Adding upstream version 6.1.76.upstream/6.1.76upstream

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

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+
+Making Filesystems Exportable
+=============================
+
+Overview
+--------
+
+All filesystem operations require a dentry (or two) as a starting
+point.  Local applications have a reference-counted hold on suitable
+dentries via open file descriptors or cwd/root.  However remote
+applications that access a filesystem via a remote filesystem protocol
+such as NFS may not be able to hold such a reference, and so need a
+different way to refer to a particular dentry.  As the alternative
+form of reference needs to be stable across renames, truncates, and
+server-reboot (among other things, though these tend to be the most
+problematic), there is no simple answer like 'filename'.
+
+The mechanism discussed here allows each filesystem implementation to
+specify how to generate an opaque (outside of the filesystem) byte
+string for any dentry, and how to find an appropriate dentry for any
+given opaque byte string.
+This byte string will be called a "filehandle fragment" as it
+corresponds to part of an NFS filehandle.
+
+A filesystem which supports the mapping between filehandle fragments
+and dentries will be termed "exportable".
+
+
+
+Dcache Issues
+-------------
+
+The dcache normally contains a proper prefix of any given filesystem
+tree.  This means that if any filesystem object is in the dcache, then
+all of the ancestors of that filesystem object are also in the dcache.
+As normal access is by filename this prefix is created naturally and
+maintained easily (by each object maintaining a reference count on
+its parent).
+
+However when objects are included into the dcache by interpreting a
+filehandle fragment, there is no automatic creation of a path prefix
+for the object.  This leads to two related but distinct features of
+the dcache that are not needed for normal filesystem access.
+
+1. The dcache must sometimes contain objects that are not part of the
+   proper prefix. i.e that are not connected to the root.
+2. The dcache must be prepared for a newly found (via ->lookup) directory
+   to already have a (non-connected) dentry, and must be able to move
+   that dentry into place (based on the parent and name in the
+   ->lookup).   This is particularly needed for directories as
+   it is a dcache invariant that directories only have one dentry.
+
+To implement these features, the dcache has:
+
+a. A dentry flag DCACHE_DISCONNECTED which is set on
+   any dentry that might not be part of the proper prefix.
+   This is set when anonymous dentries are created, and cleared when a
+   dentry is noticed to be a child of a dentry which is in the proper
+   prefix.  If the refcount on a dentry with this flag set
+   becomes zero, the dentry is immediately discarded, rather than being
+   kept in the dcache.  If a dentry that is not already in the dcache
+   is repeatedly accessed by filehandle (as NFSD might do), an new dentry
+   will be a allocated for each access, and discarded at the end of
+   the access.
+
+   Note that such a dentry can acquire children, name, ancestors, etc.
+   without losing DCACHE_DISCONNECTED - that flag is only cleared when
+   subtree is successfully reconnected to root.  Until then dentries
+   in such subtree are retained only as long as there are references;
+   refcount reaching zero means immediate eviction, same as for unhashed
+   dentries.  That guarantees that we won't need to hunt them down upon
+   umount.
+
+b. A primitive for creation of secondary roots - d_obtain_root(inode).
+   Those do _not_ bear DCACHE_DISCONNECTED.  They are placed on the
+   per-superblock list (->s_roots), so they can be located at umount
+   time for eviction purposes.
+
+c. Helper routines to allocate anonymous dentries, and to help attach
+   loose directory dentries at lookup time. They are:
+
+    d_obtain_alias(inode) will return a dentry for the given inode.
+      If the inode already has a dentry, one of those is returned.
+
+      If it doesn't, a new anonymous (IS_ROOT and
+      DCACHE_DISCONNECTED) dentry is allocated and attached.
+
+      In the case of a directory, care is taken that only one dentry
+      can ever be attached.
+
+    d_splice_alias(inode, dentry) will introduce a new dentry into the tree;
+      either the passed-in dentry or a preexisting alias for the given inode
+      (such as an anonymous one created by d_obtain_alias), if appropriate.
+      It returns NULL when the passed-in dentry is used, following the calling
+      convention of ->lookup.
+
+Filesystem Issues
+-----------------
+
+For a filesystem to be exportable it must:
+
+   1. provide the filehandle fragment routines described below.
+   2. make sure that d_splice_alias is used rather than d_add
+      when ->lookup finds an inode for a given parent and name.
+
+      If inode is NULL, d_splice_alias(inode, dentry) is equivalent to::
+
+		d_add(dentry, inode), NULL
+
+      Similarly, d_splice_alias(ERR_PTR(err), dentry) = ERR_PTR(err)
+
+      Typically the ->lookup routine will simply end with a::
+
+		return d_splice_alias(inode, dentry);
+	}
+
+
+
+A file system implementation declares that instances of the filesystem
+are exportable by setting the s_export_op field in the struct
+super_block.  This field must point to a "struct export_operations"
+struct which has the following members:
+
+ encode_fh  (optional)
+    Takes a dentry and creates a filehandle fragment which can later be used
+    to find or create a dentry for the same object.  The default
+    implementation creates a filehandle fragment that encodes a 32bit inode
+    and generation number for the inode encoded, and if necessary the
+    same information for the parent.
+
+  fh_to_dentry (mandatory)
+    Given a filehandle fragment, this should find the implied object and
+    create a dentry for it (possibly with d_obtain_alias).
+
+  fh_to_parent (optional but strongly recommended)
+    Given a filehandle fragment, this should find the parent of the
+    implied object and create a dentry for it (possibly with
+    d_obtain_alias).  May fail if the filehandle fragment is too small.
+
+  get_parent (optional but strongly recommended)
+    When given a dentry for a directory, this should return  a dentry for
+    the parent.  Quite possibly the parent dentry will have been allocated
+    by d_alloc_anon.  The default get_parent function just returns an error
+    so any filehandle lookup that requires finding a parent will fail.
+    ->lookup("..") is *not* used as a default as it can leave ".." entries
+    in the dcache which are too messy to work with.
+
+  get_name (optional)
+    When given a parent dentry and a child dentry, this should find a name
+    in the directory identified by the parent dentry, which leads to the
+    object identified by the child dentry.  If no get_name function is
+    supplied, a default implementation is provided which uses vfs_readdir
+    to find potential names, and matches inode numbers to find the correct
+    match.
+
+  flags
+    Some filesystems may need to be handled differently than others. The
+    export_operations struct also includes a flags field that allows the
+    filesystem to communicate such information to nfsd. See the Export
+    Operations Flags section below for more explanation.
+
+A filehandle fragment consists of an array of 1 or more 4byte words,
+together with a one byte "type".
+The decode_fh routine should not depend on the stated size that is
+passed to it.  This size may be larger than the original filehandle
+generated by encode_fh, in which case it will have been padded with
+nuls.  Rather, the encode_fh routine should choose a "type" which
+indicates the decode_fh how much of the filehandle is valid, and how
+it should be interpreted.
+
+Export Operations Flags
+-----------------------
+In addition to the operation vector pointers, struct export_operations also
+contains a "flags" field that allows the filesystem to communicate to nfsd
+that it may want to do things differently when dealing with it. The
+following flags are defined:
+
+  EXPORT_OP_NOWCC - disable NFSv3 WCC attributes on this filesystem
+    RFC 1813 recommends that servers always send weak cache consistency
+    (WCC) data to the client after each operation. The server should
+    atomically collect attributes about the inode, do an operation on it,
+    and then collect the attributes afterward. This allows the client to
+    skip issuing GETATTRs in some situations but means that the server
+    is calling vfs_getattr for almost all RPCs. On some filesystems
+    (particularly those that are clustered or networked) this is expensive
+    and atomicity is difficult to guarantee. This flag indicates to nfsd
+    that it should skip providing WCC attributes to the client in NFSv3
+    replies when doing operations on this filesystem. Consider enabling
+    this on filesystems that have an expensive ->getattr inode operation,
+    or when atomicity between pre and post operation attribute collection
+    is impossible to guarantee.
+
+  EXPORT_OP_NOSUBTREECHK - disallow subtree checking on this fs
+    Many NFS operations deal with filehandles, which the server must then
+    vet to ensure that they live inside of an exported tree. When the
+    export consists of an entire filesystem, this is trivial. nfsd can just
+    ensure that the filehandle live on the filesystem. When only part of a
+    filesystem is exported however, then nfsd must walk the ancestors of the
+    inode to ensure that it's within an exported subtree. This is an
+    expensive operation and not all filesystems can support it properly.
+    This flag exempts the filesystem from subtree checking and causes
+    exportfs to get back an error if it tries to enable subtree checking
+    on it.
+
+  EXPORT_OP_CLOSE_BEFORE_UNLINK - always close cached files before unlinking
+    On some exportable filesystems (such as NFS) unlinking a file that
+    is still open can cause a fair bit of extra work. For instance,
+    the NFS client will do a "sillyrename" to ensure that the file
+    sticks around while it's still open. When reexporting, that open
+    file is held by nfsd so we usually end up doing a sillyrename, and
+    then immediately deleting the sillyrenamed file just afterward when
+    the link count actually goes to zero. Sometimes this delete can race
+    with other operations (for instance an rmdir of the parent directory).
+    This flag causes nfsd to close any open files for this inode _before_
+    calling into the vfs to do an unlink or a rename that would replace
+    an existing file.