Your browser includes features you can use to enhance the privacy and security of your personal information. The sections that follow describe how your browser can help you control cookies, passwords, and images while you are surfing the Internet.
For information about related &brandShortName; security features, see Signing & Encrypting Messages and Using Certificates.
This section summarises some background information about privacy on the Internet. It also describes several things you can do to help safeguard your own privacy. It is not intended to provide a complete description of Internet privacy issues.
When your browser displays a web page—for example, each time you click a link or type a URL, or when a web page is displayed in an email message—it gives certain kinds of information to the web site. This information may include (but is not limited to) your operating environment, your Internet address, and the page you're coming from.
The web site is told something about your operating environment, such as your browser type and operating system. This helps the web site present the page in the best way for your screen. For example, the web site might learn that you use &brandShortName; 2.19 on a Windows 7 computer.
Your browser must tell the web site your Internet address (also known as the Internet Protocol, or IP address) so the web site knows where to send the page you are requesting. The web site can't present the page you want to see unless it knows your IP address.
Your IP address can be either temporary or fixed (static).
If you connect to the Internet through a standard modem that's attached to your phone line, then your Internet service provider (ISP) may assign you a temporary IP address each time you log on. You use the temporary IP address for the duration of your Internet session—for example, until you sign off or hang up your dial-up connection, or otherwise end your computer's live connection with the Internet. Each ISP has many IP addresses, and they assign the addresses at random to users.
If you have DSL, a cable modem, or a fibre-optic connection, you may have a fixed IP address that you use every time you connect.
Your IP address is not the same as your email address.
The web site is also told which page you were reading when you clicked a link to see one of the web site's pages. This allows the web site to know which web site referred you. Or, as you traverse the web site, it allows the web site to know which of its pages you came from.
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A cookie is a small bit of information used by some web sites. When you visit a web site that uses cookies, the web site might ask your browser to place one or more cookies on your hard disc.
Later, when you return to the web site, your browser sends back the cookies that belong to the web site.
When you are using the default cookie settings, this activity is invisible to you, and you won't know when a web site is setting a cookie or when your browser is sending a web site's cookie back. However, you can set your preferences so that you will be asked before a cookie is set. For information on how to do this, see Privacy & Security Preferences - Cookies.
Cookies allow a web site to know something about your previous visits. For example, if you typically search for local weather or purchase books at a web site, the web site may use cookies to remember what city you live in or what authors you like, so it can make your next visit easier and more useful.
Some web sites publish privacy policies that describe how they use the information they gather.
If your browser stores a web site's cookie, it will return the cookie only to that particular web site. Your browser will not provide one web site with cookies set by another. Since a web site can only receive its own cookies, it can learn about your activities while you are at that web site but not your activities in general while surfing the Web.
But sometimes a web site displays content that is hosted on another web site. That content can be anything from an image to text or an advertisement. The other web site that hosts such elements also has the ability to store a cookie in your browser, even though you don't visit the web site directly.
Cookies that are stored by a web site other than the one you are visiting are called third-party cookies or foreign cookies. Web sites sometimes use third-party cookies with transparent GIFs, which are special images that help web sites count users, track email responses, learn more about how visitors use the web site, or customise your browsing experience. (Transparent GIFs are also known as web beacons or web bugs.)
If you want, you can adjust your cookie preferences so that web sites can store ordinary cookies but not third-party ones, or only for those sites that you have previously visited.
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Web sites are frequently interested in how they are used and by whom. Thus, they may perform analytics on your browsing behaviour, either by themselves, or by utilising a third-party service.
Motivations for such user tracking may be a more personalised browsing experience, e.g., by offering you services or products corresponding to your previous browsing pattern, thus making it more likely that you are interested in those. Third-party services are mostly interested in placing advertisements that match your interests, thus making it more likely that you would click on those ads, which in turn generates revenue.
Of course, this list isn't all inclusive, other reasons may exist to track the user's browsing behaviour. To summarise, the trade-off is:
There isn't any single tracking mechanism, rather several methods exist. For example, a web site may employ one or more of these methods:
In general, there is no complete protection against unwanted tracking of one's browsing activities. However, there are a couple of ways to make it harder to get tracked:
Do Not Trackrequests to web sites, but they are not obligated to honour such requests.
Note: The issues related to user tracking are complex. This description is not intended to be complete but to provide you with some basic information on this topic.
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You can disable cookies, images, and plugins completely (JavaScript is always disabled) for web pages that are received as part of email messages.
While it may be convenient to enable some or all of these capabilities when you're browsing the web, they may not be necessary in single web pages sent as attachments to messages.
For information on enabling or disabling cookies, images, and plugins in email messages, see the following sections:
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The best way to keep your information private is to read the privacy policies for the web sites you visit and the Internet services you use, and to be cautious about giving out your personal information online.
The Internet is a public network. When you send your name, phone number, address, and other personal information over the network (via a web page, email, or any other method), it is possible that someone else may be able to intercept it.
Here are some questions you might ask about a web site's privacy policy: