Adding upstream version 16.2.11+ds.upstream/16.2.11+dsupstream

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

1 files changed, 3448 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/src/test/librbd/fsx.cc b/src/test/librbd/fsx.cc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b8be4708e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/librbd/fsx.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,3448 @@
+// -*- mode:C++; tab-width:8; c-basic-offset:8; indent-tabs-mode:t -*-
+// vim: ts=8 sw=8 smarttab
+/*
+ *	Copyright (C) 1991, NeXT Computer, Inc.  All Rights Reserverd.
+ *
+ *	File:	fsx.cc
+ *	Author:	Avadis Tevanian, Jr.
+ *
+ *	File system exerciser.
+ *
+ *	Rewritten 8/98 by Conrad Minshall.
+ *
+ *	Small changes to work under Linux -- davej.
+ *
+ *	Checks for mmap last-page zero fill.
+ */
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <getopt.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <strings.h>
+#if defined(__FreeBSD__)
+#include <sys/disk.h>
+#endif
+#include <sys/file.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#ifndef _WIN32
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#endif
+#if defined(__linux__)
+#include <linux/fs.h>
+#endif
+#ifdef HAVE_ERR_H
+#include <err.h>
+#endif
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <random>
+
+#include "include/compat.h"
+#include "include/intarith.h"
+#if defined(WITH_KRBD)
+#include "include/krbd.h"
+#endif
+#include "include/rados/librados.h"
+#include "include/rados/librados.hpp"
+#include "include/rbd/librbd.h"
+#include "include/rbd/librbd.hpp"
+#include "common/Cond.h"
+#include "common/SubProcess.h"
+#include "common/safe_io.h"
+#include "journal/Journaler.h"
+#include "journal/ReplayEntry.h"
+#include "journal/ReplayHandler.h"
+#include "journal/Settings.h"
+
+#include <boost/scope_exit.hpp>
+
+#define NUMPRINTCOLUMNS 32	/* # columns of data to print on each line */
+
+/*
+ *	A log entry is an operation and a bunch of arguments.
+ */
+
+struct log_entry {
+	int	operation;
+	int	args[3];
+};
+
+#define	LOGSIZE	1000
+
+struct log_entry	oplog[LOGSIZE];	/* the log */
+int			logptr = 0;	/* current position in log */
+int			logcount = 0;	/* total ops */
+
+/*
+ * The operation matrix is complex due to conditional execution of different
+ * features. Hence when we come to deciding what operation to run, we need to
+ * be careful in how we select the different operations. The active operations
+ * are mapped to numbers as follows:
+ *
+ *		lite	!lite
+ * READ:	0	0
+ * WRITE:	1	1
+ * MAPREAD:	2	2
+ * MAPWRITE:	3	3
+ * TRUNCATE:	-	4
+ * FALLOCATE:	-	5
+ * PUNCH HOLE:	-	6
+ * WRITESAME:	-	7
+ * COMPAREANDWRITE:	-	8
+ *
+ * When mapped read/writes are disabled, they are simply converted to normal
+ * reads and writes. When fallocate/fpunch calls are disabled, they are
+ * converted to OP_SKIPPED. Hence OP_SKIPPED needs to have a number higher than
+ * the operation selction matrix, as does the OP_CLOSEOPEN which is an
+ * operation modifier rather than an operation in itself.
+ *
+ * Because of the "lite" version, we also need to have different "maximum
+ * operation" defines to allow the ops to be selected correctly based on the
+ * mode being run.
+ */
+
+/* common operations */
+#define	OP_READ		0
+#define OP_WRITE	1
+#define OP_MAPREAD	2
+#define OP_MAPWRITE	3
+#define OP_MAX_LITE	4
+
+/* !lite operations */
+#define OP_TRUNCATE	4
+#define OP_FALLOCATE	5
+#define OP_PUNCH_HOLE	6
+#define OP_WRITESAME	7
+#define OP_COMPARE_AND_WRITE	8
+/* rbd-specific operations */
+#define OP_CLONE        9
+#define OP_FLATTEN	10
+#define OP_MAX_FULL	11
+
+/* operation modifiers */
+#define OP_CLOSEOPEN	100
+#define OP_SKIPPED	101
+
+#undef PAGE_SIZE
+#define PAGE_SIZE       get_page_size()
+#undef PAGE_MASK
+#define PAGE_MASK       (PAGE_SIZE - 1)
+
+
+char	*original_buf;			/* a pointer to the original data */
+char	*good_buf;			/* a pointer to the correct data */
+char	*temp_buf;			/* a pointer to the current data */
+
+char	dirpath[1024];
+
+off_t		file_size = 0;
+off_t		biggest = 0;
+unsigned long	testcalls = 0;		/* calls to function "test" */
+
+const char* cluster_name = "ceph";      /* --cluster optional */
+const char* client_id = "admin";        /* --id optional */
+
+unsigned long	simulatedopcount = 0;	/* -b flag */
+int	closeprob = 0;			/* -c flag */
+int	debug = 0;			/* -d flag */
+unsigned long	debugstart = 0;		/* -D flag */
+int	flush_enabled = 0;		/* -f flag */
+int	deep_copy = 0;                  /* -g flag */
+int	holebdy = 1;			/* -h flag */
+bool    journal_replay = false;         /* -j flah */
+int	keep_on_success = 0;		/* -k flag */
+int	do_fsync = 0;			/* -y flag */
+unsigned long	maxfilelen = 256 * 1024;	/* -l flag */
+int	sizechecks = 1;			/* -n flag disables them */
+int	maxoplen = 64 * 1024;		/* -o flag */
+int	quiet = 0;			/* -q flag */
+unsigned long progressinterval = 0;	/* -p flag */
+int	readbdy = 1;			/* -r flag */
+int	style = 0;			/* -s flag */
+int	prealloc = 0;			/* -x flag */
+int	truncbdy = 1;			/* -t flag */
+int	writebdy = 1;			/* -w flag */
+long	monitorstart = -1;		/* -m flag */
+long	monitorend = -1;		/* -m flag */
+int	lite = 0;			/* -L flag */
+long	numops = -1;			/* -N flag */
+int	randomoplen = 1;		/* -O flag disables it */
+int	seed = 1;			/* -S flag */
+int     mapped_writes = 0;              /* -W flag disables */
+int     fallocate_calls = 0;            /* -F flag disables */
+int     punch_hole_calls = 1;           /* -H flag disables */
+int	clone_calls = 1;                /* -C flag disables */
+int	randomize_striping = 1;		/* -U flag disables */
+int	randomize_parent_overlap = 1;
+int 	mapped_reads = 0;		/* -R flag disables it */
+int	fsxgoodfd = 0;
+int	o_direct = 0;			/* -Z flag */
+
+int num_clones = 0;
+
+int page_size;
+int page_mask;
+int mmap_mask;
+
+FILE *	fsxlogf = NULL;
+int badoff = -1;
+int closeopen = 0;
+
+void
+vwarnc(int code, const char *fmt, va_list ap) {
+  fprintf(stderr, "fsx: ");
+  if (fmt != NULL) {
+	vfprintf(stderr, fmt, ap);
+	fprintf(stderr, ": ");
+  }
+  fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", strerror(code));
+}
+
+void
+warn(const char * fmt, ...)  {
+	va_list ap;
+	va_start(ap, fmt);
+	vwarnc(errno, fmt, ap);
+	va_end(ap);
+}
+
+#define BUF_SIZE 1024
+
+void
+prt(const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+	va_list args;
+	char buffer[BUF_SIZE];
+
+	va_start(args, fmt);
+	vsnprintf(buffer, BUF_SIZE, fmt, args);
+	va_end(args);
+	fprintf(stdout, "%s", buffer);
+	if (fsxlogf)
+		fprintf(fsxlogf, "%s", buffer);
+}
+
+void
+prterr(const char *prefix)
+{
+	prt("%s%s%s\n", prefix, prefix ? ": " : "", strerror(errno));
+}
+
+void
+prterrcode(const char *prefix, int code)
+{
+	prt("%s%s%s\n", prefix, prefix ? ": " : "", strerror(-code));
+}
+
+void
+simple_err(const char *msg, int err)
+{
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s\n", msg, strerror(-err));
+}
+
+/*
+ * random
+ */
+std::mt19937 random_generator;
+
+uint_fast32_t
+get_random(void)
+{
+	return random_generator();
+}
+
+int get_features(uint64_t* features);
+void replay_imagename(char *buf, size_t len, int clones);
+
+namespace {
+
+static const std::string JOURNAL_CLIENT_ID("fsx");
+
+struct ReplayHandler : public journal::ReplayHandler {
+        journal::Journaler *journaler;
+        journal::Journaler *replay_journaler;
+        Context *on_finish;
+
+        ReplayHandler(journal::Journaler *journaler,
+                      journal::Journaler *replay_journaler, Context *on_finish)
+                : journaler(journaler), replay_journaler(replay_journaler),
+                  on_finish(on_finish) {
+        }
+
+        void handle_entries_available() override {
+                while (true) {
+                        journal::ReplayEntry replay_entry;
+                        if (!journaler->try_pop_front(&replay_entry)) {
+                                return;
+                        }
+
+                        replay_journaler->append(0, replay_entry.get_data());
+                }
+        }
+
+        void handle_complete(int r) override {
+                on_finish->complete(r);
+        }
+};
+
+int get_image_id(librados::IoCtx &io_ctx, const char *image_name,
+                 std::string *image_id) {
+        librbd::RBD rbd;
+        librbd::Image image;
+        int r = rbd.open(io_ctx, image, image_name);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                simple_err("failed to open image", r);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        rbd_image_info_t info;
+        r = image.stat(info, sizeof(info));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                simple_err("failed to stat image", r);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        *image_id = std::string(&info.block_name_prefix[strlen(RBD_DATA_PREFIX)]);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int register_journal(rados_ioctx_t ioctx, const char *image_name) {
+        librados::IoCtx io_ctx;
+        librados::IoCtx::from_rados_ioctx_t(ioctx, io_ctx);
+
+        std::string image_id;
+        int r = get_image_id(io_ctx, image_name, &image_id);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        journal::Journaler journaler(io_ctx, image_id, JOURNAL_CLIENT_ID, {},
+                                     nullptr);
+        r = journaler.register_client(bufferlist());
+        if (r < 0) {
+                simple_err("failed to register journal client", r);
+                return r;
+        }
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int unregister_journal(rados_ioctx_t ioctx, const char *image_name) {
+        librados::IoCtx io_ctx;
+        librados::IoCtx::from_rados_ioctx_t(ioctx, io_ctx);
+
+        std::string image_id;
+        int r = get_image_id(io_ctx, image_name, &image_id);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        journal::Journaler journaler(io_ctx, image_id, JOURNAL_CLIENT_ID, {},
+                                     nullptr);
+        r = journaler.unregister_client();
+        if (r < 0) {
+                simple_err("failed to unregister journal client", r);
+                return r;
+        }
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int create_replay_image(rados_ioctx_t ioctx, int order,
+                        uint64_t stripe_unit, int stripe_count,
+                        const char *replay_image_name,
+                        const char *last_replay_image_name) {
+        librados::IoCtx io_ctx;
+        librados::IoCtx::from_rados_ioctx_t(ioctx, io_ctx);
+
+        uint64_t features;
+        int r = get_features(&features);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        librbd::RBD rbd;
+        if (last_replay_image_name == nullptr) {
+                r = rbd.create2(io_ctx, replay_image_name, 0, features, &order);
+        } else {
+                r = rbd.clone2(io_ctx, last_replay_image_name, "snap",
+                               io_ctx, replay_image_name, features, &order,
+                               stripe_unit, stripe_count);
+        }
+
+        if (r < 0) {
+                simple_err("failed to create replay image", r);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int replay_journal(rados_ioctx_t ioctx, const char *image_name,
+                   const char *replay_image_name) {
+        librados::IoCtx io_ctx;
+        librados::IoCtx::from_rados_ioctx_t(ioctx, io_ctx);
+
+        std::string image_id;
+        int r = get_image_id(io_ctx, image_name, &image_id);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        std::string replay_image_id;
+        r = get_image_id(io_ctx, replay_image_name, &replay_image_id);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        journal::Journaler journaler(io_ctx, image_id, JOURNAL_CLIENT_ID, {},
+                                     nullptr);
+        C_SaferCond init_ctx;
+        journaler.init(&init_ctx);
+        BOOST_SCOPE_EXIT_ALL( (&journaler) ) {
+                journaler.shut_down();
+        };
+
+        r = init_ctx.wait();
+        if (r < 0) {
+                simple_err("failed to initialize journal", r);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        journal::Journaler replay_journaler(io_ctx, replay_image_id, "", {},
+                                            nullptr);
+
+        C_SaferCond replay_init_ctx;
+        replay_journaler.init(&replay_init_ctx);
+        BOOST_SCOPE_EXIT_ALL( (&replay_journaler) ) {
+                replay_journaler.shut_down();
+        };
+
+        r = replay_init_ctx.wait();
+        if (r < 0) {
+                simple_err("failed to initialize replay journal", r);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        replay_journaler.start_append(0);
+
+        C_SaferCond replay_ctx;
+        ReplayHandler replay_handler(&journaler, &replay_journaler,
+                                     &replay_ctx);
+
+        // copy journal events from source image to replay image
+        journaler.start_replay(&replay_handler);
+        r = replay_ctx.wait();
+
+        journaler.stop_replay();
+
+        C_SaferCond stop_ctx;
+        replay_journaler.stop_append(&stop_ctx);
+        int stop_r = stop_ctx.wait();
+        if (r == 0 && stop_r < 0) {
+                r = stop_r;
+        }
+
+        if (r < 0) {
+                simple_err("failed to replay journal", r);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        librbd::RBD rbd;
+        librbd::Image image;
+        r = rbd.open(io_ctx, image, replay_image_name);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                simple_err("failed to open replay image", r);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        // perform an IO op to initiate the journal replay
+        bufferlist bl;
+        r = static_cast<ssize_t>(image.write(0, 0, bl));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                simple_err("failed to write to replay image", r);
+                return r;
+        }
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int finalize_journal(rados_ioctx_t ioctx, const char *imagename, int clones,
+                     int order, uint64_t stripe_unit, int stripe_count) {
+        char replayimagename[1024];
+        replay_imagename(replayimagename, sizeof(replayimagename), clones);
+
+        char lastreplayimagename[1024];
+        if (clones > 0) {
+                replay_imagename(lastreplayimagename,
+                                 sizeof(lastreplayimagename), clones - 1);
+        }
+
+        int ret = create_replay_image(ioctx, order, stripe_unit,
+                                      stripe_count, replayimagename,
+                                      clones > 0 ? lastreplayimagename :
+                                                   nullptr);
+        if (ret < 0) {
+                exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+        }
+
+        ret = replay_journal(ioctx, imagename, replayimagename);
+        if (ret < 0) {
+                exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+        }
+        return 0;
+}
+
+} // anonymous namespace
+
+/*
+ * rbd
+ */
+
+struct rbd_ctx {
+	const char *name;	/* image name */
+	rbd_image_t image;	/* image handle */
+	const char *krbd_name;	/* image /dev/rbd<id> name */ /* reused for nbd test */
+	int krbd_fd;		/* image /dev/rbd<id> fd */ /* reused for nbd test */
+};
+
+#define RBD_CTX_INIT	(struct rbd_ctx) { NULL, NULL, NULL, -1}
+
+struct rbd_operations {
+	int (*open)(const char *name, struct rbd_ctx *ctx);
+	int (*close)(struct rbd_ctx *ctx);
+	ssize_t (*read)(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t off, size_t len, char *buf);
+	ssize_t (*write)(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t off, size_t len, const char *buf);
+	int (*flush)(struct rbd_ctx *ctx);
+	int (*discard)(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t off, uint64_t len);
+	int (*get_size)(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t *size);
+	int (*resize)(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t size);
+	int (*clone)(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, const char *src_snapname,
+		     const char *dst_imagename, int *order, int stripe_unit,
+		     int stripe_count);
+	int (*flatten)(struct rbd_ctx *ctx);
+	ssize_t (*writesame)(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t off, size_t len,
+			     const char *buf, size_t data_len);
+        ssize_t (*compare_and_write)(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t off, size_t len,
+                                     const char *cmp_buf, const char *buf);
+};
+
+char *pool;			/* name of the pool our test image is in */
+char *iname;			/* name of our test image */
+rados_t cluster;		/* handle for our test cluster */
+rados_ioctx_t ioctx;		/* handle for our test pool */
+#if defined(WITH_KRBD)
+struct krbd_ctx *krbd;		/* handle for libkrbd */
+#endif
+bool skip_partial_discard;	/* rbd_skip_partial_discard config value*/
+
+int get_features(uint64_t* features) {
+        char buf[1024];
+        int r = rados_conf_get(cluster, "rbd_default_features", buf,
+                               sizeof(buf));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                simple_err("Could not get rbd_default_features value", r);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        *features = strtol(buf, NULL, 0);
+
+        if (clone_calls) {
+                *features |= RBD_FEATURE_LAYERING;
+        }
+        if (journal_replay) {
+                *features |= (RBD_FEATURE_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK |
+                              RBD_FEATURE_JOURNALING);
+        }
+        return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * librbd/krbd rbd_operations handlers.  Given the rest of fsx.c, no
+ * attempt to do error handling is made in these handlers.
+ */
+
+int
+__librbd_open(const char *name, struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	rbd_image_t image;
+	int ret;
+
+	ceph_assert(!ctx->name && !ctx->image &&
+	       !ctx->krbd_name && ctx->krbd_fd < 0);
+
+	ret = rbd_open(ioctx, name, &image, NULL);
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		prt("rbd_open(%s) failed\n", name);
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+	ctx->name = strdup(name);
+	ctx->image = image;
+	ctx->krbd_name = NULL;
+	ctx->krbd_fd = -1;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int
+librbd_open(const char *name, struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	return __librbd_open(name, ctx);
+}
+
+int
+__librbd_close(struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	int ret;
+
+	ceph_assert(ctx->name && ctx->image);
+
+	ret = rbd_close(ctx->image);
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		prt("rbd_close(%s) failed\n", ctx->name);
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+	free((void *)ctx->name);
+
+	ctx->name = NULL;
+	ctx->image = NULL;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int
+librbd_close(struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	return __librbd_close(ctx);
+}
+
+int
+librbd_verify_object_map(struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	int n;
+	uint64_t flags;
+	n = rbd_get_flags(ctx->image, &flags);
+	if (n < 0) {
+		prt("rbd_get_flags() failed\n");
+		return n;
+	}
+
+	if ((flags & RBD_FLAG_OBJECT_MAP_INVALID) != 0) {
+		prt("rbd_get_flags() indicates object map is invalid\n");
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+ssize_t
+librbd_read(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t off, size_t len, char *buf)
+{
+	ssize_t n;
+
+	n = rbd_read(ctx->image, off, len, buf);
+	if (n < 0)
+		prt("rbd_read(%llu, %zu) failed\n", off, len);
+
+	return n;
+}
+
+ssize_t
+librbd_write(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t off, size_t len, const char *buf)
+{
+	ssize_t n;
+	int ret;
+
+	n = rbd_write(ctx->image, off, len, buf);
+	if (n < 0) {
+		prt("rbd_write(%llu, %zu) failed\n", off, len);
+		return n;
+	}
+
+	ret = librbd_verify_object_map(ctx);
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		return ret;
+	}
+	return n;
+}
+
+int
+librbd_flush(struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	int ret;
+
+	ret = rbd_flush(ctx->image);
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		prt("rbd_flush failed\n");
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+	return librbd_verify_object_map(ctx);
+}
+
+int
+librbd_discard(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t off, uint64_t len)
+{
+	int ret;
+
+	ret = rbd_discard(ctx->image, off, len);
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		prt("rbd_discard(%llu, %llu) failed\n", off, len);
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+	return librbd_verify_object_map(ctx);
+}
+
+ssize_t
+librbd_writesame(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t off, size_t len,
+                 const char *buf, size_t data_len)
+{
+	ssize_t n;
+	int ret;
+
+	n = rbd_writesame(ctx->image, off, len, buf, data_len, 0);
+	if (n < 0) {
+		prt("rbd_writesame(%llu, %zu) failed\n", off, len);
+		return n;
+	}
+
+	ret = librbd_verify_object_map(ctx);
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		return ret;
+	}
+	return n;
+}
+
+ssize_t
+librbd_compare_and_write(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t off, size_t len,
+                         const char *cmp_buf, const char *buf)
+{
+        ssize_t n;
+        int ret;
+        uint64_t mismatch_off = 0;
+
+        n = rbd_compare_and_write(ctx->image, off, len, cmp_buf, buf, &mismatch_off, 0);
+        if (n == -EINVAL) {
+                return n;
+        } else if (n < 0) {
+                prt("rbd_compare_and_write mismatch(%llu, %zu, %llu) failed\n",
+                    off, len, mismatch_off);
+                return n;
+        }
+
+        ret = librbd_verify_object_map(ctx);
+        if (ret < 0) {
+                return ret;
+        }
+        return n;
+
+}
+
+int
+librbd_get_size(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t *size)
+{
+	int ret;
+
+	ret = rbd_get_size(ctx->image, size);
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		prt("rbd_get_size failed\n");
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int
+__librbd_resize(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t size)
+{
+	int ret;
+
+	ret = rbd_resize(ctx->image, size);
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		prt("rbd_resize(%llu) failed\n", size);
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+	return librbd_verify_object_map(ctx);
+}
+
+int
+librbd_resize(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t size)
+{
+	return __librbd_resize(ctx, size);
+}
+
+int
+__librbd_deep_copy(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, const char *src_snapname,
+		   const char *dst_imagename, uint64_t features, int *order,
+		   int stripe_unit, int stripe_count) {
+	int ret;
+
+        rbd_image_options_t opts;
+        rbd_image_options_create(&opts);
+        BOOST_SCOPE_EXIT_ALL( (&opts) ) {
+                rbd_image_options_destroy(opts);
+        };
+	ret = rbd_image_options_set_uint64(opts, RBD_IMAGE_OPTION_FEATURES,
+                                           features);
+	ceph_assert(ret == 0);
+	ret = rbd_image_options_set_uint64(opts, RBD_IMAGE_OPTION_ORDER,
+                                           *order);
+	ceph_assert(ret == 0);
+	ret = rbd_image_options_set_uint64(opts, RBD_IMAGE_OPTION_STRIPE_UNIT,
+                                           stripe_unit);
+	ceph_assert(ret == 0);
+	ret = rbd_image_options_set_uint64(opts, RBD_IMAGE_OPTION_STRIPE_COUNT,
+                                           stripe_count);
+	ceph_assert(ret == 0);
+
+	ret = rbd_snap_set(ctx->image, src_snapname);
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		prt("rbd_snap_set(%s@%s) failed\n", ctx->name, src_snapname);
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+	ret = rbd_deep_copy(ctx->image, ioctx, dst_imagename, opts);
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		prt("rbd_deep_copy(%s@%s -> %s) failed\n",
+		    ctx->name, src_snapname, dst_imagename);
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+	ret = rbd_snap_set(ctx->image, "");
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		prt("rbd_snap_set(%s@) failed\n", ctx->name);
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+	rbd_image_t image;
+	ret = rbd_open(ioctx, dst_imagename, &image, nullptr);
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		prt("rbd_open(%s) failed\n", dst_imagename);
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+	ret = rbd_snap_unprotect(image, src_snapname);
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		prt("rbd_snap_unprotect(%s@%s) failed\n", dst_imagename,
+		    src_snapname);
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+	ret = rbd_snap_remove(image, src_snapname);
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		prt("rbd_snap_remove(%s@%s) failed\n", dst_imagename,
+		    src_snapname);
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+	ret = rbd_close(image);
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		prt("rbd_close(%s) failed\n", dst_imagename);
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int
+__librbd_clone(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, const char *src_snapname,
+	       const char *dst_imagename, int *order, int stripe_unit,
+	       int stripe_count)
+{
+	int ret;
+
+	ret = rbd_snap_create(ctx->image, src_snapname);
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		prt("rbd_snap_create(%s@%s) failed\n", ctx->name,
+		    src_snapname);
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+	ret = rbd_snap_protect(ctx->image, src_snapname);
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		prt("rbd_snap_protect(%s@%s) failed\n", ctx->name,
+		    src_snapname);
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+        uint64_t features;
+        ret = get_features(&features);
+        if (ret < 0) {
+                return ret;
+        }
+
+	if (deep_copy) {
+		ret = __librbd_deep_copy(ctx, src_snapname, dst_imagename, features,
+					 order, stripe_unit, stripe_count);
+		if (ret < 0) {
+			prt("deep_copy(%s@%s -> %s) failed\n", ctx->name,
+			    src_snapname, dst_imagename);
+			return ret;
+		}
+	} else {
+		ret = rbd_clone2(ioctx, ctx->name, src_snapname, ioctx,
+				 dst_imagename, features, order,
+				 stripe_unit, stripe_count);
+		if (ret < 0) {
+			prt("rbd_clone2(%s@%s -> %s) failed\n", ctx->name,
+			    src_snapname, dst_imagename);
+			return ret;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int
+librbd_clone(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, const char *src_snapname,
+	     const char *dst_imagename, int *order, int stripe_unit,
+	     int stripe_count)
+{
+	return __librbd_clone(ctx, src_snapname, dst_imagename, order,
+			      stripe_unit, stripe_count);
+}
+
+int
+__librbd_flatten(struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	int ret;
+
+	ret = rbd_flatten(ctx->image);
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		prt("rbd_flatten failed\n");
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+	return librbd_verify_object_map(ctx);
+}
+
+int
+librbd_flatten(struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	return __librbd_flatten(ctx);
+}
+
+const struct rbd_operations librbd_operations = {
+	librbd_open,
+	librbd_close,
+	librbd_read,
+	librbd_write,
+	librbd_flush,
+	librbd_discard,
+	librbd_get_size,
+	librbd_resize,
+	librbd_clone,
+	librbd_flatten,
+	librbd_writesame,
+	librbd_compare_and_write,
+};
+
+#if defined(WITH_KRBD)
+int
+krbd_open(const char *name, struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	char buf[1024];
+	char *devnode;
+	int fd;
+	int ret;
+
+	ret = __librbd_open(name, ctx);
+	if (ret < 0)
+		return ret;
+
+	ret = rados_conf_get(cluster, "rbd_default_map_options", buf,
+			     sizeof(buf));
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		simple_err("Could not get rbd_default_map_options value", ret);
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+	ret = krbd_map(krbd, pool, "", name, "", buf, &devnode);
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		prt("krbd_map(%s) failed\n", name);
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+	fd = open(devnode, O_RDWR | o_direct);
+	if (fd < 0) {
+		ret = -errno;
+		prt("open(%s) failed\n", devnode);
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+	ctx->krbd_name = devnode;
+	ctx->krbd_fd = fd;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int
+krbd_close(struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	int ret;
+
+	ceph_assert(ctx->krbd_name && ctx->krbd_fd >= 0);
+
+	if (close(ctx->krbd_fd) < 0) {
+		ret = -errno;
+		prt("close(%s) failed\n", ctx->krbd_name);
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+	ret = krbd_unmap(krbd, ctx->krbd_name, "");
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		prt("krbd_unmap(%s) failed\n", ctx->krbd_name);
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+	free((void *)ctx->krbd_name);
+
+	ctx->krbd_name = NULL;
+	ctx->krbd_fd = -1;
+
+	return __librbd_close(ctx);
+}
+#endif // WITH_KRBD
+
+#if defined(__linux__)
+ssize_t
+krbd_read(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t off, size_t len, char *buf)
+{
+	ssize_t n;
+
+	n = pread(ctx->krbd_fd, buf, len, off);
+	if (n < 0) {
+		n = -errno;
+		prt("pread(%llu, %zu) failed\n", off, len);
+		return n;
+	}
+
+	return n;
+}
+
+ssize_t
+krbd_write(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t off, size_t len, const char *buf)
+{
+	ssize_t n;
+
+	n = pwrite(ctx->krbd_fd, buf, len, off);
+	if (n < 0) {
+		n = -errno;
+		prt("pwrite(%llu, %zu) failed\n", off, len);
+		return n;
+	}
+
+	return n;
+}
+
+int
+__krbd_flush(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, bool invalidate)
+{
+	int ret;
+
+	if (o_direct)
+		return 0;
+
+	/*
+	 * BLKFLSBUF will sync the filesystem on top of the device (we
+	 * don't care about that here, since we write directly to it),
+	 * write out any dirty buffers and invalidate the buffer cache.
+	 * It won't do a hardware cache flush.
+	 *
+	 * fsync() will write out any dirty buffers and do a hardware
+	 * cache flush (which we don't care about either, because for
+	 * krbd it's a noop).  It won't try to empty the buffer cache
+	 * nor poke the filesystem before writing out.
+	 *
+	 * Given that, for our purposes, fsync is a flush, while
+	 * BLKFLSBUF is a flush+invalidate.
+	 */
+        if (invalidate)
+		ret = ioctl(ctx->krbd_fd, BLKFLSBUF, NULL);
+	else
+		ret = fsync(ctx->krbd_fd);
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		ret = -errno;
+		prt("%s failed\n", invalidate ? "BLKFLSBUF" : "fsync");
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int
+krbd_flush(struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	return __krbd_flush(ctx, false);
+}
+
+int
+krbd_discard(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t off, uint64_t len)
+{
+	uint64_t range[2] = { off, len };
+	int ret;
+
+	/*
+	 * BLKZEROOUT goes straight to disk and doesn't do anything
+	 * about dirty buffers.  This means we need to flush so that
+	 *
+	 *   write 0..3M
+	 *   discard 1..2M
+	 *
+	 * results in "data 0000 data" rather than "data data data" on
+	 * disk and invalidate so that
+	 *
+	 *   discard 1..2M
+	 *   read 0..3M
+	 *
+	 * returns "data 0000 data" rather than "data data data" in
+	 * case 1..2M was cached.
+	 *
+         * Note: These cache coherency issues are supposed to be fixed
+         * in recent kernels.
+	 */
+	ret = __krbd_flush(ctx, true);
+	if (ret < 0)
+		return ret;
+
+	/*
+	 * off and len must be 512-byte aligned, otherwise BLKZEROOUT
+	 * will fail with -EINVAL.  This means that -K (enable krbd
+	 * mode) requires -h 512 or similar.
+	 */
+	if (ioctl(ctx->krbd_fd, BLKZEROOUT, &range) < 0) {
+		ret = -errno;
+		prt("BLKZEROOUT(%llu, %llu) failed\n", off, len);
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int
+krbd_get_size(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t *size)
+{
+	uint64_t bytes;
+
+	if (ioctl(ctx->krbd_fd, BLKGETSIZE64, &bytes) < 0) {
+		int ret = -errno;
+		prt("BLKGETSIZE64 failed\n");
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+	*size = bytes;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int
+krbd_resize(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t size)
+{
+	int ret;
+
+	ceph_assert(size % truncbdy == 0);
+
+	/*
+	 * When krbd detects a size change, it calls revalidate_disk(),
+	 * which ends up calling invalidate_bdev(), which invalidates
+	 * clean pages and does nothing about dirty pages beyond the
+	 * new size.  The preceding cache flush makes sure those pages
+	 * are invalidated, which is what we need on shrink so that
+	 *
+	 *  write 0..1M
+	 *  resize 0
+	 *  resize 2M
+	 *  read 0..2M
+	 *
+	 * returns "0000 0000" rather than "data 0000".
+	 */
+	ret = __krbd_flush(ctx, false);
+	if (ret < 0)
+		return ret;
+
+	return __librbd_resize(ctx, size);
+}
+
+int
+krbd_clone(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, const char *src_snapname,
+	   const char *dst_imagename, int *order, int stripe_unit,
+	   int stripe_count)
+{
+	int ret;
+
+	ret = __krbd_flush(ctx, false);
+	if (ret < 0)
+		return ret;
+
+	return __librbd_clone(ctx, src_snapname, dst_imagename, order,
+			      stripe_unit, stripe_count);
+}
+
+int
+krbd_flatten(struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	int ret;
+
+	ret = __krbd_flush(ctx, false);
+	if (ret < 0)
+		return ret;
+
+	return __librbd_flatten(ctx);
+}
+#endif // __linux__
+
+#if defined(WITH_KRBD)
+const struct rbd_operations krbd_operations = {
+	krbd_open,
+	krbd_close,
+	krbd_read,
+	krbd_write,
+	krbd_flush,
+	krbd_discard,
+	krbd_get_size,
+	krbd_resize,
+	krbd_clone,
+	krbd_flatten,
+	NULL,
+};
+#endif // WITH_KRBD
+
+#if defined(__linux__)
+int
+nbd_open(const char *name, struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	int r;
+	int fd;
+	char dev[4096];
+	char *devnode;
+
+	SubProcess process("rbd-nbd", SubProcess::KEEP, SubProcess::PIPE,
+			   SubProcess::KEEP);
+	process.add_cmd_arg("map");
+	process.add_cmd_arg("--io-timeout=600");
+	std::string img;
+	img.append(pool);
+	img.append("/");
+	img.append(name);
+	process.add_cmd_arg(img.c_str());
+
+	r = __librbd_open(name, ctx);
+	if (r < 0)
+		return r;
+
+        r = process.spawn();
+        if (r < 0) {
+		prt("nbd_open failed to run rbd-nbd error: %s\n", process.err().c_str());
+		return r;
+        }
+	r = safe_read(process.get_stdout(), dev, sizeof(dev));
+	if (r < 0) {
+		prt("nbd_open failed to get nbd device path\n");
+		return r;
+	}
+	for (int i = 0; i < r; ++i)
+	  if (dev[i] == 10 || dev[i] == 13)
+	    dev[i] = 0;
+	dev[r] = 0;
+	r = process.join();
+	if (r) {
+		prt("rbd-nbd failed with error: %s", process.err().c_str());
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+
+	devnode = strdup(dev);
+	if (!devnode)
+		return -ENOMEM;
+
+	fd = open(devnode, O_RDWR | o_direct);
+	if (fd < 0) {
+		r = -errno;
+		prt("open(%s) failed\n", devnode);
+		return r;
+	}
+
+	ctx->krbd_name = devnode;
+	ctx->krbd_fd = fd;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int
+nbd_close(struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	int r;
+
+	ceph_assert(ctx->krbd_name && ctx->krbd_fd >= 0);
+
+	if (close(ctx->krbd_fd) < 0) {
+		r = -errno;
+		prt("close(%s) failed\n", ctx->krbd_name);
+		return r;
+	}
+
+	SubProcess process("rbd-nbd");
+	process.add_cmd_arg("unmap");
+	process.add_cmd_arg(ctx->krbd_name);
+
+        r = process.spawn();
+        if (r < 0) {
+		prt("nbd_close failed to run rbd-nbd error: %s\n", process.err().c_str());
+		return r;
+        }
+	r = process.join();
+	if (r) {
+		prt("rbd-nbd failed with error: %d", process.err().c_str());
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+
+	free((void *)ctx->krbd_name);
+
+	ctx->krbd_name = NULL;
+	ctx->krbd_fd = -1;
+
+	return __librbd_close(ctx);
+}
+
+int
+nbd_clone(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, const char *src_snapname,
+	  const char *dst_imagename, int *order, int stripe_unit,
+	  int stripe_count)
+{
+	int ret;
+
+	ret = __krbd_flush(ctx, false);
+	if (ret < 0)
+		return ret;
+
+	return __librbd_clone(ctx, src_snapname, dst_imagename, order,
+			      stripe_unit, stripe_count);
+}
+
+const struct rbd_operations nbd_operations = {
+	nbd_open,
+	nbd_close,
+	krbd_read,
+	krbd_write,
+	krbd_flush,
+	krbd_discard,
+	krbd_get_size,
+	krbd_resize,
+	nbd_clone,
+	krbd_flatten,
+	NULL,
+};
+#endif // __linux__
+
+#if defined(__FreeBSD__)
+int
+ggate_open(const char *name, struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	int r;
+	int fd;
+	char dev[4096];
+	char *devnode;
+
+	SubProcess process("rbd-ggate", SubProcess::KEEP, SubProcess::PIPE,
+			   SubProcess::KEEP);
+	process.add_cmd_arg("map");
+	std::string img;
+	img.append(pool);
+	img.append("/");
+	img.append(name);
+	process.add_cmd_arg(img.c_str());
+
+	r = __librbd_open(name, ctx);
+	if (r < 0) {
+		return r;
+	}
+
+	r = process.spawn();
+	if (r < 0) {
+		prt("ggate_open failed to run rbd-ggate: %s\n",
+		    process.err().c_str());
+		return r;
+	}
+	r = safe_read(process.get_stdout(), dev, sizeof(dev));
+	if (r < 0) {
+		prt("ggate_open failed to get ggate device path\n");
+		return r;
+	}
+	for (int i = 0; i < r; ++i) {
+		if (dev[i] == '\r' || dev[i] == '\n') {
+			dev[i] = 0;
+		}
+	}
+	dev[r] = 0;
+	r = process.join();
+	if (r) {
+		prt("rbd-ggate failed with error: %s", process.err().c_str());
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+
+	devnode = strdup(dev);
+	if (!devnode) {
+		return -ENOMEM;
+	}
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
+		fd = open(devnode, O_RDWR | o_direct);
+		if (fd >= 0 || errno != ENOENT) {
+			break;
+		}
+		usleep(100000);
+	}
+	if (fd < 0) {
+		r = -errno;
+		prt("open(%s) failed\n", devnode);
+		return r;
+	}
+
+	ctx->krbd_name = devnode;
+	ctx->krbd_fd = fd;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int
+ggate_close(struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	int r;
+
+	ceph_assert(ctx->krbd_name && ctx->krbd_fd >= 0);
+
+	if (close(ctx->krbd_fd) < 0) {
+		r = -errno;
+		prt("close(%s) failed\n", ctx->krbd_name);
+		return r;
+	}
+
+	SubProcess process("rbd-ggate");
+	process.add_cmd_arg("unmap");
+	process.add_cmd_arg(ctx->krbd_name);
+
+        r = process.spawn();
+        if (r < 0) {
+		prt("ggate_close failed to run rbd-nbd: %s\n",
+		    process.err().c_str());
+		return r;
+        }
+	r = process.join();
+	if (r) {
+		prt("rbd-ggate failed with error: %d", process.err().c_str());
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+
+	free((void *)ctx->krbd_name);
+
+	ctx->krbd_name = NULL;
+	ctx->krbd_fd = -1;
+
+	return __librbd_close(ctx);
+}
+
+ssize_t
+ggate_read(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t off, size_t len, char *buf)
+{
+	ssize_t n;
+
+	n = pread(ctx->krbd_fd, buf, len, off);
+	if (n < 0) {
+		n = -errno;
+		prt("pread(%llu, %zu) failed\n", off, len);
+		return n;
+	}
+
+	return n;
+}
+
+ssize_t
+ggate_write(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t off, size_t len, const char *buf)
+{
+	ssize_t n;
+
+	n = pwrite(ctx->krbd_fd, buf, len, off);
+	if (n < 0) {
+		n = -errno;
+		prt("pwrite(%llu, %zu) failed\n", off, len);
+		return n;
+	}
+
+	return n;
+}
+
+int
+__ggate_flush(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, bool invalidate)
+{
+	int ret;
+
+	if (o_direct) {
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	if (invalidate) {
+		ret = ioctl(ctx->krbd_fd, DIOCGFLUSH, NULL);
+	} else {
+		ret = fsync(ctx->krbd_fd);
+	}
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		ret = -errno;
+		prt("%s failed\n", invalidate ? "DIOCGFLUSH" : "fsync");
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int
+ggate_flush(struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	return __ggate_flush(ctx, false);
+}
+
+int
+ggate_discard(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t off, uint64_t len)
+{
+	off_t range[2] = {static_cast<off_t>(off), static_cast<off_t>(len)};
+	int ret;
+
+	ret = __ggate_flush(ctx, true);
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+	if (ioctl(ctx->krbd_fd, DIOCGDELETE, &range) < 0) {
+		ret = -errno;
+		prt("DIOCGDELETE(%llu, %llu) failed\n", off, len);
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int
+ggate_get_size(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t *size)
+{
+	off_t bytes;
+
+	if (ioctl(ctx->krbd_fd, DIOCGMEDIASIZE, &bytes) < 0) {
+		int ret = -errno;
+		prt("DIOCGMEDIASIZE failed\n");
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+	*size = bytes;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int
+ggate_resize(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t size)
+{
+	int ret;
+
+	ceph_assert(size % truncbdy == 0);
+
+	ret = __ggate_flush(ctx, false);
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+	return __librbd_resize(ctx, size);
+}
+
+int
+ggate_clone(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, const char *src_snapname,
+	    const char *dst_imagename, int *order, int stripe_unit,
+	    int stripe_count)
+{
+	int ret;
+
+	ret = __ggate_flush(ctx, false);
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+	return __librbd_clone(ctx, src_snapname, dst_imagename, order,
+			      stripe_unit, stripe_count);
+}
+
+int
+ggate_flatten(struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	int ret;
+
+	ret = __ggate_flush(ctx, false);
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+	return __librbd_flatten(ctx);
+}
+
+const struct rbd_operations ggate_operations = {
+	ggate_open,
+	ggate_close,
+	ggate_read,
+	ggate_write,
+	ggate_flush,
+	ggate_discard,
+	ggate_get_size,
+	ggate_resize,
+	ggate_clone,
+	ggate_flatten,
+	NULL,
+};
+#endif // __FreeBSD__
+
+struct rbd_ctx ctx = RBD_CTX_INIT;
+const struct rbd_operations *ops = &librbd_operations;
+
+static bool rbd_image_has_parent(struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	int ret;
+	rbd_linked_image_spec_t parent_image;
+	rbd_snap_spec_t parent_snap;
+
+	ret = rbd_get_parent(ctx->image, &parent_image, &parent_snap);
+        if (ret < 0 && ret != -ENOENT) {
+		prterrcode("rbd_get_parent_info", ret);
+		exit(1);
+	}
+	rbd_linked_image_spec_cleanup(&parent_image);
+	rbd_snap_spec_cleanup(&parent_snap);
+
+	return !ret;
+}
+
+/*
+ * fsx
+ */
+
+void
+log4(int operation, int arg0, int arg1, int arg2)
+{
+	struct log_entry *le;
+
+	le = &oplog[logptr];
+	le->operation = operation;
+	if (closeopen)
+		le->operation = ~ le->operation;
+	le->args[0] = arg0;
+	le->args[1] = arg1;
+	le->args[2] = arg2;
+	logptr++;
+	logcount++;
+	if (logptr >= LOGSIZE)
+		logptr = 0;
+}
+
+void
+logdump(void)
+{
+	int	i, count, down;
+	struct log_entry	*lp;
+	const char *falloc_type[3] = {"PAST_EOF", "EXTENDING", "INTERIOR"};
+
+	prt("LOG DUMP (%d total operations):\n", logcount);
+	if (logcount < LOGSIZE) {
+		i = 0;
+		count = logcount;
+	} else {
+		i = logptr;
+		count = LOGSIZE;
+	}
+	for ( ; count > 0; count--) {
+		int opnum;
+
+		opnum = i+1 + (logcount/LOGSIZE)*LOGSIZE;
+		prt("%d(%3d mod 256): ", opnum, opnum%256);
+		lp = &oplog[i];
+		if ((closeopen = lp->operation < 0))
+			lp->operation = ~ lp->operation;
+			
+		switch (lp->operation) {
+		case OP_MAPREAD:
+			prt("MAPREAD  0x%x thru 0x%x\t(0x%x bytes)",
+			    lp->args[0], lp->args[0] + lp->args[1] - 1,
+			    lp->args[1]);
+			if (badoff >= lp->args[0] && badoff <
+						     lp->args[0] + lp->args[1])
+				prt("\t***RRRR***");
+			break;
+		case OP_MAPWRITE:
+			prt("MAPWRITE 0x%x thru 0x%x\t(0x%x bytes)",
+			    lp->args[0], lp->args[0] + lp->args[1] - 1,
+			    lp->args[1]);
+			if (badoff >= lp->args[0] && badoff <
+						     lp->args[0] + lp->args[1])
+				prt("\t******WWWW");
+			break;
+		case OP_READ:
+			prt("READ     0x%x thru 0x%x\t(0x%x bytes)",
+			    lp->args[0], lp->args[0] + lp->args[1] - 1,
+			    lp->args[1]);
+			if (badoff >= lp->args[0] &&
+			    badoff < lp->args[0] + lp->args[1])
+				prt("\t***RRRR***");
+			break;
+		case OP_WRITE:
+			prt("WRITE    0x%x thru 0x%x\t(0x%x bytes)",
+			    lp->args[0], lp->args[0] + lp->args[1] - 1,
+			    lp->args[1]);
+			if (lp->args[0] > lp->args[2])
+				prt(" HOLE");
+			else if (lp->args[0] + lp->args[1] > lp->args[2])
+				prt(" EXTEND");
+			if ((badoff >= lp->args[0] || badoff >=lp->args[2]) &&
+			    badoff < lp->args[0] + lp->args[1])
+				prt("\t***WWWW");
+			break;
+		case OP_TRUNCATE:
+			down = lp->args[0] < lp->args[1];
+			prt("TRUNCATE %s\tfrom 0x%x to 0x%x",
+			    down ? "DOWN" : "UP", lp->args[1], lp->args[0]);
+			if (badoff >= lp->args[!down] &&
+			    badoff < lp->args[!!down])
+				prt("\t******WWWW");
+			break;
+		case OP_FALLOCATE:
+			/* 0: offset 1: length 2: where alloced */
+			prt("FALLOC   0x%x thru 0x%x\t(0x%x bytes) %s",
+				lp->args[0], lp->args[0] + lp->args[1],
+				lp->args[1], falloc_type[lp->args[2]]);
+			if (badoff >= lp->args[0] &&
+			    badoff < lp->args[0] + lp->args[1])
+				prt("\t******FFFF");
+			break;
+		case OP_PUNCH_HOLE:
+			prt("PUNCH    0x%x thru 0x%x\t(0x%x bytes)",
+			    lp->args[0], lp->args[0] + lp->args[1] - 1,
+			    lp->args[1]);
+			if (badoff >= lp->args[0] && badoff <
+						     lp->args[0] + lp->args[1])
+				prt("\t******PPPP");
+			break;
+		case OP_WRITESAME:
+			prt("WRITESAME    0x%x thru 0x%x\t(0x%x bytes) data_size 0x%x",
+			    lp->args[0], lp->args[0] + lp->args[1] - 1,
+			    lp->args[1], lp->args[2]);
+			if (badoff >= lp->args[0] &&
+				badoff < lp->args[0] + lp->args[1])
+				prt("\t***WSWSWSWS");
+			break;
+		case OP_COMPARE_AND_WRITE:
+                        prt("COMPARE_AND_WRITE    0x%x thru 0x%x\t(0x%x bytes)",
+                            lp->args[0], lp->args[0] + lp->args[1] - 1,
+                            lp->args[1]);
+                        if (lp->args[0] > lp->args[2])
+                            prt(" HOLE");
+                        else if (lp->args[0] + lp->args[1] > lp->args[2])
+                            prt(" EXTEND");
+                        if ((badoff >= lp->args[0] || badoff >=lp->args[2]) &&
+                                badoff < lp->args[0] + lp->args[1])
+                                prt("\t***WWWW");
+                        break;
+		case OP_CLONE:
+			prt("CLONE");
+			break;
+		case OP_FLATTEN:
+			prt("FLATTEN");
+			break;
+		case OP_SKIPPED:
+			prt("SKIPPED (no operation)");
+			break;
+		default:
+			prt("BOGUS LOG ENTRY (operation code = %d)!",
+			    lp->operation);
+		}
+		if (closeopen)
+			prt("\n\t\tCLOSE/OPEN");
+		prt("\n");
+		i++;
+		if (i == LOGSIZE)
+			i = 0;
+	}
+}
+
+void
+save_buffer(char *buffer, off_t bufferlength, int fd)
+{
+	off_t ret;
+	ssize_t byteswritten;
+
+	if (fd <= 0 || bufferlength == 0)
+		return;
+
+	if (bufferlength > SSIZE_MAX) {
+		prt("fsx flaw: overflow in save_buffer\n");
+		exit(67);
+	}
+
+	ret = lseek(fd, (off_t)0, SEEK_SET);
+	if (ret == (off_t)-1)
+		prterr("save_buffer: lseek 0");
+	
+	byteswritten = write(fd, buffer, (size_t)bufferlength);
+	if (byteswritten != bufferlength) {
+		if (byteswritten == -1)
+			prterr("save_buffer write");
+		else
+			warn("save_buffer: short write, 0x%x bytes instead of 0x%llx\n",
+			     (unsigned)byteswritten,
+			     (unsigned long long)bufferlength);
+	}
+}
+
+
+void
+report_failure(int status)
+{
+	logdump();
+	
+	if (fsxgoodfd) {
+		if (good_buf) {
+			save_buffer(good_buf, file_size, fsxgoodfd);
+			prt("Correct content saved for comparison\n");
+			prt("(maybe hexdump \"%s\" vs \"%s.fsxgood\")\n",
+			    iname, iname);
+		}
+		close(fsxgoodfd);
+	}
+	sleep(3);   // so the log can flush to disk.  KLUDGEY!
+	exit(status);
+}
+
+#define short_at(cp) ((unsigned short)((*((unsigned char *)(cp)) << 8) | \
+				        *(((unsigned char *)(cp)) + 1)))
+
+int
+fsxcmp(char *good_buf, char *temp_buf, unsigned size)
+{
+	if (!skip_partial_discard) {
+		return memcmp(good_buf, temp_buf, size);
+	}
+
+	for (unsigned i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+		if (good_buf[i] != temp_buf[i] && good_buf[i] != 0) {
+			return good_buf[i] - temp_buf[i];
+		}
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void
+check_buffers(char *good_buf, char *temp_buf, unsigned offset, unsigned size)
+{
+	if (fsxcmp(good_buf + offset, temp_buf, size) != 0) {
+		unsigned i = 0;
+		unsigned n = 0;
+
+		prt("READ BAD DATA: offset = 0x%x, size = 0x%x, fname = %s\n",
+		    offset, size, iname);
+		prt("OFFSET\tGOOD\tBAD\tRANGE\n");
+		while (size > 0) {
+			unsigned char c = good_buf[offset];
+			unsigned char t = temp_buf[i];
+			if (c != t) {
+			        if (n < 16) {
+					unsigned bad = short_at(&temp_buf[i]);
+				        prt("0x%5x\t0x%04x\t0x%04x", offset,
+				            short_at(&good_buf[offset]), bad);
+					unsigned op = temp_buf[(offset & 1) ? i+1 : i];
+				        prt("\t0x%5x\n", n);
+					if (op)
+						prt("operation# (mod 256) for "
+						  "the bad data may be %u\n",
+						((unsigned)op & 0xff));
+					else
+						prt("operation# (mod 256) for "
+						  "the bad data unknown, check"
+						  " HOLE and EXTEND ops\n");
+				}
+				n++;
+				badoff = offset;
+			}
+			offset++;
+			i++;
+			size--;
+		}
+		report_failure(110);
+	}
+}
+
+
+void
+check_size(void)
+{
+	uint64_t size;
+	int ret;
+
+	ret = ops->get_size(&ctx, &size);
+	if (ret < 0)
+		prterrcode("check_size: ops->get_size", ret);
+
+	if ((uint64_t)file_size != size) {
+		prt("Size error: expected 0x%llx stat 0x%llx\n",
+		    (unsigned long long)file_size,
+		    (unsigned long long)size);
+		report_failure(120);
+	}
+}
+
+#define TRUNC_HACK_SIZE	(200ULL << 9)	/* 512-byte aligned for krbd */
+
+void
+check_trunc_hack(void)
+{
+	uint64_t size;
+	int ret;
+
+	ret = ops->resize(&ctx, 0ULL);
+	if (ret < 0)
+		prterrcode("check_trunc_hack: ops->resize pre", ret);
+
+	ret = ops->resize(&ctx, TRUNC_HACK_SIZE);
+	if (ret < 0)
+		prterrcode("check_trunc_hack: ops->resize actual", ret);
+
+	ret = ops->get_size(&ctx, &size);
+	if (ret < 0)
+		prterrcode("check_trunc_hack: ops->get_size", ret);
+
+	if (size != TRUNC_HACK_SIZE) {
+		prt("no extend on truncate! not posix!\n");
+		exit(130);
+	}
+
+	ret = ops->resize(&ctx, 0ULL);
+	if (ret < 0)
+		prterrcode("check_trunc_hack: ops->resize post", ret);
+}
+
+int
+create_image()
+{
+	int r;
+	int order = 0;
+	char buf[32];
+	char client_name[256];
+
+	sprintf(client_name, "client.%s", client_id);
+
+	r = rados_create2(&cluster, cluster_name, client_name, 0);
+	if (r < 0) {
+		simple_err("Could not create cluster handle", r);
+		return r;
+	}
+	rados_conf_parse_env(cluster, NULL);
+	r = rados_conf_read_file(cluster, NULL);
+	if (r < 0) {
+		simple_err("Error reading ceph config file", r);
+		goto failed_shutdown;
+	}
+	r = rados_connect(cluster);
+	if (r < 0) {
+		simple_err("Error connecting to cluster", r);
+		goto failed_shutdown;
+	}
+#if defined(WITH_KRBD)
+	r = krbd_create_from_context(rados_cct(cluster), 0, &krbd);
+	if (r < 0) {
+		simple_err("Could not create libkrbd handle", r);
+		goto failed_shutdown;
+	}
+#endif
+
+	r = rados_pool_create(cluster, pool);
+	if (r < 0 && r != -EEXIST) {
+		simple_err("Error creating pool", r);
+		goto failed_krbd;
+	}
+	r = rados_ioctx_create(cluster, pool, &ioctx);
+	if (r < 0) {
+		simple_err("Error creating ioctx", r);
+		goto failed_krbd;
+	}
+        rados_application_enable(ioctx, "rbd", 1);
+
+	if (clone_calls || journal_replay) {
+                uint64_t features;
+                r = get_features(&features);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        goto failed_open;
+                }
+
+		r = rbd_create2(ioctx, iname, file_size, features, &order);
+	} else {
+		r = rbd_create(ioctx, iname, file_size, &order);
+	}
+	if (r < 0) {
+		simple_err("Error creating image", r);
+		goto failed_open;
+	}
+
+        if (journal_replay) {
+                r = register_journal(ioctx, iname);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        goto failed_open;
+                }
+        }
+
+	r = rados_conf_get(cluster, "rbd_skip_partial_discard", buf,
+			   sizeof(buf));
+	if (r < 0) {
+		simple_err("Could not get rbd_skip_partial_discard value", r);
+		goto failed_open;
+	}
+	skip_partial_discard = (strcmp(buf, "true") == 0);
+
+	return 0;
+
+ failed_open:
+	rados_ioctx_destroy(ioctx);
+ failed_krbd:
+#if defined(WITH_KRBD)
+	krbd_destroy(krbd);
+#endif
+ failed_shutdown:
+	rados_shutdown(cluster);
+	return r;
+}
+
+void
+doflush(unsigned offset, unsigned size)
+{
+	int ret;
+
+	if (o_direct)
+		return;
+
+	ret = ops->flush(&ctx);
+	if (ret < 0)
+		prterrcode("doflush: ops->flush", ret);
+}
+
+void
+doread(unsigned offset, unsigned size)
+{
+	int ret;
+
+	offset -= offset % readbdy;
+	if (o_direct)
+		size -= size % readbdy;
+	if (size == 0) {
+		if (!quiet && testcalls > simulatedopcount && !o_direct)
+			prt("skipping zero size read\n");
+		log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_READ, offset, size);
+		return;
+	}
+	if (size + offset > file_size) {
+		if (!quiet && testcalls > simulatedopcount)
+			prt("skipping seek/read past end of file\n");
+		log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_READ, offset, size);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	log4(OP_READ, offset, size, 0);
+
+	if (testcalls <= simulatedopcount)
+		return;
+
+	if (!quiet &&
+		((progressinterval && testcalls % progressinterval == 0)  ||
+		(debug &&
+		       (monitorstart == -1 ||
+			(static_cast<long>(offset + size) > monitorstart &&
+			 (monitorend == -1 ||
+			  static_cast<long>(offset) <= monitorend))))))
+		prt("%lu read\t0x%x thru\t0x%x\t(0x%x bytes)\n", testcalls,
+		    offset, offset + size - 1, size);
+
+	ret = ops->read(&ctx, offset, size, temp_buf);
+	if (ret != (int)size) {
+		if (ret < 0)
+			prterrcode("doread: ops->read", ret);
+		else
+			prt("short read: 0x%x bytes instead of 0x%x\n",
+			    ret, size);
+		report_failure(141);
+	}
+
+	check_buffers(good_buf, temp_buf, offset, size);
+}
+
+
+void
+check_eofpage(char *s, unsigned offset, char *p, int size)
+{
+	unsigned long last_page, should_be_zero;
+
+	if (offset + size <= (file_size & ~page_mask))
+		return;
+	/*
+	 * we landed in the last page of the file
+	 * test to make sure the VM system provided 0's 
+	 * beyond the true end of the file mapping
+	 * (as required by mmap def in 1996 posix 1003.1)
+	 */
+	last_page = ((unsigned long)p + (offset & page_mask) + size) & ~page_mask;
+
+	for (should_be_zero = last_page + (file_size & page_mask);
+	     should_be_zero < last_page + page_size;
+	     should_be_zero++)
+		if (*(char *)should_be_zero) {
+			prt("Mapped %s: non-zero data past EOF (0x%llx) page offset 0x%x is 0x%04x\n",
+			    s, file_size - 1, should_be_zero & page_mask,
+			    short_at(should_be_zero));
+			report_failure(205);
+		}
+}
+
+
+void
+gendata(char *original_buf, char *good_buf, unsigned offset, unsigned size)
+{
+	while (size--) {
+		good_buf[offset] = testcalls % 256; 
+		if (offset % 2)
+			good_buf[offset] += original_buf[offset];
+		offset++;
+	}
+}
+
+
+void
+dowrite(unsigned offset, unsigned size)
+{
+	ssize_t ret;
+	off_t newsize;
+
+	offset -= offset % writebdy;
+	if (o_direct)
+		size -= size % writebdy;
+	if (size == 0) {
+		if (!quiet && testcalls > simulatedopcount && !o_direct)
+			prt("skipping zero size write\n");
+		log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_WRITE, offset, size);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	log4(OP_WRITE, offset, size, file_size);
+
+	gendata(original_buf, good_buf, offset, size);
+	if (file_size < offset + size) {
+		newsize = ceil(((double)offset + size) / truncbdy) * truncbdy;
+		if (file_size < newsize)
+			memset(good_buf + file_size, '\0', newsize - file_size);
+		file_size = newsize;
+		if (lite) {
+			warn("Lite file size bug in fsx!");
+			report_failure(149);
+		}
+		ret = ops->resize(&ctx, newsize);
+		if (ret < 0) {
+			prterrcode("dowrite: ops->resize", ret);
+			report_failure(150);
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (testcalls <= simulatedopcount)
+		return;
+
+	if (!quiet &&
+		((progressinterval && testcalls % progressinterval == 0) ||
+		       (debug &&
+		       (monitorstart == -1 ||
+			(static_cast<long>(offset + size) > monitorstart &&
+			 (monitorend == -1 ||
+			  static_cast<long>(offset) <= monitorend))))))
+		prt("%lu write\t0x%x thru\t0x%x\t(0x%x bytes)\n", testcalls,
+		    offset, offset + size - 1, size);
+
+	ret = ops->write(&ctx, offset, size, good_buf + offset);
+	if (ret != (ssize_t)size) {
+		if (ret < 0)
+			prterrcode("dowrite: ops->write", ret);
+		else
+			prt("short write: 0x%x bytes instead of 0x%x\n",
+			    ret, size);
+		report_failure(151);
+	}
+
+	if (flush_enabled)
+		doflush(offset, size);
+}
+
+
+void
+dotruncate(unsigned size)
+{
+	int oldsize = file_size;
+	int ret;
+
+	size -= size % truncbdy;
+	if (size > biggest) {
+		biggest = size;
+		if (!quiet && testcalls > simulatedopcount)
+			prt("truncating to largest ever: 0x%x\n", size);
+	}
+
+	log4(OP_TRUNCATE, size, (unsigned)file_size, 0);
+
+	if (size > file_size)
+		memset(good_buf + file_size, '\0', size - file_size);
+	else if (size < file_size)
+		memset(good_buf + size, '\0', file_size - size);
+	file_size = size;
+
+	if (testcalls <= simulatedopcount)
+		return;
+
+	if ((progressinterval && testcalls % progressinterval == 0) ||
+	    (debug && (monitorstart == -1 || monitorend == -1 ||
+		       (long)size <= monitorend)))
+		prt("%lu trunc\tfrom 0x%x to 0x%x\n", testcalls, oldsize, size);
+
+	ret = ops->resize(&ctx, size);
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		prterrcode("dotruncate: ops->resize", ret);
+		report_failure(160);
+	}
+}
+
+void
+do_punch_hole(unsigned offset, unsigned length)
+{
+	unsigned end_offset;
+	int max_offset = 0;
+	int max_len = 0;
+	int ret;
+
+	offset -= offset % holebdy;
+	length -= length % holebdy;
+	if (length == 0) {
+		if (!quiet && testcalls > simulatedopcount)
+			prt("skipping zero length punch hole\n");
+		log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_PUNCH_HOLE, offset, length);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	if (file_size <= (loff_t)offset) {
+		if (!quiet && testcalls > simulatedopcount)
+			prt("skipping hole punch off the end of the file\n");
+		log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_PUNCH_HOLE, offset, length);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	end_offset = offset + length;
+
+	log4(OP_PUNCH_HOLE, offset, length, 0);
+
+	if (testcalls <= simulatedopcount)
+		return;
+
+	if ((progressinterval && testcalls % progressinterval == 0) ||
+	    (debug && (monitorstart == -1 || monitorend == -1 ||
+		       (long)end_offset <= monitorend))) {
+		prt("%lu punch\tfrom 0x%x to 0x%x, (0x%x bytes)\n", testcalls,
+			offset, offset+length, length);
+	}
+
+	ret = ops->discard(&ctx, (unsigned long long)offset,
+			   (unsigned long long)length);
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		prterrcode("do_punch_hole: ops->discard", ret);
+		report_failure(161);
+	}
+
+	max_offset = offset < file_size ? offset : file_size;
+	max_len = max_offset + length <= file_size ? length :
+			file_size - max_offset;
+	memset(good_buf + max_offset, '\0', max_len);
+}
+
+unsigned get_data_size(unsigned size)
+{
+	unsigned i;
+	unsigned hint;
+	unsigned max = sqrt((double)size) + 1;
+	unsigned good = 1;
+	unsigned curr = good;
+
+	hint = get_random() % max;
+
+	for (i = 1; i < max && curr < hint; i++) {
+		if (size % i == 0) {
+			good = curr;
+			curr = i;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (curr == hint)
+		good = curr;
+
+	return good;
+}
+
+void
+dowritesame(unsigned offset, unsigned size)
+{
+	ssize_t ret;
+	off_t newsize;
+	unsigned buf_off;
+	unsigned data_size;
+	int n;
+
+	offset -= offset % writebdy;
+	if (o_direct)
+		size -= size % writebdy;
+	if (size == 0) {
+		if (!quiet && testcalls > simulatedopcount && !o_direct)
+			prt("skipping zero size writesame\n");
+		log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_WRITESAME, offset, size);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	data_size = get_data_size(size);
+
+	log4(OP_WRITESAME, offset, size, data_size);
+
+	gendata(original_buf, good_buf, offset, data_size);
+	if (file_size < offset + size) {
+		newsize = ceil(((double)offset + size) / truncbdy) * truncbdy;
+		if (file_size < newsize)
+			memset(good_buf + file_size, '\0', newsize - file_size);
+		file_size = newsize;
+		if (lite) {
+			warn("Lite file size bug in fsx!");
+			report_failure(162);
+		}
+		ret = ops->resize(&ctx, newsize);
+		if (ret < 0) {
+			prterrcode("dowritesame: ops->resize", ret);
+			report_failure(163);
+		}
+	}
+
+	for (n = size / data_size, buf_off = data_size; n > 1; n--) {
+		memcpy(good_buf + offset + buf_off, good_buf + offset, data_size);
+		buf_off += data_size;
+	}
+
+	if (testcalls <= simulatedopcount)
+		return;
+
+	if (!quiet &&
+		((progressinterval && testcalls % progressinterval == 0) ||
+		       (debug &&
+		       (monitorstart == -1 ||
+			(static_cast<long>(offset + size) > monitorstart &&
+			 (monitorend == -1 ||
+			  static_cast<long>(offset) <= monitorend))))))
+		prt("%lu writesame\t0x%x thru\t0x%x\tdata_size\t0x%x(0x%x bytes)\n", testcalls,
+		    offset, offset + size - 1, data_size, size);
+
+	ret = ops->writesame(&ctx, offset, size, good_buf + offset, data_size);
+	if (ret != (ssize_t)size) {
+		if (ret < 0)
+			prterrcode("dowritesame: ops->writesame", ret);
+		else
+			prt("short writesame: 0x%x bytes instead of 0x%x\n",
+			    ret, size);
+		report_failure(164);
+	}
+
+	if (flush_enabled)
+		doflush(offset, size);
+}
+
+void
+docompareandwrite(unsigned offset, unsigned size)
+{
+        int ret;
+
+        if (skip_partial_discard) {
+                if (!quiet && testcalls > simulatedopcount)
+                        prt("compare and write disabled\n");
+                log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_COMPARE_AND_WRITE, offset, size);
+                return;
+        }
+
+        offset -= offset % writebdy;
+        if (o_direct)
+                size -= size % writebdy;
+
+        if (size == 0) {
+                if (!quiet && testcalls > simulatedopcount && !o_direct)
+                        prt("skipping zero size read\n");
+                log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_READ, offset, size);
+                return;
+        }
+
+        if (size + offset > file_size) {
+                if (!quiet && testcalls > simulatedopcount)
+                        prt("skipping seek/compare past end of file\n");
+                log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_COMPARE_AND_WRITE, offset, size);
+                return;
+        }
+
+        memcpy(temp_buf + offset, good_buf + offset, size);
+	gendata(original_buf, good_buf, offset, size);
+        log4(OP_COMPARE_AND_WRITE, offset, size, 0);
+
+        if (testcalls <= simulatedopcount)
+                return;
+
+        if (!quiet &&
+		((progressinterval && testcalls % progressinterval == 0) ||
+		       (debug &&
+		       (monitorstart == -1 ||
+			(static_cast<long>(offset + size) > monitorstart &&
+			 (monitorend == -1 ||
+			  static_cast<long>(offset) <= monitorend))))))
+		prt("%lu compareandwrite\t0x%x thru\t0x%x\t(0x%x bytes)\n", testcalls,
+		    offset, offset + size - 1, size);
+
+        ret = ops->compare_and_write(&ctx, offset, size, temp_buf + offset,
+                                     good_buf + offset);
+        if (ret != (ssize_t)size) {
+                if (ret == -EINVAL) {
+                        memcpy(good_buf + offset, temp_buf + offset, size);
+                        return;
+                }
+                if (ret < 0)
+                        prterrcode("docompareandwrite: ops->compare_and_write", ret);
+                else
+                        prt("short write: 0x%x bytes instead of 0x%x\n", ret, size);
+                report_failure(151);
+                return;
+        }
+
+        if (flush_enabled)
+                doflush(offset, size);
+}
+
+void clone_filename(char *buf, size_t len, int clones)
+{
+#if __GNUC__ && __GNUC__ >= 8
+#pragma GCC diagnostic push
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wformat-truncation"
+#endif
+	snprintf(buf, len, "%s/fsx-%s-parent%d",
+		 dirpath, iname, clones);
+#if __GNUC__ && __GNUC__ >= 8
+#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
+#endif
+}
+
+void clone_imagename(char *buf, size_t len, int clones)
+{
+	if (clones > 0) {
+		snprintf(buf, len, "%s-clone%d", iname, clones);
+	} else {
+		strncpy(buf, iname, len - 1);
+		buf[len - 1] = '\0';
+	}
+}
+
+void replay_imagename(char *buf, size_t len, int clones)
+{
+        clone_imagename(buf, len, clones);
+        strncat(buf, "-replay", len - strlen(buf));
+        buf[len - 1] = '\0';
+}
+
+void check_clone(int clonenum, bool replay_image);
+
+void
+do_clone()
+{
+	char filename[1024];
+	char imagename[1024];
+	char lastimagename[1024];
+	int ret, fd;
+	int order = 0, stripe_unit = 0, stripe_count = 0;
+	uint64_t newsize = file_size;
+
+	log4(OP_CLONE, 0, 0, 0);
+	++num_clones;
+
+	if (randomize_striping) {
+		order = 18 + get_random() % 8;
+		stripe_unit = 1ull << (order - 1 - (get_random() % 8));
+		stripe_count = 2 + get_random() % 14;
+	}
+
+	prt("%lu clone\t%d order %d su %d sc %d\n", testcalls, num_clones,
+	    order, stripe_unit, stripe_count);
+
+	clone_imagename(imagename, sizeof(imagename), num_clones);
+	clone_imagename(lastimagename, sizeof(lastimagename),
+			num_clones - 1);
+	ceph_assert(strcmp(lastimagename, ctx.name) == 0);
+
+	ret = ops->clone(&ctx, "snap", imagename, &order, stripe_unit,
+			 stripe_count);
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		prterrcode("do_clone: ops->clone", ret);
+		exit(165);
+	}
+
+	if (randomize_parent_overlap && rbd_image_has_parent(&ctx)) {
+		int rand = get_random() % 16 + 1; // [1..16]
+
+		if (rand < 13) {
+			uint64_t overlap;
+
+			ret = rbd_get_overlap(ctx.image, &overlap);
+			if (ret < 0) {
+				prterrcode("do_clone: rbd_get_overlap", ret);
+				exit(1);
+			}
+
+			if (rand < 10) {	// 9/16
+				newsize = overlap * ((double)rand / 10);
+				newsize -= newsize % truncbdy;
+			} else {		// 3/16
+				newsize = 0;
+			}
+
+			ceph_assert(newsize != (uint64_t)file_size);
+			prt("truncating image %s from 0x%llx (overlap 0x%llx) to 0x%llx\n",
+			    ctx.name, file_size, overlap, newsize);
+
+			ret = ops->resize(&ctx, newsize);
+			if (ret < 0) {
+				prterrcode("do_clone: ops->resize", ret);
+				exit(1);
+			}
+		} else if (rand < 15) {		// 2/16
+			prt("flattening image %s\n", ctx.name);
+
+			ret = ops->flatten(&ctx);
+			if (ret < 0) {
+				prterrcode("do_clone: ops->flatten", ret);
+				exit(1);
+			}
+		} else {			// 2/16
+			prt("leaving image %s intact\n", ctx.name);
+		}
+	}
+
+	clone_filename(filename, sizeof(filename), num_clones);
+	if ((fd = open(filename, O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC, 0666)) < 0) {
+		simple_err("do_clone: open", -errno);
+		exit(162);
+	}
+	save_buffer(good_buf, newsize, fd);
+	if ((ret = close(fd)) < 0) {
+		simple_err("do_clone: close", -errno);
+		exit(163);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Close parent.
+	 */
+	if ((ret = ops->close(&ctx)) < 0) {
+		prterrcode("do_clone: ops->close", ret);
+		exit(174);
+	}
+
+        if (journal_replay) {
+                ret = finalize_journal(ioctx, lastimagename, num_clones - 1,
+                                       order, stripe_unit, stripe_count);
+                if (ret < 0) {
+                        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+                }
+
+                ret = register_journal(ioctx, imagename);
+                if (ret < 0) {
+                        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+                }
+        }
+
+	/*
+	 * Open freshly made clone.
+	 */
+	if ((ret = ops->open(imagename, &ctx)) < 0) {
+		prterrcode("do_clone: ops->open", ret);
+		exit(166);
+	}
+
+	if (num_clones > 1) {
+                if (journal_replay) {
+		        check_clone(num_clones - 2, true);
+                }
+		check_clone(num_clones - 2, false);
+        }
+}
+
+void
+check_clone(int clonenum, bool replay_image)
+{
+	char filename[128];
+	char imagename[128];
+	int ret, fd;
+	struct rbd_ctx cur_ctx = RBD_CTX_INIT;
+	struct stat file_info;
+	char *good_buf, *temp_buf;
+
+        if (replay_image) {
+                replay_imagename(imagename, sizeof(imagename), clonenum);
+        } else {
+        	clone_imagename(imagename, sizeof(imagename), clonenum);
+        }
+
+	if ((ret = ops->open(imagename, &cur_ctx)) < 0) {
+		prterrcode("check_clone: ops->open", ret);
+		exit(167);
+	}
+
+	clone_filename(filename, sizeof(filename), clonenum + 1);
+	if ((fd = open(filename, O_RDONLY)) < 0) {
+		simple_err("check_clone: open", -errno);
+		exit(168);
+	}
+
+	prt("checking clone #%d, image %s against file %s\n",
+	    clonenum, imagename, filename);
+	if ((ret = fstat(fd, &file_info)) < 0) {
+		simple_err("check_clone: fstat", -errno);
+		exit(169);
+	}
+
+	good_buf = NULL;
+	ret = posix_memalign((void **)&good_buf,
+			     std::max(writebdy, (int)sizeof(void *)),
+			     file_info.st_size);
+	if (ret > 0) {
+		prterrcode("check_clone: posix_memalign(good_buf)", -ret);
+		exit(96);
+	}
+
+	temp_buf = NULL;
+	ret = posix_memalign((void **)&temp_buf,
+			     std::max(readbdy, (int)sizeof(void *)),
+			     file_info.st_size);
+	if (ret > 0) {
+		prterrcode("check_clone: posix_memalign(temp_buf)", -ret);
+		exit(97);
+	}
+
+	if ((ret = pread(fd, good_buf, file_info.st_size, 0)) < 0) {
+		simple_err("check_clone: pread", -errno);
+		exit(170);
+	}
+	if ((ret = ops->read(&cur_ctx, 0, file_info.st_size, temp_buf)) < 0) {
+		prterrcode("check_clone: ops->read", ret);
+		exit(171);
+	}
+	close(fd);
+	if ((ret = ops->close(&cur_ctx)) < 0) {
+		prterrcode("check_clone: ops->close", ret);
+		exit(174);
+	}
+	check_buffers(good_buf, temp_buf, 0, file_info.st_size);
+
+        if (!replay_image) {
+	        unlink(filename);
+        }
+
+	free(good_buf);
+	free(temp_buf);
+}
+
+void
+writefileimage()
+{
+	ssize_t ret;
+
+	ret = ops->write(&ctx, 0, file_size, good_buf);
+	if (ret != file_size) {
+		if (ret < 0)
+			prterrcode("writefileimage: ops->write", ret);
+		else
+			prt("short write: 0x%x bytes instead of 0x%llx\n",
+			    ret, (unsigned long long)file_size);
+		report_failure(172);
+	}
+
+	if (!lite) {
+		ret = ops->resize(&ctx, file_size);
+		if (ret < 0) {
+			prterrcode("writefileimage: ops->resize", ret);
+			report_failure(173);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+void
+do_flatten()
+{
+	int ret;
+
+	if (!rbd_image_has_parent(&ctx)) {
+		log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_FLATTEN, 0, 0);
+		return;
+	}
+	log4(OP_FLATTEN, 0, 0, 0);
+	prt("%lu flatten\n", testcalls);
+
+	ret = ops->flatten(&ctx);
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		prterrcode("writefileimage: ops->flatten", ret);
+		exit(177);
+	}
+}
+
+void
+docloseopen(void)
+{
+	char *name;
+	int ret;
+
+	if (testcalls <= simulatedopcount)
+		return;
+
+	name = strdup(ctx.name);
+
+	if (debug)
+		prt("%lu close/open\n", testcalls);
+
+	ret = ops->close(&ctx);
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		prterrcode("docloseopen: ops->close", ret);
+		report_failure(180);
+	}
+
+	ret = ops->open(name, &ctx);
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		prterrcode("docloseopen: ops->open", ret);
+		report_failure(181);
+	}
+
+	free(name);
+}
+
+#define TRIM_OFF_LEN(off, len, size)	\
+do {					\
+	if (size)			\
+		(off) %= (size);	\
+	else				\
+		(off) = 0;		\
+	if ((unsigned)(off) + (unsigned)(len) > (unsigned)(size))	\
+		(len) = (size) - (off);	\
+} while (0)
+
+void
+test(void)
+{
+	unsigned long	offset;
+	unsigned long	size = maxoplen;
+	unsigned long	rv = get_random();
+	unsigned long	op;
+
+	if (simulatedopcount > 0 && testcalls == simulatedopcount)
+		writefileimage();
+
+	testcalls++;
+
+	if (closeprob)
+		closeopen = (rv >> 3) < (1u << 28) / (unsigned)closeprob;
+
+	if (debugstart > 0 && testcalls >= debugstart)
+		debug = 1;
+
+	if (!quiet && testcalls < simulatedopcount && testcalls % 100000 == 0)
+		prt("%lu...\n", testcalls);
+
+	offset = get_random();
+	if (randomoplen)
+		size = get_random() % (maxoplen + 1);
+
+	/* calculate appropriate op to run */
+	if (lite)
+		op = rv % OP_MAX_LITE;
+	else
+		op = rv % OP_MAX_FULL;
+
+	switch (op) {
+	case OP_MAPREAD:
+		if (!mapped_reads)
+			op = OP_READ;
+		break;
+	case OP_MAPWRITE:
+		if (!mapped_writes)
+			op = OP_WRITE;
+		break;
+	case OP_FALLOCATE:
+		if (!fallocate_calls) {
+			log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_FALLOCATE, offset, size);
+			goto out;
+		}
+		break;
+	case OP_PUNCH_HOLE:
+		if (!punch_hole_calls) {
+			log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_PUNCH_HOLE, offset, size);
+			goto out;
+		}
+		break;
+	case OP_CLONE:
+		/* clone, 8% chance */
+		if (!clone_calls || file_size == 0 || get_random() % 100 >= 8) {
+			log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_CLONE, 0, 0);
+			goto out;
+		}
+		break;
+	case OP_FLATTEN:
+		/* flatten four times as rarely as clone, 2% chance */
+		if (get_random() % 100 >= 2) {
+			log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_FLATTEN, 0, 0);
+			goto out;
+		}
+		break;
+	case OP_WRITESAME:
+		/* writesame not implemented */
+		if (!ops->writesame) {
+			log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_WRITESAME, offset, size);
+			goto out;
+		}
+		break;
+        case OP_COMPARE_AND_WRITE:
+                /* compare_and_write not implemented */
+                if (!ops->compare_and_write) {
+                        log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_COMPARE_AND_WRITE, offset, size);
+                        goto out;
+                }
+		break;
+	}
+
+	switch (op) {
+	case OP_READ:
+		TRIM_OFF_LEN(offset, size, file_size);
+		doread(offset, size);
+		break;
+
+	case OP_WRITE:
+		TRIM_OFF_LEN(offset, size, maxfilelen);
+		dowrite(offset, size);
+		break;
+
+	case OP_MAPREAD:
+		TRIM_OFF_LEN(offset, size, file_size);
+		exit(183);
+		break;
+
+	case OP_MAPWRITE:
+		TRIM_OFF_LEN(offset, size, maxfilelen);
+		exit(182);
+		break;
+
+	case OP_TRUNCATE:
+		if (!style)
+			size = get_random() % maxfilelen;
+		dotruncate(size);
+		break;
+
+	case OP_PUNCH_HOLE:
+		TRIM_OFF_LEN(offset, size, file_size);
+		do_punch_hole(offset, size);
+		break;
+
+	case OP_WRITESAME:
+		TRIM_OFF_LEN(offset, size, maxfilelen);
+		dowritesame(offset, size);
+		break;
+        case OP_COMPARE_AND_WRITE:
+                TRIM_OFF_LEN(offset, size, file_size);
+                docompareandwrite(offset, size);
+                break;
+
+	case OP_CLONE:
+		do_clone();
+		break;
+
+	case OP_FLATTEN:
+		do_flatten();
+		break;
+
+	default:
+		prterr("test: unknown operation");
+		report_failure(42);
+		break;
+	}
+
+out:
+	if (sizechecks && testcalls > simulatedopcount)
+		check_size();
+	if (closeopen)
+		docloseopen();
+}
+
+
+void
+cleanup(int sig)
+{
+	if (sig)
+		prt("signal %d\n", sig);
+	prt("testcalls = %lu\n", testcalls);
+	exit(sig);
+}
+
+
+void
+usage(void)
+{
+	fprintf(stdout, "usage: %s",
+		"fsx [-dfjknqxyACFHKLORUWZ] [-b opnum] [-c Prob] [-h holebdy] [-l flen] [-m start:end] [-o oplen] [-p progressinterval] [-r readbdy] [-s style] [-t truncbdy] [-w writebdy] [-D startingop] [-N numops] [-P dirpath] [-S seed] pname iname\n\
+	-b opnum: beginning operation number (default 1)\n\
+	-c P: 1 in P chance of file close+open at each op (default infinity)\n\
+	-d: debug output for all operations\n\
+	-f: flush and invalidate cache after I/O\n\
+        -g: deep copy instead of clone\n\
+	-h holebdy: 4096 would make discards page aligned (default 1)\n\
+	-j: journal replay stress test\n\
+	-k: keep data on success (default 0)\n\
+	-l flen: the upper bound on file size (default 262144)\n\
+	-m startop:endop: monitor (print debug output) specified byte range (default 0:infinity)\n\
+	-n: no verifications of file size\n\
+	-o oplen: the upper bound on operation size (default 65536)\n\
+	-p progressinterval: debug output at specified operation interval\n\
+	-q: quieter operation\n\
+	-r readbdy: 4096 would make reads page aligned (default 1)\n\
+	-s style: 1 gives smaller truncates (default 0)\n\
+	-t truncbdy: 4096 would make truncates page aligned (default 1)\n\
+	-w writebdy: 4096 would make writes page aligned (default 1)\n\
+	-x: preallocate file space before starting, XFS only (default 0)\n\
+	-y: synchronize changes to a file\n"
+
+"	-C: do not use clone calls\n\
+	-D startingop: debug output starting at specified operation\n"
+#ifdef FALLOCATE
+"	-F: Do not use fallocate (preallocation) calls\n"
+#endif
+#if defined(__FreeBSD__)
+"	-G: enable rbd-ggate mode (use -L, -r and -w too)\n"
+#endif
+"	-H: do not use punch hole calls\n"
+#if defined(WITH_KRBD)
+"	-K: enable krbd mode (use -t and -h too)\n"
+#endif
+#if defined(__linux__)
+"	-M: enable rbd-nbd mode (use -t and -h too)\n"
+#endif
+"	-L: fsxLite - no file creations & no file size changes\n\
+	-N numops: total # operations to do (default infinity)\n\
+	-O: use oplen (see -o flag) for every op (default random)\n\
+	-P dirpath: save .fsxlog and .fsxgood files in dirpath (default ./)\n\
+	-R: read() system calls only (mapped reads disabled)\n\
+	-S seed: for random # generator (default 1) 0 gets timestamp\n\
+	-U: disable randomized striping\n\
+	-W: mapped write operations DISabled\n\
+	-Z: O_DIRECT (use -R, -W, -r and -w too)\n\
+	poolname: this is REQUIRED (no default)\n\
+	imagename: this is REQUIRED (no default)\n");
+	exit(89);
+}
+
+
+int
+getnum(char *s, char **e)
+{
+	int ret;
+
+	*e = (char *) 0;
+	ret = strtol(s, e, 0);
+	if (*e)
+		switch (**e) {
+		case 'b':
+		case 'B':
+			ret *= 512;
+			*e = *e + 1;
+			break;
+		case 'k':
+		case 'K':
+			ret *= 1024;
+			*e = *e + 1;
+			break;
+		case 'm':
+		case 'M':
+			ret *= 1024*1024;
+			*e = *e + 1;
+			break;
+		case 'w':
+		case 'W':
+			ret *= 4;
+			*e = *e + 1;
+			break;
+		}
+	return (ret);
+}
+
+void
+test_fallocate()
+{
+#ifdef FALLOCATE
+	if (!lite && fallocate_calls) {
+		if (fallocate(fd, 0, 0, 1) && errno == EOPNOTSUPP) {
+			if(!quiet)
+				warn("main: filesystem does not support fallocate, disabling\n");
+			fallocate_calls = 0;
+		} else {
+			ftruncate(fd, 0);
+		}
+	}
+#else /* ! FALLOCATE */
+	fallocate_calls = 0;
+#endif
+
+}
+
+void remove_image(rados_ioctx_t ioctx, char *imagename, bool remove_snap,
+                  bool unregister) {
+	rbd_image_t image;
+	char errmsg[128];
+        int ret;
+
+	if ((ret = rbd_open(ioctx, imagename, &image, NULL)) < 0) {
+		sprintf(errmsg, "rbd_open %s", imagename);
+		prterrcode(errmsg, ret);
+		report_failure(101);
+	}
+	if (remove_snap) {
+		if ((ret = rbd_snap_unprotect(image, "snap")) < 0) {
+			sprintf(errmsg, "rbd_snap_unprotect %s@snap",
+				imagename);
+			prterrcode(errmsg, ret);
+			report_failure(102);
+		}
+		if ((ret = rbd_snap_remove(image, "snap")) < 0) {
+			sprintf(errmsg, "rbd_snap_remove %s@snap",
+				imagename);
+			prterrcode(errmsg, ret);
+			report_failure(103);
+		}
+	}
+	if ((ret = rbd_close(image)) < 0) {
+		sprintf(errmsg, "rbd_close %s", imagename);
+		prterrcode(errmsg, ret);
+		report_failure(104);
+	}
+
+        if (unregister &&
+            (ret = unregister_journal(ioctx, imagename)) < 0) {
+                report_failure(105);
+        }
+
+	if ((ret = rbd_remove(ioctx, imagename)) < 0) {
+		sprintf(errmsg, "rbd_remove %s", imagename);
+		prterrcode(errmsg, ret);
+		report_failure(106);
+	}
+}
+
+int
+main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	enum {
+		LONG_OPT_CLUSTER = 1000,
+		LONG_OPT_ID = 1001
+	};
+
+	int	i, style, ch, ret;
+	char	*endp;
+	char goodfile[1024];
+	char logfile[1024];
+
+	const char* optstring = "b:c:dfgh:jkl:m:no:p:qr:s:t:w:xyCD:FGHKMLN:OP:RS:UWZ";
+	const struct option longopts[] = {
+		{"cluster", 1, NULL, LONG_OPT_CLUSTER},
+		{"id", 1, NULL, LONG_OPT_ID}};
+
+	goodfile[0] = 0;
+	logfile[0] = 0;
+
+	page_size = PAGE_SIZE;
+	page_mask = page_size - 1;
+	mmap_mask = page_mask;
+
+	setvbuf(stdout, (char *)0, _IOLBF, 0); /* line buffered stdout */
+
+	while ((ch = getopt_long(argc, argv, optstring, longopts, NULL)) != EOF) {
+		switch (ch) {
+		case LONG_OPT_CLUSTER:
+			cluster_name = optarg;
+			break;
+		case LONG_OPT_ID:
+			client_id = optarg;
+			break;
+		case 'b':
+			simulatedopcount = getnum(optarg, &endp);
+			if (!quiet)
+				fprintf(stdout, "Will begin at operation %lu\n",
+					simulatedopcount);
+			if (simulatedopcount == 0)
+				usage();
+			simulatedopcount -= 1;
+			break;
+		case 'c':
+			closeprob = getnum(optarg, &endp);
+			if (!quiet)
+				fprintf(stdout,
+					"Chance of close/open is 1 in %d\n",
+					closeprob);
+			if (closeprob <= 0)
+				usage();
+			break;
+		case 'd':
+			debug = 1;
+			break;
+		case 'f':
+			flush_enabled = 1;
+			break;
+		case 'g':
+			deep_copy = 1;
+			break;
+		case 'h':
+			holebdy = getnum(optarg, &endp);
+			if (holebdy <= 0)
+				usage();
+			break;
+                case 'j':
+                        journal_replay = true;
+                        break;
+		case 'k':
+			keep_on_success = 1;
+			break;
+		case 'l':
+			{
+				int _num = getnum(optarg, &endp);
+				if (_num <= 0)
+					usage();
+				maxfilelen = _num;
+			}
+			break;
+		case 'm':
+			monitorstart = getnum(optarg, &endp);
+			if (monitorstart < 0)
+				usage();
+			if (!endp || *endp++ != ':')
+				usage();
+			monitorend = getnum(endp, &endp);
+			if (monitorend < 0)
+				usage();
+			if (monitorend == 0)
+				monitorend = -1; /* aka infinity */
+			debug = 1;
+			break;
+		case 'n':
+			sizechecks = 0;
+			break;
+		case 'o':
+			maxoplen = getnum(optarg, &endp);
+			if (maxoplen <= 0)
+				usage();
+			break;
+		case 'p':
+			progressinterval = getnum(optarg, &endp);
+			if (progressinterval == 0)
+				usage();
+			break;
+		case 'q':
+			quiet = 1;
+			break;
+		case 'r':
+			readbdy = getnum(optarg, &endp);
+			if (readbdy <= 0)
+				usage();
+			break;
+		case 's':
+			style = getnum(optarg, &endp);
+			if (style < 0 || style > 1)
+				usage();
+			break;
+		case 't':
+			truncbdy = getnum(optarg, &endp);
+			if (truncbdy <= 0)
+				usage();
+			break;
+		case 'w':
+			writebdy = getnum(optarg, &endp);
+			if (writebdy <= 0)
+				usage();
+			break;
+		case 'x':
+			prealloc = 1;
+			break;
+		case 'y':
+			do_fsync = 1;
+			break;
+		case 'C':
+			clone_calls = 0;
+			break;
+		case 'D':
+			debugstart = getnum(optarg, &endp);
+			if (debugstart < 1)
+				usage();
+			break;
+		case 'F':
+			fallocate_calls = 0;
+			break;
+#if defined(__FreeBSD__)
+		case 'G':
+			prt("rbd-ggate mode enabled\n");
+			ops = &ggate_operations;
+			break;
+#endif
+		case 'H':
+			punch_hole_calls = 0;
+			break;
+#if defined(WITH_KRBD)
+		case 'K':
+			prt("krbd mode enabled\n");
+			ops = &krbd_operations;
+			break;
+#endif
+#if defined(__linux__)
+		case 'M':
+			prt("rbd-nbd mode enabled\n");
+			ops = &nbd_operations;
+			break;
+#endif
+		case 'L':
+			lite = 1;
+			break;
+		case 'N':
+			numops = getnum(optarg, &endp);
+			if (numops < 0)
+				usage();
+			break;
+		case 'O':
+			randomoplen = 0;
+			break;
+		case 'P':
+			strncpy(dirpath, optarg, sizeof(dirpath)-1);
+			dirpath[sizeof(dirpath)-1] = '\0';
+			strncpy(goodfile, dirpath, sizeof(goodfile)-1);
+			goodfile[sizeof(goodfile)-1] = '\0';
+			if (strlen(goodfile) < sizeof(goodfile)-2) {
+				strcat(goodfile, "/");
+			} else {
+				prt("file name to long\n");
+				exit(1);
+			}
+			strncpy(logfile, dirpath, sizeof(logfile)-1);
+			logfile[sizeof(logfile)-1] = '\0';
+			if (strlen(logfile) < sizeof(logfile)-2) {
+				strcat(logfile, "/");
+			} else {
+				prt("file path to long\n");
+				exit(1);
+			}
+			break;
+                case 'R':
+                        mapped_reads = 0;
+			if (!quiet)
+				fprintf(stdout, "mapped reads DISABLED\n");
+                        break;
+		case 'S':
+                        seed = getnum(optarg, &endp);
+			if (seed == 0)
+				seed = std::random_device()() % 10000;
+			if (!quiet)
+				fprintf(stdout, "Seed set to %d\n", seed);
+			if (seed < 0)
+				usage();
+			break;
+		case 'U':
+			randomize_striping = 0;
+			break;
+		case 'W':
+		        mapped_writes = 0;
+			if (!quiet)
+				fprintf(stdout, "mapped writes DISABLED\n");
+			break;
+		case 'Z':
+            #ifdef O_DIRECT
+			o_direct = O_DIRECT;
+            #endif
+			break;
+		default:
+			usage();
+			/* NOTREACHED */
+		}
+	}
+	argc -= optind;
+	argv += optind;
+	if (argc != 2)
+		usage();
+	pool = argv[0];
+	iname = argv[1];
+
+    #ifndef _WIN32
+	signal(SIGHUP,	cleanup);
+	signal(SIGINT,	cleanup);
+	signal(SIGPIPE,	cleanup);
+	signal(SIGALRM,	cleanup);
+	signal(SIGTERM,	cleanup);
+	signal(SIGXCPU,	cleanup);
+	signal(SIGXFSZ,	cleanup);
+	signal(SIGVTALRM,	cleanup);
+	signal(SIGUSR1,	cleanup);
+	signal(SIGUSR2,	cleanup);
+    #endif
+
+	random_generator.seed(seed);
+
+	if (lite) {
+		file_size = maxfilelen;
+	}
+
+	ret = create_image();
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		prterrcode(iname, ret);
+		exit(90);
+	}
+	ret = ops->open(iname, &ctx);
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		simple_err("Error opening image", ret);
+		exit(91);
+	}
+	if (!dirpath[0])
+		strcat(dirpath, ".");
+	strncat(goodfile, iname, 256);
+	strcat (goodfile, ".fsxgood");
+	fsxgoodfd = open(goodfile, O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC, 0666);
+	if (fsxgoodfd < 0) {
+		prterr(goodfile);
+		exit(92);
+	}
+	strncat(logfile, iname, 256);
+	strcat (logfile, ".fsxlog");
+	fsxlogf = fopen(logfile, "w");
+	if (fsxlogf == NULL) {
+		prterr(logfile);
+		exit(93);
+	}
+
+	original_buf = (char *) malloc(maxfilelen);
+	for (i = 0; i < (int)maxfilelen; i++)
+		original_buf[i] = get_random() % 256;
+
+	ret = posix_memalign((void **)&good_buf,
+			     std::max(writebdy, (int)sizeof(void *)), maxfilelen);
+	if (ret > 0) {
+		if (ret == EINVAL)
+			prt("writebdy is not a suitable power of two\n");
+		else
+			prterrcode("main: posix_memalign(good_buf)", -ret);
+		exit(94);
+	}
+	memset(good_buf, '\0', maxfilelen);
+
+	ret = posix_memalign((void **)&temp_buf,
+			     std::max(readbdy, (int)sizeof(void *)), maxfilelen);
+	if (ret > 0) {
+		if (ret == EINVAL)
+			prt("readbdy is not a suitable power of two\n");
+		else
+			prterrcode("main: posix_memalign(temp_buf)", -ret);
+		exit(95);
+	}
+	memset(temp_buf, '\0', maxfilelen);
+
+	if (lite) {	/* zero entire existing file */
+		ssize_t written;
+
+		written = ops->write(&ctx, 0, (size_t)maxfilelen, good_buf);
+		if (written != (ssize_t)maxfilelen) {
+			if (written < 0) {
+				prterrcode(iname, written);
+				warn("main: error on write");
+			} else
+				warn("main: short write, 0x%x bytes instead "
+					"of 0x%lx\n",
+					(unsigned)written,
+					maxfilelen);
+			exit(98);
+		}
+	} else
+		check_trunc_hack();
+
+	//test_fallocate();
+
+	while (numops == -1 || numops--)
+		test();
+
+	ret = ops->close(&ctx);
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		prterrcode("ops->close", ret);
+		report_failure(99);
+	}
+
+        if (journal_replay) {
+                char imagename[1024];
+	        clone_imagename(imagename, sizeof(imagename), num_clones);
+                ret = finalize_journal(ioctx, imagename, num_clones, 0, 0, 0);
+                if (ret < 0) {
+                        report_failure(100);
+                }
+        }
+
+	if (num_clones > 0) {
+                if (journal_replay) {
+		        check_clone(num_clones - 1, true);
+                }
+		check_clone(num_clones - 1, false);
+        }
+
+	if (!keep_on_success) {
+		while (num_clones >= 0) {
+			static bool remove_snap = false;
+
+			if (journal_replay) {
+				char replayimagename[1024];
+				replay_imagename(replayimagename,
+						 sizeof(replayimagename),
+						 num_clones);
+				remove_image(ioctx, replayimagename,
+					     remove_snap,
+					     false);
+			}
+
+			char clonename[128];
+			clone_imagename(clonename, 128, num_clones);
+			remove_image(ioctx, clonename, remove_snap,
+				     journal_replay);
+
+			remove_snap = true;
+			num_clones--;
+		}
+	}
+
+	prt("All operations completed A-OK!\n");
+	fclose(fsxlogf);
+
+	rados_ioctx_destroy(ioctx);
+#if defined(WITH_KRBD)
+	krbd_destroy(krbd);
+#endif
+	rados_shutdown(cluster);
+
+	free(original_buf);
+	free(good_buf);
+	free(temp_buf);
+
+	exit(0);
+	return 0;
+}