Adding upstream version 115.7.0esr.upstream/115.7.0esrupstream

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

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+.. role:: js(code)
+   :language: javascript
+
+=========================
+UI Internationalization
+=========================
+
+There are many types of data that need to be formatted into a locale specific format,
+or require locale specific API operations.
+
+Gecko provides a rich set of locale aware APIs for operations such as:
+
+* date and time formatting
+* number formatting
+* searching
+* sorting
+* plural rules
+* calendar and locale information
+
+.. note::
+
+  Most of the APIs are backed by the Unicode projects `CLDR`_ and `ICU`_ and are
+  focused on enabling front-end code internationalization, which means the majority of
+  the APIs are primarily available in JavaScript, with C++ and Rust having only a small
+  subset of them exposed.
+
+JavaScript Internationalization API
+===================================
+
+Data internationalization APIs are formalized in the JavaScript standard `ECMA 402`_.
+These APIs are supported by all major JS environments.
+
+It is best to consult the MDN article on the current state of the `Intl API`_.
+Mozilla has an excellent support of the API and relies on it for majority
+of its needs. Yet, when working on Firefox UI the :js:`Services.intl` wrapper
+should be used.
+
+Services.intl
+=============
+
+:js:`Services.intl` is an extension of the JS Intl API which should be used whenever
+working with Gecko app user interface with chrome privileges.
+
+The API provides the same objects and methods as :js:`Intl.*`, but fine tunes them
+to the Gecko app user preferences, including matching OS Preferences and
+other locale choices that web content exposed JS Intl API cannot.
+
+For example, here's an example of a locale aware date formatting
+using the regular :js:`Intl.DateTimeFormat`:
+
+.. code-block:: javascript
+
+    let rtf = new Intl.DateTimeFormat(navigator.languages, {
+      year: "numeric",
+      month: "long",
+      day: "numeric"
+    });
+    let value = rtf.format(new Date());
+
+It will do a good job at formatting the date to the user locale, but it will
+only be able to use the customization bits that are exposed to the Web, based on
+the locale the user broadcasts to the Web and any additional settings.
+
+But that ignores bits of information that could inform the formatting.
+
+Public API such as :js:`Intl.*` will not be able to look into the Operating System for
+regional preferences. It will also respect settings such as `Resist Fingerprinting`
+by masking its timezone and locale settings.
+
+This is a fair tradeoff when dealing with the Web Content, but in most cases, the
+privileged UI of the Gecko application should be able to access all of those
+additional bits and not be affected by the anti-fingerprinting masking.
+
+`mozIntl` is a simple wrapper which in its simplest form works exactly the same. It's
+exposed on :js:`Services.intl` object and can be used just like a regular `Intl` API:
+
+.. code-block:: javascript
+
+    let rtf = new Services.intl.DateTimeFormat(undefined, {
+      year: "numeric",
+      month: "long",
+      day: "numeric"
+    });
+    let value = rtf.format(new Date());
+
+The difference is that this API will now use the set of locales as defined for
+Gecko, and will also respect additional regional preferences that Gecko
+will fetch from the Operating System.
+
+For those reasons, when dealing with Gecko application UI, it is always recommended
+to use the :js:`Services.intl` wrapper.
+
+Additional APIs
+================
+
+On top of wrapping up `Intl` API, `mozIntl` provides a number of features
+in form of additional options to existing APIs as well as completely new APIs.
+
+Many of those extensions are in the process of being standardized, but are
+already available to Gecko developers for internal use.
+
+Below is the list of current extensions:
+
+mozIntl.DateTimeFormat
+----------------------
+
+`DateTimeFormat` in `mozIntl` gets additional options that provide greater
+simplicity and consistency to the API.
+
+* :js:`timeStyle` and :js:`dateStyle` can take values :js:`short`, :js:`medium`,
+  :js:`long` and :js:`full`.
+  These options can replace the manual listing of tokens like :js:`year`, :js:`day`, :js:`hour` etc.
+  and will compose the most natural date or time format of a given style for the selected
+  locale.
+
+Using :js:`timeStyle` and :js:`dateStyle` is highly recommended over listing the tokens,
+because different locales may use different default styles for displaying the same tokens.
+
+Additional value is that using those styles allows `mozIntl` to look into
+Operating System patterns, which gives users the ability to customize those
+patterns to their liking.
+
+Example use:
+
+.. code-block:: javascript
+
+    let dtf = new Services.intl.DateTimeFormat(undefined, {
+      timeStyle: "short",
+      dateStyle: "short"
+    });
+    let value = dtf.format(new Date());
+
+This will select the best locale to match the current Gecko application locale,
+then potentially check for Operating System regional preferences customizations,
+produce the correct pattern for short date+time style and format the date into it.
+
+
+mozIntl.getCalendarInfo(locale)
+-------------------------------
+
+The API will return the following calendar information for a given locale code:
+
+* firstDayOfWeek
+    an integer in the range 1=Monday to 7=Sunday indicating the day
+    considered the first day of the week in calendars, e.g. 7 for en-US,
+    1 for en-GB, 7 for bn-IN
+* minDays
+    an integer in the range of 1 to 7 indicating the minimum number
+    of days required in the first week of the year, e.g. 1 for en-US, 4 for de
+* weekend
+    an array with values in the range 1=Monday to 7=Sunday indicating the days
+    of the week considered as part of the weekend, e.g. [6, 7] for en-US and en-GB,
+    [7] for bn-IN (note that "weekend" is *not* necessarily two days)
+
+Those bits of information should be especially useful for any UI that works
+with calendar data.
+
+Example:
+
+.. code-block:: javascript
+
+    // omitting the `locale` argument will make the API return data for the
+    // current Gecko application UI locale.
+    let {
+      firstDayOfWeek,  // 1
+      minDays,         // 4
+      weekend,         // [6, 7]
+      calendar,        // "gregory"
+      locale,          // "pl"
+    } = Services.intl.getCalendarInfo();
+
+
+mozIntl.DisplayNames(locales, options)
+-----------------------------------------
+
+:js:`DisplayNames` API is useful to retrieve various terms available in the
+internationalization API. :js:`mozIntl.DisplayNames` extends the standard
+`Intl.DisplayNames`_ to additionally provide localization for date-time types.
+
+The API takes a locale fallback chain list, and an options object which can contain
+two keys:
+
+* :js:`style` which can take values :js:`narrow`, :js:`short`, :js:`abbreviated`, :js:`long`
+* :js:`type` which can take values :js:`language`, :js:`script`, :js:`region`,
+  :js:`currency`, :js:`weekday`, :js:`month`, :js:`quarter`, :js:`dayPeriod`,
+  :js:`dateTimeField`
+
+Example:
+
+.. code-block:: javascript
+
+    let dateTimeFieldDisplayNames = new Services.intl.DisplayNames(undefined, {
+      type: "dateTimeField",
+    });
+    dateTimeFieldDisplayNames.resolvedOptions().locale = "pl";
+    dateTimeFieldDisplayNames.of("year") = "rok";
+
+    let monthDisplayNames = new Services.intl.DisplayNames(undefined, {
+      type: "month", style: "long",
+    });
+    monthDisplayNames.of(1) = "styczeń";
+
+    let weekdaysDisplayNames = new Services.intl.DisplayNames(undefined, {
+      type: "weekday", style: "short",
+    });
+    weekdaysDisplayNames.of(1) = "pon";
+
+    let dayPeriodsDisplayNames = new Services.intl.DisplayNames(undefined, {
+      type: "dayPeriod", style: "narrow",
+    });
+    dayPeriodsDisplayNames.of("am") = "AM";
+
+
+mozIntl.RelativeTimeFormat(locales, options)
+--------------------------------------------
+
+API which can be used to format an interval or a date into a textual
+representation of a relative time, such as **5 minutes ago** or **in 2 days**.
+
+This API is in the process of standardization and in its raw form will not handle
+any calculations to select the best unit. It is intended to just offer a way
+to format a value.
+
+`mozIntl` wrapper extends the functionality providing the calculations and
+allowing the user to get the current best textual representation of the delta.
+
+Example:
+
+.. code-block:: javascript
+
+    let rtf = new Services.intl.RelativeTimeFormat(undefined, {
+      style: "long", // "narrow" | "short" | "long" (default)
+      numeric: "auto", // "always" | "auto" (default)
+    });
+
+    let now = Date.now();
+    rtf.formatBestUnit(new Date(now - 3 * 1000 * 60)); // "3 minutes ago"
+
+The option `numeric` has value set to `auto` by default, which means that when possible
+the formatter will use special textual terms like *yesterday*, *last year*, and so on.
+
+Those values require specific calculations that the raw `Intl.*` API cannot provide.
+For example, *yesterday* requires the algorithm to know not only the time delta,
+but also what time of the day `now` is. 15 hours ago may be *yesterday* if it
+is 10am, but will still be *today* if it is 11pm.
+
+For that reason the future `Intl.RelativeTimeFormat` will use *always* as default,
+since terms such as *15 hours ago* are independent of the current time.
+
+.. note::
+
+  In the current form, the API should be only used to format standalone values.
+  Without additional capitalization rules, it cannot be freely used in sentences.
+
+mozIntl.getLanguageDisplayNames(locales, langCodes)
+---------------------------------------------------
+
+API which returns a list of language names formatted for display.
+
+Example:
+
+.. code-block:: javascript
+
+  let langs = getLanguageDisplayNames(["pl"], ["fr", "de", "en"]);
+  langs === ["Francuski", "Niemiecki", "Angielski"];
+
+
+mozIntl.getRegionDisplayNames(locales, regionCodes)
+---------------------------------------------------
+
+API which returns a list of region names formatted for display.
+
+Example:
+
+.. code-block:: javascript
+
+  let regs = getRegionDisplayNames(["pl"], ["US", "CA", "MX"]);
+  regs === ["Stany Zjednoczone", "Kanada", "Meksyk"];
+
+mozIntl.getLocaleDisplayNames(locales, localeCodes)
+---------------------------------------------------
+
+API which returns a list of region names formatted for display.
+
+Example:
+
+.. code-block:: javascript
+
+  let locs = getLocaleDisplayNames(["pl"], ["sr-RU", "es-MX", "fr-CA"]);
+  locs === ["Serbski (Rosja)", "Hiszpański (Meksyk)", "Francuski (Kanada)"];
+
+mozIntl.getAvailableLocaleDisplayNames(type)
+---------------------------------------------------
+
+API which returns a list of locale display name codes available for a
+given type.
+Available types are: "language", "region".
+
+Example:
+
+.. code-block:: javascript
+
+  let codes = getAvailableLocaleDisplayNames("region");
+  codes === ["au", "ae", "af", ...];
+
+Best Practices
+==============
+
+The most important best practice when dealing with data internationalization is to
+perform it as close to the actual UI as possible; right before the UI is displayed.
+
+The reason for this practice is that internationalized data is considered *"opaque"*,
+which means that no code should ever attempt to operate on it. Late resolution also
+increases the chance that the data will be formatted in the current locale
+selection and not formatted and cached prematurely.
+
+It's very important to not attempt to search, concatenate or in any other way
+alter the output of the API. Once it gets formatted, the only thing to do with
+the output should be to present it to the user.
+
+Testing
+-------
+
+The above is also important in the context of testing. It is a common mistake to
+attempt to write tests that verify the output of the UI with internationalized data.
+
+The underlying data set used to create the formatted version of the data may and will
+change over time, both due to dataset improvements and also changes to the language
+and regional preferences over time.
+That means that tests that attempt to verify the exact output will require
+significantly higher level of maintenance and will remain brittle.
+
+Most of the APIs provide special method, like :js:`resolvedOptions` which should be used
+instead to verify that the output is matching the expectations.
+
+Future extensions
+=================
+
+If you find yourself in the need of additional internationalization APIs not currently
+supported, you can verify if the API proposal is already in the works here,
+and file a bug in the component `Core::Internationalization`_ to request it.
+
+.. _ECMA 402: https://tc39.github.io/ecma402/
+.. _Intl API: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Intl
+.. _CLDR: http://cldr.unicode.org/
+.. _ICU: http://site.icu-project.org/
+.. _Core::Internationalization: https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/enter_bug.cgi?product=Core&component=Internationalization
+.. _Intl.DisplayNames: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Intl/DisplayNames