Tutorial | DasarThis tutorial demonstrates the basics of using Inkscape. If you have opened it from the Inkscape Help menu, it is a regular Inkscape document that you can view, edit, or copy from. You can also save a copy to a location of your choice.The Basic Tutorial covers canvas navigation, managing documents, shape tool basics, selection techniques, transforming objects with selector, grouping, setting fill and stroke, alignment, and stacking order. For more advanced topics, check out the other tutorials in the Help menu.Menggulung kanvasThere are many ways to pan (scroll) the document canvas. Try Ctrl+arrow keys to scroll by keyboard. (Try this now to scroll this document down.) You can also drag the canvas by the middle mouse button. Or, you can use the scrollbars (press Ctrl+B to show or hide them). The wheel on your mouse also works for scrolling vertically; press Shift and move the wheel to scroll horizontally.Zum kedalam atau keluarThe easiest way to zoom is by pressing - and + (or =) keys. You can also use Ctrl+middle click or Ctrl+right click to zoom in, Shift+middle click or Shift+right click to zoom out, or rotate the mouse wheel with Ctrl. Or, you can click in the zoom entry field (in the bottom right region of the document window, labelled “Z”), type a precise zoom value in %, and press Enter. We also have the Zoom tool (in the toolbar on left) which lets you to zoom into an area by dragging around it.Inkscape also keeps a history of the zoom levels you've used in this work session. Press the ` key to go back to the previous zoom, or Shift+` to go forward.Peralatan InkscapeThe vertical toolbar on the left shows Inkscape's drawing and editing tools. Depending on your screen resolution, the Commands bar with general command buttons, such as “Save” and “Print”, can be found either in the top part of the window, right below the menu, or on the right side of the window, in between the scroll bar and the Snap Controls bar. Right above the white Canvas Area, there's the Tool Controls bar with controls that are specific to each tool. The status bar at the bottom of the window will display useful hints and messages as you work.Many operations are available through keyboard shortcuts. Open Help⇒Keys and Mouse Reference to see the complete list of available shortcuts.Membuat dan mengatur dokumenTo create a new empty document, use File⇒New or press Ctrl+N. To create a new document from one of Inkscape's many templates, use File⇒New from Template… or press Ctrl+Alt+N.To open an existing SVG document, use File⇒Open (Ctrl+O). To save, use File⇒Save (Ctrl+S), or File⇒Save As (Shift+Ctrl+S) to save under a new name. (While Inkscape comes with its Autosave feature enabled, it is still recommended that you follow the best practice to “save early, save often“.)Inkscape uses the SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) format for its files. SVG is an open standard widely supported by graphic software. SVG files are based on XML and can be edited with any text or XML editor (apart from Inkscape, that is). Besides SVG, Inkscape can import and export many other file formats. You can find lists of the supported file formats in the Save and Import dialogs.Inkscape opens a separate document window for each document. You can navigate among them using your window manager (e.g. by Alt+Tab), or you can use the Inkscape shortcut, Ctrl+Tab, which will cycle through all open document windows. (Create a new document now and switch between it and this document for practice.) Note: Inkscape treats these windows like tabs in a web browser, this means the Ctrl+Tab shortcut only works with documents running in the same process. If you open multiple files from a file browser or launch more than one Inkscape process from an icon it will not work.Membuat bentukTime for some nice shapes! Click on the Rectangle tool in the toolbar on the left (or press F4) and click-and-drag, either in a new empty document or right here:As you can see, default rectangles come up with a blue fill and a black stroke (outline), and fully opaque. We'll see how to change that below. With other tools, you can also create ellipses, stars, and spirals:These tools are collectively known as shape tools. Each shape you create displays one or more handles; try dragging them to see how the shape responds. The Tool Controls bar for a shape tool is another way to tweak a shape; these controls affect the currently selected shapes (i.e. those that display the handles) and set the default that will apply to newly created shapes.To undo your last action, press Ctrl+Z. (Or, if you change your mind again, you can redo the undone action by Shift+Ctrl+Z.)Memindahkan, mengatur skala, memutarThe most frequently used Inkscape tool is the Selector. Click the topmost button (with the arrow) on the toolbar, or press s, F1 or toggle the tool using Space. Now you can select any object on the canvas. Click on the rectangle below.Anda akan melihat empat handles berbentuk panah muncul di sekitar obyek. Kini anda bisa:•Move the object by dragging it. (Press Ctrl to restrict movement to horizontal and vertical.)•Scale the object by dragging any handle. (Press Ctrl to preserve the original height/width ratio.)Sekarang klik persegi tersebut lagi. Bentuk handlenya berubah. Kini anda bisa:•Rotate the object by dragging the corner handles. (Press Ctrl to restrict rotation to 15 degree steps. Drag the cross mark to position the center of rotation.)•Skew (shear) the object by dragging non-corner handles. (Press Ctrl to restrict skewing to 15 degree steps.)While using the Selector, you can also use the numeric entry fields in the Tool Controls bar (above the canvas) to set exact values for coordinates (X and Y) and size (W and H) of the selection. Merubah dengan tombol keyboardOne of the features that set Inkscape apart from most other vector editors is its emphasis on keyboard accessibility. There's hardly any command or action that is impossible to do from keyboard, and transforming objects is no exception. You can use the keyboard to move (arrow keys), scale (< and > keys), and rotate ([ and ] keys) objects. Default moves and scales are by 2 px; with Shift, you move by 10 times that. Ctrl+> and Ctrl+< scale up or down to 200% or 50% of the original, respectively. Default rotates are by 15 degrees; with Ctrl, you rotate by 90 degrees.However, perhaps the most useful are pixel-size transformations, invoked by using Alt with the transform keys. For example, Alt+arrows will move the selection by 1 screen pixel (i.e. a pixel on your monitor). This means that if you zoom in, you can move objects with very high precision, if you're using Alt with your keyboard shortcut. In reverse, when you zoom out, precision will be lower when you use the Alt key. Using different zoom levels, you can vary the amount of precision that you need for your current task.Similarly, Alt+> and Alt+< scale the selection so that its visible size changes by one screen pixel, and Alt+[ and Alt+] rotate it so that its farthest-from-center point moves by one screen pixel.Note: Linux users may not get the expected results with the Alt+arrow and a few other key combinations if their Window Manager catches those key events before they reach the Inkscape application (and uses it to do things like switching workspaces instead). One solution would be to change the Window Manager's configuration accordingly.Seleksi lebih dari satuYou can select any number of objects simultaneously by Shift+clicking them. Or, you can drag around the objects you need to select; this is called rubberband selection. (Selector creates rubberband when dragging from an empty space; however, if you press Shift before starting to drag, Inkscape will always create the rubberband.) Practice by selecting all three of the shapes below:Now, use rubberband (by drag or Shift+drag) to select the two ellipses but not the rectangle:Each individual object within a selection displays a selection cue — by default, a dashed rectangular frame. These cues make it easy to see at once what is selected and what is not. For example, if you select both the two ellipses and the rectangle, without the cues you would have a hard time guessing whether the ellipses are selected or not.Shift+clicking on a selected object excludes it from the selection. Select all three objects above, then use Shift+click to exclude both ellipses from the selection leaving only the rectangle selected.Pressing Esc deselects all selected objects. Ctrl+A selects all objects in the current layer (if you did not create any layers, this is the same as all objects in the document). The default behavior of the Ctrl+A shortcut can be adjusted in the preferences.GroupingBeberapa obyek bisa digabungkan menjadi satu group/grup. Sebuah group/grup bersifat layaknya sebuah obyek saat anda menyeret atau merubah bentuknya. Dibawah, tiga obyek disebelah kiri berdiri sendiri; obyek yang sama pada layar sebelah kiri sudah digrup. Cobalah menyeret yang segrup.To create a group, select one or more objects and press Ctrl+G. To ungroup one or more groups, select them and press Ctrl+U. These actions are also accessible by right click, the Object menu, or the Commands bar. Groups themselves may be grouped, just like any other objects; such nested groups may go down to arbitrary depth. However, Ctrl+U only ungroups the topmost level of grouping in a selection; you'll need to press Ctrl+U repeatedly if you want to completely ungroup a deep group-in-group (or use Extensions⇒Arrange⇒Deep Ungroup).You don't necessarily have to ungroup, however, if you want to edit an object within a group. Just Ctrl+click that object and it will be selected and editable alone, or Shift+Ctrl+click several objects (inside or outside any groups) for multiple selection regardless of grouping.You can also double-click on a group, to enter it and access all the objects inside without ungrouping. Double-click on any empty canvas area to leave the group again.Try to move or transform the individual shapes in the group (above right) without ungrouping it, then deselect and select the group normally to see that it still remains grouped. Fill dan strokeProbably the simplest way to paint an object some color is to select an object, and click a swatch (color field) in the palette below the canvas to paint it (change its fill color).Alternatively, you can open the Swatches dialog from the View menu (or press Shift+Ctrl+W), select the palette that you want to use after clicking on the little triangle in its top right corner, select an object, and click any swatch to fill the object (change its fill color).More powerful is the Fill and Stroke dialog from the Object menu (or press Shift+Ctrl+F). Select the shape below and open the Fill and Stroke dialog.You will see that the dialog has three tabs: Fill, Stroke paint, and Stroke style. The Fill tab lets you edit the fill (interior) of the selected object(s). Using the buttons just below the tab, you can select types of fill, including no fill (the button with the X), flat color fill, as well as linear or radial gradients. For the above shape, the flat fill button will be activated. Further below, you see a collection of color pickers, each in its own tab: RGB, CMYK, HSL, and Wheel. Perhaps the most convenient is the Wheel picker, where you can rotate the triangle to choose a hue on the wheel, and then select a shade of that hue within the triangle. All color pickers contain a slider labelled “A“ to set the alpha (opacity) of the selected color.Kapanpun anda memilih sebuah objel, color picker langsung diperbaharui untuk menampilkan status Fill and Stroke obyek tersebut (untuk obyek lebih dari satu, dialog akan menampilkan warna average/standar.) Bereksperimenlah dengan sampel ini atau buatlah yang baru:Dengan menggunakan tab Stroke paint, anda bisa menghapus stroke (garis luar/pinggir) dari obyek, atau mengatur warna dan transparansinya:Tab terakhir, Stroke style, membuat anda bisa mengatur lebar dan parameter lain dari stroke:Finally, instead of a flat color, you can use gradients for fills and/or strokes:When you switch from flat color to gradient, the newly created gradient uses the previous flat color, going from opaque to transparent. Switch to the Gradient tool (Ctrl+F1 or just G) to drag the gradient handles — the controls connected by lines that define the direction and length of the gradient. When any of the gradient handles is selected (highlighted blue), the Fill and Stroke dialog sets (and displays) the color of that handle instead of the color of the entire selected object.Yet another convenient way to change the color of an object is by using the Dropper tool (F7 or D). Just click anywhere in the drawing with that tool, and the color you clicked on will be assigned to the selected object's fill (Shift+click will assign the stroke color).Duplikasi, perataan, distribusiOne of the most common operations is duplicating an object (Ctrl+D). The duplicate is placed exactly on top of the original and is selected, so you can drag it away by mouse or by arrow keys. For practice, try to add copies of this black square in a line next to each other:Chances are, your copies of the square are placed more or less randomly. This is where the Object⇒Align and Distribute dialog (Shift+Ctrl+A) is useful. Select all the squares (Shift+click or drag a rubberband), open the dialog and press the “Center on horizontal axis” button, then the “Make horizontal gaps between objects equal” button (read the button tooltips). The objects are now neatly aligned and distributed with equal spaces in between. Here are some other alignment and distribution examples:Z-orderThe term z-order refers to the stacking order of objects in a drawing, i.e. to which objects are on top of other objects, and cover them, so the bottom objects are not (completely) visible. The two commands in the Object menu, Raise to Top (the Home key) and Lower to Bottom (the End key), will move your selected objects to the very top or very bottom of the current layer's z-order. Two more commands, Raise (PgUp) and Lower (PgDn), will sink or emerge the selection one step only, i.e. move it past one non-selected object in z-order (only objects that overlap the selection count, based on their respective bounding boxes).Berlatihlah menggunakan perintah ini dengan membalik z-order obyek dibawah ini, sehingga lingkaran paling bawah menjadi paling atas dan sebaliknya:A very useful selection shortcut is the Tab key. If nothing is selected, it selects the bottommost object; otherwise it selects the object above the selected object(s) in z-order. Shift+Tab works in reverse, starting from the topmost object and proceeding downwards. Since the objects you create are added to the top of the stack, pressing Shift+Tab with nothing selected will conveniently select the object you created last. Practice the Tab and Shift+Tab keys on the stack of ellipses above.Memilih yang dibawah dan menyeret yang dipilihApa yang harus dilakukan jika obyek yang anda butuhkan tersembunyi dibalik obyek yang lain? Anda mungkin masih bisa melihat obyek dibawah jika diatasnya (sebagian) transparan, tapi jika anda klik, yang dipilih adalah obyek yang diatas, bukan dibawahnya.This is what Alt+click is for. First Alt+click selects the top object, just like the regular click. However, the next Alt+click at the same point will select the object below the top one; the next one, the object still lower, etc. Thus, several Alt+clicks in a row will cycle, top-to-bottom, through the entire z-order stack of objects at the click point. When the bottom object is reached, next Alt+click will, naturally, again select the topmost object.[If you are on Linux, you might find that Alt+click does not work properly. Instead, it might be moving the whole Inkscape window. This is because your window manager has reserved Alt+click for a different action. The way to fix this is to find the Window Behavior configuration for your window manager, and either turn it off, or map it to use the Meta key (aka Windows key), so Inkscape and other applications may use the Alt key freely.]This is nice, but once you selected an under-the-surface object, what can you do with it? You can use keys to transform it, and you can drag the selection handles. However, dragging the object itself will reset the selection to the top object again (this is how click-and-drag is designed to work — it selects the (top) object under the cursor first, then drags the selection). To tell Inkscape to drag what is selected now, without selecting anything else, use Alt+drag. This will move the current selection, no matter where you drag your mouse.Practice Alt+click and Alt+drag on the two brown shapes under the green transparent rectangle:Selecting similar objectsInkscape can select other objects that are similar to the object that is currently selected. For example, if you want to select all the blue squares below, first select one of the blue squares, and use Edit⇒Select Same⇒Fill Color from the menu (right-click on the canvas). All objects with the same blue fill color are now selected.In addition to selecting by fill color, you can select multiple similar objects by stroke color, stroke style, fill & stroke, and object type. If these are not enough choices for your use case, try using the Edit⇒Find/Replace dialog.AkhirThis concludes the Basic tutorial. There's much more than that to Inkscape, but with the techniques described here, you will already be able to create simple yet useful graphics. To learn more, we recommend going through the “Inkscape: Advanced” tutorial and the other tutorials in Help⇒Tutorials.Bulia Byak; Jonathan Leighton; Ralf Stephan; Bryce Harrington; Alexandre Prokoudine; Colin Marquardt; Josh Andler; Nicolas Dufour; Maren Hachmann; Gellért Gyurispengakuan untuk penerjemah — Esteban Capella — 2019