%all.entities; ]> &product-name; can display virtual machines remotely, meaning that a virtual machine can execute on one computer even though the machine will be displayed on a second computer, and the machine will be controlled from there as well, as if the virtual machine was running on that second computer. For maximum flexibility, &product-name; implements remote machine display through a generic extension interface called the VirtualBox Remote Desktop Extension (VRDE). The base open source &product-name; package only provides this interface, while implementations can be supplied by third parties with &product-name; extension packages, which must be installed separately from the base package. See . Oracle provides support for the VirtualBox Remote Display Protocol (VRDP) in such an &product-name; extension package. VRDP is a backwards-compatible extension to Microsoft's Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP). As a result, you can use any standard RDP client to control the remote VM. Even when the extension is installed, the VRDP server is disabled by default. It can easily be enabled on a per-VM basis either from &vbox-mgr; in the Display settings, see , or with the VBoxManage command, as follows: $ VBoxManage modifyvm VM-name --vrde on By default, the VRDP server uses TCP port 3389. You will need to change the default port if you run more than one VRDP server, since the port can only be used by one server at a time. You might also need to change it on Windows hosts since the default port might already be used by the RDP server that is built into Windows itself. Ports 5000 through 5050 are typically not used and might be a good choice. The port can be changed either in the Display settings of the graphical user interface or with the --vrde-port option of the VBoxManage modifyvm command. You can specify a comma-separated list of ports or ranges of ports. Use a dash between two port numbers to specify a range. The VRDP server will bind to one of the available ports from the specified list. For example, VBoxManage modifyvm VM-name --vrde-port 5000,5010-5012 configures the server to bind to one of the ports 5000, 5010, 5011, or 5012. See . The actual port used by a running VM can be either queried with the VBoxManage showvminfo command or seen in &vbox-mgr; on the Runtime tab of the Session Information dialog, which is accessible from the Machine menu of the VM window. &product-name; supports IPv6. If the host OS supports IPv6 the VRDP server will automatically listen for IPv6 connections in addition to IPv4. Since VRDP is backwards-compatible to RDP, you can use any standard RDP viewer to connect to such a remote virtual machine. For this to work, you must specify the IP address of your host system, not of the virtual machine, as the server address to connect to. You must also specify the port number that the VRDP server is using. The following examples are for the most common RDP viewers: On Windows, you can use the Microsoft Terminal Services Connector, mstsc.exe, that is included with Windows. Press the Windows key + R, to display the Run dialog. Enter mstsc to start the program. You can also find the program in Start, All Programs, Accessories, Remote Desktop Connection. If you use the Run dialog, you can enter options directly. For example: mstsc 1.2.3.4:3389 Replace 1.2.3.4 with the host IP address, and 3389 with a different port, if necessary. IPv6 addresses must be enclosed in square brackets to specify a port. For example: mstsc [fe80::1:2:3:4]:3389 When connecting to localhost in order to test the connection, the addresses localhost and 127.0.0.1 might not work using mstsc.exe. Instead, the address 127.0.0.2[:3389] has to be used. On other systems, you can use the standard open source rdesktop program. This ships with most Linux distributions. With rdesktop, use a command line such as the following: $ rdesktop -a 16 -N 1.2.3.4:3389 Replace 1.2.3.4 with the host IP address, and 3389 with a different port, if necessary. The -a 16 option requests a color depth of 16 bits per pixel, which we recommend. For best performance, after installation of the guest operating system, you should set its display color depth to the same value. The -N option enables use of the NumPad keys. You can use the Remmina remote desktop client with VRDP. This application is included with some Linux distributions, such as Debian and Ubuntu. If you run the KDE desktop, you can use krdc, the KDE RDP viewer. A typical command line is as follows: $ krdc rdp://1.2.3.4:3389 Replace 1.2.3.4 with the host IP address, and 3389 with a different port, if necessary. The rdp:// prefix is required with krdc to switch it into RDP mode. With Sun Ray thin clients you can use uttsc, which is part of the Sun Ray Windows Connector package. See the Sun Ray documentation for details. While any VM started from &vbox-mgr; is capable of running virtual machines remotely, it is not convenient to have to run the full GUI if you never want to have VMs displayed locally in the first place. In particular, if you are running server hardware whose only purpose is to host VMs, and all your VMs are supposed to run remotely over VRDP, then it is pointless to have a graphical user interface on the server at all. This is especially true for Linux or Oracle Solaris hosts, as the &vbox-mgr; comes with dependencies on the Qt and SDL libraries. This is inconvenient if you would rather not have the X Window system on your server at all. &product-name; therefore comes with a front-end called VBoxHeadless, which produces no visible output on the host at all, but still can optionally deliver VRDP data. This front-end has no dependencies on the X Window system on Linux and Oracle Solaris hosts. In legacy releases of &product-name;, the headless server was called VBoxVRDP. For backwards compatibility, the &product-name; installation still includes an executable with that name. To start a virtual machine with VBoxHeadless, you have the following options: Use the VBoxManage command, as follows: $ VBoxManage startvm VM-name --type headless The --type option causes &product-name; to use VBoxHeadless as the front-end to the internal virtualization engine, instead of the Qt front-end. Use the VBoxHeadless command, as follows: VBoxHeadless --startvm uuid|vmname This way of starting the VM helps troubleshooting problems reported by VBoxManage startvm, because you can sometimes see more detailed error messages, especially for early failures before the VM execution is started. In normal situations VBoxManage startvm is preferred, since it runs the VM directly as a background process which has to be done explicitly when directly starting with VBoxHeadless. The full documentation of the command is in . Start VBoxHeadless from &vbox-mgr;, by pressing the Shift key when starting a virtual machine or by selecting Headless Start from the Machine menu. When you use the VBoxHeadless command to start a VM, the VRDP server will be enabled according to the VM configuration. You can override the VM's setting using --vrde command line parameter. To enable the VRDP server, start the VM as follows: VBoxHeadless --startvm uuid|vmname --vrde on To disable the VRDP server: VBoxHeadless --startvm uuid|vmname --vrde off To have the VRDP server enabled depending on the VM configuration, as for other front-ends: VBoxHeadless --startvm uuid|vmname --vrde config This command is the same as the following: VBoxHeadless --startvm uuid|vmname If you start the VM with VBoxManage startvm then the configuration settings of the VM are always used. The following instructions describe how to create a virtual machine on a headless server over a network connection. This example creates a virtual machine, establishes an RDP connection and installs a guest operating system. All of these tasks are done without having to touch the headless server. You need the following prerequisites: &product-name; on a server machine with a supported host operating system. The &product-name; Extension Pack for the VRDP server must be installed, see . The procedures assume a Linux server is used. An ISO file accessible from the server, containing the installation data for the guest operating system to install. Windows XP is used in the example. A terminal connection to that host through which you can access a command line, such as ssh. An RDP viewer on the remote client. See for examples. Note that on the server machine, since we will only use the headless server, Qt and the X Window system are not required. On the headless server, create a new virtual machine. For example: VBoxManage createvm --name "Windows XP" --ostype WindowsXP --register If you do not specify --register, you will have to manually use the registervm command later. You do not need to specify --ostype, but doing so selects some sensible default values for certain VM parameters. For example, the RAM size and the type of the virtual network device. To get a complete list of supported operating systems you can use the following command: VBoxManage list ostypes Make sure the settings for the VM are appropriate for the guest operating system that we will install. For example: VBoxManage modifyvm "Windows XP" --memory 256 --acpi on --boot1 dvd --nic1 nat Create a virtual hard disk for the VM. For example, to create a 10 GB virtual hard disk: VBoxManage createhd --filename "WinXP.vdi" --size 10000 Add an IDE Controller to the new VM. For example: VBoxManage storagectl "Windows XP" --name "IDE Controller" --add ide --controller PIIX4 Set the VDI file you created as the first virtual hard disk of the new VM. For example: VBoxManage storageattach "Windows XP" --storagectl "IDE Controller" --port 0 --device 0 --type hdd --medium "WinXP.vdi" Attach the ISO file that contains the operating system installation that you want to install later to the virtual machine. This is done so that the VM can boot from it. VBoxManage storageattach "Windows XP" --storagectl "IDE Controller" --port 0 --device 1 --type dvddrive --medium /full/path/to/iso.iso Enable the VirtualBox Remote Desktop Extension, the VRDP server, as follows: VBoxManage modifyvm "Windows XP" --vrde on Start the virtual machine using the VBoxHeadless command: VBoxHeadless --startvm "Windows XP" If the configuration steps worked, you should see a copyright notice. If you are returned to the command line, then something did not work correctly. On the client machine, start the RDP viewer and connect to the server. See for details of how to use various common RDP viewers. The installation routine of your guest operating system should be displayed in the RDP viewer. As a special feature additional to the VRDP support, &product-name; also supports remote USB devices over the wire. That is, an &product-name; guest that runs on one computer can access the USB devices of the remote computer on which the VRDP data is being displayed the same way as USB devices that are connected to the actual host. This enables running of virtual machines on an &product-name; host that acts as a server, where a client can connect from elsewhere that needs only a network adapter and a display capable of running an RDP viewer. When USB devices are plugged into the client, the remote &product-name; server can access them. For these remote USB devices, the same filter rules apply as for other USB devices. See . All you have to do is specify Remote, or Any, when setting up these rules. Accessing remote USB devices is only possible if the RDP client supports this extension. Some versions of uttsc, a client tailored for the use with Sun Ray thin clients, support accessing remote USB devices. RDP clients for other platforms will be provided in future &product-name; versions. For each virtual machine that is remotely accessible using RDP, you can individually determine if and how client connections are authenticated. For this, use the VBoxManage modifyvm command with the --vrde-auth-type option. See . The following methods of authentication are available: The null method means that there is no authentication at all. Any client can connect to the VRDP server and thus the virtual machine. This is very insecure and only to be recommended for private networks. The external method provides external authentication through a special authentication library. &product-name; ships with two special authentication libraries: The default authentication library, VBoxAuth, authenticates against user credentials of the hosts. Depending on the host platform, this means the following: On Linux hosts, VBoxAuth.so authenticates users against the host's PAM system. On Windows hosts, VBoxAuth.dll authenticates users against the host's WinLogon system. On macOS hosts, VBoxAuth.dylib authenticates users against the host's directory service. In other words, the external method by default performs authentication with the user accounts that exist on the host system. Any user with valid authentication credentials is accepted. For example, the username does not have to correspond to the user running the VM. An additional library called VBoxAuthSimple performs authentication against credentials configured in the extradata section of a virtual machine's XML settings file. This is probably the simplest way to get authentication that does not depend on a running and supported guest. The following steps are required: Enable VBoxAuthSimple with the following command: VBoxManage setproperty vrdeauthlibrary "VBoxAuthSimple" To enable the library for a particular VM, you must switch authentication to external, as follows: VBoxManage modifyvm VM-name --vrde-auth-type external Replace VM-name with the VM name or UUID. You then need to configure users and passwords by writing items into the machine's extradata. Since the XML machine settings file, into whose extradata section the password needs to be written, is a plain text file, &product-name; uses hashes to encrypt passwords. The following command must be used: VBoxManage setextradata VM-name "VBoxAuthSimple/users/user" hash Replace VM-name with the VM name or UUID, user with the user name who should be allowed to log in and hash with the encrypted password. The following command example obtains the hash value for the password secret: $ VBoxManage internalcommands passwordhash "secret" 2bb80d537b1da3e38bd30361aa855686bde0eacd7162fef6a25fe97bf527a25b You then use VBoxManage setextradata to store this value in the machine's extradata section. As a combined example, to set the password for the user john and the machine My VM to secret, use this command: VBoxManage setextradata "My VM" "VBoxAuthSimple/users/john" 2bb80d537b1da3e38bd30361aa855686bde0eacd7162fef6a25fe97bf527a25b The guest authentication method performs authentication with a special component that comes with the Guest Additions. As a result, authentication is not performed on the host, but with the guest user accounts. This method is currently still in testing and not yet supported. In addition to the methods described above, you can replace the default external authentication module with any other module. For this, &product-name; provides a well-defined interface that enables you to write your own authentication module. This is described in detail in the &product-name; Software Development Kit (SDK) reference. See . RDP features data stream encryption, which is based on the RC4 symmetric cipher, with keys up to 128-bit. The RC4 keys are replaced at regular intervals, every 4096 packets. RDP provides the following different authentication methods: RDP 4 authentication was used historically. With RDP 4, the RDP client does not perform any checks in order to verify the identity of the server it connects to. Since user credentials can be obtained using a man in the middle (MITM) attack, RDP4 authentication is insecure and should generally not be used. RDP 5.1 authentication employs a server certificate for which the client possesses the public key. This way it is guaranteed that the server possess the corresponding private key. However, as this hard-coded private key became public some years ago, RDP 5.1 authentication is also insecure. RDP 5.2 or later authentication uses Enhanced RDP Security, which means that an external security protocol is used to secure the connection. RDP 4 and RDP 5.1 use Standard RDP Security. The VRDP server supports Enhanced RDP Security with TLS protocol and, as a part of the TLS handshake, sends the server certificate to the client. The Security/Method VRDE property sets the desired security method, which is used for a connection. Valid values are as follows: Negotiate. Both Enhanced (TLS) and Standard RDP Security connections are allowed. The security method is negotiated with the client. This is the default setting. RDP. Only Standard RDP Security is accepted. TLS. Only Enhanced RDP Security is accepted. The client must support TLS. The version of OpenSSL used by &product-name; supports TLS versions 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3. For example, the following command enables a client to use either Standard or Enhanced RDP Security connection: vboxmanage modifyvm VM-name --vrde-property "Security/Method=negotiate" If the Security/Method property is set to either Negotiate or TLS, the TLS protocol will be automatically used by the server, if the client supports TLS. However, in order to use TLS the server must possess the Server Certificate, the Server Private Key and the Certificate Authority (CA) Certificate. The following example shows how to generate a server certificate. Create a CA self signed certificate. openssl req -new -x509 -days 365 -extensions v3_ca \ -keyout ca_key_private.pem -out ca_cert.pem Generate a server private key and a request for signing. openssl genrsa -out server_key_private.pem openssl req -new -key server_key_private.pem -out server_req.pem Generate the server certificate. openssl x509 -req -days 365 -in server_req.pem \ -CA ca_cert.pem -CAkey ca_key_private.pem -set_serial 01 -out server_cert.pem The server must be configured to access the required files. For example: vboxmanage modifyvm VM-name \ --vrde-property "Security/CACertificate=path/ca_cert.pem" vboxmanage modifyvm VM-name \ --vrde-property "Security/ServerCertificate=path/server_cert.pem" vboxmanage modifyvm VM-name \ --vrde-property "Security/ServerPrivateKey=path/server_key_private.pem" As the client that connects to the server determines what type of encryption will be used, with rdesktop, the Linux RDP viewer, use the -4 or -5 options. The VRDP server of &product-name; supports multiple simultaneous connections to the same running VM from different clients. All connected clients see the same screen output and share a mouse pointer and keyboard focus. This is similar to several people using the same computer at the same time, taking turns at the keyboard. The following command enables multiple connection mode: VBoxManage modifyvm VM-name --vrde-multi-con on To access two or more remote VM displays you have to enable the VRDP multiconnection mode. See . The RDP client can select the virtual monitor number to connect to using the domain login parameter (-d). If the parameter ends with @ followed by a number, &product-name; interprets this number as the screen index. The primary guest screen is selected with @1, the first secondary screen is @2, and so on. The Microsoft RDP 6 client does not let you specify a separate domain name. Instead, enter domain\username in the Username field. For example, @2\name. name must be supplied, and must be the name used to log in if the VRDP server is set up to require credentials. If it is not, you may use any text as the username. The VRDP server can redirect video streams from the guest to the RDP client. Video frames are compressed using the JPEG algorithm allowing a higher compression ratio than standard RDP bitmap compression methods. It is possible to increase the compression ratio by lowering the video quality. The VRDP server automatically detects video streams in a guest as frequently updated rectangular areas. As a result, this method works with any guest operating system without having to install additional software in the guest. In particular, the Guest Additions are not required. On the client side, however, currently only the Windows 7 Remote Desktop Connection client supports this feature. If a client does not support video redirection, the VRDP server falls back to regular bitmap updates. The following command enables video redirection: VBoxManage modifyvm VM-name --vrde-video-channel on The quality of the video is defined as a value from 10 to 100 percent, representing a JPEG compression level, where lower numbers mean lower quality but higher compression. The quality can be changed using the following command: VBoxManage modifyvm VM-name --vrde-video-channel-quality 75 You can disable display output, mouse and keyboard input, audio, remote USB, or clipboard individually in the VRDP server. The following commands change the corresponding server settings: $ VBoxManage modifyvm VM-name --vrde-property Client/DisableDisplay=1 $ VBoxManage modifyvm VM-name --vrde-property Client/DisableInput=1 $ VBoxManage modifyvm VM-name --vrde-property Client/DisableUSB=1 $ VBoxManage modifyvm VM-name --vrde-property Client/DisableAudio=1 $ VBoxManage modifyvm VM-name --vrde-property Client/DisableClipboard=1 $ VBoxManage modifyvm VM-name --vrde-property Client/DisableUpstreamAudio=1 To reenable a feature, use a similar command without the trailing 1. For example: $ VBoxManage modifyvm VM-name --vrde-property Client/DisableDisplay= &product-name; supports teleporting. Teleporting is moving a virtual machine over a network from one &product-name; host to another, while the virtual machine is running. This works regardless of the host operating system that is running on the hosts. You can teleport virtual machines between Oracle Solaris and macOS hosts, for example. Teleporting requires that a machine be currently running on one host, which is called the source. The host to which the virtual machine will be teleported is called the target. The machine on the target is then configured to wait for the source to contact the target. The machine's running state will then be transferred from the source to the target with minimal downtime. Teleporting happens over any TCP/IP network. The source and the target only need to agree on a TCP/IP port which is specified in the teleporting settings. At this time, there are a few prerequisites for this to work, as follows: On the target host, you must configure a virtual machine in &product-name; with exactly the same hardware settings as the machine on the source that you want to teleport. This does not apply to settings which are merely descriptive, such as the VM name, but obviously for teleporting to work, the target machine must have the same amount of memory and other hardware settings. Otherwise teleporting will fail with an error message. The two virtual machines on the source and the target must share the same storage, hard disks as well as floppy disks and CD/DVD images. This means that they either use the same iSCSI targets or that the storage resides somewhere on the network and both hosts have access to it using NFS or SMB/CIFS. This also means that neither the source nor the target machine can have any snapshots. To configure teleporting, perform the following steps: On the target host, configure the virtual machine to wait for a teleport request to arrive when it is started, instead of actually attempting to start the machine. This is done with the following VBoxManage command: VBoxManage modifyvm targetvmname --teleporter on --teleporter-port port targetvmname is the name of the virtual machine on the target host and port is a TCP/IP port number to be used on both the source and the target hosts. For example, use 6000. See . Start the VM on the target host. Instead of running, the VM shows a progress dialog, indicating that it is waiting for a teleport request to arrive. Start the VM on the source host as usual. When it is running and you want it to be teleported, issue the following command on the source host: VBoxManage controlvm sourcevmname teleport --host targethost --port port where sourcevmname is the name of the virtual machine on the source host, which is the machine that is currently running. targethost is the host or IP name of the target host on which the machine is waiting for the teleport request, and port must be the same number as specified in the command on the target host. See . For testing, you can also teleport machines on the same host. In that case, use localhost as the hostname on both the source and the target host. In rare cases, if the CPUs of the source and the target are very different, teleporting can fail with an error message, or the target may hang. This may happen especially if the VM is running application software that is highly optimized to run on a particular CPU without correctly checking that certain CPU features are actually present. &product-name; filters what CPU capabilities are presented to the guest operating system. Advanced users can attempt to restrict these virtual CPU capabilities with the VBoxManage modifyvm --cpuid-portability-level command. See .