From 6bf0a5cb5034a7e684dcc3500e841785237ce2dd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Daniel Baumann Date: Sun, 7 Apr 2024 19:32:43 +0200 Subject: Adding upstream version 1:115.7.0. Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann --- intl/l10n/docs/fluent/tutorial.rst | 750 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 750 insertions(+) create mode 100644 intl/l10n/docs/fluent/tutorial.rst (limited to 'intl/l10n/docs/fluent/tutorial.rst') diff --git a/intl/l10n/docs/fluent/tutorial.rst b/intl/l10n/docs/fluent/tutorial.rst new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1312efd448 --- /dev/null +++ b/intl/l10n/docs/fluent/tutorial.rst @@ -0,0 +1,750 @@ +.. role:: html(code) + :language: html + +.. role:: js(code) + :language: javascript + +============================= +Fluent for Firefox Developers +============================= + + +This tutorial is intended for Firefox engineers already familiar with the previous +localization systems offered by Gecko - `DTD`_ and `StringBundle`_ - and assumes +prior experience with those systems. + +For a more hands-on tutorial of understanding Fluent from the ground up, try +following the `Fluent DOMLocalization Tutorial`__, which provides some background on +how Fluent works and walks you through creating a basic web project from scratch that +uses Fluent for localization. + +__ https://projectfluent.org/dom-l10n-documentation/ + +Using Fluent in Gecko +===================== + +`Fluent`_ is a modern localization system introduced into +the Gecko platform with a focus on quality, performance, maintenance and completeness. + +The legacy DTD system is deprecated, and Fluent should be used where possible. + +Getting a Review +---------------- + +If you work on any patch that touches FTL files, you'll need to get a review +from `fluent-reviewers`__. There's a Herald hook that automatically sets +that group as a blocking reviewer. + +__ https://phabricator.services.mozilla.com/tag/fluent-reviewers/ + +Guidelines for the review process are available `here`__. + +__ ./fluent_review.html + +To lighten the burden on reviewers, please take a moment to review some +best practices before submitting your patch for review. + +- `ProjectFluent Good Practices for Developers`_ +- `Mozilla Localization Best Practices For Developers`_ + +.. _ProjectFluent Good Practices for Developers: https://github.com/projectfluent/fluent/wiki/Good-Practices-for-Developers +.. _Mozilla Localization Best Practices For Developers: https://mozilla-l10n.github.io/documentation/localization/dev_best_practices.html + +Major Benefits +============== + +Fluent `ties tightly`__ into the domain of internationalization +through `Unicode`_, `CLDR`_ and `ICU`_. + +__ https://github.com/projectfluent/fluent/wiki/Fluent-and-Standards + +More specifically, the most observable benefits for each group of consumers are + + +Developers +---------- + + - Support for XUL, XHTML, HTML, Web Components, React, JS, Python and Rust + - Strings are available in a single, unified localization context available for both DOM and runtime code + - Full internationalization (i18n) support: date and time formatting, number formatting, plurals, genders etc. + - Strong focus on `declarative API via DOM attributes`__ + - Extensible with custom formatters, Mozilla-specific APIs etc. + - `Separation of concerns`__: localization details, and the added complexity of some languages, don't leak onto the source code and are no concern for developers + - Compound messages link a single translation unit to a single UI element + - `DOM Overlays`__ allow for localization of DOM fragments + - Simplified build system model + - No need for pre-processing instructions + - Support for pseudolocalization + +__ https://github.com/projectfluent/fluent/wiki/Get-Started +__ https://github.com/projectfluent/fluent/wiki/Design-Principles +__ https://github.com/projectfluent/fluent.js/wiki/DOM-Overlays + + +Product Quality +------------------ + + - A robust, multilevel, `error fallback system`__ prevents XML errors and runtime errors + - Simplified l10n API reduces the amount of l10n specific code and resulting bugs + - Runtime localization allows for dynamic language changes and updates over-the-air + - DOM Overlays increase localization security + +__ https://github.com/projectfluent/fluent/wiki/Error-Handling + + +Fluent Translation List - FTL +============================= + +Fluent introduces a file format designed specifically for easy readability +and the localization features offered by the system. + +At first glance the format is a simple key-value store. It may look like this: + +.. code-block:: fluent + + home-page-header = Home Page + + # The label of a button opening a new tab + new-tab-open = Open New Tab + +But the FTL file format is significantly more powerful and the additional features +quickly add up. In order to familiarize yourself with the basic features, +consider reading through the `Fluent Syntax Guide`_ to understand +a more complex example like: + +.. code-block:: fluent + + ### These messages correspond to security and privacy user interface. + ### + ### Please choose simple and non-threatening language when localizing + ### to help user feel in control when interacting with the UI. + + ## General Section + + -brand-short-name = Firefox + .gender = masculine + + pref-pane = + .title = + { PLATFORM() -> + [windows] Options + *[other] Preferences + } + .accesskey = C + + # Variables: + # $tabCount (Number) - number of container tabs to be closed + containers-disable-alert-ok-button = + { $tabCount -> + [one] Close { $tabCount } Container Tab + *[other] Close { $tabCount } Container Tabs + } + + update-application-info = + You are using { -brand-short-name } Version: { $version }. + Please read the privacy policy. + +The above, of course, is a particular selection of complex strings intended to exemplify +the new features and concepts introduced by Fluent. + +.. important:: + + While in Fluent it’s possible to use both lowercase and uppercase characters in message + identifiers, the naming convention in Gecko is to use lowercase and hyphens, avoiding + CamelCase and underscores. For example, `allow-button` should be preferred to + `allow_button` or `allowButton`, unless there are technically constraints – like + identifiers generated at run-time from external sources – that make this impractical. + +In order to ensure the quality of the output, a lot of checks and tooling +is part of the build system. +`Pontoon`_, the main localization tool used to translate Firefox, also supports +Fluent and its features to help localizers in their work. + + +.. _fluent-tutorial-social-contract: + +Social Contract +=============== + +Fluent uses the concept of a `social contract` between developer and localizers. +This contract is established by the selection of a unique identifier, called :js:`l10n-id`, +which carries a promise of being used in a particular place to carry a particular meaning. + +The use of unique identifiers is shared with legacy localization systems in +Firefox. + +.. important:: + + An important part of the contract is that the developer commits to treat the + localization output as `opaque`. That means that no concatenations, replacements + or splitting should happen after the translation is completed to generate the + desired output. + +In return, localizers enter the social contract by promising to provide an accurate +and clean translation of the messages that match the request. + +In Fluent, the developer is not to be bothered with inner logic and complexity that the +localization will use to construct the response. Whether `declensions`__ or other +variant selection techniques are used is up to a localizer and their particular translation. +From the developer perspective, Fluent returns a final string to be presented to +the user, with no l10n logic required in the running code. + +__ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declension + + +Markup Localization +=================== + +To localize an element in Fluent, the developer adds a new message to +an FTL file and then has to associate an :js:`l10n-id` with the element +by defining a :js:`data-l10n-id` attribute: + +.. code-block:: html + +

+ +