s)5.678 F -.15(ex)184 330 S(it status.).15 E F1<ad6e>144 342 Q F0 .653
(Read commands b)184 342 R .653(ut do not e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .653
(cute them.).15 F .652(This may be used to check a shell script for)
5.653 F(syntax errors.)184 354 Q(This is ignored by interacti)5 E .3
-.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1<ad6f>144 366 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
(option\255name)2.5 E F0(The)184 378 Q F3(option\255name)2.5 E F0
(can be one of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E F1(allexport)184 390 Q F0
(Same as)224 402 Q F1<ad61>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(braceexpand)184 414 Q F0
(Same as)224 426 Q F1<ad42>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(emacs)184 438 Q F0 .089
(Use an emacs-style command line editing interf)224 438 R 2.589
(ace. This)-.1 F .089(is enabled by def)2.589 F(ault)-.1 E .95
(when the shell is interacti)224 450 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.45(,u).15 G .95
(nless the shell is started with the)-3.45 F F1(\255\255noediting)3.45 E
F0 2.5(option. This)224 462 R(also af)2.5 E(fects the editing interf)
-.25 E(ace used for)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F0(.)A F1(err)
184 474 Q(exit)-.18 E F0(Same as)224 474 Q F1<ad65>2.5 E F0(.)A F1
(errtrace)184 486 Q F0(Same as)224 486 Q F1<ad45>2.5 E F0(.)A F1
(functrace)184 498 Q F0(Same as)224 510 Q F1<ad54>2.5 E F0(.)A F1
(hashall)184 522 Q F0(Same as)224 522 Q F1<ad68>2.5 E F0(.)A F1
(histexpand)184 534 Q F0(Same as)224 546 Q F1<ad48>2.5 E F0(.)A F1
(history)184 558 Q F0 .586(Enable command history)224 558 R 3.087(,a)
-.65 G 3.087(sd)-3.087 G .587(escribed abo)-3.087 F .887 -.15(ve u)-.15
H(nder).15 E F2(HIST)3.087 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF
(.)A F0 .587(This option is)5.087 F(on by def)224 570 Q
(ault in interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1(ignor)184
582 Q(eeof)-.18 E F0 1.657(The ef)224 594 R 1.657
(fect is as if the shell command)-.25 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF(IGNOREEOF=10)
4.156 E F0 1.656(had been e)4.156 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E(\(see)224
606 Q F1(Shell V)2.5 E(ariables)-.92 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).)
.15 E F1 -.1(ke)184 618 S(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 630 Q F1
<ad6b>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(monitor)184 642 Q F0(Same as)224 642 Q F1<ad6d>2.5
E F0(.)A F1(noclob)184 654 Q(ber)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 666 Q F1<ad43>2.5
E F0(.)A F1(noexec)184 678 Q F0(Same as)224 678 Q F1<ad6e>2.5 E F0(.)A
F1(noglob)184 690 Q F0(Same as)224 690 Q F1<ad66>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(nolog)
184 702 Q F0(Currently ignored.)224 702 Q F1(notify)184 714 Q F0
(Same as)224 714 Q F1<ad62>2.5 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q
(2022 September 19)135.955 E(74)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(nounset)184 84 Q F0(Same as)224 84 Q F1<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(onecmd)
184 96 Q F0(Same as)224 96 Q F1<ad74>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(ph)184 108 Q
(ysical)-.15 E F0(Same as)224 108 Q F1<ad50>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(pipefail)184
120 Q F0 1.029(If set, the return v)224 120 R 1.029
(alue of a pipeline is the v)-.25 F 1.03
(alue of the last \(rightmost\) com-)-.25 F 1.137(mand to e)224 132 R
1.136
(xit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands in the pipeline)
-.15 F -.15(ex)224 144 S(it successfully).15 E 5(.T)-.65 G
(his option is disabled by def)-5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(posix)184 156 Q F0
2.09(Change the beha)224 156 R 2.091(vior of)-.2 F F1(bash)4.591 E F0
2.091(where the def)4.591 F 2.091(ault operation dif)-.1 F 2.091
(fers from the)-.25 F 1.212(POSIX standard to match the standard \()224
168 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF 1.212(posix mode)B F0 3.712(\). See)B/F3 9
/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.212(SEE ALSO)3.712 F F0(belo)3.462 E(w)-.25 E .954
(for a reference to a document that details ho)224 180 R 3.455(wp)-.25 G
.955(osix mode af)-3.455 F .955(fects bash')-.25 F 3.455(sb)-.55 G(e-)
-3.455 E(ha)224 192 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E F1(pri)184 204 Q(vileged)-.1 E
F0(Same as)224 216 Q F1<ad70>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ve)184 228 S(rbose).1 E
F0(Same as)224 228 Q F1<ad76>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(vi)184 240 Q F0 .209
(Use a vi-style command line editing interf)224 240 R 2.709(ace. This)
-.1 F .209(also af)2.709 F .209(fects the editing in-)-.25 F(terf)224
252 Q(ace used for)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F0(.)A F1
(xtrace)184 264 Q F0(Same as)224 264 Q F1<ad78>2.5 E F0(.)A(If)184 282 Q
F1<ad6f>3.052 E F0 .552(is supplied with no)3.052 F F2(option\255name)
3.053 E F0 3.053(,t)C .553(he v)-3.053 F .553
(alues of the current options are printed.)-.25 F(If)5.553 E F1(+o)184
294 Q F0 1.072(is supplied with no)3.572 F F2(option\255name)3.572 E F0
3.572(,a)C 1.071(series of)-.001 F F1(set)3.571 E F0 1.071
(commands to recreate the current)3.571 F
(option settings is displayed on the standard output.)184 306 Q F1<ad70>
144 318 Q F0 -.45(Tu)184 318 S 1.071(rn on).45 F F2(privile)4.821 E -.1
(ge)-.4 G(d).1 E F0 3.572(mode. In)4.341 F 1.072(this mode, the)3.572 F
F3($ENV)3.572 E F0(and)3.322 E F3($B)3.572 E(ASH_ENV)-.27 E F0 1.072
(\214les are not pro-)3.322 F 1.501
(cessed, shell functions are not inherited from the en)184 330 R 1.5
(vironment, and the)-.4 F F3(SHELLOPTS)4 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3
-.27(BA)184 342 S(SHOPTS).27 E F4(,)A F3(CDP)2.774 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H)
.855 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.774 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.024 E F0 -.25(va)2.774 G
.524(riables, if the).25 F 3.025(ya)-.15 G .525(ppear in the en)-3.025 F
(vironment,)-.4 E .38(are ignored.)184 354 R .38
(If the shell is started with the ef)5.38 F(fecti)-.25 E .679 -.15(ve u)
-.25 H .379(ser \(group\) id not equal to the real).15 F .461
(user \(group\) id, and the)184 366 R F1<ad70>2.961 E F0 .461
(option is not supplied, these actions are tak)2.961 F .462
(en and the ef)-.1 F(fec-)-.25 E(ti)184 378 Q .695 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .395
(ser id is set to the real user id.).15 F .395(If the)5.395 F F1<ad70>
2.895 E F0 .394(option is supplied at startup, the ef)2.895 F(fecti)-.25
E -.15(ve)-.25 G .386(user id is not reset.)184 390 R -.45(Tu)5.386 G
.386(rning this option of).45 F 2.886(fc)-.25 G .387(auses the ef)-2.886
F(fecti)-.25 E .687 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .387(ser and group ids to be).15 F
(set to the real user and group ids.)184 402 Q F1<ad72>144 414 Q F0
(Enable restricted shell mode.)184 414 Q
(This option cannot be unset once it has been set.)5 E F1<ad74>144 426 Q
F0(Exit after reading and e)184 426 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuting one command.).15 E F1<ad75>144 438 Q F0 -.35(Tr)184 438 S .774
(eat unset v).35 F .773(ariables and parameters other than the special \
parameters "@" and "*", or)-.25 F .459(array v)184 450 R .459(ariables \
subscripted with "@" or "*", as an error when performing parameter e)
-.25 F(x-)-.15 E 2.891(pansion. If)184 462 R -.15(ex)2.891 G .391
(pansion is attempted on an unset v).15 F .391(ariable or parameter)-.25
F 2.89(,t)-.4 G .39(he shell prints an)-2.89 F
(error message, and, if not interacti)184 474 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,e)
.15 G(xits with a non-zero status.)-2.65 E F1<ad76>144 486 Q F0
(Print shell input lines as the)184 486 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E
F1<ad78>144 498 Q F0 .315(After e)184 498 R .315(xpanding each)-.15 F F2
.315(simple command)2.815 F F0(,)A F1 -.25(fo)2.815 G(r).25 E F0
(command,)2.815 E F1(case)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E F1(select)2.815 E
F0(command,)2.815 E 1.236(or arithmetic)184 510 R F1 -.25(fo)3.736 G(r)
.25 E F0 1.236(command, display the e)3.736 F 1.236(xpanded v)-.15 F
1.236(alue of)-.25 F F3(PS4)3.736 E F4(,)A F0(follo)3.486 E 1.236
(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184 522 Q(xpanded ar)-.15 E
(guments or associated w)-.18 E(ord list.)-.1 E F1<ad42>144 534 Q F0
1.205(The shell performs brace e)184 534 R 1.205(xpansion \(see)-.15 F
F1 1.205(Brace Expansion)3.705 F F0(abo)3.705 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.706
(\). This).15 F 1.206(is on by de-)3.706 F -.1(fa)184 546 S(ult.).1 E F1
<ad43>144 558 Q F0 .214(If set,)184 558 R F1(bash)2.714 E F0 .214
(does not o)2.714 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .214(rwrite an e).15 F .214
(xisting \214le with the)-.15 F F1(>)2.714 E F0(,)A F1(>&)2.714 E F0
2.713(,a)C(nd)-2.713 E F1(<>)2.713 E F0 .213(redirection opera-)2.713 F
3.053(tors. This)184 570 R .553(may be o)3.053 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .553
(rridden when creating output \214les by using the redirection opera-)
.15 F(tor)184 582 Q F1(>|)2.5 E F0(instead of)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(.)A F1
<ad45>144 594 Q F0 .104(If set, an)184 594 R 2.604(yt)-.15 G .104
(rap on)-2.604 F F1(ERR)2.604 E F0 .103
(is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and com-)2.604
F .838(mands e)184 606 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .838(cuted in a subshell en).15
F 3.338(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(ERR)3.338 E F0 .839
(trap is normally not inherited in)3.339 F(such cases.)184 618 Q F1
<ad48>144 630 Q F0(Enable)184 630 Q F1(!)3.032 E F0 .532
(style history substitution.)5.532 F .531(This option is on by def)5.532
F .531(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 642 Q -.15
(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1<ad50>144 654 Q F0 .959
(If set, the shell does not resolv)184 654 R 3.459(es)-.15 G .959
(ymbolic links when e)-3.459 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .96
(cuting commands such as).15 F F1(cd)3.46 E F0 1.453
(that change the current w)184 666 R 1.453(orking directory)-.1 F 6.453
(.I)-.65 G 3.952(tu)-6.453 G 1.452(ses the ph)-3.952 F 1.452
(ysical directory structure in-)-.05 F 3.334(stead. By)184 678 R(def)
3.334 E(ault,)-.1 E F1(bash)3.334 E F0(follo)3.334 E .834
(ws the logical chain of directories when performing com-)-.25 F
(mands which change the current directory)184 690 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad54>144
702 Q F0 .89(If set, an)184 702 R 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F1
(DEB)3.39 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)3.39 E F1(RETURN)3.39 E F0 .89
(are inherited by shell functions, command)3.39 F 1.932
(substitutions, and commands e)184 714 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932
(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 4.432(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(DEB)4.432 E
(UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 726 Q F0
(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72
768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(75)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF<adad>144 84 Q F0 .401(If no ar)184 84 R .401(guments follo)-.18 F
2.901(wt)-.25 G .401
(his option, then the positional parameters are unset.)-2.901 F
(Otherwise,)5.4 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 96 Q/F2
10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni)
.15 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G(ome of them be)-2.5 E(gin with a)-.15 E F1<ad>2.5 E
F0(.)A F1<ad>144 108 Q F0 .796
(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)184 108 R F2(ar)3.297 E
(g)-.37 E F0 3.297(st)C 3.297(ob)-3.297 G 3.297(ea)-3.297 G .797
(ssigned to the positional pa-)-3.297 F 3.022(rameters. The)184 120 R F1
<ad78>3.022 E F0(and)3.022 E F1<ad76>3.022 E F0 .522
(options are turned of)3.022 F 3.022(f. If)-.25 F .522(there are no)
3.022 F F2(ar)3.022 E(g)-.37 E F0 .521(s, the positional pa-)B
(rameters remain unchanged.)184 132 Q .425(The options are of)144 148.8
R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)-2.925 E .425
(ault unless otherwise noted.)-.1 F .425
(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .178
(to be turned of)144 160.8 R 2.678(f. The)-.25 F .178
(options can also be speci\214ed as ar)2.678 F .178(guments to an in)
-.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .177(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.177 E .066
(current set of options may be found in)144 172.8 R F1<24ad>2.566 E F0
5.066(.T)C .066(he return status is al)-5.066 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .066
(ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .067(lid option).25 F
(is encountered.)144 184.8 Q F1(shift)108 201.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0
(])A .429(The positional parameters from)144 213.6 R F2(n)2.929 E F0
.429(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....)2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.428 G
.428(rameters represented by the num-).15 F(bers)144 225.6 Q F1($#)2.582
E F0(do)2.582 E .082(wn to)-.25 F F1($#)2.582 E F0<ad>A F2(n)A F0 .082
(+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.442 E F0 .082(must be a non-ne)2.822 F -.05(ga)
-.15 G(ti).05 E .383 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .083(umber less than or equal to)
.15 F F1($#)2.583 E F0 5.083(.I)C(f)-5.083 E F2(n)2.943 E F0 .06
(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 237.6 R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0
.06(is not gi)2.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .06(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F
(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is greater than)2.8 F F1($#)2.56 E F0 2.56
(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .143(positional parameters are not changed.)144 249.6 R
.144(The return status is greater than zero if)5.143 F F2(n)3.004 E F0
.144(is greater than)2.884 F F1($#)2.644 E F0
(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 261.6 Q F1(shopt)108 278.4 Q F0([)
2.5 E F1(\255pqsu)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6f>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(optname)
-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 290.4 S .64(ggle the v).8 F .639
(alues of settings controlling optional shell beha)-.25 F(vior)-.2 E
5.639(.T)-.55 G .639(he settings can be either those)-5.639 F .374
(listed belo)144 302.4 R 1.674 -.65(w, o)-.25 H 1.174 -.4(r, i).65 H
2.874(ft).4 G(he)-2.874 E F1<ad6f>2.874 E F0 .375
(option is used, those a)2.875 F -.25(va)-.2 G .375(ilable with the).25
F F1<ad6f>2.875 E F0 .375(option to the)2.875 F F1(set)2.875 E F0 -.2
(bu)2.875 G .375(iltin com-).2 F 2.566(mand. W)144 314.4 R .066
(ith no options, or with the)-.4 F F1<ad70>2.566 E F0 .066
(option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with an in-)2.566
F .074(dication of whether or not each is set; if)144 326.4 R F2
(optnames)2.574 E F0 .074
(are supplied, the output is restricted to those op-)2.574 F 3.105
(tions. The)144 338.4 R F1<ad70>3.105 E F0 .605(option causes output to\
 be displayed in a form that may be reused as input.)3.105 F(Other)5.605
E(options ha)144 350.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E
(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad73>144 362.4 Q F0(Enable \(set\) each)180
362.4 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad75>144 374.4 Q F0
(Disable \(unset\) each)180 374.4 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad71>144
386.4 Q F0 .003(Suppresses normal output \(quiet mode\); the return sta\
tus indicates whether the)180 386.4 R F2(optname)2.504 E F0(is)2.504 E
.256(set or unset.)180 398.4 R .256(If multiple)5.256 F F2(optname)2.756
E F0(ar)2.756 E .256(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.756(nw).15 G
(ith)-2.756 E F1<ad71>2.756 E F0 2.755(,t)C .255
(he return status is zero if)-2.755 F(all)180 410.4 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E
F0(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)2.5 E F1<ad6f>144 422.4 Q F0
(Restricts the v)180 422.4 Q(alues of)-.25 E F2(optname)2.5 E F0
(to be those de\214ned for the)2.5 E F1<ad6f>2.5 E F0(option to the)2.5
E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .624(If either)144 439.2 R F1
<ad73>3.124 E F0(or)3.124 E F1<ad75>3.124 E F0 .624(is used with no)
3.124 F F2(optname)3.124 E F0(ar)3.124 E(guments,)-.18 E F1(shopt)3.124
E F0(sho)3.124 E .624(ws only those options which are)-.25 F .984
(set or unset, respecti)144 451.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.984(.U)
-.65 G .984(nless otherwise noted, the)-5.984 F F1(shopt)3.484 E F0 .983
(options are disabled \(unset\) by de-)3.483 F -.1(fa)144 463.2 S(ult.)
.1 E 1.544(The return status when listing options is zero if all)144 480
R F2(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.545(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.)4.045 F
.696
(When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an)
144 492 R F2(optname)3.196 E F0 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .695(alid shell)
-.25 F(option.)144 504 Q(The list of)144 520.8 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0
(options is:)2.5 E F1(assoc_expand_once)144 538.8 Q F0 1.944
(If set, the shell suppresses multiple e)184 550.8 R -.25(va)-.25 G
1.945(luation of associati).25 F 2.245 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.945
(rray subscripts during).15 F .885(arithmetic e)184 562.8 R .885
(xpression e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .885(luation, while e).25 F -.15(xe)
-.15 G .885(cuting b).15 F .885(uiltins that can perform v)-.2 F .885
(ariable as-)-.25 F(signments, and while e)184 574.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuting b).15 E(uiltins that perform array dereferencing.)-.2 E F1
(autocd)144 586.8 Q F0 .199
(If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is e)184 586.8 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G .2(cuted as if it were the ar).15 F(gu-)-.18 E
(ment to the)184 598.8 Q F1(cd)2.5 E F0 2.5(command. This)2.5 F
(option is only used by interacti)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E
F1(cdable_v)144 610.8 Q(ars)-.1 E F0 .156(If set, an ar)184 622.8 R .156
(gument to the)-.18 F F1(cd)2.656 E F0 -.2(bu)2.656 G .155
(iltin command that is not a directory is assumed to be the).2 F
(name of a v)184 634.8 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E
(alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E F1(cdspell)144 646.8 Q F0
1.055
(If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a)184
646.8 R F1(cd)3.555 E F0 1.055(command will be)3.555 F 3.988
(corrected. The)184 658.8 R 1.488(errors check)3.988 F 1.487
(ed for are transposed characters, a missing character)-.1 F 3.987(,a)
-.4 G(nd)-3.987 E .77(one character too man)184 670.8 R 4.57 -.65(y. I)
-.15 H 3.27(fac).65 G .77
(orrection is found, the corrected \214lename is printed, and)-3.27 F
(the command proceeds.)184 682.8 Q
(This option is only used by interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.)
.15 E F1(checkhash)144 694.8 Q F0 .737(If set,)184 706.8 R F1(bash)3.237
E F0 .736(checks that a command found in the hash table e)3.237 F .736
(xists before trying to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cute it.)184
718.8 Q(If a hashed command no longer e)5 E
(xists, a normal path search is performed.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(checkjobs)144 84 Q F0 .448(If set,)184 96 R F1(bash)2.948 E F0 .448
(lists the status of an)2.948 F 2.949(ys)-.15 G .449
(topped and running jobs before e)-2.949 F .449(xiting an interacti)-.15
F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.662(shell. If)184 108 R(an)2.662 E 2.661(yj)-.15 G
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(xit to be deferred until a second e)-.15 F .161(xit is at-)-.15 F 1.472
(tempted without an interv)184 120 R 1.473(ening command \(see)-.15 F/F2
9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.473(JOB CONTR)3.973 F(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)3.723 E -.15
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(ys postpones e).1 E(xiting if an)-.15 E 2.5(yj)-.15 G(obs are stopped.)
-2.5 E F1(checkwinsize)144 144 Q F0 1.09(If set,)184 156 R F1(bash)3.59
E F0 1.09(checks the windo)3.59 F 3.59(ws)-.25 G 1.09(ize after each e)
-3.59 F 1.09(xternal \(non-b)-.15 F 1.09(uiltin\) command and, if)-.2 F
(necessary)184 168 Q 3.35(,u)-.65 G .85(pdates the v)-3.35 F .85
(alues of)-.25 F F2(LINES)3.35 E F0(and)3.1 E F2(COLUMNS)3.35 E/F3 9
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(fa)184 180 S(ult.).1 E F1(cmdhist)144 192 Q F0 .173(If set,)184 192 R
F1(bash)2.673 E F0 .173(attempts to sa)2.673 F .473 -.15(ve a)-.2 H .172
(ll lines of a multiple-line command in the same history en-).15 F(try)
184 204 Q 5.596(.T)-.65 G .597(his allo)-5.596 F .597
(ws easy re-editing of multi-line commands.)-.25 F .597
(This option is enabled by de-)5.597 F -.1(fa)184 216 S 1.288(ult, b).1
F 1.288(ut only has an ef)-.2 F 1.288
(fect if command history is enabled, as described abo)-.25 F 1.587 -.15
(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(HIST)184 228 Q(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F3(.)A F1
(compat31)144 240 Q(compat32)144 252 Q(compat40)144 264 Q(compat41)144
276 Q(compat42)144 288 Q(compat43)144 300 Q(compat44)144 312 Q(compat50)
144 324 Q F0 .889(These control aspects of the shell')184 336 R 3.389
(sc)-.55 G .889(ompatibility mode \(see)-3.389 F F2 .889(SHELL COMP)
3.389 F -.855(AT)-.666 G(IBILITY).855 E(MODE)184 348 Q F0(belo)2.25 E
(w\).)-.25 E F1(complete_fullquote)144 364.8 Q F0 .654(If set,)184 376.8
R F1(bash)3.153 E F0 .653(quotes all shell metacharacters in \214lename\
s and directory names when per)3.153 F(-)-.2 E 1.524
(forming completion.)184 388.8 R 1.524(If not set,)6.524 F F1(bash)4.024
E F0(remo)4.024 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.024(sm).15 G 1.524
(etacharacters such as the dollar sign)-4.024 F 2.667(from the set of c\
haracters that will be quoted in completed \214lenames when these)184
400.8 R .028(metacharacters appear in shell v)184 412.8 R .028
(ariable references in w)-.25 F .029(ords to be completed.)-.1 F .029
(This means)5.029 F 1.073(that dollar signs in v)184 424.8 R 1.073
(ariable names that e)-.25 F 1.073
(xpand to directories will not be quoted; ho)-.15 F(w-)-.25 E -2.15 -.25
(ev e)184 436.8 T 1.922 -.4(r, a).25 H 1.422 -.15(ny d).4 H 1.123
(ollar signs appearing in \214lenames will not be quoted, either).15 F
6.123(.T)-.55 G 1.123(his is acti)-6.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .59
(only when bash is using backslashes to quote completed \214lenames.)184
448.8 R .59(This v)5.59 F .59(ariable is set)-.25 F(by def)184 460.8 Q
(ault, which is the def)-.1 E(ault bash beha)-.1 E(vior in v)-.2 E
(ersions through 4.2.)-.15 E F1(dir)144 477.6 Q(expand)-.18 E F0 .486
(If set,)184 489.6 R F1(bash)2.986 E F0 .486
(replaces directory names with the results of w)2.986 F .486(ord e)-.1 F
.487(xpansion when perform-)-.15 F .18(ing \214lename completion.)184
501.6 R .179(This changes the contents of the readline editing b)5.18 F
(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 5.179(.I)-.55 G 2.679(fn)-5.179 G(ot)-2.679 E(set,)
184 513.6 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(attempts to preserv)2.5 E 2.5(ew)-.15 G
(hat the user typed.)-2.5 E F1(dirspell)144 530.4 Q F0 .858(If set,)184
530.4 R F1(bash)3.358 E F0 .858
(attempts spelling correction on directory names during w)3.358 F .859
(ord completion if)-.1 F
(the directory name initially supplied does not e)184 542.4 Q(xist.)-.15
E F1(dotglob)144 559.2 Q F0 .165(If set,)184 559.2 R F1(bash)2.665 E F0
.165(includes \214lenames be)2.665 F .165(ginning with a `.)-.15 F 2.665
('i)-.7 G 2.665(nt)-2.665 G .165(he results of pathname e)-2.665 F
(xpansion.)-.15 E(The \214lenames)184 571.2 Q F1 -.63(``)2.5 G -.55(.')
.63 G(')-.08 E F0(and)5 E F1 -.63(``)2.5 G(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0
(must al)5.63 E -.1(wa)-.1 G(ys be matched e).1 E(xplicitly)-.15 E 2.5
(,e)-.65 G -.15(ve)-2.75 G 2.5(ni).15 G(f)-2.5 E F1(dotglob)2.5 E F0
(is set.)2.5 E F1(execfail)144 588 Q F0 .516(If set, a non-interacti)184
588 R .816 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .516(hell will not e).15 F .516
(xit if it cannot e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .517
(cute the \214le speci\214ed as an ar).15 F(-)-.2 E(gument to the)184
600 Q F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E(An interacti)5 E
.3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hell does not e).15 E(xit if)-.15 E F1(exec)2.5 E F0
-.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(expand_aliases)144 616.8 Q F0 .717
(If set, aliases are e)184 628.8 R .717(xpanded as described abo)-.15 F
1.017 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(ALIASES)3.217 E F3(.)A F0 .716
(This option is enabled)5.217 F(by def)184 640.8 Q(ault for interacti)
-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1(extdeb)144 657.6 Q(ug)-.2 E F0
.17(If set at shell in)184 669.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G .17
(cation, or in a shell startup \214le, arrange to e).2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
.17(cute the deb).15 F .17(ugger pro\214le)-.2 F 1.082
(before the shell starts, identical to the)184 681.6 R F1<adad646562>
3.582 E(ugger)-.2 E F0 3.581(option. If)3.581 F 1.081(set after in)3.581
F -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.081(cation, be-).2 F(ha)184 693.6 Q
(vior intended for use by deb)-.2 E(uggers is enabled:)-.2 E F1(1.)184
710.4 Q F0(The)220 710.4 Q F1<ad46>4.25 E F0 1.75(option to the)4.25 F
F1(declar)4.251 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)4.251 G 1.751
(iltin displays the source \214le name and line).2 F
(number corresponding to each function name supplied as an ar)220 722.4
Q(gument.)-.18 E(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(77)
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(2.)184 84 Q F0 1.667(If the command run by the)220 84 R F1(DEB)4.167
E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.667(trap returns a non-zero v)4.167 F 1.667
(alue, the ne)-.25 F(xt)-.15 E(command is skipped and not e)220 96 Q
-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(3.)184 112.8 Q F0 .84
(If the command run by the)220 112.8 R F1(DEB)3.34 E(UG)-.1 E F0 .841
(trap returns a v)3.341 F .841(alue of 2, and the shell is)-.25 F -.15
(exe)220 124.8 S .488
(cuting in a subroutine \(a shell function or a shell script e).15 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G .488(cuted by the).15 F F1(.)2.988 E F0(or)2.988 E F1
(sour)220 136.8 Q(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G
(iltins\), the shell simulates a call to).2 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(tur).18 E
(n)-.15 E F0(.)A F1(4.)184 153.6 Q/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA)220
153.6 S(SH_ARGC).27 E F0(and)3.153 E F2 -.27(BA)3.403 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F0
.904(are updated as described in their descriptions)3.154 F(abo)220
165.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(5.)184 182.4 Q F0 1.637(Function tr\
acing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and sub-)220
182.4 R(shells in)220 194.4 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)
-2.5 E F1(\()2.5 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0
(inherit the)2.5 E F1(DEB)2.5 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(RETURN)2.5 E F0
(traps.)2.5 E F1(6.)184 211.2 Q F0 1.082(Error tracing is enabled: comm\
and substitution, shell functions, and subshells)220 211.2 R(in)220
223.2 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(\()2.5 E F3
(command)2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0(inherit the)2.5 E F1(ERR)2.5 E F0(trap.)
2.5 E F1(extglob)144 240 Q F0 .4(If set, the e)184 240 R .4
(xtended pattern matching features described abo)-.15 F .7 -.15(ve u)
-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.9 G .4(thname Expan-).1 F(sion)184 252 Q
F0(are enabled.)2.5 E F1(extquote)144 268.8 Q F0 .86(If set,)184 280.8 R
F1($)3.36 E F0<08>A F3(string)A F0 3.36<0861>C(nd)-3.36 E F1($)3.36 E F0
(")A F3(string)A F0 3.36("q)C .86(uoting is performed within)-3.36 F F1
(${)3.36 E F3(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(})A F0 -.15(ex)3.36 G .86
(pansions en-).15 F(closed in double quotes.)184 292.8 Q
(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(failglob)144 309.6 Q
F0 .243(If set, patterns which f)184 309.6 R .243
(ail to match \214lenames during pathname e)-.1 F .243
(xpansion result in an e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E(pansion error)184 321.6 Q(.)
-.55 E F1 -.25(fo)144 338.4 S -.18(rc).25 G(e_\214gnor).18 E(e)-.18 E F0
.936(If set, the suf)184 350.4 R<8c78>-.25 E .936(es speci\214ed by the)
-.15 F F2(FIGNORE)3.436 E F0 .936(shell v)3.186 F .936(ariable cause w)
-.25 F .937(ords to be ignored)-.1 F .32(when performing w)184 362.4 R
.32(ord completion e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.82(ni).15 G 2.82(ft)-2.82 G
.32(he ignored w)-2.82 F .32(ords are the only possible com-)-.1 F 2.947
(pletions. See)184 374.4 R F2 .447(SHELL V)2.947 F(ARIABLES)-1.215 E F0
(abo)2.697 E .747 -.15(ve f)-.15 H .448(or a description of).15 F F2
(FIGNORE)2.948 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .448(This option is)4.948
F(enabled by def)184 386.4 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(globasciiranges)144 403.2 Q
F0 2.519(If set, range e)184 415.2 R 2.519
(xpressions used in pattern matching brack)-.15 F 2.518(et e)-.1 F 2.518
(xpressions \(see)-.15 F F2 -.09(Pa)5.018 G(tter).09 E(n)-.135 E
(Matching)184 427.2 Q F0(abo)2.964 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.214(\)b).15 G(eha)
-3.214 E 1.014 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 3.214(si).15 G 3.214(fi)-3.214 G 3.214
(nt)-3.214 G .714(he traditional C locale when performing comparisons.)
-3.214 F 1.02(That is, the current locale')184 439.2 R 3.52(sc)-.55 G
1.02(ollating sequence is not tak)-3.52 F 1.02(en into account, so)-.1 F
F1(b)3.52 E F0 1.02(will not)3.52 F .956(collate between)184 451.2 R F1
(A)3.456 E F0(and)3.456 E F1(B)3.456 E F0 3.457(,a)C .957(nd upper)
-3.457 F .957(-case and lo)-.2 F(wer)-.25 E .957
(-case ASCII characters will collate)-.2 F(together)184 463.2 Q(.)-.55 E
F1(globskipdots)144 480 Q F0 .285(If set, pathname e)184 492 R .285
(xpansion will ne)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.785(rm).15 G .285
(atch the \214lenames)-2.785 F F1 -.63(``)2.785 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E
F0(and)5.285 E F1 -.63(``)2.784 G(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 2.784(,e)
.63 G -.15(ve)-3.034 G 2.784(ni).15 G 2.784(ft)-2.784 G .284(he pat-)
-2.784 F(tern be)184 504 Q(gins with a)-.15 E F1 -.63(``)2.5 G -.55(.')
.63 G(')-.08 E F0 5(.T)C(his option is enabled by def)-5 E(ault.)-.1 E
F1(globstar)144 520.8 Q F0 .518(If set, the pattern)184 520.8 R F1(**)
3.018 E F0 .519(used in a pathname e)3.019 F .519(xpansion conte)-.15 F
.519(xt will match all \214les and zero)-.15 F .432
(or more directories and subdirectories.)184 532.8 R .431
(If the pattern is follo)5.432 F .431(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)2.931 E F0
2.931(,o)C .431(nly directories)-2.931 F(and subdirectories match.)184
544.8 Q F1(gnu_errfmt)144 561.6 Q F0(If set, shell error messages are w\
ritten in the standard GNU error message format.)184 573.6 Q F1
(histappend)144 590.4 Q F0 .676
(If set, the history list is appended to the \214le named by the v)184
602.4 R .676(alue of the)-.25 F F2(HISTFILE)3.177 E F0 -.25(va)2.927 G
(ri-).25 E(able when the shell e)184 614.4 Q(xits, rather than o)-.15 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the \214le.).15 E F1(histr)144 631.2 Q(eedit)
-.18 E F0 .576(If set, and)184 643.2 R F1 -.18(re)3.076 G(adline).18 E
F0 .575(is being used, a user is gi)3.076 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.075(nt).15
G .575(he opportunity to re-edit a f)-3.075 F .575(ailed his-)-.1 F
(tory substitution.)184 655.2 Q F1(histv)144 672 Q(erify)-.1 E F0 .402
(If set, and)184 684 R F1 -.18(re)2.903 G(adline).18 E F0 .403
(is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately)
2.903 F .662(passed to the shell parser)184 696 R 5.662(.I)-.55 G .661
(nstead, the resulting line is loaded into the)-5.662 F F1 -.18(re)3.161
G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.161 E -.2(bu)184 708 S -.25(ff).2 G(er).25 E
2.5(,a)-.4 G(llo)-2.5 E(wing further modi\214cation.)-.25 E
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(hostcomplete)144 84 Q F0 1.181(If set, and)184 96 R F1 -.18(re)3.681
G(adline).18 E F0 1.181(is being used,)3.681 F F1(bash)3.682 E F0 1.182
(will attempt to perform hostname completion)3.682 F 1.381(when a w)184
108 R 1.381(ord containing a)-.1 F F1(@)3.881 E F0 1.381
(is being completed \(see)3.881 F F1(Completing)3.88 E F0(under)3.88 E
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2.5(\). This).15 F(is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(huponexit)144
136.8 Q F0(If set,)184 148.8 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(will send)2.5 E F2
(SIGHUP)2.5 E F0(to all jobs when an interacti)2.25 E .3 -.15(ve l)-.25
H(ogin shell e).15 E(xits.)-.15 E F1(inherit_err)144 165.6 Q(exit)-.18 E
F0 .219(If set, command substitution inherits the v)184 177.6 R .219
(alue of the)-.25 F F1(err)2.719 E(exit)-.18 E F0 .22
(option, instead of unsetting)2.719 F(it in the subshell en)184 189.6 Q
2.5(vironment. This)-.4 F(option is enabled when)2.5 E/F3 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(posix mode)2.5 E F0(is enabled.)2.5 E F1(interacti)
144 206.4 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E F0 .33(If set, allo)184 218.4 R
2.83(waw)-.25 G .33(ord be)-2.93 F .33(ginning with)-.15 F F1(#)2.83 E
F0 .33(to cause that w)2.83 F .33(ord and all remaining characters on)
-.1 F .967(that line to be ignored in an interacti)184 230.4 R 1.267
-.15(ve s)-.25 H .967(hell \(see).15 F F2(COMMENTS)3.467 E F0(abo)3.217
E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.467(\). This).15 F .968(option is)3.468 F
(enabled by def)184 242.4 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(lastpipe)144 259.2 Q F0 .066
(If set, and job control is not acti)184 259.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.566
(,t).15 G .066(he shell runs the last command of a pipeline not e)-2.566
F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E
(cuted in the background in the current shell en)184 271.2 Q(vironment.)
-.4 E F1(lithist)144 288 Q F0 .654(If set, and the)184 288 R F1(cmdhist)
3.154 E F0 .654(option is enabled, multi-line commands are sa)3.154 F
-.15(ve)-.2 G 3.155(dt).15 G 3.155(ot)-3.155 G .655(he history)-3.155 F
(with embedded ne)184 300 Q
(wlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible.)-.25 E F1
(localv)144 316.8 Q(ar_inherit)-.1 E F0 .422(If set, local v)184 328.8 R
.422(ariables inherit the v)-.25 F .422(alue and attrib)-.25 F .422
(utes of a v)-.2 F .422(ariable of the same name that)-.25 F -.15(ex)184
340.8 S .173(ists at a pre).15 F .173(vious scope before an)-.25 F 2.673
(yn)-.15 G .673 -.25(ew va)-2.673 H .173(lue is assigned.).25 F .174
(The nameref attrib)5.174 F .174(ute is not)-.2 F(inherited.)184 352.8 Q
F1(localv)144 369.6 Q(ar_unset)-.1 E F0 .329(If set, calling)184 381.6 R
F1(unset)2.829 E F0 .329(on local v)2.829 F .329(ariables in pre)-.25 F
.328(vious function scopes marks them so subse-)-.25 F .543(quent looku\
ps \214nd them unset until that function returns. This is identical to \
the beha)184 393.6 R(v-)-.2 E(ior of unsetting local v)184 405.6 Q
(ariables at the current function scope.)-.25 E F1(login_shell)144 422.4
Q F0 .486
(The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell \(see)184
434.4 R F2(INV)2.986 E(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F0(abo)2.736 E -.15(ve)
-.15 G 2.986(\). The).15 F -.25(va)184 446.4 S(lue may not be changed.)
.25 E F1(mailwar)144 463.2 Q(n)-.15 E F0 .814(If set, and a \214le that)
184 475.2 R F1(bash)3.314 E F0 .815
(is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it)3.314 F
-.1(wa)184 487.2 S 2.5(sc).1 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed, the message `)-.1 E
(`The mail in)-.74 E F3(mail\214le)2.5 E F0(has been read')2.5 E 2.5('i)
-.74 G 2.5(sd)-2.5 G(isplayed.)-2.5 E F1(no_empty_cmd_completion)144 504
Q F0 .325(If set, and)184 516 R F1 -.18(re)2.825 G(adline).18 E F0 .325
(is being used,)2.825 F F1(bash)2.824 E F0 .324
(will not attempt to search the)2.824 F F2 -.666(PA)2.824 G(TH)-.189 E
F0 .324(for possible)2.574 F
(completions when completion is attempted on an empty line.)184 528 Q F1
(nocaseglob)144 544.8 Q F0 .436(If set,)184 556.8 R F1(bash)2.936 E F0
.436(matches \214lenames in a case\255insensiti)2.936 F .737 -.15(ve f)
-.25 H .437(ashion when performing pathname).05 F -.15(ex)184 568.8 S
(pansion \(see).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.5 G(thname Expansion).1 E F0(abo)2.5 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(nocasematch)144 585.6 Q F0 1.194(If set,)184
597.6 R F1(bash)3.694 E F0 1.194
(matches patterns in a case\255insensiti)3.694 F 1.493 -.15(ve f)-.25 H
1.193(ashion when performing matching).05 F .551(while e)184 609.6 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(case)3.051 E F0(or)3.051 E F1([[)3.051 E
F0 .551(conditional commands, when performing pattern substitution)3.051
F -.1(wo)184 621.6 S .623(rd e).1 F .623(xpansions, or when \214ltering\
 possible completions as part of programmable com-)-.15 F(pletion.)184
633.6 Q F1(noexpand_translation)144 650.4 Q F0 1.117(If set,)184 662.4 R
F1(bash)3.617 E F0 1.117(encloses the translated results of $"..." quot\
ing in single quotes instead of)3.617 F(double quotes.)184 674.4 Q
(If the string is not translated, this has no ef)5 E(fect.)-.25 E F1
(nullglob)144 691.2 Q F0 .855(If set,)184 703.2 R F1(bash)3.355 E F0
(allo)3.355 E .855(ws patterns which match no \214les \(see)-.25 F F1
-.1(Pa)3.354 G .854(thname Expansion).1 F F0(abo)3.354 E -.15(ve)-.15 G
3.354(\)t).15 G(o)-3.354 E -.15(ex)184 715.2 S
(pand to a null string, rather than themselv).15 E(es.)-.15 E
(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(79)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(patsub_r)144 84 Q(eplacement)-.18 E F0 .105(If set,)184 96 R F1(bash)
2.605 E F0 -.15(ex)2.605 G .105(pands occurrences of).15 F F1(&)2.606 E
F0 .106(in the replacement string of pattern substitution to)2.606 F
.528(the te)184 108 R .528
(xt matched by the pattern, as described under)-.15 F F1 -.1(Pa)3.027 G
.527(rameter Expansion).1 F F0(abo)3.027 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.527(.T).15 G
(his)-5.527 E(option is enabled by def)184 120 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(pr)144
136.8 Q(ogcomp)-.18 E F0 .676(If set, the programmable completion f)184
148.8 R .677(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)3.177 E .677
(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F0(abo)3.177 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E
(are enabled.)184 160.8 Q(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E
F1(pr)144 177.6 Q(ogcomp_alias)-.18 E F0 2.124
(If set, and programmable completion is enabled,)184 189.6 R F1(bash)
4.624 E F0 2.124(treats a command name that)4.624 F(doesn')184 201.6 Q
3.288(th)-.18 G -2.25 -.2(av e)-3.288 H(an)3.488 E 3.288(yc)-.15 G .789
(ompletions as a possible alias and attempts alias e)-3.288 F .789
(xpansion. If it has)-.15 F 1.473(an alias,)184 213.6 R F1(bash)3.973 E
F0 1.473(attempts programmable completion using the command w)3.973 F
1.473(ord resulting)-.1 F(from the e)184 225.6 Q(xpanded alias.)-.15 E
F1(pr)144 242.4 Q(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 1.447
(If set, prompt strings under)184 254.4 R 1.448(go parameter e)-.18 F
1.448(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)184
266.4 S .171(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.67(la).25 G
.17(fter being e)-2.67 F .17(xpanded as described in)-.15 F/F2 9
/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)2.67 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(abo)2.42 E -.15(ve)-.15 G
(.).15 E(This option is enabled by def)184 278.4 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1 -.18
(re)144 295.2 S(stricted_shell).18 E F0 1.069
(The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode \(see)
184 307.2 R F2 1.069(RESTRICTED SHELL)3.569 F F0(belo)184 319.2 Q 2.86
(w\). The)-.25 F -.25(va)2.86 G .36(lue may not be changed.).25 F .36
(This is not reset when the startup \214les are e)5.36 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
(-).15 E(cuted, allo)184 331.2 Q(wing the startup \214les to disco)-.25
E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(rw).15 G(hether or not a shell is restricted.)-2.5
E F1(shift_v)144 348 Q(erbose)-.1 E F0 .501(If set, the)184 360 R F1
(shift)3.001 E F0 -.2(bu)3.001 G .501
(iltin prints an error message when the shift count e).2 F .502
(xceeds the number)-.15 F(of positional parameters.)184 372 Q F1(sour)
144 388.8 Q(cepath)-.18 E F0 .771(If set, the)184 400.8 R F1(.)3.271 E
F0(\()3.271 E F1(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F0 3.271(\)b)C .771(uiltin uses the v)
-3.471 F .771(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.666(PA)3.27 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .77
(to \214nd the directory containing the)3.02 F(\214le supplied as an ar)
184 412.8 Q 2.5(gument. This)-.18 F(option is enabled by def)2.5 E
(ault.)-.1 E F1 -.1(va)144 429.6 S(rr).1 E(edir_close)-.18 E F0 .74(If \
set, the shell automatically closes \214le descriptors assigned using t\
he)184 441.6 R/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF({varname})3.24 E F0(redi-)3.24 E
.424(rection syntax \(see)184 453.6 R F2(REDIRECTION)2.924 E F0(abo)
2.674 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.924(\)i).15 G .424(nstead of lea)-2.924 F .424
(ving them open when the com-)-.2 F(mand completes.)184 465.6 Q F1
(xpg_echo)144 482.4 Q F0(If set, the)184 494.4 Q F1(echo)2.5 E F0 -.2
(bu)2.5 G(iltin e).2 E(xpands backslash-escape sequences by def)-.15 E
(ault.)-.1 E F1(suspend)108 511.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad66>A F0(])A .909
(Suspend the e)144 523.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .909
(cution of this shell until it recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.41(sa).15 G
F2(SIGCONT)A F0 3.41(signal. A)3.16 F .91(login shell, or a shell)3.41 F
.753(without job control enabled, cannot be suspended; the)144 535.2 R
F1<ad66>3.253 E F0 .752(option can be used to o)3.252 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
.752(rride this and).15 F .107(force the suspension.)144 547.2 R .107(T\
he return status is 0 unless the shell is a login shell or job control \
is not en-)5.107 F(abled and)144 559.2 Q F1<ad66>2.5 E F0
(is not supplied.)2.5 E F1(test)108 576 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1([)
108 588 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(])2.5 E F0 .878
(Return a status of 0 \(true\) or 1 \(f)144 588 R .877
(alse\) depending on the e)-.1 F -.25(va)-.25 G .877
(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F3 -.2(ex)144 600 S
(pr).2 E F0 5.53(.E).73 G .53
(ach operator and operand must be a separate ar)-5.53 F 3.03
(gument. Expressions)-.18 F .53(are composed of the)3.03 F 1.361
(primaries described abo)144 612 R 1.661 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2
(CONDITION)3.861 E 1.36(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A
F1(test)5.86 E F0 1.36(does not accept an)3.86 F 3.86(yo)-.15 G(p-)-3.86
E(tions, nor does it accept and ignore an ar)144 624 Q(gument of)-.18 E
F1<adad>2.5 E F0(as signifying the end of options.)2.5 E .785
(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 642 R .786
(wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F 3.412
(dence. The)144 654 R -.25(eva)3.412 G .912
(luation depends on the number of ar).25 F .911(guments; see belo)-.18 F
4.711 -.65(w. O)-.25 H .911(perator precedence is).65 F
(used when there are \214v)144 666 Q 2.5(eo)-.15 G 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar)
-2.5 E(guments.)-.18 E F1(!)144 678 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0 -.35
(Tr)180 678 S(ue if).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0(is f)3.23 E(alse.)
-.1 E F1(\()144 690 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(\))2.5 E F0 .26
(Returns the v)180 690 R .26(alue of)-.25 F F3 -.2(ex)2.76 G(pr).2 E F0
5.26(.T)C .26(his may be used to o)-5.26 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .26
(rride the normal precedence of opera-).15 F(tors.)180 702 Q
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(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)144 84 S(pr1).2 E F0<ad>2.5 E/F2 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF(a)A F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 96 S
(ue if both).35 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(and)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G
(pr2).2 E F0(are true.)2.52 E F1 -.2(ex)144 108 S(pr1).2 E F0<ad>2.5 E
F2(o)A F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 120 S(ue if either).35 E
F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(or)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0
(is true.)2.52 E F2(test)144 136.8 Q F0(and)2.5 E F2([)2.5 E F0 -.25
(eva)2.5 G(luate conditional e).25 E
(xpressions using a set of rules based on the number of ar)-.15 E
(guments.)-.18 E 2.5(0a)144 154.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E(The e)
180 166.8 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(1a)144 178.8 S -.18
(rg)-2.5 G(ument).18 E(The e)180 190.8 Q
(xpression is true if and only if the ar)-.15 E(gument is not null.)-.18
E 2.5(2a)144 202.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .37(If the \214rst ar)
180 214.8 R .37(gument is)-.18 F F2(!)2.87 E F0 2.87(,t)C .37(he e)-2.87
F .37(xpression is true if and only if the second ar)-.15 F .37
(gument is null.)-.18 F .379(If the \214rst ar)180 226.8 R .38
(gument is one of the unary conditional operators listed abo)-.18 F .68
-.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDI-)2.88 E(TION)180
238.8 Q .553(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 .552
(the e)2.802 F .552(xpression is true if the unary test is true.)-.15 F
.552(If the \214rst ar)5.552 F(gu-)-.18 E(ment is not a v)180 250.8 Q
(alid unary conditional operator)-.25 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G(he e)-2.5 E
(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(3a)144 262.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G
(uments).18 E .236(The follo)180 274.8 R .236
(wing conditions are applied in the order listed.)-.25 F .236
(If the second ar)5.236 F .236(gument is one of)-.18 F .855
(the binary conditional operators listed abo)180 286.8 R 1.155 -.15
(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(CONDITION)3.355 E .855(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F
F4(,)A F0(the)3.104 E .578(result of the e)180 298.8 R .578(xpression i\
s the result of the binary test using the \214rst and third ar)-.15 F
(guments)-.18 E 1.333(as operands.)180 310.8 R(The)6.333 E F2<ad61>3.833
E F0(and)3.833 E F2<ad6f>3.832 E F0 1.332
(operators are considered binary operators when there are)3.832 F .558
(three ar)180 322.8 R 3.058(guments. If)-.18 F .558(the \214rst ar)3.058
F .558(gument is)-.18 F F2(!)3.058 E F0 3.058(,t)C .558(he v)-3.058 F
.558(alue is the ne)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .558(tion of the tw).05 F
(o-ar)-.1 E(gument)-.18 E .521(test using the second and third ar)180
334.8 R 3.021(guments. If)-.18 F .521(the \214rst ar)3.021 F .52
(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(\()3.02 E F0 .52(and the third)3.02
F(ar)180 346.8 Q .485(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(\))2.985 E F0
2.985(,t)C .485(he result is the one-ar)-2.985 F .485
(gument test of the second ar)-.18 F 2.985(gument. Other)-.18 F(-)-.2 E
(wise, the e)180 358.8 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(4a)144
370.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .43(The follo)180 382.8 R .43
(wing conditions are applied in the order listed.)-.25 F .429
(If the \214rst ar)5.429 F .429(gument is)-.18 F F2(!)2.929 E F0 2.929
(,t)C .429(he re-)-2.929 F 1.314(sult is the ne)180 394.8 R -.05(ga)-.15
G 1.314(tion of the three-ar).05 F 1.314(gument e)-.18 F 1.314
(xpression composed of the remaining ar)-.15 F(gu-)-.18 E 2.745
(ments. the)180 406.8 R(tw)2.745 E(o-ar)-.1 E .245
(gument test using the second and third ar)-.18 F 2.744(guments. If)-.18
F .244(the \214rst ar)2.744 F(gument)-.18 E .309(is e)180 418.8 R
(xactly)-.15 E F2(\()2.809 E F0 .309(and the fourth ar)2.809 F .309
(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(\))2.809 E F0 2.809(,t)C .31
(he result is the tw)-2.809 F(o-ar)-.1 E .31(gument test of the)-.18 F
.184(second and third ar)180 430.8 R 2.684(guments. Otherwise,)-.18 F
.184(the e)2.684 F .183(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G
.183(luated according).25 F(to precedence using the rules listed abo)180
442.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E 2.5(5o)144 454.8 S 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar)
-2.5 E(guments)-.18 E 1.635(The e)180 466.8 R 1.635
(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.635
(luated according to precedence using the rules listed).25 F(abo)180
478.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(When used with)144 496.8 Q F2(test)2.5 E
F0(or)2.5 E F2([)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he)-2.5 E F2(<)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2
(>)2.5 E F0(operators sort le)2.5 E
(xicographically using ASCII ordering.)-.15 E F2(times)108 513.6 Q F0
1.229(Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for\
 processes run from the shell.)144 513.6 R(The return status is 0.)144
525.6 Q F2(trap)108 542.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255lp)A F0 2.5(][)C([)-2.5 E
F1(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(])A F1(sigspec)2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .682(The command)
144 554.4 R F1(ar)3.512 E(g)-.37 E F0 .682(is to be read and e)3.402 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G .682(cuted when the shell recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
3.183(ss).15 G(ignal\(s\))-3.183 E F1(sigspec)3.523 E F0 5.683(.I).31 G
(f)-5.683 E F1(ar)3.513 E(g)-.37 E F0(is)3.403 E .609
(absent \(and there is a single)144 566.4 R F1(sigspec)3.108 E F0 3.108
(\)o)C(r)-3.108 E F2<ad>3.108 E F0 3.108(,e)C .608
(ach speci\214ed signal is reset to its original disposition)-3.108 F
.658(\(the v)144 578.4 R .658(alue it had upon entrance to the shell\).)
-.25 F(If)5.658 E F1(ar)3.488 E(g)-.37 E F0 .659
(is the null string the signal speci\214ed by each)3.378 F F1(sigspec)
144.34 590.4 Q F0 .581
(is ignored by the shell and by the commands it in)3.391 F -.2(vo)-.4 G
-.1(ke).2 G 3.08(s. If).1 F F1(ar)3.41 E(g)-.37 E F0 .58
(is not present and)3.3 F F2<ad70>3.08 E F0(has)3.08 E 1.214
(been supplied, then the trap commands associated with each)144 602.4 R
F1(sigspec)4.054 E F0 1.215(are displayed.)4.024 F 1.215(If no ar)6.215
F(gu-)-.18 E .86(ments are supplied or if only)144 614.4 R F2<ad70>3.36
E F0 .86(is gi)3.36 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n,).15 E F2(trap)3.36 E F0 .86
(prints the list of commands associated with each)3.36 F 2.83
(signal. The)144 626.4 R F2<ad6c>2.83 E F0 .33(option causes the shell \
to print a list of signal names and their corresponding num-)2.83 F
4.311(bers. Each)144 638.4 R F1(sigspec)4.651 E F0 1.811
(is either a signal name de\214ned in <)4.621 F F1(signal.h)A F0 1.81
(>, or a signal number)B 6.81(.S)-.55 G(ignal)-6.81 E
(names are case insensiti)144 650.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(nd the).15 E
F3(SIG)2.5 E F0(pre\214x is optional.)2.25 E .666(If a)144 668.4 R F1
(sigspec)3.506 E F0(is)3.476 E F3(EXIT)3.166 E F0 .666
(\(0\) the command)2.916 F F1(ar)3.496 E(g)-.37 E F0 .666(is e)3.386 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G .666(cuted on e).15 F .667(xit from the shell.)-.15 F
.667(If a)5.667 F F1(sigspec)3.507 E F0(is)3.477 E F3(DE-)3.167 E -.09
(BU)144 680.4 S(G).09 E F4(,)A F0 .484(the command)2.734 F F1(ar)3.314 E
(g)-.37 E F0 .484(is e)3.204 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .484(cuted before e).15 F
-.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E F1 .483(simple command)2.984 F F0(,)A F1(for)
2.983 E F0(command,)2.983 E F1(case)2.983 E F0(command,)2.983 E F1
(select)144 692.4 Q F0 .562(command, e)3.062 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .563
(ry arithmetic).15 F F1(for)3.063 E F0 .563
(command, and before the \214rst command e)3.063 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .563
(cutes in a shell).15 F .623(function \(see)144 704.4 R F3 .622
(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.122 F F0(abo)2.872 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.122(\). Refer).15
F .622(to the description of the)3.122 F F2(extdeb)3.122 E(ug)-.2 E F0
.622(option to the)3.122 F F2(shopt)144 716.4 Q F0 -.2(bu)2.996 G .496
(iltin for details of its ef).2 F .496(fect on the)-.25 F F2(DEB)2.996 E
(UG)-.1 E F0 2.996(trap. If)2.996 F(a)2.996 E F1(sigspec)3.336 E F0(is)
3.306 E F3(RETURN)2.996 E F4(,)A F0 .496(the command)2.746 F F1(ar)
144.33 728.4 Q(g)-.37 E F0 .18(is e)2.9 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .18
(cuted each time a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .18
(cuted with the).15 F F2(.)2.68 E F0(or)2.68 E F2(sour)2.68 E(ce)-.18 E
F0 -.2(bu)2.68 G .18(iltins \214nishes).2 F(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.15(exe)144 84 S
(cuting.).15 E .96(If a)144 102 R/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(sigspec)3.8 E
F0(is)3.77 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ERR)3.46 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A
F0 .96(the command)3.21 F F1(ar)3.791 E(g)-.37 E F0 .961(is e)3.681 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G .961(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.461(rap).15 G
.961(ipeline \(which may consist of a)-3.461 F .185(single simple comma\
nd\), a list, or a compound command returns a non\255zero e)144 114 R
.184(xit status, subject to)-.15 F .451(the follo)144 126 R .451
(wing conditions.)-.25 F(The)5.451 E F2(ERR)2.951 E F0 .451
(trap is not e)2.701 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .451(cuted if the f).15 F .452
(ailed command is part of the com-)-.1 F .388
(mand list immediately follo)144 138 R .388(wing a)-.25 F/F4 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF(while)2.888 E F0(or)2.888 E F4(until)2.888 E F0 -.1(ke)
2.888 G(yw)-.05 E .388(ord, part of the test in an)-.1 F F1(if)2.897 E
F0 .387(statement, part)4.847 F .777(of a command e)144 150 R -.15(xe)
-.15 G .778(cuted in a).15 F F4(&&)3.278 E F0(or)3.278 E F4(||)3.278 E
F0 .778(list e)3.278 F .778(xcept the command follo)-.15 F .778
(wing the \214nal)-.25 F F4(&&)3.278 E F0(or)3.278 E F4(||)3.278 E F0
3.278(,a)C -.15(ny)-3.278 G 1.28(command in a pipeline b)144 162 R 1.28
(ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F 3.78(sr)-.55 G 1.28(eturn v)-3.78
F 1.28(alue is being in)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.28(rted using).15 F F4(!)
3.78 E F0(.)A(These are the same conditions obe)144 174 Q(yed by the)
-.15 E F4(err)2.5 E(exit)-.18 E F0(\()2.5 E F4<ad65>A F0 2.5(\)o)C
(ption.)-2.5 E .132
(Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.)144
192 R -.35(Tr)5.133 G .133(apped signals that are not be-).35 F .117
(ing ignored are reset to their original v)144 204 R .117
(alues in a subshell or subshell en)-.25 F .117
(vironment when one is cre-)-.4 F 2.5(ated. The)144 216 R
(return status is f)2.5 E(alse if an)-.1 E(y)-.15 E F1(sigspec)2.84 E F0
(is in)2.81 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid; otherwise).25 E F4(trap)2.5 E F0
(returns true.)2.5 E F4(type)108 232.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F4(\255aftpP)A F0(])
A F1(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(name)A F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 244.8 S
.173(th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.673(we)-.25 G(ach)-2.673 E F1
(name)3.033 E F0 -.1(wo)2.853 G .174
(uld be interpreted if used as a command name.).1 F .174(If the)5.174 F
F4<ad74>144 256.8 Q F0 .715(option is used,)3.215 F F4(type)3.215 E F0
.715(prints a string which is one of)3.215 F F1(alias)3.545 E F0(,).27 E
F1 -.1(ke)3.215 G(ywor)-.2 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E F1(function)5.185 E F0
(,).24 E F1 -.2(bu)3.215 G(iltin).2 E F0 3.215(,o).24 G(r)-3.215 E F1
(\214le)5.125 E F0(if)3.395 E F1(name)144.36 268.8 Q F0 .086
(is an alias, shell reserv)2.766 F .086(ed w)-.15 F .086
(ord, function, b)-.1 F .087(uiltin, or disk \214le, respecti)-.2 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.087(.I)-.65 G 2.587(ft)-5.087 G(he)-2.587 E F1
(name)2.947 E F0 .087(is not)2.767 F .119
(found, then nothing is printed, and an e)144 280.8 R .118
(xit status of f)-.15 F .118(alse is returned.)-.1 F .118(If the)5.118 F
F4<ad70>2.618 E F0 .118(option is used,)2.618 F F4(type)2.618 E F0 .855
(either returns the name of the disk \214le that w)144 292.8 R .855
(ould be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .855(cuted if).15 F F1(name)3.715 E F0
.855(were speci\214ed as a com-)3.535 F .529(mand name, or nothing if)
144 304.8 R/F5 10/Courier@0 SF .528(type -t name)3.028 F F0 -.1(wo)3.028
G .528(uld not return).1 F F1(\214le)4.938 E F0 5.528(.T).18 G(he)-5.528
E F4<ad50>3.028 E F0 .528(option forces a)3.028 F F2 -.666(PA)3.028 G
(TH)-.189 E F0 .006(search for each)144 316.8 R F1(name)2.506 E F0 2.506
(,e)C -.15(ve)-2.756 G 2.506(ni).15 G(f)-2.506 E F5 .007(type -t name)
2.506 F F0 -.1(wo)2.507 G .007(uld not return).1 F F1(\214le)4.417 E F0
5.007(.I).18 G 2.507(fac)-5.007 G .007(ommand is hashed,)-2.507 F F4
<ad70>2.507 E F0(and)144 328.8 Q F4<ad50>3.231 E F0 .731
(print the hashed v)3.231 F .73
(alue, which is not necessarily the \214le that appears \214rst in)-.25
F F2 -.666(PA)3.23 G(TH)-.189 E F3(.)A F0 .73(If the)5.23 F F4<ad61>144
340.8 Q F0 .823(option is used,)3.323 F F4(type)3.323 E F0 .824
(prints all of the places that contain an e)3.323 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .824
(cutable named).15 F F1(name)3.684 E F0 5.824(.T).18 G .824(his in-)
-5.824 F 1.176(cludes aliases and functions, if and only if the)144
352.8 R F4<ad70>3.676 E F0 1.176(option is not also used.)3.676 F 1.176
(The table of hashed)6.176 F 1.223(commands is not consulted when using)
144 364.8 R F4<ad61>3.723 E F0 6.223(.T)C(he)-6.223 E F4<ad66>3.723 E F0
1.223(option suppresses shell function lookup, as)3.723 F .326(with the)
144 376.8 R F4(command)2.826 E F0 -.2(bu)2.826 G(iltin.).2 E F4(type)
5.326 E F0 .326(returns true if all of the ar)2.826 F .325
(guments are found, f)-.18 F .325(alse if an)-.1 F 2.825(ya)-.15 G .325
(re not)-2.825 F(found.)144 388.8 Q F4(ulimit)108 405.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F4
(\255HS)A F0(])A F4<ad61>2.5 E(ulimit)108 417.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F4(\255HS)A
F0 2.5(][)C F4(\255bcde\214klmnpqrstuvxPR)-2.5 E(T)-.4 E F0([)2.5 E F1
(limit)A F0(]])A(Pro)144 429.6 Q .243(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve)
-.15 G 2.743(rt).15 G .243(he resources a)-2.743 F -.25(va)-.2 G .244
(ilable to the shell and to processes started by it, on systems).25 F
.944(that allo)144 441.6 R 3.444(ws)-.25 G .944(uch control.)-3.444 F
(The)5.944 E F4<ad48>3.444 E F0(and)3.444 E F4<ad53>3.444 E F0 .943
(options specify that the hard or soft limit is set for the)3.444 F(gi)
144 453.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.708(nr).15 G 2.708(esource. A)-2.708 F .208
(hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a so\
ft limit may)2.708 F .426(be increased up to the v)144 465.6 R .426
(alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .425(If neither)5.426 F F4<ad48>2.925 E
F0(nor)2.925 E F4<ad53>2.925 E F0 .425
(is speci\214ed, both the soft and)2.925 F .139(hard limits are set.)144
477.6 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F1(limit)2.729 E F0 .139
(can be a number in the unit speci\214ed for the resource or one)3.319 F
.742(of the special v)144 489.6 R(alues)-.25 E F4(hard)3.242 E F0(,)A F4
(soft)3.241 E F0 3.241(,o)C(r)-3.241 E F4(unlimited)3.241 E F0 3.241(,w)
C .741(hich stand for the current hard limit, the current)-3.241 F .023
(soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 501.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E
5.023(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.023 E F1(limit)2.613 E F0 .023
(is omitted, the current v)3.203 F .023
(alue of the soft limit of the re-)-.25 F .985
(source is printed, unless the)144 513.6 R F4<ad48>3.485 E F0 .984
(option is gi)3.485 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.484(n. When).15 F .984
(more than one resource is speci\214ed, the)3.484 F .7
(limit name and unit, if appropriate, are printed before the v)144 525.6
R 3.2(alue. Other)-.25 F .7(options are interpreted as)3.2 F(follo)144
537.6 Q(ws:)-.25 E F4<ad61>144 549.6 Q F0
(All current limits are reported; no limits are set)180 549.6 Q F4<ad62>
144 561.6 Q F0(The maximum sock)180 561.6 Q(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E
(fer size)-.25 E F4<ad63>144 573.6 Q F0
(The maximum size of core \214les created)180 573.6 Q F4<ad64>144 585.6
Q F0(The maximum size of a process')180 585.6 Q 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ata se)
-2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F4<ad65>144 597.6 Q F0
(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))180 597.6 Q F4<ad66>144
609.6 Q F0
(The maximum size of \214les written by the shell and its children)180
609.6 Q F4<ad69>144 621.6 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals)180
621.6 Q F4<ad6b>144 633.6 Q F0
(The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated)180 633.6 Q F4
<ad6c>144 645.6 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)180 645.6 Q
(ed into memory)-.1 E F4<ad6d>144 657.6 Q F0
(The maximum resident set size \(man)180 657.6 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G
(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F4<ad6e>144 669.6 Q F0 .791(Th\
e maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do not allo)
180 669.6 R 3.29(wt)-.25 G .79(his v)-3.29 F .79(alue to)-.25 F
(be set\))180 681.6 Q F4<ad70>144 693.6 Q F0
(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))180 693.6 Q F4
<ad71>144 705.6 Q F0
(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues)180 705.6 Q F4
<ad72>144 717.6 Q F0(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)180 717.6
Q(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768 Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(82)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF<ad73>144 84 Q F0(The maximum stack size)180 84 Q F1<ad74>144 96 Q F0
(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)180 96 Q F1<ad75>144 108 Q F0
(The maximum number of processes a)180 108 Q -.25(va)-.2 G
(ilable to a single user).25 E F1<ad76>144 120 Q F0 .47
(The maximum amount of virtual memory a)180 120 R -.25(va)-.2 G .47
(ilable to the shell and, on some systems, to).25 F(its children)180 132
Q F1<ad78>144 144 Q F0(The maximum number of \214le locks)180 144 Q F1
<ad50>144 156 Q F0(The maximum number of pseudoterminals)180 156 Q F1
<ad52>144 168 Q F0(The maximum time a real-time process can run before \
blocking, in microseconds)180 168 Q F1<ad54>144 180 Q F0
(The maximum number of threads)180 180 Q(If)144 196.8 Q/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(limit)3.058 E F0 .468(is gi)3.648 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
.468(n, and the).15 F F1<ad61>2.968 E F0 .468(option is not used,)2.968
F F2(limit)2.968 E F0 .468(is the ne)2.968 F 2.968(wv)-.25 G .468
(alue of the speci\214ed resource.)-3.218 F(If)5.468 E .044
(no option is gi)144 208.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .044(n, then).15 F F1<ad66>
2.544 E F0 .045(is assumed.)2.545 F -1.11(Va)5.045 G .045
(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .045(xcept for)-.15 F F1
<ad74>2.545 E F0 2.545(,w)C .045(hich is)-2.545 F .67(in seconds;)144
220.8 R F1<ad52>3.17 E F0 3.17(,w)C .67(hich is in microseconds;)-3.17 F
F1<ad70>3.17 E F0 3.17(,w)C .67(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks;)
-3.17 F F1<ad50>3.17 E F0(,)A F1<ad54>3.17 E F0(,)A F1<ad62>3.17 E F0(,)
A F1<ad6b>144 232.8 Q F0(,)A F1<ad6e>3.736 E F0 3.736(,a)C(nd)-3.736 E
F1<ad75>3.736 E F0 3.736(,w)C 1.236(hich are unscaled v)-3.736 F 1.236
(alues; and, when in posix mode,)-.25 F F1<ad63>3.736 E F0(and)3.736 E
F1<ad66>3.736 E F0 3.736(,w)C 1.237(hich are in)-3.736 F .239
(512-byte increments.)144 244.8 R .238
(The return status is 0 unless an in)5.239 F -.25(va)-.4 G .238
(lid option or ar).25 F .238(gument is supplied, or an)-.18 F
(error occurs while setting a ne)144 256.8 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(imit.)-2.5 E
F1(umask)108 273.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad53>-2.5 E F0
2.5(][)C F2(mode)-2.5 E F0(])A .18
(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 285.6 R F2(mode)3.06 E F0
5.18(.I).18 G(f)-5.18 E F2(mode)3.06 E F0(be)2.86 E .18
(gins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal)-.15 F .066(number; o\
therwise it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that acce\
pted by)144 297.6 R F2 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144
309.6 Q F2(mode)3.262 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.062 F .382
(alue of the mask is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.382 E F1<ad53>2.882 E F0 .382
(option causes the mask to be)2.882 F .547
(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 321.6 R .547
(ault output is an octal number)-.1 F 5.547(.I)-.55 G 3.047(ft)-5.547 G
(he)-3.047 E F1<ad70>3.047 E F0 .547(option is supplied, and)3.047 F F2
(mode)144.38 333.6 Q F0 .551
(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.231
F .552(The return status is 0 if the)5.552 F(mode w)144 345.6 Q
(as successfully changed or if no)-.1 E F2(mode)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E
(gument w)-.18 E(as supplied, and f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F1
(unalias)108 362.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0
(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 374.4 Q 1.058 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(name)
3.258 E F0 .758(from the list of de\214ned aliases.)3.258 F(If)5.758 E
F1<ad61>3.258 E F0 .757(is supplied, all alias de\214nitions are re-)
3.258 F(mo)144 386.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E
(alue is true unless a supplied)-.25 E F2(name)2.86 E F0
(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F1(unset)108 403.2 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1
(fv)A F0 2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])
2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 415.2 S 3.803(re).15 G(ach)-3.803 E F2(name)4.163 E F0
3.803(,r).18 G(emo)-3.803 E 1.603 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 1.303
(he corresponding v).15 F 1.303(ariable or function.)-.25 F 1.303
(If the)6.303 F F1<ad76>3.804 E F0 1.304(option is gi)3.804 F -.15(ve)
-.25 G 1.304(n, each).15 F F2(name)144.36 427.2 Q F0 .465
(refers to a shell v)3.145 F .464(ariable, and that v)-.25 F .464
(ariable is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.964(d. Read-only).15 F -.25(va)
2.964 G .464(riables may not be un-).25 F 2.768(set. If)144 439.2 R F1
<ad66>2.768 E F0 .269(is speci\214ed, each)2.768 F F2(name)3.129 E F0
.269(refers to a shell function, and the function de\214nition is remo)
2.949 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .404(If the)144 451.2 R F1<ad6e>2.904 E
F0 .404(option is supplied, and)2.904 F F2(name)2.904 E F0 .404(is a v)
2.904 F .404(ariable with the)-.25 F F2(namer)2.904 E(ef)-.37 E F0
(attrib)2.904 E(ute,)-.2 E F2(name)2.904 E F0 .403(will be unset)2.904 F
.719(rather than the v)144 463.2 R .719(ariable it references.)-.25 F F1
<ad6e>5.719 E F0 .719(has no ef)3.219 F .719(fect if the)-.25 F F1<ad66>
3.22 E F0 .72(option is supplied.)3.22 F .72(If no options)5.72 F .737
(are supplied, each)144 475.2 R F2(name)3.237 E F0 .737(refers to a v)
3.237 F .737(ariable; if there is no v)-.25 F .736
(ariable by that name, a function with)-.25 F 1.761(that name, if an)144
487.2 R 3.061 -.65(y, i)-.15 H 4.261(su).65 G 4.261(nset. Each)-4.261 F
1.761(unset v)4.261 F 1.761(ariable or function is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)
-.15 G 4.262(df).15 G 1.762(rom the en)-4.262 F(vironment)-.4 E 3.172
(passed to subsequent commands.)144 499.2 R 3.172(If an)8.172 F 5.672
(yo)-.15 G(f)-5.672 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA)5.672 G(SH_ALIASES)
.27 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3 -.27(BA)5.421 G(SH_ARGV0).27 E F4(,)A
F3 -.27(BA)5.421 G(SH_CMDS).27 E F4(,)A F3 -.27(BA)144 511.2 S
(SH_COMMAND).27 E F4(,)A F3 -.27(BA)11.481 G(SH_SUBSHELL).27 E F4(,)A F3
-.27(BA)11.482 G(SHPID).27 E F4(,)A F3(COMP_W)11.482 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E
F4(,)A F3(DIRST)11.482 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F4(,)A F3(EPOCHREAL)
144 523.2 Q(TIME)-.828 E F4(,)A F3(EPOCHSECONDS)2.67 E F4(,)A F3(FUNCN)
2.67 E(AME)-.18 E F4(,)A F3(GR)2.67 E(OUPS)-.27 E F4(,)A F3(HISTCMD)2.67
E F4(,)A F3(LINENO)2.67 E F4(,)A F3(RANDOM)2.67 E F4(,)A F3(SECONDS)144
535.2 Q F4(,)A F0(or)4.029 E F3(SRANDOM)4.279 E F0 1.779(are unset, the)
4.029 F 4.279(yl)-.15 G 1.779(ose their special properties, e)-4.279 F
-.15(ve)-.25 G 4.279(ni).15 G 4.28(ft)-4.279 G(he)-4.28 E 4.28(ya)-.15 G
1.78(re subse-)-4.28 F(quently reset.)144 547.2 Q(The e)5 E
(xit status is true unless a)-.15 E F2(name)2.86 E F0
(is readonly or may not be unset.)2.68 E F1(wait)108 564 Q F0([)2.5 E F1
(\255fn)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E F2(varname)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2
(id ...)-2.5 E F0(])A -.8(Wa)144 576 S .659(it for each speci\214ed chi\
ld process and return its termination status.).8 F(Each)5.659 E F2(id)
3.169 E F0 .658(may be a process)3.928 F .008
(ID or a job speci\214cation; if a job spec is gi)144 588 R -.15(ve)-.25
G .009(n, all processes in that job').15 F 2.509(sp)-.55 G .009
(ipeline are w)-2.509 F .009(aited for)-.1 F 5.009(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.009 E
F2(id)144.01 600 Q F0 .442(is not gi)3.712 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n,).15 E F1
(wait)2.942 E F0 -.1(wa)2.942 G .441
(its for all running background jobs and the last-e).1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
.441(cuted process substitu-).15 F .597
(tion, if its process id is the same as)144 612 R F1($!)3.098 E F0 3.098
(,a)C .598(nd the return status is zero.)-3.098 F .598(If the)5.598 F F1
<ad6e>3.098 E F0 .598(option is supplied,)3.098 F F1(wait)144 624 Q F0
-.1(wa)3.083 G .583(its for a single job from the list of).1 F F2(id)
3.083 E F0 3.083(so)C 1.383 -.4(r, i)-3.083 H 3.083(fn).4 G(o)-3.083 E
F2(id)3.083 E F0 3.083(sa)C .583(re supplied, an)-3.083 F 3.083(yj)-.15
G .582(ob, to complete and)-3.083 F .403(returns its e)144 636 R .403
(xit status.)-.15 F .403(If none of the supplied ar)5.403 F .403
(guments is a child of the shell, or if no ar)-.18 F(guments)-.18 E .573
(are supplied and the shell has no unw)144 648 R .573
(aited-for children, the e)-.1 F .573(xit status is 127.)-.15 F .572
(If the)5.573 F F1<ad70>3.072 E F0 .572(option is)3.072 F .39
(supplied, the process or job identi\214er of the job for which the e)
144 660 R .39(xit status is returned is assigned to)-.15 F .905(the v)
144 672 R(ariable)-.25 E F2(varname)3.405 E F0 .905
(named by the option ar)3.405 F 3.405(gument. The)-.18 F -.25(va)3.405 G
.905(riable will be unset initially).25 F 3.405(,b)-.65 G(efore)-3.405 E
(an)144 684 Q 3.89(ya)-.15 G 3.89(ssignment. This)-3.89 F 1.39
(is useful only when the)3.89 F F1<ad6e>3.89 E F0 1.39
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .113
(described under)144 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGN)2.613 E(ALS)-.2 E
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242.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.759(l. The).15 F .259
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
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321.6 S(adline).37 E F0(\(3\))A F3(FILES)72 338.4 Q F4(/bin/bash)109.666
350.4 Q F0(The)144 362.4 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 -.15(exe)2.5 G(cutable).15 E
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(The systemwide initialization \214le, e)144 386.4 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
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(Brian F)108 535.2 Q(ox, Free Softw)-.15 E(are F)-.1 E(oundation)-.15 E
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108 703.2 Q(ersion number of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(GNU Bash 5.2)72 768
Q(2022 September 19)135.955 E(86)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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2.5(Ad)108 108 S(escription of the b)-2.5 E(ug beha)-.2 E(viour)-.2 E
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2.72 E(vides for \214ling a b)-.15 E(ug report.)-.2 E(Comments and b)108
153.6 Q(ug reports concerning this manual page should be directed to)-.2
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314.4 Q(ariables may not \(yet\) be e)-.25 E(xported.)-.15 E
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135.955 E(87)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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