Adding upstream version 115.7.0esr.upstream/115.7.0esrupstream

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

53 files changed, 29464 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/auxil/dxgi/conv.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/auxil/dxgi/conv.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0456cd719b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/auxil/dxgi/conv.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,258 @@
+use winapi::shared::dxgiformat;
+
+pub fn map_texture_format_failable(format: wgt::TextureFormat) -> Option<dxgiformat::DXGI_FORMAT> {
+    use wgt::TextureFormat as Tf;
+    use winapi::shared::dxgiformat::*;
+
+    Some(match format {
+        Tf::R8Unorm => DXGI_FORMAT_R8_UNORM,
+        Tf::R8Snorm => DXGI_FORMAT_R8_SNORM,
+        Tf::R8Uint => DXGI_FORMAT_R8_UINT,
+        Tf::R8Sint => DXGI_FORMAT_R8_SINT,
+        Tf::R16Uint => DXGI_FORMAT_R16_UINT,
+        Tf::R16Sint => DXGI_FORMAT_R16_SINT,
+        Tf::R16Unorm => DXGI_FORMAT_R16_UNORM,
+        Tf::R16Snorm => DXGI_FORMAT_R16_SNORM,
+        Tf::R16Float => DXGI_FORMAT_R16_FLOAT,
+        Tf::Rg8Unorm => DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8_UNORM,
+        Tf::Rg8Snorm => DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8_SNORM,
+        Tf::Rg8Uint => DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8_UINT,
+        Tf::Rg8Sint => DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8_SINT,
+        Tf::Rg16Unorm => DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16_UNORM,
+        Tf::Rg16Snorm => DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16_SNORM,
+        Tf::R32Uint => DXGI_FORMAT_R32_UINT,
+        Tf::R32Sint => DXGI_FORMAT_R32_SINT,
+        Tf::R32Float => DXGI_FORMAT_R32_FLOAT,
+        Tf::Rg16Uint => DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16_UINT,
+        Tf::Rg16Sint => DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16_SINT,
+        Tf::Rg16Float => DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16_FLOAT,
+        Tf::Rgba8Unorm => DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM,
+        Tf::Rgba8UnormSrgb => DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM_SRGB,
+        Tf::Bgra8UnormSrgb => DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM_SRGB,
+        Tf::Rgba8Snorm => DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SNORM,
+        Tf::Bgra8Unorm => DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM,
+        Tf::Rgba8Uint => DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UINT,
+        Tf::Rgba8Sint => DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SINT,
+        Tf::Rgb9e5Ufloat => DXGI_FORMAT_R9G9B9E5_SHAREDEXP,
+        Tf::Rgb10a2Unorm => DXGI_FORMAT_R10G10B10A2_UNORM,
+        Tf::Rg11b10Float => DXGI_FORMAT_R11G11B10_FLOAT,
+        Tf::Rg32Uint => DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32_UINT,
+        Tf::Rg32Sint => DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32_SINT,
+        Tf::Rg32Float => DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32_FLOAT,
+        Tf::Rgba16Uint => DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_UINT,
+        Tf::Rgba16Sint => DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SINT,
+        Tf::Rgba16Unorm => DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_UNORM,
+        Tf::Rgba16Snorm => DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SNORM,
+        Tf::Rgba16Float => DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_FLOAT,
+        Tf::Rgba32Uint => DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_UINT,
+        Tf::Rgba32Sint => DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_SINT,
+        Tf::Rgba32Float => DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_FLOAT,
+        Tf::Stencil8 => DXGI_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT,
+        Tf::Depth16Unorm => DXGI_FORMAT_D16_UNORM,
+        Tf::Depth24Plus => DXGI_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT,
+        Tf::Depth24PlusStencil8 => DXGI_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT,
+        Tf::Depth32Float => DXGI_FORMAT_D32_FLOAT,
+        Tf::Depth32FloatStencil8 => DXGI_FORMAT_D32_FLOAT_S8X24_UINT,
+        Tf::Bc1RgbaUnorm => DXGI_FORMAT_BC1_UNORM,
+        Tf::Bc1RgbaUnormSrgb => DXGI_FORMAT_BC1_UNORM_SRGB,
+        Tf::Bc2RgbaUnorm => DXGI_FORMAT_BC2_UNORM,
+        Tf::Bc2RgbaUnormSrgb => DXGI_FORMAT_BC2_UNORM_SRGB,
+        Tf::Bc3RgbaUnorm => DXGI_FORMAT_BC3_UNORM,
+        Tf::Bc3RgbaUnormSrgb => DXGI_FORMAT_BC3_UNORM_SRGB,
+        Tf::Bc4RUnorm => DXGI_FORMAT_BC4_UNORM,
+        Tf::Bc4RSnorm => DXGI_FORMAT_BC4_SNORM,
+        Tf::Bc5RgUnorm => DXGI_FORMAT_BC5_UNORM,
+        Tf::Bc5RgSnorm => DXGI_FORMAT_BC5_SNORM,
+        Tf::Bc6hRgbUfloat => DXGI_FORMAT_BC6H_UF16,
+        Tf::Bc6hRgbFloat => DXGI_FORMAT_BC6H_SF16,
+        Tf::Bc7RgbaUnorm => DXGI_FORMAT_BC7_UNORM,
+        Tf::Bc7RgbaUnormSrgb => DXGI_FORMAT_BC7_UNORM_SRGB,
+        Tf::Etc2Rgb8Unorm
+        | Tf::Etc2Rgb8UnormSrgb
+        | Tf::Etc2Rgb8A1Unorm
+        | Tf::Etc2Rgb8A1UnormSrgb
+        | Tf::Etc2Rgba8Unorm
+        | Tf::Etc2Rgba8UnormSrgb
+        | Tf::EacR11Unorm
+        | Tf::EacR11Snorm
+        | Tf::EacRg11Unorm
+        | Tf::EacRg11Snorm
+        | Tf::Astc {
+            block: _,
+            channel: _,
+        } => return None,
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn map_texture_format(format: wgt::TextureFormat) -> dxgiformat::DXGI_FORMAT {
+    match map_texture_format_failable(format) {
+        Some(f) => f,
+        None => unreachable!(),
+    }
+}
+
+// Note: DXGI doesn't allow sRGB format on the swapchain,
+// but creating RTV of swapchain buffers with sRGB works.
+pub fn map_texture_format_nosrgb(format: wgt::TextureFormat) -> dxgiformat::DXGI_FORMAT {
+    match format {
+        wgt::TextureFormat::Bgra8UnormSrgb => dxgiformat::DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM,
+        wgt::TextureFormat::Rgba8UnormSrgb => dxgiformat::DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM,
+        _ => map_texture_format(format),
+    }
+}
+
+// SRV and UAV can't use the depth or typeless formats
+// see https://microsoft.github.io/DirectX-Specs/d3d/PlanarDepthStencilDDISpec.html#view-creation
+pub fn map_texture_format_for_srv_uav(
+    format: wgt::TextureFormat,
+    aspect: crate::FormatAspects,
+) -> Option<dxgiformat::DXGI_FORMAT> {
+    Some(match (format, aspect) {
+        (wgt::TextureFormat::Depth16Unorm, crate::FormatAspects::DEPTH) => {
+            dxgiformat::DXGI_FORMAT_R16_UNORM
+        }
+        (wgt::TextureFormat::Depth32Float, crate::FormatAspects::DEPTH) => {
+            dxgiformat::DXGI_FORMAT_R32_FLOAT
+        }
+        (wgt::TextureFormat::Depth32FloatStencil8, crate::FormatAspects::DEPTH) => {
+            dxgiformat::DXGI_FORMAT_R32_FLOAT_X8X24_TYPELESS
+        }
+        (
+            wgt::TextureFormat::Depth24Plus | wgt::TextureFormat::Depth24PlusStencil8,
+            crate::FormatAspects::DEPTH,
+        ) => dxgiformat::DXGI_FORMAT_R24_UNORM_X8_TYPELESS,
+
+        (wgt::TextureFormat::Depth32FloatStencil8, crate::FormatAspects::STENCIL) => {
+            dxgiformat::DXGI_FORMAT_X32_TYPELESS_G8X24_UINT
+        }
+        (
+            wgt::TextureFormat::Stencil8 | wgt::TextureFormat::Depth24PlusStencil8,
+            crate::FormatAspects::STENCIL,
+        ) => dxgiformat::DXGI_FORMAT_X24_TYPELESS_G8_UINT,
+
+        (format, crate::FormatAspects::COLOR) => map_texture_format(format),
+
+        _ => return None,
+    })
+}
+
+// see https://microsoft.github.io/DirectX-Specs/d3d/PlanarDepthStencilDDISpec.html#planar-layout-for-staging-from-buffer
+pub fn map_texture_format_for_copy(
+    format: wgt::TextureFormat,
+    aspect: crate::FormatAspects,
+) -> Option<dxgiformat::DXGI_FORMAT> {
+    Some(match (format, aspect) {
+        (wgt::TextureFormat::Depth16Unorm, crate::FormatAspects::DEPTH) => {
+            dxgiformat::DXGI_FORMAT_R16_UNORM
+        }
+        (
+            wgt::TextureFormat::Depth32Float | wgt::TextureFormat::Depth32FloatStencil8,
+            crate::FormatAspects::DEPTH,
+        ) => dxgiformat::DXGI_FORMAT_R32_FLOAT,
+
+        (
+            wgt::TextureFormat::Stencil8
+            | wgt::TextureFormat::Depth24PlusStencil8
+            | wgt::TextureFormat::Depth32FloatStencil8,
+            crate::FormatAspects::STENCIL,
+        ) => dxgiformat::DXGI_FORMAT_R8_UINT,
+
+        (format, crate::FormatAspects::COLOR) => map_texture_format(format),
+
+        _ => return None,
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn map_texture_format_for_resource(
+    format: wgt::TextureFormat,
+    usage: crate::TextureUses,
+    has_view_formats: bool,
+    casting_fully_typed_format_supported: bool,
+) -> dxgiformat::DXGI_FORMAT {
+    use wgt::TextureFormat as Tf;
+    use winapi::shared::dxgiformat::*;
+
+    if casting_fully_typed_format_supported {
+        map_texture_format(format)
+
+    // We might view this resource as srgb or non-srgb
+    } else if has_view_formats {
+        match format {
+            Tf::Rgba8Unorm | Tf::Rgba8UnormSrgb => DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_TYPELESS,
+            Tf::Bgra8Unorm | Tf::Bgra8UnormSrgb => DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_TYPELESS,
+            Tf::Bc1RgbaUnorm | Tf::Bc1RgbaUnormSrgb => DXGI_FORMAT_BC1_TYPELESS,
+            Tf::Bc2RgbaUnorm | Tf::Bc2RgbaUnormSrgb => DXGI_FORMAT_BC2_TYPELESS,
+            Tf::Bc3RgbaUnorm | Tf::Bc3RgbaUnormSrgb => DXGI_FORMAT_BC3_TYPELESS,
+            Tf::Bc7RgbaUnorm | Tf::Bc7RgbaUnormSrgb => DXGI_FORMAT_BC7_TYPELESS,
+            format => map_texture_format(format),
+        }
+
+    // We might view this resource as SRV/UAV but also as DSV
+    } else if format.is_depth_stencil_format()
+        && usage.intersects(
+            crate::TextureUses::RESOURCE
+                | crate::TextureUses::STORAGE_READ
+                | crate::TextureUses::STORAGE_READ_WRITE,
+        )
+    {
+        match format {
+            Tf::Depth16Unorm => DXGI_FORMAT_R16_TYPELESS,
+            Tf::Depth32Float => DXGI_FORMAT_R32_TYPELESS,
+            Tf::Depth32FloatStencil8 => DXGI_FORMAT_R32G8X24_TYPELESS,
+            Tf::Stencil8 | Tf::Depth24Plus | Tf::Depth24PlusStencil8 => DXGI_FORMAT_R24G8_TYPELESS,
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    } else {
+        map_texture_format(format)
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_index_format(format: wgt::IndexFormat) -> dxgiformat::DXGI_FORMAT {
+    match format {
+        wgt::IndexFormat::Uint16 => dxgiformat::DXGI_FORMAT_R16_UINT,
+        wgt::IndexFormat::Uint32 => dxgiformat::DXGI_FORMAT_R32_UINT,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_vertex_format(format: wgt::VertexFormat) -> dxgiformat::DXGI_FORMAT {
+    use wgt::VertexFormat as Vf;
+    use winapi::shared::dxgiformat::*;
+
+    match format {
+        Vf::Unorm8x2 => DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8_UNORM,
+        Vf::Snorm8x2 => DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8_SNORM,
+        Vf::Uint8x2 => DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8_UINT,
+        Vf::Sint8x2 => DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8_SINT,
+        Vf::Unorm8x4 => DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM,
+        Vf::Snorm8x4 => DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SNORM,
+        Vf::Uint8x4 => DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UINT,
+        Vf::Sint8x4 => DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SINT,
+        Vf::Unorm16x2 => DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16_UNORM,
+        Vf::Snorm16x2 => DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16_SNORM,
+        Vf::Uint16x2 => DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16_UINT,
+        Vf::Sint16x2 => DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16_SINT,
+        Vf::Float16x2 => DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16_FLOAT,
+        Vf::Unorm16x4 => DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_UNORM,
+        Vf::Snorm16x4 => DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SNORM,
+        Vf::Uint16x4 => DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_UINT,
+        Vf::Sint16x4 => DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SINT,
+        Vf::Float16x4 => DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_FLOAT,
+        Vf::Uint32 => DXGI_FORMAT_R32_UINT,
+        Vf::Sint32 => DXGI_FORMAT_R32_SINT,
+        Vf::Float32 => DXGI_FORMAT_R32_FLOAT,
+        Vf::Uint32x2 => DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32_UINT,
+        Vf::Sint32x2 => DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32_SINT,
+        Vf::Float32x2 => DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32_FLOAT,
+        Vf::Uint32x3 => DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32_UINT,
+        Vf::Sint32x3 => DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SINT,
+        Vf::Float32x3 => DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32_FLOAT,
+        Vf::Uint32x4 => DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_UINT,
+        Vf::Sint32x4 => DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_SINT,
+        Vf::Float32x4 => DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_FLOAT,
+        Vf::Float64 | Vf::Float64x2 | Vf::Float64x3 | Vf::Float64x4 => unimplemented!(),
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_acomposite_alpha_mode(_mode: wgt::CompositeAlphaMode) -> d3d12::AlphaMode {
+    d3d12::AlphaMode::Ignore
+}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/auxil/dxgi/exception.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/auxil/dxgi/exception.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fceac7db5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/auxil/dxgi/exception.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+use std::{borrow::Cow, slice};
+
+use parking_lot::{lock_api::RawMutex, Mutex};
+use winapi::{
+    um::{errhandlingapi, winnt},
+    vc::excpt,
+};
+
+// This is a mutex as opposed to an atomic as we need to completely
+// lock everyone out until we have registered or unregistered the
+// exception handler, otherwise really nasty races could happen.
+//
+// By routing all the registration through these functions we can guarentee
+// there is either 1 or 0 exception handlers registered, not multiple.
+static EXCEPTION_HANLDER_COUNT: Mutex<usize> = Mutex::const_new(parking_lot::RawMutex::INIT, 0);
+
+pub fn register_exception_handler() {
+    let mut count_guard = EXCEPTION_HANLDER_COUNT.lock();
+    if *count_guard == 0 {
+        unsafe {
+            errhandlingapi::AddVectoredExceptionHandler(0, Some(output_debug_string_handler))
+        };
+    }
+    *count_guard += 1;
+}
+
+pub fn unregister_exception_handler() {
+    let mut count_guard = EXCEPTION_HANLDER_COUNT.lock();
+    if *count_guard == 1 {
+        unsafe {
+            errhandlingapi::RemoveVectoredExceptionHandler(output_debug_string_handler as *mut _)
+        };
+    }
+    *count_guard -= 1;
+}
+
+const MESSAGE_PREFIXES: &[(&str, log::Level)] = &[
+    ("CORRUPTION", log::Level::Error),
+    ("ERROR", log::Level::Error),
+    ("WARNING", log::Level::Warn),
+    ("INFO", log::Level::Info),
+    ("MESSAGE", log::Level::Debug),
+];
+
+unsafe extern "system" fn output_debug_string_handler(
+    exception_info: *mut winnt::EXCEPTION_POINTERS,
+) -> i32 {
+    // See https://stackoverflow.com/a/41480827
+    let record = unsafe { &*(*exception_info).ExceptionRecord };
+    if record.NumberParameters != 2 {
+        return excpt::EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_SEARCH;
+    }
+    let message = match record.ExceptionCode {
+        winnt::DBG_PRINTEXCEPTION_C => String::from_utf8_lossy(unsafe {
+            slice::from_raw_parts(
+                record.ExceptionInformation[1] as *const u8,
+                record.ExceptionInformation[0],
+            )
+        }),
+        winnt::DBG_PRINTEXCEPTION_WIDE_C => Cow::Owned(String::from_utf16_lossy(unsafe {
+            slice::from_raw_parts(
+                record.ExceptionInformation[1] as *const u16,
+                record.ExceptionInformation[0],
+            )
+        })),
+        _ => return excpt::EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_SEARCH,
+    };
+
+    let message = match message.strip_prefix("D3D12 ") {
+        Some(msg) => msg
+            .trim_end_matches("\n\0")
+            .trim_end_matches("[ STATE_CREATION WARNING #0: UNKNOWN]"),
+        None => return excpt::EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_SEARCH,
+    };
+
+    let (message, level) = match MESSAGE_PREFIXES
+        .iter()
+        .find(|&&(prefix, _)| message.starts_with(prefix))
+    {
+        Some(&(prefix, level)) => (&message[prefix.len() + 2..], level),
+        None => (message, log::Level::Debug),
+    };
+
+    if level == log::Level::Warn && message.contains("#82") {
+        // This is are useless spammy warnings (#820, #821):
+        // "The application did not pass any clear value to resource creation"
+        return excpt::EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_SEARCH;
+    }
+
+    let _ = std::panic::catch_unwind(|| {
+        log::log!(level, "{}", message);
+    });
+
+    if cfg!(debug_assertions) && level == log::Level::Error {
+        // Set canary and continue
+        crate::VALIDATION_CANARY.set();
+    }
+
+    excpt::EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_EXECUTION
+}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/auxil/dxgi/factory.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/auxil/dxgi/factory.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ec3c74c194
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/auxil/dxgi/factory.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+use winapi::{
+    shared::{dxgi, dxgi1_2, dxgi1_4, dxgi1_6, winerror},
+    Interface,
+};
+
+use super::result::HResult as _;
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+pub enum DxgiFactoryType {
+    Factory1,
+    Factory2,
+    Factory4,
+    Factory6,
+}
+
+pub fn enumerate_adapters(factory: d3d12::DxgiFactory) -> Vec<d3d12::DxgiAdapter> {
+    let mut adapters = Vec::with_capacity(8);
+
+    for cur_index in 0.. {
+        if let Some(factory6) = factory.as_factory6() {
+            profiling::scope!("IDXGIFactory6::EnumAdapterByGpuPreference");
+            // We're already at dxgi1.6, we can grab IDXGIAdapater4 directly
+            let mut adapter4 = d3d12::WeakPtr::<dxgi1_6::IDXGIAdapter4>::null();
+            let hr = unsafe {
+                factory6.EnumAdapterByGpuPreference(
+                    cur_index,
+                    dxgi1_6::DXGI_GPU_PREFERENCE_HIGH_PERFORMANCE,
+                    &dxgi1_6::IDXGIAdapter4::uuidof(),
+                    adapter4.mut_void(),
+                )
+            };
+
+            if hr == winerror::DXGI_ERROR_NOT_FOUND {
+                break;
+            }
+            if let Err(err) = hr.into_result() {
+                log::error!("Failed enumerating adapters: {}", err);
+                break;
+            }
+
+            adapters.push(d3d12::DxgiAdapter::Adapter4(adapter4));
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        profiling::scope!("IDXGIFactory1::EnumAdapters1");
+        let mut adapter1 = d3d12::WeakPtr::<dxgi::IDXGIAdapter1>::null();
+        let hr = unsafe { factory.EnumAdapters1(cur_index, adapter1.mut_self()) };
+
+        if hr == winerror::DXGI_ERROR_NOT_FOUND {
+            break;
+        }
+        if let Err(err) = hr.into_result() {
+            log::error!("Failed enumerating adapters: {}", err);
+            break;
+        }
+
+        // Do the most aggressive casts first, skipping Adpater4 as we definitely don't have dxgi1_6.
+
+        // Adapter1 -> Adapter3
+        unsafe {
+            match adapter1.cast::<dxgi1_4::IDXGIAdapter3>().into_result() {
+                Ok(adapter3) => {
+                    adapter1.destroy();
+                    adapters.push(d3d12::DxgiAdapter::Adapter3(adapter3));
+                    continue;
+                }
+                Err(err) => {
+                    log::info!("Failed casting Adapter1 to Adapter3: {}", err);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Adapter1 -> Adapter2
+        unsafe {
+            match adapter1.cast::<dxgi1_2::IDXGIAdapter2>().into_result() {
+                Ok(adapter2) => {
+                    adapter1.destroy();
+                    adapters.push(d3d12::DxgiAdapter::Adapter2(adapter2));
+                    continue;
+                }
+                Err(err) => {
+                    log::info!("Failed casting Adapter1 to Adapter2: {}", err);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        adapters.push(d3d12::DxgiAdapter::Adapter1(adapter1));
+    }
+
+    adapters
+}
+
+/// Tries to create a IDXGIFactory6, then a IDXGIFactory4, then a IDXGIFactory2, then a IDXGIFactory1,
+/// returning the one that succeeds, or if the required_factory_type fails to be
+/// created.
+pub fn create_factory(
+    required_factory_type: DxgiFactoryType,
+    instance_flags: crate::InstanceFlags,
+) -> Result<(d3d12::DxgiLib, d3d12::DxgiFactory), crate::InstanceError> {
+    let lib_dxgi = d3d12::DxgiLib::new().map_err(|_| crate::InstanceError)?;
+
+    let mut factory_flags = d3d12::FactoryCreationFlags::empty();
+
+    if instance_flags.contains(crate::InstanceFlags::VALIDATION) {
+        // The `DXGI_CREATE_FACTORY_DEBUG` flag is only allowed to be passed to
+        // `CreateDXGIFactory2` if the debug interface is actually available. So
+        // we check for whether it exists first.
+        match lib_dxgi.get_debug_interface1() {
+            Ok(pair) => match pair.into_result() {
+                Ok(debug_controller) => {
+                    unsafe { debug_controller.destroy() };
+                    factory_flags |= d3d12::FactoryCreationFlags::DEBUG;
+                }
+                Err(err) => {
+                    log::warn!("Unable to enable DXGI debug interface: {}", err);
+                }
+            },
+            Err(err) => {
+                log::warn!("Debug interface function for DXGI not found: {:?}", err);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Intercept `OutputDebugString` calls
+        super::exception::register_exception_handler();
+    }
+
+    // Try to create IDXGIFactory4
+    let factory4 = match lib_dxgi.create_factory2(factory_flags) {
+        Ok(pair) => match pair.into_result() {
+            Ok(factory) => Some(factory),
+            // We hard error here as we _should have_ been able to make a factory4 but couldn't.
+            Err(err) => {
+                log::error!("Failed to create IDXGIFactory4: {}", err);
+                return Err(crate::InstanceError);
+            }
+        },
+        // If we require factory4, hard error.
+        Err(err) if required_factory_type == DxgiFactoryType::Factory4 => {
+            log::error!("IDXGIFactory1 creation function not found: {:?}", err);
+            return Err(crate::InstanceError);
+        }
+        // If we don't print it to info as all win7 will hit this case.
+        Err(err) => {
+            log::info!("IDXGIFactory1 creation function not found: {:?}", err);
+            None
+        }
+    };
+
+    if let Some(factory4) = factory4 {
+        //  Try to cast the IDXGIFactory4 into IDXGIFactory6
+        let factory6 = unsafe { factory4.cast::<dxgi1_6::IDXGIFactory6>().into_result() };
+        match factory6 {
+            Ok(factory6) => {
+                unsafe {
+                    factory4.destroy();
+                }
+                return Ok((lib_dxgi, d3d12::DxgiFactory::Factory6(factory6)));
+            }
+            // If we require factory6, hard error.
+            Err(err) if required_factory_type == DxgiFactoryType::Factory6 => {
+                log::warn!("Failed to cast IDXGIFactory4 to IDXGIFactory6: {:?}", err);
+                return Err(crate::InstanceError);
+            }
+            // If we don't print it to info.
+            Err(err) => {
+                log::info!("Failed to cast IDXGIFactory4 to IDXGIFactory6: {:?}", err);
+                return Ok((lib_dxgi, d3d12::DxgiFactory::Factory4(factory4)));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Try to create IDXGIFactory1
+    let factory1 = match lib_dxgi.create_factory1() {
+        Ok(pair) => match pair.into_result() {
+            Ok(factory) => factory,
+            Err(err) => {
+                log::error!("Failed to create IDXGIFactory1: {}", err);
+                return Err(crate::InstanceError);
+            }
+        },
+        // We always require at least factory1, so hard error
+        Err(err) => {
+            log::error!("IDXGIFactory1 creation function not found: {:?}", err);
+            return Err(crate::InstanceError);
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Try to cast the IDXGIFactory1 into IDXGIFactory2
+    let factory2 = unsafe { factory1.cast::<dxgi1_2::IDXGIFactory2>().into_result() };
+    match factory2 {
+        Ok(factory2) => {
+            unsafe {
+                factory1.destroy();
+            }
+            return Ok((lib_dxgi, d3d12::DxgiFactory::Factory2(factory2)));
+        }
+        // If we require factory2, hard error.
+        Err(err) if required_factory_type == DxgiFactoryType::Factory2 => {
+            log::warn!("Failed to cast IDXGIFactory1 to IDXGIFactory2: {:?}", err);
+            return Err(crate::InstanceError);
+        }
+        // If we don't print it to info.
+        Err(err) => {
+            log::info!("Failed to cast IDXGIFactory1 to IDXGIFactory2: {:?}", err);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // We tried to create 4 and 2, but only succeeded with 1.
+    Ok((lib_dxgi, d3d12::DxgiFactory::Factory1(factory1)))
+}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/auxil/dxgi/mod.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/auxil/dxgi/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..559969633c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/auxil/dxgi/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+pub mod conv;
+pub mod exception;
+pub mod factory;
+pub mod result;
+pub mod time;
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/auxil/dxgi/result.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/auxil/dxgi/result.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..db013d2dec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/auxil/dxgi/result.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+
+use winapi::shared::winerror;
+
+pub(crate) trait HResult<O> {
+    fn into_result(self) -> Result<O, Cow<'static, str>>;
+    fn into_device_result(self, description: &str) -> Result<O, crate::DeviceError>;
+}
+impl HResult<()> for i32 {
+    fn into_result(self) -> Result<(), Cow<'static, str>> {
+        if self >= 0 {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        let description = match self {
+            winerror::E_UNEXPECTED => "unexpected",
+            winerror::E_NOTIMPL => "not implemented",
+            winerror::E_OUTOFMEMORY => "out of memory",
+            winerror::E_INVALIDARG => "invalid argument",
+            _ => return Err(Cow::Owned(format!("0x{:X}", self as u32))),
+        };
+        Err(Cow::Borrowed(description))
+    }
+    fn into_device_result(self, description: &str) -> Result<(), crate::DeviceError> {
+        self.into_result().map_err(|err| {
+            log::error!("{} failed: {}", description, err);
+            if self == winerror::E_OUTOFMEMORY {
+                crate::DeviceError::OutOfMemory
+            } else {
+                crate::DeviceError::Lost
+            }
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> HResult<T> for (T, i32) {
+    fn into_result(self) -> Result<T, Cow<'static, str>> {
+        self.1.into_result().map(|()| self.0)
+    }
+    fn into_device_result(self, description: &str) -> Result<T, crate::DeviceError> {
+        self.1.into_device_result(description).map(|()| self.0)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/auxil/dxgi/time.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/auxil/dxgi/time.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fd99c097d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/auxil/dxgi/time.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+#![allow(dead_code)] // IPresentationManager is unused currently
+
+use std::mem;
+
+use winapi::um::{
+    profileapi::{QueryPerformanceCounter, QueryPerformanceFrequency},
+    winnt::LARGE_INTEGER,
+};
+
+pub enum PresentationTimer {
+    /// DXGI uses QueryPerformanceCounter
+    Dxgi {
+        /// How many ticks of QPC per second
+        frequency: u64,
+    },
+    /// IPresentationManager uses QueryInterruptTimePrecise
+    #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+    IPresentationManager {
+        fnQueryInterruptTimePrecise: unsafe extern "system" fn(*mut winapi::ctypes::c_ulonglong),
+    },
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for PresentationTimer {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        match *self {
+            Self::Dxgi { frequency } => f
+                .debug_struct("DXGI")
+                .field("frequency", &frequency)
+                .finish(),
+            Self::IPresentationManager {
+                fnQueryInterruptTimePrecise,
+            } => f
+                .debug_struct("IPresentationManager")
+                .field(
+                    "QueryInterruptTimePrecise",
+                    &(fnQueryInterruptTimePrecise as usize),
+                )
+                .finish(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl PresentationTimer {
+    /// Create a presentation timer using QueryPerformanceFrequency (what DXGI uses for presentation times)
+    pub fn new_dxgi() -> Self {
+        let mut frequency: LARGE_INTEGER = unsafe { mem::zeroed() };
+        let success = unsafe { QueryPerformanceFrequency(&mut frequency) };
+        assert_ne!(success, 0);
+
+        Self::Dxgi {
+            frequency: unsafe { *frequency.QuadPart() } as u64,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Create a presentation timer using QueryInterruptTimePrecise (what IPresentationManager uses for presentation times)
+    ///
+    /// Panics if QueryInterruptTimePrecise isn't found (below Win10)
+    pub fn new_ipresentation_manager() -> Self {
+        // We need to load this explicitly, as QueryInterruptTimePrecise is only available on Windows 10+
+        //
+        // Docs say it's in kernel32.dll, but it's actually in kernelbase.dll.
+        let kernelbase =
+            libloading::os::windows::Library::open_already_loaded("kernelbase.dll").unwrap();
+        // No concerns about lifetimes here as kernelbase is always there.
+        let ptr = unsafe { kernelbase.get(b"QueryInterruptTimePrecise").unwrap() };
+        Self::IPresentationManager {
+            fnQueryInterruptTimePrecise: *ptr,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the current time in nanoseconds.
+    pub fn get_timestamp_ns(&self) -> u128 {
+        // Always do u128 math _after_ hitting the timing function.
+        match *self {
+            PresentationTimer::Dxgi { frequency } => {
+                let mut counter: LARGE_INTEGER = unsafe { mem::zeroed() };
+                let success = unsafe { QueryPerformanceCounter(&mut counter) };
+                assert_ne!(success, 0);
+
+                // counter * (1_000_000_000 / freq) but re-ordered to make more precise
+                (unsafe { *counter.QuadPart() } as u128 * 1_000_000_000) / frequency as u128
+            }
+            PresentationTimer::IPresentationManager {
+                fnQueryInterruptTimePrecise,
+            } => {
+                let mut counter = 0;
+                unsafe { fnQueryInterruptTimePrecise(&mut counter) };
+
+                // QueryInterruptTimePrecise uses units of 100ns for its tick.
+                counter as u128 * 100
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/auxil/mod.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/auxil/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f0aa6a4a89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/auxil/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+#[cfg(all(any(feature = "dx11", feature = "dx12"), windows))]
+pub(super) mod dxgi;
+
+#[cfg(all(not(target_arch = "wasm32"), feature = "renderdoc"))]
+pub(super) mod renderdoc;
+
+pub mod db {
+    pub mod amd {
+        pub const VENDOR: u32 = 0x1002;
+    }
+    pub mod apple {
+        pub const VENDOR: u32 = 0x106B;
+    }
+    pub mod arm {
+        pub const VENDOR: u32 = 0x13B5;
+    }
+    pub mod broadcom {
+        pub const VENDOR: u32 = 0x14E4;
+    }
+    pub mod imgtec {
+        pub const VENDOR: u32 = 0x1010;
+    }
+    pub mod intel {
+        pub const VENDOR: u32 = 0x8086;
+        pub const DEVICE_KABY_LAKE_MASK: u32 = 0x5900;
+        pub const DEVICE_SKY_LAKE_MASK: u32 = 0x1900;
+    }
+    pub mod mesa {
+        // Mesa does not actually have a PCI vendor id.
+        //
+        // To match Vulkan, we use the VkVendorId for Mesa in the gles backend so that lavapipe (Vulkan) and
+        // llvmpipe (OpenGL) have the same vendor id.
+        pub const VENDOR: u32 = 0x10005;
+    }
+    pub mod nvidia {
+        pub const VENDOR: u32 = 0x10DE;
+    }
+    pub mod qualcomm {
+        pub const VENDOR: u32 = 0x5143;
+    }
+}
+
+/// Maximum binding size for the shaders that only support `i32` indexing.
+/// Interestingly, the index itself can't reach that high, because the minimum
+/// element size is 4 bytes, but the compiler toolchain still computes the
+/// offset at some intermediate point, internally, as i32.
+pub const MAX_I32_BINDING_SIZE: u32 = 1 << 31;
+
+pub fn map_naga_stage(stage: naga::ShaderStage) -> wgt::ShaderStages {
+    match stage {
+        naga::ShaderStage::Vertex => wgt::ShaderStages::VERTEX,
+        naga::ShaderStage::Fragment => wgt::ShaderStages::FRAGMENT,
+        naga::ShaderStage::Compute => wgt::ShaderStages::COMPUTE,
+    }
+}
+
+impl crate::CopyExtent {
+    pub fn map_extent_to_copy_size(extent: &wgt::Extent3d, dim: wgt::TextureDimension) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            width: extent.width,
+            height: extent.height,
+            depth: match dim {
+                wgt::TextureDimension::D1 | wgt::TextureDimension::D2 => 1,
+                wgt::TextureDimension::D3 => extent.depth_or_array_layers,
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn min(&self, other: &Self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            width: self.width.min(other.width),
+            height: self.height.min(other.height),
+            depth: self.depth.min(other.depth),
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Get the copy size at a specific mipmap level. This doesn't make most sense,
+    // since the copy extents are provided *for* a mipmap level to start with.
+    // But backends use `CopyExtent` more sparingly, and this piece is shared.
+    pub fn at_mip_level(&self, level: u32) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            width: (self.width >> level).max(1),
+            height: (self.height >> level).max(1),
+            depth: (self.depth >> level).max(1),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl crate::TextureCopyBase {
+    pub fn max_copy_size(&self, full_size: &crate::CopyExtent) -> crate::CopyExtent {
+        let mip = full_size.at_mip_level(self.mip_level);
+        crate::CopyExtent {
+            width: mip.width - self.origin.x,
+            height: mip.height - self.origin.y,
+            depth: mip.depth - self.origin.z,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl crate::BufferTextureCopy {
+    pub fn clamp_size_to_virtual(&mut self, full_size: &crate::CopyExtent) {
+        let max_size = self.texture_base.max_copy_size(full_size);
+        self.size = self.size.min(&max_size);
+    }
+}
+
+impl crate::TextureCopy {
+    pub fn clamp_size_to_virtual(
+        &mut self,
+        full_src_size: &crate::CopyExtent,
+        full_dst_size: &crate::CopyExtent,
+    ) {
+        let max_src_size = self.src_base.max_copy_size(full_src_size);
+        let max_dst_size = self.dst_base.max_copy_size(full_dst_size);
+        self.size = self.size.min(&max_src_size).min(&max_dst_size);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Construct a `CStr` from a byte slice, up to the first zero byte.
+///
+/// Return a `CStr` extending from the start of `bytes` up to and
+/// including the first zero byte. If there is no zero byte in
+/// `bytes`, return `None`.
+///
+/// This can be removed when `CStr::from_bytes_until_nul` is stabilized.
+/// ([#95027](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/95027))
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+pub(crate) fn cstr_from_bytes_until_nul(bytes: &[std::os::raw::c_char]) -> Option<&std::ffi::CStr> {
+    if bytes.contains(&0) {
+        // Safety for `CStr::from_ptr`:
+        // - We've ensured that the slice does contain a null terminator.
+        // - The range is valid to read, because the slice covers it.
+        // - The memory won't be changed, because the slice borrows it.
+        unsafe { Some(std::ffi::CStr::from_ptr(bytes.as_ptr())) }
+    } else {
+        None
+    }
+}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/auxil/renderdoc.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/auxil/renderdoc.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..15b2c1039a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/auxil/renderdoc.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+//! RenderDoc integration - <https://renderdoc.org/>
+
+use std::{ffi, os, ptr};
+
+/// The dynamically loaded RenderDoc API function table
+#[repr(C)]
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct RenderDocApi {
+    api: renderdoc_sys::RENDERDOC_API_1_4_1,
+    lib: libloading::Library,
+}
+
+unsafe impl Send for RenderDocApi {}
+unsafe impl Sync for RenderDocApi {}
+
+/// RenderDoc API type
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum RenderDoc {
+    /// RenderDoc functionality is available
+    Available {
+        /// RenderDoc API with function pointers
+        api: RenderDocApi,
+    },
+    /// RenderDoc functionality is _not_ available
+    NotAvailable {
+        /// A description why renderdoc functionality is not available
+        reason: String,
+    },
+}
+
+// TODO: replace with libloading API once supported
+#[cfg(unix)]
+const RTLD_NOLOAD: i32 = 0x4;
+
+impl RenderDoc {
+    pub unsafe fn new() -> Self {
+        type GetApiFn = unsafe extern "C" fn(version: u32, out: *mut *mut ffi::c_void) -> i32;
+
+        #[cfg(windows)]
+        let renderdoc_filename = "renderdoc.dll";
+        #[cfg(all(unix, not(target_os = "android")))]
+        let renderdoc_filename = "librenderdoc.so";
+        #[cfg(target_os = "android")]
+        let renderdoc_filename = "libVkLayer_GLES_RenderDoc.so";
+
+        #[cfg(unix)]
+        let renderdoc_result: Result<libloading::Library, libloading::Error> = unsafe {
+            libloading::os::unix::Library::open(
+                Some(renderdoc_filename),
+                libloading::os::unix::RTLD_NOW | RTLD_NOLOAD,
+            )
+        }
+        .map(|lib| lib.into());
+
+        #[cfg(windows)]
+        let renderdoc_result: Result<libloading::Library, libloading::Error> =
+            libloading::os::windows::Library::open_already_loaded(renderdoc_filename)
+                .map(|lib| lib.into());
+
+        let renderdoc_lib = match renderdoc_result {
+            Ok(lib) => lib,
+            Err(e) => {
+                return RenderDoc::NotAvailable {
+                    reason: format!(
+                        "Unable to load renderdoc library '{renderdoc_filename}': {e:?}"
+                    ),
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        let get_api: libloading::Symbol<GetApiFn> =
+            match unsafe { renderdoc_lib.get(b"RENDERDOC_GetAPI\0") } {
+                Ok(api) => api,
+                Err(e) => {
+                    return RenderDoc::NotAvailable {
+                        reason: format!(
+                            "Unable to get RENDERDOC_GetAPI from renderdoc library '{renderdoc_filename}': {e:?}"
+                        ),
+                    }
+                }
+            };
+        let mut obj = ptr::null_mut();
+        match unsafe { get_api(10401, &mut obj) } {
+            1 => RenderDoc::Available {
+                api: RenderDocApi {
+                    api: unsafe { *(obj as *mut renderdoc_sys::RENDERDOC_API_1_4_1) },
+                    lib: renderdoc_lib,
+                },
+            },
+            return_value => RenderDoc::NotAvailable {
+                reason: format!(
+                    "Unable to get API from renderdoc library '{renderdoc_filename}': {return_value}"
+                ),
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for RenderDoc {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        if !cfg!(debug_assertions) {
+            return RenderDoc::NotAvailable {
+                reason: "RenderDoc support is only enabled with 'debug_assertions'".into(),
+            };
+        }
+        unsafe { Self::new() }
+    }
+}
+/// A implementation specific handle
+pub type Handle = *mut os::raw::c_void;
+
+impl RenderDoc {
+    /// Start a RenderDoc frame capture
+    pub unsafe fn start_frame_capture(&self, device_handle: Handle, window_handle: Handle) -> bool {
+        match *self {
+            Self::Available { api: ref entry } => {
+                unsafe { entry.api.StartFrameCapture.unwrap()(device_handle, window_handle) };
+                true
+            }
+            Self::NotAvailable { ref reason } => {
+                log::warn!("Could not start RenderDoc frame capture: {}", reason);
+                false
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// End a RenderDoc frame capture
+    pub unsafe fn end_frame_capture(&self, device_handle: Handle, window_handle: Handle) {
+        match *self {
+            Self::Available { api: ref entry } => {
+                unsafe { entry.api.EndFrameCapture.unwrap()(device_handle, window_handle) };
+            }
+            Self::NotAvailable { ref reason } => {
+                log::warn!("Could not end RenderDoc frame capture: {}", reason)
+            }
+        };
+    }
+}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx11/adapter.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx11/adapter.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a28106a9bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx11/adapter.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+use std::num::NonZeroU64;
+
+use winapi::um::{d3d11, d3dcommon};
+
+impl crate::Adapter<super::Api> for super::Adapter {
+    unsafe fn open(
+        &self,
+        features: wgt::Features,
+        limits: &wgt::Limits,
+    ) -> Result<crate::OpenDevice<super::Api>, crate::DeviceError> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn texture_format_capabilities(
+        &self,
+        format: wgt::TextureFormat,
+    ) -> crate::TextureFormatCapabilities {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn surface_capabilities(
+        &self,
+        surface: &super::Surface,
+    ) -> Option<crate::SurfaceCapabilities> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn get_presentation_timestamp(&self) -> wgt::PresentationTimestamp {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+impl super::Adapter {
+    pub(super) fn expose(
+        instance: &super::library::D3D11Lib,
+        adapter: d3d12::DxgiAdapter,
+    ) -> Option<crate::ExposedAdapter<super::Api>> {
+        use d3dcommon::{
+            D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_10_0 as FL10_0, D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_10_1 as FL10_1,
+            D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0 as FL11_0, D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_1 as FL11_1,
+            D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_9_1 as FL9_1, D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_9_2 as FL9_2,
+            D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_9_3 as FL9_3,
+        };
+
+        let (device, feature_level) = instance.create_device(adapter)?;
+
+        //
+        // Query Features from d3d11
+        //
+
+        let d3d9_features = unsafe {
+            device.check_feature_support::<d3d11::D3D11_FEATURE_DATA_D3D9_OPTIONS1>(
+                d3d11::D3D11_FEATURE_D3D9_OPTIONS1,
+            )
+        };
+
+        let d3d10_features = unsafe {
+            device.check_feature_support::<d3d11::D3D11_FEATURE_DATA_D3D10_X_HARDWARE_OPTIONS>(
+                d3d11::D3D11_FEATURE_D3D10_X_HARDWARE_OPTIONS,
+            )
+        };
+
+        let d3d11_features = unsafe {
+            device.check_feature_support::<d3d11::D3D11_FEATURE_DATA_D3D11_OPTIONS>(
+                d3d11::D3D11_FEATURE_D3D11_OPTIONS,
+            )
+        };
+
+        let d3d11_features1 = unsafe {
+            device.check_feature_support::<d3d11::D3D11_FEATURE_DATA_D3D11_OPTIONS1>(
+                d3d11::D3D11_FEATURE_D3D11_OPTIONS1,
+            )
+        };
+
+        let d3d11_features2 = unsafe {
+            device.check_feature_support::<d3d11::D3D11_FEATURE_DATA_D3D11_OPTIONS2>(
+                d3d11::D3D11_FEATURE_D3D11_OPTIONS2,
+            )
+        };
+
+        let d3d11_features3 = unsafe {
+            device.check_feature_support::<d3d11::D3D11_FEATURE_DATA_D3D11_OPTIONS3>(
+                d3d11::D3D11_FEATURE_D3D11_OPTIONS3,
+            )
+        };
+
+        //
+        // Fill out features and downlevel features
+        //
+        // TODO(cwfitzgerald): Needed downlevel features: 3D dispatch
+
+        let mut features = wgt::Features::DEPTH_CLIP_CONTROL
+            | wgt::Features::PUSH_CONSTANTS
+            | wgt::Features::POLYGON_MODE_LINE
+            | wgt::Features::CLEAR_TEXTURE
+            | wgt::Features::TEXTURE_FORMAT_16BIT_NORM
+            | wgt::Features::ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_ZERO;
+        let mut downlevel = wgt::DownlevelFlags::BASE_VERTEX
+            | wgt::DownlevelFlags::READ_ONLY_DEPTH_STENCIL
+            | wgt::DownlevelFlags::UNRESTRICTED_INDEX_BUFFER
+            | wgt::DownlevelFlags::UNRESTRICTED_EXTERNAL_TEXTURE_COPIES;
+
+        // Features from queries
+        downlevel.set(
+            wgt::DownlevelFlags::NON_POWER_OF_TWO_MIPMAPPED_TEXTURES,
+            d3d9_features.FullNonPow2TextureSupported == 1,
+        );
+        downlevel.set(
+            wgt::DownlevelFlags::COMPUTE_SHADERS,
+            d3d10_features.ComputeShaders_Plus_RawAndStructuredBuffers_Via_Shader_4_x == 1,
+        );
+
+        // Features from feature level
+        if feature_level >= FL9_2 {
+            downlevel |= wgt::DownlevelFlags::INDEPENDENT_BLEND;
+            // formally FL9_1 supports aniso 2, but we don't support that level of distinction
+            downlevel |= wgt::DownlevelFlags::ANISOTROPIC_FILTERING;
+            // this is actually the first FL that supports u32 at all
+            downlevel |= wgt::DownlevelFlags::FULL_DRAW_INDEX_UINT32;
+        }
+
+        if feature_level >= FL9_3 {
+            downlevel |= wgt::DownlevelFlags::COMPARISON_SAMPLERS;
+        }
+
+        if feature_level >= FL10_0 {
+            downlevel |= wgt::DownlevelFlags::FRAGMENT_STORAGE;
+            downlevel |= wgt::DownlevelFlags::FRAGMENT_WRITABLE_STORAGE;
+            downlevel |= wgt::DownlevelFlags::DEPTH_BIAS_CLAMP;
+            downlevel |= wgt::DownlevelFlags::VERTEX_STORAGE;
+            features |= wgt::Features::DEPTH_CLIP_CONTROL;
+            features |= wgt::Features::TIMESTAMP_QUERY;
+            features |= wgt::Features::PIPELINE_STATISTICS_QUERY;
+            features |= wgt::Features::SHADER_PRIMITIVE_INDEX;
+        }
+
+        if feature_level >= FL10_1 {
+            downlevel |= wgt::DownlevelFlags::CUBE_ARRAY_TEXTURES;
+            downlevel |= wgt::DownlevelFlags::MULTISAMPLED_SHADING;
+        }
+
+        if feature_level >= FL11_0 {
+            downlevel |= wgt::DownlevelFlags::INDIRECT_EXECUTION;
+            downlevel |= wgt::DownlevelFlags::WEBGPU_TEXTURE_FORMAT_SUPPORT;
+            features |= wgt::Features::TEXTURE_COMPRESSION_BC;
+        }
+
+        if feature_level >= FL11_1 {
+            features |= wgt::Features::VERTEX_WRITABLE_STORAGE;
+        }
+
+        //
+        // Fill out limits and alignments
+        //
+
+        let max_texture_dimension_2d = match feature_level {
+            FL9_1 | FL9_2 => 2048,
+            FL9_3 => 4096,
+            FL10_0 | FL10_1 => 8192,
+            _ => d3d11::D3D11_REQ_TEXTURE2D_U_OR_V_DIMENSION,
+        };
+
+        let max_texture_dimension_3d = match feature_level {
+            FL9_1..=FL9_3 => 256,
+            _ => d3d11::D3D11_REQ_TEXTURE3D_U_V_OR_W_DIMENSION,
+        };
+        let max_vertex_buffers = match feature_level {
+            FL9_1..=FL9_3 => 16,
+            _ => 32,
+        };
+        let max_compute_workgroup_storage_size = match feature_level {
+            FL9_1..=FL9_3 => 0,
+            FL10_0 | FL10_1 => 4096 * 4, // This doesn't have an equiv SM4 constant :\
+            _ => d3d11::D3D11_CS_TGSM_REGISTER_COUNT * 4,
+        };
+        let max_workgroup_size_xy = match feature_level {
+            FL9_1..=FL9_3 => 0,
+            FL10_0 | FL10_1 => d3d11::D3D11_CS_4_X_THREAD_GROUP_MAX_X,
+            _ => d3d11::D3D11_CS_THREAD_GROUP_MAX_X,
+        };
+        let max_workgroup_size_z = match feature_level {
+            FL9_1..=FL9_3 => 0,
+            FL10_0 | FL10_1 => 1,
+            _ => d3d11::D3D11_CS_THREAD_GROUP_MAX_Z,
+        };
+        // let max_workgroup_count_z = match feature_level {
+        //     FL9_1..=FL9_3 => 0,
+        //     FL10_0 | FL10_1 => 1,
+        //     _ => d3d11::D3D11_CS_THREAD_GROUP_MAX_Z,
+        // };
+
+        let max_sampled_textures = d3d11::D3D11_COMMONSHADER_INPUT_RESOURCE_REGISTER_COUNT;
+        let max_samplers = d3d11::D3D11_COMMONSHADER_SAMPLER_SLOT_COUNT;
+        let max_constant_buffers = d3d11::D3D11_COMMONSHADER_CONSTANT_BUFFER_API_SLOT_COUNT - 1;
+        let max_uavs = if device.as_device1().is_some() {
+            d3d11::D3D11_1_UAV_SLOT_COUNT
+        } else {
+            d3d11::D3D11_PS_CS_UAV_REGISTER_COUNT
+        };
+        let max_output_registers = d3d11::D3D11_VS_OUTPUT_REGISTER_COMPONENTS;
+        let max_compute_invocations_per_workgroup =
+            d3d11::D3D11_CS_THREAD_GROUP_MAX_THREADS_PER_GROUP;
+        let max_compute_workgroups_per_dimension =
+            d3d11::D3D11_CS_DISPATCH_MAX_THREAD_GROUPS_PER_DIMENSION;
+
+        let limits = wgt::Limits {
+            max_texture_dimension_1d: max_texture_dimension_2d,
+            max_texture_dimension_2d,
+            max_texture_dimension_3d,
+            max_texture_array_layers: max_texture_dimension_3d,
+            max_bind_groups: u32::MAX,
+            max_bindings_per_bind_group: 65535,
+            max_dynamic_uniform_buffers_per_pipeline_layout: max_constant_buffers,
+            max_dynamic_storage_buffers_per_pipeline_layout: 0,
+            max_sampled_textures_per_shader_stage: max_sampled_textures,
+            max_samplers_per_shader_stage: max_samplers,
+            max_storage_buffers_per_shader_stage: max_uavs,
+            max_storage_textures_per_shader_stage: max_uavs,
+            max_uniform_buffers_per_shader_stage: max_constant_buffers,
+            max_uniform_buffer_binding_size: 1 << 16,
+            max_storage_buffer_binding_size: u32::MAX,
+            max_vertex_buffers,
+            max_vertex_attributes: max_vertex_buffers,
+            max_vertex_buffer_array_stride: u32::MAX,
+            max_push_constant_size: 1 << 16,
+            min_uniform_buffer_offset_alignment: 256,
+            min_storage_buffer_offset_alignment: 1,
+            max_inter_stage_shader_components: max_output_registers,
+            max_compute_workgroup_storage_size,
+            max_compute_invocations_per_workgroup,
+            max_compute_workgroup_size_x: max_workgroup_size_xy,
+            max_compute_workgroup_size_y: max_workgroup_size_xy,
+            max_compute_workgroup_size_z: max_workgroup_size_z,
+            max_compute_workgroups_per_dimension,
+            // D3D11_BUFFER_DESC represents the buffer size as a 32 bit int.
+            max_buffer_size: u32::MAX as u64,
+        };
+
+        //
+        // Other capabilities
+        //
+
+        let shader_model = match feature_level {
+            FL9_1..=FL9_3 => wgt::ShaderModel::Sm2,
+            FL10_0 | FL10_1 => wgt::ShaderModel::Sm4,
+            _ => wgt::ShaderModel::Sm5,
+        };
+
+        let device_info = wgt::AdapterInfo {
+            name: String::new(),
+            vendor: 0,
+            device: 0,
+            device_type: match d3d11_features2.UnifiedMemoryArchitecture {
+                0 => wgt::DeviceType::DiscreteGpu,
+                1 => wgt::DeviceType::IntegratedGpu,
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            },
+            driver: String::new(),
+            driver_info: String::new(),
+            backend: wgt::Backend::Dx11,
+        };
+
+        //
+        // Build up the structs
+        //
+
+        let api_adapter = super::Adapter { device };
+
+        let alignments = crate::Alignments {
+            buffer_copy_offset: NonZeroU64::new(1).unwrap(), // todo
+            buffer_copy_pitch: NonZeroU64::new(1).unwrap(),  // todo
+        };
+
+        let capabilities = crate::Capabilities {
+            limits,
+            alignments,
+            downlevel: wgt::DownlevelCapabilities {
+                flags: downlevel,
+                limits: wgt::DownlevelLimits {},
+                shader_model,
+            },
+        };
+
+        Some(crate::ExposedAdapter {
+            adapter: api_adapter,
+            info: device_info,
+            features,
+            capabilities,
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx11/command.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx11/command.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1c73f3c325
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx11/command.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+impl crate::CommandEncoder<super::Api> for super::CommandEncoder {
+    unsafe fn begin_encoding(&mut self, label: crate::Label) -> Result<(), crate::DeviceError> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn discard_encoding(&mut self) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn end_encoding(&mut self) -> Result<super::CommandBuffer, crate::DeviceError> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn reset_all<I>(&mut self, command_buffers: I)
+    where
+        I: Iterator<Item = super::CommandBuffer>,
+    {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn transition_buffers<'a, T>(&mut self, barriers: T)
+    where
+        T: Iterator<Item = crate::BufferBarrier<'a, super::Api>>,
+    {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn transition_textures<'a, T>(&mut self, barriers: T)
+    where
+        T: Iterator<Item = crate::TextureBarrier<'a, super::Api>>,
+    {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn clear_buffer(&mut self, buffer: &super::Buffer, range: crate::MemoryRange) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn copy_buffer_to_buffer<T>(
+        &mut self,
+        src: &super::Buffer,
+        dst: &super::Buffer,
+        regions: T,
+    ) where
+        T: Iterator<Item = crate::BufferCopy>,
+    {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn copy_texture_to_texture<T>(
+        &mut self,
+        src: &super::Texture,
+        src_usage: crate::TextureUses,
+        dst: &super::Texture,
+        regions: T,
+    ) where
+        T: Iterator<Item = crate::TextureCopy>,
+    {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn copy_buffer_to_texture<T>(
+        &mut self,
+        src: &super::Buffer,
+        dst: &super::Texture,
+        regions: T,
+    ) where
+        T: Iterator<Item = crate::BufferTextureCopy>,
+    {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn copy_texture_to_buffer<T>(
+        &mut self,
+        src: &super::Texture,
+        src_usage: crate::TextureUses,
+        dst: &super::Buffer,
+        regions: T,
+    ) where
+        T: Iterator<Item = crate::BufferTextureCopy>,
+    {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn set_bind_group(
+        &mut self,
+        layout: &super::PipelineLayout,
+        index: u32,
+        group: &super::BindGroup,
+        dynamic_offsets: &[wgt::DynamicOffset],
+    ) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn set_push_constants(
+        &mut self,
+        layout: &super::PipelineLayout,
+        stages: wgt::ShaderStages,
+        offset: u32,
+        data: &[u32],
+    ) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn insert_debug_marker(&mut self, label: &str) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn begin_debug_marker(&mut self, group_label: &str) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn end_debug_marker(&mut self) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn begin_query(&mut self, set: &super::QuerySet, index: u32) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn end_query(&mut self, set: &super::QuerySet, index: u32) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn write_timestamp(&mut self, set: &super::QuerySet, index: u32) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn reset_queries(&mut self, set: &super::QuerySet, range: std::ops::Range<u32>) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn copy_query_results(
+        &mut self,
+        set: &super::QuerySet,
+        range: std::ops::Range<u32>,
+        buffer: &super::Buffer,
+        offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        stride: wgt::BufferSize,
+    ) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn begin_render_pass(&mut self, desc: &crate::RenderPassDescriptor<super::Api>) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn end_render_pass(&mut self) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn set_render_pipeline(&mut self, pipeline: &super::RenderPipeline) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn set_index_buffer<'a>(
+        &mut self,
+        binding: crate::BufferBinding<'a, super::Api>,
+        format: wgt::IndexFormat,
+    ) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn set_vertex_buffer<'a>(
+        &mut self,
+        index: u32,
+        binding: crate::BufferBinding<'a, super::Api>,
+    ) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn set_viewport(&mut self, rect: &crate::Rect<f32>, depth_range: std::ops::Range<f32>) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn set_scissor_rect(&mut self, rect: &crate::Rect<u32>) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn set_stencil_reference(&mut self, value: u32) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn set_blend_constants(&mut self, color: &[f32; 4]) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn draw(
+        &mut self,
+        start_vertex: u32,
+        vertex_count: u32,
+        start_instance: u32,
+        instance_count: u32,
+    ) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn draw_indexed(
+        &mut self,
+        start_index: u32,
+        index_count: u32,
+        base_vertex: i32,
+        start_instance: u32,
+        instance_count: u32,
+    ) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn draw_indirect(
+        &mut self,
+        buffer: &super::Buffer,
+        offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        draw_count: u32,
+    ) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn draw_indexed_indirect(
+        &mut self,
+        buffer: &super::Buffer,
+        offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        draw_count: u32,
+    ) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn draw_indirect_count(
+        &mut self,
+        buffer: &super::Buffer,
+        offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        count_buffer: &super::Buffer,
+        count_offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        max_count: u32,
+    ) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn draw_indexed_indirect_count(
+        &mut self,
+        buffer: &super::Buffer,
+        offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        count_buffer: &super::Buffer,
+        count_offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        max_count: u32,
+    ) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn begin_compute_pass(&mut self, desc: &crate::ComputePassDescriptor) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn end_compute_pass(&mut self) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn set_compute_pipeline(&mut self, pipeline: &super::ComputePipeline) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn dispatch(&mut self, count: [u32; 3]) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn dispatch_indirect(&mut self, buffer: &super::Buffer, offset: wgt::BufferAddress) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx11/device.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx11/device.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3b087c4311
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx11/device.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+use std::{ffi::c_void, mem};
+
+use winapi::um::d3d11;
+
+use crate::auxil::dxgi::result::HResult;
+
+impl crate::Device<super::Api> for super::Device {
+    unsafe fn exit(self, queue: super::Queue) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_buffer(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::BufferDescriptor,
+    ) -> Result<super::Buffer, crate::DeviceError> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn destroy_buffer(&self, buffer: super::Buffer) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn map_buffer(
+        &self,
+        buffer: &super::Buffer,
+        range: crate::MemoryRange,
+    ) -> Result<crate::BufferMapping, crate::DeviceError> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn unmap_buffer(&self, buffer: &super::Buffer) -> Result<(), crate::DeviceError> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn flush_mapped_ranges<I>(&self, buffer: &super::Buffer, ranges: I)
+    where
+        I: Iterator<Item = crate::MemoryRange>,
+    {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn invalidate_mapped_ranges<I>(&self, buffer: &super::Buffer, ranges: I)
+    where
+        I: Iterator<Item = crate::MemoryRange>,
+    {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_texture(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::TextureDescriptor,
+    ) -> Result<super::Texture, crate::DeviceError> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn destroy_texture(&self, texture: super::Texture) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_texture_view(
+        &self,
+        texture: &super::Texture,
+        desc: &crate::TextureViewDescriptor,
+    ) -> Result<super::TextureView, crate::DeviceError> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn destroy_texture_view(&self, view: super::TextureView) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_sampler(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::SamplerDescriptor,
+    ) -> Result<super::Sampler, crate::DeviceError> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn destroy_sampler(&self, sampler: super::Sampler) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_command_encoder(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::CommandEncoderDescriptor<super::Api>,
+    ) -> Result<super::CommandEncoder, crate::DeviceError> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn destroy_command_encoder(&self, pool: super::CommandEncoder) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_bind_group_layout(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::BindGroupLayoutDescriptor,
+    ) -> Result<super::BindGroupLayout, crate::DeviceError> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn destroy_bind_group_layout(&self, bg_layout: super::BindGroupLayout) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_pipeline_layout(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::PipelineLayoutDescriptor<super::Api>,
+    ) -> Result<super::PipelineLayout, crate::DeviceError> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn destroy_pipeline_layout(&self, pipeline_layout: super::PipelineLayout) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_bind_group(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::BindGroupDescriptor<super::Api>,
+    ) -> Result<super::BindGroup, crate::DeviceError> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn destroy_bind_group(&self, group: super::BindGroup) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_shader_module(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::ShaderModuleDescriptor,
+        shader: crate::ShaderInput,
+    ) -> Result<super::ShaderModule, crate::ShaderError> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn destroy_shader_module(&self, module: super::ShaderModule) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_render_pipeline(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::RenderPipelineDescriptor<super::Api>,
+    ) -> Result<super::RenderPipeline, crate::PipelineError> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn destroy_render_pipeline(&self, pipeline: super::RenderPipeline) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_compute_pipeline(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::ComputePipelineDescriptor<super::Api>,
+    ) -> Result<super::ComputePipeline, crate::PipelineError> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn destroy_compute_pipeline(&self, pipeline: super::ComputePipeline) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_query_set(
+        &self,
+        desc: &wgt::QuerySetDescriptor<crate::Label>,
+    ) -> Result<super::QuerySet, crate::DeviceError> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn destroy_query_set(&self, set: super::QuerySet) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_fence(&self) -> Result<super::Fence, crate::DeviceError> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn destroy_fence(&self, fence: super::Fence) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn get_fence_value(
+        &self,
+        fence: &super::Fence,
+    ) -> Result<crate::FenceValue, crate::DeviceError> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn wait(
+        &self,
+        fence: &super::Fence,
+        value: crate::FenceValue,
+        timeout_ms: u32,
+    ) -> Result<bool, crate::DeviceError> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn start_capture(&self) -> bool {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn stop_capture(&self) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+impl crate::Queue<super::Api> for super::Queue {
+    unsafe fn submit(
+        &mut self,
+        command_buffers: &[&super::CommandBuffer],
+        signal_fence: Option<(&mut super::Fence, crate::FenceValue)>,
+    ) -> Result<(), crate::DeviceError> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn present(
+        &mut self,
+        surface: &mut super::Surface,
+        texture: super::SurfaceTexture,
+    ) -> Result<(), crate::SurfaceError> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn get_timestamp_period(&self) -> f32 {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+impl super::D3D11Device {
+    #[allow(trivial_casts)] // come on
+    pub unsafe fn check_feature_support<T>(&self, feature: d3d11::D3D11_FEATURE) -> T {
+        unsafe {
+            let mut value = mem::zeroed::<T>();
+            let ret = self.CheckFeatureSupport(
+                feature,
+                &mut value as *mut T as *mut c_void,
+                mem::size_of::<T>() as u32,
+            );
+            assert_eq!(ret.into_result(), Ok(()));
+
+            value
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx11/instance.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx11/instance.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..104ba9e045
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx11/instance.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+use crate::auxil;
+
+impl crate::Instance<super::Api> for super::Instance {
+    unsafe fn init(desc: &crate::InstanceDescriptor) -> Result<Self, crate::InstanceError> {
+        let enable_dx11 = match std::env::var("WGPU_UNSTABLE_DX11_BACKEND") {
+            Ok(string) => string == "1" || string == "true",
+            Err(_) => false,
+        };
+
+        if !enable_dx11 {
+            return Err(crate::InstanceError);
+        }
+
+        let lib_d3d11 = super::library::D3D11Lib::new().ok_or(crate::InstanceError)?;
+
+        let (lib_dxgi, factory) = auxil::dxgi::factory::create_factory(
+            auxil::dxgi::factory::DxgiFactoryType::Factory1,
+            desc.flags,
+        )?;
+
+        Ok(super::Instance {
+            lib_d3d11,
+            lib_dxgi,
+            factory,
+        })
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_surface(
+        &self,
+        display_handle: raw_window_handle::RawDisplayHandle,
+        window_handle: raw_window_handle::RawWindowHandle,
+    ) -> Result<super::Surface, crate::InstanceError> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn destroy_surface(&self, surface: super::Surface) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn enumerate_adapters(&self) -> Vec<crate::ExposedAdapter<super::Api>> {
+        let adapters = auxil::dxgi::factory::enumerate_adapters(self.factory);
+
+        adapters
+            .into_iter()
+            .filter_map(|adapter| super::Adapter::expose(&self.lib_d3d11, adapter))
+            .collect()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx11/library.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx11/library.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ea597abd56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx11/library.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+use std::ptr;
+
+use winapi::{
+    shared::{
+        dxgi,
+        minwindef::{HMODULE, UINT},
+        winerror,
+    },
+    um::{d3d11, d3d11_1, d3d11_2, d3dcommon},
+};
+
+use crate::auxil::dxgi::result::HResult;
+
+type D3D11CreateDeviceFun = unsafe extern "system" fn(
+    *mut dxgi::IDXGIAdapter,
+    d3dcommon::D3D_DRIVER_TYPE,
+    HMODULE,
+    UINT,
+    *const d3dcommon::D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL,
+    UINT,
+    UINT,
+    *mut *mut d3d11::ID3D11Device,
+    *mut d3dcommon::D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL,
+    *mut *mut d3d11::ID3D11DeviceContext,
+) -> d3d12::HRESULT;
+
+pub(super) struct D3D11Lib {
+    // We use the os specific symbol to drop the lifetime parameter.
+    //
+    // SAFETY: we must ensure this outlives the Library.
+    d3d11_create_device: libloading::os::windows::Symbol<D3D11CreateDeviceFun>,
+
+    lib: libloading::Library,
+}
+impl D3D11Lib {
+    pub fn new() -> Option<Self> {
+        unsafe {
+            let lib = libloading::Library::new("d3d11.dll").ok()?;
+
+            let d3d11_create_device = lib
+                .get::<D3D11CreateDeviceFun>(b"D3D11CreateDevice")
+                .ok()?
+                .into_raw();
+
+            Some(Self {
+                lib,
+                d3d11_create_device,
+            })
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn create_device(
+        &self,
+        adapter: d3d12::DxgiAdapter,
+    ) -> Option<(super::D3D11Device, d3dcommon::D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL)> {
+        let feature_levels = [
+            d3dcommon::D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_1,
+            d3dcommon::D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0,
+            d3dcommon::D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_10_1,
+            d3dcommon::D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_10_0,
+            d3dcommon::D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_9_3,
+            d3dcommon::D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_9_2,
+            d3dcommon::D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_9_1,
+        ];
+
+        let mut device = d3d12::WeakPtr::<d3d11::ID3D11Device>::null();
+        let mut feature_level: d3dcommon::D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL = 0;
+
+        // We need to try this twice. If the first time fails due to E_INVALIDARG
+        // we are running on a machine without a D3D11.1 runtime, and need to
+        // retry without the feature level 11_1 feature level.
+        //
+        // Why they thought this was a good API, who knows.
+
+        let mut hr = unsafe {
+            (self.d3d11_create_device)(
+                adapter.as_mut_ptr() as *mut _,
+                d3dcommon::D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+                ptr::null_mut(), // software implementation DLL???
+                0,               // flags
+                feature_levels.as_ptr(),
+                feature_levels.len() as u32,
+                d3d11::D3D11_SDK_VERSION,
+                device.mut_self(),
+                &mut feature_level,
+                ptr::null_mut(), // device context
+            )
+        };
+
+        // Try again without FL11_1
+        if hr == winerror::E_INVALIDARG {
+            hr = unsafe {
+                (self.d3d11_create_device)(
+                    adapter.as_mut_ptr() as *mut _,
+                    d3dcommon::D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+                    ptr::null_mut(), // software implementation DLL???
+                    0,               // flags
+                    feature_levels[1..].as_ptr(),
+                    feature_levels[1..].len() as u32,
+                    d3d11::D3D11_SDK_VERSION,
+                    device.mut_self(),
+                    &mut feature_level,
+                    ptr::null_mut(), // device context
+                )
+            };
+        }
+
+        // Any errors here are real and we should complain about
+        if let Err(err) = hr.into_result() {
+            log::error!("Failed to make a D3D11 device: {}", err);
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        // We always try to upcast in highest -> lowest order
+
+        // Device -> Device2
+        unsafe {
+            match device.cast::<d3d11_2::ID3D11Device2>().into_result() {
+                Ok(device2) => {
+                    device.destroy();
+                    return Some((super::D3D11Device::Device2(device2), feature_level));
+                }
+                Err(hr) => {
+                    log::info!("Failed to cast device to ID3D11Device2: {}", hr)
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Device -> Device1
+        unsafe {
+            match device.cast::<d3d11_1::ID3D11Device1>().into_result() {
+                Ok(device1) => {
+                    device.destroy();
+                    return Some((super::D3D11Device::Device1(device1), feature_level));
+                }
+                Err(hr) => {
+                    log::info!("Failed to cast device to ID3D11Device1: {}", hr)
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        Some((super::D3D11Device::Device(device), feature_level))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx11/mod.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx11/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..91827874b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx11/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+#![allow(dead_code)]
+#![allow(unused_variables)]
+
+use winapi::um::{d3d11, d3d11_1, d3d11_2};
+
+mod adapter;
+mod command;
+mod device;
+mod instance;
+mod library;
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct Api;
+
+impl crate::Api for Api {
+    type Instance = Instance;
+    type Surface = Surface;
+    type Adapter = Adapter;
+    type Device = Device;
+
+    type Queue = Queue;
+    type CommandEncoder = CommandEncoder;
+    type CommandBuffer = CommandBuffer;
+
+    type Buffer = Buffer;
+    type Texture = Texture;
+    type SurfaceTexture = SurfaceTexture;
+    type TextureView = TextureView;
+    type Sampler = Sampler;
+    type QuerySet = QuerySet;
+    type Fence = Fence;
+
+    type BindGroupLayout = BindGroupLayout;
+    type BindGroup = BindGroup;
+    type PipelineLayout = PipelineLayout;
+    type ShaderModule = ShaderModule;
+    type RenderPipeline = RenderPipeline;
+    type ComputePipeline = ComputePipeline;
+}
+
+pub struct Instance {
+    lib_d3d11: library::D3D11Lib,
+    lib_dxgi: d3d12::DxgiLib,
+    factory: d3d12::DxgiFactory,
+}
+
+unsafe impl Send for Instance {}
+unsafe impl Sync for Instance {}
+
+pub struct Surface {}
+
+pub struct Adapter {
+    device: D3D11Device,
+}
+
+unsafe impl Send for Adapter {}
+unsafe impl Sync for Adapter {}
+
+d3d12::weak_com_inheritance_chain! {
+    #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]
+    enum D3D11Device {
+        Device(d3d11::ID3D11Device), from_device, as_device, device;
+        Device1(d3d11_1::ID3D11Device1), from_device1, as_device1, unwrap_device1;
+        Device2(d3d11_2::ID3D11Device2), from_device2, as_device2, unwrap_device2;
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct Device {}
+
+unsafe impl Send for Device {}
+unsafe impl Sync for Device {}
+
+pub struct Queue {}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct CommandEncoder {}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct CommandBuffer {}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Buffer {}
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Texture {}
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct SurfaceTexture {}
+
+impl std::borrow::Borrow<Texture> for SurfaceTexture {
+    fn borrow(&self) -> &Texture {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct TextureView {}
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Sampler {}
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct QuerySet {}
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Fence {}
+#[derive(Debug)]
+
+pub struct BindGroupLayout {}
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct BindGroup {}
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct PipelineLayout {}
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ShaderModule {}
+pub struct RenderPipeline {}
+pub struct ComputePipeline {}
+
+impl crate::Surface<Api> for Surface {
+    unsafe fn configure(
+        &mut self,
+        device: &Device,
+        config: &crate::SurfaceConfiguration,
+    ) -> Result<(), crate::SurfaceError> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn unconfigure(&mut self, device: &Device) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn acquire_texture(
+        &mut self,
+        _timeout: Option<std::time::Duration>,
+    ) -> Result<Option<crate::AcquiredSurfaceTexture<Api>>, crate::SurfaceError> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn discard_texture(&mut self, texture: SurfaceTexture) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx12/adapter.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx12/adapter.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..13530afb3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx12/adapter.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,587 @@
+use crate::{
+    auxil::{self, dxgi::result::HResult as _},
+    dx12::SurfaceTarget,
+};
+use std::{mem, ptr, sync::Arc, thread};
+use winapi::{
+    shared::{dxgi, dxgi1_2, minwindef::DWORD, windef, winerror},
+    um::{d3d12 as d3d12_ty, d3d12sdklayers, winuser},
+};
+
+impl Drop for super::Adapter {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        // Debug tracking alive objects
+        if !thread::panicking()
+            && self
+                .private_caps
+                .instance_flags
+                .contains(crate::InstanceFlags::VALIDATION)
+        {
+            unsafe {
+                self.report_live_objects();
+            }
+        }
+        unsafe {
+            self.raw.destroy();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl super::Adapter {
+    pub unsafe fn report_live_objects(&self) {
+        if let Ok(debug_device) = unsafe {
+            self.raw
+                .cast::<d3d12sdklayers::ID3D12DebugDevice>()
+                .into_result()
+        } {
+            unsafe {
+                debug_device.ReportLiveDeviceObjects(
+                    d3d12sdklayers::D3D12_RLDO_SUMMARY | d3d12sdklayers::D3D12_RLDO_IGNORE_INTERNAL,
+                )
+            };
+            unsafe { debug_device.destroy() };
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn raw_adapter(&self) -> &d3d12::DxgiAdapter {
+        &self.raw
+    }
+
+    #[allow(trivial_casts)]
+    pub(super) fn expose(
+        adapter: d3d12::DxgiAdapter,
+        library: &Arc<d3d12::D3D12Lib>,
+        instance_flags: crate::InstanceFlags,
+        dx12_shader_compiler: &wgt::Dx12Compiler,
+    ) -> Option<crate::ExposedAdapter<super::Api>> {
+        // Create the device so that we can get the capabilities.
+        let device = {
+            profiling::scope!("ID3D12Device::create_device");
+            match library.create_device(*adapter, d3d12::FeatureLevel::L11_0) {
+                Ok(pair) => match pair.into_result() {
+                    Ok(device) => device,
+                    Err(err) => {
+                        log::warn!("Device creation failed: {}", err);
+                        return None;
+                    }
+                },
+                Err(err) => {
+                    log::warn!("Device creation function is not found: {:?}", err);
+                    return None;
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        profiling::scope!("feature queries");
+
+        // We have found a possible adapter.
+        // Acquire the device information.
+        let mut desc: dxgi1_2::DXGI_ADAPTER_DESC2 = unsafe { mem::zeroed() };
+        unsafe {
+            adapter.unwrap_adapter2().GetDesc2(&mut desc);
+        }
+
+        let device_name = {
+            use std::{ffi::OsString, os::windows::ffi::OsStringExt};
+            let len = desc.Description.iter().take_while(|&&c| c != 0).count();
+            let name = OsString::from_wide(&desc.Description[..len]);
+            name.to_string_lossy().into_owned()
+        };
+
+        let mut features_architecture: d3d12_ty::D3D12_FEATURE_DATA_ARCHITECTURE =
+            unsafe { mem::zeroed() };
+        assert_eq!(0, unsafe {
+            device.CheckFeatureSupport(
+                d3d12_ty::D3D12_FEATURE_ARCHITECTURE,
+                &mut features_architecture as *mut _ as *mut _,
+                mem::size_of::<d3d12_ty::D3D12_FEATURE_DATA_ARCHITECTURE>() as _,
+            )
+        });
+
+        let mut shader_model_support: d3d12_ty::D3D12_FEATURE_DATA_SHADER_MODEL =
+            d3d12_ty::D3D12_FEATURE_DATA_SHADER_MODEL {
+                HighestShaderModel: d3d12_ty::D3D_SHADER_MODEL_6_0,
+            };
+        assert_eq!(0, unsafe {
+            device.CheckFeatureSupport(
+                d3d12_ty::D3D12_FEATURE_SHADER_MODEL,
+                &mut shader_model_support as *mut _ as *mut _,
+                mem::size_of::<d3d12_ty::D3D12_FEATURE_DATA_SHADER_MODEL>() as _,
+            )
+        });
+
+        let mut workarounds = super::Workarounds::default();
+
+        let info = wgt::AdapterInfo {
+            backend: wgt::Backend::Dx12,
+            name: device_name,
+            vendor: desc.VendorId,
+            device: desc.DeviceId,
+            device_type: if (desc.Flags & dxgi::DXGI_ADAPTER_FLAG_SOFTWARE) != 0 {
+                workarounds.avoid_cpu_descriptor_overwrites = true;
+                wgt::DeviceType::Cpu
+            } else if features_architecture.UMA != 0 {
+                wgt::DeviceType::IntegratedGpu
+            } else {
+                wgt::DeviceType::DiscreteGpu
+            },
+            driver: String::new(),
+            driver_info: String::new(),
+        };
+
+        let mut options: d3d12_ty::D3D12_FEATURE_DATA_D3D12_OPTIONS = unsafe { mem::zeroed() };
+        assert_eq!(0, unsafe {
+            device.CheckFeatureSupport(
+                d3d12_ty::D3D12_FEATURE_D3D12_OPTIONS,
+                &mut options as *mut _ as *mut _,
+                mem::size_of::<d3d12_ty::D3D12_FEATURE_DATA_D3D12_OPTIONS>() as _,
+            )
+        });
+
+        let _depth_bounds_test_supported = {
+            let mut features2: d3d12_ty::D3D12_FEATURE_DATA_D3D12_OPTIONS2 =
+                unsafe { mem::zeroed() };
+            let hr = unsafe {
+                device.CheckFeatureSupport(
+                    d3d12_ty::D3D12_FEATURE_D3D12_OPTIONS2,
+                    &mut features2 as *mut _ as *mut _,
+                    mem::size_of::<d3d12_ty::D3D12_FEATURE_DATA_D3D12_OPTIONS2>() as _,
+                )
+            };
+            hr == 0 && features2.DepthBoundsTestSupported != 0
+        };
+
+        let casting_fully_typed_format_supported = {
+            let mut features3: crate::dx12::types::D3D12_FEATURE_DATA_D3D12_OPTIONS3 =
+                unsafe { mem::zeroed() };
+            let hr = unsafe {
+                device.CheckFeatureSupport(
+                    21, // D3D12_FEATURE_D3D12_OPTIONS3
+                    &mut features3 as *mut _ as *mut _,
+                    mem::size_of::<crate::dx12::types::D3D12_FEATURE_DATA_D3D12_OPTIONS3>() as _,
+                )
+            };
+            hr == 0 && features3.CastingFullyTypedFormatSupported != 0
+        };
+
+        let private_caps = super::PrivateCapabilities {
+            instance_flags,
+            heterogeneous_resource_heaps: options.ResourceHeapTier
+                != d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_HEAP_TIER_1,
+            memory_architecture: if features_architecture.UMA != 0 {
+                super::MemoryArchitecture::Unified {
+                    cache_coherent: features_architecture.CacheCoherentUMA != 0,
+                }
+            } else {
+                super::MemoryArchitecture::NonUnified
+            },
+            heap_create_not_zeroed: false, //TODO: winapi support for Options7
+            casting_fully_typed_format_supported,
+        };
+
+        // Theoretically vram limited, but in practice 2^20 is the limit
+        let tier3_practical_descriptor_limit = 1 << 20;
+
+        let (full_heap_count, _uav_count) = match options.ResourceBindingTier {
+            d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_BINDING_TIER_1 => (
+                d3d12_ty::D3D12_MAX_SHADER_VISIBLE_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_SIZE_TIER_1,
+                8, // conservative, is 64 on feature level 11.1
+            ),
+            d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_BINDING_TIER_2 => (
+                d3d12_ty::D3D12_MAX_SHADER_VISIBLE_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_SIZE_TIER_2,
+                64,
+            ),
+            d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_BINDING_TIER_3 => (
+                tier3_practical_descriptor_limit,
+                tier3_practical_descriptor_limit,
+            ),
+            other => {
+                log::warn!("Unknown resource binding tier {}", other);
+                (
+                    d3d12_ty::D3D12_MAX_SHADER_VISIBLE_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_SIZE_TIER_1,
+                    8,
+                )
+            }
+        };
+
+        let mut features = wgt::Features::empty()
+            | wgt::Features::DEPTH_CLIP_CONTROL
+            | wgt::Features::DEPTH32FLOAT_STENCIL8
+            | wgt::Features::INDIRECT_FIRST_INSTANCE
+            | wgt::Features::MAPPABLE_PRIMARY_BUFFERS
+            | wgt::Features::MULTI_DRAW_INDIRECT
+            | wgt::Features::MULTI_DRAW_INDIRECT_COUNT
+            | wgt::Features::ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_BORDER
+            | wgt::Features::ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_ZERO
+            | wgt::Features::POLYGON_MODE_LINE
+            | wgt::Features::POLYGON_MODE_POINT
+            | wgt::Features::VERTEX_WRITABLE_STORAGE
+            | wgt::Features::TEXTURE_ADAPTER_SPECIFIC_FORMAT_FEATURES
+            | wgt::Features::TIMESTAMP_QUERY
+            | wgt::Features::TIMESTAMP_QUERY_INSIDE_PASSES
+            | wgt::Features::TEXTURE_COMPRESSION_BC
+            | wgt::Features::CLEAR_TEXTURE
+            | wgt::Features::TEXTURE_FORMAT_16BIT_NORM
+            | wgt::Features::PUSH_CONSTANTS
+            | wgt::Features::SHADER_PRIMITIVE_INDEX
+            | wgt::Features::RG11B10UFLOAT_RENDERABLE;
+        //TODO: in order to expose this, we need to run a compute shader
+        // that extract the necessary statistics out of the D3D12 result.
+        // Alternatively, we could allocate a buffer for the query set,
+        // write the results there, and issue a bunch of copy commands.
+        //| wgt::Features::PIPELINE_STATISTICS_QUERY
+
+        features.set(
+            wgt::Features::CONSERVATIVE_RASTERIZATION,
+            options.ConservativeRasterizationTier
+                != d3d12_ty::D3D12_CONSERVATIVE_RASTERIZATION_TIER_NOT_SUPPORTED,
+        );
+
+        features.set(
+            wgt::Features::TEXTURE_BINDING_ARRAY
+                | wgt::Features::UNIFORM_BUFFER_AND_STORAGE_TEXTURE_ARRAY_NON_UNIFORM_INDEXING
+                | wgt::Features::SAMPLED_TEXTURE_AND_STORAGE_BUFFER_ARRAY_NON_UNIFORM_INDEXING,
+            shader_model_support.HighestShaderModel >= d3d12_ty::D3D_SHADER_MODEL_5_1,
+        );
+
+        // TODO: Determine if IPresentationManager is supported
+        let presentation_timer = auxil::dxgi::time::PresentationTimer::new_dxgi();
+
+        let base = wgt::Limits::default();
+
+        Some(crate::ExposedAdapter {
+            adapter: super::Adapter {
+                raw: adapter,
+                device,
+                library: Arc::clone(library),
+                private_caps,
+                presentation_timer,
+                workarounds,
+                dx12_shader_compiler: dx12_shader_compiler.clone(),
+            },
+            info,
+            features,
+            capabilities: crate::Capabilities {
+                limits: wgt::Limits {
+                    max_texture_dimension_1d: d3d12_ty::D3D12_REQ_TEXTURE1D_U_DIMENSION,
+                    max_texture_dimension_2d: d3d12_ty::D3D12_REQ_TEXTURE2D_U_OR_V_DIMENSION
+                        .min(d3d12_ty::D3D12_REQ_TEXTURECUBE_DIMENSION),
+                    max_texture_dimension_3d: d3d12_ty::D3D12_REQ_TEXTURE3D_U_V_OR_W_DIMENSION,
+                    max_texture_array_layers: d3d12_ty::D3D12_REQ_TEXTURE2D_ARRAY_AXIS_DIMENSION,
+                    max_bind_groups: crate::MAX_BIND_GROUPS as u32,
+                    max_bindings_per_bind_group: 65535,
+                    // dynamic offsets take a root constant, so we expose the minimum here
+                    max_dynamic_uniform_buffers_per_pipeline_layout: base
+                        .max_dynamic_uniform_buffers_per_pipeline_layout,
+                    max_dynamic_storage_buffers_per_pipeline_layout: base
+                        .max_dynamic_storage_buffers_per_pipeline_layout,
+                    max_sampled_textures_per_shader_stage: match options.ResourceBindingTier {
+                        d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_BINDING_TIER_1 => 128,
+                        _ => full_heap_count,
+                    },
+                    max_samplers_per_shader_stage: match options.ResourceBindingTier {
+                        d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_BINDING_TIER_1 => 16,
+                        _ => d3d12_ty::D3D12_MAX_SHADER_VISIBLE_SAMPLER_HEAP_SIZE,
+                    },
+                    // these both account towards `uav_count`, but we can't express the limit as as sum
+                    max_storage_buffers_per_shader_stage: base.max_storage_buffers_per_shader_stage,
+                    max_storage_textures_per_shader_stage: base
+                        .max_storage_textures_per_shader_stage,
+                    max_uniform_buffers_per_shader_stage: full_heap_count,
+                    max_uniform_buffer_binding_size:
+                        d3d12_ty::D3D12_REQ_CONSTANT_BUFFER_ELEMENT_COUNT * 16,
+                    max_storage_buffer_binding_size: crate::auxil::MAX_I32_BINDING_SIZE,
+                    max_vertex_buffers: d3d12_ty::D3D12_VS_INPUT_REGISTER_COUNT
+                        .min(crate::MAX_VERTEX_BUFFERS as u32),
+                    max_vertex_attributes: d3d12_ty::D3D12_IA_VERTEX_INPUT_RESOURCE_SLOT_COUNT,
+                    max_vertex_buffer_array_stride: d3d12_ty::D3D12_SO_BUFFER_MAX_STRIDE_IN_BYTES,
+                    // The push constants are part of the root signature which
+                    // has a limit of 64 DWORDS (256 bytes), but other resources
+                    // also share the root signature:
+                    //
+                    // - push constants consume a `DWORD` for each `4 bytes` of data
+                    // - If a bind group has buffers it will consume a `DWORD`
+                    //   for the descriptor table
+                    // - If a bind group has samplers it will consume a `DWORD`
+                    //   for the descriptor table
+                    // - Each dynamic buffer will consume `2 DWORDs` for the
+                    //   root descriptor
+                    // - The special constants buffer count as constants
+                    //
+                    // Since we can't know beforehand all root signatures that
+                    // will be created, the max size to be used for push
+                    // constants needs to be set to a reasonable number instead.
+                    //
+                    // Source: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/direct3d12/root-signature-limits#memory-limits-and-costs
+                    max_push_constant_size: 128,
+                    min_uniform_buffer_offset_alignment:
+                        d3d12_ty::D3D12_CONSTANT_BUFFER_DATA_PLACEMENT_ALIGNMENT,
+                    min_storage_buffer_offset_alignment: 4,
+                    max_inter_stage_shader_components: base.max_inter_stage_shader_components,
+                    max_compute_workgroup_storage_size: base.max_compute_workgroup_storage_size, //TODO?
+                    max_compute_invocations_per_workgroup:
+                        d3d12_ty::D3D12_CS_4_X_THREAD_GROUP_MAX_THREADS_PER_GROUP,
+                    max_compute_workgroup_size_x: d3d12_ty::D3D12_CS_THREAD_GROUP_MAX_X,
+                    max_compute_workgroup_size_y: d3d12_ty::D3D12_CS_THREAD_GROUP_MAX_Y,
+                    max_compute_workgroup_size_z: d3d12_ty::D3D12_CS_THREAD_GROUP_MAX_Z,
+                    max_compute_workgroups_per_dimension:
+                        d3d12_ty::D3D12_CS_DISPATCH_MAX_THREAD_GROUPS_PER_DIMENSION,
+                    max_buffer_size: u64::MAX,
+                },
+                alignments: crate::Alignments {
+                    buffer_copy_offset: wgt::BufferSize::new(
+                        d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEXTURE_DATA_PLACEMENT_ALIGNMENT as u64,
+                    )
+                    .unwrap(),
+                    buffer_copy_pitch: wgt::BufferSize::new(
+                        d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEXTURE_DATA_PITCH_ALIGNMENT as u64,
+                    )
+                    .unwrap(),
+                },
+                downlevel: wgt::DownlevelCapabilities::default(),
+            },
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl crate::Adapter<super::Api> for super::Adapter {
+    unsafe fn open(
+        &self,
+        _features: wgt::Features,
+        _limits: &wgt::Limits,
+    ) -> Result<crate::OpenDevice<super::Api>, crate::DeviceError> {
+        let queue = {
+            profiling::scope!("ID3D12Device::CreateCommandQueue");
+            self.device
+                .create_command_queue(
+                    d3d12::CmdListType::Direct,
+                    d3d12::Priority::Normal,
+                    d3d12::CommandQueueFlags::empty(),
+                    0,
+                )
+                .into_device_result("Queue creation")?
+        };
+
+        let device = super::Device::new(
+            self.device,
+            queue,
+            self.private_caps,
+            &self.library,
+            self.dx12_shader_compiler.clone(),
+        )?;
+        Ok(crate::OpenDevice {
+            device,
+            queue: super::Queue {
+                raw: queue,
+                temp_lists: Vec::new(),
+            },
+        })
+    }
+
+    #[allow(trivial_casts)]
+    unsafe fn texture_format_capabilities(
+        &self,
+        format: wgt::TextureFormat,
+    ) -> crate::TextureFormatCapabilities {
+        use crate::TextureFormatCapabilities as Tfc;
+
+        let raw_format = match auxil::dxgi::conv::map_texture_format_failable(format) {
+            Some(f) => f,
+            None => return Tfc::empty(),
+        };
+        let srv_uav_format = if format.is_combined_depth_stencil_format() {
+            auxil::dxgi::conv::map_texture_format_for_srv_uav(
+                format,
+                // use the depth aspect here as opposed to stencil since it has more capabilities
+                crate::FormatAspects::DEPTH,
+            )
+        } else {
+            auxil::dxgi::conv::map_texture_format_for_srv_uav(
+                format,
+                crate::FormatAspects::from(format),
+            )
+        }
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let mut data = d3d12_ty::D3D12_FEATURE_DATA_FORMAT_SUPPORT {
+            Format: raw_format,
+            Support1: unsafe { mem::zeroed() },
+            Support2: unsafe { mem::zeroed() },
+        };
+        assert_eq!(winerror::S_OK, unsafe {
+            self.device.CheckFeatureSupport(
+                d3d12_ty::D3D12_FEATURE_FORMAT_SUPPORT,
+                &mut data as *mut _ as *mut _,
+                mem::size_of::<d3d12_ty::D3D12_FEATURE_DATA_FORMAT_SUPPORT>() as _,
+            )
+        });
+
+        // Because we use a different format for SRV and UAV views of depth textures, we need to check
+        // the features that use SRV/UAVs using the no-depth format.
+        let mut data_srv_uav = d3d12_ty::D3D12_FEATURE_DATA_FORMAT_SUPPORT {
+            Format: srv_uav_format,
+            Support1: d3d12_ty::D3D12_FORMAT_SUPPORT1_NONE,
+            Support2: d3d12_ty::D3D12_FORMAT_SUPPORT2_NONE,
+        };
+        if raw_format != srv_uav_format {
+            // Only-recheck if we're using a different format
+            assert_eq!(winerror::S_OK, unsafe {
+                self.device.CheckFeatureSupport(
+                    d3d12_ty::D3D12_FEATURE_FORMAT_SUPPORT,
+                    ptr::addr_of_mut!(data_srv_uav).cast(),
+                    DWORD::try_from(mem::size_of::<d3d12_ty::D3D12_FEATURE_DATA_FORMAT_SUPPORT>())
+                        .unwrap(),
+                )
+            });
+        } else {
+            // Same format, just copy over.
+            data_srv_uav = data;
+        }
+
+        let mut caps = Tfc::COPY_SRC | Tfc::COPY_DST;
+        let is_texture = data.Support1
+            & (d3d12_ty::D3D12_FORMAT_SUPPORT1_TEXTURE1D
+                | d3d12_ty::D3D12_FORMAT_SUPPORT1_TEXTURE2D
+                | d3d12_ty::D3D12_FORMAT_SUPPORT1_TEXTURE3D
+                | d3d12_ty::D3D12_FORMAT_SUPPORT1_TEXTURECUBE)
+            != 0;
+        // SRVs use srv_uav_format
+        caps.set(
+            Tfc::SAMPLED,
+            is_texture && data_srv_uav.Support1 & d3d12_ty::D3D12_FORMAT_SUPPORT1_SHADER_LOAD != 0,
+        );
+        caps.set(
+            Tfc::SAMPLED_LINEAR,
+            data_srv_uav.Support1 & d3d12_ty::D3D12_FORMAT_SUPPORT1_SHADER_SAMPLE != 0,
+        );
+        caps.set(
+            Tfc::COLOR_ATTACHMENT,
+            data.Support1 & d3d12_ty::D3D12_FORMAT_SUPPORT1_RENDER_TARGET != 0,
+        );
+        caps.set(
+            Tfc::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BLEND,
+            data.Support1 & d3d12_ty::D3D12_FORMAT_SUPPORT1_BLENDABLE != 0,
+        );
+        caps.set(
+            Tfc::DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT,
+            data.Support1 & d3d12_ty::D3D12_FORMAT_SUPPORT1_DEPTH_STENCIL != 0,
+        );
+        // UAVs use srv_uav_format
+        caps.set(
+            Tfc::STORAGE,
+            data_srv_uav.Support1 & d3d12_ty::D3D12_FORMAT_SUPPORT1_TYPED_UNORDERED_ACCESS_VIEW
+                != 0,
+        );
+        caps.set(
+            Tfc::STORAGE_READ_WRITE,
+            data_srv_uav.Support2 & d3d12_ty::D3D12_FORMAT_SUPPORT2_UAV_TYPED_LOAD != 0,
+        );
+
+        // We load via UAV/SRV so use srv_uav_format
+        let no_msaa_load = caps.contains(Tfc::SAMPLED)
+            && data_srv_uav.Support1 & d3d12_ty::D3D12_FORMAT_SUPPORT1_MULTISAMPLE_LOAD == 0;
+
+        let no_msaa_target = data.Support1
+            & (d3d12_ty::D3D12_FORMAT_SUPPORT1_RENDER_TARGET
+                | d3d12_ty::D3D12_FORMAT_SUPPORT1_DEPTH_STENCIL)
+            != 0
+            && data.Support1 & d3d12_ty::D3D12_FORMAT_SUPPORT1_MULTISAMPLE_RENDERTARGET == 0;
+
+        caps.set(
+            Tfc::MULTISAMPLE_RESOLVE,
+            data.Support1 & d3d12_ty::D3D12_FORMAT_SUPPORT1_MULTISAMPLE_RESOLVE != 0,
+        );
+
+        let mut ms_levels = d3d12_ty::D3D12_FEATURE_DATA_MULTISAMPLE_QUALITY_LEVELS {
+            Format: raw_format,
+            SampleCount: 0,
+            Flags: d3d12_ty::D3D12_MULTISAMPLE_QUALITY_LEVELS_FLAG_NONE,
+            NumQualityLevels: 0,
+        };
+
+        let mut set_sample_count = |sc: u32, tfc: Tfc| {
+            ms_levels.SampleCount = sc;
+
+            if unsafe {
+                self.device.CheckFeatureSupport(
+                    d3d12_ty::D3D12_FEATURE_MULTISAMPLE_QUALITY_LEVELS,
+                    <*mut _>::cast(&mut ms_levels),
+                    mem::size_of::<d3d12_ty::D3D12_FEATURE_DATA_MULTISAMPLE_QUALITY_LEVELS>() as _,
+                )
+            } == winerror::S_OK
+                && ms_levels.NumQualityLevels != 0
+            {
+                caps.set(tfc, !no_msaa_load && !no_msaa_target);
+            }
+        };
+
+        set_sample_count(2, Tfc::MULTISAMPLE_X2);
+        set_sample_count(4, Tfc::MULTISAMPLE_X4);
+        set_sample_count(8, Tfc::MULTISAMPLE_X8);
+        set_sample_count(16, Tfc::MULTISAMPLE_X16);
+
+        caps
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn surface_capabilities(
+        &self,
+        surface: &super::Surface,
+    ) -> Option<crate::SurfaceCapabilities> {
+        let current_extent = {
+            match surface.target {
+                SurfaceTarget::WndHandle(wnd_handle) => {
+                    let mut rect: windef::RECT = unsafe { mem::zeroed() };
+                    if unsafe { winuser::GetClientRect(wnd_handle, &mut rect) } != 0 {
+                        Some(wgt::Extent3d {
+                            width: (rect.right - rect.left) as u32,
+                            height: (rect.bottom - rect.top) as u32,
+                            depth_or_array_layers: 1,
+                        })
+                    } else {
+                        log::warn!("Unable to get the window client rect");
+                        None
+                    }
+                }
+                SurfaceTarget::Visual(_) | SurfaceTarget::SurfaceHandle(_) => None,
+            }
+        };
+
+        let mut present_modes = vec![wgt::PresentMode::Mailbox, wgt::PresentMode::Fifo];
+        if surface.supports_allow_tearing {
+            present_modes.push(wgt::PresentMode::Immediate);
+        }
+
+        Some(crate::SurfaceCapabilities {
+            formats: vec![
+                wgt::TextureFormat::Bgra8UnormSrgb,
+                wgt::TextureFormat::Bgra8Unorm,
+                wgt::TextureFormat::Rgba8UnormSrgb,
+                wgt::TextureFormat::Rgba8Unorm,
+                wgt::TextureFormat::Rgb10a2Unorm,
+                wgt::TextureFormat::Rgba16Float,
+            ],
+            // we currently use a flip effect which supports 2..=16 buffers
+            swap_chain_sizes: 2..=16,
+            current_extent,
+            // TODO: figure out the exact bounds
+            extents: wgt::Extent3d {
+                width: 16,
+                height: 16,
+                depth_or_array_layers: 1,
+            }..=wgt::Extent3d {
+                width: 4096,
+                height: 4096,
+                depth_or_array_layers: 1,
+            },
+            usage: crate::TextureUses::COLOR_TARGET
+                | crate::TextureUses::COPY_SRC
+                | crate::TextureUses::COPY_DST,
+            present_modes,
+            composite_alpha_modes: vec![wgt::CompositeAlphaMode::Opaque],
+        })
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn get_presentation_timestamp(&self) -> wgt::PresentationTimestamp {
+        wgt::PresentationTimestamp(self.presentation_timer.get_timestamp_ns())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx12/command.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx12/command.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4786a61bf9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx12/command.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1143 @@
+use crate::auxil::{self, dxgi::result::HResult as _};
+
+use super::conv;
+use std::{mem, ops::Range, ptr};
+use winapi::um::d3d12 as d3d12_ty;
+
+fn make_box(origin: &wgt::Origin3d, size: &crate::CopyExtent) -> d3d12_ty::D3D12_BOX {
+    d3d12_ty::D3D12_BOX {
+        left: origin.x,
+        top: origin.y,
+        right: origin.x + size.width,
+        bottom: origin.y + size.height,
+        front: origin.z,
+        back: origin.z + size.depth,
+    }
+}
+
+impl crate::BufferTextureCopy {
+    fn to_subresource_footprint(
+        &self,
+        format: wgt::TextureFormat,
+    ) -> d3d12_ty::D3D12_PLACED_SUBRESOURCE_FOOTPRINT {
+        let (block_width, block_height) = format.block_dimensions();
+        d3d12_ty::D3D12_PLACED_SUBRESOURCE_FOOTPRINT {
+            Offset: self.buffer_layout.offset,
+            Footprint: d3d12_ty::D3D12_SUBRESOURCE_FOOTPRINT {
+                Format: auxil::dxgi::conv::map_texture_format_for_copy(
+                    format,
+                    self.texture_base.aspect,
+                )
+                .unwrap(),
+                Width: self.size.width,
+                Height: self
+                    .buffer_layout
+                    .rows_per_image
+                    .map_or(self.size.height, |count| count * block_height),
+                Depth: self.size.depth,
+                RowPitch: {
+                    let actual = self.buffer_layout.bytes_per_row.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                        // this may happen for single-line updates
+                        let block_size = format
+                            .block_size(Some(self.texture_base.aspect.map()))
+                            .unwrap();
+                        (self.size.width / block_width) * block_size
+                    });
+                    wgt::math::align_to(actual, d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEXTURE_DATA_PITCH_ALIGNMENT)
+                },
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl super::Temp {
+    fn prepare_marker(&mut self, marker: &str) -> (&[u16], u32) {
+        self.marker.clear();
+        self.marker.extend(marker.encode_utf16());
+        self.marker.push(0);
+        (&self.marker, self.marker.len() as u32 * 2)
+    }
+}
+
+impl super::CommandEncoder {
+    unsafe fn begin_pass(&mut self, kind: super::PassKind, label: crate::Label) {
+        let list = self.list.unwrap();
+        self.pass.kind = kind;
+        if let Some(label) = label {
+            let (wide_label, size) = self.temp.prepare_marker(label);
+            unsafe { list.BeginEvent(0, wide_label.as_ptr() as *const _, size) };
+            self.pass.has_label = true;
+        }
+        self.pass.dirty_root_elements = 0;
+        self.pass.dirty_vertex_buffers = 0;
+        list.set_descriptor_heaps(&[self.shared.heap_views.raw, self.shared.heap_samplers.raw]);
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn end_pass(&mut self) {
+        let list = self.list.unwrap();
+        list.set_descriptor_heaps(&[]);
+        if self.pass.has_label {
+            unsafe { list.EndEvent() };
+        }
+        self.pass.clear();
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn prepare_draw(&mut self, base_vertex: i32, base_instance: u32) {
+        while self.pass.dirty_vertex_buffers != 0 {
+            let list = self.list.unwrap();
+            let index = self.pass.dirty_vertex_buffers.trailing_zeros();
+            self.pass.dirty_vertex_buffers ^= 1 << index;
+            unsafe {
+                list.IASetVertexBuffers(
+                    index,
+                    1,
+                    self.pass.vertex_buffers.as_ptr().offset(index as isize),
+                );
+            }
+        }
+        if let Some(root_index) = self.pass.layout.special_constants_root_index {
+            let needs_update = match self.pass.root_elements[root_index as usize] {
+                super::RootElement::SpecialConstantBuffer {
+                    base_vertex: other_vertex,
+                    base_instance: other_instance,
+                    other: _,
+                } => base_vertex != other_vertex || base_instance != other_instance,
+                _ => true,
+            };
+            if needs_update {
+                self.pass.dirty_root_elements |= 1 << root_index;
+                self.pass.root_elements[root_index as usize] =
+                    super::RootElement::SpecialConstantBuffer {
+                        base_vertex,
+                        base_instance,
+                        other: 0,
+                    };
+            }
+        }
+        self.update_root_elements();
+    }
+
+    fn prepare_dispatch(&mut self, count: [u32; 3]) {
+        if let Some(root_index) = self.pass.layout.special_constants_root_index {
+            let needs_update = match self.pass.root_elements[root_index as usize] {
+                super::RootElement::SpecialConstantBuffer {
+                    base_vertex,
+                    base_instance,
+                    other,
+                } => [base_vertex as u32, base_instance, other] != count,
+                _ => true,
+            };
+            if needs_update {
+                self.pass.dirty_root_elements |= 1 << root_index;
+                self.pass.root_elements[root_index as usize] =
+                    super::RootElement::SpecialConstantBuffer {
+                        base_vertex: count[0] as i32,
+                        base_instance: count[1],
+                        other: count[2],
+                    };
+            }
+        }
+        self.update_root_elements();
+    }
+
+    //Note: we have to call this lazily before draw calls. Otherwise, D3D complains
+    // about the root parameters being incompatible with root signature.
+    fn update_root_elements(&mut self) {
+        use super::{BufferViewKind as Bvk, PassKind as Pk};
+
+        while self.pass.dirty_root_elements != 0 {
+            let list = self.list.unwrap();
+            let index = self.pass.dirty_root_elements.trailing_zeros();
+            self.pass.dirty_root_elements ^= 1 << index;
+
+            match self.pass.root_elements[index as usize] {
+                super::RootElement::Empty => log::error!("Root index {} is not bound", index),
+                super::RootElement::Constant => {
+                    let info = self.pass.layout.root_constant_info.as_ref().unwrap();
+
+                    for offset in info.range.clone() {
+                        let val = self.pass.constant_data[offset as usize];
+                        match self.pass.kind {
+                            Pk::Render => list.set_graphics_root_constant(index, val, offset),
+                            Pk::Compute => list.set_compute_root_constant(index, val, offset),
+                            Pk::Transfer => (),
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                super::RootElement::SpecialConstantBuffer {
+                    base_vertex,
+                    base_instance,
+                    other,
+                } => match self.pass.kind {
+                    Pk::Render => {
+                        list.set_graphics_root_constant(index, base_vertex as u32, 0);
+                        list.set_graphics_root_constant(index, base_instance, 1);
+                    }
+                    Pk::Compute => {
+                        list.set_compute_root_constant(index, base_vertex as u32, 0);
+                        list.set_compute_root_constant(index, base_instance, 1);
+                        list.set_compute_root_constant(index, other, 2);
+                    }
+                    Pk::Transfer => (),
+                },
+                super::RootElement::Table(descriptor) => match self.pass.kind {
+                    Pk::Render => list.set_graphics_root_descriptor_table(index, descriptor),
+                    Pk::Compute => list.set_compute_root_descriptor_table(index, descriptor),
+                    Pk::Transfer => (),
+                },
+                super::RootElement::DynamicOffsetBuffer { kind, address } => {
+                    match (self.pass.kind, kind) {
+                        (Pk::Render, Bvk::Constant) => {
+                            list.set_graphics_root_constant_buffer_view(index, address)
+                        }
+                        (Pk::Compute, Bvk::Constant) => {
+                            list.set_compute_root_constant_buffer_view(index, address)
+                        }
+                        (Pk::Render, Bvk::ShaderResource) => {
+                            list.set_graphics_root_shader_resource_view(index, address)
+                        }
+                        (Pk::Compute, Bvk::ShaderResource) => {
+                            list.set_compute_root_shader_resource_view(index, address)
+                        }
+                        (Pk::Render, Bvk::UnorderedAccess) => {
+                            list.set_graphics_root_unordered_access_view(index, address)
+                        }
+                        (Pk::Compute, Bvk::UnorderedAccess) => {
+                            list.set_compute_root_unordered_access_view(index, address)
+                        }
+                        (Pk::Transfer, _) => (),
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn reset_signature(&mut self, layout: &super::PipelineLayoutShared) {
+        log::trace!("Reset signature {:?}", layout.signature);
+        if let Some(root_index) = layout.special_constants_root_index {
+            self.pass.root_elements[root_index as usize] =
+                super::RootElement::SpecialConstantBuffer {
+                    base_vertex: 0,
+                    base_instance: 0,
+                    other: 0,
+                };
+        }
+        self.pass.layout = layout.clone();
+        self.pass.dirty_root_elements = (1 << layout.total_root_elements) - 1;
+    }
+}
+
+impl crate::CommandEncoder<super::Api> for super::CommandEncoder {
+    unsafe fn begin_encoding(&mut self, label: crate::Label) -> Result<(), crate::DeviceError> {
+        let list = loop {
+            if let Some(list) = self.free_lists.pop() {
+                let reset_result = list
+                    .reset(self.allocator, d3d12::PipelineState::null())
+                    .into_result();
+                if reset_result.is_ok() {
+                    break Some(list);
+                } else {
+                    unsafe {
+                        list.destroy();
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                break None;
+            }
+        };
+
+        let list = if let Some(list) = list {
+            list
+        } else {
+            self.device
+                .create_graphics_command_list(
+                    d3d12::CmdListType::Direct,
+                    self.allocator,
+                    d3d12::PipelineState::null(),
+                    0,
+                )
+                .into_device_result("Create command list")?
+        };
+
+        if let Some(label) = label {
+            let cwstr = conv::map_label(label);
+            unsafe { list.SetName(cwstr.as_ptr()) };
+        }
+
+        self.list = Some(list);
+        self.temp.clear();
+        self.pass.clear();
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    unsafe fn discard_encoding(&mut self) {
+        if let Some(list) = self.list.take() {
+            if list.close().into_result().is_ok() {
+                self.free_lists.push(list);
+            } else {
+                unsafe {
+                    list.destroy();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    unsafe fn end_encoding(&mut self) -> Result<super::CommandBuffer, crate::DeviceError> {
+        let raw = self.list.take().unwrap();
+        let closed = raw.close().into_result().is_ok();
+        Ok(super::CommandBuffer { raw, closed })
+    }
+    unsafe fn reset_all<I: Iterator<Item = super::CommandBuffer>>(&mut self, command_buffers: I) {
+        for cmd_buf in command_buffers {
+            if cmd_buf.closed {
+                self.free_lists.push(cmd_buf.raw);
+            } else {
+                unsafe {
+                    cmd_buf.raw.destroy();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        self.allocator.reset();
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn transition_buffers<'a, T>(&mut self, barriers: T)
+    where
+        T: Iterator<Item = crate::BufferBarrier<'a, super::Api>>,
+    {
+        self.temp.barriers.clear();
+
+        log::trace!("List {:p} buffer transitions", self.list.unwrap().as_ptr());
+        for barrier in barriers {
+            log::trace!(
+                "\t{:p}: usage {:?}..{:?}",
+                barrier.buffer.resource.as_ptr(),
+                barrier.usage.start,
+                barrier.usage.end
+            );
+            let s0 = conv::map_buffer_usage_to_state(barrier.usage.start);
+            let s1 = conv::map_buffer_usage_to_state(barrier.usage.end);
+            if s0 != s1 {
+                let mut raw = d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_BARRIER {
+                    Type: d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_BARRIER_TYPE_TRANSITION,
+                    Flags: d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_BARRIER_FLAG_NONE,
+                    u: unsafe { mem::zeroed() },
+                };
+                unsafe {
+                    *raw.u.Transition_mut() = d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_TRANSITION_BARRIER {
+                        pResource: barrier.buffer.resource.as_mut_ptr(),
+                        Subresource: d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_BARRIER_ALL_SUBRESOURCES,
+                        StateBefore: s0,
+                        StateAfter: s1,
+                    }
+                };
+                self.temp.barriers.push(raw);
+            } else if barrier.usage.start == crate::BufferUses::STORAGE_READ_WRITE {
+                let mut raw = d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_BARRIER {
+                    Type: d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_BARRIER_TYPE_UAV,
+                    Flags: d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_BARRIER_FLAG_NONE,
+                    u: unsafe { mem::zeroed() },
+                };
+                unsafe {
+                    *raw.u.UAV_mut() = d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_UAV_BARRIER {
+                        pResource: barrier.buffer.resource.as_mut_ptr(),
+                    }
+                };
+                self.temp.barriers.push(raw);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if !self.temp.barriers.is_empty() {
+            unsafe {
+                self.list
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .ResourceBarrier(self.temp.barriers.len() as u32, self.temp.barriers.as_ptr())
+            };
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn transition_textures<'a, T>(&mut self, barriers: T)
+    where
+        T: Iterator<Item = crate::TextureBarrier<'a, super::Api>>,
+    {
+        self.temp.barriers.clear();
+
+        log::trace!("List {:p} texture transitions", self.list.unwrap().as_ptr());
+        for barrier in barriers {
+            log::trace!(
+                "\t{:p}: usage {:?}..{:?}, range {:?}",
+                barrier.texture.resource.as_ptr(),
+                barrier.usage.start,
+                barrier.usage.end,
+                barrier.range
+            );
+            let s0 = conv::map_texture_usage_to_state(barrier.usage.start);
+            let s1 = conv::map_texture_usage_to_state(barrier.usage.end);
+            if s0 != s1 {
+                let mut raw = d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_BARRIER {
+                    Type: d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_BARRIER_TYPE_TRANSITION,
+                    Flags: d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_BARRIER_FLAG_NONE,
+                    u: unsafe { mem::zeroed() },
+                };
+                unsafe {
+                    *raw.u.Transition_mut() = d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_TRANSITION_BARRIER {
+                        pResource: barrier.texture.resource.as_mut_ptr(),
+                        Subresource: d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_BARRIER_ALL_SUBRESOURCES,
+                        StateBefore: s0,
+                        StateAfter: s1,
+                    }
+                };
+
+                let tex_mip_level_count = barrier.texture.mip_level_count;
+                let tex_array_layer_count = barrier.texture.array_layer_count();
+
+                if barrier.range.is_full_resource(
+                    barrier.texture.format,
+                    tex_mip_level_count,
+                    tex_array_layer_count,
+                ) {
+                    // Only one barrier if it affects the whole image.
+                    self.temp.barriers.push(raw);
+                } else {
+                    // Selected texture aspect is relevant if the texture format has both depth _and_ stencil aspects.
+                    let planes = if barrier.texture.format.is_combined_depth_stencil_format() {
+                        match barrier.range.aspect {
+                            wgt::TextureAspect::All => 0..2,
+                            wgt::TextureAspect::DepthOnly => 0..1,
+                            wgt::TextureAspect::StencilOnly => 1..2,
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        match barrier.texture.format {
+                            wgt::TextureFormat::Stencil8 => 1..2,
+                            wgt::TextureFormat::Depth24Plus => 0..2, // TODO: investigate why tests fail if we set this to 0..1
+                            _ => 0..1,
+                        }
+                    };
+
+                    for mip_level in barrier.range.mip_range(tex_mip_level_count) {
+                        for array_layer in barrier.range.layer_range(tex_array_layer_count) {
+                            for plane in planes.clone() {
+                                unsafe {
+                                    raw.u.Transition_mut().Subresource = barrier
+                                        .texture
+                                        .calc_subresource(mip_level, array_layer, plane);
+                                };
+                                self.temp.barriers.push(raw);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            } else if barrier.usage.start == crate::TextureUses::STORAGE_READ_WRITE {
+                let mut raw = d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_BARRIER {
+                    Type: d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_BARRIER_TYPE_UAV,
+                    Flags: d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_BARRIER_FLAG_NONE,
+                    u: unsafe { mem::zeroed() },
+                };
+                unsafe {
+                    *raw.u.UAV_mut() = d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_UAV_BARRIER {
+                        pResource: barrier.texture.resource.as_mut_ptr(),
+                    }
+                };
+                self.temp.barriers.push(raw);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if !self.temp.barriers.is_empty() {
+            unsafe {
+                self.list
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .ResourceBarrier(self.temp.barriers.len() as u32, self.temp.barriers.as_ptr())
+            };
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn clear_buffer(&mut self, buffer: &super::Buffer, range: crate::MemoryRange) {
+        let list = self.list.unwrap();
+        let mut offset = range.start;
+        while offset < range.end {
+            let size = super::ZERO_BUFFER_SIZE.min(range.end - offset);
+            unsafe {
+                list.CopyBufferRegion(
+                    buffer.resource.as_mut_ptr(),
+                    offset,
+                    self.shared.zero_buffer.as_mut_ptr(),
+                    0,
+                    size,
+                )
+            };
+            offset += size;
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn copy_buffer_to_buffer<T>(
+        &mut self,
+        src: &super::Buffer,
+        dst: &super::Buffer,
+        regions: T,
+    ) where
+        T: Iterator<Item = crate::BufferCopy>,
+    {
+        let list = self.list.unwrap();
+        for r in regions {
+            unsafe {
+                list.CopyBufferRegion(
+                    dst.resource.as_mut_ptr(),
+                    r.dst_offset,
+                    src.resource.as_mut_ptr(),
+                    r.src_offset,
+                    r.size.get(),
+                )
+            };
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn copy_texture_to_texture<T>(
+        &mut self,
+        src: &super::Texture,
+        _src_usage: crate::TextureUses,
+        dst: &super::Texture,
+        regions: T,
+    ) where
+        T: Iterator<Item = crate::TextureCopy>,
+    {
+        let list = self.list.unwrap();
+        let mut src_location = d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEXTURE_COPY_LOCATION {
+            pResource: src.resource.as_mut_ptr(),
+            Type: d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEXTURE_COPY_TYPE_SUBRESOURCE_INDEX,
+            u: unsafe { mem::zeroed() },
+        };
+        let mut dst_location = d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEXTURE_COPY_LOCATION {
+            pResource: dst.resource.as_mut_ptr(),
+            Type: d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEXTURE_COPY_TYPE_SUBRESOURCE_INDEX,
+            u: unsafe { mem::zeroed() },
+        };
+
+        for r in regions {
+            let src_box = make_box(&r.src_base.origin, &r.size);
+            unsafe {
+                *src_location.u.SubresourceIndex_mut() = src.calc_subresource_for_copy(&r.src_base)
+            };
+            unsafe {
+                *dst_location.u.SubresourceIndex_mut() = dst.calc_subresource_for_copy(&r.dst_base)
+            };
+
+            unsafe {
+                list.CopyTextureRegion(
+                    &dst_location,
+                    r.dst_base.origin.x,
+                    r.dst_base.origin.y,
+                    r.dst_base.origin.z,
+                    &src_location,
+                    &src_box,
+                )
+            };
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn copy_buffer_to_texture<T>(
+        &mut self,
+        src: &super::Buffer,
+        dst: &super::Texture,
+        regions: T,
+    ) where
+        T: Iterator<Item = crate::BufferTextureCopy>,
+    {
+        let list = self.list.unwrap();
+        let mut src_location = d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEXTURE_COPY_LOCATION {
+            pResource: src.resource.as_mut_ptr(),
+            Type: d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEXTURE_COPY_TYPE_PLACED_FOOTPRINT,
+            u: unsafe { mem::zeroed() },
+        };
+        let mut dst_location = d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEXTURE_COPY_LOCATION {
+            pResource: dst.resource.as_mut_ptr(),
+            Type: d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEXTURE_COPY_TYPE_SUBRESOURCE_INDEX,
+            u: unsafe { mem::zeroed() },
+        };
+        for r in regions {
+            let src_box = make_box(&wgt::Origin3d::ZERO, &r.size);
+            unsafe {
+                *src_location.u.PlacedFootprint_mut() = r.to_subresource_footprint(dst.format)
+            };
+            unsafe {
+                *dst_location.u.SubresourceIndex_mut() =
+                    dst.calc_subresource_for_copy(&r.texture_base)
+            };
+            unsafe {
+                list.CopyTextureRegion(
+                    &dst_location,
+                    r.texture_base.origin.x,
+                    r.texture_base.origin.y,
+                    r.texture_base.origin.z,
+                    &src_location,
+                    &src_box,
+                )
+            };
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn copy_texture_to_buffer<T>(
+        &mut self,
+        src: &super::Texture,
+        _src_usage: crate::TextureUses,
+        dst: &super::Buffer,
+        regions: T,
+    ) where
+        T: Iterator<Item = crate::BufferTextureCopy>,
+    {
+        let list = self.list.unwrap();
+        let mut src_location = d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEXTURE_COPY_LOCATION {
+            pResource: src.resource.as_mut_ptr(),
+            Type: d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEXTURE_COPY_TYPE_SUBRESOURCE_INDEX,
+            u: unsafe { mem::zeroed() },
+        };
+        let mut dst_location = d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEXTURE_COPY_LOCATION {
+            pResource: dst.resource.as_mut_ptr(),
+            Type: d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEXTURE_COPY_TYPE_PLACED_FOOTPRINT,
+            u: unsafe { mem::zeroed() },
+        };
+        for r in regions {
+            let src_box = make_box(&r.texture_base.origin, &r.size);
+            unsafe {
+                *src_location.u.SubresourceIndex_mut() =
+                    src.calc_subresource_for_copy(&r.texture_base)
+            };
+            unsafe {
+                *dst_location.u.PlacedFootprint_mut() = r.to_subresource_footprint(src.format)
+            };
+            unsafe { list.CopyTextureRegion(&dst_location, 0, 0, 0, &src_location, &src_box) };
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn begin_query(&mut self, set: &super::QuerySet, index: u32) {
+        unsafe {
+            self.list
+                .unwrap()
+                .BeginQuery(set.raw.as_mut_ptr(), set.raw_ty, index)
+        };
+    }
+    unsafe fn end_query(&mut self, set: &super::QuerySet, index: u32) {
+        unsafe {
+            self.list
+                .unwrap()
+                .EndQuery(set.raw.as_mut_ptr(), set.raw_ty, index)
+        };
+    }
+    unsafe fn write_timestamp(&mut self, set: &super::QuerySet, index: u32) {
+        unsafe {
+            self.list.unwrap().EndQuery(
+                set.raw.as_mut_ptr(),
+                d3d12_ty::D3D12_QUERY_TYPE_TIMESTAMP,
+                index,
+            )
+        };
+    }
+    unsafe fn reset_queries(&mut self, _set: &super::QuerySet, _range: Range<u32>) {
+        // nothing to do here
+    }
+    unsafe fn copy_query_results(
+        &mut self,
+        set: &super::QuerySet,
+        range: Range<u32>,
+        buffer: &super::Buffer,
+        offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        _stride: wgt::BufferSize,
+    ) {
+        unsafe {
+            self.list.unwrap().ResolveQueryData(
+                set.raw.as_mut_ptr(),
+                set.raw_ty,
+                range.start,
+                range.end - range.start,
+                buffer.resource.as_mut_ptr(),
+                offset,
+            )
+        };
+    }
+
+    // render
+
+    unsafe fn begin_render_pass(&mut self, desc: &crate::RenderPassDescriptor<super::Api>) {
+        unsafe { self.begin_pass(super::PassKind::Render, desc.label) };
+        let mut color_views = [d3d12::CpuDescriptor { ptr: 0 }; crate::MAX_COLOR_ATTACHMENTS];
+        for (rtv, cat) in color_views.iter_mut().zip(desc.color_attachments.iter()) {
+            if let Some(cat) = cat.as_ref() {
+                *rtv = cat.target.view.handle_rtv.unwrap().raw;
+            } else {
+                *rtv = self.null_rtv_handle.raw;
+            }
+        }
+
+        let ds_view = match desc.depth_stencil_attachment {
+            None => ptr::null(),
+            Some(ref ds) => {
+                if ds.target.usage == crate::TextureUses::DEPTH_STENCIL_WRITE {
+                    &ds.target.view.handle_dsv_rw.as_ref().unwrap().raw
+                } else {
+                    &ds.target.view.handle_dsv_ro.as_ref().unwrap().raw
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        let list = self.list.unwrap();
+        unsafe {
+            list.OMSetRenderTargets(
+                desc.color_attachments.len() as u32,
+                color_views.as_ptr(),
+                0,
+                ds_view,
+            )
+        };
+
+        self.pass.resolves.clear();
+        for (rtv, cat) in color_views.iter().zip(desc.color_attachments.iter()) {
+            if let Some(cat) = cat.as_ref() {
+                if !cat.ops.contains(crate::AttachmentOps::LOAD) {
+                    let value = [
+                        cat.clear_value.r as f32,
+                        cat.clear_value.g as f32,
+                        cat.clear_value.b as f32,
+                        cat.clear_value.a as f32,
+                    ];
+                    list.clear_render_target_view(*rtv, value, &[]);
+                }
+                if let Some(ref target) = cat.resolve_target {
+                    self.pass.resolves.push(super::PassResolve {
+                        src: cat.target.view.target_base,
+                        dst: target.view.target_base,
+                        format: target.view.raw_format,
+                    });
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if let Some(ref ds) = desc.depth_stencil_attachment {
+            let mut flags = d3d12::ClearFlags::empty();
+            let aspects = ds.target.view.aspects;
+            if !ds.depth_ops.contains(crate::AttachmentOps::LOAD)
+                && aspects.contains(crate::FormatAspects::DEPTH)
+            {
+                flags |= d3d12::ClearFlags::DEPTH;
+            }
+            if !ds.stencil_ops.contains(crate::AttachmentOps::LOAD)
+                && aspects.contains(crate::FormatAspects::STENCIL)
+            {
+                flags |= d3d12::ClearFlags::STENCIL;
+            }
+
+            if !ds_view.is_null() && !flags.is_empty() {
+                list.clear_depth_stencil_view(
+                    unsafe { *ds_view },
+                    flags,
+                    ds.clear_value.0,
+                    ds.clear_value.1 as u8,
+                    &[],
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        let raw_vp = d3d12_ty::D3D12_VIEWPORT {
+            TopLeftX: 0.0,
+            TopLeftY: 0.0,
+            Width: desc.extent.width as f32,
+            Height: desc.extent.height as f32,
+            MinDepth: 0.0,
+            MaxDepth: 1.0,
+        };
+        let raw_rect = d3d12_ty::D3D12_RECT {
+            left: 0,
+            top: 0,
+            right: desc.extent.width as i32,
+            bottom: desc.extent.height as i32,
+        };
+        unsafe { list.RSSetViewports(1, &raw_vp) };
+        unsafe { list.RSSetScissorRects(1, &raw_rect) };
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn end_render_pass(&mut self) {
+        if !self.pass.resolves.is_empty() {
+            let list = self.list.unwrap();
+            self.temp.barriers.clear();
+
+            // All the targets are expected to be in `COLOR_TARGET` state,
+            // but D3D12 has special source/destination states for the resolves.
+            for resolve in self.pass.resolves.iter() {
+                let mut barrier = d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_BARRIER {
+                    Type: d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_BARRIER_TYPE_TRANSITION,
+                    Flags: d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_BARRIER_FLAG_NONE,
+                    u: unsafe { mem::zeroed() },
+                };
+                //Note: this assumes `D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_RENDER_TARGET`.
+                // If it's not the case, we can include the `TextureUses` in `PassResove`.
+                unsafe {
+                    *barrier.u.Transition_mut() = d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_TRANSITION_BARRIER {
+                        pResource: resolve.src.0.as_mut_ptr(),
+                        Subresource: resolve.src.1,
+                        StateBefore: d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_RENDER_TARGET,
+                        StateAfter: d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_RESOLVE_SOURCE,
+                    }
+                };
+                self.temp.barriers.push(barrier);
+                unsafe {
+                    *barrier.u.Transition_mut() = d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_TRANSITION_BARRIER {
+                        pResource: resolve.dst.0.as_mut_ptr(),
+                        Subresource: resolve.dst.1,
+                        StateBefore: d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_RENDER_TARGET,
+                        StateAfter: d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_RESOLVE_DEST,
+                    }
+                };
+                self.temp.barriers.push(barrier);
+            }
+
+            if !self.temp.barriers.is_empty() {
+                profiling::scope!("ID3D12GraphicsCommandList::ResourceBarrier");
+                unsafe {
+                    list.ResourceBarrier(
+                        self.temp.barriers.len() as u32,
+                        self.temp.barriers.as_ptr(),
+                    )
+                };
+            }
+
+            for resolve in self.pass.resolves.iter() {
+                profiling::scope!("ID3D12GraphicsCommandList::ResolveSubresource");
+                unsafe {
+                    list.ResolveSubresource(
+                        resolve.dst.0.as_mut_ptr(),
+                        resolve.dst.1,
+                        resolve.src.0.as_mut_ptr(),
+                        resolve.src.1,
+                        resolve.format,
+                    )
+                };
+            }
+
+            // Flip all the barriers to reverse, back into `COLOR_TARGET`.
+            for barrier in self.temp.barriers.iter_mut() {
+                let transition = unsafe { barrier.u.Transition_mut() };
+                mem::swap(&mut transition.StateBefore, &mut transition.StateAfter);
+            }
+            if !self.temp.barriers.is_empty() {
+                profiling::scope!("ID3D12GraphicsCommandList::ResourceBarrier");
+                unsafe {
+                    list.ResourceBarrier(
+                        self.temp.barriers.len() as u32,
+                        self.temp.barriers.as_ptr(),
+                    )
+                };
+            }
+        }
+
+        unsafe { self.end_pass() };
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn set_bind_group(
+        &mut self,
+        layout: &super::PipelineLayout,
+        index: u32,
+        group: &super::BindGroup,
+        dynamic_offsets: &[wgt::DynamicOffset],
+    ) {
+        log::trace!("Set group[{}]", index);
+        let info = &layout.bind_group_infos[index as usize];
+        let mut root_index = info.base_root_index as usize;
+
+        // Bind CBV/SRC/UAV descriptor tables
+        if info.tables.contains(super::TableTypes::SRV_CBV_UAV) {
+            log::trace!("\tBind element[{}] = view", root_index);
+            self.pass.root_elements[root_index] =
+                super::RootElement::Table(group.handle_views.unwrap().gpu);
+            root_index += 1;
+        }
+
+        // Bind Sampler descriptor tables.
+        if info.tables.contains(super::TableTypes::SAMPLERS) {
+            log::trace!("\tBind element[{}] = sampler", root_index);
+            self.pass.root_elements[root_index] =
+                super::RootElement::Table(group.handle_samplers.unwrap().gpu);
+            root_index += 1;
+        }
+
+        // Bind root descriptors
+        for ((&kind, &gpu_base), &offset) in info
+            .dynamic_buffers
+            .iter()
+            .zip(group.dynamic_buffers.iter())
+            .zip(dynamic_offsets)
+        {
+            log::trace!("\tBind element[{}] = dynamic", root_index);
+            self.pass.root_elements[root_index] = super::RootElement::DynamicOffsetBuffer {
+                kind,
+                address: gpu_base + offset as d3d12::GpuAddress,
+            };
+            root_index += 1;
+        }
+
+        if self.pass.layout.signature == layout.shared.signature {
+            self.pass.dirty_root_elements |= (1 << root_index) - (1 << info.base_root_index);
+        } else {
+            // D3D12 requires full reset on signature change
+            self.reset_signature(&layout.shared);
+        };
+    }
+    unsafe fn set_push_constants(
+        &mut self,
+        layout: &super::PipelineLayout,
+        _stages: wgt::ShaderStages,
+        offset: u32,
+        data: &[u32],
+    ) {
+        let info = layout.shared.root_constant_info.as_ref().unwrap();
+
+        self.pass.root_elements[info.root_index as usize] = super::RootElement::Constant;
+
+        self.pass.constant_data[(offset as usize)..(offset as usize + data.len())]
+            .copy_from_slice(data);
+
+        if self.pass.layout.signature == layout.shared.signature {
+            self.pass.dirty_root_elements |= 1 << info.root_index;
+        } else {
+            // D3D12 requires full reset on signature change
+            self.reset_signature(&layout.shared);
+        };
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn insert_debug_marker(&mut self, label: &str) {
+        let (wide_label, size) = self.temp.prepare_marker(label);
+        unsafe {
+            self.list
+                .unwrap()
+                .SetMarker(0, wide_label.as_ptr() as *const _, size)
+        };
+    }
+    unsafe fn begin_debug_marker(&mut self, group_label: &str) {
+        let (wide_label, size) = self.temp.prepare_marker(group_label);
+        unsafe {
+            self.list
+                .unwrap()
+                .BeginEvent(0, wide_label.as_ptr() as *const _, size)
+        };
+    }
+    unsafe fn end_debug_marker(&mut self) {
+        unsafe { self.list.unwrap().EndEvent() }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn set_render_pipeline(&mut self, pipeline: &super::RenderPipeline) {
+        let list = self.list.unwrap();
+
+        if self.pass.layout.signature != pipeline.layout.signature {
+            // D3D12 requires full reset on signature change
+            list.set_graphics_root_signature(pipeline.layout.signature);
+            self.reset_signature(&pipeline.layout);
+        };
+
+        list.set_pipeline_state(pipeline.raw);
+        unsafe { list.IASetPrimitiveTopology(pipeline.topology) };
+
+        for (index, (vb, &stride)) in self
+            .pass
+            .vertex_buffers
+            .iter_mut()
+            .zip(pipeline.vertex_strides.iter())
+            .enumerate()
+        {
+            if let Some(stride) = stride {
+                if vb.StrideInBytes != stride.get() {
+                    vb.StrideInBytes = stride.get();
+                    self.pass.dirty_vertex_buffers |= 1 << index;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn set_index_buffer<'a>(
+        &mut self,
+        binding: crate::BufferBinding<'a, super::Api>,
+        format: wgt::IndexFormat,
+    ) {
+        self.list.unwrap().set_index_buffer(
+            binding.resolve_address(),
+            binding.resolve_size() as u32,
+            auxil::dxgi::conv::map_index_format(format),
+        );
+    }
+    unsafe fn set_vertex_buffer<'a>(
+        &mut self,
+        index: u32,
+        binding: crate::BufferBinding<'a, super::Api>,
+    ) {
+        let vb = &mut self.pass.vertex_buffers[index as usize];
+        vb.BufferLocation = binding.resolve_address();
+        vb.SizeInBytes = binding.resolve_size() as u32;
+        self.pass.dirty_vertex_buffers |= 1 << index;
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn set_viewport(&mut self, rect: &crate::Rect<f32>, depth_range: Range<f32>) {
+        let raw_vp = d3d12_ty::D3D12_VIEWPORT {
+            TopLeftX: rect.x,
+            TopLeftY: rect.y,
+            Width: rect.w,
+            Height: rect.h,
+            MinDepth: depth_range.start,
+            MaxDepth: depth_range.end,
+        };
+        unsafe { self.list.unwrap().RSSetViewports(1, &raw_vp) };
+    }
+    unsafe fn set_scissor_rect(&mut self, rect: &crate::Rect<u32>) {
+        let raw_rect = d3d12_ty::D3D12_RECT {
+            left: rect.x as i32,
+            top: rect.y as i32,
+            right: (rect.x + rect.w) as i32,
+            bottom: (rect.y + rect.h) as i32,
+        };
+        unsafe { self.list.unwrap().RSSetScissorRects(1, &raw_rect) };
+    }
+    unsafe fn set_stencil_reference(&mut self, value: u32) {
+        self.list.unwrap().set_stencil_reference(value);
+    }
+    unsafe fn set_blend_constants(&mut self, color: &[f32; 4]) {
+        self.list.unwrap().set_blend_factor(*color);
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn draw(
+        &mut self,
+        start_vertex: u32,
+        vertex_count: u32,
+        start_instance: u32,
+        instance_count: u32,
+    ) {
+        unsafe { self.prepare_draw(start_vertex as i32, start_instance) };
+        self.list
+            .unwrap()
+            .draw(vertex_count, instance_count, start_vertex, start_instance);
+    }
+    unsafe fn draw_indexed(
+        &mut self,
+        start_index: u32,
+        index_count: u32,
+        base_vertex: i32,
+        start_instance: u32,
+        instance_count: u32,
+    ) {
+        unsafe { self.prepare_draw(base_vertex, start_instance) };
+        self.list.unwrap().draw_indexed(
+            index_count,
+            instance_count,
+            start_index,
+            base_vertex,
+            start_instance,
+        );
+    }
+    unsafe fn draw_indirect(
+        &mut self,
+        buffer: &super::Buffer,
+        offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        draw_count: u32,
+    ) {
+        unsafe { self.prepare_draw(0, 0) };
+        unsafe {
+            self.list.unwrap().ExecuteIndirect(
+                self.shared.cmd_signatures.draw.as_mut_ptr(),
+                draw_count,
+                buffer.resource.as_mut_ptr(),
+                offset,
+                ptr::null_mut(),
+                0,
+            )
+        };
+    }
+    unsafe fn draw_indexed_indirect(
+        &mut self,
+        buffer: &super::Buffer,
+        offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        draw_count: u32,
+    ) {
+        unsafe { self.prepare_draw(0, 0) };
+        unsafe {
+            self.list.unwrap().ExecuteIndirect(
+                self.shared.cmd_signatures.draw_indexed.as_mut_ptr(),
+                draw_count,
+                buffer.resource.as_mut_ptr(),
+                offset,
+                ptr::null_mut(),
+                0,
+            )
+        };
+    }
+    unsafe fn draw_indirect_count(
+        &mut self,
+        buffer: &super::Buffer,
+        offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        count_buffer: &super::Buffer,
+        count_offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        max_count: u32,
+    ) {
+        unsafe { self.prepare_draw(0, 0) };
+        unsafe {
+            self.list.unwrap().ExecuteIndirect(
+                self.shared.cmd_signatures.draw.as_mut_ptr(),
+                max_count,
+                buffer.resource.as_mut_ptr(),
+                offset,
+                count_buffer.resource.as_mut_ptr(),
+                count_offset,
+            )
+        };
+    }
+    unsafe fn draw_indexed_indirect_count(
+        &mut self,
+        buffer: &super::Buffer,
+        offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        count_buffer: &super::Buffer,
+        count_offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        max_count: u32,
+    ) {
+        unsafe { self.prepare_draw(0, 0) };
+        unsafe {
+            self.list.unwrap().ExecuteIndirect(
+                self.shared.cmd_signatures.draw_indexed.as_mut_ptr(),
+                max_count,
+                buffer.resource.as_mut_ptr(),
+                offset,
+                count_buffer.resource.as_mut_ptr(),
+                count_offset,
+            )
+        };
+    }
+
+    // compute
+
+    unsafe fn begin_compute_pass(&mut self, desc: &crate::ComputePassDescriptor) {
+        unsafe { self.begin_pass(super::PassKind::Compute, desc.label) };
+    }
+    unsafe fn end_compute_pass(&mut self) {
+        unsafe { self.end_pass() };
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn set_compute_pipeline(&mut self, pipeline: &super::ComputePipeline) {
+        let list = self.list.unwrap();
+
+        if self.pass.layout.signature != pipeline.layout.signature {
+            // D3D12 requires full reset on signature change
+            list.set_compute_root_signature(pipeline.layout.signature);
+            self.reset_signature(&pipeline.layout);
+        };
+
+        list.set_pipeline_state(pipeline.raw);
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn dispatch(&mut self, count: [u32; 3]) {
+        self.prepare_dispatch(count);
+        self.list.unwrap().dispatch(count);
+    }
+    unsafe fn dispatch_indirect(&mut self, buffer: &super::Buffer, offset: wgt::BufferAddress) {
+        self.prepare_dispatch([0; 3]);
+        //TODO: update special constants indirectly
+        unsafe {
+            self.list.unwrap().ExecuteIndirect(
+                self.shared.cmd_signatures.dispatch.as_mut_ptr(),
+                1,
+                buffer.resource.as_mut_ptr(),
+                offset,
+                ptr::null_mut(),
+                0,
+            )
+        };
+    }
+}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx12/conv.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx12/conv.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7b39e98ad2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx12/conv.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,350 @@
+use std::iter;
+use winapi::{
+    shared::minwindef::BOOL,
+    um::{d3d12 as d3d12_ty, d3dcommon},
+};
+
+pub fn map_buffer_usage_to_resource_flags(
+    usage: crate::BufferUses,
+) -> d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_FLAGS {
+    let mut flags = 0;
+    if usage.contains(crate::BufferUses::STORAGE_READ_WRITE) {
+        flags |= d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_FLAG_ALLOW_UNORDERED_ACCESS;
+    }
+    flags
+}
+
+pub fn map_texture_dimension(dim: wgt::TextureDimension) -> d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_DIMENSION {
+    match dim {
+        wgt::TextureDimension::D1 => d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_DIMENSION_TEXTURE1D,
+        wgt::TextureDimension::D2 => d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D,
+        wgt::TextureDimension::D3 => d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_DIMENSION_TEXTURE3D,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_texture_usage_to_resource_flags(
+    usage: crate::TextureUses,
+) -> d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_FLAGS {
+    let mut flags = 0;
+
+    if usage.contains(crate::TextureUses::COLOR_TARGET) {
+        flags |= d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_FLAG_ALLOW_RENDER_TARGET;
+    }
+    if usage.intersects(
+        crate::TextureUses::DEPTH_STENCIL_READ | crate::TextureUses::DEPTH_STENCIL_WRITE,
+    ) {
+        flags |= d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_FLAG_ALLOW_DEPTH_STENCIL;
+        if !usage.contains(crate::TextureUses::RESOURCE) {
+            flags |= d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_FLAG_DENY_SHADER_RESOURCE;
+        }
+    }
+    if usage.contains(crate::TextureUses::STORAGE_READ_WRITE) {
+        flags |= d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_FLAG_ALLOW_UNORDERED_ACCESS;
+    }
+
+    flags
+}
+
+pub fn map_address_mode(mode: wgt::AddressMode) -> d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEXTURE_ADDRESS_MODE {
+    use wgt::AddressMode as Am;
+    match mode {
+        Am::Repeat => d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEXTURE_ADDRESS_MODE_WRAP,
+        Am::MirrorRepeat => d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEXTURE_ADDRESS_MODE_MIRROR,
+        Am::ClampToEdge => d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEXTURE_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP,
+        Am::ClampToBorder => d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEXTURE_ADDRESS_MODE_BORDER,
+        //Am::MirrorClamp => d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEXTURE_ADDRESS_MODE_MIRROR_ONCE,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_filter_mode(mode: wgt::FilterMode) -> d3d12_ty::D3D12_FILTER_TYPE {
+    match mode {
+        wgt::FilterMode::Nearest => d3d12_ty::D3D12_FILTER_TYPE_POINT,
+        wgt::FilterMode::Linear => d3d12_ty::D3D12_FILTER_TYPE_LINEAR,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_comparison(func: wgt::CompareFunction) -> d3d12_ty::D3D12_COMPARISON_FUNC {
+    use wgt::CompareFunction as Cf;
+    match func {
+        Cf::Never => d3d12_ty::D3D12_COMPARISON_FUNC_NEVER,
+        Cf::Less => d3d12_ty::D3D12_COMPARISON_FUNC_LESS,
+        Cf::LessEqual => d3d12_ty::D3D12_COMPARISON_FUNC_LESS_EQUAL,
+        Cf::Equal => d3d12_ty::D3D12_COMPARISON_FUNC_EQUAL,
+        Cf::GreaterEqual => d3d12_ty::D3D12_COMPARISON_FUNC_GREATER_EQUAL,
+        Cf::Greater => d3d12_ty::D3D12_COMPARISON_FUNC_GREATER,
+        Cf::NotEqual => d3d12_ty::D3D12_COMPARISON_FUNC_NOT_EQUAL,
+        Cf::Always => d3d12_ty::D3D12_COMPARISON_FUNC_ALWAYS,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_border_color(border_color: Option<wgt::SamplerBorderColor>) -> [f32; 4] {
+    use wgt::SamplerBorderColor as Sbc;
+    match border_color {
+        Some(Sbc::TransparentBlack) | Some(Sbc::Zero) | None => [0.0; 4],
+        Some(Sbc::OpaqueBlack) => [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0],
+        Some(Sbc::OpaqueWhite) => [1.0; 4],
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_visibility(visibility: wgt::ShaderStages) -> d3d12::ShaderVisibility {
+    match visibility {
+        wgt::ShaderStages::VERTEX => d3d12::ShaderVisibility::VS,
+        wgt::ShaderStages::FRAGMENT => d3d12::ShaderVisibility::PS,
+        _ => d3d12::ShaderVisibility::All,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_binding_type(ty: &wgt::BindingType) -> d3d12::DescriptorRangeType {
+    use wgt::BindingType as Bt;
+    match *ty {
+        Bt::Sampler { .. } => d3d12::DescriptorRangeType::Sampler,
+        Bt::Buffer {
+            ty: wgt::BufferBindingType::Uniform,
+            ..
+        } => d3d12::DescriptorRangeType::CBV,
+        Bt::Buffer {
+            ty: wgt::BufferBindingType::Storage { read_only: true },
+            ..
+        }
+        | Bt::Texture { .. } => d3d12::DescriptorRangeType::SRV,
+        Bt::Buffer {
+            ty: wgt::BufferBindingType::Storage { read_only: false },
+            ..
+        }
+        | Bt::StorageTexture { .. } => d3d12::DescriptorRangeType::UAV,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_label(name: &str) -> Vec<u16> {
+    name.encode_utf16().chain(iter::once(0)).collect()
+}
+
+pub fn map_buffer_usage_to_state(usage: crate::BufferUses) -> d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_STATES {
+    use crate::BufferUses as Bu;
+    let mut state = d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_COMMON;
+
+    if usage.intersects(Bu::COPY_SRC) {
+        state |= d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_COPY_SOURCE;
+    }
+    if usage.intersects(Bu::COPY_DST) {
+        state |= d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_COPY_DEST;
+    }
+    if usage.intersects(Bu::INDEX) {
+        state |= d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_INDEX_BUFFER;
+    }
+    if usage.intersects(Bu::VERTEX | Bu::UNIFORM) {
+        state |= d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_VERTEX_AND_CONSTANT_BUFFER;
+    }
+    if usage.intersects(Bu::STORAGE_READ_WRITE) {
+        state |= d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_UNORDERED_ACCESS;
+    } else if usage.intersects(Bu::STORAGE_READ) {
+        state |= d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_PIXEL_SHADER_RESOURCE
+            | d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_NON_PIXEL_SHADER_RESOURCE;
+    }
+    if usage.intersects(Bu::INDIRECT) {
+        state |= d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_INDIRECT_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+    state
+}
+
+pub fn map_texture_usage_to_state(usage: crate::TextureUses) -> d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_STATES {
+    use crate::TextureUses as Tu;
+    let mut state = d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_COMMON;
+    //Note: `RESOLVE_SOURCE` and `RESOLVE_DEST` are not used here
+    //Note: `PRESENT` is the same as `COMMON`
+    if usage == crate::TextureUses::UNINITIALIZED {
+        return state;
+    }
+
+    if usage.intersects(Tu::COPY_SRC) {
+        state |= d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_COPY_SOURCE;
+    }
+    if usage.intersects(Tu::COPY_DST) {
+        state |= d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_COPY_DEST;
+    }
+    if usage.intersects(Tu::RESOURCE) {
+        state |= d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_PIXEL_SHADER_RESOURCE
+            | d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_NON_PIXEL_SHADER_RESOURCE;
+    }
+    if usage.intersects(Tu::COLOR_TARGET) {
+        state |= d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_RENDER_TARGET;
+    }
+    if usage.intersects(Tu::DEPTH_STENCIL_READ) {
+        state |= d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_DEPTH_READ;
+    }
+    if usage.intersects(Tu::DEPTH_STENCIL_WRITE) {
+        state |= d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_DEPTH_WRITE;
+    }
+    if usage.intersects(Tu::STORAGE_READ | Tu::STORAGE_READ_WRITE) {
+        state |= d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_UNORDERED_ACCESS;
+    }
+    state
+}
+
+pub fn map_topology(
+    topology: wgt::PrimitiveTopology,
+) -> (
+    d3d12_ty::D3D12_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TYPE,
+    d3d12_ty::D3D12_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY,
+) {
+    match topology {
+        wgt::PrimitiveTopology::PointList => (
+            d3d12_ty::D3D12_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TYPE_POINT,
+            d3dcommon::D3D_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_POINTLIST,
+        ),
+        wgt::PrimitiveTopology::LineList => (
+            d3d12_ty::D3D12_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TYPE_LINE,
+            d3dcommon::D3D_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_LINELIST,
+        ),
+        wgt::PrimitiveTopology::LineStrip => (
+            d3d12_ty::D3D12_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TYPE_LINE,
+            d3dcommon::D3D_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_LINESTRIP,
+        ),
+        wgt::PrimitiveTopology::TriangleList => (
+            d3d12_ty::D3D12_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TYPE_TRIANGLE,
+            d3dcommon::D3D_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLELIST,
+        ),
+        wgt::PrimitiveTopology::TriangleStrip => (
+            d3d12_ty::D3D12_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TYPE_TRIANGLE,
+            d3dcommon::D3D_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLESTRIP,
+        ),
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_polygon_mode(mode: wgt::PolygonMode) -> d3d12_ty::D3D12_FILL_MODE {
+    match mode {
+        wgt::PolygonMode::Point => {
+            log::error!("Point rasterization is not supported");
+            d3d12_ty::D3D12_FILL_MODE_WIREFRAME
+        }
+        wgt::PolygonMode::Line => d3d12_ty::D3D12_FILL_MODE_WIREFRAME,
+        wgt::PolygonMode::Fill => d3d12_ty::D3D12_FILL_MODE_SOLID,
+    }
+}
+
+fn map_blend_factor(factor: wgt::BlendFactor, is_alpha: bool) -> d3d12_ty::D3D12_BLEND {
+    use wgt::BlendFactor as Bf;
+    match factor {
+        Bf::Zero => d3d12_ty::D3D12_BLEND_ZERO,
+        Bf::One => d3d12_ty::D3D12_BLEND_ONE,
+        Bf::Src if is_alpha => d3d12_ty::D3D12_BLEND_SRC_ALPHA,
+        Bf::Src => d3d12_ty::D3D12_BLEND_SRC_COLOR,
+        Bf::OneMinusSrc if is_alpha => d3d12_ty::D3D12_BLEND_INV_SRC_ALPHA,
+        Bf::OneMinusSrc => d3d12_ty::D3D12_BLEND_INV_SRC_COLOR,
+        Bf::Dst if is_alpha => d3d12_ty::D3D12_BLEND_DEST_ALPHA,
+        Bf::Dst => d3d12_ty::D3D12_BLEND_DEST_COLOR,
+        Bf::OneMinusDst if is_alpha => d3d12_ty::D3D12_BLEND_INV_DEST_ALPHA,
+        Bf::OneMinusDst => d3d12_ty::D3D12_BLEND_INV_DEST_COLOR,
+        Bf::SrcAlpha => d3d12_ty::D3D12_BLEND_SRC_ALPHA,
+        Bf::OneMinusSrcAlpha => d3d12_ty::D3D12_BLEND_INV_SRC_ALPHA,
+        Bf::DstAlpha => d3d12_ty::D3D12_BLEND_DEST_ALPHA,
+        Bf::OneMinusDstAlpha => d3d12_ty::D3D12_BLEND_INV_DEST_ALPHA,
+        Bf::Constant => d3d12_ty::D3D12_BLEND_BLEND_FACTOR,
+        Bf::OneMinusConstant => d3d12_ty::D3D12_BLEND_INV_BLEND_FACTOR,
+        Bf::SrcAlphaSaturated => d3d12_ty::D3D12_BLEND_SRC_ALPHA_SAT,
+        //Bf::Src1Color if is_alpha => d3d12_ty::D3D12_BLEND_SRC1_ALPHA,
+        //Bf::Src1Color => d3d12_ty::D3D12_BLEND_SRC1_COLOR,
+        //Bf::OneMinusSrc1Color if is_alpha => d3d12_ty::D3D12_BLEND_INV_SRC1_ALPHA,
+        //Bf::OneMinusSrc1Color => d3d12_ty::D3D12_BLEND_INV_SRC1_COLOR,
+        //Bf::Src1Alpha => d3d12_ty::D3D12_BLEND_SRC1_ALPHA,
+        //Bf::OneMinusSrc1Alpha => d3d12_ty::D3D12_BLEND_INV_SRC1_ALPHA,
+    }
+}
+
+fn map_blend_component(
+    component: &wgt::BlendComponent,
+    is_alpha: bool,
+) -> (
+    d3d12_ty::D3D12_BLEND_OP,
+    d3d12_ty::D3D12_BLEND,
+    d3d12_ty::D3D12_BLEND,
+) {
+    let raw_op = match component.operation {
+        wgt::BlendOperation::Add => d3d12_ty::D3D12_BLEND_OP_ADD,
+        wgt::BlendOperation::Subtract => d3d12_ty::D3D12_BLEND_OP_SUBTRACT,
+        wgt::BlendOperation::ReverseSubtract => d3d12_ty::D3D12_BLEND_OP_REV_SUBTRACT,
+        wgt::BlendOperation::Min => d3d12_ty::D3D12_BLEND_OP_MIN,
+        wgt::BlendOperation::Max => d3d12_ty::D3D12_BLEND_OP_MAX,
+    };
+    let raw_src = map_blend_factor(component.src_factor, is_alpha);
+    let raw_dst = map_blend_factor(component.dst_factor, is_alpha);
+    (raw_op, raw_src, raw_dst)
+}
+
+pub fn map_render_targets(
+    color_targets: &[Option<wgt::ColorTargetState>],
+) -> [d3d12_ty::D3D12_RENDER_TARGET_BLEND_DESC;
+       d3d12_ty::D3D12_SIMULTANEOUS_RENDER_TARGET_COUNT as usize] {
+    let dummy_target = d3d12_ty::D3D12_RENDER_TARGET_BLEND_DESC {
+        BlendEnable: 0,
+        LogicOpEnable: 0,
+        SrcBlend: d3d12_ty::D3D12_BLEND_ZERO,
+        DestBlend: d3d12_ty::D3D12_BLEND_ZERO,
+        BlendOp: d3d12_ty::D3D12_BLEND_OP_ADD,
+        SrcBlendAlpha: d3d12_ty::D3D12_BLEND_ZERO,
+        DestBlendAlpha: d3d12_ty::D3D12_BLEND_ZERO,
+        BlendOpAlpha: d3d12_ty::D3D12_BLEND_OP_ADD,
+        LogicOp: d3d12_ty::D3D12_LOGIC_OP_CLEAR,
+        RenderTargetWriteMask: 0,
+    };
+    let mut raw_targets = [dummy_target; d3d12_ty::D3D12_SIMULTANEOUS_RENDER_TARGET_COUNT as usize];
+
+    for (raw, ct) in raw_targets.iter_mut().zip(color_targets.iter()) {
+        if let Some(ct) = ct.as_ref() {
+            raw.RenderTargetWriteMask = ct.write_mask.bits() as u8;
+            if let Some(ref blend) = ct.blend {
+                let (color_op, color_src, color_dst) = map_blend_component(&blend.color, false);
+                let (alpha_op, alpha_src, alpha_dst) = map_blend_component(&blend.alpha, true);
+                raw.BlendEnable = 1;
+                raw.BlendOp = color_op;
+                raw.SrcBlend = color_src;
+                raw.DestBlend = color_dst;
+                raw.BlendOpAlpha = alpha_op;
+                raw.SrcBlendAlpha = alpha_src;
+                raw.DestBlendAlpha = alpha_dst;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    raw_targets
+}
+
+fn map_stencil_op(op: wgt::StencilOperation) -> d3d12_ty::D3D12_STENCIL_OP {
+    use wgt::StencilOperation as So;
+    match op {
+        So::Keep => d3d12_ty::D3D12_STENCIL_OP_KEEP,
+        So::Zero => d3d12_ty::D3D12_STENCIL_OP_ZERO,
+        So::Replace => d3d12_ty::D3D12_STENCIL_OP_REPLACE,
+        So::IncrementClamp => d3d12_ty::D3D12_STENCIL_OP_INCR_SAT,
+        So::IncrementWrap => d3d12_ty::D3D12_STENCIL_OP_INCR,
+        So::DecrementClamp => d3d12_ty::D3D12_STENCIL_OP_DECR_SAT,
+        So::DecrementWrap => d3d12_ty::D3D12_STENCIL_OP_DECR,
+        So::Invert => d3d12_ty::D3D12_STENCIL_OP_INVERT,
+    }
+}
+
+fn map_stencil_face(face: &wgt::StencilFaceState) -> d3d12_ty::D3D12_DEPTH_STENCILOP_DESC {
+    d3d12_ty::D3D12_DEPTH_STENCILOP_DESC {
+        StencilFailOp: map_stencil_op(face.fail_op),
+        StencilDepthFailOp: map_stencil_op(face.depth_fail_op),
+        StencilPassOp: map_stencil_op(face.pass_op),
+        StencilFunc: map_comparison(face.compare),
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_depth_stencil(ds: &wgt::DepthStencilState) -> d3d12_ty::D3D12_DEPTH_STENCIL_DESC {
+    d3d12_ty::D3D12_DEPTH_STENCIL_DESC {
+        DepthEnable: BOOL::from(ds.is_depth_enabled()),
+        DepthWriteMask: if ds.depth_write_enabled {
+            d3d12_ty::D3D12_DEPTH_WRITE_MASK_ALL
+        } else {
+            d3d12_ty::D3D12_DEPTH_WRITE_MASK_ZERO
+        },
+        DepthFunc: map_comparison(ds.depth_compare),
+        StencilEnable: BOOL::from(ds.stencil.is_enabled()),
+        StencilReadMask: ds.stencil.read_mask as u8,
+        StencilWriteMask: ds.stencil.write_mask as u8,
+        FrontFace: map_stencil_face(&ds.stencil.front),
+        BackFace: map_stencil_face(&ds.stencil.back),
+    }
+}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx12/descriptor.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx12/descriptor.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..430e3a2f4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx12/descriptor.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,311 @@
+use crate::auxil::dxgi::result::HResult as _;
+use bit_set::BitSet;
+use parking_lot::Mutex;
+use range_alloc::RangeAllocator;
+use std::fmt;
+
+const HEAP_SIZE_FIXED: usize = 64;
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+pub(super) struct DualHandle {
+    cpu: d3d12::CpuDescriptor,
+    pub gpu: d3d12::GpuDescriptor,
+    /// How large the block allocated to this handle is.
+    count: u64,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for DualHandle {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("DualHandle")
+            .field("cpu", &self.cpu.ptr)
+            .field("gpu", &self.gpu.ptr)
+            .field("count", &self.count)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+type DescriptorIndex = u64;
+
+pub(super) struct GeneralHeap {
+    pub raw: d3d12::DescriptorHeap,
+    ty: d3d12::DescriptorHeapType,
+    handle_size: u64,
+    total_handles: u64,
+    start: DualHandle,
+    ranges: Mutex<RangeAllocator<DescriptorIndex>>,
+}
+
+impl GeneralHeap {
+    pub(super) fn new(
+        device: d3d12::Device,
+        ty: d3d12::DescriptorHeapType,
+        total_handles: u64,
+    ) -> Result<Self, crate::DeviceError> {
+        let raw = {
+            profiling::scope!("ID3D12Device::CreateDescriptorHeap");
+            device
+                .create_descriptor_heap(
+                    total_handles as u32,
+                    ty,
+                    d3d12::DescriptorHeapFlags::SHADER_VISIBLE,
+                    0,
+                )
+                .into_device_result("Descriptor heap creation")?
+        };
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            raw,
+            ty,
+            handle_size: device.get_descriptor_increment_size(ty) as u64,
+            total_handles,
+            start: DualHandle {
+                cpu: raw.start_cpu_descriptor(),
+                gpu: raw.start_gpu_descriptor(),
+                count: 0,
+            },
+            ranges: Mutex::new(RangeAllocator::new(0..total_handles)),
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn at(&self, index: DescriptorIndex, count: u64) -> DualHandle {
+        assert!(index < self.total_handles);
+        DualHandle {
+            cpu: self.cpu_descriptor_at(index),
+            gpu: self.gpu_descriptor_at(index),
+            count,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn cpu_descriptor_at(&self, index: u64) -> d3d12::CpuDescriptor {
+        d3d12::CpuDescriptor {
+            ptr: self.start.cpu.ptr + (self.handle_size * index) as usize,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn gpu_descriptor_at(&self, index: u64) -> d3d12::GpuDescriptor {
+        d3d12::GpuDescriptor {
+            ptr: self.start.gpu.ptr + self.handle_size * index,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn allocate_slice(&self, count: u64) -> Result<DescriptorIndex, crate::DeviceError> {
+        let range = self.ranges.lock().allocate_range(count).map_err(|err| {
+            log::error!("Unable to allocate descriptors: {:?}", err);
+            crate::DeviceError::OutOfMemory
+        })?;
+        Ok(range.start)
+    }
+
+    /// Free handles previously given out by this `DescriptorHeapSlice`.
+    /// Do not use this with handles not given out by this `DescriptorHeapSlice`.
+    pub(crate) fn free_slice(&self, handle: DualHandle) {
+        let start = (handle.gpu.ptr - self.start.gpu.ptr) / self.handle_size;
+        self.ranges.lock().free_range(start..start + handle.count);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Fixed-size free-list allocator for CPU descriptors.
+struct FixedSizeHeap {
+    raw: d3d12::DescriptorHeap,
+    /// Bit flag representation of available handles in the heap.
+    ///
+    ///  0 - Occupied
+    ///  1 - free
+    availability: u64,
+    handle_size: usize,
+    start: d3d12::CpuDescriptor,
+}
+
+impl FixedSizeHeap {
+    fn new(device: d3d12::Device, ty: d3d12::DescriptorHeapType) -> Self {
+        let (heap, _hr) = device.create_descriptor_heap(
+            HEAP_SIZE_FIXED as _,
+            ty,
+            d3d12::DescriptorHeapFlags::empty(),
+            0,
+        );
+
+        Self {
+            handle_size: device.get_descriptor_increment_size(ty) as _,
+            availability: !0, // all free!
+            start: heap.start_cpu_descriptor(),
+            raw: heap,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn alloc_handle(&mut self) -> d3d12::CpuDescriptor {
+        // Find first free slot.
+        let slot = self.availability.trailing_zeros() as usize;
+        assert!(slot < HEAP_SIZE_FIXED);
+        // Set the slot as occupied.
+        self.availability ^= 1 << slot;
+
+        d3d12::CpuDescriptor {
+            ptr: self.start.ptr + self.handle_size * slot,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn free_handle(&mut self, handle: d3d12::CpuDescriptor) {
+        let slot = (handle.ptr - self.start.ptr) / self.handle_size;
+        assert!(slot < HEAP_SIZE_FIXED);
+        assert_eq!(self.availability & (1 << slot), 0);
+        self.availability ^= 1 << slot;
+    }
+
+    fn is_full(&self) -> bool {
+        self.availability == 0
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn destroy(&self) {
+        unsafe { self.raw.destroy() };
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub(super) struct Handle {
+    pub raw: d3d12::CpuDescriptor,
+    heap_index: usize,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for Handle {
+    fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        fmt.debug_struct("Handle")
+            .field("ptr", &self.raw.ptr)
+            .field("heap_index", &self.heap_index)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) struct CpuPool {
+    device: d3d12::Device,
+    ty: d3d12::DescriptorHeapType,
+    heaps: Vec<FixedSizeHeap>,
+    avaliable_heap_indices: BitSet,
+}
+
+impl CpuPool {
+    pub(super) fn new(device: d3d12::Device, ty: d3d12::DescriptorHeapType) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            device,
+            ty,
+            heaps: Vec::new(),
+            avaliable_heap_indices: BitSet::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn alloc_handle(&mut self) -> Handle {
+        let heap_index = self
+            .avaliable_heap_indices
+            .iter()
+            .next()
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                // Allocate a new heap
+                let id = self.heaps.len();
+                self.heaps.push(FixedSizeHeap::new(self.device, self.ty));
+                self.avaliable_heap_indices.insert(id);
+                id
+            });
+
+        let heap = &mut self.heaps[heap_index];
+        let handle = Handle {
+            raw: heap.alloc_handle(),
+            heap_index,
+        };
+        if heap.is_full() {
+            self.avaliable_heap_indices.remove(heap_index);
+        }
+
+        handle
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn free_handle(&mut self, handle: Handle) {
+        self.heaps[handle.heap_index].free_handle(handle.raw);
+        self.avaliable_heap_indices.insert(handle.heap_index);
+    }
+
+    pub(super) unsafe fn destroy(&self) {
+        for heap in &self.heaps {
+            unsafe { heap.destroy() };
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) struct CpuHeapInner {
+    pub raw: d3d12::DescriptorHeap,
+    pub stage: Vec<d3d12::CpuDescriptor>,
+}
+
+pub(super) struct CpuHeap {
+    pub inner: Mutex<CpuHeapInner>,
+    start: d3d12::CpuDescriptor,
+    handle_size: u32,
+    total: u32,
+}
+
+unsafe impl Send for CpuHeap {}
+unsafe impl Sync for CpuHeap {}
+
+impl CpuHeap {
+    pub(super) fn new(
+        device: d3d12::Device,
+        ty: d3d12::DescriptorHeapType,
+        total: u32,
+    ) -> Result<Self, crate::DeviceError> {
+        let handle_size = device.get_descriptor_increment_size(ty);
+        let raw = device
+            .create_descriptor_heap(total, ty, d3d12::DescriptorHeapFlags::empty(), 0)
+            .into_device_result("CPU descriptor heap creation")?;
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            inner: Mutex::new(CpuHeapInner {
+                raw,
+                stage: Vec::new(),
+            }),
+            start: raw.start_cpu_descriptor(),
+            handle_size,
+            total,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn at(&self, index: u32) -> d3d12::CpuDescriptor {
+        d3d12::CpuDescriptor {
+            ptr: self.start.ptr + (self.handle_size * index) as usize,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(super) unsafe fn destroy(self) {
+        unsafe { self.inner.into_inner().raw.destroy() };
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for CpuHeap {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("CpuHeap")
+            .field("start", &self.start.ptr)
+            .field("handle_size", &self.handle_size)
+            .field("total", &self.total)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) unsafe fn upload(
+    device: d3d12::Device,
+    src: &CpuHeapInner,
+    dst: &GeneralHeap,
+    dummy_copy_counts: &[u32],
+) -> Result<DualHandle, crate::DeviceError> {
+    let count = src.stage.len() as u32;
+    let index = dst.allocate_slice(count as u64)?;
+    unsafe {
+        device.CopyDescriptors(
+            1,
+            &dst.cpu_descriptor_at(index),
+            &count,
+            count,
+            src.stage.as_ptr(),
+            dummy_copy_counts.as_ptr(),
+            dst.ty as u32,
+        )
+    };
+    Ok(dst.at(index, count as u64))
+}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx12/device.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx12/device.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7e14818572
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx12/device.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1590 @@
+use crate::auxil::{self, dxgi::result::HResult as _};
+
+use super::{conv, descriptor, view};
+use parking_lot::Mutex;
+use std::{ffi, mem, num::NonZeroU32, ptr, sync::Arc};
+use winapi::{
+    shared::{dxgiformat, dxgitype, minwindef::BOOL, winerror},
+    um::{d3d12 as d3d12_ty, synchapi, winbase},
+    Interface,
+};
+
+// this has to match Naga's HLSL backend, and also needs to be null-terminated
+const NAGA_LOCATION_SEMANTIC: &[u8] = b"LOC\0";
+
+impl super::Device {
+    pub(super) fn new(
+        raw: d3d12::Device,
+        present_queue: d3d12::CommandQueue,
+        private_caps: super::PrivateCapabilities,
+        library: &Arc<d3d12::D3D12Lib>,
+        dx12_shader_compiler: wgt::Dx12Compiler,
+    ) -> Result<Self, crate::DeviceError> {
+        let mem_allocator = super::suballocation::create_allocator_wrapper(&raw)?;
+
+        let dxc_container = match dx12_shader_compiler {
+            wgt::Dx12Compiler::Dxc {
+                dxil_path,
+                dxc_path,
+            } => super::shader_compilation::get_dxc_container(dxc_path, dxil_path)?,
+            wgt::Dx12Compiler::Fxc => None,
+        };
+
+        let mut idle_fence = d3d12::Fence::null();
+        let hr = unsafe {
+            profiling::scope!("ID3D12Device::CreateFence");
+            raw.CreateFence(
+                0,
+                d3d12_ty::D3D12_FENCE_FLAG_NONE,
+                &d3d12_ty::ID3D12Fence::uuidof(),
+                idle_fence.mut_void(),
+            )
+        };
+        hr.into_device_result("Idle fence creation")?;
+
+        let mut zero_buffer = d3d12::Resource::null();
+        unsafe {
+            let raw_desc = d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_DESC {
+                Dimension: d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_DIMENSION_BUFFER,
+                Alignment: 0,
+                Width: super::ZERO_BUFFER_SIZE,
+                Height: 1,
+                DepthOrArraySize: 1,
+                MipLevels: 1,
+                Format: dxgiformat::DXGI_FORMAT_UNKNOWN,
+                SampleDesc: dxgitype::DXGI_SAMPLE_DESC {
+                    Count: 1,
+                    Quality: 0,
+                },
+                Layout: d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEXTURE_LAYOUT_ROW_MAJOR,
+                Flags: d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_FLAG_NONE,
+            };
+
+            let heap_properties = d3d12_ty::D3D12_HEAP_PROPERTIES {
+                Type: d3d12_ty::D3D12_HEAP_TYPE_CUSTOM,
+                CPUPageProperty: d3d12_ty::D3D12_CPU_PAGE_PROPERTY_NOT_AVAILABLE,
+                MemoryPoolPreference: match private_caps.memory_architecture {
+                    super::MemoryArchitecture::Unified { .. } => d3d12_ty::D3D12_MEMORY_POOL_L0,
+                    super::MemoryArchitecture::NonUnified => d3d12_ty::D3D12_MEMORY_POOL_L1,
+                },
+                CreationNodeMask: 0,
+                VisibleNodeMask: 0,
+            };
+
+            profiling::scope!("Zero Buffer Allocation");
+            raw.CreateCommittedResource(
+                &heap_properties,
+                d3d12_ty::D3D12_HEAP_FLAG_NONE,
+                &raw_desc,
+                d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_COMMON,
+                ptr::null(),
+                &d3d12_ty::ID3D12Resource::uuidof(),
+                zero_buffer.mut_void(),
+            )
+            .into_device_result("Zero buffer creation")?;
+
+            // Note: without `D3D12_HEAP_FLAG_CREATE_NOT_ZEROED`
+            // this resource is zeroed by default.
+        };
+
+        // maximum number of CBV/SRV/UAV descriptors in heap for Tier 1
+        let capacity_views = 1_000_000;
+        let capacity_samplers = 2_048;
+
+        let shared = super::DeviceShared {
+            zero_buffer,
+            cmd_signatures: super::CommandSignatures {
+                draw: raw
+                    .create_command_signature(
+                        d3d12::RootSignature::null(),
+                        &[d3d12::IndirectArgument::draw()],
+                        mem::size_of::<wgt::DrawIndirectArgs>() as u32,
+                        0,
+                    )
+                    .into_device_result("Command (draw) signature creation")?,
+                draw_indexed: raw
+                    .create_command_signature(
+                        d3d12::RootSignature::null(),
+                        &[d3d12::IndirectArgument::draw_indexed()],
+                        mem::size_of::<wgt::DrawIndexedIndirectArgs>() as u32,
+                        0,
+                    )
+                    .into_device_result("Command (draw_indexed) signature creation")?,
+                dispatch: raw
+                    .create_command_signature(
+                        d3d12::RootSignature::null(),
+                        &[d3d12::IndirectArgument::dispatch()],
+                        mem::size_of::<wgt::DispatchIndirectArgs>() as u32,
+                        0,
+                    )
+                    .into_device_result("Command (dispatch) signature creation")?,
+            },
+            heap_views: descriptor::GeneralHeap::new(
+                raw,
+                d3d12::DescriptorHeapType::CbvSrvUav,
+                capacity_views,
+            )?,
+            heap_samplers: descriptor::GeneralHeap::new(
+                raw,
+                d3d12::DescriptorHeapType::Sampler,
+                capacity_samplers,
+            )?,
+        };
+
+        let mut rtv_pool = descriptor::CpuPool::new(raw, d3d12::DescriptorHeapType::Rtv);
+        let null_rtv_handle = rtv_pool.alloc_handle();
+        // A null pResource is used to initialize a null descriptor,
+        // which guarantees D3D11-like null binding behavior (reading 0s, writes are discarded)
+        raw.create_render_target_view(
+            d3d12::WeakPtr::null(),
+            &d3d12::RenderTargetViewDesc::texture_2d(
+                winapi::shared::dxgiformat::DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM,
+                0,
+                0,
+            ),
+            null_rtv_handle.raw,
+        );
+
+        Ok(super::Device {
+            raw,
+            present_queue,
+            idler: super::Idler {
+                fence: idle_fence,
+                event: d3d12::Event::create(false, false),
+            },
+            private_caps,
+            shared: Arc::new(shared),
+            rtv_pool: Mutex::new(rtv_pool),
+            dsv_pool: Mutex::new(descriptor::CpuPool::new(
+                raw,
+                d3d12::DescriptorHeapType::Dsv,
+            )),
+            srv_uav_pool: Mutex::new(descriptor::CpuPool::new(
+                raw,
+                d3d12::DescriptorHeapType::CbvSrvUav,
+            )),
+            sampler_pool: Mutex::new(descriptor::CpuPool::new(
+                raw,
+                d3d12::DescriptorHeapType::Sampler,
+            )),
+            library: Arc::clone(library),
+            #[cfg(feature = "renderdoc")]
+            render_doc: Default::default(),
+            null_rtv_handle,
+            mem_allocator,
+            dxc_container,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub(super) unsafe fn wait_idle(&self) -> Result<(), crate::DeviceError> {
+        let cur_value = self.idler.fence.get_value();
+        if cur_value == !0 {
+            return Err(crate::DeviceError::Lost);
+        }
+
+        let value = cur_value + 1;
+        log::info!("Waiting for idle with value {}", value);
+        self.present_queue.signal(self.idler.fence, value);
+        let hr = self
+            .idler
+            .fence
+            .set_event_on_completion(self.idler.event, value);
+        hr.into_device_result("Set event")?;
+        unsafe { synchapi::WaitForSingleObject(self.idler.event.0, winbase::INFINITE) };
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn load_shader(
+        &self,
+        stage: &crate::ProgrammableStage<super::Api>,
+        layout: &super::PipelineLayout,
+        naga_stage: naga::ShaderStage,
+    ) -> Result<super::CompiledShader, crate::PipelineError> {
+        use naga::back::hlsl;
+
+        let stage_bit = crate::auxil::map_naga_stage(naga_stage);
+        let module = &stage.module.naga.module;
+        //TODO: reuse the writer
+        let mut source = String::new();
+        let mut writer = hlsl::Writer::new(&mut source, &layout.naga_options);
+        let reflection_info = {
+            profiling::scope!("naga::back::hlsl::write");
+            writer
+                .write(module, &stage.module.naga.info)
+                .map_err(|e| crate::PipelineError::Linkage(stage_bit, format!("HLSL: {e:?}")))?
+        };
+
+        let full_stage = format!(
+            "{}_{}\0",
+            naga_stage.to_hlsl_str(),
+            layout.naga_options.shader_model.to_str()
+        );
+
+        let ep_index = module
+            .entry_points
+            .iter()
+            .position(|ep| ep.stage == naga_stage && ep.name == stage.entry_point)
+            .ok_or(crate::PipelineError::EntryPoint(naga_stage))?;
+
+        let raw_ep = reflection_info.entry_point_names[ep_index]
+            .as_ref()
+            .map_err(|e| crate::PipelineError::Linkage(stage_bit, format!("{e}")))?;
+
+        let source_name = stage
+            .module
+            .raw_name
+            .as_ref()
+            .and_then(|cstr| cstr.to_str().ok())
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+
+        // Compile with DXC if available, otherwise fall back to FXC
+        let (result, log_level) = if let Some(ref dxc_container) = self.dxc_container {
+            super::shader_compilation::compile_dxc(
+                self,
+                &source,
+                source_name,
+                raw_ep,
+                stage_bit,
+                full_stage,
+                dxc_container,
+            )
+        } else {
+            super::shader_compilation::compile_fxc(
+                self,
+                &source,
+                source_name,
+                &ffi::CString::new(raw_ep.as_str()).unwrap(),
+                stage_bit,
+                full_stage,
+            )
+        };
+
+        log::log!(
+            log_level,
+            "Naga generated shader for {:?} at {:?}:\n{}",
+            raw_ep,
+            naga_stage,
+            source
+        );
+        result
+    }
+
+    pub fn raw_device(&self) -> &d3d12::Device {
+        &self.raw
+    }
+
+    pub fn raw_queue(&self) -> &d3d12::CommandQueue {
+        &self.present_queue
+    }
+
+    pub unsafe fn texture_from_raw(
+        resource: d3d12::Resource,
+        format: wgt::TextureFormat,
+        dimension: wgt::TextureDimension,
+        size: wgt::Extent3d,
+        mip_level_count: u32,
+        sample_count: u32,
+    ) -> super::Texture {
+        super::Texture {
+            resource,
+            format,
+            dimension,
+            size,
+            mip_level_count,
+            sample_count,
+            allocation: None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl crate::Device<super::Api> for super::Device {
+    unsafe fn exit(mut self, queue: super::Queue) {
+        self.rtv_pool.lock().free_handle(self.null_rtv_handle);
+        unsafe { self.rtv_pool.into_inner().destroy() };
+        unsafe { self.dsv_pool.into_inner().destroy() };
+        unsafe { self.srv_uav_pool.into_inner().destroy() };
+        unsafe { self.sampler_pool.into_inner().destroy() };
+        unsafe { self.shared.destroy() };
+        unsafe { self.idler.destroy() };
+        self.mem_allocator = None;
+        unsafe { queue.raw.destroy() };
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_buffer(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::BufferDescriptor,
+    ) -> Result<super::Buffer, crate::DeviceError> {
+        let mut resource = d3d12::Resource::null();
+        let mut size = desc.size;
+        if desc.usage.contains(crate::BufferUses::UNIFORM) {
+            let align_mask = d3d12_ty::D3D12_CONSTANT_BUFFER_DATA_PLACEMENT_ALIGNMENT as u64 - 1;
+            size = ((size - 1) | align_mask) + 1;
+        }
+
+        let raw_desc = d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_DESC {
+            Dimension: d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_DIMENSION_BUFFER,
+            Alignment: 0,
+            Width: size,
+            Height: 1,
+            DepthOrArraySize: 1,
+            MipLevels: 1,
+            Format: dxgiformat::DXGI_FORMAT_UNKNOWN,
+            SampleDesc: dxgitype::DXGI_SAMPLE_DESC {
+                Count: 1,
+                Quality: 0,
+            },
+            Layout: d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEXTURE_LAYOUT_ROW_MAJOR,
+            Flags: conv::map_buffer_usage_to_resource_flags(desc.usage),
+        };
+
+        let (hr, allocation) =
+            super::suballocation::create_buffer_resource(self, desc, raw_desc, &mut resource)?;
+
+        hr.into_device_result("Buffer creation")?;
+        if let Some(label) = desc.label {
+            let cwstr = conv::map_label(label);
+            unsafe { resource.SetName(cwstr.as_ptr()) };
+        }
+
+        Ok(super::Buffer {
+            resource,
+            size,
+            allocation,
+        })
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn destroy_buffer(&self, mut buffer: super::Buffer) {
+        unsafe { buffer.resource.destroy() };
+        // Only happens when it's using the windows_rs feature and there's an allocation
+        if let Some(alloc) = buffer.allocation.take() {
+            super::suballocation::free_buffer_allocation(
+                alloc,
+                // SAFETY: for allocations to exist, the allocator must exist
+                unsafe { self.mem_allocator.as_ref().unwrap_unchecked() },
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn map_buffer(
+        &self,
+        buffer: &super::Buffer,
+        range: crate::MemoryRange,
+    ) -> Result<crate::BufferMapping, crate::DeviceError> {
+        let mut ptr = ptr::null_mut();
+        // TODO: 0 for subresource should be fine here until map and unmap buffer is subresource aware?
+        let hr = unsafe { (*buffer.resource).Map(0, ptr::null(), &mut ptr) };
+        hr.into_device_result("Map buffer")?;
+        Ok(crate::BufferMapping {
+            ptr: ptr::NonNull::new(unsafe { ptr.offset(range.start as isize).cast::<u8>() })
+                .unwrap(),
+            //TODO: double-check this. Documentation is a bit misleading -
+            // it implies that Map/Unmap is needed to invalidate/flush memory.
+            is_coherent: true,
+        })
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn unmap_buffer(&self, buffer: &super::Buffer) -> Result<(), crate::DeviceError> {
+        unsafe { (*buffer.resource).Unmap(0, ptr::null()) };
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn flush_mapped_ranges<I>(&self, _buffer: &super::Buffer, _ranges: I) {}
+    unsafe fn invalidate_mapped_ranges<I>(&self, _buffer: &super::Buffer, _ranges: I) {}
+
+    unsafe fn create_texture(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::TextureDescriptor,
+    ) -> Result<super::Texture, crate::DeviceError> {
+        use super::suballocation::create_texture_resource;
+
+        let mut resource = d3d12::Resource::null();
+
+        let raw_desc = d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_DESC {
+            Dimension: conv::map_texture_dimension(desc.dimension),
+            Alignment: 0,
+            Width: desc.size.width as u64,
+            Height: desc.size.height,
+            DepthOrArraySize: desc.size.depth_or_array_layers as u16,
+            MipLevels: desc.mip_level_count as u16,
+            Format: auxil::dxgi::conv::map_texture_format_for_resource(
+                desc.format,
+                desc.usage,
+                !desc.view_formats.is_empty(),
+                self.private_caps.casting_fully_typed_format_supported,
+            ),
+            SampleDesc: dxgitype::DXGI_SAMPLE_DESC {
+                Count: desc.sample_count,
+                Quality: 0,
+            },
+            Layout: d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEXTURE_LAYOUT_UNKNOWN,
+            Flags: conv::map_texture_usage_to_resource_flags(desc.usage),
+        };
+
+        let (hr, allocation) = create_texture_resource(self, desc, raw_desc, &mut resource)?;
+
+        hr.into_device_result("Texture creation")?;
+        if let Some(label) = desc.label {
+            let cwstr = conv::map_label(label);
+            unsafe { resource.SetName(cwstr.as_ptr()) };
+        }
+
+        Ok(super::Texture {
+            resource,
+            format: desc.format,
+            dimension: desc.dimension,
+            size: desc.size,
+            mip_level_count: desc.mip_level_count,
+            sample_count: desc.sample_count,
+            allocation,
+        })
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn destroy_texture(&self, mut texture: super::Texture) {
+        unsafe { texture.resource.destroy() };
+        if let Some(alloc) = texture.allocation.take() {
+            super::suballocation::free_texture_allocation(
+                alloc,
+                // SAFETY: for allocations to exist, the allocator must exist
+                unsafe { self.mem_allocator.as_ref().unwrap_unchecked() },
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_texture_view(
+        &self,
+        texture: &super::Texture,
+        desc: &crate::TextureViewDescriptor,
+    ) -> Result<super::TextureView, crate::DeviceError> {
+        let view_desc = desc.to_internal(texture);
+
+        Ok(super::TextureView {
+            raw_format: view_desc.rtv_dsv_format,
+            aspects: view_desc.aspects,
+            target_base: (
+                texture.resource,
+                texture.calc_subresource(desc.range.base_mip_level, desc.range.base_array_layer, 0),
+            ),
+            handle_srv: if desc.usage.intersects(crate::TextureUses::RESOURCE) {
+                let raw_desc = unsafe { view_desc.to_srv() };
+                raw_desc.map(|raw_desc| {
+                    let handle = self.srv_uav_pool.lock().alloc_handle();
+                    unsafe {
+                        self.raw.CreateShaderResourceView(
+                            texture.resource.as_mut_ptr(),
+                            &raw_desc,
+                            handle.raw,
+                        )
+                    };
+                    handle
+                })
+            } else {
+                None
+            },
+            handle_uav: if desc.usage.intersects(
+                crate::TextureUses::STORAGE_READ | crate::TextureUses::STORAGE_READ_WRITE,
+            ) {
+                let raw_desc = unsafe { view_desc.to_uav() };
+                raw_desc.map(|raw_desc| {
+                    let handle = self.srv_uav_pool.lock().alloc_handle();
+                    unsafe {
+                        self.raw.CreateUnorderedAccessView(
+                            texture.resource.as_mut_ptr(),
+                            ptr::null_mut(),
+                            &raw_desc,
+                            handle.raw,
+                        )
+                    };
+                    handle
+                })
+            } else {
+                None
+            },
+            handle_rtv: if desc.usage.intersects(crate::TextureUses::COLOR_TARGET) {
+                let raw_desc = unsafe { view_desc.to_rtv() };
+                let handle = self.rtv_pool.lock().alloc_handle();
+                unsafe {
+                    self.raw.CreateRenderTargetView(
+                        texture.resource.as_mut_ptr(),
+                        &raw_desc,
+                        handle.raw,
+                    )
+                };
+                Some(handle)
+            } else {
+                None
+            },
+            handle_dsv_ro: if desc
+                .usage
+                .intersects(crate::TextureUses::DEPTH_STENCIL_READ)
+            {
+                let raw_desc = unsafe { view_desc.to_dsv(true) };
+                let handle = self.dsv_pool.lock().alloc_handle();
+                unsafe {
+                    self.raw.CreateDepthStencilView(
+                        texture.resource.as_mut_ptr(),
+                        &raw_desc,
+                        handle.raw,
+                    )
+                };
+                Some(handle)
+            } else {
+                None
+            },
+            handle_dsv_rw: if desc
+                .usage
+                .intersects(crate::TextureUses::DEPTH_STENCIL_WRITE)
+            {
+                let raw_desc = unsafe { view_desc.to_dsv(false) };
+                let handle = self.dsv_pool.lock().alloc_handle();
+                unsafe {
+                    self.raw.CreateDepthStencilView(
+                        texture.resource.as_mut_ptr(),
+                        &raw_desc,
+                        handle.raw,
+                    )
+                };
+                Some(handle)
+            } else {
+                None
+            },
+        })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_texture_view(&self, view: super::TextureView) {
+        if view.handle_srv.is_some() || view.handle_uav.is_some() {
+            let mut pool = self.srv_uav_pool.lock();
+            if let Some(handle) = view.handle_srv {
+                pool.free_handle(handle);
+            }
+            if let Some(handle) = view.handle_uav {
+                pool.free_handle(handle);
+            }
+        }
+        if let Some(handle) = view.handle_rtv {
+            self.rtv_pool.lock().free_handle(handle);
+        }
+        if view.handle_dsv_ro.is_some() || view.handle_dsv_rw.is_some() {
+            let mut pool = self.dsv_pool.lock();
+            if let Some(handle) = view.handle_dsv_ro {
+                pool.free_handle(handle);
+            }
+            if let Some(handle) = view.handle_dsv_rw {
+                pool.free_handle(handle);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_sampler(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::SamplerDescriptor,
+    ) -> Result<super::Sampler, crate::DeviceError> {
+        let handle = self.sampler_pool.lock().alloc_handle();
+
+        let reduction = match desc.compare {
+            Some(_) => d3d12_ty::D3D12_FILTER_REDUCTION_TYPE_COMPARISON,
+            None => d3d12_ty::D3D12_FILTER_REDUCTION_TYPE_STANDARD,
+        };
+        let mut filter = conv::map_filter_mode(desc.min_filter) << d3d12_ty::D3D12_MIN_FILTER_SHIFT
+            | conv::map_filter_mode(desc.mag_filter) << d3d12_ty::D3D12_MAG_FILTER_SHIFT
+            | conv::map_filter_mode(desc.mipmap_filter) << d3d12_ty::D3D12_MIP_FILTER_SHIFT
+            | reduction << d3d12_ty::D3D12_FILTER_REDUCTION_TYPE_SHIFT;
+
+        if desc.anisotropy_clamp != 1 {
+            filter |= d3d12_ty::D3D12_FILTER_ANISOTROPIC;
+        };
+
+        let border_color = conv::map_border_color(desc.border_color);
+
+        self.raw.create_sampler(
+            handle.raw,
+            filter,
+            [
+                conv::map_address_mode(desc.address_modes[0]),
+                conv::map_address_mode(desc.address_modes[1]),
+                conv::map_address_mode(desc.address_modes[2]),
+            ],
+            0.0,
+            desc.anisotropy_clamp as u32,
+            conv::map_comparison(desc.compare.unwrap_or(wgt::CompareFunction::Always)),
+            border_color,
+            desc.lod_clamp.clone(),
+        );
+
+        Ok(super::Sampler { handle })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_sampler(&self, sampler: super::Sampler) {
+        self.sampler_pool.lock().free_handle(sampler.handle);
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_command_encoder(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::CommandEncoderDescriptor<super::Api>,
+    ) -> Result<super::CommandEncoder, crate::DeviceError> {
+        let allocator = self
+            .raw
+            .create_command_allocator(d3d12::CmdListType::Direct)
+            .into_device_result("Command allocator creation")?;
+
+        if let Some(label) = desc.label {
+            let cwstr = conv::map_label(label);
+            unsafe { allocator.SetName(cwstr.as_ptr()) };
+        }
+
+        Ok(super::CommandEncoder {
+            allocator,
+            device: self.raw,
+            shared: Arc::clone(&self.shared),
+            null_rtv_handle: self.null_rtv_handle,
+            list: None,
+            free_lists: Vec::new(),
+            pass: super::PassState::new(),
+            temp: super::Temp::default(),
+        })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_command_encoder(&self, encoder: super::CommandEncoder) {
+        if let Some(list) = encoder.list {
+            list.close();
+            unsafe { list.destroy() };
+        }
+        for list in encoder.free_lists {
+            unsafe { list.destroy() };
+        }
+        unsafe { encoder.allocator.destroy() };
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_bind_group_layout(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::BindGroupLayoutDescriptor,
+    ) -> Result<super::BindGroupLayout, crate::DeviceError> {
+        let (mut num_buffer_views, mut num_samplers, mut num_texture_views) = (0, 0, 0);
+        for entry in desc.entries.iter() {
+            let count = entry.count.map_or(1, NonZeroU32::get);
+            match entry.ty {
+                wgt::BindingType::Buffer {
+                    has_dynamic_offset: true,
+                    ..
+                } => {}
+                wgt::BindingType::Buffer { .. } => num_buffer_views += count,
+                wgt::BindingType::Texture { .. } | wgt::BindingType::StorageTexture { .. } => {
+                    num_texture_views += count
+                }
+                wgt::BindingType::Sampler { .. } => num_samplers += count,
+            }
+        }
+
+        let num_views = num_buffer_views + num_texture_views;
+        Ok(super::BindGroupLayout {
+            entries: desc.entries.to_vec(),
+            cpu_heap_views: if num_views != 0 {
+                let heap = descriptor::CpuHeap::new(
+                    self.raw,
+                    d3d12::DescriptorHeapType::CbvSrvUav,
+                    num_views,
+                )?;
+                Some(heap)
+            } else {
+                None
+            },
+            cpu_heap_samplers: if num_samplers != 0 {
+                let heap = descriptor::CpuHeap::new(
+                    self.raw,
+                    d3d12::DescriptorHeapType::Sampler,
+                    num_samplers,
+                )?;
+                Some(heap)
+            } else {
+                None
+            },
+            copy_counts: vec![1; num_views.max(num_samplers) as usize],
+        })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_bind_group_layout(&self, bg_layout: super::BindGroupLayout) {
+        if let Some(cpu_heap) = bg_layout.cpu_heap_views {
+            unsafe { cpu_heap.destroy() };
+        }
+        if let Some(cpu_heap) = bg_layout.cpu_heap_samplers {
+            unsafe { cpu_heap.destroy() };
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_pipeline_layout(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::PipelineLayoutDescriptor<super::Api>,
+    ) -> Result<super::PipelineLayout, crate::DeviceError> {
+        use naga::back::hlsl;
+        // Pipeline layouts are implemented as RootSignature for D3D12.
+        //
+        // Push Constants are implemented as root constants.
+        //
+        // Each descriptor set layout will be one table entry of the root signature.
+        // We have the additional restriction that SRV/CBV/UAV and samplers need to be
+        // separated, so each set layout will actually occupy up to 2 entries!
+        // SRV/CBV/UAV tables are added to the signature first, then Sampler tables,
+        // and finally dynamic uniform descriptors.
+        //
+        // Buffers with dynamic offsets are implemented as root descriptors.
+        // This is easier than trying to patch up the offset on the shader side.
+        //
+        // Root signature layout:
+        // Root Constants: Parameter=0, Space=0
+        //     ...
+        // (bind group [0]) - Space=0
+        //   View descriptor table, if any
+        //   Sampler descriptor table, if any
+        //   Root descriptors (for dynamic offset buffers)
+        // (bind group [1]) - Space=0
+        // ...
+        // (bind group [2]) - Space=0
+        // Special constant buffer: Space=0
+
+        //TODO: put lower bind group indices futher down the root signature. See:
+        // https://microsoft.github.io/DirectX-Specs/d3d/ResourceBinding.html#binding-model
+        // Currently impossible because wgpu-core only re-binds the descriptor sets based
+        // on Vulkan-like layout compatibility rules.
+
+        fn native_binding(bt: &hlsl::BindTarget) -> d3d12::Binding {
+            d3d12::Binding {
+                space: bt.space as u32,
+                register: bt.register,
+            }
+        }
+
+        log::debug!(
+            "Creating Root Signature '{}'",
+            desc.label.unwrap_or_default()
+        );
+
+        let mut binding_map = hlsl::BindingMap::default();
+        let (mut bind_cbv, mut bind_srv, mut bind_uav, mut bind_sampler) = (
+            hlsl::BindTarget::default(),
+            hlsl::BindTarget::default(),
+            hlsl::BindTarget::default(),
+            hlsl::BindTarget::default(),
+        );
+        let mut parameters = Vec::new();
+        let mut push_constants_target = None;
+        let mut root_constant_info = None;
+
+        let mut pc_start = u32::MAX;
+        let mut pc_end = u32::MIN;
+
+        for pc in desc.push_constant_ranges.iter() {
+            pc_start = pc_start.min(pc.range.start);
+            pc_end = pc_end.max(pc.range.end);
+        }
+
+        if pc_start != u32::MAX && pc_end != u32::MIN {
+            let parameter_index = parameters.len();
+            let size = (pc_end - pc_start) / 4;
+            log::debug!(
+                "\tParam[{}] = push constant (count = {})",
+                parameter_index,
+                size,
+            );
+            parameters.push(d3d12::RootParameter::constants(
+                d3d12::ShaderVisibility::All,
+                native_binding(&bind_cbv),
+                size,
+            ));
+            let binding = bind_cbv.clone();
+            bind_cbv.register += 1;
+            root_constant_info = Some(super::RootConstantInfo {
+                root_index: parameter_index as u32,
+                range: (pc_start / 4)..(pc_end / 4),
+            });
+            push_constants_target = Some(binding);
+
+            bind_cbv.space += 1;
+        }
+
+        // Collect the whole number of bindings we will create upfront.
+        // It allows us to preallocate enough storage to avoid reallocation,
+        // which could cause invalid pointers.
+        let total_non_dynamic_entries = desc
+            .bind_group_layouts
+            .iter()
+            .flat_map(|bgl| {
+                bgl.entries.iter().map(|entry| match entry.ty {
+                    wgt::BindingType::Buffer {
+                        has_dynamic_offset: true,
+                        ..
+                    } => 0,
+                    _ => 1,
+                })
+            })
+            .sum();
+        let mut ranges = Vec::with_capacity(total_non_dynamic_entries);
+
+        let mut bind_group_infos =
+            arrayvec::ArrayVec::<super::BindGroupInfo, { crate::MAX_BIND_GROUPS }>::default();
+        for (index, bgl) in desc.bind_group_layouts.iter().enumerate() {
+            let mut info = super::BindGroupInfo {
+                tables: super::TableTypes::empty(),
+                base_root_index: parameters.len() as u32,
+                dynamic_buffers: Vec::new(),
+            };
+
+            let mut visibility_view_static = wgt::ShaderStages::empty();
+            let mut visibility_view_dynamic = wgt::ShaderStages::empty();
+            let mut visibility_sampler = wgt::ShaderStages::empty();
+            for entry in bgl.entries.iter() {
+                match entry.ty {
+                    wgt::BindingType::Sampler { .. } => visibility_sampler |= entry.visibility,
+                    wgt::BindingType::Buffer {
+                        has_dynamic_offset: true,
+                        ..
+                    } => visibility_view_dynamic |= entry.visibility,
+                    _ => visibility_view_static |= entry.visibility,
+                }
+            }
+
+            // SRV/CBV/UAV descriptor tables
+            let mut range_base = ranges.len();
+            for entry in bgl.entries.iter() {
+                let range_ty = match entry.ty {
+                    wgt::BindingType::Buffer {
+                        has_dynamic_offset: true,
+                        ..
+                    } => continue,
+                    ref other => conv::map_binding_type(other),
+                };
+                let bt = match range_ty {
+                    d3d12::DescriptorRangeType::CBV => &mut bind_cbv,
+                    d3d12::DescriptorRangeType::SRV => &mut bind_srv,
+                    d3d12::DescriptorRangeType::UAV => &mut bind_uav,
+                    d3d12::DescriptorRangeType::Sampler => continue,
+                };
+
+                binding_map.insert(
+                    naga::ResourceBinding {
+                        group: index as u32,
+                        binding: entry.binding,
+                    },
+                    hlsl::BindTarget {
+                        binding_array_size: entry.count.map(NonZeroU32::get),
+                        ..bt.clone()
+                    },
+                );
+                ranges.push(d3d12::DescriptorRange::new(
+                    range_ty,
+                    entry.count.map_or(1, |count| count.get()),
+                    native_binding(bt),
+                    d3d12_ty::D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_RANGE_OFFSET_APPEND,
+                ));
+                bt.register += entry.count.map(NonZeroU32::get).unwrap_or(1);
+            }
+            if ranges.len() > range_base {
+                log::debug!(
+                    "\tParam[{}] = views (vis = {:?}, count = {})",
+                    parameters.len(),
+                    visibility_view_static,
+                    ranges.len() - range_base,
+                );
+                parameters.push(d3d12::RootParameter::descriptor_table(
+                    conv::map_visibility(visibility_view_static),
+                    &ranges[range_base..],
+                ));
+                info.tables |= super::TableTypes::SRV_CBV_UAV;
+            }
+
+            // Sampler descriptor tables
+            range_base = ranges.len();
+            for entry in bgl.entries.iter() {
+                let range_ty = match entry.ty {
+                    wgt::BindingType::Sampler { .. } => d3d12::DescriptorRangeType::Sampler,
+                    _ => continue,
+                };
+                binding_map.insert(
+                    naga::ResourceBinding {
+                        group: index as u32,
+                        binding: entry.binding,
+                    },
+                    hlsl::BindTarget {
+                        binding_array_size: entry.count.map(NonZeroU32::get),
+                        ..bind_sampler.clone()
+                    },
+                );
+                ranges.push(d3d12::DescriptorRange::new(
+                    range_ty,
+                    entry.count.map_or(1, |count| count.get()),
+                    native_binding(&bind_sampler),
+                    d3d12_ty::D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_RANGE_OFFSET_APPEND,
+                ));
+                bind_sampler.register += entry.count.map(NonZeroU32::get).unwrap_or(1);
+            }
+            if ranges.len() > range_base {
+                log::debug!(
+                    "\tParam[{}] = samplers (vis = {:?}, count = {})",
+                    parameters.len(),
+                    visibility_sampler,
+                    ranges.len() - range_base,
+                );
+                parameters.push(d3d12::RootParameter::descriptor_table(
+                    conv::map_visibility(visibility_sampler),
+                    &ranges[range_base..],
+                ));
+                info.tables |= super::TableTypes::SAMPLERS;
+            }
+
+            // Root (dynamic) descriptor tables
+            let dynamic_buffers_visibility = conv::map_visibility(visibility_view_dynamic);
+            for entry in bgl.entries.iter() {
+                let buffer_ty = match entry.ty {
+                    wgt::BindingType::Buffer {
+                        has_dynamic_offset: true,
+                        ty,
+                        ..
+                    } => ty,
+                    _ => continue,
+                };
+
+                let (kind, parameter_ty, bt) = match buffer_ty {
+                    wgt::BufferBindingType::Uniform => (
+                        super::BufferViewKind::Constant,
+                        d3d12_ty::D3D12_ROOT_PARAMETER_TYPE_CBV,
+                        &mut bind_cbv,
+                    ),
+                    wgt::BufferBindingType::Storage { read_only: true } => (
+                        super::BufferViewKind::ShaderResource,
+                        d3d12_ty::D3D12_ROOT_PARAMETER_TYPE_SRV,
+                        &mut bind_srv,
+                    ),
+                    wgt::BufferBindingType::Storage { read_only: false } => (
+                        super::BufferViewKind::UnorderedAccess,
+                        d3d12_ty::D3D12_ROOT_PARAMETER_TYPE_UAV,
+                        &mut bind_uav,
+                    ),
+                };
+
+                binding_map.insert(
+                    naga::ResourceBinding {
+                        group: index as u32,
+                        binding: entry.binding,
+                    },
+                    hlsl::BindTarget {
+                        binding_array_size: entry.count.map(NonZeroU32::get),
+                        ..bt.clone()
+                    },
+                );
+                info.dynamic_buffers.push(kind);
+
+                log::debug!(
+                    "\tParam[{}] = dynamic {:?} (vis = {:?})",
+                    parameters.len(),
+                    buffer_ty,
+                    dynamic_buffers_visibility,
+                );
+                parameters.push(d3d12::RootParameter::descriptor(
+                    parameter_ty,
+                    dynamic_buffers_visibility,
+                    native_binding(bt),
+                ));
+
+                bt.register += entry.count.map_or(1, NonZeroU32::get);
+            }
+
+            bind_group_infos.push(info);
+        }
+
+        // Ensure that we didn't reallocate!
+        debug_assert_eq!(ranges.len(), total_non_dynamic_entries);
+
+        let (special_constants_root_index, special_constants_binding) = if desc.flags.intersects(
+            crate::PipelineLayoutFlags::BASE_VERTEX_INSTANCE
+                | crate::PipelineLayoutFlags::NUM_WORK_GROUPS,
+        ) {
+            let parameter_index = parameters.len();
+            log::debug!("\tParam[{}] = special", parameter_index);
+            parameters.push(d3d12::RootParameter::constants(
+                d3d12::ShaderVisibility::All, // really needed for VS and CS only
+                native_binding(&bind_cbv),
+                3, // 0 = base vertex, 1 = base instance, 2 = other
+            ));
+            let binding = bind_cbv.clone();
+            bind_cbv.register += 1;
+            (Some(parameter_index as u32), Some(binding))
+        } else {
+            (None, None)
+        };
+
+        log::trace!("{:#?}", parameters);
+        log::trace!("Bindings {:#?}", binding_map);
+
+        let (blob, error) = self
+            .library
+            .serialize_root_signature(
+                d3d12::RootSignatureVersion::V1_0,
+                &parameters,
+                &[],
+                d3d12::RootSignatureFlags::ALLOW_IA_INPUT_LAYOUT,
+            )
+            .map_err(|e| {
+                log::error!("Unable to find serialization function: {:?}", e);
+                crate::DeviceError::Lost
+            })?
+            .into_device_result("Root signature serialization")?;
+
+        if !error.is_null() {
+            log::error!(
+                "Root signature serialization error: {:?}",
+                unsafe { error.as_c_str() }.to_str().unwrap()
+            );
+            unsafe { error.destroy() };
+            return Err(crate::DeviceError::Lost);
+        }
+
+        let raw = self
+            .raw
+            .create_root_signature(blob, 0)
+            .into_device_result("Root signature creation")?;
+        unsafe { blob.destroy() };
+
+        log::debug!("\traw = {:?}", raw);
+
+        if let Some(label) = desc.label {
+            let cwstr = conv::map_label(label);
+            unsafe { raw.SetName(cwstr.as_ptr()) };
+        }
+
+        Ok(super::PipelineLayout {
+            shared: super::PipelineLayoutShared {
+                signature: raw,
+                total_root_elements: parameters.len() as super::RootIndex,
+                special_constants_root_index,
+                root_constant_info,
+            },
+            bind_group_infos,
+            naga_options: hlsl::Options {
+                shader_model: match self.dxc_container {
+                    // DXC
+                    Some(_) => hlsl::ShaderModel::V6_0,
+                    // FXC doesn't support SM 6.0
+                    None => hlsl::ShaderModel::V5_1,
+                },
+                binding_map,
+                fake_missing_bindings: false,
+                special_constants_binding,
+                push_constants_target,
+                zero_initialize_workgroup_memory: true,
+            },
+        })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_pipeline_layout(&self, pipeline_layout: super::PipelineLayout) {
+        unsafe { pipeline_layout.shared.signature.destroy() };
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_bind_group(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::BindGroupDescriptor<super::Api>,
+    ) -> Result<super::BindGroup, crate::DeviceError> {
+        let mut cpu_views = desc
+            .layout
+            .cpu_heap_views
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|cpu_heap| cpu_heap.inner.lock());
+        if let Some(ref mut inner) = cpu_views {
+            inner.stage.clear();
+        }
+        let mut cpu_samplers = desc
+            .layout
+            .cpu_heap_samplers
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|cpu_heap| cpu_heap.inner.lock());
+        if let Some(ref mut inner) = cpu_samplers {
+            inner.stage.clear();
+        }
+        let mut dynamic_buffers = Vec::new();
+
+        for (layout, entry) in desc.layout.entries.iter().zip(desc.entries.iter()) {
+            match layout.ty {
+                wgt::BindingType::Buffer {
+                    has_dynamic_offset: true,
+                    ..
+                } => {
+                    let start = entry.resource_index as usize;
+                    let end = start + entry.count as usize;
+                    for data in &desc.buffers[start..end] {
+                        dynamic_buffers.push(data.resolve_address());
+                    }
+                }
+                wgt::BindingType::Buffer { ty, .. } => {
+                    let start = entry.resource_index as usize;
+                    let end = start + entry.count as usize;
+                    for data in &desc.buffers[start..end] {
+                        let gpu_address = data.resolve_address();
+                        let size = data.resolve_size() as u32;
+                        let inner = cpu_views.as_mut().unwrap();
+                        let cpu_index = inner.stage.len() as u32;
+                        let handle = desc.layout.cpu_heap_views.as_ref().unwrap().at(cpu_index);
+                        match ty {
+                            wgt::BufferBindingType::Uniform => {
+                                let size_mask =
+                                    d3d12_ty::D3D12_CONSTANT_BUFFER_DATA_PLACEMENT_ALIGNMENT - 1;
+                                let raw_desc = d3d12_ty::D3D12_CONSTANT_BUFFER_VIEW_DESC {
+                                    BufferLocation: gpu_address,
+                                    SizeInBytes: ((size - 1) | size_mask) + 1,
+                                };
+                                unsafe { self.raw.CreateConstantBufferView(&raw_desc, handle) };
+                            }
+                            wgt::BufferBindingType::Storage { read_only: true } => {
+                                let mut raw_desc = d3d12_ty::D3D12_SHADER_RESOURCE_VIEW_DESC {
+                                    Format: dxgiformat::DXGI_FORMAT_R32_TYPELESS,
+                                    Shader4ComponentMapping:
+                                        view::D3D12_DEFAULT_SHADER_4_COMPONENT_MAPPING,
+                                    ViewDimension: d3d12_ty::D3D12_SRV_DIMENSION_BUFFER,
+                                    u: unsafe { mem::zeroed() },
+                                };
+                                unsafe {
+                                    *raw_desc.u.Buffer_mut() = d3d12_ty::D3D12_BUFFER_SRV {
+                                        FirstElement: data.offset / 4,
+                                        NumElements: size / 4,
+                                        StructureByteStride: 0,
+                                        Flags: d3d12_ty::D3D12_BUFFER_SRV_FLAG_RAW,
+                                    }
+                                };
+                                unsafe {
+                                    self.raw.CreateShaderResourceView(
+                                        data.buffer.resource.as_mut_ptr(),
+                                        &raw_desc,
+                                        handle,
+                                    )
+                                };
+                            }
+                            wgt::BufferBindingType::Storage { read_only: false } => {
+                                let mut raw_desc = d3d12_ty::D3D12_UNORDERED_ACCESS_VIEW_DESC {
+                                    Format: dxgiformat::DXGI_FORMAT_R32_TYPELESS,
+                                    ViewDimension: d3d12_ty::D3D12_UAV_DIMENSION_BUFFER,
+                                    u: unsafe { mem::zeroed() },
+                                };
+                                unsafe {
+                                    *raw_desc.u.Buffer_mut() = d3d12_ty::D3D12_BUFFER_UAV {
+                                        FirstElement: data.offset / 4,
+                                        NumElements: size / 4,
+                                        StructureByteStride: 0,
+                                        CounterOffsetInBytes: 0,
+                                        Flags: d3d12_ty::D3D12_BUFFER_UAV_FLAG_RAW,
+                                    }
+                                };
+                                unsafe {
+                                    self.raw.CreateUnorderedAccessView(
+                                        data.buffer.resource.as_mut_ptr(),
+                                        ptr::null_mut(),
+                                        &raw_desc,
+                                        handle,
+                                    )
+                                };
+                            }
+                        }
+                        inner.stage.push(handle);
+                    }
+                }
+                wgt::BindingType::Texture { .. } => {
+                    let start = entry.resource_index as usize;
+                    let end = start + entry.count as usize;
+                    for data in &desc.textures[start..end] {
+                        let handle = data.view.handle_srv.unwrap();
+                        cpu_views.as_mut().unwrap().stage.push(handle.raw);
+                    }
+                }
+                wgt::BindingType::StorageTexture { .. } => {
+                    let start = entry.resource_index as usize;
+                    let end = start + entry.count as usize;
+                    for data in &desc.textures[start..end] {
+                        let handle = data.view.handle_uav.unwrap();
+                        cpu_views.as_mut().unwrap().stage.push(handle.raw);
+                    }
+                }
+                wgt::BindingType::Sampler { .. } => {
+                    let start = entry.resource_index as usize;
+                    let end = start + entry.count as usize;
+                    for data in &desc.samplers[start..end] {
+                        cpu_samplers.as_mut().unwrap().stage.push(data.handle.raw);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        let handle_views = match cpu_views {
+            Some(inner) => {
+                let dual = unsafe {
+                    descriptor::upload(
+                        self.raw,
+                        &inner,
+                        &self.shared.heap_views,
+                        &desc.layout.copy_counts,
+                    )
+                }?;
+                Some(dual)
+            }
+            None => None,
+        };
+        let handle_samplers = match cpu_samplers {
+            Some(inner) => {
+                let dual = unsafe {
+                    descriptor::upload(
+                        self.raw,
+                        &inner,
+                        &self.shared.heap_samplers,
+                        &desc.layout.copy_counts,
+                    )
+                }?;
+                Some(dual)
+            }
+            None => None,
+        };
+
+        Ok(super::BindGroup {
+            handle_views,
+            handle_samplers,
+            dynamic_buffers,
+        })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_bind_group(&self, group: super::BindGroup) {
+        if let Some(dual) = group.handle_views {
+            self.shared.heap_views.free_slice(dual);
+        }
+        if let Some(dual) = group.handle_samplers {
+            self.shared.heap_samplers.free_slice(dual);
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_shader_module(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::ShaderModuleDescriptor,
+        shader: crate::ShaderInput,
+    ) -> Result<super::ShaderModule, crate::ShaderError> {
+        let raw_name = desc.label.and_then(|label| ffi::CString::new(label).ok());
+        match shader {
+            crate::ShaderInput::Naga(naga) => Ok(super::ShaderModule { naga, raw_name }),
+            crate::ShaderInput::SpirV(_) => {
+                panic!("SPIRV_SHADER_PASSTHROUGH is not enabled for this backend")
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_shader_module(&self, _module: super::ShaderModule) {
+        // just drop
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_render_pipeline(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::RenderPipelineDescriptor<super::Api>,
+    ) -> Result<super::RenderPipeline, crate::PipelineError> {
+        let (topology_class, topology) = conv::map_topology(desc.primitive.topology);
+        let mut shader_stages = wgt::ShaderStages::VERTEX;
+
+        let blob_vs =
+            self.load_shader(&desc.vertex_stage, desc.layout, naga::ShaderStage::Vertex)?;
+        let blob_fs = match desc.fragment_stage {
+            Some(ref stage) => {
+                shader_stages |= wgt::ShaderStages::FRAGMENT;
+                Some(self.load_shader(stage, desc.layout, naga::ShaderStage::Fragment)?)
+            }
+            None => None,
+        };
+
+        let mut vertex_strides = [None; crate::MAX_VERTEX_BUFFERS];
+        let mut input_element_descs = Vec::new();
+        for (i, (stride, vbuf)) in vertex_strides
+            .iter_mut()
+            .zip(desc.vertex_buffers)
+            .enumerate()
+        {
+            *stride = NonZeroU32::new(vbuf.array_stride as u32);
+            let (slot_class, step_rate) = match vbuf.step_mode {
+                wgt::VertexStepMode::Vertex => {
+                    (d3d12_ty::D3D12_INPUT_CLASSIFICATION_PER_VERTEX_DATA, 0)
+                }
+                wgt::VertexStepMode::Instance => {
+                    (d3d12_ty::D3D12_INPUT_CLASSIFICATION_PER_INSTANCE_DATA, 1)
+                }
+            };
+            for attribute in vbuf.attributes {
+                input_element_descs.push(d3d12_ty::D3D12_INPUT_ELEMENT_DESC {
+                    SemanticName: NAGA_LOCATION_SEMANTIC.as_ptr() as *const _,
+                    SemanticIndex: attribute.shader_location,
+                    Format: auxil::dxgi::conv::map_vertex_format(attribute.format),
+                    InputSlot: i as u32,
+                    AlignedByteOffset: attribute.offset as u32,
+                    InputSlotClass: slot_class,
+                    InstanceDataStepRate: step_rate,
+                });
+            }
+        }
+
+        let mut rtv_formats = [dxgiformat::DXGI_FORMAT_UNKNOWN;
+            d3d12_ty::D3D12_SIMULTANEOUS_RENDER_TARGET_COUNT as usize];
+        for (rtv_format, ct) in rtv_formats.iter_mut().zip(desc.color_targets) {
+            if let Some(ct) = ct.as_ref() {
+                *rtv_format = auxil::dxgi::conv::map_texture_format(ct.format);
+            }
+        }
+
+        let bias = desc
+            .depth_stencil
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|ds| ds.bias)
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+
+        let raw_rasterizer = d3d12_ty::D3D12_RASTERIZER_DESC {
+            FillMode: conv::map_polygon_mode(desc.primitive.polygon_mode),
+            CullMode: match desc.primitive.cull_mode {
+                None => d3d12_ty::D3D12_CULL_MODE_NONE,
+                Some(wgt::Face::Front) => d3d12_ty::D3D12_CULL_MODE_FRONT,
+                Some(wgt::Face::Back) => d3d12_ty::D3D12_CULL_MODE_BACK,
+            },
+            FrontCounterClockwise: match desc.primitive.front_face {
+                wgt::FrontFace::Cw => 0,
+                wgt::FrontFace::Ccw => 1,
+            },
+            DepthBias: bias.constant,
+            DepthBiasClamp: bias.clamp,
+            SlopeScaledDepthBias: bias.slope_scale,
+            DepthClipEnable: BOOL::from(!desc.primitive.unclipped_depth),
+            MultisampleEnable: BOOL::from(desc.multisample.count > 1),
+            ForcedSampleCount: 0,
+            AntialiasedLineEnable: 0,
+            ConservativeRaster: if desc.primitive.conservative {
+                d3d12_ty::D3D12_CONSERVATIVE_RASTERIZATION_MODE_ON
+            } else {
+                d3d12_ty::D3D12_CONSERVATIVE_RASTERIZATION_MODE_OFF
+            },
+        };
+
+        let raw_desc = d3d12_ty::D3D12_GRAPHICS_PIPELINE_STATE_DESC {
+            pRootSignature: desc.layout.shared.signature.as_mut_ptr(),
+            VS: *blob_vs.create_native_shader(),
+            PS: match blob_fs {
+                Some(ref shader) => *shader.create_native_shader(),
+                None => *d3d12::Shader::null(),
+            },
+            GS: *d3d12::Shader::null(),
+            DS: *d3d12::Shader::null(),
+            HS: *d3d12::Shader::null(),
+            StreamOutput: d3d12_ty::D3D12_STREAM_OUTPUT_DESC {
+                pSODeclaration: ptr::null(),
+                NumEntries: 0,
+                pBufferStrides: ptr::null(),
+                NumStrides: 0,
+                RasterizedStream: 0,
+            },
+            BlendState: d3d12_ty::D3D12_BLEND_DESC {
+                AlphaToCoverageEnable: BOOL::from(desc.multisample.alpha_to_coverage_enabled),
+                IndependentBlendEnable: 1,
+                RenderTarget: conv::map_render_targets(desc.color_targets),
+            },
+            SampleMask: desc.multisample.mask as u32,
+            RasterizerState: raw_rasterizer,
+            DepthStencilState: match desc.depth_stencil {
+                Some(ref ds) => conv::map_depth_stencil(ds),
+                None => unsafe { mem::zeroed() },
+            },
+            InputLayout: d3d12_ty::D3D12_INPUT_LAYOUT_DESC {
+                pInputElementDescs: if input_element_descs.is_empty() {
+                    ptr::null()
+                } else {
+                    input_element_descs.as_ptr()
+                },
+                NumElements: input_element_descs.len() as u32,
+            },
+            IBStripCutValue: match desc.primitive.strip_index_format {
+                Some(wgt::IndexFormat::Uint16) => {
+                    d3d12_ty::D3D12_INDEX_BUFFER_STRIP_CUT_VALUE_0xFFFF
+                }
+                Some(wgt::IndexFormat::Uint32) => {
+                    d3d12_ty::D3D12_INDEX_BUFFER_STRIP_CUT_VALUE_0xFFFFFFFF
+                }
+                None => d3d12_ty::D3D12_INDEX_BUFFER_STRIP_CUT_VALUE_DISABLED,
+            },
+            PrimitiveTopologyType: topology_class,
+            NumRenderTargets: desc.color_targets.len() as u32,
+            RTVFormats: rtv_formats,
+            DSVFormat: desc
+                .depth_stencil
+                .as_ref()
+                .map_or(dxgiformat::DXGI_FORMAT_UNKNOWN, |ds| {
+                    auxil::dxgi::conv::map_texture_format(ds.format)
+                }),
+            SampleDesc: dxgitype::DXGI_SAMPLE_DESC {
+                Count: desc.multisample.count,
+                Quality: 0,
+            },
+            NodeMask: 0,
+            CachedPSO: d3d12_ty::D3D12_CACHED_PIPELINE_STATE {
+                pCachedBlob: ptr::null(),
+                CachedBlobSizeInBytes: 0,
+            },
+            Flags: d3d12_ty::D3D12_PIPELINE_STATE_FLAG_NONE,
+        };
+
+        let mut raw = d3d12::PipelineState::null();
+        let hr = {
+            profiling::scope!("ID3D12Device::CreateGraphicsPipelineState");
+            unsafe {
+                self.raw.CreateGraphicsPipelineState(
+                    &raw_desc,
+                    &d3d12_ty::ID3D12PipelineState::uuidof(),
+                    raw.mut_void(),
+                )
+            }
+        };
+
+        unsafe { blob_vs.destroy() };
+        if let Some(blob_fs) = blob_fs {
+            unsafe { blob_fs.destroy() };
+        };
+
+        hr.into_result()
+            .map_err(|err| crate::PipelineError::Linkage(shader_stages, err.into_owned()))?;
+
+        if let Some(name) = desc.label {
+            let cwstr = conv::map_label(name);
+            unsafe { raw.SetName(cwstr.as_ptr()) };
+        }
+
+        Ok(super::RenderPipeline {
+            raw,
+            layout: desc.layout.shared.clone(),
+            topology,
+            vertex_strides,
+        })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_render_pipeline(&self, pipeline: super::RenderPipeline) {
+        unsafe { pipeline.raw.destroy() };
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_compute_pipeline(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::ComputePipelineDescriptor<super::Api>,
+    ) -> Result<super::ComputePipeline, crate::PipelineError> {
+        let blob_cs = self.load_shader(&desc.stage, desc.layout, naga::ShaderStage::Compute)?;
+
+        let pair = {
+            profiling::scope!("ID3D12Device::CreateComputePipelineState");
+            self.raw.create_compute_pipeline_state(
+                desc.layout.shared.signature,
+                blob_cs.create_native_shader(),
+                0,
+                d3d12::CachedPSO::null(),
+                d3d12::PipelineStateFlags::empty(),
+            )
+        };
+
+        unsafe { blob_cs.destroy() };
+
+        let raw = pair.into_result().map_err(|err| {
+            crate::PipelineError::Linkage(wgt::ShaderStages::COMPUTE, err.into_owned())
+        })?;
+
+        if let Some(name) = desc.label {
+            let cwstr = conv::map_label(name);
+            unsafe { raw.SetName(cwstr.as_ptr()) };
+        }
+
+        Ok(super::ComputePipeline {
+            raw,
+            layout: desc.layout.shared.clone(),
+        })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_compute_pipeline(&self, pipeline: super::ComputePipeline) {
+        unsafe { pipeline.raw.destroy() };
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_query_set(
+        &self,
+        desc: &wgt::QuerySetDescriptor<crate::Label>,
+    ) -> Result<super::QuerySet, crate::DeviceError> {
+        let (heap_ty, raw_ty) = match desc.ty {
+            wgt::QueryType::Occlusion => (
+                d3d12::QueryHeapType::Occlusion,
+                d3d12_ty::D3D12_QUERY_TYPE_BINARY_OCCLUSION,
+            ),
+            wgt::QueryType::PipelineStatistics(_) => (
+                d3d12::QueryHeapType::PipelineStatistics,
+                d3d12_ty::D3D12_QUERY_TYPE_PIPELINE_STATISTICS,
+            ),
+            wgt::QueryType::Timestamp => (
+                d3d12::QueryHeapType::Timestamp,
+                d3d12_ty::D3D12_QUERY_TYPE_TIMESTAMP,
+            ),
+        };
+
+        let raw = self
+            .raw
+            .create_query_heap(heap_ty, desc.count, 0)
+            .into_device_result("Query heap creation")?;
+
+        if let Some(label) = desc.label {
+            let cwstr = conv::map_label(label);
+            unsafe { raw.SetName(cwstr.as_ptr()) };
+        }
+
+        Ok(super::QuerySet { raw, raw_ty })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_query_set(&self, set: super::QuerySet) {
+        unsafe { set.raw.destroy() };
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_fence(&self) -> Result<super::Fence, crate::DeviceError> {
+        let mut raw = d3d12::Fence::null();
+        let hr = unsafe {
+            self.raw.CreateFence(
+                0,
+                d3d12_ty::D3D12_FENCE_FLAG_NONE,
+                &d3d12_ty::ID3D12Fence::uuidof(),
+                raw.mut_void(),
+            )
+        };
+        hr.into_device_result("Fence creation")?;
+        Ok(super::Fence { raw })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_fence(&self, fence: super::Fence) {
+        unsafe { fence.raw.destroy() };
+    }
+    unsafe fn get_fence_value(
+        &self,
+        fence: &super::Fence,
+    ) -> Result<crate::FenceValue, crate::DeviceError> {
+        Ok(unsafe { fence.raw.GetCompletedValue() })
+    }
+    unsafe fn wait(
+        &self,
+        fence: &super::Fence,
+        value: crate::FenceValue,
+        timeout_ms: u32,
+    ) -> Result<bool, crate::DeviceError> {
+        if unsafe { fence.raw.GetCompletedValue() } >= value {
+            return Ok(true);
+        }
+        let hr = fence.raw.set_event_on_completion(self.idler.event, value);
+        hr.into_device_result("Set event")?;
+
+        match unsafe { synchapi::WaitForSingleObject(self.idler.event.0, timeout_ms) } {
+            winbase::WAIT_ABANDONED | winbase::WAIT_FAILED => Err(crate::DeviceError::Lost),
+            winbase::WAIT_OBJECT_0 => Ok(true),
+            winerror::WAIT_TIMEOUT => Ok(false),
+            other => {
+                log::error!("Unexpected wait status: 0x{:x}", other);
+                Err(crate::DeviceError::Lost)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn start_capture(&self) -> bool {
+        #[cfg(feature = "renderdoc")]
+        {
+            unsafe {
+                self.render_doc
+                    .start_frame_capture(self.raw.as_mut_ptr() as *mut _, ptr::null_mut())
+            }
+        }
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "renderdoc"))]
+        false
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn stop_capture(&self) {
+        #[cfg(feature = "renderdoc")]
+        unsafe {
+            self.render_doc
+                .end_frame_capture(self.raw.as_mut_ptr() as *mut _, ptr::null_mut())
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx12/instance.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx12/instance.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..be7a3f7306
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx12/instance.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+use winapi::shared::{dxgi1_5, minwindef};
+
+use super::SurfaceTarget;
+use crate::auxil::{self, dxgi::result::HResult as _};
+use std::{mem, sync::Arc};
+
+impl Drop for super::Instance {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        unsafe { self.factory.destroy() };
+        crate::auxil::dxgi::exception::unregister_exception_handler();
+    }
+}
+
+impl crate::Instance<super::Api> for super::Instance {
+    unsafe fn init(desc: &crate::InstanceDescriptor) -> Result<Self, crate::InstanceError> {
+        let lib_main = d3d12::D3D12Lib::new().map_err(|_| crate::InstanceError)?;
+
+        if desc.flags.contains(crate::InstanceFlags::VALIDATION) {
+            // Enable debug layer
+            match lib_main.get_debug_interface() {
+                Ok(pair) => match pair.into_result() {
+                    Ok(debug_controller) => {
+                        debug_controller.enable_layer();
+                        unsafe { debug_controller.Release() };
+                    }
+                    Err(err) => {
+                        log::warn!("Unable to enable D3D12 debug interface: {}", err);
+                    }
+                },
+                Err(err) => {
+                    log::warn!("Debug interface function for D3D12 not found: {:?}", err);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Create DXGIFactory4
+        let (lib_dxgi, factory) = auxil::dxgi::factory::create_factory(
+            auxil::dxgi::factory::DxgiFactoryType::Factory4,
+            desc.flags,
+        )?;
+
+        // Create IDXGIFactoryMedia
+        let factory_media = match lib_dxgi.create_factory_media() {
+            Ok(pair) => match pair.into_result() {
+                Ok(factory_media) => Some(factory_media),
+                Err(err) => {
+                    log::error!("Failed to create IDXGIFactoryMedia: {}", err);
+                    None
+                }
+            },
+            Err(err) => {
+                log::info!("IDXGIFactory1 creation function not found: {:?}", err);
+                None
+            }
+        };
+
+        let mut supports_allow_tearing = false;
+        #[allow(trivial_casts)]
+        if let Some(factory5) = factory.as_factory5() {
+            let mut allow_tearing: minwindef::BOOL = minwindef::FALSE;
+            let hr = unsafe {
+                factory5.CheckFeatureSupport(
+                    dxgi1_5::DXGI_FEATURE_PRESENT_ALLOW_TEARING,
+                    &mut allow_tearing as *mut _ as *mut _,
+                    mem::size_of::<minwindef::BOOL>() as _,
+                )
+            };
+
+            match hr.into_result() {
+                Err(err) => log::warn!("Unable to check for tearing support: {}", err),
+                Ok(()) => supports_allow_tearing = true,
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            // The call to create_factory will only succeed if we get a factory4, so this is safe.
+            factory,
+            factory_media,
+            library: Arc::new(lib_main),
+            _lib_dxgi: lib_dxgi,
+            supports_allow_tearing,
+            flags: desc.flags,
+            dx12_shader_compiler: desc.dx12_shader_compiler.clone(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_surface(
+        &self,
+        _display_handle: raw_window_handle::RawDisplayHandle,
+        window_handle: raw_window_handle::RawWindowHandle,
+    ) -> Result<super::Surface, crate::InstanceError> {
+        match window_handle {
+            raw_window_handle::RawWindowHandle::Win32(handle) => Ok(super::Surface {
+                factory: self.factory,
+                factory_media: self.factory_media,
+                target: SurfaceTarget::WndHandle(handle.hwnd as *mut _),
+                supports_allow_tearing: self.supports_allow_tearing,
+                swap_chain: None,
+            }),
+            _ => Err(crate::InstanceError),
+        }
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_surface(&self, _surface: super::Surface) {
+        // just drop
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn enumerate_adapters(&self) -> Vec<crate::ExposedAdapter<super::Api>> {
+        let adapters = auxil::dxgi::factory::enumerate_adapters(self.factory);
+
+        adapters
+            .into_iter()
+            .filter_map(|raw| {
+                super::Adapter::expose(raw, &self.library, self.flags, &self.dx12_shader_compiler)
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx12/mod.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx12/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6cdf3ffe64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx12/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,902 @@
+/*!
+# DirectX12 API internals.
+
+Generally the mapping is straightforwad.
+
+## Resource transitions
+
+D3D12 API matches WebGPU internal states very well. The only
+caveat here is issuing a special UAV barrier whenever both source
+and destination states match, and they are for storage sync.
+
+## Memory
+
+For now, all resources are created with "committed" memory.
+
+## Resource binding
+
+See ['Device::create_pipeline_layout`] documentation for the structure
+of the root signature corresponding to WebGPU pipeline layout.
+
+Binding groups is mostly straightforward, with one big caveat:
+all bindings have to be reset whenever the pipeline layout changes.
+This is the rule of D3D12, and we can do nothing to help it.
+
+We detect this change at both [`crate::CommandEncoder::set_bind_group`]
+and [`crate::CommandEncoder::set_render_pipeline`] with
+[`crate::CommandEncoder::set_compute_pipeline`].
+
+For this reason, in order avoid repeating the binding code,
+we are binding everything in `CommandEncoder::update_root_elements`.
+When the pipeline layout is changed, we reset all bindings.
+Otherwise, we pass a range corresponding only to the current bind group.
+
+!*/
+
+mod adapter;
+mod command;
+mod conv;
+mod descriptor;
+mod device;
+mod instance;
+mod shader_compilation;
+mod suballocation;
+mod types;
+mod view;
+
+use crate::auxil::{self, dxgi::result::HResult as _};
+
+use arrayvec::ArrayVec;
+use parking_lot::Mutex;
+use std::{ffi, fmt, mem, num::NonZeroU32, sync::Arc};
+use winapi::{
+    shared::{dxgi, dxgi1_4, dxgitype, windef, winerror},
+    um::{d3d12 as d3d12_ty, dcomp, synchapi, winbase, winnt},
+    Interface as _,
+};
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct Api;
+
+impl crate::Api for Api {
+    type Instance = Instance;
+    type Surface = Surface;
+    type Adapter = Adapter;
+    type Device = Device;
+
+    type Queue = Queue;
+    type CommandEncoder = CommandEncoder;
+    type CommandBuffer = CommandBuffer;
+
+    type Buffer = Buffer;
+    type Texture = Texture;
+    type SurfaceTexture = Texture;
+    type TextureView = TextureView;
+    type Sampler = Sampler;
+    type QuerySet = QuerySet;
+    type Fence = Fence;
+
+    type BindGroupLayout = BindGroupLayout;
+    type BindGroup = BindGroup;
+    type PipelineLayout = PipelineLayout;
+    type ShaderModule = ShaderModule;
+    type RenderPipeline = RenderPipeline;
+    type ComputePipeline = ComputePipeline;
+}
+
+// Limited by D3D12's root signature size of 64. Each element takes 1 or 2 entries.
+const MAX_ROOT_ELEMENTS: usize = 64;
+const ZERO_BUFFER_SIZE: wgt::BufferAddress = 256 << 10;
+
+pub struct Instance {
+    factory: d3d12::DxgiFactory,
+    factory_media: Option<d3d12::FactoryMedia>,
+    library: Arc<d3d12::D3D12Lib>,
+    supports_allow_tearing: bool,
+    _lib_dxgi: d3d12::DxgiLib,
+    flags: crate::InstanceFlags,
+    dx12_shader_compiler: wgt::Dx12Compiler,
+}
+
+impl Instance {
+    pub unsafe fn create_surface_from_visual(
+        &self,
+        visual: *mut dcomp::IDCompositionVisual,
+    ) -> Surface {
+        Surface {
+            factory: self.factory,
+            factory_media: self.factory_media,
+            target: SurfaceTarget::Visual(unsafe { d3d12::WeakPtr::from_raw(visual) }),
+            supports_allow_tearing: self.supports_allow_tearing,
+            swap_chain: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub unsafe fn create_surface_from_surface_handle(
+        &self,
+        surface_handle: winnt::HANDLE,
+    ) -> Surface {
+        Surface {
+            factory: self.factory,
+            factory_media: self.factory_media,
+            target: SurfaceTarget::SurfaceHandle(surface_handle),
+            supports_allow_tearing: self.supports_allow_tearing,
+            swap_chain: None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+unsafe impl Send for Instance {}
+unsafe impl Sync for Instance {}
+
+struct SwapChain {
+    raw: d3d12::WeakPtr<dxgi1_4::IDXGISwapChain3>,
+    // need to associate raw image pointers with the swapchain so they can be properly released
+    // when the swapchain is destroyed
+    resources: Vec<d3d12::Resource>,
+    waitable: winnt::HANDLE,
+    acquired_count: usize,
+    present_mode: wgt::PresentMode,
+    format: wgt::TextureFormat,
+    size: wgt::Extent3d,
+}
+
+enum SurfaceTarget {
+    WndHandle(windef::HWND),
+    Visual(d3d12::WeakPtr<dcomp::IDCompositionVisual>),
+    SurfaceHandle(winnt::HANDLE),
+}
+
+pub struct Surface {
+    factory: d3d12::DxgiFactory,
+    factory_media: Option<d3d12::FactoryMedia>,
+    target: SurfaceTarget,
+    supports_allow_tearing: bool,
+    swap_chain: Option<SwapChain>,
+}
+
+unsafe impl Send for Surface {}
+unsafe impl Sync for Surface {}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+enum MemoryArchitecture {
+    Unified {
+        #[allow(unused)]
+        cache_coherent: bool,
+    },
+    NonUnified,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+struct PrivateCapabilities {
+    instance_flags: crate::InstanceFlags,
+    #[allow(unused)]
+    heterogeneous_resource_heaps: bool,
+    memory_architecture: MemoryArchitecture,
+    #[allow(unused)] // TODO: Exists until windows-rs is standard, then it can probably be removed?
+    heap_create_not_zeroed: bool,
+    casting_fully_typed_format_supported: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct Workarounds {
+    // On WARP, temporary CPU descriptors are still used by the runtime
+    // after we call `CopyDescriptors`.
+    avoid_cpu_descriptor_overwrites: bool,
+}
+
+pub struct Adapter {
+    raw: d3d12::DxgiAdapter,
+    device: d3d12::Device,
+    library: Arc<d3d12::D3D12Lib>,
+    private_caps: PrivateCapabilities,
+    presentation_timer: auxil::dxgi::time::PresentationTimer,
+    //Note: this isn't used right now, but we'll need it later.
+    #[allow(unused)]
+    workarounds: Workarounds,
+    dx12_shader_compiler: wgt::Dx12Compiler,
+}
+
+unsafe impl Send for Adapter {}
+unsafe impl Sync for Adapter {}
+
+/// Helper structure for waiting for GPU.
+struct Idler {
+    fence: d3d12::Fence,
+    event: d3d12::Event,
+}
+
+impl Idler {
+    unsafe fn destroy(self) {
+        unsafe { self.fence.destroy() };
+    }
+}
+
+struct CommandSignatures {
+    draw: d3d12::CommandSignature,
+    draw_indexed: d3d12::CommandSignature,
+    dispatch: d3d12::CommandSignature,
+}
+
+impl CommandSignatures {
+    unsafe fn destroy(&self) {
+        unsafe {
+            self.draw.destroy();
+            self.draw_indexed.destroy();
+            self.dispatch.destroy();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct DeviceShared {
+    zero_buffer: d3d12::Resource,
+    cmd_signatures: CommandSignatures,
+    heap_views: descriptor::GeneralHeap,
+    heap_samplers: descriptor::GeneralHeap,
+}
+
+impl DeviceShared {
+    unsafe fn destroy(&self) {
+        unsafe {
+            self.zero_buffer.destroy();
+            self.cmd_signatures.destroy();
+            self.heap_views.raw.destroy();
+            self.heap_samplers.raw.destroy();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct Device {
+    raw: d3d12::Device,
+    present_queue: d3d12::CommandQueue,
+    idler: Idler,
+    private_caps: PrivateCapabilities,
+    shared: Arc<DeviceShared>,
+    // CPU only pools
+    rtv_pool: Mutex<descriptor::CpuPool>,
+    dsv_pool: Mutex<descriptor::CpuPool>,
+    srv_uav_pool: Mutex<descriptor::CpuPool>,
+    sampler_pool: Mutex<descriptor::CpuPool>,
+    // library
+    library: Arc<d3d12::D3D12Lib>,
+    #[cfg(feature = "renderdoc")]
+    render_doc: crate::auxil::renderdoc::RenderDoc,
+    null_rtv_handle: descriptor::Handle,
+    mem_allocator: Option<Mutex<suballocation::GpuAllocatorWrapper>>,
+    dxc_container: Option<shader_compilation::DxcContainer>,
+}
+
+unsafe impl Send for Device {}
+unsafe impl Sync for Device {}
+
+pub struct Queue {
+    raw: d3d12::CommandQueue,
+    temp_lists: Vec<d3d12::CommandList>,
+}
+
+unsafe impl Send for Queue {}
+unsafe impl Sync for Queue {}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct Temp {
+    marker: Vec<u16>,
+    barriers: Vec<d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_BARRIER>,
+}
+
+impl Temp {
+    fn clear(&mut self) {
+        self.marker.clear();
+        self.barriers.clear();
+    }
+}
+
+struct PassResolve {
+    src: (d3d12::Resource, u32),
+    dst: (d3d12::Resource, u32),
+    format: d3d12::Format,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+enum RootElement {
+    Empty,
+    Constant,
+    SpecialConstantBuffer {
+        base_vertex: i32,
+        base_instance: u32,
+        other: u32,
+    },
+    /// Descriptor table.
+    Table(d3d12::GpuDescriptor),
+    /// Descriptor for a buffer that has dynamic offset.
+    DynamicOffsetBuffer {
+        kind: BufferViewKind,
+        address: d3d12::GpuAddress,
+    },
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+enum PassKind {
+    Render,
+    Compute,
+    Transfer,
+}
+
+struct PassState {
+    has_label: bool,
+    resolves: ArrayVec<PassResolve, { crate::MAX_COLOR_ATTACHMENTS }>,
+    layout: PipelineLayoutShared,
+    root_elements: [RootElement; MAX_ROOT_ELEMENTS],
+    constant_data: [u32; MAX_ROOT_ELEMENTS],
+    dirty_root_elements: u64,
+    vertex_buffers: [d3d12_ty::D3D12_VERTEX_BUFFER_VIEW; crate::MAX_VERTEX_BUFFERS],
+    dirty_vertex_buffers: usize,
+    kind: PassKind,
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_dirty_mask() {
+    assert_eq!(MAX_ROOT_ELEMENTS, std::mem::size_of::<u64>() * 8);
+}
+
+impl PassState {
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        PassState {
+            has_label: false,
+            resolves: ArrayVec::new(),
+            layout: PipelineLayoutShared {
+                signature: d3d12::RootSignature::null(),
+                total_root_elements: 0,
+                special_constants_root_index: None,
+                root_constant_info: None,
+            },
+            root_elements: [RootElement::Empty; MAX_ROOT_ELEMENTS],
+            constant_data: [0; MAX_ROOT_ELEMENTS],
+            dirty_root_elements: 0,
+            vertex_buffers: [unsafe { mem::zeroed() }; crate::MAX_VERTEX_BUFFERS],
+            dirty_vertex_buffers: 0,
+            kind: PassKind::Transfer,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn clear(&mut self) {
+        // careful about heap allocations!
+        *self = Self::new();
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct CommandEncoder {
+    allocator: d3d12::CommandAllocator,
+    device: d3d12::Device,
+    shared: Arc<DeviceShared>,
+    null_rtv_handle: descriptor::Handle,
+    list: Option<d3d12::GraphicsCommandList>,
+    free_lists: Vec<d3d12::GraphicsCommandList>,
+    pass: PassState,
+    temp: Temp,
+}
+
+unsafe impl Send for CommandEncoder {}
+unsafe impl Sync for CommandEncoder {}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for CommandEncoder {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("CommandEncoder")
+            .field("allocator", &self.allocator)
+            .field("device", &self.allocator)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct CommandBuffer {
+    raw: d3d12::GraphicsCommandList,
+    closed: bool,
+}
+
+unsafe impl Send for CommandBuffer {}
+unsafe impl Sync for CommandBuffer {}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Buffer {
+    resource: d3d12::Resource,
+    size: wgt::BufferAddress,
+    allocation: Option<suballocation::AllocationWrapper>,
+}
+
+unsafe impl Send for Buffer {}
+unsafe impl Sync for Buffer {}
+
+impl crate::BufferBinding<'_, Api> {
+    fn resolve_size(&self) -> wgt::BufferAddress {
+        match self.size {
+            Some(size) => size.get(),
+            None => self.buffer.size - self.offset,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn resolve_address(&self) -> wgt::BufferAddress {
+        self.buffer.resource.gpu_virtual_address() + self.offset
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Texture {
+    resource: d3d12::Resource,
+    format: wgt::TextureFormat,
+    dimension: wgt::TextureDimension,
+    size: wgt::Extent3d,
+    mip_level_count: u32,
+    sample_count: u32,
+    allocation: Option<suballocation::AllocationWrapper>,
+}
+
+unsafe impl Send for Texture {}
+unsafe impl Sync for Texture {}
+
+impl Texture {
+    fn array_layer_count(&self) -> u32 {
+        match self.dimension {
+            wgt::TextureDimension::D1 | wgt::TextureDimension::D3 => 1,
+            wgt::TextureDimension::D2 => self.size.depth_or_array_layers,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// see https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/direct3d12/subresources#plane-slice
+    fn calc_subresource(&self, mip_level: u32, array_layer: u32, plane: u32) -> u32 {
+        mip_level + (array_layer + plane * self.array_layer_count()) * self.mip_level_count
+    }
+
+    fn calc_subresource_for_copy(&self, base: &crate::TextureCopyBase) -> u32 {
+        let plane = match base.aspect {
+            crate::FormatAspects::COLOR | crate::FormatAspects::DEPTH => 0,
+            crate::FormatAspects::STENCIL => 1,
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        };
+        self.calc_subresource(base.mip_level, base.array_layer, plane)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct TextureView {
+    raw_format: d3d12::Format,
+    aspects: crate::FormatAspects,
+    target_base: (d3d12::Resource, u32),
+    handle_srv: Option<descriptor::Handle>,
+    handle_uav: Option<descriptor::Handle>,
+    handle_rtv: Option<descriptor::Handle>,
+    handle_dsv_ro: Option<descriptor::Handle>,
+    handle_dsv_rw: Option<descriptor::Handle>,
+}
+
+unsafe impl Send for TextureView {}
+unsafe impl Sync for TextureView {}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Sampler {
+    handle: descriptor::Handle,
+}
+
+unsafe impl Send for Sampler {}
+unsafe impl Sync for Sampler {}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct QuerySet {
+    raw: d3d12::QueryHeap,
+    raw_ty: d3d12_ty::D3D12_QUERY_TYPE,
+}
+
+unsafe impl Send for QuerySet {}
+unsafe impl Sync for QuerySet {}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Fence {
+    raw: d3d12::Fence,
+}
+
+unsafe impl Send for Fence {}
+unsafe impl Sync for Fence {}
+
+pub struct BindGroupLayout {
+    /// Sorted list of entries.
+    entries: Vec<wgt::BindGroupLayoutEntry>,
+    cpu_heap_views: Option<descriptor::CpuHeap>,
+    cpu_heap_samplers: Option<descriptor::CpuHeap>,
+    copy_counts: Vec<u32>, // all 1's
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+enum BufferViewKind {
+    Constant,
+    ShaderResource,
+    UnorderedAccess,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct BindGroup {
+    handle_views: Option<descriptor::DualHandle>,
+    handle_samplers: Option<descriptor::DualHandle>,
+    dynamic_buffers: Vec<d3d12::GpuAddress>,
+}
+
+bitflags::bitflags! {
+    #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+    struct TableTypes: u8 {
+        const SRV_CBV_UAV = 1 << 0;
+        const SAMPLERS = 1 << 1;
+    }
+}
+
+// Element (also known as parameter) index into the root signature.
+type RootIndex = u32;
+
+struct BindGroupInfo {
+    base_root_index: RootIndex,
+    tables: TableTypes,
+    dynamic_buffers: Vec<BufferViewKind>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+struct RootConstantInfo {
+    root_index: RootIndex,
+    range: std::ops::Range<u32>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+struct PipelineLayoutShared {
+    signature: d3d12::RootSignature,
+    total_root_elements: RootIndex,
+    special_constants_root_index: Option<RootIndex>,
+    root_constant_info: Option<RootConstantInfo>,
+}
+
+unsafe impl Send for PipelineLayoutShared {}
+unsafe impl Sync for PipelineLayoutShared {}
+
+pub struct PipelineLayout {
+    shared: PipelineLayoutShared,
+    // Storing for each associated bind group, which tables we created
+    // in the root signature. This is required for binding descriptor sets.
+    bind_group_infos: ArrayVec<BindGroupInfo, { crate::MAX_BIND_GROUPS }>,
+    naga_options: naga::back::hlsl::Options,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ShaderModule {
+    naga: crate::NagaShader,
+    raw_name: Option<ffi::CString>,
+}
+
+pub(super) enum CompiledShader {
+    #[allow(unused)]
+    Dxc(Vec<u8>),
+    Fxc(d3d12::Blob),
+}
+
+impl CompiledShader {
+    fn create_native_shader(&self) -> d3d12::Shader {
+        match *self {
+            CompiledShader::Dxc(ref shader) => d3d12::Shader::from_raw(shader),
+            CompiledShader::Fxc(shader) => d3d12::Shader::from_blob(shader),
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn destroy(self) {
+        match self {
+            CompiledShader::Dxc(_) => {}
+            CompiledShader::Fxc(shader) => unsafe {
+                shader.destroy();
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct RenderPipeline {
+    raw: d3d12::PipelineState,
+    layout: PipelineLayoutShared,
+    topology: d3d12_ty::D3D12_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY,
+    vertex_strides: [Option<NonZeroU32>; crate::MAX_VERTEX_BUFFERS],
+}
+
+unsafe impl Send for RenderPipeline {}
+unsafe impl Sync for RenderPipeline {}
+
+pub struct ComputePipeline {
+    raw: d3d12::PipelineState,
+    layout: PipelineLayoutShared,
+}
+
+unsafe impl Send for ComputePipeline {}
+unsafe impl Sync for ComputePipeline {}
+
+impl SwapChain {
+    unsafe fn release_resources(self) -> d3d12::WeakPtr<dxgi1_4::IDXGISwapChain3> {
+        for resource in self.resources {
+            unsafe { resource.destroy() };
+        }
+        self.raw
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn wait(
+        &mut self,
+        timeout: Option<std::time::Duration>,
+    ) -> Result<bool, crate::SurfaceError> {
+        let timeout_ms = match timeout {
+            Some(duration) => duration.as_millis() as u32,
+            None => winbase::INFINITE,
+        };
+        match unsafe { synchapi::WaitForSingleObject(self.waitable, timeout_ms) } {
+            winbase::WAIT_ABANDONED | winbase::WAIT_FAILED => Err(crate::SurfaceError::Lost),
+            winbase::WAIT_OBJECT_0 => Ok(true),
+            winerror::WAIT_TIMEOUT => Ok(false),
+            other => {
+                log::error!("Unexpected wait status: 0x{:x}", other);
+                Err(crate::SurfaceError::Lost)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl crate::Surface<Api> for Surface {
+    unsafe fn configure(
+        &mut self,
+        device: &Device,
+        config: &crate::SurfaceConfiguration,
+    ) -> Result<(), crate::SurfaceError> {
+        let mut flags = dxgi::DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_FLAG_FRAME_LATENCY_WAITABLE_OBJECT;
+        // We always set ALLOW_TEARING on the swapchain no matter
+        // what kind of swapchain we want because ResizeBuffers
+        // cannot change if ALLOW_TEARING is applied to the swapchain.
+        if self.supports_allow_tearing {
+            flags |= dxgi::DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_FLAG_ALLOW_TEARING;
+        }
+
+        let non_srgb_format = auxil::dxgi::conv::map_texture_format_nosrgb(config.format);
+
+        let swap_chain = match self.swap_chain.take() {
+            //Note: this path doesn't properly re-initialize all of the things
+            Some(sc) => {
+                // can't have image resources in flight used by GPU
+                let _ = unsafe { device.wait_idle() };
+
+                let raw = unsafe { sc.release_resources() };
+                let result = unsafe {
+                    raw.ResizeBuffers(
+                        config.swap_chain_size,
+                        config.extent.width,
+                        config.extent.height,
+                        non_srgb_format,
+                        flags,
+                    )
+                };
+                if let Err(err) = result.into_result() {
+                    log::error!("ResizeBuffers failed: {}", err);
+                    return Err(crate::SurfaceError::Other("window is in use"));
+                }
+                raw
+            }
+            None => {
+                let desc = d3d12::SwapchainDesc {
+                    alpha_mode: auxil::dxgi::conv::map_acomposite_alpha_mode(
+                        config.composite_alpha_mode,
+                    ),
+                    width: config.extent.width,
+                    height: config.extent.height,
+                    format: non_srgb_format,
+                    stereo: false,
+                    sample: d3d12::SampleDesc {
+                        count: 1,
+                        quality: 0,
+                    },
+                    buffer_usage: dxgitype::DXGI_USAGE_RENDER_TARGET_OUTPUT,
+                    buffer_count: config.swap_chain_size,
+                    scaling: d3d12::Scaling::Stretch,
+                    swap_effect: d3d12::SwapEffect::FlipDiscard,
+                    flags,
+                };
+                let swap_chain1 = match self.target {
+                    SurfaceTarget::Visual(_) => {
+                        profiling::scope!("IDXGIFactory4::CreateSwapChainForComposition");
+                        self.factory
+                            .unwrap_factory2()
+                            .create_swapchain_for_composition(
+                                device.present_queue.as_mut_ptr() as *mut _,
+                                &desc,
+                            )
+                            .into_result()
+                    }
+                    SurfaceTarget::SurfaceHandle(handle) => {
+                        profiling::scope!(
+                            "IDXGIFactoryMedia::CreateSwapChainForCompositionSurfaceHandle"
+                        );
+                        self.factory_media
+                            .ok_or(crate::SurfaceError::Other("IDXGIFactoryMedia not found"))?
+                            .create_swapchain_for_composition_surface_handle(
+                                device.present_queue.as_mut_ptr() as *mut _,
+                                handle,
+                                &desc,
+                            )
+                            .into_result()
+                    }
+                    SurfaceTarget::WndHandle(hwnd) => {
+                        profiling::scope!("IDXGIFactory4::CreateSwapChainForHwnd");
+                        self.factory
+                            .as_factory2()
+                            .unwrap()
+                            .create_swapchain_for_hwnd(
+                                device.present_queue.as_mut_ptr() as *mut _,
+                                hwnd,
+                                &desc,
+                            )
+                            .into_result()
+                    }
+                };
+
+                let swap_chain1 = match swap_chain1 {
+                    Ok(s) => s,
+                    Err(err) => {
+                        log::error!("SwapChain creation error: {}", err);
+                        return Err(crate::SurfaceError::Other("swap chain creation"));
+                    }
+                };
+
+                match self.target {
+                    SurfaceTarget::WndHandle(_) | SurfaceTarget::SurfaceHandle(_) => {}
+                    SurfaceTarget::Visual(visual) => {
+                        if let Err(err) =
+                            unsafe { visual.SetContent(swap_chain1.as_unknown()) }.into_result()
+                        {
+                            log::error!("Unable to SetContent: {}", err);
+                            return Err(crate::SurfaceError::Other(
+                                "IDCompositionVisual::SetContent",
+                            ));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                match unsafe { swap_chain1.cast::<dxgi1_4::IDXGISwapChain3>() }.into_result() {
+                    Ok(swap_chain3) => {
+                        unsafe { swap_chain1.destroy() };
+                        swap_chain3
+                    }
+                    Err(err) => {
+                        log::error!("Unable to cast swap chain: {}", err);
+                        return Err(crate::SurfaceError::Other("swap chain cast to 3"));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        match self.target {
+            SurfaceTarget::WndHandle(wnd_handle) => {
+                // Disable automatic Alt+Enter handling by DXGI.
+                const DXGI_MWA_NO_WINDOW_CHANGES: u32 = 1;
+                const DXGI_MWA_NO_ALT_ENTER: u32 = 2;
+                unsafe {
+                    self.factory.MakeWindowAssociation(
+                        wnd_handle,
+                        DXGI_MWA_NO_WINDOW_CHANGES | DXGI_MWA_NO_ALT_ENTER,
+                    )
+                };
+            }
+            SurfaceTarget::Visual(_) | SurfaceTarget::SurfaceHandle(_) => {}
+        }
+
+        unsafe { swap_chain.SetMaximumFrameLatency(config.swap_chain_size) };
+        let waitable = unsafe { swap_chain.GetFrameLatencyWaitableObject() };
+
+        let mut resources = vec![d3d12::Resource::null(); config.swap_chain_size as usize];
+        for (i, res) in resources.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+            unsafe {
+                swap_chain.GetBuffer(i as _, &d3d12_ty::ID3D12Resource::uuidof(), res.mut_void())
+            };
+        }
+
+        self.swap_chain = Some(SwapChain {
+            raw: swap_chain,
+            resources,
+            waitable,
+            acquired_count: 0,
+            present_mode: config.present_mode,
+            format: config.format,
+            size: config.extent,
+        });
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn unconfigure(&mut self, device: &Device) {
+        if let Some(mut sc) = self.swap_chain.take() {
+            unsafe {
+                let _ = sc.wait(None);
+                //TODO: this shouldn't be needed,
+                // but it complains that the queue is still used otherwise
+                let _ = device.wait_idle();
+                let raw = sc.release_resources();
+                raw.destroy();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn acquire_texture(
+        &mut self,
+        timeout: Option<std::time::Duration>,
+    ) -> Result<Option<crate::AcquiredSurfaceTexture<Api>>, crate::SurfaceError> {
+        let sc = self.swap_chain.as_mut().unwrap();
+
+        unsafe { sc.wait(timeout) }?;
+
+        let base_index = unsafe { sc.raw.GetCurrentBackBufferIndex() } as usize;
+        let index = (base_index + sc.acquired_count) % sc.resources.len();
+        sc.acquired_count += 1;
+
+        let texture = Texture {
+            resource: sc.resources[index],
+            format: sc.format,
+            dimension: wgt::TextureDimension::D2,
+            size: sc.size,
+            mip_level_count: 1,
+            sample_count: 1,
+            allocation: None,
+        };
+        Ok(Some(crate::AcquiredSurfaceTexture {
+            texture,
+            suboptimal: false,
+        }))
+    }
+    unsafe fn discard_texture(&mut self, _texture: Texture) {
+        let sc = self.swap_chain.as_mut().unwrap();
+        sc.acquired_count -= 1;
+    }
+}
+
+impl crate::Queue<Api> for Queue {
+    unsafe fn submit(
+        &mut self,
+        command_buffers: &[&CommandBuffer],
+        signal_fence: Option<(&mut Fence, crate::FenceValue)>,
+    ) -> Result<(), crate::DeviceError> {
+        self.temp_lists.clear();
+        for cmd_buf in command_buffers {
+            self.temp_lists.push(cmd_buf.raw.as_list());
+        }
+
+        {
+            profiling::scope!("ID3D12CommandQueue::ExecuteCommandLists");
+            self.raw.execute_command_lists(&self.temp_lists);
+        }
+
+        if let Some((fence, value)) = signal_fence {
+            self.raw
+                .signal(fence.raw, value)
+                .into_device_result("Signal fence")?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    unsafe fn present(
+        &mut self,
+        surface: &mut Surface,
+        _texture: Texture,
+    ) -> Result<(), crate::SurfaceError> {
+        let sc = surface.swap_chain.as_mut().unwrap();
+        sc.acquired_count -= 1;
+
+        let (interval, flags) = match sc.present_mode {
+            // We only allow immediate if ALLOW_TEARING is valid.
+            wgt::PresentMode::Immediate => (0, dxgi::DXGI_PRESENT_ALLOW_TEARING),
+            wgt::PresentMode::Mailbox => (0, 0),
+            wgt::PresentMode::Fifo => (1, 0),
+            m => unreachable!("Cannot make surface with present mode {m:?}"),
+        };
+
+        profiling::scope!("IDXGISwapchain3::Present");
+        unsafe { sc.raw.Present(interval, flags) };
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn get_timestamp_period(&self) -> f32 {
+        let mut frequency = 0u64;
+        unsafe { self.raw.GetTimestampFrequency(&mut frequency) };
+        (1_000_000_000.0 / frequency as f64) as f32
+    }
+}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx12/shader_compilation.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx12/shader_compilation.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9f9be7c409
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx12/shader_compilation.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,294 @@
+use std::ptr;
+
+pub(super) use dxc::{compile_dxc, get_dxc_container, DxcContainer};
+use winapi::um::d3dcompiler;
+
+use crate::auxil::dxgi::result::HResult;
+
+// This exists so that users who don't want to use dxc can disable the dxc_shader_compiler feature
+// and not have to compile hassle_rs.
+// Currently this will use Dxc if it is chosen as the dx12 compiler at `Instance` creation time, and will
+// fallback to FXC if the Dxc libraries (dxil.dll and dxcompiler.dll) are not found, or if Fxc is chosen at'
+// `Instance` creation time.
+
+pub(super) fn compile_fxc(
+    device: &super::Device,
+    source: &String,
+    source_name: &str,
+    raw_ep: &std::ffi::CString,
+    stage_bit: wgt::ShaderStages,
+    full_stage: String,
+) -> (
+    Result<super::CompiledShader, crate::PipelineError>,
+    log::Level,
+) {
+    profiling::scope!("compile_fxc");
+    let mut shader_data = d3d12::Blob::null();
+    let mut compile_flags = d3dcompiler::D3DCOMPILE_ENABLE_STRICTNESS;
+    if device
+        .private_caps
+        .instance_flags
+        .contains(crate::InstanceFlags::DEBUG)
+    {
+        compile_flags |= d3dcompiler::D3DCOMPILE_DEBUG | d3dcompiler::D3DCOMPILE_SKIP_OPTIMIZATION;
+    }
+    let mut error = d3d12::Blob::null();
+    let hr = unsafe {
+        profiling::scope!("d3dcompiler::D3DCompile");
+        d3dcompiler::D3DCompile(
+            source.as_ptr().cast(),
+            source.len(),
+            source_name.as_ptr().cast(),
+            ptr::null(),
+            ptr::null_mut(),
+            raw_ep.as_ptr(),
+            full_stage.as_ptr().cast(),
+            compile_flags,
+            0,
+            shader_data.mut_void().cast(),
+            error.mut_void().cast(),
+        )
+    };
+
+    match hr.into_result() {
+        Ok(()) => (
+            Ok(super::CompiledShader::Fxc(shader_data)),
+            log::Level::Info,
+        ),
+        Err(e) => {
+            let mut full_msg = format!("FXC D3DCompile error ({e})");
+            if !error.is_null() {
+                use std::fmt::Write as _;
+                let message = unsafe {
+                    std::slice::from_raw_parts(
+                        error.GetBufferPointer() as *const u8,
+                        error.GetBufferSize(),
+                    )
+                };
+                let _ = write!(full_msg, ": {}", String::from_utf8_lossy(message));
+                unsafe {
+                    error.destroy();
+                }
+            }
+            (
+                Err(crate::PipelineError::Linkage(stage_bit, full_msg)),
+                log::Level::Warn,
+            )
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// The Dxc implementation is behind a feature flag so that users who don't want to use dxc can disable the feature.
+#[cfg(feature = "dxc_shader_compiler")]
+mod dxc {
+    use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+    // Destructor order should be fine since _dxil and _dxc don't rely on each other.
+    pub(crate) struct DxcContainer {
+        compiler: hassle_rs::DxcCompiler,
+        library: hassle_rs::DxcLibrary,
+        validator: hassle_rs::DxcValidator,
+        // Has to be held onto for the lifetime of the device otherwise shaders will fail to compile.
+        _dxc: hassle_rs::Dxc,
+        // Also Has to be held onto for the lifetime of the device otherwise shaders will fail to validate.
+        _dxil: hassle_rs::Dxil,
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn get_dxc_container(
+        dxc_path: Option<PathBuf>,
+        dxil_path: Option<PathBuf>,
+    ) -> Result<Option<DxcContainer>, crate::DeviceError> {
+        // Make sure that dxil.dll exists.
+        let dxil = match hassle_rs::Dxil::new(dxil_path) {
+            Ok(dxil) => dxil,
+            Err(e) => {
+                log::warn!("Failed to load dxil.dll. Defaulting to Fxc instead: {}", e);
+                return Ok(None);
+            }
+        };
+
+        // Needed for explicit validation.
+        let validator = dxil.create_validator()?;
+
+        let dxc = match hassle_rs::Dxc::new(dxc_path) {
+            Ok(dxc) => dxc,
+            Err(e) => {
+                log::warn!(
+                    "Failed to load dxcompiler.dll. Defaulting to Fxc instead: {}",
+                    e
+                );
+                return Ok(None);
+            }
+        };
+        let compiler = dxc.create_compiler()?;
+        let library = dxc.create_library()?;
+
+        Ok(Some(DxcContainer {
+            _dxc: dxc,
+            compiler,
+            library,
+            _dxil: dxil,
+            validator,
+        }))
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn compile_dxc(
+        device: &crate::dx12::Device,
+        source: &str,
+        source_name: &str,
+        raw_ep: &str,
+        stage_bit: wgt::ShaderStages,
+        full_stage: String,
+        dxc_container: &DxcContainer,
+    ) -> (
+        Result<crate::dx12::CompiledShader, crate::PipelineError>,
+        log::Level,
+    ) {
+        profiling::scope!("compile_dxc");
+        let mut compile_flags = arrayvec::ArrayVec::<&str, 4>::new_const();
+        compile_flags.push("-Ges"); // d3dcompiler::D3DCOMPILE_ENABLE_STRICTNESS
+        compile_flags.push("-Vd"); // Disable implicit validation to work around bugs when dxil.dll isn't in the local directory.
+        if device
+            .private_caps
+            .instance_flags
+            .contains(crate::InstanceFlags::DEBUG)
+        {
+            compile_flags.push("-Zi"); // d3dcompiler::D3DCOMPILE_SKIP_OPTIMIZATION
+            compile_flags.push("-Od"); // d3dcompiler::D3DCOMPILE_DEBUG
+        }
+
+        let blob = match dxc_container
+            .library
+            .create_blob_with_encoding_from_str(source)
+            .map_err(|e| crate::PipelineError::Linkage(stage_bit, format!("DXC blob error: {e}")))
+        {
+            Ok(blob) => blob,
+            Err(e) => return (Err(e), log::Level::Error),
+        };
+
+        let compiled = dxc_container.compiler.compile(
+            &blob,
+            source_name,
+            raw_ep,
+            &full_stage,
+            &compile_flags,
+            None,
+            &[],
+        );
+
+        let (result, log_level) = match compiled {
+            Ok(dxc_result) => match dxc_result.get_result() {
+                Ok(dxc_blob) => {
+                    // Validate the shader.
+                    match dxc_container.validator.validate(dxc_blob) {
+                        Ok(validated_blob) => (
+                            Ok(crate::dx12::CompiledShader::Dxc(validated_blob.to_vec())),
+                            log::Level::Info,
+                        ),
+                        Err(e) => (
+                            Err(crate::PipelineError::Linkage(
+                                stage_bit,
+                                format!(
+                                    "DXC validation error: {:?}\n{:?}",
+                                    get_error_string_from_dxc_result(&dxc_container.library, &e.0)
+                                        .unwrap_or_default(),
+                                    e.1
+                                ),
+                            )),
+                            log::Level::Error,
+                        ),
+                    }
+                }
+                Err(e) => (
+                    Err(crate::PipelineError::Linkage(
+                        stage_bit,
+                        format!("DXC compile error: {e}"),
+                    )),
+                    log::Level::Error,
+                ),
+            },
+            Err(e) => (
+                Err(crate::PipelineError::Linkage(
+                    stage_bit,
+                    format!(
+                        "DXC compile error: {:?}",
+                        get_error_string_from_dxc_result(&dxc_container.library, &e.0)
+                            .unwrap_or_default()
+                    ),
+                )),
+                log::Level::Error,
+            ),
+        };
+
+        (result, log_level)
+    }
+
+    impl From<hassle_rs::HassleError> for crate::DeviceError {
+        fn from(value: hassle_rs::HassleError) -> Self {
+            match value {
+                hassle_rs::HassleError::Win32Error(e) => {
+                    // TODO: This returns an HRESULT, should we try and use the associated Windows error message?
+                    log::error!("Win32 error: {e:?}");
+                    crate::DeviceError::Lost
+                }
+                hassle_rs::HassleError::LoadLibraryError { filename, inner } => {
+                    log::error!("Failed to load dxc library {filename:?}. Inner error: {inner:?}");
+                    crate::DeviceError::Lost
+                }
+                hassle_rs::HassleError::LibLoadingError(e) => {
+                    log::error!("Failed to load dxc library. {e:?}");
+                    crate::DeviceError::Lost
+                }
+                hassle_rs::HassleError::WindowsOnly(e) => {
+                    log::error!("Signing with dxil.dll is only supported on Windows. {e:?}");
+                    crate::DeviceError::Lost
+                }
+                // `ValidationError` and `CompileError` should never happen in a context involving `DeviceError`
+                hassle_rs::HassleError::ValidationError(_e) => unimplemented!(),
+                hassle_rs::HassleError::CompileError(_e) => unimplemented!(),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn get_error_string_from_dxc_result(
+        library: &hassle_rs::DxcLibrary,
+        error: &hassle_rs::DxcOperationResult,
+    ) -> Result<String, hassle_rs::HassleError> {
+        error
+            .get_error_buffer()
+            .and_then(|error| library.get_blob_as_string(&hassle_rs::DxcBlob::from(error)))
+    }
+}
+
+// These are stubs for when the `dxc_shader_compiler` feature is disabled.
+#[cfg(not(feature = "dxc_shader_compiler"))]
+mod dxc {
+    use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+    pub(crate) struct DxcContainer {}
+
+    pub(crate) fn get_dxc_container(
+        _dxc_path: Option<PathBuf>,
+        _dxil_path: Option<PathBuf>,
+    ) -> Result<Option<DxcContainer>, crate::DeviceError> {
+        // Falls back to Fxc and logs an error.
+        log::error!("DXC shader compiler was requested on Instance creation, but the DXC feature is disabled. Enable the `dxc_shader_compiler` feature on wgpu_hal to use DXC.");
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+
+    // It shouldn't be possible that this gets called with the `dxc_shader_compiler` feature disabled.
+    pub(crate) fn compile_dxc(
+        _device: &crate::dx12::Device,
+        _source: &str,
+        _source_name: &str,
+        _raw_ep: &str,
+        _stage_bit: wgt::ShaderStages,
+        _full_stage: String,
+        _dxc_container: &DxcContainer,
+    ) -> (
+        Result<crate::dx12::CompiledShader, crate::PipelineError>,
+        log::Level,
+    ) {
+        unimplemented!("Something went really wrong, please report this. Attempted to compile shader with DXC, but the DXC feature is disabled. Enable the `dxc_shader_compiler` feature on wgpu_hal to use DXC.");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx12/suballocation.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx12/suballocation.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..01ca997f21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx12/suballocation.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,331 @@
+pub(crate) use allocation::{
+    create_allocator_wrapper, create_buffer_resource, create_texture_resource,
+    free_buffer_allocation, free_texture_allocation, AllocationWrapper, GpuAllocatorWrapper,
+};
+
+// This exists to work around https://github.com/gfx-rs/wgpu/issues/3207
+// Currently this will work the older, slower way if the windows_rs feature is disabled,
+// and will use the fast path of suballocating buffers and textures using gpu_allocator if
+// the windows_rs feature is enabled.
+
+// This is the fast path using gpu_allocator to suballocate buffers and textures.
+#[cfg(feature = "windows_rs")]
+mod allocation {
+    use d3d12::WeakPtr;
+    use parking_lot::Mutex;
+    use std::ptr;
+    use wgt::assertions::StrictAssertUnwrapExt;
+    use winapi::{
+        um::{
+            d3d12::{self as d3d12_ty, ID3D12Resource},
+            winnt::HRESULT,
+        },
+        Interface,
+    };
+
+    use gpu_allocator::{
+        d3d12::{AllocationCreateDesc, ToWinapi, ToWindows},
+        MemoryLocation,
+    };
+
+    #[derive(Debug)]
+    pub(crate) struct GpuAllocatorWrapper {
+        pub(crate) allocator: gpu_allocator::d3d12::Allocator,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug)]
+    pub(crate) struct AllocationWrapper {
+        pub(crate) allocation: gpu_allocator::d3d12::Allocation,
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn create_allocator_wrapper(
+        raw: &d3d12::Device,
+    ) -> Result<Option<Mutex<GpuAllocatorWrapper>>, crate::DeviceError> {
+        let device = raw.as_ptr();
+
+        match gpu_allocator::d3d12::Allocator::new(&gpu_allocator::d3d12::AllocatorCreateDesc {
+            device: device.as_windows().clone(),
+            debug_settings: Default::default(),
+        }) {
+            Ok(allocator) => Ok(Some(Mutex::new(GpuAllocatorWrapper { allocator }))),
+            Err(e) => {
+                log::error!("Failed to create d3d12 allocator, error: {}", e);
+                Err(e)?
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn create_buffer_resource(
+        device: &crate::dx12::Device,
+        desc: &crate::BufferDescriptor,
+        raw_desc: d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_DESC,
+        resource: &mut WeakPtr<ID3D12Resource>,
+    ) -> Result<(HRESULT, Option<AllocationWrapper>), crate::DeviceError> {
+        let is_cpu_read = desc.usage.contains(crate::BufferUses::MAP_READ);
+        let is_cpu_write = desc.usage.contains(crate::BufferUses::MAP_WRITE);
+        let location = match (is_cpu_read, is_cpu_write) {
+            (true, true) => MemoryLocation::CpuToGpu,
+            (true, false) => MemoryLocation::GpuToCpu,
+            (false, true) => MemoryLocation::CpuToGpu,
+            (false, false) => MemoryLocation::GpuOnly,
+        };
+
+        let name = desc.label.unwrap_or("Unlabeled buffer");
+
+        // SAFETY: allocator exists when the windows_rs feature is enabled
+        let mut allocator = unsafe {
+            device
+                .mem_allocator
+                .as_ref()
+                .strict_unwrap_unchecked()
+                .lock()
+        };
+
+        // let mut allocator = unsafe { device.mem_allocator.as_ref().unwrap_unchecked().lock() };
+        let allocation_desc = AllocationCreateDesc::from_winapi_d3d12_resource_desc(
+            allocator.allocator.device().as_winapi(),
+            &raw_desc,
+            name,
+            location,
+        );
+        let allocation = allocator.allocator.allocate(&allocation_desc)?;
+
+        let hr = unsafe {
+            device.raw.CreatePlacedResource(
+                allocation.heap().as_winapi() as *mut _,
+                allocation.offset(),
+                &raw_desc,
+                d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_COMMON,
+                ptr::null(),
+                &d3d12_ty::ID3D12Resource::uuidof(),
+                resource.mut_void(),
+            )
+        };
+
+        Ok((hr, Some(AllocationWrapper { allocation })))
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn create_texture_resource(
+        device: &crate::dx12::Device,
+        desc: &crate::TextureDescriptor,
+        raw_desc: d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_DESC,
+        resource: &mut WeakPtr<ID3D12Resource>,
+    ) -> Result<(HRESULT, Option<AllocationWrapper>), crate::DeviceError> {
+        let location = MemoryLocation::GpuOnly;
+
+        let name = desc.label.unwrap_or("Unlabeled texture");
+
+        // SAFETY: allocator exists when the windows_rs feature is enabled
+        let mut allocator = unsafe {
+            device
+                .mem_allocator
+                .as_ref()
+                .strict_unwrap_unchecked()
+                .lock()
+        };
+        let allocation_desc = AllocationCreateDesc::from_winapi_d3d12_resource_desc(
+            allocator.allocator.device().as_winapi(),
+            &raw_desc,
+            name,
+            location,
+        );
+        let allocation = allocator.allocator.allocate(&allocation_desc)?;
+
+        let hr = unsafe {
+            device.raw.CreatePlacedResource(
+                allocation.heap().as_winapi() as *mut _,
+                allocation.offset(),
+                &raw_desc,
+                d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_COMMON,
+                ptr::null(), // clear value
+                &d3d12_ty::ID3D12Resource::uuidof(),
+                resource.mut_void(),
+            )
+        };
+
+        Ok((hr, Some(AllocationWrapper { allocation })))
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn free_buffer_allocation(
+        allocation: AllocationWrapper,
+        allocator: &Mutex<GpuAllocatorWrapper>,
+    ) {
+        match allocator.lock().allocator.free(allocation.allocation) {
+            Ok(_) => (),
+            // TODO: Don't panic here
+            Err(e) => panic!("Failed to destroy dx12 buffer, {e}"),
+        };
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn free_texture_allocation(
+        allocation: AllocationWrapper,
+        allocator: &Mutex<GpuAllocatorWrapper>,
+    ) {
+        match allocator.lock().allocator.free(allocation.allocation) {
+            Ok(_) => (),
+            // TODO: Don't panic here
+            Err(e) => panic!("Failed to destroy dx12 texture, {e}"),
+        };
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "windows_rs")]
+    impl From<gpu_allocator::AllocationError> for crate::DeviceError {
+        fn from(result: gpu_allocator::AllocationError) -> Self {
+            match result {
+                gpu_allocator::AllocationError::OutOfMemory => Self::OutOfMemory,
+                gpu_allocator::AllocationError::FailedToMap(e) => {
+                    log::error!("DX12 gpu-allocator: Failed to map: {}", e);
+                    Self::Lost
+                }
+                gpu_allocator::AllocationError::NoCompatibleMemoryTypeFound => {
+                    log::error!("DX12 gpu-allocator: No Compatible Memory Type Found");
+                    Self::Lost
+                }
+                gpu_allocator::AllocationError::InvalidAllocationCreateDesc => {
+                    log::error!("DX12 gpu-allocator: Invalid Allocation Creation Description");
+                    Self::Lost
+                }
+                gpu_allocator::AllocationError::InvalidAllocatorCreateDesc(e) => {
+                    log::error!(
+                        "DX12 gpu-allocator: Invalid Allocator Creation Description: {}",
+                        e
+                    );
+                    Self::Lost
+                }
+                gpu_allocator::AllocationError::Internal(e) => {
+                    log::error!("DX12 gpu-allocator: Internal Error: {}", e);
+                    Self::Lost
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// This is the older, slower path where it doesn't suballocate buffers.
+// Tracking issue for when it can be removed: https://github.com/gfx-rs/wgpu/issues/3207
+#[cfg(not(feature = "windows_rs"))]
+mod allocation {
+    use d3d12::WeakPtr;
+    use parking_lot::Mutex;
+    use std::ptr;
+    use winapi::{
+        um::{
+            d3d12::{self as d3d12_ty, ID3D12Resource},
+            winnt::HRESULT,
+        },
+        Interface,
+    };
+
+    const D3D12_HEAP_FLAG_CREATE_NOT_ZEROED: u32 = d3d12_ty::D3D12_HEAP_FLAG_NONE; // TODO: find the exact value
+
+    // Allocator isn't needed when not suballocating with gpu_allocator
+    #[derive(Debug)]
+    pub(crate) struct GpuAllocatorWrapper {}
+
+    // Allocations aren't needed when not suballocating with gpu_allocator
+    #[derive(Debug)]
+    pub(crate) struct AllocationWrapper {}
+
+    pub(crate) fn create_allocator_wrapper(
+        _raw: &d3d12::Device,
+    ) -> Result<Option<Mutex<GpuAllocatorWrapper>>, crate::DeviceError> {
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn create_buffer_resource(
+        device: &crate::dx12::Device,
+        desc: &crate::BufferDescriptor,
+        raw_desc: d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_DESC,
+        resource: &mut WeakPtr<ID3D12Resource>,
+    ) -> Result<(HRESULT, Option<AllocationWrapper>), crate::DeviceError> {
+        let is_cpu_read = desc.usage.contains(crate::BufferUses::MAP_READ);
+        let is_cpu_write = desc.usage.contains(crate::BufferUses::MAP_WRITE);
+
+        let heap_properties = d3d12_ty::D3D12_HEAP_PROPERTIES {
+            Type: d3d12_ty::D3D12_HEAP_TYPE_CUSTOM,
+            CPUPageProperty: if is_cpu_read {
+                d3d12_ty::D3D12_CPU_PAGE_PROPERTY_WRITE_BACK
+            } else if is_cpu_write {
+                d3d12_ty::D3D12_CPU_PAGE_PROPERTY_WRITE_COMBINE
+            } else {
+                d3d12_ty::D3D12_CPU_PAGE_PROPERTY_NOT_AVAILABLE
+            },
+            MemoryPoolPreference: match device.private_caps.memory_architecture {
+                crate::dx12::MemoryArchitecture::NonUnified if !is_cpu_read && !is_cpu_write => {
+                    d3d12_ty::D3D12_MEMORY_POOL_L1
+                }
+                _ => d3d12_ty::D3D12_MEMORY_POOL_L0,
+            },
+            CreationNodeMask: 0,
+            VisibleNodeMask: 0,
+        };
+
+        let hr = unsafe {
+            device.raw.CreateCommittedResource(
+                &heap_properties,
+                if device.private_caps.heap_create_not_zeroed {
+                    D3D12_HEAP_FLAG_CREATE_NOT_ZEROED
+                } else {
+                    d3d12_ty::D3D12_HEAP_FLAG_NONE
+                },
+                &raw_desc,
+                d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_COMMON,
+                ptr::null(),
+                &d3d12_ty::ID3D12Resource::uuidof(),
+                resource.mut_void(),
+            )
+        };
+
+        Ok((hr, None))
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn create_texture_resource(
+        device: &crate::dx12::Device,
+        _desc: &crate::TextureDescriptor,
+        raw_desc: d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_DESC,
+        resource: &mut WeakPtr<ID3D12Resource>,
+    ) -> Result<(HRESULT, Option<AllocationWrapper>), crate::DeviceError> {
+        let heap_properties = d3d12_ty::D3D12_HEAP_PROPERTIES {
+            Type: d3d12_ty::D3D12_HEAP_TYPE_CUSTOM,
+            CPUPageProperty: d3d12_ty::D3D12_CPU_PAGE_PROPERTY_NOT_AVAILABLE,
+            MemoryPoolPreference: match device.private_caps.memory_architecture {
+                crate::dx12::MemoryArchitecture::NonUnified => d3d12_ty::D3D12_MEMORY_POOL_L1,
+                crate::dx12::MemoryArchitecture::Unified { .. } => d3d12_ty::D3D12_MEMORY_POOL_L0,
+            },
+            CreationNodeMask: 0,
+            VisibleNodeMask: 0,
+        };
+
+        let hr = unsafe {
+            device.raw.CreateCommittedResource(
+                &heap_properties,
+                if device.private_caps.heap_create_not_zeroed {
+                    D3D12_HEAP_FLAG_CREATE_NOT_ZEROED
+                } else {
+                    d3d12_ty::D3D12_HEAP_FLAG_NONE
+                },
+                &raw_desc,
+                d3d12_ty::D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_COMMON,
+                ptr::null(), // clear value
+                &d3d12_ty::ID3D12Resource::uuidof(),
+                resource.mut_void(),
+            )
+        };
+
+        Ok((hr, None))
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn free_buffer_allocation(
+        _allocation: AllocationWrapper,
+        _allocator: &Mutex<GpuAllocatorWrapper>,
+    ) {
+        // No-op when not using gpu-allocator
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn free_texture_allocation(
+        _allocation: AllocationWrapper,
+        _allocator: &Mutex<GpuAllocatorWrapper>,
+    ) {
+        // No-op when not using gpu-allocator
+    }
+}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx12/types.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx12/types.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dec4e71337
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx12/types.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#![allow(non_camel_case_types)]
+#![allow(non_snake_case)]
+
+winapi::ENUM! {
+    enum D3D12_VIEW_INSTANCING_TIER {
+        D3D12_VIEW_INSTANCING_TIER_NOT_SUPPORTED  = 0,
+        D3D12_VIEW_INSTANCING_TIER_1 = 1,
+        D3D12_VIEW_INSTANCING_TIER_2 = 2,
+        D3D12_VIEW_INSTANCING_TIER_3 = 3,
+    }
+}
+
+winapi::ENUM! {
+    enum D3D12_COMMAND_LIST_SUPPORT_FLAGS {
+        D3D12_COMMAND_LIST_SUPPORT_FLAG_NONE = 0,
+        // D3D12_COMMAND_LIST_SUPPORT_FLAG_DIRECT,
+        // D3D12_COMMAND_LIST_SUPPORT_FLAG_BUNDLE,
+        // D3D12_COMMAND_LIST_SUPPORT_FLAG_COMPUTE,
+        // D3D12_COMMAND_LIST_SUPPORT_FLAG_COPY,
+        // D3D12_COMMAND_LIST_SUPPORT_FLAG_VIDEO_DECODE,
+        // D3D12_COMMAND_LIST_SUPPORT_FLAG_VIDEO_PROCESS,
+        // D3D12_COMMAND_LIST_SUPPORT_FLAG_VIDEO_ENCODE,
+    }
+}
+
+winapi::STRUCT! {
+    struct D3D12_FEATURE_DATA_D3D12_OPTIONS3 {
+        CopyQueueTimestampQueriesSupported: winapi::shared::minwindef::BOOL,
+        CastingFullyTypedFormatSupported: winapi::shared::minwindef::BOOL,
+        WriteBufferImmediateSupportFlags: D3D12_COMMAND_LIST_SUPPORT_FLAGS,
+        ViewInstancingTier: D3D12_VIEW_INSTANCING_TIER,
+        BarycentricsSupported: winapi::shared::minwindef::BOOL,
+    }
+}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx12/view.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx12/view.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e7a051b535
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/dx12/view.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,380 @@
+use crate::auxil;
+use std::mem;
+use winapi::um::d3d12 as d3d12_ty;
+
+pub(crate) const D3D12_DEFAULT_SHADER_4_COMPONENT_MAPPING: u32 = 0x1688;
+
+pub(super) struct ViewDescriptor {
+    dimension: wgt::TextureViewDimension,
+    pub aspects: crate::FormatAspects,
+    pub rtv_dsv_format: d3d12::Format,
+    srv_uav_format: Option<d3d12::Format>,
+    multisampled: bool,
+    array_layer_base: u32,
+    array_layer_count: u32,
+    mip_level_base: u32,
+    mip_level_count: u32,
+}
+
+impl crate::TextureViewDescriptor<'_> {
+    pub(super) fn to_internal(&self, texture: &super::Texture) -> ViewDescriptor {
+        let aspects = crate::FormatAspects::new(self.format, self.range.aspect);
+
+        ViewDescriptor {
+            dimension: self.dimension,
+            aspects,
+            rtv_dsv_format: auxil::dxgi::conv::map_texture_format(self.format),
+            srv_uav_format: auxil::dxgi::conv::map_texture_format_for_srv_uav(self.format, aspects),
+            multisampled: texture.sample_count > 1,
+            mip_level_base: self.range.base_mip_level,
+            mip_level_count: self.range.mip_level_count.unwrap_or(!0),
+            array_layer_base: self.range.base_array_layer,
+            array_layer_count: self.range.array_layer_count.unwrap_or(!0),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl ViewDescriptor {
+    pub(crate) unsafe fn to_srv(&self) -> Option<d3d12_ty::D3D12_SHADER_RESOURCE_VIEW_DESC> {
+        let mut desc = d3d12_ty::D3D12_SHADER_RESOURCE_VIEW_DESC {
+            Format: self.srv_uav_format?,
+            ViewDimension: 0,
+            Shader4ComponentMapping: D3D12_DEFAULT_SHADER_4_COMPONENT_MAPPING,
+            u: unsafe { mem::zeroed() },
+        };
+
+        match self.dimension {
+            wgt::TextureViewDimension::D1 => {
+                desc.ViewDimension = d3d12_ty::D3D12_SRV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE1D;
+                unsafe {
+                    *desc.u.Texture1D_mut() = d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEX1D_SRV {
+                        MostDetailedMip: self.mip_level_base,
+                        MipLevels: self.mip_level_count,
+                        ResourceMinLODClamp: 0.0,
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            /*
+            wgt::TextureViewDimension::D1Array => {
+                desc.ViewDimension = d3d12_ty::D3D12_SRV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE1DARRAY;
+                *desc.u.Texture1DArray_mut() = d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEX1D_ARRAY_SRV {
+                    MostDetailedMip: self.mip_level_base,
+                    MipLevels: self.mip_level_count,
+                    FirstArraySlice: self.array_layer_base,
+                    ArraySize: self.array_layer_count,
+                    ResourceMinLODClamp: 0.0,
+                }
+            }*/
+            wgt::TextureViewDimension::D2 if self.multisampled && self.array_layer_base == 0 => {
+                desc.ViewDimension = d3d12_ty::D3D12_SRV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DMS;
+                unsafe {
+                    *desc.u.Texture2DMS_mut() = d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEX2DMS_SRV {
+                        UnusedField_NothingToDefine: 0,
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            wgt::TextureViewDimension::D2 if self.array_layer_base == 0 => {
+                desc.ViewDimension = d3d12_ty::D3D12_SRV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D;
+                unsafe {
+                    *desc.u.Texture2D_mut() = d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEX2D_SRV {
+                        MostDetailedMip: self.mip_level_base,
+                        MipLevels: self.mip_level_count,
+                        PlaneSlice: 0,
+                        ResourceMinLODClamp: 0.0,
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            wgt::TextureViewDimension::D2 | wgt::TextureViewDimension::D2Array
+                if self.multisampled =>
+            {
+                desc.ViewDimension = d3d12_ty::D3D12_SRV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DMSARRAY;
+                unsafe {
+                    *desc.u.Texture2DMSArray_mut() = d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEX2DMS_ARRAY_SRV {
+                        FirstArraySlice: self.array_layer_base,
+                        ArraySize: self.array_layer_count,
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            wgt::TextureViewDimension::D2 | wgt::TextureViewDimension::D2Array => {
+                desc.ViewDimension = d3d12_ty::D3D12_SRV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DARRAY;
+                unsafe {
+                    *desc.u.Texture2DArray_mut() = d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEX2D_ARRAY_SRV {
+                        MostDetailedMip: self.mip_level_base,
+                        MipLevels: self.mip_level_count,
+                        FirstArraySlice: self.array_layer_base,
+                        ArraySize: self.array_layer_count,
+                        PlaneSlice: 0,
+                        ResourceMinLODClamp: 0.0,
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            wgt::TextureViewDimension::D3 => {
+                desc.ViewDimension = d3d12_ty::D3D12_SRV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE3D;
+                unsafe {
+                    *desc.u.Texture3D_mut() = d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEX3D_SRV {
+                        MostDetailedMip: self.mip_level_base,
+                        MipLevels: self.mip_level_count,
+                        ResourceMinLODClamp: 0.0,
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            wgt::TextureViewDimension::Cube if self.array_layer_base == 0 => {
+                desc.ViewDimension = d3d12_ty::D3D12_SRV_DIMENSION_TEXTURECUBE;
+                unsafe {
+                    *desc.u.TextureCube_mut() = d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEXCUBE_SRV {
+                        MostDetailedMip: self.mip_level_base,
+                        MipLevels: self.mip_level_count,
+                        ResourceMinLODClamp: 0.0,
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            wgt::TextureViewDimension::Cube | wgt::TextureViewDimension::CubeArray => {
+                desc.ViewDimension = d3d12_ty::D3D12_SRV_DIMENSION_TEXTURECUBEARRAY;
+                unsafe {
+                    *desc.u.TextureCubeArray_mut() = d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEXCUBE_ARRAY_SRV {
+                        MostDetailedMip: self.mip_level_base,
+                        MipLevels: self.mip_level_count,
+                        First2DArrayFace: self.array_layer_base,
+                        NumCubes: if self.array_layer_count == !0 {
+                            !0
+                        } else {
+                            self.array_layer_count / 6
+                        },
+                        ResourceMinLODClamp: 0.0,
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        Some(desc)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) unsafe fn to_uav(&self) -> Option<d3d12_ty::D3D12_UNORDERED_ACCESS_VIEW_DESC> {
+        let mut desc = d3d12_ty::D3D12_UNORDERED_ACCESS_VIEW_DESC {
+            Format: self.srv_uav_format?,
+            ViewDimension: 0,
+            u: unsafe { mem::zeroed() },
+        };
+
+        match self.dimension {
+            wgt::TextureViewDimension::D1 => {
+                desc.ViewDimension = d3d12_ty::D3D12_UAV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE1D;
+                unsafe {
+                    *desc.u.Texture1D_mut() = d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEX1D_UAV {
+                        MipSlice: self.mip_level_base,
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            /*
+            wgt::TextureViewDimension::D1Array => {
+                desc.ViewDimension = d3d12_ty::D3D12_UAV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE1DARRAY;
+                *desc.u.Texture1DArray_mut() = d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEX1D_ARRAY_UAV {
+                    MipSlice: self.mip_level_base,
+                    FirstArraySlice: self.array_layer_base,
+                    ArraySize,
+                }
+            }*/
+            wgt::TextureViewDimension::D2 if self.array_layer_base == 0 => {
+                desc.ViewDimension = d3d12_ty::D3D12_UAV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D;
+                unsafe {
+                    *desc.u.Texture2D_mut() = d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEX2D_UAV {
+                        MipSlice: self.mip_level_base,
+                        PlaneSlice: 0,
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            wgt::TextureViewDimension::D2 | wgt::TextureViewDimension::D2Array => {
+                desc.ViewDimension = d3d12_ty::D3D12_UAV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DARRAY;
+                unsafe {
+                    *desc.u.Texture2DArray_mut() = d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEX2D_ARRAY_UAV {
+                        MipSlice: self.mip_level_base,
+                        FirstArraySlice: self.array_layer_base,
+                        ArraySize: self.array_layer_count,
+                        PlaneSlice: 0,
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            wgt::TextureViewDimension::D3 => {
+                desc.ViewDimension = d3d12_ty::D3D12_UAV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE3D;
+                unsafe {
+                    *desc.u.Texture3D_mut() = d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEX3D_UAV {
+                        MipSlice: self.mip_level_base,
+                        FirstWSlice: self.array_layer_base,
+                        WSize: self.array_layer_count,
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            wgt::TextureViewDimension::Cube | wgt::TextureViewDimension::CubeArray => {
+                panic!("Unable to view texture as cube UAV")
+            }
+        }
+
+        Some(desc)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) unsafe fn to_rtv(&self) -> d3d12_ty::D3D12_RENDER_TARGET_VIEW_DESC {
+        let mut desc = d3d12_ty::D3D12_RENDER_TARGET_VIEW_DESC {
+            Format: self.rtv_dsv_format,
+            ViewDimension: 0,
+            u: unsafe { mem::zeroed() },
+        };
+
+        match self.dimension {
+            wgt::TextureViewDimension::D1 => {
+                desc.ViewDimension = d3d12_ty::D3D12_RTV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE1D;
+                unsafe {
+                    *desc.u.Texture1D_mut() = d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEX1D_RTV {
+                        MipSlice: self.mip_level_base,
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            /*
+            wgt::TextureViewDimension::D1Array => {
+                desc.ViewDimension = d3d12_ty::D3D12_RTV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE1DARRAY;
+                *desc.u.Texture1DArray_mut() = d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEX1D_ARRAY_RTV {
+                    MipSlice: self.mip_level_base,
+                    FirstArraySlice: self.array_layer_base,
+                    ArraySize,
+                }
+            }*/
+            wgt::TextureViewDimension::D2 if self.multisampled && self.array_layer_base == 0 => {
+                desc.ViewDimension = d3d12_ty::D3D12_RTV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DMS;
+                unsafe {
+                    *desc.u.Texture2DMS_mut() = d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEX2DMS_RTV {
+                        UnusedField_NothingToDefine: 0,
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            wgt::TextureViewDimension::D2 if self.array_layer_base == 0 => {
+                desc.ViewDimension = d3d12_ty::D3D12_RTV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D;
+                unsafe {
+                    *desc.u.Texture2D_mut() = d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEX2D_RTV {
+                        MipSlice: self.mip_level_base,
+                        PlaneSlice: 0,
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            wgt::TextureViewDimension::D2 | wgt::TextureViewDimension::D2Array
+                if self.multisampled =>
+            {
+                desc.ViewDimension = d3d12_ty::D3D12_RTV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DMSARRAY;
+                unsafe {
+                    *desc.u.Texture2DMSArray_mut() = d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEX2DMS_ARRAY_RTV {
+                        FirstArraySlice: self.array_layer_base,
+                        ArraySize: self.array_layer_count,
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            wgt::TextureViewDimension::D2 | wgt::TextureViewDimension::D2Array => {
+                desc.ViewDimension = d3d12_ty::D3D12_RTV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DARRAY;
+                unsafe {
+                    *desc.u.Texture2DArray_mut() = d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEX2D_ARRAY_RTV {
+                        MipSlice: self.mip_level_base,
+                        FirstArraySlice: self.array_layer_base,
+                        ArraySize: self.array_layer_count,
+                        PlaneSlice: 0,
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            wgt::TextureViewDimension::D3 => {
+                desc.ViewDimension = d3d12_ty::D3D12_RTV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE3D;
+                unsafe {
+                    *desc.u.Texture3D_mut() = d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEX3D_RTV {
+                        MipSlice: self.mip_level_base,
+                        FirstWSlice: self.array_layer_base,
+                        WSize: self.array_layer_count,
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            wgt::TextureViewDimension::Cube | wgt::TextureViewDimension::CubeArray => {
+                panic!("Unable to view texture as cube RTV")
+            }
+        }
+
+        desc
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) unsafe fn to_dsv(&self, read_only: bool) -> d3d12_ty::D3D12_DEPTH_STENCIL_VIEW_DESC {
+        let mut desc = d3d12_ty::D3D12_DEPTH_STENCIL_VIEW_DESC {
+            Format: self.rtv_dsv_format,
+            ViewDimension: 0,
+            Flags: {
+                let mut flags = d3d12_ty::D3D12_DSV_FLAG_NONE;
+                if read_only {
+                    if self.aspects.contains(crate::FormatAspects::DEPTH) {
+                        flags |= d3d12_ty::D3D12_DSV_FLAG_READ_ONLY_DEPTH;
+                    }
+                    if self.aspects.contains(crate::FormatAspects::STENCIL) {
+                        flags |= d3d12_ty::D3D12_DSV_FLAG_READ_ONLY_STENCIL;
+                    }
+                }
+                flags
+            },
+            u: unsafe { mem::zeroed() },
+        };
+
+        match self.dimension {
+            wgt::TextureViewDimension::D1 => {
+                desc.ViewDimension = d3d12_ty::D3D12_DSV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE1D;
+                unsafe {
+                    *desc.u.Texture1D_mut() = d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEX1D_DSV {
+                        MipSlice: self.mip_level_base,
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            /*
+            wgt::TextureViewDimension::D1Array => {
+                desc.ViewDimension = d3d12_ty::D3D12_DSV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE1DARRAY;
+                *desc.u.Texture1DArray_mut() = d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEX1D_ARRAY_DSV {
+                    MipSlice: self.mip_level_base,
+                    FirstArraySlice: self.array_layer_base,
+                    ArraySize,
+                }
+            }*/
+            wgt::TextureViewDimension::D2 if self.multisampled && self.array_layer_base == 0 => {
+                desc.ViewDimension = d3d12_ty::D3D12_DSV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DMS;
+                unsafe {
+                    *desc.u.Texture2DMS_mut() = d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEX2DMS_DSV {
+                        UnusedField_NothingToDefine: 0,
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            wgt::TextureViewDimension::D2 if self.array_layer_base == 0 => {
+                desc.ViewDimension = d3d12_ty::D3D12_DSV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D;
+                unsafe {
+                    *desc.u.Texture2D_mut() = d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEX2D_DSV {
+                        MipSlice: self.mip_level_base,
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            wgt::TextureViewDimension::D2 | wgt::TextureViewDimension::D2Array
+                if self.multisampled =>
+            {
+                desc.ViewDimension = d3d12_ty::D3D12_DSV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DMSARRAY;
+                unsafe {
+                    *desc.u.Texture2DMSArray_mut() = d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEX2DMS_ARRAY_DSV {
+                        FirstArraySlice: self.array_layer_base,
+                        ArraySize: self.array_layer_count,
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            wgt::TextureViewDimension::D2 | wgt::TextureViewDimension::D2Array => {
+                desc.ViewDimension = d3d12_ty::D3D12_DSV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DARRAY;
+                unsafe {
+                    *desc.u.Texture2DArray_mut() = d3d12_ty::D3D12_TEX2D_ARRAY_DSV {
+                        MipSlice: self.mip_level_base,
+                        FirstArraySlice: self.array_layer_base,
+                        ArraySize: self.array_layer_count,
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            wgt::TextureViewDimension::D3
+            | wgt::TextureViewDimension::Cube
+            | wgt::TextureViewDimension::CubeArray => {
+                panic!("Unable to view texture as cube or 3D RTV")
+            }
+        }
+
+        desc
+    }
+}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/empty.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/empty.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1497acad91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/empty.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,413 @@
+#![allow(unused_variables)]
+
+use std::ops::Range;
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct Api;
+pub struct Context;
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Encoder;
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Resource;
+
+type DeviceResult<T> = Result<T, crate::DeviceError>;
+
+impl crate::Api for Api {
+    type Instance = Context;
+    type Surface = Context;
+    type Adapter = Context;
+    type Device = Context;
+
+    type Queue = Context;
+    type CommandEncoder = Encoder;
+    type CommandBuffer = Resource;
+
+    type Buffer = Resource;
+    type Texture = Resource;
+    type SurfaceTexture = Resource;
+    type TextureView = Resource;
+    type Sampler = Resource;
+    type QuerySet = Resource;
+    type Fence = Resource;
+
+    type BindGroupLayout = Resource;
+    type BindGroup = Resource;
+    type PipelineLayout = Resource;
+    type ShaderModule = Resource;
+    type RenderPipeline = Resource;
+    type ComputePipeline = Resource;
+}
+
+impl crate::Instance<Api> for Context {
+    unsafe fn init(desc: &crate::InstanceDescriptor) -> Result<Self, crate::InstanceError> {
+        Ok(Context)
+    }
+    unsafe fn create_surface(
+        &self,
+        _display_handle: raw_window_handle::RawDisplayHandle,
+        _window_handle: raw_window_handle::RawWindowHandle,
+    ) -> Result<Context, crate::InstanceError> {
+        Ok(Context)
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_surface(&self, surface: Context) {}
+    unsafe fn enumerate_adapters(&self) -> Vec<crate::ExposedAdapter<Api>> {
+        Vec::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl crate::Surface<Api> for Context {
+    unsafe fn configure(
+        &mut self,
+        device: &Context,
+        config: &crate::SurfaceConfiguration,
+    ) -> Result<(), crate::SurfaceError> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn unconfigure(&mut self, device: &Context) {}
+
+    unsafe fn acquire_texture(
+        &mut self,
+        timeout: Option<std::time::Duration>,
+    ) -> Result<Option<crate::AcquiredSurfaceTexture<Api>>, crate::SurfaceError> {
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+    unsafe fn discard_texture(&mut self, texture: Resource) {}
+}
+
+impl crate::Adapter<Api> for Context {
+    unsafe fn open(
+        &self,
+        features: wgt::Features,
+        _limits: &wgt::Limits,
+    ) -> DeviceResult<crate::OpenDevice<Api>> {
+        Err(crate::DeviceError::Lost)
+    }
+    unsafe fn texture_format_capabilities(
+        &self,
+        format: wgt::TextureFormat,
+    ) -> crate::TextureFormatCapabilities {
+        crate::TextureFormatCapabilities::empty()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn surface_capabilities(&self, surface: &Context) -> Option<crate::SurfaceCapabilities> {
+        None
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn get_presentation_timestamp(&self) -> wgt::PresentationTimestamp {
+        wgt::PresentationTimestamp::INVALID_TIMESTAMP
+    }
+}
+
+impl crate::Queue<Api> for Context {
+    unsafe fn submit(
+        &mut self,
+        command_buffers: &[&Resource],
+        signal_fence: Option<(&mut Resource, crate::FenceValue)>,
+    ) -> DeviceResult<()> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    unsafe fn present(
+        &mut self,
+        surface: &mut Context,
+        texture: Resource,
+    ) -> Result<(), crate::SurfaceError> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn get_timestamp_period(&self) -> f32 {
+        1.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl crate::Device<Api> for Context {
+    unsafe fn exit(self, queue: Context) {}
+    unsafe fn create_buffer(&self, desc: &crate::BufferDescriptor) -> DeviceResult<Resource> {
+        Ok(Resource)
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_buffer(&self, buffer: Resource) {}
+    unsafe fn map_buffer(
+        &self,
+        buffer: &Resource,
+        range: crate::MemoryRange,
+    ) -> DeviceResult<crate::BufferMapping> {
+        Err(crate::DeviceError::Lost)
+    }
+    unsafe fn unmap_buffer(&self, buffer: &Resource) -> DeviceResult<()> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    unsafe fn flush_mapped_ranges<I>(&self, buffer: &Resource, ranges: I) {}
+    unsafe fn invalidate_mapped_ranges<I>(&self, buffer: &Resource, ranges: I) {}
+
+    unsafe fn create_texture(&self, desc: &crate::TextureDescriptor) -> DeviceResult<Resource> {
+        Ok(Resource)
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_texture(&self, texture: Resource) {}
+    unsafe fn create_texture_view(
+        &self,
+        texture: &Resource,
+        desc: &crate::TextureViewDescriptor,
+    ) -> DeviceResult<Resource> {
+        Ok(Resource)
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_texture_view(&self, view: Resource) {}
+    unsafe fn create_sampler(&self, desc: &crate::SamplerDescriptor) -> DeviceResult<Resource> {
+        Ok(Resource)
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_sampler(&self, sampler: Resource) {}
+
+    unsafe fn create_command_encoder(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::CommandEncoderDescriptor<Api>,
+    ) -> DeviceResult<Encoder> {
+        Ok(Encoder)
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_command_encoder(&self, encoder: Encoder) {}
+
+    unsafe fn create_bind_group_layout(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::BindGroupLayoutDescriptor,
+    ) -> DeviceResult<Resource> {
+        Ok(Resource)
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_bind_group_layout(&self, bg_layout: Resource) {}
+    unsafe fn create_pipeline_layout(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::PipelineLayoutDescriptor<Api>,
+    ) -> DeviceResult<Resource> {
+        Ok(Resource)
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_pipeline_layout(&self, pipeline_layout: Resource) {}
+    unsafe fn create_bind_group(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::BindGroupDescriptor<Api>,
+    ) -> DeviceResult<Resource> {
+        Ok(Resource)
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_bind_group(&self, group: Resource) {}
+
+    unsafe fn create_shader_module(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::ShaderModuleDescriptor,
+        shader: crate::ShaderInput,
+    ) -> Result<Resource, crate::ShaderError> {
+        Ok(Resource)
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_shader_module(&self, module: Resource) {}
+    unsafe fn create_render_pipeline(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::RenderPipelineDescriptor<Api>,
+    ) -> Result<Resource, crate::PipelineError> {
+        Ok(Resource)
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_render_pipeline(&self, pipeline: Resource) {}
+    unsafe fn create_compute_pipeline(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::ComputePipelineDescriptor<Api>,
+    ) -> Result<Resource, crate::PipelineError> {
+        Ok(Resource)
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_compute_pipeline(&self, pipeline: Resource) {}
+
+    unsafe fn create_query_set(
+        &self,
+        desc: &wgt::QuerySetDescriptor<crate::Label>,
+    ) -> DeviceResult<Resource> {
+        Ok(Resource)
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_query_set(&self, set: Resource) {}
+    unsafe fn create_fence(&self) -> DeviceResult<Resource> {
+        Ok(Resource)
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_fence(&self, fence: Resource) {}
+    unsafe fn get_fence_value(&self, fence: &Resource) -> DeviceResult<crate::FenceValue> {
+        Ok(0)
+    }
+    unsafe fn wait(
+        &self,
+        fence: &Resource,
+        value: crate::FenceValue,
+        timeout_ms: u32,
+    ) -> DeviceResult<bool> {
+        Ok(true)
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn start_capture(&self) -> bool {
+        false
+    }
+    unsafe fn stop_capture(&self) {}
+}
+
+impl crate::CommandEncoder<Api> for Encoder {
+    unsafe fn begin_encoding(&mut self, label: crate::Label) -> DeviceResult<()> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    unsafe fn discard_encoding(&mut self) {}
+    unsafe fn end_encoding(&mut self) -> DeviceResult<Resource> {
+        Ok(Resource)
+    }
+    unsafe fn reset_all<I>(&mut self, command_buffers: I) {}
+
+    unsafe fn transition_buffers<'a, T>(&mut self, barriers: T)
+    where
+        T: Iterator<Item = crate::BufferBarrier<'a, Api>>,
+    {
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn transition_textures<'a, T>(&mut self, barriers: T)
+    where
+        T: Iterator<Item = crate::TextureBarrier<'a, Api>>,
+    {
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn clear_buffer(&mut self, buffer: &Resource, range: crate::MemoryRange) {}
+
+    unsafe fn copy_buffer_to_buffer<T>(&mut self, src: &Resource, dst: &Resource, regions: T) {}
+
+    #[cfg(all(target_arch = "wasm32", not(target_os = "emscripten")))]
+    unsafe fn copy_external_image_to_texture<T>(
+        &mut self,
+        src: &wgt::ImageCopyExternalImage,
+        dst: &Resource,
+        dst_premultiplication: bool,
+        regions: T,
+    ) where
+        T: Iterator<Item = crate::TextureCopy>,
+    {
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn copy_texture_to_texture<T>(
+        &mut self,
+        src: &Resource,
+        src_usage: crate::TextureUses,
+        dst: &Resource,
+        regions: T,
+    ) {
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn copy_buffer_to_texture<T>(&mut self, src: &Resource, dst: &Resource, regions: T) {}
+
+    unsafe fn copy_texture_to_buffer<T>(
+        &mut self,
+        src: &Resource,
+        src_usage: crate::TextureUses,
+        dst: &Resource,
+        regions: T,
+    ) {
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn begin_query(&mut self, set: &Resource, index: u32) {}
+    unsafe fn end_query(&mut self, set: &Resource, index: u32) {}
+    unsafe fn write_timestamp(&mut self, set: &Resource, index: u32) {}
+    unsafe fn reset_queries(&mut self, set: &Resource, range: Range<u32>) {}
+    unsafe fn copy_query_results(
+        &mut self,
+        set: &Resource,
+        range: Range<u32>,
+        buffer: &Resource,
+        offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        stride: wgt::BufferSize,
+    ) {
+    }
+
+    // render
+
+    unsafe fn begin_render_pass(&mut self, desc: &crate::RenderPassDescriptor<Api>) {}
+    unsafe fn end_render_pass(&mut self) {}
+
+    unsafe fn set_bind_group(
+        &mut self,
+        layout: &Resource,
+        index: u32,
+        group: &Resource,
+        dynamic_offsets: &[wgt::DynamicOffset],
+    ) {
+    }
+    unsafe fn set_push_constants(
+        &mut self,
+        layout: &Resource,
+        stages: wgt::ShaderStages,
+        offset: u32,
+        data: &[u32],
+    ) {
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn insert_debug_marker(&mut self, label: &str) {}
+    unsafe fn begin_debug_marker(&mut self, group_label: &str) {}
+    unsafe fn end_debug_marker(&mut self) {}
+
+    unsafe fn set_render_pipeline(&mut self, pipeline: &Resource) {}
+
+    unsafe fn set_index_buffer<'a>(
+        &mut self,
+        binding: crate::BufferBinding<'a, Api>,
+        format: wgt::IndexFormat,
+    ) {
+    }
+    unsafe fn set_vertex_buffer<'a>(&mut self, index: u32, binding: crate::BufferBinding<'a, Api>) {
+    }
+    unsafe fn set_viewport(&mut self, rect: &crate::Rect<f32>, depth_range: Range<f32>) {}
+    unsafe fn set_scissor_rect(&mut self, rect: &crate::Rect<u32>) {}
+    unsafe fn set_stencil_reference(&mut self, value: u32) {}
+    unsafe fn set_blend_constants(&mut self, color: &[f32; 4]) {}
+
+    unsafe fn draw(
+        &mut self,
+        start_vertex: u32,
+        vertex_count: u32,
+        start_instance: u32,
+        instance_count: u32,
+    ) {
+    }
+    unsafe fn draw_indexed(
+        &mut self,
+        start_index: u32,
+        index_count: u32,
+        base_vertex: i32,
+        start_instance: u32,
+        instance_count: u32,
+    ) {
+    }
+    unsafe fn draw_indirect(
+        &mut self,
+        buffer: &Resource,
+        offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        draw_count: u32,
+    ) {
+    }
+    unsafe fn draw_indexed_indirect(
+        &mut self,
+        buffer: &Resource,
+        offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        draw_count: u32,
+    ) {
+    }
+    unsafe fn draw_indirect_count(
+        &mut self,
+        buffer: &Resource,
+        offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        count_buffer: &Resource,
+        count_offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        max_count: u32,
+    ) {
+    }
+    unsafe fn draw_indexed_indirect_count(
+        &mut self,
+        buffer: &Resource,
+        offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        count_buffer: &Resource,
+        count_offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        max_count: u32,
+    ) {
+    }
+
+    // compute
+
+    unsafe fn begin_compute_pass(&mut self, desc: &crate::ComputePassDescriptor) {}
+    unsafe fn end_compute_pass(&mut self) {}
+
+    unsafe fn set_compute_pipeline(&mut self, pipeline: &Resource) {}
+
+    unsafe fn dispatch(&mut self, count: [u32; 3]) {}
+    unsafe fn dispatch_indirect(&mut self, buffer: &Resource, offset: wgt::BufferAddress) {}
+}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/gles/adapter.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/gles/adapter.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b14857ae22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/gles/adapter.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,972 @@
+use glow::HasContext;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use wgt::AstcChannel;
+
+use crate::auxil::db;
+
+// https://webgl2fundamentals.org/webgl/lessons/webgl-data-textures.html
+
+const GL_UNMASKED_VENDOR_WEBGL: u32 = 0x9245;
+const GL_UNMASKED_RENDERER_WEBGL: u32 = 0x9246;
+
+impl super::Adapter {
+    /// According to the OpenGL specification, the version information is
+    /// expected to follow the following syntax:
+    ///
+    /// ~~~bnf
+    /// <major>       ::= <number>
+    /// <minor>       ::= <number>
+    /// <revision>    ::= <number>
+    /// <vendor-info> ::= <string>
+    /// <release>     ::= <major> "." <minor> ["." <release>]
+    /// <version>     ::= <release> [" " <vendor-info>]
+    /// ~~~
+    ///
+    /// Note that this function is intentionally lenient in regards to parsing,
+    /// and will try to recover at least the first two version numbers without
+    /// resulting in an `Err`.
+    /// # Notes
+    /// `WebGL 2` version returned as `OpenGL ES 3.0`
+    fn parse_version(mut src: &str) -> Result<(u8, u8), crate::InstanceError> {
+        let webgl_sig = "WebGL ";
+        // According to the WebGL specification
+        // VERSION  WebGL<space>1.0<space><vendor-specific information>
+        // SHADING_LANGUAGE_VERSION WebGL<space>GLSL<space>ES<space>1.0<space><vendor-specific information>
+        let is_webgl = src.starts_with(webgl_sig);
+        if is_webgl {
+            let pos = src.rfind(webgl_sig).unwrap_or(0);
+            src = &src[pos + webgl_sig.len()..];
+        } else {
+            let es_sig = " ES ";
+            match src.rfind(es_sig) {
+                Some(pos) => {
+                    src = &src[pos + es_sig.len()..];
+                }
+                None => {
+                    log::warn!("ES not found in '{}'", src);
+                    return Err(crate::InstanceError);
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        let glsl_es_sig = "GLSL ES ";
+        let is_glsl = match src.find(glsl_es_sig) {
+            Some(pos) => {
+                src = &src[pos + glsl_es_sig.len()..];
+                true
+            }
+            None => false,
+        };
+
+        let (version, _vendor_info) = match src.find(' ') {
+            Some(i) => (&src[..i], src[i + 1..].to_string()),
+            None => (src, String::new()),
+        };
+
+        // TODO: make this even more lenient so that we can also accept
+        // `<major> "." <minor> [<???>]`
+        let mut it = version.split('.');
+        let major = it.next().and_then(|s| s.parse().ok());
+        let minor = it.next().and_then(|s| {
+            let trimmed = if s.starts_with('0') {
+                "0"
+            } else {
+                s.trim_end_matches('0')
+            };
+            trimmed.parse().ok()
+        });
+
+        match (major, minor) {
+            (Some(major), Some(minor)) => Ok((
+                // Return WebGL 2.0 version as OpenGL ES 3.0
+                if is_webgl && !is_glsl {
+                    major + 1
+                } else {
+                    major
+                },
+                minor,
+            )),
+            _ => {
+                log::warn!("Unable to extract the version from '{}'", version);
+                Err(crate::InstanceError)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn make_info(vendor_orig: String, renderer_orig: String) -> wgt::AdapterInfo {
+        let vendor = vendor_orig.to_lowercase();
+        let renderer = renderer_orig.to_lowercase();
+
+        // opengl has no way to discern device_type, so we can try to infer it from the renderer string
+        let strings_that_imply_integrated = [
+            " xpress", // space here is on purpose so we don't match express
+            "amd renoir",
+            "radeon hd 4200",
+            "radeon hd 4250",
+            "radeon hd 4290",
+            "radeon hd 4270",
+            "radeon hd 4225",
+            "radeon hd 3100",
+            "radeon hd 3200",
+            "radeon hd 3000",
+            "radeon hd 3300",
+            "radeon(tm) r4 graphics",
+            "radeon(tm) r5 graphics",
+            "radeon(tm) r6 graphics",
+            "radeon(tm) r7 graphics",
+            "radeon r7 graphics",
+            "nforce", // all nvidia nforce are integrated
+            "tegra",  // all nvidia tegra are integrated
+            "shield", // all nvidia shield are integrated
+            "igp",
+            "mali",
+            "intel",
+            "v3d",
+            "apple m", // all apple m are integrated
+        ];
+        let strings_that_imply_cpu = ["mesa offscreen", "swiftshader", "llvmpipe"];
+
+        //TODO: handle Intel Iris XE as discreet
+        let inferred_device_type = if vendor.contains("qualcomm")
+            || vendor.contains("intel")
+            || strings_that_imply_integrated
+                .iter()
+                .any(|&s| renderer.contains(s))
+        {
+            wgt::DeviceType::IntegratedGpu
+        } else if strings_that_imply_cpu.iter().any(|&s| renderer.contains(s)) {
+            wgt::DeviceType::Cpu
+        } else {
+            // At this point the Device type is Unknown.
+            // It's most likely DiscreteGpu, but we do not know for sure.
+            // Use "Other" to avoid possibly making incorrect assumptions.
+            // Note that if this same device is available under some other API (ex: Vulkan),
+            // It will mostly likely get a different device type (probably DiscreteGpu).
+            wgt::DeviceType::Other
+        };
+
+        // source: Sascha Willems at Vulkan
+        let vendor_id = if vendor.contains("amd") {
+            db::amd::VENDOR
+        } else if vendor.contains("imgtec") {
+            db::imgtec::VENDOR
+        } else if vendor.contains("nvidia") {
+            db::nvidia::VENDOR
+        } else if vendor.contains("arm") {
+            db::arm::VENDOR
+        } else if vendor.contains("qualcomm") {
+            db::qualcomm::VENDOR
+        } else if vendor.contains("intel") {
+            db::intel::VENDOR
+        } else if vendor.contains("broadcom") {
+            db::broadcom::VENDOR
+        } else if vendor.contains("mesa") {
+            db::mesa::VENDOR
+        } else if vendor.contains("apple") {
+            db::apple::VENDOR
+        } else {
+            0
+        };
+
+        wgt::AdapterInfo {
+            name: renderer_orig,
+            vendor: vendor_id,
+            device: 0,
+            device_type: inferred_device_type,
+            driver: String::new(),
+            driver_info: String::new(),
+            backend: wgt::Backend::Gl,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(super) unsafe fn expose(
+        context: super::AdapterContext,
+    ) -> Option<crate::ExposedAdapter<super::Api>> {
+        let gl = context.lock();
+        let extensions = gl.supported_extensions();
+
+        let (vendor_const, renderer_const) = if extensions.contains("WEBGL_debug_renderer_info") {
+            // emscripten doesn't enable "WEBGL_debug_renderer_info" extension by default. so, we do it manually.
+            // See https://github.com/gfx-rs/wgpu/issues/3245 for context
+            #[cfg(target_os = "emscripten")]
+            if unsafe { super::emscripten::enable_extension("WEBGL_debug_renderer_info\0") } {
+                (GL_UNMASKED_VENDOR_WEBGL, GL_UNMASKED_RENDERER_WEBGL)
+            } else {
+                (glow::VENDOR, glow::RENDERER)
+            }
+            // glow already enables WEBGL_debug_renderer_info on wasm32-unknown-unknown target by default.
+            #[cfg(not(target_os = "emscripten"))]
+            (GL_UNMASKED_VENDOR_WEBGL, GL_UNMASKED_RENDERER_WEBGL)
+        } else {
+            (glow::VENDOR, glow::RENDERER)
+        };
+
+        let (vendor, renderer) = {
+            let vendor = unsafe { gl.get_parameter_string(vendor_const) };
+            let renderer = unsafe { gl.get_parameter_string(renderer_const) };
+
+            (vendor, renderer)
+        };
+        let version = unsafe { gl.get_parameter_string(glow::VERSION) };
+        log::info!("Vendor: {}", vendor);
+        log::info!("Renderer: {}", renderer);
+        log::info!("Version: {}", version);
+
+        log::debug!("Extensions: {:#?}", extensions);
+
+        let ver = Self::parse_version(&version).ok()?;
+        if ver < (3, 0) {
+            log::warn!(
+                "Returned GLES context is {}.{}, when 3.0+ was requested",
+                ver.0,
+                ver.1
+            );
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        let supports_storage = ver >= (3, 1);
+        let supports_work_group_params = ver >= (3, 1);
+
+        let shading_language_version = {
+            let sl_version = unsafe { gl.get_parameter_string(glow::SHADING_LANGUAGE_VERSION) };
+            log::info!("SL version: {}", &sl_version);
+            let (sl_major, sl_minor) = Self::parse_version(&sl_version).ok()?;
+            let value = sl_major as u16 * 100 + sl_minor as u16 * 10;
+            naga::back::glsl::Version::Embedded {
+                version: value,
+                is_webgl: cfg!(target_arch = "wasm32"),
+            }
+        };
+
+        // ANGLE provides renderer strings like: "ANGLE (Apple, Apple M1 Pro, OpenGL 4.1)"
+        let is_angle = renderer.contains("ANGLE");
+
+        let vertex_shader_storage_blocks = if supports_storage {
+            (unsafe { gl.get_parameter_i32(glow::MAX_VERTEX_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCKS) } as u32)
+        } else {
+            0
+        };
+        let fragment_shader_storage_blocks = if supports_storage {
+            (unsafe { gl.get_parameter_i32(glow::MAX_FRAGMENT_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCKS) } as u32)
+        } else {
+            0
+        };
+        let vertex_shader_storage_textures = if supports_storage {
+            (unsafe { gl.get_parameter_i32(glow::MAX_VERTEX_IMAGE_UNIFORMS) } as u32)
+        } else {
+            0
+        };
+        let fragment_shader_storage_textures = if supports_storage {
+            (unsafe { gl.get_parameter_i32(glow::MAX_FRAGMENT_IMAGE_UNIFORMS) } as u32)
+        } else {
+            0
+        };
+        let max_storage_block_size = if supports_storage {
+            (unsafe { gl.get_parameter_i32(glow::MAX_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCK_SIZE) } as u32)
+        } else {
+            0
+        };
+        let max_element_index = unsafe { gl.get_parameter_i32(glow::MAX_ELEMENT_INDEX) } as u32;
+
+        // WORKAROUND: In order to work around an issue with GL on RPI4 and similar, we ignore a
+        // zero vertex ssbo count if there are vertex sstos. (more info:
+        // https://github.com/gfx-rs/wgpu/pull/1607#issuecomment-874938961) The hardware does not
+        // want us to write to these SSBOs, but GLES cannot express that. We detect this case and
+        // disable writing to SSBOs.
+        let vertex_ssbo_false_zero =
+            vertex_shader_storage_blocks == 0 && vertex_shader_storage_textures != 0;
+        if vertex_ssbo_false_zero {
+            // We only care about fragment here as the 0 is a lie.
+            log::warn!("Max vertex shader SSBO == 0 and SSTO != 0. Interpreting as false zero.");
+        }
+
+        let max_storage_buffers_per_shader_stage = if vertex_shader_storage_blocks == 0 {
+            fragment_shader_storage_blocks
+        } else {
+            vertex_shader_storage_blocks.min(fragment_shader_storage_blocks)
+        };
+        let max_storage_textures_per_shader_stage = if vertex_shader_storage_textures == 0 {
+            fragment_shader_storage_textures
+        } else {
+            vertex_shader_storage_textures.min(fragment_shader_storage_textures)
+        };
+
+        let mut downlevel_flags = wgt::DownlevelFlags::empty()
+            | wgt::DownlevelFlags::NON_POWER_OF_TWO_MIPMAPPED_TEXTURES
+            | wgt::DownlevelFlags::CUBE_ARRAY_TEXTURES
+            | wgt::DownlevelFlags::COMPARISON_SAMPLERS;
+        downlevel_flags.set(wgt::DownlevelFlags::COMPUTE_SHADERS, ver >= (3, 1));
+        downlevel_flags.set(
+            wgt::DownlevelFlags::FRAGMENT_WRITABLE_STORAGE,
+            max_storage_block_size != 0,
+        );
+        downlevel_flags.set(wgt::DownlevelFlags::INDIRECT_EXECUTION, ver >= (3, 1));
+        //TODO: we can actually support positive `base_vertex` in the same way
+        // as we emulate the `start_instance`. But we can't deal with negatives...
+        downlevel_flags.set(wgt::DownlevelFlags::BASE_VERTEX, ver >= (3, 2));
+        downlevel_flags.set(
+            wgt::DownlevelFlags::INDEPENDENT_BLEND,
+            ver >= (3, 2) || extensions.contains("GL_EXT_draw_buffers_indexed"),
+        );
+        downlevel_flags.set(
+            wgt::DownlevelFlags::VERTEX_STORAGE,
+            max_storage_block_size != 0
+                && max_storage_buffers_per_shader_stage != 0
+                && (vertex_shader_storage_blocks != 0 || vertex_ssbo_false_zero),
+        );
+        downlevel_flags.set(wgt::DownlevelFlags::FRAGMENT_STORAGE, supports_storage);
+        if extensions.contains("EXT_texture_filter_anisotropic") {
+            let max_aniso =
+                unsafe { gl.get_parameter_i32(glow::MAX_TEXTURE_MAX_ANISOTROPY_EXT) } as u32;
+            downlevel_flags.set(wgt::DownlevelFlags::ANISOTROPIC_FILTERING, max_aniso >= 16);
+        }
+        downlevel_flags.set(
+            wgt::DownlevelFlags::BUFFER_BINDINGS_NOT_16_BYTE_ALIGNED,
+            !(cfg!(target_arch = "wasm32") || is_angle),
+        );
+        // see https://registry.khronos.org/webgl/specs/latest/2.0/#BUFFER_OBJECT_BINDING
+        downlevel_flags.set(
+            wgt::DownlevelFlags::UNRESTRICTED_INDEX_BUFFER,
+            !cfg!(target_arch = "wasm32"),
+        );
+        downlevel_flags.set(
+            wgt::DownlevelFlags::UNRESTRICTED_EXTERNAL_TEXTURE_COPIES,
+            !cfg!(target_arch = "wasm32"),
+        );
+        downlevel_flags.set(
+            wgt::DownlevelFlags::FULL_DRAW_INDEX_UINT32,
+            max_element_index == u32::MAX,
+        );
+        downlevel_flags.set(
+            wgt::DownlevelFlags::MULTISAMPLED_SHADING,
+            ver >= (3, 2) || extensions.contains("OES_sample_variables"),
+        );
+
+        let mut features = wgt::Features::empty()
+            | wgt::Features::TEXTURE_ADAPTER_SPECIFIC_FORMAT_FEATURES
+            | wgt::Features::CLEAR_TEXTURE
+            | wgt::Features::PUSH_CONSTANTS;
+        features.set(
+            wgt::Features::ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_BORDER | wgt::Features::ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_ZERO,
+            extensions.contains("GL_EXT_texture_border_clamp"),
+        );
+        features.set(
+            wgt::Features::DEPTH_CLIP_CONTROL,
+            extensions.contains("GL_EXT_depth_clamp"),
+        );
+        features.set(
+            wgt::Features::VERTEX_WRITABLE_STORAGE,
+            downlevel_flags.contains(wgt::DownlevelFlags::VERTEX_STORAGE)
+                && vertex_shader_storage_textures != 0,
+        );
+        features.set(
+            wgt::Features::MULTIVIEW,
+            extensions.contains("OVR_multiview2"),
+        );
+        features.set(
+            wgt::Features::SHADER_PRIMITIVE_INDEX,
+            ver >= (3, 2) || extensions.contains("OES_geometry_shader"),
+        );
+        features.set(wgt::Features::SHADER_EARLY_DEPTH_TEST, ver >= (3, 1));
+        let gles_bcn_exts = [
+            "GL_EXT_texture_compression_s3tc_srgb",
+            "GL_EXT_texture_compression_rgtc",
+            "GL_EXT_texture_compression_bptc",
+        ];
+        let webgl_bcn_exts = [
+            "WEBGL_compressed_texture_s3tc",
+            "WEBGL_compressed_texture_s3tc_srgb",
+            "EXT_texture_compression_rgtc",
+            "EXT_texture_compression_bptc",
+        ];
+        let bcn_exts = if cfg!(target_arch = "wasm32") {
+            &webgl_bcn_exts[..]
+        } else {
+            &gles_bcn_exts[..]
+        };
+        features.set(
+            wgt::Features::TEXTURE_COMPRESSION_BC,
+            bcn_exts.iter().all(|&ext| extensions.contains(ext)),
+        );
+        features.set(
+            wgt::Features::TEXTURE_COMPRESSION_ETC2,
+            // This is a part of GLES-3 but not WebGL2 core
+            !cfg!(target_arch = "wasm32") || extensions.contains("WEBGL_compressed_texture_etc"),
+        );
+        // `OES_texture_compression_astc` provides 2D + 3D, LDR + HDR support
+        if extensions.contains("WEBGL_compressed_texture_astc")
+            || extensions.contains("GL_OES_texture_compression_astc")
+        {
+            features.insert(wgt::Features::TEXTURE_COMPRESSION_ASTC);
+            features.insert(wgt::Features::TEXTURE_COMPRESSION_ASTC_HDR);
+        } else {
+            features.set(
+                wgt::Features::TEXTURE_COMPRESSION_ASTC,
+                extensions.contains("GL_KHR_texture_compression_astc_ldr"),
+            );
+            features.set(
+                wgt::Features::TEXTURE_COMPRESSION_ASTC_HDR,
+                extensions.contains("GL_KHR_texture_compression_astc_hdr"),
+            );
+        }
+
+        let mut private_caps = super::PrivateCapabilities::empty();
+        private_caps.set(
+            super::PrivateCapabilities::BUFFER_ALLOCATION,
+            extensions.contains("GL_EXT_buffer_storage"),
+        );
+        private_caps.set(
+            super::PrivateCapabilities::SHADER_BINDING_LAYOUT,
+            ver >= (3, 1),
+        );
+        private_caps.set(
+            super::PrivateCapabilities::SHADER_TEXTURE_SHADOW_LOD,
+            extensions.contains("GL_EXT_texture_shadow_lod"),
+        );
+        private_caps.set(super::PrivateCapabilities::MEMORY_BARRIERS, ver >= (3, 1));
+        private_caps.set(
+            super::PrivateCapabilities::VERTEX_BUFFER_LAYOUT,
+            ver >= (3, 1),
+        );
+        private_caps.set(
+            super::PrivateCapabilities::INDEX_BUFFER_ROLE_CHANGE,
+            !cfg!(target_arch = "wasm32"),
+        );
+        private_caps.set(
+            super::PrivateCapabilities::CAN_DISABLE_DRAW_BUFFER,
+            !cfg!(target_arch = "wasm32"),
+        );
+        private_caps.set(
+            super::PrivateCapabilities::GET_BUFFER_SUB_DATA,
+            cfg!(target_arch = "wasm32"),
+        );
+        let color_buffer_float = extensions.contains("GL_EXT_color_buffer_float")
+            || extensions.contains("EXT_color_buffer_float");
+        let color_buffer_half_float = extensions.contains("GL_EXT_color_buffer_half_float");
+        private_caps.set(
+            super::PrivateCapabilities::COLOR_BUFFER_HALF_FLOAT,
+            color_buffer_half_float || color_buffer_float,
+        );
+        private_caps.set(
+            super::PrivateCapabilities::COLOR_BUFFER_FLOAT,
+            color_buffer_float,
+        );
+        private_caps.set(
+            super::PrivateCapabilities::TEXTURE_FLOAT_LINEAR,
+            extensions.contains("OES_texture_float_linear"),
+        );
+
+        let max_texture_size = unsafe { gl.get_parameter_i32(glow::MAX_TEXTURE_SIZE) } as u32;
+        let max_texture_3d_size = unsafe { gl.get_parameter_i32(glow::MAX_3D_TEXTURE_SIZE) } as u32;
+
+        let min_uniform_buffer_offset_alignment =
+            (unsafe { gl.get_parameter_i32(glow::UNIFORM_BUFFER_OFFSET_ALIGNMENT) } as u32);
+        let min_storage_buffer_offset_alignment = if ver >= (3, 1) {
+            (unsafe { gl.get_parameter_i32(glow::SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER_OFFSET_ALIGNMENT) } as u32)
+        } else {
+            256
+        };
+        let max_uniform_buffers_per_shader_stage =
+            unsafe { gl.get_parameter_i32(glow::MAX_VERTEX_UNIFORM_BLOCKS) }
+                .min(unsafe { gl.get_parameter_i32(glow::MAX_FRAGMENT_UNIFORM_BLOCKS) })
+                as u32;
+
+        let max_compute_workgroups_per_dimension = if supports_work_group_params {
+            unsafe { gl.get_parameter_indexed_i32(glow::MAX_COMPUTE_WORK_GROUP_COUNT, 0) }
+                .min(unsafe { gl.get_parameter_indexed_i32(glow::MAX_COMPUTE_WORK_GROUP_COUNT, 1) })
+                .min(unsafe { gl.get_parameter_indexed_i32(glow::MAX_COMPUTE_WORK_GROUP_COUNT, 2) })
+                as u32
+        } else {
+            0
+        };
+
+        let limits = wgt::Limits {
+            max_texture_dimension_1d: max_texture_size,
+            max_texture_dimension_2d: max_texture_size,
+            max_texture_dimension_3d: max_texture_3d_size,
+            max_texture_array_layers: unsafe {
+                gl.get_parameter_i32(glow::MAX_ARRAY_TEXTURE_LAYERS)
+            } as u32,
+            max_bind_groups: crate::MAX_BIND_GROUPS as u32,
+            max_bindings_per_bind_group: 65535,
+            max_dynamic_uniform_buffers_per_pipeline_layout: max_uniform_buffers_per_shader_stage,
+            max_dynamic_storage_buffers_per_pipeline_layout: max_storage_buffers_per_shader_stage,
+            max_sampled_textures_per_shader_stage: super::MAX_TEXTURE_SLOTS as u32,
+            max_samplers_per_shader_stage: super::MAX_SAMPLERS as u32,
+            max_storage_buffers_per_shader_stage,
+            max_storage_textures_per_shader_stage,
+            max_uniform_buffers_per_shader_stage,
+            max_uniform_buffer_binding_size: unsafe {
+                gl.get_parameter_i32(glow::MAX_UNIFORM_BLOCK_SIZE)
+            } as u32,
+            max_storage_buffer_binding_size: if ver >= (3, 1) {
+                unsafe { gl.get_parameter_i32(glow::MAX_SHADER_STORAGE_BLOCK_SIZE) }
+            } else {
+                0
+            } as u32,
+            max_vertex_buffers: if private_caps
+                .contains(super::PrivateCapabilities::VERTEX_BUFFER_LAYOUT)
+            {
+                (unsafe { gl.get_parameter_i32(glow::MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIB_BINDINGS) } as u32)
+            } else {
+                16 // should this be different?
+            },
+            max_vertex_attributes: (unsafe { gl.get_parameter_i32(glow::MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBS) }
+                as u32)
+                .min(super::MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBUTES as u32),
+            max_vertex_buffer_array_stride: if private_caps
+                .contains(super::PrivateCapabilities::VERTEX_BUFFER_LAYOUT)
+            {
+                (unsafe { gl.get_parameter_i32(glow::MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIB_STRIDE) } as u32)
+            } else {
+                !0
+            },
+            max_push_constant_size: super::MAX_PUSH_CONSTANTS as u32 * 4,
+            min_uniform_buffer_offset_alignment,
+            min_storage_buffer_offset_alignment,
+            max_inter_stage_shader_components: unsafe {
+                gl.get_parameter_i32(glow::MAX_VARYING_COMPONENTS)
+            } as u32,
+            max_compute_workgroup_storage_size: if supports_work_group_params {
+                (unsafe { gl.get_parameter_i32(glow::MAX_COMPUTE_SHARED_MEMORY_SIZE) } as u32)
+            } else {
+                0
+            },
+            max_compute_invocations_per_workgroup: if supports_work_group_params {
+                (unsafe { gl.get_parameter_i32(glow::MAX_COMPUTE_WORK_GROUP_INVOCATIONS) } as u32)
+            } else {
+                0
+            },
+            max_compute_workgroup_size_x: if supports_work_group_params {
+                (unsafe { gl.get_parameter_indexed_i32(glow::MAX_COMPUTE_WORK_GROUP_SIZE, 0) }
+                    as u32)
+            } else {
+                0
+            },
+            max_compute_workgroup_size_y: if supports_work_group_params {
+                (unsafe { gl.get_parameter_indexed_i32(glow::MAX_COMPUTE_WORK_GROUP_SIZE, 1) }
+                    as u32)
+            } else {
+                0
+            },
+            max_compute_workgroup_size_z: if supports_work_group_params {
+                (unsafe { gl.get_parameter_indexed_i32(glow::MAX_COMPUTE_WORK_GROUP_SIZE, 2) }
+                    as u32)
+            } else {
+                0
+            },
+            max_compute_workgroups_per_dimension,
+            max_buffer_size: i32::MAX as u64,
+        };
+
+        let mut workarounds = super::Workarounds::empty();
+
+        workarounds.set(
+            super::Workarounds::EMULATE_BUFFER_MAP,
+            cfg!(target_arch = "wasm32"),
+        );
+
+        let r = renderer.to_lowercase();
+        // Check for Mesa sRGB clear bug. See
+        // [`super::PrivateCapabilities::MESA_I915_SRGB_SHADER_CLEAR`].
+        if context.is_owned()
+            && r.contains("mesa")
+            && r.contains("intel")
+            && r.split(&[' ', '(', ')'][..])
+                .any(|substr| substr.len() == 3 && substr.chars().nth(2) == Some('l'))
+        {
+            log::warn!(
+                "Detected skylake derivative running on mesa i915. Clears to srgb textures will \
+                use manual shader clears."
+            );
+            workarounds.set(super::Workarounds::MESA_I915_SRGB_SHADER_CLEAR, true);
+        }
+
+        let downlevel_defaults = wgt::DownlevelLimits {};
+
+        // Drop the GL guard so we can move the context into AdapterShared
+        // ( on WASM the gl handle is just a ref so we tell clippy to allow
+        // dropping the ref )
+        #[allow(clippy::drop_ref)]
+        drop(gl);
+
+        Some(crate::ExposedAdapter {
+            adapter: super::Adapter {
+                shared: Arc::new(super::AdapterShared {
+                    context,
+                    private_caps,
+                    workarounds,
+                    features,
+                    shading_language_version,
+                    max_texture_size,
+                    next_shader_id: Default::default(),
+                    program_cache: Default::default(),
+                }),
+            },
+            info: Self::make_info(vendor, renderer),
+            features,
+            capabilities: crate::Capabilities {
+                limits,
+                downlevel: wgt::DownlevelCapabilities {
+                    flags: downlevel_flags,
+                    limits: downlevel_defaults,
+                    shader_model: wgt::ShaderModel::Sm5,
+                },
+                alignments: crate::Alignments {
+                    buffer_copy_offset: wgt::BufferSize::new(4).unwrap(),
+                    buffer_copy_pitch: wgt::BufferSize::new(4).unwrap(),
+                },
+            },
+        })
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_shader_clear_program(
+        gl: &glow::Context,
+    ) -> (glow::Program, glow::UniformLocation) {
+        let program = unsafe { gl.create_program() }.expect("Could not create shader program");
+        let vertex =
+            unsafe { gl.create_shader(glow::VERTEX_SHADER) }.expect("Could not create shader");
+        unsafe { gl.shader_source(vertex, include_str!("./shaders/clear.vert")) };
+        unsafe { gl.compile_shader(vertex) };
+        let fragment =
+            unsafe { gl.create_shader(glow::FRAGMENT_SHADER) }.expect("Could not create shader");
+        unsafe { gl.shader_source(fragment, include_str!("./shaders/clear.frag")) };
+        unsafe { gl.compile_shader(fragment) };
+        unsafe { gl.attach_shader(program, vertex) };
+        unsafe { gl.attach_shader(program, fragment) };
+        unsafe { gl.link_program(program) };
+        let color_uniform_location = unsafe { gl.get_uniform_location(program, "color") }
+            .expect("Could not find color uniform in shader clear shader");
+        unsafe { gl.delete_shader(vertex) };
+        unsafe { gl.delete_shader(fragment) };
+
+        (program, color_uniform_location)
+    }
+}
+
+impl crate::Adapter<super::Api> for super::Adapter {
+    unsafe fn open(
+        &self,
+        features: wgt::Features,
+        _limits: &wgt::Limits,
+    ) -> Result<crate::OpenDevice<super::Api>, crate::DeviceError> {
+        let gl = &self.shared.context.lock();
+        unsafe { gl.pixel_store_i32(glow::UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, 1) };
+        unsafe { gl.pixel_store_i32(glow::PACK_ALIGNMENT, 1) };
+        let main_vao =
+            unsafe { gl.create_vertex_array() }.map_err(|_| crate::DeviceError::OutOfMemory)?;
+        unsafe { gl.bind_vertex_array(Some(main_vao)) };
+
+        let zero_buffer =
+            unsafe { gl.create_buffer() }.map_err(|_| crate::DeviceError::OutOfMemory)?;
+        unsafe { gl.bind_buffer(glow::COPY_READ_BUFFER, Some(zero_buffer)) };
+        let zeroes = vec![0u8; super::ZERO_BUFFER_SIZE];
+        unsafe { gl.buffer_data_u8_slice(glow::COPY_READ_BUFFER, &zeroes, glow::STATIC_DRAW) };
+
+        // Compile the shader program we use for doing manual clears to work around Mesa fastclear
+        // bug.
+        let (shader_clear_program, shader_clear_program_color_uniform_location) =
+            unsafe { Self::create_shader_clear_program(gl) };
+
+        Ok(crate::OpenDevice {
+            device: super::Device {
+                shared: Arc::clone(&self.shared),
+                main_vao,
+                #[cfg(all(not(target_arch = "wasm32"), feature = "renderdoc"))]
+                render_doc: Default::default(),
+            },
+            queue: super::Queue {
+                shared: Arc::clone(&self.shared),
+                features,
+                draw_fbo: unsafe { gl.create_framebuffer() }
+                    .map_err(|_| crate::DeviceError::OutOfMemory)?,
+                copy_fbo: unsafe { gl.create_framebuffer() }
+                    .map_err(|_| crate::DeviceError::OutOfMemory)?,
+                shader_clear_program,
+                shader_clear_program_color_uniform_location,
+                zero_buffer,
+                temp_query_results: Vec::new(),
+                draw_buffer_count: 1,
+                current_index_buffer: None,
+            },
+        })
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn texture_format_capabilities(
+        &self,
+        format: wgt::TextureFormat,
+    ) -> crate::TextureFormatCapabilities {
+        use crate::TextureFormatCapabilities as Tfc;
+        use wgt::TextureFormat as Tf;
+
+        let sample_count = {
+            let max_samples = unsafe {
+                self.shared
+                    .context
+                    .lock()
+                    .get_parameter_i32(glow::MAX_SAMPLES)
+            };
+            if max_samples >= 16 {
+                Tfc::MULTISAMPLE_X2
+                    | Tfc::MULTISAMPLE_X4
+                    | Tfc::MULTISAMPLE_X8
+                    | Tfc::MULTISAMPLE_X16
+            } else if max_samples >= 8 {
+                Tfc::MULTISAMPLE_X2 | Tfc::MULTISAMPLE_X4 | Tfc::MULTISAMPLE_X8
+            } else if max_samples >= 4 {
+                Tfc::MULTISAMPLE_X2 | Tfc::MULTISAMPLE_X4
+            } else {
+                Tfc::MULTISAMPLE_X2
+            }
+        };
+
+        // Base types are pulled from the table in the OpenGLES 3.0 spec in section 3.8.
+        //
+        // The storage types are based on table 8.26, in section
+        // "TEXTURE IMAGE LOADS AND STORES" of OpenGLES-3.2 spec.
+        let empty = Tfc::empty();
+        let base = Tfc::COPY_SRC | Tfc::COPY_DST;
+        let unfilterable = base | Tfc::SAMPLED;
+        let depth = base | Tfc::SAMPLED | sample_count | Tfc::DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT;
+        let filterable = unfilterable | Tfc::SAMPLED_LINEAR;
+        let renderable =
+            unfilterable | Tfc::COLOR_ATTACHMENT | sample_count | Tfc::MULTISAMPLE_RESOLVE;
+        let filterable_renderable = filterable | renderable | Tfc::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BLEND;
+        let storage = base | Tfc::STORAGE | Tfc::STORAGE_READ_WRITE;
+
+        let feature_fn = |f, caps| {
+            if self.shared.features.contains(f) {
+                caps
+            } else {
+                empty
+            }
+        };
+
+        let bcn_features = feature_fn(wgt::Features::TEXTURE_COMPRESSION_BC, filterable);
+        let etc2_features = feature_fn(wgt::Features::TEXTURE_COMPRESSION_ETC2, filterable);
+        let astc_features = feature_fn(wgt::Features::TEXTURE_COMPRESSION_ASTC, filterable);
+        let astc_hdr_features = feature_fn(wgt::Features::TEXTURE_COMPRESSION_ASTC_HDR, filterable);
+
+        let private_caps_fn = |f, caps| {
+            if self.shared.private_caps.contains(f) {
+                caps
+            } else {
+                empty
+            }
+        };
+
+        let half_float_renderable = private_caps_fn(
+            super::PrivateCapabilities::COLOR_BUFFER_HALF_FLOAT,
+            Tfc::COLOR_ATTACHMENT
+                | Tfc::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BLEND
+                | sample_count
+                | Tfc::MULTISAMPLE_RESOLVE,
+        );
+
+        let float_renderable = private_caps_fn(
+            super::PrivateCapabilities::COLOR_BUFFER_FLOAT,
+            Tfc::COLOR_ATTACHMENT
+                | Tfc::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BLEND
+                | sample_count
+                | Tfc::MULTISAMPLE_RESOLVE,
+        );
+
+        let texture_float_linear =
+            private_caps_fn(super::PrivateCapabilities::TEXTURE_FLOAT_LINEAR, filterable);
+
+        match format {
+            Tf::R8Unorm => filterable_renderable,
+            Tf::R8Snorm => filterable,
+            Tf::R8Uint => renderable,
+            Tf::R8Sint => renderable,
+            Tf::R16Uint => renderable,
+            Tf::R16Sint => renderable,
+            Tf::R16Unorm => empty,
+            Tf::R16Snorm => empty,
+            Tf::R16Float => filterable | half_float_renderable,
+            Tf::Rg8Unorm => filterable_renderable,
+            Tf::Rg8Snorm => filterable,
+            Tf::Rg8Uint => renderable,
+            Tf::Rg8Sint => renderable,
+            Tf::R32Uint => renderable | storage,
+            Tf::R32Sint => renderable | storage,
+            Tf::R32Float => unfilterable | storage | float_renderable | texture_float_linear,
+            Tf::Rg16Uint => renderable,
+            Tf::Rg16Sint => renderable,
+            Tf::Rg16Unorm => empty,
+            Tf::Rg16Snorm => empty,
+            Tf::Rg16Float => filterable | half_float_renderable,
+            Tf::Rgba8Unorm | Tf::Rgba8UnormSrgb => filterable_renderable | storage,
+            Tf::Bgra8Unorm | Tf::Bgra8UnormSrgb => filterable_renderable,
+            Tf::Rgba8Snorm => filterable,
+            Tf::Rgba8Uint => renderable | storage,
+            Tf::Rgba8Sint => renderable | storage,
+            Tf::Rgb10a2Unorm => filterable_renderable,
+            Tf::Rg11b10Float => filterable | float_renderable,
+            Tf::Rg32Uint => renderable,
+            Tf::Rg32Sint => renderable,
+            Tf::Rg32Float => unfilterable | float_renderable | texture_float_linear,
+            Tf::Rgba16Uint => renderable | storage,
+            Tf::Rgba16Sint => renderable | storage,
+            Tf::Rgba16Unorm => empty,
+            Tf::Rgba16Snorm => empty,
+            Tf::Rgba16Float => filterable | storage | half_float_renderable,
+            Tf::Rgba32Uint => renderable | storage,
+            Tf::Rgba32Sint => renderable | storage,
+            Tf::Rgba32Float => unfilterable | storage | float_renderable | texture_float_linear,
+            Tf::Stencil8
+            | Tf::Depth16Unorm
+            | Tf::Depth32Float
+            | Tf::Depth32FloatStencil8
+            | Tf::Depth24Plus
+            | Tf::Depth24PlusStencil8 => depth,
+            Tf::Rgb9e5Ufloat => filterable,
+            Tf::Bc1RgbaUnorm
+            | Tf::Bc1RgbaUnormSrgb
+            | Tf::Bc2RgbaUnorm
+            | Tf::Bc2RgbaUnormSrgb
+            | Tf::Bc3RgbaUnorm
+            | Tf::Bc3RgbaUnormSrgb
+            | Tf::Bc4RUnorm
+            | Tf::Bc4RSnorm
+            | Tf::Bc5RgUnorm
+            | Tf::Bc5RgSnorm
+            | Tf::Bc6hRgbFloat
+            | Tf::Bc6hRgbUfloat
+            | Tf::Bc7RgbaUnorm
+            | Tf::Bc7RgbaUnormSrgb => bcn_features,
+            Tf::Etc2Rgb8Unorm
+            | Tf::Etc2Rgb8UnormSrgb
+            | Tf::Etc2Rgb8A1Unorm
+            | Tf::Etc2Rgb8A1UnormSrgb
+            | Tf::Etc2Rgba8Unorm
+            | Tf::Etc2Rgba8UnormSrgb
+            | Tf::EacR11Unorm
+            | Tf::EacR11Snorm
+            | Tf::EacRg11Unorm
+            | Tf::EacRg11Snorm => etc2_features,
+            Tf::Astc {
+                block: _,
+                channel: AstcChannel::Unorm | AstcChannel::UnormSrgb,
+            } => astc_features,
+            Tf::Astc {
+                block: _,
+                channel: AstcChannel::Hdr,
+            } => astc_hdr_features,
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn surface_capabilities(
+        &self,
+        surface: &super::Surface,
+    ) -> Option<crate::SurfaceCapabilities> {
+        if surface.presentable {
+            let mut formats = vec![
+                wgt::TextureFormat::Rgba8Unorm,
+                #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+                wgt::TextureFormat::Bgra8Unorm,
+            ];
+            if surface.supports_srgb() {
+                formats.extend([
+                    wgt::TextureFormat::Rgba8UnormSrgb,
+                    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+                    wgt::TextureFormat::Bgra8UnormSrgb,
+                ])
+            }
+            if self
+                .shared
+                .private_caps
+                .contains(super::PrivateCapabilities::COLOR_BUFFER_HALF_FLOAT)
+            {
+                formats.push(wgt::TextureFormat::Rgba16Float)
+            }
+
+            Some(crate::SurfaceCapabilities {
+                formats,
+                present_modes: vec![wgt::PresentMode::Fifo], //TODO
+                composite_alpha_modes: vec![wgt::CompositeAlphaMode::Opaque], //TODO
+                swap_chain_sizes: 2..=2,
+                current_extent: None,
+                extents: wgt::Extent3d {
+                    width: 4,
+                    height: 4,
+                    depth_or_array_layers: 1,
+                }..=wgt::Extent3d {
+                    width: self.shared.max_texture_size,
+                    height: self.shared.max_texture_size,
+                    depth_or_array_layers: 1,
+                },
+                usage: crate::TextureUses::COLOR_TARGET,
+            })
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn get_presentation_timestamp(&self) -> wgt::PresentationTimestamp {
+        wgt::PresentationTimestamp::INVALID_TIMESTAMP
+    }
+}
+
+impl super::AdapterShared {
+    pub(super) unsafe fn get_buffer_sub_data(
+        &self,
+        gl: &glow::Context,
+        target: u32,
+        offset: i32,
+        dst_data: &mut [u8],
+    ) {
+        if self
+            .private_caps
+            .contains(super::PrivateCapabilities::GET_BUFFER_SUB_DATA)
+        {
+            unsafe { gl.get_buffer_sub_data(target, offset, dst_data) };
+        } else {
+            log::error!("Fake map");
+            let length = dst_data.len();
+            let buffer_mapping =
+                unsafe { gl.map_buffer_range(target, offset, length as _, glow::MAP_READ_BIT) };
+
+            unsafe { std::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(buffer_mapping, dst_data.as_mut_ptr(), length) };
+
+            unsafe { gl.unmap_buffer(target) };
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// SAFE: WASM doesn't have threads
+#[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+unsafe impl Sync for super::Adapter {}
+#[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+unsafe impl Send for super::Adapter {}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::super::Adapter;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_version_parse() {
+        let error = Err(crate::InstanceError);
+        assert_eq!(Adapter::parse_version("1"), error);
+        assert_eq!(Adapter::parse_version("1."), error);
+        assert_eq!(Adapter::parse_version("1 h3l1o. W0rld"), error);
+        assert_eq!(Adapter::parse_version("1. h3l1o. W0rld"), error);
+        assert_eq!(Adapter::parse_version("1.2.3"), error);
+        assert_eq!(Adapter::parse_version("OpenGL ES 3.1"), Ok((3, 1)));
+        assert_eq!(
+            Adapter::parse_version("OpenGL ES 2.0 Google Nexus"),
+            Ok((2, 0))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(Adapter::parse_version("GLSL ES 1.1"), Ok((1, 1)));
+        assert_eq!(Adapter::parse_version("OpenGL ES GLSL ES 3.20"), Ok((3, 2)));
+        assert_eq!(
+            // WebGL 2.0 should parse as OpenGL ES 3.0
+            Adapter::parse_version("WebGL 2.0 (OpenGL ES 3.0 Chromium)"),
+            Ok((3, 0))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Adapter::parse_version("WebGL GLSL ES 3.00 (OpenGL ES GLSL ES 3.0 Chromium)"),
+            Ok((3, 0))
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/gles/command.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/gles/command.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5e3a1c52c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/gles/command.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1063 @@
+use super::{conv, Command as C};
+use arrayvec::ArrayVec;
+use std::{mem, ops::Range};
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default)]
+struct TextureSlotDesc {
+    tex_target: super::BindTarget,
+    sampler_index: Option<u8>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(super) struct State {
+    topology: u32,
+    primitive: super::PrimitiveState,
+    index_format: wgt::IndexFormat,
+    index_offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+    vertex_buffers:
+        [(super::VertexBufferDesc, Option<super::BufferBinding>); crate::MAX_VERTEX_BUFFERS],
+    vertex_attributes: ArrayVec<super::AttributeDesc, { super::MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBUTES }>,
+    color_targets: ArrayVec<super::ColorTargetDesc, { crate::MAX_COLOR_ATTACHMENTS }>,
+    stencil: super::StencilState,
+    depth_bias: wgt::DepthBiasState,
+    alpha_to_coverage_enabled: bool,
+    samplers: [Option<glow::Sampler>; super::MAX_SAMPLERS],
+    texture_slots: [TextureSlotDesc; super::MAX_TEXTURE_SLOTS],
+    render_size: wgt::Extent3d,
+    resolve_attachments: ArrayVec<(u32, super::TextureView), { crate::MAX_COLOR_ATTACHMENTS }>,
+    invalidate_attachments: ArrayVec<u32, { crate::MAX_COLOR_ATTACHMENTS + 2 }>,
+    has_pass_label: bool,
+    instance_vbuf_mask: usize,
+    dirty_vbuf_mask: usize,
+    active_first_instance: u32,
+    push_offset_to_uniform: ArrayVec<super::UniformDesc, { super::MAX_PUSH_CONSTANTS }>,
+}
+
+impl super::CommandBuffer {
+    fn clear(&mut self) {
+        self.label = None;
+        self.commands.clear();
+        self.data_bytes.clear();
+        self.queries.clear();
+    }
+
+    fn add_marker(&mut self, marker: &str) -> Range<u32> {
+        let start = self.data_bytes.len() as u32;
+        self.data_bytes.extend(marker.as_bytes());
+        start..self.data_bytes.len() as u32
+    }
+
+    fn add_push_constant_data(&mut self, data: &[u32]) -> Range<u32> {
+        let data_raw = unsafe {
+            std::slice::from_raw_parts(
+                data.as_ptr() as *const _,
+                data.len() * mem::size_of::<u32>(),
+            )
+        };
+        let start = self.data_bytes.len();
+        assert!(start < u32::MAX as usize);
+        self.data_bytes.extend_from_slice(data_raw);
+        let end = self.data_bytes.len();
+        assert!(end < u32::MAX as usize);
+        (start as u32)..(end as u32)
+    }
+}
+
+impl super::CommandEncoder {
+    fn rebind_stencil_func(&mut self) {
+        fn make(s: &super::StencilSide, face: u32) -> C {
+            C::SetStencilFunc {
+                face,
+                function: s.function,
+                reference: s.reference,
+                read_mask: s.mask_read,
+            }
+        }
+
+        let s = &self.state.stencil;
+        if s.front.function == s.back.function
+            && s.front.mask_read == s.back.mask_read
+            && s.front.reference == s.back.reference
+        {
+            self.cmd_buffer
+                .commands
+                .push(make(&s.front, glow::FRONT_AND_BACK));
+        } else {
+            self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(make(&s.front, glow::FRONT));
+            self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(make(&s.back, glow::BACK));
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn rebind_vertex_data(&mut self, first_instance: u32) {
+        if self
+            .private_caps
+            .contains(super::PrivateCapabilities::VERTEX_BUFFER_LAYOUT)
+        {
+            for (index, pair) in self.state.vertex_buffers.iter().enumerate() {
+                if self.state.dirty_vbuf_mask & (1 << index) == 0 {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                let (buffer_desc, vb) = match *pair {
+                    // Not all dirty bindings are necessarily filled. Some may be unused.
+                    (_, None) => continue,
+                    (ref vb_desc, Some(ref vb)) => (vb_desc.clone(), vb),
+                };
+                let instance_offset = match buffer_desc.step {
+                    wgt::VertexStepMode::Vertex => 0,
+                    wgt::VertexStepMode::Instance => first_instance * buffer_desc.stride,
+                };
+
+                self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(C::SetVertexBuffer {
+                    index: index as u32,
+                    buffer: super::BufferBinding {
+                        raw: vb.raw,
+                        offset: vb.offset + instance_offset as wgt::BufferAddress,
+                    },
+                    buffer_desc,
+                });
+                self.state.dirty_vbuf_mask ^= 1 << index;
+            }
+        } else {
+            let mut vbuf_mask = 0;
+            for attribute in self.state.vertex_attributes.iter() {
+                if self.state.dirty_vbuf_mask & (1 << attribute.buffer_index) == 0 {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                let (buffer_desc, vb) =
+                    match self.state.vertex_buffers[attribute.buffer_index as usize] {
+                        // Not all dirty bindings are necessarily filled. Some may be unused.
+                        (_, None) => continue,
+                        (ref vb_desc, Some(ref vb)) => (vb_desc.clone(), vb),
+                    };
+
+                let mut attribute_desc = attribute.clone();
+                attribute_desc.offset += vb.offset as u32;
+                if buffer_desc.step == wgt::VertexStepMode::Instance {
+                    attribute_desc.offset += buffer_desc.stride * first_instance;
+                }
+
+                self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(C::SetVertexAttribute {
+                    buffer: Some(vb.raw),
+                    buffer_desc,
+                    attribute_desc,
+                });
+                vbuf_mask |= 1 << attribute.buffer_index;
+            }
+            self.state.dirty_vbuf_mask ^= vbuf_mask;
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn rebind_sampler_states(&mut self, dirty_textures: u32, dirty_samplers: u32) {
+        for (texture_index, slot) in self.state.texture_slots.iter().enumerate() {
+            if dirty_textures & (1 << texture_index) != 0
+                || slot
+                    .sampler_index
+                    .map_or(false, |si| dirty_samplers & (1 << si) != 0)
+            {
+                let sampler = slot
+                    .sampler_index
+                    .and_then(|si| self.state.samplers[si as usize]);
+                self.cmd_buffer
+                    .commands
+                    .push(C::BindSampler(texture_index as u32, sampler));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn prepare_draw(&mut self, first_instance: u32) {
+        if first_instance != self.state.active_first_instance {
+            // rebind all per-instance buffers on first-instance change
+            self.state.dirty_vbuf_mask |= self.state.instance_vbuf_mask;
+            self.state.active_first_instance = first_instance;
+        }
+        if self.state.dirty_vbuf_mask != 0 {
+            self.rebind_vertex_data(first_instance);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn set_pipeline_inner(&mut self, inner: &super::PipelineInner) {
+        self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(C::SetProgram(inner.program));
+
+        self.state.push_offset_to_uniform.clear();
+        self.state
+            .push_offset_to_uniform
+            .extend(inner.uniforms.iter().cloned());
+
+        // rebind textures, if needed
+        let mut dirty_textures = 0u32;
+        for (texture_index, (slot, &sampler_index)) in self
+            .state
+            .texture_slots
+            .iter_mut()
+            .zip(inner.sampler_map.iter())
+            .enumerate()
+        {
+            if slot.sampler_index != sampler_index {
+                slot.sampler_index = sampler_index;
+                dirty_textures |= 1 << texture_index;
+            }
+        }
+        if dirty_textures != 0 {
+            self.rebind_sampler_states(dirty_textures, 0);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl crate::CommandEncoder<super::Api> for super::CommandEncoder {
+    unsafe fn begin_encoding(&mut self, label: crate::Label) -> Result<(), crate::DeviceError> {
+        self.state = State::default();
+        self.cmd_buffer.label = label.map(str::to_string);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    unsafe fn discard_encoding(&mut self) {
+        self.cmd_buffer.clear();
+    }
+    unsafe fn end_encoding(&mut self) -> Result<super::CommandBuffer, crate::DeviceError> {
+        Ok(mem::take(&mut self.cmd_buffer))
+    }
+    unsafe fn reset_all<I>(&mut self, _command_buffers: I) {
+        //TODO: could re-use the allocations in all these command buffers
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn transition_buffers<'a, T>(&mut self, barriers: T)
+    where
+        T: Iterator<Item = crate::BufferBarrier<'a, super::Api>>,
+    {
+        if !self
+            .private_caps
+            .contains(super::PrivateCapabilities::MEMORY_BARRIERS)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+        for bar in barriers {
+            // GLES only synchronizes storage -> anything explicitly
+            if !bar
+                .usage
+                .start
+                .contains(crate::BufferUses::STORAGE_READ_WRITE)
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+            self.cmd_buffer
+                .commands
+                .push(C::BufferBarrier(bar.buffer.raw.unwrap(), bar.usage.end));
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn transition_textures<'a, T>(&mut self, barriers: T)
+    where
+        T: Iterator<Item = crate::TextureBarrier<'a, super::Api>>,
+    {
+        if !self
+            .private_caps
+            .contains(super::PrivateCapabilities::MEMORY_BARRIERS)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let mut combined_usage = crate::TextureUses::empty();
+        for bar in barriers {
+            // GLES only synchronizes storage -> anything explicitly
+            if !bar
+                .usage
+                .start
+                .contains(crate::TextureUses::STORAGE_READ_WRITE)
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+            // unlike buffers, there is no need for a concrete texture
+            // object to be bound anywhere for a barrier
+            combined_usage |= bar.usage.end;
+        }
+
+        if !combined_usage.is_empty() {
+            self.cmd_buffer
+                .commands
+                .push(C::TextureBarrier(combined_usage));
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn clear_buffer(&mut self, buffer: &super::Buffer, range: crate::MemoryRange) {
+        self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(C::ClearBuffer {
+            dst: buffer.clone(),
+            dst_target: buffer.target,
+            range,
+        });
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn copy_buffer_to_buffer<T>(
+        &mut self,
+        src: &super::Buffer,
+        dst: &super::Buffer,
+        regions: T,
+    ) where
+        T: Iterator<Item = crate::BufferCopy>,
+    {
+        let (src_target, dst_target) = if src.target == dst.target {
+            (glow::COPY_READ_BUFFER, glow::COPY_WRITE_BUFFER)
+        } else {
+            (src.target, dst.target)
+        };
+        for copy in regions {
+            self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(C::CopyBufferToBuffer {
+                src: src.clone(),
+                src_target,
+                dst: dst.clone(),
+                dst_target,
+                copy,
+            })
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(all(target_arch = "wasm32", not(target_os = "emscripten")))]
+    unsafe fn copy_external_image_to_texture<T>(
+        &mut self,
+        src: &wgt::ImageCopyExternalImage,
+        dst: &super::Texture,
+        dst_premultiplication: bool,
+        regions: T,
+    ) where
+        T: Iterator<Item = crate::TextureCopy>,
+    {
+        let (dst_raw, dst_target) = dst.inner.as_native();
+        for copy in regions {
+            self.cmd_buffer
+                .commands
+                .push(C::CopyExternalImageToTexture {
+                    src: src.clone(),
+                    dst: dst_raw,
+                    dst_target,
+                    dst_format: dst.format,
+                    dst_premultiplication,
+                    copy,
+                })
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn copy_texture_to_texture<T>(
+        &mut self,
+        src: &super::Texture,
+        _src_usage: crate::TextureUses,
+        dst: &super::Texture,
+        regions: T,
+    ) where
+        T: Iterator<Item = crate::TextureCopy>,
+    {
+        let (src_raw, src_target) = src.inner.as_native();
+        let (dst_raw, dst_target) = dst.inner.as_native();
+        for mut copy in regions {
+            copy.clamp_size_to_virtual(&src.copy_size, &dst.copy_size);
+            self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(C::CopyTextureToTexture {
+                src: src_raw,
+                src_target,
+                dst: dst_raw,
+                dst_target,
+                copy,
+                dst_is_cubemap: dst.is_cubemap,
+            })
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn copy_buffer_to_texture<T>(
+        &mut self,
+        src: &super::Buffer,
+        dst: &super::Texture,
+        regions: T,
+    ) where
+        T: Iterator<Item = crate::BufferTextureCopy>,
+    {
+        let (dst_raw, dst_target) = dst.inner.as_native();
+
+        for mut copy in regions {
+            copy.clamp_size_to_virtual(&dst.copy_size);
+            self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(C::CopyBufferToTexture {
+                src: src.clone(),
+                src_target: src.target,
+                dst: dst_raw,
+                dst_target,
+                dst_format: dst.format,
+                copy,
+            })
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn copy_texture_to_buffer<T>(
+        &mut self,
+        src: &super::Texture,
+        _src_usage: crate::TextureUses,
+        dst: &super::Buffer,
+        regions: T,
+    ) where
+        T: Iterator<Item = crate::BufferTextureCopy>,
+    {
+        let (src_raw, src_target) = src.inner.as_native();
+        for mut copy in regions {
+            copy.clamp_size_to_virtual(&src.copy_size);
+            self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(C::CopyTextureToBuffer {
+                src: src_raw,
+                src_target,
+                src_format: src.format,
+                dst: dst.clone(),
+                dst_target: dst.target,
+                copy,
+            })
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn begin_query(&mut self, set: &super::QuerySet, index: u32) {
+        let query = set.queries[index as usize];
+        self.cmd_buffer
+            .commands
+            .push(C::BeginQuery(query, set.target));
+    }
+    unsafe fn end_query(&mut self, set: &super::QuerySet, _index: u32) {
+        self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(C::EndQuery(set.target));
+    }
+    unsafe fn write_timestamp(&mut self, _set: &super::QuerySet, _index: u32) {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+    unsafe fn reset_queries(&mut self, _set: &super::QuerySet, _range: Range<u32>) {
+        //TODO: what do we do here?
+    }
+    unsafe fn copy_query_results(
+        &mut self,
+        set: &super::QuerySet,
+        range: Range<u32>,
+        buffer: &super::Buffer,
+        offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        _stride: wgt::BufferSize,
+    ) {
+        let start = self.cmd_buffer.queries.len();
+        self.cmd_buffer
+            .queries
+            .extend_from_slice(&set.queries[range.start as usize..range.end as usize]);
+        let query_range = start as u32..self.cmd_buffer.queries.len() as u32;
+        self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(C::CopyQueryResults {
+            query_range,
+            dst: buffer.clone(),
+            dst_target: buffer.target,
+            dst_offset: offset,
+        });
+    }
+
+    // render
+
+    unsafe fn begin_render_pass(&mut self, desc: &crate::RenderPassDescriptor<super::Api>) {
+        self.state.render_size = desc.extent;
+        self.state.resolve_attachments.clear();
+        self.state.invalidate_attachments.clear();
+        if let Some(label) = desc.label {
+            let range = self.cmd_buffer.add_marker(label);
+            self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(C::PushDebugGroup(range));
+            self.state.has_pass_label = true;
+        }
+
+        let rendering_to_external_framebuffer = desc
+            .color_attachments
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|at| at.as_ref())
+            .any(|at| match at.target.view.inner {
+                #[cfg(all(target_arch = "wasm32", not(target_os = "emscripten")))]
+                super::TextureInner::ExternalFramebuffer { .. } => true,
+                _ => false,
+            });
+
+        if rendering_to_external_framebuffer && desc.color_attachments.len() != 1 {
+            panic!("Multiple render attachments with external framebuffers are not supported.");
+        }
+
+        match desc
+            .color_attachments
+            .first()
+            .filter(|at| at.is_some())
+            .and_then(|at| at.as_ref().map(|at| &at.target.view.inner))
+        {
+            // default framebuffer (provided externally)
+            Some(&super::TextureInner::DefaultRenderbuffer) => {
+                self.cmd_buffer
+                    .commands
+                    .push(C::ResetFramebuffer { is_default: true });
+            }
+            _ => {
+                // set the framebuffer
+                self.cmd_buffer
+                    .commands
+                    .push(C::ResetFramebuffer { is_default: false });
+
+                for (i, cat) in desc.color_attachments.iter().enumerate() {
+                    if let Some(cat) = cat.as_ref() {
+                        let attachment = glow::COLOR_ATTACHMENT0 + i as u32;
+                        self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(C::BindAttachment {
+                            attachment,
+                            view: cat.target.view.clone(),
+                        });
+                        if let Some(ref rat) = cat.resolve_target {
+                            self.state
+                                .resolve_attachments
+                                .push((attachment, rat.view.clone()));
+                        }
+                        if !cat.ops.contains(crate::AttachmentOps::STORE) {
+                            self.state.invalidate_attachments.push(attachment);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                if let Some(ref dsat) = desc.depth_stencil_attachment {
+                    let aspects = dsat.target.view.aspects;
+                    let attachment = match aspects {
+                        crate::FormatAspects::DEPTH => glow::DEPTH_ATTACHMENT,
+                        crate::FormatAspects::STENCIL => glow::STENCIL_ATTACHMENT,
+                        _ => glow::DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT,
+                    };
+                    self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(C::BindAttachment {
+                        attachment,
+                        view: dsat.target.view.clone(),
+                    });
+                    if aspects.contains(crate::FormatAspects::DEPTH)
+                        && !dsat.depth_ops.contains(crate::AttachmentOps::STORE)
+                    {
+                        self.state
+                            .invalidate_attachments
+                            .push(glow::DEPTH_ATTACHMENT);
+                    }
+                    if aspects.contains(crate::FormatAspects::STENCIL)
+                        && !dsat.stencil_ops.contains(crate::AttachmentOps::STORE)
+                    {
+                        self.state
+                            .invalidate_attachments
+                            .push(glow::STENCIL_ATTACHMENT);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if !rendering_to_external_framebuffer {
+                    // set the draw buffers and states
+                    self.cmd_buffer
+                        .commands
+                        .push(C::SetDrawColorBuffers(desc.color_attachments.len() as u8));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        let rect = crate::Rect {
+            x: 0,
+            y: 0,
+            w: desc.extent.width as i32,
+            h: desc.extent.height as i32,
+        };
+        self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(C::SetScissor(rect.clone()));
+        self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(C::SetViewport {
+            rect,
+            depth: 0.0..1.0,
+        });
+
+        // issue the clears
+        for (i, cat) in desc
+            .color_attachments
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|at| at.as_ref())
+            .enumerate()
+        {
+            if !cat.ops.contains(crate::AttachmentOps::LOAD) {
+                let c = &cat.clear_value;
+                self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(
+                    match cat.target.view.format.sample_type(None).unwrap() {
+                        wgt::TextureSampleType::Float { .. } => C::ClearColorF {
+                            draw_buffer: i as u32,
+                            color: [c.r as f32, c.g as f32, c.b as f32, c.a as f32],
+                            is_srgb: cat.target.view.format.is_srgb(),
+                        },
+                        wgt::TextureSampleType::Uint => C::ClearColorU(
+                            i as u32,
+                            [c.r as u32, c.g as u32, c.b as u32, c.a as u32],
+                        ),
+                        wgt::TextureSampleType::Sint => C::ClearColorI(
+                            i as u32,
+                            [c.r as i32, c.g as i32, c.b as i32, c.a as i32],
+                        ),
+                        wgt::TextureSampleType::Depth => unreachable!(),
+                    },
+                );
+            }
+        }
+        if let Some(ref dsat) = desc.depth_stencil_attachment {
+            let clear_depth = !dsat.depth_ops.contains(crate::AttachmentOps::LOAD);
+            let clear_stencil = !dsat.stencil_ops.contains(crate::AttachmentOps::LOAD);
+
+            if clear_depth && clear_stencil {
+                self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(C::ClearDepthAndStencil(
+                    dsat.clear_value.0,
+                    dsat.clear_value.1,
+                ));
+            } else if clear_depth {
+                self.cmd_buffer
+                    .commands
+                    .push(C::ClearDepth(dsat.clear_value.0));
+            } else if clear_stencil {
+                self.cmd_buffer
+                    .commands
+                    .push(C::ClearStencil(dsat.clear_value.1));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    unsafe fn end_render_pass(&mut self) {
+        for (attachment, dst) in self.state.resolve_attachments.drain(..) {
+            self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(C::ResolveAttachment {
+                attachment,
+                dst,
+                size: self.state.render_size,
+            });
+        }
+        if !self.state.invalidate_attachments.is_empty() {
+            self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(C::InvalidateAttachments(
+                self.state.invalidate_attachments.clone(),
+            ));
+            self.state.invalidate_attachments.clear();
+        }
+        if self.state.has_pass_label {
+            self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(C::PopDebugGroup);
+            self.state.has_pass_label = false;
+        }
+        self.state.instance_vbuf_mask = 0;
+        self.state.dirty_vbuf_mask = 0;
+        self.state.active_first_instance = 0;
+        self.state.color_targets.clear();
+        for vat in &self.state.vertex_attributes {
+            self.cmd_buffer
+                .commands
+                .push(C::UnsetVertexAttribute(vat.location));
+        }
+        self.state.vertex_attributes.clear();
+        self.state.primitive = super::PrimitiveState::default();
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn set_bind_group(
+        &mut self,
+        layout: &super::PipelineLayout,
+        index: u32,
+        group: &super::BindGroup,
+        dynamic_offsets: &[wgt::DynamicOffset],
+    ) {
+        let mut do_index = 0;
+        let mut dirty_textures = 0u32;
+        let mut dirty_samplers = 0u32;
+        let group_info = &layout.group_infos[index as usize];
+
+        for (binding_layout, raw_binding) in group_info.entries.iter().zip(group.contents.iter()) {
+            let slot = group_info.binding_to_slot[binding_layout.binding as usize] as u32;
+            match *raw_binding {
+                super::RawBinding::Buffer {
+                    raw,
+                    offset: base_offset,
+                    size,
+                } => {
+                    let mut offset = base_offset;
+                    let target = match binding_layout.ty {
+                        wgt::BindingType::Buffer {
+                            ty,
+                            has_dynamic_offset,
+                            min_binding_size: _,
+                        } => {
+                            if has_dynamic_offset {
+                                offset += dynamic_offsets[do_index] as i32;
+                                do_index += 1;
+                            }
+                            match ty {
+                                wgt::BufferBindingType::Uniform => glow::UNIFORM_BUFFER,
+                                wgt::BufferBindingType::Storage { .. } => {
+                                    glow::SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                        _ => unreachable!(),
+                    };
+                    self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(C::BindBuffer {
+                        target,
+                        slot,
+                        buffer: raw,
+                        offset,
+                        size,
+                    });
+                }
+                super::RawBinding::Sampler(sampler) => {
+                    dirty_samplers |= 1 << slot;
+                    self.state.samplers[slot as usize] = Some(sampler);
+                }
+                super::RawBinding::Texture {
+                    raw,
+                    target,
+                    aspects,
+                } => {
+                    dirty_textures |= 1 << slot;
+                    self.state.texture_slots[slot as usize].tex_target = target;
+                    self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(C::BindTexture {
+                        slot,
+                        texture: raw,
+                        target,
+                        aspects,
+                    });
+                }
+                super::RawBinding::Image(ref binding) => {
+                    self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(C::BindImage {
+                        slot,
+                        binding: binding.clone(),
+                    });
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        self.rebind_sampler_states(dirty_textures, dirty_samplers);
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn set_push_constants(
+        &mut self,
+        _layout: &super::PipelineLayout,
+        _stages: wgt::ShaderStages,
+        start_offset: u32,
+        data: &[u32],
+    ) {
+        let range = self.cmd_buffer.add_push_constant_data(data);
+
+        let end = start_offset + data.len() as u32 * 4;
+        let mut offset = start_offset;
+        while offset < end {
+            let uniform = self.state.push_offset_to_uniform[offset as usize / 4].clone();
+            let size = uniform.size;
+            if uniform.location.is_none() {
+                panic!("No uniform for push constant");
+            }
+            self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(C::SetPushConstants {
+                uniform,
+                offset: range.start + offset,
+            });
+            offset += size;
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn insert_debug_marker(&mut self, label: &str) {
+        let range = self.cmd_buffer.add_marker(label);
+        self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(C::InsertDebugMarker(range));
+    }
+    unsafe fn begin_debug_marker(&mut self, group_label: &str) {
+        let range = self.cmd_buffer.add_marker(group_label);
+        self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(C::PushDebugGroup(range));
+    }
+    unsafe fn end_debug_marker(&mut self) {
+        self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(C::PopDebugGroup);
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn set_render_pipeline(&mut self, pipeline: &super::RenderPipeline) {
+        self.state.topology = conv::map_primitive_topology(pipeline.primitive.topology);
+
+        if self
+            .private_caps
+            .contains(super::PrivateCapabilities::VERTEX_BUFFER_LAYOUT)
+        {
+            for vat in pipeline.vertex_attributes.iter() {
+                let vb = &pipeline.vertex_buffers[vat.buffer_index as usize];
+                // set the layout
+                self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(C::SetVertexAttribute {
+                    buffer: None,
+                    buffer_desc: vb.clone(),
+                    attribute_desc: vat.clone(),
+                });
+            }
+        } else {
+            for vat in &self.state.vertex_attributes {
+                self.cmd_buffer
+                    .commands
+                    .push(C::UnsetVertexAttribute(vat.location));
+            }
+            self.state.vertex_attributes.clear();
+
+            self.state.dirty_vbuf_mask = 0;
+            // copy vertex attributes
+            for vat in pipeline.vertex_attributes.iter() {
+                //Note: we can invalidate more carefully here.
+                self.state.dirty_vbuf_mask |= 1 << vat.buffer_index;
+                self.state.vertex_attributes.push(vat.clone());
+            }
+        }
+
+        self.state.instance_vbuf_mask = 0;
+        // copy vertex state
+        for (index, (&mut (ref mut state_desc, _), pipe_desc)) in self
+            .state
+            .vertex_buffers
+            .iter_mut()
+            .zip(pipeline.vertex_buffers.iter())
+            .enumerate()
+        {
+            if pipe_desc.step == wgt::VertexStepMode::Instance {
+                self.state.instance_vbuf_mask |= 1 << index;
+            }
+            if state_desc != pipe_desc {
+                self.state.dirty_vbuf_mask |= 1 << index;
+                *state_desc = pipe_desc.clone();
+            }
+        }
+
+        self.set_pipeline_inner(&pipeline.inner);
+
+        // set primitive state
+        let prim_state = conv::map_primitive_state(&pipeline.primitive);
+        if prim_state != self.state.primitive {
+            self.cmd_buffer
+                .commands
+                .push(C::SetPrimitive(prim_state.clone()));
+            self.state.primitive = prim_state;
+        }
+
+        // set depth/stencil states
+        let mut aspects = crate::FormatAspects::empty();
+        if pipeline.depth_bias != self.state.depth_bias {
+            self.state.depth_bias = pipeline.depth_bias;
+            self.cmd_buffer
+                .commands
+                .push(C::SetDepthBias(pipeline.depth_bias));
+        }
+        if let Some(ref depth) = pipeline.depth {
+            aspects |= crate::FormatAspects::DEPTH;
+            self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(C::SetDepth(depth.clone()));
+        }
+        if let Some(ref stencil) = pipeline.stencil {
+            aspects |= crate::FormatAspects::STENCIL;
+            self.state.stencil = stencil.clone();
+            self.rebind_stencil_func();
+            if stencil.front.ops == stencil.back.ops
+                && stencil.front.mask_write == stencil.back.mask_write
+            {
+                self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(C::SetStencilOps {
+                    face: glow::FRONT_AND_BACK,
+                    write_mask: stencil.front.mask_write,
+                    ops: stencil.front.ops.clone(),
+                });
+            } else {
+                self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(C::SetStencilOps {
+                    face: glow::FRONT,
+                    write_mask: stencil.front.mask_write,
+                    ops: stencil.front.ops.clone(),
+                });
+                self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(C::SetStencilOps {
+                    face: glow::BACK,
+                    write_mask: stencil.back.mask_write,
+                    ops: stencil.back.ops.clone(),
+                });
+            }
+        }
+        self.cmd_buffer
+            .commands
+            .push(C::ConfigureDepthStencil(aspects));
+
+        // set multisampling state
+        if pipeline.alpha_to_coverage_enabled != self.state.alpha_to_coverage_enabled {
+            self.state.alpha_to_coverage_enabled = pipeline.alpha_to_coverage_enabled;
+            self.cmd_buffer
+                .commands
+                .push(C::SetAlphaToCoverage(pipeline.alpha_to_coverage_enabled));
+        }
+
+        // set blend states
+        if self.state.color_targets[..] != pipeline.color_targets[..] {
+            if pipeline
+                .color_targets
+                .iter()
+                .skip(1)
+                .any(|ct| *ct != pipeline.color_targets[0])
+            {
+                for (index, ct) in pipeline.color_targets.iter().enumerate() {
+                    self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(C::SetColorTarget {
+                        draw_buffer_index: Some(index as u32),
+                        desc: ct.clone(),
+                    });
+                }
+            } else {
+                self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(C::SetColorTarget {
+                    draw_buffer_index: None,
+                    desc: pipeline.color_targets.first().cloned().unwrap_or_default(),
+                });
+            }
+        }
+        self.state.color_targets.clear();
+        for ct in pipeline.color_targets.iter() {
+            self.state.color_targets.push(ct.clone());
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn set_index_buffer<'a>(
+        &mut self,
+        binding: crate::BufferBinding<'a, super::Api>,
+        format: wgt::IndexFormat,
+    ) {
+        self.state.index_offset = binding.offset;
+        self.state.index_format = format;
+        self.cmd_buffer
+            .commands
+            .push(C::SetIndexBuffer(binding.buffer.raw.unwrap()));
+    }
+    unsafe fn set_vertex_buffer<'a>(
+        &mut self,
+        index: u32,
+        binding: crate::BufferBinding<'a, super::Api>,
+    ) {
+        self.state.dirty_vbuf_mask |= 1 << index;
+        let (_, ref mut vb) = self.state.vertex_buffers[index as usize];
+        *vb = Some(super::BufferBinding {
+            raw: binding.buffer.raw.unwrap(),
+            offset: binding.offset,
+        });
+    }
+    unsafe fn set_viewport(&mut self, rect: &crate::Rect<f32>, depth: Range<f32>) {
+        self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(C::SetViewport {
+            rect: crate::Rect {
+                x: rect.x as i32,
+                y: rect.y as i32,
+                w: rect.w as i32,
+                h: rect.h as i32,
+            },
+            depth,
+        });
+    }
+    unsafe fn set_scissor_rect(&mut self, rect: &crate::Rect<u32>) {
+        self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(C::SetScissor(crate::Rect {
+            x: rect.x as i32,
+            y: rect.y as i32,
+            w: rect.w as i32,
+            h: rect.h as i32,
+        }));
+    }
+    unsafe fn set_stencil_reference(&mut self, value: u32) {
+        self.state.stencil.front.reference = value;
+        self.state.stencil.back.reference = value;
+        self.rebind_stencil_func();
+    }
+    unsafe fn set_blend_constants(&mut self, color: &[f32; 4]) {
+        self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(C::SetBlendConstant(*color));
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn draw(
+        &mut self,
+        start_vertex: u32,
+        vertex_count: u32,
+        start_instance: u32,
+        instance_count: u32,
+    ) {
+        self.prepare_draw(start_instance);
+        self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(C::Draw {
+            topology: self.state.topology,
+            start_vertex,
+            vertex_count,
+            instance_count,
+        });
+    }
+    unsafe fn draw_indexed(
+        &mut self,
+        start_index: u32,
+        index_count: u32,
+        base_vertex: i32,
+        start_instance: u32,
+        instance_count: u32,
+    ) {
+        self.prepare_draw(start_instance);
+        let (index_size, index_type) = match self.state.index_format {
+            wgt::IndexFormat::Uint16 => (2, glow::UNSIGNED_SHORT),
+            wgt::IndexFormat::Uint32 => (4, glow::UNSIGNED_INT),
+        };
+        let index_offset = self.state.index_offset + index_size * start_index as wgt::BufferAddress;
+        self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(C::DrawIndexed {
+            topology: self.state.topology,
+            index_type,
+            index_offset,
+            index_count,
+            base_vertex,
+            instance_count,
+        });
+    }
+    unsafe fn draw_indirect(
+        &mut self,
+        buffer: &super::Buffer,
+        offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        draw_count: u32,
+    ) {
+        self.prepare_draw(0);
+        for draw in 0..draw_count as wgt::BufferAddress {
+            let indirect_offset =
+                offset + draw * mem::size_of::<wgt::DrawIndirectArgs>() as wgt::BufferAddress;
+            self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(C::DrawIndirect {
+                topology: self.state.topology,
+                indirect_buf: buffer.raw.unwrap(),
+                indirect_offset,
+            });
+        }
+    }
+    unsafe fn draw_indexed_indirect(
+        &mut self,
+        buffer: &super::Buffer,
+        offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        draw_count: u32,
+    ) {
+        self.prepare_draw(0);
+        let index_type = match self.state.index_format {
+            wgt::IndexFormat::Uint16 => glow::UNSIGNED_SHORT,
+            wgt::IndexFormat::Uint32 => glow::UNSIGNED_INT,
+        };
+        for draw in 0..draw_count as wgt::BufferAddress {
+            let indirect_offset = offset
+                + draw * mem::size_of::<wgt::DrawIndexedIndirectArgs>() as wgt::BufferAddress;
+            self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(C::DrawIndexedIndirect {
+                topology: self.state.topology,
+                index_type,
+                indirect_buf: buffer.raw.unwrap(),
+                indirect_offset,
+            });
+        }
+    }
+    unsafe fn draw_indirect_count(
+        &mut self,
+        _buffer: &super::Buffer,
+        _offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        _count_buffer: &super::Buffer,
+        _count_offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        _max_count: u32,
+    ) {
+        unreachable!()
+    }
+    unsafe fn draw_indexed_indirect_count(
+        &mut self,
+        _buffer: &super::Buffer,
+        _offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        _count_buffer: &super::Buffer,
+        _count_offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        _max_count: u32,
+    ) {
+        unreachable!()
+    }
+
+    // compute
+
+    unsafe fn begin_compute_pass(&mut self, desc: &crate::ComputePassDescriptor) {
+        if let Some(label) = desc.label {
+            let range = self.cmd_buffer.add_marker(label);
+            self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(C::PushDebugGroup(range));
+            self.state.has_pass_label = true;
+        }
+    }
+    unsafe fn end_compute_pass(&mut self) {
+        if self.state.has_pass_label {
+            self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(C::PopDebugGroup);
+            self.state.has_pass_label = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn set_compute_pipeline(&mut self, pipeline: &super::ComputePipeline) {
+        self.set_pipeline_inner(&pipeline.inner);
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn dispatch(&mut self, count: [u32; 3]) {
+        self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(C::Dispatch(count));
+    }
+    unsafe fn dispatch_indirect(&mut self, buffer: &super::Buffer, offset: wgt::BufferAddress) {
+        self.cmd_buffer.commands.push(C::DispatchIndirect {
+            indirect_buf: buffer.raw.unwrap(),
+            indirect_offset: offset,
+        });
+    }
+}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/gles/conv.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/gles/conv.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..86ff3b60b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/gles/conv.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,501 @@
+impl super::AdapterShared {
+    pub(super) fn describe_texture_format(
+        &self,
+        texture_format: wgt::TextureFormat,
+    ) -> super::TextureFormatDesc {
+        use wgt::TextureFormat as Tf;
+        use wgt::{AstcBlock, AstcChannel};
+
+        let (internal, external, data_type) = match texture_format {
+            Tf::R8Unorm => (glow::R8, glow::RED, glow::UNSIGNED_BYTE),
+            Tf::R8Snorm => (glow::R8_SNORM, glow::RED, glow::BYTE),
+            Tf::R8Uint => (glow::R8UI, glow::RED_INTEGER, glow::UNSIGNED_BYTE),
+            Tf::R8Sint => (glow::R8I, glow::RED_INTEGER, glow::BYTE),
+            Tf::R16Uint => (glow::R16UI, glow::RED_INTEGER, glow::UNSIGNED_SHORT),
+            Tf::R16Sint => (glow::R16I, glow::RED_INTEGER, glow::SHORT),
+            Tf::R16Unorm => (glow::R16, glow::RED, glow::UNSIGNED_SHORT),
+            Tf::R16Snorm => (glow::R16_SNORM, glow::RED, glow::SHORT),
+            Tf::R16Float => (glow::R16F, glow::RED, glow::HALF_FLOAT),
+            Tf::Rg8Unorm => (glow::RG8, glow::RG, glow::UNSIGNED_BYTE),
+            Tf::Rg8Snorm => (glow::RG8_SNORM, glow::RG, glow::BYTE),
+            Tf::Rg8Uint => (glow::RG8UI, glow::RG_INTEGER, glow::UNSIGNED_BYTE),
+            Tf::Rg8Sint => (glow::RG8I, glow::RG_INTEGER, glow::BYTE),
+            Tf::R32Uint => (glow::R32UI, glow::RED_INTEGER, glow::UNSIGNED_INT),
+            Tf::R32Sint => (glow::R32I, glow::RED_INTEGER, glow::INT),
+            Tf::R32Float => (glow::R32F, glow::RED, glow::FLOAT),
+            Tf::Rg16Uint => (glow::RG16UI, glow::RG_INTEGER, glow::UNSIGNED_SHORT),
+            Tf::Rg16Sint => (glow::RG16I, glow::RG_INTEGER, glow::SHORT),
+            Tf::Rg16Unorm => (glow::RG16, glow::RG, glow::UNSIGNED_SHORT),
+            Tf::Rg16Snorm => (glow::RG16_SNORM, glow::RG, glow::SHORT),
+            Tf::Rg16Float => (glow::RG16F, glow::RG, glow::HALF_FLOAT),
+            Tf::Rgba8Unorm => (glow::RGBA8, glow::RGBA, glow::UNSIGNED_BYTE),
+            Tf::Rgba8UnormSrgb => (glow::SRGB8_ALPHA8, glow::RGBA, glow::UNSIGNED_BYTE),
+            Tf::Bgra8UnormSrgb => (glow::SRGB8_ALPHA8, glow::BGRA, glow::UNSIGNED_BYTE), //TODO?
+            Tf::Rgba8Snorm => (glow::RGBA8_SNORM, glow::RGBA, glow::BYTE),
+            Tf::Bgra8Unorm => (glow::RGBA8, glow::BGRA, glow::UNSIGNED_BYTE), //TODO?
+            Tf::Rgba8Uint => (glow::RGBA8UI, glow::RGBA_INTEGER, glow::UNSIGNED_BYTE),
+            Tf::Rgba8Sint => (glow::RGBA8I, glow::RGBA_INTEGER, glow::BYTE),
+            Tf::Rgb10a2Unorm => (
+                glow::RGB10_A2,
+                glow::RGBA,
+                glow::UNSIGNED_INT_2_10_10_10_REV,
+            ),
+            Tf::Rg11b10Float => (
+                glow::R11F_G11F_B10F,
+                glow::RGB,
+                glow::UNSIGNED_INT_10F_11F_11F_REV,
+            ),
+            Tf::Rg32Uint => (glow::RG32UI, glow::RG_INTEGER, glow::UNSIGNED_INT),
+            Tf::Rg32Sint => (glow::RG32I, glow::RG_INTEGER, glow::INT),
+            Tf::Rg32Float => (glow::RG32F, glow::RG, glow::FLOAT),
+            Tf::Rgba16Uint => (glow::RGBA16UI, glow::RGBA_INTEGER, glow::UNSIGNED_SHORT),
+            Tf::Rgba16Sint => (glow::RGBA16I, glow::RGBA_INTEGER, glow::SHORT),
+            Tf::Rgba16Unorm => (glow::RGBA16, glow::RGBA, glow::UNSIGNED_SHORT),
+            Tf::Rgba16Snorm => (glow::RGBA16_SNORM, glow::RGBA, glow::SHORT),
+            Tf::Rgba16Float => (glow::RGBA16F, glow::RGBA, glow::HALF_FLOAT),
+            Tf::Rgba32Uint => (glow::RGBA32UI, glow::RGBA_INTEGER, glow::UNSIGNED_INT),
+            Tf::Rgba32Sint => (glow::RGBA32I, glow::RGBA_INTEGER, glow::INT),
+            Tf::Rgba32Float => (glow::RGBA32F, glow::RGBA, glow::FLOAT),
+            Tf::Stencil8 => (
+                glow::STENCIL_INDEX8,
+                glow::STENCIL_INDEX,
+                glow::UNSIGNED_BYTE,
+            ),
+            Tf::Depth16Unorm => (
+                glow::DEPTH_COMPONENT16,
+                glow::DEPTH_COMPONENT,
+                glow::UNSIGNED_SHORT,
+            ),
+            Tf::Depth32Float => (glow::DEPTH_COMPONENT32F, glow::DEPTH_COMPONENT, glow::FLOAT),
+            Tf::Depth32FloatStencil8 => (
+                glow::DEPTH32F_STENCIL8,
+                glow::DEPTH_STENCIL,
+                glow::FLOAT_32_UNSIGNED_INT_24_8_REV,
+            ),
+            Tf::Depth24Plus => (
+                glow::DEPTH_COMPONENT24,
+                glow::DEPTH_COMPONENT,
+                glow::UNSIGNED_INT,
+            ),
+            Tf::Depth24PlusStencil8 => (
+                glow::DEPTH24_STENCIL8,
+                glow::DEPTH_STENCIL,
+                glow::UNSIGNED_INT_24_8,
+            ),
+            Tf::Rgb9e5Ufloat => (glow::RGB9_E5, glow::RGB, glow::UNSIGNED_INT_5_9_9_9_REV),
+            Tf::Bc1RgbaUnorm => (glow::COMPRESSED_RGBA_S3TC_DXT1_EXT, glow::RGBA, 0),
+            Tf::Bc1RgbaUnormSrgb => (glow::COMPRESSED_SRGB_ALPHA_S3TC_DXT1_EXT, glow::RGBA, 0),
+            Tf::Bc2RgbaUnorm => (glow::COMPRESSED_RGBA_S3TC_DXT3_EXT, glow::RGBA, 0),
+            Tf::Bc2RgbaUnormSrgb => (glow::COMPRESSED_SRGB_ALPHA_S3TC_DXT3_EXT, glow::RGBA, 0),
+            Tf::Bc3RgbaUnorm => (glow::COMPRESSED_RGBA_S3TC_DXT5_EXT, glow::RGBA, 0),
+            Tf::Bc3RgbaUnormSrgb => (glow::COMPRESSED_SRGB_ALPHA_S3TC_DXT5_EXT, glow::RGBA, 0),
+            Tf::Bc4RUnorm => (glow::COMPRESSED_RED_RGTC1, glow::RED, 0),
+            Tf::Bc4RSnorm => (glow::COMPRESSED_SIGNED_RED_RGTC1, glow::RED, 0),
+            Tf::Bc5RgUnorm => (glow::COMPRESSED_RG_RGTC2, glow::RG, 0),
+            Tf::Bc5RgSnorm => (glow::COMPRESSED_SIGNED_RG_RGTC2, glow::RG, 0),
+            Tf::Bc6hRgbUfloat => (glow::COMPRESSED_RGB_BPTC_UNSIGNED_FLOAT, glow::RGB, 0),
+            Tf::Bc6hRgbFloat => (glow::COMPRESSED_RGB_BPTC_SIGNED_FLOAT, glow::RGB, 0),
+            Tf::Bc7RgbaUnorm => (glow::COMPRESSED_RGBA_BPTC_UNORM, glow::RGBA, 0),
+            Tf::Bc7RgbaUnormSrgb => (glow::COMPRESSED_SRGB_ALPHA_BPTC_UNORM, glow::RGBA, 0),
+            Tf::Etc2Rgb8Unorm => (glow::COMPRESSED_RGB8_ETC2, glow::RGB, 0),
+            Tf::Etc2Rgb8UnormSrgb => (glow::COMPRESSED_SRGB8_ETC2, glow::RGB, 0),
+            Tf::Etc2Rgb8A1Unorm => (
+                glow::COMPRESSED_RGB8_PUNCHTHROUGH_ALPHA1_ETC2,
+                glow::RGBA,
+                0,
+            ),
+            Tf::Etc2Rgb8A1UnormSrgb => (
+                glow::COMPRESSED_SRGB8_PUNCHTHROUGH_ALPHA1_ETC2,
+                glow::RGBA,
+                0,
+            ),
+            Tf::Etc2Rgba8Unorm => (
+                //TODO: this is a lie, it's not sRGB
+                glow::COMPRESSED_SRGB8_ALPHA8_ETC2_EAC,
+                glow::RGBA,
+                0,
+            ),
+            Tf::Etc2Rgba8UnormSrgb => (glow::COMPRESSED_SRGB8_ALPHA8_ETC2_EAC, glow::RGBA, 0),
+            Tf::EacR11Unorm => (glow::COMPRESSED_R11_EAC, glow::RED, 0),
+            Tf::EacR11Snorm => (glow::COMPRESSED_SIGNED_R11_EAC, glow::RED, 0),
+            Tf::EacRg11Unorm => (glow::COMPRESSED_RG11_EAC, glow::RG, 0),
+            Tf::EacRg11Snorm => (glow::COMPRESSED_SIGNED_RG11_EAC, glow::RG, 0),
+            Tf::Astc { block, channel } => match channel {
+                AstcChannel::Unorm | AstcChannel::Hdr => match block {
+                    AstcBlock::B4x4 => (glow::COMPRESSED_RGBA_ASTC_4x4_KHR, glow::RGBA, 0),
+                    AstcBlock::B5x4 => (glow::COMPRESSED_RGBA_ASTC_5x4_KHR, glow::RGBA, 0),
+                    AstcBlock::B5x5 => (glow::COMPRESSED_RGBA_ASTC_5x5_KHR, glow::RGBA, 0),
+                    AstcBlock::B6x5 => (glow::COMPRESSED_RGBA_ASTC_6x5_KHR, glow::RGBA, 0),
+                    AstcBlock::B6x6 => (glow::COMPRESSED_RGBA_ASTC_6x6_KHR, glow::RGBA, 0),
+                    AstcBlock::B8x5 => (glow::COMPRESSED_RGBA_ASTC_8x5_KHR, glow::RGBA, 0),
+                    AstcBlock::B8x6 => (glow::COMPRESSED_RGBA_ASTC_8x6_KHR, glow::RGBA, 0),
+                    AstcBlock::B8x8 => (glow::COMPRESSED_RGBA_ASTC_8x8_KHR, glow::RGBA, 0),
+                    AstcBlock::B10x5 => (glow::COMPRESSED_RGBA_ASTC_10x5_KHR, glow::RGBA, 0),
+                    AstcBlock::B10x6 => (glow::COMPRESSED_RGBA_ASTC_10x6_KHR, glow::RGBA, 0),
+                    AstcBlock::B10x8 => (glow::COMPRESSED_RGBA_ASTC_10x8_KHR, glow::RGBA, 0),
+                    AstcBlock::B10x10 => (glow::COMPRESSED_RGBA_ASTC_10x10_KHR, glow::RGBA, 0),
+                    AstcBlock::B12x10 => (glow::COMPRESSED_RGBA_ASTC_12x10_KHR, glow::RGBA, 0),
+                    AstcBlock::B12x12 => (glow::COMPRESSED_RGBA_ASTC_12x12_KHR, glow::RGBA, 0),
+                },
+                AstcChannel::UnormSrgb => match block {
+                    AstcBlock::B4x4 => (glow::COMPRESSED_SRGB8_ALPHA8_ASTC_4x4_KHR, glow::RGBA, 0),
+                    AstcBlock::B5x4 => (glow::COMPRESSED_SRGB8_ALPHA8_ASTC_5x4_KHR, glow::RGBA, 0),
+                    AstcBlock::B5x5 => (glow::COMPRESSED_SRGB8_ALPHA8_ASTC_5x5_KHR, glow::RGBA, 0),
+                    AstcBlock::B6x5 => (glow::COMPRESSED_SRGB8_ALPHA8_ASTC_6x5_KHR, glow::RGBA, 0),
+                    AstcBlock::B6x6 => (glow::COMPRESSED_SRGB8_ALPHA8_ASTC_6x6_KHR, glow::RGBA, 0),
+                    AstcBlock::B8x5 => (glow::COMPRESSED_SRGB8_ALPHA8_ASTC_8x5_KHR, glow::RGBA, 0),
+                    AstcBlock::B8x6 => (glow::COMPRESSED_SRGB8_ALPHA8_ASTC_8x6_KHR, glow::RGBA, 0),
+                    AstcBlock::B8x8 => (glow::COMPRESSED_SRGB8_ALPHA8_ASTC_8x8_KHR, glow::RGBA, 0),
+                    AstcBlock::B10x5 => {
+                        (glow::COMPRESSED_SRGB8_ALPHA8_ASTC_10x5_KHR, glow::RGBA, 0)
+                    }
+                    AstcBlock::B10x6 => {
+                        (glow::COMPRESSED_SRGB8_ALPHA8_ASTC_10x6_KHR, glow::RGBA, 0)
+                    }
+                    AstcBlock::B10x8 => {
+                        (glow::COMPRESSED_SRGB8_ALPHA8_ASTC_10x8_KHR, glow::RGBA, 0)
+                    }
+                    AstcBlock::B10x10 => {
+                        (glow::COMPRESSED_SRGB8_ALPHA8_ASTC_10x10_KHR, glow::RGBA, 0)
+                    }
+                    AstcBlock::B12x10 => {
+                        (glow::COMPRESSED_SRGB8_ALPHA8_ASTC_12x10_KHR, glow::RGBA, 0)
+                    }
+                    AstcBlock::B12x12 => {
+                        (glow::COMPRESSED_SRGB8_ALPHA8_ASTC_12x12_KHR, glow::RGBA, 0)
+                    }
+                },
+            },
+        };
+
+        super::TextureFormatDesc {
+            internal,
+            external,
+            data_type,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn describe_vertex_format(vertex_format: wgt::VertexFormat) -> super::VertexFormatDesc {
+    use super::VertexAttribKind as Vak;
+    use wgt::VertexFormat as Vf;
+
+    let (element_count, element_format, attrib_kind) = match vertex_format {
+        Vf::Unorm8x2 => (2, glow::UNSIGNED_BYTE, Vak::Float),
+        Vf::Snorm8x2 => (2, glow::BYTE, Vak::Float),
+        Vf::Uint8x2 => (2, glow::UNSIGNED_BYTE, Vak::Integer),
+        Vf::Sint8x2 => (2, glow::BYTE, Vak::Integer),
+        Vf::Unorm8x4 => (4, glow::UNSIGNED_BYTE, Vak::Float),
+        Vf::Snorm8x4 => (4, glow::BYTE, Vak::Float),
+        Vf::Uint8x4 => (4, glow::UNSIGNED_BYTE, Vak::Integer),
+        Vf::Sint8x4 => (4, glow::BYTE, Vak::Integer),
+        Vf::Unorm16x2 => (2, glow::UNSIGNED_SHORT, Vak::Float),
+        Vf::Snorm16x2 => (2, glow::SHORT, Vak::Float),
+        Vf::Uint16x2 => (2, glow::UNSIGNED_SHORT, Vak::Integer),
+        Vf::Sint16x2 => (2, glow::SHORT, Vak::Integer),
+        Vf::Float16x2 => (2, glow::HALF_FLOAT, Vak::Float),
+        Vf::Unorm16x4 => (4, glow::UNSIGNED_SHORT, Vak::Float),
+        Vf::Snorm16x4 => (4, glow::SHORT, Vak::Float),
+        Vf::Uint16x4 => (4, glow::UNSIGNED_SHORT, Vak::Integer),
+        Vf::Sint16x4 => (4, glow::SHORT, Vak::Integer),
+        Vf::Float16x4 => (4, glow::HALF_FLOAT, Vak::Float),
+        Vf::Uint32 => (1, glow::UNSIGNED_INT, Vak::Integer),
+        Vf::Sint32 => (1, glow::INT, Vak::Integer),
+        Vf::Float32 => (1, glow::FLOAT, Vak::Float),
+        Vf::Uint32x2 => (2, glow::UNSIGNED_INT, Vak::Integer),
+        Vf::Sint32x2 => (2, glow::INT, Vak::Integer),
+        Vf::Float32x2 => (2, glow::FLOAT, Vak::Float),
+        Vf::Uint32x3 => (3, glow::UNSIGNED_INT, Vak::Integer),
+        Vf::Sint32x3 => (3, glow::INT, Vak::Integer),
+        Vf::Float32x3 => (3, glow::FLOAT, Vak::Float),
+        Vf::Uint32x4 => (4, glow::UNSIGNED_INT, Vak::Integer),
+        Vf::Sint32x4 => (4, glow::INT, Vak::Integer),
+        Vf::Float32x4 => (4, glow::FLOAT, Vak::Float),
+        Vf::Float64 | Vf::Float64x2 | Vf::Float64x3 | Vf::Float64x4 => unimplemented!(),
+    };
+
+    super::VertexFormatDesc {
+        element_count,
+        element_format,
+        attrib_kind,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_filter_modes(
+    min: wgt::FilterMode,
+    mag: wgt::FilterMode,
+    mip: wgt::FilterMode,
+) -> (u32, u32) {
+    use wgt::FilterMode as Fm;
+
+    let mag_filter = match mag {
+        Fm::Nearest => glow::NEAREST,
+        Fm::Linear => glow::LINEAR,
+    };
+
+    let min_filter = match (min, mip) {
+        (Fm::Nearest, Fm::Nearest) => glow::NEAREST_MIPMAP_NEAREST,
+        (Fm::Nearest, Fm::Linear) => glow::NEAREST_MIPMAP_LINEAR,
+        (Fm::Linear, Fm::Nearest) => glow::LINEAR_MIPMAP_NEAREST,
+        (Fm::Linear, Fm::Linear) => glow::LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR,
+    };
+
+    (min_filter, mag_filter)
+}
+
+pub fn map_address_mode(mode: wgt::AddressMode) -> u32 {
+    match mode {
+        wgt::AddressMode::Repeat => glow::REPEAT,
+        wgt::AddressMode::MirrorRepeat => glow::MIRRORED_REPEAT,
+        wgt::AddressMode::ClampToEdge => glow::CLAMP_TO_EDGE,
+        wgt::AddressMode::ClampToBorder => glow::CLAMP_TO_BORDER,
+        //wgt::AddressMode::MirrorClamp => glow::MIRROR_CLAMP_TO_EDGE,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_compare_func(fun: wgt::CompareFunction) -> u32 {
+    use wgt::CompareFunction as Cf;
+    match fun {
+        Cf::Never => glow::NEVER,
+        Cf::Less => glow::LESS,
+        Cf::LessEqual => glow::LEQUAL,
+        Cf::Equal => glow::EQUAL,
+        Cf::GreaterEqual => glow::GEQUAL,
+        Cf::Greater => glow::GREATER,
+        Cf::NotEqual => glow::NOTEQUAL,
+        Cf::Always => glow::ALWAYS,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_primitive_topology(topology: wgt::PrimitiveTopology) -> u32 {
+    use wgt::PrimitiveTopology as Pt;
+    match topology {
+        Pt::PointList => glow::POINTS,
+        Pt::LineList => glow::LINES,
+        Pt::LineStrip => glow::LINE_STRIP,
+        Pt::TriangleList => glow::TRIANGLES,
+        Pt::TriangleStrip => glow::TRIANGLE_STRIP,
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn map_primitive_state(state: &wgt::PrimitiveState) -> super::PrimitiveState {
+    //Note: state.polygon_mode is not supported, see `Features::POLYGON_MODE_LINE` and
+    //`Features::POLYGON_MODE_POINT`
+    super::PrimitiveState {
+        //Note: we are flipping the front face, so that
+        // the Y-flip in the generated GLSL keeps the same visibility.
+        // See `naga::back::glsl::WriterFlags::ADJUST_COORDINATE_SPACE`.
+        front_face: match state.front_face {
+            wgt::FrontFace::Cw => glow::CCW,
+            wgt::FrontFace::Ccw => glow::CW,
+        },
+        cull_face: match state.cull_mode {
+            Some(wgt::Face::Front) => glow::FRONT,
+            Some(wgt::Face::Back) => glow::BACK,
+            None => 0,
+        },
+        unclipped_depth: state.unclipped_depth,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn _map_view_dimension(dim: wgt::TextureViewDimension) -> u32 {
+    use wgt::TextureViewDimension as Tvd;
+    match dim {
+        Tvd::D1 | Tvd::D2 => glow::TEXTURE_2D,
+        Tvd::D2Array => glow::TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY,
+        Tvd::Cube => glow::TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP,
+        Tvd::CubeArray => glow::TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_ARRAY,
+        Tvd::D3 => glow::TEXTURE_3D,
+    }
+}
+
+fn map_stencil_op(operation: wgt::StencilOperation) -> u32 {
+    use wgt::StencilOperation as So;
+    match operation {
+        So::Keep => glow::KEEP,
+        So::Zero => glow::ZERO,
+        So::Replace => glow::REPLACE,
+        So::Invert => glow::INVERT,
+        So::IncrementClamp => glow::INCR,
+        So::DecrementClamp => glow::DECR,
+        So::IncrementWrap => glow::INCR_WRAP,
+        So::DecrementWrap => glow::DECR_WRAP,
+    }
+}
+
+fn map_stencil_ops(face: &wgt::StencilFaceState) -> super::StencilOps {
+    super::StencilOps {
+        pass: map_stencil_op(face.pass_op),
+        fail: map_stencil_op(face.fail_op),
+        depth_fail: map_stencil_op(face.depth_fail_op),
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn map_stencil(state: &wgt::StencilState) -> super::StencilState {
+    super::StencilState {
+        front: super::StencilSide {
+            function: map_compare_func(state.front.compare),
+            mask_read: state.read_mask,
+            mask_write: state.write_mask,
+            reference: 0,
+            ops: map_stencil_ops(&state.front),
+        },
+        back: super::StencilSide {
+            function: map_compare_func(state.back.compare),
+            mask_read: state.read_mask,
+            mask_write: state.write_mask,
+            reference: 0,
+            ops: map_stencil_ops(&state.back),
+        },
+    }
+}
+
+fn map_blend_factor(factor: wgt::BlendFactor) -> u32 {
+    use wgt::BlendFactor as Bf;
+    match factor {
+        Bf::Zero => glow::ZERO,
+        Bf::One => glow::ONE,
+        Bf::Src => glow::SRC_COLOR,
+        Bf::OneMinusSrc => glow::ONE_MINUS_SRC_COLOR,
+        Bf::Dst => glow::DST_COLOR,
+        Bf::OneMinusDst => glow::ONE_MINUS_DST_COLOR,
+        Bf::SrcAlpha => glow::SRC_ALPHA,
+        Bf::OneMinusSrcAlpha => glow::ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA,
+        Bf::DstAlpha => glow::DST_ALPHA,
+        Bf::OneMinusDstAlpha => glow::ONE_MINUS_DST_ALPHA,
+        Bf::Constant => glow::CONSTANT_COLOR,
+        Bf::OneMinusConstant => glow::ONE_MINUS_CONSTANT_COLOR,
+        Bf::SrcAlphaSaturated => glow::SRC_ALPHA_SATURATE,
+    }
+}
+
+fn map_blend_component(component: &wgt::BlendComponent) -> super::BlendComponent {
+    super::BlendComponent {
+        src: map_blend_factor(component.src_factor),
+        dst: map_blend_factor(component.dst_factor),
+        equation: match component.operation {
+            wgt::BlendOperation::Add => glow::FUNC_ADD,
+            wgt::BlendOperation::Subtract => glow::FUNC_SUBTRACT,
+            wgt::BlendOperation::ReverseSubtract => glow::FUNC_REVERSE_SUBTRACT,
+            wgt::BlendOperation::Min => glow::MIN,
+            wgt::BlendOperation::Max => glow::MAX,
+        },
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn map_blend(blend: &wgt::BlendState) -> super::BlendDesc {
+    super::BlendDesc {
+        color: map_blend_component(&blend.color),
+        alpha: map_blend_component(&blend.alpha),
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn map_storage_access(access: wgt::StorageTextureAccess) -> u32 {
+    match access {
+        wgt::StorageTextureAccess::ReadOnly => glow::READ_ONLY,
+        wgt::StorageTextureAccess::WriteOnly => glow::WRITE_ONLY,
+        wgt::StorageTextureAccess::ReadWrite => glow::READ_WRITE,
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn is_sampler(glsl_uniform_type: u32) -> bool {
+    match glsl_uniform_type {
+        glow::INT_SAMPLER_1D
+        | glow::INT_SAMPLER_1D_ARRAY
+        | glow::INT_SAMPLER_2D
+        | glow::INT_SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY
+        | glow::INT_SAMPLER_2D_MULTISAMPLE
+        | glow::INT_SAMPLER_2D_MULTISAMPLE_ARRAY
+        | glow::INT_SAMPLER_2D_RECT
+        | glow::INT_SAMPLER_3D
+        | glow::INT_SAMPLER_CUBE
+        | glow::INT_SAMPLER_CUBE_MAP_ARRAY
+        | glow::UNSIGNED_INT_SAMPLER_1D
+        | glow::UNSIGNED_INT_SAMPLER_1D_ARRAY
+        | glow::UNSIGNED_INT_SAMPLER_2D
+        | glow::UNSIGNED_INT_SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY
+        | glow::UNSIGNED_INT_SAMPLER_2D_MULTISAMPLE
+        | glow::UNSIGNED_INT_SAMPLER_2D_MULTISAMPLE_ARRAY
+        | glow::UNSIGNED_INT_SAMPLER_2D_RECT
+        | glow::UNSIGNED_INT_SAMPLER_3D
+        | glow::UNSIGNED_INT_SAMPLER_CUBE
+        | glow::UNSIGNED_INT_SAMPLER_CUBE_MAP_ARRAY
+        | glow::SAMPLER_1D
+        | glow::SAMPLER_1D_SHADOW
+        | glow::SAMPLER_1D_ARRAY
+        | glow::SAMPLER_1D_ARRAY_SHADOW
+        | glow::SAMPLER_2D
+        | glow::SAMPLER_2D_SHADOW
+        | glow::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY
+        | glow::SAMPLER_2D_ARRAY_SHADOW
+        | glow::SAMPLER_2D_MULTISAMPLE
+        | glow::SAMPLER_2D_MULTISAMPLE_ARRAY
+        | glow::SAMPLER_2D_RECT
+        | glow::SAMPLER_2D_RECT_SHADOW
+        | glow::SAMPLER_3D
+        | glow::SAMPLER_CUBE
+        | glow::SAMPLER_CUBE_MAP_ARRAY
+        | glow::SAMPLER_CUBE_MAP_ARRAY_SHADOW
+        | glow::SAMPLER_CUBE_SHADOW => true,
+        _ => false,
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn is_image(glsl_uniform_type: u32) -> bool {
+    match glsl_uniform_type {
+        glow::INT_IMAGE_1D
+        | glow::INT_IMAGE_1D_ARRAY
+        | glow::INT_IMAGE_2D
+        | glow::INT_IMAGE_2D_ARRAY
+        | glow::INT_IMAGE_2D_MULTISAMPLE
+        | glow::INT_IMAGE_2D_MULTISAMPLE_ARRAY
+        | glow::INT_IMAGE_2D_RECT
+        | glow::INT_IMAGE_3D
+        | glow::INT_IMAGE_CUBE
+        | glow::INT_IMAGE_CUBE_MAP_ARRAY
+        | glow::UNSIGNED_INT_IMAGE_1D
+        | glow::UNSIGNED_INT_IMAGE_1D_ARRAY
+        | glow::UNSIGNED_INT_IMAGE_2D
+        | glow::UNSIGNED_INT_IMAGE_2D_ARRAY
+        | glow::UNSIGNED_INT_IMAGE_2D_MULTISAMPLE
+        | glow::UNSIGNED_INT_IMAGE_2D_MULTISAMPLE_ARRAY
+        | glow::UNSIGNED_INT_IMAGE_2D_RECT
+        | glow::UNSIGNED_INT_IMAGE_3D
+        | glow::UNSIGNED_INT_IMAGE_CUBE
+        | glow::UNSIGNED_INT_IMAGE_CUBE_MAP_ARRAY
+        | glow::IMAGE_1D
+        | glow::IMAGE_1D_ARRAY
+        | glow::IMAGE_2D
+        | glow::IMAGE_2D_ARRAY
+        | glow::IMAGE_2D_MULTISAMPLE
+        | glow::IMAGE_2D_MULTISAMPLE_ARRAY
+        | glow::IMAGE_2D_RECT
+        | glow::IMAGE_3D
+        | glow::IMAGE_CUBE
+        | glow::IMAGE_CUBE_MAP_ARRAY => true,
+        _ => false,
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn is_atomic_counter(glsl_uniform_type: u32) -> bool {
+    glsl_uniform_type == glow::UNSIGNED_INT_ATOMIC_COUNTER
+}
+
+pub(super) fn is_opaque_type(glsl_uniform_type: u32) -> bool {
+    is_sampler(glsl_uniform_type)
+        || is_image(glsl_uniform_type)
+        || is_atomic_counter(glsl_uniform_type)
+}
+
+pub(super) fn uniform_byte_size(glsl_uniform_type: u32) -> u32 {
+    match glsl_uniform_type {
+        glow::FLOAT | glow::INT => 4,
+        glow::FLOAT_VEC2 | glow::INT_VEC2 => 8,
+        glow::FLOAT_VEC3 | glow::INT_VEC3 => 12,
+        glow::FLOAT_VEC4 | glow::INT_VEC4 => 16,
+        glow::FLOAT_MAT2 => 16,
+        glow::FLOAT_MAT3 => 36,
+        glow::FLOAT_MAT4 => 64,
+        _ => panic!("Unsupported uniform datatype! {glsl_uniform_type:#X}"),
+    }
+}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/gles/device.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/gles/device.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0a1cfaf241
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/gles/device.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1328 @@
+use super::conv;
+use crate::auxil::map_naga_stage;
+use glow::HasContext;
+use std::{
+    convert::TryInto,
+    ptr,
+    sync::{Arc, Mutex},
+};
+
+use arrayvec::ArrayVec;
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+use std::mem;
+use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
+
+type ShaderStage<'a> = (
+    naga::ShaderStage,
+    &'a crate::ProgrammableStage<'a, super::Api>,
+);
+type NameBindingMap = rustc_hash::FxHashMap<String, (super::BindingRegister, u8)>;
+
+struct CompilationContext<'a> {
+    layout: &'a super::PipelineLayout,
+    sampler_map: &'a mut super::SamplerBindMap,
+    name_binding_map: &'a mut NameBindingMap,
+    multiview: Option<std::num::NonZeroU32>,
+}
+
+impl CompilationContext<'_> {
+    fn consume_reflection(
+        self,
+        module: &naga::Module,
+        ep_info: &naga::valid::FunctionInfo,
+        reflection_info: naga::back::glsl::ReflectionInfo,
+    ) {
+        for (handle, var) in module.global_variables.iter() {
+            if ep_info[handle].is_empty() {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let register = match var.space {
+                naga::AddressSpace::Uniform => super::BindingRegister::UniformBuffers,
+                naga::AddressSpace::Storage { .. } => super::BindingRegister::StorageBuffers,
+                _ => continue,
+            };
+
+            let br = var.binding.as_ref().unwrap();
+            let slot = self.layout.get_slot(br);
+
+            let name = match reflection_info.uniforms.get(&handle) {
+                Some(name) => name.clone(),
+                None => continue,
+            };
+            log::debug!(
+                "Rebind buffer: {:?} -> {}, register={:?}, slot={}",
+                var.name.as_ref(),
+                &name,
+                register,
+                slot
+            );
+            self.name_binding_map.insert(name, (register, slot));
+        }
+
+        for (name, mapping) in reflection_info.texture_mapping {
+            let var = &module.global_variables[mapping.texture];
+            let register = match module.types[var.ty].inner {
+                naga::TypeInner::Image {
+                    class: naga::ImageClass::Storage { .. },
+                    ..
+                } => super::BindingRegister::Images,
+                _ => super::BindingRegister::Textures,
+            };
+
+            let tex_br = var.binding.as_ref().unwrap();
+            let texture_linear_index = self.layout.get_slot(tex_br);
+
+            self.name_binding_map
+                .insert(name, (register, texture_linear_index));
+            if let Some(sampler_handle) = mapping.sampler {
+                let sam_br = module.global_variables[sampler_handle]
+                    .binding
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .unwrap();
+                let sampler_linear_index = self.layout.get_slot(sam_br);
+                self.sampler_map[texture_linear_index as usize] = Some(sampler_linear_index);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl super::Device {
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// - `name` must be created respecting `desc`
+    /// - `name` must be a texture
+    /// - If `drop_guard` is [`None`], wgpu-hal will take ownership of the texture. If `drop_guard` is
+    ///   [`Some`], the texture must be valid until the drop implementation
+    ///   of the drop guard is called.
+    #[cfg(any(not(target_arch = "wasm32"), target_os = "emscripten"))]
+    pub unsafe fn texture_from_raw(
+        &self,
+        name: std::num::NonZeroU32,
+        desc: &crate::TextureDescriptor,
+        drop_guard: Option<crate::DropGuard>,
+    ) -> super::Texture {
+        let (target, _, is_cubemap) = super::Texture::get_info_from_desc(desc);
+
+        super::Texture {
+            inner: super::TextureInner::Texture {
+                raw: glow::NativeTexture(name),
+                target,
+            },
+            drop_guard,
+            mip_level_count: desc.mip_level_count,
+            array_layer_count: desc.array_layer_count(),
+            format: desc.format,
+            format_desc: self.shared.describe_texture_format(desc.format),
+            copy_size: desc.copy_extent(),
+            is_cubemap,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// - `name` must be created respecting `desc`
+    /// - `name` must be a renderbuffer
+    /// - If `drop_guard` is [`None`], wgpu-hal will take ownership of the renderbuffer. If `drop_guard` is
+    ///   [`Some`], the renderbuffer must be valid until the drop implementation
+    ///   of the drop guard is called.
+    #[cfg(any(not(target_arch = "wasm32"), target_os = "emscripten"))]
+    pub unsafe fn texture_from_raw_renderbuffer(
+        &self,
+        name: std::num::NonZeroU32,
+        desc: &crate::TextureDescriptor,
+        drop_guard: Option<crate::DropGuard>,
+    ) -> super::Texture {
+        super::Texture {
+            inner: super::TextureInner::Renderbuffer {
+                raw: glow::NativeRenderbuffer(name),
+            },
+            drop_guard,
+            mip_level_count: desc.mip_level_count,
+            array_layer_count: desc.array_layer_count(),
+            format: desc.format,
+            format_desc: self.shared.describe_texture_format(desc.format),
+            copy_size: desc.copy_extent(),
+            is_cubemap: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn compile_shader(
+        gl: &glow::Context,
+        shader: &str,
+        naga_stage: naga::ShaderStage,
+        #[cfg_attr(target_arch = "wasm32", allow(unused))] label: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> Result<glow::Shader, crate::PipelineError> {
+        let target = match naga_stage {
+            naga::ShaderStage::Vertex => glow::VERTEX_SHADER,
+            naga::ShaderStage::Fragment => glow::FRAGMENT_SHADER,
+            naga::ShaderStage::Compute => glow::COMPUTE_SHADER,
+        };
+
+        let raw = unsafe { gl.create_shader(target) }.unwrap();
+        #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+        if gl.supports_debug() {
+            //TODO: remove all transmutes from `object_label`
+            // https://github.com/grovesNL/glow/issues/186
+            let name = unsafe { mem::transmute(raw) };
+            unsafe { gl.object_label(glow::SHADER, name, label) };
+        }
+
+        unsafe { gl.shader_source(raw, shader) };
+        unsafe { gl.compile_shader(raw) };
+
+        log::info!("\tCompiled shader {:?}", raw);
+
+        let compiled_ok = unsafe { gl.get_shader_compile_status(raw) };
+        let msg = unsafe { gl.get_shader_info_log(raw) };
+        if compiled_ok {
+            if !msg.is_empty() {
+                log::warn!("\tCompile: {}", msg);
+            }
+            Ok(raw)
+        } else {
+            Err(crate::PipelineError::Linkage(
+                map_naga_stage(naga_stage),
+                msg,
+            ))
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn create_shader(
+        gl: &glow::Context,
+        naga_stage: naga::ShaderStage,
+        stage: &crate::ProgrammableStage<super::Api>,
+        context: CompilationContext,
+    ) -> Result<glow::Shader, crate::PipelineError> {
+        use naga::back::glsl;
+        let pipeline_options = glsl::PipelineOptions {
+            shader_stage: naga_stage,
+            entry_point: stage.entry_point.to_string(),
+            multiview: context.multiview,
+        };
+
+        let shader = &stage.module.naga;
+        let entry_point_index = shader
+            .module
+            .entry_points
+            .iter()
+            .position(|ep| ep.name.as_str() == stage.entry_point)
+            .ok_or(crate::PipelineError::EntryPoint(naga_stage))?;
+
+        use naga::proc::BoundsCheckPolicy;
+        // The image bounds checks require the TEXTURE_LEVELS feature available in GL core 1.3+.
+        let version = gl.version();
+        let image_check = if !version.is_embedded && (version.major, version.minor) >= (1, 3) {
+            BoundsCheckPolicy::ReadZeroSkipWrite
+        } else {
+            BoundsCheckPolicy::Unchecked
+        };
+
+        // Other bounds check are either provided by glsl or not implemented yet.
+        let policies = naga::proc::BoundsCheckPolicies {
+            index: BoundsCheckPolicy::Unchecked,
+            buffer: BoundsCheckPolicy::Unchecked,
+            image: image_check,
+            binding_array: BoundsCheckPolicy::Unchecked,
+        };
+
+        let mut output = String::new();
+        let mut writer = glsl::Writer::new(
+            &mut output,
+            &shader.module,
+            &shader.info,
+            &context.layout.naga_options,
+            &pipeline_options,
+            policies,
+        )
+        .map_err(|e| {
+            let msg = format!("{e}");
+            crate::PipelineError::Linkage(map_naga_stage(naga_stage), msg)
+        })?;
+
+        let reflection_info = writer.write().map_err(|e| {
+            let msg = format!("{e}");
+            crate::PipelineError::Linkage(map_naga_stage(naga_stage), msg)
+        })?;
+
+        log::debug!("Naga generated shader:\n{}", output);
+
+        context.consume_reflection(
+            &shader.module,
+            shader.info.get_entry_point(entry_point_index),
+            reflection_info,
+        );
+
+        unsafe { Self::compile_shader(gl, &output, naga_stage, stage.module.label.as_deref()) }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_pipeline<'a>(
+        &self,
+        gl: &glow::Context,
+        shaders: ArrayVec<ShaderStage<'a>, 3>,
+        layout: &super::PipelineLayout,
+        #[cfg_attr(target_arch = "wasm32", allow(unused))] label: Option<&str>,
+        multiview: Option<std::num::NonZeroU32>,
+    ) -> Result<Arc<super::PipelineInner>, crate::PipelineError> {
+        let mut program_stages = ArrayVec::new();
+        let mut group_to_binding_to_slot = Vec::with_capacity(layout.group_infos.len());
+        for group in &*layout.group_infos {
+            group_to_binding_to_slot.push(group.binding_to_slot.clone());
+        }
+        for &(naga_stage, stage) in &shaders {
+            program_stages.push(super::ProgramStage {
+                naga_stage: naga_stage.to_owned(),
+                shader_id: stage.module.id,
+                entry_point: stage.entry_point.to_owned(),
+            });
+        }
+        let glsl_version = match self.shared.shading_language_version {
+            naga::back::glsl::Version::Embedded { version, .. } => version,
+            naga::back::glsl::Version::Desktop(_) => unreachable!(),
+        };
+        let mut guard = self
+            .shared
+            .program_cache
+            .try_lock()
+            .expect("Couldn't acquire program_cache lock");
+        // This guard ensures that we can't accidentally destroy a program whilst we're about to reuse it
+        // The only place that destroys a pipeline is also locking on `program_cache`
+        let program = guard
+            .entry(super::ProgramCacheKey {
+                stages: program_stages,
+                group_to_binding_to_slot: group_to_binding_to_slot.into_boxed_slice(),
+            })
+            .or_insert_with(|| unsafe {
+                Self::create_program(
+                    gl,
+                    shaders,
+                    layout,
+                    label,
+                    multiview,
+                    glsl_version,
+                    self.shared.private_caps,
+                )
+            })
+            .to_owned()?;
+        drop(guard);
+
+        Ok(program)
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_program<'a>(
+        gl: &glow::Context,
+        shaders: ArrayVec<ShaderStage<'a>, 3>,
+        layout: &super::PipelineLayout,
+        #[cfg_attr(target_arch = "wasm32", allow(unused))] label: Option<&str>,
+        multiview: Option<std::num::NonZeroU32>,
+        glsl_version: u16,
+        private_caps: super::PrivateCapabilities,
+    ) -> Result<Arc<super::PipelineInner>, crate::PipelineError> {
+        let program = unsafe { gl.create_program() }.unwrap();
+        #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+        if let Some(label) = label {
+            if gl.supports_debug() {
+                let name = unsafe { mem::transmute(program) };
+                unsafe { gl.object_label(glow::PROGRAM, name, Some(label)) };
+            }
+        }
+
+        let mut name_binding_map = NameBindingMap::default();
+        let mut sampler_map = [None; super::MAX_TEXTURE_SLOTS];
+        let mut has_stages = wgt::ShaderStages::empty();
+        let mut shaders_to_delete = arrayvec::ArrayVec::<_, 3>::new();
+
+        for (naga_stage, stage) in shaders {
+            has_stages |= map_naga_stage(naga_stage);
+            let context = CompilationContext {
+                layout,
+                sampler_map: &mut sampler_map,
+                name_binding_map: &mut name_binding_map,
+                multiview,
+            };
+
+            let shader = Self::create_shader(gl, naga_stage, stage, context)?;
+            shaders_to_delete.push(shader);
+        }
+
+        // Create empty fragment shader if only vertex shader is present
+        if has_stages == wgt::ShaderStages::VERTEX {
+            let shader_src = format!("#version {glsl_version} es \n void main(void) {{}}",);
+            log::info!("Only vertex shader is present. Creating an empty fragment shader",);
+            let shader = unsafe {
+                Self::compile_shader(
+                    gl,
+                    &shader_src,
+                    naga::ShaderStage::Fragment,
+                    Some("(wgpu internal) dummy fragment shader"),
+                )
+            }?;
+            shaders_to_delete.push(shader);
+        }
+
+        for &shader in shaders_to_delete.iter() {
+            unsafe { gl.attach_shader(program, shader) };
+        }
+        unsafe { gl.link_program(program) };
+
+        for shader in shaders_to_delete {
+            unsafe { gl.delete_shader(shader) };
+        }
+
+        log::info!("\tLinked program {:?}", program);
+
+        let linked_ok = unsafe { gl.get_program_link_status(program) };
+        let msg = unsafe { gl.get_program_info_log(program) };
+        if !linked_ok {
+            return Err(crate::PipelineError::Linkage(has_stages, msg));
+        }
+        if !msg.is_empty() {
+            log::warn!("\tLink: {}", msg);
+        }
+
+        if !private_caps.contains(super::PrivateCapabilities::SHADER_BINDING_LAYOUT) {
+            // This remapping is only needed if we aren't able to put the binding layout
+            // in the shader. We can't remap storage buffers this way.
+            unsafe { gl.use_program(Some(program)) };
+            for (ref name, (register, slot)) in name_binding_map {
+                log::trace!("Get binding {:?} from program {:?}", name, program);
+                match register {
+                    super::BindingRegister::UniformBuffers => {
+                        let index = unsafe { gl.get_uniform_block_index(program, name) }.unwrap();
+                        unsafe { gl.uniform_block_binding(program, index, slot as _) };
+                    }
+                    super::BindingRegister::StorageBuffers => {
+                        let index =
+                            unsafe { gl.get_shader_storage_block_index(program, name) }.unwrap();
+                        log::error!(
+                            "Unable to re-map shader storage block {} to {}",
+                            name,
+                            index
+                        );
+                        return Err(crate::DeviceError::Lost.into());
+                    }
+                    super::BindingRegister::Textures | super::BindingRegister::Images => {
+                        let location = unsafe { gl.get_uniform_location(program, name) };
+                        unsafe { gl.uniform_1_i32(location.as_ref(), slot as _) };
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        let mut uniforms: [super::UniformDesc; super::MAX_PUSH_CONSTANTS] =
+            [None; super::MAX_PUSH_CONSTANTS].map(|_: Option<()>| Default::default());
+        let count = unsafe { gl.get_active_uniforms(program) };
+        let mut offset = 0;
+
+        for uniform in 0..count {
+            let glow::ActiveUniform { utype, name, .. } =
+                unsafe { gl.get_active_uniform(program, uniform) }.unwrap();
+
+            if conv::is_opaque_type(utype) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if let Some(location) = unsafe { gl.get_uniform_location(program, &name) } {
+                if uniforms[offset / 4].location.is_some() {
+                    panic!("Offset already occupied")
+                }
+
+                // `size` will always be 1 so we need to guess the real size from the type
+                let uniform_size = conv::uniform_byte_size(utype);
+
+                uniforms[offset / 4] = super::UniformDesc {
+                    location: Some(location),
+                    size: uniform_size,
+                    utype,
+                };
+
+                offset += uniform_size as usize;
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(Arc::new(super::PipelineInner {
+            program,
+            sampler_map,
+            uniforms,
+        }))
+    }
+}
+
+impl crate::Device<super::Api> for super::Device {
+    unsafe fn exit(self, queue: super::Queue) {
+        let gl = &self.shared.context.lock();
+        unsafe { gl.delete_vertex_array(self.main_vao) };
+        unsafe { gl.delete_framebuffer(queue.draw_fbo) };
+        unsafe { gl.delete_framebuffer(queue.copy_fbo) };
+        unsafe { gl.delete_buffer(queue.zero_buffer) };
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_buffer(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::BufferDescriptor,
+    ) -> Result<super::Buffer, crate::DeviceError> {
+        let target = if desc.usage.contains(crate::BufferUses::INDEX) {
+            glow::ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER
+        } else {
+            glow::ARRAY_BUFFER
+        };
+
+        let emulate_map = self
+            .shared
+            .workarounds
+            .contains(super::Workarounds::EMULATE_BUFFER_MAP)
+            || !self
+                .shared
+                .private_caps
+                .contains(super::PrivateCapabilities::BUFFER_ALLOCATION);
+
+        if emulate_map && desc.usage.intersects(crate::BufferUses::MAP_WRITE) {
+            return Ok(super::Buffer {
+                raw: None,
+                target,
+                size: desc.size,
+                map_flags: 0,
+                data: Some(Arc::new(Mutex::new(vec![0; desc.size as usize]))),
+            });
+        }
+
+        let gl = &self.shared.context.lock();
+
+        let target = if desc.usage.contains(crate::BufferUses::INDEX) {
+            glow::ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER
+        } else {
+            glow::ARRAY_BUFFER
+        };
+
+        let is_host_visible = desc
+            .usage
+            .intersects(crate::BufferUses::MAP_READ | crate::BufferUses::MAP_WRITE);
+        let is_coherent = desc
+            .memory_flags
+            .contains(crate::MemoryFlags::PREFER_COHERENT);
+
+        let mut map_flags = 0;
+        if desc.usage.contains(crate::BufferUses::MAP_READ) {
+            map_flags |= glow::MAP_READ_BIT;
+        }
+        if desc.usage.contains(crate::BufferUses::MAP_WRITE) {
+            map_flags |= glow::MAP_WRITE_BIT;
+        }
+
+        let raw = Some(unsafe { gl.create_buffer() }.map_err(|_| crate::DeviceError::OutOfMemory)?);
+        unsafe { gl.bind_buffer(target, raw) };
+        let raw_size = desc
+            .size
+            .try_into()
+            .map_err(|_| crate::DeviceError::OutOfMemory)?;
+
+        if self
+            .shared
+            .private_caps
+            .contains(super::PrivateCapabilities::BUFFER_ALLOCATION)
+        {
+            if is_host_visible {
+                map_flags |= glow::MAP_PERSISTENT_BIT;
+                if is_coherent {
+                    map_flags |= glow::MAP_COHERENT_BIT;
+                }
+            }
+            unsafe { gl.buffer_storage(target, raw_size, None, map_flags) };
+        } else {
+            assert!(!is_coherent);
+            let usage = if is_host_visible {
+                if desc.usage.contains(crate::BufferUses::MAP_READ) {
+                    glow::STREAM_READ
+                } else {
+                    glow::DYNAMIC_DRAW
+                }
+            } else {
+                // Even if the usage doesn't contain SRC_READ, we update it internally at least once
+                // Some vendors take usage very literally and STATIC_DRAW will freeze us with an empty buffer
+                // https://github.com/gfx-rs/wgpu/issues/3371
+                glow::DYNAMIC_DRAW
+            };
+            unsafe { gl.buffer_data_size(target, raw_size, usage) };
+        }
+
+        unsafe { gl.bind_buffer(target, None) };
+
+        if !is_coherent && desc.usage.contains(crate::BufferUses::MAP_WRITE) {
+            map_flags |= glow::MAP_FLUSH_EXPLICIT_BIT;
+        }
+        //TODO: do we need `glow::MAP_UNSYNCHRONIZED_BIT`?
+
+        #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+        if let Some(label) = desc.label {
+            if gl.supports_debug() {
+                let name = unsafe { mem::transmute(raw) };
+                unsafe { gl.object_label(glow::BUFFER, name, Some(label)) };
+            }
+        }
+
+        let data = if emulate_map && desc.usage.contains(crate::BufferUses::MAP_READ) {
+            Some(Arc::new(Mutex::new(vec![0; desc.size as usize])))
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+
+        Ok(super::Buffer {
+            raw,
+            target,
+            size: desc.size,
+            map_flags,
+            data,
+        })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_buffer(&self, buffer: super::Buffer) {
+        if let Some(raw) = buffer.raw {
+            let gl = &self.shared.context.lock();
+            unsafe { gl.delete_buffer(raw) };
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn map_buffer(
+        &self,
+        buffer: &super::Buffer,
+        range: crate::MemoryRange,
+    ) -> Result<crate::BufferMapping, crate::DeviceError> {
+        let is_coherent = buffer.map_flags & glow::MAP_COHERENT_BIT != 0;
+        let ptr = match buffer.raw {
+            None => {
+                let mut vec = buffer.data.as_ref().unwrap().lock().unwrap();
+                let slice = &mut vec.as_mut_slice()[range.start as usize..range.end as usize];
+                slice.as_mut_ptr()
+            }
+            Some(raw) => {
+                let gl = &self.shared.context.lock();
+                unsafe { gl.bind_buffer(buffer.target, Some(raw)) };
+                let ptr = if let Some(ref map_read_allocation) = buffer.data {
+                    let mut guard = map_read_allocation.lock().unwrap();
+                    let slice = guard.as_mut_slice();
+                    unsafe { self.shared.get_buffer_sub_data(gl, buffer.target, 0, slice) };
+                    slice.as_mut_ptr()
+                } else {
+                    unsafe {
+                        gl.map_buffer_range(
+                            buffer.target,
+                            range.start as i32,
+                            (range.end - range.start) as i32,
+                            buffer.map_flags,
+                        )
+                    }
+                };
+                unsafe { gl.bind_buffer(buffer.target, None) };
+                ptr
+            }
+        };
+        Ok(crate::BufferMapping {
+            ptr: ptr::NonNull::new(ptr).ok_or(crate::DeviceError::Lost)?,
+            is_coherent,
+        })
+    }
+    unsafe fn unmap_buffer(&self, buffer: &super::Buffer) -> Result<(), crate::DeviceError> {
+        if let Some(raw) = buffer.raw {
+            if buffer.data.is_none() {
+                let gl = &self.shared.context.lock();
+                unsafe { gl.bind_buffer(buffer.target, Some(raw)) };
+                unsafe { gl.unmap_buffer(buffer.target) };
+                unsafe { gl.bind_buffer(buffer.target, None) };
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    unsafe fn flush_mapped_ranges<I>(&self, buffer: &super::Buffer, ranges: I)
+    where
+        I: Iterator<Item = crate::MemoryRange>,
+    {
+        if let Some(raw) = buffer.raw {
+            let gl = &self.shared.context.lock();
+            unsafe { gl.bind_buffer(buffer.target, Some(raw)) };
+            for range in ranges {
+                unsafe {
+                    gl.flush_mapped_buffer_range(
+                        buffer.target,
+                        range.start as i32,
+                        (range.end - range.start) as i32,
+                    )
+                };
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    unsafe fn invalidate_mapped_ranges<I>(&self, _buffer: &super::Buffer, _ranges: I) {
+        //TODO: do we need to do anything?
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_texture(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::TextureDescriptor,
+    ) -> Result<super::Texture, crate::DeviceError> {
+        let gl = &self.shared.context.lock();
+
+        let render_usage = crate::TextureUses::COLOR_TARGET
+            | crate::TextureUses::DEPTH_STENCIL_WRITE
+            | crate::TextureUses::DEPTH_STENCIL_READ;
+        let format_desc = self.shared.describe_texture_format(desc.format);
+
+        let (inner, is_cubemap) = if render_usage.contains(desc.usage)
+            && desc.dimension == wgt::TextureDimension::D2
+            && desc.size.depth_or_array_layers == 1
+        {
+            let raw = unsafe { gl.create_renderbuffer().unwrap() };
+            unsafe { gl.bind_renderbuffer(glow::RENDERBUFFER, Some(raw)) };
+            if desc.sample_count > 1 {
+                unsafe {
+                    gl.renderbuffer_storage_multisample(
+                        glow::RENDERBUFFER,
+                        desc.sample_count as i32,
+                        format_desc.internal,
+                        desc.size.width as i32,
+                        desc.size.height as i32,
+                    )
+                };
+            } else {
+                unsafe {
+                    gl.renderbuffer_storage(
+                        glow::RENDERBUFFER,
+                        format_desc.internal,
+                        desc.size.width as i32,
+                        desc.size.height as i32,
+                    )
+                };
+            }
+
+            #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+            if let Some(label) = desc.label {
+                if gl.supports_debug() {
+                    let name = unsafe { mem::transmute(raw) };
+                    unsafe { gl.object_label(glow::RENDERBUFFER, name, Some(label)) };
+                }
+            }
+
+            unsafe { gl.bind_renderbuffer(glow::RENDERBUFFER, None) };
+            (super::TextureInner::Renderbuffer { raw }, false)
+        } else {
+            let raw = unsafe { gl.create_texture().unwrap() };
+            let (target, is_3d, is_cubemap) = super::Texture::get_info_from_desc(desc);
+
+            unsafe { gl.bind_texture(target, Some(raw)) };
+            //Note: this has to be done before defining the storage!
+            match desc.format.sample_type(None) {
+                Some(
+                    wgt::TextureSampleType::Float { filterable: false }
+                    | wgt::TextureSampleType::Uint
+                    | wgt::TextureSampleType::Sint,
+                ) => {
+                    // reset default filtering mode
+                    unsafe {
+                        gl.tex_parameter_i32(target, glow::TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, glow::NEAREST as i32)
+                    };
+                    unsafe {
+                        gl.tex_parameter_i32(target, glow::TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, glow::NEAREST as i32)
+                    };
+                }
+                _ => {}
+            }
+
+            if is_3d {
+                unsafe {
+                    gl.tex_storage_3d(
+                        target,
+                        desc.mip_level_count as i32,
+                        format_desc.internal,
+                        desc.size.width as i32,
+                        desc.size.height as i32,
+                        desc.size.depth_or_array_layers as i32,
+                    )
+                };
+            } else if desc.sample_count > 1 {
+                unsafe {
+                    gl.tex_storage_2d_multisample(
+                        target,
+                        desc.sample_count as i32,
+                        format_desc.internal,
+                        desc.size.width as i32,
+                        desc.size.height as i32,
+                        true,
+                    )
+                };
+            } else {
+                unsafe {
+                    gl.tex_storage_2d(
+                        target,
+                        desc.mip_level_count as i32,
+                        format_desc.internal,
+                        desc.size.width as i32,
+                        desc.size.height as i32,
+                    )
+                };
+            }
+
+            #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+            if let Some(label) = desc.label {
+                if gl.supports_debug() {
+                    let name = unsafe { mem::transmute(raw) };
+                    unsafe { gl.object_label(glow::TEXTURE, name, Some(label)) };
+                }
+            }
+
+            unsafe { gl.bind_texture(target, None) };
+            (super::TextureInner::Texture { raw, target }, is_cubemap)
+        };
+
+        Ok(super::Texture {
+            inner,
+            drop_guard: None,
+            mip_level_count: desc.mip_level_count,
+            array_layer_count: desc.array_layer_count(),
+            format: desc.format,
+            format_desc,
+            copy_size: desc.copy_extent(),
+            is_cubemap,
+        })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_texture(&self, texture: super::Texture) {
+        if texture.drop_guard.is_none() {
+            let gl = &self.shared.context.lock();
+            match texture.inner {
+                super::TextureInner::Renderbuffer { raw, .. } => {
+                    unsafe { gl.delete_renderbuffer(raw) };
+                }
+                super::TextureInner::DefaultRenderbuffer => {}
+                super::TextureInner::Texture { raw, .. } => {
+                    unsafe { gl.delete_texture(raw) };
+                }
+                #[cfg(all(target_arch = "wasm32", not(target_os = "emscripten")))]
+                super::TextureInner::ExternalFramebuffer { .. } => {}
+            }
+        }
+
+        // For clarity, we explicitly drop the drop guard. Although this has no real semantic effect as the
+        // end of the scope will drop the drop guard since this function takes ownership of the texture.
+        drop(texture.drop_guard);
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_texture_view(
+        &self,
+        texture: &super::Texture,
+        desc: &crate::TextureViewDescriptor,
+    ) -> Result<super::TextureView, crate::DeviceError> {
+        Ok(super::TextureView {
+            //TODO: use `conv::map_view_dimension(desc.dimension)`?
+            inner: texture.inner.clone(),
+            aspects: crate::FormatAspects::new(texture.format, desc.range.aspect),
+            mip_levels: desc.range.mip_range(texture.mip_level_count),
+            array_layers: desc.range.layer_range(texture.array_layer_count),
+            format: texture.format,
+        })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_texture_view(&self, _view: super::TextureView) {}
+
+    unsafe fn create_sampler(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::SamplerDescriptor,
+    ) -> Result<super::Sampler, crate::DeviceError> {
+        let gl = &self.shared.context.lock();
+
+        let raw = unsafe { gl.create_sampler().unwrap() };
+
+        let (min, mag) =
+            conv::map_filter_modes(desc.min_filter, desc.mag_filter, desc.mipmap_filter);
+
+        unsafe { gl.sampler_parameter_i32(raw, glow::TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, min as i32) };
+        unsafe { gl.sampler_parameter_i32(raw, glow::TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, mag as i32) };
+
+        unsafe {
+            gl.sampler_parameter_i32(
+                raw,
+                glow::TEXTURE_WRAP_S,
+                conv::map_address_mode(desc.address_modes[0]) as i32,
+            )
+        };
+        unsafe {
+            gl.sampler_parameter_i32(
+                raw,
+                glow::TEXTURE_WRAP_T,
+                conv::map_address_mode(desc.address_modes[1]) as i32,
+            )
+        };
+        unsafe {
+            gl.sampler_parameter_i32(
+                raw,
+                glow::TEXTURE_WRAP_R,
+                conv::map_address_mode(desc.address_modes[2]) as i32,
+            )
+        };
+
+        if let Some(border_color) = desc.border_color {
+            let border = match border_color {
+                wgt::SamplerBorderColor::TransparentBlack | wgt::SamplerBorderColor::Zero => {
+                    [0.0; 4]
+                }
+                wgt::SamplerBorderColor::OpaqueBlack => [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0],
+                wgt::SamplerBorderColor::OpaqueWhite => [1.0; 4],
+            };
+            unsafe { gl.sampler_parameter_f32_slice(raw, glow::TEXTURE_BORDER_COLOR, &border) };
+        }
+
+        unsafe { gl.sampler_parameter_f32(raw, glow::TEXTURE_MIN_LOD, desc.lod_clamp.start) };
+        unsafe { gl.sampler_parameter_f32(raw, glow::TEXTURE_MAX_LOD, desc.lod_clamp.end) };
+
+        // If clamp is not 1, we know anisotropy is supported up to 16x
+        if desc.anisotropy_clamp != 1 {
+            unsafe {
+                gl.sampler_parameter_i32(
+                    raw,
+                    glow::TEXTURE_MAX_ANISOTROPY,
+                    desc.anisotropy_clamp as i32,
+                )
+            };
+        }
+
+        //set_param_float(glow::TEXTURE_LOD_BIAS, info.lod_bias.0);
+
+        if let Some(compare) = desc.compare {
+            unsafe {
+                gl.sampler_parameter_i32(
+                    raw,
+                    glow::TEXTURE_COMPARE_MODE,
+                    glow::COMPARE_REF_TO_TEXTURE as i32,
+                )
+            };
+            unsafe {
+                gl.sampler_parameter_i32(
+                    raw,
+                    glow::TEXTURE_COMPARE_FUNC,
+                    conv::map_compare_func(compare) as i32,
+                )
+            };
+        }
+
+        #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+        if let Some(label) = desc.label {
+            if gl.supports_debug() {
+                let name = unsafe { mem::transmute(raw) };
+                unsafe { gl.object_label(glow::SAMPLER, name, Some(label)) };
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(super::Sampler { raw })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_sampler(&self, sampler: super::Sampler) {
+        let gl = &self.shared.context.lock();
+        unsafe { gl.delete_sampler(sampler.raw) };
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_command_encoder(
+        &self,
+        _desc: &crate::CommandEncoderDescriptor<super::Api>,
+    ) -> Result<super::CommandEncoder, crate::DeviceError> {
+        Ok(super::CommandEncoder {
+            cmd_buffer: super::CommandBuffer::default(),
+            state: Default::default(),
+            private_caps: self.shared.private_caps,
+        })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_command_encoder(&self, _encoder: super::CommandEncoder) {}
+
+    unsafe fn create_bind_group_layout(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::BindGroupLayoutDescriptor,
+    ) -> Result<super::BindGroupLayout, crate::DeviceError> {
+        Ok(super::BindGroupLayout {
+            entries: Arc::from(desc.entries),
+        })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_bind_group_layout(&self, _bg_layout: super::BindGroupLayout) {}
+
+    unsafe fn create_pipeline_layout(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::PipelineLayoutDescriptor<super::Api>,
+    ) -> Result<super::PipelineLayout, crate::DeviceError> {
+        use naga::back::glsl;
+
+        let mut group_infos = Vec::with_capacity(desc.bind_group_layouts.len());
+        let mut num_samplers = 0u8;
+        let mut num_textures = 0u8;
+        let mut num_images = 0u8;
+        let mut num_uniform_buffers = 0u8;
+        let mut num_storage_buffers = 0u8;
+
+        let mut writer_flags = glsl::WriterFlags::ADJUST_COORDINATE_SPACE;
+        writer_flags.set(
+            glsl::WriterFlags::TEXTURE_SHADOW_LOD,
+            self.shared
+                .private_caps
+                .contains(super::PrivateCapabilities::SHADER_TEXTURE_SHADOW_LOD),
+        );
+        // We always force point size to be written and it will be ignored by the driver if it's not a point list primitive.
+        // https://github.com/gfx-rs/wgpu/pull/3440/files#r1095726950
+        writer_flags.set(glsl::WriterFlags::FORCE_POINT_SIZE, true);
+        let mut binding_map = glsl::BindingMap::default();
+
+        for (group_index, bg_layout) in desc.bind_group_layouts.iter().enumerate() {
+            // create a vector with the size enough to hold all the bindings, filled with `!0`
+            let mut binding_to_slot = vec![
+                !0;
+                bg_layout
+                    .entries
+                    .last()
+                    .map_or(0, |b| b.binding as usize + 1)
+            ]
+            .into_boxed_slice();
+
+            for entry in bg_layout.entries.iter() {
+                let counter = match entry.ty {
+                    wgt::BindingType::Sampler { .. } => &mut num_samplers,
+                    wgt::BindingType::Texture { .. } => &mut num_textures,
+                    wgt::BindingType::StorageTexture { .. } => &mut num_images,
+                    wgt::BindingType::Buffer {
+                        ty: wgt::BufferBindingType::Uniform,
+                        ..
+                    } => &mut num_uniform_buffers,
+                    wgt::BindingType::Buffer {
+                        ty: wgt::BufferBindingType::Storage { .. },
+                        ..
+                    } => &mut num_storage_buffers,
+                };
+
+                binding_to_slot[entry.binding as usize] = *counter;
+                let br = naga::ResourceBinding {
+                    group: group_index as u32,
+                    binding: entry.binding,
+                };
+                binding_map.insert(br, *counter);
+                *counter += entry.count.map_or(1, |c| c.get() as u8);
+            }
+
+            group_infos.push(super::BindGroupLayoutInfo {
+                entries: Arc::clone(&bg_layout.entries),
+                binding_to_slot,
+            });
+        }
+
+        Ok(super::PipelineLayout {
+            group_infos: group_infos.into_boxed_slice(),
+            naga_options: glsl::Options {
+                version: self.shared.shading_language_version,
+                writer_flags,
+                binding_map,
+                zero_initialize_workgroup_memory: true,
+            },
+        })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_pipeline_layout(&self, _pipeline_layout: super::PipelineLayout) {}
+
+    unsafe fn create_bind_group(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::BindGroupDescriptor<super::Api>,
+    ) -> Result<super::BindGroup, crate::DeviceError> {
+        let mut contents = Vec::new();
+
+        for (entry, layout) in desc.entries.iter().zip(desc.layout.entries.iter()) {
+            let binding = match layout.ty {
+                wgt::BindingType::Buffer { .. } => {
+                    let bb = &desc.buffers[entry.resource_index as usize];
+                    super::RawBinding::Buffer {
+                        raw: bb.buffer.raw.unwrap(),
+                        offset: bb.offset as i32,
+                        size: match bb.size {
+                            Some(s) => s.get() as i32,
+                            None => (bb.buffer.size - bb.offset) as i32,
+                        },
+                    }
+                }
+                wgt::BindingType::Sampler { .. } => {
+                    let sampler = desc.samplers[entry.resource_index as usize];
+                    super::RawBinding::Sampler(sampler.raw)
+                }
+                wgt::BindingType::Texture { .. } => {
+                    let view = desc.textures[entry.resource_index as usize].view;
+                    if view.mip_levels.start != 0 || view.array_layers.start != 0 {
+                        log::error!("Unable to create a sampled texture binding for non-zero mipmap level or array layer.\n{}",
+                            "This is an implementation problem of wgpu-hal/gles backend.")
+                    }
+                    let (raw, target) = view.inner.as_native();
+                    super::RawBinding::Texture {
+                        raw,
+                        target,
+                        aspects: view.aspects,
+                    }
+                }
+                wgt::BindingType::StorageTexture {
+                    access,
+                    format,
+                    view_dimension,
+                } => {
+                    let view = desc.textures[entry.resource_index as usize].view;
+                    let format_desc = self.shared.describe_texture_format(format);
+                    let (raw, _target) = view.inner.as_native();
+                    super::RawBinding::Image(super::ImageBinding {
+                        raw,
+                        mip_level: view.mip_levels.start,
+                        array_layer: match view_dimension {
+                            wgt::TextureViewDimension::D2Array
+                            | wgt::TextureViewDimension::CubeArray => None,
+                            _ => Some(view.array_layers.start),
+                        },
+                        access: conv::map_storage_access(access),
+                        format: format_desc.internal,
+                    })
+                }
+            };
+            contents.push(binding);
+        }
+
+        Ok(super::BindGroup {
+            contents: contents.into_boxed_slice(),
+        })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_bind_group(&self, _group: super::BindGroup) {}
+
+    unsafe fn create_shader_module(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::ShaderModuleDescriptor,
+        shader: crate::ShaderInput,
+    ) -> Result<super::ShaderModule, crate::ShaderError> {
+        Ok(super::ShaderModule {
+            naga: match shader {
+                crate::ShaderInput::SpirV(_) => {
+                    panic!("`Features::SPIRV_SHADER_PASSTHROUGH` is not enabled")
+                }
+                crate::ShaderInput::Naga(naga) => naga,
+            },
+            label: desc.label.map(|str| str.to_string()),
+            id: self.shared.next_shader_id.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed),
+        })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_shader_module(&self, _module: super::ShaderModule) {}
+
+    unsafe fn create_render_pipeline(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::RenderPipelineDescriptor<super::Api>,
+    ) -> Result<super::RenderPipeline, crate::PipelineError> {
+        let gl = &self.shared.context.lock();
+        let mut shaders = ArrayVec::new();
+        shaders.push((naga::ShaderStage::Vertex, &desc.vertex_stage));
+        if let Some(ref fs) = desc.fragment_stage {
+            shaders.push((naga::ShaderStage::Fragment, fs));
+        }
+        let inner =
+            unsafe { self.create_pipeline(gl, shaders, desc.layout, desc.label, desc.multiview) }?;
+
+        let (vertex_buffers, vertex_attributes) = {
+            let mut buffers = Vec::new();
+            let mut attributes = Vec::new();
+            for (index, vb_layout) in desc.vertex_buffers.iter().enumerate() {
+                buffers.push(super::VertexBufferDesc {
+                    step: vb_layout.step_mode,
+                    stride: vb_layout.array_stride as u32,
+                });
+                for vat in vb_layout.attributes.iter() {
+                    let format_desc = conv::describe_vertex_format(vat.format);
+                    attributes.push(super::AttributeDesc {
+                        location: vat.shader_location,
+                        offset: vat.offset as u32,
+                        buffer_index: index as u32,
+                        format_desc,
+                    });
+                }
+            }
+            (buffers.into_boxed_slice(), attributes.into_boxed_slice())
+        };
+
+        let color_targets = {
+            let mut targets = Vec::new();
+            for ct in desc.color_targets.iter().filter_map(|at| at.as_ref()) {
+                targets.push(super::ColorTargetDesc {
+                    mask: ct.write_mask,
+                    blend: ct.blend.as_ref().map(conv::map_blend),
+                });
+            }
+            //Note: if any of the states are different, and `INDEPENDENT_BLEND` flag
+            // is not exposed, then this pipeline will not bind correctly.
+            targets.into_boxed_slice()
+        };
+
+        Ok(super::RenderPipeline {
+            inner,
+            primitive: desc.primitive,
+            vertex_buffers,
+            vertex_attributes,
+            color_targets,
+            depth: desc.depth_stencil.as_ref().map(|ds| super::DepthState {
+                function: conv::map_compare_func(ds.depth_compare),
+                mask: ds.depth_write_enabled,
+            }),
+            depth_bias: desc
+                .depth_stencil
+                .as_ref()
+                .map(|ds| ds.bias)
+                .unwrap_or_default(),
+            stencil: desc
+                .depth_stencil
+                .as_ref()
+                .map(|ds| conv::map_stencil(&ds.stencil)),
+            alpha_to_coverage_enabled: desc.multisample.alpha_to_coverage_enabled,
+        })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_render_pipeline(&self, pipeline: super::RenderPipeline) {
+        let mut program_cache = self.shared.program_cache.lock();
+        // If the pipeline only has 2 strong references remaining, they're `pipeline` and `program_cache`
+        // This is safe to assume as long as:
+        // - `RenderPipeline` can't be cloned
+        // - The only place that we can get a new reference is during `program_cache.lock()`
+        if Arc::strong_count(&pipeline.inner) == 2 {
+            program_cache.retain(|_, v| match *v {
+                Ok(ref p) => p.program != pipeline.inner.program,
+                Err(_) => false,
+            });
+            let gl = &self.shared.context.lock();
+            unsafe { gl.delete_program(pipeline.inner.program) };
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_compute_pipeline(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::ComputePipelineDescriptor<super::Api>,
+    ) -> Result<super::ComputePipeline, crate::PipelineError> {
+        let gl = &self.shared.context.lock();
+        let mut shaders = ArrayVec::new();
+        shaders.push((naga::ShaderStage::Compute, &desc.stage));
+        let inner = unsafe { self.create_pipeline(gl, shaders, desc.layout, desc.label, None) }?;
+
+        Ok(super::ComputePipeline { inner })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_compute_pipeline(&self, pipeline: super::ComputePipeline) {
+        let mut program_cache = self.shared.program_cache.lock();
+        // If the pipeline only has 2 strong references remaining, they're `pipeline` and `program_cache``
+        // This is safe to assume as long as:
+        // - `ComputePipeline` can't be cloned
+        // - The only place that we can get a new reference is during `program_cache.lock()`
+        if Arc::strong_count(&pipeline.inner) == 2 {
+            program_cache.retain(|_, v| match *v {
+                Ok(ref p) => p.program != pipeline.inner.program,
+                Err(_) => false,
+            });
+            let gl = &self.shared.context.lock();
+            unsafe { gl.delete_program(pipeline.inner.program) };
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg_attr(target_arch = "wasm32", allow(unused))]
+    unsafe fn create_query_set(
+        &self,
+        desc: &wgt::QuerySetDescriptor<crate::Label>,
+    ) -> Result<super::QuerySet, crate::DeviceError> {
+        let gl = &self.shared.context.lock();
+        let mut temp_string = String::new();
+
+        let mut queries = Vec::with_capacity(desc.count as usize);
+        for i in 0..desc.count {
+            let query =
+                unsafe { gl.create_query() }.map_err(|_| crate::DeviceError::OutOfMemory)?;
+            #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+            if gl.supports_debug() {
+                use std::fmt::Write;
+
+                if let Some(label) = desc.label {
+                    temp_string.clear();
+                    let _ = write!(temp_string, "{label}[{i}]");
+                    let name = unsafe { mem::transmute(query) };
+                    unsafe { gl.object_label(glow::QUERY, name, Some(&temp_string)) };
+                }
+            }
+            queries.push(query);
+        }
+
+        Ok(super::QuerySet {
+            queries: queries.into_boxed_slice(),
+            target: match desc.ty {
+                wgt::QueryType::Occlusion => glow::ANY_SAMPLES_PASSED,
+                _ => unimplemented!(),
+            },
+        })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_query_set(&self, set: super::QuerySet) {
+        let gl = &self.shared.context.lock();
+        for &query in set.queries.iter() {
+            unsafe { gl.delete_query(query) };
+        }
+    }
+    unsafe fn create_fence(&self) -> Result<super::Fence, crate::DeviceError> {
+        Ok(super::Fence {
+            last_completed: 0,
+            pending: Vec::new(),
+        })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_fence(&self, fence: super::Fence) {
+        let gl = &self.shared.context.lock();
+        for (_, sync) in fence.pending {
+            unsafe { gl.delete_sync(sync) };
+        }
+    }
+    unsafe fn get_fence_value(
+        &self,
+        fence: &super::Fence,
+    ) -> Result<crate::FenceValue, crate::DeviceError> {
+        #[cfg_attr(target_arch = "wasm32", allow(clippy::needless_borrow))]
+        Ok(fence.get_latest(&self.shared.context.lock()))
+    }
+    unsafe fn wait(
+        &self,
+        fence: &super::Fence,
+        wait_value: crate::FenceValue,
+        timeout_ms: u32,
+    ) -> Result<bool, crate::DeviceError> {
+        if fence.last_completed < wait_value {
+            let gl = &self.shared.context.lock();
+            let timeout_ns = if cfg!(target_arch = "wasm32") {
+                0
+            } else {
+                (timeout_ms as u64 * 1_000_000).min(!0u32 as u64)
+            };
+            let &(_, sync) = fence
+                .pending
+                .iter()
+                .find(|&&(value, _)| value >= wait_value)
+                .unwrap();
+            match unsafe {
+                gl.client_wait_sync(sync, glow::SYNC_FLUSH_COMMANDS_BIT, timeout_ns as i32)
+            } {
+                // for some reason firefox returns WAIT_FAILED, to investigate
+                #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+                glow::WAIT_FAILED => {
+                    log::warn!("wait failed!");
+                    Ok(false)
+                }
+                glow::TIMEOUT_EXPIRED => Ok(false),
+                glow::CONDITION_SATISFIED | glow::ALREADY_SIGNALED => Ok(true),
+                _ => Err(crate::DeviceError::Lost),
+            }
+        } else {
+            Ok(true)
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn start_capture(&self) -> bool {
+        #[cfg(all(not(target_arch = "wasm32"), feature = "renderdoc"))]
+        return unsafe {
+            self.render_doc
+                .start_frame_capture(self.shared.context.raw_context(), ptr::null_mut())
+        };
+        #[allow(unreachable_code)]
+        false
+    }
+    unsafe fn stop_capture(&self) {
+        #[cfg(all(not(target_arch = "wasm32"), feature = "renderdoc"))]
+        unsafe {
+            self.render_doc
+                .end_frame_capture(ptr::null_mut(), ptr::null_mut())
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// SAFE: WASM doesn't have threads
+#[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+unsafe impl Sync for super::Device {}
+#[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+unsafe impl Send for super::Device {}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/gles/egl.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/gles/egl.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..13e217f9d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/gles/egl.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1310 @@
+use glow::HasContext;
+use parking_lot::{Mutex, MutexGuard};
+
+use std::{ffi, os::raw, ptr, sync::Arc, time::Duration};
+
+/// The amount of time to wait while trying to obtain a lock to the adapter context
+const CONTEXT_LOCK_TIMEOUT_SECS: u64 = 1;
+
+const EGL_CONTEXT_FLAGS_KHR: i32 = 0x30FC;
+const EGL_CONTEXT_OPENGL_DEBUG_BIT_KHR: i32 = 0x0001;
+const EGL_CONTEXT_OPENGL_ROBUST_ACCESS_EXT: i32 = 0x30BF;
+const EGL_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR: u32 = 0x31D8;
+const EGL_PLATFORM_X11_KHR: u32 = 0x31D5;
+const EGL_PLATFORM_ANGLE_ANGLE: u32 = 0x3202;
+const EGL_PLATFORM_ANGLE_NATIVE_PLATFORM_TYPE_ANGLE: u32 = 0x348F;
+const EGL_PLATFORM_ANGLE_DEBUG_LAYERS_ENABLED: u32 = 0x3451;
+const EGL_PLATFORM_SURFACELESS_MESA: u32 = 0x31DD;
+const EGL_GL_COLORSPACE_KHR: u32 = 0x309D;
+const EGL_GL_COLORSPACE_SRGB_KHR: u32 = 0x3089;
+
+type XOpenDisplayFun =
+    unsafe extern "system" fn(display_name: *const raw::c_char) -> *mut raw::c_void;
+
+type WlDisplayConnectFun =
+    unsafe extern "system" fn(display_name: *const raw::c_char) -> *mut raw::c_void;
+
+type WlDisplayDisconnectFun = unsafe extern "system" fn(display: *const raw::c_void);
+
+#[cfg(not(target_os = "emscripten"))]
+type EglInstance = khronos_egl::DynamicInstance<khronos_egl::EGL1_4>;
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "emscripten")]
+type EglInstance = khronos_egl::Instance<khronos_egl::Static>;
+
+type WlEglWindowCreateFun = unsafe extern "system" fn(
+    surface: *const raw::c_void,
+    width: raw::c_int,
+    height: raw::c_int,
+) -> *mut raw::c_void;
+
+type WlEglWindowResizeFun = unsafe extern "system" fn(
+    window: *const raw::c_void,
+    width: raw::c_int,
+    height: raw::c_int,
+    dx: raw::c_int,
+    dy: raw::c_int,
+);
+
+type WlEglWindowDestroyFun = unsafe extern "system" fn(window: *const raw::c_void);
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "android")]
+extern "C" {
+    pub fn ANativeWindow_setBuffersGeometry(
+        window: *mut raw::c_void,
+        width: i32,
+        height: i32,
+        format: i32,
+    ) -> i32;
+}
+
+type EglLabel = *const raw::c_void;
+
+#[allow(clippy::upper_case_acronyms)]
+type EGLDEBUGPROCKHR = Option<
+    unsafe extern "system" fn(
+        error: khronos_egl::Enum,
+        command: *const raw::c_char,
+        message_type: u32,
+        thread_label: EglLabel,
+        object_label: EglLabel,
+        message: *const raw::c_char,
+    ),
+>;
+
+const EGL_DEBUG_MSG_CRITICAL_KHR: u32 = 0x33B9;
+const EGL_DEBUG_MSG_ERROR_KHR: u32 = 0x33BA;
+const EGL_DEBUG_MSG_WARN_KHR: u32 = 0x33BB;
+const EGL_DEBUG_MSG_INFO_KHR: u32 = 0x33BC;
+
+type EglDebugMessageControlFun = unsafe extern "system" fn(
+    proc: EGLDEBUGPROCKHR,
+    attrib_list: *const khronos_egl::Attrib,
+) -> raw::c_int;
+
+unsafe extern "system" fn egl_debug_proc(
+    error: khronos_egl::Enum,
+    command_raw: *const raw::c_char,
+    message_type: u32,
+    _thread_label: EglLabel,
+    _object_label: EglLabel,
+    message_raw: *const raw::c_char,
+) {
+    let log_severity = match message_type {
+        EGL_DEBUG_MSG_CRITICAL_KHR | EGL_DEBUG_MSG_ERROR_KHR => log::Level::Error,
+        EGL_DEBUG_MSG_WARN_KHR => log::Level::Warn,
+        EGL_DEBUG_MSG_INFO_KHR => log::Level::Info,
+        _ => log::Level::Debug,
+    };
+    let command = unsafe { ffi::CStr::from_ptr(command_raw) }.to_string_lossy();
+    let message = if message_raw.is_null() {
+        "".into()
+    } else {
+        unsafe { ffi::CStr::from_ptr(message_raw) }.to_string_lossy()
+    };
+
+    log::log!(
+        log_severity,
+        "EGL '{}' code 0x{:x}: {}",
+        command,
+        error,
+        message,
+    );
+}
+
+fn open_x_display() -> Option<(ptr::NonNull<raw::c_void>, libloading::Library)> {
+    log::info!("Loading X11 library to get the current display");
+    unsafe {
+        let library = libloading::Library::new("libX11.so").ok()?;
+        let func: libloading::Symbol<XOpenDisplayFun> = library.get(b"XOpenDisplay").unwrap();
+        let result = func(ptr::null());
+        ptr::NonNull::new(result).map(|ptr| (ptr, library))
+    }
+}
+
+unsafe fn find_library(paths: &[&str]) -> Option<libloading::Library> {
+    for path in paths {
+        match unsafe { libloading::Library::new(path) } {
+            Ok(lib) => return Some(lib),
+            _ => continue,
+        };
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn test_wayland_display() -> Option<libloading::Library> {
+    /* We try to connect and disconnect here to simply ensure there
+     * is an active wayland display available.
+     */
+    log::info!("Loading Wayland library to get the current display");
+    let library = unsafe {
+        let client_library = find_library(&["libwayland-client.so.0", "libwayland-client.so"])?;
+        let wl_display_connect: libloading::Symbol<WlDisplayConnectFun> =
+            client_library.get(b"wl_display_connect").unwrap();
+        let wl_display_disconnect: libloading::Symbol<WlDisplayDisconnectFun> =
+            client_library.get(b"wl_display_disconnect").unwrap();
+        let display = ptr::NonNull::new(wl_display_connect(ptr::null()))?;
+        wl_display_disconnect(display.as_ptr());
+        find_library(&["libwayland-egl.so.1", "libwayland-egl.so"])?
+    };
+    Some(library)
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+enum SrgbFrameBufferKind {
+    /// No support for SRGB surface
+    None,
+    /// Using EGL 1.5's support for colorspaces
+    Core,
+    /// Using EGL_KHR_gl_colorspace
+    Khr,
+}
+
+/// Choose GLES framebuffer configuration.
+fn choose_config(
+    egl: &EglInstance,
+    display: khronos_egl::Display,
+    srgb_kind: SrgbFrameBufferKind,
+) -> Result<(khronos_egl::Config, bool), crate::InstanceError> {
+    //TODO: EGL_SLOW_CONFIG
+    let tiers = [
+        (
+            "off-screen",
+            &[
+                khronos_egl::SURFACE_TYPE,
+                khronos_egl::PBUFFER_BIT,
+                khronos_egl::RENDERABLE_TYPE,
+                khronos_egl::OPENGL_ES2_BIT,
+            ][..],
+        ),
+        (
+            "presentation",
+            &[khronos_egl::SURFACE_TYPE, khronos_egl::WINDOW_BIT][..],
+        ),
+        #[cfg(not(target_os = "android"))]
+        (
+            "native-render",
+            &[khronos_egl::NATIVE_RENDERABLE, khronos_egl::TRUE as _][..],
+        ),
+    ];
+
+    let mut attributes = Vec::with_capacity(9);
+    for tier_max in (0..tiers.len()).rev() {
+        let name = tiers[tier_max].0;
+        log::info!("\tTrying {}", name);
+
+        attributes.clear();
+        for &(_, tier_attr) in tiers[..=tier_max].iter() {
+            attributes.extend_from_slice(tier_attr);
+        }
+        // make sure the Alpha is enough to support sRGB
+        match srgb_kind {
+            SrgbFrameBufferKind::None => {}
+            _ => {
+                attributes.push(khronos_egl::ALPHA_SIZE);
+                attributes.push(8);
+            }
+        }
+        attributes.push(khronos_egl::NONE);
+
+        match egl.choose_first_config(display, &attributes) {
+            Ok(Some(config)) => {
+                if tier_max == 1 {
+                    //Note: this has been confirmed to malfunction on Intel+NV laptops,
+                    // but also on Angle.
+                    log::warn!("EGL says it can present to the window but not natively",);
+                }
+                // Android emulator can't natively present either.
+                let tier_threshold = if cfg!(target_os = "android") || cfg!(windows) {
+                    1
+                } else {
+                    2
+                };
+                return Ok((config, tier_max >= tier_threshold));
+            }
+            Ok(None) => {
+                log::warn!("No config found!");
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                log::error!("error in choose_first_config: {:?}", e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    Err(crate::InstanceError)
+}
+
+fn gl_debug_message_callback(source: u32, gltype: u32, id: u32, severity: u32, message: &str) {
+    let source_str = match source {
+        glow::DEBUG_SOURCE_API => "API",
+        glow::DEBUG_SOURCE_WINDOW_SYSTEM => "Window System",
+        glow::DEBUG_SOURCE_SHADER_COMPILER => "ShaderCompiler",
+        glow::DEBUG_SOURCE_THIRD_PARTY => "Third Party",
+        glow::DEBUG_SOURCE_APPLICATION => "Application",
+        glow::DEBUG_SOURCE_OTHER => "Other",
+        _ => unreachable!(),
+    };
+
+    let log_severity = match severity {
+        glow::DEBUG_SEVERITY_HIGH => log::Level::Error,
+        glow::DEBUG_SEVERITY_MEDIUM => log::Level::Warn,
+        glow::DEBUG_SEVERITY_LOW => log::Level::Info,
+        glow::DEBUG_SEVERITY_NOTIFICATION => log::Level::Trace,
+        _ => unreachable!(),
+    };
+
+    let type_str = match gltype {
+        glow::DEBUG_TYPE_DEPRECATED_BEHAVIOR => "Deprecated Behavior",
+        glow::DEBUG_TYPE_ERROR => "Error",
+        glow::DEBUG_TYPE_MARKER => "Marker",
+        glow::DEBUG_TYPE_OTHER => "Other",
+        glow::DEBUG_TYPE_PERFORMANCE => "Performance",
+        glow::DEBUG_TYPE_POP_GROUP => "Pop Group",
+        glow::DEBUG_TYPE_PORTABILITY => "Portability",
+        glow::DEBUG_TYPE_PUSH_GROUP => "Push Group",
+        glow::DEBUG_TYPE_UNDEFINED_BEHAVIOR => "Undefined Behavior",
+        _ => unreachable!(),
+    };
+
+    let _ = std::panic::catch_unwind(|| {
+        log::log!(
+            log_severity,
+            "GLES: [{}/{}] ID {} : {}",
+            source_str,
+            type_str,
+            id,
+            message
+        );
+    });
+
+    if cfg!(debug_assertions) && log_severity == log::Level::Error {
+        // Set canary and continue
+        crate::VALIDATION_CANARY.set();
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+struct EglContext {
+    instance: Arc<EglInstance>,
+    version: (i32, i32),
+    display: khronos_egl::Display,
+    raw: khronos_egl::Context,
+    pbuffer: Option<khronos_egl::Surface>,
+}
+
+impl EglContext {
+    fn make_current(&self) {
+        self.instance
+            .make_current(self.display, self.pbuffer, self.pbuffer, Some(self.raw))
+            .unwrap();
+    }
+    fn unmake_current(&self) {
+        self.instance
+            .make_current(self.display, None, None, None)
+            .unwrap();
+    }
+}
+
+/// A wrapper around a [`glow::Context`] and the required EGL context that uses locking to guarantee
+/// exclusive access when shared with multiple threads.
+pub struct AdapterContext {
+    glow: Mutex<glow::Context>,
+    egl: Option<EglContext>,
+}
+
+unsafe impl Sync for AdapterContext {}
+unsafe impl Send for AdapterContext {}
+
+impl AdapterContext {
+    pub fn is_owned(&self) -> bool {
+        self.egl.is_some()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the EGL instance.
+    ///
+    /// This provides access to EGL functions and the ability to load GL and EGL extension functions.
+    pub fn egl_instance(&self) -> Option<&EglInstance> {
+        self.egl.as_ref().map(|egl| &*egl.instance)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the EGLDisplay corresponding to the adapter context.
+    ///
+    /// Returns [`None`] if the adapter was externally created.
+    pub fn raw_display(&self) -> Option<&khronos_egl::Display> {
+        self.egl.as_ref().map(|egl| &egl.display)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the EGL version the adapter context was created with.
+    ///
+    /// Returns [`None`] if the adapter was externally created.
+    pub fn egl_version(&self) -> Option<(i32, i32)> {
+        self.egl.as_ref().map(|egl| egl.version)
+    }
+
+    pub fn raw_context(&self) -> *mut raw::c_void {
+        match self.egl {
+            Some(ref egl) => egl.raw.as_ptr(),
+            None => ptr::null_mut(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct EglContextLock<'a> {
+    instance: &'a Arc<EglInstance>,
+    display: khronos_egl::Display,
+}
+
+/// A guard containing a lock to an [`AdapterContext`]
+pub struct AdapterContextLock<'a> {
+    glow: MutexGuard<'a, glow::Context>,
+    egl: Option<EglContextLock<'a>>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> std::ops::Deref for AdapterContextLock<'a> {
+    type Target = glow::Context;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.glow
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> Drop for AdapterContextLock<'a> {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        if let Some(egl) = self.egl.take() {
+            egl.instance
+                .make_current(egl.display, None, None, None)
+                .unwrap();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl AdapterContext {
+    /// Get's the [`glow::Context`] without waiting for a lock
+    ///
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// This should only be called when you have manually made sure that the current thread has made
+    /// the EGL context current and that no other thread also has the EGL context current.
+    /// Additionally, you must manually make the EGL context **not** current after you are done with
+    /// it, so that future calls to `lock()` will not fail.
+    ///
+    /// > **Note:** Calling this function **will** still lock the [`glow::Context`] which adds an
+    /// > extra safe-guard against accidental concurrent access to the context.
+    pub unsafe fn get_without_egl_lock(&self) -> MutexGuard<glow::Context> {
+        self.glow
+            .try_lock_for(Duration::from_secs(CONTEXT_LOCK_TIMEOUT_SECS))
+            .expect("Could not lock adapter context. This is most-likely a deadlock.")
+    }
+
+    /// Obtain a lock to the EGL context and get handle to the [`glow::Context`] that can be used to
+    /// do rendering.
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn lock<'a>(&'a self) -> AdapterContextLock<'a> {
+        let glow = self
+            .glow
+            // Don't lock forever. If it takes longer than 1 second to get the lock we've got a
+            // deadlock and should panic to show where we got stuck
+            .try_lock_for(Duration::from_secs(CONTEXT_LOCK_TIMEOUT_SECS))
+            .expect("Could not lock adapter context. This is most-likely a deadlock.");
+
+        let egl = self.egl.as_ref().map(|egl| {
+            egl.make_current();
+            EglContextLock {
+                instance: &egl.instance,
+                display: egl.display,
+            }
+        });
+
+        AdapterContextLock { glow, egl }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct Inner {
+    /// Note: the context contains a dummy pbuffer (1x1).
+    /// Required for `eglMakeCurrent` on platforms that doesn't supports `EGL_KHR_surfaceless_context`.
+    egl: EglContext,
+    #[allow(unused)]
+    version: (i32, i32),
+    supports_native_window: bool,
+    config: khronos_egl::Config,
+    #[cfg_attr(target_os = "emscripten", allow(dead_code))]
+    wl_display: Option<*mut raw::c_void>,
+    /// Method by which the framebuffer should support srgb
+    srgb_kind: SrgbFrameBufferKind,
+}
+
+impl Inner {
+    fn create(
+        flags: crate::InstanceFlags,
+        egl: Arc<EglInstance>,
+        display: khronos_egl::Display,
+    ) -> Result<Self, crate::InstanceError> {
+        let version = egl.initialize(display).map_err(|_| crate::InstanceError)?;
+        let vendor = egl
+            .query_string(Some(display), khronos_egl::VENDOR)
+            .unwrap();
+        let display_extensions = egl
+            .query_string(Some(display), khronos_egl::EXTENSIONS)
+            .unwrap()
+            .to_string_lossy();
+        log::info!("Display vendor {:?}, version {:?}", vendor, version,);
+        log::debug!(
+            "Display extensions: {:#?}",
+            display_extensions.split_whitespace().collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        );
+
+        let srgb_kind = if version >= (1, 5) {
+            log::info!("\tEGL surface: +srgb");
+            SrgbFrameBufferKind::Core
+        } else if display_extensions.contains("EGL_KHR_gl_colorspace") {
+            log::info!("\tEGL surface: +srgb khr");
+            SrgbFrameBufferKind::Khr
+        } else {
+            log::warn!("\tEGL surface: -srgb");
+            SrgbFrameBufferKind::None
+        };
+
+        if log::max_level() >= log::LevelFilter::Trace {
+            log::trace!("Configurations:");
+            let config_count = egl.get_config_count(display).unwrap();
+            let mut configurations = Vec::with_capacity(config_count);
+            egl.get_configs(display, &mut configurations).unwrap();
+            for &config in configurations.iter() {
+                log::trace!("\tCONFORMANT=0x{:X}, RENDERABLE=0x{:X}, NATIVE_RENDERABLE=0x{:X}, SURFACE_TYPE=0x{:X}, ALPHA_SIZE={}",
+                    egl.get_config_attrib(display, config, khronos_egl::CONFORMANT).unwrap(),
+                    egl.get_config_attrib(display, config, khronos_egl::RENDERABLE_TYPE).unwrap(),
+                    egl.get_config_attrib(display, config, khronos_egl::NATIVE_RENDERABLE).unwrap(),
+                    egl.get_config_attrib(display, config, khronos_egl::SURFACE_TYPE).unwrap(),
+                    egl.get_config_attrib(display, config, khronos_egl::ALPHA_SIZE).unwrap(),
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        let (config, supports_native_window) = choose_config(&egl, display, srgb_kind)?;
+        egl.bind_api(khronos_egl::OPENGL_ES_API).unwrap();
+
+        let needs_robustness = true;
+        let mut khr_context_flags = 0;
+        let supports_khr_context = display_extensions.contains("EGL_KHR_create_context");
+
+        //TODO: make it so `Device` == EGL Context
+        let mut context_attributes = vec![
+            khronos_egl::CONTEXT_CLIENT_VERSION,
+            3, // Request GLES 3.0 or higher
+        ];
+        if flags.contains(crate::InstanceFlags::DEBUG) {
+            if version >= (1, 5) {
+                log::info!("\tEGL context: +debug");
+                context_attributes.push(khronos_egl::CONTEXT_OPENGL_DEBUG);
+                context_attributes.push(khronos_egl::TRUE as _);
+            } else if supports_khr_context {
+                log::info!("\tEGL context: +debug KHR");
+                khr_context_flags |= EGL_CONTEXT_OPENGL_DEBUG_BIT_KHR;
+            } else {
+                log::info!("\tEGL context: -debug");
+            }
+        }
+        if needs_robustness {
+            //Note: the core version can fail if robustness is not supported
+            // (regardless of whether the extension is supported!).
+            // In fact, Angle does precisely that awful behavior, so we don't try it there.
+            if version >= (1, 5) && !display_extensions.contains("EGL_ANGLE_") {
+                log::info!("\tEGL context: +robust access");
+                context_attributes.push(khronos_egl::CONTEXT_OPENGL_ROBUST_ACCESS);
+                context_attributes.push(khronos_egl::TRUE as _);
+            } else if display_extensions.contains("EGL_EXT_create_context_robustness") {
+                log::info!("\tEGL context: +robust access EXT");
+                context_attributes.push(EGL_CONTEXT_OPENGL_ROBUST_ACCESS_EXT);
+                context_attributes.push(khronos_egl::TRUE as _);
+            } else {
+                //Note: we aren't trying `EGL_CONTEXT_OPENGL_ROBUST_ACCESS_BIT_KHR`
+                // because it's for desktop GL only, not GLES.
+                log::warn!("\tEGL context: -robust access");
+            }
+
+            //TODO do we need `khronos_egl::CONTEXT_OPENGL_NOTIFICATION_STRATEGY_EXT`?
+        }
+        if khr_context_flags != 0 {
+            context_attributes.push(EGL_CONTEXT_FLAGS_KHR);
+            context_attributes.push(khr_context_flags);
+        }
+        context_attributes.push(khronos_egl::NONE);
+        let context = match egl.create_context(display, config, None, &context_attributes) {
+            Ok(context) => context,
+            Err(e) => {
+                log::warn!("unable to create GLES 3.x context: {:?}", e);
+                return Err(crate::InstanceError);
+            }
+        };
+
+        // Testing if context can be binded without surface
+        // and creating dummy pbuffer surface if not.
+        let pbuffer = if version >= (1, 5)
+            || display_extensions.contains("EGL_KHR_surfaceless_context")
+            || cfg!(target_os = "emscripten")
+        {
+            log::info!("\tEGL context: +surfaceless");
+            None
+        } else {
+            let attributes = [
+                khronos_egl::WIDTH,
+                1,
+                khronos_egl::HEIGHT,
+                1,
+                khronos_egl::NONE,
+            ];
+            egl.create_pbuffer_surface(display, config, &attributes)
+                .map(Some)
+                .map_err(|e| {
+                    log::warn!("Error in create_pbuffer_surface: {:?}", e);
+                    crate::InstanceError
+                })?
+        };
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            egl: EglContext {
+                instance: egl,
+                display,
+                raw: context,
+                pbuffer,
+                version,
+            },
+            version,
+            supports_native_window,
+            config,
+            wl_display: None,
+            srgb_kind,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for Inner {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        if let Err(e) = self
+            .egl
+            .instance
+            .destroy_context(self.egl.display, self.egl.raw)
+        {
+            log::warn!("Error in destroy_context: {:?}", e);
+        }
+        if let Err(e) = self.egl.instance.terminate(self.egl.display) {
+            log::warn!("Error in terminate: {:?}", e);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
+enum WindowKind {
+    Wayland,
+    X11,
+    AngleX11,
+    Unknown,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+struct WindowSystemInterface {
+    library: Option<Arc<libloading::Library>>,
+    kind: WindowKind,
+}
+
+pub struct Instance {
+    wsi: WindowSystemInterface,
+    flags: crate::InstanceFlags,
+    inner: Mutex<Inner>,
+}
+
+impl Instance {
+    pub fn raw_display(&self) -> khronos_egl::Display {
+        self.inner
+            .try_lock()
+            .expect("Could not lock instance. This is most-likely a deadlock.")
+            .egl
+            .display
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the version of the EGL display.
+    pub fn egl_version(&self) -> (i32, i32) {
+        self.inner
+            .try_lock()
+            .expect("Could not lock instance. This is most-likely a deadlock.")
+            .version
+    }
+}
+
+unsafe impl Send for Instance {}
+unsafe impl Sync for Instance {}
+
+impl crate::Instance<super::Api> for Instance {
+    unsafe fn init(desc: &crate::InstanceDescriptor) -> Result<Self, crate::InstanceError> {
+        #[cfg(target_os = "emscripten")]
+        let egl_result: Result<EglInstance, khronos_egl::Error> =
+            Ok(khronos_egl::Instance::new(khronos_egl::Static));
+
+        #[cfg(not(target_os = "emscripten"))]
+        let egl_result = if cfg!(windows) {
+            unsafe {
+                khronos_egl::DynamicInstance::<khronos_egl::EGL1_4>::load_required_from_filename(
+                    "libEGL.dll",
+                )
+            }
+        } else if cfg!(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios")) {
+            unsafe {
+                khronos_egl::DynamicInstance::<khronos_egl::EGL1_4>::load_required_from_filename(
+                    "libEGL.dylib",
+                )
+            }
+        } else {
+            unsafe { khronos_egl::DynamicInstance::<khronos_egl::EGL1_4>::load_required() }
+        };
+        let egl = match egl_result {
+            Ok(egl) => Arc::new(egl),
+            Err(e) => {
+                log::info!("Unable to open libEGL: {:?}", e);
+                return Err(crate::InstanceError);
+            }
+        };
+
+        let client_extensions = egl.query_string(None, khronos_egl::EXTENSIONS);
+
+        let client_ext_str = match client_extensions {
+            Ok(ext) => ext.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
+            Err(_) => String::new(),
+        };
+        log::debug!(
+            "Client extensions: {:#?}",
+            client_ext_str.split_whitespace().collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        );
+
+        let wayland_library = if client_ext_str.contains("EGL_EXT_platform_wayland") {
+            test_wayland_display()
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+        let x11_display_library = if client_ext_str.contains("EGL_EXT_platform_x11") {
+            open_x_display()
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+        let angle_x11_display_library = if client_ext_str.contains("EGL_ANGLE_platform_angle") {
+            open_x_display()
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+
+        #[cfg(not(target_os = "emscripten"))]
+        let egl1_5 = egl.upcast::<khronos_egl::EGL1_5>();
+
+        #[cfg(target_os = "emscripten")]
+        let egl1_5: Option<&Arc<EglInstance>> = Some(&egl);
+
+        let (display, wsi_library, wsi_kind) = if let (Some(library), Some(egl)) =
+            (wayland_library, egl1_5)
+        {
+            log::info!("Using Wayland platform");
+            let display_attributes = [khronos_egl::ATTRIB_NONE];
+            let display = egl
+                .get_platform_display(
+                    EGL_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR,
+                    khronos_egl::DEFAULT_DISPLAY,
+                    &display_attributes,
+                )
+                .unwrap();
+            (display, Some(Arc::new(library)), WindowKind::Wayland)
+        } else if let (Some((display, library)), Some(egl)) = (x11_display_library, egl1_5) {
+            log::info!("Using X11 platform");
+            let display_attributes = [khronos_egl::ATTRIB_NONE];
+            let display = egl
+                .get_platform_display(EGL_PLATFORM_X11_KHR, display.as_ptr(), &display_attributes)
+                .unwrap();
+            (display, Some(Arc::new(library)), WindowKind::X11)
+        } else if let (Some((display, library)), Some(egl)) = (angle_x11_display_library, egl1_5) {
+            log::info!("Using Angle platform with X11");
+            let display_attributes = [
+                EGL_PLATFORM_ANGLE_NATIVE_PLATFORM_TYPE_ANGLE as khronos_egl::Attrib,
+                EGL_PLATFORM_X11_KHR as khronos_egl::Attrib,
+                EGL_PLATFORM_ANGLE_DEBUG_LAYERS_ENABLED as khronos_egl::Attrib,
+                usize::from(desc.flags.contains(crate::InstanceFlags::VALIDATION)),
+                khronos_egl::ATTRIB_NONE,
+            ];
+            let display = egl
+                .get_platform_display(
+                    EGL_PLATFORM_ANGLE_ANGLE,
+                    display.as_ptr(),
+                    &display_attributes,
+                )
+                .unwrap();
+            (display, Some(Arc::new(library)), WindowKind::AngleX11)
+        } else if client_ext_str.contains("EGL_MESA_platform_surfaceless") {
+            log::info!("No windowing system present. Using surfaceless platform");
+            let egl = egl1_5.expect("Failed to get EGL 1.5 for surfaceless");
+            let display = egl
+                .get_platform_display(
+                    EGL_PLATFORM_SURFACELESS_MESA,
+                    std::ptr::null_mut(),
+                    &[khronos_egl::ATTRIB_NONE],
+                )
+                .unwrap();
+            (display, None, WindowKind::Unknown)
+        } else {
+            log::info!("EGL_MESA_platform_surfaceless not available. Using default platform");
+            let display = egl.get_display(khronos_egl::DEFAULT_DISPLAY).unwrap();
+            (display, None, WindowKind::Unknown)
+        };
+
+        if desc.flags.contains(crate::InstanceFlags::VALIDATION)
+            && client_ext_str.contains("EGL_KHR_debug")
+        {
+            log::info!("Enabling EGL debug output");
+            let function: EglDebugMessageControlFun = {
+                let addr = egl.get_proc_address("eglDebugMessageControlKHR").unwrap();
+                unsafe { std::mem::transmute(addr) }
+            };
+            let attributes = [
+                EGL_DEBUG_MSG_CRITICAL_KHR as khronos_egl::Attrib,
+                1,
+                EGL_DEBUG_MSG_ERROR_KHR as khronos_egl::Attrib,
+                1,
+                EGL_DEBUG_MSG_WARN_KHR as khronos_egl::Attrib,
+                1,
+                EGL_DEBUG_MSG_INFO_KHR as khronos_egl::Attrib,
+                1,
+                khronos_egl::ATTRIB_NONE,
+            ];
+            unsafe { (function)(Some(egl_debug_proc), attributes.as_ptr()) };
+        }
+
+        let inner = Inner::create(desc.flags, egl, display)?;
+
+        Ok(Instance {
+            wsi: WindowSystemInterface {
+                library: wsi_library,
+                kind: wsi_kind,
+            },
+            flags: desc.flags,
+            inner: Mutex::new(inner),
+        })
+    }
+
+    #[cfg_attr(target_os = "macos", allow(unused, unused_mut, unreachable_code))]
+    unsafe fn create_surface(
+        &self,
+        display_handle: raw_window_handle::RawDisplayHandle,
+        window_handle: raw_window_handle::RawWindowHandle,
+    ) -> Result<Surface, crate::InstanceError> {
+        use raw_window_handle::RawWindowHandle as Rwh;
+
+        #[cfg_attr(
+            any(target_os = "android", target_os = "emscripten"),
+            allow(unused_mut)
+        )]
+        let mut inner = self.inner.lock();
+
+        match (window_handle, display_handle) {
+            (Rwh::Xlib(_), _) => {}
+            (Rwh::Xcb(_), _) => {}
+            (Rwh::Win32(_), _) => {}
+            (Rwh::AppKit(_), _) => {}
+            #[cfg(target_os = "android")]
+            (Rwh::AndroidNdk(handle), _) => {
+                let format = inner
+                    .egl
+                    .instance
+                    .get_config_attrib(
+                        inner.egl.display,
+                        inner.config,
+                        khronos_egl::NATIVE_VISUAL_ID,
+                    )
+                    .unwrap();
+
+                let ret = unsafe {
+                    ANativeWindow_setBuffersGeometry(handle.a_native_window, 0, 0, format)
+                };
+
+                if ret != 0 {
+                    log::error!("Error returned from ANativeWindow_setBuffersGeometry");
+                    return Err(crate::InstanceError);
+                }
+            }
+            #[cfg(not(target_os = "emscripten"))]
+            (Rwh::Wayland(_), raw_window_handle::RawDisplayHandle::Wayland(display_handle)) => {
+                if inner
+                    .wl_display
+                    .map(|ptr| ptr != display_handle.display)
+                    .unwrap_or(true)
+                {
+                    /* Wayland displays are not sharable between surfaces so if the
+                     * surface we receive from this handle is from a different
+                     * display, we must re-initialize the context.
+                     *
+                     * See gfx-rs/gfx#3545
+                     */
+                    log::warn!("Re-initializing Gles context due to Wayland window");
+
+                    use std::ops::DerefMut;
+                    let display_attributes = [khronos_egl::ATTRIB_NONE];
+
+                    let display = inner
+                        .egl
+                        .instance
+                        .upcast::<khronos_egl::EGL1_5>()
+                        .unwrap()
+                        .get_platform_display(
+                            EGL_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR,
+                            display_handle.display,
+                            &display_attributes,
+                        )
+                        .unwrap();
+
+                    let new_inner =
+                        Inner::create(self.flags, Arc::clone(&inner.egl.instance), display)
+                            .map_err(|_| crate::InstanceError)?;
+
+                    let old_inner = std::mem::replace(inner.deref_mut(), new_inner);
+                    inner.wl_display = Some(display_handle.display);
+
+                    drop(old_inner);
+                }
+            }
+            #[cfg(target_os = "emscripten")]
+            (Rwh::Web(_), _) => {}
+            other => {
+                log::error!("Unsupported window: {:?}", other);
+                return Err(crate::InstanceError);
+            }
+        };
+
+        inner.egl.unmake_current();
+
+        Ok(Surface {
+            egl: inner.egl.clone(),
+            wsi: self.wsi.clone(),
+            config: inner.config,
+            presentable: inner.supports_native_window,
+            raw_window_handle: window_handle,
+            swapchain: None,
+            srgb_kind: inner.srgb_kind,
+        })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_surface(&self, _surface: Surface) {}
+
+    unsafe fn enumerate_adapters(&self) -> Vec<crate::ExposedAdapter<super::Api>> {
+        let inner = self.inner.lock();
+        inner.egl.make_current();
+
+        let gl = unsafe {
+            glow::Context::from_loader_function(|name| {
+                inner
+                    .egl
+                    .instance
+                    .get_proc_address(name)
+                    .map_or(ptr::null(), |p| p as *const _)
+            })
+        };
+
+        if self.flags.contains(crate::InstanceFlags::DEBUG) && gl.supports_debug() {
+            log::info!("Max label length: {}", unsafe {
+                gl.get_parameter_i32(glow::MAX_LABEL_LENGTH)
+            });
+        }
+
+        if self.flags.contains(crate::InstanceFlags::VALIDATION) && gl.supports_debug() {
+            log::info!("Enabling GLES debug output");
+            unsafe { gl.enable(glow::DEBUG_OUTPUT) };
+            unsafe { gl.debug_message_callback(gl_debug_message_callback) };
+        }
+
+        inner.egl.unmake_current();
+
+        unsafe {
+            super::Adapter::expose(AdapterContext {
+                glow: Mutex::new(gl),
+                egl: Some(inner.egl.clone()),
+            })
+        }
+        .into_iter()
+        .collect()
+    }
+}
+
+impl super::Adapter {
+    /// Creates a new external adapter using the specified loader function.
+    ///
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// - The underlying OpenGL ES context must be current.
+    /// - The underlying OpenGL ES context must be current when interfacing with any objects returned by
+    ///   wgpu-hal from this adapter.
+    pub unsafe fn new_external(
+        fun: impl FnMut(&str) -> *const ffi::c_void,
+    ) -> Option<crate::ExposedAdapter<super::Api>> {
+        let context = unsafe { glow::Context::from_loader_function(fun) };
+        unsafe {
+            Self::expose(AdapterContext {
+                glow: Mutex::new(context),
+                egl: None,
+            })
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn adapter_context(&self) -> &AdapterContext {
+        &self.shared.context
+    }
+}
+
+impl super::Device {
+    /// Returns the underlying EGL context.
+    pub fn context(&self) -> &AdapterContext {
+        &self.shared.context
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Swapchain {
+    surface: khronos_egl::Surface,
+    wl_window: Option<*mut raw::c_void>,
+    framebuffer: glow::Framebuffer,
+    renderbuffer: glow::Renderbuffer,
+    /// Extent because the window lies
+    extent: wgt::Extent3d,
+    format: wgt::TextureFormat,
+    format_desc: super::TextureFormatDesc,
+    #[allow(unused)]
+    sample_type: wgt::TextureSampleType,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Surface {
+    egl: EglContext,
+    wsi: WindowSystemInterface,
+    config: khronos_egl::Config,
+    pub(super) presentable: bool,
+    raw_window_handle: raw_window_handle::RawWindowHandle,
+    swapchain: Option<Swapchain>,
+    srgb_kind: SrgbFrameBufferKind,
+}
+
+unsafe impl Send for Surface {}
+unsafe impl Sync for Surface {}
+
+impl Surface {
+    pub(super) unsafe fn present(
+        &mut self,
+        _suf_texture: super::Texture,
+        gl: &glow::Context,
+    ) -> Result<(), crate::SurfaceError> {
+        let sc = self.swapchain.as_ref().unwrap();
+
+        self.egl
+            .instance
+            .make_current(
+                self.egl.display,
+                Some(sc.surface),
+                Some(sc.surface),
+                Some(self.egl.raw),
+            )
+            .map_err(|e| {
+                log::error!("make_current(surface) failed: {}", e);
+                crate::SurfaceError::Lost
+            })?;
+
+        unsafe { gl.disable(glow::SCISSOR_TEST) };
+        unsafe { gl.color_mask(true, true, true, true) };
+
+        unsafe { gl.bind_framebuffer(glow::DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER, None) };
+        unsafe { gl.bind_framebuffer(glow::READ_FRAMEBUFFER, Some(sc.framebuffer)) };
+        // Note the Y-flipping here. GL's presentation is not flipped,
+        // but main rendering is. Therefore, we Y-flip the output positions
+        // in the shader, and also this blit.
+        unsafe {
+            gl.blit_framebuffer(
+                0,
+                sc.extent.height as i32,
+                sc.extent.width as i32,
+                0,
+                0,
+                0,
+                sc.extent.width as i32,
+                sc.extent.height as i32,
+                glow::COLOR_BUFFER_BIT,
+                glow::NEAREST,
+            )
+        };
+        unsafe { gl.bind_framebuffer(glow::READ_FRAMEBUFFER, None) };
+
+        self.egl
+            .instance
+            .swap_buffers(self.egl.display, sc.surface)
+            .map_err(|e| {
+                log::error!("swap_buffers failed: {}", e);
+                crate::SurfaceError::Lost
+            })?;
+        self.egl
+            .instance
+            .make_current(self.egl.display, None, None, None)
+            .map_err(|e| {
+                log::error!("make_current(null) failed: {}", e);
+                crate::SurfaceError::Lost
+            })?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn unconfigure_impl(
+        &mut self,
+        device: &super::Device,
+    ) -> Option<(khronos_egl::Surface, Option<*mut raw::c_void>)> {
+        let gl = &device.shared.context.lock();
+        match self.swapchain.take() {
+            Some(sc) => {
+                unsafe { gl.delete_renderbuffer(sc.renderbuffer) };
+                unsafe { gl.delete_framebuffer(sc.framebuffer) };
+                Some((sc.surface, sc.wl_window))
+            }
+            None => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn supports_srgb(&self) -> bool {
+        match self.srgb_kind {
+            SrgbFrameBufferKind::None => false,
+            _ => true,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl crate::Surface<super::Api> for Surface {
+    unsafe fn configure(
+        &mut self,
+        device: &super::Device,
+        config: &crate::SurfaceConfiguration,
+    ) -> Result<(), crate::SurfaceError> {
+        use raw_window_handle::RawWindowHandle as Rwh;
+
+        let (surface, wl_window) = match unsafe { self.unconfigure_impl(device) } {
+            Some(pair) => pair,
+            None => {
+                let mut wl_window = None;
+                let (mut temp_xlib_handle, mut temp_xcb_handle);
+                #[allow(trivial_casts)]
+                let native_window_ptr = match (self.wsi.kind, self.raw_window_handle) {
+                    (WindowKind::Unknown | WindowKind::X11, Rwh::Xlib(handle)) => {
+                        temp_xlib_handle = handle.window;
+                        &mut temp_xlib_handle as *mut _ as *mut std::ffi::c_void
+                    }
+                    (WindowKind::AngleX11, Rwh::Xlib(handle)) => {
+                        handle.window as *mut std::ffi::c_void
+                    }
+                    (WindowKind::Unknown | WindowKind::X11, Rwh::Xcb(handle)) => {
+                        temp_xcb_handle = handle.window;
+                        &mut temp_xcb_handle as *mut _ as *mut std::ffi::c_void
+                    }
+                    (WindowKind::AngleX11, Rwh::Xcb(handle)) => {
+                        handle.window as *mut std::ffi::c_void
+                    }
+                    (WindowKind::Unknown, Rwh::AndroidNdk(handle)) => handle.a_native_window,
+                    (WindowKind::Wayland, Rwh::Wayland(handle)) => {
+                        let library = self.wsi.library.as_ref().unwrap();
+                        let wl_egl_window_create: libloading::Symbol<WlEglWindowCreateFun> =
+                            unsafe { library.get(b"wl_egl_window_create") }.unwrap();
+                        let window = unsafe { wl_egl_window_create(handle.surface, 640, 480) }
+                            as *mut _ as *mut std::ffi::c_void;
+                        wl_window = Some(window);
+                        window
+                    }
+                    #[cfg(target_os = "emscripten")]
+                    (WindowKind::Unknown, Rwh::Web(handle)) => handle.id as *mut std::ffi::c_void,
+                    (WindowKind::Unknown, Rwh::Win32(handle)) => handle.hwnd,
+                    (WindowKind::Unknown, Rwh::AppKit(handle)) => {
+                        #[cfg(not(target_os = "macos"))]
+                        let window_ptr = handle.ns_view;
+                        #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+                        let window_ptr = {
+                            use objc::{msg_send, runtime::Object, sel, sel_impl};
+                            // ns_view always have a layer and don't need to verify that it exists.
+                            let layer: *mut Object =
+                                msg_send![handle.ns_view as *mut Object, layer];
+                            layer as *mut ffi::c_void
+                        };
+                        window_ptr
+                    }
+                    _ => {
+                        log::warn!(
+                            "Initialized platform {:?} doesn't work with window {:?}",
+                            self.wsi.kind,
+                            self.raw_window_handle
+                        );
+                        return Err(crate::SurfaceError::Other("incompatible window kind"));
+                    }
+                };
+
+                let mut attributes = vec![
+                    khronos_egl::RENDER_BUFFER,
+                    // We don't want any of the buffering done by the driver, because we
+                    // manage a swapchain on our side.
+                    // Some drivers just fail on surface creation seeing `EGL_SINGLE_BUFFER`.
+                    if cfg!(any(target_os = "android", target_os = "macos"))
+                        || cfg!(windows)
+                        || self.wsi.kind == WindowKind::AngleX11
+                    {
+                        khronos_egl::BACK_BUFFER
+                    } else {
+                        khronos_egl::SINGLE_BUFFER
+                    },
+                ];
+                match self.srgb_kind {
+                    SrgbFrameBufferKind::None => {}
+                    SrgbFrameBufferKind::Core => {
+                        attributes.push(khronos_egl::GL_COLORSPACE);
+                        attributes.push(khronos_egl::GL_COLORSPACE_SRGB);
+                    }
+                    SrgbFrameBufferKind::Khr => {
+                        attributes.push(EGL_GL_COLORSPACE_KHR as i32);
+                        attributes.push(EGL_GL_COLORSPACE_SRGB_KHR as i32);
+                    }
+                }
+                attributes.push(khronos_egl::ATTRIB_NONE as i32);
+
+                #[cfg(not(target_os = "emscripten"))]
+                let egl1_5 = self.egl.instance.upcast::<khronos_egl::EGL1_5>();
+
+                #[cfg(target_os = "emscripten")]
+                let egl1_5: Option<&Arc<EglInstance>> = Some(&self.egl.instance);
+
+                // Careful, we can still be in 1.4 version even if `upcast` succeeds
+                let raw_result = match egl1_5 {
+                    Some(egl) if self.wsi.kind != WindowKind::Unknown => {
+                        let attributes_usize = attributes
+                            .into_iter()
+                            .map(|v| v as usize)
+                            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+                        egl.create_platform_window_surface(
+                            self.egl.display,
+                            self.config,
+                            native_window_ptr,
+                            &attributes_usize,
+                        )
+                    }
+                    _ => unsafe {
+                        self.egl.instance.create_window_surface(
+                            self.egl.display,
+                            self.config,
+                            native_window_ptr,
+                            Some(&attributes),
+                        )
+                    },
+                };
+
+                match raw_result {
+                    Ok(raw) => (raw, wl_window),
+                    Err(e) => {
+                        log::warn!("Error in create_window_surface: {:?}", e);
+                        return Err(crate::SurfaceError::Lost);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        if let Some(window) = wl_window {
+            let library = self.wsi.library.as_ref().unwrap();
+            let wl_egl_window_resize: libloading::Symbol<WlEglWindowResizeFun> =
+                unsafe { library.get(b"wl_egl_window_resize") }.unwrap();
+            unsafe {
+                wl_egl_window_resize(
+                    window,
+                    config.extent.width as i32,
+                    config.extent.height as i32,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                )
+            };
+        }
+
+        let format_desc = device.shared.describe_texture_format(config.format);
+        let gl = &device.shared.context.lock();
+        let renderbuffer = unsafe { gl.create_renderbuffer() }.map_err(|error| {
+            log::error!("Internal swapchain renderbuffer creation failed: {error}");
+            crate::DeviceError::OutOfMemory
+        })?;
+        unsafe { gl.bind_renderbuffer(glow::RENDERBUFFER, Some(renderbuffer)) };
+        unsafe {
+            gl.renderbuffer_storage(
+                glow::RENDERBUFFER,
+                format_desc.internal,
+                config.extent.width as _,
+                config.extent.height as _,
+            )
+        };
+        let framebuffer = unsafe { gl.create_framebuffer() }.map_err(|error| {
+            log::error!("Internal swapchain framebuffer creation failed: {error}");
+            crate::DeviceError::OutOfMemory
+        })?;
+        unsafe { gl.bind_framebuffer(glow::READ_FRAMEBUFFER, Some(framebuffer)) };
+        unsafe {
+            gl.framebuffer_renderbuffer(
+                glow::READ_FRAMEBUFFER,
+                glow::COLOR_ATTACHMENT0,
+                glow::RENDERBUFFER,
+                Some(renderbuffer),
+            )
+        };
+        unsafe { gl.bind_renderbuffer(glow::RENDERBUFFER, None) };
+        unsafe { gl.bind_framebuffer(glow::READ_FRAMEBUFFER, None) };
+
+        self.swapchain = Some(Swapchain {
+            surface,
+            wl_window,
+            renderbuffer,
+            framebuffer,
+            extent: config.extent,
+            format: config.format,
+            format_desc,
+            sample_type: wgt::TextureSampleType::Float { filterable: false },
+        });
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn unconfigure(&mut self, device: &super::Device) {
+        if let Some((surface, wl_window)) = unsafe { self.unconfigure_impl(device) } {
+            self.egl
+                .instance
+                .destroy_surface(self.egl.display, surface)
+                .unwrap();
+            if let Some(window) = wl_window {
+                let library = self.wsi.library.as_ref().expect("unsupported window");
+                let wl_egl_window_destroy: libloading::Symbol<WlEglWindowDestroyFun> =
+                    unsafe { library.get(b"wl_egl_window_destroy") }.unwrap();
+                unsafe { wl_egl_window_destroy(window) };
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn acquire_texture(
+        &mut self,
+        _timeout_ms: Option<Duration>, //TODO
+    ) -> Result<Option<crate::AcquiredSurfaceTexture<super::Api>>, crate::SurfaceError> {
+        let sc = self.swapchain.as_ref().unwrap();
+        let texture = super::Texture {
+            inner: super::TextureInner::Renderbuffer {
+                raw: sc.renderbuffer,
+            },
+            drop_guard: None,
+            array_layer_count: 1,
+            mip_level_count: 1,
+            format: sc.format,
+            format_desc: sc.format_desc.clone(),
+            copy_size: crate::CopyExtent {
+                width: sc.extent.width,
+                height: sc.extent.height,
+                depth: 1,
+            },
+            is_cubemap: false,
+        };
+        Ok(Some(crate::AcquiredSurfaceTexture {
+            texture,
+            suboptimal: false,
+        }))
+    }
+    unsafe fn discard_texture(&mut self, _texture: super::Texture) {}
+}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/gles/emscripten.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/gles/emscripten.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7372dbd369
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/gles/emscripten.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+extern "C" {
+    /// returns 1 if success. 0 if failure. extension name must be null terminated
+    fn emscripten_webgl_enable_extension(
+        context: std::ffi::c_int,
+        extension: *const std::ffi::c_char,
+    ) -> std::ffi::c_int;
+    fn emscripten_webgl_get_current_context() -> std::ffi::c_int;
+}
+/// Webgl requires extensions to be enabled before using them.
+/// This function can be used to enable webgl extension on emscripten target.
+///
+/// returns true on success
+///
+/// # Safety:
+///
+/// - opengl context MUST BE current
+/// - extension_name_null_terminated argument must be a valid string with null terminator.
+/// - extension must be present. check `glow_context.supported_extensions()`
+pub unsafe fn enable_extension(extension_name_null_terminated: &str) -> bool {
+    unsafe {
+        emscripten_webgl_enable_extension(
+            emscripten_webgl_get_current_context(),
+            extension_name_null_terminated.as_ptr() as _,
+        ) == 1
+    }
+}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/gles/mod.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/gles/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f11286833d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/gles/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,861 @@
+/*!
+# OpenGL ES3 API (aka GLES3).
+
+Designed to work on Linux and Android, with context provided by EGL.
+
+## Texture views
+
+GLES3 doesn't really have separate texture view objects. We have to remember the
+original texture and the sub-range into it. Problem is, however, that there is
+no way to expose a subset of array layers or mip levels of a sampled texture.
+
+## Binding model
+
+Binding model is very different from WebGPU, especially with regards to samplers.
+GLES3 has sampler objects, but they aren't separately bindable to the shaders.
+Each sampled texture is exposed to the shader as a combined texture-sampler binding.
+
+When building the pipeline layout, we linearize binding entries based on the groups
+(uniform/storage buffers, uniform/storage textures), and record the mapping into
+`BindGroupLayoutInfo`.
+When a pipeline gets created, and we track all the texture-sampler associations
+from the static use in the shader.
+We only support at most one sampler used with each texture so far. The linear index
+of this sampler is stored per texture slot in `SamplerBindMap` array.
+
+The texture-sampler pairs get potentially invalidated in 2 places:
+  - when a new pipeline is set, we update the linear indices of associated samplers
+  - when a new bind group is set, we update both the textures and the samplers
+
+We expect that the changes to sampler states between any 2 pipelines of the same layout
+will be minimal, if any.
+
+## Vertex data
+
+Generally, vertex buffers are marked as dirty and lazily bound on draw.
+
+GLES3 doesn't support "base instance" semantics. However, it's easy to support,
+since we are forced to do late binding anyway. We just adjust the offsets
+into the vertex data.
+
+### Old path
+
+In GLES-3.0 and WebGL2, vertex buffer layout is provided
+together with the actual buffer binding.
+We invalidate the attributes on the vertex buffer change, and re-bind them.
+
+### New path
+
+In GLES-3.1 and higher, the vertex buffer layout can be declared separately
+from the vertex data itself. This mostly matches WebGPU, however there is a catch:
+`stride` needs to be specified with the data, not as a part of the layout.
+
+To address this, we invalidate the vertex buffers based on:
+  - whether or not `start_instance` is used
+  - stride has changed
+
+*/
+
+///cbindgen:ignore
+#[cfg(any(not(target_arch = "wasm32"), target_os = "emscripten"))]
+mod egl;
+#[cfg(target_os = "emscripten")]
+mod emscripten;
+#[cfg(all(target_arch = "wasm32", not(target_os = "emscripten")))]
+mod web;
+
+mod adapter;
+mod command;
+mod conv;
+mod device;
+mod queue;
+
+use crate::{CopyExtent, TextureDescriptor};
+
+#[cfg(any(not(target_arch = "wasm32"), target_os = "emscripten"))]
+pub use self::egl::{AdapterContext, AdapterContextLock};
+#[cfg(any(not(target_arch = "wasm32"), target_os = "emscripten"))]
+use self::egl::{Instance, Surface};
+
+#[cfg(all(target_arch = "wasm32", not(target_os = "emscripten")))]
+pub use self::web::AdapterContext;
+#[cfg(all(target_arch = "wasm32", not(target_os = "emscripten")))]
+use self::web::{Instance, Surface};
+
+use arrayvec::ArrayVec;
+
+use glow::HasContext;
+
+use naga::FastHashMap;
+use parking_lot::Mutex;
+use std::sync::atomic::AtomicU32;
+use std::{fmt, ops::Range, sync::Arc};
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct Api;
+
+//Note: we can support more samplers if not every one of them is used at a time,
+// but it probably doesn't worth it.
+const MAX_TEXTURE_SLOTS: usize = 16;
+const MAX_SAMPLERS: usize = 16;
+const MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBUTES: usize = 16;
+const ZERO_BUFFER_SIZE: usize = 256 << 10;
+const MAX_PUSH_CONSTANTS: usize = 64;
+
+impl crate::Api for Api {
+    type Instance = Instance;
+    type Surface = Surface;
+    type Adapter = Adapter;
+    type Device = Device;
+
+    type Queue = Queue;
+    type CommandEncoder = CommandEncoder;
+    type CommandBuffer = CommandBuffer;
+
+    type Buffer = Buffer;
+    type Texture = Texture;
+    type SurfaceTexture = Texture;
+    type TextureView = TextureView;
+    type Sampler = Sampler;
+    type QuerySet = QuerySet;
+    type Fence = Fence;
+
+    type BindGroupLayout = BindGroupLayout;
+    type BindGroup = BindGroup;
+    type PipelineLayout = PipelineLayout;
+    type ShaderModule = ShaderModule;
+    type RenderPipeline = RenderPipeline;
+    type ComputePipeline = ComputePipeline;
+}
+
+bitflags::bitflags! {
+    /// Flags that affect internal code paths but do not
+    /// change the exposed feature set.
+    #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+    struct PrivateCapabilities: u32 {
+        /// Indicates support for `glBufferStorage` allocation.
+        const BUFFER_ALLOCATION = 1 << 0;
+        /// Support explicit layouts in shader.
+        const SHADER_BINDING_LAYOUT = 1 << 1;
+        /// Support extended shadow sampling instructions.
+        const SHADER_TEXTURE_SHADOW_LOD = 1 << 2;
+        /// Support memory barriers.
+        const MEMORY_BARRIERS = 1 << 3;
+        /// Vertex buffer layouts separate from the data.
+        const VERTEX_BUFFER_LAYOUT = 1 << 4;
+        /// Indicates that buffers used as `GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER` may be created / initialized / used
+        /// as other targets, if not present they must not be mixed with other targets.
+        const INDEX_BUFFER_ROLE_CHANGE = 1 << 5;
+        /// Indicates that the device supports disabling draw buffers
+        const CAN_DISABLE_DRAW_BUFFER = 1 << 6;
+        /// Supports `glGetBufferSubData`
+        const GET_BUFFER_SUB_DATA = 1 << 7;
+        /// Supports `f16` color buffers
+        const COLOR_BUFFER_HALF_FLOAT = 1 << 8;
+        /// Supports `f11/f10` and `f32` color buffers
+        const COLOR_BUFFER_FLOAT = 1 << 9;
+        /// Supports linear flitering `f32` textures.
+        const TEXTURE_FLOAT_LINEAR = 1 << 10;
+    }
+}
+
+bitflags::bitflags! {
+    /// Flags that indicate necessary workarounds for specific devices or driver bugs
+    #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+    struct Workarounds: u32 {
+        // Needs workaround for Intel Mesa bug:
+        // https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/issues/2565.
+        //
+        // This comment
+        // (https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/4972/diffs?diff_id=75888#22f5d1004713c9bbf857988c7efb81631ab88f99_323_327)
+        // seems to indicate all skylake models are effected.
+        const MESA_I915_SRGB_SHADER_CLEAR = 1 << 0;
+        /// Buffer map must emulated becuase it is not supported natively
+        const EMULATE_BUFFER_MAP = 1 << 1;
+    }
+}
+
+type BindTarget = u32;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+enum VertexAttribKind {
+    Float, // glVertexAttribPointer
+    Integer, // glVertexAttribIPointer
+           //Double,  // glVertexAttribLPointer
+}
+
+impl Default for VertexAttribKind {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::Float
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct TextureFormatDesc {
+    pub internal: u32,
+    pub external: u32,
+    pub data_type: u32,
+}
+
+struct AdapterShared {
+    context: AdapterContext,
+    private_caps: PrivateCapabilities,
+    features: wgt::Features,
+    workarounds: Workarounds,
+    shading_language_version: naga::back::glsl::Version,
+    max_texture_size: u32,
+    next_shader_id: AtomicU32,
+    program_cache: Mutex<ProgramCache>,
+}
+
+pub struct Adapter {
+    shared: Arc<AdapterShared>,
+}
+
+pub struct Device {
+    shared: Arc<AdapterShared>,
+    main_vao: glow::VertexArray,
+    #[cfg(all(not(target_arch = "wasm32"), feature = "renderdoc"))]
+    render_doc: crate::auxil::renderdoc::RenderDoc,
+}
+
+pub struct Queue {
+    shared: Arc<AdapterShared>,
+    features: wgt::Features,
+    draw_fbo: glow::Framebuffer,
+    copy_fbo: glow::Framebuffer,
+    /// Shader program used to clear the screen for [`Workarounds::MESA_I915_SRGB_SHADER_CLEAR`]
+    /// devices.
+    shader_clear_program: glow::Program,
+    /// The uniform location of the color uniform in the shader clear program
+    shader_clear_program_color_uniform_location: glow::UniformLocation,
+    /// Keep a reasonably large buffer filled with zeroes, so that we can implement `ClearBuffer` of
+    /// zeroes by copying from it.
+    zero_buffer: glow::Buffer,
+    temp_query_results: Vec<u64>,
+    draw_buffer_count: u8,
+    current_index_buffer: Option<glow::Buffer>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct Buffer {
+    raw: Option<glow::Buffer>,
+    target: BindTarget,
+    size: wgt::BufferAddress,
+    map_flags: u32,
+    data: Option<Arc<std::sync::Mutex<Vec<u8>>>>,
+}
+
+// Safe: WASM doesn't have threads
+#[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+unsafe impl Sync for Buffer {}
+#[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+unsafe impl Send for Buffer {}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub enum TextureInner {
+    Renderbuffer {
+        raw: glow::Renderbuffer,
+    },
+    DefaultRenderbuffer,
+    Texture {
+        raw: glow::Texture,
+        target: BindTarget,
+    },
+    #[cfg(all(target_arch = "wasm32", not(target_os = "emscripten")))]
+    ExternalFramebuffer {
+        inner: web_sys::WebGlFramebuffer,
+    },
+}
+
+// SAFE: WASM doesn't have threads
+#[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+unsafe impl Send for TextureInner {}
+#[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+unsafe impl Sync for TextureInner {}
+
+impl TextureInner {
+    fn as_native(&self) -> (glow::Texture, BindTarget) {
+        match *self {
+            Self::Renderbuffer { .. } | Self::DefaultRenderbuffer => {
+                panic!("Unexpected renderbuffer");
+            }
+            Self::Texture { raw, target } => (raw, target),
+            #[cfg(all(target_arch = "wasm32", not(target_os = "emscripten")))]
+            Self::ExternalFramebuffer { .. } => panic!("Unexpected external framebuffer"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Texture {
+    pub inner: TextureInner,
+    pub drop_guard: Option<crate::DropGuard>,
+    pub mip_level_count: u32,
+    pub array_layer_count: u32,
+    pub format: wgt::TextureFormat,
+    #[allow(unused)]
+    pub format_desc: TextureFormatDesc,
+    pub copy_size: CopyExtent,
+    pub is_cubemap: bool,
+}
+
+impl Texture {
+    pub fn default_framebuffer(format: wgt::TextureFormat) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner: TextureInner::DefaultRenderbuffer,
+            drop_guard: None,
+            mip_level_count: 1,
+            array_layer_count: 1,
+            format,
+            format_desc: TextureFormatDesc {
+                internal: 0,
+                external: 0,
+                data_type: 0,
+            },
+            copy_size: CopyExtent {
+                width: 0,
+                height: 0,
+                depth: 0,
+            },
+            is_cubemap: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the `target`, whether the image is 3d and whether the image is a cubemap.
+    fn get_info_from_desc(desc: &TextureDescriptor) -> (u32, bool, bool) {
+        match desc.dimension {
+            wgt::TextureDimension::D1 => (glow::TEXTURE_2D, false, false),
+            wgt::TextureDimension::D2 => {
+                // HACK: detect a cube map; forces cube compatible textures to be cube textures
+                match (desc.is_cube_compatible(), desc.size.depth_or_array_layers) {
+                    (false, 1) => (glow::TEXTURE_2D, false, false),
+                    (false, _) => (glow::TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY, true, false),
+                    (true, 6) => (glow::TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, false, true),
+                    (true, _) => (glow::TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_ARRAY, true, true),
+                }
+            }
+            wgt::TextureDimension::D3 => (glow::TEXTURE_3D, true, false),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct TextureView {
+    inner: TextureInner,
+    aspects: crate::FormatAspects,
+    mip_levels: Range<u32>,
+    array_layers: Range<u32>,
+    format: wgt::TextureFormat,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Sampler {
+    raw: glow::Sampler,
+}
+
+pub struct BindGroupLayout {
+    entries: Arc<[wgt::BindGroupLayoutEntry]>,
+}
+
+struct BindGroupLayoutInfo {
+    entries: Arc<[wgt::BindGroupLayoutEntry]>,
+    /// Mapping of resources, indexed by `binding`, into the whole layout space.
+    /// For texture resources, the value is the texture slot index.
+    /// For sampler resources, the value is the index of the sampler in the whole layout.
+    /// For buffers, the value is the uniform or storage slot index.
+    /// For unused bindings, the value is `!0`
+    binding_to_slot: Box<[u8]>,
+}
+
+pub struct PipelineLayout {
+    group_infos: Box<[BindGroupLayoutInfo]>,
+    naga_options: naga::back::glsl::Options,
+}
+
+impl PipelineLayout {
+    fn get_slot(&self, br: &naga::ResourceBinding) -> u8 {
+        let group_info = &self.group_infos[br.group as usize];
+        group_info.binding_to_slot[br.binding as usize]
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+enum BindingRegister {
+    UniformBuffers,
+    StorageBuffers,
+    Textures,
+    Images,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+enum RawBinding {
+    Buffer {
+        raw: glow::Buffer,
+        offset: i32,
+        size: i32,
+    },
+    Texture {
+        raw: glow::Texture,
+        target: BindTarget,
+        aspects: crate::FormatAspects,
+        //TODO: mip levels, array layers
+    },
+    Image(ImageBinding),
+    Sampler(glow::Sampler),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct BindGroup {
+    contents: Box<[RawBinding]>,
+}
+
+type ShaderId = u32;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ShaderModule {
+    naga: crate::NagaShader,
+    label: Option<String>,
+    id: ShaderId,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
+struct VertexFormatDesc {
+    element_count: i32,
+    element_format: u32,
+    attrib_kind: VertexAttribKind,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
+struct AttributeDesc {
+    location: u32,
+    offset: u32,
+    buffer_index: u32,
+    format_desc: VertexFormatDesc,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+struct BufferBinding {
+    raw: glow::Buffer,
+    offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+struct ImageBinding {
+    raw: glow::Texture,
+    mip_level: u32,
+    array_layer: Option<u32>,
+    access: u32,
+    format: u32,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq)]
+struct VertexBufferDesc {
+    step: wgt::VertexStepMode,
+    stride: u32,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
+struct UniformDesc {
+    location: Option<glow::UniformLocation>,
+    size: u32,
+    utype: u32,
+}
+
+// Safe: WASM doesn't have threads
+#[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+unsafe impl Sync for UniformDesc {}
+#[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+unsafe impl Send for UniformDesc {}
+
+/// For each texture in the pipeline layout, store the index of the only
+/// sampler (in this layout) that the texture is used with.
+type SamplerBindMap = [Option<u8>; MAX_TEXTURE_SLOTS];
+
+struct PipelineInner {
+    program: glow::Program,
+    sampler_map: SamplerBindMap,
+    uniforms: [UniformDesc; MAX_PUSH_CONSTANTS],
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+struct DepthState {
+    function: u32,
+    mask: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+struct BlendComponent {
+    src: u32,
+    dst: u32,
+    equation: u32,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+struct BlendDesc {
+    alpha: BlendComponent,
+    color: BlendComponent,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq)]
+struct ColorTargetDesc {
+    mask: wgt::ColorWrites,
+    blend: Option<BlendDesc>,
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+struct ProgramStage {
+    naga_stage: naga::ShaderStage,
+    shader_id: ShaderId,
+    entry_point: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+struct ProgramCacheKey {
+    stages: ArrayVec<ProgramStage, 3>,
+    group_to_binding_to_slot: Box<[Box<[u8]>]>,
+}
+
+type ProgramCache = FastHashMap<ProgramCacheKey, Result<Arc<PipelineInner>, crate::PipelineError>>;
+
+pub struct RenderPipeline {
+    inner: Arc<PipelineInner>,
+    primitive: wgt::PrimitiveState,
+    vertex_buffers: Box<[VertexBufferDesc]>,
+    vertex_attributes: Box<[AttributeDesc]>,
+    color_targets: Box<[ColorTargetDesc]>,
+    depth: Option<DepthState>,
+    depth_bias: wgt::DepthBiasState,
+    stencil: Option<StencilState>,
+    alpha_to_coverage_enabled: bool,
+}
+
+// SAFE: WASM doesn't have threads
+#[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+unsafe impl Send for RenderPipeline {}
+#[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+unsafe impl Sync for RenderPipeline {}
+
+pub struct ComputePipeline {
+    inner: Arc<PipelineInner>,
+}
+
+// SAFE: WASM doesn't have threads
+#[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+unsafe impl Send for ComputePipeline {}
+#[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+unsafe impl Sync for ComputePipeline {}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct QuerySet {
+    queries: Box<[glow::Query]>,
+    target: BindTarget,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Fence {
+    last_completed: crate::FenceValue,
+    pending: Vec<(crate::FenceValue, glow::Fence)>,
+}
+
+unsafe impl Send for Fence {}
+unsafe impl Sync for Fence {}
+
+impl Fence {
+    fn get_latest(&self, gl: &glow::Context) -> crate::FenceValue {
+        let mut max_value = self.last_completed;
+        for &(value, sync) in self.pending.iter() {
+            let status = unsafe { gl.get_sync_status(sync) };
+            if status == glow::SIGNALED {
+                max_value = value;
+            }
+        }
+        max_value
+    }
+
+    fn maintain(&mut self, gl: &glow::Context) {
+        let latest = self.get_latest(gl);
+        for &(value, sync) in self.pending.iter() {
+            if value <= latest {
+                unsafe {
+                    gl.delete_sync(sync);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        self.pending.retain(|&(value, _)| value > latest);
+        self.last_completed = latest;
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+struct StencilOps {
+    pass: u32,
+    fail: u32,
+    depth_fail: u32,
+}
+
+impl Default for StencilOps {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            pass: glow::KEEP,
+            fail: glow::KEEP,
+            depth_fail: glow::KEEP,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+struct StencilSide {
+    function: u32,
+    mask_read: u32,
+    mask_write: u32,
+    reference: u32,
+    ops: StencilOps,
+}
+
+impl Default for StencilSide {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            function: glow::ALWAYS,
+            mask_read: 0xFF,
+            mask_write: 0xFF,
+            reference: 0,
+            ops: StencilOps::default(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Default)]
+struct StencilState {
+    front: StencilSide,
+    back: StencilSide,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq)]
+struct PrimitiveState {
+    front_face: u32,
+    cull_face: u32,
+    unclipped_depth: bool,
+}
+
+type InvalidatedAttachments = ArrayVec<u32, { crate::MAX_COLOR_ATTACHMENTS + 2 }>;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+enum Command {
+    Draw {
+        topology: u32,
+        start_vertex: u32,
+        vertex_count: u32,
+        instance_count: u32,
+    },
+    DrawIndexed {
+        topology: u32,
+        index_type: u32,
+        index_count: u32,
+        index_offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        base_vertex: i32,
+        instance_count: u32,
+    },
+    DrawIndirect {
+        topology: u32,
+        indirect_buf: glow::Buffer,
+        indirect_offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+    },
+    DrawIndexedIndirect {
+        topology: u32,
+        index_type: u32,
+        indirect_buf: glow::Buffer,
+        indirect_offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+    },
+    Dispatch([u32; 3]),
+    DispatchIndirect {
+        indirect_buf: glow::Buffer,
+        indirect_offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+    },
+    ClearBuffer {
+        dst: Buffer,
+        dst_target: BindTarget,
+        range: crate::MemoryRange,
+    },
+    CopyBufferToBuffer {
+        src: Buffer,
+        src_target: BindTarget,
+        dst: Buffer,
+        dst_target: BindTarget,
+        copy: crate::BufferCopy,
+    },
+    #[cfg(all(target_arch = "wasm32", not(target_os = "emscripten")))]
+    CopyExternalImageToTexture {
+        src: wgt::ImageCopyExternalImage,
+        dst: glow::Texture,
+        dst_target: BindTarget,
+        dst_format: wgt::TextureFormat,
+        dst_premultiplication: bool,
+        copy: crate::TextureCopy,
+    },
+    CopyTextureToTexture {
+        src: glow::Texture,
+        src_target: BindTarget,
+        dst: glow::Texture,
+        dst_target: BindTarget,
+        copy: crate::TextureCopy,
+        dst_is_cubemap: bool,
+    },
+    CopyBufferToTexture {
+        src: Buffer,
+        #[allow(unused)]
+        src_target: BindTarget,
+        dst: glow::Texture,
+        dst_target: BindTarget,
+        dst_format: wgt::TextureFormat,
+        copy: crate::BufferTextureCopy,
+    },
+    CopyTextureToBuffer {
+        src: glow::Texture,
+        src_target: BindTarget,
+        src_format: wgt::TextureFormat,
+        dst: Buffer,
+        #[allow(unused)]
+        dst_target: BindTarget,
+        copy: crate::BufferTextureCopy,
+    },
+    SetIndexBuffer(glow::Buffer),
+    BeginQuery(glow::Query, BindTarget),
+    EndQuery(BindTarget),
+    CopyQueryResults {
+        query_range: Range<u32>,
+        dst: Buffer,
+        dst_target: BindTarget,
+        dst_offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+    },
+    ResetFramebuffer {
+        is_default: bool,
+    },
+    BindAttachment {
+        attachment: u32,
+        view: TextureView,
+    },
+    ResolveAttachment {
+        attachment: u32,
+        dst: TextureView,
+        size: wgt::Extent3d,
+    },
+    InvalidateAttachments(InvalidatedAttachments),
+    SetDrawColorBuffers(u8),
+    ClearColorF {
+        draw_buffer: u32,
+        color: [f32; 4],
+        is_srgb: bool,
+    },
+    ClearColorU(u32, [u32; 4]),
+    ClearColorI(u32, [i32; 4]),
+    ClearDepth(f32),
+    ClearStencil(u32),
+    // Clearing both the depth and stencil buffer individually appears to
+    // result in the stencil buffer failing to clear, atleast in WebGL.
+    // It is also more efficient to emit a single command instead of two for
+    // this.
+    ClearDepthAndStencil(f32, u32),
+    BufferBarrier(glow::Buffer, crate::BufferUses),
+    TextureBarrier(crate::TextureUses),
+    SetViewport {
+        rect: crate::Rect<i32>,
+        depth: Range<f32>,
+    },
+    SetScissor(crate::Rect<i32>),
+    SetStencilFunc {
+        face: u32,
+        function: u32,
+        reference: u32,
+        read_mask: u32,
+    },
+    SetStencilOps {
+        face: u32,
+        write_mask: u32,
+        ops: StencilOps,
+    },
+    SetDepth(DepthState),
+    SetDepthBias(wgt::DepthBiasState),
+    ConfigureDepthStencil(crate::FormatAspects),
+    SetAlphaToCoverage(bool),
+    SetVertexAttribute {
+        buffer: Option<glow::Buffer>,
+        buffer_desc: VertexBufferDesc,
+        attribute_desc: AttributeDesc,
+    },
+    UnsetVertexAttribute(u32),
+    SetVertexBuffer {
+        index: u32,
+        buffer: BufferBinding,
+        buffer_desc: VertexBufferDesc,
+    },
+    SetProgram(glow::Program),
+    SetPrimitive(PrimitiveState),
+    SetBlendConstant([f32; 4]),
+    SetColorTarget {
+        draw_buffer_index: Option<u32>,
+        desc: ColorTargetDesc,
+    },
+    BindBuffer {
+        target: BindTarget,
+        slot: u32,
+        buffer: glow::Buffer,
+        offset: i32,
+        size: i32,
+    },
+    BindSampler(u32, Option<glow::Sampler>),
+    BindTexture {
+        slot: u32,
+        texture: glow::Texture,
+        target: BindTarget,
+        aspects: crate::FormatAspects,
+    },
+    BindImage {
+        slot: u32,
+        binding: ImageBinding,
+    },
+    InsertDebugMarker(Range<u32>),
+    PushDebugGroup(Range<u32>),
+    PopDebugGroup,
+    SetPushConstants {
+        uniform: UniformDesc,
+        /// Offset from the start of the `data_bytes`
+        offset: u32,
+    },
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct CommandBuffer {
+    label: Option<String>,
+    commands: Vec<Command>,
+    data_bytes: Vec<u8>,
+    queries: Vec<glow::Query>,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for CommandBuffer {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        let mut builder = f.debug_struct("CommandBuffer");
+        if let Some(ref label) = self.label {
+            builder.field("label", label);
+        }
+        builder.finish()
+    }
+}
+
+//TODO: we would have something like `Arc<typed_arena::Arena>`
+// here and in the command buffers. So that everything grows
+// inside the encoder and stays there until `reset_all`.
+
+pub struct CommandEncoder {
+    cmd_buffer: CommandBuffer,
+    state: command::State,
+    private_caps: PrivateCapabilities,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for CommandEncoder {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("CommandEncoder")
+            .field("cmd_buffer", &self.cmd_buffer)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/gles/queue.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/gles/queue.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..87a82524fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/gles/queue.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1532 @@
+use super::Command as C;
+use arrayvec::ArrayVec;
+use glow::HasContext;
+use std::{mem, slice, sync::Arc};
+
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+const DEBUG_ID: u32 = 0;
+
+const CUBEMAP_FACES: [u32; 6] = [
+    glow::TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X,
+    glow::TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_NEGATIVE_X,
+    glow::TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_Y,
+    glow::TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_NEGATIVE_Y,
+    glow::TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_Z,
+    glow::TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_NEGATIVE_Z,
+];
+
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+fn extract_marker<'a>(data: &'a [u8], range: &std::ops::Range<u32>) -> &'a str {
+    std::str::from_utf8(&data[range.start as usize..range.end as usize]).unwrap()
+}
+
+fn is_layered_target(target: super::BindTarget) -> bool {
+    match target {
+        glow::TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY | glow::TEXTURE_3D | glow::TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_ARRAY => true,
+        _ => false,
+    }
+}
+
+impl super::Queue {
+    /// Performs a manual shader clear, used as a workaround for a clearing bug on mesa
+    unsafe fn perform_shader_clear(&self, gl: &glow::Context, draw_buffer: u32, color: [f32; 4]) {
+        unsafe { gl.use_program(Some(self.shader_clear_program)) };
+        unsafe {
+            gl.uniform_4_f32(
+                Some(&self.shader_clear_program_color_uniform_location),
+                color[0],
+                color[1],
+                color[2],
+                color[3],
+            )
+        };
+        unsafe { gl.disable(glow::DEPTH_TEST) };
+        unsafe { gl.disable(glow::STENCIL_TEST) };
+        unsafe { gl.disable(glow::SCISSOR_TEST) };
+        unsafe { gl.disable(glow::BLEND) };
+        unsafe { gl.disable(glow::CULL_FACE) };
+        unsafe { gl.draw_buffers(&[glow::COLOR_ATTACHMENT0 + draw_buffer]) };
+        unsafe { gl.draw_arrays(glow::TRIANGLES, 0, 3) };
+
+        if self.draw_buffer_count != 0 {
+            // Reset the draw buffers to what they were before the clear
+            let indices = (0..self.draw_buffer_count as u32)
+                .map(|i| glow::COLOR_ATTACHMENT0 + i)
+                .collect::<ArrayVec<_, { crate::MAX_COLOR_ATTACHMENTS }>>();
+            unsafe { gl.draw_buffers(&indices) };
+        }
+        #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+        for draw_buffer in 0..self.draw_buffer_count as u32 {
+            unsafe { gl.disable_draw_buffer(glow::BLEND, draw_buffer) };
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn reset_state(&mut self, gl: &glow::Context) {
+        unsafe { gl.use_program(None) };
+        unsafe { gl.bind_framebuffer(glow::FRAMEBUFFER, None) };
+        unsafe { gl.disable(glow::DEPTH_TEST) };
+        unsafe { gl.disable(glow::STENCIL_TEST) };
+        unsafe { gl.disable(glow::SCISSOR_TEST) };
+        unsafe { gl.disable(glow::BLEND) };
+        unsafe { gl.disable(glow::CULL_FACE) };
+        unsafe { gl.disable(glow::POLYGON_OFFSET_FILL) };
+        unsafe { gl.disable(glow::SAMPLE_ALPHA_TO_COVERAGE) };
+        if self.features.contains(wgt::Features::DEPTH_CLIP_CONTROL) {
+            unsafe { gl.disable(glow::DEPTH_CLAMP) };
+        }
+
+        unsafe { gl.bind_buffer(glow::ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, None) };
+        self.current_index_buffer = None;
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn set_attachment(
+        &self,
+        gl: &glow::Context,
+        fbo_target: u32,
+        attachment: u32,
+        view: &super::TextureView,
+    ) {
+        match view.inner {
+            super::TextureInner::Renderbuffer { raw } => {
+                unsafe {
+                    gl.framebuffer_renderbuffer(
+                        fbo_target,
+                        attachment,
+                        glow::RENDERBUFFER,
+                        Some(raw),
+                    )
+                };
+            }
+            super::TextureInner::DefaultRenderbuffer => panic!("Unexpected default RBO"),
+            super::TextureInner::Texture { raw, target } => {
+                let num_layers = view.array_layers.end - view.array_layers.start;
+                if num_layers > 1 {
+                    #[cfg(all(target_arch = "wasm32", target_os = "unknown"))]
+                    unsafe {
+                        gl.framebuffer_texture_multiview_ovr(
+                            fbo_target,
+                            attachment,
+                            Some(raw),
+                            view.mip_levels.start as i32,
+                            view.array_layers.start as i32,
+                            num_layers as i32,
+                        )
+                    };
+                } else if is_layered_target(target) {
+                    unsafe {
+                        gl.framebuffer_texture_layer(
+                            fbo_target,
+                            attachment,
+                            Some(raw),
+                            view.mip_levels.start as i32,
+                            view.array_layers.start as i32,
+                        )
+                    };
+                } else if target == glow::TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP {
+                    unsafe {
+                        gl.framebuffer_texture_2d(
+                            fbo_target,
+                            attachment,
+                            CUBEMAP_FACES[view.array_layers.start as usize],
+                            Some(raw),
+                            view.mip_levels.start as i32,
+                        )
+                    };
+                } else {
+                    unsafe {
+                        gl.framebuffer_texture_2d(
+                            fbo_target,
+                            attachment,
+                            target,
+                            Some(raw),
+                            view.mip_levels.start as i32,
+                        )
+                    };
+                }
+            }
+            #[cfg(all(target_arch = "wasm32", not(target_os = "emscripten")))]
+            super::TextureInner::ExternalFramebuffer { ref inner } => unsafe {
+                gl.bind_external_framebuffer(glow::FRAMEBUFFER, inner);
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn process(
+        &mut self,
+        gl: &glow::Context,
+        command: &C,
+        #[cfg_attr(target_arch = "wasm32", allow(unused))] data_bytes: &[u8],
+        queries: &[glow::Query],
+    ) {
+        match *command {
+            C::Draw {
+                topology,
+                start_vertex,
+                vertex_count,
+                instance_count,
+            } => {
+                // Don't use `gl.draw_arrays` for `instance_count == 1`.
+                // Angle has a bug where it doesn't consider the instance divisor when `DYNAMIC_DRAW` is used in `draw_arrays`.
+                // See https://github.com/gfx-rs/wgpu/issues/3578
+                unsafe {
+                    gl.draw_arrays_instanced(
+                        topology,
+                        start_vertex as i32,
+                        vertex_count as i32,
+                        instance_count as i32,
+                    )
+                };
+            }
+            C::DrawIndexed {
+                topology,
+                index_type,
+                index_count,
+                index_offset,
+                base_vertex,
+                instance_count,
+            } => {
+                match base_vertex {
+                    // Don't use `gl.draw_elements`/`gl.draw_elements_base_vertex` for `instance_count == 1`.
+                    // Angle has a bug where it doesn't consider the instance divisor when `DYNAMIC_DRAW` is used in `gl.draw_elements`/`gl.draw_elements_base_vertex`.
+                    // See https://github.com/gfx-rs/wgpu/issues/3578
+                    0 => unsafe {
+                        gl.draw_elements_instanced(
+                            topology,
+                            index_count as i32,
+                            index_type,
+                            index_offset as i32,
+                            instance_count as i32,
+                        )
+                    },
+                    _ => unsafe {
+                        gl.draw_elements_instanced_base_vertex(
+                            topology,
+                            index_count as _,
+                            index_type,
+                            index_offset as i32,
+                            instance_count as i32,
+                            base_vertex,
+                        )
+                    },
+                }
+            }
+            C::DrawIndirect {
+                topology,
+                indirect_buf,
+                indirect_offset,
+            } => {
+                unsafe { gl.bind_buffer(glow::DRAW_INDIRECT_BUFFER, Some(indirect_buf)) };
+                unsafe { gl.draw_arrays_indirect_offset(topology, indirect_offset as i32) };
+            }
+            C::DrawIndexedIndirect {
+                topology,
+                index_type,
+                indirect_buf,
+                indirect_offset,
+            } => {
+                unsafe { gl.bind_buffer(glow::DRAW_INDIRECT_BUFFER, Some(indirect_buf)) };
+                unsafe {
+                    gl.draw_elements_indirect_offset(topology, index_type, indirect_offset as i32)
+                };
+            }
+            C::Dispatch(group_counts) => {
+                unsafe { gl.dispatch_compute(group_counts[0], group_counts[1], group_counts[2]) };
+            }
+            C::DispatchIndirect {
+                indirect_buf,
+                indirect_offset,
+            } => {
+                unsafe { gl.bind_buffer(glow::DISPATCH_INDIRECT_BUFFER, Some(indirect_buf)) };
+                unsafe { gl.dispatch_compute_indirect(indirect_offset as i32) };
+            }
+            C::ClearBuffer {
+                ref dst,
+                dst_target,
+                ref range,
+            } => match dst.raw {
+                Some(buffer) => {
+                    // When `INDEX_BUFFER_ROLE_CHANGE` isn't available, we can't copy into the
+                    // index buffer from the zero buffer. This would fail in Chrome with the
+                    // following message:
+                    //
+                    // > Cannot copy into an element buffer destination from a non-element buffer
+                    // > source
+                    //
+                    // Instead, we'll upload zeroes into the buffer.
+                    let can_use_zero_buffer = self
+                        .shared
+                        .private_caps
+                        .contains(super::PrivateCapabilities::INDEX_BUFFER_ROLE_CHANGE)
+                        || dst_target != glow::ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER;
+
+                    if can_use_zero_buffer {
+                        unsafe { gl.bind_buffer(glow::COPY_READ_BUFFER, Some(self.zero_buffer)) };
+                        unsafe { gl.bind_buffer(dst_target, Some(buffer)) };
+                        let mut dst_offset = range.start;
+                        while dst_offset < range.end {
+                            let size = (range.end - dst_offset).min(super::ZERO_BUFFER_SIZE as u64);
+                            unsafe {
+                                gl.copy_buffer_sub_data(
+                                    glow::COPY_READ_BUFFER,
+                                    dst_target,
+                                    0,
+                                    dst_offset as i32,
+                                    size as i32,
+                                )
+                            };
+                            dst_offset += size;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        unsafe { gl.bind_buffer(dst_target, Some(buffer)) };
+                        let zeroes = vec![0u8; (range.end - range.start) as usize];
+                        unsafe {
+                            gl.buffer_sub_data_u8_slice(dst_target, range.start as i32, &zeroes)
+                        };
+                    }
+                }
+                None => {
+                    dst.data.as_ref().unwrap().lock().unwrap().as_mut_slice()
+                        [range.start as usize..range.end as usize]
+                        .fill(0);
+                }
+            },
+            C::CopyBufferToBuffer {
+                ref src,
+                src_target,
+                ref dst,
+                dst_target,
+                copy,
+            } => {
+                let copy_src_target = glow::COPY_READ_BUFFER;
+                let is_index_buffer_only_element_dst = !self
+                    .shared
+                    .private_caps
+                    .contains(super::PrivateCapabilities::INDEX_BUFFER_ROLE_CHANGE)
+                    && dst_target == glow::ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER
+                    || src_target == glow::ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER;
+
+                // WebGL not allowed to copy data from other targets to element buffer and can't copy element data to other buffers
+                let copy_dst_target = if is_index_buffer_only_element_dst {
+                    glow::ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER
+                } else {
+                    glow::COPY_WRITE_BUFFER
+                };
+                let size = copy.size.get() as usize;
+                match (src.raw, dst.raw) {
+                    (Some(ref src), Some(ref dst)) => {
+                        unsafe { gl.bind_buffer(copy_src_target, Some(*src)) };
+                        unsafe { gl.bind_buffer(copy_dst_target, Some(*dst)) };
+                        unsafe {
+                            gl.copy_buffer_sub_data(
+                                copy_src_target,
+                                copy_dst_target,
+                                copy.src_offset as _,
+                                copy.dst_offset as _,
+                                copy.size.get() as _,
+                            )
+                        };
+                    }
+                    (Some(src), None) => {
+                        let mut data = dst.data.as_ref().unwrap().lock().unwrap();
+                        let dst_data = &mut data.as_mut_slice()
+                            [copy.dst_offset as usize..copy.dst_offset as usize + size];
+
+                        unsafe { gl.bind_buffer(copy_src_target, Some(src)) };
+                        unsafe {
+                            self.shared.get_buffer_sub_data(
+                                gl,
+                                copy_src_target,
+                                copy.src_offset as i32,
+                                dst_data,
+                            )
+                        };
+                    }
+                    (None, Some(dst)) => {
+                        let data = src.data.as_ref().unwrap().lock().unwrap();
+                        let src_data = &data.as_slice()
+                            [copy.src_offset as usize..copy.src_offset as usize + size];
+                        unsafe { gl.bind_buffer(copy_dst_target, Some(dst)) };
+                        unsafe {
+                            gl.buffer_sub_data_u8_slice(
+                                copy_dst_target,
+                                copy.dst_offset as i32,
+                                src_data,
+                            )
+                        };
+                    }
+                    (None, None) => {
+                        todo!()
+                    }
+                }
+                unsafe { gl.bind_buffer(copy_src_target, None) };
+                if is_index_buffer_only_element_dst {
+                    unsafe {
+                        gl.bind_buffer(glow::ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, self.current_index_buffer)
+                    };
+                } else {
+                    unsafe { gl.bind_buffer(copy_dst_target, None) };
+                }
+            }
+            #[cfg(all(target_arch = "wasm32", not(target_os = "emscripten")))]
+            C::CopyExternalImageToTexture {
+                ref src,
+                dst,
+                dst_target,
+                dst_format,
+                dst_premultiplication,
+                ref copy,
+            } => {
+                const UNPACK_FLIP_Y_WEBGL: u32 =
+                    web_sys::WebGl2RenderingContext::UNPACK_FLIP_Y_WEBGL;
+                const UNPACK_PREMULTIPLY_ALPHA_WEBGL: u32 =
+                    web_sys::WebGl2RenderingContext::UNPACK_PREMULTIPLY_ALPHA_WEBGL;
+
+                unsafe {
+                    if src.flip_y {
+                        gl.pixel_store_bool(UNPACK_FLIP_Y_WEBGL, true);
+                    }
+                    if dst_premultiplication {
+                        gl.pixel_store_bool(UNPACK_PREMULTIPLY_ALPHA_WEBGL, true);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                unsafe { gl.bind_texture(dst_target, Some(dst)) };
+                let format_desc = self.shared.describe_texture_format(dst_format);
+                if is_layered_target(dst_target) {
+                    let z_offset =
+                        if let glow::TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY | glow::TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_ARRAY = dst_target {
+                            copy.dst_base.array_layer as i32
+                        } else {
+                            copy.dst_base.origin.z as i32
+                        };
+
+                    match src.source {
+                        wgt::ExternalImageSource::ImageBitmap(ref b) => unsafe {
+                            gl.tex_sub_image_3d_with_image_bitmap(
+                                dst_target,
+                                copy.dst_base.mip_level as i32,
+                                copy.dst_base.origin.x as i32,
+                                copy.dst_base.origin.y as i32,
+                                z_offset,
+                                copy.size.width as i32,
+                                copy.size.height as i32,
+                                copy.size.depth as i32,
+                                format_desc.external,
+                                format_desc.data_type,
+                                b,
+                            );
+                        },
+                        wgt::ExternalImageSource::HTMLVideoElement(ref v) => unsafe {
+                            gl.tex_sub_image_3d_with_html_video_element(
+                                dst_target,
+                                copy.dst_base.mip_level as i32,
+                                copy.dst_base.origin.x as i32,
+                                copy.dst_base.origin.y as i32,
+                                z_offset,
+                                copy.size.width as i32,
+                                copy.size.height as i32,
+                                copy.size.depth as i32,
+                                format_desc.external,
+                                format_desc.data_type,
+                                v,
+                            );
+                        },
+                        wgt::ExternalImageSource::HTMLCanvasElement(ref c) => unsafe {
+                            gl.tex_sub_image_3d_with_html_canvas_element(
+                                dst_target,
+                                copy.dst_base.mip_level as i32,
+                                copy.dst_base.origin.x as i32,
+                                copy.dst_base.origin.y as i32,
+                                z_offset,
+                                copy.size.width as i32,
+                                copy.size.height as i32,
+                                copy.size.depth as i32,
+                                format_desc.external,
+                                format_desc.data_type,
+                                c,
+                            );
+                        },
+                        wgt::ExternalImageSource::OffscreenCanvas(_) => unreachable!(),
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    let dst_target = if let glow::TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP = dst_target {
+                        CUBEMAP_FACES[copy.dst_base.array_layer as usize]
+                    } else {
+                        dst_target
+                    };
+
+                    match src.source {
+                        wgt::ExternalImageSource::ImageBitmap(ref b) => unsafe {
+                            gl.tex_sub_image_2d_with_image_bitmap_and_width_and_height(
+                                dst_target,
+                                copy.dst_base.mip_level as i32,
+                                copy.dst_base.origin.x as i32,
+                                copy.dst_base.origin.y as i32,
+                                copy.size.width as i32,
+                                copy.size.height as i32,
+                                format_desc.external,
+                                format_desc.data_type,
+                                b,
+                            );
+                        },
+                        wgt::ExternalImageSource::HTMLVideoElement(ref v) => unsafe {
+                            gl.tex_sub_image_2d_with_html_video_and_width_and_height(
+                                dst_target,
+                                copy.dst_base.mip_level as i32,
+                                copy.dst_base.origin.x as i32,
+                                copy.dst_base.origin.y as i32,
+                                copy.size.width as i32,
+                                copy.size.height as i32,
+                                format_desc.external,
+                                format_desc.data_type,
+                                v,
+                            )
+                        },
+                        wgt::ExternalImageSource::HTMLCanvasElement(ref c) => unsafe {
+                            gl.tex_sub_image_2d_with_html_canvas_and_width_and_height(
+                                dst_target,
+                                copy.dst_base.mip_level as i32,
+                                copy.dst_base.origin.x as i32,
+                                copy.dst_base.origin.y as i32,
+                                copy.size.width as i32,
+                                copy.size.height as i32,
+                                format_desc.external,
+                                format_desc.data_type,
+                                c,
+                            )
+                        },
+                        wgt::ExternalImageSource::OffscreenCanvas(_) => unreachable!(),
+                    }
+                }
+
+                unsafe {
+                    if src.flip_y {
+                        gl.pixel_store_bool(UNPACK_FLIP_Y_WEBGL, false);
+                    }
+                    if dst_premultiplication {
+                        gl.pixel_store_bool(UNPACK_PREMULTIPLY_ALPHA_WEBGL, false);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            C::CopyTextureToTexture {
+                src,
+                src_target,
+                dst,
+                dst_target,
+                dst_is_cubemap,
+                ref copy,
+            } => {
+                //TODO: handle 3D copies
+                unsafe { gl.bind_framebuffer(glow::READ_FRAMEBUFFER, Some(self.copy_fbo)) };
+                if is_layered_target(src_target) {
+                    //TODO: handle GLES without framebuffer_texture_3d
+                    unsafe {
+                        gl.framebuffer_texture_layer(
+                            glow::READ_FRAMEBUFFER,
+                            glow::COLOR_ATTACHMENT0,
+                            Some(src),
+                            copy.src_base.mip_level as i32,
+                            copy.src_base.array_layer as i32,
+                        )
+                    };
+                } else {
+                    unsafe {
+                        gl.framebuffer_texture_2d(
+                            glow::READ_FRAMEBUFFER,
+                            glow::COLOR_ATTACHMENT0,
+                            src_target,
+                            Some(src),
+                            copy.src_base.mip_level as i32,
+                        )
+                    };
+                }
+
+                unsafe { gl.bind_texture(dst_target, Some(dst)) };
+                if dst_is_cubemap {
+                    unsafe {
+                        gl.copy_tex_sub_image_2d(
+                            CUBEMAP_FACES[copy.dst_base.array_layer as usize],
+                            copy.dst_base.mip_level as i32,
+                            copy.dst_base.origin.x as i32,
+                            copy.dst_base.origin.y as i32,
+                            copy.src_base.origin.x as i32,
+                            copy.src_base.origin.y as i32,
+                            copy.size.width as i32,
+                            copy.size.height as i32,
+                        )
+                    };
+                } else if is_layered_target(dst_target) {
+                    unsafe {
+                        gl.copy_tex_sub_image_3d(
+                            dst_target,
+                            copy.dst_base.mip_level as i32,
+                            copy.dst_base.origin.x as i32,
+                            copy.dst_base.origin.y as i32,
+                            if let glow::TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY | glow::TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_ARRAY =
+                                dst_target
+                            {
+                                copy.dst_base.array_layer as i32
+                            } else {
+                                copy.dst_base.origin.z as i32
+                            },
+                            copy.src_base.origin.x as i32,
+                            copy.src_base.origin.y as i32,
+                            copy.size.width as i32,
+                            copy.size.height as i32,
+                        )
+                    };
+                } else {
+                    unsafe {
+                        gl.copy_tex_sub_image_2d(
+                            dst_target,
+                            copy.dst_base.mip_level as i32,
+                            copy.dst_base.origin.x as i32,
+                            copy.dst_base.origin.y as i32,
+                            copy.src_base.origin.x as i32,
+                            copy.src_base.origin.y as i32,
+                            copy.size.width as i32,
+                            copy.size.height as i32,
+                        )
+                    };
+                }
+            }
+            C::CopyBufferToTexture {
+                ref src,
+                src_target: _,
+                dst,
+                dst_target,
+                dst_format,
+                ref copy,
+            } => {
+                let (block_width, block_height) = dst_format.block_dimensions();
+                let block_size = dst_format.block_size(None).unwrap();
+                let format_desc = self.shared.describe_texture_format(dst_format);
+                let row_texels = copy
+                    .buffer_layout
+                    .bytes_per_row
+                    .map_or(0, |bpr| block_width * bpr / block_size);
+                let column_texels = copy
+                    .buffer_layout
+                    .rows_per_image
+                    .map_or(0, |rpi| block_height * rpi);
+
+                unsafe { gl.bind_texture(dst_target, Some(dst)) };
+                unsafe { gl.pixel_store_i32(glow::UNPACK_ROW_LENGTH, row_texels as i32) };
+                unsafe { gl.pixel_store_i32(glow::UNPACK_IMAGE_HEIGHT, column_texels as i32) };
+                let mut unbind_unpack_buffer = false;
+                if !dst_format.is_compressed() {
+                    let buffer_data;
+                    let unpack_data = match src.raw {
+                        Some(buffer) => {
+                            unsafe { gl.bind_buffer(glow::PIXEL_UNPACK_BUFFER, Some(buffer)) };
+                            unbind_unpack_buffer = true;
+                            glow::PixelUnpackData::BufferOffset(copy.buffer_layout.offset as u32)
+                        }
+                        None => {
+                            buffer_data = src.data.as_ref().unwrap().lock().unwrap();
+                            let src_data =
+                                &buffer_data.as_slice()[copy.buffer_layout.offset as usize..];
+                            glow::PixelUnpackData::Slice(src_data)
+                        }
+                    };
+                    if is_layered_target(dst_target) {
+                        unsafe {
+                            gl.tex_sub_image_3d(
+                                dst_target,
+                                copy.texture_base.mip_level as i32,
+                                copy.texture_base.origin.x as i32,
+                                copy.texture_base.origin.y as i32,
+                                if let glow::TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY | glow::TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_ARRAY =
+                                    dst_target
+                                {
+                                    copy.texture_base.array_layer as i32
+                                } else {
+                                    copy.texture_base.origin.z as i32
+                                },
+                                copy.size.width as i32,
+                                copy.size.height as i32,
+                                copy.size.depth as i32,
+                                format_desc.external,
+                                format_desc.data_type,
+                                unpack_data,
+                            )
+                        };
+                    } else {
+                        unsafe {
+                            gl.tex_sub_image_2d(
+                                if let glow::TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP = dst_target {
+                                    CUBEMAP_FACES[copy.texture_base.array_layer as usize]
+                                } else {
+                                    dst_target
+                                },
+                                copy.texture_base.mip_level as i32,
+                                copy.texture_base.origin.x as i32,
+                                copy.texture_base.origin.y as i32,
+                                copy.size.width as i32,
+                                copy.size.height as i32,
+                                format_desc.external,
+                                format_desc.data_type,
+                                unpack_data,
+                            )
+                        };
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    let bytes_per_row = copy
+                        .buffer_layout
+                        .bytes_per_row
+                        .unwrap_or(copy.size.width * block_size);
+                    let minimum_rows_per_image =
+                        (copy.size.height + block_height - 1) / block_height;
+                    let rows_per_image = copy
+                        .buffer_layout
+                        .rows_per_image
+                        .unwrap_or(minimum_rows_per_image);
+
+                    let bytes_per_image = bytes_per_row * rows_per_image;
+                    let minimum_bytes_per_image = bytes_per_row * minimum_rows_per_image;
+                    let bytes_in_upload =
+                        (bytes_per_image * (copy.size.depth - 1)) + minimum_bytes_per_image;
+                    let offset = copy.buffer_layout.offset as u32;
+
+                    let buffer_data;
+                    let unpack_data = match src.raw {
+                        Some(buffer) => {
+                            unsafe { gl.bind_buffer(glow::PIXEL_UNPACK_BUFFER, Some(buffer)) };
+                            unbind_unpack_buffer = true;
+                            glow::CompressedPixelUnpackData::BufferRange(
+                                offset..offset + bytes_in_upload,
+                            )
+                        }
+                        None => {
+                            buffer_data = src.data.as_ref().unwrap().lock().unwrap();
+                            let src_data = &buffer_data.as_slice()
+                                [(offset as usize)..(offset + bytes_in_upload) as usize];
+                            glow::CompressedPixelUnpackData::Slice(src_data)
+                        }
+                    };
+
+                    if is_layered_target(dst_target) {
+                        unsafe {
+                            gl.compressed_tex_sub_image_3d(
+                                dst_target,
+                                copy.texture_base.mip_level as i32,
+                                copy.texture_base.origin.x as i32,
+                                copy.texture_base.origin.y as i32,
+                                if let glow::TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY | glow::TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_ARRAY =
+                                    dst_target
+                                {
+                                    copy.texture_base.array_layer as i32
+                                } else {
+                                    copy.texture_base.origin.z as i32
+                                },
+                                copy.size.width as i32,
+                                copy.size.height as i32,
+                                copy.size.depth as i32,
+                                format_desc.internal,
+                                unpack_data,
+                            )
+                        };
+                    } else {
+                        unsafe {
+                            gl.compressed_tex_sub_image_2d(
+                                if let glow::TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP = dst_target {
+                                    CUBEMAP_FACES[copy.texture_base.array_layer as usize]
+                                } else {
+                                    dst_target
+                                },
+                                copy.texture_base.mip_level as i32,
+                                copy.texture_base.origin.x as i32,
+                                copy.texture_base.origin.y as i32,
+                                copy.size.width as i32,
+                                copy.size.height as i32,
+                                format_desc.internal,
+                                unpack_data,
+                            )
+                        };
+                    }
+                }
+                if unbind_unpack_buffer {
+                    unsafe { gl.bind_buffer(glow::PIXEL_UNPACK_BUFFER, None) };
+                }
+            }
+            C::CopyTextureToBuffer {
+                src,
+                src_target,
+                src_format,
+                ref dst,
+                dst_target: _,
+                ref copy,
+            } => {
+                let block_size = src_format.block_size(None).unwrap();
+                if src_format.is_compressed() {
+                    log::error!("Not implemented yet: compressed texture copy to buffer");
+                    return;
+                }
+                if src_target == glow::TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP
+                    || src_target == glow::TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_ARRAY
+                {
+                    log::error!("Not implemented yet: cubemap texture copy to buffer");
+                    return;
+                }
+                let format_desc = self.shared.describe_texture_format(src_format);
+                let row_texels = copy
+                    .buffer_layout
+                    .bytes_per_row
+                    .map_or(copy.size.width, |bpr| bpr / block_size);
+                let column_texels = copy
+                    .buffer_layout
+                    .rows_per_image
+                    .unwrap_or(copy.size.height);
+
+                unsafe { gl.bind_framebuffer(glow::READ_FRAMEBUFFER, Some(self.copy_fbo)) };
+
+                let read_pixels = |offset| {
+                    let mut buffer_data;
+                    let unpack_data = match dst.raw {
+                        Some(buffer) => {
+                            unsafe { gl.pixel_store_i32(glow::PACK_ROW_LENGTH, row_texels as i32) };
+                            unsafe { gl.bind_buffer(glow::PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER, Some(buffer)) };
+                            glow::PixelPackData::BufferOffset(offset as u32)
+                        }
+                        None => {
+                            buffer_data = dst.data.as_ref().unwrap().lock().unwrap();
+                            let dst_data = &mut buffer_data.as_mut_slice()[offset as usize..];
+                            glow::PixelPackData::Slice(dst_data)
+                        }
+                    };
+                    unsafe {
+                        gl.read_pixels(
+                            copy.texture_base.origin.x as i32,
+                            copy.texture_base.origin.y as i32,
+                            copy.size.width as i32,
+                            copy.size.height as i32,
+                            format_desc.external,
+                            format_desc.data_type,
+                            unpack_data,
+                        )
+                    };
+                };
+
+                match src_target {
+                    glow::TEXTURE_2D => {
+                        unsafe {
+                            gl.framebuffer_texture_2d(
+                                glow::READ_FRAMEBUFFER,
+                                glow::COLOR_ATTACHMENT0,
+                                src_target,
+                                Some(src),
+                                copy.texture_base.mip_level as i32,
+                            )
+                        };
+                        read_pixels(copy.buffer_layout.offset);
+                    }
+                    glow::TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY => {
+                        unsafe {
+                            gl.framebuffer_texture_layer(
+                                glow::READ_FRAMEBUFFER,
+                                glow::COLOR_ATTACHMENT0,
+                                Some(src),
+                                copy.texture_base.mip_level as i32,
+                                copy.texture_base.array_layer as i32,
+                            )
+                        };
+                        read_pixels(copy.buffer_layout.offset);
+                    }
+                    glow::TEXTURE_3D => {
+                        for z in copy.texture_base.origin.z..copy.size.depth {
+                            unsafe {
+                                gl.framebuffer_texture_layer(
+                                    glow::READ_FRAMEBUFFER,
+                                    glow::COLOR_ATTACHMENT0,
+                                    Some(src),
+                                    copy.texture_base.mip_level as i32,
+                                    z as i32,
+                                )
+                            };
+                            let offset = copy.buffer_layout.offset
+                                + (z * block_size * row_texels * column_texels) as u64;
+                            read_pixels(offset);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    glow::TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP | glow::TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_ARRAY => unimplemented!(),
+                    _ => unreachable!(),
+                }
+            }
+            C::SetIndexBuffer(buffer) => {
+                unsafe { gl.bind_buffer(glow::ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, Some(buffer)) };
+                self.current_index_buffer = Some(buffer);
+            }
+            C::BeginQuery(query, target) => {
+                unsafe { gl.begin_query(target, query) };
+            }
+            C::EndQuery(target) => {
+                unsafe { gl.end_query(target) };
+            }
+            C::CopyQueryResults {
+                ref query_range,
+                ref dst,
+                dst_target,
+                dst_offset,
+            } => {
+                self.temp_query_results.clear();
+                for &query in queries[query_range.start as usize..query_range.end as usize].iter() {
+                    let result = unsafe { gl.get_query_parameter_u32(query, glow::QUERY_RESULT) };
+                    self.temp_query_results.push(result as u64);
+                }
+                let query_data = unsafe {
+                    slice::from_raw_parts(
+                        self.temp_query_results.as_ptr() as *const u8,
+                        self.temp_query_results.len() * mem::size_of::<u64>(),
+                    )
+                };
+                match dst.raw {
+                    Some(buffer) => {
+                        unsafe { gl.bind_buffer(dst_target, Some(buffer)) };
+                        unsafe {
+                            gl.buffer_sub_data_u8_slice(dst_target, dst_offset as i32, query_data)
+                        };
+                    }
+                    None => {
+                        let data = &mut dst.data.as_ref().unwrap().lock().unwrap();
+                        let len = query_data.len().min(data.len());
+                        data[..len].copy_from_slice(&query_data[..len]);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            C::ResetFramebuffer { is_default } => {
+                if is_default {
+                    unsafe { gl.bind_framebuffer(glow::DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER, None) };
+                } else {
+                    unsafe { gl.bind_framebuffer(glow::DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER, Some(self.draw_fbo)) };
+                    unsafe {
+                        gl.framebuffer_texture_2d(
+                            glow::DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER,
+                            glow::DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT,
+                            glow::TEXTURE_2D,
+                            None,
+                            0,
+                        )
+                    };
+                    for i in 0..crate::MAX_COLOR_ATTACHMENTS {
+                        let target = glow::COLOR_ATTACHMENT0 + i as u32;
+                        unsafe {
+                            gl.framebuffer_texture_2d(
+                                glow::DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER,
+                                target,
+                                glow::TEXTURE_2D,
+                                None,
+                                0,
+                            )
+                        };
+                    }
+                }
+                unsafe { gl.color_mask(true, true, true, true) };
+                unsafe { gl.depth_mask(true) };
+                unsafe { gl.stencil_mask(!0) };
+                unsafe { gl.disable(glow::DEPTH_TEST) };
+                unsafe { gl.disable(glow::STENCIL_TEST) };
+                unsafe { gl.disable(glow::SCISSOR_TEST) };
+            }
+            C::BindAttachment {
+                attachment,
+                ref view,
+            } => {
+                unsafe { self.set_attachment(gl, glow::DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER, attachment, view) };
+            }
+            C::ResolveAttachment {
+                attachment,
+                ref dst,
+                ref size,
+            } => {
+                unsafe { gl.bind_framebuffer(glow::READ_FRAMEBUFFER, Some(self.draw_fbo)) };
+                unsafe { gl.read_buffer(attachment) };
+                unsafe { gl.bind_framebuffer(glow::DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER, Some(self.copy_fbo)) };
+                unsafe {
+                    self.set_attachment(gl, glow::DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER, glow::COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, dst)
+                };
+                unsafe {
+                    gl.blit_framebuffer(
+                        0,
+                        0,
+                        size.width as i32,
+                        size.height as i32,
+                        0,
+                        0,
+                        size.width as i32,
+                        size.height as i32,
+                        glow::COLOR_BUFFER_BIT,
+                        glow::NEAREST,
+                    )
+                };
+                unsafe { gl.bind_framebuffer(glow::READ_FRAMEBUFFER, None) };
+                unsafe { gl.bind_framebuffer(glow::DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER, Some(self.draw_fbo)) };
+            }
+            C::InvalidateAttachments(ref list) => {
+                unsafe { gl.invalidate_framebuffer(glow::DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER, list) };
+            }
+            C::SetDrawColorBuffers(count) => {
+                self.draw_buffer_count = count;
+                let indices = (0..count as u32)
+                    .map(|i| glow::COLOR_ATTACHMENT0 + i)
+                    .collect::<ArrayVec<_, { crate::MAX_COLOR_ATTACHMENTS }>>();
+                unsafe { gl.draw_buffers(&indices) };
+
+                if self
+                    .shared
+                    .private_caps
+                    .contains(super::PrivateCapabilities::CAN_DISABLE_DRAW_BUFFER)
+                {
+                    for draw_buffer in 0..count as u32 {
+                        unsafe { gl.disable_draw_buffer(glow::BLEND, draw_buffer) };
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            C::ClearColorF {
+                draw_buffer,
+                ref color,
+                is_srgb,
+            } => {
+                if self
+                    .shared
+                    .workarounds
+                    .contains(super::Workarounds::MESA_I915_SRGB_SHADER_CLEAR)
+                    && is_srgb
+                {
+                    unsafe { self.perform_shader_clear(gl, draw_buffer, *color) };
+                } else {
+                    unsafe { gl.clear_buffer_f32_slice(glow::COLOR, draw_buffer, color) };
+                }
+            }
+            C::ClearColorU(draw_buffer, ref color) => {
+                unsafe { gl.clear_buffer_u32_slice(glow::COLOR, draw_buffer, color) };
+            }
+            C::ClearColorI(draw_buffer, ref color) => {
+                unsafe { gl.clear_buffer_i32_slice(glow::COLOR, draw_buffer, color) };
+            }
+            C::ClearDepth(depth) => {
+                unsafe { gl.clear_buffer_f32_slice(glow::DEPTH, 0, &[depth]) };
+            }
+            C::ClearStencil(value) => {
+                unsafe { gl.clear_buffer_i32_slice(glow::STENCIL, 0, &[value as i32]) };
+            }
+            C::ClearDepthAndStencil(depth, stencil_value) => {
+                unsafe {
+                    gl.clear_buffer_depth_stencil(
+                        glow::DEPTH_STENCIL,
+                        0,
+                        depth,
+                        stencil_value as i32,
+                    )
+                };
+            }
+            C::BufferBarrier(raw, usage) => {
+                let mut flags = 0;
+                if usage.contains(crate::BufferUses::VERTEX) {
+                    flags |= glow::VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_BARRIER_BIT;
+                    unsafe { gl.bind_buffer(glow::ARRAY_BUFFER, Some(raw)) };
+                    unsafe { gl.vertex_attrib_pointer_f32(0, 1, glow::BYTE, true, 0, 0) };
+                }
+                if usage.contains(crate::BufferUses::INDEX) {
+                    flags |= glow::ELEMENT_ARRAY_BARRIER_BIT;
+                    unsafe { gl.bind_buffer(glow::ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, Some(raw)) };
+                }
+                if usage.contains(crate::BufferUses::UNIFORM) {
+                    flags |= glow::UNIFORM_BARRIER_BIT;
+                }
+                if usage.contains(crate::BufferUses::INDIRECT) {
+                    flags |= glow::COMMAND_BARRIER_BIT;
+                    unsafe { gl.bind_buffer(glow::DRAW_INDIRECT_BUFFER, Some(raw)) };
+                }
+                if usage.contains(crate::BufferUses::COPY_SRC) {
+                    flags |= glow::PIXEL_BUFFER_BARRIER_BIT;
+                    unsafe { gl.bind_buffer(glow::PIXEL_UNPACK_BUFFER, Some(raw)) };
+                }
+                if usage.contains(crate::BufferUses::COPY_DST) {
+                    flags |= glow::PIXEL_BUFFER_BARRIER_BIT;
+                    unsafe { gl.bind_buffer(glow::PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER, Some(raw)) };
+                }
+                if usage.intersects(crate::BufferUses::MAP_READ | crate::BufferUses::MAP_WRITE) {
+                    flags |= glow::BUFFER_UPDATE_BARRIER_BIT;
+                }
+                if usage.intersects(
+                    crate::BufferUses::STORAGE_READ | crate::BufferUses::STORAGE_READ_WRITE,
+                ) {
+                    flags |= glow::SHADER_STORAGE_BARRIER_BIT;
+                }
+                unsafe { gl.memory_barrier(flags) };
+            }
+            C::TextureBarrier(usage) => {
+                let mut flags = 0;
+                if usage.contains(crate::TextureUses::RESOURCE) {
+                    flags |= glow::TEXTURE_FETCH_BARRIER_BIT;
+                }
+                if usage.intersects(
+                    crate::TextureUses::STORAGE_READ | crate::TextureUses::STORAGE_READ_WRITE,
+                ) {
+                    flags |= glow::SHADER_IMAGE_ACCESS_BARRIER_BIT;
+                }
+                if usage.contains(crate::TextureUses::COPY_DST) {
+                    flags |= glow::TEXTURE_UPDATE_BARRIER_BIT;
+                }
+                if usage.intersects(
+                    crate::TextureUses::COLOR_TARGET
+                        | crate::TextureUses::DEPTH_STENCIL_READ
+                        | crate::TextureUses::DEPTH_STENCIL_WRITE,
+                ) {
+                    flags |= glow::FRAMEBUFFER_BARRIER_BIT;
+                }
+                unsafe { gl.memory_barrier(flags) };
+            }
+            C::SetViewport {
+                ref rect,
+                ref depth,
+            } => {
+                unsafe { gl.viewport(rect.x, rect.y, rect.w, rect.h) };
+                unsafe { gl.depth_range_f32(depth.start, depth.end) };
+            }
+            C::SetScissor(ref rect) => {
+                unsafe { gl.scissor(rect.x, rect.y, rect.w, rect.h) };
+                unsafe { gl.enable(glow::SCISSOR_TEST) };
+            }
+            C::SetStencilFunc {
+                face,
+                function,
+                reference,
+                read_mask,
+            } => {
+                unsafe { gl.stencil_func_separate(face, function, reference as i32, read_mask) };
+            }
+            C::SetStencilOps {
+                face,
+                write_mask,
+                ref ops,
+            } => {
+                unsafe { gl.stencil_mask_separate(face, write_mask) };
+                unsafe { gl.stencil_op_separate(face, ops.fail, ops.depth_fail, ops.pass) };
+            }
+            C::SetVertexAttribute {
+                buffer,
+                ref buffer_desc,
+                attribute_desc: ref vat,
+            } => {
+                unsafe { gl.bind_buffer(glow::ARRAY_BUFFER, buffer) };
+                unsafe { gl.enable_vertex_attrib_array(vat.location) };
+
+                if buffer.is_none() {
+                    match vat.format_desc.attrib_kind {
+                        super::VertexAttribKind::Float => unsafe {
+                            gl.vertex_attrib_format_f32(
+                                vat.location,
+                                vat.format_desc.element_count,
+                                vat.format_desc.element_format,
+                                true, // always normalized
+                                vat.offset,
+                            )
+                        },
+                        super::VertexAttribKind::Integer => unsafe {
+                            gl.vertex_attrib_format_i32(
+                                vat.location,
+                                vat.format_desc.element_count,
+                                vat.format_desc.element_format,
+                                vat.offset,
+                            )
+                        },
+                    }
+
+                    //Note: there is apparently a bug on AMD 3500U:
+                    // this call is ignored if the current array is disabled.
+                    unsafe { gl.vertex_attrib_binding(vat.location, vat.buffer_index) };
+                } else {
+                    match vat.format_desc.attrib_kind {
+                        super::VertexAttribKind::Float => unsafe {
+                            gl.vertex_attrib_pointer_f32(
+                                vat.location,
+                                vat.format_desc.element_count,
+                                vat.format_desc.element_format,
+                                true, // always normalized
+                                buffer_desc.stride as i32,
+                                vat.offset as i32,
+                            )
+                        },
+                        super::VertexAttribKind::Integer => unsafe {
+                            gl.vertex_attrib_pointer_i32(
+                                vat.location,
+                                vat.format_desc.element_count,
+                                vat.format_desc.element_format,
+                                buffer_desc.stride as i32,
+                                vat.offset as i32,
+                            )
+                        },
+                    }
+                    unsafe { gl.vertex_attrib_divisor(vat.location, buffer_desc.step as u32) };
+                }
+            }
+            C::UnsetVertexAttribute(location) => {
+                unsafe { gl.disable_vertex_attrib_array(location) };
+            }
+            C::SetVertexBuffer {
+                index,
+                ref buffer,
+                ref buffer_desc,
+            } => {
+                unsafe { gl.vertex_binding_divisor(index, buffer_desc.step as u32) };
+                unsafe {
+                    gl.bind_vertex_buffer(
+                        index,
+                        Some(buffer.raw),
+                        buffer.offset as i32,
+                        buffer_desc.stride as i32,
+                    )
+                };
+            }
+            C::SetDepth(ref depth) => {
+                unsafe { gl.depth_func(depth.function) };
+                unsafe { gl.depth_mask(depth.mask) };
+            }
+            C::SetDepthBias(bias) => {
+                if bias.is_enabled() {
+                    unsafe { gl.enable(glow::POLYGON_OFFSET_FILL) };
+                    unsafe { gl.polygon_offset(bias.constant as f32, bias.slope_scale) };
+                } else {
+                    unsafe { gl.disable(glow::POLYGON_OFFSET_FILL) };
+                }
+            }
+            C::ConfigureDepthStencil(aspects) => {
+                if aspects.contains(crate::FormatAspects::DEPTH) {
+                    unsafe { gl.enable(glow::DEPTH_TEST) };
+                } else {
+                    unsafe { gl.disable(glow::DEPTH_TEST) };
+                }
+                if aspects.contains(crate::FormatAspects::STENCIL) {
+                    unsafe { gl.enable(glow::STENCIL_TEST) };
+                } else {
+                    unsafe { gl.disable(glow::STENCIL_TEST) };
+                }
+            }
+            C::SetAlphaToCoverage(enabled) => {
+                if enabled {
+                    unsafe { gl.enable(glow::SAMPLE_ALPHA_TO_COVERAGE) };
+                } else {
+                    unsafe { gl.disable(glow::SAMPLE_ALPHA_TO_COVERAGE) };
+                }
+            }
+            C::SetProgram(program) => {
+                unsafe { gl.use_program(Some(program)) };
+            }
+            C::SetPrimitive(ref state) => {
+                unsafe { gl.front_face(state.front_face) };
+                if state.cull_face != 0 {
+                    unsafe { gl.enable(glow::CULL_FACE) };
+                    unsafe { gl.cull_face(state.cull_face) };
+                } else {
+                    unsafe { gl.disable(glow::CULL_FACE) };
+                }
+                if self.features.contains(wgt::Features::DEPTH_CLIP_CONTROL) {
+                    //Note: this is a bit tricky, since we are controlling the clip, not the clamp.
+                    if state.unclipped_depth {
+                        unsafe { gl.enable(glow::DEPTH_CLAMP) };
+                    } else {
+                        unsafe { gl.disable(glow::DEPTH_CLAMP) };
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            C::SetBlendConstant(c) => {
+                unsafe { gl.blend_color(c[0], c[1], c[2], c[3]) };
+            }
+            C::SetColorTarget {
+                draw_buffer_index,
+                desc: super::ColorTargetDesc { mask, ref blend },
+            } => {
+                use wgt::ColorWrites as Cw;
+                if let Some(index) = draw_buffer_index {
+                    unsafe {
+                        gl.color_mask_draw_buffer(
+                            index,
+                            mask.contains(Cw::RED),
+                            mask.contains(Cw::GREEN),
+                            mask.contains(Cw::BLUE),
+                            mask.contains(Cw::ALPHA),
+                        )
+                    };
+                    if let Some(ref blend) = *blend {
+                        unsafe { gl.enable_draw_buffer(index, glow::BLEND) };
+                        if blend.color != blend.alpha {
+                            unsafe {
+                                gl.blend_equation_separate_draw_buffer(
+                                    index,
+                                    blend.color.equation,
+                                    blend.alpha.equation,
+                                )
+                            };
+                            unsafe {
+                                gl.blend_func_separate_draw_buffer(
+                                    index,
+                                    blend.color.src,
+                                    blend.color.dst,
+                                    blend.alpha.src,
+                                    blend.alpha.dst,
+                                )
+                            };
+                        } else {
+                            unsafe { gl.blend_equation_draw_buffer(index, blend.color.equation) };
+                            unsafe {
+                                gl.blend_func_draw_buffer(index, blend.color.src, blend.color.dst)
+                            };
+                        }
+                    } else if self
+                        .shared
+                        .private_caps
+                        .contains(super::PrivateCapabilities::CAN_DISABLE_DRAW_BUFFER)
+                    {
+                        unsafe { gl.disable_draw_buffer(index, glow::BLEND) };
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    unsafe {
+                        gl.color_mask(
+                            mask.contains(Cw::RED),
+                            mask.contains(Cw::GREEN),
+                            mask.contains(Cw::BLUE),
+                            mask.contains(Cw::ALPHA),
+                        )
+                    };
+                    if let Some(ref blend) = *blend {
+                        unsafe { gl.enable(glow::BLEND) };
+                        if blend.color != blend.alpha {
+                            unsafe {
+                                gl.blend_equation_separate(
+                                    blend.color.equation,
+                                    blend.alpha.equation,
+                                )
+                            };
+                            unsafe {
+                                gl.blend_func_separate(
+                                    blend.color.src,
+                                    blend.color.dst,
+                                    blend.alpha.src,
+                                    blend.alpha.dst,
+                                )
+                            };
+                        } else {
+                            unsafe { gl.blend_equation(blend.color.equation) };
+                            unsafe { gl.blend_func(blend.color.src, blend.color.dst) };
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        unsafe { gl.disable(glow::BLEND) };
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            C::BindBuffer {
+                target,
+                slot,
+                buffer,
+                offset,
+                size,
+            } => {
+                unsafe { gl.bind_buffer_range(target, slot, Some(buffer), offset, size) };
+            }
+            C::BindSampler(texture_index, sampler) => {
+                unsafe { gl.bind_sampler(texture_index, sampler) };
+            }
+            C::BindTexture {
+                slot,
+                texture,
+                target,
+                aspects,
+            } => {
+                unsafe { gl.active_texture(glow::TEXTURE0 + slot) };
+                unsafe { gl.bind_texture(target, Some(texture)) };
+
+                let version = gl.version();
+                let is_min_es_3_1 = version.is_embedded && (version.major, version.minor) >= (3, 1);
+                let is_min_4_3 = !version.is_embedded && (version.major, version.minor) >= (4, 3);
+                if is_min_es_3_1 || is_min_4_3 {
+                    let mode = match aspects {
+                        crate::FormatAspects::DEPTH => Some(glow::DEPTH_COMPONENT),
+                        crate::FormatAspects::STENCIL => Some(glow::STENCIL_INDEX),
+                        _ => None,
+                    };
+                    if let Some(mode) = mode {
+                        unsafe {
+                            gl.tex_parameter_i32(
+                                target,
+                                glow::DEPTH_STENCIL_TEXTURE_MODE,
+                                mode as _,
+                            )
+                        };
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            C::BindImage { slot, ref binding } => {
+                unsafe {
+                    gl.bind_image_texture(
+                        slot,
+                        binding.raw,
+                        binding.mip_level as i32,
+                        binding.array_layer.is_none(),
+                        binding.array_layer.unwrap_or_default() as i32,
+                        binding.access,
+                        binding.format,
+                    )
+                };
+            }
+            #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+            C::InsertDebugMarker(ref range) => {
+                let marker = extract_marker(data_bytes, range);
+                unsafe {
+                    gl.debug_message_insert(
+                        glow::DEBUG_SOURCE_APPLICATION,
+                        glow::DEBUG_TYPE_MARKER,
+                        DEBUG_ID,
+                        glow::DEBUG_SEVERITY_NOTIFICATION,
+                        marker,
+                    )
+                };
+            }
+            #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+            C::InsertDebugMarker(_) => (),
+            #[cfg_attr(target_arch = "wasm32", allow(unused))]
+            C::PushDebugGroup(ref range) => {
+                #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+                let marker = extract_marker(data_bytes, range);
+                #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+                unsafe {
+                    gl.push_debug_group(glow::DEBUG_SOURCE_APPLICATION, DEBUG_ID, marker)
+                };
+            }
+            C::PopDebugGroup => {
+                #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+                unsafe {
+                    gl.pop_debug_group()
+                };
+            }
+            C::SetPushConstants {
+                ref uniform,
+                offset,
+            } => {
+                fn get_data<T>(data: &[u8], offset: u32) -> &[T] {
+                    let raw = &data[(offset as usize)..];
+                    unsafe {
+                        slice::from_raw_parts(
+                            raw.as_ptr() as *const _,
+                            raw.len() / mem::size_of::<T>(),
+                        )
+                    }
+                }
+
+                let location = uniform.location.as_ref();
+
+                match uniform.utype {
+                    glow::FLOAT => {
+                        let data = get_data::<f32>(data_bytes, offset)[0];
+                        unsafe { gl.uniform_1_f32(location, data) };
+                    }
+                    glow::FLOAT_VEC2 => {
+                        let data = get_data::<[f32; 2]>(data_bytes, offset)[0];
+                        unsafe { gl.uniform_2_f32_slice(location, &data) };
+                    }
+                    glow::FLOAT_VEC3 => {
+                        let data = get_data::<[f32; 3]>(data_bytes, offset)[0];
+                        unsafe { gl.uniform_3_f32_slice(location, &data) };
+                    }
+                    glow::FLOAT_VEC4 => {
+                        let data = get_data::<[f32; 4]>(data_bytes, offset)[0];
+                        unsafe { gl.uniform_4_f32_slice(location, &data) };
+                    }
+                    glow::INT => {
+                        let data = get_data::<i32>(data_bytes, offset)[0];
+                        unsafe { gl.uniform_1_i32(location, data) };
+                    }
+                    glow::INT_VEC2 => {
+                        let data = get_data::<[i32; 2]>(data_bytes, offset)[0];
+                        unsafe { gl.uniform_2_i32_slice(location, &data) };
+                    }
+                    glow::INT_VEC3 => {
+                        let data = get_data::<[i32; 3]>(data_bytes, offset)[0];
+                        unsafe { gl.uniform_3_i32_slice(location, &data) };
+                    }
+                    glow::INT_VEC4 => {
+                        let data = get_data::<[i32; 4]>(data_bytes, offset)[0];
+                        unsafe { gl.uniform_4_i32_slice(location, &data) };
+                    }
+                    glow::FLOAT_MAT2 => {
+                        let data = get_data::<[f32; 4]>(data_bytes, offset)[0];
+                        unsafe { gl.uniform_matrix_2_f32_slice(location, false, &data) };
+                    }
+                    glow::FLOAT_MAT3 => {
+                        let data = get_data::<[f32; 9]>(data_bytes, offset)[0];
+                        unsafe { gl.uniform_matrix_3_f32_slice(location, false, &data) };
+                    }
+                    glow::FLOAT_MAT4 => {
+                        let data = get_data::<[f32; 16]>(data_bytes, offset)[0];
+                        unsafe { gl.uniform_matrix_4_f32_slice(location, false, &data) };
+                    }
+                    _ => panic!("Unsupported uniform datatype!"),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl crate::Queue<super::Api> for super::Queue {
+    unsafe fn submit(
+        &mut self,
+        command_buffers: &[&super::CommandBuffer],
+        signal_fence: Option<(&mut super::Fence, crate::FenceValue)>,
+    ) -> Result<(), crate::DeviceError> {
+        let shared = Arc::clone(&self.shared);
+        let gl = &shared.context.lock();
+        for cmd_buf in command_buffers.iter() {
+            // The command encoder assumes a default state when encoding the command buffer.
+            // Always reset the state between command_buffers to reflect this assumption. Do
+            // this at the beginning of the loop in case something outside of wgpu modified
+            // this state prior to commit.
+            unsafe { self.reset_state(gl) };
+            #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+            if let Some(ref label) = cmd_buf.label {
+                unsafe { gl.push_debug_group(glow::DEBUG_SOURCE_APPLICATION, DEBUG_ID, label) };
+            }
+
+            for command in cmd_buf.commands.iter() {
+                unsafe { self.process(gl, command, &cmd_buf.data_bytes, &cmd_buf.queries) };
+            }
+
+            #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+            if cmd_buf.label.is_some() {
+                unsafe { gl.pop_debug_group() };
+            }
+        }
+
+        if let Some((fence, value)) = signal_fence {
+            fence.maintain(gl);
+            let sync = unsafe { gl.fence_sync(glow::SYNC_GPU_COMMANDS_COMPLETE, 0) }
+                .map_err(|_| crate::DeviceError::OutOfMemory)?;
+            fence.pending.push((value, sync));
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn present(
+        &mut self,
+        surface: &mut super::Surface,
+        texture: super::Texture,
+    ) -> Result<(), crate::SurfaceError> {
+        #[cfg(any(not(target_arch = "wasm32"), target_os = "emscripten"))]
+        let gl = unsafe { &self.shared.context.get_without_egl_lock() };
+
+        #[cfg(all(target_arch = "wasm32", not(target_os = "emscripten")))]
+        let gl = &self.shared.context.glow_context;
+
+        unsafe { surface.present(texture, gl) }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn get_timestamp_period(&self) -> f32 {
+        1.0
+    }
+}
+
+// SAFE: WASM doesn't have threads
+#[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+unsafe impl Sync for super::Queue {}
+#[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+unsafe impl Send for super::Queue {}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/gles/shaders/clear.frag b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/gles/shaders/clear.frag
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7766c12d9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/gles/shaders/clear.frag
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#version 300 es
+precision lowp float;
+uniform vec4 color;
+//Hack: Some WebGL implementations don't find "color" otherwise.
+uniform vec4 color_workaround;
+out vec4 frag;
+void main() {
+  frag = color + color_workaround;
+}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/gles/shaders/clear.vert b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/gles/shaders/clear.vert
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ac655e7f31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/gles/shaders/clear.vert
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#version 300 es
+precision lowp float;
+// A triangle that fills the whole screen
+const vec2[3] TRIANGLE_POS = vec2[](
+  vec2( 0.0, -3.0),
+  vec2(-3.0,  1.0),
+  vec2( 3.0,  1.0)
+);
+void main() {
+  gl_Position = vec4(TRIANGLE_POS[gl_VertexID], 0.0, 1.0);
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/gles/shaders/srgb_present.frag b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/gles/shaders/srgb_present.frag
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..853f82a6ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/gles/shaders/srgb_present.frag
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#version 300 es
+precision mediump float;
+in vec2 uv;
+uniform sampler2D present_texture;
+out vec4 frag;
+vec4 linear_to_srgb(vec4 linear) {
+    vec3 color_linear = linear.rgb;
+    vec3 selector = ceil(color_linear - 0.0031308); // 0 if under value, 1 if over
+    vec3 under = 12.92 * color_linear;
+    vec3 over = 1.055 * pow(color_linear, vec3(0.41666)) - 0.055;
+    vec3 result = mix(under, over, selector);
+    return vec4(result, linear.a);
+}
+void main() {
+  frag = linear_to_srgb(texture(present_texture, uv));
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/gles/shaders/srgb_present.vert b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/gles/shaders/srgb_present.vert
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..922f2a1848
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/gles/shaders/srgb_present.vert
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#version 300 es
+precision mediump float;
+// A triangle that fills the whole screen
+const vec2[3] TRIANGLE_POS = vec2[](
+  vec2( 0.0, -3.0),
+  vec2(-3.0,  1.0),
+  vec2( 3.0,  1.0)
+);
+const vec2[3] TRIANGLE_UV = vec2[](
+  vec2( 0.5,  1.),
+  vec2( -1.0,  -1.0),
+  vec2( 2.0,  -1.0)
+);
+out vec2 uv;
+void main() {
+  uv = TRIANGLE_UV[gl_VertexID];
+  gl_Position = vec4(TRIANGLE_POS[gl_VertexID], 0.0, 1.0);
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/gles/web.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/gles/web.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..565ffcab18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/gles/web.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,404 @@
+use glow::HasContext;
+use parking_lot::Mutex;
+use wasm_bindgen::JsCast;
+
+use super::TextureFormatDesc;
+
+/// A wrapper around a [`glow::Context`] to provide a fake `lock()` api that makes it compatible
+/// with the `AdapterContext` API from the EGL implementation.
+pub struct AdapterContext {
+    pub glow_context: glow::Context,
+}
+
+impl AdapterContext {
+    pub fn is_owned(&self) -> bool {
+        false
+    }
+
+    /// Obtain a lock to the EGL context and get handle to the [`glow::Context`] that can be used to
+    /// do rendering.
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn lock(&self) -> &glow::Context {
+        &self.glow_context
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Instance {
+    webgl2_context: Mutex<Option<web_sys::WebGl2RenderingContext>>,
+}
+
+impl Instance {
+    pub fn create_surface_from_canvas(
+        &self,
+        canvas: web_sys::HtmlCanvasElement,
+    ) -> Result<Surface, crate::InstanceError> {
+        let result =
+            canvas.get_context_with_context_options("webgl2", &Self::create_context_options());
+        self.create_surface_from_context(Canvas::Canvas(canvas), result)
+    }
+
+    pub fn create_surface_from_offscreen_canvas(
+        &self,
+        canvas: web_sys::OffscreenCanvas,
+    ) -> Result<Surface, crate::InstanceError> {
+        let result =
+            canvas.get_context_with_context_options("webgl2", &Self::create_context_options());
+        self.create_surface_from_context(Canvas::Offscreen(canvas), result)
+    }
+
+    /// Common portion of public `create_surface_from_*` functions.
+    ///
+    /// Note: Analogous code also exists in the WebGPU backend at
+    /// `wgpu::backend::web::Context`.
+    fn create_surface_from_context(
+        &self,
+        canvas: Canvas,
+        context_result: Result<Option<js_sys::Object>, wasm_bindgen::JsValue>,
+    ) -> Result<Surface, crate::InstanceError> {
+        let context_object: js_sys::Object = match context_result {
+            Ok(Some(context)) => context,
+            Ok(None) => {
+                // <https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/canvas.html#dom-canvas-getcontext-dev>
+                // A getContext() call “returns null if contextId is not supported, or if the
+                // canvas has already been initialized with another context type”. Additionally,
+                // “not supported” could include “insufficient GPU resources” or “the GPU process
+                // previously crashed”. So, we must return it as an `Err` since it could occur
+                // for circumstances outside the application author's control.
+                return Err(crate::InstanceError);
+            }
+            Err(js_error) => {
+                // <https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/canvas.html#dom-canvas-getcontext>
+                // A thrown exception indicates misuse of the canvas state. Ideally we wouldn't
+                // panic in this case, but for now, `InstanceError` conveys no detail, so it
+                // is more informative to panic with a specific message.
+                panic!("canvas.getContext() threw {js_error:?}")
+            }
+        };
+
+        // Not returning this error because it is a type error that shouldn't happen unless
+        // the browser, JS builtin objects, or wasm bindings are misbehaving somehow.
+        let webgl2_context: web_sys::WebGl2RenderingContext = context_object
+            .dyn_into()
+            .expect("canvas context is not a WebGl2RenderingContext");
+
+        *self.webgl2_context.lock() = Some(webgl2_context.clone());
+
+        Ok(Surface {
+            canvas,
+            webgl2_context,
+            srgb_present_program: None,
+            swapchain: None,
+            texture: None,
+            presentable: true,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn create_context_options() -> js_sys::Object {
+        let context_options = js_sys::Object::new();
+        js_sys::Reflect::set(
+            &context_options,
+            &"antialias".into(),
+            &wasm_bindgen::JsValue::FALSE,
+        )
+        .expect("Cannot create context options");
+        context_options
+    }
+}
+
+// SAFE: WASM doesn't have threads
+unsafe impl Sync for Instance {}
+unsafe impl Send for Instance {}
+
+impl crate::Instance<super::Api> for Instance {
+    unsafe fn init(_desc: &crate::InstanceDescriptor) -> Result<Self, crate::InstanceError> {
+        Ok(Instance {
+            webgl2_context: Mutex::new(None),
+        })
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn enumerate_adapters(&self) -> Vec<crate::ExposedAdapter<super::Api>> {
+        let context_guard = self.webgl2_context.lock();
+        let gl = match *context_guard {
+            Some(ref webgl2_context) => glow::Context::from_webgl2_context(webgl2_context.clone()),
+            None => return Vec::new(),
+        };
+
+        unsafe { super::Adapter::expose(AdapterContext { glow_context: gl }) }
+            .into_iter()
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_surface(
+        &self,
+        _display_handle: raw_window_handle::RawDisplayHandle,
+        window_handle: raw_window_handle::RawWindowHandle,
+    ) -> Result<Surface, crate::InstanceError> {
+        if let raw_window_handle::RawWindowHandle::Web(handle) = window_handle {
+            let canvas: web_sys::HtmlCanvasElement = web_sys::window()
+                .and_then(|win| win.document())
+                .expect("Cannot get document")
+                .query_selector(&format!("canvas[data-raw-handle=\"{}\"]", handle.id))
+                .expect("Cannot query for canvas")
+                .expect("Canvas is not found")
+                .dyn_into()
+                .expect("Failed to downcast to canvas type");
+
+            self.create_surface_from_canvas(canvas)
+        } else {
+            Err(crate::InstanceError)
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn destroy_surface(&self, surface: Surface) {
+        let mut context_option_ref = self.webgl2_context.lock();
+
+        if let Some(context) = context_option_ref.as_ref() {
+            if context == &surface.webgl2_context {
+                *context_option_ref = None;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct Surface {
+    canvas: Canvas,
+    webgl2_context: web_sys::WebGl2RenderingContext,
+    pub(super) swapchain: Option<Swapchain>,
+    texture: Option<glow::Texture>,
+    pub(super) presentable: bool,
+    srgb_present_program: Option<glow::Program>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+enum Canvas {
+    Canvas(web_sys::HtmlCanvasElement),
+    Offscreen(web_sys::OffscreenCanvas),
+}
+
+// SAFE: Because web doesn't have threads ( yet )
+unsafe impl Sync for Surface {}
+unsafe impl Send for Surface {}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct Swapchain {
+    pub(crate) extent: wgt::Extent3d,
+    // pub(crate) channel: f::ChannelType,
+    pub(super) format: wgt::TextureFormat,
+    pub(super) framebuffer: glow::Framebuffer,
+    pub(super) format_desc: TextureFormatDesc,
+}
+
+impl Surface {
+    pub(super) unsafe fn present(
+        &mut self,
+        _suf_texture: super::Texture,
+        gl: &glow::Context,
+    ) -> Result<(), crate::SurfaceError> {
+        let swapchain = self.swapchain.as_ref().ok_or(crate::SurfaceError::Other(
+            "need to configure surface before presenting",
+        ))?;
+
+        if swapchain.format.is_srgb() {
+            // Important to set the viewport since we don't know in what state the user left it.
+            unsafe {
+                gl.viewport(
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    swapchain.extent.width as _,
+                    swapchain.extent.height as _,
+                )
+            };
+            unsafe { gl.bind_framebuffer(glow::DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER, None) };
+            unsafe { gl.bind_sampler(0, None) };
+            unsafe { gl.active_texture(glow::TEXTURE0) };
+            unsafe { gl.bind_texture(glow::TEXTURE_2D, self.texture) };
+            unsafe { gl.use_program(self.srgb_present_program) };
+            unsafe { gl.disable(glow::DEPTH_TEST) };
+            unsafe { gl.disable(glow::STENCIL_TEST) };
+            unsafe { gl.disable(glow::SCISSOR_TEST) };
+            unsafe { gl.disable(glow::BLEND) };
+            unsafe { gl.disable(glow::CULL_FACE) };
+            unsafe { gl.draw_buffers(&[glow::BACK]) };
+            unsafe { gl.draw_arrays(glow::TRIANGLES, 0, 3) };
+        } else {
+            unsafe { gl.bind_framebuffer(glow::READ_FRAMEBUFFER, Some(swapchain.framebuffer)) };
+            unsafe { gl.bind_framebuffer(glow::DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER, None) };
+            // Note the Y-flipping here. GL's presentation is not flipped,
+            // but main rendering is. Therefore, we Y-flip the output positions
+            // in the shader, and also this blit.
+            unsafe {
+                gl.blit_framebuffer(
+                    0,
+                    swapchain.extent.height as i32,
+                    swapchain.extent.width as i32,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    swapchain.extent.width as i32,
+                    swapchain.extent.height as i32,
+                    glow::COLOR_BUFFER_BIT,
+                    glow::NEAREST,
+                )
+            };
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_srgb_present_program(gl: &glow::Context) -> glow::Program {
+        let program = unsafe { gl.create_program() }.expect("Could not create shader program");
+        let vertex =
+            unsafe { gl.create_shader(glow::VERTEX_SHADER) }.expect("Could not create shader");
+        unsafe { gl.shader_source(vertex, include_str!("./shaders/srgb_present.vert")) };
+        unsafe { gl.compile_shader(vertex) };
+        let fragment =
+            unsafe { gl.create_shader(glow::FRAGMENT_SHADER) }.expect("Could not create shader");
+        unsafe { gl.shader_source(fragment, include_str!("./shaders/srgb_present.frag")) };
+        unsafe { gl.compile_shader(fragment) };
+        unsafe { gl.attach_shader(program, vertex) };
+        unsafe { gl.attach_shader(program, fragment) };
+        unsafe { gl.link_program(program) };
+        unsafe { gl.delete_shader(vertex) };
+        unsafe { gl.delete_shader(fragment) };
+        unsafe { gl.bind_texture(glow::TEXTURE_2D, None) };
+
+        program
+    }
+
+    pub fn supports_srgb(&self) -> bool {
+        // present.frag takes care of handling srgb conversion
+        true
+    }
+}
+
+impl crate::Surface<super::Api> for Surface {
+    unsafe fn configure(
+        &mut self,
+        device: &super::Device,
+        config: &crate::SurfaceConfiguration,
+    ) -> Result<(), crate::SurfaceError> {
+        match self.canvas {
+            Canvas::Canvas(ref canvas) => {
+                canvas.set_width(config.extent.width);
+                canvas.set_height(config.extent.height);
+            }
+            Canvas::Offscreen(ref canvas) => {
+                canvas.set_width(config.extent.width);
+                canvas.set_height(config.extent.height);
+            }
+        }
+
+        let gl = &device.shared.context.lock();
+
+        if let Some(swapchain) = self.swapchain.take() {
+            // delete all frame buffers already allocated
+            unsafe { gl.delete_framebuffer(swapchain.framebuffer) };
+        }
+
+        if self.srgb_present_program.is_none() && config.format.is_srgb() {
+            self.srgb_present_program = Some(unsafe { Self::create_srgb_present_program(gl) });
+        }
+
+        if let Some(texture) = self.texture.take() {
+            unsafe { gl.delete_texture(texture) };
+        }
+
+        self.texture = Some(unsafe { gl.create_texture() }.map_err(|error| {
+            log::error!("Internal swapchain texture creation failed: {error}");
+            crate::DeviceError::OutOfMemory
+        })?);
+
+        let desc = device.shared.describe_texture_format(config.format);
+        unsafe { gl.bind_texture(glow::TEXTURE_2D, self.texture) };
+        unsafe {
+            gl.tex_parameter_i32(
+                glow::TEXTURE_2D,
+                glow::TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER,
+                glow::NEAREST as _,
+            )
+        };
+        unsafe {
+            gl.tex_parameter_i32(
+                glow::TEXTURE_2D,
+                glow::TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER,
+                glow::NEAREST as _,
+            )
+        };
+        unsafe {
+            gl.tex_storage_2d(
+                glow::TEXTURE_2D,
+                1,
+                desc.internal,
+                config.extent.width as i32,
+                config.extent.height as i32,
+            )
+        };
+
+        let framebuffer = unsafe { gl.create_framebuffer() }.map_err(|error| {
+            log::error!("Internal swapchain framebuffer creation failed: {error}");
+            crate::DeviceError::OutOfMemory
+        })?;
+        unsafe { gl.bind_framebuffer(glow::READ_FRAMEBUFFER, Some(framebuffer)) };
+        unsafe {
+            gl.framebuffer_texture_2d(
+                glow::READ_FRAMEBUFFER,
+                glow::COLOR_ATTACHMENT0,
+                glow::TEXTURE_2D,
+                self.texture,
+                0,
+            )
+        };
+        unsafe { gl.bind_texture(glow::TEXTURE_2D, None) };
+
+        self.swapchain = Some(Swapchain {
+            extent: config.extent,
+            // channel: config.format.base_format().1,
+            format: config.format,
+            format_desc: desc,
+            framebuffer,
+        });
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn unconfigure(&mut self, device: &super::Device) {
+        let gl = device.shared.context.lock();
+        if let Some(swapchain) = self.swapchain.take() {
+            unsafe { gl.delete_framebuffer(swapchain.framebuffer) };
+        }
+        if let Some(renderbuffer) = self.texture.take() {
+            unsafe { gl.delete_texture(renderbuffer) };
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn acquire_texture(
+        &mut self,
+        _timeout_ms: Option<std::time::Duration>, //TODO
+    ) -> Result<Option<crate::AcquiredSurfaceTexture<super::Api>>, crate::SurfaceError> {
+        let sc = self.swapchain.as_ref().unwrap();
+        let texture = super::Texture {
+            inner: super::TextureInner::Texture {
+                raw: self.texture.unwrap(),
+                target: glow::TEXTURE_2D,
+            },
+            drop_guard: None,
+            array_layer_count: 1,
+            mip_level_count: 1,
+            format: sc.format,
+            format_desc: sc.format_desc.clone(),
+            copy_size: crate::CopyExtent {
+                width: sc.extent.width,
+                height: sc.extent.height,
+                depth: 1,
+            },
+            is_cubemap: false,
+        };
+        Ok(Some(crate::AcquiredSurfaceTexture {
+            texture,
+            suboptimal: false,
+        }))
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn discard_texture(&mut self, _texture: super::Texture) {}
+}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/lib.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1758149380
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1316 @@
+/*! This library describes the internal unsafe graphics abstraction API.
+ *  It follows WebGPU for the most part, re-using wgpu-types,
+ *  with the following deviations:
+ *  - Fully unsafe: zero overhead, zero validation.
+ *  - Compile-time backend selection via traits.
+ *  - Objects are passed by references and returned by value. No IDs.
+ *  - Mapping is persistent, with explicit synchronization.
+ *  - Resource transitions are explicit.
+ *  - All layouts are explicit. Binding model has compatibility.
+ *
+ *  General design direction is to follow the majority by the following weights:
+ *  - wgpu-core: 1.5
+ *  - primary backends (Vulkan/Metal/DX12): 1.0 each
+ *  - secondary backends (DX11/GLES): 0.5 each
+ */
+
+#![cfg_attr(docsrs, feature(doc_cfg, doc_auto_cfg))]
+#![allow(
+    // for `if_then_panic` until it reaches stable
+    unknown_lints,
+    // We use loops for getting early-out of scope without closures.
+    clippy::never_loop,
+    // We don't use syntax sugar where it's not necessary.
+    clippy::match_like_matches_macro,
+    // Redundant matching is more explicit.
+    clippy::redundant_pattern_matching,
+    // Explicit lifetimes are often easier to reason about.
+    clippy::needless_lifetimes,
+    // No need for defaults in the internal types.
+    clippy::new_without_default,
+    // Matches are good and extendable, no need to make an exception here.
+    clippy::single_match,
+    // Push commands are more regular than macros.
+    clippy::vec_init_then_push,
+    // "if panic" is a good uniform construct.
+    clippy::if_then_panic,
+    // We unsafe impl `Send` for a reason.
+    clippy::non_send_fields_in_send_ty,
+    // TODO!
+    clippy::missing_safety_doc,
+    // Clashes with clippy::pattern_type_mismatch
+    clippy::needless_borrowed_reference,
+)]
+#![warn(
+    trivial_casts,
+    trivial_numeric_casts,
+    unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn,
+    unused_extern_crates,
+    unused_qualifications,
+    // We don't match on a reference, unless required.
+    clippy::pattern_type_mismatch,
+)]
+
+/// DirectX11 API internals.
+#[cfg(all(feature = "dx11", windows))]
+pub mod dx11;
+/// DirectX12 API internals.
+#[cfg(all(feature = "dx12", windows))]
+pub mod dx12;
+/// A dummy API implementation.
+pub mod empty;
+/// GLES API internals.
+#[cfg(all(feature = "gles"))]
+pub mod gles;
+/// Metal API internals.
+#[cfg(all(feature = "metal", any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios")))]
+pub mod metal;
+/// Vulkan API internals.
+#[cfg(all(feature = "vulkan", not(target_arch = "wasm32")))]
+pub mod vulkan;
+
+pub mod auxil;
+pub mod api {
+    #[cfg(all(feature = "dx11", windows))]
+    pub use super::dx11::Api as Dx11;
+    #[cfg(all(feature = "dx12", windows))]
+    pub use super::dx12::Api as Dx12;
+    pub use super::empty::Api as Empty;
+    #[cfg(feature = "gles")]
+    pub use super::gles::Api as Gles;
+    #[cfg(all(feature = "metal", any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios")))]
+    pub use super::metal::Api as Metal;
+    #[cfg(all(feature = "vulkan", not(target_arch = "wasm32")))]
+    pub use super::vulkan::Api as Vulkan;
+}
+
+use std::{
+    borrow::{Borrow, Cow},
+    fmt,
+    num::NonZeroU32,
+    ops::{Range, RangeInclusive},
+    ptr::NonNull,
+    sync::atomic::AtomicBool,
+};
+
+use bitflags::bitflags;
+use thiserror::Error;
+
+pub const MAX_ANISOTROPY: u8 = 16;
+pub const MAX_BIND_GROUPS: usize = 8;
+pub const MAX_VERTEX_BUFFERS: usize = 16;
+pub const MAX_COLOR_ATTACHMENTS: usize = 8;
+pub const MAX_MIP_LEVELS: u32 = 16;
+/// Size of a single occlusion/timestamp query, when copied into a buffer, in bytes.
+pub const QUERY_SIZE: wgt::BufferAddress = 8;
+
+pub type Label<'a> = Option<&'a str>;
+pub type MemoryRange = Range<wgt::BufferAddress>;
+pub type FenceValue = u64;
+
+/// Drop guard to signal wgpu-hal is no longer using an externally created object.
+pub type DropGuard = Box<dyn std::any::Any + Send + Sync>;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Error)]
+pub enum DeviceError {
+    #[error("Out of memory")]
+    OutOfMemory,
+    #[error("Device is lost")]
+    Lost,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Error)]
+pub enum ShaderError {
+    #[error("Compilation failed: {0:?}")]
+    Compilation(String),
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    Device(#[from] DeviceError),
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Error)]
+pub enum PipelineError {
+    #[error("Linkage failed for stage {0:?}: {1}")]
+    Linkage(wgt::ShaderStages, String),
+    #[error("Entry point for stage {0:?} is invalid")]
+    EntryPoint(naga::ShaderStage),
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    Device(#[from] DeviceError),
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Error)]
+pub enum SurfaceError {
+    #[error("Surface is lost")]
+    Lost,
+    #[error("Surface is outdated, needs to be re-created")]
+    Outdated,
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    Device(#[from] DeviceError),
+    #[error("Other reason: {0}")]
+    Other(&'static str),
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Error)]
+#[error("Not supported")]
+pub struct InstanceError;
+
+pub trait Api: Clone + Sized {
+    type Instance: Instance<Self>;
+    type Surface: Surface<Self>;
+    type Adapter: Adapter<Self>;
+    type Device: Device<Self>;
+
+    type Queue: Queue<Self>;
+    type CommandEncoder: CommandEncoder<Self>;
+    type CommandBuffer: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug;
+
+    type Buffer: fmt::Debug + Send + Sync + 'static;
+    type Texture: fmt::Debug + Send + Sync + 'static;
+    type SurfaceTexture: fmt::Debug + Send + Sync + Borrow<Self::Texture>;
+    type TextureView: fmt::Debug + Send + Sync;
+    type Sampler: fmt::Debug + Send + Sync;
+    type QuerySet: fmt::Debug + Send + Sync;
+    type Fence: fmt::Debug + Send + Sync;
+
+    type BindGroupLayout: Send + Sync;
+    type BindGroup: fmt::Debug + Send + Sync;
+    type PipelineLayout: Send + Sync;
+    type ShaderModule: fmt::Debug + Send + Sync;
+    type RenderPipeline: Send + Sync;
+    type ComputePipeline: Send + Sync;
+}
+
+pub trait Instance<A: Api>: Sized + Send + Sync {
+    unsafe fn init(desc: &InstanceDescriptor) -> Result<Self, InstanceError>;
+    unsafe fn create_surface(
+        &self,
+        display_handle: raw_window_handle::RawDisplayHandle,
+        window_handle: raw_window_handle::RawWindowHandle,
+    ) -> Result<A::Surface, InstanceError>;
+    unsafe fn destroy_surface(&self, surface: A::Surface);
+    unsafe fn enumerate_adapters(&self) -> Vec<ExposedAdapter<A>>;
+}
+
+pub trait Surface<A: Api>: Send + Sync {
+    unsafe fn configure(
+        &mut self,
+        device: &A::Device,
+        config: &SurfaceConfiguration,
+    ) -> Result<(), SurfaceError>;
+
+    unsafe fn unconfigure(&mut self, device: &A::Device);
+
+    /// Returns the next texture to be presented by the swapchain for drawing
+    ///
+    /// A `timeout` of `None` means to wait indefinitely, with no timeout.
+    ///
+    /// # Portability
+    ///
+    /// Some backends can't support a timeout when acquiring a texture and
+    /// the timeout will be ignored.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` on timing out.
+    unsafe fn acquire_texture(
+        &mut self,
+        timeout: Option<std::time::Duration>,
+    ) -> Result<Option<AcquiredSurfaceTexture<A>>, SurfaceError>;
+    unsafe fn discard_texture(&mut self, texture: A::SurfaceTexture);
+}
+
+pub trait Adapter<A: Api>: Send + Sync {
+    unsafe fn open(
+        &self,
+        features: wgt::Features,
+        limits: &wgt::Limits,
+    ) -> Result<OpenDevice<A>, DeviceError>;
+
+    /// Return the set of supported capabilities for a texture format.
+    unsafe fn texture_format_capabilities(
+        &self,
+        format: wgt::TextureFormat,
+    ) -> TextureFormatCapabilities;
+
+    /// Returns the capabilities of working with a specified surface.
+    ///
+    /// `None` means presentation is not supported for it.
+    unsafe fn surface_capabilities(&self, surface: &A::Surface) -> Option<SurfaceCapabilities>;
+
+    /// Creates a [`PresentationTimestamp`] using the adapter's WSI.
+    ///
+    /// [`PresentationTimestamp`]: wgt::PresentationTimestamp
+    unsafe fn get_presentation_timestamp(&self) -> wgt::PresentationTimestamp;
+}
+
+pub trait Device<A: Api>: Send + Sync {
+    /// Exit connection to this logical device.
+    unsafe fn exit(self, queue: A::Queue);
+    /// Creates a new buffer.
+    ///
+    /// The initial usage is `BufferUses::empty()`.
+    unsafe fn create_buffer(&self, desc: &BufferDescriptor) -> Result<A::Buffer, DeviceError>;
+    unsafe fn destroy_buffer(&self, buffer: A::Buffer);
+    //TODO: clarify if zero-sized mapping is allowed
+    unsafe fn map_buffer(
+        &self,
+        buffer: &A::Buffer,
+        range: MemoryRange,
+    ) -> Result<BufferMapping, DeviceError>;
+    unsafe fn unmap_buffer(&self, buffer: &A::Buffer) -> Result<(), DeviceError>;
+    unsafe fn flush_mapped_ranges<I>(&self, buffer: &A::Buffer, ranges: I)
+    where
+        I: Iterator<Item = MemoryRange>;
+    unsafe fn invalidate_mapped_ranges<I>(&self, buffer: &A::Buffer, ranges: I)
+    where
+        I: Iterator<Item = MemoryRange>;
+
+    /// Creates a new texture.
+    ///
+    /// The initial usage for all subresources is `TextureUses::UNINITIALIZED`.
+    unsafe fn create_texture(&self, desc: &TextureDescriptor) -> Result<A::Texture, DeviceError>;
+    unsafe fn destroy_texture(&self, texture: A::Texture);
+    unsafe fn create_texture_view(
+        &self,
+        texture: &A::Texture,
+        desc: &TextureViewDescriptor,
+    ) -> Result<A::TextureView, DeviceError>;
+    unsafe fn destroy_texture_view(&self, view: A::TextureView);
+    unsafe fn create_sampler(&self, desc: &SamplerDescriptor) -> Result<A::Sampler, DeviceError>;
+    unsafe fn destroy_sampler(&self, sampler: A::Sampler);
+
+    unsafe fn create_command_encoder(
+        &self,
+        desc: &CommandEncoderDescriptor<A>,
+    ) -> Result<A::CommandEncoder, DeviceError>;
+    unsafe fn destroy_command_encoder(&self, pool: A::CommandEncoder);
+
+    /// Creates a bind group layout.
+    unsafe fn create_bind_group_layout(
+        &self,
+        desc: &BindGroupLayoutDescriptor,
+    ) -> Result<A::BindGroupLayout, DeviceError>;
+    unsafe fn destroy_bind_group_layout(&self, bg_layout: A::BindGroupLayout);
+    unsafe fn create_pipeline_layout(
+        &self,
+        desc: &PipelineLayoutDescriptor<A>,
+    ) -> Result<A::PipelineLayout, DeviceError>;
+    unsafe fn destroy_pipeline_layout(&self, pipeline_layout: A::PipelineLayout);
+    unsafe fn create_bind_group(
+        &self,
+        desc: &BindGroupDescriptor<A>,
+    ) -> Result<A::BindGroup, DeviceError>;
+    unsafe fn destroy_bind_group(&self, group: A::BindGroup);
+
+    unsafe fn create_shader_module(
+        &self,
+        desc: &ShaderModuleDescriptor,
+        shader: ShaderInput,
+    ) -> Result<A::ShaderModule, ShaderError>;
+    unsafe fn destroy_shader_module(&self, module: A::ShaderModule);
+    unsafe fn create_render_pipeline(
+        &self,
+        desc: &RenderPipelineDescriptor<A>,
+    ) -> Result<A::RenderPipeline, PipelineError>;
+    unsafe fn destroy_render_pipeline(&self, pipeline: A::RenderPipeline);
+    unsafe fn create_compute_pipeline(
+        &self,
+        desc: &ComputePipelineDescriptor<A>,
+    ) -> Result<A::ComputePipeline, PipelineError>;
+    unsafe fn destroy_compute_pipeline(&self, pipeline: A::ComputePipeline);
+
+    unsafe fn create_query_set(
+        &self,
+        desc: &wgt::QuerySetDescriptor<Label>,
+    ) -> Result<A::QuerySet, DeviceError>;
+    unsafe fn destroy_query_set(&self, set: A::QuerySet);
+    unsafe fn create_fence(&self) -> Result<A::Fence, DeviceError>;
+    unsafe fn destroy_fence(&self, fence: A::Fence);
+    unsafe fn get_fence_value(&self, fence: &A::Fence) -> Result<FenceValue, DeviceError>;
+    /// Calling wait with a lower value than the current fence value will immediately return.
+    unsafe fn wait(
+        &self,
+        fence: &A::Fence,
+        value: FenceValue,
+        timeout_ms: u32,
+    ) -> Result<bool, DeviceError>;
+
+    unsafe fn start_capture(&self) -> bool;
+    unsafe fn stop_capture(&self);
+}
+
+pub trait Queue<A: Api>: Send + Sync {
+    /// Submits the command buffers for execution on GPU.
+    ///
+    /// Valid usage:
+    /// - all of the command buffers were created from command pools
+    ///   that are associated with this queue.
+    /// - all of the command buffers had `CommadBuffer::finish()` called.
+    unsafe fn submit(
+        &mut self,
+        command_buffers: &[&A::CommandBuffer],
+        signal_fence: Option<(&mut A::Fence, FenceValue)>,
+    ) -> Result<(), DeviceError>;
+    unsafe fn present(
+        &mut self,
+        surface: &mut A::Surface,
+        texture: A::SurfaceTexture,
+    ) -> Result<(), SurfaceError>;
+    unsafe fn get_timestamp_period(&self) -> f32;
+}
+
+/// Encoder for commands in command buffers.
+/// Serves as a parent for all the encoded command buffers.
+/// Works in bursts of action: one or more command buffers are recorded,
+/// then submitted to a queue, and then it needs to be `reset_all()`.
+pub trait CommandEncoder<A: Api>: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug {
+    /// Begin encoding a new command buffer.
+    unsafe fn begin_encoding(&mut self, label: Label) -> Result<(), DeviceError>;
+    /// Discard currently recorded list, if any.
+    unsafe fn discard_encoding(&mut self);
+    unsafe fn end_encoding(&mut self) -> Result<A::CommandBuffer, DeviceError>;
+    /// Reclaims all resources that are allocated for this encoder.
+    /// Must get all of the produced command buffers back,
+    /// and they must not be used by GPU at this moment.
+    unsafe fn reset_all<I>(&mut self, command_buffers: I)
+    where
+        I: Iterator<Item = A::CommandBuffer>;
+
+    unsafe fn transition_buffers<'a, T>(&mut self, barriers: T)
+    where
+        T: Iterator<Item = BufferBarrier<'a, A>>;
+
+    unsafe fn transition_textures<'a, T>(&mut self, barriers: T)
+    where
+        T: Iterator<Item = TextureBarrier<'a, A>>;
+
+    // copy operations
+
+    unsafe fn clear_buffer(&mut self, buffer: &A::Buffer, range: MemoryRange);
+
+    unsafe fn copy_buffer_to_buffer<T>(&mut self, src: &A::Buffer, dst: &A::Buffer, regions: T)
+    where
+        T: Iterator<Item = BufferCopy>;
+
+    /// Copy from an external image to an internal texture.
+    /// Works with a single array layer.
+    /// Note: `dst` current usage has to be `TextureUses::COPY_DST`.
+    /// Note: the copy extent is in physical size (rounded to the block size)
+    #[cfg(all(target_arch = "wasm32", not(target_os = "emscripten")))]
+    unsafe fn copy_external_image_to_texture<T>(
+        &mut self,
+        src: &wgt::ImageCopyExternalImage,
+        dst: &A::Texture,
+        dst_premultiplication: bool,
+        regions: T,
+    ) where
+        T: Iterator<Item = TextureCopy>;
+
+    /// Copy from one texture to another.
+    /// Works with a single array layer.
+    /// Note: `dst` current usage has to be `TextureUses::COPY_DST`.
+    /// Note: the copy extent is in physical size (rounded to the block size)
+    unsafe fn copy_texture_to_texture<T>(
+        &mut self,
+        src: &A::Texture,
+        src_usage: TextureUses,
+        dst: &A::Texture,
+        regions: T,
+    ) where
+        T: Iterator<Item = TextureCopy>;
+
+    /// Copy from buffer to texture.
+    /// Works with a single array layer.
+    /// Note: `dst` current usage has to be `TextureUses::COPY_DST`.
+    /// Note: the copy extent is in physical size (rounded to the block size)
+    unsafe fn copy_buffer_to_texture<T>(&mut self, src: &A::Buffer, dst: &A::Texture, regions: T)
+    where
+        T: Iterator<Item = BufferTextureCopy>;
+
+    /// Copy from texture to buffer.
+    /// Works with a single array layer.
+    /// Note: the copy extent is in physical size (rounded to the block size)
+    unsafe fn copy_texture_to_buffer<T>(
+        &mut self,
+        src: &A::Texture,
+        src_usage: TextureUses,
+        dst: &A::Buffer,
+        regions: T,
+    ) where
+        T: Iterator<Item = BufferTextureCopy>;
+
+    // pass common
+
+    /// Sets the bind group at `index` to `group`, assuming the layout
+    /// of all the preceeding groups to be taken from `layout`.
+    unsafe fn set_bind_group(
+        &mut self,
+        layout: &A::PipelineLayout,
+        index: u32,
+        group: &A::BindGroup,
+        dynamic_offsets: &[wgt::DynamicOffset],
+    );
+
+    unsafe fn set_push_constants(
+        &mut self,
+        layout: &A::PipelineLayout,
+        stages: wgt::ShaderStages,
+        offset: u32,
+        data: &[u32],
+    );
+
+    unsafe fn insert_debug_marker(&mut self, label: &str);
+    unsafe fn begin_debug_marker(&mut self, group_label: &str);
+    unsafe fn end_debug_marker(&mut self);
+
+    // queries
+
+    unsafe fn begin_query(&mut self, set: &A::QuerySet, index: u32);
+    unsafe fn end_query(&mut self, set: &A::QuerySet, index: u32);
+    unsafe fn write_timestamp(&mut self, set: &A::QuerySet, index: u32);
+    unsafe fn reset_queries(&mut self, set: &A::QuerySet, range: Range<u32>);
+    unsafe fn copy_query_results(
+        &mut self,
+        set: &A::QuerySet,
+        range: Range<u32>,
+        buffer: &A::Buffer,
+        offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        stride: wgt::BufferSize,
+    );
+
+    // render passes
+
+    // Begins a render pass, clears all active bindings.
+    unsafe fn begin_render_pass(&mut self, desc: &RenderPassDescriptor<A>);
+    unsafe fn end_render_pass(&mut self);
+
+    unsafe fn set_render_pipeline(&mut self, pipeline: &A::RenderPipeline);
+
+    unsafe fn set_index_buffer<'a>(
+        &mut self,
+        binding: BufferBinding<'a, A>,
+        format: wgt::IndexFormat,
+    );
+    unsafe fn set_vertex_buffer<'a>(&mut self, index: u32, binding: BufferBinding<'a, A>);
+    unsafe fn set_viewport(&mut self, rect: &Rect<f32>, depth_range: Range<f32>);
+    unsafe fn set_scissor_rect(&mut self, rect: &Rect<u32>);
+    unsafe fn set_stencil_reference(&mut self, value: u32);
+    unsafe fn set_blend_constants(&mut self, color: &[f32; 4]);
+
+    unsafe fn draw(
+        &mut self,
+        start_vertex: u32,
+        vertex_count: u32,
+        start_instance: u32,
+        instance_count: u32,
+    );
+    unsafe fn draw_indexed(
+        &mut self,
+        start_index: u32,
+        index_count: u32,
+        base_vertex: i32,
+        start_instance: u32,
+        instance_count: u32,
+    );
+    unsafe fn draw_indirect(
+        &mut self,
+        buffer: &A::Buffer,
+        offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        draw_count: u32,
+    );
+    unsafe fn draw_indexed_indirect(
+        &mut self,
+        buffer: &A::Buffer,
+        offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        draw_count: u32,
+    );
+    unsafe fn draw_indirect_count(
+        &mut self,
+        buffer: &A::Buffer,
+        offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        count_buffer: &A::Buffer,
+        count_offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        max_count: u32,
+    );
+    unsafe fn draw_indexed_indirect_count(
+        &mut self,
+        buffer: &A::Buffer,
+        offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        count_buffer: &A::Buffer,
+        count_offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        max_count: u32,
+    );
+
+    // compute passes
+
+    // Begins a compute pass, clears all active bindings.
+    unsafe fn begin_compute_pass(&mut self, desc: &ComputePassDescriptor);
+    unsafe fn end_compute_pass(&mut self);
+
+    unsafe fn set_compute_pipeline(&mut self, pipeline: &A::ComputePipeline);
+
+    unsafe fn dispatch(&mut self, count: [u32; 3]);
+    unsafe fn dispatch_indirect(&mut self, buffer: &A::Buffer, offset: wgt::BufferAddress);
+}
+
+bitflags!(
+    /// Instance initialization flags.
+    #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+    pub struct InstanceFlags: u32 {
+        /// Generate debug information in shaders and objects.
+        const DEBUG = 1 << 0;
+        /// Enable validation, if possible.
+        const VALIDATION = 1 << 1;
+    }
+);
+
+bitflags!(
+    /// Pipeline layout creation flags.
+    #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+    pub struct PipelineLayoutFlags: u32 {
+        /// Include support for base vertex/instance drawing.
+        const BASE_VERTEX_INSTANCE = 1 << 0;
+        /// Include support for num work groups builtin.
+        const NUM_WORK_GROUPS = 1 << 1;
+    }
+);
+
+bitflags!(
+    /// Pipeline layout creation flags.
+    #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+    pub struct BindGroupLayoutFlags: u32 {
+        /// Allows for bind group binding arrays to be shorter than the array in the BGL.
+        const PARTIALLY_BOUND = 1 << 0;
+    }
+);
+
+bitflags!(
+    /// Texture format capability flags.
+    #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+    pub struct TextureFormatCapabilities: u32 {
+        /// Format can be sampled.
+        const SAMPLED = 1 << 0;
+        /// Format can be sampled with a linear sampler.
+        const SAMPLED_LINEAR = 1 << 1;
+        /// Format can be sampled with a min/max reduction sampler.
+        const SAMPLED_MINMAX = 1 << 2;
+
+        /// Format can be used as storage with write-only access.
+        const STORAGE = 1 << 3;
+        /// Format can be used as storage with read and read/write access.
+        const STORAGE_READ_WRITE = 1 << 4;
+        /// Format can be used as storage with atomics.
+        const STORAGE_ATOMIC = 1 << 5;
+
+        /// Format can be used as color and input attachment.
+        const COLOR_ATTACHMENT = 1 << 6;
+        /// Format can be used as color (with blending) and input attachment.
+        const COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BLEND = 1 << 7;
+        /// Format can be used as depth-stencil and input attachment.
+        const DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT = 1 << 8;
+
+        /// Format can be multisampled by x2.
+        const MULTISAMPLE_X2   = 1 << 9;
+        /// Format can be multisampled by x4.
+        const MULTISAMPLE_X4   = 1 << 10;
+        /// Format can be multisampled by x8.
+        const MULTISAMPLE_X8   = 1 << 11;
+        /// Format can be multisampled by x16.
+        const MULTISAMPLE_X16  = 1 << 12;
+
+        /// Format can be used for render pass resolve targets.
+        const MULTISAMPLE_RESOLVE = 1 << 13;
+
+        /// Format can be copied from.
+        const COPY_SRC = 1 << 14;
+        /// Format can be copied to.
+        const COPY_DST = 1 << 15;
+    }
+);
+
+bitflags!(
+    /// Texture format capability flags.
+    #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+    pub struct FormatAspects: u8 {
+        const COLOR = 1 << 0;
+        const DEPTH = 1 << 1;
+        const STENCIL = 1 << 2;
+    }
+);
+
+impl FormatAspects {
+    pub fn new(format: wgt::TextureFormat, aspect: wgt::TextureAspect) -> Self {
+        let aspect_mask = match aspect {
+            wgt::TextureAspect::All => Self::all(),
+            wgt::TextureAspect::DepthOnly => Self::DEPTH,
+            wgt::TextureAspect::StencilOnly => Self::STENCIL,
+        };
+        Self::from(format) & aspect_mask
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if only one flag is set
+    pub fn is_one(&self) -> bool {
+        self.bits().count_ones() == 1
+    }
+
+    pub fn map(&self) -> wgt::TextureAspect {
+        match *self {
+            Self::COLOR => wgt::TextureAspect::All,
+            Self::DEPTH => wgt::TextureAspect::DepthOnly,
+            Self::STENCIL => wgt::TextureAspect::StencilOnly,
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<wgt::TextureFormat> for FormatAspects {
+    fn from(format: wgt::TextureFormat) -> Self {
+        match format {
+            wgt::TextureFormat::Stencil8 => Self::STENCIL,
+            wgt::TextureFormat::Depth16Unorm
+            | wgt::TextureFormat::Depth32Float
+            | wgt::TextureFormat::Depth24Plus => Self::DEPTH,
+            wgt::TextureFormat::Depth32FloatStencil8 | wgt::TextureFormat::Depth24PlusStencil8 => {
+                Self::DEPTH | Self::STENCIL
+            }
+            _ => Self::COLOR,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+bitflags!(
+    #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+    pub struct MemoryFlags: u32 {
+        const TRANSIENT = 1 << 0;
+        const PREFER_COHERENT = 1 << 1;
+    }
+);
+
+//TODO: it's not intuitive for the backends to consider `LOAD` being optional.
+
+bitflags!(
+    #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+    pub struct AttachmentOps: u8 {
+        const LOAD = 1 << 0;
+        const STORE = 1 << 1;
+    }
+);
+
+bitflags::bitflags! {
+    /// Similar to `wgt::BufferUsages` but for internal use.
+    #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+    pub struct BufferUses: u16 {
+        /// The argument to a read-only mapping.
+        const MAP_READ = 1 << 0;
+        /// The argument to a write-only mapping.
+        const MAP_WRITE = 1 << 1;
+        /// The source of a hardware copy.
+        const COPY_SRC = 1 << 2;
+        /// The destination of a hardware copy.
+        const COPY_DST = 1 << 3;
+        /// The index buffer used for drawing.
+        const INDEX = 1 << 4;
+        /// A vertex buffer used for drawing.
+        const VERTEX = 1 << 5;
+        /// A uniform buffer bound in a bind group.
+        const UNIFORM = 1 << 6;
+        /// A read-only storage buffer used in a bind group.
+        const STORAGE_READ = 1 << 7;
+        /// A read-write or write-only buffer used in a bind group.
+        const STORAGE_READ_WRITE = 1 << 8;
+        /// The indirect or count buffer in a indirect draw or dispatch.
+        const INDIRECT = 1 << 9;
+        /// The combination of states that a buffer may be in _at the same time_.
+        const INCLUSIVE = Self::MAP_READ.bits() | Self::COPY_SRC.bits() |
+            Self::INDEX.bits() | Self::VERTEX.bits() | Self::UNIFORM.bits() |
+            Self::STORAGE_READ.bits() | Self::INDIRECT.bits();
+        /// The combination of states that a buffer must exclusively be in.
+        const EXCLUSIVE = Self::MAP_WRITE.bits() | Self::COPY_DST.bits() | Self::STORAGE_READ_WRITE.bits();
+        /// The combination of all usages that the are guaranteed to be be ordered by the hardware.
+        /// If a usage is ordered, then if the buffer state doesn't change between draw calls, there
+        /// are no barriers needed for synchronization.
+        const ORDERED = Self::INCLUSIVE.bits() | Self::MAP_WRITE.bits();
+    }
+}
+
+bitflags::bitflags! {
+    /// Similar to `wgt::TextureUsages` but for internal use.
+    #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+    pub struct TextureUses: u16 {
+        /// The texture is in unknown state.
+        const UNINITIALIZED = 1 << 0;
+        /// Ready to present image to the surface.
+        const PRESENT = 1 << 1;
+        /// The source of a hardware copy.
+        const COPY_SRC = 1 << 2;
+        /// The destination of a hardware copy.
+        const COPY_DST = 1 << 3;
+        /// Read-only sampled or fetched resource.
+        const RESOURCE = 1 << 4;
+        /// The color target of a renderpass.
+        const COLOR_TARGET = 1 << 5;
+        /// Read-only depth stencil usage.
+        const DEPTH_STENCIL_READ = 1 << 6;
+        /// Read-write depth stencil usage
+        const DEPTH_STENCIL_WRITE = 1 << 7;
+        /// Read-only storage buffer usage. Corresponds to a UAV in d3d, so is exclusive, despite being read only.
+        const STORAGE_READ = 1 << 8;
+        /// Read-write or write-only storage buffer usage.
+        const STORAGE_READ_WRITE = 1 << 9;
+        /// The combination of states that a texture may be in _at the same time_.
+        const INCLUSIVE = Self::COPY_SRC.bits() | Self::RESOURCE.bits() | Self::DEPTH_STENCIL_READ.bits();
+        /// The combination of states that a texture must exclusively be in.
+        const EXCLUSIVE = Self::COPY_DST.bits() | Self::COLOR_TARGET.bits() | Self::DEPTH_STENCIL_WRITE.bits() | Self::STORAGE_READ.bits() | Self::STORAGE_READ_WRITE.bits() | Self::PRESENT.bits();
+        /// The combination of all usages that the are guaranteed to be be ordered by the hardware.
+        /// If a usage is ordered, then if the texture state doesn't change between draw calls, there
+        /// are no barriers needed for synchronization.
+        const ORDERED = Self::INCLUSIVE.bits() | Self::COLOR_TARGET.bits() | Self::DEPTH_STENCIL_WRITE.bits() | Self::STORAGE_READ.bits();
+
+        /// Flag used by the wgpu-core texture tracker to say a texture is in different states for every sub-resource
+        const COMPLEX = 1 << 10;
+        /// Flag used by the wgpu-core texture tracker to say that the tracker does not know the state of the sub-resource.
+        /// This is different from UNINITIALIZED as that says the tracker does know, but the texture has not been initialized.
+        const UNKNOWN = 1 << 11;
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct InstanceDescriptor<'a> {
+    pub name: &'a str,
+    pub flags: InstanceFlags,
+    pub dx12_shader_compiler: wgt::Dx12Compiler,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct Alignments {
+    /// The alignment of the start of the buffer used as a GPU copy source.
+    pub buffer_copy_offset: wgt::BufferSize,
+    /// The alignment of the row pitch of the texture data stored in a buffer that is
+    /// used in a GPU copy operation.
+    pub buffer_copy_pitch: wgt::BufferSize,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct Capabilities {
+    pub limits: wgt::Limits,
+    pub alignments: Alignments,
+    pub downlevel: wgt::DownlevelCapabilities,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ExposedAdapter<A: Api> {
+    pub adapter: A::Adapter,
+    pub info: wgt::AdapterInfo,
+    pub features: wgt::Features,
+    pub capabilities: Capabilities,
+}
+
+/// Describes information about what a `Surface`'s presentation capabilities are.
+/// Fetch this with [Adapter::surface_capabilities].
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct SurfaceCapabilities {
+    /// List of supported texture formats.
+    ///
+    /// Must be at least one.
+    pub formats: Vec<wgt::TextureFormat>,
+
+    /// Range for the swap chain sizes.
+    ///
+    /// - `swap_chain_sizes.start` must be at least 1.
+    /// - `swap_chain_sizes.end` must be larger or equal to `swap_chain_sizes.start`.
+    pub swap_chain_sizes: RangeInclusive<u32>,
+
+    /// Current extent of the surface, if known.
+    pub current_extent: Option<wgt::Extent3d>,
+
+    /// Range of supported extents.
+    ///
+    /// `current_extent` must be inside this range.
+    pub extents: RangeInclusive<wgt::Extent3d>,
+
+    /// Supported texture usage flags.
+    ///
+    /// Must have at least `TextureUses::COLOR_TARGET`
+    pub usage: TextureUses,
+
+    /// List of supported V-sync modes.
+    ///
+    /// Must be at least one.
+    pub present_modes: Vec<wgt::PresentMode>,
+
+    /// List of supported alpha composition modes.
+    ///
+    /// Must be at least one.
+    pub composite_alpha_modes: Vec<wgt::CompositeAlphaMode>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct AcquiredSurfaceTexture<A: Api> {
+    pub texture: A::SurfaceTexture,
+    /// The presentation configuration no longer matches
+    /// the surface properties exactly, but can still be used to present
+    /// to the surface successfully.
+    pub suboptimal: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct OpenDevice<A: Api> {
+    pub device: A::Device,
+    pub queue: A::Queue,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct BufferMapping {
+    pub ptr: NonNull<u8>,
+    pub is_coherent: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct BufferDescriptor<'a> {
+    pub label: Label<'a>,
+    pub size: wgt::BufferAddress,
+    pub usage: BufferUses,
+    pub memory_flags: MemoryFlags,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct TextureDescriptor<'a> {
+    pub label: Label<'a>,
+    pub size: wgt::Extent3d,
+    pub mip_level_count: u32,
+    pub sample_count: u32,
+    pub dimension: wgt::TextureDimension,
+    pub format: wgt::TextureFormat,
+    pub usage: TextureUses,
+    pub memory_flags: MemoryFlags,
+    /// Allows views of this texture to have a different format
+    /// than the texture does.
+    pub view_formats: Vec<wgt::TextureFormat>,
+}
+
+impl TextureDescriptor<'_> {
+    pub fn copy_extent(&self) -> CopyExtent {
+        CopyExtent::map_extent_to_copy_size(&self.size, self.dimension)
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_cube_compatible(&self) -> bool {
+        self.dimension == wgt::TextureDimension::D2
+            && self.size.depth_or_array_layers % 6 == 0
+            && self.sample_count == 1
+            && self.size.width == self.size.height
+    }
+
+    pub fn array_layer_count(&self) -> u32 {
+        match self.dimension {
+            wgt::TextureDimension::D1 | wgt::TextureDimension::D3 => 1,
+            wgt::TextureDimension::D2 => self.size.depth_or_array_layers,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// TextureView descriptor.
+///
+/// Valid usage:
+///. - `format` has to be the same as `TextureDescriptor::format`
+///. - `dimension` has to be compatible with `TextureDescriptor::dimension`
+///. - `usage` has to be a subset of `TextureDescriptor::usage`
+///. - `range` has to be a subset of parent texture
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct TextureViewDescriptor<'a> {
+    pub label: Label<'a>,
+    pub format: wgt::TextureFormat,
+    pub dimension: wgt::TextureViewDimension,
+    pub usage: TextureUses,
+    pub range: wgt::ImageSubresourceRange,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct SamplerDescriptor<'a> {
+    pub label: Label<'a>,
+    pub address_modes: [wgt::AddressMode; 3],
+    pub mag_filter: wgt::FilterMode,
+    pub min_filter: wgt::FilterMode,
+    pub mipmap_filter: wgt::FilterMode,
+    pub lod_clamp: Range<f32>,
+    pub compare: Option<wgt::CompareFunction>,
+    // Must in the range [1, 16].
+    //
+    // Anisotropic filtering must be supported if this is not 1.
+    pub anisotropy_clamp: u16,
+    pub border_color: Option<wgt::SamplerBorderColor>,
+}
+
+/// BindGroupLayout descriptor.
+///
+/// Valid usage:
+/// - `entries` are sorted by ascending `wgt::BindGroupLayoutEntry::binding`
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct BindGroupLayoutDescriptor<'a> {
+    pub label: Label<'a>,
+    pub flags: BindGroupLayoutFlags,
+    pub entries: &'a [wgt::BindGroupLayoutEntry],
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct PipelineLayoutDescriptor<'a, A: Api> {
+    pub label: Label<'a>,
+    pub flags: PipelineLayoutFlags,
+    pub bind_group_layouts: &'a [&'a A::BindGroupLayout],
+    pub push_constant_ranges: &'a [wgt::PushConstantRange],
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct BufferBinding<'a, A: Api> {
+    /// The buffer being bound.
+    pub buffer: &'a A::Buffer,
+
+    /// The offset at which the bound region starts.
+    ///
+    /// This must be less than the size of the buffer. Some back ends
+    /// cannot tolerate zero-length regions; for example, see
+    /// [VUID-VkDescriptorBufferInfo-offset-00340][340] and
+    /// [VUID-VkDescriptorBufferInfo-range-00341][341], or the
+    /// documentation for GLES's [glBindBufferRange][bbr].
+    ///
+    /// [340]: https://registry.khronos.org/vulkan/specs/1.3-extensions/html/vkspec.html#VUID-VkDescriptorBufferInfo-offset-00340
+    /// [341]: https://registry.khronos.org/vulkan/specs/1.3-extensions/html/vkspec.html#VUID-VkDescriptorBufferInfo-range-00341
+    /// [bbr]: https://registry.khronos.org/OpenGL-Refpages/es3.0/html/glBindBufferRange.xhtml
+    pub offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+
+    /// The size of the region bound, in bytes.
+    ///
+    /// If `None`, the region extends from `offset` to the end of the
+    /// buffer. Given the restrictions on `offset`, this means that
+    /// the size is always greater than zero.
+    pub size: Option<wgt::BufferSize>,
+}
+
+// Rust gets confused about the impl requirements for `A`
+impl<A: Api> Clone for BufferBinding<'_, A> {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            buffer: self.buffer,
+            offset: self.offset,
+            size: self.size,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct TextureBinding<'a, A: Api> {
+    pub view: &'a A::TextureView,
+    pub usage: TextureUses,
+}
+
+// Rust gets confused about the impl requirements for `A`
+impl<A: Api> Clone for TextureBinding<'_, A> {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            view: self.view,
+            usage: self.usage,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct BindGroupEntry {
+    pub binding: u32,
+    pub resource_index: u32,
+    pub count: u32,
+}
+
+/// BindGroup descriptor.
+///
+/// Valid usage:
+///. - `entries` has to be sorted by ascending `BindGroupEntry::binding`
+///. - `entries` has to have the same set of `BindGroupEntry::binding` as `layout`
+///. - each entry has to be compatible with the `layout`
+///. - each entry's `BindGroupEntry::resource_index` is within range
+///    of the corresponding resource array, selected by the relevant
+///    `BindGroupLayoutEntry`.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct BindGroupDescriptor<'a, A: Api> {
+    pub label: Label<'a>,
+    pub layout: &'a A::BindGroupLayout,
+    pub buffers: &'a [BufferBinding<'a, A>],
+    pub samplers: &'a [&'a A::Sampler],
+    pub textures: &'a [TextureBinding<'a, A>],
+    pub entries: &'a [BindGroupEntry],
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct CommandEncoderDescriptor<'a, A: Api> {
+    pub label: Label<'a>,
+    pub queue: &'a A::Queue,
+}
+
+/// Naga shader module.
+pub struct NagaShader {
+    /// Shader module IR.
+    pub module: Cow<'static, naga::Module>,
+    /// Analysis information of the module.
+    pub info: naga::valid::ModuleInfo,
+}
+
+// Custom implementation avoids the need to generate Debug impl code
+// for the whole Naga module and info.
+impl fmt::Debug for NagaShader {
+    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(formatter, "Naga shader")
+    }
+}
+
+/// Shader input.
+#[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
+pub enum ShaderInput<'a> {
+    Naga(NagaShader),
+    SpirV(&'a [u32]),
+}
+
+pub struct ShaderModuleDescriptor<'a> {
+    pub label: Label<'a>,
+    pub runtime_checks: bool,
+}
+
+/// Describes a programmable pipeline stage.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ProgrammableStage<'a, A: Api> {
+    /// The compiled shader module for this stage.
+    pub module: &'a A::ShaderModule,
+    /// The name of the entry point in the compiled shader. There must be a function with this name
+    ///  in the shader.
+    pub entry_point: &'a str,
+}
+
+// Rust gets confused about the impl requirements for `A`
+impl<A: Api> Clone for ProgrammableStage<'_, A> {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            module: self.module,
+            entry_point: self.entry_point,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Describes a compute pipeline.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct ComputePipelineDescriptor<'a, A: Api> {
+    pub label: Label<'a>,
+    /// The layout of bind groups for this pipeline.
+    pub layout: &'a A::PipelineLayout,
+    /// The compiled compute stage and its entry point.
+    pub stage: ProgrammableStage<'a, A>,
+}
+
+/// Describes how the vertex buffer is interpreted.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct VertexBufferLayout<'a> {
+    /// The stride, in bytes, between elements of this buffer.
+    pub array_stride: wgt::BufferAddress,
+    /// How often this vertex buffer is "stepped" forward.
+    pub step_mode: wgt::VertexStepMode,
+    /// The list of attributes which comprise a single vertex.
+    pub attributes: &'a [wgt::VertexAttribute],
+}
+
+/// Describes a render (graphics) pipeline.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct RenderPipelineDescriptor<'a, A: Api> {
+    pub label: Label<'a>,
+    /// The layout of bind groups for this pipeline.
+    pub layout: &'a A::PipelineLayout,
+    /// The format of any vertex buffers used with this pipeline.
+    pub vertex_buffers: &'a [VertexBufferLayout<'a>],
+    /// The vertex stage for this pipeline.
+    pub vertex_stage: ProgrammableStage<'a, A>,
+    /// The properties of the pipeline at the primitive assembly and rasterization level.
+    pub primitive: wgt::PrimitiveState,
+    /// The effect of draw calls on the depth and stencil aspects of the output target, if any.
+    pub depth_stencil: Option<wgt::DepthStencilState>,
+    /// The multi-sampling properties of the pipeline.
+    pub multisample: wgt::MultisampleState,
+    /// The fragment stage for this pipeline.
+    pub fragment_stage: Option<ProgrammableStage<'a, A>>,
+    /// The effect of draw calls on the color aspect of the output target.
+    pub color_targets: &'a [Option<wgt::ColorTargetState>],
+    /// If the pipeline will be used with a multiview render pass, this indicates how many array
+    /// layers the attachments will have.
+    pub multiview: Option<NonZeroU32>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct SurfaceConfiguration {
+    /// Number of textures in the swap chain. Must be in
+    /// `SurfaceCapabilities::swap_chain_size` range.
+    pub swap_chain_size: u32,
+    /// Vertical synchronization mode.
+    pub present_mode: wgt::PresentMode,
+    /// Alpha composition mode.
+    pub composite_alpha_mode: wgt::CompositeAlphaMode,
+    /// Format of the surface textures.
+    pub format: wgt::TextureFormat,
+    /// Requested texture extent. Must be in
+    /// `SurfaceCapabilities::extents` range.
+    pub extent: wgt::Extent3d,
+    /// Allowed usage of surface textures,
+    pub usage: TextureUses,
+    /// Allows views of swapchain texture to have a different format
+    /// than the texture does.
+    pub view_formats: Vec<wgt::TextureFormat>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Rect<T> {
+    pub x: T,
+    pub y: T,
+    pub w: T,
+    pub h: T,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct BufferBarrier<'a, A: Api> {
+    pub buffer: &'a A::Buffer,
+    pub usage: Range<BufferUses>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct TextureBarrier<'a, A: Api> {
+    pub texture: &'a A::Texture,
+    pub range: wgt::ImageSubresourceRange,
+    pub usage: Range<TextureUses>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+pub struct BufferCopy {
+    pub src_offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+    pub dst_offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+    pub size: wgt::BufferSize,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct TextureCopyBase {
+    pub mip_level: u32,
+    pub array_layer: u32,
+    /// Origin within a texture.
+    /// Note: for 1D and 2D textures, Z must be 0.
+    pub origin: wgt::Origin3d,
+    pub aspect: FormatAspects,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+pub struct CopyExtent {
+    pub width: u32,
+    pub height: u32,
+    pub depth: u32,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct TextureCopy {
+    pub src_base: TextureCopyBase,
+    pub dst_base: TextureCopyBase,
+    pub size: CopyExtent,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct BufferTextureCopy {
+    pub buffer_layout: wgt::ImageDataLayout,
+    pub texture_base: TextureCopyBase,
+    pub size: CopyExtent,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Attachment<'a, A: Api> {
+    pub view: &'a A::TextureView,
+    /// Contains either a single mutating usage as a target,
+    /// or a valid combination of read-only usages.
+    pub usage: TextureUses,
+}
+
+// Rust gets confused about the impl requirements for `A`
+impl<A: Api> Clone for Attachment<'_, A> {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            view: self.view,
+            usage: self.usage,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ColorAttachment<'a, A: Api> {
+    pub target: Attachment<'a, A>,
+    pub resolve_target: Option<Attachment<'a, A>>,
+    pub ops: AttachmentOps,
+    pub clear_value: wgt::Color,
+}
+
+// Rust gets confused about the impl requirements for `A`
+impl<A: Api> Clone for ColorAttachment<'_, A> {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            target: self.target.clone(),
+            resolve_target: self.resolve_target.clone(),
+            ops: self.ops,
+            clear_value: self.clear_value,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct DepthStencilAttachment<'a, A: Api> {
+    pub target: Attachment<'a, A>,
+    pub depth_ops: AttachmentOps,
+    pub stencil_ops: AttachmentOps,
+    pub clear_value: (f32, u32),
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct RenderPassDescriptor<'a, A: Api> {
+    pub label: Label<'a>,
+    pub extent: wgt::Extent3d,
+    pub sample_count: u32,
+    pub color_attachments: &'a [Option<ColorAttachment<'a, A>>],
+    pub depth_stencil_attachment: Option<DepthStencilAttachment<'a, A>>,
+    pub multiview: Option<NonZeroU32>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct ComputePassDescriptor<'a> {
+    pub label: Label<'a>,
+}
+
+/// Stores if any API validation error has occurred in this process
+/// since it was last reset.
+///
+/// This is used for internal wgpu testing only and _must not_ be used
+/// as a way to check for errors.
+///
+/// This works as a static because `cargo nextest` runs all of our
+/// tests in separate processes, so each test gets its own canary.
+///
+/// This prevents the issue of one validation error terminating the
+/// entire process.
+pub static VALIDATION_CANARY: ValidationCanary = ValidationCanary {
+    inner: AtomicBool::new(false),
+};
+
+/// Flag for internal testing.
+pub struct ValidationCanary {
+    inner: AtomicBool,
+}
+
+impl ValidationCanary {
+    #[allow(dead_code)] // in some configurations this function is dead
+    fn set(&self) {
+        self.inner.store(true, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst);
+    }
+
+    /// Returns true if any API validation error has occurred in this process
+    /// since the last call to this function.
+    pub fn get_and_reset(&self) -> bool {
+        self.inner.swap(false, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst)
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_default_limits() {
+    let limits = wgt::Limits::default();
+    assert!(limits.max_bind_groups <= MAX_BIND_GROUPS as u32);
+}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/metal/adapter.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/metal/adapter.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e5c3de3417
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/metal/adapter.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1045 @@
+use metal::{MTLFeatureSet, MTLGPUFamily, MTLLanguageVersion, MTLReadWriteTextureTier};
+use objc::{class, msg_send, sel, sel_impl};
+use parking_lot::Mutex;
+use wgt::{AstcBlock, AstcChannel};
+
+use std::{sync::Arc, thread};
+
+const MAX_COMMAND_BUFFERS: u64 = 2048;
+
+unsafe impl Send for super::Adapter {}
+unsafe impl Sync for super::Adapter {}
+
+impl super::Adapter {
+    pub(super) fn new(shared: Arc<super::AdapterShared>) -> Self {
+        Self { shared }
+    }
+}
+
+impl crate::Adapter<super::Api> for super::Adapter {
+    unsafe fn open(
+        &self,
+        features: wgt::Features,
+        _limits: &wgt::Limits,
+    ) -> Result<crate::OpenDevice<super::Api>, crate::DeviceError> {
+        let queue = self
+            .shared
+            .device
+            .lock()
+            .new_command_queue_with_max_command_buffer_count(MAX_COMMAND_BUFFERS);
+        Ok(crate::OpenDevice {
+            device: super::Device {
+                shared: Arc::clone(&self.shared),
+                features,
+            },
+            queue: super::Queue {
+                raw: Arc::new(Mutex::new(queue)),
+            },
+        })
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn texture_format_capabilities(
+        &self,
+        format: wgt::TextureFormat,
+    ) -> crate::TextureFormatCapabilities {
+        use crate::TextureFormatCapabilities as Tfc;
+        use wgt::TextureFormat as Tf;
+
+        let pc = &self.shared.private_caps;
+        // Affected formats documented at:
+        // https://developer.apple.com/documentation/metal/mtlreadwritetexturetier/mtlreadwritetexturetier1?language=objc
+        // https://developer.apple.com/documentation/metal/mtlreadwritetexturetier/mtlreadwritetexturetier2?language=objc
+        let (read_write_tier1_if, read_write_tier2_if) = match pc.read_write_texture_tier {
+            metal::MTLReadWriteTextureTier::TierNone => (Tfc::empty(), Tfc::empty()),
+            metal::MTLReadWriteTextureTier::Tier1 => (Tfc::STORAGE_READ_WRITE, Tfc::empty()),
+            metal::MTLReadWriteTextureTier::Tier2 => {
+                (Tfc::STORAGE_READ_WRITE, Tfc::STORAGE_READ_WRITE)
+            }
+        };
+        let msaa_count = pc.sample_count_mask;
+
+        let msaa_resolve_desktop_if = if pc.msaa_desktop {
+            Tfc::MULTISAMPLE_RESOLVE
+        } else {
+            Tfc::empty()
+        };
+        let msaa_resolve_apple3x_if = if pc.msaa_desktop | pc.msaa_apple3 {
+            Tfc::MULTISAMPLE_RESOLVE
+        } else {
+            Tfc::empty()
+        };
+        let is_not_apple1x = super::PrivateCapabilities::supports_any(
+            self.shared.device.lock().as_ref(),
+            &[
+                MTLFeatureSet::iOS_GPUFamily2_v1,
+                MTLFeatureSet::macOS_GPUFamily1_v1,
+                MTLFeatureSet::tvOS_GPUFamily1_v1,
+            ],
+        );
+
+        // Metal defined pixel format capabilities
+        let all_caps = Tfc::SAMPLED_LINEAR
+            | Tfc::STORAGE
+            | Tfc::COLOR_ATTACHMENT
+            | Tfc::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BLEND
+            | msaa_count
+            | Tfc::MULTISAMPLE_RESOLVE;
+
+        let extra = match format {
+            Tf::R8Unorm | Tf::R16Float | Tf::Rgba8Unorm | Tf::Rgba16Float => {
+                read_write_tier2_if | all_caps
+            }
+            Tf::R8Snorm | Tf::Rg8Snorm | Tf::Rgba8Snorm => {
+                let mut flags = all_caps;
+                flags.set(Tfc::MULTISAMPLE_RESOLVE, is_not_apple1x);
+                flags
+            }
+            Tf::R8Uint
+            | Tf::R8Sint
+            | Tf::R16Uint
+            | Tf::R16Sint
+            | Tf::Rgba8Uint
+            | Tf::Rgba8Sint
+            | Tf::Rgba16Uint
+            | Tf::Rgba16Sint => {
+                read_write_tier2_if | Tfc::STORAGE | Tfc::COLOR_ATTACHMENT | msaa_count
+            }
+            Tf::R16Unorm
+            | Tf::R16Snorm
+            | Tf::Rg16Unorm
+            | Tf::Rg16Snorm
+            | Tf::Rgba16Unorm
+            | Tf::Rgba16Snorm => {
+                Tfc::SAMPLED_LINEAR
+                    | Tfc::STORAGE
+                    | Tfc::COLOR_ATTACHMENT
+                    | Tfc::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BLEND
+                    | msaa_count
+                    | msaa_resolve_desktop_if
+            }
+            Tf::Rg8Unorm | Tf::Rg16Float | Tf::Bgra8Unorm => all_caps,
+            Tf::Rg8Uint | Tf::Rg8Sint => Tfc::STORAGE | Tfc::COLOR_ATTACHMENT | msaa_count,
+            Tf::R32Uint | Tf::R32Sint => {
+                read_write_tier1_if | Tfc::STORAGE | Tfc::COLOR_ATTACHMENT | msaa_count
+            }
+            Tf::R32Float => {
+                let flags = if pc.format_r32float_all {
+                    all_caps
+                } else {
+                    Tfc::STORAGE | Tfc::COLOR_ATTACHMENT | Tfc::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BLEND | msaa_count
+                };
+                read_write_tier1_if | flags
+            }
+            Tf::Rg16Uint | Tf::Rg16Sint => Tfc::STORAGE | Tfc::COLOR_ATTACHMENT | msaa_count,
+            Tf::Rgba8UnormSrgb | Tf::Bgra8UnormSrgb => {
+                let mut flags = all_caps;
+                flags.set(Tfc::STORAGE, pc.format_rgba8_srgb_all);
+                flags
+            }
+            Tf::Rgb10a2Unorm => {
+                let mut flags = all_caps;
+                flags.set(Tfc::STORAGE, pc.format_rgb10a2_unorm_all);
+                flags
+            }
+            Tf::Rg11b10Float => {
+                let mut flags = all_caps;
+                flags.set(Tfc::STORAGE, pc.format_rg11b10_all);
+                flags
+            }
+            Tf::Rg32Uint | Tf::Rg32Sint => Tfc::COLOR_ATTACHMENT | Tfc::STORAGE | msaa_count,
+            Tf::Rg32Float => {
+                if pc.format_rg32float_all {
+                    all_caps
+                } else {
+                    Tfc::STORAGE | Tfc::COLOR_ATTACHMENT | Tfc::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BLEND | msaa_count
+                }
+            }
+            Tf::Rgba32Uint | Tf::Rgba32Sint => {
+                read_write_tier2_if | Tfc::STORAGE | Tfc::COLOR_ATTACHMENT | msaa_count
+            }
+            Tf::Rgba32Float => {
+                let mut flags = read_write_tier2_if | Tfc::STORAGE | Tfc::COLOR_ATTACHMENT;
+                if pc.format_rgba32float_all {
+                    flags |= all_caps
+                } else if pc.msaa_apple7 {
+                    flags |= msaa_count
+                };
+                flags
+            }
+            Tf::Stencil8 => {
+                all_caps | Tfc::DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT | msaa_count | msaa_resolve_apple3x_if
+            }
+            Tf::Depth16Unorm => {
+                let mut flags =
+                    Tfc::DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT | msaa_count | msaa_resolve_apple3x_if;
+                if pc.format_depth16unorm {
+                    flags |= Tfc::SAMPLED_LINEAR
+                }
+                flags
+            }
+            Tf::Depth32Float | Tf::Depth32FloatStencil8 => {
+                let mut flags =
+                    Tfc::DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT | msaa_count | msaa_resolve_apple3x_if;
+                if pc.format_depth32float_filter {
+                    flags |= Tfc::SAMPLED_LINEAR
+                }
+                flags
+            }
+            Tf::Depth24Plus | Tf::Depth24PlusStencil8 => {
+                let mut flags = Tfc::DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT | msaa_count;
+                if pc.format_depth24_stencil8 {
+                    flags |= Tfc::SAMPLED_LINEAR | Tfc::MULTISAMPLE_RESOLVE
+                } else {
+                    flags |= msaa_resolve_apple3x_if;
+                    if pc.format_depth32float_filter {
+                        flags |= Tfc::SAMPLED_LINEAR
+                    }
+                }
+                flags
+            }
+            Tf::Rgb9e5Ufloat => {
+                if pc.msaa_apple3 {
+                    all_caps
+                } else if pc.msaa_desktop {
+                    Tfc::SAMPLED_LINEAR
+                } else {
+                    Tfc::SAMPLED_LINEAR
+                        | Tfc::COLOR_ATTACHMENT
+                        | Tfc::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BLEND
+                        | msaa_count
+                        | Tfc::MULTISAMPLE_RESOLVE
+                }
+            }
+            Tf::Bc1RgbaUnorm
+            | Tf::Bc1RgbaUnormSrgb
+            | Tf::Bc2RgbaUnorm
+            | Tf::Bc2RgbaUnormSrgb
+            | Tf::Bc3RgbaUnorm
+            | Tf::Bc3RgbaUnormSrgb
+            | Tf::Bc4RUnorm
+            | Tf::Bc4RSnorm
+            | Tf::Bc5RgUnorm
+            | Tf::Bc5RgSnorm
+            | Tf::Bc6hRgbUfloat
+            | Tf::Bc6hRgbFloat
+            | Tf::Bc7RgbaUnorm
+            | Tf::Bc7RgbaUnormSrgb => {
+                if pc.format_bc {
+                    Tfc::SAMPLED_LINEAR
+                } else {
+                    Tfc::empty()
+                }
+            }
+            Tf::Etc2Rgb8Unorm
+            | Tf::Etc2Rgb8UnormSrgb
+            | Tf::Etc2Rgb8A1Unorm
+            | Tf::Etc2Rgb8A1UnormSrgb
+            | Tf::Etc2Rgba8Unorm
+            | Tf::Etc2Rgba8UnormSrgb
+            | Tf::EacR11Unorm
+            | Tf::EacR11Snorm
+            | Tf::EacRg11Unorm
+            | Tf::EacRg11Snorm => {
+                if pc.format_eac_etc {
+                    Tfc::SAMPLED_LINEAR
+                } else {
+                    Tfc::empty()
+                }
+            }
+            Tf::Astc {
+                block: _,
+                channel: _,
+            } => {
+                if pc.format_astc || pc.format_astc_hdr {
+                    Tfc::SAMPLED_LINEAR
+                } else {
+                    Tfc::empty()
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        Tfc::COPY_SRC | Tfc::COPY_DST | Tfc::SAMPLED | extra
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn surface_capabilities(
+        &self,
+        surface: &super::Surface,
+    ) -> Option<crate::SurfaceCapabilities> {
+        let current_extent = if surface.main_thread_id == thread::current().id() {
+            Some(surface.dimensions())
+        } else {
+            log::warn!("Unable to get the current view dimensions on a non-main thread");
+            None
+        };
+
+        let mut formats = vec![
+            wgt::TextureFormat::Bgra8Unorm,
+            wgt::TextureFormat::Bgra8UnormSrgb,
+            wgt::TextureFormat::Rgba16Float,
+        ];
+        if self.shared.private_caps.format_rgb10a2_unorm_all {
+            formats.push(wgt::TextureFormat::Rgb10a2Unorm);
+        }
+
+        let pc = &self.shared.private_caps;
+        Some(crate::SurfaceCapabilities {
+            formats,
+            //Note: this is hardcoded in `CAMetalLayer` documentation
+            swap_chain_sizes: if pc.can_set_maximum_drawables_count {
+                2..=3
+            } else {
+                // 3 is the default in `CAMetalLayer` documentation
+                // iOS 10.3 was tested to use 3 on iphone5s
+                3..=3
+            },
+            present_modes: if pc.can_set_display_sync {
+                vec![wgt::PresentMode::Fifo, wgt::PresentMode::Immediate]
+            } else {
+                vec![wgt::PresentMode::Fifo]
+            },
+            composite_alpha_modes: vec![
+                wgt::CompositeAlphaMode::Opaque,
+                wgt::CompositeAlphaMode::PostMultiplied,
+            ],
+
+            current_extent,
+            extents: wgt::Extent3d {
+                width: 4,
+                height: 4,
+                depth_or_array_layers: 1,
+            }..=wgt::Extent3d {
+                width: pc.max_texture_size as u32,
+                height: pc.max_texture_size as u32,
+                depth_or_array_layers: 1,
+            },
+            usage: crate::TextureUses::COLOR_TARGET | crate::TextureUses::COPY_DST, //TODO: expose more
+        })
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn get_presentation_timestamp(&self) -> wgt::PresentationTimestamp {
+        let timestamp = self.shared.presentation_timer.get_timestamp_ns();
+
+        wgt::PresentationTimestamp(timestamp)
+    }
+}
+
+const RESOURCE_HEAP_SUPPORT: &[MTLFeatureSet] = &[
+    MTLFeatureSet::iOS_GPUFamily1_v3,
+    MTLFeatureSet::tvOS_GPUFamily1_v2,
+    MTLFeatureSet::macOS_GPUFamily1_v3,
+];
+
+const ARGUMENT_BUFFER_SUPPORT: &[MTLFeatureSet] = &[
+    MTLFeatureSet::iOS_GPUFamily1_v4,
+    MTLFeatureSet::tvOS_GPUFamily1_v3,
+    MTLFeatureSet::macOS_GPUFamily1_v3,
+];
+
+const MUTABLE_COMPARISON_SAMPLER_SUPPORT: &[MTLFeatureSet] = &[
+    MTLFeatureSet::iOS_GPUFamily3_v1,
+    MTLFeatureSet::macOS_GPUFamily1_v1,
+];
+
+const SAMPLER_CLAMP_TO_BORDER_SUPPORT: &[MTLFeatureSet] = &[MTLFeatureSet::macOS_GPUFamily1_v2];
+
+const ASTC_PIXEL_FORMAT_FEATURES: &[MTLFeatureSet] = &[
+    MTLFeatureSet::iOS_GPUFamily2_v1,
+    MTLFeatureSet::tvOS_GPUFamily1_v1,
+];
+
+const ANY8_UNORM_SRGB_ALL: &[MTLFeatureSet] = &[
+    MTLFeatureSet::iOS_GPUFamily2_v3,
+    MTLFeatureSet::tvOS_GPUFamily1_v2,
+];
+
+const ANY8_SNORM_RESOLVE: &[MTLFeatureSet] = &[
+    MTLFeatureSet::iOS_GPUFamily2_v1,
+    MTLFeatureSet::tvOS_GPUFamily1_v1,
+    MTLFeatureSet::macOS_GPUFamily1_v1,
+];
+
+const RGBA8_SRGB: &[MTLFeatureSet] = &[
+    MTLFeatureSet::iOS_GPUFamily2_v3,
+    MTLFeatureSet::tvOS_GPUFamily1_v2,
+];
+
+const RGB10A2UNORM_ALL: &[MTLFeatureSet] = &[
+    MTLFeatureSet::iOS_GPUFamily3_v1,
+    MTLFeatureSet::tvOS_GPUFamily2_v1,
+    MTLFeatureSet::macOS_GPUFamily1_v1,
+];
+
+const RGB10A2UINT_COLOR_WRITE: &[MTLFeatureSet] = &[
+    MTLFeatureSet::iOS_GPUFamily3_v1,
+    MTLFeatureSet::tvOS_GPUFamily2_v1,
+    MTLFeatureSet::macOS_GPUFamily1_v1,
+];
+
+const RG11B10FLOAT_ALL: &[MTLFeatureSet] = &[
+    MTLFeatureSet::iOS_GPUFamily3_v1,
+    MTLFeatureSet::tvOS_GPUFamily2_v1,
+    MTLFeatureSet::macOS_GPUFamily1_v1,
+];
+
+const RGB9E5FLOAT_ALL: &[MTLFeatureSet] = &[
+    MTLFeatureSet::iOS_GPUFamily3_v1,
+    MTLFeatureSet::tvOS_GPUFamily2_v1,
+];
+
+const BGR10A2_ALL: &[MTLFeatureSet] = &[
+    MTLFeatureSet::iOS_GPUFamily1_v4,
+    MTLFeatureSet::tvOS_GPUFamily1_v3,
+    MTLFeatureSet::macOS_GPUFamily2_v1,
+];
+
+const BASE_INSTANCE_SUPPORT: &[MTLFeatureSet] = &[
+    MTLFeatureSet::iOS_GPUFamily3_v1,
+    MTLFeatureSet::tvOS_GPUFamily2_v1,
+    MTLFeatureSet::macOS_GPUFamily1_v1,
+];
+
+const BASE_VERTEX_INSTANCE_SUPPORT: &[MTLFeatureSet] = &[
+    MTLFeatureSet::iOS_GPUFamily3_v1,
+    MTLFeatureSet::tvOS_GPUFamily2_v1,
+    MTLFeatureSet::macOS_GPUFamily1_v1,
+];
+
+const TEXTURE_CUBE_ARRAY_SUPPORT: &[MTLFeatureSet] = &[
+    MTLFeatureSet::iOS_GPUFamily4_v1,
+    MTLFeatureSet::tvOS_GPUFamily1_v2,
+    MTLFeatureSet::macOS_GPUFamily1_v1,
+];
+
+const DUAL_SOURCE_BLEND_SUPPORT: &[MTLFeatureSet] = &[
+    MTLFeatureSet::iOS_GPUFamily1_v4,
+    MTLFeatureSet::tvOS_GPUFamily1_v3,
+    MTLFeatureSet::macOS_GPUFamily1_v2,
+];
+
+const LAYERED_RENDERING_SUPPORT: &[MTLFeatureSet] = &[
+    MTLFeatureSet::iOS_GPUFamily5_v1,
+    MTLFeatureSet::macOS_GPUFamily1_v1,
+    MTLFeatureSet::macOS_GPUFamily2_v1,
+];
+
+const FUNCTION_SPECIALIZATION_SUPPORT: &[MTLFeatureSet] = &[
+    MTLFeatureSet::iOS_GPUFamily1_v3,
+    MTLFeatureSet::tvOS_GPUFamily1_v2,
+    MTLFeatureSet::macOS_GPUFamily1_v2,
+];
+
+const DEPTH_CLIP_MODE: &[MTLFeatureSet] = &[
+    MTLFeatureSet::iOS_GPUFamily4_v1,
+    MTLFeatureSet::tvOS_GPUFamily1_v3,
+    MTLFeatureSet::macOS_GPUFamily1_v1,
+];
+
+const OS_NOT_SUPPORT: (usize, usize) = (10000, 0);
+
+impl super::PrivateCapabilities {
+    fn supports_any(raw: &metal::DeviceRef, features_sets: &[MTLFeatureSet]) -> bool {
+        features_sets
+            .iter()
+            .cloned()
+            .any(|x| raw.supports_feature_set(x))
+    }
+
+    pub fn new(device: &metal::Device) -> Self {
+        #[repr(C)]
+        #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+        #[allow(clippy::upper_case_acronyms)]
+        struct NSOperatingSystemVersion {
+            major: usize,
+            minor: usize,
+            patch: usize,
+        }
+
+        impl NSOperatingSystemVersion {
+            fn at_least(
+                &self,
+                mac_version: (usize, usize),
+                ios_version: (usize, usize),
+                is_mac: bool,
+            ) -> bool {
+                if is_mac {
+                    self.major > mac_version.0
+                        || (self.major == mac_version.0 && self.minor >= mac_version.1)
+                } else {
+                    self.major > ios_version.0
+                        || (self.major == ios_version.0 && self.minor >= ios_version.1)
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        let version: NSOperatingSystemVersion = unsafe {
+            let process_info: *mut objc::runtime::Object =
+                msg_send![class!(NSProcessInfo), processInfo];
+            msg_send![process_info, operatingSystemVersion]
+        };
+
+        let os_is_mac = device.supports_feature_set(MTLFeatureSet::macOS_GPUFamily1_v1);
+        let family_check = version.at_least((10, 15), (13, 0), os_is_mac);
+
+        let mut sample_count_mask = crate::TextureFormatCapabilities::MULTISAMPLE_X4; // 1 and 4 samples are supported on all devices
+        if device.supports_texture_sample_count(2) {
+            sample_count_mask |= crate::TextureFormatCapabilities::MULTISAMPLE_X2;
+        }
+        if device.supports_texture_sample_count(8) {
+            sample_count_mask |= crate::TextureFormatCapabilities::MULTISAMPLE_X8;
+        }
+        if device.supports_texture_sample_count(16) {
+            sample_count_mask |= crate::TextureFormatCapabilities::MULTISAMPLE_X16;
+        }
+
+        let rw_texture_tier = if version.at_least((10, 13), (11, 0), os_is_mac) {
+            device.read_write_texture_support()
+        } else if version.at_least((10, 12), OS_NOT_SUPPORT, os_is_mac) {
+            if Self::supports_any(device, &[MTLFeatureSet::macOS_ReadWriteTextureTier2]) {
+                MTLReadWriteTextureTier::Tier2
+            } else {
+                MTLReadWriteTextureTier::Tier1
+            }
+        } else {
+            MTLReadWriteTextureTier::TierNone
+        };
+
+        Self {
+            family_check,
+            msl_version: if version.at_least((12, 0), (15, 0), os_is_mac) {
+                MTLLanguageVersion::V2_4
+            } else if version.at_least((11, 0), (14, 0), os_is_mac) {
+                MTLLanguageVersion::V2_3
+            } else if version.at_least((10, 15), (13, 0), os_is_mac) {
+                MTLLanguageVersion::V2_2
+            } else if version.at_least((10, 14), (12, 0), os_is_mac) {
+                MTLLanguageVersion::V2_1
+            } else if version.at_least((10, 13), (11, 0), os_is_mac) {
+                MTLLanguageVersion::V2_0
+            } else if version.at_least((10, 12), (10, 0), os_is_mac) {
+                MTLLanguageVersion::V1_2
+            } else if version.at_least((10, 11), (9, 0), os_is_mac) {
+                MTLLanguageVersion::V1_1
+            } else {
+                MTLLanguageVersion::V1_0
+            },
+            // macOS 10.11 doesn't support read-write resources
+            fragment_rw_storage: version.at_least((10, 12), (8, 0), os_is_mac),
+            read_write_texture_tier: rw_texture_tier,
+            msaa_desktop: os_is_mac,
+            msaa_apple3: if family_check {
+                device.supports_family(MTLGPUFamily::Apple3)
+            } else {
+                device.supports_feature_set(MTLFeatureSet::iOS_GPUFamily3_v4)
+            },
+            msaa_apple7: family_check && device.supports_family(MTLGPUFamily::Apple7),
+            resource_heaps: Self::supports_any(device, RESOURCE_HEAP_SUPPORT),
+            argument_buffers: Self::supports_any(device, ARGUMENT_BUFFER_SUPPORT),
+            shared_textures: !os_is_mac,
+            mutable_comparison_samplers: Self::supports_any(
+                device,
+                MUTABLE_COMPARISON_SAMPLER_SUPPORT,
+            ),
+            sampler_clamp_to_border: Self::supports_any(device, SAMPLER_CLAMP_TO_BORDER_SUPPORT),
+            base_instance: Self::supports_any(device, BASE_INSTANCE_SUPPORT),
+            base_vertex_instance_drawing: Self::supports_any(device, BASE_VERTEX_INSTANCE_SUPPORT),
+            dual_source_blending: Self::supports_any(device, DUAL_SOURCE_BLEND_SUPPORT),
+            low_power: !os_is_mac || device.is_low_power(),
+            headless: os_is_mac && device.is_headless(),
+            layered_rendering: Self::supports_any(device, LAYERED_RENDERING_SUPPORT),
+            function_specialization: Self::supports_any(device, FUNCTION_SPECIALIZATION_SUPPORT),
+            depth_clip_mode: Self::supports_any(device, DEPTH_CLIP_MODE),
+            texture_cube_array: Self::supports_any(device, TEXTURE_CUBE_ARRAY_SUPPORT),
+            format_depth24_stencil8: os_is_mac && device.d24_s8_supported(),
+            format_depth32_stencil8_filter: os_is_mac,
+            format_depth32_stencil8_none: !os_is_mac,
+            format_min_srgb_channels: if os_is_mac { 4 } else { 1 },
+            format_b5: !os_is_mac,
+            format_bc: os_is_mac,
+            format_eac_etc: !os_is_mac
+                // M1 in macOS supports EAC/ETC2
+                || (family_check && device.supports_family(MTLGPUFamily::Apple7)),
+            // A8(Apple2) and later always support ASTC pixel formats
+            format_astc: (family_check && device.supports_family(MTLGPUFamily::Apple2))
+                || Self::supports_any(device, ASTC_PIXEL_FORMAT_FEATURES),
+            // A13(Apple6) M1(Apple7) and later always support HDR ASTC pixel formats
+            format_astc_hdr: family_check && device.supports_family(MTLGPUFamily::Apple6),
+            format_any8_unorm_srgb_all: Self::supports_any(device, ANY8_UNORM_SRGB_ALL),
+            format_any8_unorm_srgb_no_write: !Self::supports_any(device, ANY8_UNORM_SRGB_ALL)
+                && !os_is_mac,
+            format_any8_snorm_all: Self::supports_any(device, ANY8_SNORM_RESOLVE),
+            format_r16_norm_all: os_is_mac,
+            // No devices support r32's all capabilities
+            format_r32_all: false,
+            // All devices support r32's write capability
+            format_r32_no_write: false,
+            // iOS support r32float's write capability, macOS support r32float's all capabilities
+            format_r32float_no_write_no_filter: false,
+            // Only iOS doesn't support r32float's filter  capability
+            format_r32float_no_filter: !os_is_mac,
+            format_r32float_all: os_is_mac,
+            format_rgba8_srgb_all: Self::supports_any(device, RGBA8_SRGB),
+            format_rgba8_srgb_no_write: !Self::supports_any(device, RGBA8_SRGB),
+            format_rgb10a2_unorm_all: Self::supports_any(device, RGB10A2UNORM_ALL),
+            format_rgb10a2_unorm_no_write: !Self::supports_any(device, RGB10A2UNORM_ALL),
+            format_rgb10a2_uint_color: !Self::supports_any(device, RGB10A2UINT_COLOR_WRITE),
+            format_rgb10a2_uint_color_write: Self::supports_any(device, RGB10A2UINT_COLOR_WRITE),
+            format_rg11b10_all: Self::supports_any(device, RG11B10FLOAT_ALL),
+            format_rg11b10_no_write: !Self::supports_any(device, RG11B10FLOAT_ALL),
+            format_rgb9e5_all: Self::supports_any(device, RGB9E5FLOAT_ALL),
+            format_rgb9e5_no_write: !Self::supports_any(device, RGB9E5FLOAT_ALL) && !os_is_mac,
+            format_rgb9e5_filter_only: os_is_mac,
+            format_rg32_color: true,
+            format_rg32_color_write: true,
+            // Only macOS support rg32float's all capabilities
+            format_rg32float_all: os_is_mac,
+            // All devices support rg32float's color + blend capabilities
+            format_rg32float_color_blend: true,
+            // Only iOS doesn't support rg32float's filter
+            format_rg32float_no_filter: !os_is_mac,
+            format_rgba32int_color: true,
+            // All devices support rgba32uint and rgba32sint's color + write capabilities
+            format_rgba32int_color_write: true,
+            format_rgba32float_color: true,
+            // All devices support rgba32float's color + write capabilities
+            format_rgba32float_color_write: true,
+            // Only macOS support rgba32float's all capabilities
+            format_rgba32float_all: os_is_mac,
+            format_depth16unorm: Self::supports_any(
+                device,
+                &[
+                    MTLFeatureSet::iOS_GPUFamily3_v3,
+                    MTLFeatureSet::macOS_GPUFamily1_v2,
+                ],
+            ),
+            format_depth32float_filter: os_is_mac,
+            format_depth32float_none: !os_is_mac,
+            format_bgr10a2_all: Self::supports_any(device, BGR10A2_ALL),
+            format_bgr10a2_no_write: !Self::supports_any(device, BGR10A2_ALL),
+            max_buffers_per_stage: 31,
+            max_vertex_buffers: 31,
+            max_textures_per_stage: if os_is_mac
+                || (family_check && device.supports_family(MTLGPUFamily::Apple6))
+            {
+                128
+            } else if family_check && device.supports_family(MTLGPUFamily::Apple4) {
+                96
+            } else {
+                31
+            },
+            max_samplers_per_stage: 16,
+            buffer_alignment: if os_is_mac { 256 } else { 64 },
+            max_buffer_size: if version.at_least((10, 14), (12, 0), os_is_mac) {
+                // maxBufferLength available on macOS 10.14+ and iOS 12.0+
+                let buffer_size: metal::NSInteger =
+                    unsafe { msg_send![device.as_ref(), maxBufferLength] };
+                buffer_size as _
+            } else if os_is_mac {
+                1 << 30 // 1GB on macOS 10.11 and up
+            } else {
+                1 << 28 // 256MB on iOS 8.0+
+            },
+            max_texture_size: if Self::supports_any(
+                device,
+                &[
+                    MTLFeatureSet::iOS_GPUFamily3_v1,
+                    MTLFeatureSet::tvOS_GPUFamily2_v1,
+                    MTLFeatureSet::macOS_GPUFamily1_v1,
+                ],
+            ) {
+                16384
+            } else {
+                8192
+            },
+            max_texture_3d_size: 2048,
+            max_texture_layers: 2048,
+            max_fragment_input_components: if os_is_mac
+                || device.supports_feature_set(MTLFeatureSet::iOS_GPUFamily4_v1)
+            {
+                124
+            } else {
+                60
+            },
+            max_color_render_targets: if Self::supports_any(
+                device,
+                &[
+                    MTLFeatureSet::iOS_GPUFamily2_v1,
+                    MTLFeatureSet::tvOS_GPUFamily1_v1,
+                    MTLFeatureSet::macOS_GPUFamily1_v1,
+                ],
+            ) {
+                8
+            } else {
+                4
+            },
+            max_varying_components: if device
+                .supports_feature_set(MTLFeatureSet::macOS_GPUFamily1_v1)
+            {
+                124
+            } else {
+                60
+            },
+            max_threads_per_group: if Self::supports_any(
+                device,
+                &[
+                    MTLFeatureSet::iOS_GPUFamily4_v2,
+                    MTLFeatureSet::macOS_GPUFamily1_v1,
+                ],
+            ) {
+                1024
+            } else {
+                512
+            },
+            max_total_threadgroup_memory: if Self::supports_any(
+                device,
+                &[
+                    MTLFeatureSet::iOS_GPUFamily4_v1,
+                    MTLFeatureSet::macOS_GPUFamily1_v2,
+                ],
+            ) {
+                32 << 10
+            } else {
+                16 << 10
+            },
+            sample_count_mask,
+            supports_debug_markers: Self::supports_any(
+                device,
+                &[
+                    MTLFeatureSet::macOS_GPUFamily1_v2,
+                    MTLFeatureSet::iOS_GPUFamily1_v3,
+                    MTLFeatureSet::tvOS_GPUFamily1_v2,
+                ],
+            ),
+            supports_binary_archives: family_check
+                && (device.supports_family(MTLGPUFamily::Apple3)
+                    || device.supports_family(MTLGPUFamily::Mac1)),
+            supports_capture_manager: version.at_least((10, 13), (11, 0), os_is_mac),
+            can_set_maximum_drawables_count: version.at_least((10, 14), (11, 2), os_is_mac),
+            can_set_display_sync: version.at_least((10, 13), OS_NOT_SUPPORT, os_is_mac),
+            can_set_next_drawable_timeout: version.at_least((10, 13), (11, 0), os_is_mac),
+            supports_arrays_of_textures: Self::supports_any(
+                device,
+                &[
+                    MTLFeatureSet::iOS_GPUFamily3_v2,
+                    MTLFeatureSet::tvOS_GPUFamily2_v1,
+                    MTLFeatureSet::macOS_GPUFamily1_v3,
+                ],
+            ),
+            supports_arrays_of_textures_write: family_check
+                && (device.supports_family(MTLGPUFamily::Apple6)
+                    || device.supports_family(MTLGPUFamily::Mac1)
+                    || device.supports_family(MTLGPUFamily::MacCatalyst1)),
+            supports_mutability: version.at_least((10, 13), (11, 0), os_is_mac),
+            //Depth clipping is supported on all macOS GPU families and iOS family 4 and later
+            supports_depth_clip_control: os_is_mac
+                || device.supports_feature_set(MTLFeatureSet::iOS_GPUFamily4_v1),
+            supports_preserve_invariance: version.at_least((11, 0), (13, 0), os_is_mac),
+            // Metal 2.2 on mac, 2.3 on iOS.
+            supports_shader_primitive_index: version.at_least((10, 15), (14, 0), os_is_mac),
+            has_unified_memory: if version.at_least((10, 15), (13, 0), os_is_mac) {
+                Some(device.has_unified_memory())
+            } else {
+                None
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn device_type(&self) -> wgt::DeviceType {
+        if self.has_unified_memory.unwrap_or(self.low_power) {
+            wgt::DeviceType::IntegratedGpu
+        } else {
+            wgt::DeviceType::DiscreteGpu
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn features(&self) -> wgt::Features {
+        use wgt::Features as F;
+
+        let mut features = F::empty()
+            | F::INDIRECT_FIRST_INSTANCE
+            | F::MAPPABLE_PRIMARY_BUFFERS
+            | F::VERTEX_WRITABLE_STORAGE
+            | F::TEXTURE_ADAPTER_SPECIFIC_FORMAT_FEATURES
+            | F::PUSH_CONSTANTS
+            | F::POLYGON_MODE_LINE
+            | F::CLEAR_TEXTURE
+            | F::TEXTURE_FORMAT_16BIT_NORM
+            | F::SHADER_F16
+            | F::DEPTH32FLOAT_STENCIL8
+            | F::MULTI_DRAW_INDIRECT;
+
+        features.set(F::TEXTURE_COMPRESSION_ASTC, self.format_astc);
+        features.set(F::TEXTURE_COMPRESSION_ASTC_HDR, self.format_astc_hdr);
+        features.set(F::TEXTURE_COMPRESSION_BC, self.format_bc);
+        features.set(F::TEXTURE_COMPRESSION_ETC2, self.format_eac_etc);
+
+        features.set(F::DEPTH_CLIP_CONTROL, self.supports_depth_clip_control);
+        features.set(
+            F::SHADER_PRIMITIVE_INDEX,
+            self.supports_shader_primitive_index,
+        );
+
+        features.set(
+            F::TEXTURE_BINDING_ARRAY
+                | F::SAMPLED_TEXTURE_AND_STORAGE_BUFFER_ARRAY_NON_UNIFORM_INDEXING
+                | F::UNIFORM_BUFFER_AND_STORAGE_TEXTURE_ARRAY_NON_UNIFORM_INDEXING,
+            self.msl_version >= MTLLanguageVersion::V2_0 && self.supports_arrays_of_textures,
+        );
+        //// XXX: this is technically not true, as read-only storage images can be used in arrays
+        //// on precisely the same conditions that sampled textures can. But texel fetch from a
+        //// sampled texture is a thing; should we bother introducing another feature flag?
+        if self.msl_version >= MTLLanguageVersion::V2_2
+            && self.supports_arrays_of_textures
+            && self.supports_arrays_of_textures_write
+        {
+            features.insert(F::STORAGE_RESOURCE_BINDING_ARRAY);
+        }
+
+        features.set(
+            F::ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_BORDER,
+            self.sampler_clamp_to_border,
+        );
+        features.set(F::ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_ZERO, true);
+
+        features.set(F::RG11B10UFLOAT_RENDERABLE, self.format_rg11b10_all);
+
+        features
+    }
+
+    pub fn capabilities(&self) -> crate::Capabilities {
+        let mut downlevel = wgt::DownlevelCapabilities::default();
+        downlevel.flags.set(
+            wgt::DownlevelFlags::FRAGMENT_WRITABLE_STORAGE,
+            self.fragment_rw_storage,
+        );
+        downlevel.flags.set(
+            wgt::DownlevelFlags::CUBE_ARRAY_TEXTURES,
+            self.texture_cube_array,
+        );
+        //TODO: separate the mutable comparisons from immutable ones
+        downlevel.flags.set(
+            wgt::DownlevelFlags::COMPARISON_SAMPLERS,
+            self.mutable_comparison_samplers,
+        );
+        downlevel
+            .flags
+            .set(wgt::DownlevelFlags::ANISOTROPIC_FILTERING, true);
+
+        let base = wgt::Limits::default();
+        crate::Capabilities {
+            limits: wgt::Limits {
+                max_texture_dimension_1d: self.max_texture_size as u32,
+                max_texture_dimension_2d: self.max_texture_size as u32,
+                max_texture_dimension_3d: self.max_texture_3d_size as u32,
+                max_texture_array_layers: self.max_texture_layers as u32,
+                max_bind_groups: 8,
+                max_bindings_per_bind_group: 65535,
+                max_dynamic_uniform_buffers_per_pipeline_layout: base
+                    .max_dynamic_uniform_buffers_per_pipeline_layout,
+                max_dynamic_storage_buffers_per_pipeline_layout: base
+                    .max_dynamic_storage_buffers_per_pipeline_layout,
+                max_sampled_textures_per_shader_stage: self.max_textures_per_stage,
+                max_samplers_per_shader_stage: self.max_samplers_per_stage,
+                max_storage_buffers_per_shader_stage: self.max_buffers_per_stage,
+                max_storage_textures_per_shader_stage: self.max_textures_per_stage,
+                max_uniform_buffers_per_shader_stage: self.max_buffers_per_stage,
+                max_uniform_buffer_binding_size: self.max_buffer_size.min(!0u32 as u64) as u32,
+                max_storage_buffer_binding_size: self.max_buffer_size.min(!0u32 as u64) as u32,
+                max_vertex_buffers: self.max_vertex_buffers,
+                max_vertex_attributes: 31,
+                max_vertex_buffer_array_stride: base.max_vertex_buffer_array_stride,
+                max_push_constant_size: 0x1000,
+                min_uniform_buffer_offset_alignment: self.buffer_alignment as u32,
+                min_storage_buffer_offset_alignment: self.buffer_alignment as u32,
+                max_inter_stage_shader_components: self.max_varying_components,
+                max_compute_workgroup_storage_size: self.max_total_threadgroup_memory,
+                max_compute_invocations_per_workgroup: self.max_threads_per_group,
+                max_compute_workgroup_size_x: self.max_threads_per_group,
+                max_compute_workgroup_size_y: self.max_threads_per_group,
+                max_compute_workgroup_size_z: self.max_threads_per_group,
+                max_compute_workgroups_per_dimension: 0xFFFF,
+                max_buffer_size: self.max_buffer_size,
+            },
+            alignments: crate::Alignments {
+                buffer_copy_offset: wgt::BufferSize::new(self.buffer_alignment).unwrap(),
+                buffer_copy_pitch: wgt::BufferSize::new(4).unwrap(),
+            },
+            downlevel,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn map_format(&self, format: wgt::TextureFormat) -> metal::MTLPixelFormat {
+        use metal::MTLPixelFormat::*;
+        use wgt::TextureFormat as Tf;
+        match format {
+            Tf::R8Unorm => R8Unorm,
+            Tf::R8Snorm => R8Snorm,
+            Tf::R8Uint => R8Uint,
+            Tf::R8Sint => R8Sint,
+            Tf::R16Uint => R16Uint,
+            Tf::R16Sint => R16Sint,
+            Tf::R16Unorm => R16Unorm,
+            Tf::R16Snorm => R16Snorm,
+            Tf::R16Float => R16Float,
+            Tf::Rg8Unorm => RG8Unorm,
+            Tf::Rg8Snorm => RG8Snorm,
+            Tf::Rg8Uint => RG8Uint,
+            Tf::Rg8Sint => RG8Sint,
+            Tf::Rg16Unorm => RG16Unorm,
+            Tf::Rg16Snorm => RG16Snorm,
+            Tf::R32Uint => R32Uint,
+            Tf::R32Sint => R32Sint,
+            Tf::R32Float => R32Float,
+            Tf::Rg16Uint => RG16Uint,
+            Tf::Rg16Sint => RG16Sint,
+            Tf::Rg16Float => RG16Float,
+            Tf::Rgba8Unorm => RGBA8Unorm,
+            Tf::Rgba8UnormSrgb => RGBA8Unorm_sRGB,
+            Tf::Bgra8UnormSrgb => BGRA8Unorm_sRGB,
+            Tf::Rgba8Snorm => RGBA8Snorm,
+            Tf::Bgra8Unorm => BGRA8Unorm,
+            Tf::Rgba8Uint => RGBA8Uint,
+            Tf::Rgba8Sint => RGBA8Sint,
+            Tf::Rgb10a2Unorm => RGB10A2Unorm,
+            Tf::Rg11b10Float => RG11B10Float,
+            Tf::Rg32Uint => RG32Uint,
+            Tf::Rg32Sint => RG32Sint,
+            Tf::Rg32Float => RG32Float,
+            Tf::Rgba16Uint => RGBA16Uint,
+            Tf::Rgba16Sint => RGBA16Sint,
+            Tf::Rgba16Unorm => RGBA16Unorm,
+            Tf::Rgba16Snorm => RGBA16Snorm,
+            Tf::Rgba16Float => RGBA16Float,
+            Tf::Rgba32Uint => RGBA32Uint,
+            Tf::Rgba32Sint => RGBA32Sint,
+            Tf::Rgba32Float => RGBA32Float,
+            Tf::Stencil8 => Stencil8,
+            Tf::Depth16Unorm => Depth16Unorm,
+            Tf::Depth32Float => Depth32Float,
+            Tf::Depth32FloatStencil8 => Depth32Float_Stencil8,
+            Tf::Depth24Plus => {
+                if self.format_depth24_stencil8 {
+                    Depth24Unorm_Stencil8
+                } else {
+                    Depth32Float
+                }
+            }
+            Tf::Depth24PlusStencil8 => {
+                if self.format_depth24_stencil8 {
+                    Depth24Unorm_Stencil8
+                } else {
+                    Depth32Float_Stencil8
+                }
+            }
+            Tf::Rgb9e5Ufloat => RGB9E5Float,
+            Tf::Bc1RgbaUnorm => BC1_RGBA,
+            Tf::Bc1RgbaUnormSrgb => BC1_RGBA_sRGB,
+            Tf::Bc2RgbaUnorm => BC2_RGBA,
+            Tf::Bc2RgbaUnormSrgb => BC2_RGBA_sRGB,
+            Tf::Bc3RgbaUnorm => BC3_RGBA,
+            Tf::Bc3RgbaUnormSrgb => BC3_RGBA_sRGB,
+            Tf::Bc4RUnorm => BC4_RUnorm,
+            Tf::Bc4RSnorm => BC4_RSnorm,
+            Tf::Bc5RgUnorm => BC5_RGUnorm,
+            Tf::Bc5RgSnorm => BC5_RGSnorm,
+            Tf::Bc6hRgbFloat => BC6H_RGBFloat,
+            Tf::Bc6hRgbUfloat => BC6H_RGBUfloat,
+            Tf::Bc7RgbaUnorm => BC7_RGBAUnorm,
+            Tf::Bc7RgbaUnormSrgb => BC7_RGBAUnorm_sRGB,
+            Tf::Etc2Rgb8Unorm => ETC2_RGB8,
+            Tf::Etc2Rgb8UnormSrgb => ETC2_RGB8_sRGB,
+            Tf::Etc2Rgb8A1Unorm => ETC2_RGB8A1,
+            Tf::Etc2Rgb8A1UnormSrgb => ETC2_RGB8A1_sRGB,
+            Tf::Etc2Rgba8Unorm => EAC_RGBA8,
+            Tf::Etc2Rgba8UnormSrgb => EAC_RGBA8_sRGB,
+            Tf::EacR11Unorm => EAC_R11Unorm,
+            Tf::EacR11Snorm => EAC_R11Snorm,
+            Tf::EacRg11Unorm => EAC_RG11Unorm,
+            Tf::EacRg11Snorm => EAC_RG11Snorm,
+            Tf::Astc { block, channel } => match channel {
+                AstcChannel::Unorm => match block {
+                    AstcBlock::B4x4 => ASTC_4x4_LDR,
+                    AstcBlock::B5x4 => ASTC_5x4_LDR,
+                    AstcBlock::B5x5 => ASTC_5x5_LDR,
+                    AstcBlock::B6x5 => ASTC_6x5_LDR,
+                    AstcBlock::B6x6 => ASTC_6x6_LDR,
+                    AstcBlock::B8x5 => ASTC_8x5_LDR,
+                    AstcBlock::B8x6 => ASTC_8x6_LDR,
+                    AstcBlock::B8x8 => ASTC_8x8_LDR,
+                    AstcBlock::B10x5 => ASTC_10x5_LDR,
+                    AstcBlock::B10x6 => ASTC_10x6_LDR,
+                    AstcBlock::B10x8 => ASTC_10x8_LDR,
+                    AstcBlock::B10x10 => ASTC_10x10_LDR,
+                    AstcBlock::B12x10 => ASTC_12x10_LDR,
+                    AstcBlock::B12x12 => ASTC_12x12_LDR,
+                },
+                AstcChannel::UnormSrgb => match block {
+                    AstcBlock::B4x4 => ASTC_4x4_sRGB,
+                    AstcBlock::B5x4 => ASTC_5x4_sRGB,
+                    AstcBlock::B5x5 => ASTC_5x5_sRGB,
+                    AstcBlock::B6x5 => ASTC_6x5_sRGB,
+                    AstcBlock::B6x6 => ASTC_6x6_sRGB,
+                    AstcBlock::B8x5 => ASTC_8x5_sRGB,
+                    AstcBlock::B8x6 => ASTC_8x6_sRGB,
+                    AstcBlock::B8x8 => ASTC_8x8_sRGB,
+                    AstcBlock::B10x5 => ASTC_10x5_sRGB,
+                    AstcBlock::B10x6 => ASTC_10x6_sRGB,
+                    AstcBlock::B10x8 => ASTC_10x8_sRGB,
+                    AstcBlock::B10x10 => ASTC_10x10_sRGB,
+                    AstcBlock::B12x10 => ASTC_12x10_sRGB,
+                    AstcBlock::B12x12 => ASTC_12x12_sRGB,
+                },
+                AstcChannel::Hdr => match block {
+                    AstcBlock::B4x4 => ASTC_4x4_HDR,
+                    AstcBlock::B5x4 => ASTC_5x4_HDR,
+                    AstcBlock::B5x5 => ASTC_5x5_HDR,
+                    AstcBlock::B6x5 => ASTC_6x5_HDR,
+                    AstcBlock::B6x6 => ASTC_6x6_HDR,
+                    AstcBlock::B8x5 => ASTC_8x5_HDR,
+                    AstcBlock::B8x6 => ASTC_8x6_HDR,
+                    AstcBlock::B8x8 => ASTC_8x8_HDR,
+                    AstcBlock::B10x5 => ASTC_10x5_HDR,
+                    AstcBlock::B10x6 => ASTC_10x6_HDR,
+                    AstcBlock::B10x8 => ASTC_10x8_HDR,
+                    AstcBlock::B10x10 => ASTC_10x10_HDR,
+                    AstcBlock::B12x10 => ASTC_12x10_HDR,
+                    AstcBlock::B12x12 => ASTC_12x12_HDR,
+                },
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn map_view_format(
+        &self,
+        format: wgt::TextureFormat,
+        aspects: crate::FormatAspects,
+    ) -> metal::MTLPixelFormat {
+        use crate::FormatAspects as Fa;
+        use metal::MTLPixelFormat::*;
+        use wgt::TextureFormat as Tf;
+        match (format, aspects) {
+            // map combined depth-stencil format to their stencil-only format
+            // see https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/Miscellaneous/Conceptual/MetalProgrammingGuide/WhatsNewiniOS10tvOS10andOSX1012/WhatsNewiniOS10tvOS10andOSX1012.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40014221-CH14-DontLinkElementID_77
+            (Tf::Depth24PlusStencil8, Fa::STENCIL) => {
+                if self.format_depth24_stencil8 {
+                    X24_Stencil8
+                } else {
+                    X32_Stencil8
+                }
+            }
+            (Tf::Depth32FloatStencil8, Fa::STENCIL) => X32_Stencil8,
+
+            _ => self.map_format(format),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl super::PrivateDisabilities {
+    pub fn new(device: &metal::Device) -> Self {
+        let is_intel = device.name().starts_with("Intel");
+        Self {
+            broken_viewport_near_depth: is_intel
+                && !device.supports_feature_set(MTLFeatureSet::macOS_GPUFamily1_v4),
+            broken_layered_clear_image: is_intel,
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/metal/command.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/metal/command.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..866e163a64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/metal/command.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,977 @@
+use super::{conv, AsNative};
+use std::{borrow::Cow, mem, ops::Range};
+
+// has to match `Temp::binding_sizes`
+const WORD_SIZE: usize = 4;
+
+impl Default for super::CommandState {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            blit: None,
+            render: None,
+            compute: None,
+            raw_primitive_type: metal::MTLPrimitiveType::Point,
+            index: None,
+            raw_wg_size: metal::MTLSize::new(0, 0, 0),
+            stage_infos: Default::default(),
+            storage_buffer_length_map: Default::default(),
+            work_group_memory_sizes: Vec::new(),
+            push_constants: Vec::new(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl super::CommandEncoder {
+    fn enter_blit(&mut self) -> &metal::BlitCommandEncoderRef {
+        if self.state.blit.is_none() {
+            debug_assert!(self.state.render.is_none() && self.state.compute.is_none());
+            objc::rc::autoreleasepool(|| {
+                let cmd_buf = self.raw_cmd_buf.as_ref().unwrap();
+                self.state.blit = Some(cmd_buf.new_blit_command_encoder().to_owned());
+            });
+        }
+        self.state.blit.as_ref().unwrap()
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn leave_blit(&mut self) {
+        if let Some(encoder) = self.state.blit.take() {
+            encoder.end_encoding();
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn enter_any(&mut self) -> Option<&metal::CommandEncoderRef> {
+        if let Some(ref encoder) = self.state.render {
+            Some(encoder)
+        } else if let Some(ref encoder) = self.state.compute {
+            Some(encoder)
+        } else if let Some(ref encoder) = self.state.blit {
+            Some(encoder)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn begin_pass(&mut self) {
+        self.state.reset();
+        self.leave_blit();
+    }
+}
+
+impl super::CommandState {
+    fn reset(&mut self) {
+        self.storage_buffer_length_map.clear();
+        self.stage_infos.vs.clear();
+        self.stage_infos.fs.clear();
+        self.stage_infos.cs.clear();
+        self.work_group_memory_sizes.clear();
+        self.push_constants.clear();
+    }
+
+    fn make_sizes_buffer_update<'a>(
+        &self,
+        stage: naga::ShaderStage,
+        result_sizes: &'a mut Vec<u32>,
+    ) -> Option<(u32, &'a [u32])> {
+        let stage_info = &self.stage_infos[stage];
+        let slot = stage_info.sizes_slot?;
+
+        result_sizes.clear();
+        result_sizes.extend(stage_info.sized_bindings.iter().map(|br| {
+            self.storage_buffer_length_map
+                .get(br)
+                .map(|size| u32::try_from(size.get()).unwrap_or(u32::MAX))
+                .unwrap_or_default()
+        }));
+
+        if !result_sizes.is_empty() {
+            Some((slot as _, result_sizes))
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl crate::CommandEncoder<super::Api> for super::CommandEncoder {
+    unsafe fn begin_encoding(&mut self, label: crate::Label) -> Result<(), crate::DeviceError> {
+        let queue = &self.raw_queue.lock();
+        let retain_references = self.shared.settings.retain_command_buffer_references;
+        let raw = objc::rc::autoreleasepool(move || {
+            let cmd_buf_ref = if retain_references {
+                queue.new_command_buffer()
+            } else {
+                queue.new_command_buffer_with_unretained_references()
+            };
+            if let Some(label) = label {
+                cmd_buf_ref.set_label(label);
+            }
+            cmd_buf_ref.to_owned()
+        });
+
+        self.raw_cmd_buf = Some(raw);
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn discard_encoding(&mut self) {
+        self.leave_blit();
+        // when discarding, we don't have a guarantee that
+        // everything is in a good state, so check carefully
+        if let Some(encoder) = self.state.render.take() {
+            encoder.end_encoding();
+        }
+        if let Some(encoder) = self.state.compute.take() {
+            encoder.end_encoding();
+        }
+        self.raw_cmd_buf = None;
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn end_encoding(&mut self) -> Result<super::CommandBuffer, crate::DeviceError> {
+        self.leave_blit();
+        assert!(self.state.render.is_none());
+        assert!(self.state.compute.is_none());
+        Ok(super::CommandBuffer {
+            raw: self.raw_cmd_buf.take().unwrap(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn reset_all<I>(&mut self, _cmd_bufs: I)
+    where
+        I: Iterator<Item = super::CommandBuffer>,
+    {
+        //do nothing
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn transition_buffers<'a, T>(&mut self, _barriers: T)
+    where
+        T: Iterator<Item = crate::BufferBarrier<'a, super::Api>>,
+    {
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn transition_textures<'a, T>(&mut self, _barriers: T)
+    where
+        T: Iterator<Item = crate::TextureBarrier<'a, super::Api>>,
+    {
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn clear_buffer(&mut self, buffer: &super::Buffer, range: crate::MemoryRange) {
+        let encoder = self.enter_blit();
+        encoder.fill_buffer(&buffer.raw, conv::map_range(&range), 0);
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn copy_buffer_to_buffer<T>(
+        &mut self,
+        src: &super::Buffer,
+        dst: &super::Buffer,
+        regions: T,
+    ) where
+        T: Iterator<Item = crate::BufferCopy>,
+    {
+        let encoder = self.enter_blit();
+        for copy in regions {
+            encoder.copy_from_buffer(
+                &src.raw,
+                copy.src_offset,
+                &dst.raw,
+                copy.dst_offset,
+                copy.size.get(),
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn copy_texture_to_texture<T>(
+        &mut self,
+        src: &super::Texture,
+        _src_usage: crate::TextureUses,
+        dst: &super::Texture,
+        regions: T,
+    ) where
+        T: Iterator<Item = crate::TextureCopy>,
+    {
+        let dst_texture = if src.format != dst.format {
+            let raw_format = self.shared.private_caps.map_format(src.format);
+            Cow::Owned(objc::rc::autoreleasepool(|| {
+                dst.raw.new_texture_view(raw_format)
+            }))
+        } else {
+            Cow::Borrowed(&dst.raw)
+        };
+        let encoder = self.enter_blit();
+        for copy in regions {
+            let src_origin = conv::map_origin(&copy.src_base.origin);
+            let dst_origin = conv::map_origin(&copy.dst_base.origin);
+            // no clamping is done: Metal expects physical sizes here
+            let extent = conv::map_copy_extent(&copy.size);
+            encoder.copy_from_texture(
+                &src.raw,
+                copy.src_base.array_layer as u64,
+                copy.src_base.mip_level as u64,
+                src_origin,
+                extent,
+                &dst_texture,
+                copy.dst_base.array_layer as u64,
+                copy.dst_base.mip_level as u64,
+                dst_origin,
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn copy_buffer_to_texture<T>(
+        &mut self,
+        src: &super::Buffer,
+        dst: &super::Texture,
+        regions: T,
+    ) where
+        T: Iterator<Item = crate::BufferTextureCopy>,
+    {
+        let encoder = self.enter_blit();
+        for copy in regions {
+            let dst_origin = conv::map_origin(&copy.texture_base.origin);
+            // Metal expects buffer-texture copies in virtual sizes
+            let extent = copy
+                .texture_base
+                .max_copy_size(&dst.copy_size)
+                .min(&copy.size);
+            let bytes_per_row = copy.buffer_layout.bytes_per_row.unwrap_or(0) as u64;
+            let image_byte_stride = if extent.depth > 1 {
+                copy.buffer_layout
+                    .rows_per_image
+                    .map_or(0, |v| v as u64 * bytes_per_row)
+            } else {
+                // Don't pass a stride when updating a single layer, otherwise metal validation
+                // fails when updating a subset of the image due to the stride being larger than
+                // the amount of data to copy.
+                0
+            };
+            encoder.copy_from_buffer_to_texture(
+                &src.raw,
+                copy.buffer_layout.offset,
+                bytes_per_row,
+                image_byte_stride,
+                conv::map_copy_extent(&extent),
+                &dst.raw,
+                copy.texture_base.array_layer as u64,
+                copy.texture_base.mip_level as u64,
+                dst_origin,
+                conv::get_blit_option(dst.format, copy.texture_base.aspect),
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn copy_texture_to_buffer<T>(
+        &mut self,
+        src: &super::Texture,
+        _src_usage: crate::TextureUses,
+        dst: &super::Buffer,
+        regions: T,
+    ) where
+        T: Iterator<Item = crate::BufferTextureCopy>,
+    {
+        let encoder = self.enter_blit();
+        for copy in regions {
+            let src_origin = conv::map_origin(&copy.texture_base.origin);
+            // Metal expects texture-buffer copies in virtual sizes
+            let extent = copy
+                .texture_base
+                .max_copy_size(&src.copy_size)
+                .min(&copy.size);
+            let bytes_per_row = copy.buffer_layout.bytes_per_row.unwrap_or(0) as u64;
+            let bytes_per_image = copy
+                .buffer_layout
+                .rows_per_image
+                .map_or(0, |v| v as u64 * bytes_per_row);
+            encoder.copy_from_texture_to_buffer(
+                &src.raw,
+                copy.texture_base.array_layer as u64,
+                copy.texture_base.mip_level as u64,
+                src_origin,
+                conv::map_copy_extent(&extent),
+                &dst.raw,
+                copy.buffer_layout.offset,
+                bytes_per_row,
+                bytes_per_image,
+                conv::get_blit_option(src.format, copy.texture_base.aspect),
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn begin_query(&mut self, set: &super::QuerySet, index: u32) {
+        match set.ty {
+            wgt::QueryType::Occlusion => {
+                self.state
+                    .render
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .set_visibility_result_mode(
+                        metal::MTLVisibilityResultMode::Boolean,
+                        index as u64 * crate::QUERY_SIZE,
+                    );
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+    unsafe fn end_query(&mut self, set: &super::QuerySet, _index: u32) {
+        match set.ty {
+            wgt::QueryType::Occlusion => {
+                self.state
+                    .render
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .set_visibility_result_mode(metal::MTLVisibilityResultMode::Disabled, 0);
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+    unsafe fn write_timestamp(&mut self, _set: &super::QuerySet, _index: u32) {}
+    unsafe fn reset_queries(&mut self, set: &super::QuerySet, range: Range<u32>) {
+        let encoder = self.enter_blit();
+        let raw_range = metal::NSRange {
+            location: range.start as u64 * crate::QUERY_SIZE,
+            length: (range.end - range.start) as u64 * crate::QUERY_SIZE,
+        };
+        encoder.fill_buffer(&set.raw_buffer, raw_range, 0);
+    }
+    unsafe fn copy_query_results(
+        &mut self,
+        set: &super::QuerySet,
+        range: Range<u32>,
+        buffer: &super::Buffer,
+        offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        _: wgt::BufferSize, // Metal doesn't support queries that are bigger than a single element are not supported
+    ) {
+        let encoder = self.enter_blit();
+        let size = (range.end - range.start) as u64 * crate::QUERY_SIZE;
+        encoder.copy_from_buffer(
+            &set.raw_buffer,
+            range.start as u64 * crate::QUERY_SIZE,
+            &buffer.raw,
+            offset,
+            size,
+        );
+    }
+
+    // render
+
+    unsafe fn begin_render_pass(&mut self, desc: &crate::RenderPassDescriptor<super::Api>) {
+        self.begin_pass();
+        self.state.index = None;
+
+        objc::rc::autoreleasepool(|| {
+            let descriptor = metal::RenderPassDescriptor::new();
+            //TODO: set visibility results buffer
+
+            for (i, at) in desc.color_attachments.iter().enumerate() {
+                if let Some(at) = at.as_ref() {
+                    let at_descriptor = descriptor.color_attachments().object_at(i as u64).unwrap();
+                    at_descriptor.set_texture(Some(&at.target.view.raw));
+                    if let Some(ref resolve) = at.resolve_target {
+                        //Note: the selection of levels and slices is already handled by `TextureView`
+                        at_descriptor.set_resolve_texture(Some(&resolve.view.raw));
+                    }
+                    let load_action = if at.ops.contains(crate::AttachmentOps::LOAD) {
+                        metal::MTLLoadAction::Load
+                    } else {
+                        at_descriptor.set_clear_color(conv::map_clear_color(&at.clear_value));
+                        metal::MTLLoadAction::Clear
+                    };
+                    let store_action = conv::map_store_action(
+                        at.ops.contains(crate::AttachmentOps::STORE),
+                        at.resolve_target.is_some(),
+                    );
+                    at_descriptor.set_load_action(load_action);
+                    at_descriptor.set_store_action(store_action);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if let Some(ref at) = desc.depth_stencil_attachment {
+                if at.target.view.aspects.contains(crate::FormatAspects::DEPTH) {
+                    let at_descriptor = descriptor.depth_attachment().unwrap();
+                    at_descriptor.set_texture(Some(&at.target.view.raw));
+
+                    let load_action = if at.depth_ops.contains(crate::AttachmentOps::LOAD) {
+                        metal::MTLLoadAction::Load
+                    } else {
+                        at_descriptor.set_clear_depth(at.clear_value.0 as f64);
+                        metal::MTLLoadAction::Clear
+                    };
+                    let store_action = if at.depth_ops.contains(crate::AttachmentOps::STORE) {
+                        metal::MTLStoreAction::Store
+                    } else {
+                        metal::MTLStoreAction::DontCare
+                    };
+                    at_descriptor.set_load_action(load_action);
+                    at_descriptor.set_store_action(store_action);
+                }
+                if at
+                    .target
+                    .view
+                    .aspects
+                    .contains(crate::FormatAspects::STENCIL)
+                {
+                    let at_descriptor = descriptor.stencil_attachment().unwrap();
+                    at_descriptor.set_texture(Some(&at.target.view.raw));
+
+                    let load_action = if at.stencil_ops.contains(crate::AttachmentOps::LOAD) {
+                        metal::MTLLoadAction::Load
+                    } else {
+                        at_descriptor.set_clear_stencil(at.clear_value.1);
+                        metal::MTLLoadAction::Clear
+                    };
+                    let store_action = if at.stencil_ops.contains(crate::AttachmentOps::STORE) {
+                        metal::MTLStoreAction::Store
+                    } else {
+                        metal::MTLStoreAction::DontCare
+                    };
+                    at_descriptor.set_load_action(load_action);
+                    at_descriptor.set_store_action(store_action);
+                }
+            }
+
+            let raw = self.raw_cmd_buf.as_ref().unwrap();
+            let encoder = raw.new_render_command_encoder(descriptor);
+            if let Some(label) = desc.label {
+                encoder.set_label(label);
+            }
+            self.state.render = Some(encoder.to_owned());
+        });
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn end_render_pass(&mut self) {
+        self.state.render.take().unwrap().end_encoding();
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn set_bind_group(
+        &mut self,
+        layout: &super::PipelineLayout,
+        group_index: u32,
+        group: &super::BindGroup,
+        dynamic_offsets: &[wgt::DynamicOffset],
+    ) {
+        let bg_info = &layout.bind_group_infos[group_index as usize];
+
+        if let Some(ref encoder) = self.state.render {
+            let mut changes_sizes_buffer = false;
+            for index in 0..group.counters.vs.buffers {
+                let buf = &group.buffers[index as usize];
+                let mut offset = buf.offset;
+                if let Some(dyn_index) = buf.dynamic_index {
+                    offset += dynamic_offsets[dyn_index as usize] as wgt::BufferAddress;
+                }
+                encoder.set_vertex_buffer(
+                    (bg_info.base_resource_indices.vs.buffers + index) as u64,
+                    Some(buf.ptr.as_native()),
+                    offset,
+                );
+                if let Some(size) = buf.binding_size {
+                    let br = naga::ResourceBinding {
+                        group: group_index,
+                        binding: buf.binding_location,
+                    };
+                    self.state.storage_buffer_length_map.insert(br, size);
+                    changes_sizes_buffer = true;
+                }
+            }
+            if changes_sizes_buffer {
+                if let Some((index, sizes)) = self.state.make_sizes_buffer_update(
+                    naga::ShaderStage::Vertex,
+                    &mut self.temp.binding_sizes,
+                ) {
+                    encoder.set_vertex_bytes(
+                        index as _,
+                        (sizes.len() * WORD_SIZE) as u64,
+                        sizes.as_ptr() as _,
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+
+            changes_sizes_buffer = false;
+            for index in 0..group.counters.fs.buffers {
+                let buf = &group.buffers[(group.counters.vs.buffers + index) as usize];
+                let mut offset = buf.offset;
+                if let Some(dyn_index) = buf.dynamic_index {
+                    offset += dynamic_offsets[dyn_index as usize] as wgt::BufferAddress;
+                }
+                encoder.set_fragment_buffer(
+                    (bg_info.base_resource_indices.fs.buffers + index) as u64,
+                    Some(buf.ptr.as_native()),
+                    offset,
+                );
+                if let Some(size) = buf.binding_size {
+                    let br = naga::ResourceBinding {
+                        group: group_index,
+                        binding: buf.binding_location,
+                    };
+                    self.state.storage_buffer_length_map.insert(br, size);
+                    changes_sizes_buffer = true;
+                }
+            }
+            if changes_sizes_buffer {
+                if let Some((index, sizes)) = self.state.make_sizes_buffer_update(
+                    naga::ShaderStage::Fragment,
+                    &mut self.temp.binding_sizes,
+                ) {
+                    encoder.set_fragment_bytes(
+                        index as _,
+                        (sizes.len() * WORD_SIZE) as u64,
+                        sizes.as_ptr() as _,
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+
+            for index in 0..group.counters.vs.samplers {
+                let res = group.samplers[index as usize];
+                encoder.set_vertex_sampler_state(
+                    (bg_info.base_resource_indices.vs.samplers + index) as u64,
+                    Some(res.as_native()),
+                );
+            }
+            for index in 0..group.counters.fs.samplers {
+                let res = group.samplers[(group.counters.vs.samplers + index) as usize];
+                encoder.set_fragment_sampler_state(
+                    (bg_info.base_resource_indices.fs.samplers + index) as u64,
+                    Some(res.as_native()),
+                );
+            }
+
+            for index in 0..group.counters.vs.textures {
+                let res = group.textures[index as usize];
+                encoder.set_vertex_texture(
+                    (bg_info.base_resource_indices.vs.textures + index) as u64,
+                    Some(res.as_native()),
+                );
+            }
+            for index in 0..group.counters.fs.textures {
+                let res = group.textures[(group.counters.vs.textures + index) as usize];
+                encoder.set_fragment_texture(
+                    (bg_info.base_resource_indices.fs.textures + index) as u64,
+                    Some(res.as_native()),
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        if let Some(ref encoder) = self.state.compute {
+            let index_base = super::ResourceData {
+                buffers: group.counters.vs.buffers + group.counters.fs.buffers,
+                samplers: group.counters.vs.samplers + group.counters.fs.samplers,
+                textures: group.counters.vs.textures + group.counters.fs.textures,
+            };
+
+            let mut changes_sizes_buffer = false;
+            for index in 0..group.counters.cs.buffers {
+                let buf = &group.buffers[(index_base.buffers + index) as usize];
+                let mut offset = buf.offset;
+                if let Some(dyn_index) = buf.dynamic_index {
+                    offset += dynamic_offsets[dyn_index as usize] as wgt::BufferAddress;
+                }
+                encoder.set_buffer(
+                    (bg_info.base_resource_indices.cs.buffers + index) as u64,
+                    Some(buf.ptr.as_native()),
+                    offset,
+                );
+                if let Some(size) = buf.binding_size {
+                    let br = naga::ResourceBinding {
+                        group: group_index,
+                        binding: buf.binding_location,
+                    };
+                    self.state.storage_buffer_length_map.insert(br, size);
+                    changes_sizes_buffer = true;
+                }
+            }
+            if changes_sizes_buffer {
+                if let Some((index, sizes)) = self.state.make_sizes_buffer_update(
+                    naga::ShaderStage::Compute,
+                    &mut self.temp.binding_sizes,
+                ) {
+                    encoder.set_bytes(
+                        index as _,
+                        (sizes.len() * WORD_SIZE) as u64,
+                        sizes.as_ptr() as _,
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+
+            for index in 0..group.counters.cs.samplers {
+                let res = group.samplers[(index_base.samplers + index) as usize];
+                encoder.set_sampler_state(
+                    (bg_info.base_resource_indices.cs.samplers + index) as u64,
+                    Some(res.as_native()),
+                );
+            }
+            for index in 0..group.counters.cs.textures {
+                let res = group.textures[(index_base.textures + index) as usize];
+                encoder.set_texture(
+                    (bg_info.base_resource_indices.cs.textures + index) as u64,
+                    Some(res.as_native()),
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn set_push_constants(
+        &mut self,
+        layout: &super::PipelineLayout,
+        stages: wgt::ShaderStages,
+        offset: u32,
+        data: &[u32],
+    ) {
+        let state_pc = &mut self.state.push_constants;
+        if state_pc.len() < layout.total_push_constants as usize {
+            state_pc.resize(layout.total_push_constants as usize, 0);
+        }
+        assert_eq!(offset as usize % WORD_SIZE, 0);
+
+        let offset = offset as usize / WORD_SIZE;
+        state_pc[offset..offset + data.len()].copy_from_slice(data);
+
+        if stages.contains(wgt::ShaderStages::COMPUTE) {
+            self.state.compute.as_ref().unwrap().set_bytes(
+                layout.push_constants_infos.cs.unwrap().buffer_index as _,
+                (layout.total_push_constants as usize * WORD_SIZE) as _,
+                state_pc.as_ptr() as _,
+            )
+        }
+        if stages.contains(wgt::ShaderStages::VERTEX) {
+            self.state.render.as_ref().unwrap().set_vertex_bytes(
+                layout.push_constants_infos.vs.unwrap().buffer_index as _,
+                (layout.total_push_constants as usize * WORD_SIZE) as _,
+                state_pc.as_ptr() as _,
+            )
+        }
+        if stages.contains(wgt::ShaderStages::FRAGMENT) {
+            self.state.render.as_ref().unwrap().set_fragment_bytes(
+                layout.push_constants_infos.fs.unwrap().buffer_index as _,
+                (layout.total_push_constants as usize * WORD_SIZE) as _,
+                state_pc.as_ptr() as _,
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn insert_debug_marker(&mut self, label: &str) {
+        if let Some(encoder) = self.enter_any() {
+            encoder.insert_debug_signpost(label);
+        }
+    }
+    unsafe fn begin_debug_marker(&mut self, group_label: &str) {
+        if let Some(encoder) = self.enter_any() {
+            encoder.push_debug_group(group_label);
+        } else if let Some(ref buf) = self.raw_cmd_buf {
+            buf.push_debug_group(group_label);
+        }
+    }
+    unsafe fn end_debug_marker(&mut self) {
+        if let Some(encoder) = self.enter_any() {
+            encoder.pop_debug_group();
+        } else if let Some(ref buf) = self.raw_cmd_buf {
+            buf.pop_debug_group();
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn set_render_pipeline(&mut self, pipeline: &super::RenderPipeline) {
+        self.state.raw_primitive_type = pipeline.raw_primitive_type;
+        self.state.stage_infos.vs.assign_from(&pipeline.vs_info);
+        match pipeline.fs_info {
+            Some(ref info) => self.state.stage_infos.fs.assign_from(info),
+            None => self.state.stage_infos.fs.clear(),
+        }
+
+        let encoder = self.state.render.as_ref().unwrap();
+        encoder.set_render_pipeline_state(&pipeline.raw);
+        encoder.set_front_facing_winding(pipeline.raw_front_winding);
+        encoder.set_cull_mode(pipeline.raw_cull_mode);
+        encoder.set_triangle_fill_mode(pipeline.raw_triangle_fill_mode);
+        if let Some(depth_clip) = pipeline.raw_depth_clip_mode {
+            encoder.set_depth_clip_mode(depth_clip);
+        }
+        if let Some((ref state, bias)) = pipeline.depth_stencil {
+            encoder.set_depth_stencil_state(state);
+            encoder.set_depth_bias(bias.constant as f32, bias.slope_scale, bias.clamp);
+        }
+
+        {
+            if let Some((index, sizes)) = self
+                .state
+                .make_sizes_buffer_update(naga::ShaderStage::Vertex, &mut self.temp.binding_sizes)
+            {
+                encoder.set_vertex_bytes(
+                    index as _,
+                    (sizes.len() * WORD_SIZE) as u64,
+                    sizes.as_ptr() as _,
+                );
+            }
+        }
+        if pipeline.fs_lib.is_some() {
+            if let Some((index, sizes)) = self
+                .state
+                .make_sizes_buffer_update(naga::ShaderStage::Fragment, &mut self.temp.binding_sizes)
+            {
+                encoder.set_fragment_bytes(
+                    index as _,
+                    (sizes.len() * WORD_SIZE) as u64,
+                    sizes.as_ptr() as _,
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn set_index_buffer<'a>(
+        &mut self,
+        binding: crate::BufferBinding<'a, super::Api>,
+        format: wgt::IndexFormat,
+    ) {
+        let (stride, raw_type) = match format {
+            wgt::IndexFormat::Uint16 => (2, metal::MTLIndexType::UInt16),
+            wgt::IndexFormat::Uint32 => (4, metal::MTLIndexType::UInt32),
+        };
+        self.state.index = Some(super::IndexState {
+            buffer_ptr: AsNative::from(binding.buffer.raw.as_ref()),
+            offset: binding.offset,
+            stride,
+            raw_type,
+        });
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn set_vertex_buffer<'a>(
+        &mut self,
+        index: u32,
+        binding: crate::BufferBinding<'a, super::Api>,
+    ) {
+        let buffer_index = self.shared.private_caps.max_vertex_buffers as u64 - 1 - index as u64;
+        let encoder = self.state.render.as_ref().unwrap();
+        encoder.set_vertex_buffer(buffer_index, Some(&binding.buffer.raw), binding.offset);
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn set_viewport(&mut self, rect: &crate::Rect<f32>, depth_range: Range<f32>) {
+        let zfar = if self.shared.disabilities.broken_viewport_near_depth {
+            depth_range.end - depth_range.start
+        } else {
+            depth_range.end
+        };
+        let encoder = self.state.render.as_ref().unwrap();
+        encoder.set_viewport(metal::MTLViewport {
+            originX: rect.x as _,
+            originY: rect.y as _,
+            width: rect.w as _,
+            height: rect.h as _,
+            znear: depth_range.start as _,
+            zfar: zfar as _,
+        });
+    }
+    unsafe fn set_scissor_rect(&mut self, rect: &crate::Rect<u32>) {
+        //TODO: support empty scissors by modifying the viewport
+        let scissor = metal::MTLScissorRect {
+            x: rect.x as _,
+            y: rect.y as _,
+            width: rect.w as _,
+            height: rect.h as _,
+        };
+        let encoder = self.state.render.as_ref().unwrap();
+        encoder.set_scissor_rect(scissor);
+    }
+    unsafe fn set_stencil_reference(&mut self, value: u32) {
+        let encoder = self.state.render.as_ref().unwrap();
+        encoder.set_stencil_front_back_reference_value(value, value);
+    }
+    unsafe fn set_blend_constants(&mut self, color: &[f32; 4]) {
+        let encoder = self.state.render.as_ref().unwrap();
+        encoder.set_blend_color(color[0], color[1], color[2], color[3]);
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn draw(
+        &mut self,
+        start_vertex: u32,
+        vertex_count: u32,
+        start_instance: u32,
+        instance_count: u32,
+    ) {
+        let encoder = self.state.render.as_ref().unwrap();
+        if start_instance != 0 {
+            encoder.draw_primitives_instanced_base_instance(
+                self.state.raw_primitive_type,
+                start_vertex as _,
+                vertex_count as _,
+                instance_count as _,
+                start_instance as _,
+            );
+        } else if instance_count != 1 {
+            encoder.draw_primitives_instanced(
+                self.state.raw_primitive_type,
+                start_vertex as _,
+                vertex_count as _,
+                instance_count as _,
+            );
+        } else {
+            encoder.draw_primitives(
+                self.state.raw_primitive_type,
+                start_vertex as _,
+                vertex_count as _,
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn draw_indexed(
+        &mut self,
+        start_index: u32,
+        index_count: u32,
+        base_vertex: i32,
+        start_instance: u32,
+        instance_count: u32,
+    ) {
+        let encoder = self.state.render.as_ref().unwrap();
+        let index = self.state.index.as_ref().unwrap();
+        let offset = index.offset + index.stride * start_index as wgt::BufferAddress;
+        if base_vertex != 0 || start_instance != 0 {
+            encoder.draw_indexed_primitives_instanced_base_instance(
+                self.state.raw_primitive_type,
+                index_count as _,
+                index.raw_type,
+                index.buffer_ptr.as_native(),
+                offset,
+                instance_count as _,
+                base_vertex as _,
+                start_instance as _,
+            );
+        } else if instance_count != 1 {
+            encoder.draw_indexed_primitives_instanced(
+                self.state.raw_primitive_type,
+                index_count as _,
+                index.raw_type,
+                index.buffer_ptr.as_native(),
+                offset,
+                instance_count as _,
+            );
+        } else {
+            encoder.draw_indexed_primitives(
+                self.state.raw_primitive_type,
+                index_count as _,
+                index.raw_type,
+                index.buffer_ptr.as_native(),
+                offset,
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn draw_indirect(
+        &mut self,
+        buffer: &super::Buffer,
+        mut offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        draw_count: u32,
+    ) {
+        let encoder = self.state.render.as_ref().unwrap();
+        for _ in 0..draw_count {
+            encoder.draw_primitives_indirect(self.state.raw_primitive_type, &buffer.raw, offset);
+            offset += mem::size_of::<wgt::DrawIndirectArgs>() as wgt::BufferAddress;
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn draw_indexed_indirect(
+        &mut self,
+        buffer: &super::Buffer,
+        mut offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        draw_count: u32,
+    ) {
+        let encoder = self.state.render.as_ref().unwrap();
+        let index = self.state.index.as_ref().unwrap();
+        for _ in 0..draw_count {
+            encoder.draw_indexed_primitives_indirect(
+                self.state.raw_primitive_type,
+                index.raw_type,
+                index.buffer_ptr.as_native(),
+                index.offset,
+                &buffer.raw,
+                offset,
+            );
+            offset += mem::size_of::<wgt::DrawIndexedIndirectArgs>() as wgt::BufferAddress;
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn draw_indirect_count(
+        &mut self,
+        _buffer: &super::Buffer,
+        _offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        _count_buffer: &super::Buffer,
+        _count_offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        _max_count: u32,
+    ) {
+        //TODO
+    }
+    unsafe fn draw_indexed_indirect_count(
+        &mut self,
+        _buffer: &super::Buffer,
+        _offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        _count_buffer: &super::Buffer,
+        _count_offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        _max_count: u32,
+    ) {
+        //TODO
+    }
+
+    // compute
+
+    unsafe fn begin_compute_pass(&mut self, desc: &crate::ComputePassDescriptor) {
+        self.begin_pass();
+
+        let raw = self.raw_cmd_buf.as_ref().unwrap();
+        objc::rc::autoreleasepool(|| {
+            let encoder = raw.new_compute_command_encoder();
+            if let Some(label) = desc.label {
+                encoder.set_label(label);
+            }
+            self.state.compute = Some(encoder.to_owned());
+        });
+    }
+    unsafe fn end_compute_pass(&mut self) {
+        self.state.compute.take().unwrap().end_encoding();
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn set_compute_pipeline(&mut self, pipeline: &super::ComputePipeline) {
+        self.state.raw_wg_size = pipeline.work_group_size;
+        self.state.stage_infos.cs.assign_from(&pipeline.cs_info);
+
+        let encoder = self.state.compute.as_ref().unwrap();
+        encoder.set_compute_pipeline_state(&pipeline.raw);
+
+        if let Some((index, sizes)) = self
+            .state
+            .make_sizes_buffer_update(naga::ShaderStage::Compute, &mut self.temp.binding_sizes)
+        {
+            encoder.set_bytes(
+                index as _,
+                (sizes.len() * WORD_SIZE) as u64,
+                sizes.as_ptr() as _,
+            );
+        }
+
+        // update the threadgroup memory sizes
+        while self.state.work_group_memory_sizes.len() < pipeline.work_group_memory_sizes.len() {
+            self.state.work_group_memory_sizes.push(0);
+        }
+        for (index, (cur_size, pipeline_size)) in self
+            .state
+            .work_group_memory_sizes
+            .iter_mut()
+            .zip(pipeline.work_group_memory_sizes.iter())
+            .enumerate()
+        {
+            const ALIGN_MASK: u32 = 0xF; // must be a multiple of 16 bytes
+            let size = ((*pipeline_size - 1) | ALIGN_MASK) + 1;
+            if *cur_size != size {
+                *cur_size = size;
+                encoder.set_threadgroup_memory_length(index as _, size as _);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn dispatch(&mut self, count: [u32; 3]) {
+        let encoder = self.state.compute.as_ref().unwrap();
+        let raw_count = metal::MTLSize {
+            width: count[0] as u64,
+            height: count[1] as u64,
+            depth: count[2] as u64,
+        };
+        encoder.dispatch_thread_groups(raw_count, self.state.raw_wg_size);
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn dispatch_indirect(&mut self, buffer: &super::Buffer, offset: wgt::BufferAddress) {
+        let encoder = self.state.compute.as_ref().unwrap();
+        encoder.dispatch_thread_groups_indirect(&buffer.raw, offset, self.state.raw_wg_size);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/metal/conv.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/metal/conv.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a1ceb287ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/metal/conv.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
+pub fn map_texture_usage(
+    format: wgt::TextureFormat,
+    usage: crate::TextureUses,
+) -> metal::MTLTextureUsage {
+    use crate::TextureUses as Tu;
+
+    let mut mtl_usage = metal::MTLTextureUsage::Unknown;
+
+    mtl_usage.set(
+        metal::MTLTextureUsage::RenderTarget,
+        usage.intersects(Tu::COLOR_TARGET | Tu::DEPTH_STENCIL_READ | Tu::DEPTH_STENCIL_WRITE),
+    );
+    mtl_usage.set(
+        metal::MTLTextureUsage::ShaderRead,
+        usage.intersects(
+            Tu::RESOURCE | Tu::DEPTH_STENCIL_READ | Tu::STORAGE_READ | Tu::STORAGE_READ_WRITE,
+        ),
+    );
+    mtl_usage.set(
+        metal::MTLTextureUsage::ShaderWrite,
+        usage.intersects(Tu::STORAGE_READ_WRITE),
+    );
+    // needed for combined depth/stencil formats since we might
+    // create a stencil-only view from them
+    mtl_usage.set(
+        metal::MTLTextureUsage::PixelFormatView,
+        format.is_combined_depth_stencil_format(),
+    );
+
+    mtl_usage
+}
+
+pub fn map_texture_view_dimension(dim: wgt::TextureViewDimension) -> metal::MTLTextureType {
+    use metal::MTLTextureType::*;
+    use wgt::TextureViewDimension as Tvd;
+    match dim {
+        Tvd::D1 => D1,
+        Tvd::D2 => D2,
+        Tvd::D2Array => D2Array,
+        Tvd::D3 => D3,
+        Tvd::Cube => Cube,
+        Tvd::CubeArray => CubeArray,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_compare_function(fun: wgt::CompareFunction) -> metal::MTLCompareFunction {
+    use metal::MTLCompareFunction::*;
+    use wgt::CompareFunction as Cf;
+    match fun {
+        Cf::Never => Never,
+        Cf::Less => Less,
+        Cf::LessEqual => LessEqual,
+        Cf::Equal => Equal,
+        Cf::GreaterEqual => GreaterEqual,
+        Cf::Greater => Greater,
+        Cf::NotEqual => NotEqual,
+        Cf::Always => Always,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_filter_mode(filter: wgt::FilterMode) -> metal::MTLSamplerMinMagFilter {
+    use metal::MTLSamplerMinMagFilter::*;
+    match filter {
+        wgt::FilterMode::Nearest => Nearest,
+        wgt::FilterMode::Linear => Linear,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_address_mode(address: wgt::AddressMode) -> metal::MTLSamplerAddressMode {
+    use metal::MTLSamplerAddressMode::*;
+    use wgt::AddressMode as Fm;
+    match address {
+        Fm::Repeat => Repeat,
+        Fm::MirrorRepeat => MirrorRepeat,
+        Fm::ClampToEdge => ClampToEdge,
+        Fm::ClampToBorder => ClampToBorderColor,
+        //Fm::MirrorClamp => MirrorClampToEdge,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_border_color(border_color: wgt::SamplerBorderColor) -> metal::MTLSamplerBorderColor {
+    use metal::MTLSamplerBorderColor::*;
+    match border_color {
+        wgt::SamplerBorderColor::TransparentBlack => TransparentBlack,
+        wgt::SamplerBorderColor::OpaqueBlack => OpaqueBlack,
+        wgt::SamplerBorderColor::OpaqueWhite => OpaqueWhite,
+        wgt::SamplerBorderColor::Zero => unreachable!(),
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_primitive_topology(
+    topology: wgt::PrimitiveTopology,
+) -> (metal::MTLPrimitiveTopologyClass, metal::MTLPrimitiveType) {
+    use wgt::PrimitiveTopology as Pt;
+    match topology {
+        Pt::PointList => (
+            metal::MTLPrimitiveTopologyClass::Point,
+            metal::MTLPrimitiveType::Point,
+        ),
+        Pt::LineList => (
+            metal::MTLPrimitiveTopologyClass::Line,
+            metal::MTLPrimitiveType::Line,
+        ),
+        Pt::LineStrip => (
+            metal::MTLPrimitiveTopologyClass::Line,
+            metal::MTLPrimitiveType::LineStrip,
+        ),
+        Pt::TriangleList => (
+            metal::MTLPrimitiveTopologyClass::Triangle,
+            metal::MTLPrimitiveType::Triangle,
+        ),
+        Pt::TriangleStrip => (
+            metal::MTLPrimitiveTopologyClass::Triangle,
+            metal::MTLPrimitiveType::TriangleStrip,
+        ),
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_color_write(mask: wgt::ColorWrites) -> metal::MTLColorWriteMask {
+    let mut raw_mask = metal::MTLColorWriteMask::empty();
+
+    if mask.contains(wgt::ColorWrites::RED) {
+        raw_mask |= metal::MTLColorWriteMask::Red;
+    }
+    if mask.contains(wgt::ColorWrites::GREEN) {
+        raw_mask |= metal::MTLColorWriteMask::Green;
+    }
+    if mask.contains(wgt::ColorWrites::BLUE) {
+        raw_mask |= metal::MTLColorWriteMask::Blue;
+    }
+    if mask.contains(wgt::ColorWrites::ALPHA) {
+        raw_mask |= metal::MTLColorWriteMask::Alpha;
+    }
+
+    raw_mask
+}
+
+pub fn map_blend_factor(factor: wgt::BlendFactor) -> metal::MTLBlendFactor {
+    use metal::MTLBlendFactor::*;
+    use wgt::BlendFactor as Bf;
+
+    match factor {
+        Bf::Zero => Zero,
+        Bf::One => One,
+        Bf::Src => SourceColor,
+        Bf::OneMinusSrc => OneMinusSourceColor,
+        Bf::Dst => DestinationColor,
+        Bf::OneMinusDst => OneMinusDestinationColor,
+        Bf::SrcAlpha => SourceAlpha,
+        Bf::OneMinusSrcAlpha => OneMinusSourceAlpha,
+        Bf::DstAlpha => DestinationAlpha,
+        Bf::OneMinusDstAlpha => OneMinusDestinationAlpha,
+        Bf::Constant => BlendColor,
+        Bf::OneMinusConstant => OneMinusBlendColor,
+        //Bf::ConstantAlpha => BlendAlpha,
+        //Bf::OneMinusConstantAlpha => OneMinusBlendAlpha,
+        Bf::SrcAlphaSaturated => SourceAlphaSaturated,
+        //Bf::Src1 => Source1Color,
+        //Bf::OneMinusSrc1 => OneMinusSource1Color,
+        //Bf::Src1Alpha => Source1Alpha,
+        //Bf::OneMinusSrc1Alpha => OneMinusSource1Alpha,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_blend_op(operation: wgt::BlendOperation) -> metal::MTLBlendOperation {
+    use metal::MTLBlendOperation::*;
+    use wgt::BlendOperation as Bo;
+
+    match operation {
+        Bo::Add => Add,
+        Bo::Subtract => Subtract,
+        Bo::ReverseSubtract => ReverseSubtract,
+        Bo::Min => Min,
+        Bo::Max => Max,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_blend_component(
+    component: &wgt::BlendComponent,
+) -> (
+    metal::MTLBlendOperation,
+    metal::MTLBlendFactor,
+    metal::MTLBlendFactor,
+) {
+    (
+        map_blend_op(component.operation),
+        map_blend_factor(component.src_factor),
+        map_blend_factor(component.dst_factor),
+    )
+}
+
+pub fn map_vertex_format(format: wgt::VertexFormat) -> metal::MTLVertexFormat {
+    use metal::MTLVertexFormat::*;
+    use wgt::VertexFormat as Vf;
+
+    match format {
+        Vf::Unorm8x2 => UChar2Normalized,
+        Vf::Snorm8x2 => Char2Normalized,
+        Vf::Uint8x2 => UChar2,
+        Vf::Sint8x2 => Char2,
+        Vf::Unorm8x4 => UChar4Normalized,
+        Vf::Snorm8x4 => Char4Normalized,
+        Vf::Uint8x4 => UChar4,
+        Vf::Sint8x4 => Char4,
+        Vf::Unorm16x2 => UShort2Normalized,
+        Vf::Snorm16x2 => Short2Normalized,
+        Vf::Uint16x2 => UShort2,
+        Vf::Sint16x2 => Short2,
+        Vf::Float16x2 => Half2,
+        Vf::Unorm16x4 => UShort4Normalized,
+        Vf::Snorm16x4 => Short4Normalized,
+        Vf::Uint16x4 => UShort4,
+        Vf::Sint16x4 => Short4,
+        Vf::Float16x4 => Half4,
+        Vf::Uint32 => UInt,
+        Vf::Sint32 => Int,
+        Vf::Float32 => Float,
+        Vf::Uint32x2 => UInt2,
+        Vf::Sint32x2 => Int2,
+        Vf::Float32x2 => Float2,
+        Vf::Uint32x3 => UInt3,
+        Vf::Sint32x3 => Int3,
+        Vf::Float32x3 => Float3,
+        Vf::Uint32x4 => UInt4,
+        Vf::Sint32x4 => Int4,
+        Vf::Float32x4 => Float4,
+        Vf::Float64 | Vf::Float64x2 | Vf::Float64x3 | Vf::Float64x4 => unimplemented!(),
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_step_mode(mode: wgt::VertexStepMode) -> metal::MTLVertexStepFunction {
+    match mode {
+        wgt::VertexStepMode::Vertex => metal::MTLVertexStepFunction::PerVertex,
+        wgt::VertexStepMode::Instance => metal::MTLVertexStepFunction::PerInstance,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_stencil_op(op: wgt::StencilOperation) -> metal::MTLStencilOperation {
+    use metal::MTLStencilOperation::*;
+    use wgt::StencilOperation as So;
+
+    match op {
+        So::Keep => Keep,
+        So::Zero => Zero,
+        So::Replace => Replace,
+        So::IncrementClamp => IncrementClamp,
+        So::IncrementWrap => IncrementWrap,
+        So::DecrementClamp => DecrementClamp,
+        So::DecrementWrap => DecrementWrap,
+        So::Invert => Invert,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_winding(winding: wgt::FrontFace) -> metal::MTLWinding {
+    match winding {
+        wgt::FrontFace::Cw => metal::MTLWinding::Clockwise,
+        wgt::FrontFace::Ccw => metal::MTLWinding::CounterClockwise,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_cull_mode(face: Option<wgt::Face>) -> metal::MTLCullMode {
+    match face {
+        None => metal::MTLCullMode::None,
+        Some(wgt::Face::Front) => metal::MTLCullMode::Front,
+        Some(wgt::Face::Back) => metal::MTLCullMode::Back,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_range(range: &crate::MemoryRange) -> metal::NSRange {
+    metal::NSRange {
+        location: range.start,
+        length: range.end - range.start,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_copy_extent(extent: &crate::CopyExtent) -> metal::MTLSize {
+    metal::MTLSize {
+        width: extent.width as u64,
+        height: extent.height as u64,
+        depth: extent.depth as u64,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_origin(origin: &wgt::Origin3d) -> metal::MTLOrigin {
+    metal::MTLOrigin {
+        x: origin.x as u64,
+        y: origin.y as u64,
+        z: origin.z as u64,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_store_action(store: bool, resolve: bool) -> metal::MTLStoreAction {
+    use metal::MTLStoreAction::*;
+    match (store, resolve) {
+        (true, true) => StoreAndMultisampleResolve,
+        (false, true) => MultisampleResolve,
+        (true, false) => Store,
+        (false, false) => DontCare,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_clear_color(color: &wgt::Color) -> metal::MTLClearColor {
+    metal::MTLClearColor {
+        red: color.r,
+        green: color.g,
+        blue: color.b,
+        alpha: color.a,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn get_blit_option(
+    format: wgt::TextureFormat,
+    aspect: crate::FormatAspects,
+) -> metal::MTLBlitOption {
+    if format.is_combined_depth_stencil_format() {
+        match aspect {
+            crate::FormatAspects::DEPTH => metal::MTLBlitOption::DepthFromDepthStencil,
+            crate::FormatAspects::STENCIL => metal::MTLBlitOption::StencilFromDepthStencil,
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    } else {
+        metal::MTLBlitOption::None
+    }
+}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/metal/device.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/metal/device.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f8a1ad9a9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/metal/device.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1176 @@
+use parking_lot::Mutex;
+use std::{
+    num::NonZeroU32,
+    ptr,
+    sync::{atomic, Arc},
+    thread, time,
+};
+
+use super::conv;
+use crate::auxil::map_naga_stage;
+
+type DeviceResult<T> = Result<T, crate::DeviceError>;
+
+struct CompiledShader {
+    library: metal::Library,
+    function: metal::Function,
+    wg_size: metal::MTLSize,
+    wg_memory_sizes: Vec<u32>,
+
+    /// Bindings of WGSL `storage` globals that contain variable-sized arrays.
+    ///
+    /// In order to implement bounds checks and the `arrayLength` function for
+    /// WGSL runtime-sized arrays, we pass the entry point a struct with a
+    /// member for each global variable that contains such an array. That member
+    /// is a `u32` holding the variable's total size in bytes---which is simply
+    /// the size of the `Buffer` supplying that variable's contents for the
+    /// draw call.
+    sized_bindings: Vec<naga::ResourceBinding>,
+
+    immutable_buffer_mask: usize,
+}
+
+fn create_stencil_desc(
+    face: &wgt::StencilFaceState,
+    read_mask: u32,
+    write_mask: u32,
+) -> metal::StencilDescriptor {
+    let desc = metal::StencilDescriptor::new();
+    desc.set_stencil_compare_function(conv::map_compare_function(face.compare));
+    desc.set_read_mask(read_mask);
+    desc.set_write_mask(write_mask);
+    desc.set_stencil_failure_operation(conv::map_stencil_op(face.fail_op));
+    desc.set_depth_failure_operation(conv::map_stencil_op(face.depth_fail_op));
+    desc.set_depth_stencil_pass_operation(conv::map_stencil_op(face.pass_op));
+    desc
+}
+
+fn create_depth_stencil_desc(state: &wgt::DepthStencilState) -> metal::DepthStencilDescriptor {
+    let desc = metal::DepthStencilDescriptor::new();
+    desc.set_depth_compare_function(conv::map_compare_function(state.depth_compare));
+    desc.set_depth_write_enabled(state.depth_write_enabled);
+    let s = &state.stencil;
+    if s.is_enabled() {
+        let front_desc = create_stencil_desc(&s.front, s.read_mask, s.write_mask);
+        desc.set_front_face_stencil(Some(&front_desc));
+        let back_desc = create_stencil_desc(&s.back, s.read_mask, s.write_mask);
+        desc.set_back_face_stencil(Some(&back_desc));
+    }
+    desc
+}
+
+impl super::Device {
+    fn load_shader(
+        &self,
+        stage: &crate::ProgrammableStage<super::Api>,
+        layout: &super::PipelineLayout,
+        primitive_class: metal::MTLPrimitiveTopologyClass,
+        naga_stage: naga::ShaderStage,
+    ) -> Result<CompiledShader, crate::PipelineError> {
+        let stage_bit = map_naga_stage(naga_stage);
+
+        let module = &stage.module.naga.module;
+        let ep_resources = &layout.per_stage_map[naga_stage];
+
+        let bounds_check_policy = if stage.module.runtime_checks {
+            naga::proc::BoundsCheckPolicy::ReadZeroSkipWrite
+        } else {
+            naga::proc::BoundsCheckPolicy::Unchecked
+        };
+
+        let options = naga::back::msl::Options {
+            lang_version: match self.shared.private_caps.msl_version {
+                metal::MTLLanguageVersion::V1_0 => (1, 0),
+                metal::MTLLanguageVersion::V1_1 => (1, 1),
+                metal::MTLLanguageVersion::V1_2 => (1, 2),
+                metal::MTLLanguageVersion::V2_0 => (2, 0),
+                metal::MTLLanguageVersion::V2_1 => (2, 1),
+                metal::MTLLanguageVersion::V2_2 => (2, 2),
+                metal::MTLLanguageVersion::V2_3 => (2, 3),
+                metal::MTLLanguageVersion::V2_4 => (2, 4),
+            },
+            inline_samplers: Default::default(),
+            spirv_cross_compatibility: false,
+            fake_missing_bindings: false,
+            per_entry_point_map: naga::back::msl::EntryPointResourceMap::from([(
+                stage.entry_point.to_string(),
+                ep_resources.clone(),
+            )]),
+            bounds_check_policies: naga::proc::BoundsCheckPolicies {
+                index: bounds_check_policy,
+                buffer: bounds_check_policy,
+                image: bounds_check_policy,
+                // TODO: support bounds checks on binding arrays
+                binding_array: naga::proc::BoundsCheckPolicy::Unchecked,
+            },
+            zero_initialize_workgroup_memory: true,
+        };
+
+        let pipeline_options = naga::back::msl::PipelineOptions {
+            allow_point_size: match primitive_class {
+                metal::MTLPrimitiveTopologyClass::Point => true,
+                _ => false,
+            },
+        };
+
+        let (source, info) = naga::back::msl::write_string(
+            module,
+            &stage.module.naga.info,
+            &options,
+            &pipeline_options,
+        )
+        .map_err(|e| crate::PipelineError::Linkage(stage_bit, format!("MSL: {:?}", e)))?;
+
+        log::debug!(
+            "Naga generated shader for entry point '{}' and stage {:?}\n{}",
+            stage.entry_point,
+            naga_stage,
+            &source
+        );
+
+        let options = metal::CompileOptions::new();
+        options.set_language_version(self.shared.private_caps.msl_version);
+
+        if self.shared.private_caps.supports_preserve_invariance {
+            options.set_preserve_invariance(true);
+        }
+
+        let library = self
+            .shared
+            .device
+            .lock()
+            .new_library_with_source(source.as_ref(), &options)
+            .map_err(|err| {
+                log::warn!("Naga generated shader:\n{}", source);
+                crate::PipelineError::Linkage(stage_bit, format!("Metal: {}", err))
+            })?;
+
+        let ep_index = module
+            .entry_points
+            .iter()
+            .position(|ep| ep.stage == naga_stage && ep.name == stage.entry_point)
+            .ok_or(crate::PipelineError::EntryPoint(naga_stage))?;
+        let ep = &module.entry_points[ep_index];
+        let ep_name = info.entry_point_names[ep_index]
+            .as_ref()
+            .map_err(|e| crate::PipelineError::Linkage(stage_bit, format!("{}", e)))?;
+
+        let wg_size = metal::MTLSize {
+            width: ep.workgroup_size[0] as _,
+            height: ep.workgroup_size[1] as _,
+            depth: ep.workgroup_size[2] as _,
+        };
+
+        let function = library.get_function(ep_name, None).map_err(|e| {
+            log::error!("get_function: {:?}", e);
+            crate::PipelineError::EntryPoint(naga_stage)
+        })?;
+
+        // collect sizes indices, immutable buffers, and work group memory sizes
+        let ep_info = &stage.module.naga.info.get_entry_point(ep_index);
+        let mut wg_memory_sizes = Vec::new();
+        let mut sized_bindings = Vec::new();
+        let mut immutable_buffer_mask = 0;
+        for (var_handle, var) in module.global_variables.iter() {
+            match var.space {
+                naga::AddressSpace::WorkGroup => {
+                    if !ep_info[var_handle].is_empty() {
+                        let size = module.types[var.ty].inner.size(&module.constants);
+                        wg_memory_sizes.push(size);
+                    }
+                }
+                naga::AddressSpace::Uniform | naga::AddressSpace::Storage { .. } => {
+                    let br = match var.binding {
+                        Some(ref br) => br.clone(),
+                        None => continue,
+                    };
+                    let storage_access_store = match var.space {
+                        naga::AddressSpace::Storage { access } => {
+                            access.contains(naga::StorageAccess::STORE)
+                        }
+                        _ => false,
+                    };
+
+                    // check for an immutable buffer
+                    if !ep_info[var_handle].is_empty() && !storage_access_store {
+                        let slot = ep_resources.resources[&br].buffer.unwrap();
+                        immutable_buffer_mask |= 1 << slot;
+                    }
+
+                    let mut dynamic_array_container_ty = var.ty;
+                    if let naga::TypeInner::Struct { ref members, .. } = module.types[var.ty].inner
+                    {
+                        dynamic_array_container_ty = members.last().unwrap().ty;
+                    }
+                    if let naga::TypeInner::Array {
+                        size: naga::ArraySize::Dynamic,
+                        ..
+                    } = module.types[dynamic_array_container_ty].inner
+                    {
+                        sized_bindings.push(br);
+                    }
+                }
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(CompiledShader {
+            library,
+            function,
+            wg_size,
+            wg_memory_sizes,
+            sized_bindings,
+            immutable_buffer_mask,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn set_buffers_mutability(
+        buffers: &metal::PipelineBufferDescriptorArrayRef,
+        mut immutable_mask: usize,
+    ) {
+        while immutable_mask != 0 {
+            let slot = immutable_mask.trailing_zeros();
+            immutable_mask ^= 1 << slot;
+            buffers
+                .object_at(slot as u64)
+                .unwrap()
+                .set_mutability(metal::MTLMutability::Immutable);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub unsafe fn texture_from_raw(
+        raw: metal::Texture,
+        format: wgt::TextureFormat,
+        raw_type: metal::MTLTextureType,
+        array_layers: u32,
+        mip_levels: u32,
+        copy_size: crate::CopyExtent,
+    ) -> super::Texture {
+        super::Texture {
+            raw,
+            format,
+            raw_type,
+            array_layers,
+            mip_levels,
+            copy_size,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub unsafe fn device_from_raw(raw: metal::Device, features: wgt::Features) -> super::Device {
+        super::Device {
+            shared: Arc::new(super::AdapterShared::new(raw)),
+            features,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn raw_device(&self) -> &Mutex<metal::Device> {
+        &self.shared.device
+    }
+}
+
+impl crate::Device<super::Api> for super::Device {
+    unsafe fn exit(self, _queue: super::Queue) {}
+
+    unsafe fn create_buffer(&self, desc: &crate::BufferDescriptor) -> DeviceResult<super::Buffer> {
+        let map_read = desc.usage.contains(crate::BufferUses::MAP_READ);
+        let map_write = desc.usage.contains(crate::BufferUses::MAP_WRITE);
+
+        let mut options = metal::MTLResourceOptions::empty();
+        options |= if map_read || map_write {
+            // `crate::MemoryFlags::PREFER_COHERENT` is ignored here
+            metal::MTLResourceOptions::StorageModeShared
+        } else {
+            metal::MTLResourceOptions::StorageModePrivate
+        };
+        options.set(
+            metal::MTLResourceOptions::CPUCacheModeWriteCombined,
+            map_write,
+        );
+
+        //TODO: HazardTrackingModeUntracked
+
+        objc::rc::autoreleasepool(|| {
+            let raw = self.shared.device.lock().new_buffer(desc.size, options);
+            if let Some(label) = desc.label {
+                raw.set_label(label);
+            }
+            Ok(super::Buffer {
+                raw,
+                size: desc.size,
+            })
+        })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_buffer(&self, _buffer: super::Buffer) {}
+
+    unsafe fn map_buffer(
+        &self,
+        buffer: &super::Buffer,
+        range: crate::MemoryRange,
+    ) -> DeviceResult<crate::BufferMapping> {
+        let ptr = buffer.raw.contents() as *mut u8;
+        assert!(!ptr.is_null());
+        Ok(crate::BufferMapping {
+            ptr: ptr::NonNull::new(unsafe { ptr.offset(range.start as isize) }).unwrap(),
+            is_coherent: true,
+        })
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn unmap_buffer(&self, _buffer: &super::Buffer) -> DeviceResult<()> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    unsafe fn flush_mapped_ranges<I>(&self, _buffer: &super::Buffer, _ranges: I) {}
+    unsafe fn invalidate_mapped_ranges<I>(&self, _buffer: &super::Buffer, _ranges: I) {}
+
+    unsafe fn create_texture(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::TextureDescriptor,
+    ) -> DeviceResult<super::Texture> {
+        use foreign_types::ForeignTypeRef;
+
+        let mtl_format = self.shared.private_caps.map_format(desc.format);
+
+        objc::rc::autoreleasepool(|| {
+            let descriptor = metal::TextureDescriptor::new();
+
+            let mtl_type = match desc.dimension {
+                wgt::TextureDimension::D1 => metal::MTLTextureType::D1,
+                wgt::TextureDimension::D2 => {
+                    if desc.sample_count > 1 {
+                        descriptor.set_sample_count(desc.sample_count as u64);
+                        metal::MTLTextureType::D2Multisample
+                    } else if desc.size.depth_or_array_layers > 1 {
+                        descriptor.set_array_length(desc.size.depth_or_array_layers as u64);
+                        metal::MTLTextureType::D2Array
+                    } else {
+                        metal::MTLTextureType::D2
+                    }
+                }
+                wgt::TextureDimension::D3 => {
+                    descriptor.set_depth(desc.size.depth_or_array_layers as u64);
+                    metal::MTLTextureType::D3
+                }
+            };
+
+            descriptor.set_texture_type(mtl_type);
+            descriptor.set_width(desc.size.width as u64);
+            descriptor.set_height(desc.size.height as u64);
+            descriptor.set_mipmap_level_count(desc.mip_level_count as u64);
+            descriptor.set_pixel_format(mtl_format);
+            descriptor.set_usage(conv::map_texture_usage(desc.format, desc.usage));
+            descriptor.set_storage_mode(metal::MTLStorageMode::Private);
+
+            let raw = self.shared.device.lock().new_texture(&descriptor);
+            if raw.as_ptr().is_null() {
+                return Err(crate::DeviceError::OutOfMemory);
+            }
+            if let Some(label) = desc.label {
+                raw.set_label(label);
+            }
+
+            Ok(super::Texture {
+                raw,
+                format: desc.format,
+                raw_type: mtl_type,
+                mip_levels: desc.mip_level_count,
+                array_layers: desc.array_layer_count(),
+                copy_size: desc.copy_extent(),
+            })
+        })
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn destroy_texture(&self, _texture: super::Texture) {}
+
+    unsafe fn create_texture_view(
+        &self,
+        texture: &super::Texture,
+        desc: &crate::TextureViewDescriptor,
+    ) -> DeviceResult<super::TextureView> {
+        let raw_type = if texture.raw_type == metal::MTLTextureType::D2Multisample {
+            texture.raw_type
+        } else {
+            conv::map_texture_view_dimension(desc.dimension)
+        };
+
+        let aspects = crate::FormatAspects::new(desc.format, desc.range.aspect);
+
+        let raw_format = self
+            .shared
+            .private_caps
+            .map_view_format(desc.format, aspects);
+
+        let format_equal = raw_format == self.shared.private_caps.map_format(texture.format);
+        let type_equal = raw_type == texture.raw_type;
+        let range_full_resource =
+            desc.range
+                .is_full_resource(desc.format, texture.mip_levels, texture.array_layers);
+
+        let raw = if format_equal && type_equal && range_full_resource {
+            // Some images are marked as framebuffer-only, and we can't create aliases of them.
+            // Also helps working around Metal bugs with aliased array textures.
+            texture.raw.to_owned()
+        } else {
+            let mip_level_count = desc
+                .range
+                .mip_level_count
+                .unwrap_or(texture.mip_levels - desc.range.base_mip_level);
+            let array_layer_count = desc
+                .range
+                .array_layer_count
+                .unwrap_or(texture.array_layers - desc.range.base_array_layer);
+
+            objc::rc::autoreleasepool(|| {
+                let raw = texture.raw.new_texture_view_from_slice(
+                    raw_format,
+                    raw_type,
+                    metal::NSRange {
+                        location: desc.range.base_mip_level as _,
+                        length: mip_level_count as _,
+                    },
+                    metal::NSRange {
+                        location: desc.range.base_array_layer as _,
+                        length: array_layer_count as _,
+                    },
+                );
+                if let Some(label) = desc.label {
+                    raw.set_label(label);
+                }
+                raw
+            })
+        };
+
+        Ok(super::TextureView { raw, aspects })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_texture_view(&self, _view: super::TextureView) {}
+
+    unsafe fn create_sampler(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::SamplerDescriptor,
+    ) -> DeviceResult<super::Sampler> {
+        objc::rc::autoreleasepool(|| {
+            let descriptor = metal::SamplerDescriptor::new();
+
+            descriptor.set_min_filter(conv::map_filter_mode(desc.min_filter));
+            descriptor.set_mag_filter(conv::map_filter_mode(desc.mag_filter));
+            descriptor.set_mip_filter(match desc.mipmap_filter {
+                wgt::FilterMode::Nearest if desc.lod_clamp == (0.0..0.0) => {
+                    metal::MTLSamplerMipFilter::NotMipmapped
+                }
+                wgt::FilterMode::Nearest => metal::MTLSamplerMipFilter::Nearest,
+                wgt::FilterMode::Linear => metal::MTLSamplerMipFilter::Linear,
+            });
+
+            let [s, t, r] = desc.address_modes;
+            descriptor.set_address_mode_s(conv::map_address_mode(s));
+            descriptor.set_address_mode_t(conv::map_address_mode(t));
+            descriptor.set_address_mode_r(conv::map_address_mode(r));
+
+            // Anisotropy is always supported on mac up to 16x
+            descriptor.set_max_anisotropy(desc.anisotropy_clamp as _);
+
+            descriptor.set_lod_min_clamp(desc.lod_clamp.start);
+            descriptor.set_lod_max_clamp(desc.lod_clamp.end);
+
+            if let Some(fun) = desc.compare {
+                descriptor.set_compare_function(conv::map_compare_function(fun));
+            }
+
+            if let Some(border_color) = desc.border_color {
+                if let wgt::SamplerBorderColor::Zero = border_color {
+                    if s == wgt::AddressMode::ClampToBorder {
+                        descriptor.set_address_mode_s(metal::MTLSamplerAddressMode::ClampToZero);
+                    }
+
+                    if t == wgt::AddressMode::ClampToBorder {
+                        descriptor.set_address_mode_t(metal::MTLSamplerAddressMode::ClampToZero);
+                    }
+
+                    if r == wgt::AddressMode::ClampToBorder {
+                        descriptor.set_address_mode_r(metal::MTLSamplerAddressMode::ClampToZero);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    descriptor.set_border_color(conv::map_border_color(border_color));
+                }
+            }
+
+            if let Some(label) = desc.label {
+                descriptor.set_label(label);
+            }
+            let raw = self.shared.device.lock().new_sampler(&descriptor);
+
+            Ok(super::Sampler { raw })
+        })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_sampler(&self, _sampler: super::Sampler) {}
+
+    unsafe fn create_command_encoder(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::CommandEncoderDescriptor<super::Api>,
+    ) -> Result<super::CommandEncoder, crate::DeviceError> {
+        Ok(super::CommandEncoder {
+            shared: Arc::clone(&self.shared),
+            raw_queue: Arc::clone(&desc.queue.raw),
+            raw_cmd_buf: None,
+            state: super::CommandState::default(),
+            temp: super::Temp::default(),
+        })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_command_encoder(&self, _encoder: super::CommandEncoder) {}
+
+    unsafe fn create_bind_group_layout(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::BindGroupLayoutDescriptor,
+    ) -> DeviceResult<super::BindGroupLayout> {
+        Ok(super::BindGroupLayout {
+            entries: Arc::from(desc.entries),
+        })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_bind_group_layout(&self, _bg_layout: super::BindGroupLayout) {}
+
+    unsafe fn create_pipeline_layout(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::PipelineLayoutDescriptor<super::Api>,
+    ) -> DeviceResult<super::PipelineLayout> {
+        #[derive(Debug)]
+        struct StageInfo {
+            stage: naga::ShaderStage,
+            counters: super::ResourceData<super::ResourceIndex>,
+            pc_buffer: Option<super::ResourceIndex>,
+            pc_limit: u32,
+            sizes_buffer: Option<super::ResourceIndex>,
+            sizes_count: u8,
+            resources: naga::back::msl::BindingMap,
+        }
+
+        let mut stage_data = super::NAGA_STAGES.map(|stage| StageInfo {
+            stage,
+            counters: super::ResourceData::default(),
+            pc_buffer: None,
+            pc_limit: 0,
+            sizes_buffer: None,
+            sizes_count: 0,
+            resources: Default::default(),
+        });
+        let mut bind_group_infos = arrayvec::ArrayVec::new();
+
+        // First, place the push constants
+        let mut total_push_constants = 0;
+        for info in stage_data.iter_mut() {
+            for pcr in desc.push_constant_ranges {
+                if pcr.stages.contains(map_naga_stage(info.stage)) {
+                    debug_assert_eq!(pcr.range.end % 4, 0);
+                    info.pc_limit = (pcr.range.end / 4).max(info.pc_limit);
+                }
+            }
+
+            // round up the limits alignment to 4, so that it matches MTL compiler logic
+            const LIMIT_MASK: u32 = 3;
+            //TODO: figure out what and how exactly does the alignment. Clearly, it's not
+            // straightforward, given that value of 2 stays non-aligned.
+            if info.pc_limit > LIMIT_MASK {
+                info.pc_limit = (info.pc_limit + LIMIT_MASK) & !LIMIT_MASK;
+            }
+
+            // handle the push constant buffer assignment and shader overrides
+            if info.pc_limit != 0 {
+                info.pc_buffer = Some(info.counters.buffers);
+                info.counters.buffers += 1;
+            }
+
+            total_push_constants = total_push_constants.max(info.pc_limit);
+        }
+
+        // Second, place the described resources
+        for (group_index, &bgl) in desc.bind_group_layouts.iter().enumerate() {
+            // remember where the resources for this set start at each shader stage
+            let base_resource_indices = stage_data.map_ref(|info| info.counters.clone());
+
+            for entry in bgl.entries.iter() {
+                if let wgt::BindingType::Buffer {
+                    ty: wgt::BufferBindingType::Storage { .. },
+                    ..
+                } = entry.ty
+                {
+                    for info in stage_data.iter_mut() {
+                        if entry.visibility.contains(map_naga_stage(info.stage)) {
+                            info.sizes_count += 1;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                for info in stage_data.iter_mut() {
+                    if !entry.visibility.contains(map_naga_stage(info.stage)) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    let mut target = naga::back::msl::BindTarget::default();
+                    let count = entry.count.map_or(1, NonZeroU32::get);
+                    target.binding_array_size = entry.count.map(NonZeroU32::get);
+                    match entry.ty {
+                        wgt::BindingType::Buffer { ty, .. } => {
+                            target.buffer = Some(info.counters.buffers as _);
+                            info.counters.buffers += count;
+                            if let wgt::BufferBindingType::Storage { read_only } = ty {
+                                target.mutable = !read_only;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        wgt::BindingType::Sampler { .. } => {
+                            target.sampler = Some(naga::back::msl::BindSamplerTarget::Resource(
+                                info.counters.samplers as _,
+                            ));
+                            info.counters.samplers += count;
+                        }
+                        wgt::BindingType::Texture { .. } => {
+                            target.texture = Some(info.counters.textures as _);
+                            info.counters.textures += count;
+                        }
+                        wgt::BindingType::StorageTexture { access, .. } => {
+                            target.texture = Some(info.counters.textures as _);
+                            info.counters.textures += count;
+                            target.mutable = match access {
+                                wgt::StorageTextureAccess::ReadOnly => false,
+                                wgt::StorageTextureAccess::WriteOnly => true,
+                                wgt::StorageTextureAccess::ReadWrite => true,
+                            };
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    let br = naga::ResourceBinding {
+                        group: group_index as u32,
+                        binding: entry.binding,
+                    };
+                    info.resources.insert(br, target);
+                }
+            }
+
+            bind_group_infos.push(super::BindGroupLayoutInfo {
+                base_resource_indices,
+            });
+        }
+
+        // Finally, make sure we fit the limits
+        for info in stage_data.iter_mut() {
+            // handle the sizes buffer assignment and shader overrides
+            if info.sizes_count != 0 {
+                info.sizes_buffer = Some(info.counters.buffers);
+                info.counters.buffers += 1;
+            }
+            if info.counters.buffers > self.shared.private_caps.max_buffers_per_stage
+                || info.counters.textures > self.shared.private_caps.max_textures_per_stage
+                || info.counters.samplers > self.shared.private_caps.max_samplers_per_stage
+            {
+                log::error!("Resource limit exceeded: {:?}", info);
+                return Err(crate::DeviceError::OutOfMemory);
+            }
+        }
+
+        let push_constants_infos = stage_data.map_ref(|info| {
+            info.pc_buffer.map(|buffer_index| super::PushConstantsInfo {
+                count: info.pc_limit,
+                buffer_index,
+            })
+        });
+
+        let total_counters = stage_data.map_ref(|info| info.counters.clone());
+
+        let per_stage_map = stage_data.map(|info| naga::back::msl::EntryPointResources {
+            push_constant_buffer: info
+                .pc_buffer
+                .map(|buffer_index| buffer_index as naga::back::msl::Slot),
+            sizes_buffer: info
+                .sizes_buffer
+                .map(|buffer_index| buffer_index as naga::back::msl::Slot),
+            resources: info.resources,
+        });
+
+        Ok(super::PipelineLayout {
+            bind_group_infos,
+            push_constants_infos,
+            total_counters,
+            total_push_constants,
+            per_stage_map,
+        })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_pipeline_layout(&self, _pipeline_layout: super::PipelineLayout) {}
+
+    unsafe fn create_bind_group(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::BindGroupDescriptor<super::Api>,
+    ) -> DeviceResult<super::BindGroup> {
+        let mut bg = super::BindGroup::default();
+        for (&stage, counter) in super::NAGA_STAGES.iter().zip(bg.counters.iter_mut()) {
+            let stage_bit = map_naga_stage(stage);
+            let mut dynamic_offsets_count = 0u32;
+            for (entry, layout) in desc.entries.iter().zip(desc.layout.entries.iter()) {
+                let size = layout.count.map_or(1, |c| c.get());
+                if let wgt::BindingType::Buffer {
+                    has_dynamic_offset: true,
+                    ..
+                } = layout.ty
+                {
+                    dynamic_offsets_count += size;
+                }
+                if !layout.visibility.contains(stage_bit) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                match layout.ty {
+                    wgt::BindingType::Buffer {
+                        ty,
+                        has_dynamic_offset,
+                        ..
+                    } => {
+                        let start = entry.resource_index as usize;
+                        let end = start + size as usize;
+                        bg.buffers
+                            .extend(desc.buffers[start..end].iter().map(|source| {
+                                // Given the restrictions on `BufferBinding::offset`,
+                                // this should never be `None`.
+                                let remaining_size =
+                                    wgt::BufferSize::new(source.buffer.size - source.offset);
+                                let binding_size = match ty {
+                                    wgt::BufferBindingType::Storage { .. } => {
+                                        source.size.or(remaining_size)
+                                    }
+                                    _ => None,
+                                };
+                                super::BufferResource {
+                                    ptr: source.buffer.as_raw(),
+                                    offset: source.offset,
+                                    dynamic_index: if has_dynamic_offset {
+                                        Some(dynamic_offsets_count - 1)
+                                    } else {
+                                        None
+                                    },
+                                    binding_size,
+                                    binding_location: layout.binding,
+                                }
+                            }));
+                        counter.buffers += 1;
+                    }
+                    wgt::BindingType::Sampler { .. } => {
+                        let start = entry.resource_index as usize;
+                        let end = start + size as usize;
+                        bg.samplers
+                            .extend(desc.samplers[start..end].iter().map(|samp| samp.as_raw()));
+                        counter.samplers += size;
+                    }
+                    wgt::BindingType::Texture { .. } | wgt::BindingType::StorageTexture { .. } => {
+                        let start = entry.resource_index as usize;
+                        let end = start + size as usize;
+                        bg.textures.extend(
+                            desc.textures[start..end]
+                                .iter()
+                                .map(|tex| tex.view.as_raw()),
+                        );
+                        counter.textures += size;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(bg)
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn destroy_bind_group(&self, _group: super::BindGroup) {}
+
+    unsafe fn create_shader_module(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::ShaderModuleDescriptor,
+        shader: crate::ShaderInput,
+    ) -> Result<super::ShaderModule, crate::ShaderError> {
+        match shader {
+            crate::ShaderInput::Naga(naga) => Ok(super::ShaderModule {
+                naga,
+                runtime_checks: desc.runtime_checks,
+            }),
+            crate::ShaderInput::SpirV(_) => {
+                panic!("SPIRV_SHADER_PASSTHROUGH is not enabled for this backend")
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_shader_module(&self, _module: super::ShaderModule) {}
+
+    unsafe fn create_render_pipeline(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::RenderPipelineDescriptor<super::Api>,
+    ) -> Result<super::RenderPipeline, crate::PipelineError> {
+        objc::rc::autoreleasepool(|| {
+            let descriptor = metal::RenderPipelineDescriptor::new();
+
+            let raw_triangle_fill_mode = match desc.primitive.polygon_mode {
+                wgt::PolygonMode::Fill => metal::MTLTriangleFillMode::Fill,
+                wgt::PolygonMode::Line => metal::MTLTriangleFillMode::Lines,
+                wgt::PolygonMode::Point => panic!(
+                    "{:?} is not enabled for this backend",
+                    wgt::Features::POLYGON_MODE_POINT
+                ),
+            };
+
+            let (primitive_class, raw_primitive_type) =
+                conv::map_primitive_topology(desc.primitive.topology);
+
+            // Vertex shader
+            let (vs_lib, vs_info) = {
+                let vs = self.load_shader(
+                    &desc.vertex_stage,
+                    desc.layout,
+                    primitive_class,
+                    naga::ShaderStage::Vertex,
+                )?;
+
+                descriptor.set_vertex_function(Some(&vs.function));
+                if self.shared.private_caps.supports_mutability {
+                    Self::set_buffers_mutability(
+                        descriptor.vertex_buffers().unwrap(),
+                        vs.immutable_buffer_mask,
+                    );
+                }
+
+                let info = super::PipelineStageInfo {
+                    push_constants: desc.layout.push_constants_infos.vs,
+                    sizes_slot: desc.layout.per_stage_map.vs.sizes_buffer,
+                    sized_bindings: vs.sized_bindings,
+                };
+
+                (vs.library, info)
+            };
+
+            // Fragment shader
+            let (fs_lib, fs_info) = match desc.fragment_stage {
+                Some(ref stage) => {
+                    let fs = self.load_shader(
+                        stage,
+                        desc.layout,
+                        primitive_class,
+                        naga::ShaderStage::Fragment,
+                    )?;
+
+                    descriptor.set_fragment_function(Some(&fs.function));
+                    if self.shared.private_caps.supports_mutability {
+                        Self::set_buffers_mutability(
+                            descriptor.fragment_buffers().unwrap(),
+                            fs.immutable_buffer_mask,
+                        );
+                    }
+
+                    let info = super::PipelineStageInfo {
+                        push_constants: desc.layout.push_constants_infos.fs,
+                        sizes_slot: desc.layout.per_stage_map.fs.sizes_buffer,
+                        sized_bindings: fs.sized_bindings,
+                    };
+
+                    (Some(fs.library), Some(info))
+                }
+                None => {
+                    // TODO: This is a workaround for what appears to be a Metal validation bug
+                    // A pixel format is required even though no attachments are provided
+                    if desc.color_targets.is_empty() && desc.depth_stencil.is_none() {
+                        descriptor
+                            .set_depth_attachment_pixel_format(metal::MTLPixelFormat::Depth32Float);
+                    }
+                    (None, None)
+                }
+            };
+
+            for (i, ct) in desc.color_targets.iter().enumerate() {
+                let at_descriptor = descriptor.color_attachments().object_at(i as u64).unwrap();
+                let ct = if let Some(color_target) = ct.as_ref() {
+                    color_target
+                } else {
+                    at_descriptor.set_pixel_format(metal::MTLPixelFormat::Invalid);
+                    continue;
+                };
+
+                let raw_format = self.shared.private_caps.map_format(ct.format);
+                at_descriptor.set_pixel_format(raw_format);
+                at_descriptor.set_write_mask(conv::map_color_write(ct.write_mask));
+
+                if let Some(ref blend) = ct.blend {
+                    at_descriptor.set_blending_enabled(true);
+                    let (color_op, color_src, color_dst) = conv::map_blend_component(&blend.color);
+                    let (alpha_op, alpha_src, alpha_dst) = conv::map_blend_component(&blend.alpha);
+
+                    at_descriptor.set_rgb_blend_operation(color_op);
+                    at_descriptor.set_source_rgb_blend_factor(color_src);
+                    at_descriptor.set_destination_rgb_blend_factor(color_dst);
+
+                    at_descriptor.set_alpha_blend_operation(alpha_op);
+                    at_descriptor.set_source_alpha_blend_factor(alpha_src);
+                    at_descriptor.set_destination_alpha_blend_factor(alpha_dst);
+                }
+            }
+
+            let depth_stencil = match desc.depth_stencil {
+                Some(ref ds) => {
+                    let raw_format = self.shared.private_caps.map_format(ds.format);
+                    let aspects = crate::FormatAspects::from(ds.format);
+                    if aspects.contains(crate::FormatAspects::DEPTH) {
+                        descriptor.set_depth_attachment_pixel_format(raw_format);
+                    }
+                    if aspects.contains(crate::FormatAspects::STENCIL) {
+                        descriptor.set_stencil_attachment_pixel_format(raw_format);
+                    }
+
+                    let ds_descriptor = create_depth_stencil_desc(ds);
+                    let raw = self
+                        .shared
+                        .device
+                        .lock()
+                        .new_depth_stencil_state(&ds_descriptor);
+                    Some((raw, ds.bias))
+                }
+                None => None,
+            };
+
+            if desc.layout.total_counters.vs.buffers + (desc.vertex_buffers.len() as u32)
+                > self.shared.private_caps.max_vertex_buffers
+            {
+                let msg = format!(
+                    "pipeline needs too many buffers in the vertex stage: {} vertex and {} layout",
+                    desc.vertex_buffers.len(),
+                    desc.layout.total_counters.vs.buffers
+                );
+                return Err(crate::PipelineError::Linkage(
+                    wgt::ShaderStages::VERTEX,
+                    msg,
+                ));
+            }
+
+            if !desc.vertex_buffers.is_empty() {
+                let vertex_descriptor = metal::VertexDescriptor::new();
+                for (i, vb) in desc.vertex_buffers.iter().enumerate() {
+                    let buffer_index =
+                        self.shared.private_caps.max_vertex_buffers as u64 - 1 - i as u64;
+                    let buffer_desc = vertex_descriptor.layouts().object_at(buffer_index).unwrap();
+
+                    // Metal expects the stride to be the actual size of the attributes.
+                    // The semantics of array_stride == 0 can be achieved by setting
+                    // the step function to constant and rate to 0.
+                    if vb.array_stride == 0 {
+                        let stride = vb
+                            .attributes
+                            .iter()
+                            .map(|attribute| attribute.offset + attribute.format.size())
+                            .max()
+                            .unwrap_or(0);
+                        buffer_desc.set_stride(wgt::math::align_to(stride, 4));
+                        buffer_desc.set_step_function(metal::MTLVertexStepFunction::Constant);
+                        buffer_desc.set_step_rate(0);
+                    } else {
+                        buffer_desc.set_stride(vb.array_stride);
+                        buffer_desc.set_step_function(conv::map_step_mode(vb.step_mode));
+                    }
+
+                    for at in vb.attributes {
+                        let attribute_desc = vertex_descriptor
+                            .attributes()
+                            .object_at(at.shader_location as u64)
+                            .unwrap();
+                        attribute_desc.set_format(conv::map_vertex_format(at.format));
+                        attribute_desc.set_buffer_index(buffer_index);
+                        attribute_desc.set_offset(at.offset);
+                    }
+                }
+                descriptor.set_vertex_descriptor(Some(vertex_descriptor));
+            }
+
+            if desc.multisample.count != 1 {
+                //TODO: handle sample mask
+                descriptor.set_sample_count(desc.multisample.count as u64);
+                descriptor
+                    .set_alpha_to_coverage_enabled(desc.multisample.alpha_to_coverage_enabled);
+                //descriptor.set_alpha_to_one_enabled(desc.multisample.alpha_to_one_enabled);
+            }
+
+            if let Some(name) = desc.label {
+                descriptor.set_label(name);
+            }
+
+            let raw = self
+                .shared
+                .device
+                .lock()
+                .new_render_pipeline_state(&descriptor)
+                .map_err(|e| {
+                    crate::PipelineError::Linkage(
+                        wgt::ShaderStages::VERTEX | wgt::ShaderStages::FRAGMENT,
+                        format!("new_render_pipeline_state: {:?}", e),
+                    )
+                })?;
+
+            Ok(super::RenderPipeline {
+                raw,
+                vs_lib,
+                fs_lib,
+                vs_info,
+                fs_info,
+                raw_primitive_type,
+                raw_triangle_fill_mode,
+                raw_front_winding: conv::map_winding(desc.primitive.front_face),
+                raw_cull_mode: conv::map_cull_mode(desc.primitive.cull_mode),
+                raw_depth_clip_mode: if self.features.contains(wgt::Features::DEPTH_CLIP_CONTROL) {
+                    Some(if desc.primitive.unclipped_depth {
+                        metal::MTLDepthClipMode::Clamp
+                    } else {
+                        metal::MTLDepthClipMode::Clip
+                    })
+                } else {
+                    None
+                },
+                depth_stencil,
+            })
+        })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_render_pipeline(&self, _pipeline: super::RenderPipeline) {}
+
+    unsafe fn create_compute_pipeline(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::ComputePipelineDescriptor<super::Api>,
+    ) -> Result<super::ComputePipeline, crate::PipelineError> {
+        objc::rc::autoreleasepool(|| {
+            let descriptor = metal::ComputePipelineDescriptor::new();
+
+            let cs = self.load_shader(
+                &desc.stage,
+                desc.layout,
+                metal::MTLPrimitiveTopologyClass::Unspecified,
+                naga::ShaderStage::Compute,
+            )?;
+            descriptor.set_compute_function(Some(&cs.function));
+
+            if self.shared.private_caps.supports_mutability {
+                Self::set_buffers_mutability(
+                    descriptor.buffers().unwrap(),
+                    cs.immutable_buffer_mask,
+                );
+            }
+
+            let cs_info = super::PipelineStageInfo {
+                push_constants: desc.layout.push_constants_infos.cs,
+                sizes_slot: desc.layout.per_stage_map.cs.sizes_buffer,
+                sized_bindings: cs.sized_bindings,
+            };
+
+            if let Some(name) = desc.label {
+                descriptor.set_label(name);
+            }
+
+            let raw = self
+                .shared
+                .device
+                .lock()
+                .new_compute_pipeline_state(&descriptor)
+                .map_err(|e| {
+                    crate::PipelineError::Linkage(
+                        wgt::ShaderStages::COMPUTE,
+                        format!("new_compute_pipeline_state: {:?}", e),
+                    )
+                })?;
+
+            Ok(super::ComputePipeline {
+                raw,
+                cs_info,
+                cs_lib: cs.library,
+                work_group_size: cs.wg_size,
+                work_group_memory_sizes: cs.wg_memory_sizes,
+            })
+        })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_compute_pipeline(&self, _pipeline: super::ComputePipeline) {}
+
+    unsafe fn create_query_set(
+        &self,
+        desc: &wgt::QuerySetDescriptor<crate::Label>,
+    ) -> DeviceResult<super::QuerySet> {
+        objc::rc::autoreleasepool(|| {
+            match desc.ty {
+                wgt::QueryType::Occlusion => {
+                    let size = desc.count as u64 * crate::QUERY_SIZE;
+                    let options = metal::MTLResourceOptions::empty();
+                    //TODO: HazardTrackingModeUntracked
+                    let raw_buffer = self.shared.device.lock().new_buffer(size, options);
+                    if let Some(label) = desc.label {
+                        raw_buffer.set_label(label);
+                    }
+                    Ok(super::QuerySet {
+                        raw_buffer,
+                        ty: desc.ty,
+                    })
+                }
+                wgt::QueryType::Timestamp | wgt::QueryType::PipelineStatistics(_) => {
+                    Err(crate::DeviceError::OutOfMemory)
+                }
+            }
+        })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_query_set(&self, _set: super::QuerySet) {}
+
+    unsafe fn create_fence(&self) -> DeviceResult<super::Fence> {
+        Ok(super::Fence {
+            completed_value: Arc::new(atomic::AtomicU64::new(0)),
+            pending_command_buffers: Vec::new(),
+        })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_fence(&self, _fence: super::Fence) {}
+    unsafe fn get_fence_value(&self, fence: &super::Fence) -> DeviceResult<crate::FenceValue> {
+        let mut max_value = fence.completed_value.load(atomic::Ordering::Acquire);
+        for &(value, ref cmd_buf) in fence.pending_command_buffers.iter() {
+            if cmd_buf.status() == metal::MTLCommandBufferStatus::Completed {
+                max_value = value;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(max_value)
+    }
+    unsafe fn wait(
+        &self,
+        fence: &super::Fence,
+        wait_value: crate::FenceValue,
+        timeout_ms: u32,
+    ) -> DeviceResult<bool> {
+        if wait_value <= fence.completed_value.load(atomic::Ordering::Acquire) {
+            return Ok(true);
+        }
+
+        let cmd_buf = match fence
+            .pending_command_buffers
+            .iter()
+            .find(|&&(value, _)| value >= wait_value)
+        {
+            Some(&(_, ref cmd_buf)) => cmd_buf,
+            None => {
+                log::error!("No active command buffers for fence value {}", wait_value);
+                return Err(crate::DeviceError::Lost);
+            }
+        };
+
+        let start = time::Instant::now();
+        loop {
+            if let metal::MTLCommandBufferStatus::Completed = cmd_buf.status() {
+                return Ok(true);
+            }
+            if start.elapsed().as_millis() >= timeout_ms as u128 {
+                return Ok(false);
+            }
+            thread::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(1));
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn start_capture(&self) -> bool {
+        if !self.shared.private_caps.supports_capture_manager {
+            return false;
+        }
+        let device = self.shared.device.lock();
+        let shared_capture_manager = metal::CaptureManager::shared();
+        let default_capture_scope = shared_capture_manager.new_capture_scope_with_device(&device);
+        shared_capture_manager.set_default_capture_scope(&default_capture_scope);
+        shared_capture_manager.start_capture_with_scope(&default_capture_scope);
+        default_capture_scope.begin_scope();
+        true
+    }
+    unsafe fn stop_capture(&self) {
+        let shared_capture_manager = metal::CaptureManager::shared();
+        if let Some(default_capture_scope) = shared_capture_manager.default_capture_scope() {
+            default_capture_scope.end_scope();
+        }
+        shared_capture_manager.stop_capture();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/metal/mod.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/metal/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b77685bd94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/metal/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,805 @@
+/*!
+# Metal API internals.
+
+## Pipeline Layout
+
+In Metal, push constants, vertex buffers, and resources in the bind groups
+are all placed together in the native resource bindings, which work similarly to D3D11:
+there are tables of textures, buffers, and samplers.
+
+We put push constants first (if any) in the table, followed by bind group 0
+resources, followed by other bind groups. The vertex buffers are bound at the very
+end of the VS buffer table.
+
+!*/
+
+mod adapter;
+mod command;
+mod conv;
+mod device;
+mod surface;
+mod time;
+
+use std::{
+    fmt, iter, ops,
+    ptr::NonNull,
+    sync::{atomic, Arc},
+    thread,
+};
+
+use arrayvec::ArrayVec;
+use foreign_types::ForeignTypeRef as _;
+use parking_lot::Mutex;
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct Api;
+
+type ResourceIndex = u32;
+
+impl crate::Api for Api {
+    type Instance = Instance;
+    type Surface = Surface;
+    type Adapter = Adapter;
+    type Device = Device;
+
+    type Queue = Queue;
+    type CommandEncoder = CommandEncoder;
+    type CommandBuffer = CommandBuffer;
+
+    type Buffer = Buffer;
+    type Texture = Texture;
+    type SurfaceTexture = SurfaceTexture;
+    type TextureView = TextureView;
+    type Sampler = Sampler;
+    type QuerySet = QuerySet;
+    type Fence = Fence;
+
+    type BindGroupLayout = BindGroupLayout;
+    type BindGroup = BindGroup;
+    type PipelineLayout = PipelineLayout;
+    type ShaderModule = ShaderModule;
+    type RenderPipeline = RenderPipeline;
+    type ComputePipeline = ComputePipeline;
+}
+
+pub struct Instance {
+    managed_metal_layer_delegate: surface::HalManagedMetalLayerDelegate,
+}
+
+impl Instance {
+    pub fn create_surface_from_layer(&self, layer: &metal::MetalLayerRef) -> Surface {
+        unsafe { Surface::from_layer(layer) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl crate::Instance<Api> for Instance {
+    unsafe fn init(_desc: &crate::InstanceDescriptor) -> Result<Self, crate::InstanceError> {
+        //TODO: enable `METAL_DEVICE_WRAPPER_TYPE` environment based on the flags?
+        Ok(Instance {
+            managed_metal_layer_delegate: surface::HalManagedMetalLayerDelegate::new(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_surface(
+        &self,
+        _display_handle: raw_window_handle::RawDisplayHandle,
+        window_handle: raw_window_handle::RawWindowHandle,
+    ) -> Result<Surface, crate::InstanceError> {
+        match window_handle {
+            #[cfg(target_os = "ios")]
+            raw_window_handle::RawWindowHandle::UiKit(handle) => {
+                let _ = &self.managed_metal_layer_delegate;
+                Ok(unsafe { Surface::from_view(handle.ui_view, None) })
+            }
+            #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+            raw_window_handle::RawWindowHandle::AppKit(handle) => Ok(unsafe {
+                Surface::from_view(handle.ns_view, Some(&self.managed_metal_layer_delegate))
+            }),
+            _ => Err(crate::InstanceError),
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn destroy_surface(&self, surface: Surface) {
+        unsafe { surface.dispose() };
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn enumerate_adapters(&self) -> Vec<crate::ExposedAdapter<Api>> {
+        let devices = metal::Device::all();
+        let mut adapters: Vec<crate::ExposedAdapter<Api>> = devices
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|dev| {
+                let name = dev.name().into();
+                let shared = AdapterShared::new(dev);
+                crate::ExposedAdapter {
+                    info: wgt::AdapterInfo {
+                        name,
+                        vendor: 0,
+                        device: 0,
+                        device_type: shared.private_caps.device_type(),
+                        driver: String::new(),
+                        driver_info: String::new(),
+                        backend: wgt::Backend::Metal,
+                    },
+                    features: shared.private_caps.features(),
+                    capabilities: shared.private_caps.capabilities(),
+                    adapter: Adapter::new(Arc::new(shared)),
+                }
+            })
+            .collect();
+        adapters.sort_by_key(|ad| {
+            (
+                ad.adapter.shared.private_caps.low_power,
+                ad.adapter.shared.private_caps.headless,
+            )
+        });
+        adapters
+    }
+}
+
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+struct PrivateCapabilities {
+    family_check: bool,
+    msl_version: metal::MTLLanguageVersion,
+    fragment_rw_storage: bool,
+    read_write_texture_tier: metal::MTLReadWriteTextureTier,
+    msaa_desktop: bool,
+    msaa_apple3: bool,
+    msaa_apple7: bool,
+    resource_heaps: bool,
+    argument_buffers: bool,
+    shared_textures: bool,
+    mutable_comparison_samplers: bool,
+    sampler_clamp_to_border: bool,
+    base_instance: bool,
+    base_vertex_instance_drawing: bool,
+    dual_source_blending: bool,
+    low_power: bool,
+    headless: bool,
+    layered_rendering: bool,
+    function_specialization: bool,
+    depth_clip_mode: bool,
+    texture_cube_array: bool,
+    format_depth24_stencil8: bool,
+    format_depth32_stencil8_filter: bool,
+    format_depth32_stencil8_none: bool,
+    format_min_srgb_channels: u8,
+    format_b5: bool,
+    format_bc: bool,
+    format_eac_etc: bool,
+    format_astc: bool,
+    format_astc_hdr: bool,
+    format_any8_unorm_srgb_all: bool,
+    format_any8_unorm_srgb_no_write: bool,
+    format_any8_snorm_all: bool,
+    format_r16_norm_all: bool,
+    format_r32_all: bool,
+    format_r32_no_write: bool,
+    format_r32float_no_write_no_filter: bool,
+    format_r32float_no_filter: bool,
+    format_r32float_all: bool,
+    format_rgba8_srgb_all: bool,
+    format_rgba8_srgb_no_write: bool,
+    format_rgb10a2_unorm_all: bool,
+    format_rgb10a2_unorm_no_write: bool,
+    format_rgb10a2_uint_color: bool,
+    format_rgb10a2_uint_color_write: bool,
+    format_rg11b10_all: bool,
+    format_rg11b10_no_write: bool,
+    format_rgb9e5_all: bool,
+    format_rgb9e5_no_write: bool,
+    format_rgb9e5_filter_only: bool,
+    format_rg32_color: bool,
+    format_rg32_color_write: bool,
+    format_rg32float_all: bool,
+    format_rg32float_color_blend: bool,
+    format_rg32float_no_filter: bool,
+    format_rgba32int_color: bool,
+    format_rgba32int_color_write: bool,
+    format_rgba32float_color: bool,
+    format_rgba32float_color_write: bool,
+    format_rgba32float_all: bool,
+    format_depth16unorm: bool,
+    format_depth32float_filter: bool,
+    format_depth32float_none: bool,
+    format_bgr10a2_all: bool,
+    format_bgr10a2_no_write: bool,
+    max_buffers_per_stage: ResourceIndex,
+    max_vertex_buffers: ResourceIndex,
+    max_textures_per_stage: ResourceIndex,
+    max_samplers_per_stage: ResourceIndex,
+    buffer_alignment: u64,
+    max_buffer_size: u64,
+    max_texture_size: u64,
+    max_texture_3d_size: u64,
+    max_texture_layers: u64,
+    max_fragment_input_components: u64,
+    max_color_render_targets: u8,
+    max_varying_components: u32,
+    max_threads_per_group: u32,
+    max_total_threadgroup_memory: u32,
+    sample_count_mask: crate::TextureFormatCapabilities,
+    supports_debug_markers: bool,
+    supports_binary_archives: bool,
+    supports_capture_manager: bool,
+    can_set_maximum_drawables_count: bool,
+    can_set_display_sync: bool,
+    can_set_next_drawable_timeout: bool,
+    supports_arrays_of_textures: bool,
+    supports_arrays_of_textures_write: bool,
+    supports_mutability: bool,
+    supports_depth_clip_control: bool,
+    supports_preserve_invariance: bool,
+    supports_shader_primitive_index: bool,
+    has_unified_memory: Option<bool>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+struct PrivateDisabilities {
+    /// Near depth is not respected properly on some Intel GPUs.
+    broken_viewport_near_depth: bool,
+    /// Multi-target clears don't appear to work properly on Intel GPUs.
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    broken_layered_clear_image: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+struct Settings {
+    retain_command_buffer_references: bool,
+}
+
+struct AdapterShared {
+    device: Mutex<metal::Device>,
+    disabilities: PrivateDisabilities,
+    private_caps: PrivateCapabilities,
+    settings: Settings,
+    presentation_timer: time::PresentationTimer,
+}
+
+unsafe impl Send for AdapterShared {}
+unsafe impl Sync for AdapterShared {}
+
+impl AdapterShared {
+    fn new(device: metal::Device) -> Self {
+        let private_caps = PrivateCapabilities::new(&device);
+        log::debug!("{:#?}", private_caps);
+
+        Self {
+            disabilities: PrivateDisabilities::new(&device),
+            private_caps,
+            device: Mutex::new(device),
+            settings: Settings::default(),
+            presentation_timer: time::PresentationTimer::new(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct Adapter {
+    shared: Arc<AdapterShared>,
+}
+
+pub struct Queue {
+    raw: Arc<Mutex<metal::CommandQueue>>,
+}
+
+unsafe impl Send for Queue {}
+unsafe impl Sync for Queue {}
+
+impl Queue {
+    pub unsafe fn queue_from_raw(raw: metal::CommandQueue) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            raw: Arc::new(Mutex::new(raw)),
+        }
+    }
+}
+pub struct Device {
+    shared: Arc<AdapterShared>,
+    features: wgt::Features,
+}
+
+pub struct Surface {
+    view: Option<NonNull<objc::runtime::Object>>,
+    render_layer: Mutex<metal::MetalLayer>,
+    swapchain_format: Option<wgt::TextureFormat>,
+    extent: wgt::Extent3d,
+    main_thread_id: thread::ThreadId,
+    // Useful for UI-intensive applications that are sensitive to
+    // window resizing.
+    pub present_with_transaction: bool,
+}
+
+unsafe impl Send for Surface {}
+unsafe impl Sync for Surface {}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct SurfaceTexture {
+    texture: Texture,
+    drawable: metal::MetalDrawable,
+    present_with_transaction: bool,
+}
+
+impl std::borrow::Borrow<Texture> for SurfaceTexture {
+    fn borrow(&self) -> &Texture {
+        &self.texture
+    }
+}
+
+unsafe impl Send for SurfaceTexture {}
+unsafe impl Sync for SurfaceTexture {}
+
+impl crate::Queue<Api> for Queue {
+    unsafe fn submit(
+        &mut self,
+        command_buffers: &[&CommandBuffer],
+        signal_fence: Option<(&mut Fence, crate::FenceValue)>,
+    ) -> Result<(), crate::DeviceError> {
+        objc::rc::autoreleasepool(|| {
+            let extra_command_buffer = match signal_fence {
+                Some((fence, value)) => {
+                    let completed_value = Arc::clone(&fence.completed_value);
+                    let block = block::ConcreteBlock::new(move |_cmd_buf| {
+                        completed_value.store(value, atomic::Ordering::Release);
+                    })
+                    .copy();
+
+                    let raw = match command_buffers.last() {
+                        Some(&cmd_buf) => cmd_buf.raw.to_owned(),
+                        None => {
+                            let queue = self.raw.lock();
+                            queue
+                                .new_command_buffer_with_unretained_references()
+                                .to_owned()
+                        }
+                    };
+                    raw.set_label("(wgpu internal) Signal");
+                    raw.add_completed_handler(&block);
+
+                    fence.maintain();
+                    fence.pending_command_buffers.push((value, raw.to_owned()));
+                    // only return an extra one if it's extra
+                    match command_buffers.last() {
+                        Some(_) => None,
+                        None => Some(raw),
+                    }
+                }
+                None => None,
+            };
+
+            for cmd_buffer in command_buffers {
+                cmd_buffer.raw.commit();
+            }
+
+            if let Some(raw) = extra_command_buffer {
+                raw.commit();
+            }
+        });
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    unsafe fn present(
+        &mut self,
+        _surface: &mut Surface,
+        texture: SurfaceTexture,
+    ) -> Result<(), crate::SurfaceError> {
+        let queue = &self.raw.lock();
+        objc::rc::autoreleasepool(|| {
+            let command_buffer = queue.new_command_buffer();
+            command_buffer.set_label("(wgpu internal) Present");
+
+            // https://developer.apple.com/documentation/quartzcore/cametallayer/1478157-presentswithtransaction?language=objc
+            if !texture.present_with_transaction {
+                command_buffer.present_drawable(&texture.drawable);
+            }
+
+            command_buffer.commit();
+
+            if texture.present_with_transaction {
+                command_buffer.wait_until_scheduled();
+                texture.drawable.present();
+            }
+        });
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn get_timestamp_period(&self) -> f32 {
+        // TODO: This is hard, see https://github.com/gpuweb/gpuweb/issues/1325
+        1.0
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Buffer {
+    raw: metal::Buffer,
+    size: wgt::BufferAddress,
+}
+
+unsafe impl Send for Buffer {}
+unsafe impl Sync for Buffer {}
+
+impl Buffer {
+    fn as_raw(&self) -> BufferPtr {
+        unsafe { NonNull::new_unchecked(self.raw.as_ptr()) }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Texture {
+    raw: metal::Texture,
+    format: wgt::TextureFormat,
+    raw_type: metal::MTLTextureType,
+    array_layers: u32,
+    mip_levels: u32,
+    copy_size: crate::CopyExtent,
+}
+
+unsafe impl Send for Texture {}
+unsafe impl Sync for Texture {}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct TextureView {
+    raw: metal::Texture,
+    aspects: crate::FormatAspects,
+}
+
+unsafe impl Send for TextureView {}
+unsafe impl Sync for TextureView {}
+
+impl TextureView {
+    fn as_raw(&self) -> TexturePtr {
+        unsafe { NonNull::new_unchecked(self.raw.as_ptr()) }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Sampler {
+    raw: metal::SamplerState,
+}
+
+unsafe impl Send for Sampler {}
+unsafe impl Sync for Sampler {}
+
+impl Sampler {
+    fn as_raw(&self) -> SamplerPtr {
+        unsafe { NonNull::new_unchecked(self.raw.as_ptr()) }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct BindGroupLayout {
+    /// Sorted list of BGL entries.
+    entries: Arc<[wgt::BindGroupLayoutEntry]>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
+struct ResourceData<T> {
+    buffers: T,
+    textures: T,
+    samplers: T,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
+struct MultiStageData<T> {
+    vs: T,
+    fs: T,
+    cs: T,
+}
+
+const NAGA_STAGES: MultiStageData<naga::ShaderStage> = MultiStageData {
+    vs: naga::ShaderStage::Vertex,
+    fs: naga::ShaderStage::Fragment,
+    cs: naga::ShaderStage::Compute,
+};
+
+impl<T> ops::Index<naga::ShaderStage> for MultiStageData<T> {
+    type Output = T;
+    fn index(&self, stage: naga::ShaderStage) -> &T {
+        match stage {
+            naga::ShaderStage::Vertex => &self.vs,
+            naga::ShaderStage::Fragment => &self.fs,
+            naga::ShaderStage::Compute => &self.cs,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> MultiStageData<T> {
+    fn map_ref<Y>(&self, fun: impl Fn(&T) -> Y) -> MultiStageData<Y> {
+        MultiStageData {
+            vs: fun(&self.vs),
+            fs: fun(&self.fs),
+            cs: fun(&self.cs),
+        }
+    }
+    fn map<Y>(self, fun: impl Fn(T) -> Y) -> MultiStageData<Y> {
+        MultiStageData {
+            vs: fun(self.vs),
+            fs: fun(self.fs),
+            cs: fun(self.cs),
+        }
+    }
+    fn iter<'a>(&'a self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'a T> {
+        iter::once(&self.vs)
+            .chain(iter::once(&self.fs))
+            .chain(iter::once(&self.cs))
+    }
+    fn iter_mut<'a>(&'a mut self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'a mut T> {
+        iter::once(&mut self.vs)
+            .chain(iter::once(&mut self.fs))
+            .chain(iter::once(&mut self.cs))
+    }
+}
+
+type MultiStageResourceCounters = MultiStageData<ResourceData<ResourceIndex>>;
+type MultiStageResources = MultiStageData<naga::back::msl::EntryPointResources>;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct BindGroupLayoutInfo {
+    base_resource_indices: MultiStageResourceCounters,
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
+struct PushConstantsInfo {
+    count: u32,
+    buffer_index: ResourceIndex,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct PipelineLayout {
+    bind_group_infos: ArrayVec<BindGroupLayoutInfo, { crate::MAX_BIND_GROUPS }>,
+    push_constants_infos: MultiStageData<Option<PushConstantsInfo>>,
+    total_counters: MultiStageResourceCounters,
+    total_push_constants: u32,
+    per_stage_map: MultiStageResources,
+}
+
+trait AsNative {
+    type Native;
+    fn from(native: &Self::Native) -> Self;
+    fn as_native(&self) -> &Self::Native;
+}
+
+type BufferPtr = NonNull<metal::MTLBuffer>;
+type TexturePtr = NonNull<metal::MTLTexture>;
+type SamplerPtr = NonNull<metal::MTLSamplerState>;
+
+impl AsNative for BufferPtr {
+    type Native = metal::BufferRef;
+    #[inline]
+    fn from(native: &Self::Native) -> Self {
+        unsafe { NonNull::new_unchecked(native.as_ptr()) }
+    }
+    #[inline]
+    fn as_native(&self) -> &Self::Native {
+        unsafe { Self::Native::from_ptr(self.as_ptr()) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl AsNative for TexturePtr {
+    type Native = metal::TextureRef;
+    #[inline]
+    fn from(native: &Self::Native) -> Self {
+        unsafe { NonNull::new_unchecked(native.as_ptr()) }
+    }
+    #[inline]
+    fn as_native(&self) -> &Self::Native {
+        unsafe { Self::Native::from_ptr(self.as_ptr()) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl AsNative for SamplerPtr {
+    type Native = metal::SamplerStateRef;
+    #[inline]
+    fn from(native: &Self::Native) -> Self {
+        unsafe { NonNull::new_unchecked(native.as_ptr()) }
+    }
+    #[inline]
+    fn as_native(&self) -> &Self::Native {
+        unsafe { Self::Native::from_ptr(self.as_ptr()) }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct BufferResource {
+    ptr: BufferPtr,
+    offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+    dynamic_index: Option<u32>,
+
+    /// The buffer's size, if it is a [`Storage`] binding. Otherwise `None`.
+    ///
+    /// Buffers with the [`wgt::BufferBindingType::Storage`] binding type can
+    /// hold WGSL runtime-sized arrays. When one does, we must pass its size to
+    /// shader entry points to implement bounds checks and WGSL's `arrayLength`
+    /// function. See [`device::CompiledShader::sized_bindings`] for details.
+    ///
+    /// [`Storage`]: wgt::BufferBindingType::Storage
+    binding_size: Option<wgt::BufferSize>,
+
+    binding_location: u32,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub struct BindGroup {
+    counters: MultiStageResourceCounters,
+    buffers: Vec<BufferResource>,
+    samplers: Vec<SamplerPtr>,
+    textures: Vec<TexturePtr>,
+}
+
+unsafe impl Send for BindGroup {}
+unsafe impl Sync for BindGroup {}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ShaderModule {
+    naga: crate::NagaShader,
+    runtime_checks: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+struct PipelineStageInfo {
+    push_constants: Option<PushConstantsInfo>,
+
+    /// The buffer argument table index at which we pass runtime-sized arrays' buffer sizes.
+    ///
+    /// See [`device::CompiledShader::sized_bindings`] for more details.
+    sizes_slot: Option<naga::back::msl::Slot>,
+
+    /// Bindings of all WGSL `storage` globals that contain runtime-sized arrays.
+    ///
+    /// See [`device::CompiledShader::sized_bindings`] for more details.
+    sized_bindings: Vec<naga::ResourceBinding>,
+}
+
+impl PipelineStageInfo {
+    fn clear(&mut self) {
+        self.push_constants = None;
+        self.sizes_slot = None;
+        self.sized_bindings.clear();
+    }
+
+    fn assign_from(&mut self, other: &Self) {
+        self.push_constants = other.push_constants;
+        self.sizes_slot = other.sizes_slot;
+        self.sized_bindings.clear();
+        self.sized_bindings.extend_from_slice(&other.sized_bindings);
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct RenderPipeline {
+    raw: metal::RenderPipelineState,
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    vs_lib: metal::Library,
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    fs_lib: Option<metal::Library>,
+    vs_info: PipelineStageInfo,
+    fs_info: Option<PipelineStageInfo>,
+    raw_primitive_type: metal::MTLPrimitiveType,
+    raw_triangle_fill_mode: metal::MTLTriangleFillMode,
+    raw_front_winding: metal::MTLWinding,
+    raw_cull_mode: metal::MTLCullMode,
+    raw_depth_clip_mode: Option<metal::MTLDepthClipMode>,
+    depth_stencil: Option<(metal::DepthStencilState, wgt::DepthBiasState)>,
+}
+
+unsafe impl Send for RenderPipeline {}
+unsafe impl Sync for RenderPipeline {}
+
+pub struct ComputePipeline {
+    raw: metal::ComputePipelineState,
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    cs_lib: metal::Library,
+    cs_info: PipelineStageInfo,
+    work_group_size: metal::MTLSize,
+    work_group_memory_sizes: Vec<u32>,
+}
+
+unsafe impl Send for ComputePipeline {}
+unsafe impl Sync for ComputePipeline {}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct QuerySet {
+    raw_buffer: metal::Buffer,
+    ty: wgt::QueryType,
+}
+
+unsafe impl Send for QuerySet {}
+unsafe impl Sync for QuerySet {}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Fence {
+    completed_value: Arc<atomic::AtomicU64>,
+    /// The pending fence values have to be ascending.
+    pending_command_buffers: Vec<(crate::FenceValue, metal::CommandBuffer)>,
+}
+
+unsafe impl Send for Fence {}
+unsafe impl Sync for Fence {}
+
+impl Fence {
+    fn get_latest(&self) -> crate::FenceValue {
+        let mut max_value = self.completed_value.load(atomic::Ordering::Acquire);
+        for &(value, ref cmd_buf) in self.pending_command_buffers.iter() {
+            if cmd_buf.status() == metal::MTLCommandBufferStatus::Completed {
+                max_value = value;
+            }
+        }
+        max_value
+    }
+
+    fn maintain(&mut self) {
+        let latest = self.get_latest();
+        self.pending_command_buffers
+            .retain(|&(value, _)| value > latest);
+    }
+}
+
+struct IndexState {
+    buffer_ptr: BufferPtr,
+    offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+    stride: wgt::BufferAddress,
+    raw_type: metal::MTLIndexType,
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct Temp {
+    binding_sizes: Vec<u32>,
+}
+
+struct CommandState {
+    blit: Option<metal::BlitCommandEncoder>,
+    render: Option<metal::RenderCommandEncoder>,
+    compute: Option<metal::ComputeCommandEncoder>,
+    raw_primitive_type: metal::MTLPrimitiveType,
+    index: Option<IndexState>,
+    raw_wg_size: metal::MTLSize,
+    stage_infos: MultiStageData<PipelineStageInfo>,
+
+    /// Sizes of currently bound [`wgt::BufferBindingType::Storage`] buffers.
+    ///
+    /// Specifically:
+    ///
+    /// - The keys are ['ResourceBinding`] values (that is, the WGSL `@group`
+    ///   and `@binding` attributes) for `var<storage>` global variables in the
+    ///   current module that contain runtime-sized arrays.
+    ///
+    /// - The values are the actual sizes of the buffers currently bound to
+    ///   provide those globals' contents, which are needed to implement bounds
+    ///   checks and the WGSL `arrayLength` function.
+    ///
+    /// For each stage `S` in `stage_infos`, we consult this to find the sizes
+    /// of the buffers listed in [`stage_infos.S.sized_bindings`], which we must
+    /// pass to the entry point.
+    ///
+    /// See [`device::CompiledShader::sized_bindings`] for more details.
+    ///
+    /// [`ResourceBinding`]: naga::ResourceBinding
+    storage_buffer_length_map: rustc_hash::FxHashMap<naga::ResourceBinding, wgt::BufferSize>,
+
+    work_group_memory_sizes: Vec<u32>,
+    push_constants: Vec<u32>,
+}
+
+pub struct CommandEncoder {
+    shared: Arc<AdapterShared>,
+    raw_queue: Arc<Mutex<metal::CommandQueue>>,
+    raw_cmd_buf: Option<metal::CommandBuffer>,
+    state: CommandState,
+    temp: Temp,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for CommandEncoder {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("CommandEncoder")
+            .field("raw_queue", &self.raw_queue)
+            .field("raw_cmd_buf", &self.raw_cmd_buf)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+unsafe impl Send for CommandEncoder {}
+unsafe impl Sync for CommandEncoder {}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct CommandBuffer {
+    raw: metal::CommandBuffer,
+}
+
+unsafe impl Send for CommandBuffer {}
+unsafe impl Sync for CommandBuffer {}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/metal/surface.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/metal/surface.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8101d52969
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/metal/surface.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,278 @@
+#![allow(clippy::let_unit_value)] // `let () =` being used to constrain result type
+
+use std::{mem, os::raw::c_void, ptr::NonNull, sync::Once, thread};
+
+use core_graphics_types::{
+    base::CGFloat,
+    geometry::{CGRect, CGSize},
+};
+use objc::{
+    class,
+    declare::ClassDecl,
+    msg_send,
+    rc::autoreleasepool,
+    runtime::{Class, Object, Sel, BOOL, NO, YES},
+    sel, sel_impl,
+};
+use parking_lot::Mutex;
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+#[link(name = "QuartzCore", kind = "framework")]
+extern "C" {
+    #[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
+    static kCAGravityTopLeft: *mut Object;
+}
+
+extern "C" fn layer_should_inherit_contents_scale_from_window(
+    _: &Class,
+    _: Sel,
+    _layer: *mut Object,
+    _new_scale: CGFloat,
+    _from_window: *mut Object,
+) -> BOOL {
+    YES
+}
+
+static CAML_DELEGATE_REGISTER: Once = Once::new();
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct HalManagedMetalLayerDelegate(&'static Class);
+
+impl HalManagedMetalLayerDelegate {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        let class_name = format!("HalManagedMetalLayerDelegate@{:p}", &CAML_DELEGATE_REGISTER);
+
+        CAML_DELEGATE_REGISTER.call_once(|| {
+            type Fun = extern "C" fn(&Class, Sel, *mut Object, CGFloat, *mut Object) -> BOOL;
+            let mut decl = ClassDecl::new(&class_name, class!(NSObject)).unwrap();
+            #[allow(trivial_casts)] // false positive
+            unsafe {
+                decl.add_class_method(
+                    sel!(layer:shouldInheritContentsScale:fromWindow:),
+                    layer_should_inherit_contents_scale_from_window as Fun,
+                );
+            }
+            decl.register();
+        });
+        Self(Class::get(&class_name).unwrap())
+    }
+}
+
+impl super::Surface {
+    fn new(view: Option<NonNull<Object>>, layer: metal::MetalLayer) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            view,
+            render_layer: Mutex::new(layer),
+            swapchain_format: None,
+            extent: wgt::Extent3d::default(),
+            main_thread_id: thread::current().id(),
+            present_with_transaction: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub unsafe fn dispose(self) {
+        if let Some(view) = self.view {
+            let () = msg_send![view.as_ptr(), release];
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// If not called on the main thread, this will panic.
+    #[allow(clippy::transmute_ptr_to_ref)]
+    pub unsafe fn from_view(
+        view: *mut c_void,
+        delegate: Option<&HalManagedMetalLayerDelegate>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let view = view as *mut Object;
+        let render_layer = {
+            let layer = unsafe { Self::get_metal_layer(view, delegate) };
+            unsafe { mem::transmute::<_, &metal::MetalLayerRef>(layer) }
+        }
+        .to_owned();
+        let _: *mut c_void = msg_send![view, retain];
+        Self::new(NonNull::new(view), render_layer)
+    }
+
+    pub unsafe fn from_layer(layer: &metal::MetalLayerRef) -> Self {
+        let class = class!(CAMetalLayer);
+        let proper_kind: BOOL = msg_send![layer, isKindOfClass: class];
+        assert_eq!(proper_kind, YES);
+        Self::new(None, layer.to_owned())
+    }
+
+    /// If not called on the main thread, this will panic.
+    pub(crate) unsafe fn get_metal_layer(
+        view: *mut Object,
+        delegate: Option<&HalManagedMetalLayerDelegate>,
+    ) -> *mut Object {
+        if view.is_null() {
+            panic!("window does not have a valid contentView");
+        }
+
+        let is_main_thread: BOOL = msg_send![class!(NSThread), isMainThread];
+        if is_main_thread == NO {
+            panic!("get_metal_layer cannot be called in non-ui thread.");
+        }
+
+        let main_layer: *mut Object = msg_send![view, layer];
+        let class = class!(CAMetalLayer);
+        let is_valid_layer: BOOL = msg_send![main_layer, isKindOfClass: class];
+
+        if is_valid_layer == YES {
+            main_layer
+        } else {
+            // If the main layer is not a CAMetalLayer, we create a CAMetalLayer and use it.
+            let new_layer: *mut Object = msg_send![class, new];
+            let frame: CGRect = msg_send![main_layer, bounds];
+            let () = msg_send![new_layer, setFrame: frame];
+            #[cfg(target_os = "ios")]
+            {
+                // Unlike NSView, UIView does not allow to replace main layer.
+                let () = msg_send![main_layer, addSublayer: new_layer];
+                // On iOS, "from_view" may be called before the application initialization is complete,
+                // `msg_send![view, window]` and `msg_send![window, screen]` will get null.
+                let screen: *mut Object = msg_send![class!(UIScreen), mainScreen];
+                let scale_factor: CGFloat = msg_send![screen, nativeScale];
+                let () = msg_send![view, setContentScaleFactor: scale_factor];
+            };
+            #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+            {
+                let () = msg_send![view, setLayer: new_layer];
+                let () = msg_send![view, setWantsLayer: YES];
+                let () = msg_send![new_layer, setContentsGravity: unsafe { kCAGravityTopLeft }];
+                let window: *mut Object = msg_send![view, window];
+                if !window.is_null() {
+                    let scale_factor: CGFloat = msg_send![window, backingScaleFactor];
+                    let () = msg_send![new_layer, setContentsScale: scale_factor];
+                }
+            };
+            if let Some(delegate) = delegate {
+                let () = msg_send![new_layer, setDelegate: delegate.0];
+            }
+            new_layer
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn dimensions(&self) -> wgt::Extent3d {
+        let (size, scale): (CGSize, CGFloat) = unsafe {
+            let render_layer_borrow = self.render_layer.lock();
+            let render_layer = render_layer_borrow.as_ref();
+            let bounds: CGRect = msg_send![render_layer, bounds];
+            let contents_scale: CGFloat = msg_send![render_layer, contentsScale];
+            (bounds.size, contents_scale)
+        };
+
+        wgt::Extent3d {
+            width: (size.width * scale) as u32,
+            height: (size.height * scale) as u32,
+            depth_or_array_layers: 1,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl crate::Surface<super::Api> for super::Surface {
+    unsafe fn configure(
+        &mut self,
+        device: &super::Device,
+        config: &crate::SurfaceConfiguration,
+    ) -> Result<(), crate::SurfaceError> {
+        log::info!("build swapchain {:?}", config);
+
+        let caps = &device.shared.private_caps;
+        self.swapchain_format = Some(config.format);
+        self.extent = config.extent;
+
+        let render_layer = self.render_layer.lock();
+        let framebuffer_only = config.usage == crate::TextureUses::COLOR_TARGET;
+        let display_sync = match config.present_mode {
+            wgt::PresentMode::Fifo => true,
+            wgt::PresentMode::Immediate => false,
+            m => unreachable!("Unsupported present mode: {m:?}"),
+        };
+        let drawable_size = CGSize::new(config.extent.width as f64, config.extent.height as f64);
+
+        match config.composite_alpha_mode {
+            wgt::CompositeAlphaMode::Opaque => render_layer.set_opaque(true),
+            wgt::CompositeAlphaMode::PostMultiplied => render_layer.set_opaque(false),
+            _ => (),
+        }
+
+        let device_raw = device.shared.device.lock();
+        // On iOS, unless the user supplies a view with a CAMetalLayer, we
+        // create one as a sublayer. However, when the view changes size,
+        // its sublayers are not automatically resized, and we must resize
+        // it here. The drawable size and the layer size don't correlate
+        #[cfg(target_os = "ios")]
+        {
+            if let Some(view) = self.view {
+                let main_layer: *mut Object = msg_send![view.as_ptr(), layer];
+                let bounds: CGRect = msg_send![main_layer, bounds];
+                let () = msg_send![*render_layer, setFrame: bounds];
+            }
+        }
+        render_layer.set_device(&device_raw);
+        render_layer.set_pixel_format(caps.map_format(config.format));
+        render_layer.set_framebuffer_only(framebuffer_only);
+        render_layer.set_presents_with_transaction(self.present_with_transaction);
+        // opt-in to Metal EDR
+        // EDR potentially more power used in display and more bandwidth, memory footprint.
+        let wants_edr = config.format == wgt::TextureFormat::Rgba16Float;
+        if wants_edr != render_layer.wants_extended_dynamic_range_content() {
+            render_layer.set_wants_extended_dynamic_range_content(wants_edr);
+        }
+
+        // this gets ignored on iOS for certain OS/device combinations (iphone5s iOS 10.3)
+        render_layer.set_maximum_drawable_count(config.swap_chain_size as _);
+        render_layer.set_drawable_size(drawable_size);
+        if caps.can_set_next_drawable_timeout {
+            let () = msg_send![*render_layer, setAllowsNextDrawableTimeout:false];
+        }
+        if caps.can_set_display_sync {
+            let () = msg_send![*render_layer, setDisplaySyncEnabled: display_sync];
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn unconfigure(&mut self, _device: &super::Device) {
+        self.swapchain_format = None;
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn acquire_texture(
+        &mut self,
+        _timeout_ms: Option<std::time::Duration>, //TODO
+    ) -> Result<Option<crate::AcquiredSurfaceTexture<super::Api>>, crate::SurfaceError> {
+        let render_layer = self.render_layer.lock();
+        let (drawable, texture) = match autoreleasepool(|| {
+            render_layer
+                .next_drawable()
+                .map(|drawable| (drawable.to_owned(), drawable.texture().to_owned()))
+        }) {
+            Some(pair) => pair,
+            None => return Ok(None),
+        };
+
+        let suf_texture = super::SurfaceTexture {
+            texture: super::Texture {
+                raw: texture,
+                format: self.swapchain_format.unwrap(),
+                raw_type: metal::MTLTextureType::D2,
+                array_layers: 1,
+                mip_levels: 1,
+                copy_size: crate::CopyExtent {
+                    width: self.extent.width,
+                    height: self.extent.height,
+                    depth: 1,
+                },
+            },
+            drawable,
+            present_with_transaction: self.present_with_transaction,
+        };
+
+        Ok(Some(crate::AcquiredSurfaceTexture {
+            texture: suf_texture,
+            suboptimal: false,
+        }))
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn discard_texture(&mut self, _texture: super::SurfaceTexture) {}
+}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/metal/time.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/metal/time.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5c6bec10cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/metal/time.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+//! Handling of global timestamps.
+
+#[repr(C)]
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct MachTimebaseInfo {
+    numerator: u32,
+    denominator: u32,
+}
+extern "C" {
+    fn mach_timebase_info(out: *mut MachTimebaseInfo) -> u32;
+    fn mach_absolute_time() -> u64;
+}
+
+/// A timer which uses mach_absolute_time to get its time. This is what the metal callbacks use.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct PresentationTimer {
+    scale: MachTimebaseInfo,
+}
+impl PresentationTimer {
+    /// Generates a new timer.
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        // Default to 1 / 1 in case the call to timebase_info fails.
+        let mut scale = MachTimebaseInfo {
+            numerator: 1,
+            denominator: 1,
+        };
+        unsafe { mach_timebase_info(&mut scale) };
+
+        Self { scale }
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the current time in nanoseconds.
+    pub fn get_timestamp_ns(&self) -> u128 {
+        let time = unsafe { mach_absolute_time() };
+
+        (time as u128 * self.scale.numerator as u128) / self.scale.denominator as u128
+    }
+}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/vulkan/adapter.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/vulkan/adapter.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f8f26e422f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/vulkan/adapter.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1746 @@
+use super::conv;
+
+use ash::{extensions::khr, vk};
+use parking_lot::Mutex;
+
+use std::{collections::BTreeMap, ffi::CStr, sync::Arc};
+
+fn depth_stencil_required_flags() -> vk::FormatFeatureFlags {
+    vk::FormatFeatureFlags::SAMPLED_IMAGE | vk::FormatFeatureFlags::DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT
+}
+
+//TODO: const fn?
+fn indexing_features() -> wgt::Features {
+    wgt::Features::SAMPLED_TEXTURE_AND_STORAGE_BUFFER_ARRAY_NON_UNIFORM_INDEXING
+        | wgt::Features::UNIFORM_BUFFER_AND_STORAGE_TEXTURE_ARRAY_NON_UNIFORM_INDEXING
+}
+
+/// Aggregate of the `vk::PhysicalDevice*Features` structs used by `gfx`.
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub struct PhysicalDeviceFeatures {
+    core: vk::PhysicalDeviceFeatures,
+    pub(super) descriptor_indexing: Option<vk::PhysicalDeviceDescriptorIndexingFeaturesEXT>,
+    imageless_framebuffer: Option<vk::PhysicalDeviceImagelessFramebufferFeaturesKHR>,
+    timeline_semaphore: Option<vk::PhysicalDeviceTimelineSemaphoreFeaturesKHR>,
+    image_robustness: Option<vk::PhysicalDeviceImageRobustnessFeaturesEXT>,
+    robustness2: Option<vk::PhysicalDeviceRobustness2FeaturesEXT>,
+    depth_clip_enable: Option<vk::PhysicalDeviceDepthClipEnableFeaturesEXT>,
+    multiview: Option<vk::PhysicalDeviceMultiviewFeaturesKHR>,
+    astc_hdr: Option<vk::PhysicalDeviceTextureCompressionASTCHDRFeaturesEXT>,
+    shader_float16: Option<(
+        vk::PhysicalDeviceShaderFloat16Int8Features,
+        vk::PhysicalDevice16BitStorageFeatures,
+    )>,
+    zero_initialize_workgroup_memory:
+        Option<vk::PhysicalDeviceZeroInitializeWorkgroupMemoryFeatures>,
+}
+
+// This is safe because the structs have `p_next: *mut c_void`, which we null out/never read.
+unsafe impl Send for PhysicalDeviceFeatures {}
+unsafe impl Sync for PhysicalDeviceFeatures {}
+
+impl PhysicalDeviceFeatures {
+    /// Add the members of `self` into `info.enabled_features` and its `p_next` chain.
+    pub fn add_to_device_create_builder<'a>(
+        &'a mut self,
+        mut info: vk::DeviceCreateInfoBuilder<'a>,
+    ) -> vk::DeviceCreateInfoBuilder<'a> {
+        info = info.enabled_features(&self.core);
+        if let Some(ref mut feature) = self.descriptor_indexing {
+            info = info.push_next(feature);
+        }
+        if let Some(ref mut feature) = self.imageless_framebuffer {
+            info = info.push_next(feature);
+        }
+        if let Some(ref mut feature) = self.timeline_semaphore {
+            info = info.push_next(feature);
+        }
+        if let Some(ref mut feature) = self.image_robustness {
+            info = info.push_next(feature);
+        }
+        if let Some(ref mut feature) = self.robustness2 {
+            info = info.push_next(feature);
+        }
+        if let Some(ref mut feature) = self.depth_clip_enable {
+            info = info.push_next(feature);
+        }
+        if let Some(ref mut feature) = self.astc_hdr {
+            info = info.push_next(feature);
+        }
+        if let Some((ref mut f16_i8_feature, ref mut _16bit_feature)) = self.shader_float16 {
+            info = info.push_next(f16_i8_feature);
+            info = info.push_next(_16bit_feature);
+        }
+        if let Some(ref mut feature) = self.zero_initialize_workgroup_memory {
+            info = info.push_next(feature);
+        }
+        info
+    }
+
+    /// Create a `PhysicalDeviceFeatures` that will be used to create a logical device.
+    ///
+    /// `requested_features` should be the same as what was used to generate `enabled_extensions`.
+    fn from_extensions_and_requested_features(
+        effective_api_version: u32,
+        enabled_extensions: &[&'static CStr],
+        requested_features: wgt::Features,
+        downlevel_flags: wgt::DownlevelFlags,
+        private_caps: &super::PrivateCapabilities,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let needs_sampled_image_non_uniform = requested_features.contains(
+            wgt::Features::TEXTURE_BINDING_ARRAY
+                | wgt::Features::SAMPLED_TEXTURE_AND_STORAGE_BUFFER_ARRAY_NON_UNIFORM_INDEXING,
+        );
+        let needs_storage_buffer_non_uniform = requested_features.contains(
+            wgt::Features::BUFFER_BINDING_ARRAY
+                | wgt::Features::STORAGE_RESOURCE_BINDING_ARRAY
+                | wgt::Features::SAMPLED_TEXTURE_AND_STORAGE_BUFFER_ARRAY_NON_UNIFORM_INDEXING,
+        );
+        let needs_uniform_buffer_non_uniform = requested_features.contains(
+            wgt::Features::TEXTURE_BINDING_ARRAY
+                | wgt::Features::UNIFORM_BUFFER_AND_STORAGE_TEXTURE_ARRAY_NON_UNIFORM_INDEXING,
+        );
+        let needs_storage_image_non_uniform = requested_features.contains(
+            wgt::Features::TEXTURE_BINDING_ARRAY
+                | wgt::Features::STORAGE_RESOURCE_BINDING_ARRAY
+                | wgt::Features::UNIFORM_BUFFER_AND_STORAGE_TEXTURE_ARRAY_NON_UNIFORM_INDEXING,
+        );
+        let needs_partially_bound =
+            requested_features.intersects(wgt::Features::PARTIALLY_BOUND_BINDING_ARRAY);
+
+        Self {
+            // vk::PhysicalDeviceFeatures is a struct composed of Bool32's while
+            // Features is a bitfield so we need to map everything manually
+            core: vk::PhysicalDeviceFeatures::builder()
+                .robust_buffer_access(private_caps.robust_buffer_access)
+                .independent_blend(downlevel_flags.contains(wgt::DownlevelFlags::INDEPENDENT_BLEND))
+                .sample_rate_shading(
+                    downlevel_flags.contains(wgt::DownlevelFlags::MULTISAMPLED_SHADING),
+                )
+                .image_cube_array(
+                    downlevel_flags.contains(wgt::DownlevelFlags::CUBE_ARRAY_TEXTURES),
+                )
+                .draw_indirect_first_instance(
+                    requested_features.contains(wgt::Features::INDIRECT_FIRST_INSTANCE),
+                )
+                //.dual_src_blend(requested_features.contains(wgt::Features::DUAL_SRC_BLENDING))
+                .multi_draw_indirect(
+                    requested_features.contains(wgt::Features::MULTI_DRAW_INDIRECT),
+                )
+                .fill_mode_non_solid(requested_features.intersects(
+                    wgt::Features::POLYGON_MODE_LINE | wgt::Features::POLYGON_MODE_POINT,
+                ))
+                //.depth_bounds(requested_features.contains(wgt::Features::DEPTH_BOUNDS))
+                //.alpha_to_one(requested_features.contains(wgt::Features::ALPHA_TO_ONE))
+                //.multi_viewport(requested_features.contains(wgt::Features::MULTI_VIEWPORTS))
+                .sampler_anisotropy(
+                    downlevel_flags.contains(wgt::DownlevelFlags::ANISOTROPIC_FILTERING),
+                )
+                .texture_compression_etc2(
+                    requested_features.contains(wgt::Features::TEXTURE_COMPRESSION_ETC2),
+                )
+                .texture_compression_astc_ldr(
+                    requested_features.contains(wgt::Features::TEXTURE_COMPRESSION_ASTC),
+                )
+                .texture_compression_bc(
+                    requested_features.contains(wgt::Features::TEXTURE_COMPRESSION_BC),
+                )
+                //.occlusion_query_precise(requested_features.contains(wgt::Features::PRECISE_OCCLUSION_QUERY))
+                .pipeline_statistics_query(
+                    requested_features.contains(wgt::Features::PIPELINE_STATISTICS_QUERY),
+                )
+                .vertex_pipeline_stores_and_atomics(
+                    requested_features.contains(wgt::Features::VERTEX_WRITABLE_STORAGE),
+                )
+                .fragment_stores_and_atomics(
+                    downlevel_flags.contains(wgt::DownlevelFlags::FRAGMENT_WRITABLE_STORAGE),
+                )
+                //.shader_image_gather_extended(
+                //.shader_storage_image_extended_formats(
+                .shader_uniform_buffer_array_dynamic_indexing(
+                    requested_features.contains(wgt::Features::BUFFER_BINDING_ARRAY),
+                )
+                .shader_storage_buffer_array_dynamic_indexing(requested_features.contains(
+                    wgt::Features::BUFFER_BINDING_ARRAY
+                        | wgt::Features::STORAGE_RESOURCE_BINDING_ARRAY,
+                ))
+                .shader_sampled_image_array_dynamic_indexing(
+                    requested_features.contains(wgt::Features::TEXTURE_BINDING_ARRAY),
+                )
+                .shader_storage_buffer_array_dynamic_indexing(requested_features.contains(
+                    wgt::Features::TEXTURE_BINDING_ARRAY
+                        | wgt::Features::STORAGE_RESOURCE_BINDING_ARRAY,
+                ))
+                //.shader_storage_image_array_dynamic_indexing(
+                //.shader_clip_distance(requested_features.contains(wgt::Features::SHADER_CLIP_DISTANCE))
+                //.shader_cull_distance(requested_features.contains(wgt::Features::SHADER_CULL_DISTANCE))
+                .shader_float64(requested_features.contains(wgt::Features::SHADER_F64))
+                //.shader_int64(requested_features.contains(wgt::Features::SHADER_INT64))
+                .shader_int16(requested_features.contains(wgt::Features::SHADER_I16))
+                //.shader_resource_residency(requested_features.contains(wgt::Features::SHADER_RESOURCE_RESIDENCY))
+                .geometry_shader(requested_features.contains(wgt::Features::SHADER_PRIMITIVE_INDEX))
+                .build(),
+            descriptor_indexing: if requested_features.intersects(indexing_features()) {
+                Some(
+                    vk::PhysicalDeviceDescriptorIndexingFeaturesEXT::builder()
+                        .shader_sampled_image_array_non_uniform_indexing(
+                            needs_sampled_image_non_uniform,
+                        )
+                        .shader_storage_image_array_non_uniform_indexing(
+                            needs_storage_image_non_uniform,
+                        )
+                        .shader_uniform_buffer_array_non_uniform_indexing(
+                            needs_uniform_buffer_non_uniform,
+                        )
+                        .shader_storage_buffer_array_non_uniform_indexing(
+                            needs_storage_buffer_non_uniform,
+                        )
+                        .descriptor_binding_partially_bound(needs_partially_bound)
+                        .build(),
+                )
+            } else {
+                None
+            },
+            imageless_framebuffer: if effective_api_version >= vk::API_VERSION_1_2
+                || enabled_extensions.contains(&vk::KhrImagelessFramebufferFn::name())
+            {
+                Some(
+                    vk::PhysicalDeviceImagelessFramebufferFeaturesKHR::builder()
+                        .imageless_framebuffer(private_caps.imageless_framebuffers)
+                        .build(),
+                )
+            } else {
+                None
+            },
+            timeline_semaphore: if effective_api_version >= vk::API_VERSION_1_2
+                || enabled_extensions.contains(&vk::KhrTimelineSemaphoreFn::name())
+            {
+                Some(
+                    vk::PhysicalDeviceTimelineSemaphoreFeaturesKHR::builder()
+                        .timeline_semaphore(private_caps.timeline_semaphores)
+                        .build(),
+                )
+            } else {
+                None
+            },
+            image_robustness: if effective_api_version >= vk::API_VERSION_1_3
+                || enabled_extensions.contains(&vk::ExtImageRobustnessFn::name())
+            {
+                Some(
+                    vk::PhysicalDeviceImageRobustnessFeaturesEXT::builder()
+                        .robust_image_access(private_caps.robust_image_access)
+                        .build(),
+                )
+            } else {
+                None
+            },
+            robustness2: if enabled_extensions.contains(&vk::ExtRobustness2Fn::name()) {
+                // Note: enabling `robust_buffer_access2` isn't requires, strictly speaking
+                // since we can enable `robust_buffer_access` all the time. But it improves
+                // program portability, so we opt into it anyway.
+                Some(
+                    vk::PhysicalDeviceRobustness2FeaturesEXT::builder()
+                        .robust_buffer_access2(private_caps.robust_buffer_access)
+                        .robust_image_access2(private_caps.robust_image_access)
+                        .build(),
+                )
+            } else {
+                None
+            },
+            depth_clip_enable: if enabled_extensions.contains(&vk::ExtDepthClipEnableFn::name()) {
+                Some(
+                    vk::PhysicalDeviceDepthClipEnableFeaturesEXT::builder()
+                        .depth_clip_enable(
+                            requested_features.contains(wgt::Features::DEPTH_CLIP_CONTROL),
+                        )
+                        .build(),
+                )
+            } else {
+                None
+            },
+            multiview: if effective_api_version >= vk::API_VERSION_1_1
+                || enabled_extensions.contains(&vk::KhrMultiviewFn::name())
+            {
+                Some(
+                    vk::PhysicalDeviceMultiviewFeatures::builder()
+                        .multiview(requested_features.contains(wgt::Features::MULTIVIEW))
+                        .build(),
+                )
+            } else {
+                None
+            },
+            astc_hdr: if enabled_extensions.contains(&vk::ExtTextureCompressionAstcHdrFn::name()) {
+                Some(
+                    vk::PhysicalDeviceTextureCompressionASTCHDRFeaturesEXT::builder()
+                        .texture_compression_astc_hdr(true)
+                        .build(),
+                )
+            } else {
+                None
+            },
+            shader_float16: if requested_features.contains(wgt::Features::SHADER_F16) {
+                Some((
+                    vk::PhysicalDeviceShaderFloat16Int8Features::builder()
+                        .shader_float16(true)
+                        .build(),
+                    vk::PhysicalDevice16BitStorageFeatures::builder()
+                        .storage_buffer16_bit_access(true)
+                        .uniform_and_storage_buffer16_bit_access(true)
+                        .build(),
+                ))
+            } else {
+                None
+            },
+            zero_initialize_workgroup_memory: if effective_api_version >= vk::API_VERSION_1_3
+                || enabled_extensions.contains(&vk::KhrZeroInitializeWorkgroupMemoryFn::name())
+            {
+                Some(
+                    vk::PhysicalDeviceZeroInitializeWorkgroupMemoryFeatures::builder()
+                        .shader_zero_initialize_workgroup_memory(
+                            private_caps.zero_initialize_workgroup_memory,
+                        )
+                        .build(),
+                )
+            } else {
+                None
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn to_wgpu(
+        &self,
+        instance: &ash::Instance,
+        phd: vk::PhysicalDevice,
+        caps: &PhysicalDeviceCapabilities,
+    ) -> (wgt::Features, wgt::DownlevelFlags) {
+        use crate::auxil::db;
+        use wgt::{DownlevelFlags as Df, Features as F};
+        let mut features = F::empty()
+            | F::SPIRV_SHADER_PASSTHROUGH
+            | F::MAPPABLE_PRIMARY_BUFFERS
+            | F::PUSH_CONSTANTS
+            | F::ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_BORDER
+            | F::ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_ZERO
+            | F::TIMESTAMP_QUERY
+            | F::TIMESTAMP_QUERY_INSIDE_PASSES
+            | F::TEXTURE_ADAPTER_SPECIFIC_FORMAT_FEATURES
+            | F::CLEAR_TEXTURE;
+
+        let mut dl_flags = Df::COMPUTE_SHADERS
+            | Df::BASE_VERTEX
+            | Df::READ_ONLY_DEPTH_STENCIL
+            | Df::NON_POWER_OF_TWO_MIPMAPPED_TEXTURES
+            | Df::COMPARISON_SAMPLERS
+            | Df::VERTEX_STORAGE
+            | Df::FRAGMENT_STORAGE
+            | Df::DEPTH_TEXTURE_AND_BUFFER_COPIES
+            | Df::BUFFER_BINDINGS_NOT_16_BYTE_ALIGNED
+            | Df::UNRESTRICTED_INDEX_BUFFER
+            | Df::INDIRECT_EXECUTION
+            | Df::VIEW_FORMATS
+            | Df::UNRESTRICTED_EXTERNAL_TEXTURE_COPIES;
+
+        dl_flags.set(
+            Df::SURFACE_VIEW_FORMATS,
+            caps.supports_extension(vk::KhrSwapchainMutableFormatFn::name()),
+        );
+        dl_flags.set(Df::CUBE_ARRAY_TEXTURES, self.core.image_cube_array != 0);
+        dl_flags.set(Df::ANISOTROPIC_FILTERING, self.core.sampler_anisotropy != 0);
+        dl_flags.set(
+            Df::FRAGMENT_WRITABLE_STORAGE,
+            self.core.fragment_stores_and_atomics != 0,
+        );
+        dl_flags.set(Df::MULTISAMPLED_SHADING, self.core.sample_rate_shading != 0);
+        dl_flags.set(Df::INDEPENDENT_BLEND, self.core.independent_blend != 0);
+        dl_flags.set(
+            Df::FULL_DRAW_INDEX_UINT32,
+            self.core.full_draw_index_uint32 != 0,
+        );
+        dl_flags.set(Df::DEPTH_BIAS_CLAMP, self.core.depth_bias_clamp != 0);
+
+        features.set(
+            F::INDIRECT_FIRST_INSTANCE,
+            self.core.draw_indirect_first_instance != 0,
+        );
+        //if self.core.dual_src_blend != 0
+        features.set(F::MULTI_DRAW_INDIRECT, self.core.multi_draw_indirect != 0);
+        features.set(F::POLYGON_MODE_LINE, self.core.fill_mode_non_solid != 0);
+        features.set(F::POLYGON_MODE_POINT, self.core.fill_mode_non_solid != 0);
+        //if self.core.depth_bounds != 0 {
+        //if self.core.alpha_to_one != 0 {
+        //if self.core.multi_viewport != 0 {
+        features.set(
+            F::TEXTURE_COMPRESSION_ETC2,
+            self.core.texture_compression_etc2 != 0,
+        );
+        features.set(
+            F::TEXTURE_COMPRESSION_ASTC,
+            self.core.texture_compression_astc_ldr != 0,
+        );
+        features.set(
+            F::TEXTURE_COMPRESSION_BC,
+            self.core.texture_compression_bc != 0,
+        );
+        features.set(
+            F::PIPELINE_STATISTICS_QUERY,
+            self.core.pipeline_statistics_query != 0,
+        );
+        features.set(
+            F::VERTEX_WRITABLE_STORAGE,
+            self.core.vertex_pipeline_stores_and_atomics != 0,
+        );
+        //if self.core.shader_image_gather_extended != 0 {
+        //if self.core.shader_storage_image_extended_formats != 0 {
+        features.set(
+            F::BUFFER_BINDING_ARRAY,
+            self.core.shader_uniform_buffer_array_dynamic_indexing != 0,
+        );
+        features.set(
+            F::TEXTURE_BINDING_ARRAY,
+            self.core.shader_sampled_image_array_dynamic_indexing != 0,
+        );
+        features.set(F::SHADER_PRIMITIVE_INDEX, self.core.geometry_shader != 0);
+        if Self::all_features_supported(
+            &features,
+            &[
+                (
+                    F::BUFFER_BINDING_ARRAY,
+                    self.core.shader_storage_buffer_array_dynamic_indexing,
+                ),
+                (
+                    F::TEXTURE_BINDING_ARRAY,
+                    self.core.shader_storage_image_array_dynamic_indexing,
+                ),
+            ],
+        ) {
+            features.insert(F::STORAGE_RESOURCE_BINDING_ARRAY);
+        }
+        //if self.core.shader_storage_image_array_dynamic_indexing != 0 {
+        //if self.core.shader_clip_distance != 0 {
+        //if self.core.shader_cull_distance != 0 {
+        features.set(F::SHADER_F64, self.core.shader_float64 != 0);
+        //if self.core.shader_int64 != 0 {
+        features.set(F::SHADER_I16, self.core.shader_int16 != 0);
+
+        //if caps.supports_extension(vk::KhrSamplerMirrorClampToEdgeFn::name()) {
+        //if caps.supports_extension(vk::ExtSamplerFilterMinmaxFn::name()) {
+        features.set(
+            F::MULTI_DRAW_INDIRECT_COUNT,
+            caps.supports_extension(vk::KhrDrawIndirectCountFn::name()),
+        );
+        features.set(
+            F::CONSERVATIVE_RASTERIZATION,
+            caps.supports_extension(vk::ExtConservativeRasterizationFn::name()),
+        );
+
+        let intel_windows = caps.properties.vendor_id == db::intel::VENDOR && cfg!(windows);
+
+        if let Some(ref descriptor_indexing) = self.descriptor_indexing {
+            const STORAGE: F = F::STORAGE_RESOURCE_BINDING_ARRAY;
+            if Self::all_features_supported(
+                &features,
+                &[
+                    (
+                        F::TEXTURE_BINDING_ARRAY,
+                        descriptor_indexing.shader_sampled_image_array_non_uniform_indexing,
+                    ),
+                    (
+                        F::BUFFER_BINDING_ARRAY | STORAGE,
+                        descriptor_indexing.shader_storage_buffer_array_non_uniform_indexing,
+                    ),
+                ],
+            ) {
+                features.insert(F::SAMPLED_TEXTURE_AND_STORAGE_BUFFER_ARRAY_NON_UNIFORM_INDEXING);
+            }
+            if Self::all_features_supported(
+                &features,
+                &[
+                    (
+                        F::BUFFER_BINDING_ARRAY,
+                        descriptor_indexing.shader_uniform_buffer_array_non_uniform_indexing,
+                    ),
+                    (
+                        F::TEXTURE_BINDING_ARRAY | STORAGE,
+                        descriptor_indexing.shader_storage_image_array_non_uniform_indexing,
+                    ),
+                ],
+            ) {
+                features.insert(F::UNIFORM_BUFFER_AND_STORAGE_TEXTURE_ARRAY_NON_UNIFORM_INDEXING);
+            }
+            if descriptor_indexing.descriptor_binding_partially_bound != 0 && !intel_windows {
+                features |= F::PARTIALLY_BOUND_BINDING_ARRAY;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if let Some(ref feature) = self.depth_clip_enable {
+            features.set(F::DEPTH_CLIP_CONTROL, feature.depth_clip_enable != 0);
+        }
+
+        if let Some(ref multiview) = self.multiview {
+            features.set(F::MULTIVIEW, multiview.multiview != 0);
+        }
+
+        features.set(
+            F::TEXTURE_FORMAT_16BIT_NORM,
+            is_format_16bit_norm_supported(instance, phd),
+        );
+
+        if let Some(ref astc_hdr) = self.astc_hdr {
+            features.set(
+                F::TEXTURE_COMPRESSION_ASTC_HDR,
+                astc_hdr.texture_compression_astc_hdr != 0,
+            );
+        }
+
+        if let Some((ref f16_i8, ref bit16)) = self.shader_float16 {
+            features.set(
+                F::SHADER_F16,
+                f16_i8.shader_float16 != 0
+                    && bit16.storage_buffer16_bit_access != 0
+                    && bit16.uniform_and_storage_buffer16_bit_access != 0,
+            );
+        }
+
+        let supports_depth_format = |format| {
+            supports_format(
+                instance,
+                phd,
+                format,
+                vk::ImageTiling::OPTIMAL,
+                depth_stencil_required_flags(),
+            )
+        };
+
+        let texture_s8 = supports_depth_format(vk::Format::S8_UINT);
+        let texture_d32 = supports_depth_format(vk::Format::D32_SFLOAT);
+        let texture_d24_s8 = supports_depth_format(vk::Format::D24_UNORM_S8_UINT);
+        let texture_d32_s8 = supports_depth_format(vk::Format::D32_SFLOAT_S8_UINT);
+
+        let stencil8 = texture_s8 || texture_d24_s8;
+        let depth24_plus_stencil8 = texture_d24_s8 || texture_d32_s8;
+
+        dl_flags.set(
+            Df::WEBGPU_TEXTURE_FORMAT_SUPPORT,
+            stencil8 && depth24_plus_stencil8 && texture_d32,
+        );
+
+        features.set(F::DEPTH32FLOAT_STENCIL8, texture_d32_s8);
+
+        let rg11b10ufloat_renderable = supports_format(
+            instance,
+            phd,
+            vk::Format::B10G11R11_UFLOAT_PACK32,
+            vk::ImageTiling::OPTIMAL,
+            vk::FormatFeatureFlags::COLOR_ATTACHMENT
+                | vk::FormatFeatureFlags::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BLEND,
+        );
+        features.set(F::RG11B10UFLOAT_RENDERABLE, rg11b10ufloat_renderable);
+
+        (features, dl_flags)
+    }
+
+    fn all_features_supported(
+        features: &wgt::Features,
+        implications: &[(wgt::Features, vk::Bool32)],
+    ) -> bool {
+        implications
+            .iter()
+            .all(|&(flag, support)| !features.contains(flag) || support != 0)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Information gathered about a physical device capabilities.
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct PhysicalDeviceCapabilities {
+    supported_extensions: Vec<vk::ExtensionProperties>,
+    properties: vk::PhysicalDeviceProperties,
+    maintenance_3: Option<vk::PhysicalDeviceMaintenance3Properties>,
+    descriptor_indexing: Option<vk::PhysicalDeviceDescriptorIndexingPropertiesEXT>,
+    driver: Option<vk::PhysicalDeviceDriverPropertiesKHR>,
+    /// The effective driver api version supported by the physical device.
+    ///
+    /// The Vulkan specification states the following in the documentation for VkPhysicalDeviceProperties:
+    /// > The value of apiVersion may be different than the version returned by vkEnumerateInstanceVersion;
+    /// > either higher or lower. In such cases, the application must not use functionality that exceeds
+    /// > the version of Vulkan associated with a given object.
+    ///
+    /// For example, a Vulkan 1.1 instance cannot use functionality added in Vulkan 1.2 even if the physical
+    /// device supports Vulkan 1.2.
+    ///
+    /// This means that assuming that the apiVersion provided by VkPhysicalDeviceProperties is the actual
+    /// version we can use is incorrect. Instead the effective version is the lower of the instance version
+    /// and physical device version.
+    effective_api_version: u32,
+}
+
+// This is safe because the structs have `p_next: *mut c_void`, which we null out/never read.
+unsafe impl Send for PhysicalDeviceCapabilities {}
+unsafe impl Sync for PhysicalDeviceCapabilities {}
+
+impl PhysicalDeviceCapabilities {
+    pub fn properties(&self) -> vk::PhysicalDeviceProperties {
+        self.properties
+    }
+
+    pub fn supports_extension(&self, extension: &CStr) -> bool {
+        use crate::auxil::cstr_from_bytes_until_nul;
+        self.supported_extensions
+            .iter()
+            .any(|ep| cstr_from_bytes_until_nul(&ep.extension_name) == Some(extension))
+    }
+
+    /// Map `requested_features` to the list of Vulkan extension strings required to create the logical device.
+    fn get_required_extensions(&self, requested_features: wgt::Features) -> Vec<&'static CStr> {
+        let mut extensions = Vec::new();
+
+        // Note that quite a few extensions depend on the `VK_KHR_get_physical_device_properties2` instance extension.
+        // We enable `VK_KHR_get_physical_device_properties2` unconditionally (if available).
+
+        // Require `VK_KHR_swapchain`
+        extensions.push(vk::KhrSwapchainFn::name());
+
+        if self.effective_api_version < vk::API_VERSION_1_1 {
+            // Require either `VK_KHR_maintenance1` or `VK_AMD_negative_viewport_height`
+            if self.supports_extension(vk::KhrMaintenance1Fn::name()) {
+                extensions.push(vk::KhrMaintenance1Fn::name());
+            } else {
+                // `VK_AMD_negative_viewport_height` is obsoleted by `VK_KHR_maintenance1` and must not be enabled alongside it
+                extensions.push(vk::AmdNegativeViewportHeightFn::name());
+            }
+
+            // Optional `VK_KHR_maintenance2`
+            if self.supports_extension(vk::KhrMaintenance2Fn::name()) {
+                extensions.push(vk::KhrMaintenance2Fn::name());
+            }
+
+            // Optional `VK_KHR_maintenance3`
+            if self.supports_extension(vk::KhrMaintenance3Fn::name()) {
+                extensions.push(vk::KhrMaintenance3Fn::name());
+            }
+
+            // Require `VK_KHR_storage_buffer_storage_class`
+            extensions.push(vk::KhrStorageBufferStorageClassFn::name());
+
+            // Require `VK_KHR_multiview` if the associated feature was requested
+            if requested_features.contains(wgt::Features::MULTIVIEW) {
+                extensions.push(vk::KhrMultiviewFn::name());
+            }
+        }
+
+        if self.effective_api_version < vk::API_VERSION_1_2 {
+            // Optional `VK_KHR_image_format_list`
+            if self.supports_extension(vk::KhrImageFormatListFn::name()) {
+                extensions.push(vk::KhrImageFormatListFn::name());
+            }
+
+            // Optional `VK_KHR_imageless_framebuffer`
+            if self.supports_extension(vk::KhrImagelessFramebufferFn::name()) {
+                extensions.push(vk::KhrImagelessFramebufferFn::name());
+                // Require `VK_KHR_maintenance2` due to it being a dependency
+                if self.effective_api_version < vk::API_VERSION_1_1 {
+                    extensions.push(vk::KhrMaintenance2Fn::name());
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Optional `VK_KHR_driver_properties`
+            if self.supports_extension(vk::KhrDriverPropertiesFn::name()) {
+                extensions.push(vk::KhrDriverPropertiesFn::name());
+            }
+
+            // Optional `VK_KHR_timeline_semaphore`
+            if self.supports_extension(vk::KhrTimelineSemaphoreFn::name()) {
+                extensions.push(vk::KhrTimelineSemaphoreFn::name());
+            }
+
+            // Require `VK_EXT_descriptor_indexing` if one of the associated features was requested
+            if requested_features.intersects(indexing_features()) {
+                extensions.push(vk::ExtDescriptorIndexingFn::name());
+            }
+
+            // Require `VK_KHR_shader_float16_int8` and `VK_KHR_16bit_storage` if the associated feature was requested
+            if requested_features.contains(wgt::Features::SHADER_F16) {
+                extensions.push(vk::KhrShaderFloat16Int8Fn::name());
+                // `VK_KHR_16bit_storage` requires `VK_KHR_storage_buffer_storage_class`, however we require that one already
+                if self.effective_api_version < vk::API_VERSION_1_1 {
+                    extensions.push(vk::Khr16bitStorageFn::name());
+                }
+            }
+
+            //extensions.push(vk::KhrSamplerMirrorClampToEdgeFn::name());
+            //extensions.push(vk::ExtSamplerFilterMinmaxFn::name());
+        }
+
+        if self.effective_api_version < vk::API_VERSION_1_3 {
+            // Optional `VK_EXT_image_robustness`
+            if self.supports_extension(vk::ExtImageRobustnessFn::name()) {
+                extensions.push(vk::ExtImageRobustnessFn::name());
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Optional `VK_KHR_swapchain_mutable_format`
+        if self.supports_extension(vk::KhrSwapchainMutableFormatFn::name()) {
+            extensions.push(vk::KhrSwapchainMutableFormatFn::name());
+        }
+
+        // Optional `VK_EXT_robustness2`
+        if self.supports_extension(vk::ExtRobustness2Fn::name()) {
+            extensions.push(vk::ExtRobustness2Fn::name());
+        }
+
+        // Require `VK_KHR_draw_indirect_count` if the associated feature was requested
+        // Even though Vulkan 1.2 has promoted the extension to core, we must require the extension to avoid
+        // large amounts of spaghetti involved with using PhysicalDeviceVulkan12Features.
+        if requested_features.contains(wgt::Features::MULTI_DRAW_INDIRECT_COUNT) {
+            extensions.push(vk::KhrDrawIndirectCountFn::name());
+        }
+
+        // Require `VK_EXT_conservative_rasterization` if the associated feature was requested
+        if requested_features.contains(wgt::Features::CONSERVATIVE_RASTERIZATION) {
+            extensions.push(vk::ExtConservativeRasterizationFn::name());
+        }
+
+        // Require `VK_EXT_depth_clip_enable` if the associated feature was requested
+        if requested_features.contains(wgt::Features::DEPTH_CLIP_CONTROL) {
+            extensions.push(vk::ExtDepthClipEnableFn::name());
+        }
+
+        // Require `VK_KHR_portability_subset` on macOS/iOS
+        #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
+        extensions.push(vk::KhrPortabilitySubsetFn::name());
+
+        // Require `VK_EXT_texture_compression_astc_hdr` if the associated feature was requested
+        if requested_features.contains(wgt::Features::TEXTURE_COMPRESSION_ASTC_HDR) {
+            extensions.push(vk::ExtTextureCompressionAstcHdrFn::name());
+        }
+
+        extensions
+    }
+
+    fn to_wgpu_limits(&self) -> wgt::Limits {
+        let limits = &self.properties.limits;
+
+        let max_compute_workgroup_sizes = limits.max_compute_work_group_size;
+        let max_compute_workgroups_per_dimension = limits.max_compute_work_group_count[0]
+            .min(limits.max_compute_work_group_count[1])
+            .min(limits.max_compute_work_group_count[2]);
+
+        // Prevent very large buffers on mesa and most android devices.
+        let is_nvidia = self.properties.vendor_id == crate::auxil::db::nvidia::VENDOR;
+        let max_buffer_size =
+            if (cfg!(target_os = "linux") || cfg!(target_os = "android")) && !is_nvidia {
+                i32::MAX as u64
+            } else {
+                u64::MAX
+            };
+
+        wgt::Limits {
+            max_texture_dimension_1d: limits.max_image_dimension1_d,
+            max_texture_dimension_2d: limits.max_image_dimension2_d,
+            max_texture_dimension_3d: limits.max_image_dimension3_d,
+            max_texture_array_layers: limits.max_image_array_layers,
+            max_bind_groups: limits
+                .max_bound_descriptor_sets
+                .min(crate::MAX_BIND_GROUPS as u32),
+            max_bindings_per_bind_group: 640,
+            max_dynamic_uniform_buffers_per_pipeline_layout: limits
+                .max_descriptor_set_uniform_buffers_dynamic,
+            max_dynamic_storage_buffers_per_pipeline_layout: limits
+                .max_descriptor_set_storage_buffers_dynamic,
+            max_sampled_textures_per_shader_stage: limits.max_per_stage_descriptor_sampled_images,
+            max_samplers_per_shader_stage: limits.max_per_stage_descriptor_samplers,
+            max_storage_buffers_per_shader_stage: limits.max_per_stage_descriptor_storage_buffers,
+            max_storage_textures_per_shader_stage: limits.max_per_stage_descriptor_storage_images,
+            max_uniform_buffers_per_shader_stage: limits.max_per_stage_descriptor_uniform_buffers,
+            max_uniform_buffer_binding_size: limits
+                .max_uniform_buffer_range
+                .min(crate::auxil::MAX_I32_BINDING_SIZE),
+            max_storage_buffer_binding_size: limits
+                .max_storage_buffer_range
+                .min(crate::auxil::MAX_I32_BINDING_SIZE),
+            max_vertex_buffers: limits
+                .max_vertex_input_bindings
+                .min(crate::MAX_VERTEX_BUFFERS as u32),
+            max_vertex_attributes: limits.max_vertex_input_attributes,
+            max_vertex_buffer_array_stride: limits.max_vertex_input_binding_stride,
+            max_push_constant_size: limits.max_push_constants_size,
+            min_uniform_buffer_offset_alignment: limits.min_uniform_buffer_offset_alignment as u32,
+            min_storage_buffer_offset_alignment: limits.min_storage_buffer_offset_alignment as u32,
+            max_inter_stage_shader_components: limits
+                .max_vertex_output_components
+                .min(limits.max_fragment_input_components),
+            max_compute_workgroup_storage_size: limits.max_compute_shared_memory_size,
+            max_compute_invocations_per_workgroup: limits.max_compute_work_group_invocations,
+            max_compute_workgroup_size_x: max_compute_workgroup_sizes[0],
+            max_compute_workgroup_size_y: max_compute_workgroup_sizes[1],
+            max_compute_workgroup_size_z: max_compute_workgroup_sizes[2],
+            max_compute_workgroups_per_dimension,
+            max_buffer_size,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn to_hal_alignments(&self) -> crate::Alignments {
+        let limits = &self.properties.limits;
+        crate::Alignments {
+            buffer_copy_offset: wgt::BufferSize::new(limits.optimal_buffer_copy_offset_alignment)
+                .unwrap(),
+            buffer_copy_pitch: wgt::BufferSize::new(limits.optimal_buffer_copy_row_pitch_alignment)
+                .unwrap(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl super::InstanceShared {
+    #[allow(trivial_casts)] // false positives
+    fn inspect(
+        &self,
+        phd: vk::PhysicalDevice,
+    ) -> (PhysicalDeviceCapabilities, PhysicalDeviceFeatures) {
+        let capabilities = {
+            let mut capabilities = PhysicalDeviceCapabilities::default();
+            capabilities.supported_extensions =
+                unsafe { self.raw.enumerate_device_extension_properties(phd).unwrap() };
+            capabilities.properties = if let Some(ref get_device_properties) =
+                self.get_physical_device_properties
+            {
+                // Get these now to avoid borrowing conflicts later
+                let supports_descriptor_indexing = self.driver_api_version >= vk::API_VERSION_1_2
+                    || capabilities.supports_extension(vk::ExtDescriptorIndexingFn::name());
+                let supports_driver_properties = self.driver_api_version >= vk::API_VERSION_1_2
+                    || capabilities.supports_extension(vk::KhrDriverPropertiesFn::name());
+
+                let mut builder = vk::PhysicalDeviceProperties2KHR::builder();
+                if self.driver_api_version >= vk::API_VERSION_1_1
+                    || capabilities.supports_extension(vk::KhrMaintenance3Fn::name())
+                {
+                    capabilities.maintenance_3 =
+                        Some(vk::PhysicalDeviceMaintenance3Properties::default());
+                    builder = builder.push_next(capabilities.maintenance_3.as_mut().unwrap());
+                }
+
+                if supports_descriptor_indexing {
+                    let next = capabilities
+                        .descriptor_indexing
+                        .insert(vk::PhysicalDeviceDescriptorIndexingPropertiesEXT::default());
+                    builder = builder.push_next(next);
+                }
+
+                if supports_driver_properties {
+                    let next = capabilities
+                        .driver
+                        .insert(vk::PhysicalDeviceDriverPropertiesKHR::default());
+                    builder = builder.push_next(next);
+                }
+
+                let mut properties2 = builder.build();
+                unsafe {
+                    get_device_properties.get_physical_device_properties2(phd, &mut properties2);
+                }
+                properties2.properties
+            } else {
+                unsafe { self.raw.get_physical_device_properties(phd) }
+            };
+
+            // Set the effective api version
+            capabilities.effective_api_version = self
+                .driver_api_version
+                .min(capabilities.properties.api_version);
+            capabilities
+        };
+
+        let mut features = PhysicalDeviceFeatures::default();
+        features.core = if let Some(ref get_device_properties) = self.get_physical_device_properties
+        {
+            let core = vk::PhysicalDeviceFeatures::default();
+            let mut builder = vk::PhysicalDeviceFeatures2KHR::builder().features(core);
+
+            // `VK_KHR_multiview` is promoted to 1.1
+            if capabilities.effective_api_version >= vk::API_VERSION_1_1
+                || capabilities.supports_extension(vk::KhrMultiviewFn::name())
+            {
+                let next = features
+                    .multiview
+                    .insert(vk::PhysicalDeviceMultiviewFeatures::default());
+                builder = builder.push_next(next);
+            }
+
+            if capabilities.supports_extension(vk::ExtDescriptorIndexingFn::name()) {
+                let next = features
+                    .descriptor_indexing
+                    .insert(vk::PhysicalDeviceDescriptorIndexingFeaturesEXT::default());
+                builder = builder.push_next(next);
+            }
+
+            // `VK_KHR_imageless_framebuffer` is promoted to 1.2, but has no changes, so we can keep using the extension unconditionally.
+            if capabilities.supports_extension(vk::KhrImagelessFramebufferFn::name()) {
+                let next = features
+                    .imageless_framebuffer
+                    .insert(vk::PhysicalDeviceImagelessFramebufferFeaturesKHR::default());
+                builder = builder.push_next(next);
+            }
+
+            // `VK_KHR_timeline_semaphore` is promoted to 1.2, but has no changes, so we can keep using the extension unconditionally.
+            if capabilities.supports_extension(vk::KhrTimelineSemaphoreFn::name()) {
+                let next = features
+                    .timeline_semaphore
+                    .insert(vk::PhysicalDeviceTimelineSemaphoreFeaturesKHR::default());
+                builder = builder.push_next(next);
+            }
+
+            if capabilities.supports_extension(vk::ExtImageRobustnessFn::name()) {
+                let next = features
+                    .image_robustness
+                    .insert(vk::PhysicalDeviceImageRobustnessFeaturesEXT::default());
+                builder = builder.push_next(next);
+            }
+            if capabilities.supports_extension(vk::ExtRobustness2Fn::name()) {
+                let next = features
+                    .robustness2
+                    .insert(vk::PhysicalDeviceRobustness2FeaturesEXT::default());
+                builder = builder.push_next(next);
+            }
+            if capabilities.supports_extension(vk::ExtDepthClipEnableFn::name()) {
+                let next = features
+                    .depth_clip_enable
+                    .insert(vk::PhysicalDeviceDepthClipEnableFeaturesEXT::default());
+                builder = builder.push_next(next);
+            }
+            if capabilities.supports_extension(vk::ExtTextureCompressionAstcHdrFn::name()) {
+                let next = features
+                    .astc_hdr
+                    .insert(vk::PhysicalDeviceTextureCompressionASTCHDRFeaturesEXT::default());
+                builder = builder.push_next(next);
+            }
+            if capabilities.supports_extension(vk::KhrShaderFloat16Int8Fn::name())
+                && capabilities.supports_extension(vk::Khr16bitStorageFn::name())
+            {
+                let next = features.shader_float16.insert((
+                    vk::PhysicalDeviceShaderFloat16Int8FeaturesKHR::default(),
+                    vk::PhysicalDevice16BitStorageFeaturesKHR::default(),
+                ));
+                builder = builder.push_next(&mut next.0);
+                builder = builder.push_next(&mut next.1);
+            }
+
+            // `VK_KHR_zero_initialize_workgroup_memory` is promoted to 1.3
+            if capabilities.effective_api_version >= vk::API_VERSION_1_3
+                || capabilities.supports_extension(vk::KhrZeroInitializeWorkgroupMemoryFn::name())
+            {
+                let next = features
+                    .zero_initialize_workgroup_memory
+                    .insert(vk::PhysicalDeviceZeroInitializeWorkgroupMemoryFeatures::default());
+                builder = builder.push_next(next);
+            }
+
+            let mut features2 = builder.build();
+            unsafe {
+                get_device_properties.get_physical_device_features2(phd, &mut features2);
+            }
+            features2.features
+        } else {
+            unsafe { self.raw.get_physical_device_features(phd) }
+        };
+
+        (capabilities, features)
+    }
+}
+
+impl super::Instance {
+    pub fn expose_adapter(
+        &self,
+        phd: vk::PhysicalDevice,
+    ) -> Option<crate::ExposedAdapter<super::Api>> {
+        use crate::auxil::cstr_from_bytes_until_nul;
+        use crate::auxil::db;
+
+        let (phd_capabilities, phd_features) = self.shared.inspect(phd);
+
+        let info = wgt::AdapterInfo {
+            name: {
+                cstr_from_bytes_until_nul(&phd_capabilities.properties.device_name)
+                    .and_then(|info| info.to_str().ok())
+                    .unwrap_or("?")
+                    .to_owned()
+            },
+            vendor: phd_capabilities.properties.vendor_id,
+            device: phd_capabilities.properties.device_id,
+            device_type: match phd_capabilities.properties.device_type {
+                ash::vk::PhysicalDeviceType::OTHER => wgt::DeviceType::Other,
+                ash::vk::PhysicalDeviceType::INTEGRATED_GPU => wgt::DeviceType::IntegratedGpu,
+                ash::vk::PhysicalDeviceType::DISCRETE_GPU => wgt::DeviceType::DiscreteGpu,
+                ash::vk::PhysicalDeviceType::VIRTUAL_GPU => wgt::DeviceType::VirtualGpu,
+                ash::vk::PhysicalDeviceType::CPU => wgt::DeviceType::Cpu,
+                _ => wgt::DeviceType::Other,
+            },
+            driver: {
+                phd_capabilities
+                    .driver
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .and_then(|driver| cstr_from_bytes_until_nul(&driver.driver_name))
+                    .and_then(|name| name.to_str().ok())
+                    .unwrap_or("?")
+                    .to_owned()
+            },
+            driver_info: {
+                phd_capabilities
+                    .driver
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .and_then(|driver| cstr_from_bytes_until_nul(&driver.driver_info))
+                    .and_then(|name| name.to_str().ok())
+                    .unwrap_or("?")
+                    .to_owned()
+            },
+            backend: wgt::Backend::Vulkan,
+        };
+
+        let (available_features, downlevel_flags) =
+            phd_features.to_wgpu(&self.shared.raw, phd, &phd_capabilities);
+        let mut workarounds = super::Workarounds::empty();
+        {
+            // see https://github.com/gfx-rs/gfx/issues/1930
+            let _is_windows_intel_dual_src_bug = cfg!(windows)
+                && phd_capabilities.properties.vendor_id == db::intel::VENDOR
+                && (phd_capabilities.properties.device_id & db::intel::DEVICE_KABY_LAKE_MASK
+                    == db::intel::DEVICE_KABY_LAKE_MASK
+                    || phd_capabilities.properties.device_id & db::intel::DEVICE_SKY_LAKE_MASK
+                        == db::intel::DEVICE_SKY_LAKE_MASK);
+            // TODO: only enable for particular devices
+            workarounds |= super::Workarounds::SEPARATE_ENTRY_POINTS;
+            workarounds.set(
+                super::Workarounds::EMPTY_RESOLVE_ATTACHMENT_LISTS,
+                phd_capabilities.properties.vendor_id == db::qualcomm::VENDOR,
+            );
+        };
+
+        if phd_capabilities.effective_api_version == vk::API_VERSION_1_0
+            && !phd_capabilities.supports_extension(vk::KhrStorageBufferStorageClassFn::name())
+        {
+            log::warn!(
+                "SPIR-V storage buffer class is not supported, hiding adapter: {}",
+                info.name
+            );
+            return None;
+        }
+        if !phd_capabilities.supports_extension(vk::AmdNegativeViewportHeightFn::name())
+            && !phd_capabilities.supports_extension(vk::KhrMaintenance1Fn::name())
+            && phd_capabilities.effective_api_version < vk::API_VERSION_1_1
+        {
+            log::warn!(
+                "viewport Y-flip is not supported, hiding adapter: {}",
+                info.name
+            );
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        let queue_families = unsafe {
+            self.shared
+                .raw
+                .get_physical_device_queue_family_properties(phd)
+        };
+        let queue_flags = queue_families.first()?.queue_flags;
+        if !queue_flags.contains(vk::QueueFlags::GRAPHICS) {
+            log::warn!("The first queue only exposes {:?}", queue_flags);
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        let private_caps = super::PrivateCapabilities {
+            flip_y_requires_shift: phd_capabilities.effective_api_version >= vk::API_VERSION_1_1
+                || phd_capabilities.supports_extension(vk::KhrMaintenance1Fn::name()),
+            imageless_framebuffers: match phd_features.imageless_framebuffer {
+                Some(features) => features.imageless_framebuffer == vk::TRUE,
+                None => phd_features
+                    .imageless_framebuffer
+                    .map_or(false, |ext| ext.imageless_framebuffer != 0),
+            },
+            image_view_usage: phd_capabilities.effective_api_version >= vk::API_VERSION_1_1
+                || phd_capabilities.supports_extension(vk::KhrMaintenance2Fn::name()),
+            timeline_semaphores: match phd_features.timeline_semaphore {
+                Some(features) => features.timeline_semaphore == vk::TRUE,
+                None => phd_features
+                    .timeline_semaphore
+                    .map_or(false, |ext| ext.timeline_semaphore != 0),
+            },
+            texture_d24: supports_format(
+                &self.shared.raw,
+                phd,
+                vk::Format::X8_D24_UNORM_PACK32,
+                vk::ImageTiling::OPTIMAL,
+                depth_stencil_required_flags(),
+            ),
+            texture_d24_s8: supports_format(
+                &self.shared.raw,
+                phd,
+                vk::Format::D24_UNORM_S8_UINT,
+                vk::ImageTiling::OPTIMAL,
+                depth_stencil_required_flags(),
+            ),
+            texture_s8: supports_format(
+                &self.shared.raw,
+                phd,
+                vk::Format::S8_UINT,
+                vk::ImageTiling::OPTIMAL,
+                depth_stencil_required_flags(),
+            ),
+            non_coherent_map_mask: phd_capabilities.properties.limits.non_coherent_atom_size - 1,
+            can_present: true,
+            //TODO: make configurable
+            robust_buffer_access: phd_features.core.robust_buffer_access != 0,
+            robust_image_access: match phd_features.robustness2 {
+                Some(ref f) => f.robust_image_access2 != 0,
+                None => phd_features
+                    .image_robustness
+                    .map_or(false, |ext| ext.robust_image_access != 0),
+            },
+            zero_initialize_workgroup_memory: phd_features
+                .zero_initialize_workgroup_memory
+                .map_or(false, |ext| {
+                    ext.shader_zero_initialize_workgroup_memory == vk::TRUE
+                }),
+        };
+        let capabilities = crate::Capabilities {
+            limits: phd_capabilities.to_wgpu_limits(),
+            alignments: phd_capabilities.to_hal_alignments(),
+            downlevel: wgt::DownlevelCapabilities {
+                flags: downlevel_flags,
+                limits: wgt::DownlevelLimits {},
+                shader_model: wgt::ShaderModel::Sm5, //TODO?
+            },
+        };
+
+        let adapter = super::Adapter {
+            raw: phd,
+            instance: Arc::clone(&self.shared),
+            //queue_families,
+            known_memory_flags: vk::MemoryPropertyFlags::DEVICE_LOCAL
+                | vk::MemoryPropertyFlags::HOST_VISIBLE
+                | vk::MemoryPropertyFlags::HOST_COHERENT
+                | vk::MemoryPropertyFlags::HOST_CACHED
+                | vk::MemoryPropertyFlags::LAZILY_ALLOCATED,
+            phd_capabilities,
+            //phd_features,
+            downlevel_flags,
+            private_caps,
+            workarounds,
+        };
+
+        Some(crate::ExposedAdapter {
+            adapter,
+            info,
+            features: available_features,
+            capabilities,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl super::Adapter {
+    pub fn raw_physical_device(&self) -> ash::vk::PhysicalDevice {
+        self.raw
+    }
+
+    pub fn physical_device_capabilities(&self) -> &PhysicalDeviceCapabilities {
+        &self.phd_capabilities
+    }
+
+    pub fn shared_instance(&self) -> &super::InstanceShared {
+        &self.instance
+    }
+
+    pub fn required_device_extensions(&self, features: wgt::Features) -> Vec<&'static CStr> {
+        let (supported_extensions, unsupported_extensions) = self
+            .phd_capabilities
+            .get_required_extensions(features)
+            .iter()
+            .partition::<Vec<&CStr>, _>(|&&extension| {
+                self.phd_capabilities.supports_extension(extension)
+            });
+
+        if !unsupported_extensions.is_empty() {
+            log::warn!("Missing extensions: {:?}", unsupported_extensions);
+        }
+
+        log::debug!("Supported extensions: {:?}", supported_extensions);
+        supported_extensions
+    }
+
+    /// `features` must be the same features used to create `enabled_extensions`.
+    pub fn physical_device_features(
+        &self,
+        enabled_extensions: &[&'static CStr],
+        features: wgt::Features,
+    ) -> PhysicalDeviceFeatures {
+        PhysicalDeviceFeatures::from_extensions_and_requested_features(
+            self.phd_capabilities.effective_api_version,
+            enabled_extensions,
+            features,
+            self.downlevel_flags,
+            &self.private_caps,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// - `raw_device` must be created from this adapter.
+    /// - `raw_device` must be created using `family_index`, `enabled_extensions` and `physical_device_features()`
+    /// - `enabled_extensions` must be a superset of `required_device_extensions()`.
+    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+    pub unsafe fn device_from_raw(
+        &self,
+        raw_device: ash::Device,
+        handle_is_owned: bool,
+        enabled_extensions: &[&'static CStr],
+        features: wgt::Features,
+        family_index: u32,
+        queue_index: u32,
+    ) -> Result<crate::OpenDevice<super::Api>, crate::DeviceError> {
+        let mem_properties = {
+            profiling::scope!("vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties");
+            unsafe {
+                self.instance
+                    .raw
+                    .get_physical_device_memory_properties(self.raw)
+            }
+        };
+        let memory_types =
+            &mem_properties.memory_types[..mem_properties.memory_type_count as usize];
+        let valid_ash_memory_types = memory_types.iter().enumerate().fold(0, |u, (i, mem)| {
+            if self.known_memory_flags.contains(mem.property_flags) {
+                u | (1 << i)
+            } else {
+                u
+            }
+        });
+
+        let swapchain_fn = khr::Swapchain::new(&self.instance.raw, &raw_device);
+
+        let indirect_count_fn = if enabled_extensions.contains(&khr::DrawIndirectCount::name()) {
+            Some(khr::DrawIndirectCount::new(&self.instance.raw, &raw_device))
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+        let timeline_semaphore_fn = if enabled_extensions.contains(&khr::TimelineSemaphore::name())
+        {
+            Some(super::ExtensionFn::Extension(khr::TimelineSemaphore::new(
+                &self.instance.raw,
+                &raw_device,
+            )))
+        } else if self.phd_capabilities.effective_api_version >= vk::API_VERSION_1_2 {
+            Some(super::ExtensionFn::Promoted)
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+
+        let naga_options = {
+            use naga::back::spv;
+
+            let mut capabilities = vec![
+                spv::Capability::Shader,
+                spv::Capability::Matrix,
+                spv::Capability::Sampled1D,
+                spv::Capability::Image1D,
+                spv::Capability::ImageQuery,
+                spv::Capability::DerivativeControl,
+                spv::Capability::SampledCubeArray,
+                spv::Capability::SampleRateShading,
+                //Note: this is requested always, no matter what the actual
+                // adapter supports. It's not the responsibility of SPV-out
+                // translation to handle the storage support for formats.
+                spv::Capability::StorageImageExtendedFormats,
+                //TODO: fill out the rest
+            ];
+
+            if features.contains(wgt::Features::MULTIVIEW) {
+                capabilities.push(spv::Capability::MultiView);
+            }
+
+            if features.contains(wgt::Features::SHADER_PRIMITIVE_INDEX) {
+                capabilities.push(spv::Capability::Geometry);
+            }
+
+            if features.intersects(
+                wgt::Features::SAMPLED_TEXTURE_AND_STORAGE_BUFFER_ARRAY_NON_UNIFORM_INDEXING
+                    | wgt::Features::UNIFORM_BUFFER_AND_STORAGE_TEXTURE_ARRAY_NON_UNIFORM_INDEXING,
+            ) {
+                capabilities.push(spv::Capability::ShaderNonUniform);
+            }
+
+            let mut flags = spv::WriterFlags::empty();
+            flags.set(
+                spv::WriterFlags::DEBUG,
+                self.instance.flags.contains(crate::InstanceFlags::DEBUG),
+            );
+            flags.set(
+                spv::WriterFlags::LABEL_VARYINGS,
+                self.phd_capabilities.properties.vendor_id != crate::auxil::db::qualcomm::VENDOR,
+            );
+            flags.set(
+                spv::WriterFlags::FORCE_POINT_SIZE,
+                //Note: we could technically disable this when we are compiling separate entry points,
+                // and we know exactly that the primitive topology is not `PointList`.
+                // But this requires cloning the `spv::Options` struct, which has heap allocations.
+                true, // could check `super::Workarounds::SEPARATE_ENTRY_POINTS`
+            );
+            spv::Options {
+                lang_version: (1, 0),
+                flags,
+                capabilities: Some(capabilities.iter().cloned().collect()),
+                bounds_check_policies: naga::proc::BoundsCheckPolicies {
+                    index: naga::proc::BoundsCheckPolicy::Restrict,
+                    buffer: if self.private_caps.robust_buffer_access {
+                        naga::proc::BoundsCheckPolicy::Unchecked
+                    } else {
+                        naga::proc::BoundsCheckPolicy::Restrict
+                    },
+                    image: if self.private_caps.robust_image_access {
+                        naga::proc::BoundsCheckPolicy::Unchecked
+                    } else {
+                        naga::proc::BoundsCheckPolicy::Restrict
+                    },
+                    // TODO: support bounds checks on binding arrays
+                    binding_array: naga::proc::BoundsCheckPolicy::Unchecked,
+                },
+                zero_initialize_workgroup_memory: if self
+                    .private_caps
+                    .zero_initialize_workgroup_memory
+                {
+                    spv::ZeroInitializeWorkgroupMemoryMode::Native
+                } else {
+                    spv::ZeroInitializeWorkgroupMemoryMode::Polyfill
+                },
+                // We need to build this separately for each invocation, so just default it out here
+                binding_map: BTreeMap::default(),
+            }
+        };
+
+        let raw_queue = {
+            profiling::scope!("vkGetDeviceQueue");
+            unsafe { raw_device.get_device_queue(family_index, queue_index) }
+        };
+
+        let shared = Arc::new(super::DeviceShared {
+            raw: raw_device,
+            family_index,
+            queue_index,
+            raw_queue,
+            handle_is_owned,
+            instance: Arc::clone(&self.instance),
+            physical_device: self.raw,
+            enabled_extensions: enabled_extensions.into(),
+            extension_fns: super::DeviceExtensionFunctions {
+                draw_indirect_count: indirect_count_fn,
+                timeline_semaphore: timeline_semaphore_fn,
+            },
+            vendor_id: self.phd_capabilities.properties.vendor_id,
+            timestamp_period: self.phd_capabilities.properties.limits.timestamp_period,
+            private_caps: self.private_caps.clone(),
+            workarounds: self.workarounds,
+            render_passes: Mutex::new(Default::default()),
+            framebuffers: Mutex::new(Default::default()),
+        });
+        let mut relay_semaphores = [vk::Semaphore::null(); 2];
+        for sem in relay_semaphores.iter_mut() {
+            unsafe {
+                *sem = shared
+                    .raw
+                    .create_semaphore(&vk::SemaphoreCreateInfo::builder(), None)?
+            };
+        }
+        let queue = super::Queue {
+            raw: raw_queue,
+            swapchain_fn,
+            device: Arc::clone(&shared),
+            family_index,
+            relay_semaphores,
+            relay_index: None,
+        };
+
+        let mem_allocator = {
+            let limits = self.phd_capabilities.properties.limits;
+            let config = gpu_alloc::Config::i_am_prototyping(); //TODO
+            let max_memory_allocation_size =
+                if let Some(maintenance_3) = self.phd_capabilities.maintenance_3 {
+                    maintenance_3.max_memory_allocation_size
+                } else {
+                    u64::max_value()
+                };
+            let properties = gpu_alloc::DeviceProperties {
+                max_memory_allocation_count: limits.max_memory_allocation_count,
+                max_memory_allocation_size,
+                non_coherent_atom_size: limits.non_coherent_atom_size,
+                memory_types: memory_types
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|memory_type| gpu_alloc::MemoryType {
+                        props: gpu_alloc::MemoryPropertyFlags::from_bits_truncate(
+                            memory_type.property_flags.as_raw() as u8,
+                        ),
+                        heap: memory_type.heap_index,
+                    })
+                    .collect(),
+                memory_heaps: mem_properties.memory_heaps
+                    [..mem_properties.memory_heap_count as usize]
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|&memory_heap| gpu_alloc::MemoryHeap {
+                        size: memory_heap.size,
+                    })
+                    .collect(),
+                buffer_device_address: false,
+            };
+            gpu_alloc::GpuAllocator::new(config, properties)
+        };
+        let desc_allocator = gpu_descriptor::DescriptorAllocator::new(
+            if let Some(di) = self.phd_capabilities.descriptor_indexing {
+                di.max_update_after_bind_descriptors_in_all_pools
+            } else {
+                0
+            },
+        );
+
+        let device = super::Device {
+            shared,
+            mem_allocator: Mutex::new(mem_allocator),
+            desc_allocator: Mutex::new(desc_allocator),
+            valid_ash_memory_types,
+            naga_options,
+            #[cfg(feature = "renderdoc")]
+            render_doc: Default::default(),
+        };
+
+        Ok(crate::OpenDevice { device, queue })
+    }
+}
+
+impl crate::Adapter<super::Api> for super::Adapter {
+    unsafe fn open(
+        &self,
+        features: wgt::Features,
+        _limits: &wgt::Limits,
+    ) -> Result<crate::OpenDevice<super::Api>, crate::DeviceError> {
+        let enabled_extensions = self.required_device_extensions(features);
+        let mut enabled_phd_features = self.physical_device_features(&enabled_extensions, features);
+
+        let family_index = 0; //TODO
+        let family_info = vk::DeviceQueueCreateInfo::builder()
+            .queue_family_index(family_index)
+            .queue_priorities(&[1.0])
+            .build();
+        let family_infos = [family_info];
+
+        let str_pointers = enabled_extensions
+            .iter()
+            .map(|&s| {
+                // Safe because `enabled_extensions` entries have static lifetime.
+                s.as_ptr()
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        let pre_info = vk::DeviceCreateInfo::builder()
+            .queue_create_infos(&family_infos)
+            .enabled_extension_names(&str_pointers);
+        let info = enabled_phd_features
+            .add_to_device_create_builder(pre_info)
+            .build();
+        let raw_device = {
+            profiling::scope!("vkCreateDevice");
+            unsafe { self.instance.raw.create_device(self.raw, &info, None)? }
+        };
+
+        unsafe {
+            self.device_from_raw(
+                raw_device,
+                true,
+                &enabled_extensions,
+                features,
+                family_info.queue_family_index,
+                0,
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn texture_format_capabilities(
+        &self,
+        format: wgt::TextureFormat,
+    ) -> crate::TextureFormatCapabilities {
+        use crate::TextureFormatCapabilities as Tfc;
+
+        let vk_format = self.private_caps.map_texture_format(format);
+        let properties = unsafe {
+            self.instance
+                .raw
+                .get_physical_device_format_properties(self.raw, vk_format)
+        };
+        let features = properties.optimal_tiling_features;
+
+        let mut flags = Tfc::empty();
+        flags.set(
+            Tfc::SAMPLED,
+            features.contains(vk::FormatFeatureFlags::SAMPLED_IMAGE),
+        );
+        flags.set(
+            Tfc::SAMPLED_LINEAR,
+            features.contains(vk::FormatFeatureFlags::SAMPLED_IMAGE_FILTER_LINEAR),
+        );
+        // flags.set(
+        //     Tfc::SAMPLED_MINMAX,
+        //     features.contains(vk::FormatFeatureFlags::SAMPLED_IMAGE_FILTER_MINMAX),
+        // );
+        flags.set(
+            Tfc::STORAGE | Tfc::STORAGE_READ_WRITE,
+            features.contains(vk::FormatFeatureFlags::STORAGE_IMAGE),
+        );
+        flags.set(
+            Tfc::STORAGE_ATOMIC,
+            features.contains(vk::FormatFeatureFlags::STORAGE_IMAGE_ATOMIC),
+        );
+        flags.set(
+            Tfc::COLOR_ATTACHMENT,
+            features.contains(vk::FormatFeatureFlags::COLOR_ATTACHMENT),
+        );
+        flags.set(
+            Tfc::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BLEND,
+            features.contains(vk::FormatFeatureFlags::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BLEND),
+        );
+        flags.set(
+            Tfc::DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT,
+            features.contains(vk::FormatFeatureFlags::DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT),
+        );
+        flags.set(
+            Tfc::COPY_SRC,
+            features.intersects(vk::FormatFeatureFlags::TRANSFER_SRC),
+        );
+        flags.set(
+            Tfc::COPY_DST,
+            features.intersects(vk::FormatFeatureFlags::TRANSFER_DST),
+        );
+        // Vulkan is very permissive about MSAA
+        flags.set(Tfc::MULTISAMPLE_RESOLVE, !format.is_compressed());
+
+        // get the supported sample counts
+        let format_aspect = crate::FormatAspects::from(format);
+        let limits = self.phd_capabilities.properties.limits;
+
+        let sample_flags = if format_aspect.contains(crate::FormatAspects::DEPTH) {
+            limits
+                .framebuffer_depth_sample_counts
+                .min(limits.sampled_image_depth_sample_counts)
+        } else if format_aspect.contains(crate::FormatAspects::STENCIL) {
+            limits
+                .framebuffer_stencil_sample_counts
+                .min(limits.sampled_image_stencil_sample_counts)
+        } else {
+            match format.sample_type(None).unwrap() {
+                wgt::TextureSampleType::Float { filterable: _ } => limits
+                    .framebuffer_color_sample_counts
+                    .min(limits.sampled_image_color_sample_counts),
+                wgt::TextureSampleType::Sint | wgt::TextureSampleType::Uint => {
+                    limits.sampled_image_integer_sample_counts
+                }
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            }
+        };
+
+        flags.set(
+            Tfc::MULTISAMPLE_X2,
+            sample_flags.contains(vk::SampleCountFlags::TYPE_2),
+        );
+        flags.set(
+            Tfc::MULTISAMPLE_X4,
+            sample_flags.contains(vk::SampleCountFlags::TYPE_4),
+        );
+        flags.set(
+            Tfc::MULTISAMPLE_X8,
+            sample_flags.contains(vk::SampleCountFlags::TYPE_8),
+        );
+        flags.set(
+            Tfc::MULTISAMPLE_X16,
+            sample_flags.contains(vk::SampleCountFlags::TYPE_16),
+        );
+
+        flags
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn surface_capabilities(
+        &self,
+        surface: &super::Surface,
+    ) -> Option<crate::SurfaceCapabilities> {
+        if !self.private_caps.can_present {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let queue_family_index = 0; //TODO
+        {
+            profiling::scope!("vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR");
+            match unsafe {
+                surface.functor.get_physical_device_surface_support(
+                    self.raw,
+                    queue_family_index,
+                    surface.raw,
+                )
+            } {
+                Ok(true) => (),
+                Ok(false) => return None,
+                Err(e) => {
+                    log::error!("get_physical_device_surface_support: {}", e);
+                    return None;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        let caps = {
+            profiling::scope!("vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR");
+            match unsafe {
+                surface
+                    .functor
+                    .get_physical_device_surface_capabilities(self.raw, surface.raw)
+            } {
+                Ok(caps) => caps,
+                Err(e) => {
+                    log::error!("get_physical_device_surface_capabilities: {}", e);
+                    return None;
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        // If image count is 0, the support number of images is unlimited.
+        let max_image_count = if caps.max_image_count == 0 {
+            !0
+        } else {
+            caps.max_image_count
+        };
+
+        // `0xFFFFFFFF` indicates that the extent depends on the created swapchain.
+        let current_extent = if caps.current_extent.width != !0 && caps.current_extent.height != !0
+        {
+            Some(wgt::Extent3d {
+                width: caps.current_extent.width,
+                height: caps.current_extent.height,
+                depth_or_array_layers: 1,
+            })
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+
+        let min_extent = wgt::Extent3d {
+            width: caps.min_image_extent.width,
+            height: caps.min_image_extent.height,
+            depth_or_array_layers: 1,
+        };
+
+        let max_extent = wgt::Extent3d {
+            width: caps.max_image_extent.width,
+            height: caps.max_image_extent.height,
+            depth_or_array_layers: caps.max_image_array_layers,
+        };
+
+        let raw_present_modes = {
+            profiling::scope!("vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR");
+            match unsafe {
+                surface
+                    .functor
+                    .get_physical_device_surface_present_modes(self.raw, surface.raw)
+            } {
+                Ok(present_modes) => present_modes,
+                Err(e) => {
+                    log::error!("get_physical_device_surface_present_modes: {}", e);
+                    Vec::new()
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        let raw_surface_formats = {
+            profiling::scope!("vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR");
+            match unsafe {
+                surface
+                    .functor
+                    .get_physical_device_surface_formats(self.raw, surface.raw)
+            } {
+                Ok(formats) => formats,
+                Err(e) => {
+                    log::error!("get_physical_device_surface_formats: {}", e);
+                    Vec::new()
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        let formats = raw_surface_formats
+            .into_iter()
+            .filter_map(conv::map_vk_surface_formats)
+            .collect();
+        Some(crate::SurfaceCapabilities {
+            formats,
+            swap_chain_sizes: caps.min_image_count..=max_image_count,
+            current_extent,
+            extents: min_extent..=max_extent,
+            usage: conv::map_vk_image_usage(caps.supported_usage_flags),
+            present_modes: raw_present_modes
+                .into_iter()
+                .flat_map(conv::map_vk_present_mode)
+                .collect(),
+            composite_alpha_modes: conv::map_vk_composite_alpha(caps.supported_composite_alpha),
+        })
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn get_presentation_timestamp(&self) -> wgt::PresentationTimestamp {
+        // VK_GOOGLE_display_timing is the only way to get presentation
+        // timestamps on vulkan right now and it is only ever available
+        // on android and linux. This includes mac, but there's no alternative
+        // on mac, so this is fine.
+        #[cfg(unix)]
+        {
+            let mut timespec = libc::timespec {
+                tv_sec: 0,
+                tv_nsec: 0,
+            };
+            unsafe {
+                libc::clock_gettime(libc::CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &mut timespec);
+            }
+
+            wgt::PresentationTimestamp(
+                timespec.tv_sec as u128 * 1_000_000_000 + timespec.tv_nsec as u128,
+            )
+        }
+        #[cfg(not(unix))]
+        {
+            wgt::PresentationTimestamp::INVALID_TIMESTAMP
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn is_format_16bit_norm_supported(instance: &ash::Instance, phd: vk::PhysicalDevice) -> bool {
+    let tiling = vk::ImageTiling::OPTIMAL;
+    let features = vk::FormatFeatureFlags::SAMPLED_IMAGE
+        | vk::FormatFeatureFlags::STORAGE_IMAGE
+        | vk::FormatFeatureFlags::TRANSFER_SRC
+        | vk::FormatFeatureFlags::TRANSFER_DST;
+    let r16unorm = supports_format(instance, phd, vk::Format::R16_UNORM, tiling, features);
+    let r16snorm = supports_format(instance, phd, vk::Format::R16_SNORM, tiling, features);
+    let rg16unorm = supports_format(instance, phd, vk::Format::R16G16_UNORM, tiling, features);
+    let rg16snorm = supports_format(instance, phd, vk::Format::R16G16_SNORM, tiling, features);
+    let rgba16unorm = supports_format(
+        instance,
+        phd,
+        vk::Format::R16G16B16A16_UNORM,
+        tiling,
+        features,
+    );
+    let rgba16snorm = supports_format(
+        instance,
+        phd,
+        vk::Format::R16G16B16A16_SNORM,
+        tiling,
+        features,
+    );
+
+    r16unorm && r16snorm && rg16unorm && rg16snorm && rgba16unorm && rgba16snorm
+}
+
+fn supports_format(
+    instance: &ash::Instance,
+    phd: vk::PhysicalDevice,
+    format: vk::Format,
+    tiling: vk::ImageTiling,
+    features: vk::FormatFeatureFlags,
+) -> bool {
+    let properties = unsafe { instance.get_physical_device_format_properties(phd, format) };
+    match tiling {
+        vk::ImageTiling::LINEAR => properties.linear_tiling_features.contains(features),
+        vk::ImageTiling::OPTIMAL => properties.optimal_tiling_features.contains(features),
+        _ => false,
+    }
+}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/vulkan/command.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/vulkan/command.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f6c871026c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/vulkan/command.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,826 @@
+use super::conv;
+
+use arrayvec::ArrayVec;
+use ash::{extensions::ext, vk};
+
+use std::{mem, ops::Range, slice};
+
+const ALLOCATION_GRANULARITY: u32 = 16;
+const DST_IMAGE_LAYOUT: vk::ImageLayout = vk::ImageLayout::TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL;
+
+impl super::Texture {
+    fn map_buffer_copies<T>(&self, regions: T) -> impl Iterator<Item = vk::BufferImageCopy>
+    where
+        T: Iterator<Item = crate::BufferTextureCopy>,
+    {
+        let (block_width, block_height) = self.format.block_dimensions();
+        let format = self.format;
+        let copy_size = self.copy_size;
+        regions.map(move |r| {
+            let extent = r.texture_base.max_copy_size(&copy_size).min(&r.size);
+            let (image_subresource, image_offset) = conv::map_subresource_layers(&r.texture_base);
+            vk::BufferImageCopy {
+                buffer_offset: r.buffer_layout.offset,
+                buffer_row_length: r.buffer_layout.bytes_per_row.map_or(0, |bpr| {
+                    let block_size = format
+                        .block_size(Some(r.texture_base.aspect.map()))
+                        .unwrap();
+                    block_width * (bpr / block_size)
+                }),
+                buffer_image_height: r
+                    .buffer_layout
+                    .rows_per_image
+                    .map_or(0, |rpi| rpi * block_height),
+                image_subresource,
+                image_offset,
+                image_extent: conv::map_copy_extent(&extent),
+            }
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl super::DeviceShared {
+    fn debug_messenger(&self) -> Option<&ext::DebugUtils> {
+        Some(&self.instance.debug_utils.as_ref()?.extension)
+    }
+}
+
+impl crate::CommandEncoder<super::Api> for super::CommandEncoder {
+    unsafe fn begin_encoding(&mut self, label: crate::Label) -> Result<(), crate::DeviceError> {
+        if self.free.is_empty() {
+            let vk_info = vk::CommandBufferAllocateInfo::builder()
+                .command_pool(self.raw)
+                .command_buffer_count(ALLOCATION_GRANULARITY)
+                .build();
+            let cmd_buf_vec = unsafe { self.device.raw.allocate_command_buffers(&vk_info)? };
+            self.free.extend(cmd_buf_vec);
+        }
+        let raw = self.free.pop().unwrap();
+
+        // Set the name unconditionally, since there might be a
+        // previous name assigned to this.
+        unsafe {
+            self.device.set_object_name(
+                vk::ObjectType::COMMAND_BUFFER,
+                raw,
+                label.unwrap_or_default(),
+            )
+        };
+
+        // Reset this in case the last renderpass was never ended.
+        self.rpass_debug_marker_active = false;
+
+        let vk_info = vk::CommandBufferBeginInfo::builder()
+            .flags(vk::CommandBufferUsageFlags::ONE_TIME_SUBMIT)
+            .build();
+        unsafe { self.device.raw.begin_command_buffer(raw, &vk_info) }?;
+        self.active = raw;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn end_encoding(&mut self) -> Result<super::CommandBuffer, crate::DeviceError> {
+        let raw = self.active;
+        self.active = vk::CommandBuffer::null();
+        unsafe { self.device.raw.end_command_buffer(raw) }?;
+        Ok(super::CommandBuffer { raw })
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn discard_encoding(&mut self) {
+        self.discarded.push(self.active);
+        self.active = vk::CommandBuffer::null();
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn reset_all<I>(&mut self, cmd_bufs: I)
+    where
+        I: Iterator<Item = super::CommandBuffer>,
+    {
+        self.temp.clear();
+        self.free
+            .extend(cmd_bufs.into_iter().map(|cmd_buf| cmd_buf.raw));
+        self.free.append(&mut self.discarded);
+        let _ = unsafe {
+            self.device
+                .raw
+                .reset_command_pool(self.raw, vk::CommandPoolResetFlags::default())
+        };
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn transition_buffers<'a, T>(&mut self, barriers: T)
+    where
+        T: Iterator<Item = crate::BufferBarrier<'a, super::Api>>,
+    {
+        //Note: this is done so that we never end up with empty stage flags
+        let mut src_stages = vk::PipelineStageFlags::TOP_OF_PIPE;
+        let mut dst_stages = vk::PipelineStageFlags::BOTTOM_OF_PIPE;
+        let vk_barriers = &mut self.temp.buffer_barriers;
+        vk_barriers.clear();
+
+        for bar in barriers {
+            let (src_stage, src_access) = conv::map_buffer_usage_to_barrier(bar.usage.start);
+            src_stages |= src_stage;
+            let (dst_stage, dst_access) = conv::map_buffer_usage_to_barrier(bar.usage.end);
+            dst_stages |= dst_stage;
+
+            vk_barriers.push(
+                vk::BufferMemoryBarrier::builder()
+                    .buffer(bar.buffer.raw)
+                    .size(vk::WHOLE_SIZE)
+                    .src_access_mask(src_access)
+                    .dst_access_mask(dst_access)
+                    .build(),
+            )
+        }
+
+        if !vk_barriers.is_empty() {
+            unsafe {
+                self.device.raw.cmd_pipeline_barrier(
+                    self.active,
+                    src_stages,
+                    dst_stages,
+                    vk::DependencyFlags::empty(),
+                    &[],
+                    vk_barriers,
+                    &[],
+                )
+            };
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn transition_textures<'a, T>(&mut self, barriers: T)
+    where
+        T: Iterator<Item = crate::TextureBarrier<'a, super::Api>>,
+    {
+        let mut src_stages = vk::PipelineStageFlags::empty();
+        let mut dst_stages = vk::PipelineStageFlags::empty();
+        let vk_barriers = &mut self.temp.image_barriers;
+        vk_barriers.clear();
+
+        for bar in barriers {
+            let range = conv::map_subresource_range(&bar.range, bar.texture.format);
+            let (src_stage, src_access) = conv::map_texture_usage_to_barrier(bar.usage.start);
+            let src_layout = conv::derive_image_layout(bar.usage.start, bar.texture.format);
+            src_stages |= src_stage;
+            let (dst_stage, dst_access) = conv::map_texture_usage_to_barrier(bar.usage.end);
+            let dst_layout = conv::derive_image_layout(bar.usage.end, bar.texture.format);
+            dst_stages |= dst_stage;
+
+            vk_barriers.push(
+                vk::ImageMemoryBarrier::builder()
+                    .image(bar.texture.raw)
+                    .subresource_range(range)
+                    .src_access_mask(src_access)
+                    .dst_access_mask(dst_access)
+                    .old_layout(src_layout)
+                    .new_layout(dst_layout)
+                    .build(),
+            );
+        }
+
+        if !vk_barriers.is_empty() {
+            unsafe {
+                self.device.raw.cmd_pipeline_barrier(
+                    self.active,
+                    src_stages,
+                    dst_stages,
+                    vk::DependencyFlags::empty(),
+                    &[],
+                    &[],
+                    vk_barriers,
+                )
+            };
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn clear_buffer(&mut self, buffer: &super::Buffer, range: crate::MemoryRange) {
+        unsafe {
+            self.device.raw.cmd_fill_buffer(
+                self.active,
+                buffer.raw,
+                range.start,
+                range.end - range.start,
+                0,
+            )
+        };
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn copy_buffer_to_buffer<T>(
+        &mut self,
+        src: &super::Buffer,
+        dst: &super::Buffer,
+        regions: T,
+    ) where
+        T: Iterator<Item = crate::BufferCopy>,
+    {
+        let vk_regions_iter = regions.map(|r| vk::BufferCopy {
+            src_offset: r.src_offset,
+            dst_offset: r.dst_offset,
+            size: r.size.get(),
+        });
+
+        unsafe {
+            self.device.raw.cmd_copy_buffer(
+                self.active,
+                src.raw,
+                dst.raw,
+                &smallvec::SmallVec::<[vk::BufferCopy; 32]>::from_iter(vk_regions_iter),
+            )
+        };
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn copy_texture_to_texture<T>(
+        &mut self,
+        src: &super::Texture,
+        src_usage: crate::TextureUses,
+        dst: &super::Texture,
+        regions: T,
+    ) where
+        T: Iterator<Item = crate::TextureCopy>,
+    {
+        let src_layout = conv::derive_image_layout(src_usage, src.format);
+
+        let vk_regions_iter = regions.map(|r| {
+            let (src_subresource, src_offset) = conv::map_subresource_layers(&r.src_base);
+            let (dst_subresource, dst_offset) = conv::map_subresource_layers(&r.dst_base);
+            let extent = r
+                .size
+                .min(&r.src_base.max_copy_size(&src.copy_size))
+                .min(&r.dst_base.max_copy_size(&dst.copy_size));
+            vk::ImageCopy {
+                src_subresource,
+                src_offset,
+                dst_subresource,
+                dst_offset,
+                extent: conv::map_copy_extent(&extent),
+            }
+        });
+
+        unsafe {
+            self.device.raw.cmd_copy_image(
+                self.active,
+                src.raw,
+                src_layout,
+                dst.raw,
+                DST_IMAGE_LAYOUT,
+                &smallvec::SmallVec::<[vk::ImageCopy; 32]>::from_iter(vk_regions_iter),
+            )
+        };
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn copy_buffer_to_texture<T>(
+        &mut self,
+        src: &super::Buffer,
+        dst: &super::Texture,
+        regions: T,
+    ) where
+        T: Iterator<Item = crate::BufferTextureCopy>,
+    {
+        let vk_regions_iter = dst.map_buffer_copies(regions);
+
+        unsafe {
+            self.device.raw.cmd_copy_buffer_to_image(
+                self.active,
+                src.raw,
+                dst.raw,
+                DST_IMAGE_LAYOUT,
+                &smallvec::SmallVec::<[vk::BufferImageCopy; 32]>::from_iter(vk_regions_iter),
+            )
+        };
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn copy_texture_to_buffer<T>(
+        &mut self,
+        src: &super::Texture,
+        src_usage: crate::TextureUses,
+        dst: &super::Buffer,
+        regions: T,
+    ) where
+        T: Iterator<Item = crate::BufferTextureCopy>,
+    {
+        let src_layout = conv::derive_image_layout(src_usage, src.format);
+        let vk_regions_iter = src.map_buffer_copies(regions);
+
+        unsafe {
+            self.device.raw.cmd_copy_image_to_buffer(
+                self.active,
+                src.raw,
+                src_layout,
+                dst.raw,
+                &smallvec::SmallVec::<[vk::BufferImageCopy; 32]>::from_iter(vk_regions_iter),
+            )
+        };
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn begin_query(&mut self, set: &super::QuerySet, index: u32) {
+        unsafe {
+            self.device.raw.cmd_begin_query(
+                self.active,
+                set.raw,
+                index,
+                vk::QueryControlFlags::empty(),
+            )
+        };
+    }
+    unsafe fn end_query(&mut self, set: &super::QuerySet, index: u32) {
+        unsafe { self.device.raw.cmd_end_query(self.active, set.raw, index) };
+    }
+    unsafe fn write_timestamp(&mut self, set: &super::QuerySet, index: u32) {
+        unsafe {
+            self.device.raw.cmd_write_timestamp(
+                self.active,
+                vk::PipelineStageFlags::BOTTOM_OF_PIPE,
+                set.raw,
+                index,
+            )
+        };
+    }
+    unsafe fn reset_queries(&mut self, set: &super::QuerySet, range: Range<u32>) {
+        unsafe {
+            self.device.raw.cmd_reset_query_pool(
+                self.active,
+                set.raw,
+                range.start,
+                range.end - range.start,
+            )
+        };
+    }
+    unsafe fn copy_query_results(
+        &mut self,
+        set: &super::QuerySet,
+        range: Range<u32>,
+        buffer: &super::Buffer,
+        offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        stride: wgt::BufferSize,
+    ) {
+        unsafe {
+            self.device.raw.cmd_copy_query_pool_results(
+                self.active,
+                set.raw,
+                range.start,
+                range.end - range.start,
+                buffer.raw,
+                offset,
+                stride.get(),
+                vk::QueryResultFlags::TYPE_64 | vk::QueryResultFlags::WAIT,
+            )
+        };
+    }
+
+    // render
+
+    unsafe fn begin_render_pass(&mut self, desc: &crate::RenderPassDescriptor<super::Api>) {
+        let mut vk_clear_values =
+            ArrayVec::<vk::ClearValue, { super::MAX_TOTAL_ATTACHMENTS }>::new();
+        let mut vk_image_views = ArrayVec::<vk::ImageView, { super::MAX_TOTAL_ATTACHMENTS }>::new();
+        let mut rp_key = super::RenderPassKey::default();
+        let mut fb_key = super::FramebufferKey {
+            attachments: ArrayVec::default(),
+            extent: desc.extent,
+            sample_count: desc.sample_count,
+        };
+        let caps = &self.device.private_caps;
+
+        for cat in desc.color_attachments {
+            if let Some(cat) = cat.as_ref() {
+                vk_clear_values.push(vk::ClearValue {
+                    color: unsafe { cat.make_vk_clear_color() },
+                });
+                vk_image_views.push(cat.target.view.raw);
+                let color = super::ColorAttachmentKey {
+                    base: cat.target.make_attachment_key(cat.ops, caps),
+                    resolve: cat.resolve_target.as_ref().map(|target| {
+                        target.make_attachment_key(crate::AttachmentOps::STORE, caps)
+                    }),
+                };
+
+                rp_key.colors.push(Some(color));
+                fb_key.attachments.push(cat.target.view.attachment.clone());
+                if let Some(ref at) = cat.resolve_target {
+                    vk_clear_values.push(unsafe { mem::zeroed() });
+                    vk_image_views.push(at.view.raw);
+                    fb_key.attachments.push(at.view.attachment.clone());
+                }
+
+                // Assert this attachment is valid for the detected multiview, as a sanity check
+                // The driver crash for this is really bad on AMD, so the check is worth it
+                if let Some(multiview) = desc.multiview {
+                    assert_eq!(cat.target.view.layers, multiview);
+                    if let Some(ref resolve_target) = cat.resolve_target {
+                        assert_eq!(resolve_target.view.layers, multiview);
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                rp_key.colors.push(None);
+            }
+        }
+        if let Some(ref ds) = desc.depth_stencil_attachment {
+            vk_clear_values.push(vk::ClearValue {
+                depth_stencil: vk::ClearDepthStencilValue {
+                    depth: ds.clear_value.0,
+                    stencil: ds.clear_value.1,
+                },
+            });
+            vk_image_views.push(ds.target.view.raw);
+            rp_key.depth_stencil = Some(super::DepthStencilAttachmentKey {
+                base: ds.target.make_attachment_key(ds.depth_ops, caps),
+                stencil_ops: ds.stencil_ops,
+            });
+            fb_key.attachments.push(ds.target.view.attachment.clone());
+
+            // Assert this attachment is valid for the detected multiview, as a sanity check
+            // The driver crash for this is really bad on AMD, so the check is worth it
+            if let Some(multiview) = desc.multiview {
+                assert_eq!(ds.target.view.layers, multiview);
+            }
+        }
+        rp_key.sample_count = fb_key.sample_count;
+        rp_key.multiview = desc.multiview;
+
+        let render_area = vk::Rect2D {
+            offset: vk::Offset2D { x: 0, y: 0 },
+            extent: vk::Extent2D {
+                width: desc.extent.width,
+                height: desc.extent.height,
+            },
+        };
+        let vk_viewports = [vk::Viewport {
+            x: 0.0,
+            y: if self.device.private_caps.flip_y_requires_shift {
+                desc.extent.height as f32
+            } else {
+                0.0
+            },
+            width: desc.extent.width as f32,
+            height: -(desc.extent.height as f32),
+            min_depth: 0.0,
+            max_depth: 1.0,
+        }];
+
+        let raw_pass = self.device.make_render_pass(rp_key).unwrap();
+        let raw_framebuffer = self
+            .device
+            .make_framebuffer(fb_key, raw_pass, desc.label)
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let mut vk_info = vk::RenderPassBeginInfo::builder()
+            .render_pass(raw_pass)
+            .render_area(render_area)
+            .clear_values(&vk_clear_values)
+            .framebuffer(raw_framebuffer);
+        let mut vk_attachment_info = if caps.imageless_framebuffers {
+            Some(
+                vk::RenderPassAttachmentBeginInfo::builder()
+                    .attachments(&vk_image_views)
+                    .build(),
+            )
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+        if let Some(attachment_info) = vk_attachment_info.as_mut() {
+            vk_info = vk_info.push_next(attachment_info);
+        }
+
+        if let Some(label) = desc.label {
+            unsafe { self.begin_debug_marker(label) };
+            self.rpass_debug_marker_active = true;
+        }
+
+        unsafe {
+            self.device
+                .raw
+                .cmd_set_viewport(self.active, 0, &vk_viewports);
+            self.device
+                .raw
+                .cmd_set_scissor(self.active, 0, &[render_area]);
+            self.device.raw.cmd_begin_render_pass(
+                self.active,
+                &vk_info,
+                vk::SubpassContents::INLINE,
+            );
+        };
+
+        self.bind_point = vk::PipelineBindPoint::GRAPHICS;
+    }
+    unsafe fn end_render_pass(&mut self) {
+        unsafe {
+            self.device.raw.cmd_end_render_pass(self.active);
+            if self.rpass_debug_marker_active {
+                self.end_debug_marker();
+                self.rpass_debug_marker_active = false;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn set_bind_group(
+        &mut self,
+        layout: &super::PipelineLayout,
+        index: u32,
+        group: &super::BindGroup,
+        dynamic_offsets: &[wgt::DynamicOffset],
+    ) {
+        let sets = [*group.set.raw()];
+        unsafe {
+            self.device.raw.cmd_bind_descriptor_sets(
+                self.active,
+                self.bind_point,
+                layout.raw,
+                index,
+                &sets,
+                dynamic_offsets,
+            )
+        };
+    }
+    unsafe fn set_push_constants(
+        &mut self,
+        layout: &super::PipelineLayout,
+        stages: wgt::ShaderStages,
+        offset: u32,
+        data: &[u32],
+    ) {
+        unsafe {
+            self.device.raw.cmd_push_constants(
+                self.active,
+                layout.raw,
+                conv::map_shader_stage(stages),
+                offset,
+                slice::from_raw_parts(data.as_ptr() as _, data.len() * 4),
+            )
+        };
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn insert_debug_marker(&mut self, label: &str) {
+        if let Some(ext) = self.device.debug_messenger() {
+            let cstr = self.temp.make_c_str(label);
+            let vk_label = vk::DebugUtilsLabelEXT::builder().label_name(cstr).build();
+            unsafe { ext.cmd_insert_debug_utils_label(self.active, &vk_label) };
+        }
+    }
+    unsafe fn begin_debug_marker(&mut self, group_label: &str) {
+        if let Some(ext) = self.device.debug_messenger() {
+            let cstr = self.temp.make_c_str(group_label);
+            let vk_label = vk::DebugUtilsLabelEXT::builder().label_name(cstr).build();
+            unsafe { ext.cmd_begin_debug_utils_label(self.active, &vk_label) };
+        }
+    }
+    unsafe fn end_debug_marker(&mut self) {
+        if let Some(ext) = self.device.debug_messenger() {
+            unsafe { ext.cmd_end_debug_utils_label(self.active) };
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn set_render_pipeline(&mut self, pipeline: &super::RenderPipeline) {
+        unsafe {
+            self.device.raw.cmd_bind_pipeline(
+                self.active,
+                vk::PipelineBindPoint::GRAPHICS,
+                pipeline.raw,
+            )
+        };
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn set_index_buffer<'a>(
+        &mut self,
+        binding: crate::BufferBinding<'a, super::Api>,
+        format: wgt::IndexFormat,
+    ) {
+        unsafe {
+            self.device.raw.cmd_bind_index_buffer(
+                self.active,
+                binding.buffer.raw,
+                binding.offset,
+                conv::map_index_format(format),
+            )
+        };
+    }
+    unsafe fn set_vertex_buffer<'a>(
+        &mut self,
+        index: u32,
+        binding: crate::BufferBinding<'a, super::Api>,
+    ) {
+        let vk_buffers = [binding.buffer.raw];
+        let vk_offsets = [binding.offset];
+        unsafe {
+            self.device
+                .raw
+                .cmd_bind_vertex_buffers(self.active, index, &vk_buffers, &vk_offsets)
+        };
+    }
+    unsafe fn set_viewport(&mut self, rect: &crate::Rect<f32>, depth_range: Range<f32>) {
+        let vk_viewports = [vk::Viewport {
+            x: rect.x,
+            y: if self.device.private_caps.flip_y_requires_shift {
+                rect.y + rect.h
+            } else {
+                rect.y
+            },
+            width: rect.w,
+            height: -rect.h, // flip Y
+            min_depth: depth_range.start,
+            max_depth: depth_range.end,
+        }];
+        unsafe {
+            self.device
+                .raw
+                .cmd_set_viewport(self.active, 0, &vk_viewports)
+        };
+    }
+    unsafe fn set_scissor_rect(&mut self, rect: &crate::Rect<u32>) {
+        let vk_scissors = [vk::Rect2D {
+            offset: vk::Offset2D {
+                x: rect.x as i32,
+                y: rect.y as i32,
+            },
+            extent: vk::Extent2D {
+                width: rect.w,
+                height: rect.h,
+            },
+        }];
+        unsafe {
+            self.device
+                .raw
+                .cmd_set_scissor(self.active, 0, &vk_scissors)
+        };
+    }
+    unsafe fn set_stencil_reference(&mut self, value: u32) {
+        unsafe {
+            self.device.raw.cmd_set_stencil_reference(
+                self.active,
+                vk::StencilFaceFlags::FRONT_AND_BACK,
+                value,
+            )
+        };
+    }
+    unsafe fn set_blend_constants(&mut self, color: &[f32; 4]) {
+        unsafe { self.device.raw.cmd_set_blend_constants(self.active, color) };
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn draw(
+        &mut self,
+        start_vertex: u32,
+        vertex_count: u32,
+        start_instance: u32,
+        instance_count: u32,
+    ) {
+        unsafe {
+            self.device.raw.cmd_draw(
+                self.active,
+                vertex_count,
+                instance_count,
+                start_vertex,
+                start_instance,
+            )
+        };
+    }
+    unsafe fn draw_indexed(
+        &mut self,
+        start_index: u32,
+        index_count: u32,
+        base_vertex: i32,
+        start_instance: u32,
+        instance_count: u32,
+    ) {
+        unsafe {
+            self.device.raw.cmd_draw_indexed(
+                self.active,
+                index_count,
+                instance_count,
+                start_index,
+                base_vertex,
+                start_instance,
+            )
+        };
+    }
+    unsafe fn draw_indirect(
+        &mut self,
+        buffer: &super::Buffer,
+        offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        draw_count: u32,
+    ) {
+        unsafe {
+            self.device.raw.cmd_draw_indirect(
+                self.active,
+                buffer.raw,
+                offset,
+                draw_count,
+                mem::size_of::<wgt::DrawIndirectArgs>() as u32,
+            )
+        };
+    }
+    unsafe fn draw_indexed_indirect(
+        &mut self,
+        buffer: &super::Buffer,
+        offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        draw_count: u32,
+    ) {
+        unsafe {
+            self.device.raw.cmd_draw_indexed_indirect(
+                self.active,
+                buffer.raw,
+                offset,
+                draw_count,
+                mem::size_of::<wgt::DrawIndexedIndirectArgs>() as u32,
+            )
+        };
+    }
+    unsafe fn draw_indirect_count(
+        &mut self,
+        buffer: &super::Buffer,
+        offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        count_buffer: &super::Buffer,
+        count_offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        max_count: u32,
+    ) {
+        let stride = mem::size_of::<wgt::DrawIndirectArgs>() as u32;
+        match self.device.extension_fns.draw_indirect_count {
+            Some(ref t) => {
+                unsafe {
+                    t.cmd_draw_indirect_count(
+                        self.active,
+                        buffer.raw,
+                        offset,
+                        count_buffer.raw,
+                        count_offset,
+                        max_count,
+                        stride,
+                    )
+                };
+            }
+            None => panic!("Feature `DRAW_INDIRECT_COUNT` not enabled"),
+        }
+    }
+    unsafe fn draw_indexed_indirect_count(
+        &mut self,
+        buffer: &super::Buffer,
+        offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        count_buffer: &super::Buffer,
+        count_offset: wgt::BufferAddress,
+        max_count: u32,
+    ) {
+        let stride = mem::size_of::<wgt::DrawIndexedIndirectArgs>() as u32;
+        match self.device.extension_fns.draw_indirect_count {
+            Some(ref t) => {
+                unsafe {
+                    t.cmd_draw_indexed_indirect_count(
+                        self.active,
+                        buffer.raw,
+                        offset,
+                        count_buffer.raw,
+                        count_offset,
+                        max_count,
+                        stride,
+                    )
+                };
+            }
+            None => panic!("Feature `DRAW_INDIRECT_COUNT` not enabled"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    // compute
+
+    unsafe fn begin_compute_pass(&mut self, desc: &crate::ComputePassDescriptor) {
+        self.bind_point = vk::PipelineBindPoint::COMPUTE;
+        if let Some(label) = desc.label {
+            unsafe { self.begin_debug_marker(label) };
+            self.rpass_debug_marker_active = true;
+        }
+    }
+    unsafe fn end_compute_pass(&mut self) {
+        if self.rpass_debug_marker_active {
+            unsafe { self.end_debug_marker() };
+            self.rpass_debug_marker_active = false
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn set_compute_pipeline(&mut self, pipeline: &super::ComputePipeline) {
+        unsafe {
+            self.device.raw.cmd_bind_pipeline(
+                self.active,
+                vk::PipelineBindPoint::COMPUTE,
+                pipeline.raw,
+            )
+        };
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn dispatch(&mut self, count: [u32; 3]) {
+        unsafe {
+            self.device
+                .raw
+                .cmd_dispatch(self.active, count[0], count[1], count[2])
+        };
+    }
+    unsafe fn dispatch_indirect(&mut self, buffer: &super::Buffer, offset: wgt::BufferAddress) {
+        unsafe {
+            self.device
+                .raw
+                .cmd_dispatch_indirect(self.active, buffer.raw, offset)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn check_dst_image_layout() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        conv::derive_image_layout(crate::TextureUses::COPY_DST, wgt::TextureFormat::Rgba8Unorm),
+        DST_IMAGE_LAYOUT
+    );
+}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/vulkan/conv.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/vulkan/conv.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a26f3765b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/vulkan/conv.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,825 @@
+use ash::vk;
+
+impl super::PrivateCapabilities {
+    pub fn map_texture_format(&self, format: wgt::TextureFormat) -> vk::Format {
+        use ash::vk::Format as F;
+        use wgt::TextureFormat as Tf;
+        use wgt::{AstcBlock, AstcChannel};
+        match format {
+            Tf::R8Unorm => F::R8_UNORM,
+            Tf::R8Snorm => F::R8_SNORM,
+            Tf::R8Uint => F::R8_UINT,
+            Tf::R8Sint => F::R8_SINT,
+            Tf::R16Uint => F::R16_UINT,
+            Tf::R16Sint => F::R16_SINT,
+            Tf::R16Unorm => F::R16_UNORM,
+            Tf::R16Snorm => F::R16_SNORM,
+            Tf::R16Float => F::R16_SFLOAT,
+            Tf::Rg8Unorm => F::R8G8_UNORM,
+            Tf::Rg8Snorm => F::R8G8_SNORM,
+            Tf::Rg8Uint => F::R8G8_UINT,
+            Tf::Rg8Sint => F::R8G8_SINT,
+            Tf::Rg16Unorm => F::R16G16_UNORM,
+            Tf::Rg16Snorm => F::R16G16_SNORM,
+            Tf::R32Uint => F::R32_UINT,
+            Tf::R32Sint => F::R32_SINT,
+            Tf::R32Float => F::R32_SFLOAT,
+            Tf::Rg16Uint => F::R16G16_UINT,
+            Tf::Rg16Sint => F::R16G16_SINT,
+            Tf::Rg16Float => F::R16G16_SFLOAT,
+            Tf::Rgba8Unorm => F::R8G8B8A8_UNORM,
+            Tf::Rgba8UnormSrgb => F::R8G8B8A8_SRGB,
+            Tf::Bgra8UnormSrgb => F::B8G8R8A8_SRGB,
+            Tf::Rgba8Snorm => F::R8G8B8A8_SNORM,
+            Tf::Bgra8Unorm => F::B8G8R8A8_UNORM,
+            Tf::Rgba8Uint => F::R8G8B8A8_UINT,
+            Tf::Rgba8Sint => F::R8G8B8A8_SINT,
+            Tf::Rgb10a2Unorm => F::A2B10G10R10_UNORM_PACK32,
+            Tf::Rg11b10Float => F::B10G11R11_UFLOAT_PACK32,
+            Tf::Rg32Uint => F::R32G32_UINT,
+            Tf::Rg32Sint => F::R32G32_SINT,
+            Tf::Rg32Float => F::R32G32_SFLOAT,
+            Tf::Rgba16Uint => F::R16G16B16A16_UINT,
+            Tf::Rgba16Sint => F::R16G16B16A16_SINT,
+            Tf::Rgba16Unorm => F::R16G16B16A16_UNORM,
+            Tf::Rgba16Snorm => F::R16G16B16A16_SNORM,
+            Tf::Rgba16Float => F::R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT,
+            Tf::Rgba32Uint => F::R32G32B32A32_UINT,
+            Tf::Rgba32Sint => F::R32G32B32A32_SINT,
+            Tf::Rgba32Float => F::R32G32B32A32_SFLOAT,
+            Tf::Depth32Float => F::D32_SFLOAT,
+            Tf::Depth32FloatStencil8 => F::D32_SFLOAT_S8_UINT,
+            Tf::Depth24Plus => {
+                if self.texture_d24 {
+                    F::X8_D24_UNORM_PACK32
+                } else {
+                    F::D32_SFLOAT
+                }
+            }
+            Tf::Depth24PlusStencil8 => {
+                if self.texture_d24_s8 {
+                    F::D24_UNORM_S8_UINT
+                } else {
+                    F::D32_SFLOAT_S8_UINT
+                }
+            }
+            Tf::Stencil8 => {
+                if self.texture_s8 {
+                    F::S8_UINT
+                } else if self.texture_d24_s8 {
+                    F::D24_UNORM_S8_UINT
+                } else {
+                    F::D32_SFLOAT_S8_UINT
+                }
+            }
+            Tf::Depth16Unorm => F::D16_UNORM,
+            Tf::Rgb9e5Ufloat => F::E5B9G9R9_UFLOAT_PACK32,
+            Tf::Bc1RgbaUnorm => F::BC1_RGBA_UNORM_BLOCK,
+            Tf::Bc1RgbaUnormSrgb => F::BC1_RGBA_SRGB_BLOCK,
+            Tf::Bc2RgbaUnorm => F::BC2_UNORM_BLOCK,
+            Tf::Bc2RgbaUnormSrgb => F::BC2_SRGB_BLOCK,
+            Tf::Bc3RgbaUnorm => F::BC3_UNORM_BLOCK,
+            Tf::Bc3RgbaUnormSrgb => F::BC3_SRGB_BLOCK,
+            Tf::Bc4RUnorm => F::BC4_UNORM_BLOCK,
+            Tf::Bc4RSnorm => F::BC4_SNORM_BLOCK,
+            Tf::Bc5RgUnorm => F::BC5_UNORM_BLOCK,
+            Tf::Bc5RgSnorm => F::BC5_SNORM_BLOCK,
+            Tf::Bc6hRgbUfloat => F::BC6H_UFLOAT_BLOCK,
+            Tf::Bc6hRgbFloat => F::BC6H_SFLOAT_BLOCK,
+            Tf::Bc7RgbaUnorm => F::BC7_UNORM_BLOCK,
+            Tf::Bc7RgbaUnormSrgb => F::BC7_SRGB_BLOCK,
+            Tf::Etc2Rgb8Unorm => F::ETC2_R8G8B8_UNORM_BLOCK,
+            Tf::Etc2Rgb8UnormSrgb => F::ETC2_R8G8B8_SRGB_BLOCK,
+            Tf::Etc2Rgb8A1Unorm => F::ETC2_R8G8B8A1_UNORM_BLOCK,
+            Tf::Etc2Rgb8A1UnormSrgb => F::ETC2_R8G8B8A1_SRGB_BLOCK,
+            Tf::Etc2Rgba8Unorm => F::ETC2_R8G8B8A8_UNORM_BLOCK,
+            Tf::Etc2Rgba8UnormSrgb => F::ETC2_R8G8B8A8_SRGB_BLOCK,
+            Tf::EacR11Unorm => F::EAC_R11_UNORM_BLOCK,
+            Tf::EacR11Snorm => F::EAC_R11_SNORM_BLOCK,
+            Tf::EacRg11Unorm => F::EAC_R11G11_UNORM_BLOCK,
+            Tf::EacRg11Snorm => F::EAC_R11G11_SNORM_BLOCK,
+            Tf::Astc { block, channel } => match channel {
+                AstcChannel::Unorm => match block {
+                    AstcBlock::B4x4 => F::ASTC_4X4_UNORM_BLOCK,
+                    AstcBlock::B5x4 => F::ASTC_5X4_UNORM_BLOCK,
+                    AstcBlock::B5x5 => F::ASTC_5X5_UNORM_BLOCK,
+                    AstcBlock::B6x5 => F::ASTC_6X5_UNORM_BLOCK,
+                    AstcBlock::B6x6 => F::ASTC_6X6_UNORM_BLOCK,
+                    AstcBlock::B8x5 => F::ASTC_8X5_UNORM_BLOCK,
+                    AstcBlock::B8x6 => F::ASTC_8X6_UNORM_BLOCK,
+                    AstcBlock::B8x8 => F::ASTC_8X8_UNORM_BLOCK,
+                    AstcBlock::B10x5 => F::ASTC_10X5_UNORM_BLOCK,
+                    AstcBlock::B10x6 => F::ASTC_10X6_UNORM_BLOCK,
+                    AstcBlock::B10x8 => F::ASTC_10X8_UNORM_BLOCK,
+                    AstcBlock::B10x10 => F::ASTC_10X10_UNORM_BLOCK,
+                    AstcBlock::B12x10 => F::ASTC_12X10_UNORM_BLOCK,
+                    AstcBlock::B12x12 => F::ASTC_12X12_UNORM_BLOCK,
+                },
+                AstcChannel::UnormSrgb => match block {
+                    AstcBlock::B4x4 => F::ASTC_4X4_SRGB_BLOCK,
+                    AstcBlock::B5x4 => F::ASTC_5X4_SRGB_BLOCK,
+                    AstcBlock::B5x5 => F::ASTC_5X5_SRGB_BLOCK,
+                    AstcBlock::B6x5 => F::ASTC_6X5_SRGB_BLOCK,
+                    AstcBlock::B6x6 => F::ASTC_6X6_SRGB_BLOCK,
+                    AstcBlock::B8x5 => F::ASTC_8X5_SRGB_BLOCK,
+                    AstcBlock::B8x6 => F::ASTC_8X6_SRGB_BLOCK,
+                    AstcBlock::B8x8 => F::ASTC_8X8_SRGB_BLOCK,
+                    AstcBlock::B10x5 => F::ASTC_10X5_SRGB_BLOCK,
+                    AstcBlock::B10x6 => F::ASTC_10X6_SRGB_BLOCK,
+                    AstcBlock::B10x8 => F::ASTC_10X8_SRGB_BLOCK,
+                    AstcBlock::B10x10 => F::ASTC_10X10_SRGB_BLOCK,
+                    AstcBlock::B12x10 => F::ASTC_12X10_SRGB_BLOCK,
+                    AstcBlock::B12x12 => F::ASTC_12X12_SRGB_BLOCK,
+                },
+                AstcChannel::Hdr => match block {
+                    AstcBlock::B4x4 => F::ASTC_4X4_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
+                    AstcBlock::B5x4 => F::ASTC_5X4_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
+                    AstcBlock::B5x5 => F::ASTC_5X5_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
+                    AstcBlock::B6x5 => F::ASTC_6X5_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
+                    AstcBlock::B6x6 => F::ASTC_6X6_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
+                    AstcBlock::B8x5 => F::ASTC_8X5_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
+                    AstcBlock::B8x6 => F::ASTC_8X6_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
+                    AstcBlock::B8x8 => F::ASTC_8X8_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
+                    AstcBlock::B10x5 => F::ASTC_10X5_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
+                    AstcBlock::B10x6 => F::ASTC_10X6_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
+                    AstcBlock::B10x8 => F::ASTC_10X8_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
+                    AstcBlock::B10x10 => F::ASTC_10X10_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
+                    AstcBlock::B12x10 => F::ASTC_12X10_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
+                    AstcBlock::B12x12 => F::ASTC_12X12_SFLOAT_BLOCK_EXT,
+                },
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_vk_surface_formats(sf: vk::SurfaceFormatKHR) -> Option<wgt::TextureFormat> {
+    use ash::vk::Format as F;
+    use wgt::TextureFormat as Tf;
+    // List we care about pulled from https://vulkan.gpuinfo.org/listsurfaceformats.php
+    Some(match sf.color_space {
+        vk::ColorSpaceKHR::SRGB_NONLINEAR => match sf.format {
+            F::B8G8R8A8_UNORM => Tf::Bgra8Unorm,
+            F::B8G8R8A8_SRGB => Tf::Bgra8UnormSrgb,
+            F::R8G8B8A8_SNORM => Tf::Rgba8Snorm,
+            F::R8G8B8A8_UNORM => Tf::Rgba8Unorm,
+            F::R8G8B8A8_SRGB => Tf::Rgba8UnormSrgb,
+            _ => return None,
+        },
+        vk::ColorSpaceKHR::EXTENDED_SRGB_LINEAR_EXT => match sf.format {
+            F::R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT => Tf::Rgba16Float,
+            F::R16G16B16A16_SNORM => Tf::Rgba16Snorm,
+            F::R16G16B16A16_UNORM => Tf::Rgba16Unorm,
+            F::A2B10G10R10_UNORM_PACK32 => Tf::Rgb10a2Unorm,
+            _ => return None,
+        },
+        _ => return None,
+    })
+}
+
+impl crate::Attachment<'_, super::Api> {
+    pub(super) fn make_attachment_key(
+        &self,
+        ops: crate::AttachmentOps,
+        caps: &super::PrivateCapabilities,
+    ) -> super::AttachmentKey {
+        super::AttachmentKey {
+            format: caps.map_texture_format(self.view.attachment.view_format),
+            layout: derive_image_layout(self.usage, self.view.attachment.view_format),
+            ops,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl crate::ColorAttachment<'_, super::Api> {
+    pub(super) unsafe fn make_vk_clear_color(&self) -> vk::ClearColorValue {
+        let cv = &self.clear_value;
+        match self
+            .target
+            .view
+            .attachment
+            .view_format
+            .sample_type(None)
+            .unwrap()
+        {
+            wgt::TextureSampleType::Float { .. } => vk::ClearColorValue {
+                float32: [cv.r as f32, cv.g as f32, cv.b as f32, cv.a as f32],
+            },
+            wgt::TextureSampleType::Sint => vk::ClearColorValue {
+                int32: [cv.r as i32, cv.g as i32, cv.b as i32, cv.a as i32],
+            },
+            wgt::TextureSampleType::Uint => vk::ClearColorValue {
+                uint32: [cv.r as u32, cv.g as u32, cv.b as u32, cv.a as u32],
+            },
+            wgt::TextureSampleType::Depth => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn derive_image_layout(
+    usage: crate::TextureUses,
+    format: wgt::TextureFormat,
+) -> vk::ImageLayout {
+    // Note: depth textures are always sampled with RODS layout
+    let is_color = crate::FormatAspects::from(format).contains(crate::FormatAspects::COLOR);
+    match usage {
+        crate::TextureUses::UNINITIALIZED => vk::ImageLayout::UNDEFINED,
+        crate::TextureUses::COPY_SRC => vk::ImageLayout::TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL,
+        crate::TextureUses::COPY_DST => vk::ImageLayout::TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
+        crate::TextureUses::RESOURCE if is_color => vk::ImageLayout::SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL,
+        crate::TextureUses::COLOR_TARGET => vk::ImageLayout::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL,
+        crate::TextureUses::DEPTH_STENCIL_WRITE => {
+            vk::ImageLayout::DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL
+        }
+        _ => {
+            if usage == crate::TextureUses::PRESENT {
+                vk::ImageLayout::PRESENT_SRC_KHR
+            } else if is_color {
+                vk::ImageLayout::GENERAL
+            } else {
+                vk::ImageLayout::DEPTH_STENCIL_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_texture_usage(usage: crate::TextureUses) -> vk::ImageUsageFlags {
+    let mut flags = vk::ImageUsageFlags::empty();
+    if usage.contains(crate::TextureUses::COPY_SRC) {
+        flags |= vk::ImageUsageFlags::TRANSFER_SRC;
+    }
+    if usage.contains(crate::TextureUses::COPY_DST) {
+        flags |= vk::ImageUsageFlags::TRANSFER_DST;
+    }
+    if usage.contains(crate::TextureUses::RESOURCE) {
+        flags |= vk::ImageUsageFlags::SAMPLED;
+    }
+    if usage.contains(crate::TextureUses::COLOR_TARGET) {
+        flags |= vk::ImageUsageFlags::COLOR_ATTACHMENT;
+    }
+    if usage.intersects(
+        crate::TextureUses::DEPTH_STENCIL_READ | crate::TextureUses::DEPTH_STENCIL_WRITE,
+    ) {
+        flags |= vk::ImageUsageFlags::DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT;
+    }
+    if usage.intersects(crate::TextureUses::STORAGE_READ | crate::TextureUses::STORAGE_READ_WRITE) {
+        flags |= vk::ImageUsageFlags::STORAGE;
+    }
+    flags
+}
+
+pub fn map_texture_usage_to_barrier(
+    usage: crate::TextureUses,
+) -> (vk::PipelineStageFlags, vk::AccessFlags) {
+    let mut stages = vk::PipelineStageFlags::empty();
+    let mut access = vk::AccessFlags::empty();
+    let shader_stages = vk::PipelineStageFlags::VERTEX_SHADER
+        | vk::PipelineStageFlags::FRAGMENT_SHADER
+        | vk::PipelineStageFlags::COMPUTE_SHADER;
+
+    if usage.contains(crate::TextureUses::COPY_SRC) {
+        stages |= vk::PipelineStageFlags::TRANSFER;
+        access |= vk::AccessFlags::TRANSFER_READ;
+    }
+    if usage.contains(crate::TextureUses::COPY_DST) {
+        stages |= vk::PipelineStageFlags::TRANSFER;
+        access |= vk::AccessFlags::TRANSFER_WRITE;
+    }
+    if usage.contains(crate::TextureUses::RESOURCE) {
+        stages |= shader_stages;
+        access |= vk::AccessFlags::SHADER_READ;
+    }
+    if usage.contains(crate::TextureUses::COLOR_TARGET) {
+        stages |= vk::PipelineStageFlags::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT;
+        access |= vk::AccessFlags::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_READ | vk::AccessFlags::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE;
+    }
+    if usage.intersects(crate::TextureUses::DEPTH_STENCIL_READ) {
+        stages |= vk::PipelineStageFlags::EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS
+            | vk::PipelineStageFlags::LATE_FRAGMENT_TESTS;
+        access |= vk::AccessFlags::DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_READ;
+    }
+    if usage.intersects(crate::TextureUses::DEPTH_STENCIL_WRITE) {
+        stages |= vk::PipelineStageFlags::EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS
+            | vk::PipelineStageFlags::LATE_FRAGMENT_TESTS;
+        access |= vk::AccessFlags::DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_READ
+            | vk::AccessFlags::DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_WRITE;
+    }
+    if usage.contains(crate::TextureUses::STORAGE_READ) {
+        stages |= shader_stages;
+        access |= vk::AccessFlags::SHADER_READ;
+    }
+    if usage.contains(crate::TextureUses::STORAGE_READ_WRITE) {
+        stages |= shader_stages;
+        access |= vk::AccessFlags::SHADER_READ | vk::AccessFlags::SHADER_WRITE;
+    }
+
+    if usage == crate::TextureUses::UNINITIALIZED || usage == crate::TextureUses::PRESENT {
+        (
+            vk::PipelineStageFlags::TOP_OF_PIPE,
+            vk::AccessFlags::empty(),
+        )
+    } else {
+        (stages, access)
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_vk_image_usage(usage: vk::ImageUsageFlags) -> crate::TextureUses {
+    let mut bits = crate::TextureUses::empty();
+    if usage.contains(vk::ImageUsageFlags::TRANSFER_SRC) {
+        bits |= crate::TextureUses::COPY_SRC;
+    }
+    if usage.contains(vk::ImageUsageFlags::TRANSFER_DST) {
+        bits |= crate::TextureUses::COPY_DST;
+    }
+    if usage.contains(vk::ImageUsageFlags::SAMPLED) {
+        bits |= crate::TextureUses::RESOURCE;
+    }
+    if usage.contains(vk::ImageUsageFlags::COLOR_ATTACHMENT) {
+        bits |= crate::TextureUses::COLOR_TARGET;
+    }
+    if usage.contains(vk::ImageUsageFlags::DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT) {
+        bits |= crate::TextureUses::DEPTH_STENCIL_READ | crate::TextureUses::DEPTH_STENCIL_WRITE;
+    }
+    if usage.contains(vk::ImageUsageFlags::STORAGE) {
+        bits |= crate::TextureUses::STORAGE_READ | crate::TextureUses::STORAGE_READ_WRITE;
+    }
+    bits
+}
+
+pub fn map_texture_dimension(dim: wgt::TextureDimension) -> vk::ImageType {
+    match dim {
+        wgt::TextureDimension::D1 => vk::ImageType::TYPE_1D,
+        wgt::TextureDimension::D2 => vk::ImageType::TYPE_2D,
+        wgt::TextureDimension::D3 => vk::ImageType::TYPE_3D,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_index_format(index_format: wgt::IndexFormat) -> vk::IndexType {
+    match index_format {
+        wgt::IndexFormat::Uint16 => vk::IndexType::UINT16,
+        wgt::IndexFormat::Uint32 => vk::IndexType::UINT32,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_vertex_format(vertex_format: wgt::VertexFormat) -> vk::Format {
+    use wgt::VertexFormat as Vf;
+    match vertex_format {
+        Vf::Uint8x2 => vk::Format::R8G8_UINT,
+        Vf::Uint8x4 => vk::Format::R8G8B8A8_UINT,
+        Vf::Sint8x2 => vk::Format::R8G8_SINT,
+        Vf::Sint8x4 => vk::Format::R8G8B8A8_SINT,
+        Vf::Unorm8x2 => vk::Format::R8G8_UNORM,
+        Vf::Unorm8x4 => vk::Format::R8G8B8A8_UNORM,
+        Vf::Snorm8x2 => vk::Format::R8G8_SNORM,
+        Vf::Snorm8x4 => vk::Format::R8G8B8A8_SNORM,
+        Vf::Uint16x2 => vk::Format::R16G16_UINT,
+        Vf::Uint16x4 => vk::Format::R16G16B16A16_UINT,
+        Vf::Sint16x2 => vk::Format::R16G16_SINT,
+        Vf::Sint16x4 => vk::Format::R16G16B16A16_SINT,
+        Vf::Unorm16x2 => vk::Format::R16G16_UNORM,
+        Vf::Unorm16x4 => vk::Format::R16G16B16A16_UNORM,
+        Vf::Snorm16x2 => vk::Format::R16G16_SNORM,
+        Vf::Snorm16x4 => vk::Format::R16G16B16A16_SNORM,
+        Vf::Float16x2 => vk::Format::R16G16_SFLOAT,
+        Vf::Float16x4 => vk::Format::R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT,
+        Vf::Float32 => vk::Format::R32_SFLOAT,
+        Vf::Float32x2 => vk::Format::R32G32_SFLOAT,
+        Vf::Float32x3 => vk::Format::R32G32B32_SFLOAT,
+        Vf::Float32x4 => vk::Format::R32G32B32A32_SFLOAT,
+        Vf::Uint32 => vk::Format::R32_UINT,
+        Vf::Uint32x2 => vk::Format::R32G32_UINT,
+        Vf::Uint32x3 => vk::Format::R32G32B32_UINT,
+        Vf::Uint32x4 => vk::Format::R32G32B32A32_UINT,
+        Vf::Sint32 => vk::Format::R32_SINT,
+        Vf::Sint32x2 => vk::Format::R32G32_SINT,
+        Vf::Sint32x3 => vk::Format::R32G32B32_SINT,
+        Vf::Sint32x4 => vk::Format::R32G32B32A32_SINT,
+        Vf::Float64 => vk::Format::R64_SFLOAT,
+        Vf::Float64x2 => vk::Format::R64G64_SFLOAT,
+        Vf::Float64x3 => vk::Format::R64G64B64_SFLOAT,
+        Vf::Float64x4 => vk::Format::R64G64B64A64_SFLOAT,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_aspects(aspects: crate::FormatAspects) -> vk::ImageAspectFlags {
+    let mut flags = vk::ImageAspectFlags::empty();
+    if aspects.contains(crate::FormatAspects::COLOR) {
+        flags |= vk::ImageAspectFlags::COLOR;
+    }
+    if aspects.contains(crate::FormatAspects::DEPTH) {
+        flags |= vk::ImageAspectFlags::DEPTH;
+    }
+    if aspects.contains(crate::FormatAspects::STENCIL) {
+        flags |= vk::ImageAspectFlags::STENCIL;
+    }
+    flags
+}
+
+pub fn map_attachment_ops(
+    op: crate::AttachmentOps,
+) -> (vk::AttachmentLoadOp, vk::AttachmentStoreOp) {
+    let load_op = if op.contains(crate::AttachmentOps::LOAD) {
+        vk::AttachmentLoadOp::LOAD
+    } else {
+        vk::AttachmentLoadOp::CLEAR
+    };
+    let store_op = if op.contains(crate::AttachmentOps::STORE) {
+        vk::AttachmentStoreOp::STORE
+    } else {
+        vk::AttachmentStoreOp::DONT_CARE
+    };
+    (load_op, store_op)
+}
+
+pub fn map_present_mode(mode: wgt::PresentMode) -> vk::PresentModeKHR {
+    match mode {
+        wgt::PresentMode::Immediate => vk::PresentModeKHR::IMMEDIATE,
+        wgt::PresentMode::Mailbox => vk::PresentModeKHR::MAILBOX,
+        wgt::PresentMode::Fifo => vk::PresentModeKHR::FIFO,
+        wgt::PresentMode::FifoRelaxed => vk::PresentModeKHR::FIFO_RELAXED,
+        wgt::PresentMode::AutoNoVsync | wgt::PresentMode::AutoVsync => {
+            unreachable!("Cannot create swapchain with Auto PresentationMode")
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_vk_present_mode(mode: vk::PresentModeKHR) -> Option<wgt::PresentMode> {
+    if mode == vk::PresentModeKHR::IMMEDIATE {
+        Some(wgt::PresentMode::Immediate)
+    } else if mode == vk::PresentModeKHR::MAILBOX {
+        Some(wgt::PresentMode::Mailbox)
+    } else if mode == vk::PresentModeKHR::FIFO {
+        Some(wgt::PresentMode::Fifo)
+    } else if mode == vk::PresentModeKHR::FIFO_RELAXED {
+        //Some(wgt::PresentMode::Relaxed)
+        None
+    } else {
+        log::warn!("Unrecognized present mode {:?}", mode);
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_composite_alpha_mode(mode: wgt::CompositeAlphaMode) -> vk::CompositeAlphaFlagsKHR {
+    match mode {
+        wgt::CompositeAlphaMode::Opaque => vk::CompositeAlphaFlagsKHR::OPAQUE,
+        wgt::CompositeAlphaMode::PreMultiplied => vk::CompositeAlphaFlagsKHR::PRE_MULTIPLIED,
+        wgt::CompositeAlphaMode::PostMultiplied => vk::CompositeAlphaFlagsKHR::POST_MULTIPLIED,
+        wgt::CompositeAlphaMode::Inherit => vk::CompositeAlphaFlagsKHR::INHERIT,
+        wgt::CompositeAlphaMode::Auto => unreachable!(),
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_vk_composite_alpha(flags: vk::CompositeAlphaFlagsKHR) -> Vec<wgt::CompositeAlphaMode> {
+    let mut modes = Vec::new();
+    if flags.contains(vk::CompositeAlphaFlagsKHR::OPAQUE) {
+        modes.push(wgt::CompositeAlphaMode::Opaque);
+    }
+    if flags.contains(vk::CompositeAlphaFlagsKHR::PRE_MULTIPLIED) {
+        modes.push(wgt::CompositeAlphaMode::PreMultiplied);
+    }
+    if flags.contains(vk::CompositeAlphaFlagsKHR::POST_MULTIPLIED) {
+        modes.push(wgt::CompositeAlphaMode::PostMultiplied);
+    }
+    if flags.contains(vk::CompositeAlphaFlagsKHR::INHERIT) {
+        modes.push(wgt::CompositeAlphaMode::Inherit);
+    }
+    modes
+}
+
+pub fn map_buffer_usage(usage: crate::BufferUses) -> vk::BufferUsageFlags {
+    let mut flags = vk::BufferUsageFlags::empty();
+    if usage.contains(crate::BufferUses::COPY_SRC) {
+        flags |= vk::BufferUsageFlags::TRANSFER_SRC;
+    }
+    if usage.contains(crate::BufferUses::COPY_DST) {
+        flags |= vk::BufferUsageFlags::TRANSFER_DST;
+    }
+    if usage.contains(crate::BufferUses::UNIFORM) {
+        flags |= vk::BufferUsageFlags::UNIFORM_BUFFER;
+    }
+    if usage.intersects(crate::BufferUses::STORAGE_READ | crate::BufferUses::STORAGE_READ_WRITE) {
+        flags |= vk::BufferUsageFlags::STORAGE_BUFFER;
+    }
+    if usage.contains(crate::BufferUses::INDEX) {
+        flags |= vk::BufferUsageFlags::INDEX_BUFFER;
+    }
+    if usage.contains(crate::BufferUses::VERTEX) {
+        flags |= vk::BufferUsageFlags::VERTEX_BUFFER;
+    }
+    if usage.contains(crate::BufferUses::INDIRECT) {
+        flags |= vk::BufferUsageFlags::INDIRECT_BUFFER;
+    }
+    flags
+}
+
+pub fn map_buffer_usage_to_barrier(
+    usage: crate::BufferUses,
+) -> (vk::PipelineStageFlags, vk::AccessFlags) {
+    let mut stages = vk::PipelineStageFlags::empty();
+    let mut access = vk::AccessFlags::empty();
+    let shader_stages = vk::PipelineStageFlags::VERTEX_SHADER
+        | vk::PipelineStageFlags::FRAGMENT_SHADER
+        | vk::PipelineStageFlags::COMPUTE_SHADER;
+
+    if usage.contains(crate::BufferUses::MAP_READ) {
+        stages |= vk::PipelineStageFlags::HOST;
+        access |= vk::AccessFlags::HOST_READ;
+    }
+    if usage.contains(crate::BufferUses::MAP_WRITE) {
+        stages |= vk::PipelineStageFlags::HOST;
+        access |= vk::AccessFlags::HOST_WRITE;
+    }
+    if usage.contains(crate::BufferUses::COPY_SRC) {
+        stages |= vk::PipelineStageFlags::TRANSFER;
+        access |= vk::AccessFlags::TRANSFER_READ;
+    }
+    if usage.contains(crate::BufferUses::COPY_DST) {
+        stages |= vk::PipelineStageFlags::TRANSFER;
+        access |= vk::AccessFlags::TRANSFER_WRITE;
+    }
+    if usage.contains(crate::BufferUses::UNIFORM) {
+        stages |= shader_stages;
+        access |= vk::AccessFlags::UNIFORM_READ;
+    }
+    if usage.intersects(crate::BufferUses::STORAGE_READ) {
+        stages |= shader_stages;
+        access |= vk::AccessFlags::SHADER_READ;
+    }
+    if usage.intersects(crate::BufferUses::STORAGE_READ_WRITE) {
+        stages |= shader_stages;
+        access |= vk::AccessFlags::SHADER_READ | vk::AccessFlags::SHADER_WRITE;
+    }
+    if usage.contains(crate::BufferUses::INDEX) {
+        stages |= vk::PipelineStageFlags::VERTEX_INPUT;
+        access |= vk::AccessFlags::INDEX_READ;
+    }
+    if usage.contains(crate::BufferUses::VERTEX) {
+        stages |= vk::PipelineStageFlags::VERTEX_INPUT;
+        access |= vk::AccessFlags::VERTEX_ATTRIBUTE_READ;
+    }
+    if usage.contains(crate::BufferUses::INDIRECT) {
+        stages |= vk::PipelineStageFlags::DRAW_INDIRECT;
+        access |= vk::AccessFlags::INDIRECT_COMMAND_READ;
+    }
+
+    (stages, access)
+}
+
+pub fn map_view_dimension(dim: wgt::TextureViewDimension) -> vk::ImageViewType {
+    match dim {
+        wgt::TextureViewDimension::D1 => vk::ImageViewType::TYPE_1D,
+        wgt::TextureViewDimension::D2 => vk::ImageViewType::TYPE_2D,
+        wgt::TextureViewDimension::D2Array => vk::ImageViewType::TYPE_2D_ARRAY,
+        wgt::TextureViewDimension::Cube => vk::ImageViewType::CUBE,
+        wgt::TextureViewDimension::CubeArray => vk::ImageViewType::CUBE_ARRAY,
+        wgt::TextureViewDimension::D3 => vk::ImageViewType::TYPE_3D,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_copy_extent(extent: &crate::CopyExtent) -> vk::Extent3D {
+    vk::Extent3D {
+        width: extent.width,
+        height: extent.height,
+        depth: extent.depth,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_subresource_range(
+    range: &wgt::ImageSubresourceRange,
+    format: wgt::TextureFormat,
+) -> vk::ImageSubresourceRange {
+    vk::ImageSubresourceRange {
+        aspect_mask: map_aspects(crate::FormatAspects::new(format, range.aspect)),
+        base_mip_level: range.base_mip_level,
+        level_count: range.mip_level_count.unwrap_or(vk::REMAINING_MIP_LEVELS),
+        base_array_layer: range.base_array_layer,
+        layer_count: range
+            .array_layer_count
+            .unwrap_or(vk::REMAINING_ARRAY_LAYERS),
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_subresource_layers(
+    base: &crate::TextureCopyBase,
+) -> (vk::ImageSubresourceLayers, vk::Offset3D) {
+    let offset = vk::Offset3D {
+        x: base.origin.x as i32,
+        y: base.origin.y as i32,
+        z: base.origin.z as i32,
+    };
+    let subresource = vk::ImageSubresourceLayers {
+        aspect_mask: map_aspects(base.aspect),
+        mip_level: base.mip_level,
+        base_array_layer: base.array_layer,
+        layer_count: 1,
+    };
+    (subresource, offset)
+}
+
+pub fn map_filter_mode(mode: wgt::FilterMode) -> vk::Filter {
+    match mode {
+        wgt::FilterMode::Nearest => vk::Filter::NEAREST,
+        wgt::FilterMode::Linear => vk::Filter::LINEAR,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_mip_filter_mode(mode: wgt::FilterMode) -> vk::SamplerMipmapMode {
+    match mode {
+        wgt::FilterMode::Nearest => vk::SamplerMipmapMode::NEAREST,
+        wgt::FilterMode::Linear => vk::SamplerMipmapMode::LINEAR,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_address_mode(mode: wgt::AddressMode) -> vk::SamplerAddressMode {
+    match mode {
+        wgt::AddressMode::ClampToEdge => vk::SamplerAddressMode::CLAMP_TO_EDGE,
+        wgt::AddressMode::Repeat => vk::SamplerAddressMode::REPEAT,
+        wgt::AddressMode::MirrorRepeat => vk::SamplerAddressMode::MIRRORED_REPEAT,
+        wgt::AddressMode::ClampToBorder => vk::SamplerAddressMode::CLAMP_TO_BORDER,
+        // wgt::AddressMode::MirrorClamp => vk::SamplerAddressMode::MIRROR_CLAMP_TO_EDGE,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_border_color(border_color: wgt::SamplerBorderColor) -> vk::BorderColor {
+    match border_color {
+        wgt::SamplerBorderColor::TransparentBlack | wgt::SamplerBorderColor::Zero => {
+            vk::BorderColor::FLOAT_TRANSPARENT_BLACK
+        }
+        wgt::SamplerBorderColor::OpaqueBlack => vk::BorderColor::FLOAT_OPAQUE_BLACK,
+        wgt::SamplerBorderColor::OpaqueWhite => vk::BorderColor::FLOAT_OPAQUE_WHITE,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_comparison(fun: wgt::CompareFunction) -> vk::CompareOp {
+    use wgt::CompareFunction as Cf;
+    match fun {
+        Cf::Never => vk::CompareOp::NEVER,
+        Cf::Less => vk::CompareOp::LESS,
+        Cf::LessEqual => vk::CompareOp::LESS_OR_EQUAL,
+        Cf::Equal => vk::CompareOp::EQUAL,
+        Cf::GreaterEqual => vk::CompareOp::GREATER_OR_EQUAL,
+        Cf::Greater => vk::CompareOp::GREATER,
+        Cf::NotEqual => vk::CompareOp::NOT_EQUAL,
+        Cf::Always => vk::CompareOp::ALWAYS,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_shader_stage(stage: wgt::ShaderStages) -> vk::ShaderStageFlags {
+    let mut flags = vk::ShaderStageFlags::empty();
+    if stage.contains(wgt::ShaderStages::VERTEX) {
+        flags |= vk::ShaderStageFlags::VERTEX;
+    }
+    if stage.contains(wgt::ShaderStages::FRAGMENT) {
+        flags |= vk::ShaderStageFlags::FRAGMENT;
+    }
+    if stage.contains(wgt::ShaderStages::COMPUTE) {
+        flags |= vk::ShaderStageFlags::COMPUTE;
+    }
+    flags
+}
+
+pub fn map_binding_type(ty: wgt::BindingType) -> vk::DescriptorType {
+    match ty {
+        wgt::BindingType::Buffer {
+            ty,
+            has_dynamic_offset,
+            ..
+        } => match ty {
+            wgt::BufferBindingType::Storage { .. } => match has_dynamic_offset {
+                true => vk::DescriptorType::STORAGE_BUFFER_DYNAMIC,
+                false => vk::DescriptorType::STORAGE_BUFFER,
+            },
+            wgt::BufferBindingType::Uniform => match has_dynamic_offset {
+                true => vk::DescriptorType::UNIFORM_BUFFER_DYNAMIC,
+                false => vk::DescriptorType::UNIFORM_BUFFER,
+            },
+        },
+        wgt::BindingType::Sampler { .. } => vk::DescriptorType::SAMPLER,
+        wgt::BindingType::Texture { .. } => vk::DescriptorType::SAMPLED_IMAGE,
+        wgt::BindingType::StorageTexture { .. } => vk::DescriptorType::STORAGE_IMAGE,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_topology(topology: wgt::PrimitiveTopology) -> vk::PrimitiveTopology {
+    use wgt::PrimitiveTopology as Pt;
+    match topology {
+        Pt::PointList => vk::PrimitiveTopology::POINT_LIST,
+        Pt::LineList => vk::PrimitiveTopology::LINE_LIST,
+        Pt::LineStrip => vk::PrimitiveTopology::LINE_STRIP,
+        Pt::TriangleList => vk::PrimitiveTopology::TRIANGLE_LIST,
+        Pt::TriangleStrip => vk::PrimitiveTopology::TRIANGLE_STRIP,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_polygon_mode(mode: wgt::PolygonMode) -> vk::PolygonMode {
+    match mode {
+        wgt::PolygonMode::Fill => vk::PolygonMode::FILL,
+        wgt::PolygonMode::Line => vk::PolygonMode::LINE,
+        wgt::PolygonMode::Point => vk::PolygonMode::POINT,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_front_face(front_face: wgt::FrontFace) -> vk::FrontFace {
+    match front_face {
+        wgt::FrontFace::Cw => vk::FrontFace::CLOCKWISE,
+        wgt::FrontFace::Ccw => vk::FrontFace::COUNTER_CLOCKWISE,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_cull_face(face: wgt::Face) -> vk::CullModeFlags {
+    match face {
+        wgt::Face::Front => vk::CullModeFlags::FRONT,
+        wgt::Face::Back => vk::CullModeFlags::BACK,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_stencil_op(op: wgt::StencilOperation) -> vk::StencilOp {
+    use wgt::StencilOperation as So;
+    match op {
+        So::Keep => vk::StencilOp::KEEP,
+        So::Zero => vk::StencilOp::ZERO,
+        So::Replace => vk::StencilOp::REPLACE,
+        So::Invert => vk::StencilOp::INVERT,
+        So::IncrementClamp => vk::StencilOp::INCREMENT_AND_CLAMP,
+        So::IncrementWrap => vk::StencilOp::INCREMENT_AND_WRAP,
+        So::DecrementClamp => vk::StencilOp::DECREMENT_AND_CLAMP,
+        So::DecrementWrap => vk::StencilOp::DECREMENT_AND_WRAP,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_stencil_face(
+    face: &wgt::StencilFaceState,
+    compare_mask: u32,
+    write_mask: u32,
+) -> vk::StencilOpState {
+    vk::StencilOpState {
+        fail_op: map_stencil_op(face.fail_op),
+        pass_op: map_stencil_op(face.pass_op),
+        depth_fail_op: map_stencil_op(face.depth_fail_op),
+        compare_op: map_comparison(face.compare),
+        compare_mask,
+        write_mask,
+        reference: 0,
+    }
+}
+
+fn map_blend_factor(factor: wgt::BlendFactor) -> vk::BlendFactor {
+    use wgt::BlendFactor as Bf;
+    match factor {
+        Bf::Zero => vk::BlendFactor::ZERO,
+        Bf::One => vk::BlendFactor::ONE,
+        Bf::Src => vk::BlendFactor::SRC_COLOR,
+        Bf::OneMinusSrc => vk::BlendFactor::ONE_MINUS_SRC_COLOR,
+        Bf::SrcAlpha => vk::BlendFactor::SRC_ALPHA,
+        Bf::OneMinusSrcAlpha => vk::BlendFactor::ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA,
+        Bf::Dst => vk::BlendFactor::DST_COLOR,
+        Bf::OneMinusDst => vk::BlendFactor::ONE_MINUS_DST_COLOR,
+        Bf::DstAlpha => vk::BlendFactor::DST_ALPHA,
+        Bf::OneMinusDstAlpha => vk::BlendFactor::ONE_MINUS_DST_ALPHA,
+        Bf::SrcAlphaSaturated => vk::BlendFactor::SRC_ALPHA_SATURATE,
+        Bf::Constant => vk::BlendFactor::CONSTANT_COLOR,
+        Bf::OneMinusConstant => vk::BlendFactor::ONE_MINUS_CONSTANT_COLOR,
+    }
+}
+
+fn map_blend_op(operation: wgt::BlendOperation) -> vk::BlendOp {
+    use wgt::BlendOperation as Bo;
+    match operation {
+        Bo::Add => vk::BlendOp::ADD,
+        Bo::Subtract => vk::BlendOp::SUBTRACT,
+        Bo::ReverseSubtract => vk::BlendOp::REVERSE_SUBTRACT,
+        Bo::Min => vk::BlendOp::MIN,
+        Bo::Max => vk::BlendOp::MAX,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_blend_component(
+    component: &wgt::BlendComponent,
+) -> (vk::BlendOp, vk::BlendFactor, vk::BlendFactor) {
+    let op = map_blend_op(component.operation);
+    let src = map_blend_factor(component.src_factor);
+    let dst = map_blend_factor(component.dst_factor);
+    (op, src, dst)
+}
+
+pub fn map_pipeline_statistics(
+    types: wgt::PipelineStatisticsTypes,
+) -> vk::QueryPipelineStatisticFlags {
+    use wgt::PipelineStatisticsTypes as Pst;
+    let mut flags = vk::QueryPipelineStatisticFlags::empty();
+    if types.contains(Pst::VERTEX_SHADER_INVOCATIONS) {
+        flags |= vk::QueryPipelineStatisticFlags::VERTEX_SHADER_INVOCATIONS;
+    }
+    if types.contains(Pst::CLIPPER_INVOCATIONS) {
+        flags |= vk::QueryPipelineStatisticFlags::CLIPPING_INVOCATIONS;
+    }
+    if types.contains(Pst::CLIPPER_PRIMITIVES_OUT) {
+        flags |= vk::QueryPipelineStatisticFlags::CLIPPING_PRIMITIVES;
+    }
+    if types.contains(Pst::FRAGMENT_SHADER_INVOCATIONS) {
+        flags |= vk::QueryPipelineStatisticFlags::FRAGMENT_SHADER_INVOCATIONS;
+    }
+    if types.contains(Pst::COMPUTE_SHADER_INVOCATIONS) {
+        flags |= vk::QueryPipelineStatisticFlags::COMPUTE_SHADER_INVOCATIONS;
+    }
+    flags
+}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/vulkan/device.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/vulkan/device.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..09b887772c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/vulkan/device.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,2032 @@
+use super::conv;
+
+use arrayvec::ArrayVec;
+use ash::{extensions::khr, vk};
+use parking_lot::Mutex;
+
+use std::{
+    borrow::Cow,
+    collections::{hash_map::Entry, BTreeMap},
+    ffi::{CStr, CString},
+    num::NonZeroU32,
+    ptr,
+    sync::Arc,
+};
+
+impl super::DeviceShared {
+    pub(super) unsafe fn set_object_name(
+        &self,
+        object_type: vk::ObjectType,
+        object: impl vk::Handle,
+        name: &str,
+    ) {
+        let extension = match self.instance.debug_utils {
+            Some(ref debug_utils) => &debug_utils.extension,
+            None => return,
+        };
+
+        // Keep variables outside the if-else block to ensure they do not
+        // go out of scope while we hold a pointer to them
+        let mut buffer: [u8; 64] = [0u8; 64];
+        let buffer_vec: Vec<u8>;
+
+        // Append a null terminator to the string
+        let name_bytes = if name.len() < buffer.len() {
+            // Common case, string is very small. Allocate a copy on the stack.
+            buffer[..name.len()].copy_from_slice(name.as_bytes());
+            // Add null terminator
+            buffer[name.len()] = 0;
+            &buffer[..name.len() + 1]
+        } else {
+            // Less common case, the string is large.
+            // This requires a heap allocation.
+            buffer_vec = name
+                .as_bytes()
+                .iter()
+                .cloned()
+                .chain(std::iter::once(0))
+                .collect();
+            &buffer_vec
+        };
+
+        let name = unsafe { CStr::from_bytes_with_nul_unchecked(name_bytes) };
+
+        let _result = unsafe {
+            extension.set_debug_utils_object_name(
+                self.raw.handle(),
+                &vk::DebugUtilsObjectNameInfoEXT::builder()
+                    .object_type(object_type)
+                    .object_handle(object.as_raw())
+                    .object_name(name),
+            )
+        };
+    }
+
+    pub fn make_render_pass(
+        &self,
+        key: super::RenderPassKey,
+    ) -> Result<vk::RenderPass, crate::DeviceError> {
+        Ok(match self.render_passes.lock().entry(key) {
+            Entry::Occupied(e) => *e.get(),
+            Entry::Vacant(e) => {
+                let mut vk_attachments = Vec::new();
+                let mut color_refs = Vec::with_capacity(e.key().colors.len());
+                let mut resolve_refs = Vec::with_capacity(color_refs.capacity());
+                let mut ds_ref = None;
+                let samples = vk::SampleCountFlags::from_raw(e.key().sample_count);
+                let unused = vk::AttachmentReference {
+                    attachment: vk::ATTACHMENT_UNUSED,
+                    layout: vk::ImageLayout::UNDEFINED,
+                };
+                for cat in e.key().colors.iter() {
+                    let (color_ref, resolve_ref) = if let Some(cat) = cat.as_ref() {
+                        let color_ref = vk::AttachmentReference {
+                            attachment: vk_attachments.len() as u32,
+                            layout: cat.base.layout,
+                        };
+                        vk_attachments.push({
+                            let (load_op, store_op) = conv::map_attachment_ops(cat.base.ops);
+                            vk::AttachmentDescription::builder()
+                                .format(cat.base.format)
+                                .samples(samples)
+                                .load_op(load_op)
+                                .store_op(store_op)
+                                .initial_layout(cat.base.layout)
+                                .final_layout(cat.base.layout)
+                                .build()
+                        });
+                        let resolve_ref = if let Some(ref rat) = cat.resolve {
+                            let (load_op, store_op) = conv::map_attachment_ops(rat.ops);
+                            let vk_attachment = vk::AttachmentDescription::builder()
+                                .format(rat.format)
+                                .samples(vk::SampleCountFlags::TYPE_1)
+                                .load_op(load_op)
+                                .store_op(store_op)
+                                .initial_layout(rat.layout)
+                                .final_layout(rat.layout)
+                                .build();
+                            vk_attachments.push(vk_attachment);
+
+                            vk::AttachmentReference {
+                                attachment: vk_attachments.len() as u32 - 1,
+                                layout: rat.layout,
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            unused
+                        };
+
+                        (color_ref, resolve_ref)
+                    } else {
+                        (unused, unused)
+                    };
+
+                    color_refs.push(color_ref);
+                    resolve_refs.push(resolve_ref);
+                }
+
+                if let Some(ref ds) = e.key().depth_stencil {
+                    ds_ref = Some(vk::AttachmentReference {
+                        attachment: vk_attachments.len() as u32,
+                        layout: ds.base.layout,
+                    });
+                    let (load_op, store_op) = conv::map_attachment_ops(ds.base.ops);
+                    let (stencil_load_op, stencil_store_op) =
+                        conv::map_attachment_ops(ds.stencil_ops);
+                    let vk_attachment = vk::AttachmentDescription::builder()
+                        .format(ds.base.format)
+                        .samples(samples)
+                        .load_op(load_op)
+                        .store_op(store_op)
+                        .stencil_load_op(stencil_load_op)
+                        .stencil_store_op(stencil_store_op)
+                        .initial_layout(ds.base.layout)
+                        .final_layout(ds.base.layout)
+                        .build();
+                    vk_attachments.push(vk_attachment);
+                }
+
+                let vk_subpasses = [{
+                    let mut vk_subpass = vk::SubpassDescription::builder()
+                        .pipeline_bind_point(vk::PipelineBindPoint::GRAPHICS)
+                        .color_attachments(&color_refs)
+                        .resolve_attachments(&resolve_refs);
+
+                    if self
+                        .workarounds
+                        .contains(super::Workarounds::EMPTY_RESOLVE_ATTACHMENT_LISTS)
+                        && resolve_refs.is_empty()
+                    {
+                        vk_subpass.p_resolve_attachments = ptr::null();
+                    }
+
+                    if let Some(ref reference) = ds_ref {
+                        vk_subpass = vk_subpass.depth_stencil_attachment(reference)
+                    }
+                    vk_subpass.build()
+                }];
+
+                let mut vk_info = vk::RenderPassCreateInfo::builder()
+                    .attachments(&vk_attachments)
+                    .subpasses(&vk_subpasses);
+
+                let mut multiview_info;
+                let mask;
+                if let Some(multiview) = e.key().multiview {
+                    // Sanity checks, better to panic here than cause a driver crash
+                    assert!(multiview.get() <= 8);
+                    assert!(multiview.get() > 1);
+
+                    // Right now we enable all bits on the view masks and correlation masks.
+                    // This means we're rendering to all views in the subpass, and that all views
+                    // can be rendered concurrently.
+                    mask = [(1 << multiview.get()) - 1];
+
+                    // On Vulkan 1.1 or later, this is an alias for core functionality
+                    multiview_info = vk::RenderPassMultiviewCreateInfoKHR::builder()
+                        .view_masks(&mask)
+                        .correlation_masks(&mask)
+                        .build();
+                    vk_info = vk_info.push_next(&mut multiview_info);
+                }
+
+                let raw = unsafe { self.raw.create_render_pass(&vk_info, None)? };
+
+                *e.insert(raw)
+            }
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn make_framebuffer(
+        &self,
+        key: super::FramebufferKey,
+        raw_pass: vk::RenderPass,
+        pass_label: crate::Label,
+    ) -> Result<vk::Framebuffer, crate::DeviceError> {
+        Ok(match self.framebuffers.lock().entry(key) {
+            Entry::Occupied(e) => *e.get(),
+            Entry::Vacant(e) => {
+                let vk_views = e
+                    .key()
+                    .attachments
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|at| at.raw)
+                    .collect::<ArrayVec<_, { super::MAX_TOTAL_ATTACHMENTS }>>();
+                let vk_view_formats = e
+                    .key()
+                    .attachments
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|at| self.private_caps.map_texture_format(at.view_format))
+                    .collect::<ArrayVec<_, { super::MAX_TOTAL_ATTACHMENTS }>>();
+                let vk_view_formats_list = e
+                    .key()
+                    .attachments
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|at| at.raw_view_formats.clone())
+                    .collect::<ArrayVec<_, { super::MAX_TOTAL_ATTACHMENTS }>>();
+
+                let vk_image_infos = e
+                    .key()
+                    .attachments
+                    .iter()
+                    .enumerate()
+                    .map(|(i, at)| {
+                        let mut info = vk::FramebufferAttachmentImageInfo::builder()
+                            .usage(conv::map_texture_usage(at.view_usage))
+                            .flags(at.raw_image_flags)
+                            .width(e.key().extent.width)
+                            .height(e.key().extent.height)
+                            .layer_count(e.key().extent.depth_or_array_layers);
+                        // https://registry.khronos.org/vulkan/specs/1.3-extensions/man/html/VkRenderPassBeginInfo.html#VUID-VkRenderPassBeginInfo-framebuffer-03214
+                        if vk_view_formats_list[i].is_empty() {
+                            info = info.view_formats(&vk_view_formats[i..i + 1]);
+                        } else {
+                            info = info.view_formats(&vk_view_formats_list[i]);
+                        };
+                        info.build()
+                    })
+                    .collect::<ArrayVec<_, { super::MAX_TOTAL_ATTACHMENTS }>>();
+
+                let mut vk_attachment_info = vk::FramebufferAttachmentsCreateInfo::builder()
+                    .attachment_image_infos(&vk_image_infos)
+                    .build();
+                let mut vk_info = vk::FramebufferCreateInfo::builder()
+                    .render_pass(raw_pass)
+                    .width(e.key().extent.width)
+                    .height(e.key().extent.height)
+                    .layers(e.key().extent.depth_or_array_layers);
+
+                if self.private_caps.imageless_framebuffers {
+                    //TODO: https://github.com/MaikKlein/ash/issues/450
+                    vk_info = vk_info
+                        .flags(vk::FramebufferCreateFlags::IMAGELESS_KHR)
+                        .push_next(&mut vk_attachment_info);
+                    vk_info.attachment_count = e.key().attachments.len() as u32;
+                } else {
+                    vk_info = vk_info.attachments(&vk_views);
+                }
+
+                *e.insert(unsafe {
+                    let raw = self.raw.create_framebuffer(&vk_info, None).unwrap();
+                    if let Some(label) = pass_label {
+                        self.set_object_name(vk::ObjectType::FRAMEBUFFER, raw, label);
+                    }
+                    raw
+                })
+            }
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn make_memory_ranges<'a, I: 'a + Iterator<Item = crate::MemoryRange>>(
+        &self,
+        buffer: &'a super::Buffer,
+        ranges: I,
+    ) -> impl 'a + Iterator<Item = vk::MappedMemoryRange> {
+        let block = buffer.block.lock();
+        let mask = self.private_caps.non_coherent_map_mask;
+        ranges.map(move |range| {
+            vk::MappedMemoryRange::builder()
+                .memory(*block.memory())
+                .offset((block.offset() + range.start) & !mask)
+                .size((range.end - range.start + mask) & !mask)
+                .build()
+        })
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn free_resources(&self) {
+        for &raw in self.render_passes.lock().values() {
+            unsafe { self.raw.destroy_render_pass(raw, None) };
+        }
+        for &raw in self.framebuffers.lock().values() {
+            unsafe { self.raw.destroy_framebuffer(raw, None) };
+        }
+        if self.handle_is_owned {
+            unsafe { self.raw.destroy_device(None) };
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl gpu_alloc::MemoryDevice<vk::DeviceMemory> for super::DeviceShared {
+    unsafe fn allocate_memory(
+        &self,
+        size: u64,
+        memory_type: u32,
+        flags: gpu_alloc::AllocationFlags,
+    ) -> Result<vk::DeviceMemory, gpu_alloc::OutOfMemory> {
+        let mut info = vk::MemoryAllocateInfo::builder()
+            .allocation_size(size)
+            .memory_type_index(memory_type);
+
+        let mut info_flags;
+
+        if flags.contains(gpu_alloc::AllocationFlags::DEVICE_ADDRESS) {
+            info_flags = vk::MemoryAllocateFlagsInfo::builder()
+                .flags(vk::MemoryAllocateFlags::DEVICE_ADDRESS);
+            info = info.push_next(&mut info_flags);
+        }
+
+        match unsafe { self.raw.allocate_memory(&info, None) } {
+            Ok(memory) => Ok(memory),
+            Err(vk::Result::ERROR_OUT_OF_DEVICE_MEMORY) => {
+                Err(gpu_alloc::OutOfMemory::OutOfDeviceMemory)
+            }
+            Err(vk::Result::ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY) => {
+                Err(gpu_alloc::OutOfMemory::OutOfHostMemory)
+            }
+            Err(vk::Result::ERROR_TOO_MANY_OBJECTS) => panic!("Too many objects"),
+            Err(err) => panic!("Unexpected Vulkan error: `{err}`"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn deallocate_memory(&self, memory: vk::DeviceMemory) {
+        unsafe { self.raw.free_memory(memory, None) };
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn map_memory(
+        &self,
+        memory: &mut vk::DeviceMemory,
+        offset: u64,
+        size: u64,
+    ) -> Result<ptr::NonNull<u8>, gpu_alloc::DeviceMapError> {
+        match unsafe {
+            self.raw
+                .map_memory(*memory, offset, size, vk::MemoryMapFlags::empty())
+        } {
+            Ok(ptr) => Ok(ptr::NonNull::new(ptr as *mut u8)
+                .expect("Pointer to memory mapping must not be null")),
+            Err(vk::Result::ERROR_OUT_OF_DEVICE_MEMORY) => {
+                Err(gpu_alloc::DeviceMapError::OutOfDeviceMemory)
+            }
+            Err(vk::Result::ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY) => {
+                Err(gpu_alloc::DeviceMapError::OutOfHostMemory)
+            }
+            Err(vk::Result::ERROR_MEMORY_MAP_FAILED) => Err(gpu_alloc::DeviceMapError::MapFailed),
+            Err(err) => panic!("Unexpected Vulkan error: `{err}`"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn unmap_memory(&self, memory: &mut vk::DeviceMemory) {
+        unsafe { self.raw.unmap_memory(*memory) };
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn invalidate_memory_ranges(
+        &self,
+        _ranges: &[gpu_alloc::MappedMemoryRange<'_, vk::DeviceMemory>],
+    ) -> Result<(), gpu_alloc::OutOfMemory> {
+        // should never be called
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn flush_memory_ranges(
+        &self,
+        _ranges: &[gpu_alloc::MappedMemoryRange<'_, vk::DeviceMemory>],
+    ) -> Result<(), gpu_alloc::OutOfMemory> {
+        // should never be called
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+}
+
+impl
+    gpu_descriptor::DescriptorDevice<vk::DescriptorSetLayout, vk::DescriptorPool, vk::DescriptorSet>
+    for super::DeviceShared
+{
+    unsafe fn create_descriptor_pool(
+        &self,
+        descriptor_count: &gpu_descriptor::DescriptorTotalCount,
+        max_sets: u32,
+        flags: gpu_descriptor::DescriptorPoolCreateFlags,
+    ) -> Result<vk::DescriptorPool, gpu_descriptor::CreatePoolError> {
+        //Note: ignoring other types, since they can't appear here
+        let unfiltered_counts = [
+            (vk::DescriptorType::SAMPLER, descriptor_count.sampler),
+            (
+                vk::DescriptorType::SAMPLED_IMAGE,
+                descriptor_count.sampled_image,
+            ),
+            (
+                vk::DescriptorType::STORAGE_IMAGE,
+                descriptor_count.storage_image,
+            ),
+            (
+                vk::DescriptorType::UNIFORM_BUFFER,
+                descriptor_count.uniform_buffer,
+            ),
+            (
+                vk::DescriptorType::UNIFORM_BUFFER_DYNAMIC,
+                descriptor_count.uniform_buffer_dynamic,
+            ),
+            (
+                vk::DescriptorType::STORAGE_BUFFER,
+                descriptor_count.storage_buffer,
+            ),
+            (
+                vk::DescriptorType::STORAGE_BUFFER_DYNAMIC,
+                descriptor_count.storage_buffer_dynamic,
+            ),
+        ];
+
+        let filtered_counts = unfiltered_counts
+            .iter()
+            .cloned()
+            .filter(|&(_, count)| count != 0)
+            .map(|(ty, count)| vk::DescriptorPoolSize {
+                ty,
+                descriptor_count: count,
+            })
+            .collect::<ArrayVec<_, 8>>();
+
+        let mut vk_flags =
+            if flags.contains(gpu_descriptor::DescriptorPoolCreateFlags::UPDATE_AFTER_BIND) {
+                vk::DescriptorPoolCreateFlags::UPDATE_AFTER_BIND
+            } else {
+                vk::DescriptorPoolCreateFlags::empty()
+            };
+        if flags.contains(gpu_descriptor::DescriptorPoolCreateFlags::FREE_DESCRIPTOR_SET) {
+            vk_flags |= vk::DescriptorPoolCreateFlags::FREE_DESCRIPTOR_SET;
+        }
+        let vk_info = vk::DescriptorPoolCreateInfo::builder()
+            .max_sets(max_sets)
+            .flags(vk_flags)
+            .pool_sizes(&filtered_counts)
+            .build();
+
+        match unsafe { self.raw.create_descriptor_pool(&vk_info, None) } {
+            Ok(pool) => Ok(pool),
+            Err(vk::Result::ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY) => {
+                Err(gpu_descriptor::CreatePoolError::OutOfHostMemory)
+            }
+            Err(vk::Result::ERROR_OUT_OF_DEVICE_MEMORY) => {
+                Err(gpu_descriptor::CreatePoolError::OutOfDeviceMemory)
+            }
+            Err(vk::Result::ERROR_FRAGMENTATION) => {
+                Err(gpu_descriptor::CreatePoolError::Fragmentation)
+            }
+            Err(other) => {
+                log::error!("create_descriptor_pool: {:?}", other);
+                Err(gpu_descriptor::CreatePoolError::OutOfHostMemory)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn destroy_descriptor_pool(&self, pool: vk::DescriptorPool) {
+        unsafe { self.raw.destroy_descriptor_pool(pool, None) }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn alloc_descriptor_sets<'a>(
+        &self,
+        pool: &mut vk::DescriptorPool,
+        layouts: impl ExactSizeIterator<Item = &'a vk::DescriptorSetLayout>,
+        sets: &mut impl Extend<vk::DescriptorSet>,
+    ) -> Result<(), gpu_descriptor::DeviceAllocationError> {
+        let result = unsafe {
+            self.raw.allocate_descriptor_sets(
+                &vk::DescriptorSetAllocateInfo::builder()
+                    .descriptor_pool(*pool)
+                    .set_layouts(
+                        &smallvec::SmallVec::<[vk::DescriptorSetLayout; 32]>::from_iter(
+                            layouts.cloned(),
+                        ),
+                    )
+                    .build(),
+            )
+        };
+
+        match result {
+            Ok(vk_sets) => {
+                sets.extend(vk_sets);
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            Err(vk::Result::ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY)
+            | Err(vk::Result::ERROR_OUT_OF_POOL_MEMORY) => {
+                Err(gpu_descriptor::DeviceAllocationError::OutOfHostMemory)
+            }
+            Err(vk::Result::ERROR_OUT_OF_DEVICE_MEMORY) => {
+                Err(gpu_descriptor::DeviceAllocationError::OutOfDeviceMemory)
+            }
+            Err(vk::Result::ERROR_FRAGMENTED_POOL) => {
+                Err(gpu_descriptor::DeviceAllocationError::FragmentedPool)
+            }
+            Err(other) => {
+                log::error!("allocate_descriptor_sets: {:?}", other);
+                Err(gpu_descriptor::DeviceAllocationError::OutOfHostMemory)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn dealloc_descriptor_sets<'a>(
+        &self,
+        pool: &mut vk::DescriptorPool,
+        sets: impl Iterator<Item = vk::DescriptorSet>,
+    ) {
+        let result = unsafe {
+            self.raw.free_descriptor_sets(
+                *pool,
+                &smallvec::SmallVec::<[vk::DescriptorSet; 32]>::from_iter(sets),
+            )
+        };
+        match result {
+            Ok(()) => {}
+            Err(err) => log::error!("free_descriptor_sets: {:?}", err),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct CompiledStage {
+    create_info: vk::PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo,
+    _entry_point: CString,
+    temp_raw_module: Option<vk::ShaderModule>,
+}
+
+impl super::Device {
+    pub(super) unsafe fn create_swapchain(
+        &self,
+        surface: &mut super::Surface,
+        config: &crate::SurfaceConfiguration,
+        provided_old_swapchain: Option<super::Swapchain>,
+    ) -> Result<super::Swapchain, crate::SurfaceError> {
+        profiling::scope!("Device::create_swapchain");
+        let functor = khr::Swapchain::new(&surface.instance.raw, &self.shared.raw);
+
+        let old_swapchain = match provided_old_swapchain {
+            Some(osc) => osc.raw,
+            None => vk::SwapchainKHR::null(),
+        };
+
+        let color_space = if config.format == wgt::TextureFormat::Rgba16Float {
+            // Enable wide color gamut mode
+            // Vulkan swapchain for Android only supports DISPLAY_P3_NONLINEAR_EXT and EXTENDED_SRGB_LINEAR_EXT
+            vk::ColorSpaceKHR::EXTENDED_SRGB_LINEAR_EXT
+        } else {
+            vk::ColorSpaceKHR::SRGB_NONLINEAR
+        };
+
+        let original_format = self.shared.private_caps.map_texture_format(config.format);
+        let mut raw_flags = vk::SwapchainCreateFlagsKHR::empty();
+        let mut raw_view_formats: Vec<vk::Format> = vec![];
+        let mut wgt_view_formats = vec![];
+        if !config.view_formats.is_empty() {
+            raw_flags |= vk::SwapchainCreateFlagsKHR::MUTABLE_FORMAT;
+            raw_view_formats = config
+                .view_formats
+                .iter()
+                .map(|f| self.shared.private_caps.map_texture_format(*f))
+                .collect();
+            raw_view_formats.push(original_format);
+
+            wgt_view_formats = config.view_formats.clone();
+            wgt_view_formats.push(config.format);
+        }
+
+        let mut info = vk::SwapchainCreateInfoKHR::builder()
+            .flags(raw_flags)
+            .surface(surface.raw)
+            .min_image_count(config.swap_chain_size)
+            .image_format(original_format)
+            .image_color_space(color_space)
+            .image_extent(vk::Extent2D {
+                width: config.extent.width,
+                height: config.extent.height,
+            })
+            .image_array_layers(config.extent.depth_or_array_layers)
+            .image_usage(conv::map_texture_usage(config.usage))
+            .image_sharing_mode(vk::SharingMode::EXCLUSIVE)
+            .pre_transform(vk::SurfaceTransformFlagsKHR::IDENTITY)
+            .composite_alpha(conv::map_composite_alpha_mode(config.composite_alpha_mode))
+            .present_mode(conv::map_present_mode(config.present_mode))
+            .clipped(true)
+            .old_swapchain(old_swapchain);
+
+        let mut format_list_info = vk::ImageFormatListCreateInfo::builder();
+        if !raw_view_formats.is_empty() {
+            format_list_info = format_list_info.view_formats(&raw_view_formats);
+            info = info.push_next(&mut format_list_info);
+        }
+
+        let result = {
+            profiling::scope!("vkCreateSwapchainKHR");
+            unsafe { functor.create_swapchain(&info, None) }
+        };
+
+        // doing this before bailing out with error
+        if old_swapchain != vk::SwapchainKHR::null() {
+            unsafe { functor.destroy_swapchain(old_swapchain, None) }
+        }
+
+        let raw = match result {
+            Ok(swapchain) => swapchain,
+            Err(error) => {
+                return Err(match error {
+                    vk::Result::ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR => crate::SurfaceError::Lost,
+                    vk::Result::ERROR_NATIVE_WINDOW_IN_USE_KHR => {
+                        crate::SurfaceError::Other("Native window is in use")
+                    }
+                    other => crate::DeviceError::from(other).into(),
+                })
+            }
+        };
+
+        let images =
+            unsafe { functor.get_swapchain_images(raw) }.map_err(crate::DeviceError::from)?;
+
+        let vk_info = vk::FenceCreateInfo::builder().build();
+        let fence = unsafe { self.shared.raw.create_fence(&vk_info, None) }
+            .map_err(crate::DeviceError::from)?;
+
+        Ok(super::Swapchain {
+            raw,
+            raw_flags,
+            functor,
+            device: Arc::clone(&self.shared),
+            fence,
+            images,
+            config: config.clone(),
+            view_formats: wgt_view_formats,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// - `vk_image` must be created respecting `desc`
+    /// - If `drop_guard` is `Some`, the application must manually destroy the image handle. This
+    ///   can be done inside the `Drop` impl of `drop_guard`.
+    /// - If the `ImageCreateFlags` does not contain `MUTABLE_FORMAT`, the `view_formats` of `desc` must be empty.
+    pub unsafe fn texture_from_raw(
+        vk_image: vk::Image,
+        desc: &crate::TextureDescriptor,
+        drop_guard: Option<crate::DropGuard>,
+    ) -> super::Texture {
+        let mut raw_flags = vk::ImageCreateFlags::empty();
+        let mut view_formats = vec![];
+        for tf in desc.view_formats.iter() {
+            if *tf == desc.format {
+                continue;
+            }
+            view_formats.push(*tf);
+        }
+        if !view_formats.is_empty() {
+            raw_flags |=
+                vk::ImageCreateFlags::MUTABLE_FORMAT | vk::ImageCreateFlags::EXTENDED_USAGE;
+            view_formats.push(desc.format)
+        }
+
+        super::Texture {
+            raw: vk_image,
+            drop_guard,
+            block: None,
+            usage: desc.usage,
+            format: desc.format,
+            raw_flags: vk::ImageCreateFlags::empty(),
+            copy_size: desc.copy_extent(),
+            view_formats,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn create_shader_module_impl(
+        &self,
+        spv: &[u32],
+    ) -> Result<vk::ShaderModule, crate::DeviceError> {
+        let vk_info = vk::ShaderModuleCreateInfo::builder()
+            .flags(vk::ShaderModuleCreateFlags::empty())
+            .code(spv);
+
+        let raw = unsafe {
+            profiling::scope!("vkCreateShaderModule");
+            self.shared.raw.create_shader_module(&vk_info, None)?
+        };
+        Ok(raw)
+    }
+
+    fn compile_stage(
+        &self,
+        stage: &crate::ProgrammableStage<super::Api>,
+        naga_stage: naga::ShaderStage,
+        binding_map: &naga::back::spv::BindingMap,
+    ) -> Result<CompiledStage, crate::PipelineError> {
+        let stage_flags = crate::auxil::map_naga_stage(naga_stage);
+        let vk_module = match *stage.module {
+            super::ShaderModule::Raw(raw) => raw,
+            super::ShaderModule::Intermediate {
+                ref naga_shader,
+                runtime_checks,
+            } => {
+                let pipeline_options = naga::back::spv::PipelineOptions {
+                    entry_point: stage.entry_point.to_string(),
+                    shader_stage: naga_stage,
+                };
+                let needs_temp_options = !runtime_checks || !binding_map.is_empty();
+                let mut temp_options;
+                let options = if needs_temp_options {
+                    temp_options = self.naga_options.clone();
+                    if !runtime_checks {
+                        temp_options.bounds_check_policies = naga::proc::BoundsCheckPolicies {
+                            index: naga::proc::BoundsCheckPolicy::Unchecked,
+                            buffer: naga::proc::BoundsCheckPolicy::Unchecked,
+                            image: naga::proc::BoundsCheckPolicy::Unchecked,
+                            binding_array: naga::proc::BoundsCheckPolicy::Unchecked,
+                        };
+                    }
+                    if !binding_map.is_empty() {
+                        temp_options.binding_map = binding_map.clone();
+                    }
+                    &temp_options
+                } else {
+                    &self.naga_options
+                };
+                let spv = {
+                    profiling::scope!("naga::spv::write_vec");
+                    naga::back::spv::write_vec(
+                        &naga_shader.module,
+                        &naga_shader.info,
+                        options,
+                        Some(&pipeline_options),
+                    )
+                }
+                .map_err(|e| crate::PipelineError::Linkage(stage_flags, format!("{e}")))?;
+                self.create_shader_module_impl(&spv)?
+            }
+        };
+
+        let entry_point = CString::new(stage.entry_point).unwrap();
+        let create_info = vk::PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo::builder()
+            .stage(conv::map_shader_stage(stage_flags))
+            .module(vk_module)
+            .name(&entry_point)
+            .build();
+
+        Ok(CompiledStage {
+            create_info,
+            _entry_point: entry_point,
+            temp_raw_module: match *stage.module {
+                super::ShaderModule::Raw(_) => None,
+                super::ShaderModule::Intermediate { .. } => Some(vk_module),
+            },
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the queue family index of the device's internal queue.
+    ///
+    /// This is useful for constructing memory barriers needed for queue family ownership transfer when
+    /// external memory is involved (from/to `VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_EXTERNAL_KHR` and `VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_FOREIGN_EXT`
+    /// for example).
+    pub fn queue_family_index(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.shared.family_index
+    }
+
+    pub fn queue_index(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.shared.queue_index
+    }
+
+    pub fn raw_device(&self) -> &ash::Device {
+        &self.shared.raw
+    }
+
+    pub fn raw_physical_device(&self) -> ash::vk::PhysicalDevice {
+        self.shared.physical_device
+    }
+
+    pub fn raw_queue(&self) -> ash::vk::Queue {
+        self.shared.raw_queue
+    }
+
+    pub fn enabled_device_extensions(&self) -> &[&'static CStr] {
+        &self.shared.enabled_extensions
+    }
+
+    pub fn shared_instance(&self) -> &super::InstanceShared {
+        &self.shared.instance
+    }
+}
+
+impl crate::Device<super::Api> for super::Device {
+    unsafe fn exit(self, queue: super::Queue) {
+        unsafe { self.mem_allocator.into_inner().cleanup(&*self.shared) };
+        unsafe { self.desc_allocator.into_inner().cleanup(&*self.shared) };
+        for &sem in queue.relay_semaphores.iter() {
+            unsafe { self.shared.raw.destroy_semaphore(sem, None) };
+        }
+        unsafe { self.shared.free_resources() };
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_buffer(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::BufferDescriptor,
+    ) -> Result<super::Buffer, crate::DeviceError> {
+        let vk_info = vk::BufferCreateInfo::builder()
+            .size(desc.size)
+            .usage(conv::map_buffer_usage(desc.usage))
+            .sharing_mode(vk::SharingMode::EXCLUSIVE);
+
+        let raw = unsafe { self.shared.raw.create_buffer(&vk_info, None)? };
+        let req = unsafe { self.shared.raw.get_buffer_memory_requirements(raw) };
+
+        let mut alloc_usage = if desc
+            .usage
+            .intersects(crate::BufferUses::MAP_READ | crate::BufferUses::MAP_WRITE)
+        {
+            let mut flags = gpu_alloc::UsageFlags::HOST_ACCESS;
+            //TODO: find a way to use `crate::MemoryFlags::PREFER_COHERENT`
+            flags.set(
+                gpu_alloc::UsageFlags::DOWNLOAD,
+                desc.usage.contains(crate::BufferUses::MAP_READ),
+            );
+            flags.set(
+                gpu_alloc::UsageFlags::UPLOAD,
+                desc.usage.contains(crate::BufferUses::MAP_WRITE),
+            );
+            flags
+        } else {
+            gpu_alloc::UsageFlags::FAST_DEVICE_ACCESS
+        };
+        alloc_usage.set(
+            gpu_alloc::UsageFlags::TRANSIENT,
+            desc.memory_flags.contains(crate::MemoryFlags::TRANSIENT),
+        );
+
+        let block = unsafe {
+            self.mem_allocator.lock().alloc(
+                &*self.shared,
+                gpu_alloc::Request {
+                    size: req.size,
+                    align_mask: req.alignment - 1,
+                    usage: alloc_usage,
+                    memory_types: req.memory_type_bits & self.valid_ash_memory_types,
+                },
+            )?
+        };
+
+        unsafe {
+            self.shared
+                .raw
+                .bind_buffer_memory(raw, *block.memory(), block.offset())?
+        };
+
+        if let Some(label) = desc.label {
+            unsafe {
+                self.shared
+                    .set_object_name(vk::ObjectType::BUFFER, raw, label)
+            };
+        }
+
+        Ok(super::Buffer {
+            raw,
+            block: Mutex::new(block),
+        })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_buffer(&self, buffer: super::Buffer) {
+        unsafe { self.shared.raw.destroy_buffer(buffer.raw, None) };
+        unsafe {
+            self.mem_allocator
+                .lock()
+                .dealloc(&*self.shared, buffer.block.into_inner())
+        };
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn map_buffer(
+        &self,
+        buffer: &super::Buffer,
+        range: crate::MemoryRange,
+    ) -> Result<crate::BufferMapping, crate::DeviceError> {
+        let size = range.end - range.start;
+        let mut block = buffer.block.lock();
+        let ptr = unsafe { block.map(&*self.shared, range.start, size as usize)? };
+        let is_coherent = block
+            .props()
+            .contains(gpu_alloc::MemoryPropertyFlags::HOST_COHERENT);
+        Ok(crate::BufferMapping { ptr, is_coherent })
+    }
+    unsafe fn unmap_buffer(&self, buffer: &super::Buffer) -> Result<(), crate::DeviceError> {
+        unsafe { buffer.block.lock().unmap(&*self.shared) };
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn flush_mapped_ranges<I>(&self, buffer: &super::Buffer, ranges: I)
+    where
+        I: Iterator<Item = crate::MemoryRange>,
+    {
+        let vk_ranges = self.shared.make_memory_ranges(buffer, ranges);
+
+        unsafe {
+            self.shared
+                .raw
+                .flush_mapped_memory_ranges(
+                    &smallvec::SmallVec::<[vk::MappedMemoryRange; 32]>::from_iter(vk_ranges),
+                )
+        }
+        .unwrap();
+    }
+    unsafe fn invalidate_mapped_ranges<I>(&self, buffer: &super::Buffer, ranges: I)
+    where
+        I: Iterator<Item = crate::MemoryRange>,
+    {
+        let vk_ranges = self.shared.make_memory_ranges(buffer, ranges);
+
+        unsafe {
+            self.shared
+                .raw
+                .invalidate_mapped_memory_ranges(
+                    &smallvec::SmallVec::<[vk::MappedMemoryRange; 32]>::from_iter(vk_ranges),
+                )
+        }
+        .unwrap();
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_texture(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::TextureDescriptor,
+    ) -> Result<super::Texture, crate::DeviceError> {
+        let copy_size = desc.copy_extent();
+
+        let mut raw_flags = vk::ImageCreateFlags::empty();
+        if desc.is_cube_compatible() {
+            raw_flags |= vk::ImageCreateFlags::CUBE_COMPATIBLE;
+        }
+
+        let original_format = self.shared.private_caps.map_texture_format(desc.format);
+        let mut vk_view_formats = vec![];
+        let mut wgt_view_formats = vec![];
+        if !desc.view_formats.is_empty() {
+            raw_flags |= vk::ImageCreateFlags::MUTABLE_FORMAT;
+            wgt_view_formats = desc.view_formats.clone();
+            wgt_view_formats.push(desc.format);
+
+            if self.shared_instance().driver_api_version >= vk::API_VERSION_1_2
+                || self
+                    .enabled_device_extensions()
+                    .contains(&vk::KhrImageFormatListFn::name())
+            {
+                vk_view_formats = desc
+                    .view_formats
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|f| self.shared.private_caps.map_texture_format(*f))
+                    .collect();
+                vk_view_formats.push(original_format)
+            }
+        }
+
+        let mut vk_info = vk::ImageCreateInfo::builder()
+            .flags(raw_flags)
+            .image_type(conv::map_texture_dimension(desc.dimension))
+            .format(original_format)
+            .extent(conv::map_copy_extent(&copy_size))
+            .mip_levels(desc.mip_level_count)
+            .array_layers(desc.array_layer_count())
+            .samples(vk::SampleCountFlags::from_raw(desc.sample_count))
+            .tiling(vk::ImageTiling::OPTIMAL)
+            .usage(conv::map_texture_usage(desc.usage))
+            .sharing_mode(vk::SharingMode::EXCLUSIVE)
+            .initial_layout(vk::ImageLayout::UNDEFINED);
+
+        let mut format_list_info = vk::ImageFormatListCreateInfo::builder();
+        if !vk_view_formats.is_empty() {
+            format_list_info = format_list_info.view_formats(&vk_view_formats);
+            vk_info = vk_info.push_next(&mut format_list_info);
+        }
+
+        let raw = unsafe { self.shared.raw.create_image(&vk_info, None)? };
+        let req = unsafe { self.shared.raw.get_image_memory_requirements(raw) };
+
+        let block = unsafe {
+            self.mem_allocator.lock().alloc(
+                &*self.shared,
+                gpu_alloc::Request {
+                    size: req.size,
+                    align_mask: req.alignment - 1,
+                    usage: gpu_alloc::UsageFlags::FAST_DEVICE_ACCESS,
+                    memory_types: req.memory_type_bits & self.valid_ash_memory_types,
+                },
+            )?
+        };
+
+        unsafe {
+            self.shared
+                .raw
+                .bind_image_memory(raw, *block.memory(), block.offset())?
+        };
+
+        if let Some(label) = desc.label {
+            unsafe {
+                self.shared
+                    .set_object_name(vk::ObjectType::IMAGE, raw, label)
+            };
+        }
+
+        Ok(super::Texture {
+            raw,
+            drop_guard: None,
+            block: Some(block),
+            usage: desc.usage,
+            format: desc.format,
+            raw_flags,
+            copy_size,
+            view_formats: wgt_view_formats,
+        })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_texture(&self, texture: super::Texture) {
+        if texture.drop_guard.is_none() {
+            unsafe { self.shared.raw.destroy_image(texture.raw, None) };
+        }
+        if let Some(block) = texture.block {
+            unsafe { self.mem_allocator.lock().dealloc(&*self.shared, block) };
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_texture_view(
+        &self,
+        texture: &super::Texture,
+        desc: &crate::TextureViewDescriptor,
+    ) -> Result<super::TextureView, crate::DeviceError> {
+        let subresource_range = conv::map_subresource_range(&desc.range, desc.format);
+        let mut vk_info = vk::ImageViewCreateInfo::builder()
+            .flags(vk::ImageViewCreateFlags::empty())
+            .image(texture.raw)
+            .view_type(conv::map_view_dimension(desc.dimension))
+            .format(self.shared.private_caps.map_texture_format(desc.format))
+            .subresource_range(subresource_range);
+        let layers =
+            NonZeroU32::new(subresource_range.layer_count).expect("Unexpected zero layer count");
+
+        let mut image_view_info;
+        let view_usage = if self.shared.private_caps.image_view_usage && !desc.usage.is_empty() {
+            image_view_info = vk::ImageViewUsageCreateInfo::builder()
+                .usage(conv::map_texture_usage(desc.usage))
+                .build();
+            vk_info = vk_info.push_next(&mut image_view_info);
+            desc.usage
+        } else {
+            texture.usage
+        };
+
+        let raw = unsafe { self.shared.raw.create_image_view(&vk_info, None) }?;
+
+        if let Some(label) = desc.label {
+            unsafe {
+                self.shared
+                    .set_object_name(vk::ObjectType::IMAGE_VIEW, raw, label)
+            };
+        }
+
+        let attachment = super::FramebufferAttachment {
+            raw: if self.shared.private_caps.imageless_framebuffers {
+                vk::ImageView::null()
+            } else {
+                raw
+            },
+            raw_image_flags: texture.raw_flags,
+            view_usage,
+            view_format: desc.format,
+            raw_view_formats: texture
+                .view_formats
+                .iter()
+                .map(|tf| self.shared.private_caps.map_texture_format(*tf))
+                .collect(),
+        };
+
+        Ok(super::TextureView {
+            raw,
+            layers,
+            attachment,
+        })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_texture_view(&self, view: super::TextureView) {
+        if !self.shared.private_caps.imageless_framebuffers {
+            let mut fbuf_lock = self.shared.framebuffers.lock();
+            for (key, &raw_fbuf) in fbuf_lock.iter() {
+                if key.attachments.iter().any(|at| at.raw == view.raw) {
+                    unsafe { self.shared.raw.destroy_framebuffer(raw_fbuf, None) };
+                }
+            }
+            fbuf_lock.retain(|key, _| !key.attachments.iter().any(|at| at.raw == view.raw));
+        }
+        unsafe { self.shared.raw.destroy_image_view(view.raw, None) };
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_sampler(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::SamplerDescriptor,
+    ) -> Result<super::Sampler, crate::DeviceError> {
+        let mut vk_info = vk::SamplerCreateInfo::builder()
+            .flags(vk::SamplerCreateFlags::empty())
+            .mag_filter(conv::map_filter_mode(desc.mag_filter))
+            .min_filter(conv::map_filter_mode(desc.min_filter))
+            .mipmap_mode(conv::map_mip_filter_mode(desc.mipmap_filter))
+            .address_mode_u(conv::map_address_mode(desc.address_modes[0]))
+            .address_mode_v(conv::map_address_mode(desc.address_modes[1]))
+            .address_mode_w(conv::map_address_mode(desc.address_modes[2]))
+            .min_lod(desc.lod_clamp.start)
+            .max_lod(desc.lod_clamp.end);
+
+        if let Some(fun) = desc.compare {
+            vk_info = vk_info
+                .compare_enable(true)
+                .compare_op(conv::map_comparison(fun));
+        }
+
+        if desc.anisotropy_clamp != 1 {
+            // We only enable anisotropy if it is supported, and wgpu-hal interface guarentees
+            // the clamp is in the range [1, 16] which is always supported if anisotropy is.
+            vk_info = vk_info
+                .anisotropy_enable(true)
+                .max_anisotropy(desc.anisotropy_clamp as f32);
+        }
+
+        if let Some(color) = desc.border_color {
+            vk_info = vk_info.border_color(conv::map_border_color(color));
+        }
+
+        let raw = unsafe { self.shared.raw.create_sampler(&vk_info, None)? };
+
+        if let Some(label) = desc.label {
+            unsafe {
+                self.shared
+                    .set_object_name(vk::ObjectType::SAMPLER, raw, label)
+            };
+        }
+
+        Ok(super::Sampler { raw })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_sampler(&self, sampler: super::Sampler) {
+        unsafe { self.shared.raw.destroy_sampler(sampler.raw, None) };
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_command_encoder(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::CommandEncoderDescriptor<super::Api>,
+    ) -> Result<super::CommandEncoder, crate::DeviceError> {
+        let vk_info = vk::CommandPoolCreateInfo::builder()
+            .queue_family_index(desc.queue.family_index)
+            .flags(vk::CommandPoolCreateFlags::TRANSIENT)
+            .build();
+        let raw = unsafe { self.shared.raw.create_command_pool(&vk_info, None)? };
+
+        Ok(super::CommandEncoder {
+            raw,
+            device: Arc::clone(&self.shared),
+            active: vk::CommandBuffer::null(),
+            bind_point: vk::PipelineBindPoint::default(),
+            temp: super::Temp::default(),
+            free: Vec::new(),
+            discarded: Vec::new(),
+            rpass_debug_marker_active: false,
+        })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_command_encoder(&self, cmd_encoder: super::CommandEncoder) {
+        unsafe {
+            if !cmd_encoder.free.is_empty() {
+                self.shared
+                    .raw
+                    .free_command_buffers(cmd_encoder.raw, &cmd_encoder.free)
+            }
+            if !cmd_encoder.discarded.is_empty() {
+                self.shared
+                    .raw
+                    .free_command_buffers(cmd_encoder.raw, &cmd_encoder.discarded)
+            }
+            self.shared.raw.destroy_command_pool(cmd_encoder.raw, None);
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_bind_group_layout(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::BindGroupLayoutDescriptor,
+    ) -> Result<super::BindGroupLayout, crate::DeviceError> {
+        let mut desc_count = gpu_descriptor::DescriptorTotalCount::default();
+        let mut types = Vec::new();
+        for entry in desc.entries {
+            let count = entry.count.map_or(1, |c| c.get());
+            if entry.binding as usize >= types.len() {
+                types.resize(
+                    entry.binding as usize + 1,
+                    (vk::DescriptorType::INPUT_ATTACHMENT, 0),
+                );
+            }
+            types[entry.binding as usize] = (
+                conv::map_binding_type(entry.ty),
+                entry.count.map_or(1, |c| c.get()),
+            );
+
+            match entry.ty {
+                wgt::BindingType::Buffer {
+                    ty,
+                    has_dynamic_offset,
+                    ..
+                } => match ty {
+                    wgt::BufferBindingType::Uniform => {
+                        if has_dynamic_offset {
+                            desc_count.uniform_buffer_dynamic += count;
+                        } else {
+                            desc_count.uniform_buffer += count;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    wgt::BufferBindingType::Storage { .. } => {
+                        if has_dynamic_offset {
+                            desc_count.storage_buffer_dynamic += count;
+                        } else {
+                            desc_count.storage_buffer += count;
+                        }
+                    }
+                },
+                wgt::BindingType::Sampler { .. } => {
+                    desc_count.sampler += count;
+                }
+                wgt::BindingType::Texture { .. } => {
+                    desc_count.sampled_image += count;
+                }
+                wgt::BindingType::StorageTexture { .. } => {
+                    desc_count.storage_image += count;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        //Note: not bothering with on stack array here as it's low frequency
+        let vk_bindings = desc
+            .entries
+            .iter()
+            .map(|entry| vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding {
+                binding: entry.binding,
+                descriptor_type: types[entry.binding as usize].0,
+                descriptor_count: types[entry.binding as usize].1,
+                stage_flags: conv::map_shader_stage(entry.visibility),
+                p_immutable_samplers: ptr::null(),
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        let vk_info = vk::DescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo::builder().bindings(&vk_bindings);
+
+        let binding_arrays = desc
+            .entries
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .filter_map(|(idx, entry)| entry.count.map(|count| (idx as u32, count)))
+            .collect();
+
+        let mut binding_flag_info;
+        let binding_flag_vec;
+
+        let partially_bound = desc
+            .flags
+            .contains(crate::BindGroupLayoutFlags::PARTIALLY_BOUND);
+
+        let vk_info = if partially_bound {
+            binding_flag_vec = desc
+                .entries
+                .iter()
+                .map(|entry| {
+                    let mut flags = vk::DescriptorBindingFlags::empty();
+
+                    if partially_bound && entry.count.is_some() {
+                        flags |= vk::DescriptorBindingFlags::PARTIALLY_BOUND;
+                    }
+
+                    flags
+                })
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+            binding_flag_info = vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBindingFlagsCreateInfo::builder()
+                .binding_flags(&binding_flag_vec);
+
+            vk_info.push_next(&mut binding_flag_info)
+        } else {
+            vk_info
+        };
+
+        let raw = unsafe {
+            self.shared
+                .raw
+                .create_descriptor_set_layout(&vk_info, None)?
+        };
+
+        if let Some(label) = desc.label {
+            unsafe {
+                self.shared
+                    .set_object_name(vk::ObjectType::DESCRIPTOR_SET_LAYOUT, raw, label)
+            };
+        }
+
+        Ok(super::BindGroupLayout {
+            raw,
+            desc_count,
+            types: types.into_boxed_slice(),
+            binding_arrays,
+        })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_bind_group_layout(&self, bg_layout: super::BindGroupLayout) {
+        unsafe {
+            self.shared
+                .raw
+                .destroy_descriptor_set_layout(bg_layout.raw, None)
+        };
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_pipeline_layout(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::PipelineLayoutDescriptor<super::Api>,
+    ) -> Result<super::PipelineLayout, crate::DeviceError> {
+        //Note: not bothering with on stack array here as it's low frequency
+        let vk_set_layouts = desc
+            .bind_group_layouts
+            .iter()
+            .map(|bgl| bgl.raw)
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let vk_push_constant_ranges = desc
+            .push_constant_ranges
+            .iter()
+            .map(|pcr| vk::PushConstantRange {
+                stage_flags: conv::map_shader_stage(pcr.stages),
+                offset: pcr.range.start,
+                size: pcr.range.end - pcr.range.start,
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        let vk_info = vk::PipelineLayoutCreateInfo::builder()
+            .flags(vk::PipelineLayoutCreateFlags::empty())
+            .set_layouts(&vk_set_layouts)
+            .push_constant_ranges(&vk_push_constant_ranges);
+
+        let raw = {
+            profiling::scope!("vkCreatePipelineLayout");
+            unsafe { self.shared.raw.create_pipeline_layout(&vk_info, None)? }
+        };
+
+        if let Some(label) = desc.label {
+            unsafe {
+                self.shared
+                    .set_object_name(vk::ObjectType::PIPELINE_LAYOUT, raw, label)
+            };
+        }
+
+        let mut binding_arrays = BTreeMap::new();
+        for (group, &layout) in desc.bind_group_layouts.iter().enumerate() {
+            for &(binding, binding_array_size) in &layout.binding_arrays {
+                binding_arrays.insert(
+                    naga::ResourceBinding {
+                        group: group as u32,
+                        binding,
+                    },
+                    naga::back::spv::BindingInfo {
+                        binding_array_size: Some(binding_array_size.get()),
+                    },
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(super::PipelineLayout {
+            raw,
+            binding_arrays,
+        })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_pipeline_layout(&self, pipeline_layout: super::PipelineLayout) {
+        unsafe {
+            self.shared
+                .raw
+                .destroy_pipeline_layout(pipeline_layout.raw, None)
+        };
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_bind_group(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::BindGroupDescriptor<super::Api>,
+    ) -> Result<super::BindGroup, crate::DeviceError> {
+        let mut vk_sets = unsafe {
+            self.desc_allocator.lock().allocate(
+                &*self.shared,
+                &desc.layout.raw,
+                gpu_descriptor::DescriptorSetLayoutCreateFlags::empty(),
+                &desc.layout.desc_count,
+                1,
+            )?
+        };
+
+        let set = vk_sets.pop().unwrap();
+        if let Some(label) = desc.label {
+            unsafe {
+                self.shared
+                    .set_object_name(vk::ObjectType::DESCRIPTOR_SET, *set.raw(), label)
+            };
+        }
+
+        let mut writes = Vec::with_capacity(desc.entries.len());
+        let mut buffer_infos = Vec::with_capacity(desc.buffers.len());
+        let mut sampler_infos = Vec::with_capacity(desc.samplers.len());
+        let mut image_infos = Vec::with_capacity(desc.textures.len());
+        for entry in desc.entries {
+            let (ty, size) = desc.layout.types[entry.binding as usize];
+            if size == 0 {
+                continue; // empty slot
+            }
+            let mut write = vk::WriteDescriptorSet::builder()
+                .dst_set(*set.raw())
+                .dst_binding(entry.binding)
+                .descriptor_type(ty);
+            write = match ty {
+                vk::DescriptorType::SAMPLER => {
+                    let index = sampler_infos.len();
+                    let start = entry.resource_index;
+                    let end = start + entry.count;
+                    sampler_infos.extend(desc.samplers[start as usize..end as usize].iter().map(
+                        |binding| {
+                            vk::DescriptorImageInfo::builder()
+                                .sampler(binding.raw)
+                                .build()
+                        },
+                    ));
+                    write.image_info(&sampler_infos[index..])
+                }
+                vk::DescriptorType::SAMPLED_IMAGE | vk::DescriptorType::STORAGE_IMAGE => {
+                    let index = image_infos.len();
+                    let start = entry.resource_index;
+                    let end = start + entry.count;
+                    image_infos.extend(desc.textures[start as usize..end as usize].iter().map(
+                        |binding| {
+                            let layout = conv::derive_image_layout(
+                                binding.usage,
+                                binding.view.attachment.view_format,
+                            );
+                            vk::DescriptorImageInfo::builder()
+                                .image_view(binding.view.raw)
+                                .image_layout(layout)
+                                .build()
+                        },
+                    ));
+                    write.image_info(&image_infos[index..])
+                }
+                vk::DescriptorType::UNIFORM_BUFFER
+                | vk::DescriptorType::UNIFORM_BUFFER_DYNAMIC
+                | vk::DescriptorType::STORAGE_BUFFER
+                | vk::DescriptorType::STORAGE_BUFFER_DYNAMIC => {
+                    let index = buffer_infos.len();
+                    let start = entry.resource_index;
+                    let end = start + entry.count;
+                    buffer_infos.extend(desc.buffers[start as usize..end as usize].iter().map(
+                        |binding| {
+                            vk::DescriptorBufferInfo::builder()
+                                .buffer(binding.buffer.raw)
+                                .offset(binding.offset)
+                                .range(binding.size.map_or(vk::WHOLE_SIZE, wgt::BufferSize::get))
+                                .build()
+                        },
+                    ));
+                    write.buffer_info(&buffer_infos[index..])
+                }
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            };
+            writes.push(write.build());
+        }
+
+        unsafe { self.shared.raw.update_descriptor_sets(&writes, &[]) };
+        Ok(super::BindGroup { set })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_bind_group(&self, group: super::BindGroup) {
+        unsafe {
+            self.desc_allocator
+                .lock()
+                .free(&*self.shared, Some(group.set))
+        };
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_shader_module(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::ShaderModuleDescriptor,
+        shader: crate::ShaderInput,
+    ) -> Result<super::ShaderModule, crate::ShaderError> {
+        let spv = match shader {
+            crate::ShaderInput::Naga(naga_shader) => {
+                if self
+                    .shared
+                    .workarounds
+                    .contains(super::Workarounds::SEPARATE_ENTRY_POINTS)
+                {
+                    return Ok(super::ShaderModule::Intermediate {
+                        naga_shader,
+                        runtime_checks: desc.runtime_checks,
+                    });
+                }
+                let mut naga_options = self.naga_options.clone();
+                if !desc.runtime_checks {
+                    naga_options.bounds_check_policies = naga::proc::BoundsCheckPolicies {
+                        index: naga::proc::BoundsCheckPolicy::Unchecked,
+                        buffer: naga::proc::BoundsCheckPolicy::Unchecked,
+                        image: naga::proc::BoundsCheckPolicy::Unchecked,
+                        binding_array: naga::proc::BoundsCheckPolicy::Unchecked,
+                    };
+                }
+                Cow::Owned(
+                    naga::back::spv::write_vec(
+                        &naga_shader.module,
+                        &naga_shader.info,
+                        &naga_options,
+                        None,
+                    )
+                    .map_err(|e| crate::ShaderError::Compilation(format!("{e}")))?,
+                )
+            }
+            crate::ShaderInput::SpirV(spv) => Cow::Borrowed(spv),
+        };
+
+        let raw = self.create_shader_module_impl(&spv)?;
+
+        if let Some(label) = desc.label {
+            unsafe {
+                self.shared
+                    .set_object_name(vk::ObjectType::SHADER_MODULE, raw, label)
+            };
+        }
+
+        Ok(super::ShaderModule::Raw(raw))
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_shader_module(&self, module: super::ShaderModule) {
+        match module {
+            super::ShaderModule::Raw(raw) => {
+                unsafe { self.shared.raw.destroy_shader_module(raw, None) };
+            }
+            super::ShaderModule::Intermediate { .. } => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_render_pipeline(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::RenderPipelineDescriptor<super::Api>,
+    ) -> Result<super::RenderPipeline, crate::PipelineError> {
+        let dynamic_states = [
+            vk::DynamicState::VIEWPORT,
+            vk::DynamicState::SCISSOR,
+            vk::DynamicState::BLEND_CONSTANTS,
+            vk::DynamicState::STENCIL_REFERENCE,
+        ];
+        let mut compatible_rp_key = super::RenderPassKey {
+            sample_count: desc.multisample.count,
+            multiview: desc.multiview,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let mut stages = ArrayVec::<_, 2>::new();
+        let mut vertex_buffers = Vec::with_capacity(desc.vertex_buffers.len());
+        let mut vertex_attributes = Vec::new();
+
+        for (i, vb) in desc.vertex_buffers.iter().enumerate() {
+            vertex_buffers.push(vk::VertexInputBindingDescription {
+                binding: i as u32,
+                stride: vb.array_stride as u32,
+                input_rate: match vb.step_mode {
+                    wgt::VertexStepMode::Vertex => vk::VertexInputRate::VERTEX,
+                    wgt::VertexStepMode::Instance => vk::VertexInputRate::INSTANCE,
+                },
+            });
+            for at in vb.attributes {
+                vertex_attributes.push(vk::VertexInputAttributeDescription {
+                    location: at.shader_location,
+                    binding: i as u32,
+                    format: conv::map_vertex_format(at.format),
+                    offset: at.offset as u32,
+                });
+            }
+        }
+
+        let vk_vertex_input = vk::PipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo::builder()
+            .vertex_binding_descriptions(&vertex_buffers)
+            .vertex_attribute_descriptions(&vertex_attributes)
+            .build();
+
+        let vk_input_assembly = vk::PipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo::builder()
+            .topology(conv::map_topology(desc.primitive.topology))
+            .primitive_restart_enable(desc.primitive.strip_index_format.is_some())
+            .build();
+
+        let compiled_vs = self.compile_stage(
+            &desc.vertex_stage,
+            naga::ShaderStage::Vertex,
+            &desc.layout.binding_arrays,
+        )?;
+        stages.push(compiled_vs.create_info);
+        let compiled_fs = match desc.fragment_stage {
+            Some(ref stage) => {
+                let compiled = self.compile_stage(
+                    stage,
+                    naga::ShaderStage::Fragment,
+                    &desc.layout.binding_arrays,
+                )?;
+                stages.push(compiled.create_info);
+                Some(compiled)
+            }
+            None => None,
+        };
+
+        let mut vk_rasterization = vk::PipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo::builder()
+            .polygon_mode(conv::map_polygon_mode(desc.primitive.polygon_mode))
+            .front_face(conv::map_front_face(desc.primitive.front_face))
+            .line_width(1.0);
+        if let Some(face) = desc.primitive.cull_mode {
+            vk_rasterization = vk_rasterization.cull_mode(conv::map_cull_face(face))
+        }
+        let mut vk_rasterization_conservative_state =
+            vk::PipelineRasterizationConservativeStateCreateInfoEXT::builder()
+                .conservative_rasterization_mode(vk::ConservativeRasterizationModeEXT::OVERESTIMATE)
+                .build();
+        if desc.primitive.conservative {
+            vk_rasterization = vk_rasterization.push_next(&mut vk_rasterization_conservative_state);
+        }
+        let mut vk_depth_clip_state =
+            vk::PipelineRasterizationDepthClipStateCreateInfoEXT::builder()
+                .depth_clip_enable(false)
+                .build();
+        if desc.primitive.unclipped_depth {
+            vk_rasterization = vk_rasterization.push_next(&mut vk_depth_clip_state);
+        }
+
+        let mut vk_depth_stencil = vk::PipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo::builder();
+        if let Some(ref ds) = desc.depth_stencil {
+            let vk_format = self.shared.private_caps.map_texture_format(ds.format);
+            let vk_layout = if ds.is_read_only(desc.primitive.cull_mode) {
+                vk::ImageLayout::DEPTH_STENCIL_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL
+            } else {
+                vk::ImageLayout::DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL
+            };
+            compatible_rp_key.depth_stencil = Some(super::DepthStencilAttachmentKey {
+                base: super::AttachmentKey::compatible(vk_format, vk_layout),
+                stencil_ops: crate::AttachmentOps::all(),
+            });
+
+            if ds.is_depth_enabled() {
+                vk_depth_stencil = vk_depth_stencil
+                    .depth_test_enable(true)
+                    .depth_write_enable(ds.depth_write_enabled)
+                    .depth_compare_op(conv::map_comparison(ds.depth_compare));
+            }
+            if ds.stencil.is_enabled() {
+                let s = &ds.stencil;
+                let front = conv::map_stencil_face(&s.front, s.read_mask, s.write_mask);
+                let back = conv::map_stencil_face(&s.back, s.read_mask, s.write_mask);
+                vk_depth_stencil = vk_depth_stencil
+                    .stencil_test_enable(true)
+                    .front(front)
+                    .back(back);
+            }
+
+            if ds.bias.is_enabled() {
+                vk_rasterization = vk_rasterization
+                    .depth_bias_enable(true)
+                    .depth_bias_constant_factor(ds.bias.constant as f32)
+                    .depth_bias_clamp(ds.bias.clamp)
+                    .depth_bias_slope_factor(ds.bias.slope_scale);
+            }
+        }
+
+        let vk_viewport = vk::PipelineViewportStateCreateInfo::builder()
+            .flags(vk::PipelineViewportStateCreateFlags::empty())
+            .scissor_count(1)
+            .viewport_count(1)
+            .build();
+
+        let vk_sample_mask = [
+            desc.multisample.mask as u32,
+            (desc.multisample.mask >> 32) as u32,
+        ];
+        let vk_multisample = vk::PipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo::builder()
+            .rasterization_samples(vk::SampleCountFlags::from_raw(desc.multisample.count))
+            .alpha_to_coverage_enable(desc.multisample.alpha_to_coverage_enabled)
+            .sample_mask(&vk_sample_mask)
+            .build();
+
+        let mut vk_attachments = Vec::with_capacity(desc.color_targets.len());
+        for cat in desc.color_targets {
+            let (key, attarchment) = if let Some(cat) = cat.as_ref() {
+                let mut vk_attachment = vk::PipelineColorBlendAttachmentState::builder()
+                    .color_write_mask(vk::ColorComponentFlags::from_raw(cat.write_mask.bits()));
+                if let Some(ref blend) = cat.blend {
+                    let (color_op, color_src, color_dst) = conv::map_blend_component(&blend.color);
+                    let (alpha_op, alpha_src, alpha_dst) = conv::map_blend_component(&blend.alpha);
+                    vk_attachment = vk_attachment
+                        .blend_enable(true)
+                        .color_blend_op(color_op)
+                        .src_color_blend_factor(color_src)
+                        .dst_color_blend_factor(color_dst)
+                        .alpha_blend_op(alpha_op)
+                        .src_alpha_blend_factor(alpha_src)
+                        .dst_alpha_blend_factor(alpha_dst);
+                }
+
+                let vk_format = self.shared.private_caps.map_texture_format(cat.format);
+                (
+                    Some(super::ColorAttachmentKey {
+                        base: super::AttachmentKey::compatible(
+                            vk_format,
+                            vk::ImageLayout::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL,
+                        ),
+                        resolve: None,
+                    }),
+                    vk_attachment.build(),
+                )
+            } else {
+                (None, vk::PipelineColorBlendAttachmentState::default())
+            };
+
+            compatible_rp_key.colors.push(key);
+            vk_attachments.push(attarchment);
+        }
+
+        let vk_color_blend = vk::PipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo::builder()
+            .attachments(&vk_attachments)
+            .build();
+
+        let vk_dynamic_state = vk::PipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo::builder()
+            .dynamic_states(&dynamic_states)
+            .build();
+
+        let raw_pass = self
+            .shared
+            .make_render_pass(compatible_rp_key)
+            .map_err(crate::DeviceError::from)?;
+
+        let vk_infos = [{
+            vk::GraphicsPipelineCreateInfo::builder()
+                .layout(desc.layout.raw)
+                .stages(&stages)
+                .vertex_input_state(&vk_vertex_input)
+                .input_assembly_state(&vk_input_assembly)
+                .rasterization_state(&vk_rasterization)
+                .viewport_state(&vk_viewport)
+                .multisample_state(&vk_multisample)
+                .depth_stencil_state(&vk_depth_stencil)
+                .color_blend_state(&vk_color_blend)
+                .dynamic_state(&vk_dynamic_state)
+                .render_pass(raw_pass)
+                .build()
+        }];
+
+        let mut raw_vec = {
+            profiling::scope!("vkCreateGraphicsPipelines");
+            unsafe {
+                self.shared
+                    .raw
+                    .create_graphics_pipelines(vk::PipelineCache::null(), &vk_infos, None)
+                    .map_err(|(_, e)| crate::DeviceError::from(e))
+            }?
+        };
+
+        let raw = raw_vec.pop().unwrap();
+        if let Some(label) = desc.label {
+            unsafe {
+                self.shared
+                    .set_object_name(vk::ObjectType::PIPELINE, raw, label)
+            };
+        }
+
+        if let Some(raw_module) = compiled_vs.temp_raw_module {
+            unsafe { self.shared.raw.destroy_shader_module(raw_module, None) };
+        }
+        if let Some(CompiledStage {
+            temp_raw_module: Some(raw_module),
+            ..
+        }) = compiled_fs
+        {
+            unsafe { self.shared.raw.destroy_shader_module(raw_module, None) };
+        }
+
+        Ok(super::RenderPipeline { raw })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_render_pipeline(&self, pipeline: super::RenderPipeline) {
+        unsafe { self.shared.raw.destroy_pipeline(pipeline.raw, None) };
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_compute_pipeline(
+        &self,
+        desc: &crate::ComputePipelineDescriptor<super::Api>,
+    ) -> Result<super::ComputePipeline, crate::PipelineError> {
+        let compiled = self.compile_stage(
+            &desc.stage,
+            naga::ShaderStage::Compute,
+            &desc.layout.binding_arrays,
+        )?;
+
+        let vk_infos = [{
+            vk::ComputePipelineCreateInfo::builder()
+                .layout(desc.layout.raw)
+                .stage(compiled.create_info)
+                .build()
+        }];
+
+        let mut raw_vec = {
+            profiling::scope!("vkCreateComputePipelines");
+            unsafe {
+                self.shared
+                    .raw
+                    .create_compute_pipelines(vk::PipelineCache::null(), &vk_infos, None)
+                    .map_err(|(_, e)| crate::DeviceError::from(e))
+            }?
+        };
+
+        let raw = raw_vec.pop().unwrap();
+        if let Some(label) = desc.label {
+            unsafe {
+                self.shared
+                    .set_object_name(vk::ObjectType::PIPELINE, raw, label)
+            };
+        }
+
+        if let Some(raw_module) = compiled.temp_raw_module {
+            unsafe { self.shared.raw.destroy_shader_module(raw_module, None) };
+        }
+
+        Ok(super::ComputePipeline { raw })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_compute_pipeline(&self, pipeline: super::ComputePipeline) {
+        unsafe { self.shared.raw.destroy_pipeline(pipeline.raw, None) };
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_query_set(
+        &self,
+        desc: &wgt::QuerySetDescriptor<crate::Label>,
+    ) -> Result<super::QuerySet, crate::DeviceError> {
+        let (vk_type, pipeline_statistics) = match desc.ty {
+            wgt::QueryType::Occlusion => (
+                vk::QueryType::OCCLUSION,
+                vk::QueryPipelineStatisticFlags::empty(),
+            ),
+            wgt::QueryType::PipelineStatistics(statistics) => (
+                vk::QueryType::PIPELINE_STATISTICS,
+                conv::map_pipeline_statistics(statistics),
+            ),
+            wgt::QueryType::Timestamp => (
+                vk::QueryType::TIMESTAMP,
+                vk::QueryPipelineStatisticFlags::empty(),
+            ),
+        };
+
+        let vk_info = vk::QueryPoolCreateInfo::builder()
+            .query_type(vk_type)
+            .query_count(desc.count)
+            .pipeline_statistics(pipeline_statistics)
+            .build();
+
+        let raw = unsafe { self.shared.raw.create_query_pool(&vk_info, None) }?;
+        if let Some(label) = desc.label {
+            unsafe {
+                self.shared
+                    .set_object_name(vk::ObjectType::QUERY_POOL, raw, label)
+            };
+        }
+
+        Ok(super::QuerySet { raw })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_query_set(&self, set: super::QuerySet) {
+        unsafe { self.shared.raw.destroy_query_pool(set.raw, None) };
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_fence(&self) -> Result<super::Fence, crate::DeviceError> {
+        Ok(if self.shared.private_caps.timeline_semaphores {
+            let mut sem_type_info =
+                vk::SemaphoreTypeCreateInfo::builder().semaphore_type(vk::SemaphoreType::TIMELINE);
+            let vk_info = vk::SemaphoreCreateInfo::builder().push_next(&mut sem_type_info);
+            let raw = unsafe { self.shared.raw.create_semaphore(&vk_info, None) }?;
+            super::Fence::TimelineSemaphore(raw)
+        } else {
+            super::Fence::FencePool {
+                last_completed: 0,
+                active: Vec::new(),
+                free: Vec::new(),
+            }
+        })
+    }
+    unsafe fn destroy_fence(&self, fence: super::Fence) {
+        match fence {
+            super::Fence::TimelineSemaphore(raw) => {
+                unsafe { self.shared.raw.destroy_semaphore(raw, None) };
+            }
+            super::Fence::FencePool {
+                active,
+                free,
+                last_completed: _,
+            } => {
+                for (_, raw) in active {
+                    unsafe { self.shared.raw.destroy_fence(raw, None) };
+                }
+                for raw in free {
+                    unsafe { self.shared.raw.destroy_fence(raw, None) };
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    unsafe fn get_fence_value(
+        &self,
+        fence: &super::Fence,
+    ) -> Result<crate::FenceValue, crate::DeviceError> {
+        fence.get_latest(
+            &self.shared.raw,
+            self.shared.extension_fns.timeline_semaphore.as_ref(),
+        )
+    }
+    unsafe fn wait(
+        &self,
+        fence: &super::Fence,
+        wait_value: crate::FenceValue,
+        timeout_ms: u32,
+    ) -> Result<bool, crate::DeviceError> {
+        let timeout_ns = timeout_ms as u64 * super::MILLIS_TO_NANOS;
+        match *fence {
+            super::Fence::TimelineSemaphore(raw) => {
+                let semaphores = [raw];
+                let values = [wait_value];
+                let vk_info = vk::SemaphoreWaitInfo::builder()
+                    .semaphores(&semaphores)
+                    .values(&values);
+                let result = match self.shared.extension_fns.timeline_semaphore {
+                    Some(super::ExtensionFn::Extension(ref ext)) => unsafe {
+                        ext.wait_semaphores(&vk_info, timeout_ns)
+                    },
+                    Some(super::ExtensionFn::Promoted) => unsafe {
+                        self.shared.raw.wait_semaphores(&vk_info, timeout_ns)
+                    },
+                    None => unreachable!(),
+                };
+                match result {
+                    Ok(()) => Ok(true),
+                    Err(vk::Result::TIMEOUT) => Ok(false),
+                    Err(other) => Err(other.into()),
+                }
+            }
+            super::Fence::FencePool {
+                last_completed,
+                ref active,
+                free: _,
+            } => {
+                if wait_value <= last_completed {
+                    Ok(true)
+                } else {
+                    match active.iter().find(|&&(value, _)| value >= wait_value) {
+                        Some(&(_, raw)) => {
+                            match unsafe {
+                                self.shared.raw.wait_for_fences(&[raw], true, timeout_ns)
+                            } {
+                                Ok(()) => Ok(true),
+                                Err(vk::Result::TIMEOUT) => Ok(false),
+                                Err(other) => Err(other.into()),
+                            }
+                        }
+                        None => {
+                            log::error!("No signals reached value {}", wait_value);
+                            Err(crate::DeviceError::Lost)
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn start_capture(&self) -> bool {
+        #[cfg(feature = "renderdoc")]
+        {
+            // Renderdoc requires us to give us the pointer that vkInstance _points to_.
+            let raw_vk_instance =
+                ash::vk::Handle::as_raw(self.shared.instance.raw.handle()) as *mut *mut _;
+            let raw_vk_instance_dispatch_table = unsafe { *raw_vk_instance };
+            unsafe {
+                self.render_doc
+                    .start_frame_capture(raw_vk_instance_dispatch_table, ptr::null_mut())
+            }
+        }
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "renderdoc"))]
+        false
+    }
+    unsafe fn stop_capture(&self) {
+        #[cfg(feature = "renderdoc")]
+        {
+            // Renderdoc requires us to give us the pointer that vkInstance _points to_.
+            let raw_vk_instance =
+                ash::vk::Handle::as_raw(self.shared.instance.raw.handle()) as *mut *mut _;
+            let raw_vk_instance_dispatch_table = unsafe { *raw_vk_instance };
+
+            unsafe {
+                self.render_doc
+                    .end_frame_capture(raw_vk_instance_dispatch_table, ptr::null_mut())
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<gpu_alloc::AllocationError> for crate::DeviceError {
+    fn from(error: gpu_alloc::AllocationError) -> Self {
+        use gpu_alloc::AllocationError as Ae;
+        match error {
+            Ae::OutOfDeviceMemory | Ae::OutOfHostMemory => Self::OutOfMemory,
+            _ => {
+                log::error!("memory allocation: {:?}", error);
+                Self::Lost
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+impl From<gpu_alloc::MapError> for crate::DeviceError {
+    fn from(error: gpu_alloc::MapError) -> Self {
+        use gpu_alloc::MapError as Me;
+        match error {
+            Me::OutOfDeviceMemory | Me::OutOfHostMemory => Self::OutOfMemory,
+            _ => {
+                log::error!("memory mapping: {:?}", error);
+                Self::Lost
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+impl From<gpu_descriptor::AllocationError> for crate::DeviceError {
+    fn from(error: gpu_descriptor::AllocationError) -> Self {
+        log::error!("descriptor allocation: {:?}", error);
+        Self::OutOfMemory
+    }
+}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/vulkan/instance.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/vulkan/instance.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..101f303c16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/vulkan/instance.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,832 @@
+use std::{
+    ffi::{c_void, CStr, CString},
+    slice,
+    sync::Arc,
+    thread,
+};
+
+use ash::{
+    extensions::{ext, khr},
+    vk,
+};
+
+unsafe extern "system" fn debug_utils_messenger_callback(
+    message_severity: vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT,
+    message_type: vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT,
+    callback_data_ptr: *const vk::DebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT,
+    _user_data: *mut c_void,
+) -> vk::Bool32 {
+    const VUID_VKSWAPCHAINCREATEINFOKHR_IMAGEEXTENT_01274: i32 = 0x7cd0911d;
+    use std::borrow::Cow;
+
+    if thread::panicking() {
+        return vk::FALSE;
+    }
+
+    let level = match message_severity {
+        vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT::VERBOSE => log::Level::Debug,
+        vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT::INFO => log::Level::Info,
+        vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT::WARNING => log::Level::Warn,
+        vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT::ERROR => log::Level::Error,
+        _ => log::Level::Warn,
+    };
+
+    let cd = unsafe { &*callback_data_ptr };
+
+    let message_id_name = if cd.p_message_id_name.is_null() {
+        Cow::from("")
+    } else {
+        unsafe { CStr::from_ptr(cd.p_message_id_name) }.to_string_lossy()
+    };
+    let message = if cd.p_message.is_null() {
+        Cow::from("")
+    } else {
+        unsafe { CStr::from_ptr(cd.p_message) }.to_string_lossy()
+    };
+
+    // Silence Vulkan Validation error "VUID-VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR-imageExtent-01274"
+    // - it's a false positive due to the inherent racy-ness of surface resizing
+    if cd.message_id_number == VUID_VKSWAPCHAINCREATEINFOKHR_IMAGEEXTENT_01274 {
+        return vk::FALSE;
+    }
+
+    let _ = std::panic::catch_unwind(|| {
+        log::log!(
+            level,
+            "{:?} [{} (0x{:x})]\n\t{}",
+            message_type,
+            message_id_name,
+            cd.message_id_number,
+            message,
+        );
+    });
+
+    if cd.queue_label_count != 0 {
+        let labels =
+            unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts(cd.p_queue_labels, cd.queue_label_count as usize) };
+        let names = labels
+            .iter()
+            .flat_map(|dul_obj| {
+                unsafe { dul_obj.p_label_name.as_ref() }
+                    .map(|lbl| unsafe { CStr::from_ptr(lbl) }.to_string_lossy())
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        let _ = std::panic::catch_unwind(|| {
+            log::log!(level, "\tqueues: {}", names.join(", "));
+        });
+    }
+
+    if cd.cmd_buf_label_count != 0 {
+        let labels =
+            unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts(cd.p_cmd_buf_labels, cd.cmd_buf_label_count as usize) };
+        let names = labels
+            .iter()
+            .flat_map(|dul_obj| {
+                unsafe { dul_obj.p_label_name.as_ref() }
+                    .map(|lbl| unsafe { CStr::from_ptr(lbl) }.to_string_lossy())
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        let _ = std::panic::catch_unwind(|| {
+            log::log!(level, "\tcommand buffers: {}", names.join(", "));
+        });
+    }
+
+    if cd.object_count != 0 {
+        let labels = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts(cd.p_objects, cd.object_count as usize) };
+        //TODO: use color fields of `vk::DebugUtilsLabelExt`?
+        let names = labels
+            .iter()
+            .map(|obj_info| {
+                let name = unsafe { obj_info.p_object_name.as_ref() }
+                    .map(|name| unsafe { CStr::from_ptr(name) }.to_string_lossy())
+                    .unwrap_or(Cow::Borrowed("?"));
+
+                format!(
+                    "(type: {:?}, hndl: 0x{:x}, name: {})",
+                    obj_info.object_type, obj_info.object_handle, name
+                )
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let _ = std::panic::catch_unwind(|| {
+            log::log!(level, "\tobjects: {}", names.join(", "));
+        });
+    }
+
+    if cfg!(debug_assertions) && level == log::Level::Error {
+        // Set canary and continue
+        crate::VALIDATION_CANARY.set();
+    }
+
+    vk::FALSE
+}
+
+impl super::Swapchain {
+    unsafe fn release_resources(self, device: &ash::Device) -> Self {
+        profiling::scope!("Swapchain::release_resources");
+        {
+            profiling::scope!("vkDeviceWaitIdle");
+            let _ = unsafe { device.device_wait_idle() };
+        };
+        unsafe { device.destroy_fence(self.fence, None) };
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl super::InstanceShared {
+    pub fn entry(&self) -> &ash::Entry {
+        &self.entry
+    }
+
+    pub fn raw_instance(&self) -> &ash::Instance {
+        &self.raw
+    }
+
+    pub fn driver_api_version(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.driver_api_version
+    }
+
+    pub fn extensions(&self) -> &[&'static CStr] {
+        &self.extensions[..]
+    }
+}
+
+impl super::Instance {
+    pub fn shared_instance(&self) -> &super::InstanceShared {
+        &self.shared
+    }
+
+    pub fn required_extensions(
+        entry: &ash::Entry,
+        _driver_api_version: u32,
+        flags: crate::InstanceFlags,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<&'static CStr>, crate::InstanceError> {
+        let instance_extensions = entry
+            .enumerate_instance_extension_properties(None)
+            .map_err(|e| {
+                log::info!("enumerate_instance_extension_properties: {:?}", e);
+                crate::InstanceError
+            })?;
+
+        // Check our extensions against the available extensions
+        let mut extensions: Vec<&'static CStr> = Vec::new();
+
+        // VK_KHR_surface
+        extensions.push(khr::Surface::name());
+
+        // Platform-specific WSI extensions
+        if cfg!(all(
+            unix,
+            not(target_os = "android"),
+            not(target_os = "macos")
+        )) {
+            // VK_KHR_xlib_surface
+            extensions.push(khr::XlibSurface::name());
+            // VK_KHR_xcb_surface
+            extensions.push(khr::XcbSurface::name());
+            // VK_KHR_wayland_surface
+            extensions.push(khr::WaylandSurface::name());
+        }
+        if cfg!(target_os = "android") {
+            // VK_KHR_android_surface
+            extensions.push(khr::AndroidSurface::name());
+        }
+        if cfg!(target_os = "windows") {
+            // VK_KHR_win32_surface
+            extensions.push(khr::Win32Surface::name());
+        }
+        if cfg!(target_os = "macos") {
+            // VK_EXT_metal_surface
+            extensions.push(ext::MetalSurface::name());
+        }
+
+        if flags.contains(crate::InstanceFlags::DEBUG) {
+            // VK_EXT_debug_utils
+            extensions.push(ext::DebugUtils::name());
+        }
+
+        // VK_EXT_swapchain_colorspace
+        // Provid wide color gamut
+        extensions.push(vk::ExtSwapchainColorspaceFn::name());
+
+        // VK_KHR_get_physical_device_properties2
+        // Even though the extension was promoted to Vulkan 1.1, we still require the extension
+        // so that we don't have to conditionally use the functions provided by the 1.1 instance
+        extensions.push(vk::KhrGetPhysicalDeviceProperties2Fn::name());
+
+        // Only keep available extensions.
+        extensions.retain(|&ext| {
+            if instance_extensions.iter().any(|inst_ext| {
+                crate::auxil::cstr_from_bytes_until_nul(&inst_ext.extension_name) == Some(ext)
+            }) {
+                true
+            } else {
+                log::info!("Unable to find extension: {}", ext.to_string_lossy());
+                false
+            }
+        });
+        Ok(extensions)
+    }
+
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// - `raw_instance` must be created from `entry`
+    /// - `raw_instance` must be created respecting `driver_api_version`, `extensions` and `flags`
+    /// - `extensions` must be a superset of `required_extensions()` and must be created from the
+    ///   same entry, driver_api_version and flags.
+    /// - `android_sdk_version` is ignored and can be `0` for all platforms besides Android
+    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+    pub unsafe fn from_raw(
+        entry: ash::Entry,
+        raw_instance: ash::Instance,
+        driver_api_version: u32,
+        android_sdk_version: u32,
+        extensions: Vec<&'static CStr>,
+        flags: crate::InstanceFlags,
+        has_nv_optimus: bool,
+        drop_guard: Option<crate::DropGuard>,
+    ) -> Result<Self, crate::InstanceError> {
+        log::info!("Instance version: 0x{:x}", driver_api_version);
+
+        let debug_utils = if extensions.contains(&ext::DebugUtils::name()) {
+            log::info!("Enabling debug utils");
+            let extension = ext::DebugUtils::new(&entry, &raw_instance);
+            // having ERROR unconditionally because Vk doesn't like empty flags
+            let mut severity = vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT::ERROR;
+            if log::max_level() >= log::LevelFilter::Debug {
+                severity |= vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT::VERBOSE;
+            }
+            if log::max_level() >= log::LevelFilter::Info {
+                severity |= vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT::INFO;
+            }
+            if log::max_level() >= log::LevelFilter::Warn {
+                severity |= vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT::WARNING;
+            }
+            let vk_info = vk::DebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT::builder()
+                .flags(vk::DebugUtilsMessengerCreateFlagsEXT::empty())
+                .message_severity(severity)
+                .message_type(
+                    vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT::GENERAL
+                        | vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT::VALIDATION
+                        | vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT::PERFORMANCE,
+                )
+                .pfn_user_callback(Some(debug_utils_messenger_callback));
+            let messenger =
+                unsafe { extension.create_debug_utils_messenger(&vk_info, None) }.unwrap();
+            Some(super::DebugUtils {
+                extension,
+                messenger,
+            })
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+
+        let get_physical_device_properties =
+            if extensions.contains(&khr::GetPhysicalDeviceProperties2::name()) {
+                log::info!("Enabling device properties2");
+                Some(khr::GetPhysicalDeviceProperties2::new(
+                    &entry,
+                    &raw_instance,
+                ))
+            } else {
+                None
+            };
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            shared: Arc::new(super::InstanceShared {
+                raw: raw_instance,
+                extensions,
+                drop_guard,
+                flags,
+                debug_utils,
+                get_physical_device_properties,
+                entry,
+                has_nv_optimus,
+                driver_api_version,
+                android_sdk_version,
+            }),
+        })
+    }
+
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    fn create_surface_from_xlib(
+        &self,
+        dpy: *mut vk::Display,
+        window: vk::Window,
+    ) -> Result<super::Surface, crate::InstanceError> {
+        if !self.shared.extensions.contains(&khr::XlibSurface::name()) {
+            log::warn!("Vulkan driver does not support VK_KHR_xlib_surface");
+            return Err(crate::InstanceError);
+        }
+
+        let surface = {
+            let xlib_loader = khr::XlibSurface::new(&self.shared.entry, &self.shared.raw);
+            let info = vk::XlibSurfaceCreateInfoKHR::builder()
+                .flags(vk::XlibSurfaceCreateFlagsKHR::empty())
+                .window(window)
+                .dpy(dpy);
+
+            unsafe { xlib_loader.create_xlib_surface(&info, None) }
+                .expect("XlibSurface::create_xlib_surface() failed")
+        };
+
+        Ok(self.create_surface_from_vk_surface_khr(surface))
+    }
+
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    fn create_surface_from_xcb(
+        &self,
+        connection: *mut vk::xcb_connection_t,
+        window: vk::xcb_window_t,
+    ) -> Result<super::Surface, crate::InstanceError> {
+        if !self.shared.extensions.contains(&khr::XcbSurface::name()) {
+            log::warn!("Vulkan driver does not support VK_KHR_xcb_surface");
+            return Err(crate::InstanceError);
+        }
+
+        let surface = {
+            let xcb_loader = khr::XcbSurface::new(&self.shared.entry, &self.shared.raw);
+            let info = vk::XcbSurfaceCreateInfoKHR::builder()
+                .flags(vk::XcbSurfaceCreateFlagsKHR::empty())
+                .window(window)
+                .connection(connection);
+
+            unsafe { xcb_loader.create_xcb_surface(&info, None) }
+                .expect("XcbSurface::create_xcb_surface() failed")
+        };
+
+        Ok(self.create_surface_from_vk_surface_khr(surface))
+    }
+
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    fn create_surface_from_wayland(
+        &self,
+        display: *mut c_void,
+        surface: *mut c_void,
+    ) -> Result<super::Surface, crate::InstanceError> {
+        if !self
+            .shared
+            .extensions
+            .contains(&khr::WaylandSurface::name())
+        {
+            log::debug!("Vulkan driver does not support VK_KHR_wayland_surface");
+            return Err(crate::InstanceError);
+        }
+
+        let surface = {
+            let w_loader = khr::WaylandSurface::new(&self.shared.entry, &self.shared.raw);
+            let info = vk::WaylandSurfaceCreateInfoKHR::builder()
+                .flags(vk::WaylandSurfaceCreateFlagsKHR::empty())
+                .display(display)
+                .surface(surface);
+
+            unsafe { w_loader.create_wayland_surface(&info, None) }.expect("WaylandSurface failed")
+        };
+
+        Ok(self.create_surface_from_vk_surface_khr(surface))
+    }
+
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    fn create_surface_android(
+        &self,
+        window: *const c_void,
+    ) -> Result<super::Surface, crate::InstanceError> {
+        if !self
+            .shared
+            .extensions
+            .contains(&khr::AndroidSurface::name())
+        {
+            log::warn!("Vulkan driver does not support VK_KHR_android_surface");
+            return Err(crate::InstanceError);
+        }
+
+        let surface = {
+            let a_loader = khr::AndroidSurface::new(&self.shared.entry, &self.shared.raw);
+            let info = vk::AndroidSurfaceCreateInfoKHR::builder()
+                .flags(vk::AndroidSurfaceCreateFlagsKHR::empty())
+                .window(window as *mut _);
+
+            unsafe { a_loader.create_android_surface(&info, None) }.expect("AndroidSurface failed")
+        };
+
+        Ok(self.create_surface_from_vk_surface_khr(surface))
+    }
+
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    fn create_surface_from_hwnd(
+        &self,
+        hinstance: *mut c_void,
+        hwnd: *mut c_void,
+    ) -> Result<super::Surface, crate::InstanceError> {
+        if !self.shared.extensions.contains(&khr::Win32Surface::name()) {
+            log::debug!("Vulkan driver does not support VK_KHR_win32_surface");
+            return Err(crate::InstanceError);
+        }
+
+        let surface = {
+            let info = vk::Win32SurfaceCreateInfoKHR::builder()
+                .flags(vk::Win32SurfaceCreateFlagsKHR::empty())
+                .hinstance(hinstance)
+                .hwnd(hwnd);
+            let win32_loader = khr::Win32Surface::new(&self.shared.entry, &self.shared.raw);
+            unsafe {
+                win32_loader
+                    .create_win32_surface(&info, None)
+                    .expect("Unable to create Win32 surface")
+            }
+        };
+
+        Ok(self.create_surface_from_vk_surface_khr(surface))
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
+    fn create_surface_from_view(
+        &self,
+        view: *mut c_void,
+    ) -> Result<super::Surface, crate::InstanceError> {
+        if !self.shared.extensions.contains(&ext::MetalSurface::name()) {
+            log::warn!("Vulkan driver does not support VK_EXT_metal_surface");
+            return Err(crate::InstanceError);
+        }
+
+        let layer = unsafe {
+            crate::metal::Surface::get_metal_layer(view as *mut objc::runtime::Object, None)
+        };
+
+        let surface = {
+            let metal_loader = ext::MetalSurface::new(&self.shared.entry, &self.shared.raw);
+            let vk_info = vk::MetalSurfaceCreateInfoEXT::builder()
+                .flags(vk::MetalSurfaceCreateFlagsEXT::empty())
+                .layer(layer as *mut _)
+                .build();
+
+            unsafe { metal_loader.create_metal_surface(&vk_info, None).unwrap() }
+        };
+
+        Ok(self.create_surface_from_vk_surface_khr(surface))
+    }
+
+    fn create_surface_from_vk_surface_khr(&self, surface: vk::SurfaceKHR) -> super::Surface {
+        let functor = khr::Surface::new(&self.shared.entry, &self.shared.raw);
+        super::Surface {
+            raw: surface,
+            functor,
+            instance: Arc::clone(&self.shared),
+            swapchain: None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for super::InstanceShared {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        unsafe {
+            if let Some(du) = self.debug_utils.take() {
+                du.extension
+                    .destroy_debug_utils_messenger(du.messenger, None);
+            }
+            if let Some(_drop_guard) = self.drop_guard.take() {
+                self.raw.destroy_instance(None);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl crate::Instance<super::Api> for super::Instance {
+    unsafe fn init(desc: &crate::InstanceDescriptor) -> Result<Self, crate::InstanceError> {
+        use crate::auxil::cstr_from_bytes_until_nul;
+
+        let entry = match unsafe { ash::Entry::load() } {
+            Ok(entry) => entry,
+            Err(err) => {
+                log::info!("Missing Vulkan entry points: {:?}", err);
+                return Err(crate::InstanceError);
+            }
+        };
+        let driver_api_version = match entry.try_enumerate_instance_version() {
+            // Vulkan 1.1+
+            Ok(Some(version)) => version,
+            Ok(None) => vk::API_VERSION_1_0,
+            Err(err) => {
+                log::warn!("try_enumerate_instance_version: {:?}", err);
+                return Err(crate::InstanceError);
+            }
+        };
+
+        let app_name = CString::new(desc.name).unwrap();
+        let app_info = vk::ApplicationInfo::builder()
+            .application_name(app_name.as_c_str())
+            .application_version(1)
+            .engine_name(CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"wgpu-hal\0").unwrap())
+            .engine_version(2)
+            .api_version(
+                // Vulkan 1.0 doesn't like anything but 1.0 passed in here...
+                if driver_api_version < vk::API_VERSION_1_1 {
+                    vk::API_VERSION_1_0
+                } else {
+                    // This is the max Vulkan API version supported by `wgpu-hal`.
+                    //
+                    // If we want to increment this, there are some things that must be done first:
+                    //  - Audit the behavioral differences between the previous and new API versions.
+                    //  - Audit all extensions used by this backend:
+                    //    - If any were promoted in the new API version and the behavior has changed, we must handle the new behavior in addition to the old behavior.
+                    //    - If any were obsoleted in the new API version, we must implement a fallback for the new API version
+                    //    - If any are non-KHR-vendored, we must ensure the new behavior is still correct (since backwards-compatibility is not guaranteed).
+                    vk::HEADER_VERSION_COMPLETE
+                },
+            );
+
+        let extensions = Self::required_extensions(&entry, driver_api_version, desc.flags)?;
+
+        let instance_layers = entry.enumerate_instance_layer_properties().map_err(|e| {
+            log::info!("enumerate_instance_layer_properties: {:?}", e);
+            crate::InstanceError
+        })?;
+
+        let nv_optimus_layer = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"VK_LAYER_NV_optimus\0").unwrap();
+        let has_nv_optimus = instance_layers.iter().any(|inst_layer| {
+            cstr_from_bytes_until_nul(&inst_layer.layer_name) == Some(nv_optimus_layer)
+        });
+
+        // Check requested layers against the available layers
+        let layers = {
+            let mut layers: Vec<&'static CStr> = Vec::new();
+            if desc.flags.contains(crate::InstanceFlags::VALIDATION) {
+                layers.push(CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation\0").unwrap());
+            }
+
+            // Only keep available layers.
+            layers.retain(|&layer| {
+                if instance_layers.iter().any(|inst_layer| {
+                    cstr_from_bytes_until_nul(&inst_layer.layer_name) == Some(layer)
+                }) {
+                    true
+                } else {
+                    log::warn!("Unable to find layer: {}", layer.to_string_lossy());
+                    false
+                }
+            });
+            layers
+        };
+
+        #[cfg(target_os = "android")]
+        let android_sdk_version = {
+            let properties = android_system_properties::AndroidSystemProperties::new();
+            // See: https://developer.android.com/reference/android/os/Build.VERSION_CODES
+            if let Some(val) = properties.get("ro.build.version.sdk") {
+                match val.parse::<u32>() {
+                    Ok(sdk_ver) => sdk_ver,
+                    Err(err) => {
+                        log::error!(
+                            "Couldn't parse Android's ro.build.version.sdk system property ({val}): {err}"
+                        );
+                        0
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                log::error!("Couldn't read Android's ro.build.version.sdk system property");
+                0
+            }
+        };
+        #[cfg(not(target_os = "android"))]
+        let android_sdk_version = 0;
+
+        let vk_instance = {
+            let str_pointers = layers
+                .iter()
+                .chain(extensions.iter())
+                .map(|&s| {
+                    // Safe because `layers` and `extensions` entries have static lifetime.
+                    s.as_ptr()
+                })
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+            let create_info = vk::InstanceCreateInfo::builder()
+                .flags(vk::InstanceCreateFlags::empty())
+                .application_info(&app_info)
+                .enabled_layer_names(&str_pointers[..layers.len()])
+                .enabled_extension_names(&str_pointers[layers.len()..]);
+
+            unsafe { entry.create_instance(&create_info, None) }.map_err(|e| {
+                log::warn!("create_instance: {:?}", e);
+                crate::InstanceError
+            })?
+        };
+
+        unsafe {
+            Self::from_raw(
+                entry,
+                vk_instance,
+                driver_api_version,
+                android_sdk_version,
+                extensions,
+                desc.flags,
+                has_nv_optimus,
+                Some(Box::new(())), // `Some` signals that wgpu-hal is in charge of destroying vk_instance
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn create_surface(
+        &self,
+        display_handle: raw_window_handle::RawDisplayHandle,
+        window_handle: raw_window_handle::RawWindowHandle,
+    ) -> Result<super::Surface, crate::InstanceError> {
+        use raw_window_handle::{RawDisplayHandle as Rdh, RawWindowHandle as Rwh};
+
+        match (window_handle, display_handle) {
+            (Rwh::Wayland(handle), Rdh::Wayland(display)) => {
+                self.create_surface_from_wayland(display.display, handle.surface)
+            }
+            (Rwh::Xlib(handle), Rdh::Xlib(display)) => {
+                self.create_surface_from_xlib(display.display as *mut _, handle.window)
+            }
+            (Rwh::Xcb(handle), Rdh::Xcb(display)) => {
+                self.create_surface_from_xcb(display.connection, handle.window)
+            }
+            (Rwh::AndroidNdk(handle), _) => self.create_surface_android(handle.a_native_window),
+            #[cfg(windows)]
+            (Rwh::Win32(handle), _) => {
+                use winapi::um::libloaderapi::GetModuleHandleW;
+
+                let hinstance = unsafe { GetModuleHandleW(std::ptr::null()) };
+                self.create_surface_from_hwnd(hinstance as *mut _, handle.hwnd)
+            }
+            #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+            (Rwh::AppKit(handle), _)
+                if self.shared.extensions.contains(&ext::MetalSurface::name()) =>
+            {
+                self.create_surface_from_view(handle.ns_view)
+            }
+            #[cfg(target_os = "ios")]
+            (Rwh::UiKit(handle), _)
+                if self.shared.extensions.contains(&ext::MetalSurface::name()) =>
+            {
+                self.create_surface_from_view(handle.ui_view)
+            }
+            (_, _) => Err(crate::InstanceError),
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn destroy_surface(&self, surface: super::Surface) {
+        unsafe { surface.functor.destroy_surface(surface.raw, None) };
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn enumerate_adapters(&self) -> Vec<crate::ExposedAdapter<super::Api>> {
+        use crate::auxil::db;
+
+        let raw_devices = match unsafe { self.shared.raw.enumerate_physical_devices() } {
+            Ok(devices) => devices,
+            Err(err) => {
+                log::error!("enumerate_adapters: {}", err);
+                Vec::new()
+            }
+        };
+
+        let mut exposed_adapters = raw_devices
+            .into_iter()
+            .flat_map(|device| self.expose_adapter(device))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        // Detect if it's an Intel + NVidia configuration with Optimus
+        let has_nvidia_dgpu = exposed_adapters.iter().any(|exposed| {
+            exposed.info.device_type == wgt::DeviceType::DiscreteGpu
+                && exposed.info.vendor == db::nvidia::VENDOR
+        });
+        if cfg!(target_os = "linux") && has_nvidia_dgpu && self.shared.has_nv_optimus {
+            for exposed in exposed_adapters.iter_mut() {
+                if exposed.info.device_type == wgt::DeviceType::IntegratedGpu
+                    && exposed.info.vendor == db::intel::VENDOR
+                {
+                    // See https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/issues/4688
+                    log::warn!(
+                        "Disabling presentation on '{}' (id {:?}) because of NV Optimus (on Linux)",
+                        exposed.info.name,
+                        exposed.adapter.raw
+                    );
+                    exposed.adapter.private_caps.can_present = false;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        exposed_adapters
+    }
+}
+
+impl crate::Surface<super::Api> for super::Surface {
+    unsafe fn configure(
+        &mut self,
+        device: &super::Device,
+        config: &crate::SurfaceConfiguration,
+    ) -> Result<(), crate::SurfaceError> {
+        let old = self
+            .swapchain
+            .take()
+            .map(|sc| unsafe { sc.release_resources(&device.shared.raw) });
+
+        let swapchain = unsafe { device.create_swapchain(self, config, old)? };
+        self.swapchain = Some(swapchain);
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn unconfigure(&mut self, device: &super::Device) {
+        if let Some(sc) = self.swapchain.take() {
+            let swapchain = unsafe { sc.release_resources(&device.shared.raw) };
+            unsafe { swapchain.functor.destroy_swapchain(swapchain.raw, None) };
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn acquire_texture(
+        &mut self,
+        timeout: Option<std::time::Duration>,
+    ) -> Result<Option<crate::AcquiredSurfaceTexture<super::Api>>, crate::SurfaceError> {
+        let sc = self.swapchain.as_mut().unwrap();
+
+        let mut timeout_ns = match timeout {
+            Some(duration) => duration.as_nanos() as u64,
+            None => u64::MAX,
+        };
+
+        // AcquireNextImageKHR on Android (prior to Android 11) doesn't support timeouts
+        // and will also log verbose warnings if tying to use a timeout.
+        //
+        // Android 10 implementation for reference:
+        // https://android.googlesource.com/platform/frameworks/native/+/refs/tags/android-mainline-10.0.0_r13/vulkan/libvulkan/swapchain.cpp#1426
+        // Android 11 implementation for reference:
+        // https://android.googlesource.com/platform/frameworks/native/+/refs/tags/android-mainline-11.0.0_r45/vulkan/libvulkan/swapchain.cpp#1438
+        //
+        // Android 11 corresponds to an SDK_INT/ro.build.version.sdk of 30
+        if cfg!(target_os = "android") && self.instance.android_sdk_version < 30 {
+            timeout_ns = u64::MAX;
+        }
+
+        // will block if no image is available
+        let (index, suboptimal) = match unsafe {
+            sc.functor
+                .acquire_next_image(sc.raw, timeout_ns, vk::Semaphore::null(), sc.fence)
+        } {
+            // We treat `VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR` as `VK_SUCCESS` on Android.
+            // See the comment in `Queue::present`.
+            #[cfg(target_os = "android")]
+            Ok((index, _)) => (index, false),
+            #[cfg(not(target_os = "android"))]
+            Ok(pair) => pair,
+            Err(error) => {
+                return match error {
+                    vk::Result::TIMEOUT => Ok(None),
+                    vk::Result::NOT_READY | vk::Result::ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR => {
+                        Err(crate::SurfaceError::Outdated)
+                    }
+                    vk::Result::ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR => Err(crate::SurfaceError::Lost),
+                    other => Err(crate::DeviceError::from(other).into()),
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        // special case for Intel Vulkan returning bizzare values (ugh)
+        if sc.device.vendor_id == crate::auxil::db::intel::VENDOR && index > 0x100 {
+            return Err(crate::SurfaceError::Outdated);
+        }
+
+        let fences = &[sc.fence];
+
+        unsafe { sc.device.raw.wait_for_fences(fences, true, !0) }
+            .map_err(crate::DeviceError::from)?;
+        unsafe { sc.device.raw.reset_fences(fences) }.map_err(crate::DeviceError::from)?;
+
+        // https://registry.khronos.org/vulkan/specs/1.3-extensions/man/html/VkRenderPassBeginInfo.html#VUID-VkRenderPassBeginInfo-framebuffer-03209
+        let raw_flags = if sc
+            .raw_flags
+            .contains(vk::SwapchainCreateFlagsKHR::MUTABLE_FORMAT)
+        {
+            vk::ImageCreateFlags::MUTABLE_FORMAT | vk::ImageCreateFlags::EXTENDED_USAGE
+        } else {
+            vk::ImageCreateFlags::empty()
+        };
+
+        let texture = super::SurfaceTexture {
+            index,
+            texture: super::Texture {
+                raw: sc.images[index as usize],
+                drop_guard: None,
+                block: None,
+                usage: sc.config.usage,
+                format: sc.config.format,
+                raw_flags,
+                copy_size: crate::CopyExtent {
+                    width: sc.config.extent.width,
+                    height: sc.config.extent.height,
+                    depth: 1,
+                },
+                view_formats: sc.view_formats.clone(),
+            },
+        };
+        Ok(Some(crate::AcquiredSurfaceTexture {
+            texture,
+            suboptimal,
+        }))
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn discard_texture(&mut self, _texture: super::SurfaceTexture) {}
+}
diff --git a/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/vulkan/mod.rs b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/vulkan/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..27200dc4e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/rust/wgpu-hal/src/vulkan/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,626 @@
+/*!
+# Vulkan API internals.
+
+## Stack memory
+
+Ash expects slices, which we don't generally have available.
+We cope with this requirement by the combination of the following ways:
+  - temporarily allocating `Vec` on heap, where overhead is permitted
+  - growing temporary local storage
+  - using `implace_it` on iterators
+
+## Framebuffers and Render passes
+
+Render passes are cached on the device and kept forever.
+
+Framebuffers are also cached on the device, but they are removed when
+any of the image views (they have) gets removed.
+If Vulkan supports image-less framebuffers,
+then the actual views are excluded from the framebuffer key.
+
+## Fences
+
+If timeline semaphores are available, they are used 1:1 with wgpu-hal fences.
+Otherwise, we manage a pool of `VkFence` objects behind each `hal::Fence`.
+
+!*/
+
+mod adapter;
+mod command;
+mod conv;
+mod device;
+mod instance;
+
+use std::{borrow::Borrow, ffi::CStr, fmt, num::NonZeroU32, sync::Arc};
+
+use arrayvec::ArrayVec;
+use ash::{
+    extensions::{ext, khr},
+    vk,
+};
+use parking_lot::Mutex;
+
+const MILLIS_TO_NANOS: u64 = 1_000_000;
+const MAX_TOTAL_ATTACHMENTS: usize = crate::MAX_COLOR_ATTACHMENTS * 2 + 1;
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct Api;
+
+impl crate::Api for Api {
+    type Instance = Instance;
+    type Surface = Surface;
+    type Adapter = Adapter;
+    type Device = Device;
+
+    type Queue = Queue;
+    type CommandEncoder = CommandEncoder;
+    type CommandBuffer = CommandBuffer;
+
+    type Buffer = Buffer;
+    type Texture = Texture;
+    type SurfaceTexture = SurfaceTexture;
+    type TextureView = TextureView;
+    type Sampler = Sampler;
+    type QuerySet = QuerySet;
+    type Fence = Fence;
+
+    type BindGroupLayout = BindGroupLayout;
+    type BindGroup = BindGroup;
+    type PipelineLayout = PipelineLayout;
+    type ShaderModule = ShaderModule;
+    type RenderPipeline = RenderPipeline;
+    type ComputePipeline = ComputePipeline;
+}
+
+struct DebugUtils {
+    extension: ext::DebugUtils,
+    messenger: vk::DebugUtilsMessengerEXT,
+}
+
+pub struct InstanceShared {
+    raw: ash::Instance,
+    extensions: Vec<&'static CStr>,
+    drop_guard: Option<crate::DropGuard>,
+    flags: crate::InstanceFlags,
+    debug_utils: Option<DebugUtils>,
+    get_physical_device_properties: Option<khr::GetPhysicalDeviceProperties2>,
+    entry: ash::Entry,
+    has_nv_optimus: bool,
+    android_sdk_version: u32,
+    driver_api_version: u32,
+}
+
+pub struct Instance {
+    shared: Arc<InstanceShared>,
+}
+
+struct Swapchain {
+    raw: vk::SwapchainKHR,
+    raw_flags: vk::SwapchainCreateFlagsKHR,
+    functor: khr::Swapchain,
+    device: Arc<DeviceShared>,
+    fence: vk::Fence,
+    images: Vec<vk::Image>,
+    config: crate::SurfaceConfiguration,
+    view_formats: Vec<wgt::TextureFormat>,
+}
+
+pub struct Surface {
+    raw: vk::SurfaceKHR,
+    functor: khr::Surface,
+    instance: Arc<InstanceShared>,
+    swapchain: Option<Swapchain>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct SurfaceTexture {
+    index: u32,
+    texture: Texture,
+}
+
+impl Borrow<Texture> for SurfaceTexture {
+    fn borrow(&self) -> &Texture {
+        &self.texture
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct Adapter {
+    raw: vk::PhysicalDevice,
+    instance: Arc<InstanceShared>,
+    //queue_families: Vec<vk::QueueFamilyProperties>,
+    known_memory_flags: vk::MemoryPropertyFlags,
+    phd_capabilities: adapter::PhysicalDeviceCapabilities,
+    //phd_features: adapter::PhysicalDeviceFeatures,
+    downlevel_flags: wgt::DownlevelFlags,
+    private_caps: PrivateCapabilities,
+    workarounds: Workarounds,
+}
+
+// TODO there's no reason why this can't be unified--the function pointers should all be the same--it's not clear how to do this with `ash`.
+enum ExtensionFn<T> {
+    /// The loaded function pointer struct for an extension.
+    Extension(T),
+    /// The extension was promoted to a core version of Vulkan and the functions on `ash`'s `DeviceV1_x` traits should be used.
+    Promoted,
+}
+
+struct DeviceExtensionFunctions {
+    draw_indirect_count: Option<khr::DrawIndirectCount>,
+    timeline_semaphore: Option<ExtensionFn<khr::TimelineSemaphore>>,
+}
+
+/// Set of internal capabilities, which don't show up in the exposed
+/// device geometry, but affect the code paths taken internally.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+struct PrivateCapabilities {
+    /// Y-flipping is implemented with either `VK_AMD_negative_viewport_height` or `VK_KHR_maintenance1`/1.1+. The AMD extension for negative viewport height does not require a Y shift.
+    ///
+    /// This flag is `true` if the device has `VK_KHR_maintenance1`/1.1+ and `false` otherwise (i.e. in the case of `VK_AMD_negative_viewport_height`).
+    flip_y_requires_shift: bool,
+    imageless_framebuffers: bool,
+    image_view_usage: bool,
+    timeline_semaphores: bool,
+    texture_d24: bool,
+    texture_d24_s8: bool,
+    texture_s8: bool,
+    /// Ability to present contents to any screen. Only needed to work around broken platform configurations.
+    can_present: bool,
+    non_coherent_map_mask: wgt::BufferAddress,
+    robust_buffer_access: bool,
+    robust_image_access: bool,
+    zero_initialize_workgroup_memory: bool,
+}
+
+bitflags::bitflags!(
+    /// Workaround flags.
+    #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+    pub struct Workarounds: u32 {
+        /// Only generate SPIR-V for one entry point at a time.
+        const SEPARATE_ENTRY_POINTS = 0x1;
+        /// Qualcomm OOMs when there are zero color attachments but a non-null pointer
+        /// to a subpass resolve attachment array. This nulls out that pointer in that case.
+        const EMPTY_RESOLVE_ATTACHMENT_LISTS = 0x2;
+    }
+);
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
+struct AttachmentKey {
+    format: vk::Format,
+    layout: vk::ImageLayout,
+    ops: crate::AttachmentOps,
+}
+
+impl AttachmentKey {
+    /// Returns an attachment key for a compatible attachment.
+    fn compatible(format: vk::Format, layout: vk::ImageLayout) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            format,
+            layout,
+            ops: crate::AttachmentOps::all(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
+struct ColorAttachmentKey {
+    base: AttachmentKey,
+    resolve: Option<AttachmentKey>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
+struct DepthStencilAttachmentKey {
+    base: AttachmentKey,
+    stencil_ops: crate::AttachmentOps,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Eq, Default, Hash, PartialEq)]
+struct RenderPassKey {
+    colors: ArrayVec<Option<ColorAttachmentKey>, { crate::MAX_COLOR_ATTACHMENTS }>,
+    depth_stencil: Option<DepthStencilAttachmentKey>,
+    sample_count: u32,
+    multiview: Option<NonZeroU32>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
+struct FramebufferAttachment {
+    /// Can be NULL if the framebuffer is image-less
+    raw: vk::ImageView,
+    raw_image_flags: vk::ImageCreateFlags,
+    view_usage: crate::TextureUses,
+    view_format: wgt::TextureFormat,
+    raw_view_formats: Vec<vk::Format>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
+struct FramebufferKey {
+    attachments: ArrayVec<FramebufferAttachment, { MAX_TOTAL_ATTACHMENTS }>,
+    extent: wgt::Extent3d,
+    sample_count: u32,
+}
+
+struct DeviceShared {
+    raw: ash::Device,
+    family_index: u32,
+    queue_index: u32,
+    raw_queue: ash::vk::Queue,
+    handle_is_owned: bool,
+    instance: Arc<InstanceShared>,
+    physical_device: ash::vk::PhysicalDevice,
+    enabled_extensions: Vec<&'static CStr>,
+    extension_fns: DeviceExtensionFunctions,
+    vendor_id: u32,
+    timestamp_period: f32,
+    private_caps: PrivateCapabilities,
+    workarounds: Workarounds,
+    render_passes: Mutex<rustc_hash::FxHashMap<RenderPassKey, vk::RenderPass>>,
+    framebuffers: Mutex<rustc_hash::FxHashMap<FramebufferKey, vk::Framebuffer>>,
+}
+
+pub struct Device {
+    shared: Arc<DeviceShared>,
+    mem_allocator: Mutex<gpu_alloc::GpuAllocator<vk::DeviceMemory>>,
+    desc_allocator:
+        Mutex<gpu_descriptor::DescriptorAllocator<vk::DescriptorPool, vk::DescriptorSet>>,
+    valid_ash_memory_types: u32,
+    naga_options: naga::back::spv::Options,
+    #[cfg(feature = "renderdoc")]
+    render_doc: crate::auxil::renderdoc::RenderDoc,
+}
+
+pub struct Queue {
+    raw: vk::Queue,
+    swapchain_fn: khr::Swapchain,
+    device: Arc<DeviceShared>,
+    family_index: u32,
+    /// We use a redundant chain of semaphores to pass on the signal
+    /// from submissions to the last present, since it's required by the
+    /// specification.
+    /// It would be correct to use a single semaphore there, but
+    /// [Intel hangs in `anv_queue_finish`](https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/issues/5508).
+    relay_semaphores: [vk::Semaphore; 2],
+    relay_index: Option<usize>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Buffer {
+    raw: vk::Buffer,
+    block: Mutex<gpu_alloc::MemoryBlock<vk::DeviceMemory>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Texture {
+    raw: vk::Image,
+    drop_guard: Option<crate::DropGuard>,
+    block: Option<gpu_alloc::MemoryBlock<vk::DeviceMemory>>,
+    usage: crate::TextureUses,
+    format: wgt::TextureFormat,
+    raw_flags: vk::ImageCreateFlags,
+    copy_size: crate::CopyExtent,
+    view_formats: Vec<wgt::TextureFormat>,
+}
+
+impl Texture {
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// - The image handle must not be manually destroyed
+    pub unsafe fn raw_handle(&self) -> vk::Image {
+        self.raw
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct TextureView {
+    raw: vk::ImageView,
+    layers: NonZeroU32,
+    attachment: FramebufferAttachment,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Sampler {
+    raw: vk::Sampler,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct BindGroupLayout {
+    raw: vk::DescriptorSetLayout,
+    desc_count: gpu_descriptor::DescriptorTotalCount,
+    types: Box<[(vk::DescriptorType, u32)]>,
+    /// Map of binding index to size,
+    binding_arrays: Vec<(u32, NonZeroU32)>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct PipelineLayout {
+    raw: vk::PipelineLayout,
+    binding_arrays: naga::back::spv::BindingMap,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct BindGroup {
+    set: gpu_descriptor::DescriptorSet<vk::DescriptorSet>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct Temp {
+    marker: Vec<u8>,
+    buffer_barriers: Vec<vk::BufferMemoryBarrier>,
+    image_barriers: Vec<vk::ImageMemoryBarrier>,
+}
+
+unsafe impl Send for Temp {}
+unsafe impl Sync for Temp {}
+
+impl Temp {
+    fn clear(&mut self) {
+        self.marker.clear();
+        self.buffer_barriers.clear();
+        self.image_barriers.clear();
+        //see also - https://github.com/NotIntMan/inplace_it/issues/8
+    }
+
+    fn make_c_str(&mut self, name: &str) -> &CStr {
+        self.marker.clear();
+        self.marker.extend_from_slice(name.as_bytes());
+        self.marker.push(0);
+        unsafe { CStr::from_bytes_with_nul_unchecked(&self.marker) }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct CommandEncoder {
+    raw: vk::CommandPool,
+    device: Arc<DeviceShared>,
+    active: vk::CommandBuffer,
+    bind_point: vk::PipelineBindPoint,
+    temp: Temp,
+    free: Vec<vk::CommandBuffer>,
+    discarded: Vec<vk::CommandBuffer>,
+    /// If this is true, the active renderpass enabled a debug span,
+    /// and needs to be disabled on renderpass close.
+    rpass_debug_marker_active: bool,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for CommandEncoder {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("CommandEncoder")
+            .field("raw", &self.raw)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct CommandBuffer {
+    raw: vk::CommandBuffer,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+#[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
+pub enum ShaderModule {
+    Raw(vk::ShaderModule),
+    Intermediate {
+        naga_shader: crate::NagaShader,
+        runtime_checks: bool,
+    },
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct RenderPipeline {
+    raw: vk::Pipeline,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ComputePipeline {
+    raw: vk::Pipeline,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct QuerySet {
+    raw: vk::QueryPool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum Fence {
+    TimelineSemaphore(vk::Semaphore),
+    FencePool {
+        last_completed: crate::FenceValue,
+        /// The pending fence values have to be ascending.
+        active: Vec<(crate::FenceValue, vk::Fence)>,
+        free: Vec<vk::Fence>,
+    },
+}
+
+impl Fence {
+    fn check_active(
+        device: &ash::Device,
+        mut max_value: crate::FenceValue,
+        active: &[(crate::FenceValue, vk::Fence)],
+    ) -> Result<crate::FenceValue, crate::DeviceError> {
+        for &(value, raw) in active.iter() {
+            unsafe {
+                if value > max_value && device.get_fence_status(raw)? {
+                    max_value = value;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(max_value)
+    }
+
+    fn get_latest(
+        &self,
+        device: &ash::Device,
+        extension: Option<&ExtensionFn<khr::TimelineSemaphore>>,
+    ) -> Result<crate::FenceValue, crate::DeviceError> {
+        match *self {
+            Self::TimelineSemaphore(raw) => unsafe {
+                Ok(match *extension.unwrap() {
+                    ExtensionFn::Extension(ref ext) => ext.get_semaphore_counter_value(raw)?,
+                    ExtensionFn::Promoted => device.get_semaphore_counter_value(raw)?,
+                })
+            },
+            Self::FencePool {
+                last_completed,
+                ref active,
+                free: _,
+            } => Self::check_active(device, last_completed, active),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn maintain(&mut self, device: &ash::Device) -> Result<(), crate::DeviceError> {
+        match *self {
+            Self::TimelineSemaphore(_) => {}
+            Self::FencePool {
+                ref mut last_completed,
+                ref mut active,
+                ref mut free,
+            } => {
+                let latest = Self::check_active(device, *last_completed, active)?;
+                let base_free = free.len();
+                for &(value, raw) in active.iter() {
+                    if value <= latest {
+                        free.push(raw);
+                    }
+                }
+                if free.len() != base_free {
+                    active.retain(|&(value, _)| value > latest);
+                    unsafe {
+                        device.reset_fences(&free[base_free..])?;
+                    }
+                }
+                *last_completed = latest;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl crate::Queue<Api> for Queue {
+    unsafe fn submit(
+        &mut self,
+        command_buffers: &[&CommandBuffer],
+        signal_fence: Option<(&mut Fence, crate::FenceValue)>,
+    ) -> Result<(), crate::DeviceError> {
+        let vk_cmd_buffers = command_buffers
+            .iter()
+            .map(|cmd| cmd.raw)
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        let mut vk_info = vk::SubmitInfo::builder().command_buffers(&vk_cmd_buffers);
+
+        let mut fence_raw = vk::Fence::null();
+        let mut vk_timeline_info;
+        let mut signal_semaphores = [vk::Semaphore::null(), vk::Semaphore::null()];
+        let signal_values;
+
+        if let Some((fence, value)) = signal_fence {
+            fence.maintain(&self.device.raw)?;
+            match *fence {
+                Fence::TimelineSemaphore(raw) => {
+                    signal_values = [!0, value];
+                    signal_semaphores[1] = raw;
+                    vk_timeline_info = vk::TimelineSemaphoreSubmitInfo::builder()
+                        .signal_semaphore_values(&signal_values);
+                    vk_info = vk_info.push_next(&mut vk_timeline_info);
+                }
+                Fence::FencePool {
+                    ref mut active,
+                    ref mut free,
+                    ..
+                } => {
+                    fence_raw = match free.pop() {
+                        Some(raw) => raw,
+                        None => unsafe {
+                            self.device
+                                .raw
+                                .create_fence(&vk::FenceCreateInfo::builder(), None)?
+                        },
+                    };
+                    active.push((value, fence_raw));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        let wait_stage_mask = [vk::PipelineStageFlags::TOP_OF_PIPE];
+        let sem_index = match self.relay_index {
+            Some(old_index) => {
+                vk_info = vk_info
+                    .wait_semaphores(&self.relay_semaphores[old_index..old_index + 1])
+                    .wait_dst_stage_mask(&wait_stage_mask);
+                (old_index + 1) % self.relay_semaphores.len()
+            }
+            None => 0,
+        };
+        self.relay_index = Some(sem_index);
+        signal_semaphores[0] = self.relay_semaphores[sem_index];
+
+        let signal_count = if signal_semaphores[1] == vk::Semaphore::null() {
+            1
+        } else {
+            2
+        };
+        vk_info = vk_info.signal_semaphores(&signal_semaphores[..signal_count]);
+
+        profiling::scope!("vkQueueSubmit");
+        unsafe {
+            self.device
+                .raw
+                .queue_submit(self.raw, &[vk_info.build()], fence_raw)?
+        };
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn present(
+        &mut self,
+        surface: &mut Surface,
+        texture: SurfaceTexture,
+    ) -> Result<(), crate::SurfaceError> {
+        let ssc = surface.swapchain.as_ref().unwrap();
+
+        let swapchains = [ssc.raw];
+        let image_indices = [texture.index];
+        let mut vk_info = vk::PresentInfoKHR::builder()
+            .swapchains(&swapchains)
+            .image_indices(&image_indices);
+
+        if let Some(old_index) = self.relay_index.take() {
+            vk_info = vk_info.wait_semaphores(&self.relay_semaphores[old_index..old_index + 1]);
+        }
+
+        let suboptimal = {
+            profiling::scope!("vkQueuePresentKHR");
+            unsafe { self.swapchain_fn.queue_present(self.raw, &vk_info) }.map_err(|error| {
+                match error {
+                    vk::Result::ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR => crate::SurfaceError::Outdated,
+                    vk::Result::ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR => crate::SurfaceError::Lost,
+                    _ => crate::DeviceError::from(error).into(),
+                }
+            })?
+        };
+        if suboptimal {
+            // We treat `VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR` as `VK_SUCCESS` on Android.
+            // On Android 10+, libvulkan's `vkQueuePresentKHR` implementation returns `VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR` if not doing pre-rotation
+            // (i.e `VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR::preTransform` not being equal to the current device orientation).
+            // This is always the case when the device orientation is anything other than the identity one, as we unconditionally use `VK_SURFACE_TRANSFORM_IDENTITY_BIT_KHR`.
+            #[cfg(not(target_os = "android"))]
+            log::warn!("Suboptimal present of frame {}", texture.index);
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn get_timestamp_period(&self) -> f32 {
+        self.device.timestamp_period
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<vk::Result> for crate::DeviceError {
+    fn from(result: vk::Result) -> Self {
+        match result {
+            vk::Result::ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY | vk::Result::ERROR_OUT_OF_DEVICE_MEMORY => {
+                Self::OutOfMemory
+            }
+            vk::Result::ERROR_DEVICE_LOST => Self::Lost,
+            _ => {
+                log::warn!("Unrecognized device error {:?}", result);
+                Self::Lost
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}