From b7c15c31519dc44c1f691e0466badd556ffe9423 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Daniel Baumann Date: Sun, 7 Apr 2024 18:18:56 +0200 Subject: Adding upstream version 3.7.10. Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann --- html/BACKSCATTER_README.html | 410 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 410 insertions(+) create mode 100644 html/BACKSCATTER_README.html (limited to 'html/BACKSCATTER_README.html') diff --git a/html/BACKSCATTER_README.html b/html/BACKSCATTER_README.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f4e26ed --- /dev/null +++ b/html/BACKSCATTER_README.html @@ -0,0 +1,410 @@ + + + + + + +Postfix Backscatter Howto + + + + + + + +

Postfix +Backscatter Howto

+ +

Overview

+ +

This document describes features that require Postfix version +2.0 or later.

+ +

Topics covered in this document:

+ +

What is backscatter mail? + +
How do I block backscatter mail to random +recipient addresses? + +
How do I block backscatter mail to real +recipient addresses? + +
+ +

+ +

The examples use Perl Compatible Regular Expressions (Postfix +pcre: tables), but also provide a translation to POSIX regular +expressions (Postfix regexp: tables). PCRE is preferred primarily +because the implementation is often faster.

+ +

What is backscatter mail?

+ +

When a spammer or worm sends mail with forged sender addresses, +innocent sites are flooded with undeliverable mail notifications. +This is called backscatter mail. With Postfix, you know that you're +a backscatter victim when your logfile goes on and on like this: +

+ +

+Dec  4 04:30:09 hostname postfix/smtpd[58549]: NOQUEUE: reject:
+RCPT from xxxxxxx[x.x.x.x]: 550 5.1.1 <yyyyyy@your.domain.here>:
+Recipient address rejected: User unknown; from=<>
+to=<yyyyyy@your.domain.here> proto=ESMTP helo=<zzzzzz>
+

+ +

What you see are lots of "user unknown" errors with "from=<>". +These are error reports from MAILER-DAEMONs elsewhere on the Internet, +about email that was sent with a false sender address in your domain. +

+ +

How do I block backscatter mail to random +recipient addresses?

+ +

If your machine receives backscatter mail to random addresses, +configure Postfix to reject all mail for non-existent recipients +as described in the LOCAL_RECIPIENT_README and +STANDARD_CONFIGURATION_README documentation.

+ +

If your machine runs Postfix 2.0 and earlier, disable the "pause +before reject" feature in the SMTP server. If your system is under +stress then it should not waste time.

+ +

+/etc/postfix/main.cf:
+    # Not needed with Postfix 2.1 and later.
+    smtpd_error_sleep_time = 0
+
+    # Not needed with Postfix 2.4 and later.
+    unknown_local_recipient_reject_code = 550
+

+ +

How do I block backscatter mail to real +recipient addresses?

+ +

When backscatter mail passes the "unknown recipient" barrier, +there still is no need to despair. Many mail systems are kind +enough to attach the message headers of the undeliverable mail in +the non-delivery notification. These message headers contain +information that you can use to recognize and block forged mail. +

+ +

Blocking backscatter mail with forged +mail server information

+ +

Although my email address is "wietse@porcupine.org", all my +mail systems announce themselves with the SMTP HELO command as +"hostname.porcupine.org". Thus, if returned mail has a Received: +message header like this:

+ +

+Received: from porcupine.org ...
+

+ +

Then I know that this is almost certainly forged mail (almost; +see next section for the fly in the ointment). +Mail that is really +sent by my systems looks like this:

+ +

+Received: from hostname.porcupine.org ...
+

+ +

For the same reason the following message headers are very likely +to be the result of forgery:

+ +

+Received: from host.example.com ([1.2.3.4] helo=porcupine.org) ...
+Received: from [1.2.3.4] (port=12345 helo=porcupine.org) ...
+Received: from host.example.com (HELO porcupine.org) ...
+Received: from host.example.com (EHLO porcupine.org) ...
+

+ +

Some forgeries show up in the way that a mail server reports +itself in Received: message headers. Keeping in mind that all my +systems have a mail server name of hostname.porcupine.org, +the following is definitely a forgery:

+ +

+Received: by porcupine.org ...
+Received: from host.example.com ( ... ) by porcupine.org ...
+

+ +

Another frequent sign of forgery is the Message-ID: header. My +systems produce a Message-ID: of +<stuff@hostname.porcupine.org>. The following +are forgeries, especially the first one: + +

+Message-ID: <1cb479435d8eb9.2beb1.qmail@porcupine.org>
+Message-ID: <yulszqocfzsficvzzju@porcupine.org>
+

+ +

To block such backscatter I use header_checks and body_checks +patterns like this:

+ +

+/etc/postfix/main.cf:
+    header_checks = pcre:/etc/postfix/header_checks
+    body_checks = pcre:/etc/postfix/body_checks
+
+/etc/postfix/header_checks:
+    # Do not indent the patterns between "if" and "endif".
+    if /^Received:/
+    /^Received: +from +(porcupine\.org) +/
+        reject forged client name in Received: header: $1
+    /^Received: +from +[^ ]+ +\(([^ ]+ +[he]+lo=|[he]+lo +)(porcupine\.org)\)/
+        reject forged client name in Received: header: $2
+    /^Received:.* +by +(porcupine\.org)\b/
+        reject forged mail server name in Received: header: $1
+    endif
+    /^Message-ID:.* <!&!/ DUNNO
+    /^Message-ID:.*@(porcupine\.org)/
+        reject forged domain name in Message-ID: header: $1
+
+/etc/postfix/body_checks:
+    # Do not indent the patterns between "if" and "endif".
+    if /^[> ]*Received:/
+    /^[> ]*Received: +from +(porcupine\.org) /
+        reject forged client name in Received: header: $1
+    /^[> ]*Received: +from +[^ ]+ +\(([^ ]+ +[he]+lo=|[he]+lo +)(porcupine\.org)\)/
+        reject forged client name in Received: header: $2
+    /^[> ]*Received:.* +by +(porcupine\.org)\b/
+        reject forged mail server name in Received: header: $1
+    endif
+    /^[> ]*Message-ID:.* <!&!/ DUNNO
+    /^[> ]*Message-ID:.*@(porcupine\.org)/
+        reject forged domain name in Message-ID: header: $1
+

+ +

Notes:

+ +

The example uses pcre: tables mainly for speed; with minor +modifications, you can use regexp: tables as explained below.
+ +
The example is simplified for educational purposes. In +reality my patterns list multiple domain names, as +"(domain|domain|...)".
+ +
The "\." matches "." literally. Without +the "\", the "." would match any character.
+ +
The "\(" and "\)" match "(" +and ")" literally. Without the "\", the "(" +and ")" would be grouping operators.
+ +
The "\b" is used here to match the end of a word. +If you use regexp: tables, specify "[[:>:]]" (on some +systems you should specify "\>" instead; for details +see your system documentation). + +
The "if /pattern/" and "endif" eliminate unnecessary +matching attempts. DO NOT indent lines starting with /pattern/ +between the "if" and "endif"!
+ +
The two "Message-ID:.* <!&!" rules are +workarounds for some versions of Outlook express, as described in +the caveats section below. + +

+ +

Caveats

+ +

+ +
Netscape Messenger (and reportedly, Mozilla) sends a HELO name +that is identical to the sender address domain part. If you have +such clients then the above patterns would block legitimate email. +
+ +
My network has only one such machine, and to prevent its mail +from being blocked I have configured it to send mail as +user@hostname.porcupine.org. On the Postfix server, a canonical +mapping translates this temporary address into user@porcupine.org. +
+ +
+
```
+/etc/postfix/main.cf:
+    canonical_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/canonical
+
+/etc/postfix/canonical:
+    @hostname.porcupine.org @porcupine.org
+
```
+
+ +
This is of course practical only when you have very few systems +that send HELO commands like this, and when you never have to send +mail to a user on such a host.
+ +
An alternative would be to remove the hostname from +"hostname.porcupine.org" with address +masquerading, as described in the ADDRESS_REWRITING_README document. +
+ +
Reportedly, Outlook 2003 (perhaps Outlook Express, and +other versions as well) present substantially different Message-ID +headers depending upon whether or not a DSN is requested (via Options +"Request a delivery receipt for this message").
+ +
When a DSN is requested, Outlook 2003 uses a Message-ID string +that ends in the sender's domain name:
+ +
+
```
+Message-ID: <!&! ...very long string... ==@example.com>
+
```
+
+ +
where example.com is the domain name part of the email +address specified in Outlook's account settings for the user. Since +many users configure their email addresses as username@example.com, +messages with DSN turned on will trigger the REJECT action in the +previous section.
+ +
If you have such clients then you can exclude their Message-ID +strings with the two "Message-ID:.* <!&!" patterns +that are shown in the previous section. Otherwise you will not be +able to use the two backscatter rules to stop forged Message ID +strings. Of course this workaround may break the next time Outlook +is changed.
+ +

+ +

Blocking backscatter mail with forged +sender information

+ +Like many people I still have a few email addresses in domains that +I used in the past. Mail for those addresses is forwarded to my +current address. Most of the backscatter mail that I get claims +to be sent from these addresses. Such mail is obviously forged +and is very easy to stop. + +

+/etc/postfix/main.cf:
+    header_checks = pcre:/etc/postfix/header_checks
+    body_checks = pcre:/etc/postfix/body_checks
+
+/etc/postfix/header_checks:
+    /^(From|Return-Path):.*\b(user@domain\.tld)\b/ 
+        reject forged sender address in $1: header: $2
+
+/etc/postfix/body_checks:
+    /^[> ]*(From|Return-Path):.*\b(user@domain\.tld)\b/ 
+        reject forged sender address in $1: header: $2
+

+ +

Notes:

+ +

The example uses pcre: tables mainly for speed; with minor +modifications, you can use regexp: tables as explained below.
+ +
The example is simplified for educational purposes. In +reality, my patterns list multiple email addresses as +"(user1@domain1\.tld|user2@domain2\.tld)".
+ +
The two "\b" as used in "\b(user@domain\.tld)\b" +match the beginning and end of a word, respectively. If you use +regexp: tables, specify "[[:<:]] and [[:>:]]" +(on some systems you should specify "\< and \>" +instead; for details see your system documentation).
+ +
The "\." matches "." literally. Without +the "\", the "." would match any character.
+ +

+ +

Blocking backscatter mail with other +forged information

+ +

Another sign of forgery can be found in the IP address that is +recorded in Received: headers next to your HELO host or domain name. +This information must be used with care, though. Some mail servers +are behind a network address translator and never see the true +client IP address.

+ +

Blocking backscatter mail from virus +scanners

+ +

With all the easily recognizable forgeries eliminated, there +is one category of backscatter mail that remains, and that is +notifications from virus scanner software. Unfortunately, some +virus scanning software doesn't know that viruses forge sender +addresses. To make matters worse, the software also doesn't know +how to report a mail delivery problem, so that we cannot use the +above techniques to recognize forgeries.

+ +

Recognizing virus scanner mail is an error prone process, +because there is a lot of variation in report formats. The following +is only a small example of message header patterns. For a large +collection of header and body patterns that recognize virus +notification email, see +https://web.archive.org/web/20100317123907/http://std.dkuug.dk/keld/virus/ +or http://www.t29.dk/antiantivirus.txt.

+ +

+/etc/postfix/header_checks:
+    /^Subject: *Your email contains VIRUSES/ DISCARD virus notification
+    /^Content-Disposition:.*VIRUS1_DETECTED_AND_REMOVED/
+        DISCARD virus notification
+    /^Content-Disposition:.*VirusWarning.txt/ DISCARD virus notification
+

+ +

Note: these documents haven't been updated since 2004, so they +are useful only as a starting point.

+ +

A plea to virus or spam scanner operators: please do not make +the problem worse by sending return mail to forged sender addresses. +You're only harassing innocent people. If you must return mail to +the purported sender, please return the full message headers, so +that the sender can filter out the obvious forgeries.

+ + + + -- cgit v1.2.3