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diff --git a/tests/gpgscm/Manual.txt b/tests/gpgscm/Manual.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b146926 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/gpgscm/Manual.txt @@ -0,0 +1,444 @@ + + + TinySCHEME Version 1.41 + + "Safe if used as prescribed" + -- Philip K. Dick, "Ubik" + +This software is open source, covered by a BSD-style license. +Please read accompanying file COPYING. +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + This Scheme interpreter is based on MiniSCHEME version 0.85k4 + (see miniscm.tar.gz in the Scheme Repository) + Original credits in file MiniSCHEMETribute.txt. + + D. Souflis (dsouflis@acm.org) + +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + What is TinyScheme? + ------------------- + + TinyScheme is a lightweight Scheme interpreter that implements as large + a subset of R5RS as was possible without getting very large and + complicated. It is meant to be used as an embedded scripting interpreter + for other programs. As such, it does not offer IDEs or extensive toolkits + although it does sport a small top-level loop, included conditionally. + A lot of functionality in TinyScheme is included conditionally, to allow + developers freedom in balancing features and footprint. + + As an embedded interpreter, it allows multiple interpreter states to + coexist in the same program, without any interference between them. + Programmatically, foreign functions in C can be added and values + can be defined in the Scheme environment. Being a quite small program, + it is easy to comprehend, get to grips with, and use. + + Known bugs + ---------- + + TinyScheme is known to misbehave when memory is exhausted. + + + Things that keep missing, or that need fixing + --------------------------------------------- + + There are no hygienic macros. No rational or + complex numbers. No unwind-protect and call-with-values. + + Maybe (a subset of) SLIB will work with TinySCHEME... + + Decent debugging facilities are missing. Only tracing is supported + natively. + + + Scheme Reference + ---------------- + + If something seems to be missing, please refer to the code and + "init.scm", since some are library functions. Refer to the MiniSCHEME + readme as a last resort. + + Environments + (interaction-environment) + See R5RS. In TinySCHEME, immutable list of association lists. + + (current-environment) + The environment in effect at the time of the call. An example of its + use and its utility can be found in the sample code that implements + packages in "init.scm": + + (macro (package form) + `(apply (lambda () + ,@(cdr form) + (current-environment)))) + + The environment containing the (local) definitions inside the closure + is returned as an immutable value. + + (defined? <symbol>) (defined? <symbol> <environment>) + Checks whether the given symbol is defined in the current (or given) + environment. + + Symbols + (gensym) + Returns a new interned symbol each time. Will probably move to the + library when string->symbol is implemented. + + Directives + (gc) + Performs garbage collection immediately. + + (gc-verbose) (gc-verbose <bool>) + The argument (defaulting to #t) controls whether GC produces + visible outcome. + + (quit) (quit <num>) + Stops the interpreter and sets the 'retcode' internal field (defaults + to 0). When standalone, 'retcode' is returned as exit code to the OS. + + (tracing <num>) + 1, turns on tracing. 0 turns it off. (Only when USE_TRACING is 1). + + Mathematical functions + Since rationals and complexes are absent, the respective functions + are also missing. + Supported: exp, log, sin, cos, tan, asin, acos, atan, floor, ceiling, + trunc, round and also sqrt and expt when USE_MATH=1. + Number-theoretical quotient, remainder and modulo, gcd, lcm. + Library: exact?, inexact?, odd?, even?, zero?, positive?, negative?, + exact->inexact. inexact->exact is a core function. + + Type predicates + boolean?,eof-object?,symbol?,number?,string?,integer?,real?,list?,null?, + char?,port?,input-port?,output-port?,procedure?,pair?,environment?', + vector?. Also closure?, macro?. + + Types + Types supported: + + Numbers (integers and reals) + Symbols + Pairs + Strings + Characters + Ports + Eof object + Environments + Vectors + + Literals + String literals can contain escaped quotes \" as usual, but also + \n, \r, \t, \xDD (hex representations) and \DDD (octal representations). + Note also that it is possible to include literal newlines in string + literals, e.g. + + (define s "String with newline here + and here + that can function like a HERE-string") + + Character literals contain #\space and #\newline and are supplemented + with #\return and #\tab, with obvious meanings. Hex character + representations are allowed (e.g. #\x20 is #\space). + When USE_ASCII_NAMES is defined, various control characters can be + referred to by their ASCII name. + 0 #\nul 17 #\dc1 + 1 #\soh 18 #\dc2 + 2 #\stx 19 #\dc3 + 3 #\etx 20 #\dc4 + 4 #\eot 21 #\nak + 5 #\enq 22 #\syn + 6 #\ack 23 #\etv + 7 #\bel 24 #\can + 8 #\bs 25 #\em + 9 #\ht 26 #\sub + 10 #\lf 27 #\esc + 11 #\vt 28 #\fs + 12 #\ff 29 #\gs + 13 #\cr 30 #\rs + 14 #\so 31 #\us + 15 #\si + 16 #\dle 127 #\del + + Numeric literals support #x #o #b and #d. Flonums are currently read only + in decimal notation. Full grammar will be supported soon. + + Quote, quasiquote etc. + As usual. + + Immutable values + Immutable pairs cannot be modified by set-car! and set-cdr!. + Immutable strings cannot be modified via string-set! + + I/O + As per R5RS, plus String Ports (see below). + current-input-port, current-output-port, + close-input-port, close-output-port, input-port?, output-port?, + open-input-file, open-output-file. + read, write, display, newline, write-char, read-char, peek-char. + char-ready? returns #t only for string ports, because there is no + portable way in stdio to determine if a character is available. + Also open-input-output-file, set-input-port, set-output-port (not R5RS) + Library: call-with-input-file, call-with-output-file, + with-input-from-file, with-output-from-file and + with-input-output-from-to-files, close-port and input-output-port? + (not R5RS). + String Ports: open-input-string, open-output-string, get-output-string, + open-input-output-string. Strings can be used with I/O routines. + + Vectors + make-vector, vector, vector-length, vector-ref, vector-set!, list->vector, + vector-fill!, vector->list, vector-equal? (auxiliary function, not R5RS) + + Strings + string, make-string, list->string, string-length, string-ref, string-set!, + substring, string->list, string-fill!, string-append, string-copy. + string=?, string<?, string>?, string>?, string<=?, string>=?. + (No string-ci*? yet). string->number, number->string. Also atom->string, + string->atom (not R5RS). + + Symbols + symbol->string, string->symbol + + Characters + integer->char, char->integer. + char=?, char<?, char>?, char<=?, char>=?. + (No char-ci*?) + + Pairs & Lists + cons, car, cdr, list, length, map, for-each, foldr, list-tail, + list-ref, last-pair, reverse, append. + Also member, memq, memv, based on generic-member, assoc, assq, assv + based on generic-assoc. + + Streams + head, tail, cons-stream + + Control features + Apart from procedure?, also macro? and closure? + map, for-each, force, delay, call-with-current-continuation (or call/cc), + eval, apply. 'Forcing' a value that is not a promise produces the value. + There is no call-with-values, values, nor dynamic-wind. Dynamic-wind in + the presence of continuations would require support from the abstract + machine itself. + + Property lists + TinyScheme inherited from MiniScheme property lists for symbols. + put, get. + + Dynamically-loaded extensions + (load-extension <filename without extension>) + Loads a DLL declaring foreign procedures. On Unix/Linux, one can make use + of the ld.so.conf file or the LD_RUN_PATH system variable in order to place + the library in a directory other than the current one. Please refer to the + appropriate 'man' page. + + Esoteric procedures + (oblist) + Returns the oblist, an immutable list of all the symbols. + + (macro-expand <form>) + Returns the expanded form of the macro call denoted by the argument + + (define-with-return (<procname> <args>...) <body>) + Like plain 'define', but makes the continuation available as 'return' + inside the procedure. Handy for imperative programs. + + (new-segment <num>) + Allocates more memory segments. + + defined? + See "Environments" + + (get-closure-code <closure>) + Gets the code as scheme data. + + (make-closure <code> <environment>) + Makes a new closure in the given environment. + + Obsolete procedures + (print-width <object>) + + Programmer's Reference + ---------------------- + + The interpreter state is initialized with "scheme_init". + Custom memory allocation routines can be installed with an alternate + initialization function: "scheme_init_custom_alloc". + Files can be loaded with "scheme_load_file". Strings containing Scheme + code can be loaded with "scheme_load_string". It is a good idea to + "scheme_load" init.scm before anything else. + + External data for keeping external state (of use to foreign functions) + can be installed with "scheme_set_external_data". + Foreign functions are installed with "assign_foreign". Additional + definitions can be added to the interpreter state, with "scheme_define" + (this is the way HTTP header data and HTML form data are passed to the + Scheme script in the Altera SQL Server). If you wish to define the + foreign function in a specific environment (to enhance modularity), + use "assign_foreign_env". + + The procedure "scheme_apply0" has been added with persistent scripts in + mind. Persistent scripts are loaded once, and every time they are needed + to produce HTTP output, appropriate data are passed through global + definitions and function "main" is called to do the job. One could + add easily "scheme_apply1" etc. + + The interpreter state should be deinitialized with "scheme_deinit". + + DLLs containing foreign functions should define a function named + init_<base-name>. E.g. foo.dll should define init_foo, and bar.so + should define init_bar. This function should assign_foreign any foreign + function contained in the DLL. + + The first dynamically loaded extension available for TinyScheme is + a regular expression library. Although it's by no means an + established standard, this library is supposed to be installed in + a directory mirroring its name under the TinyScheme location. + + + Foreign Functions + ----------------- + + The user can add foreign functions in C. For example, a function + that squares its argument: + + pointer square(scheme *sc, pointer args) { + if(args!=sc->NIL) { + if(sc->isnumber(sc->pair_car(args))) { + double v=sc->rvalue(sc->pair_car(args)); + return sc->mk_real(sc,v*v); + } + } + return sc->NIL; + } + + Foreign functions are now defined as closures: + + sc->interface->scheme_define( + sc, + sc->global_env, + sc->interface->mk_symbol(sc,"square"), + sc->interface->mk_foreign_func(sc, square)); + + + Foreign functions can use the external data in the "scheme" struct + to implement any kind of external state. + + External data are set with the following function: + void scheme_set_external_data(scheme *sc, void *p); + + As of v.1.17, the canonical way for a foreign function in a DLL to + manipulate Scheme data is using the function pointers in sc->interface. + + Standalone + ---------- + + Usage: tinyscheme -? + or: tinyscheme [<file1> <file2> ...] + followed by + -1 <file> [<arg1> <arg2> ...] + -c <Scheme commands> [<arg1> <arg2> ...] + assuming that the executable is named tinyscheme. + + Use - in the place of a filename to denote stdin. + The -1 flag is meant for #! usage in shell scripts. If you specify + #! /somewhere/tinyscheme -1 + then tinyscheme will be called to process the file. For example, the + following script echoes the Scheme list of its arguments. + + #! /somewhere/tinyscheme -1 + (display *args*) + + The -c flag permits execution of arbitrary Scheme code. + + + Error Handling + -------------- + + Errors are recovered from without damage. The user can install his + own handler for system errors, by defining *error-hook*. Defining + to '() gives the default behavior, which is equivalent to "error". + USE_ERROR_HOOK must be defined. + + A simple exception handling mechanism can be found in "init.scm". + A new syntactic form is introduced: + + (catch <expr returned exceptionally> + <expr1> <expr2> ... <exprN>) + + "Catch" establishes a scope spanning multiple call-frames + until another "catch" is encountered. + + Exceptions are thrown with: + + (throw "message") + + If used outside a (catch ...), reverts to (error "message"). + + Example of use: + + (define (foo x) (write x) (newline) (/ x 0)) + + (catch (begin (display "Error!\n") 0) + (write "Before foo ... ") + (foo 5) + (write "After foo")) + + The exception mechanism can be used even by system errors, by + + (define *error-hook* throw) + + which makes use of the error hook described above. + + If necessary, the user can devise his own exception mechanism with + tagged exceptions etc. + + + Reader extensions + ----------------- + + When encountering an unknown character after '#', the user-specified + procedure *sharp-hook* (if any), is called to read the expression. + This can be used to extend the reader to handle user-defined constants + or whatever. It should be a procedure without arguments, reading from + the current input port (which will be the load-port). + + + Colon Qualifiers - Packages + --------------------------- + + When USE_COLON_HOOK=1: + The lexer now recognizes the construction <qualifier>::<symbol> and + transforms it in the following manner (T is the transformation function): + + T(<qualifier>::<symbol>) = (*colon-hook* 'T(<symbol>) <qualifier>) + + where <qualifier> is a symbol not containing any double-colons. + + As the definition is recursive, qualifiers can be nested. + The user can define his own *colon-hook*, to handle qualified names. + By default, "init.scm" defines *colon-hook* as EVAL. Consequently, + the qualifier must denote a Scheme environment, such as one returned + by (interaction-environment). "Init.scm" defines a new syntantic form, + PACKAGE, as a simple example. It is used like this: + + (define toto + (package + (define foo 1) + (define bar +))) + + foo ==> Error, "foo" undefined + (eval 'foo) ==> Error, "foo" undefined + (eval 'foo toto) ==> 1 + toto::foo ==> 1 + ((eval 'bar toto) 2 (eval 'foo toto)) ==> 3 + (toto::bar 2 toto::foo) ==> 3 + (eval (bar 2 foo) toto) ==> 3 + + If the user installs another package infrastructure, he must define + a new 'package' procedure or macro to retain compatibility with supplied + code. + + Note: Older versions used ':' as a qualifier. Unfortunately, the use + of ':' as a pseudo-qualifier in existing code (i.e. SLIB) essentially + precludes its use as a real qualifier. |