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authorDaniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>2024-04-07 16:18:56 +0000
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+<html>
+
+<head>
+
+<title>Postfix Virtual Domain Hosting Howto</title>
+
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
+
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+<h1><img src="postfix-logo.jpg" width="203" height="98" ALT="">Postfix
+Virtual Domain Hosting Howto</h1>
+
+<hr>
+
+<h2>Purpose of this document</h2>
+
+<p> This document requires Postfix version 2.0 or later. </p>
+
+<p> This document gives an overview of how Postfix can be used for
+hosting multiple Internet domains, both for final delivery on the
+machine itself and for the purpose of forwarding to destinations
+elsewhere. </p>
+
+<p> The text not only describes delivery mechanisms that are built
+into Postfix, but also gives pointers for using non-Postfix mail
+delivery software. </p>
+
+<p> The following topics are covered: </p>
+
+<ul>
+
+<li> <a href="#canonical">Canonical versus hosted versus other domains</a>
+
+<li> <a href="#local_vs_database">Local files versus network databases</a>
+
+<li> <a href="#local">As simple as can be: shared domains,
+UNIX system accounts</a>
+
+<li> <a href="#virtual_alias">Postfix virtual ALIAS example:
+separate domains, UNIX system accounts</a>
+
+<li> <a href="#virtual_mailbox">Postfix virtual MAILBOX example:
+separate domains, non-UNIX accounts</a>
+
+<li> <a href="#in_virtual_other">Non-Postfix mailbox store: separate
+domains, non-UNIX accounts</a>
+
+<li> <a href="#forwarding">Mail forwarding domains</a>
+
+<li> <a href="#mailing_lists">Mailing lists</a>
+
+<li> <a href="#autoreplies">Autoreplies</a>
+
+</ul>
+
+<h2><a name="canonical">Canonical versus hosted versus
+other domains</a></h2>
+
+<p>Most Postfix systems are the <b>final destination</b> for only a
+few domain names. These include the hostnames and [the IP addresses]
+of the machine that Postfix runs on, and sometimes also include
+the parent domain of the hostname. The remainder of this document
+will refer to these domains as the canonical domains. They are
+usually implemented with the Postfix local domain address class,
+as defined in the ADDRESS_CLASS_README file.</p>
+
+<p> Besides the canonical domains, Postfix can be configured to be
+the <b>final destination</b> for any number of additional domains.
+These domains are called hosted, because they are not directly
+associated with the name of the machine itself. Hosted domains are
+usually implemented with the virtual alias domain address class
+and/or with the virtual mailbox domain address class, as defined
+in the ADDRESS_CLASS_README file. </p>
+
+<p> But wait! There is more. Postfix can be configured as a backup
+MX host for other domains. In this case Postfix is <b>not the final
+destination</b> for those domains. It merely queues the mail when
+the primary MX host is down, and forwards the mail when the primary
+MX host becomes available. This function is implemented with the
+relay domain address class, as defined in the ADDRESS_CLASS_README
+file. </p>
+
+<p> Finally, Postfix can be configured as a transit host for sending
+mail across the internet. Obviously, Postfix is not the final destination
+for such mail. This function is available only for authorized
+clients and/or users, and is implemented by the default domain
+address class, as defined in the ADDRESS_CLASS_README file. </p>
+
+<h2><a name="local_vs_database">Local files versus network databases</a></h2>
+
+<p> The examples in this text use table lookups from local files
+such as DBM or Berkeley DB. These are easy to debug with the
+<b>postmap</b> command: </p>
+
+<blockquote>
+Example: <tt>postmap -q info@example.com hash:/etc/postfix/virtual</tt>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p> See the documentation in LDAP_README, MYSQL_README and PGSQL_README
+for how to replace local files by databases. The reader is strongly
+advised to make the system work with local files before migrating
+to network databases, and to use the <b>postmap</b> command to verify
+that network database lookups produce the exact same results as
+local file lookup. </p>
+
+<blockquote>
+Example: <tt>postmap -q info@example.com ldap:/etc/postfix/virtual.cf</tt>
+</blockquote>
+
+<h2><a name="local">As simple as can be: shared domains, UNIX system
+accounts</a></h2>
+
+<p> The simplest method to host an additional domain is to add the
+domain name to the domains listed in the Postfix mydestination
+configuration parameter, and to add the user names to the UNIX
+password file. </p>
+
+<p> This approach makes no distinction between canonical and hosted
+domains. Each username can receive mail in every domain. </p>
+
+<p> In the examples we will use "example.com" as the domain that is
+being hosted on the local Postfix machine. </p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<pre>
+/etc/postfix/main.cf:
+ mydestination = $myhostname localhost.$mydomain ... example.com
+</pre>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p> The limitations of this approach are: </p>
+
+<ul>
+
+<li>A total lack of separation: mail for info@my.host.name is
+delivered to the same UNIX system account as mail for info@example.com.
+
+<li> With users in the UNIX password file, administration of large
+numbers of users becomes inconvenient.
+
+</ul>
+
+<p> The examples that follow provide solutions for both limitations.
+</p>
+
+<h2><a name="virtual_alias">Postfix virtual ALIAS example:
+separate domains, UNIX system accounts</a></h2>
+
+<p> With the approach described in this section, every hosted domain
+can have its own info etc. email address. However, it still uses
+UNIX system accounts for local mailbox deliveries. </p>
+
+<p> With virtual alias domains, each hosted address is aliased to
+a local UNIX system account or to a remote address. The example
+below shows how to use this mechanism for the example.com domain.
+</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<pre>
+ 1 /etc/postfix/main.cf:
+ 2 virtual_alias_domains = example.com ...other hosted domains...
+ 3 virtual_alias_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/virtual
+ 4
+ 5 /etc/postfix/virtual:
+ 6 postmaster@example.com postmaster
+ 7 info@example.com joe
+ 8 sales@example.com jane
+ 9 # Uncomment entry below to implement a catch-all address
+10 # @example.com jim
+11 ...virtual aliases for more domains...
+</pre>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p> Notes: </p>
+
+<ul>
+
+<li> <p> Line 2: the virtual_alias_domains setting tells Postfix
+that example.com is a so-called virtual alias domain. If you omit
+this setting then Postfix will reject mail (relay access denied)
+or will not be able to deliver it (mail for example.com loops back
+to myself). </p>
+
+<p> NEVER list a virtual alias domain name as a mydestination
+domain! </p>
+
+<li> <p> Lines 3-8: the /etc/postfix/virtual file contains the virtual
+aliases. With the example above, mail for postmaster@example.com
+goes to the local postmaster, while mail for info@example.com goes
+to the UNIX account joe, and mail for sales@example.com goes to
+the UNIX account jane. Mail for all other addresses in example.com
+is rejected with the error message "User unknown". </p>
+
+<li> <p> Line 10: the commented out entry (text after #) shows how
+one would implement a catch-all virtual alias that receives mail
+for every example.com address not listed in the virtual alias file.
+This is not without risk. Spammers nowadays try to send mail from
+(or mail to) every possible name that they can think of. A catch-all
+mailbox is likely to receive many spam messages, and many bounces
+for spam messages that were sent in the name of anything@example.com.
+</p>
+
+</ul>
+
+<p>Execute the command "<b>postmap /etc/postfix/virtual</b>" after
+changing the virtual file, and execute the command "<b>postfix
+reload</b>" after changing the main.cf file. </p>
+
+<p> Note: virtual aliases can resolve to a local address or to a
+remote address, or both. They don't have to resolve to UNIX system
+accounts on your machine. </p>
+
+<p> More details about the virtual alias file are given in the
+virtual(5) manual page, including multiple addresses on the right-hand
+side. </p>
+
+<p> Virtual aliasing solves one problem: it allows each domain to
+have its own info mail address. But there still is one drawback:
+each virtual address is aliased to a UNIX system account. As you
+add more virtual addresses you also add more UNIX system accounts.
+The next section eliminates this problem. </p>
+
+<h2><a name="virtual_mailbox">Postfix virtual MAILBOX example:
+separate domains, non-UNIX accounts</a></h2>
+
+<p> As a system hosts more and more domains and users, it becomes less
+desirable to give every user their own UNIX system account.</p>
+
+<p> With the Postfix virtual(8) mailbox delivery agent, every
+recipient address can have its own virtual mailbox. Unlike virtual
+alias domains, virtual mailbox domains do not need the clumsy
+translation from each recipient addresses into a different address,
+and owners of a virtual mailbox address do not need to have a UNIX
+system account.</p>
+
+<p> The Postfix virtual(8) mailbox delivery agent looks up the user
+mailbox pathname, uid and gid via separate tables that are searched
+with the recipient's mail address. Maildir style delivery is turned
+on by terminating the mailbox pathname with "/".</p>
+
+<p> If you find the idea of multiple tables bothersome, remember
+that you can migrate the information (once it works), to an SQL
+database. If you take that route, be sure to review the <a
+href="#local_vs_database"> "local files versus databases"</a>
+section at the top of this document.</p>
+
+<p> Here is an example of a virtual mailbox domain "example.com":
+</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<pre>
+ 1 /etc/postfix/main.cf:
+ 2 virtual_mailbox_domains = example.com ...more domains...
+ 3 virtual_mailbox_base = /var/mail/vhosts
+ 4 virtual_mailbox_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/vmailbox
+ 5 virtual_minimum_uid = 100
+ 6 virtual_uid_maps = static:5000
+ 7 virtual_gid_maps = static:5000
+ 8 virtual_alias_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/virtual
+ 9
+10 /etc/postfix/vmailbox:
+11 info@example.com example.com/info
+12 sales@example.com example.com/sales/
+13 # Comment out the entry below to implement a catch-all.
+14 # @example.com example.com/catchall
+15 ...virtual mailboxes for more domains...
+16
+17 /etc/postfix/virtual:
+18 postmaster@example.com postmaster
+</pre>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p> Notes: </p>
+
+<ul>
+
+<li> <p> Line 2: The virtual_mailbox_domains setting tells Postfix
+that example.com is a so-called virtual mailbox domain. If you omit
+this setting then Postfix will reject mail (relay access denied)
+or will not be able to deliver it (mail for example.com loops back
+to myself). </p>
+
+<p> NEVER list a virtual MAILBOX domain name as a mydestination
+domain! </p>
+
+<p> NEVER list a virtual MAILBOX domain name as a virtual ALIAS
+domain! </p>
+
+<li> <p> Line 3: The virtual_mailbox_base parameter specifies a
+prefix for all virtual mailbox pathnames. This is a safety mechanism
+in case someone makes a mistake. It prevents mail from being
+delivered all over the file system. </p>
+
+<li> <p> Lines 4, 10-15: The virtual_mailbox_maps parameter specifies
+the lookup table with mailbox (or maildir) pathnames, indexed by
+the virtual mail address. In this example, mail for info@example.com
+goes to the mailbox at /var/mail/vhosts/example.com/info while mail
+for sales@example.com goes to the maildir located at
+/var/mail/vhosts/example.com/sales/. </p>
+
+<li> <p> Line 5: The virtual_minimum_uid specifies a lower bound
+on the mailbox or maildir owner's UID. This is a safety mechanism
+in case someone makes a mistake. It prevents mail from being written
+to sensitive files. </p>
+
+<li> <p> Lines 6, 7: The virtual_uid_maps and virtual_gid_maps
+parameters specify that all the virtual mailboxes are owned by a
+fixed uid and gid 5000. If this is not what you want, specify
+lookup tables that are searched by the recipient's mail address.
+</p>
+
+<li> <p> Line 14: The commented out entry (text after #) shows how
+one would implement a catch-all virtual mailbox address. Be prepared
+to receive a lot of spam, as well as bounced spam that was sent in
+the name of anything@example.com. </p>
+
+<p> NEVER put a virtual MAILBOX wild-card in the virtual ALIAS
+file!! </p>
+
+<li> <p> Lines 8, 17, 18: As you see, it is possible to mix virtual
+aliases with virtual mailboxes. We use this feature to redirect
+mail for example.com's postmaster address to the local postmaster.
+You can use the same mechanism to redirect an address to a remote
+address. </p>
+
+<li> <p> Line 18: This example assumes that in main.cf, $myorigin
+is listed under the mydestination parameter setting. If that is
+not the case, specify an explicit domain name on the right-hand
+side of the virtual alias table entries or else mail will go to
+the wrong domain. </p>
+
+</ul>
+
+<p> Execute the command "<b>postmap /etc/postfix/virtual</b>" after
+changing the virtual file, execute "<b>postmap /etc/postfix/vmailbox</b>"
+after changing the vmailbox file, and execute the command "<b>postfix
+reload</b>" after changing the main.cf file. </p>
+
+<p> Note: mail delivery happens with the recipient's UID/GID
+privileges specified with virtual_uid_maps and virtual_gid_maps.
+Postfix 2.0 and earlier will not create mailDIRs in world-writable
+parent directories; you must create them in advance before you can
+use them. Postfix may be able to create mailBOX files by itself,
+depending on parent directory write permissions, but it is safer
+to create mailBOX files ahead of time. </p>
+
+<p> More details about the virtual mailbox delivery agent are given
+in the virtual(8) manual page. </p>
+
+<h2><a name="in_virtual_other">Non-Postfix mailbox store: separate
+domains, non-UNIX accounts</a></h2>
+
+<p> This is a variation on the Postfix virtual mailbox example.
+Again, every hosted address can have its own mailbox. However, most
+parameters that control the virtual(8) delivery agent are no longer
+applicable: only virtual_mailbox_domains and virtual_mailbox_maps
+stay in effect. These parameters are needed to reject mail for
+unknown recipients. </p>
+
+<p> While non-Postfix software is being used for final delivery,
+some Postfix concepts are still needed in order to glue everything
+together. For additional background on this glue you may want to
+take a look at the virtual mailbox domain class as defined in the
+ADDRESS_CLASS_README file. </p>
+
+<p> The text in this section describes what things should look like
+from Postfix's point of view. See CYRUS_README or MAILDROP_README
+for specific information about Cyrus or about Courier maildrop.
+</p>
+
+<p> Here is an example for a hosted domain example.com that delivers
+to a non-Postfix delivery agent: </p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<pre>
+ 1 /etc/postfix/main.cf:
+ 2 virtual_transport = ...see below...
+ 3 virtual_mailbox_domains = example.com ...more domains...
+ 4 virtual_mailbox_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/vmailbox
+ 5 virtual_alias_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/virtual
+ 6
+ 7 /etc/postfix/vmailbox:
+ 8 info@example.com whatever
+ 9 sales@example.com whatever
+10 # Comment out the entry below to implement a catch-all.
+11 # Configure the mailbox store to accept all addresses.
+12 # @example.com whatever
+13 ...virtual mailboxes for more domains...
+14
+15 /etc/postfix/virtual:
+16 postmaster@example.com postmaster
+</pre>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p> Notes: </p>
+
+<ul>
+
+<li> <p> Line 2: With delivery to a non-Postfix mailbox store for
+hosted domains, the virtual_transport parameter usually specifies
+the Postfix LMTP client, or the name of a master.cf entry that
+executes non-Postfix software via the pipe delivery agent. Typical
+examples (use only one): </p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<pre>
+virtual_transport = lmtp:unix:/path/name (uses UNIX-domain socket)
+virtual_transport = lmtp:hostname:port (uses TCP socket)
+virtual_transport = maildrop: (uses pipe(8) to command)
+</pre>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p> Postfix comes ready with support for LMTP. And an example
+maildrop delivery method is already defined in the default Postfix
+master.cf file. See the MAILDROP_README document for more details.
+</p>
+
+<li> <p> Line 3: The virtual_mailbox_domains setting tells Postfix
+that example.com is delivered via the virtual_transport that was
+discussed in the previous paragraph. If you omit this
+virtual_mailbox_domains setting then Postfix will either reject
+mail (relay access denied) or will not be able to deliver it (mail
+for example.com loops back to myself). </p>
+
+<p> NEVER list a virtual MAILBOX domain name as a mydestination
+domain! </p>
+
+<p> NEVER list a virtual MAILBOX domain name as a virtual ALIAS
+domain! </p>
+
+<li> <p> Lines 4, 7-13: The virtual_mailbox_maps parameter specifies
+the lookup table with all valid recipient addresses. The lookup
+result value is ignored by Postfix. In the above example,
+info@example.com
+and sales@example.com are listed as valid addresses; other mail for
+example.com is rejected with "User unknown" by the Postfix SMTP
+server. It's left up to the non-Postfix delivery agent to reject
+non-existent recipients from local submission or from local alias
+expansion. If you intend to
+use LDAP, MySQL or PgSQL instead of local files, be sure to review
+the <a href="#local_vs_database"> "local files versus databases"</a>
+section at the top of this document! </p>
+
+<li> <p> Line 12: The commented out entry (text after #) shows how
+one would inform Postfix of the existence of a catch-all address.
+Again, the lookup result is ignored by Postfix. </p>
+
+<p> NEVER put a virtual MAILBOX wild-card in the virtual ALIAS
+file!! </p>
+
+<p> Note: if you specify a wildcard in virtual_mailbox_maps, then
+you still need to configure the non-Postfix mailbox store to receive
+mail for any address in that domain. </p>
+
+<li> <p> Lines 5, 15, 16: As you see above, it is possible to mix
+virtual aliases with virtual mailboxes. We use this feature to
+redirect mail for example.com's postmaster address to the local
+postmaster. You can use the same mechanism to redirect any addresses
+to a local or remote address. </p>
+
+<li> <p> Line 16: This example assumes that in main.cf, $myorigin
+is listed under the mydestination parameter setting. If that is
+not the case, specify an explicit domain name on the right-hand
+side of the virtual alias table entries or else mail will go to
+the wrong domain. </p>
+
+</ul>
+
+<p> Execute the command "<b>postmap /etc/postfix/virtual</b>" after
+changing the virtual file, execute "<b>postmap /etc/postfix/vmailbox</b>"
+after changing the vmailbox file, and execute the command "<b>postfix
+reload</b>" after changing the main.cf file. </p>
+
+<h2><a name="forwarding">Mail forwarding domains</a></h2>
+
+<p> Some providers host domains that have no (or only a few) local
+mailboxes. The main purpose of these domains is to forward mail
+elsewhere. The following example shows how to set up example.com
+as a mail forwarding domain: </p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<pre>
+ 1 /etc/postfix/main.cf:
+ 2 virtual_alias_domains = example.com ...other hosted domains...
+ 3 virtual_alias_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/virtual
+ 4
+ 5 /etc/postfix/virtual:
+ 6 postmaster@example.com postmaster
+ 7 joe@example.com joe@somewhere
+ 8 jane@example.com jane@somewhere-else
+ 9 # Uncomment entry below to implement a catch-all address
+10 # @example.com jim@yet-another-site
+11 ...virtual aliases for more domains...
+</pre>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p> Notes: </p>
+
+<ul>
+
+<li> <p> Line 2: The virtual_alias_domains setting tells Postfix
+that example.com is a so-called virtual alias domain. If you omit
+this setting then Postfix will reject mail (relay access denied)
+or will not be able to deliver it (mail for example.com loops back
+to myself). </p>
+
+<p> NEVER list a virtual alias domain name as a mydestination
+domain! </p>
+
+<li> <p> Lines 3-11: The /etc/postfix/virtual file contains the
+virtual aliases. With the example above, mail for postmaster@example.com
+goes to the local postmaster, while mail for joe@example.com goes
+to the remote address joe@somewhere, and mail for jane@example.com
+goes to the remote address jane@somewhere-else. Mail for all other
+addresses in example.com is rejected with the error message "User
+unknown". </p>
+
+<li> <p> Line 10: The commented out entry (text after #) shows how
+one would implement a catch-all virtual alias that receives mail
+for every example.com address not listed in the virtual alias file.
+This is not without risk. Spammers nowadays try to send mail from
+(or mail to) every possible name that they can think of. A catch-all
+mailbox is likely to receive many spam messages, and many bounces
+for spam messages that were sent in the name of anything@example.com.
+</p>
+
+</ul>
+
+<p> Execute the command "<b>postmap /etc/postfix/virtual</b>" after
+changing the virtual file, and execute the command "<b>postfix
+reload</b>" after changing the main.cf file. </p>
+
+<p> More details about the virtual alias file are given in the
+virtual(5) manual page, including multiple addresses on the right-hand
+side. </p>
+
+<h2><a name="mailing_lists">Mailing lists</a></h2>
+
+<p> The examples that were given above already show how to direct
+mail for virtual postmaster addresses to a local postmaster. You
+can use the same method to direct mail for any address to a local
+or remote address. </p>
+
+<p> There is one major limitation: virtual aliases and virtual
+mailboxes can't directly deliver to mailing list managers such as
+majordomo. The solution is to set up virtual aliases that direct
+virtual addresses to the local delivery agent: </p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<pre>
+/etc/postfix/main.cf:
+ virtual_alias_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/virtual
+
+/etc/postfix/virtual:
+ listname-request@example.com listname-request
+ listname@example.com listname
+ owner-listname@example.com owner-listname
+
+/etc/aliases:
+ listname: "|/some/where/majordomo/wrapper ..."
+ owner-listname: ...
+ listname-request: ...
+</pre>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p> This example assumes that in main.cf, $myorigin is listed under
+the mydestination parameter setting. If that is not the case,
+specify an explicit domain name on the right-hand side of the
+virtual alias table entries or else mail will go to the wrong
+domain. </p>
+
+<p> More information about the Postfix local delivery agent can be
+found in the local(8) manual page. </p>
+
+<p> Why does this example use a clumsy virtual alias instead of a
+more elegant transport mapping? The reason is that mail for the
+virtual mailing list would be rejected with "User unknown". In
+order to make the transport mapping work one would still need a
+bunch of virtual alias or virtual mailbox table entries. </p>
+
+<ul>
+
+<li> In case of a virtual alias domain, there would need to be one
+identity mapping from each mailing list address to itself.
+
+<li> In case of a virtual mailbox domain, there would need to be
+a dummy mailbox for each mailing list address.
+
+</ul>
+
+<h2><a name="autoreplies">Autoreplies</a></h2>
+
+<p> In order to set up an autoreply for virtual recipients while
+still delivering mail as normal, set up a rule in a virtual alias
+table: </p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<pre>
+/etc/postfix/main.cf:
+ virtual_alias_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/virtual
+
+/etc/postfix/virtual:
+ user@domain.tld user@domain.tld, user@domain.tld@autoreply.mydomain.tld
+</pre>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p> This delivers mail to the recipient, and sends a copy of the
+mail to the address that produces automatic replies. The address
+can be serviced on a different machine, or it can be serviced
+locally by setting up a transport map entry that pipes all mail
+for autoreply.mydomain.tld into some script that sends an automatic
+reply back to the sender. </p>
+
+<p> DO NOT list autoreply.mydomain.tld in mydestination! </p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<pre>
+/etc/postfix/main.cf:
+ transport_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/transport
+
+/etc/postfix/transport:
+ autoreply.mydomain.tld autoreply:
+
+/etc/postfix/master.cf:
+ # =============================================================
+ # service type private unpriv chroot wakeup maxproc command
+ # (yes) (yes) (yes) (never) (100)
+ # =============================================================
+ autoreply unix - n n - - pipe
+ flags= user=nobody argv=/path/to/autoreply $sender $mailbox
+</pre>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p> This invokes /path/to/autoreply with the sender address and
+the user@domain.tld recipient address on the command line. </p>
+
+<p> For more information, see the pipe(8) manual page, and the
+comments in the Postfix master.cf file. </p>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>