diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'src/rocksdb/memtable/skiplist.h')
-rw-r--r-- | src/rocksdb/memtable/skiplist.h | 496 |
1 files changed, 496 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/src/rocksdb/memtable/skiplist.h b/src/rocksdb/memtable/skiplist.h new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52818e302 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/rocksdb/memtable/skiplist.h @@ -0,0 +1,496 @@ +// Copyright (c) 2011-present, Facebook, Inc. All rights reserved. +// This source code is licensed under both the GPLv2 (found in the +// COPYING file in the root directory) and Apache 2.0 License +// (found in the LICENSE.Apache file in the root directory). +// +// Copyright (c) 2011 The LevelDB Authors. All rights reserved. +// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be +// found in the LICENSE file. See the AUTHORS file for names of contributors. +// +// Thread safety +// ------------- +// +// Writes require external synchronization, most likely a mutex. +// Reads require a guarantee that the SkipList will not be destroyed +// while the read is in progress. Apart from that, reads progress +// without any internal locking or synchronization. +// +// Invariants: +// +// (1) Allocated nodes are never deleted until the SkipList is +// destroyed. This is trivially guaranteed by the code since we +// never delete any skip list nodes. +// +// (2) The contents of a Node except for the next/prev pointers are +// immutable after the Node has been linked into the SkipList. +// Only Insert() modifies the list, and it is careful to initialize +// a node and use release-stores to publish the nodes in one or +// more lists. +// +// ... prev vs. next pointer ordering ... +// + +#pragma once +#include <assert.h> +#include <stdlib.h> +#include <atomic> +#include "memory/allocator.h" +#include "port/port.h" +#include "util/random.h" + +namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE { + +template<typename Key, class Comparator> +class SkipList { + private: + struct Node; + + public: + // Create a new SkipList object that will use "cmp" for comparing keys, + // and will allocate memory using "*allocator". Objects allocated in the + // allocator must remain allocated for the lifetime of the skiplist object. + explicit SkipList(Comparator cmp, Allocator* allocator, + int32_t max_height = 12, int32_t branching_factor = 4); + // No copying allowed + SkipList(const SkipList&) = delete; + void operator=(const SkipList&) = delete; + + // Insert key into the list. + // REQUIRES: nothing that compares equal to key is currently in the list. + void Insert(const Key& key); + + // Returns true iff an entry that compares equal to key is in the list. + bool Contains(const Key& key) const; + + // Return estimated number of entries smaller than `key`. + uint64_t EstimateCount(const Key& key) const; + + // Iteration over the contents of a skip list + class Iterator { + public: + // Initialize an iterator over the specified list. + // The returned iterator is not valid. + explicit Iterator(const SkipList* list); + + // Change the underlying skiplist used for this iterator + // This enables us not changing the iterator without deallocating + // an old one and then allocating a new one + void SetList(const SkipList* list); + + // Returns true iff the iterator is positioned at a valid node. + bool Valid() const; + + // Returns the key at the current position. + // REQUIRES: Valid() + const Key& key() const; + + // Advances to the next position. + // REQUIRES: Valid() + void Next(); + + // Advances to the previous position. + // REQUIRES: Valid() + void Prev(); + + // Advance to the first entry with a key >= target + void Seek(const Key& target); + + // Retreat to the last entry with a key <= target + void SeekForPrev(const Key& target); + + // Position at the first entry in list. + // Final state of iterator is Valid() iff list is not empty. + void SeekToFirst(); + + // Position at the last entry in list. + // Final state of iterator is Valid() iff list is not empty. + void SeekToLast(); + + private: + const SkipList* list_; + Node* node_; + // Intentionally copyable + }; + + private: + const uint16_t kMaxHeight_; + const uint16_t kBranching_; + const uint32_t kScaledInverseBranching_; + + // Immutable after construction + Comparator const compare_; + Allocator* const allocator_; // Allocator used for allocations of nodes + + Node* const head_; + + // Modified only by Insert(). Read racily by readers, but stale + // values are ok. + std::atomic<int> max_height_; // Height of the entire list + + // Used for optimizing sequential insert patterns. Tricky. prev_[i] for + // i up to max_height_ is the predecessor of prev_[0] and prev_height_ + // is the height of prev_[0]. prev_[0] can only be equal to head before + // insertion, in which case max_height_ and prev_height_ are 1. + Node** prev_; + int32_t prev_height_; + + inline int GetMaxHeight() const { + return max_height_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed); + } + + Node* NewNode(const Key& key, int height); + int RandomHeight(); + bool Equal(const Key& a, const Key& b) const { return (compare_(a, b) == 0); } + bool LessThan(const Key& a, const Key& b) const { + return (compare_(a, b) < 0); + } + + // Return true if key is greater than the data stored in "n" + bool KeyIsAfterNode(const Key& key, Node* n) const; + + // Returns the earliest node with a key >= key. + // Return nullptr if there is no such node. + Node* FindGreaterOrEqual(const Key& key) const; + + // Return the latest node with a key < key. + // Return head_ if there is no such node. + // Fills prev[level] with pointer to previous node at "level" for every + // level in [0..max_height_-1], if prev is non-null. + Node* FindLessThan(const Key& key, Node** prev = nullptr) const; + + // Return the last node in the list. + // Return head_ if list is empty. + Node* FindLast() const; +}; + +// Implementation details follow +template<typename Key, class Comparator> +struct SkipList<Key, Comparator>::Node { + explicit Node(const Key& k) : key(k) { } + + Key const key; + + // Accessors/mutators for links. Wrapped in methods so we can + // add the appropriate barriers as necessary. + Node* Next(int n) { + assert(n >= 0); + // Use an 'acquire load' so that we observe a fully initialized + // version of the returned Node. + return (next_[n].load(std::memory_order_acquire)); + } + void SetNext(int n, Node* x) { + assert(n >= 0); + // Use a 'release store' so that anybody who reads through this + // pointer observes a fully initialized version of the inserted node. + next_[n].store(x, std::memory_order_release); + } + + // No-barrier variants that can be safely used in a few locations. + Node* NoBarrier_Next(int n) { + assert(n >= 0); + return next_[n].load(std::memory_order_relaxed); + } + void NoBarrier_SetNext(int n, Node* x) { + assert(n >= 0); + next_[n].store(x, std::memory_order_relaxed); + } + + private: + // Array of length equal to the node height. next_[0] is lowest level link. + std::atomic<Node*> next_[1]; +}; + +template<typename Key, class Comparator> +typename SkipList<Key, Comparator>::Node* +SkipList<Key, Comparator>::NewNode(const Key& key, int height) { + char* mem = allocator_->AllocateAligned( + sizeof(Node) + sizeof(std::atomic<Node*>) * (height - 1)); + return new (mem) Node(key); +} + +template<typename Key, class Comparator> +inline SkipList<Key, Comparator>::Iterator::Iterator(const SkipList* list) { + SetList(list); +} + +template<typename Key, class Comparator> +inline void SkipList<Key, Comparator>::Iterator::SetList(const SkipList* list) { + list_ = list; + node_ = nullptr; +} + +template<typename Key, class Comparator> +inline bool SkipList<Key, Comparator>::Iterator::Valid() const { + return node_ != nullptr; +} + +template<typename Key, class Comparator> +inline const Key& SkipList<Key, Comparator>::Iterator::key() const { + assert(Valid()); + return node_->key; +} + +template<typename Key, class Comparator> +inline void SkipList<Key, Comparator>::Iterator::Next() { + assert(Valid()); + node_ = node_->Next(0); +} + +template<typename Key, class Comparator> +inline void SkipList<Key, Comparator>::Iterator::Prev() { + // Instead of using explicit "prev" links, we just search for the + // last node that falls before key. + assert(Valid()); + node_ = list_->FindLessThan(node_->key); + if (node_ == list_->head_) { + node_ = nullptr; + } +} + +template<typename Key, class Comparator> +inline void SkipList<Key, Comparator>::Iterator::Seek(const Key& target) { + node_ = list_->FindGreaterOrEqual(target); +} + +template <typename Key, class Comparator> +inline void SkipList<Key, Comparator>::Iterator::SeekForPrev( + const Key& target) { + Seek(target); + if (!Valid()) { + SeekToLast(); + } + while (Valid() && list_->LessThan(target, key())) { + Prev(); + } +} + +template <typename Key, class Comparator> +inline void SkipList<Key, Comparator>::Iterator::SeekToFirst() { + node_ = list_->head_->Next(0); +} + +template<typename Key, class Comparator> +inline void SkipList<Key, Comparator>::Iterator::SeekToLast() { + node_ = list_->FindLast(); + if (node_ == list_->head_) { + node_ = nullptr; + } +} + +template<typename Key, class Comparator> +int SkipList<Key, Comparator>::RandomHeight() { + auto rnd = Random::GetTLSInstance(); + + // Increase height with probability 1 in kBranching + int height = 1; + while (height < kMaxHeight_ && rnd->Next() < kScaledInverseBranching_) { + height++; + } + assert(height > 0); + assert(height <= kMaxHeight_); + return height; +} + +template<typename Key, class Comparator> +bool SkipList<Key, Comparator>::KeyIsAfterNode(const Key& key, Node* n) const { + // nullptr n is considered infinite + return (n != nullptr) && (compare_(n->key, key) < 0); +} + +template<typename Key, class Comparator> +typename SkipList<Key, Comparator>::Node* SkipList<Key, Comparator>:: + FindGreaterOrEqual(const Key& key) const { + // Note: It looks like we could reduce duplication by implementing + // this function as FindLessThan(key)->Next(0), but we wouldn't be able + // to exit early on equality and the result wouldn't even be correct. + // A concurrent insert might occur after FindLessThan(key) but before + // we get a chance to call Next(0). + Node* x = head_; + int level = GetMaxHeight() - 1; + Node* last_bigger = nullptr; + while (true) { + assert(x != nullptr); + Node* next = x->Next(level); + // Make sure the lists are sorted + assert(x == head_ || next == nullptr || KeyIsAfterNode(next->key, x)); + // Make sure we haven't overshot during our search + assert(x == head_ || KeyIsAfterNode(key, x)); + int cmp = (next == nullptr || next == last_bigger) + ? 1 : compare_(next->key, key); + if (cmp == 0 || (cmp > 0 && level == 0)) { + return next; + } else if (cmp < 0) { + // Keep searching in this list + x = next; + } else { + // Switch to next list, reuse compare_() result + last_bigger = next; + level--; + } + } +} + +template<typename Key, class Comparator> +typename SkipList<Key, Comparator>::Node* +SkipList<Key, Comparator>::FindLessThan(const Key& key, Node** prev) const { + Node* x = head_; + int level = GetMaxHeight() - 1; + // KeyIsAfter(key, last_not_after) is definitely false + Node* last_not_after = nullptr; + while (true) { + assert(x != nullptr); + Node* next = x->Next(level); + assert(x == head_ || next == nullptr || KeyIsAfterNode(next->key, x)); + assert(x == head_ || KeyIsAfterNode(key, x)); + if (next != last_not_after && KeyIsAfterNode(key, next)) { + // Keep searching in this list + x = next; + } else { + if (prev != nullptr) { + prev[level] = x; + } + if (level == 0) { + return x; + } else { + // Switch to next list, reuse KeyIUsAfterNode() result + last_not_after = next; + level--; + } + } + } +} + +template<typename Key, class Comparator> +typename SkipList<Key, Comparator>::Node* SkipList<Key, Comparator>::FindLast() + const { + Node* x = head_; + int level = GetMaxHeight() - 1; + while (true) { + Node* next = x->Next(level); + if (next == nullptr) { + if (level == 0) { + return x; + } else { + // Switch to next list + level--; + } + } else { + x = next; + } + } +} + +template <typename Key, class Comparator> +uint64_t SkipList<Key, Comparator>::EstimateCount(const Key& key) const { + uint64_t count = 0; + + Node* x = head_; + int level = GetMaxHeight() - 1; + while (true) { + assert(x == head_ || compare_(x->key, key) < 0); + Node* next = x->Next(level); + if (next == nullptr || compare_(next->key, key) >= 0) { + if (level == 0) { + return count; + } else { + // Switch to next list + count *= kBranching_; + level--; + } + } else { + x = next; + count++; + } + } +} + +template <typename Key, class Comparator> +SkipList<Key, Comparator>::SkipList(const Comparator cmp, Allocator* allocator, + int32_t max_height, + int32_t branching_factor) + : kMaxHeight_(static_cast<uint16_t>(max_height)), + kBranching_(static_cast<uint16_t>(branching_factor)), + kScaledInverseBranching_((Random::kMaxNext + 1) / kBranching_), + compare_(cmp), + allocator_(allocator), + head_(NewNode(0 /* any key will do */, max_height)), + max_height_(1), + prev_height_(1) { + assert(max_height > 0 && kMaxHeight_ == static_cast<uint32_t>(max_height)); + assert(branching_factor > 0 && + kBranching_ == static_cast<uint32_t>(branching_factor)); + assert(kScaledInverseBranching_ > 0); + // Allocate the prev_ Node* array, directly from the passed-in allocator. + // prev_ does not need to be freed, as its life cycle is tied up with + // the allocator as a whole. + prev_ = reinterpret_cast<Node**>( + allocator_->AllocateAligned(sizeof(Node*) * kMaxHeight_)); + for (int i = 0; i < kMaxHeight_; i++) { + head_->SetNext(i, nullptr); + prev_[i] = head_; + } +} + +template<typename Key, class Comparator> +void SkipList<Key, Comparator>::Insert(const Key& key) { + // fast path for sequential insertion + if (!KeyIsAfterNode(key, prev_[0]->NoBarrier_Next(0)) && + (prev_[0] == head_ || KeyIsAfterNode(key, prev_[0]))) { + assert(prev_[0] != head_ || (prev_height_ == 1 && GetMaxHeight() == 1)); + + // Outside of this method prev_[1..max_height_] is the predecessor + // of prev_[0], and prev_height_ refers to prev_[0]. Inside Insert + // prev_[0..max_height - 1] is the predecessor of key. Switch from + // the external state to the internal + for (int i = 1; i < prev_height_; i++) { + prev_[i] = prev_[0]; + } + } else { + // TODO(opt): we could use a NoBarrier predecessor search as an + // optimization for architectures where memory_order_acquire needs + // a synchronization instruction. Doesn't matter on x86 + FindLessThan(key, prev_); + } + + // Our data structure does not allow duplicate insertion + assert(prev_[0]->Next(0) == nullptr || !Equal(key, prev_[0]->Next(0)->key)); + + int height = RandomHeight(); + if (height > GetMaxHeight()) { + for (int i = GetMaxHeight(); i < height; i++) { + prev_[i] = head_; + } + //fprintf(stderr, "Change height from %d to %d\n", max_height_, height); + + // It is ok to mutate max_height_ without any synchronization + // with concurrent readers. A concurrent reader that observes + // the new value of max_height_ will see either the old value of + // new level pointers from head_ (nullptr), or a new value set in + // the loop below. In the former case the reader will + // immediately drop to the next level since nullptr sorts after all + // keys. In the latter case the reader will use the new node. + max_height_.store(height, std::memory_order_relaxed); + } + + Node* x = NewNode(key, height); + for (int i = 0; i < height; i++) { + // NoBarrier_SetNext() suffices since we will add a barrier when + // we publish a pointer to "x" in prev[i]. + x->NoBarrier_SetNext(i, prev_[i]->NoBarrier_Next(i)); + prev_[i]->SetNext(i, x); + } + prev_[0] = x; + prev_height_ = height; +} + +template<typename Key, class Comparator> +bool SkipList<Key, Comparator>::Contains(const Key& key) const { + Node* x = FindGreaterOrEqual(key); + if (x != nullptr && Equal(key, x->key)) { + return true; + } else { + return false; + } +} + +} // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE |