Tutorial | AvanzatoQuesto tutorial tratterà di copia/incolla, modifica dei nodi, disegno a mano libera e con penna, manipolazione di tracciati, strumenti booleani, proiezione, semplificazione e testo.Use Ctrl+arrows, mouse wheel, or middle button drag to scroll the page down. For basics of object creation, selection, and transformation, see the Basic tutorial in Help⇒Tutorials.Tecniche di incollaggioAfter you copy some object(s) by Ctrl+C or cut by Ctrl+X, the regular Paste command (Ctrl+V) pastes the copied object(s) right under the mouse cursor or, if the cursor is outside the window, to the center of the document window. However, the object(s) in the clipboard still remember the original place from which they were copied, and you can paste back there by Paste In Place (Ctrl+Alt+V).Another command, Paste Style (Shift+Ctrl+V), applies the style of the (first) object on the clipboard to the current selection. The “style” thus pasted includes all the fill, stroke, and font settings, but not the shape, size, or parameters specific to a shape type, such as the number of tips of a star.Yet another set of paste commands, Paste Size, scales the selection to match the desired size attribute of the clipboard object(s). There are a number of commands for pasting size and are as follows: Paste Size, Paste Width, Paste Height, Paste Size Separately, Paste Width Separately, and Paste Height Separately.Paste Size scales the whole selection to match the overall size of the clipboard object(s). Paste Width/Paste Height scale the whole selection horizontally/vertically so that it matches the width/height of the clipboard object(s). These commands honor the scale ratio lock on the Selector Tool controls bar (between W and H fields), so that when that lock is pressed, the other dimension of the selected object is scaled in the same proportion; otherwise the other dimension is unchanged. The commands containing “Separately” work similarly to the above described commands, except that they scale each selected object separately to make it match the size/width/height of the clipboard object(s).La clipboard può essere usata per copiare/incollare oggetti tra varie istanze di Inkscape e altre applicazioni (che devono essere in grado di gestire i file SVG nella clipboard per usare questa funzione).Disegno a mano libera e percorsi regolariIl modo più facile per creare una forma arbitraria è disegnare usando lo strumento Pastello (a mano libera, F6):If you want more regular shapes, use the Pen (Bezier) tool (Shift+F6):With the Pen tool, each click creates a sharp node without any curve handles, so a series of clicks produces a sequence of straight line segments. click and drag creates a smooth Bezier node with two collinear opposite handles. Press Shift while dragging out a handle to rotate only one handle and fix the other. As usual, Ctrl limits the direction of either the current line segment or the Bezier handles to 15 degree increments. Pressing Enter finalizes the line, Esc cancels it. To cancel only the last segment of an unfinished line, press Backspace.In entrambi gli strumenti, il tracciato attualmente selezionato mostra piccole ancore quadrate alle estremità. Queste ancore permettono di continuare questo percorso (disegnando da un ancora ad un altra) invece di crearne una nuova.Modificare i tracciatiA differenza degli strumenti che creano forme, gli strumenti Penna e Pastello creano dei tracciati. Un tracciato è una sequenza di segmenti rettilinei e/o curve Bezier che, come ogni altro oggetto di Inkscape, possono avere qualunque riempimento e contorno. Ma, contrariamente alle forme, un percorso può essere modificato trascinando liberamente ognuno dei suoi nodi (non soltanto con le maniglie predefinite) o direttamente trascinando un segmento del tracciato. Seleziona questo tracciato e abilita allo strumento Nodo (F2):You will see a number of gray square nodes on the path. These nodes can be selected by click, Shift+click, or by dragging a rubberband - exactly like objects are selected by the Selector tool. You can also click a path segment to automatically select the adjacent nodes. Selected nodes become highlighted and show their node handles - one or two small circles connected to each selected node by straight lines. The ! key inverts node selection in the current subpath(s) (i.e. subpaths with at least one selected node); Alt+! inverts in the entire path.Paths are edited by dragging their nodes, node handles, or directly dragging a path segment. (Try to drag some nodes, handles, and path segments of the above path.) Ctrl works as usual to restrict movement and rotation. The arrow keys, Tab, [, ], <, > keys with their modifiers all work just as they do in selector, but apply to nodes instead of objects. You can add nodes anywhere on a path by either double clicking or by Ctrl+Alt+click at the desired location.You can delete nodes with Del or Ctrl+Alt+click. When deleting nodes it will try to retain the shape of the path, if you desire for the handles of the adjacent nodes to be retracted (not retaining the shape) you can delete with Ctrl+Del. Additionally, you can duplicate (Shift+D) selected nodes. The path can be broken (Shift+B) at the selected nodes, or if you select two endnodes on one path, you can join them (Shift+J).A node can be made cusp (Shift+C), which means its two handles can move independently at any angle to each other; smooth (Shift+S), which means its handles are always on the same straight line (collinear); symmetric (Shift+Y), which is the same as smooth, but the handles also have the same length; and auto-smooth (Shift+A), a special node that automatically adjusts the handles of the node and surrounding auto-smooth nodes to maintain a smooth curve. When you switch the type of node, you can preserve the position of one of the two handles by hovering your mouse over it, so that only the other handle is rotated/scaled to match.Also, you can retract a node's handle altogether by Ctrl+clicking on it. If two adjacent nodes have their handles retracted, the path segment between them is a straight line. To pull out the retracted node, Shift+drag away from the node.Sottotracciati e CombinazioneUn oggetto tracciato può contenere più di un sottotracciato. Un sottotracciato è una sequenza di nodi connessi tra loro. (Perciò se un tracciato ha più sottotracciati, non tutti i suoi nodi saranno connessi.) Sotto, a sinistra, ci sono tre sottotracciati che appartengono ad un unico tracciato composto; gli stessi tre sottotracciati sulla destra sono oggetti tracciati indipendenti:Nota che un tracciato composto non è come un gruppo. Esso è un singolo oggetto che è selezionabile solo interamente. Se selezioni l'oggetto sulla sinistra e passi allo strumento Nodo, vedrai i nodi su tutti e tre i sottotracciati. Sulla sinistra, puoi vedere i nodi di un solo tracciato alla volta, non tutti assieme.Inkscape can Combine paths into a compound path (Ctrl+K) and Break Apart a compound path into separate paths (Shift+Ctrl+K). Try these commands on the above examples. Since an object can only have one fill and stroke, a new compound path gets the style of the first (lowest in z-order) object being combined.Quando combini tracciati con riempimento sovrapponendoli, di solito il riempimento sparirà nell'area dove i tracciati si sovrappongono:Questo è il modo più facile per creare oggetti con dei buchi nel loro interno. Di seguito troverai la descrizione di comandi piu potenti, le “Operazioni Booleane”.Convertire in tracciatiAny shape or text object can be converted to path (Shift+Ctrl+C). This operation does not change the appearance of the object but removes all capabilities specific to its type (e.g. you can't round the corners of a rectangle or edit the text anymore); instead, you can now edit its nodes. Here are two stars - the left one is kept a shape and the right one is converted to path. Switch to node tool and compare their editability when selected:Moreover, you can convert to a path (“outline”) the stroke of any object. Below, the first object is the original path (no fill, black stroke), while the second one is the result of the Stroke to Path command (black fill, no stroke):Operazioni BooleaneThe commands in the Path menu let you combine two or more objects using boolean operations:Forme originaliUnion(Ctrl++)Differenza (Ctrl+-)(inferiore meno superiore)Intersezione(Ctrl+*)Esclusione(Ctrl+^)Divisione(Ctrl+/)Taglia tracciato(Ctrl+Alt+/)The keyboard shortcuts for these commands allude to the arithmetic analogs of the boolean operations (union is addition, difference is subtraction, etc.). The Difference and Exclusion commands can only apply to two selected objects; others may process any number of objects at once. The result always receives the style of the bottom object.The result of the Exclusion command looks similar to Combine (see above), but it is different in that Exclusion adds extra nodes where the original paths intersect. The difference between Division and Cut Path is that the former cuts the entire bottom object by the path of the top object, while the latter only cuts the bottom object's stroke and removes any fill (this is convenient for cutting fill-less strokes into pieces).Intrudi e EstrudiInkscape can expand and contract shapes not only by scaling, but also by offsetting an object's path, i.e. by displacing it perpendicular to the path in each point. The corresponding commands are called Inset (Ctrl+() and Outset (Ctrl+)). Shown below is the original path (red) and a number of paths inset or outset from that original:The plain Inset and Outset commands produce paths (converting the original object to path if it's not a path yet). Often, more convenient is the Dynamic Offset (Ctrl+J) which creates an object with a draggable handle (similar to a shape's handle) controlling the offset distance. Select the object below, switch to the node tool, and drag its handle to get an idea:Un oggetto con proiezione dinamica ricorda il tracciato originale, così non “degrada” quando cambi la distanza di proiezione di volta in volta. Quando non hai più bisogno che sia modificabile, puoi sempre convertire nuovamente questo tipo di oggetto in tracciato.Ancora più conveniente è una proiezione collegata, che è simile alla precedente ma è connessa ad un altro tracciato che rimane modificabile. Puoi avere qualunque numero di proiezioni collegate per un tracciato sorgente. Sotto, il tracciato sorgente è rosso, una proiezione collegata a quello ha il controllo nero e nessun riempimento, gli altri hanno riempimento nero e nessun contorno.Select the red object and node-edit it; watch how both linked offsets respond. Now select any of the offsets and drag its handle to adjust the offset radius. Finally, notehow you can move or transform the offset objects independently without losing their connection with the source. SemplificazioneThe main use of the Simplify command (Ctrl+L) is reducing the number of nodes on a path while almost preserving its shape. This may be useful for paths created by the Pencil tool, since that tool sometimes creates more nodes than necessary. Below, the left shape is as created by the freehand tool, and the right one is a copy that was simplified. The original path has 28 nodes, while the simplified one has 17 (which means it is much easier to work with in node tool) and is smoother.The amount of simplification (called the threshold) depends on the size of the selection. Therefore, if you select a path along with some larger object, it will be simplified more aggressively than if you select that path alone. Moreover, the Simplify command is accelerated. This means that if you press Ctrl+L several times in quick succession (so that the calls are within 0.5 sec from each other), the threshold is increased on each call. (If you do another Simplify after a pause, the threshold is back to its default value.) By making use of the acceleration, it is easy to apply the exact amount of simplification you need for each case.Besides smoothing freehand strokes, Simplify can be used for various creative effects. Often, a shape which is rigid and geometric benefits from some amount of simplification that creates cool life-like generalizations of the original form - melting sharp corners and introducing very natural distortions, sometimes stylish and sometimes plain funny. Here's an example of a clipart shape that looks much nicer after Simplify:OriginaleSemplificazione leggeraSemplificazione considerevoleCreare TestoInkscape è capace di creare testi lunghi e completi. Comunque, è anche conveniente per creare piccoli oggetti di testo come titoli, striscioni, loghi, etichette etc. Questa sezione è un'introduzione alle capacità di testo di Inkscape.Creating a text object is as simple as switching to the Text tool (F8), clicking somewhere in the document, and typing your text. To change font family, style, size, and alignment, open the Text and Font dialog (Shift+Ctrl+T). That dialog also has a text entry tab where you can edit the selected text object - in some situations, it may be more convenient than editing it right on the canvas (in particular, that tab supports as-you-type spell checking).Like other tools, Text tool can select objects of its own type - text objects -so you can click to select and position the cursor in any existing text object (such as this paragraph). One of the most common operations in text design is adjusting spacing between letters and lines. As always, Inkscape provides keyboard shortcuts for this. When you are editing text, the Alt+< and Alt+> keys change the letter spacing in the current line of a text object, so that the total length of the line changes by 1 pixel at the current zoom (compare to Selector tool where the same keys do pixel-sized object scaling). As a rule, if the font size in a text object is larger than the default, it will likely benefit from squeezing letters a bit tighter than the default. Here's an example:OriginaleSpaziatura diminuitaInspirationInspirationLa versione modificata sembra migliore come titolo, ma non è ancora perfetta: la distanza tra le lettere non è uniforme, per esempio la “i” e la “o” sono troppo distanti mentre la “a” e la “z” sono troppo vicine. La quantità di tali regolazioni nei caratteri (specialmente visibile con caratteri di grande dimensione) è maggiore in quelli di bassa qualità rispetto a quelli di alta qualità; comunque, in ogni linea di testo e in ogni carattere potrai trovare copie di lettere che migliorano se avvicinate.Inkscape makes these adjustments really easy. Just move your text editing cursor between the offending characters and use Alt+arrows to move the letters right of the cursor. Here is the same heading again, this time with manual adjustments for visually uniform letter positioning:Spaziatura diminuita, alcune lettere spostate a manoInspirationIn addition to shifting letters horizontally by Alt+Left or Alt+Right, you can also move them vertically by using Alt+Up or Alt+Down:InspirationOf course you could just convert your text to path (Shift+Ctrl+C) and move the letters as regular path objects. However, it is much more convenient to keep text as text - it remains editable, you can try different fonts without removing the kerns and spacing, and it takes much less space in the saved file. The only disadvantage to the “text as text” approach is that you need to have the original font installed on any system where you want to open that SVG document.Similar to letter spacing, you can also adjust line spacing in multi-line text objects. Try the Ctrl+Alt+< and Ctrl+Alt+> keys on any paragraph in this tutorial to space it in or out so that the overall height of the text object changes by 1 pixel at the current zoom. As in Selector, pressing Shift with any spacing or kerning shortcut produces 10 times greater effect than without Shift.Editor XMLThe ultimate power tool of Inkscape is the XML editor (Shift+Ctrl+X). It displays the entire XML tree of the document, always reflecting its current state. You can edit your drawing and watch the corresponding changes in the XML tree. Moreover, you can edit any text, element, or attribute nodes in the XML editor and see the result on your canvas. This is the best tool imaginable for learning SVG interactively, and it allows you to do tricks that would be impossible with regular editing tools.ConclusioniQuesto tutorial mostra solo una piccola parte delle capacità di Inkscape. Speriamo che ti sia divertito. Non aver timore di sperimentare e condividere ciò che crei. Ricorda di visitare www.inkscape.org per avere più informazioni, ultime versioni e aiuto dalla comunità di utenti e sviluppatori.Bulia Byak; Jonathan Leighton; Josh Andler; Colin Marquardt; Maren Hachmann; Nicolas Dufour; Gellért GyurisEsteban Capella — 2019