From 19fcec84d8d7d21e796c7624e521b60d28ee21ed Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>
Date: Sun, 7 Apr 2024 20:45:59 +0200
Subject: Adding upstream version 16.2.11+ds.

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>
---
 src/test/crush/crush.cc | 658 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 658 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/test/crush/crush.cc

(limited to 'src/test/crush/crush.cc')

diff --git a/src/test/crush/crush.cc b/src/test/crush/crush.cc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f99dedbe8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/crush/crush.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,658 @@
+// -*- mode:C++; tab-width:8; c-basic-offset:2; indent-tabs-mode:t -*-
+// vim: ts=8 sw=2 smarttab
+/*
+ * Ceph - scalable distributed file system
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2013 Inktank <info@inktank.com>
+ *
+ * LGPL-2.1 (see COPYING-LGPL2.1) or later
+ */
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <memory>
+#include <set>
+
+#include "common/ceph_argparse.h"
+#include "common/common_init.h"
+#include "include/stringify.h"
+
+#include "crush/CrushWrapper.h"
+#include "osd/osd_types.h"
+
+std::unique_ptr<CrushWrapper> build_indep_map(CephContext *cct, int num_rack,
+                              int num_host, int num_osd)
+{
+  std::unique_ptr<CrushWrapper> c(new CrushWrapper);
+  c->create();
+
+  c->set_type_name(5, "root");
+  c->set_type_name(4, "row");
+  c->set_type_name(3, "rack");
+  c->set_type_name(2, "chasis");
+  c->set_type_name(1, "host");
+  c->set_type_name(0, "osd");
+
+  int rootno;
+  c->add_bucket(0, CRUSH_BUCKET_STRAW, CRUSH_HASH_RJENKINS1,
+		5, 0, NULL, NULL, &rootno);
+  c->set_item_name(rootno, "default");
+
+  map<string,string> loc;
+  loc["root"] = "default";
+
+  int osd = 0;
+  for (int r=0; r<num_rack; ++r) {
+    loc["rack"] = string("rack-") + stringify(r);
+    for (int h=0; h<num_host; ++h) {
+      loc["host"] = string("host-") + stringify(r) + string("-") + stringify(h);
+      for (int o=0; o<num_osd; ++o, ++osd) {
+	c->insert_item(cct, osd, 1.0, string("osd.") + stringify(osd), loc);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  int ret;
+  int ruleno = 0;
+  ret = c->add_rule(ruleno, 4, 123, 1, 20);
+  ceph_assert(ret == ruleno);
+  ret = c->set_rule_step(ruleno, 0, CRUSH_RULE_SET_CHOOSELEAF_TRIES, 10, 0);
+  ceph_assert(ret == 0);
+  ret = c->set_rule_step(ruleno, 1, CRUSH_RULE_TAKE, rootno, 0);
+  ceph_assert(ret == 0);
+  ret = c->set_rule_step(ruleno, 2, CRUSH_RULE_CHOOSELEAF_INDEP, CRUSH_CHOOSE_N, 1);
+  ceph_assert(ret == 0);
+  ret = c->set_rule_step(ruleno, 3, CRUSH_RULE_EMIT, 0, 0);
+  ceph_assert(ret == 0);
+  c->set_rule_name(ruleno, "data");
+
+  c->finalize();
+
+  if (false) {
+    Formatter *f = Formatter::create("json-pretty");
+    f->open_object_section("crush_map");
+    c->dump(f);
+    f->close_section();
+    f->flush(cout);
+    delete f;
+  }
+
+  return c;
+}
+
+int get_num_dups(const vector<int>& v)
+{
+  std::set<int> s;
+  int dups = 0;
+  for (auto n : v) {
+    if (s.count(n))
+      ++dups;
+    else if (n != CRUSH_ITEM_NONE)
+      s.insert(n);
+  }
+  return dups;
+}
+
+class CRUSHTest : public ::testing::Test
+{
+public:
+  void SetUp() final
+  {
+    CephInitParameters params(CEPH_ENTITY_TYPE_CLIENT);
+    cct = common_preinit(params, CODE_ENVIRONMENT_UTILITY,
+			 CINIT_FLAG_NO_DEFAULT_CONFIG_FILE);
+  }
+  void TearDown() final
+  {
+    cct->put();
+    cct = nullptr;
+  }
+protected:
+  CephContext *cct = nullptr;
+};
+
+TEST_F(CRUSHTest, indep_toosmall) {
+  std::unique_ptr<CrushWrapper> c(build_indep_map(cct, 1, 3, 1));
+  vector<__u32> weight(c->get_max_devices(), 0x10000);
+  c->dump_tree(&cout, NULL);
+
+  for (int x = 0; x < 100; ++x) {
+    vector<int> out;
+    c->do_rule(0, x, out, 5, weight, 0);
+    cout << x << " -> " << out << std::endl;
+    int num_none = 0;
+    for (unsigned i=0; i<out.size(); ++i) {
+      if (out[i] == CRUSH_ITEM_NONE)
+	num_none++;
+    }
+    ASSERT_EQ(2, num_none);
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, get_num_dups(out));
+  }
+}
+
+TEST_F(CRUSHTest, indep_basic) {
+  std::unique_ptr<CrushWrapper> c(build_indep_map(cct, 3, 3, 3));
+  vector<__u32> weight(c->get_max_devices(), 0x10000);
+  c->dump_tree(&cout, NULL);
+
+  for (int x = 0; x < 100; ++x) {
+    vector<int> out;
+    c->do_rule(0, x, out, 5, weight, 0);
+    cout << x << " -> " << out << std::endl;
+    int num_none = 0;
+    for (unsigned i=0; i<out.size(); ++i) {
+      if (out[i] == CRUSH_ITEM_NONE)
+	num_none++;
+    }
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, num_none);
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, get_num_dups(out));
+  }
+}
+
+TEST_F(CRUSHTest, indep_out_alt) {
+  std::unique_ptr<CrushWrapper> c(build_indep_map(cct, 3, 3, 3));
+  vector<__u32> weight(c->get_max_devices(), 0x10000);
+
+  // mark a bunch of osds out
+  int num = 3*3*3;
+  for (int i=0; i<num / 2; ++i)
+    weight[i*2] = 0;
+  c->dump_tree(&cout, NULL);
+
+  // need more retries to get 9/9 hosts for x in 0..99
+  c->set_choose_total_tries(100);
+  for (int x = 0; x < 100; ++x) {
+    vector<int> out;
+    c->do_rule(0, x, out, 9, weight, 0);
+    cout << x << " -> " << out << std::endl;
+    int num_none = 0;
+    for (unsigned i=0; i<out.size(); ++i) {
+      if (out[i] == CRUSH_ITEM_NONE)
+	num_none++;
+    }
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, num_none);
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, get_num_dups(out));
+  }
+}
+
+TEST_F(CRUSHTest, indep_out_contig) {
+  std::unique_ptr<CrushWrapper> c(build_indep_map(cct, 3, 3, 3));
+  vector<__u32> weight(c->get_max_devices(), 0x10000);
+
+  // mark a bunch of osds out
+  int num = 3*3*3;
+  for (int i=0; i<num / 3; ++i)
+    weight[i] = 0;
+  c->dump_tree(&cout, NULL);
+
+  c->set_choose_total_tries(100);
+  for (int x = 0; x < 100; ++x) {
+    vector<int> out;
+    c->do_rule(0, x, out, 7, weight, 0);
+    cout << x << " -> " << out << std::endl;
+    int num_none = 0;
+    for (unsigned i=0; i<out.size(); ++i) {
+      if (out[i] == CRUSH_ITEM_NONE)
+	num_none++;
+    }
+    ASSERT_EQ(1, num_none);
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, get_num_dups(out));
+  }
+}
+
+
+TEST_F(CRUSHTest, indep_out_progressive) {
+  std::unique_ptr<CrushWrapper> c(build_indep_map(cct, 3, 3, 3));
+  c->set_choose_total_tries(100);
+  vector<__u32> tweight(c->get_max_devices(), 0x10000);
+  c->dump_tree(&cout, NULL);
+
+  int tchanged = 0;
+  for (int x = 1; x < 5; ++x) {
+    vector<__u32> weight(c->get_max_devices(), 0x10000);
+
+    std::map<int,unsigned> pos;
+    vector<int> prev;
+    for (unsigned i=0; i<weight.size(); ++i) {
+      vector<int> out;
+      c->do_rule(0, x, out, 7, weight, 0);
+      cout << "(" << i << "/" << weight.size() << " out) "
+	   << x << " -> " << out << std::endl;
+      int num_none = 0;
+      for (unsigned k=0; k<out.size(); ++k) {
+	if (out[k] == CRUSH_ITEM_NONE)
+	  num_none++;
+      }
+      ASSERT_EQ(0, get_num_dups(out));
+
+      // make sure nothing moved
+      int moved = 0;
+      int changed = 0;
+      for (unsigned j=0; j<out.size(); ++j) {
+	if (i && out[j] != prev[j]) {
+	  ++changed;
+	  ++tchanged;
+	}
+	if (out[j] == CRUSH_ITEM_NONE) {
+	  continue;
+	}
+	if (i && pos.count(out[j])) {
+	  // result shouldn't have moved position
+	  if (j != pos[out[j]]) {
+	    cout << " " << out[j] << " moved from " << pos[out[j]] << " to " << j << std::endl;
+	    ++moved;
+	  }
+	  //ASSERT_EQ(j, pos[out[j]]);
+	}
+      }
+      if (moved || changed)
+	cout << " " << moved << " moved, " << changed << " changed" << std::endl;
+      ASSERT_LE(moved, 1);
+      ASSERT_LE(changed, 3);
+
+      // mark another osd out
+      weight[i] = 0;
+      prev = out;
+      pos.clear();
+      for (unsigned j=0; j<out.size(); ++j) {
+	if (out[j] != CRUSH_ITEM_NONE)
+	  pos[out[j]] = j;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  cout << tchanged << " total changed" << std::endl;
+
+}
+
+TEST_F(CRUSHTest, straw_zero) {
+  // zero weight items should have no effect on placement.
+
+  std::unique_ptr<CrushWrapper> c(new CrushWrapper);
+  const int ROOT_TYPE = 1;
+  c->set_type_name(ROOT_TYPE, "root");
+  const int OSD_TYPE = 0;
+  c->set_type_name(OSD_TYPE, "osd");
+
+  int n = 5;
+  int items[n], weights[n];
+  for (int i=0; i <n; ++i) {
+    items[i] = i;
+    weights[i] = 0x10000 * (n-i-1);
+  }
+
+  c->set_max_devices(n);
+
+  string root_name0("root0");
+  int root0;
+  EXPECT_EQ(0, c->add_bucket(0, CRUSH_BUCKET_STRAW, CRUSH_HASH_RJENKINS1,
+			     ROOT_TYPE, n, items, weights, &root0));
+  EXPECT_EQ(0, c->set_item_name(root0, root_name0));
+
+  string name0("rule0");
+  int rule0 = c->add_simple_rule(name0, root_name0, "osd", "",
+				       "firstn", pg_pool_t::TYPE_REPLICATED);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0, rule0);
+
+  string root_name1("root1");
+  int root1;
+  EXPECT_EQ(0, c->add_bucket(0, CRUSH_BUCKET_STRAW, CRUSH_HASH_RJENKINS1,
+			     ROOT_TYPE, n-1, items, weights, &root1));
+  EXPECT_EQ(0, c->set_item_name(root1, root_name1));
+
+  string name1("rule1");
+  int rule1 = c->add_simple_rule(name1, root_name1, "osd", "",
+				       "firstn", pg_pool_t::TYPE_REPLICATED);
+  EXPECT_EQ(1, rule1);
+
+  c->finalize();
+
+  vector<unsigned> reweight(n, 0x10000);
+  for (int i=0; i<10000; ++i) {
+    vector<int> out0, out1;
+    c->do_rule(rule0, i, out0, 1, reweight, 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(1u, out0.size());
+    c->do_rule(rule1, i, out1, 1, reweight, 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(1u, out1.size());
+    ASSERT_EQ(out0[0], out1[0]);
+    //cout << i << "\t" << out0 << "\t" << out1 << std::endl;
+  }
+}
+
+TEST_F(CRUSHTest, straw_same) {
+  // items with the same weight should map about the same as items
+  // with very similar weights.
+  //
+  // give the 0 vector a paired stair pattern, with dup weights.  note
+  // that the original straw flaw does not appear when there are 2 of
+  // the initial weight, but it does when there is just 1.
+  //
+  // give the 1 vector a similar stair pattern, but make the same
+  // steps weights slightly different (no dups).  this works.
+  //
+  // compare the result and verify that the resulting mapping is
+  // almost identical.
+
+  std::unique_ptr<CrushWrapper> c(new CrushWrapper);
+  const int ROOT_TYPE = 1;
+  c->set_type_name(ROOT_TYPE, "root");
+  const int OSD_TYPE = 0;
+  c->set_type_name(OSD_TYPE, "osd");
+
+  int n = 10;
+  int items[n], weights[n];
+  for (int i=0; i <n; ++i) {
+    items[i] = i;
+    weights[i] = 0x10000 * ((i+1)/2 + 1);
+  }
+
+  c->set_max_devices(n);
+
+  string root_name0("root0");
+  int root0;
+  EXPECT_EQ(0, c->add_bucket(0, CRUSH_BUCKET_STRAW, CRUSH_HASH_RJENKINS1,
+			     ROOT_TYPE, n, items, weights, &root0));
+  EXPECT_EQ(0, c->set_item_name(root0, root_name0));
+
+  string name0("rule0");
+  int rule0 = c->add_simple_rule(name0, root_name0, "osd", "",
+				       "firstn", pg_pool_t::TYPE_REPLICATED);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0, rule0);
+
+  for (int i=0; i <n; ++i) {
+    items[i] = i;
+    weights[i] = 0x10000 * ((i+1)/2 + 1) + (i%2)*100;
+  }
+
+  string root_name1("root1");
+  int root1;
+  EXPECT_EQ(0, c->add_bucket(0, CRUSH_BUCKET_STRAW, CRUSH_HASH_RJENKINS1,
+			     ROOT_TYPE, n, items, weights, &root1));
+  EXPECT_EQ(0, c->set_item_name(root1, root_name1));
+
+  string name1("rule1");
+  int rule1 = c->add_simple_rule(name1, root_name1, "osd", "",
+				       "firstn", pg_pool_t::TYPE_REPLICATED);
+  EXPECT_EQ(1, rule1);
+
+  if (0) {
+    crush_bucket_straw *sb0 = reinterpret_cast<crush_bucket_straw*>(c->get_crush_map()->buckets[-1-root0]);
+    crush_bucket_straw *sb1 = reinterpret_cast<crush_bucket_straw*>(c->get_crush_map()->buckets[-1-root1]);
+
+    for (int i=0; i<n; ++i) {
+      cout << i
+	   << "\t" << sb0->item_weights[i]
+	   << "\t" << sb1->item_weights[i]
+	   << "\t"
+	   << "\t" << sb0->straws[i]
+	   << "\t" << sb1->straws[i]
+	   << std::endl;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (0) {
+    JSONFormatter jf(true);
+    jf.open_object_section("crush");
+    c->dump(&jf);
+    jf.close_section();
+    jf.flush(cout);
+  }
+
+  c->finalize();
+
+  vector<int> sum0(n, 0), sum1(n, 0);
+  vector<unsigned> reweight(n, 0x10000);
+  int different = 0;
+  int max = 100000;
+  for (int i=0; i<max; ++i) {
+    vector<int> out0, out1;
+    c->do_rule(rule0, i, out0, 1, reweight, 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(1u, out0.size());
+    c->do_rule(rule1, i, out1, 1, reweight, 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(1u, out1.size());
+    sum0[out0[0]]++;
+    sum1[out1[0]]++;
+    if (out0[0] != out1[0])
+      different++;
+  }
+  for (int i=0; i<n; ++i) {
+    cout << i
+	 << "\t" << ((double)weights[i] / (double)weights[0])
+	 << "\t" << sum0[i] << "\t" << ((double)sum0[i]/(double)sum0[0])
+	 << "\t" << sum1[i] << "\t" << ((double)sum1[i]/(double)sum1[0])
+	 << std::endl;
+  }
+  double ratio = ((double)different / (double)max);
+  cout << different << " of " << max << " = "
+       << ratio
+       << " different" << std::endl;
+  ASSERT_LT(ratio, .001);
+}
+
+double calc_straw2_stddev(int *weights, int n, bool verbose)
+{
+  std::unique_ptr<CrushWrapper> c(new CrushWrapper);
+  const int ROOT_TYPE = 2;
+  c->set_type_name(ROOT_TYPE, "root");
+  const int HOST_TYPE = 1;
+  c->set_type_name(HOST_TYPE, "host");
+  const int OSD_TYPE = 0;
+  c->set_type_name(OSD_TYPE, "osd");
+
+  int items[n];
+  for (int i=0; i <n; ++i) {
+    items[i] = i;
+  }
+
+  c->set_max_devices(n);
+
+  string root_name0("root0");
+  int root0;
+  crush_bucket *b0 = crush_make_bucket(c->get_crush_map(),
+				       CRUSH_BUCKET_STRAW2, CRUSH_HASH_RJENKINS1,
+				       ROOT_TYPE, n, items, weights);
+  crush_add_bucket(c->get_crush_map(), 0, b0, &root0);
+  c->set_item_name(root0, root_name0);
+
+  string name0("rule0");
+  int rule0 = c->add_simple_rule(name0, root_name0, "osd", "",
+				       "firstn", pg_pool_t::TYPE_REPLICATED);
+
+  int sum[n];
+  double totalweight = 0;
+  vector<unsigned> reweight(n);
+  for (int i=0; i<n; ++i) {
+    sum[i] = 0;
+    reweight[i] = 0x10000;
+    totalweight += weights[i];
+  }
+  totalweight /= (double)0x10000;
+  double avgweight = totalweight / n;
+
+  c->finalize();
+
+  int total = 1000000;
+  for (int i=0; i<total; ++i) {
+    vector<int> out;
+    c->do_rule(rule0, i, out, 1, reweight, 0);
+    sum[out[0]]++;
+  }
+
+  double expected = (double)total / (double)n;
+  if (verbose)
+    cout << "expect\t\t\t" << expected << std::endl;
+  double stddev = 0;
+  double exptotal = 0;
+  if (verbose)
+    cout << "osd\tweight\tcount\tadjusted\n";
+  std::streamsize p = cout.precision();
+  cout << std::setprecision(4);
+  for (int i=0; i<n; ++i) {
+    double w = (double)weights[i] / (double)0x10000;
+    double adj = (double)sum[i] * avgweight / w;
+    stddev += (adj - expected) * (adj - expected);
+    exptotal += adj;
+    if (verbose)
+      cout << i
+	   << "\t" << w
+	   << "\t" << sum[i]
+	   << "\t" << (int)adj
+	   << std::endl;
+  }
+  cout << std::setprecision(p);
+  {
+    stddev = sqrt(stddev / (double)n);
+    if (verbose)
+      cout << "std dev " << stddev << std::endl;
+
+    double p = 1.0 / (double)n;
+    double estddev = sqrt(exptotal * p * (1.0 - p));
+    if (verbose)
+      cout << "     vs " << estddev << "\t(expected)" << std::endl;
+  }
+  return stddev;
+}
+
+TEST_F(CRUSHTest, straw2_stddev)
+{
+  int n = 15;
+  int weights[n];
+  cout << "maxskew\tstddev\n";
+  for (double step = 1.0; step < 2; step += .25) {
+    int w = 0x10000;
+    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+      weights[i] = w;
+      w *= step;
+    }
+    double stddev = calc_straw2_stddev(weights, n, true);
+    cout << ((double)weights[n-1]/(double)weights[0])
+	 << "\t" << stddev << std::endl;
+  }
+}
+
+TEST_F(CRUSHTest, straw2_reweight) {
+  // when we adjust the weight of an item in a straw2 bucket,
+  // we should *only* see movement from or to that item, never
+  // between other items.
+  int weights[] = {
+    0x10000,
+    0x10000,
+    0x20000,
+    0x20000,
+    0x30000,
+    0x50000,
+    0x8000,
+    0x20000,
+    0x10000,
+    0x10000,
+    0x20000,
+    0x10000,
+    0x10000,
+    0x20000,
+    0x300000,
+    0x10000,
+    0x20000
+  };
+  int n = 15;
+
+  std::unique_ptr<CrushWrapper> c(new CrushWrapper);
+  const int ROOT_TYPE = 2;
+  c->set_type_name(ROOT_TYPE, "root");
+  const int HOST_TYPE = 1;
+  c->set_type_name(HOST_TYPE, "host");
+  const int OSD_TYPE = 0;
+  c->set_type_name(OSD_TYPE, "osd");
+
+  int items[n];
+  for (int i=0; i <n; ++i) {
+    items[i] = i;
+    //weights[i] = 0x10000;
+  }
+
+  c->set_max_devices(n);
+
+  string root_name0("root0");
+  int root0;
+  crush_bucket *b0 = crush_make_bucket(c->get_crush_map(),
+				       CRUSH_BUCKET_STRAW2, CRUSH_HASH_RJENKINS1,
+				       ROOT_TYPE, n, items, weights);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0, crush_add_bucket(c->get_crush_map(), 0, b0, &root0));
+  EXPECT_EQ(0, c->set_item_name(root0, root_name0));
+
+  string name0("rule0");
+  int rule0 = c->add_simple_rule(name0, root_name0, "osd", "",
+				       "firstn", pg_pool_t::TYPE_REPLICATED);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0, rule0);
+
+  int changed = 1;
+  weights[changed] = weights[changed] / 10 * (rand() % 10);
+
+  string root_name1("root1");
+  int root1;
+  crush_bucket *b1 = crush_make_bucket(c->get_crush_map(),
+				       CRUSH_BUCKET_STRAW2, CRUSH_HASH_RJENKINS1,
+				       ROOT_TYPE, n, items, weights);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0, crush_add_bucket(c->get_crush_map(), 0, b1, &root1));
+  EXPECT_EQ(0, c->set_item_name(root1, root_name1));
+
+  string name1("rule1");
+  int rule1 = c->add_simple_rule(name1, root_name1, "osd", "",
+				       "firstn", pg_pool_t::TYPE_REPLICATED);
+  EXPECT_EQ(1, rule1);
+
+  int sum[n];
+  double totalweight = 0;
+  vector<unsigned> reweight(n);
+  for (int i=0; i<n; ++i) {
+    sum[i] = 0;
+    reweight[i] = 0x10000;
+    totalweight += weights[i];
+  }
+  totalweight /= (double)0x10000;
+  double avgweight = totalweight / n;
+
+  c->finalize();
+
+  int total = 1000000;
+  for (int i=0; i<total; ++i) {
+    vector<int> out0, out1;
+    c->do_rule(rule0, i, out0, 1, reweight, 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(1u, out0.size());
+
+    c->do_rule(rule1, i, out1, 1, reweight, 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(1u, out1.size());
+
+    sum[out1[0]]++;
+    //sum[rand()%n]++;
+
+    if (out1[0] == changed) {
+      ASSERT_EQ(changed, out0[0]);
+    } else if (out0[0] != changed) {
+      ASSERT_EQ(out0[0], out1[0]);
+    }
+  }
+
+  double expected = (double)total / (double)n;
+  cout << "expect\t\t\t" << expected << std::endl;
+  double stddev = 0;
+  cout << "osd\tweight\tcount\tadjusted\n";
+  std::streamsize p = cout.precision();
+  cout << std::setprecision(4);
+  for (int i=0; i<n; ++i) {
+    double w = (double)weights[i] / (double)0x10000;
+    double adj = (double)sum[i] * avgweight / w;
+    stddev += (adj - expected) * (adj - expected);
+    cout << i
+	 << "\t" << w
+	 << "\t" << sum[i]
+	 << "\t" << (int)adj
+	 << std::endl;
+  }
+  cout << std::setprecision(p);
+  {
+    stddev = sqrt(stddev / (double)n);
+    cout << "std dev " << stddev << std::endl;
+
+    double p = 1.0 / (double)n;
+    double estddev = sqrt((double)total * p * (1.0 - p));
+    cout << "     vs " << estddev << std::endl;
+  }
+}
-- 
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