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diff --git a/src/chown.c b/src/chown.c
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+/* chown -- change user and group ownership of files
+ Copyright (C) 1989-2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+ This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ (at your option) any later version.
+
+ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. */
+
+/* Written by David MacKenzie <djm@gnu.ai.mit.edu>. */
+
+#include <config.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <getopt.h>
+
+#include "system.h"
+#include "chown-core.h"
+#include "die.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "fts_.h"
+#include "quote.h"
+#include "root-dev-ino.h"
+#include "userspec.h"
+
+/* The official name of this program (e.g., no 'g' prefix). */
+#define PROGRAM_NAME "chown"
+
+#define AUTHORS \
+ proper_name ("David MacKenzie"), \
+ proper_name ("Jim Meyering")
+
+/* The argument to the --reference option. Use the owner and group IDs
+ of this file. This file must exist. */
+static char *reference_file;
+
+/* For long options that have no equivalent short option, use a
+ non-character as a pseudo short option, starting with CHAR_MAX + 1. */
+enum
+{
+ DEREFERENCE_OPTION = CHAR_MAX + 1,
+ FROM_OPTION,
+ NO_PRESERVE_ROOT,
+ PRESERVE_ROOT,
+ REFERENCE_FILE_OPTION
+};
+
+static struct option const long_options[] =
+{
+ {"recursive", no_argument, NULL, 'R'},
+ {"changes", no_argument, NULL, 'c'},
+ {"dereference", no_argument, NULL, DEREFERENCE_OPTION},
+ {"from", required_argument, NULL, FROM_OPTION},
+ {"no-dereference", no_argument, NULL, 'h'},
+ {"no-preserve-root", no_argument, NULL, NO_PRESERVE_ROOT},
+ {"preserve-root", no_argument, NULL, PRESERVE_ROOT},
+ {"quiet", no_argument, NULL, 'f'},
+ {"silent", no_argument, NULL, 'f'},
+ {"reference", required_argument, NULL, REFERENCE_FILE_OPTION},
+ {"verbose", no_argument, NULL, 'v'},
+ {GETOPT_HELP_OPTION_DECL},
+ {GETOPT_VERSION_OPTION_DECL},
+ {NULL, 0, NULL, 0}
+};
+
+void
+usage (int status)
+{
+ if (status != EXIT_SUCCESS)
+ emit_try_help ();
+ else
+ {
+ printf (_("\
+Usage: %s [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE...\n\
+ or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE...\n\
+"),
+ program_name, program_name);
+ fputs (_("\
+Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP.\n\
+With --reference, change the owner and group of each FILE to those of RFILE.\n\
+\n\
+"), stdout);
+ fputs (_("\
+ -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made\n\
+ -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages\n\
+ -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed\n\
+"), stdout);
+ fputs (_("\
+ --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is\n\
+ the default), rather than the symbolic link itself\n\
+ -h, --no-dereference affect symbolic links instead of any referenced file\n\
+"), stdout);
+ fputs (_("\
+ (useful only on systems that can change the\n\
+ ownership of a symlink)\n\
+"), stdout);
+ fputs (_("\
+ --from=CURRENT_OWNER:CURRENT_GROUP\n\
+ change the owner and/or group of each file only if\n\
+ its current owner and/or group match those specified\n\
+ here. Either may be omitted, in which case a match\n\
+ is not required for the omitted attribute\n\
+"), stdout);
+ fputs (_("\
+ --no-preserve-root do not treat '/' specially (the default)\n\
+ --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on '/'\n\
+"), stdout);
+ fputs (_("\
+ --reference=RFILE use RFILE's owner and group rather than\n\
+ specifying OWNER:GROUP values\n\
+"), stdout);
+ fputs (_("\
+ -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively\n\
+"), stdout);
+ fputs (_("\
+\n\
+The following options modify how a hierarchy is traversed when the -R\n\
+option is also specified. If more than one is specified, only the final\n\
+one takes effect.\n\
+\n\
+ -H if a command line argument is a symbolic link\n\
+ to a directory, traverse it\n\
+ -L traverse every symbolic link to a directory\n\
+ encountered\n\
+ -P do not traverse any symbolic links (default)\n\
+\n\
+"), stdout);
+ fputs (HELP_OPTION_DESCRIPTION, stdout);
+ fputs (VERSION_OPTION_DESCRIPTION, stdout);
+ fputs (_("\
+\n\
+Owner is unchanged if missing. Group is unchanged if missing, but changed\n\
+to login group if implied by a ':' following a symbolic OWNER.\n\
+OWNER and GROUP may be numeric as well as symbolic.\n\
+"), stdout);
+ printf (_("\
+\n\
+Examples:\n\
+ %s root /u Change the owner of /u to \"root\".\n\
+ %s root:staff /u Likewise, but also change its group to \"staff\".\n\
+ %s -hR root /u Change the owner of /u and subfiles to \"root\".\n\
+"),
+ program_name, program_name, program_name);
+ emit_ancillary_info (PROGRAM_NAME);
+ }
+ exit (status);
+}
+
+int
+main (int argc, char **argv)
+{
+ bool preserve_root = false;
+
+ uid_t uid = -1; /* Specified uid; -1 if not to be changed. */
+ gid_t gid = -1; /* Specified gid; -1 if not to be changed. */
+
+ /* Change the owner (group) of a file only if it has this uid (gid).
+ -1 means there's no restriction. */
+ uid_t required_uid = -1;
+ gid_t required_gid = -1;
+
+ /* Bit flags that control how fts works. */
+ int bit_flags = FTS_PHYSICAL;
+
+ /* 1 if --dereference, 0 if --no-dereference, -1 if neither has been
+ specified. */
+ int dereference = -1;
+
+ struct Chown_option chopt;
+ bool ok;
+ int optc;
+
+ initialize_main (&argc, &argv);
+ set_program_name (argv[0]);
+ setlocale (LC_ALL, "");
+ bindtextdomain (PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR);
+ textdomain (PACKAGE);
+
+ atexit (close_stdout);
+
+ chopt_init (&chopt);
+
+ while ((optc = getopt_long (argc, argv, "HLPRcfhv", long_options, NULL))
+ != -1)
+ {
+ switch (optc)
+ {
+ case 'H': /* Traverse command-line symlinks-to-directories. */
+ bit_flags = FTS_COMFOLLOW | FTS_PHYSICAL;
+ break;
+
+ case 'L': /* Traverse all symlinks-to-directories. */
+ bit_flags = FTS_LOGICAL;
+ break;
+
+ case 'P': /* Traverse no symlinks-to-directories. */
+ bit_flags = FTS_PHYSICAL;
+ break;
+
+ case 'h': /* --no-dereference: affect symlinks */
+ dereference = 0;
+ break;
+
+ case DEREFERENCE_OPTION: /* --dereference: affect the referent
+ of each symlink */
+ dereference = 1;
+ break;
+
+ case NO_PRESERVE_ROOT:
+ preserve_root = false;
+ break;
+
+ case PRESERVE_ROOT:
+ preserve_root = true;
+ break;
+
+ case REFERENCE_FILE_OPTION:
+ reference_file = optarg;
+ break;
+
+ case FROM_OPTION:
+ {
+ bool warn;
+ char const *e = parse_user_spec_warn (optarg,
+ &required_uid, &required_gid,
+ NULL, NULL, &warn);
+ if (e)
+ error (warn ? 0 : EXIT_FAILURE, 0, "%s: %s", e, quote (optarg));
+ break;
+ }
+
+ case 'R':
+ chopt.recurse = true;
+ break;
+
+ case 'c':
+ chopt.verbosity = V_changes_only;
+ break;
+
+ case 'f':
+ chopt.force_silent = true;
+ break;
+
+ case 'v':
+ chopt.verbosity = V_high;
+ break;
+
+ case_GETOPT_HELP_CHAR;
+ case_GETOPT_VERSION_CHAR (PROGRAM_NAME, AUTHORS);
+ default:
+ usage (EXIT_FAILURE);
+ }
+ }
+
+ if (chopt.recurse)
+ {
+ if (bit_flags == FTS_PHYSICAL)
+ {
+ if (dereference == 1)
+ die (EXIT_FAILURE, 0,
+ _("-R --dereference requires either -H or -L"));
+ dereference = 0;
+ }
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ bit_flags = FTS_PHYSICAL;
+ }
+ chopt.affect_symlink_referent = (dereference != 0);
+
+ if (argc - optind < (reference_file ? 1 : 2))
+ {
+ if (argc <= optind)
+ error (0, 0, _("missing operand"));
+ else
+ error (0, 0, _("missing operand after %s"), quote (argv[argc - 1]));
+ usage (EXIT_FAILURE);
+ }
+
+ if (reference_file)
+ {
+ struct stat ref_stats;
+ if (stat (reference_file, &ref_stats))
+ die (EXIT_FAILURE, errno, _("failed to get attributes of %s"),
+ quoteaf (reference_file));
+
+ uid = ref_stats.st_uid;
+ gid = ref_stats.st_gid;
+ chopt.user_name = uid_to_name (ref_stats.st_uid);
+ chopt.group_name = gid_to_name (ref_stats.st_gid);
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ bool warn;
+ char const *e = parse_user_spec_warn (argv[optind], &uid, &gid,
+ &chopt.user_name,
+ &chopt.group_name, &warn);
+ if (e)
+ error (warn ? 0 : EXIT_FAILURE, 0, "%s: %s", e, quote (argv[optind]));
+
+ /* If a group is specified but no user, set the user name to the
+ empty string so that diagnostics say "ownership :GROUP"
+ rather than "group GROUP". */
+ if (!chopt.user_name && chopt.group_name)
+ chopt.user_name = xstrdup ("");
+
+ optind++;
+ }
+
+ if (chopt.recurse && preserve_root)
+ {
+ static struct dev_ino dev_ino_buf;
+ chopt.root_dev_ino = get_root_dev_ino (&dev_ino_buf);
+ if (chopt.root_dev_ino == NULL)
+ die (EXIT_FAILURE, errno, _("failed to get attributes of %s"),
+ quoteaf ("/"));
+ }
+
+ bit_flags |= FTS_DEFER_STAT;
+ ok = chown_files (argv + optind, bit_flags,
+ uid, gid,
+ required_uid, required_gid, &chopt);
+
+ main_exit (ok ? EXIT_SUCCESS : EXIT_FAILURE);
+}
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