Adding upstream version 6.1.76.upstream/6.1.76upstream

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

1 files changed, 320 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/device_link.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/device_link.rst
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+.. _device_link:
+
+============
+Device links
+============
+
+By default, the driver core only enforces dependencies between devices
+that are borne out of a parent/child relationship within the device
+hierarchy: When suspending, resuming or shutting down the system, devices
+are ordered based on this relationship, i.e. children are always suspended
+before their parent, and the parent is always resumed before its children.
+
+Sometimes there is a need to represent device dependencies beyond the
+mere parent/child relationship, e.g. between siblings, and have the
+driver core automatically take care of them.
+
+Secondly, the driver core by default does not enforce any driver presence
+dependencies, i.e. that one device must be bound to a driver before
+another one can probe or function correctly.
+
+Often these two dependency types come together, so a device depends on
+another one both with regards to driver presence *and* with regards to
+suspend/resume and shutdown ordering.
+
+Device links allow representation of such dependencies in the driver core.
+
+In its standard or *managed* form, a device link combines *both* dependency
+types:  It guarantees correct suspend/resume and shutdown ordering between a
+"supplier" device and its "consumer" devices, and it guarantees driver
+presence on the supplier.  The consumer devices are not probed before the
+supplier is bound to a driver, and they're unbound before the supplier
+is unbound.
+
+When driver presence on the supplier is irrelevant and only correct
+suspend/resume and shutdown ordering is needed, the device link may
+simply be set up with the ``DL_FLAG_STATELESS`` flag.  In other words,
+enforcing driver presence on the supplier is optional.
+
+Another optional feature is runtime PM integration:  By setting the
+``DL_FLAG_PM_RUNTIME`` flag on addition of the device link, the PM core
+is instructed to runtime resume the supplier and keep it active
+whenever and for as long as the consumer is runtime resumed.
+
+Usage
+=====
+
+The earliest point in time when device links can be added is after
+:c:func:`device_add()` has been called for the supplier and
+:c:func:`device_initialize()` has been called for the consumer.
+
+It is legal to add them later, but care must be taken that the system
+remains in a consistent state:  E.g. a device link cannot be added in
+the midst of a suspend/resume transition, so either commencement of
+such a transition needs to be prevented with :c:func:`lock_system_sleep()`,
+or the device link needs to be added from a function which is guaranteed
+not to run in parallel to a suspend/resume transition, such as from a
+device ``->probe`` callback or a boot-time PCI quirk.
+
+Another example for an inconsistent state would be a device link that
+represents a driver presence dependency, yet is added from the consumer's
+``->probe`` callback while the supplier hasn't started to probe yet:  Had the
+driver core known about the device link earlier, it wouldn't have probed the
+consumer in the first place.  The onus is thus on the consumer to check
+presence of the supplier after adding the link, and defer probing on
+non-presence.  [Note that it is valid to create a link from the consumer's
+``->probe`` callback while the supplier is still probing, but the consumer must
+know that the supplier is functional already at the link creation time (that is
+the case, for instance, if the consumer has just acquired some resources that
+would not have been available had the supplier not been functional then).]
+
+If a device link with ``DL_FLAG_STATELESS`` set (i.e. a stateless device link)
+is added in the ``->probe`` callback of the supplier or consumer driver, it is
+typically deleted in its ``->remove`` callback for symmetry.  That way, if the
+driver is compiled as a module, the device link is added on module load and
+orderly deleted on unload.  The same restrictions that apply to device link
+addition (e.g. exclusion of a parallel suspend/resume transition) apply equally
+to deletion.  Device links managed by the driver core are deleted automatically
+by it.
+
+Several flags may be specified on device link addition, two of which
+have already been mentioned above:  ``DL_FLAG_STATELESS`` to express that no
+driver presence dependency is needed (but only correct suspend/resume and
+shutdown ordering) and ``DL_FLAG_PM_RUNTIME`` to express that runtime PM
+integration is desired.
+
+Two other flags are specifically targeted at use cases where the device
+link is added from the consumer's ``->probe`` callback:  ``DL_FLAG_RPM_ACTIVE``
+can be specified to runtime resume the supplier and prevent it from suspending
+before the consumer is runtime suspended.  ``DL_FLAG_AUTOREMOVE_CONSUMER``
+causes the device link to be automatically purged when the consumer fails to
+probe or later unbinds.
+
+Similarly, when the device link is added from supplier's ``->probe`` callback,
+``DL_FLAG_AUTOREMOVE_SUPPLIER`` causes the device link to be automatically
+purged when the supplier fails to probe or later unbinds.
+
+If neither ``DL_FLAG_AUTOREMOVE_CONSUMER`` nor ``DL_FLAG_AUTOREMOVE_SUPPLIER``
+is set, ``DL_FLAG_AUTOPROBE_CONSUMER`` can be used to request the driver core
+to probe for a driver for the consumer driver on the link automatically after
+a driver has been bound to the supplier device.
+
+Note, however, that any combinations of ``DL_FLAG_AUTOREMOVE_CONSUMER``,
+``DL_FLAG_AUTOREMOVE_SUPPLIER`` or ``DL_FLAG_AUTOPROBE_CONSUMER`` with
+``DL_FLAG_STATELESS`` are invalid and cannot be used.
+
+Limitations
+===========
+
+Driver authors should be aware that a driver presence dependency for managed
+device links (i.e. when ``DL_FLAG_STATELESS`` is not specified on link addition)
+may cause probing of the consumer to be deferred indefinitely.  This can become
+a problem if the consumer is required to probe before a certain initcall level
+is reached.  Worse, if the supplier driver is blacklisted or missing, the
+consumer will never be probed.
+
+Moreover, managed device links cannot be deleted directly.  They are deleted
+by the driver core when they are not necessary any more in accordance with the
+``DL_FLAG_AUTOREMOVE_CONSUMER`` and ``DL_FLAG_AUTOREMOVE_SUPPLIER`` flags.
+However, stateless device links (i.e. device links with ``DL_FLAG_STATELESS``
+set) are expected to be removed by whoever called :c:func:`device_link_add()`
+to add them with the help of either :c:func:`device_link_del()` or
+:c:func:`device_link_remove()`.
+
+Passing ``DL_FLAG_RPM_ACTIVE`` along with ``DL_FLAG_STATELESS`` to
+:c:func:`device_link_add()` may cause the PM-runtime usage counter of the
+supplier device to remain nonzero after a subsequent invocation of either
+:c:func:`device_link_del()` or :c:func:`device_link_remove()` to remove the
+device link returned by it.  This happens if :c:func:`device_link_add()` is
+called twice in a row for the same consumer-supplier pair without removing the
+link between these calls, in which case allowing the PM-runtime usage counter
+of the supplier to drop on an attempt to remove the link may cause it to be
+suspended while the consumer is still PM-runtime-active and that has to be
+avoided.  [To work around this limitation it is sufficient to let the consumer
+runtime suspend at least once, or call :c:func:`pm_runtime_set_suspended()` for
+it with PM-runtime disabled, between the :c:func:`device_link_add()` and
+:c:func:`device_link_del()` or :c:func:`device_link_remove()` calls.]
+
+Sometimes drivers depend on optional resources.  They are able to operate
+in a degraded mode (reduced feature set or performance) when those resources
+are not present.  An example is an SPI controller that can use a DMA engine
+or work in PIO mode.  The controller can determine presence of the optional
+resources at probe time but on non-presence there is no way to know whether
+they will become available in the near future (due to a supplier driver
+probing) or never.  Consequently it cannot be determined whether to defer
+probing or not.  It would be possible to notify drivers when optional
+resources become available after probing, but it would come at a high cost
+for drivers as switching between modes of operation at runtime based on the
+availability of such resources would be much more complex than a mechanism
+based on probe deferral.  In any case optional resources are beyond the
+scope of device links.
+
+Examples
+========
+
+* An MMU device exists alongside a busmaster device, both are in the same
+  power domain.  The MMU implements DMA address translation for the busmaster
+  device and shall be runtime resumed and kept active whenever and as long
+  as the busmaster device is active.  The busmaster device's driver shall
+  not bind before the MMU is bound.  To achieve this, a device link with
+  runtime PM integration is added from the busmaster device (consumer)
+  to the MMU device (supplier).  The effect with regards to runtime PM
+  is the same as if the MMU was the parent of the master device.
+
+  The fact that both devices share the same power domain would normally
+  suggest usage of a struct dev_pm_domain or struct generic_pm_domain,
+  however these are not independent devices that happen to share a power
+  switch, but rather the MMU device serves the busmaster device and is
+  useless without it.  A device link creates a synthetic hierarchical
+  relationship between the devices and is thus more apt.
+
+* A Thunderbolt host controller comprises a number of PCIe hotplug ports
+  and an NHI device to manage the PCIe switch.  On resume from system sleep,
+  the NHI device needs to re-establish PCI tunnels to attached devices
+  before the hotplug ports can resume.  If the hotplug ports were children
+  of the NHI, this resume order would automatically be enforced by the
+  PM core, but unfortunately they're aunts.  The solution is to add
+  device links from the hotplug ports (consumers) to the NHI device
+  (supplier).  A driver presence dependency is not necessary for this
+  use case.
+
+* Discrete GPUs in hybrid graphics laptops often feature an HDA controller
+  for HDMI/DP audio.  In the device hierarchy the HDA controller is a sibling
+  of the VGA device, yet both share the same power domain and the HDA
+  controller is only ever needed when an HDMI/DP display is attached to the
+  VGA device.  A device link from the HDA controller (consumer) to the
+  VGA device (supplier) aptly represents this relationship.
+
+* ACPI allows definition of a device start order by way of _DEP objects.
+  A classical example is when ACPI power management methods on one device
+  are implemented in terms of I\ :sup:`2`\ C accesses and require a specific
+  I\ :sup:`2`\ C controller to be present and functional for the power
+  management of the device in question to work.
+
+* In some SoCs a functional dependency exists from display, video codec and
+  video processing IP cores on transparent memory access IP cores that handle
+  burst access and compression/decompression.
+
+Alternatives
+============
+
+* A struct dev_pm_domain can be used to override the bus,
+  class or device type callbacks.  It is intended for devices sharing
+  a single on/off switch, however it does not guarantee a specific
+  suspend/resume ordering, this needs to be implemented separately.
+  It also does not by itself track the runtime PM status of the involved
+  devices and turn off the power switch only when all of them are runtime
+  suspended.  Furthermore it cannot be used to enforce a specific shutdown
+  ordering or a driver presence dependency.
+
+* A struct generic_pm_domain is a lot more heavyweight than a
+  device link and does not allow for shutdown ordering or driver presence
+  dependencies.  It also cannot be used on ACPI systems.
+
+Implementation
+==============
+
+The device hierarchy, which -- as the name implies -- is a tree,
+becomes a directed acyclic graph once device links are added.
+
+Ordering of these devices during suspend/resume is determined by the
+dpm_list.  During shutdown it is determined by the devices_kset.  With
+no device links present, the two lists are a flattened, one-dimensional
+representations of the device tree such that a device is placed behind
+all its ancestors.  That is achieved by traversing the ACPI namespace
+or OpenFirmware device tree top-down and appending devices to the lists
+as they are discovered.
+
+Once device links are added, the lists need to satisfy the additional
+constraint that a device is placed behind all its suppliers, recursively.
+To ensure this, upon addition of the device link the consumer and the
+entire sub-graph below it (all children and consumers of the consumer)
+are moved to the end of the list.  (Call to :c:func:`device_reorder_to_tail()`
+from :c:func:`device_link_add()`.)
+
+To prevent introduction of dependency loops into the graph, it is
+verified upon device link addition that the supplier is not dependent
+on the consumer or any children or consumers of the consumer.
+(Call to :c:func:`device_is_dependent()` from :c:func:`device_link_add()`.)
+If that constraint is violated, :c:func:`device_link_add()` will return
+``NULL`` and a ``WARNING`` will be logged.
+
+Notably this also prevents the addition of a device link from a parent
+device to a child.  However the converse is allowed, i.e. a device link
+from a child to a parent.  Since the driver core already guarantees
+correct suspend/resume and shutdown ordering between parent and child,
+such a device link only makes sense if a driver presence dependency is
+needed on top of that.  In this case driver authors should weigh
+carefully if a device link is at all the right tool for the purpose.
+A more suitable approach might be to simply use deferred probing or
+add a device flag causing the parent driver to be probed before the
+child one.
+
+State machine
+=============
+
+.. kernel-doc:: include/linux/device.h
+   :functions: device_link_state
+
+::
+
+                 .=============================.
+                 |                             |
+                 v                             |
+ DORMANT <=> AVAILABLE <=> CONSUMER_PROBE => ACTIVE
+    ^                                          |
+    |                                          |
+    '============ SUPPLIER_UNBIND <============'
+
+* The initial state of a device link is automatically determined by
+  :c:func:`device_link_add()` based on the driver presence on the supplier
+  and consumer.  If the link is created before any devices are probed, it
+  is set to ``DL_STATE_DORMANT``.
+
+* When a supplier device is bound to a driver, links to its consumers
+  progress to ``DL_STATE_AVAILABLE``.
+  (Call to :c:func:`device_links_driver_bound()` from
+  :c:func:`driver_bound()`.)
+
+* Before a consumer device is probed, presence of supplier drivers is
+  verified by checking the consumer device is not in the wait_for_suppliers
+  list and by checking that links to suppliers are in ``DL_STATE_AVAILABLE``
+  state.  The state of the links is updated to ``DL_STATE_CONSUMER_PROBE``.
+  (Call to :c:func:`device_links_check_suppliers()` from
+  :c:func:`really_probe()`.)
+  This prevents the supplier from unbinding.
+  (Call to :c:func:`wait_for_device_probe()` from
+  :c:func:`device_links_unbind_consumers()`.)
+
+* If the probe fails, links to suppliers revert back to ``DL_STATE_AVAILABLE``.
+  (Call to :c:func:`device_links_no_driver()` from :c:func:`really_probe()`.)
+
+* If the probe succeeds, links to suppliers progress to ``DL_STATE_ACTIVE``.
+  (Call to :c:func:`device_links_driver_bound()` from :c:func:`driver_bound()`.)
+
+* When the consumer's driver is later on removed, links to suppliers revert
+  back to ``DL_STATE_AVAILABLE``.
+  (Call to :c:func:`__device_links_no_driver()` from
+  :c:func:`device_links_driver_cleanup()`, which in turn is called from
+  :c:func:`__device_release_driver()`.)
+
+* Before a supplier's driver is removed, links to consumers that are not
+  bound to a driver are updated to ``DL_STATE_SUPPLIER_UNBIND``.
+  (Call to :c:func:`device_links_busy()` from
+  :c:func:`__device_release_driver()`.)
+  This prevents the consumers from binding.
+  (Call to :c:func:`device_links_check_suppliers()` from
+  :c:func:`really_probe()`.)
+  Consumers that are bound are freed from their driver; consumers that are
+  probing are waited for until they are done.
+  (Call to :c:func:`device_links_unbind_consumers()` from
+  :c:func:`__device_release_driver()`.)
+  Once all links to consumers are in ``DL_STATE_SUPPLIER_UNBIND`` state,
+  the supplier driver is released and the links revert to ``DL_STATE_DORMANT``.
+  (Call to :c:func:`device_links_driver_cleanup()` from
+  :c:func:`__device_release_driver()`.)
+
+API
+===
+
+See device_link_add(), device_link_del() and device_link_remove().